diff --git "a/data/en105/text/00000046.txt" "b/data/en105/text/00000046.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/data/en105/text/00000046.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,12774 @@
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00000-00000003-00000449 a nutrient cycle or ecological recycling
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00001-00000450-00000724 is the movement and exchange of organic
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00002-00000725-00000947 and inorganic matter back into the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00003-00000948-00001303 production of matter energy flow is a
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00004-00001304-00001595 unidirectional in non cyclic pathway
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00005-00001596-00001805 whereas the movement of mineral
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00006-00001805-00002185 nutrients is cyclic mineral cycles
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00007-00002186-00002474 include the carbon cycle sulfur cycle
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00008-00002475-00002851 nitrogen cycle water cycle phosphorus
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00009-00002852-00003158 cycle oxygen cycle among others that
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00010-00003159-00003392 continually recycle along with other
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00011-00003393-00003617 mineral nutrients into productive
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00012-00003618-00004333 ecological nutrition
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00013-00004334-00004890 topic outline
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00014-00004891-00005232 the nutrient cycle is nature's recycling
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00015-00005233-00005565 system all forms of recycling have
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00016-00005566-00005823 feedback loops that use energy in the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00017-00005824-00006078 process of putting material resources
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00018-00006079-00006516 back into use recycling in ecology is
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00019-00006517-00006798 regulated to a large extent during the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00020-00006798-00007200 process of decomposition ecosystems
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00021-00007201-00007500 employ biodiversity in the food webs
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00022-00007501-00007806 that recycle natural materials such as
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00023-00007806-00008198 mineral nutrients which includes water
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00024-00008199-00008517 recycling in natural systems is one of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00025-00008518-00008823 the many ecosystem services that sustain
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00026-00008824-00009030 and contribute to the well-being of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00027-00009031-00009477 human societies there is much overlap
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00028-00009478-00009762 between the terms for the biogeochemical
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00029-00009763-00010191 cycle and nutrient cycle most textbooks
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00030-00010192-00010449 integrate the two and seem to treat them
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00031-00010450-00010845 as synonymous terms however the terms
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00032-00010846-00011181 often appear independently nutrient
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00033-00011182-00011415 cycle is more often used in direct
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00034-00011416-00011724 reference to the idea of an intra system
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00035-00011725-00012027 cycle where an ecosystem functions as a
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00036-00012028-00012420 unit from a practical point it does not
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00037-00012421-00012646 make sense to assess a terrestrial
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00038-00012647-00012938 ecosystem by considering the full column
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00039-00012939-00013146 of air above it as well as the great
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00040-00013147-00013463 depths of earth below it while an
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00041-00013465-00013776 ecosystem often has no clear boundary as
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00042-00013777-00014016 a working model it is practical to
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00043-00014016-00014274 consider the functional community where
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00044-00014275-00014511 the bulk of matter and energy transfer
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00045-00014512-00014907 occurs nutrient cycling occurs in
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00046-00014908-00015168 ecosystems that participate in the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00047-00015169-00015462 larger biogeochemical cycles of the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00048-00015463-00015680 earth through a system of inputs and
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00049-00015681-00016321 outputs
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00050-00016322-00017040 topic complete and closed loop
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00051-00017041-00017293 ecosystems are capable of complete
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00052-00017294-00017644 recycling complete recycling means that
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00053-00017645-00017941 100% of the waste material can be
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00054-00017942-00018382 reconstituted indefinitely this idea was
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00055-00018383-00018664 captured by Howard T Odum when he penned
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00056-00018665-00018993 that it is thoroughly demonstrated by
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00057-00018994-00019282 ecological systems and geological
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00058-00019283-00019507 systems that all the chemical elements
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00059-00019508-00019822 and many organic substances can be
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00060-00019823-00020119 accumulated by living systems from
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00061-00020120-00020394 background crustal or oceanic
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00062-00020395-00020667 concentrations without limit as to
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00063-00020668-00020893 concentrations so long as there is
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00064-00020894-00021163 available solar or another source of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00065-00021164-00021724 potential energy in 1979 Nicholas George
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00066-00021725-00021985 S Corrigan proposed the fourth floor of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00067-00021986-00022279 entropy stating that complete recycling
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00068-00022280-00022678 is impossible despite Georgescu Rogen's
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00069-00022679-00022969 extensive intellectual contributions to
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00070-00022970-00023260 the science of ecological economics the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00071-00023261-00023494 fourth law has been rejected in line
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00072-00023495-00023725 with observations of ecological
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00073-00023726-00024112 recycling however some authors state
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00074-00024113-00024367 that complete recycling is impossible
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00075-00024368-00024796 for technological waste ecosystems
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00076-00024797-00025084 execute closed-loop recycling where
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00077-00025085-00025324 demand for the nutrients that adds to
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00078-00025325-00025552 the growth of biomass exceeds supply
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00079-00025553-00025920 within that system there are regional
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00080-00025922-00026169 and spatial differences in the rates of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00081-00026170-00026443 growth and exchange of materials where
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00082-00026444-00026731 some ecosystems may be in nutrient debt
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00083-00026732-00026968 sinks where others will have extra
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00084-00026969-00027394 supply sources these differences relate
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00085-00027395-00027702 to climate topography and geological
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00086-00027703-00027955 history leaving behind different sources
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00087-00027956-00028351 of parent material in terms of a food
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00088-00028352-00028677 web a cycle or loop is defined as a
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00089-00028677-00028999 directed sequence of one or more links
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00090-00029000-00029263 starting from and ending at the same
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00091-00029264-00029677 species an example of this is the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00092-00029677-00029950 microbial food web in the ocean where
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00093-00029951-00030270 bacteria are exploited and controlled by
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00094-00030272-00030352 protozoa
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00095-00030352-00030688 including heterotrophic Microflex which
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00096-00030689-00031075 are in turn exploited by ciliates this
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00097-00031076-00031314 grazing activity is accompanied by
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00098-00031316-00031594 excretion of substances which are in
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00099-00031595-00031864 turn used by the bacteria so that the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00100-00031864-00032127 system more or less operates in a closed
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00101-00032129-00032761 circuit
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00102-00032762-00033445 topic ecological recycling
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00103-00033446-00033762 an example of ecological recycling
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00104-00033763-00034021 occurs in the enzymatic digestion of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00105-00034022-00034365 cellulose cellulose one of the most
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00106-00034366-00034671 abundant organic compounds on earth is
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00107-00034672-00034977 the major polysaccharide in plants where
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00108-00034978-00035401 it is part of the cell walls cellulose
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00109-00035402-00035712 degrading enzymes participate in the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00110-00035713-00036033 natural ecological recycling of plant
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00111-00036034-00036493 material different ecosystems can vary
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00112-00036494-00036760 in their recycling rates of litter which
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00113-00036761-00037042 creates a complex feedback on factors
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00114-00037043-00037273 such as the competitive dominance of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00115-00037274-00037645 certain plant species different rates
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00116-00037646-00037924 and patterns of ecological recycling
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00117-00037925-00038196 leaves a legacy of environmental effects
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00118-00038197-00038343 with implications for the future
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00119-00038344-00038695 evolution of ecosystems ecological
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00120-00038696-00038940 recycling is common in organic farming
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00121-00038941-00039165 where nutrient management is
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00122-00039166-00039383 fundamentally different compared to
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00123-00039384-00039743 agribusiness styles of soil management
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00124-00039744-00040065 organic farms that employee ecosystem
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00125-00040066-00040327 recycling to a greater extent support
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00126-00040328-00040573 more species increased levels of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00127-00040574-00040852 biodiversity and have a different food
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00128-00040853-00041217 web structure organic agricultural
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00129-00041218-00041490 ecosystems rely on the services of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00130-00041491-00041758 biodiversity for the recycling of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00131-00041759-00042001 nutrients through soils instead of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00132-00042002-00042211 relying on the supplementation of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00133-00042212-00042592 synthetic fertilizers the model for
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00134-00042593-00042892 ecological recycling agriculture adheres
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00135-00042893-00043193 to the following principles
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00136-00043194-00043649 protection of biodiversity use of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00137-00043650-00044063 renewable energy recycling of plant
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00138-00044064-00044348 nutrients where produce from an organic
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00139-00044349-00044609 farm leaves the farm gate for the market
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00140-00044610-00044870 the system becomes an open cycle and
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00141-00044871-00045071 nutrients may need to be replaced
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00142-00045072-00045804 through alternative methods
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00143-00045805-00046474 topic ecosystem engineer's
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00144-00046475-00046780 the persistent legacy of environmental
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00145-00046781-00047065 feedback that is left behind by or as an
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00146-00047066-00047332 extension of the ecological actions of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00147-00047333-00047554 organisms is known as niche construction
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00148-00047555-00048001 or ecosystem engineering many species
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00149-00048002-00048251 leave an effect even after their death
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00150-00048252-00048577 such as coral skeletons or the extensive
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00151-00048578-00048865 habitat modifications to a wetland by a
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00152-00048866-00049165 beaver whose components are recycled and
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00153-00049166-00049414 reused by descendants and other species
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00154-00049415-00049645 living under a different selective
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00155-00049646-00049912 regime through the feedback and agency
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00156-00049913-00050282 of these legacy effects ecosystem
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00157-00050283-00050579 engineers can influence nutrient cycling
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00158-00050580-00050949 efficiency rates through their actions
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00159-00050950-00051076 earthworms
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00160-00051077-00051362 for example passively and mechanically
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00161-00051363-00051673 alter the nature of soil environments
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00162-00051674-00051943 bodies of dead worms passively
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00163-00051944-00052219 contribute mineral nutrients to the soil
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00164-00052220-00052555 the worms also mechanically modify the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00165-00052557-00052792 physical structure of the soil as they
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00166-00052794-00053104 crawl about bioturbation digest on the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00167-00053105-00053326 molds of organic matter they pull from
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00168-00053327-00053675 the soil litter these activities
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00169-00053676-00053921 transport nutrients into the mineral
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00170-00053922-00054284 layers of soil worms discard wastes that
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00171-00054285-00054532 create worm castings containing
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00172-00054533-00054844 undigested materials where bacteria and
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00173-00054845-00055100 other decomposes gain access to the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00174-00055101-00055484 nutrients the earthworm is employed in
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00175-00055485-00055701 this process and the production of the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00176-00055702-00055985 ecosystem depends on their capability to
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00177-00055986-00056266 create feedback loops in the recycling
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00178-00056267-00056575 process shellfish are also ecosystem
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00179-00056576-00056794 engineers because they one filter
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00180-00056795-00057029 suspended particles from the water
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00181-00057029-00057454 column to remove excess nutrients from
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00182-00057455-00057775 coastal bays through denitrification 3
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00183-00057776-00058022 servers natural coastal buffers
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00184-00058023-00058279 absorbing wave energy and reducing
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00185-00058280-00058565 erosion from boat wakes sea level rise
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00186-00058566-00058900 and storms for provide nursery habitat
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00187-00058901-00059135 for fish that are valuable to coastal
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00188-00059136-00059431 economies funghi contribute to nutrient
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00189-00059432-00059660 cycling and nutritionally rearrange
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00190-00059661-00059830 patches of ecosystem
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00191-00059832-00060221 creating niches for other organisms in
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00192-00060222-00060458 that way fungi and growing Deadwood
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00193-00060459-00060707 allows Iliff ages to grow and develop
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00194-00060708-00061045 and xyla phages in turn affect Deadwood
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00195-00061046-00061316 contributing to wood decomposition and
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00196-00061316-00062116 nutrient cycling in the forest floor
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00197-00062117-00062691 topic history
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00198-00062692-00062978 nutrient cycling has a historical
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00199-00062979-00063154 foothold in the writings of Charles
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00200-00063155-00063442 Darwin in reference to the decomposition
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00201-00063444-00063866 actions of earthworms Darwin wrote about
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00202-00063866-00064115 the continued following the Greeks the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00203-00064116-00064429 idea of a hydrological cycle water is
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00204-00064430-00064709 considered a nutrient was validated and
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00205-00064710-00065553 quantified by halle in 1687
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00206-00065554-00066281 topic variations in terminology
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00207-00066282-00066673 in 1926 vernadsky coined the term
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00208-00066674-00066944 biogeochemistry as a sub-discipline of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00209-00066945-00067373 geochemistry however the term nutrient
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00210-00067374-00067676 cycle predates biogeochemistry in a
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00211-00067677-00068045 pamphlet on silver culture in 1899 these
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00212-00068046-00068324 demands by no means pass over the fact
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00213-00068325-00068522 that at places where sufficient
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00214-00068523-00068762 quantities of houmous are available and
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00215-00068763-00068950 where in case of continuous
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00216-00068951-00069191 decomposition of litter a stable
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00217-00069192-00069503 nutrient houmous is present considerable
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00218-00069504-00069710 quantities of nutrients are also
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00219-00069711-00069986 available from the biogenic nutrient
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00220-00069987-00070406 cycle for the standing timber in 1898
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00221-00070407-00070667 there is a reference to the nitrogen
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00222-00070668-00070978 cycle in relation to nitrogen fixing
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00223-00070979-00071405 microorganisms other uses and variations
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00224-00071406-00071636 on the terminology relating to the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00225-00071637-00071891 process of nutrient cycling appear
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00226-00071892-00072236 throughout history the term mineral
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00227-00072237-00072593 cycle appears early in a 1935 in
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00228-00072594-00072842 reference to the importance of minerals
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00229-00072843-00073226 in plant physiology
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00230-00073227-00073541 - is probably either built up into its
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00231-00073542-00073853 permanent structure or deposited in some
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00232-00073854-00074165 way as waste in the cells and so may not
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00233-00074166-00074572 be free to re-enter the mineral cycle
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00234-00074573-00074983 the term nutrient recycling appears in a
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00235-00074984-00075311 1964 paper on the food ecology of the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00236-00075312-00075644 Woodstock while the periodic drying up
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00237-00075645-00075902 and refloating of the marshes creates
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00238-00075903-00076229 special survival problems for organisms
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00239-00076230-00076538 in the community the fluctuating water
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00240-00076539-00076823 levels favour rapid nutrient recycling
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00241-00076824-00077177 and subsequent high rates of primary and
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00242-00077178-00077659 secondary production the term natural
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00243-00077660-00078079 cycling appears in a 1968 paper on the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00244-00078080-00078308 transportation of leaf litter and its
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00245-00078309-00078569 chemical elements for consideration in
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00246-00078570-00078926 fisheries management fluvial transport
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00247-00078927-00079226 of tree litter from drainage basins is a
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00248-00079227-00079547 factor in natural cycling of chemical
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00249-00079548-00079972 elements and in degradation of the land
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00250-00079973-00080354 the term ecological recycling appears in
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00251-00080355-00080663 a 1968 publication on future
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00252-00080664-00080924 applications of ecology for the creation
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00253-00080925-00081173 of different modules designed for living
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00254-00081174-00081491 in extreme environments such as space or
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00255-00081492-00081833 undersea for our basic requirement of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00256-00081834-00082160 recycling vital resources the oceans
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00257-00082161-00082463 provide much more frequent ecological
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00258-00082464-00082871 recycling than the land area fish and
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00259-00082872-00083150 other organic populations have higher
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00260-00083151-00083444 growth rates vegetation has less
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00261-00083445-00083696 capricious weather problems for sea
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00262-00083697-00084206 harvesting the term bio recycling
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00263-00084207-00084599 appears in a 1976 paper on the recycling
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00264-00084600-00084926 of organic carbon in oceans following
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00265-00084927-00085231 the actual istic assumption then that
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00266-00085232-00085535 biological activity is responsible for
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00267-00085536-00085829 the source of dissolved organic material
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00268-00085830-00086129 in the oceans but is not important for
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00269-00086130-00086357 its activities after death of the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00270-00086358-00086622 organisms and subsequent chemical
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00271-00086623-00086955 Changez which prevent its bio recycling
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00272-00086956-00087237 we can see no major difference in the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00273-00087238-00087456 behavior of dissolved organic matter
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00274-00087457-00087819 between the prebiotic and post biotic
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00275-00087820-00088371 oceans water is also a nutrient in this
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00276-00088372-00088667 context some authors also refer to
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00277-00088668-00089009 precipitation recycling which is the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00278-00089010-00089280 contribution of evaporation within a
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00279-00089281-00089565 region to precipitation in that same
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00280-00089566-00089979 region these variations on the theme of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00281-00089980-00090309 nutrient cycling continue to be used and
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00282-00090310-00090564 all refer to processes that are part of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00283-00090565-00090908 the global biogeochemical cycles
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00284-00090909-00091254 however authors tend to refer to natural
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00285-00091255-00091620 organic ecological or bio recycling in
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00286-00091621-00091866 reference to the work of nature such as
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00287-00091867-00092127 it is used in organic farming or
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00288-00092128-00092943 ecological agricultural systems
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00289-00092944-00093725 topic recycling in novel ecosystems
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00290-00093726-00094013 an endless stream of technological waste
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00291-00094014-00094258 accumulates in different spatial
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00292-00094259-00094496 configurations across the planet and
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00293-00094497-00094757 turns into a predator in our soils our
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00294-00094758-00095195 streams and our oceans this idea was
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00295-00095196-00095582 similarly expressed in 1954 by ecologist
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00296-00095583-00095897 Paul Sears we do not know whether to
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00297-00095898-00096134 cherish the forest as a source of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00298-00096135-00096389 essential raw materials and other
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00299-00096390-00096686 benefits or to remove it for the space
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00300-00096687-00097148 it occupies we expect a river to serve
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00301-00097149-00097421 as both vein and artery carrying away
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00302-00097422-00097742 waste but bringing usable material in
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00303-00097743-00098090 the same channel nature long ago
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00304-00098091-00098342 discarded the nonsense of carrying
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00305-00098343-00098627 poisonous wastes and nutrients in the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00306-00098628-00099113 same vessels ecologists use population
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00307-00099114-00099347 ecology to model contaminants as
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00308-00099348-00099719 competitors or predators Rachel Carson
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00309-00099720-00099998 was an ecological pioneer in this area
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00310-00099999-00100229 as her book Silent Spring inspired
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00311-00100230-00100499 research into biomagnification and
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00312-00100500-00100691 brought to the world's attention the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00313-00100692-00100946 unseen pollutants moving into the food
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00314-00100947-00101222 chains of the planet in contrast to the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00315-00101223-00101546 planet's natural ecosystems technology
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00316-00101547-00101873 or techno ecosystems is not reducing its
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00317-00101874-00102377 impact on planetary resources only 7% of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00318-00102378-00102623 total plastic waste adding up to
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00319-00102624-00102886 millions upon millions of tons is being
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00320-00102888-00103304 recycled by industrial systems the 93%
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00321-00103305-00103543 that never makes it into the industrial
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00322-00103544-00103831 recycling stream is presumably absorbed
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00323-00103832-00104147 by natural recycling systems in contrast
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00324-00104148-00104375 and over extensive lengths of time
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00325-00104376-00104651 billions of years ecosystems have
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00326-00104652-00104876 maintained a consistent balance with
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00327-00104877-00105140 production roughly equaling respiratory
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00328-00105141-00105535 consumption rates the balanced recycling
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00329-00105536-00105752 efficiency of nature means that
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00330-00105753-00105998 production of decaying waste material
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00331-00105999-00106226 has exceeded rates of recyclable
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00332-00106227-00106505 consumption into food chains equal to
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00333-00106506-00106751 the global stocks of fossilized fuels
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00334-00106752-00107197 that escape the chain of decomposition
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00335-00107198-00107485 microplastics and nano silver materials
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00336-00107486-00107756 flowing and cycling through ecosystems
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00337-00107757-00108032 from pollution and discarded technology
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00338-00108033-00108254 are among a growing list of emerging
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00339-00108255-00108701 ecological concerns for example unique
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00340-00108702-00108977 assemblages of marine microbes have been
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00341-00108978-00109280 found to digest plastic accumulating in
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00342-00109281-00109673 the world's oceans discarded technology
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00343-00109674-00109973 is absorbed into soils and creates a new
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00344-00109974-00110396 class of soils called techno Sol's human
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00345-00110397-00110645 wastes in the Anthropocene are creating
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00346-00110646-00110930 new systems of ecological recycling
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00347-00110931-00111215 novel ecosystems that have to contend
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00348-00111216-00111416 with the mercury cycle and other
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00349-00111417-00111656 synthetic materials that are streaming
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00350-00111657-00112027 into the biodegradation chain
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00351-00112028-00112280 microorganisms have a significant role
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00352-00112281-00112532 in the removal of synthetic organic
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00353-00112533-00112796 compounds from the environment empowered
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00354-00112797-00113024 by recycling mechanisms that have
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00355-00113025-00113444 complex bio degradation pathways the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00356-00113445-00113717 effect of synthetic materials such as
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00357-00113718-00114010 nanoparticles and micro plastics on
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00358-00114011-00114329 ecological recycling systems is listed
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00359-00114330-00114535 as one of the major concerns for
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00360-00114536-00115264 ecosystem in this century
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00361-00115265-00116061 topic technological recycling recycling
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00362-00116063-00116358 in human industrial systems or techno
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00363-00116359-00116607 ecosystems differs from ecological
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00364-00116608-00116940 recycling in scale complexity and
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00365-00116941-00117313 organization industrial recycling
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00366-00117314-00117592 systems do not focus on the employment
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00367-00117593-00117898 of ecological food webs to recycle waste
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00368-00117899-00118171 back into different kinds of marketable
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00369-00118172-00118444 goods but primarily employ people and
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00370-00118445-00118783 techno diversity instead some
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00371-00118783-00119010 researchers have questioned the premise
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00372-00119011-00119206 behind these and other kinds of
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00373-00119207-00119449 technological solutions under the banner
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00374-00119450-00119709 of eco-efficiency are limited in their
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00375-00119710-00119979 capability harmful to ecological
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00376-00119980-00120231 processes and dangerous in their hyped
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00377-00120232-00120670 capabilities many techno ecosystems are
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00378-00120671-00120963 competitive and parasitic toward natural
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00379-00120964-00121357 ecosystems food web or biologically
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00380-00121358-00121633 based recycling includes metabolic
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00381-00121633-00122020 recycling nutrient recovery storage etc
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00382-00122021-00122316 and ecosystem recycling leaching and in
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00383-00122317-00122545 situ organic matter mineralization
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00384-00122546-00122788 either in the water column in the
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00385-00122789-00123615 sediment surface or within the sediment
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00386-00123616-00124218 topic see also
+sBt1Ww9lwzU-00387-00124219-00124543 plastic pollution
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00000-00000296-00000487 hi i'm dr erica feyerbacher i'm an
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00001-00000488-00000726 associate professor at virginia tech and
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00002-00000727-00001062 my co-authors are um clive nguyen who is
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00003-00001063-00001295 at arizona state university leanne house
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00004-00001296-00001454 who's here at virginia tech with us and
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00005-00001455-00001591 my graduate student who worked on this
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00006-00001592-00001839 project lindsay isernia
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00007-00001839-00002055 he investigated dogs and wolves
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00008-00002056-00002263 preference for human interaction or food
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00009-00002264-00002510 when given a concurrent procedure and
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00010-00002511-00002687 one of the things that we did here was
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00011-00002688-00002926 we tried to deprive them equally of food
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00012-00002927-00003102 and their owner or caregiver which
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00013-00003103-00003263 hadn't been done before
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00014-00003264-00003447 so we were interested in
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00015-00003447-00003638 looking at dogs and wolves
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00016-00003639-00003790 preferences for food and social
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00017-00003792-00003975 interaction what we found was that
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00018-00003976-00004215 generally dogs engaged more with their
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00019-00004216-00004431 human their owner compared to wolves
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00020-00004432-00004567 their caregiver when given this
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00021-00004568-00004702 concurrent choice
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00022-00004703-00004943 this lines up with prior research in
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00023-00004944-00005038 which
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00024-00005039-00005191 dogs have been shown to have more
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00025-00005192-00005343 sociability
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00026-00005344-00005631 than than wolves do towards humans
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00027-00005632-00005822 while we didn't directly test the hyper
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00028-00005823-00006047 sociability hypothesis
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00029-00006048-00006263 our results do align with that although
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00030-00006264-00006422 there could be a number of really
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00031-00006423-00006575 interesting reasons why we see this
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00032-00006576-00006783 difference in behavior in in dogs and
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00033-00006784-00006991 wolves including their recent rearing
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00034-00006992-00007295 history their phylogenetic history uh
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00035-00007295-00007487 how they experience deprivation from
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00036-00007488-00007606 food so
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00037-00007608-00007783 those species were deprived of food for
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00038-00007784-00008070 about four hours and maybe dogs feel
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00039-00008072-00008295 less deprived than wolves do so there
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00040-00008296-00008487 are lots of really interesting
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00041-00008488-00008727 possibilities for
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00042-00008728-00009046 why we saw the results that we did
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00043-00009047-00009295 um so along with looking at the time the
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00044-00009296-00009510 proportion of time they allocated to
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00045-00009511-00009799 food or their owner or caregiver in our
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00046-00009800-00009999 current choice we also looked at dogs
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00047-00010000-00010214 and wolves first choice meaning which
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00048-00010215-00010527 alternative did they approach first and
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00049-00010528-00010759 more than more than wolves we saw dogs
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00050-00010760-00010983 approaching their owner first at a much
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00051-00010984-00011303 higher proportion compared to food so in
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00052-00011304-00011591 a number of trials the um the number of
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00053-00011592-00011878 dogs approaching the owner first was
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00054-00011879-00012127 nearing 80 whereas the wolves were you
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00055-00012128-00012255 know around 10
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00056-00012256-00012519 there's only one trial trial three where
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00057-00012520-00012815 uh we saw wolves approaching the human
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00058-00012816-00013063 at a higher frequency in that first
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00059-00013063-00013343 choice than than food so again we have a
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00060-00013344-00013527 couple of metrics there that suggest
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00061-00013528-00013791 there's some differences in how dogs and
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00062-00013791-00014127 wolves respond to a choice between
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00063-00014128-00014430 a familiar and hopefully a preferred
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00064-00014431-00014655 human their owner or their
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00065-00014656-00014838 primary caregiver
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00066-00014840-00015150 versus food again we can't say exactly
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00067-00015151-00015279 what the reasons are for those
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00068-00015280-00015463 differences and hopefully that will spur
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00069-00015463-00015647 more research
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00070-00015647-00015815 one of the things that we tried to do
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00071-00015816-00016055 with this research is we had looked at
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00072-00016056-00016255 dogs preferences between
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00073-00016256-00016479 food and social interaction either from
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00074-00016480-00016799 a stranger or from their owner
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00075-00016800-00017086 in a prior study and one of the things
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00076-00017087-00017247 that was a little bit of a limitation on
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00077-00017248-00017439 that study was that we did not equally
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00078-00017440-00017694 deprive them of food and their owner
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00079-00017695-00017871 they were more deprived of food than
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00080-00017872-00017983 their owner
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00081-00017984-00018247 um and so with our own dogs we did see
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00082-00018248-00018455 them preferring food
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00083-00018456-00018679 tending to opt more for food than the
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00084-00018680-00018767 owner
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00085-00018768-00019022 um and that could be one of one of the
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00086-00019023-00019375 reasons why we saw that um
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00087-00019376-00019535 that they allocated so much responding
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00088-00019536-00019783 to the food so this the study was um you
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00089-00019784-00019983 know kind of a follow-up a bit to that
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00090-00019984-00020214 of well let's see what happens when we
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00091-00020215-00020430 equalize how deprived they are of the
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00092-00020431-00020607 human and food
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00093-00020608-00020807 i think the one other thing to really
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00094-00020808-00021014 think about which is interesting is you
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00095-00021015-00021214 know we had an operational definition of
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00096-00021215-00021422 deprivation which was at least four
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00097-00021423-00021703 hours deprived of of both the owner and
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00098-00021704-00021814 food
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00099-00021815-00021911 what that
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00100-00021912-00022119 experience is like to the animal though
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00101-00022120-00022303 we still don't know and that could
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00102-00022304-00022575 further be explored so me being deprived
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00103-00022576-00022799 of food for four hours versus being
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00104-00022800-00022975 deprived of my favorite person for four
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00105-00022976-00023214 hours um could have different effects
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00106-00023215-00023375 and and different experiences for the
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00107-00023376-00023591 animal so even though we deprive them
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00108-00023592-00023775 equally um
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00109-00023776-00023911 you know physiologically and
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00110-00023912-00024230 behaviorally and experientially um you
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00111-00024231-00024391 know we still need to dive into that a
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00112-00024392-00024550 little bit more to see are there
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00113-00024551-00025103 differences there
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00114-00025104-00025327 i've seen lots of good research come out
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00115-00025328-00025455 of peerj
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00116-00025456-00025711 we had a prior study looking at shelter
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00117-00025712-00025934 dog welfare published in peerj and i
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00118-00025935-00026143 think we enjoyed the experience
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00119-00026144-00026390 and so when we were thinking about uh
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00120-00026391-00026670 this work which again we thought
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00121-00026672-00026974 might be interesting and useful to
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00122-00026975-00027207 a wider audience we really looked at an
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00123-00027208-00027374 open access journal and had enjoyed
+sD5RoQ-7xDk-00124-00027375-00027756 working with peerj pryor
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00000-00000003-00000196 it's a really a pleasure to be here in
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00001-00000197-00000446 the east and it's been great to work
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00002-00000447-00000655 with Rajiv over the last number of years
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00003-00000656-00000883 we've been back and forth we've been at
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00004-00000884-00001174 many of the same events together and he
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00005-00001175-00001448 does a great inspirational job and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00006-00001449-00001670 really paints the picture of both
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00007-00001671-00001901 affordability for students and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00008-00001902-00002117 empowerment for faculty and that's the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00009-00002118-00002414 critical equation that we think makes
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00010-00002415-00002816 open work ecampus ontario has really
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00011-00002817-00003158 been known for funding for online course
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00012-00003159-00003329 development over the past number of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00013-00003329-00003554 years and we expect that will continue
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00014-00003554-00003758 with the present government and even
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00015-00003759-00004043 with new governments because Ontario's
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00016-00004044-00004340 very committed to bringing courses to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00017-00004341-00004736 citizens and making them as easy to get
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00018-00004737-00004961 a hold of as possible from all of our
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00019-00004962-00005204 institutions a survey that we did last
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00020-00005205-00006070 year with if so spointer222 education
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00021-00006071-00006224 who may already have an undergraduate
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00022-00006225-00006467 degree and this is going to be a big
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00023-00006468-00006706 area of focus I expect in the province
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00024-00006708-00006917 over the next few years and we hope to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00025-00006918-00007289 push the open movement into that area of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00026-00007290-00007433 thinking so the continuing education
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00027-00007434-00007670 question that came up and Rajiv's talk
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00028-00007670-00008221 is a great place for that to go one of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00029-00008222-00008495 the things that I continue to say is
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00030-00008496-00008669 that from this point on on where
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00031-00008670-00008870 technology and learning are will be
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00032-00008871-00009199 forever intertwined and so where there's
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00033-00009200-00009478 no escape we're going to have to be
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00034-00009479-00009671 really good at the way we use
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00035-00009672-00009953 technologies effectively in classrooms
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00036-00009954-00010349 to build great pedagogy that is great
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00037-00010350-00010621 for learners and one compels them to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00038-00010622-00010942 come back for more over time and to keep
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00039-00010943-00011423 going this is a CC by NCS a license
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00040-00011424-00011612 diagram from Paul Hibbert's and Myra
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00041-00011613-00011870 Travon and it's been used in British
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00042-00011871-00012013 Columbia for a number of years to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00043-00012014-00012266 describe the kind of interconnectedness
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00044-00012267-00012566 amongst the design and development of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00045-00012567-00012776 learning and how you have to filter it
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00046-00012777-00012988 against the technologies that are
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00047-00012989-00013171 available in the day
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00048-00013172-00013341 and we know that new ones will be
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00049-00013343-00013738 available all the time one of the things
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00050-00013738-00013813 we did it
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00051-00013813-00014041 eCampus Ontario last year was to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00052-00014041-00014382 consider three themes for 2016-17
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00053-00014383-00014512 2017-18
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00054-00014513-00014800 and to really think about where we would
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00055-00014801-00015076 put our resources and our energy and we
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00056-00015077-00015297 put them in three areas rethinking
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00057-00015299-00015559 learning resources and open is the big
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00058-00015560-00015819 focus they're rethinking the learning
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00059-00015821-00016041 experience and our student experience
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00060-00016043-00016407 design lab is the big item there
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00061-00016408-00016648 Christopher Nolan from our team is here
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00062-00016649-00016918 today and he's at the back he's a farmer
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00063-00016919-00017386 Moussa member and so is very active with
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00064-00017387-00017680 student body and one of the things that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00065-00017681-00017881 Chris and others brought to us was the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00066-00017882-00018079 notion if students are the target for
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00067-00018080-00018277 many of these technologies and learnings
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00068-00018278-00018490 maybe they need to have a say in how
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00069-00018491-00018628 they're designed and how they're
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00070-00018629-00018859 effectively deployed and that's what our
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00071-00018860-00019060 student experience design lab is all
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00072-00019061-00019123 about
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00073-00019124-00019324 the third area of practice that we're
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00074-00019325-00019525 looking at is recognition of learning
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00075-00019526-00019705 particularly the things that happen on a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00076-00019706-00019918 co-curricular basis the kinds of things
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00077-00019919-00020154 that students learn on practicums
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00078-00020155-00020421 internships work integrated learning
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00079-00020422-00020647 opportunities where they don't really
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00080-00020648-00020896 get fully recognized often in a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00081-00020897-00021079 transcript and we need to think of other
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00082-00021080-00021372 ways of recognizing that learning so
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00083-00021373-00021535 those are the areas we've been looking
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00084-00021536-00021790 at but I want to talk primarily about
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00085-00021791-00022027 rethinking learning resources today and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00086-00022028-00022180 just give you a sense of how we're
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00087-00022181-00022666 approaching this in Ontario it's really
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00088-00022667-00022834 the question of what happens when you
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00089-00022835-00023047 put things out into the open what does
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00090-00023048-00023281 that create what kind of environment
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00091-00023282-00023475 does it afford what kinds of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00092-00023476-00023797 technological perspectives do we have to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00093-00023798-00024388 bring to bear spark which is library
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00094-00024389-00024600 group which many of our Canadian
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00095-00024601-00024793 libraries in the higher education sector
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00096-00024794-00025035 are members have a really great
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00097-00025036-00025342 definition of open education and I think
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00098-00025343-00025561 it's really important to note that it
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00099-00025562-00025864 goes beyond textbooks into resources
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00100-00025864-00026212 tools and practices and for many of our
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00101-00026213-00026433 faculty members it's the ancillary
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00102-00026435-00026568 resources
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00103-00026569-00026970 the slides the homework and the test
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00104-00026972-00027239 banks that are really some of the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00105-00027241-00027633 high-value ways that we can bring open
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00106-00027635-00028064 to the teaching and learning environment
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00107-00028066-00028515 open Stax has been a model of high
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00108-00028516-00028870 quality high precision free and open
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00109-00028870-00029193 textbooks for the masses and these
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00110-00029194-00029401 textbooks are the ones that have been
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00111-00029402-00029858 the target for many of the sciences and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00112-00029860-00030079 disciplines around the sciences like
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00113-00030080-00030462 mathematics that want to really start to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00114-00030463-00030757 take a deep look at the opportunity
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00115-00030758-00031254 afforded by free against a $300 resource
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00116-00031255-00031495 anatomy and physiology is one of the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00117-00031495-00031873 most downloaded texts on the planet
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00118-00031874-00032118 simply because it crosses so many
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00119-00032119-00032355 disciplines from the Health Sciences to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00120-00032356-00032758 biology to you know a kinesiology all
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00121-00032758-00033010 kinds of areas are interested in anatomy
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00122-00033011-00033205 and physiology and having that book
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00123-00033206-00033493 available for download or in PDF format
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00124-00033494-00033835 and are very portable document format to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00125-00033836-00034120 use with an e-reader is really important
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00126-00034121-00034450 and it's all afforded by that change
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00127-00034451-00034786 from all rights reserved to something
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00128-00034787-00035121 that allows a simple standardized way
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00129-00035122-00035398 for people to grant permissions to you
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00130-00035399-00035710 so that you don't have to ask so that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00131-00035711-00035980 there's no mystery to it you're not left
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00132-00035981-00036240 with that nagging fear am i violating
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00133-00036241-00036658 someone's rights here no you're not some
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00134-00036659-00036904 rights are reserved the author fully
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00135-00036905-00037201 owns the IP can do whatever they want
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00136-00037202-00037501 with it over time but many institutions
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00137-00037502-00037858 are starting to borrow that approach and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00138-00037859-00038208 take them into discipline areas way
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00139-00038209-00038493 beyond the first year science
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00140-00038494-00038887 mathematics history and so forth into
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00141-00038888-00039180 things like the Health Professions
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00142-00039181-00039610 mental health clinical teaching and 1/2
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00143-00039611-00039826 of my colleagues put together while I
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00144-00039827-00039907 was at BC
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00145-00039908-00040089 eighty-three years ago the British
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00146-00040090-00040242 Columbia Institute of Technology
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00147-00040243-00040501 clinical procedures for safer patient
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00148-00040502-00040692 care one of the biggest issues in
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00149-00040693-00040905 healthcare these days is the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00150-00040906-00041142 communication that happens between
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00151-00041143-00041412 interprofessional care teams and they
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00152-00041413-00041608 put together a wonderful manual
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00153-00041609-00041883 available in multiple formats that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00154-00041884-00042157 addresses just this issue it has broad
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00155-00042158-00042502 scope across many health professions not
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00156-00042503-00042973 just nursing one of the first things we
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00157-00042974-00043414 did had eCampus Ontario last October was
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00158-00043415-00043593 to meet with student groups from the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00159-00043594-00043795 five student government groups in the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00160-00043796-00044037 province of Ontario and we brought in
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00161-00044038-00044274 student government advocates from
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00162-00044275-00044524 British Columbia to speak with them and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00163-00044525-00044871 held a day of just kind of dialogue on
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00164-00044872-00045021 the affordances of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00165-00045022-00045429 open and how this might work in Ontario
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00166-00045430-00045811 julia was there diagramming the day as
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00167-00045812-00046326 always and lots of cool stuff came out
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00168-00046327-00046660 of those discussions all of the dynamics
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00169-00046661-00047011 from affordability to simple you know
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00170-00047012-00047301 getting better access to really the big
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00171-00047302-00047520 questions for student government who do
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00172-00047521-00047773 we lobby one of the policy initiatives
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00173-00047774-00048010 that have to change what about tenure
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00174-00048011-00048339 and promotion in the Academy how would
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00175-00048340-00048651 that be affected by going open and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00176-00048652-00049077 interestingly and Rajiv and I chatted
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00177-00049078-00049302 about it in the break the University of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00178-00049303-00049515 British Columbia has changed its tenure
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00179-00049516-00049824 and promotion policy to accommodate oh
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00180-00049825-00050155 we are production as part of a tenure
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00181-00050156-00050443 portfolio for faculty members in the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00182-00050444-00050793 teaching track stream of tenure this
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00183-00050794-00051108 will happen in other locations too but
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00184-00051109-00051339 it's important to know that tenure now
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00185-00051340-00051831 supports owing our creation and we left
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00186-00051832-00052095 that meeting with students last October
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00187-00052096-00052407 with a kind of a road map of the 1
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00188-00052408-00052701 highway 101 we wanted to follow to get
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00189-00052702-00053104 open happening here in Ontario and I can
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00190-00053104-00053209 tell you
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00191-00053210-00053532 the efforts of busa and other groups in
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00192-00053533-00053773 this province has been fundamental to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00193-00053774-00053979 our Ministry of advanced education
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00194-00053979-00054276 funding the open textbook library in
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00195-00054277-00054534 Ontario funding the call for proposals
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00196-00054535-00054949 last spring and funding the open
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00197-00054950-00055096 publishing infrastructure we're
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00198-00055097-00055303 currently working on that I'll tell you
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00199-00055304-00055666 a little bit more about it all amounts
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00200-00055666-00055954 to choices for students from the student
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00201-00055954-00056406 perspective and the student panel gave
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00202-00056407-00056667 you all the great reasons why this is
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00203-00056669-00057032 important and just caning that or
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00204-00057033-00057243 collecting that and making it available
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00205-00057244-00057598 for others to hear would be extremely
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00206-00057599-00058162 useful but Ontario needs more to really
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00207-00058163-00058512 support an open education approach
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00208-00058513-00058875 across the province we need storage and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00209-00058876-00059216 distribution we need authoring systems
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00210-00059217-00059649 we did incentives for review adoption
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00211-00059650-00059907 and adaptation and of course we need
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00212-00059908-00060255 training and support and there are a lot
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00213-00060256-00060535 of different groups that could play a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00214-00060536-00060853 role in this but primarily we're looking
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00215-00060854-00061072 at teaching and learning centers and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00216-00061073-00061457 libraries as the open friendly
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00217-00061458-00061786 environments for faculty to go to to get
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00218-00061787-00062079 assistance with open pedagogical
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00219-00062080-00062580 approaches open publishing support we
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00220-00062581-00062868 already have some storage that we've
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00221-00062869-00063225 created and Rajeev pointed out that we
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00222-00063226-00063462 now have a library that looks just like
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00223-00063463-00063729 the British Columbia library because
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00224-00063730-00063992 it's primarily a clone of that library
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00225-00063993-00064186 everything that appears in British
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00226-00064187-00064532 Columbia appears in our library
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00227-00064533-00064907 opportunities for you to find our rich
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00228-00064908-00065262 opportunities for you to adopt are there
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00229-00065263-00065536 opportunities for you to adapt are
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00230-00065537-00065844 primarily tied to funding programs at
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00231-00065845-00066100 this point because it does take effort
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00232-00066101-00066579 an academic labor is real and we need to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00233-00066580-00066615 real
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00234-00066616-00066918 word it and we need to incent it and so
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00235-00066919-00067076 we're trying very hard to come up with
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00236-00067077-00067307 the funding mechanisms that would make
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00237-00067308-00067838 this possible across Ontario when the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00238-00067839-00068190 minister announced the open textbook
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00239-00068191-00068468 library last June it was very well
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00240-00068469-00068754 received by everyone who attended that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00241-00068755-00069074 event and we've had lots and lots of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00242-00069075-00069332 people inquiring about open textbooks
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00243-00069333-00069596 have been looking into the library and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00244-00069597-00069899 downloading samples to try them out so
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00245-00069900-00070181 we know there's some opportunity there
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00246-00070182-00070451 but we need to build a greater community
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00247-00070452-00070724 on campuses to move it out further
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00248-00070725-00070937 government's even been advertising
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00249-00070938-00071255 lighter backpacks heavier wallets like
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00250-00071256-00071523 they get it and they're starting to get
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00251-00071524-00071807 their marketing aligned to that way of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00252-00071808-00072291 thinking so the big idea of open is
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00253-00072292-00072725 really giving expanded power to these
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00254-00072726-00073092 resources and from ours perspective that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00255-00073093-00073380 means we have to give faculty expanded
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00256-00073381-00073680 power to use them effectively and we
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00257-00073681-00073955 need to support ways of building out
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00258-00073956-00074310 more ancillary resources and we need to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00259-00074311-00074567 find ways of working with people on
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00260-00074568-00074875 campuses to do that in kind of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00261-00074876-00075180 culturally sensitive and contextually
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00262-00075181-00075867 sensitive ways just having full legal
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00263-00075868-00076242 control to use these resources means a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00264-00076243-00076698 whole list of possibilities arise for
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00265-00076699-00076976 customization for localization for
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00266-00076977-00077404 personalization updates translations
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00267-00077405-00077859 remixes all of these are words that we
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00268-00077860-00078210 typically don't use as much when we talk
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00269-00078211-00078374 about learning resources of the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00270-00078375-00078642 publisher textbook type and we now have
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00271-00078643-00078903 all of these affordances available to us
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00272-00078904-00079244 so the opportunity is to actually act on
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00273-00079245-00079455 that possibility
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00274-00079456-00079761 but we have to think beyond textbooks
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00275-00079762-00080040 and that's where you'll probably see our
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00276-00080041-00080316 next calls for proposals from each
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00277-00080317-00080585 campus target a little more directly
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00278-00080586-00081036 towards other kinds of resources and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00279-00081037-00081399 other ways of thinking about using open
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00280-00081400-00081848 resources effectively assessments are
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00281-00081849-00082194 really an interesting area and Rajiv
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00282-00082195-00082392 talked a little bit about peer
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00283-00082393-00082626 assessment and the opportunity afforded
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00284-00082627-00082968 by peer assessment technologies and the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00285-00082969-00083265 way in which faculty can use it with
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00286-00083266-00083580 students to create items for formative
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00287-00083581-00083847 assessments and to evaluate students on
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00288-00083848-00084090 the quality of the assessments they
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00289-00084091-00084297 build as opposed to the answers they
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00290-00084298-00084498 give because of the deep knowledge
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00291-00084499-00084929 required to build good assessment items
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00292-00084930-00085212 what we're really trying to do in
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00293-00085213-00085586 Ontario we use the kind of Ontario
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00294-00085587-00086034 campfire metaphor for this is to build a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00295-00086035-00086265 kind of collaborative community in
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00296-00086266-00086538 Ontario higher education and invite
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00297-00086539-00086892 people to the table and invite people to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00298-00086893-00087189 that community because it's the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00299-00087190-00087477 connections that are important not just
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00300-00087478-00087825 within your campus but across campuses
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00301-00087826-00088053 and we're already seeing some of these
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00302-00088054-00088332 across campus connections starting to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00303-00088333-00088578 happen and they happen often in the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00304-00088579-00089010 context of adopting and adapting a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00305-00089011-00089313 textbook where multiple authors from
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00306-00089314-00089607 different faculties and different
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00307-00089608-00089928 institutions could work together to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00308-00089929-00090216 bring their expertise to bear to provide
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00309-00090217-00090513 a really custom collection of multiple
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00310-00090514-00090849 viewpoints and entry points into subject
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00311-00090850-00091401 areas we have six ways to connect with
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00312-00091402-00091647 what we're doing right now in open
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00313-00091648-00092415 education
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00314-00092416-00092869 we've created from a group of engaged
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00315-00092870-00093454 faculty who met last March in Toronto at
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00316-00093455-00093763 OCAD University to hear Rajiv and Robin
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00317-00093764-00094039 DeRosa speak to hear David Wiley
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00318-00094040-00094279 remotely talked about the origins of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00319-00094280-00094653 open and the power that provides to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00320-00094654-00095061 good-looking people who do good work and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00321-00095062-00095404 what we've created is a set of open
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00322-00095405-00095674 ranger's people who are located on
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00323-00095675-00095926 campuses around the province who are
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00324-00095927-00096325 your go-to people for support within
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00325-00096326-00096664 that environment of open production and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00326-00096665-00096940 julia is one of the open rangers on this
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00327-00096941-00097369 campus do we have more Matt was but he's
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00328-00097370-00097561 now at U of T they're benefiting from
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00329-00097562-00097968 that okay we need more open Rangers
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00330-00097969-00098236 we've also created an open Fellows
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00331-00098237-00098536 Program and we advertise for open
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00332-00098537-00098992 fellows a few months back and we're able
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00333-00098993-00099516 to find six faculty or librarian or
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00334-00099517-00099745 instructional developers who are
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00335-00099746-00100084 interested in moving open thinking ahead
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00336-00100085-00100339 in the province of Ontario and at the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00337-00100340-00100630 same time doing some research associated
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00338-00100631-00100924 with that it comes with a very small
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00339-00100925-00101242 stipend the stipend is mainly to pay for
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00340-00101243-00101563 travel and for people to present at
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00341-00101564-00101818 conferences but it's a starting point
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00342-00101819-00102076 and we'd like to do more of that and we
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00343-00102077-00102274 encourage you to look further about
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00344-00102275-00102969 opportunities to become open fellows one
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00345-00102970-00103194 of the things that we're also starting
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00346-00103195-00103423 to do is to work with open Rangers to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00347-00103424-00103723 create three kinds of activities built
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00348-00103724-00104004 around the notion of a sprint
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00349-00104005-00104235 getting a group of like-minded people
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00350-00104236-00104572 together for a day or two with an
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00351-00104573-00104917 outcome in mind to build stuff that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00352-00104918-00105142 benefits others and that is openly
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00353-00105143-00105424 licensed so our
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00354-00105425-00105673 colleagues at Guelph hosted one when was
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00355-00105674-00106132 that a month ago October that's great
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00356-00106133-00106426 what a fantastic starting point during
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00357-00106427-00106803 the test conference last two weeks ago
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00358-00106804-00107205 we did an open textbook sprint to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00359-00107206-00107491 customize a pre Confederation history
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00360-00107492-00107743 text that began its life in British
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00361-00107744-00108060 Columbia but was becoming customized for
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00362-00108061-00108301 Ontario and one of the fantastic
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00363-00108302-00108655 outcomes of that project was a template
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00364-00108656-00108997 for a syllabus that is a one pager that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00365-00108998-00109195 students can look at and fully
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00366-00109196-00109405 understand everything that happens in
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00367-00109406-00109615 that course how much reading how much
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00368-00109616-00109672 writing
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00369-00109673-00109948 how much lecture how much self-study
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00370-00109949-00110328 does it have an open textbook wonderful
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00371-00110329-00110599 syllabus template that we're going to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00372-00110600-00110806 open source and make available to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00373-00110807-00111121 everyone and the third area is test Bank
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00374-00111122-00111331 sprint so this is one regime organised
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00375-00111332-00111565 in British Columbia a couple of years
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00376-00111566-00111838 back the great psychology test Bank
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00377-00111839-00112219 sprint two days 17 psych faculty six
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00378-00112220-00112603 institutions 850 questions it's not to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00379-00112604-00112875 honor us if we can pay for your travel
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00380-00112876-00113203 accommodate you feed you and bring you
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00381-00113204-00113413 together to build something of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00382-00113414-00113674 collective good to use with your
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00383-00113675-00113890 colleagues we're hoping to do more of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00384-00113891-00114553 that in 2018 just watching my time the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00385-00114554-00114850 big message all of this is don't
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00386-00114851-00115378 reinvent adopt and adapt we really need
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00387-00115379-00115666 to get better at reusing things that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00388-00115667-00115835 already exist the students talk about
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00389-00115836-00116077 environmentally friendly this is an
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00390-00116078-00116323 environmentally friendly thinking way of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00391-00116324-00116965 thinking about academic products Peggy
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00392-00116966-00117154 French who's in the audience from Mohawk
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00393-00117155-00117492 College he's looking after open textbook
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00394-00117493-00117721 adoption announcements in the province
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00395-00117722-00118008 and we're trying to be very ongoing with
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00396-00118009-00118264 our announcements in a way that they're
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00397-00118265-00118471 visible to people so that you can see
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00398-00118472-00118641 what's new in the library
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00399-00118642-00118882 and who's adopting textbooks and get a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00400-00118883-00119095 sense of the building movement and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00401-00119096-00119387 growth that's happening in the province
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00402-00119388-00119703 Ontario extend is a self-directed
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00403-00119704-00119932 learning program that we built over the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00404-00119933-00120295 summer based on six modules called the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00405-00120296-00120587 anatomy of 21st century educators and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00406-00120588-00120994 it's the notion that everybody has some
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00407-00120995-00121263 of these attributes in their toolbox as
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00408-00121264-00121614 a personal faculty quality but they may
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00409-00121615-00121981 not know a lot about others particularly
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00410-00121982-00122211 on technologies that could be useful in
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00411-00122212-00122489 the classroom right now so we built six
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00412-00122490-00122727 three hours self-directed learning
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00413-00122728-00123073 modules based on this schema produced by
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00414-00123074-00123264 Simon Bates at the University of British
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00415-00123265-00123532 Columbia the relationship between
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00416-00123533-00123813 teaching and scholarship curation and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00417-00123814-00124038 collaboration technology and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00418-00124039-00124246 experimentation we encourage you to take
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00419-00124247-00124416 a look at these because they're not
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00420-00124417-00124674 ownerís to try out and they're actually
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00421-00124675-00124929 a lot of fun and Giulio is one of our
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00422-00124930-00125499 authors hopefully downstream we'd like
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00423-00125500-00125719 to badge them as well so you have a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00424-00125720-00125944 little few little badges to go with your
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00425-00125945-00126043 awards
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00426-00126044-00126237 you're not only a ranger you're a badge
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00427-00126238-00126750 stranger we're currently building
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00428-00126751-00127058 activities to go with that set of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00429-00127059-00127246 self-directed learning model so that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00430-00127247-00127456 will be openly licensed and so we're
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00431-00127457-00127676 looking for contributions to the open
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00432-00127677-00127989 extend activity bank and we'll be
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00433-00127990-00128262 sending out URLs in our newsletters for
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00434-00128263-00128473 people who would like to contribute to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00435-00128474-00128649 it so it's just a very small
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00436-00128650-00128901 contribution get your feet wet dip your
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00437-00128902-00129273 toes in the water another piece of the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00438-00129274-00129588 puzzle and eCampus Ontario is the notion
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00439-00129589-00129786 that people would like to try out some
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00440-00129787-00130011 new technologies but often it's hard to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00441-00130012-00130318 get them mounted on campus big IT
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00442-00130319-00130633 process what we want to do is try to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00443-00130633-00130986 lower the risk and provide a sandbox
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00444-00130987-00131226 environment for people to kick the tires
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00445-00131227-00131550 on some new types of technologies that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00446-00131551-00131835 are coming to the forefront virtual
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00447-00131836-00131986 reality labs
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00448-00131987-00132214 we'd love to see a bank of virtual
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00449-00132215-00132463 reality Sims that were openly licensed
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00450-00132464-00132762 we'd love to see that begin to evolve a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00451-00132763-00133048 badging environment for people to use
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00452-00133049-00133393 open badges in interesting ways to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00453-00133394-00133642 certify and authorize that students have
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00454-00133643-00133861 skills and competencies beyond the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00455-00133862-00134095 domain knowledge they're here to use
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00456-00134096-00134361 that they're great team players
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00457-00134362-00134629 wonderful public speakers great
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00458-00134630-00134943 presenters that sort of thing an
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00459-00134944-00135193 experiential learning the kinds of tools
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00460-00135194-00135577 you might use to self-direct a learning
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00461-00135578-00135841 experience in the workforce beyond what
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00462-00135842-00136093 happens on your University at the same
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00463-00136094-00136327 time as you're conducting your studies
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00464-00136328-00136540 what would that look like we're playing
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00465-00136541-00137011 with those ideas we have a great weekly
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00466-00137012-00137365 newsletter called the catch and the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00467-00137366-00137575 catch is kind of an update of all the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00468-00137576-00137769 cool stuff that's happening around
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00469-00137770-00138136 Ontario in institutions and this is your
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00470-00138137-00138406 opportunity to self promote the hell out
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00471-00138407-00138661 of yourselves tell people what you're
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00472-00138662-00138943 doing and it got big over the last two
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00473-00138944-00139132 weeks because of the test conference
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00474-00139133-00139393 which was huge and so just reporting all
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00475-00139394-00139609 the cool stuff that came out of test has
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00476-00139610-00139999 taken two issues to get it right so we
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00477-00140000-00140286 really invite you to stoke the fire at
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00478-00140287-00140683 the catch at E campus Ontario dot CA and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00479-00140684-00140827 if you've got a really great story about
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00480-00140828-00141106 a resource you used or a technique you
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00481-00141107-00141319 tried or something that really came out
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00482-00141320-00141625 of a peer-to-peer interaction with
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00483-00141626-00142102 colleagues let us know about it one of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00484-00142103-00142336 the other really nice pieces of work
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00485-00142337-00142525 that was done at Fleming College last
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00486-00142526-00142759 year is called the open faculty patch
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00487-00142760-00143104 book a community quilt of pedagogy was
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00488-00143105-00143304 developed by Terry green who's one of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00489-00143305-00143626 our program managers and the idea was to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00490-00143627-00143911 create a resource for new faculty in
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00491-00143912-00144181 coming to the institution to give them
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00492-00144182-00144591 some thoughts from colleagues peers who
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00493-00144592-00144865 have been in the work for a longer
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00494-00144866-00145086 period of time who have things to offer
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00495-00145087-00145378 that might be beneficial to them as a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00496-00145379-00145677 new faculty coming into the work place
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00497-00145678-00145987 we're wondering if there's an open
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00498-00145988-00146200 learner patch book that could be
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00499-00146201-00146401 assembled to with the kinds of ideas
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00500-00146402-00146665 that we came it came out of our student
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00501-00146666-00146983 panel today those kinds of ideas are
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00502-00146984-00147256 really important to promote to tell the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00503-00147257-00147591 stories through voices other than ours
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00504-00147592-00148101 any campus Ontario the world of open is
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00505-00148102-00148551 fantastic but as you know in any
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00506-00148552-00148909 paradise there are sharks in those
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00507-00148910-00149245 waters and currently the sharks in those
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00508-00149246-00149548 waters are people who have seen open as
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00509-00149549-00149890 a revenue stream that they would like to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00510-00149891-00150160 pursue I don't know how many vendors
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00511-00150161-00150409 have knocked on our doors over the last
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00512-00150410-00150766 two or three months with schemes that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00513-00150767-00151132 are simply there to monetize their
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00514-00151133-00151519 product or service using open as the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00515-00151520-00151791 vehicle to do it we're really not that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00516-00151792-00152248 interested in that approach the open
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00517-00152249-00152602 washing definition was a tweet from
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00518-00152603-00153165 Audrey waters 2012 so the term has been
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00519-00153166-00153430 around like green washing for quite some
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00520-00153431-00153877 time and it's that issue of using the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00521-00153878-00154204 appearance of open to substantiate a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00522-00154205-00154402 proprietary approach where nothing
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00523-00154403-00154771 really changes and the resources are
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00524-00154772-00155019 already available to you for free
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00525-00155020-00155578 gotta be cautious be open these are
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00526-00155579-00155779 slides I used at Waterloo as well if you
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00527-00155780-00156169 want the full deck be open is the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00528-00156170-00156448 message we'd like to convey and talk to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00529-00156449-00156775 us if you have great ideas you'd like to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00530-00156776-00157168 be involved with in open education open
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00531-00157169-00157618 practice open pedagogy open anything
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00532-00157619-00157849 that works in the context of your
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00533-00157850-00158086 learning and teaching please let us help
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00534-00158087-00158285 in any way you think would
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00535-00158286-00159454 you thank you I'm on time to Joe or so
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00536-00159455-00159832 on time so we have time for questions
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00537-00159833-00160039 when's the next call for proposals
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00538-00160040-00160277 that's usually I had about a dozen
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00539-00160278-00160463 people ask me that so I'll just be the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00540-00160464-00160702 proxy when's the next call for proposals
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00541-00160703-00161012 so we're just going into the next round
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00542-00161013-00161210 of funding at eCampus Ontario and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00543-00161211-00161489 typically the big problem has been that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00544-00161490-00161791 government works on fiscal years so we
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00545-00161792-00162026 end up going in getting our budget in
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00546-00162027-00162215 April and then they want us to offer a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00547-00162216-00162458 call in June and then it won't be
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00548-00162459-00162691 September before it's evaluated and then
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00549-00162692-00162829 they want you to do the work while
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00550-00162830-00163028 you're in class like you know September
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00551-00163029-00163331 to January January to April we're trying
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00552-00163332-00163523 to flip that paradigm around right now
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00553-00163524-00163740 and so our discussions with government
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00554-00163741-00164045 currently are about what would be the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00555-00164046-00164375 focus they would like to fund and when
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00556-00164376-00164573 could with when is the soonest we could
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00557-00164574-00164779 make some announcements we would hope to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00558-00164780-00165023 announce as early as possible in 2018
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00559-00165024-00165251 but nothing's ever guaranteed when you
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00560-00165252-00165529 deal with government so we expect there
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00561-00165530-00165766 will be another round of funding we just
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00562-00165767-00166118 don't know when what I can tell you is
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00563-00166119-00166678 that government is really interested in
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00564-00166679-00166978 return on investment to put it bluntly
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00565-00166979-00167363 and that is they're looking to see that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00566-00167364-00167699 we've thoughtfully considered through
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00567-00167700-00168115 data what areas of practice in the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00568-00168116-00168413 undergraduate experience would be great
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00569-00168414-00168758 territory to invest an open model at
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00570-00168759-00169070 scale within so you can imagine that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00571-00169071-00169234 they're looking at things like
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00572-00169235-00169715 healthcare business and other topical
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00573-00169716-00170036 schemes that might actually allow us to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00574-00170037-00170378 go deep and get to the zedd cred kind of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00575-00170379-00170624 initiative but through a much broader
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00576-00170625-00170993 experience than simply one or two small
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00577-00170994-00171188 programs so those are some of the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00578-00171189-00171362 considerations that are happening
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00579-00171363-00171557 right now and I don't know when the next
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00580-00171558-00171935 call will be what if say perhaps the VP
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00581-00171936-00172115 of Finance just walked in the room right
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00582-00172116-00172409 now and you would you know had wanted to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00583-00172410-00172625 update him and tell him something about
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00584-00172626-00172811 you know a lot of the things that I hear
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00585-00172812-00173039 are things like like who pays for open
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00586-00173040-00173207 if you have an open textbook and we have
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00587-00173208-00173444 a campus store you know like how are we
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00588-00173445-00173660 going to make up the revenue for that it
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00589-00173661-00173849 could be lost in that way we are trying
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00590-00173850-00173981 to be competitive with other
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00591-00173982-00174206 institutions in Ontario if we're just
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00592-00174207-00174404 sharing our resources how do how do we
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00593-00174405-00174623 make that viable if we just give
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00594-00174624-00174770 everything away what how do we
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00595-00174771-00174887 differentiate ourselves in that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00596-00174888-00175037 framework I mean I'm on the board of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00597-00175038-00175206 trustees I need to make be accountable
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00598-00175207-00175436 yeah well I think I think the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00599-00175437-00175613 differentiator has to do with the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00600-00175614-00175808 programs that you provide and the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00601-00175809-00175979 service through those programs and the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00602-00175980-00176162 students that you attract based on the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00603-00176163-00176387 reputation of those wonderful programs
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00604-00176388-00176684 and so the resources are just one part
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00605-00176685-00176951 of it and for many students sorry Jeeves
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00606-00176952-00177170 talk that's the barrier we want to kind
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00607-00177171-00177369 of do away with that barrier and allow
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00608-00177370-00177565 people to follow a passion to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00609-00177566-00177809 personalize their learning and to do
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00610-00177810-00178016 something really purposeful with their
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00611-00178017-00178226 lives and we think that's the real
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00612-00178227-00178368 mission of the university is to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00613-00178369-00178673 facilitate that not to operate
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00614-00178674-00179084 necessarily as a profit Center yes but
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00615-00179085-00179216 we you know we have shrinking budgets
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00616-00179217-00179493 from the province right the they look
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00617-00179494-00179786 it's 35 percent we've gotten in in this
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00618-00179787-00180018 year compared to you know 1990 where
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00619-00180019-00180200 they're getting a 70% we can we even
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00620-00180201-00180566 call ourselves a public institution no
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00621-00180567-00180858 no man
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00622-00180859-00181126 you take it to the social activist I
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00623-00181127-00181357 can't answer that one these are the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00624-00181358-00181531 conversations that I have to have like
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00625-00181532-00181741 these are real conversations and so I
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00626-00181742-00181903 don't mean to grill you because I you
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00627-00181904-00182074 know I adore this and I love the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00628-00182075-00182179 movement and I know we have great
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00629-00182180-00182395 teachers on campus who really do want to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00630-00182396-00182572 make a difference and that that they
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00631-00182573-00182731 want to do it first for students all the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00632-00182732-00182881 time we have student first teachers
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00633-00182882-00183109 right across the campus for sure but
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00634-00183110-00183298 these are these are the fiscal realities
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00635-00183299-00183541 right so how do you balance that yeah I
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00636-00183542-00183754 think I think you have to go with the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00637-00183755-00183919 place where you can make the most impact
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00638-00183920-00184237 the soonest so I think it's it's it's no
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00639-00184238-00184459 secret when we did the same thing in
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00640-00184460-00184678 British Columbia and I said this at
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00641-00184679-00184834 Western a couple of weeks ago I'm now
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00642-00184835-00185032 convinced to ministers to go in this
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00643-00185033-00185227 direction into different provinces and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00644-00185228-00185623 in both cases it came down to high
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00645-00185624-00185881 enrollment courses in first and second
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00646-00185882-00186124 year as the primary target because
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00647-00186125-00186274 that's where we would make the most
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00648-00186275-00186751 difference for students that's the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00649-00186752-00187027 that's the story does anybody else have
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00650-00187028-00187354 any questions nobody can follow my
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00651-00187355-00188169 grilling hi David thanks for your talk
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00652-00188170-00188488 so as a scholar communication person I
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00653-00188489-00188680 spend a lot of time talking to faculty
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00654-00188681-00189013 about open scholarship and there's a lot
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00655-00189014-00189370 of parallels in terms of they need to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00656-00189371-00189715 change culture and habits around things
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00657-00189716-00189997 like attitudes towards the cost even
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00658-00189998-00190324 though the cost for the students for oer
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00659-00190325-00190536 as free faculty might lose revenues
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00660-00190537-00190783 there's the issues around prestige
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00661-00190784-00190978 there's the big issue around convenience
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00662-00190979-00191221 they don't necessarily want to invest
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00663-00191222-00191413 the time in finding or developing a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00664-00191414-00191638 textbook so any tips you can share on
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00665-00191639-00191919 changing culture would be really helpful
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00666-00191920-00192187 well I think it has to do with that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00667-00192188-00192403 collegiality piece of colleague networks
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00668-00192404-00192595 I think when we see people get together
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00669-00192596-00193000 in these textbook sprints where faculty
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00670-00193001-00193348 with some like-minded faculty who are
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00671-00193349-00193549 like-minded and have a share a common
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00672-00193550-00193801 interest in a discipline get together
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00673-00193802-00193962 they begin to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00674-00193963-00194235 share ideas more readily and I think one
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00675-00194236-00194424 of the things that has happened over the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00676-00194425-00194691 past number of years is that classrooms
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00677-00194692-00194889 tend to be very individual there's not a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00678-00194890-00195252 lot of collegiality among the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00679-00195253-00195543 development groups on campus right it's
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00680-00195544-00195681 really hard to get people to work
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00681-00195682-00195987 together it's a big time sink but I
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00682-00195988-00196194 think making it convenient that's why
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00683-00196195-00196395 the sprint methodology brings people
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00684-00196396-00196659 together for short periods of time in a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00685-00196660-00196866 convivial environment to have great
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00686-00196867-00197061 conversations with their colleagues what
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00687-00197062-00197256 comes out is not always a finished or
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00688-00197257-00197460 polished work but it's a starting point
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00689-00197461-00198110 and that's critical you want to say more
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00690-00198111-00198351 get it to Reggie I think he wants to say
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00691-00198352-00198675 more about that I think you're asking
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00692-00198676-00198975 the right question so I think one of the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00693-00198976-00199125 things we've tried to do certainly is
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00694-00199126-00199365 you will always have the innovative
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00695-00199366-00199560 pedagogues who will innovate not just
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00696-00199561-00199752 without support but sometimes in the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00697-00199753-00199953 face of active opposition and so
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00698-00199954-00200175 recognizing supporting identifying those
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00699-00200176-00200384 early adopters supporting them
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00700-00200385-00200610 recognizing them ensuring that there are
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00701-00200611-00200808 other people who perhaps are inhibited
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00702-00200809-00200901 because they think this kind of work
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00703-00200902-00201048 wouldn't be supported through that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00704-00201049-00201285 perhaps it would be penalized allowing
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00705-00201286-00201384 them to see that this is actually
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00706-00201385-00201525 something that's good and that the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00707-00201526-00201759 institution supports I think you're
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00708-00201760-00201984 right asking framing it the right way
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00709-00201985-00202275 for students it is about cost savings
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00710-00202276-00202467 for faculty it is about pedagogical
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00711-00202468-00202743 innovation and for administrators it is
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00712-00202744-00203130 about persistence completion the the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00713-00203131-00203328 metrics that they follow and there's a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00714-00203329-00203505 net tuition benefit to the institution
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00715-00203506-00203739 if you can align existing incentive
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00716-00203740-00203973 structures as well whether it's an Ian
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00717-00203974-00204243 promotion whether it's add leaves and
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00718-00204244-00204483 sabbaticals whether it's internal grants
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00719-00204484-00204842 I think it's I think just making sure
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00720-00204844-00205200 that you're normalizing it by allowing
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00721-00205201-00205326 people to see that their colleagues are
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00722-00205327-00205661 performing the work but I think that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00723-00205662-00205862 you're never gonna get everybody of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00724-00205863-00206055 course but you start with the early
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00725-00206056-00206256 adopters and ultimately want to get to
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00726-00206257-00206396 the point where for the majority of
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00727-00206398-00206607 faculty who would do this if it was easy
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00728-00206608-00206850 and setup and if they if the resources
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00729-00206851-00207119 existed that's fantastic but I would
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00730-00207121-00207373 love working with the innovative pack
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00731-00207375-00207533 pedagogues who will work with their
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00732-00207534-00207779 students to produce the resources that
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00733-00207780-00207983 will be simply adopted without any more
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00734-00207984-00208169 work by the majority of faculty in the
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00735-00208169-00208563 middle
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00736-00208564-00208786 thanks for jeev I should notice I
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00737-00208787-00208979 shouldn't say that this was we put this
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00738-00208980-00209221 in as a retention grant opportunity
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00739-00209223-00209496 because that I do know that there is
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00740-00209498-00209744 data that shows that students will
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00741-00209744-00209939 complete so if you look at it it just
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00742-00209940-00210242 takes a shift a mind shift right I know
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00743-00210242-00210469 I'm setting you guys up for is there
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00744-00210471-00210655 anybody else who wants to say it ask a
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00745-00210656-00211010 question I think we can get to the next
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00746-00211011-00211219 phase thank you Dave thank you that was
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00747-00211221-00211244 great
+sEoMuw6Jxp8-00748-00211246-00211755 [Applause]
+sEAvPSeop-y-00000-00000064-00000311 well there are several one of them was
+sEAvPSeop-y-00001-00000312-00000359 when
+sEAvPSeop-y-00002-00000360-00000719 i applied at the library in 1966
+sEAvPSeop-y-00003-00000720-00000958 i was working in colorado at the time
+sEAvPSeop-y-00004-00000959-00001135 and had a good friend here in town so i
+sEAvPSeop-y-00005-00001136-00001287 came to visit
+sEAvPSeop-y-00006-00001288-00001607 and we came to the library and i applied
+sEAvPSeop-y-00007-00001607-00001807 and of course there were no jobs but
+sEAvPSeop-y-00008-00001807-00001982 anyway i have probably i was out on the
+sEAvPSeop-y-00009-00001984-00002142 main floor
+sEAvPSeop-y-00010-00002143-00002607 and i was talking to a staff member
+sEAvPSeop-y-00011-00002608-00002791 and another staff member came up and
+sEAvPSeop-y-00012-00002792-00003279 said we do not talk here
+sEAvPSeop-y-00013-00003279-00003495 i'm great so i i don't know why i
+sEAvPSeop-y-00014-00003496-00003775 remember that was just so striking to me
+sEAvPSeop-y-00015-00003776-00003975 you couldn't talk in the library that's
+sEAvPSeop-y-00016-00003976-00004831 funny yeah that's changed just a bit
+sEAvPSeop-y-00017-00004832-00005039 you
+sF8cIozy03M-00000-00000094-00000430 laboratorio nacional de las synchrotron
+sF8cIozy03M-00001-00000431-00000790 Portuguese pronunciation LeBeau attune a
+sF8cIozy03M-00002-00000791-00001202 stone or d Lucy koto L n LS is the
+sF8cIozy03M-00003-00001203-00001511 Brazilian synchrotron light laboratory a
+sF8cIozy03M-00004-00001512-00001772 research institution on physics
+sF8cIozy03M-00005-00001773-00002084 chemistry material science and life
+sF8cIozy03M-00006-00002085-00002492 sciences it is located in the city of
+sF8cIozy03M-00007-00002493-00002760 campaign Asst sub district of burrow
+sF8cIozy03M-00008-00002761-00003302 Giraldo state of sao paulo brazil the
+sF8cIozy03M-00009-00003303-00003527 center which is operated by the
+sF8cIozy03M-00010-00003528-00003829 brazilian center of research in energy
+sF8cIozy03M-00011-00003830-00004222 and materials CN p.m. under a contract
+sF8cIozy03M-00012-00004223-00004597 with the National Research Council cnpq
+sF8cIozy03M-00013-00004598-00004820 and the Ministry of Science and
+sF8cIozy03M-00014-00004821-00005090 Technology of Brazil has the only
+sF8cIozy03M-00015-00005091-00005399 particle accelerator a synchrotron in
+sF8cIozy03M-00016-00005400-00005677 Latin America which was designed and
+sF8cIozy03M-00017-00005678-00005970 built in Brazil by a team of physicists
+sF8cIozy03M-00018-00005971-00006445 technicians and engineers currently the
+sF8cIozy03M-00019-00006447-00006748 Brazilian synchrotron has 15 different
+sF8cIozy03M-00020-00006750-00007048 beam lines in operation for its user
+sF8cIozy03M-00021-00007050-00007373 community covering energies ranging from
+sF8cIozy03M-00022-00007373-00007637 a few electron volts to tens of kilo
+sF8cIozy03M-00023-00007638-00008210 electron volts the uses include x-ray
+sF8cIozy03M-00024-00008211-00008571 diffraction macromolecule
+sF8cIozy03M-00025-00008572-00008935 crystallography small angle x-ray
+sF8cIozy03M-00026-00008936-00009346 scattering x-ray absorption and
+sF8cIozy03M-00027-00009347-00009799 fluorescence spectroscopy UV and soft
+sF8cIozy03M-00028-00009800-00010081 x-ray spectroscopy depending on the
+sF8cIozy03M-00029-00010082-00010520 beamline used in current production is
+sF8cIozy03M-00030-00010521-00010826 the serious project a plan for a three
+sF8cIozy03M-00031-00010827-00011231 GeV synchrotron light source the
+sF8cIozy03M-00032-00011232-00011524 groundbreaking ceremony took place in
+sF8cIozy03M-00033-00011525-00012013 May 2013 the plan includes an initial 13
+sF8cIozy03M-00034-00012014-00012313 beam lines with a final goal of 40
+sF8cIozy03M-00035-00012314-00012698 ranging from 10 electron volts to 100
+sF8cIozy03M-00036-00012699-00013027 keV it is being built next to the
+sF8cIozy03M-00037-00013028-00013240 current C NPM
+sF8cIozy03M-00038-00013241-00013624 campus much of the work for the initial
+sF8cIozy03M-00039-00013625-00013903 plan is proposed to be completed by the
+sF8cIozy03M-00040-00013904-00014241 end of 2016
+sH8TmDatIcQ-00000-00000050-00000301 ESPA Darrow is a read Portuguese wine
+sH8TmDatIcQ-00001-00000302-00000499 grape planted primarily in the minho
+sH8TmDatIcQ-00002-00000500-00000811 region for making Vinho Verde it is also
+sH8TmDatIcQ-00003-00000811-00001011 grown across the border in Galicia Spain
+sH8TmDatIcQ-00004-00001013-00001219 where it is used to make light bodied
+sH8TmDatIcQ-00005-00001220-00001420 wines rather than being a single grape
+sH8TmDatIcQ-00006-00001421-00001626 variety there are several variants in
+sH8TmDatIcQ-00007-00001627-00001785 the ESPA Darrow family of grapes
+sH8TmDatIcQ-00008-00001786-00001984 including ESPA Sderot Tinto and
+sH8TmDatIcQ-00009-00001985-00002149 espadrille mole with partially
+sH8TmDatIcQ-00010-00002150-00002761 overlapping synonyms
+sH8TmDatIcQ-00011-00002762-00003297 topic see also
+sH8TmDatIcQ-00012-00003299-00003736 list of Portuguese grape varieties
+sJ3edHwYr64-00000-00000046-00001235 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00001-00001236-00001580 [Applause]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00002-00001581-00004136 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00003-00004137-00006082 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00004-00006083-00007091 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00005-00007092-00009188 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00006-00009189-00010463 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00007-00010464-00011611 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00009-00017885-00017931 [Applause]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00010-00017932-00019348 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00011-00019349-00019758 [Applause]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00012-00019759-00020962 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00013-00020963-00021881 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00014-00021882-00023252 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00015-00023253-00023336 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00016-00023337-00023514 [Applause]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00017-00023515-00025309 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00018-00025311-00025787 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00019-00025788-00026033 [Applause]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00020-00026035-00027685 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00021-00027686-00028997 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00022-00028998-00029558 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00023-00029558-00029566 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00024-00029567-00029889 [Laughter]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00025-00029889-00030563 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00026-00030564-00032201 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00027-00032202-00032248 [Applause]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00028-00032249-00034198 [Music]
+sJ3edHwYr64-00029-00034199-00034725 [Music]
+sKgfh-XQfTY-00000-00000087-00000196 [Music]
+sKgfh-XQfTY-00001-00000197-00000838 foreign
+sKgfh-XQfTY-00002-00000839-00002619 [Music]
+sKgfh-XQfTY-00003-00002620-00003047 [Music]
+sKgfh-XQfTY-00004-00003048-00003271 thank you
+sKgfh-XQfTY-00005-00003272-00004410 [Music]
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00000-00000000-00000388 hi besta casa está debajo de hell yeah
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00001-00000389-00000665 bhavana paleo so 1 m-nb eaten it is
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00002-00000666-00000911 honest por tu lado is unless so hot
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00003-00000911-00001253 number spell unsure manga da best with
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00004-00001254-00001466 ribbon on the eye of tests mandela me
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00005-00001467-00001789 how about after the under but spilled
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00006-00001791-00001984 something or some penis is honest or
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00007-00001985-00002260 spare from ptosis vinegar or a check
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00008-00002261-00002573 given or ball hard move it cleared our
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00009-00002574-00002827 go of her Thunder spare is really a
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00010-00002828-00003032 keylogger amazon Elena man young
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00011-00003033-00003265 committee anonymity or does not comment
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00012-00003266-00003488 area smack Etta Mae Dominique Lang media
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00013-00003489-00003847 so type what a spell or hotel it madam
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00014-00003848-00004127 chair haha spell Airbus well first of
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00015-00004128-00004729 all for for allah y el agua all the time
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00016-00004730-00005213 well she'll spell the other health and
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00017-00005214-00005711 the food coma for now of young so
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00018-00005712-00006101 restful interceptor or some remote a bit
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00019-00006102-00006502 in the test I'll Folsom hospital as well
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00020-00006503-00006964 support a and I interests you or am I on
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00021-00006965-00007244 my crikey left her a Fellini people
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00022-00007245-00007484 angry sighs I need to dress well fresh
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00023-00007484-00007748 air live dual the moon pool and sound
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00024-00007748-00008128 yet mortar and design a blaster
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00025-00008129-00008521 something I met em does schipperke
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00026-00008522-00008903 what I am won't come for a publix Belloc
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00027-00008904-00009170 all suppose it's only pegs it possibly
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00028-00009171-00009437 Tama hope as well go for the head down
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00029-00009438-00009662 of levels under seat to someone to poo
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00030-00009663-00010070 or all day i'll add an historian some of
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00031-00010071-00010260 the for the news but will be super spell
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00032-00010261-00010663 omaha tomorrow foosball misspelling the
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00033-00010664-00011035 bank burger and fin fotos para la guerra
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00034-00011036-00011364 na my name is in my purse penalty heart
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00035-00011365-00011744 Macek andres bello shells in the air or
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00036-00011745-00012187 will they be little or for Claudia claw
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00037-00012188-00012542 all their lives below clemson mini a
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00038-00012543-00012886 fault ladies panama amazon share or even
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00039-00012887-00013144 live a little
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00040-00013144-00013505 the dealer glendalough only saluki cast
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00041-00013506-00013766 spells in metro doc evenly color a
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00042-00013766-00013991 mouthful only too narrow for this
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00043-00013991-00014246 install is not cool Carranza we are
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00044-00014247-00014491 having our camera they want to check
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00045-00014491-00014828 limas just a combat the escape room and
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00046-00014829-00015130 listen the NIA hasta awesome al da homie
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00047-00015131-00015642 work by already checked slobber all over
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00048-00015643-00016025 Forsch era dr. brain absurd the end for
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00049-00016026-00016261 our hunting of our Emma photo store
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00050-00016262-00016553 instruction in the ax fella and legs
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00051-00016554-00018181 salmon with me I stood and then start
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00052-00018182-00020686 again welcome to spell or to look evil
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00053-00020687-00020927 of lava and knock some occasional at
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00054-00020928-00021718 first
+sL5M_t5_cxY-00055-00021719-00021925 you
+sppB9_Nv550-00000-00000053-00000434 the Louvre English ello Ovie R or the
+sppB9_Nv550-00001-00000434-00000716 Louvre Museum French musee du louvre
+sppB9_Nv550-00002-00000717-00000989 mised i love listen is the world's
+sppB9_Nv550-00003-00000990-00001225 largest art museum and a historic
+sppB9_Nv550-00004-00001226-00001583 monument in Paris France a central
+sppB9_Nv550-00005-00001584-00001835 landmark of the city it is located on
+sppB9_Nv550-00006-00001836-00002012 the right bank of the Seine in the
+sppB9_Nv550-00007-00002013-00002270 city's first arrondissement district or
+sppB9_Nv550-00008-00002271-00002687 Ward approximately 38,000 objects from
+sppB9_Nv550-00009-00002688-00002959 prehistory to the 21st century are
+sppB9_Nv550-00010-00002960-00003415 exhibited over an area of 72,000 735
+sppB9_Nv550-00011-00003417-00003779 square meters 782 thousand nine hundred
+sppB9_Nv550-00012-00003779-00004220 ten square feet in 2018 the Louvre was
+sppB9_Nv550-00013-00004221-00004454 the world's most visited Art Museum
+sppB9_Nv550-00014-00004455-00004771 receiving 10.2 million visitors the
+sppB9_Nv550-00015-00004772-00004977 museum is housed in the Louvre palace
+sppB9_Nv550-00016-00004978-00005252 originally built as the Louvre Castle in
+sppB9_Nv550-00017-00005253-00005503 the late 12th to 13th century under
+sppB9_Nv550-00018-00005504-00005866 philip ii remnants of the fortress are
+sppB9_Nv550-00019-00005867-00006100 visible in the basement of the museum
+sppB9_Nv550-00020-00006101-00006421 due to urban expansion the fortress
+sppB9_Nv550-00021-00006422-00006689 eventually lost its defensive function
+sppB9_Nv550-00022-00006690-00007058 and in 1546 francis the first converted
+sppB9_Nv550-00023-00007059-00007273 it into the main residence of the french
+sppB9_Nv550-00024-00007275-00007604 kings the building was extended many
+sppB9_Nv550-00025-00007605-00007886 times to form the present Louvre palace
+sppB9_Nv550-00026-00007887-00008375 in 1682 louis xiv chose the palace of
+sppB9_Nv550-00027-00008376-00008597 versailles for his household leaving the
+sppB9_Nv550-00028-00008598-00008843 louvre primarily as a place to display
+sppB9_Nv550-00029-00008844-00009194 the royal collection including from 1692
+sppB9_Nv550-00030-00009195-00009442 a collection of ancient Greek and Roman
+sppB9_Nv550-00031-00009443-00009896 sculpture in 1692 the building was
+sppB9_Nv550-00032-00009897-00010178 occupied by the academi des inscriptions
+sppB9_Nv550-00033-00010179-00010475 at Belle's lettres and the academia Alda
+sppB9_Nv550-00034-00010476-00010799 painter at desculpe sure which in 1699
+sppB9_Nv550-00035-00010800-00011192 held the first of a series of salons the
+sppB9_Nv550-00036-00011193-00011474 academi remained at the Louvre for 100
+sppB9_Nv550-00037-00011475-00011746 years during the French Revolution the
+sppB9_Nv550-00038-00011747-00011969 National Assembly decreed that the
+sppB9_Nv550-00039-00011970-00012196 Louvre should be used as a museum to
+sppB9_Nv550-00040-00012197-00012496 display the nation's masterpieces
+sppB9_Nv550-00041-00012497-00012799 the museum opened on the 10th of August
+sppB9_Nv550-00042-00012800-00013274 1793 with an exhibition of 537 paintings
+sppB9_Nv550-00043-00013275-00013519 the majority of the works being royal
+sppB9_Nv550-00044-00013520-00013874 and confiscated Church property because
+sppB9_Nv550-00045-00013875-00014086 of structural problems with the building
+sppB9_Nv550-00046-00014087-00014599 the museum was closed in 1796 until 1801
+sppB9_Nv550-00047-00014600-00014879 the collection was increased under
+sppB9_Nv550-00048-00014880-00015113 Napoleon and the museum was renamed
+sppB9_Nv550-00049-00015113-00015400 musée Napoleon but after Napoleon's
+sppB9_Nv550-00050-00015401-00015655 abdication many works seized by his
+sppB9_Nv550-00051-00015656-00015875 armies were returned to their original
+sppB9_Nv550-00052-00015876-00016160 owners the collection was further
+sppB9_Nv550-00053-00016161-00016381 increased during the reigns of louis
+sppB9_Nv550-00054-00016382-00016643 xviii and charles the tenth and during
+sppB9_Nv550-00055-00016644-00016874 the second French Empire the museum
+sppB9_Nv550-00056-00016875-00017216 gained twenty thousand pieces holdings
+sppB9_Nv550-00057-00017217-00017438 have grown steadily through donations
+sppB9_Nv550-00058-00017439-00017677 and bequests since the third republic
+sppB9_Nv550-00059-00017678-00017969 the collection has divided among eight
+sppB9_Nv550-00060-00017970-00018208 curatorial departments Egyptian
+sppB9_Nv550-00061-00018209-00018403 antiquities Near Eastern antiquities
+sppB9_Nv550-00062-00018404-00018716 Greek Etruscan and Roman antiquities
+sppB9_Nv550-00063-00018717-00019022 Islamic art sculpture decorative arts
+sppB9_Nv550-00064-00019023-00019765 paintings prints and drawings
+sppB9_Nv550-00065-00019766-00020628 topic history
+sppB9_Nv550-00066-00020629-00021608 topic 11th 20th centuries
+sppB9_Nv550-00067-00021609-00021975 topic Medieval Renaissance and Bourbon
+sppB9_Nv550-00068-00021976-00022346 Palace
+sppB9_Nv550-00069-00022347-00022592 the Louvre palace which houses the
+sppB9_Nv550-00070-00022593-00022877 museum was begun as a fortress by philip
+sppB9_Nv550-00071-00022878-00023150 ii in the 12th century to protect the
+sppB9_Nv550-00072-00023151-00023390 city from English soldiers which were in
+sppB9_Nv550-00073-00023391-00023702 Normandy remnants of this castle are
+sppB9_Nv550-00074-00023703-00023969 still visible in the crypt whether this
+sppB9_Nv550-00075-00023970-00024206 was the first building on that spot as
+sppB9_Nv550-00076-00024207-00024443 not known it is possible that Philip
+sppB9_Nv550-00077-00024444-00024800 modified an existing tower according to
+sppB9_Nv550-00078-00024801-00024982 the authoritative grand Larousse
+sppB9_Nv550-00079-00024983-00025238 encyclopedia the name derives from an
+sppB9_Nv550-00080-00025239-00025508 association with wolf Huntingdon via
+sppB9_Nv550-00081-00025509-00025937 Latin lupus lower Empire lupara in the
+sppB9_Nv550-00082-00025938-00026252 7th century Saint fair and Abbess in MO
+sppB9_Nv550-00083-00026252-00026555 left part of her villa called Louvre
+sppB9_Nv550-00084-00026556-00026906 situated in the region of Paris to a
+sppB9_Nv550-00085-00026907-00027200 monastery this territory probably did
+sppB9_Nv550-00086-00027201-00027443 not correspond exactly to the modern
+sppB9_Nv550-00087-00027444-00027802 site however the Louvre palace was
+sppB9_Nv550-00088-00027804-00028016 altered frequently throughout the Middle
+sppB9_Nv550-00089-00028017-00028361 Ages in the 14th century Charles the
+sppB9_Nv550-00090-00028362-00028544 fifth converted the building into a
+sppB9_Nv550-00091-00028545-00028915 residence and in 1546 Francis the first
+sppB9_Nv550-00092-00028916-00029140 renovated the site in French Renaissance
+sppB9_Nv550-00093-00029141-00029510 style Francis acquired what would become
+sppB9_Nv550-00094-00029511-00029770 the nucleus of the Louvre holdings his
+sppB9_Nv550-00095-00029772-00030020 acquisitions including Leonardo da
+sppB9_Nv550-00096-00030020-00030175 Vinci's Mona Lisa
+sppB9_Nv550-00097-00030176-00030536 after louis xiv chose versailles as his
+sppB9_Nv550-00098-00030537-00030893 residence in 1682 constructions slowed
+sppB9_Nv550-00099-00030894-00031154 however the move permitted the Louvre to
+sppB9_Nv550-00100-00031155-00031388 be used as a residence for artists under
+sppB9_Nv550-00101-00031389-00031787 royal patronage for generations of bull
+sppB9_Nv550-00102-00031788-00032072 were granted royal patronage and resided
+sppB9_Nv550-00103-00032073-00032237 in the Louvre in the following order
+sppB9_Nv550-00104-00032238-00032533 Pierre Boulle Jean bull Andre Charles
+sppB9_Nv550-00105-00032535-00032813 bull and his four sons Jean Philippe
+sppB9_Nv550-00106-00032814-00033368 Pierre Benoit C 1683 - 1741 Charles
+sppB9_Nv550-00107-00033369-00033889 Andre 1685 - 1749 and Charles Joseph
+sppB9_Nv550-00108-00033890-00034543 1688 - 1754 after him Andre Charles bull
+sppB9_Nv550-00109-00034544-00034967 1642 - 1732 is the most famous French
+sppB9_Nv550-00110-00034968-00035227 cabinet maker and the preeminent artist
+sppB9_Nv550-00111-00035228-00035553 in the field of marquetry also known as
+sppB9_Nv550-00112-00035554-00035961 in lay bull was the most remarkable of
+sppB9_Nv550-00113-00035962-00036309 all French cabinetmakers he was
+sppB9_Nv550-00114-00036310-00036675 commended to louis xiv of france the sun
+sppB9_Nv550-00115-00036676-00037110 king by jean-baptiste Colbert 1619 to
+sppB9_Nv550-00116-00037111-00037542 1683 as being the most skilled craftsman
+sppB9_Nv550-00117-00037543-00037895 in his profession before the fire of
+sppB9_Nv550-00118-00037896-00038220 1720 destroyed them Andre Charles Bull
+sppB9_Nv550-00119-00038221-00038451 held priceless works of art in the
+sppB9_Nv550-00120-00038452-00038813 Louvre including 48 drawings by Raphael
+sppB9_Nv550-00121-00038814-00039138 by the mid 18th century there were an
+sppB9_Nv550-00122-00039139-00039396 increasing number of proposals to create
+sppB9_Nv550-00123-00039397-00039630 a public gallery with the art critic
+sppB9_Nv550-00124-00039631-00040038 Lafont de st. yen publishing in 1747 a
+sppB9_Nv550-00125-00040039-00040218 call for a display of the Royal
+sppB9_Nv550-00126-00040219-00040674 Collection on the 14th of October 1750
+sppB9_Nv550-00127-00040675-00040953 Louis the 15th agreed and sanctioned a
+sppB9_Nv550-00128-00040954-00041214 display of 96 pieces from the Royal
+sppB9_Nv550-00129-00041215-00041478 Collection mounted in the gallery Royale
+sppB9_Nv550-00130-00041479-00041732 de peinture of the Luxembourg palace a
+sppB9_Nv550-00131-00041733-00042072 Hall was opened by Lenormand to torn hem
+sppB9_Nv550-00132-00042073-00042294 and the Marquis de Marigny for public
+sppB9_Nv550-00133-00042295-00042504 viewing of the tableaus du Roi on
+sppB9_Nv550-00134-00042505-00042759 Wednesdays and Saturdays and contained
+sppB9_Nv550-00135-00042760-00043017 Andrea del Sarto Skerritt II and works
+sppB9_Nv550-00136-00043018-00043335 by Raphael Titian Veronese Rembrandt
+sppB9_Nv550-00137-00043336-00043632 Huson or Van Dyck until it's closing in
+sppB9_Nv550-00138-00043633-00043914 1780 as a result of the gift of the
+sppB9_Nv550-00139-00043915-00044133 palace to the count of Provence the
+sppB9_Nv550-00140-00044134-00044480 future king louis xviii by the king in
+sppB9_Nv550-00141-00044481-00044850 1778 under louis xvi
+sppB9_Nv550-00142-00044851-00045207 the royal museum idea became policy the
+sppB9_Nv550-00143-00045208-00045420 Comte DNG Villa brought in the
+sppB9_Nv550-00144-00045421-00045735 collection and in 1776 proposed
+sppB9_Nv550-00145-00045736-00045987 conversion of the grande Galerie of the
+sppB9_Nv550-00146-00045988-00046227 Louvre which contained maps into the
+sppB9_Nv550-00147-00046228-00046602 French Museum many proposals were
+sppB9_Nv550-00148-00046603-00046845 offered for the Louvre renovation into a
+sppB9_Nv550-00149-00046846-00047144 museum however none was agreed on
+sppB9_Nv550-00150-00047145-00047418 hence the museum remained incomplete
+sppB9_Nv550-00151-00047419-00048062 until the French Revolution
+sppB9_Nv550-00152-00048063-00048613 topic French Revolution
+sppB9_Nv550-00153-00048614-00048865 during the French Revolution the Louvre
+sppB9_Nv550-00154-00048866-00049170 was transformed into a public museum in
+sppB9_Nv550-00155-00049171-00049612 May 1791 the Assembly declared that the
+sppB9_Nv550-00156-00049613-00049864 Louvre would be a place for bringing
+sppB9_Nv550-00157-00049865-00050140 together monuments of all the sciences
+sppB9_Nv550-00158-00050141-00050323 and arts
+sppB9_Nv550-00159-00050324-00050809 on the 10th of August 1792 louis xvi was
+sppB9_Nv550-00160-00050810-00051019 imprisoned and the royal collection in
+sppB9_Nv550-00161-00051020-00051274 the louvre became national property
+sppB9_Nv550-00162-00051275-00051595 because of fear of vandalism or theft on
+sppB9_Nv550-00163-00051596-00051895 the 19th of august the National Assembly
+sppB9_Nv550-00164-00051896-00052129 pronounced the museum's preparation as
+sppB9_Nv550-00165-00052130-00052450 urgent in October a committee to
+sppB9_Nv550-00166-00052451-00052772 preserve the national memory began
+sppB9_Nv550-00167-00052773-00053432 assembling the collection for display
+sppB9_Nv550-00168-00053433-00053873 topic opening
+sppB9_Nv550-00169-00053874-00054175 the museum opened on the 10th of August
+sppB9_Nv550-00170-00054176-00054494 1793 the first anniversary of the
+sppB9_Nv550-00171-00054495-00054803 monarchy's demise the public was given
+sppB9_Nv550-00172-00054804-00055097 free accessibility on three days per
+sppB9_Nv550-00173-00055098-00055376 week which was perceived as a major
+sppB9_Nv550-00174-00055377-00055617 accomplishment and was generally
+sppB9_Nv550-00175-00055619-00056123 appreciated the collection showcased 537
+sppB9_Nv550-00176-00056124-00056549 paintings and 184 objects of art three
+sppB9_Nv550-00177-00056550-00056750 quarters were derived from the Royal
+sppB9_Nv550-00178-00056751-00056939 collections the remainder from
+sppB9_Nv550-00179-00056940-00057154 confiscated Emma greys and church
+sppB9_Nv550-00180-00057155-00057548 property Bien's national to expand and
+sppB9_Nv550-00181-00057549-00057773 organize the collection the Republic
+sppB9_Nv550-00182-00057774-00057986 dedicated one hundred thousand livres
+sppB9_Nv550-00183-00057987-00058480 per year in 1794 Frances revolutionary
+sppB9_Nv550-00184-00058482-00058715 armies began bringing pieces from
+sppB9_Nv550-00185-00058716-00058928 Northern Europe augmented after the
+sppB9_Nv550-00186-00058929-00059336 Treaty of Tolentino 1797 by works from
+sppB9_Nv550-00187-00059337-00059591 the Vatican such as Leah Cohen and his
+sppB9_Nv550-00188-00059591-00059810 sons and the Apollo Belvedere to
+sppB9_Nv550-00189-00059811-00060047 establish the Louvre as a museum and as
+sppB9_Nv550-00190-00060048-00060434 a sign of popular sovereignty the early
+sppB9_Nv550-00191-00060435-00060671 days were hectic privileged artists
+sppB9_Nv550-00192-00060672-00060902 continued to live in residence and the
+sppB9_Nv550-00193-00060903-00061141 unlabeled paintings hung frame-to-frame
+sppB9_Nv550-00194-00061141-00061535 from floor to ceiling the structure
+sppB9_Nv550-00195-00061536-00061886 itself closed in May 1796 due to
+sppB9_Nv550-00196-00061887-00062225 structural deficiencies it reopened on
+sppB9_Nv550-00197-00062226-00062557 the 14th of July 1801 arranged
+sppB9_Nv550-00198-00062558-00062765 chronologically and with new lighting
+sppB9_Nv550-00199-00062766-00063339 and columns
+sppB9_Nv550-00200-00063340-00063836 topic Napoleon
+sppB9_Nv550-00201-00063837-00064144 under Napoleon the first a northern wing
+sppB9_Nv550-00202-00064145-00064415 paralleling the grande Galerie was begun
+sppB9_Nv550-00203-00064416-00064598 and the collection grew through
+sppB9_Nv550-00204-00064599-00064966 successful military campaigns following
+sppB9_Nv550-00205-00064967-00065384 the Egyptian campaign of 1798 to 1801
+sppB9_Nv550-00206-00065385-00065662 Napoleon appointed the museum's first
+sppB9_Nv550-00207-00065663-00065959 director dominique vivant Denon in
+sppB9_Nv550-00208-00065960-00066341 tribute the museum was renamed the musée
+sppB9_Nv550-00209-00066342-00066647 Napoleon in 1803
+sppB9_Nv550-00210-00066648-00066865 and acquisitions were made of Spanish
+sppB9_Nv550-00211-00066866-00067184 Austrian Dutch an Italian works either
+sppB9_Nv550-00212-00067185-00067448 as spoils or through treaties such as
+sppB9_Nv550-00213-00067449-00067768 the Treaty of Tolentino at the end of
+sppB9_Nv550-00214-00067769-00068088 Napoleon's first Italian campaign in
+sppB9_Nv550-00215-00068089-00068437 1797 the Treaty of Campo Formio was
+sppB9_Nv550-00216-00068438-00068692 signed with count Philipp von Co benzyl
+sppB9_Nv550-00217-00068693-00069035 of the Austrian monarchy this treaty not
+sppB9_Nv550-00218-00069036-00069280 only marked the completion of Napoleon's
+sppB9_Nv550-00219-00069281-00069550 conquest of Italy but also the end of
+sppB9_Nv550-00220-00069551-00069724 the first phases of the French
+sppB9_Nv550-00221-00069725-00070061 Revolutionary Wars under this treaty
+sppB9_Nv550-00222-00070062-00070294 Italian cities were required to
+sppB9_Nv550-00223-00070295-00070555 contribute pieces of art and patrimony
+sppB9_Nv550-00224-00070556-00070867 to take part in Napoleon's parade's of
+sppB9_Nv550-00225-00070868-00071171 Booty through Paris before being put
+sppB9_Nv550-00226-00071172-00071431 into the Louvre Museum one of the most
+sppB9_Nv550-00227-00071432-00071698 famous pieces taken under this program
+sppB9_Nv550-00228-00071699-00072023 was the horses of st. mark the four
+sppB9_Nv550-00229-00072024-00072286 antique bronze horses which had adorned
+sppB9_Nv550-00230-00072287-00072499 the Basilica of San Marco in Venice
+sppB9_Nv550-00231-00072500-00072850 after the sack of Constantinople in 1204
+sppB9_Nv550-00232-00072851-00073132 were brought to Paris to reside atop
+sppB9_Nv550-00233-00073133-00073482 Napoleon's arc du Carrousel in Paris in
+sppB9_Nv550-00234-00073483-00073766 1797 several churches and palaces
+sppB9_Nv550-00235-00073767-00074060 including st. Mark's Basilica were
+sppB9_Nv550-00236-00074061-00074303 looted by the French which outraged the
+sppB9_Nv550-00237-00074304-00074551 Italians and their artistic and cultural
+sppB9_Nv550-00238-00074552-00074990 sensibilities in 1797 the Treaty of
+sppB9_Nv550-00239-00074991-00075301 Tolentino was signed by Napoleon and two
+sppB9_Nv550-00240-00075302-00075601 statues the Nile and Tiber were taken to
+sppB9_Nv550-00241-00075602-00075961 Paris these statues had previously been
+sppB9_Nv550-00242-00075962-00076190 in the Vatican and both were housed in
+sppB9_Nv550-00243-00076191-00076582 the Louvre until 1815 after the defeat
+sppB9_Nv550-00244-00076583-00076828 of Napoleon the Nile was returned to
+sppB9_Nv550-00245-00076829-00077186 Italy however the Tiber remained in
+sppB9_Nv550-00246-00077187-00077407 Museum and can be seen in the
+sppB9_Nv550-00247-00077408-00077628 collections today
+sppB9_Nv550-00248-00077629-00077885 the Italian peninsula was not the only
+sppB9_Nv550-00249-00077886-00078140 region from which Napoleon took art
+sppB9_Nv550-00250-00078141-00078442 under the directory government of the
+sppB9_Nv550-00251-00078443-00078779 1790s Napoleon then a general led an
+sppB9_Nv550-00252-00078780-00079128 expedition to Egypt the campaign was an
+sppB9_Nv550-00253-00079129-00079349 expansionist effort on the part of the
+sppB9_Nv550-00254-00079350-00079568 government but the directory had another
+sppB9_Nv550-00255-00079569-00079802 goal to make Paris the center of art
+sppB9_Nv550-00256-00079803-00080192 science and culture the directory wanted
+sppB9_Nv550-00257-00080193-00080411 France to assume responsibility for
+sppB9_Nv550-00258-00080412-00080651 liberating the works of art they deemed
+sppB9_Nv550-00259-00080652-00080879 in danger in order to protect and
+sppB9_Nv550-00260-00080880-00081104 nationalize the heritage and culture of
+sppB9_Nv550-00261-00081105-00081428 their subjects as a result there were
+sppB9_Nv550-00262-00081429-00081671 teams of artists and scientists who
+sppB9_Nv550-00263-00081672-00081842 accompanied the armies into battle
+sppB9_Nv550-00264-00081843-00082059 equipped with lists of paintings
+sppB9_Nv550-00265-00082060-00082352 sculptures and other pieces of patrimony
+sppB9_Nv550-00266-00082353-00082556 that would be collected crated and
+sppB9_Nv550-00267-00082557-00082706 shipped back to France
+sppB9_Nv550-00268-00082707-00082967 dominique vivant Denon was Napoleon's
+sppB9_Nv550-00269-00082968-00083213 art advisor and accompanied him on the
+sppB9_Nv550-00270-00083214-00083484 expedition to Egypt through his
+sppB9_Nv550-00271-00083485-00083705 initiative the Valley of the Kings in
+sppB9_Nv550-00272-00083706-00083909 Egypt was discovered and studied
+sppB9_Nv550-00273-00083910-00084254 extensively as a result he was later
+sppB9_Nv550-00274-00084255-00084512 installed by Napoleon as the director of
+sppB9_Nv550-00275-00084513-00084779 musée Napoleon formerly the Louvre
+sppB9_Nv550-00276-00084780-00085040 cementing the status of the museum as a
+sppB9_Nv550-00277-00085041-00085253 center for global patrimony and
+sppB9_Nv550-00278-00085254-00085526 storehouse for cultural heritage one of
+sppB9_Nv550-00279-00085527-00085736 the most important discoveries made
+sppB9_Nv550-00280-00085737-00086012 during Napoleon's campaign in Egypt was
+sppB9_Nv550-00281-00086013-00086353 the rosetta stone it was discovered in
+sppB9_Nv550-00282-00086354-00086702 1799 and eventually led to the ability
+sppB9_Nv550-00283-00086703-00086938 to decipher ancient hieroglyphs
+sppB9_Nv550-00284-00086939-00087179 although the rosetta stone was
+sppB9_Nv550-00285-00087180-00087419 discovered by the french it actually
+sppB9_Nv550-00286-00087420-00087710 never made it to the Louvre museum it
+sppB9_Nv550-00287-00087711-00087984 was seized by British forces following
+sppB9_Nv550-00288-00087985-00088232 the defeat of Napoleon in Egypt and the
+sppB9_Nv550-00289-00088233-00088424 subsequent signing of the Treaty of
+sppB9_Nv550-00290-00088425-00088838 Alexandria in 1801 it is now on display
+sppB9_Nv550-00291-00088839-00089126 at the British Museum after the French
+sppB9_Nv550-00292-00089127-00089372 defeat at Waterloo the works former
+sppB9_Nv550-00293-00089373-00089662 owners sought their return the louvre
+sppB9_Nv550-00294-00089663-00089934 administrators were loath to comply and
+sppB9_Nv550-00295-00089935-00090116 hid many works in their private
+sppB9_Nv550-00296-00090117-00090479 collections in response foreign states
+sppB9_Nv550-00297-00090480-00090737 sent emissaries to London to seek help
+sppB9_Nv550-00298-00090738-00091009 and many pieces were returned even
+sppB9_Nv550-00299-00091010-00091326 that had been restored by the Louvre in
+sppB9_Nv550-00300-00091327-00091678 1815 louis xviii finally concluded
+sppB9_Nv550-00301-00091679-00091864 agreements with the austrian government
+sppB9_Nv550-00302-00091865-00092125 for the keeping of pieces such as very
+sppB9_Nv550-00303-00092126-00092326 niece's wedding at Cana which was
+sppB9_Nv550-00304-00092327-00092563 exchanged for a large Lebrun or the
+sppB9_Nv550-00305-00092564-00093261 repurchase of the Albani collection
+sppB9_Nv550-00306-00093262-00093907 topic restoration and second empire
+sppB9_Nv550-00307-00093908-00094321 during the restoration 1814 to 1830
+sppB9_Nv550-00308-00094322-00094636 louis xviii and charles the 10th between
+sppB9_Nv550-00309-00094637-00095020 them added 135 pieces at a cost of seven
+sppB9_Nv550-00310-00095021-00095209 hundred twenty thousand francs and
+sppB9_Nv550-00311-00095210-00095422 created the Department of Egyptian
+sppB9_Nv550-00312-00095423-00095668 antiquities curated by champion
+sppB9_Nv550-00313-00095669-00095920 increased by more than seven thousand
+sppB9_Nv550-00314-00095921-00096094 works with the acquisition of
+sppB9_Nv550-00315-00096095-00096346 antiquities in the ED me and Towanda ran
+sppB9_Nv550-00316-00096347-00096628 the Egyptian collection of Henry salt or
+sppB9_Nv550-00317-00096629-00096823 the second collection former by
+sppB9_Nv550-00318-00096824-00097156 bernardino drew vetti this was less than
+sppB9_Nv550-00319-00097157-00097393 the amount given for rehabilitation of
+sppB9_Nv550-00320-00097394-00097573 Versailles and the Louvre suffered
+sppB9_Nv550-00321-00097574-00097903 relative to the rest of Paris after the
+sppB9_Nv550-00322-00097904-00098086 creation of the French Second Republic
+sppB9_Nv550-00323-00098087-00098485 in 1848 the new government allocated two
+sppB9_Nv550-00324-00098486-00098710 million francs for repair work and
+sppB9_Nv550-00325-00098711-00098899 ordered the completion of the gallery
+sppB9_Nv550-00326-00098900-00099145 deploy on the salon carré II and the
+sppB9_Nv550-00327-00099146-00099604 grande Galerie in 1861 Napoleon the
+sppB9_Nv550-00328-00099605-00099796 third bought eleven thousand eight
+sppB9_Nv550-00329-00099797-00100077 hundred thirty-five artworks including
+sppB9_Nv550-00330-00100078-00100369 641 paintings Greek gold and other
+sppB9_Nv550-00331-00100370-00100650 antiquities of the campanha collection
+sppB9_Nv550-00332-00100651-00101158 between 1852 and 1870 under Napoleon the
+sppB9_Nv550-00333-00101159-00101467 third the museum added 20,000 new pieces
+sppB9_Nv550-00334-00101468-00101725 to its collections and the Pavillon de
+sppB9_Nv550-00335-00101726-00101926 Flore and the grande Galerie were
+sppB9_Nv550-00336-00101927-00102145 remodeled under architects louis
+sppB9_Nv550-00337-00102146-00102804 Visconti and hector Liffe Yul
+sppB9_Nv550-00338-00102805-00103263 topic damaged during the 1871 Paris
+sppB9_Nv550-00339-00103264-00103630 Commune
+sppB9_Nv550-00340-00103631-00103858 the Louvre was damaged during the
+sppB9_Nv550-00341-00103858-00104133 suppression of the Paris Commune on the
+sppB9_Nv550-00342-00104134-00104527 23rd of May 1871 as the French army
+sppB9_Nv550-00343-00104528-00104746 advanced into Paris a force of
+sppB9_Nv550-00344-00104747-00105013 Communards led by Jules Berger it set
+sppB9_Nv550-00345-00105014-00105276 fire to the adjoining Tuileries Palace
+sppB9_Nv550-00346-00105277-00105655 the fire burned for 48 hours entirely
+sppB9_Nv550-00347-00105656-00105883 destroying the interior of the palace
+sppB9_Nv550-00348-00105883-00106136 and spreading to the museum next to it
+sppB9_Nv550-00349-00106138-00106458 the library of the museum and some of
+sppB9_Nv550-00350-00106459-00106686 the adjoining halls were destroyed but
+sppB9_Nv550-00351-00106688-00106924 the museum was saved by the efforts of
+sppB9_Nv550-00352-00106925-00107660 Paris firemen and museum employees
+sppB9_Nv550-00353-00107661-00108319 topic Third Republic and world wars
+sppB9_Nv550-00354-00108320-00108745 during the Third Republic 1870 to 1940
+sppB9_Nv550-00355-00108746-00109000 the Louvre acquired new pieces mainly
+sppB9_Nv550-00356-00109001-00109381 via donations and gifts the so siete de
+sppB9_Nv550-00357-00109382-00109702 amos du louvre established in 1897
+sppB9_Nv550-00358-00109703-00110023 donated the Pieta Vilno of les Avignon
+sppB9_Nv550-00359-00110024-00110385 and in 1863 an expedition uncovered the
+sppB9_Nv550-00360-00110386-00110581 sculpture winged victory of samothrace
+sppB9_Nv550-00361-00110582-00110944 in the Aegean Sea this piece though
+sppB9_Nv550-00362-00110945-00111178 heavily damaged has been prominently
+sppB9_Nv550-00363-00111179-00111697 displayed since 1884 the 583 item
+sppB9_Nv550-00364-00111698-00112026 collection Lake Hayes donated in 1869
+sppB9_Nv550-00365-00112027-00112339 included works by Chardin Fragonard
+sppB9_Nv550-00366-00112340-00112594 Rembrandt such as Bathsheba at her bath
+sppB9_Nv550-00367-00112595-00112908 and Giles by Watteau museum expansion
+sppB9_Nv550-00368-00112909-00113149 slowed after World War one and the
+sppB9_Nv550-00369-00113150-00113347 collection did not acquire many
+sppB9_Nv550-00370-00113348-00113614 significant new works exceptions were
+sppB9_Nv550-00371-00113615-00113902 George delatour's st. Thomas and Baron
+sppB9_Nv550-00372-00113903-00114459 Edmond de Rothschild 1845 to 1934 1935
+sppB9_Nv550-00373-00114460-00114850 donation of 4,000 prints 3,000 drawings
+sppB9_Nv550-00374-00114851-00115120 and 500 illustrated books at the
+sppB9_Nv550-00375-00115121-00115359 beginning of World War 2 the museum
+sppB9_Nv550-00376-00115360-00115635 removed most of the art and hid valuable
+sppB9_Nv550-00377-00115636-00115959 pieces when Germany occupied the
+sppB9_Nv550-00378-00115960-00116239 Sudetenland many important artworks such
+sppB9_Nv550-00379-00116240-00116497 as the Mona Lisa were temporarily moved
+sppB9_Nv550-00380-00116498-00116842 to the chateau de chambord when war was
+sppB9_Nv550-00381-00116843-00117106 formally declared a year later most of
+sppB9_Nv550-00382-00117107-00117325 the museum's paintings were sent there
+sppB9_Nv550-00383-00117326-00117670 as well select sculptures such as winged
+sppB9_Nv550-00384-00117671-00117922 victory of samothrace and the venus de
+sppB9_Nv550-00385-00117923-00118144 milo were sent to the chateau de ville
+sppB9_Nv550-00386-00118145-00118651 inque on the 27th of august 1939 after
+sppB9_Nv550-00387-00118652-00118935 two days of packing truck convoys began
+sppB9_Nv550-00388-00118936-00119310 to leave Paris by the 28th of December
+sppB9_Nv550-00389-00119311-00119545 the museum was cleared of most works
+sppB9_Nv550-00390-00119546-00119802 except those that were too heavy and
+sppB9_Nv550-00391-00119803-00120097 unimportant paintings that were left in
+sppB9_Nv550-00392-00120098-00120538 the basement in early 1945 after the
+sppB9_Nv550-00393-00120539-00120817 liberation of France art began returning
+sppB9_Nv550-00394-00120818-00121356 to the Louvre
+sppB9_Nv550-00395-00121357-00121933 topic grande Louvre pyramids
+sppB9_Nv550-00396-00121933-00122323 by 1874 the Louvre palace had achieved
+sppB9_Nv550-00397-00122324-00122508 its present form of an almost
+sppB9_Nv550-00398-00122509-00122722 rectangular structure with the Sully
+sppB9_Nv550-00399-00122723-00122937 wing to the east containing the Cour
+sppB9_Nv550-00400-00122938-00123003 carree
+sppB9_Nv550-00401-00123004-00123256 square court and the oldest parts of the
+sppB9_Nv550-00402-00123257-00123465 Louvre and two wings which wrapped the
+sppB9_Nv550-00403-00123466-00123721 Cour Napoleon the Risha loo wing to the
+sppB9_Nv550-00404-00123722-00123960 north and the Denon wing which borders
+sppB9_Nv550-00405-00123961-00124374 the Seine to the south in 1983 French
+sppB9_Nv550-00406-00124375-00124623 president Francois Mitterrand proposed
+sppB9_Nv550-00407-00124624-00124894 as one of his grande projets the grand
+sppB9_Nv550-00408-00124895-00125124 Louvre plan to renovate the building and
+sppB9_Nv550-00409-00125125-00125391 relocate the Finance Ministry allowing
+sppB9_Nv550-00410-00125392-00125609 displays throughout the building
+sppB9_Nv550-00411-00125610-00125920 architect IM Pei was awarded the project
+sppB9_Nv550-00412-00125921-00126196 and proposed a glass pyramid to stand
+sppB9_Nv550-00413-00126197-00126426 over a new entrance in the main court
+sppB9_Nv550-00414-00126427-00126777 the Cour Napoleon the pyramid and its
+sppB9_Nv550-00415-00126778-00127014 underground Lobby were inaugurated on
+sppB9_Nv550-00416-00127015-00127345 the 15th of October 1988 and the Louvre
+sppB9_Nv550-00417-00127346-00127795 pyramid was completed in 1989 the second
+sppB9_Nv550-00418-00127796-00128008 phase of the grand Louvre plan the
+sppB9_Nv550-00419-00128008-00128293 pyramid inverse a inverted pyramid was
+sppB9_Nv550-00420-00128294-00128829 completed in 1993 as of 2002 attendance
+sppB9_Nv550-00421-00128830-00129470 had doubled since completion
+sppB9_Nv550-00422-00129471-00130079 topic 21st century
+sppB9_Nv550-00423-00130080-00130429 the musee du louvre contains more than
+sppB9_Nv550-00424-00130430-00130805 380,000 objects and displays 35,000
+sppB9_Nv550-00425-00130806-00131093 works of art in 8 curatorial departments
+sppB9_Nv550-00426-00131094-00131488 with more than 60,000 600 square meters
+sppB9_Nv550-00427-00131489-00131825 652 thousand square feet dedicated to
+sppB9_Nv550-00428-00131826-00132083 the permanent collection the louvre
+sppB9_Nv550-00429-00132084-00132329 exhibits sculptures objets d'art
+sppB9_Nv550-00430-00132330-00132626 paintings drawings and archeological
+sppB9_Nv550-00431-00132627-00132929 finds it is the world's most visited
+sppB9_Nv550-00432-00132930-00133316 Museum averaging 15,000 visitors per day
+sppB9_Nv550-00433-00133317-00133664 65% of whom are foreign tourists after
+sppB9_Nv550-00434-00133665-00133940 architects Mario Bellini and Rudy
+sppB9_Nv550-00435-00133941-00134153 riccati had won an international
+sppB9_Nv550-00436-00134154-00134414 competition to create its new galleries
+sppB9_Nv550-00437-00134415-00134720 for Islamic art the new 3,000 square
+sppB9_Nv550-00438-00134721-00134972 metres pavilion eventually opened in
+sppB9_Nv550-00439-00134973-00135248 2012 consisting of ground and lower
+sppB9_Nv550-00440-00135249-00135542 ground-level interior spaces topped by a
+sppB9_Nv550-00441-00135543-00135803 golden undulating roof fashioned from
+sppB9_Nv550-00442-00135804-00136115 almost 9,000 steel tubes that form an
+sppB9_Nv550-00443-00136116-00136364 interior web that seems to float within
+sppB9_Nv550-00444-00136365-00136616 the neoclassical Visconti courtyard in
+sppB9_Nv550-00445-00136617-00136916 the middle of the louvre south wing the
+sppB9_Nv550-00446-00136917-00137153 galleries which the museum had initially
+sppB9_Nv550-00447-00137154-00137516 hoped to open by 2009 represent the
+sppB9_Nv550-00448-00137517-00137768 first major architectural intervention
+sppB9_Nv550-00449-00137769-00137993 at the Louvre since the addition of I M
+sppB9_Nv550-00450-00137994-00138374 pays glass pyramid in 1989 on the 5th of
+sppB9_Nv550-00451-00138375-00138767 February 2015 about 100 archeologists
+sppB9_Nv550-00452-00138768-00138995 protesting against commercial private
+sppB9_Nv550-00453-00138996-00139262 involvement to protect france's heritage
+sppB9_Nv550-00454-00139263-00139475 blocked louvre ticket desks to
+sppB9_Nv550-00455-00139476-00139774 facilitate free access to the museum at
+sppB9_Nv550-00456-00139775-00140099 least one announcement reading free
+sppB9_Nv550-00457-00140100-00140392 entrance offered by the archaeologists
+sppB9_Nv550-00458-00140393-00140705 has been attached to the ticket desk and
+sppB9_Nv550-00459-00140706-00140933 a number of people visited the museum
+sppB9_Nv550-00460-00140934-00141133 free of charge
+sppB9_Nv550-00461-00141134-00141322 the Louvre is owned by the French
+sppB9_Nv550-00462-00141323-00141658 government however since the 1990s it
+sppB9_Nv550-00463-00141659-00142077 has become more independent since 2003
+sppB9_Nv550-00464-00142078-00142329 the museum has been required to generate
+sppB9_Nv550-00465-00142330-00142798 funds for projects by 2006 government
+sppB9_Nv550-00466-00142799-00143134 funds had dipped from 75% of the total
+sppB9_Nv550-00467-00143135-00143565 budget to 62% every year the Louvre now
+sppB9_Nv550-00468-00143566-00143782 raises as much as it gets from the state
+sppB9_Nv550-00469-00143783-00144259 about 122 million euros the government
+sppB9_Nv550-00470-00144260-00144607 pays for operating costs salaries safety
+sppB9_Nv550-00471-00144608-00144882 and maintenance while the rest new Wings
+sppB9_Nv550-00472-00144883-00145164 refurbishments acquisitions is up to the
+sppB9_Nv550-00473-00145165-00145531 museum to finance a further 3 million
+sppB9_Nv550-00474-00145532-00145807 euros to 5 million euros a year is
+sppB9_Nv550-00475-00145808-00146049 raised by the loo from exhibitions that
+sppB9_Nv550-00476-00146050-00146301 it curates for other museums while the
+sppB9_Nv550-00477-00146302-00146561 host museum keeps the ticket money as
+sppB9_Nv550-00478-00146562-00146881 the Louvre became a point of interest in
+sppB9_Nv550-00479-00146882-00147177 the book The Da Vinci Code and the 2006
+sppB9_Nv550-00480-00147178-00147429 film based on the book the museum earned
+sppB9_Nv550-00481-00147430-00147702 2 point 5 million dollars by allowing
+sppB9_Nv550-00482-00147703-00148116 filming in its galleries in 2008 the
+sppB9_Nv550-00483-00148117-00148396 French government provided 180 million
+sppB9_Nv550-00484-00148397-00148732 dollars of the Louvre yearly 350 million
+sppB9_Nv550-00485-00148733-00148993 dollars budget the remainder came from
+sppB9_Nv550-00486-00148994-00149235 private contributions and ticket sales
+sppB9_Nv550-00487-00149236-00149473 the Louvre employs a staff of two
+sppB9_Nv550-00488-00149474-00149671 thousand led by director jean-luc
+sppB9_Nv550-00489-00149672-00149925 Martinez who reports to the French
+sppB9_Nv550-00490-00149926-00150177 Ministry of Culture and communications
+sppB9_Nv550-00491-00150178-00150501 Martinez replaced on reloj eret in April
+sppB9_Nv550-00492-00150502-00150919 2013 under lo Eric who replaced Pierre
+sppB9_Nv550-00493-00150920-00151179 Rosenberg in 2001 the Louvre has
+sppB9_Nv550-00494-00151180-00151479 undergone policy changes that allow it
+sppB9_Nv550-00495-00151480-00151684 to lend and borrow more works than
+sppB9_Nv550-00496-00151685-00152214 before in 2006 it loaned 1300 works
+sppB9_Nv550-00497-00152215-00152475 which enabled it to borrow more foreign
+sppB9_Nv550-00498-00152476-00152988 works from 2006 to 2009 the Louvre lent
+sppB9_Nv550-00499-00152989-00153232 artwork to the High Museum of Art in
+sppB9_Nv550-00500-00153233-00153532 Atlanta Georgia and received a 6.9
+sppB9_Nv550-00501-00153533-00153760 million dollars payment to be used for
+sppB9_Nv550-00502-00153761-00154069 renovations in 2012 the Louvre and the
+sppB9_Nv550-00503-00154070-00154345 fine arts museums of San Francisco
+sppB9_Nv550-00504-00154346-00154531 announced a five-year :
+sppB9_Nv550-00505-00154532-00154783 operation on exhibitions publications
+sppB9_Nv550-00506-00154784-00155025 art conservation and educational
+sppB9_Nv550-00507-00155026-00155431 programming the 98.5 million euros
+sppB9_Nv550-00508-00155432-00155698 expansion of the Islamic art galleries
+sppB9_Nv550-00509-00155699-00156043 in 2012 received state funding of 31
+sppB9_Nv550-00510-00156044-00156327 million euros as well as 17 million
+sppB9_Nv550-00511-00156328-00156549 euros from the Alwaleed bin Talal
+sppB9_Nv550-00512-00156550-00156781 foundation founded by the eponymous
+sppB9_Nv550-00513-00156782-00157144 Saudi prince the Republic of Azerbaijan
+sppB9_Nv550-00514-00157145-00157420 the Emir of Kuwait the Sultan of Oman
+sppB9_Nv550-00515-00157421-00157774 and King Mohammed vi of Morocco donated
+sppB9_Nv550-00516-00157775-00158182 in total 26 million euros in addition
+sppB9_Nv550-00517-00158183-00158431 the opening of the Louvre Abu Dhabi is
+sppB9_Nv550-00518-00158432-00158719 supposed to provide 400 million euros
+sppB9_Nv550-00519-00158720-00158986 over the course of 30 years for its use
+sppB9_Nv550-00520-00158987-00159346 of the museum's brand lo eret has tried
+sppB9_Nv550-00521-00159347-00159547 to improve weak parts of the collection
+sppB9_Nv550-00522-00159548-00159828 through income generated from loans of
+sppB9_Nv550-00523-00159829-00160164 art and by guaranteeing that 20% of
+sppB9_Nv550-00524-00160165-00160396 admissions receipts will be taken
+sppB9_Nv550-00525-00160397-00160771 annually for acquisitions he has more
+sppB9_Nv550-00526-00160772-00160984 administrative independence for the
+sppB9_Nv550-00527-00160985-00161308 museum and achieved 90% of galleries to
+sppB9_Nv550-00528-00161309-00161604 be open daily as opposed to 80%
+sppB9_Nv550-00529-00161605-00161961 previously he oversaw the creation of
+sppB9_Nv550-00530-00161962-00162213 extended hours and free admission on
+sppB9_Nv550-00531-00162214-00162433 Friday nights and an increase in the
+sppB9_Nv550-00532-00162434-00162741 acquisition budget 236 million dollars
+sppB9_Nv550-00533-00162742-00163481 from 4.5 million dollars
+sppB9_Nv550-00534-00163482-00164352 topic satellite museums
+sppB9_Nv550-00535-00164353-00164802 topic lens
+sppB9_Nv550-00536-00164803-00165177 in 2004 French officials decided to
+sppB9_Nv550-00537-00165178-00165414 build a satellite Museum on the site of
+sppB9_Nv550-00538-00165415-00165627 an abandoned coal pit in the former
+sppB9_Nv550-00539-00165628-00165849 mining town of lenss to relieve the
+sppB9_Nv550-00540-00165850-00166074 crowded paris louvre increased total
+sppB9_Nv550-00541-00166075-00166293 museum visits and improved the
+sppB9_Nv550-00542-00166294-00166644 industrial North's economy six cities
+sppB9_Nv550-00543-00166645-00166893 were considered for the project Omni an
+sppB9_Nv550-00544-00166894-00167247 Arras boulogne-sur-mer Calais lens and
+sppB9_Nv550-00545-00167248-00167693 Valencian in 2004 French Prime Minister
+sppB9_Nv550-00546-00167694-00167979 jean-pierre referrin shows lens to be
+sppB9_Nv550-00547-00167980-00168183 the site of the new building the Louvre
+sppB9_Nv550-00548-00168184-00168549 lends Japanese architects Sanaa were
+sppB9_Nv550-00549-00168550-00168815 selected to design the lens project in
+sppB9_Nv550-00550-00168816-00169236 2005 museum officials predicted that the
+sppB9_Nv550-00551-00169237-00169479 new building capable of receiving about
+sppB9_Nv550-00552-00169480-00169790 600 works of art would attract up to
+sppB9_Nv550-00553-00169791-00170067 500,000 visitors a year when it opened
+sppB9_Nv550-00554-00170068-00170625 in 2012
+sppB9_Nv550-00555-00170626-00171113 topic abu-dhabi
+sppB9_Nv550-00556-00171114-00171482 on the 8th of November 2017 a direct
+sppB9_Nv550-00557-00171483-00171756 extension of the Louvre Louvre Abu Dhabi
+sppB9_Nv550-00558-00171757-00171989 opened its doors to the public in the
+sppB9_Nv550-00559-00171990-00172352 city of Abu Dhabi a 30 year agreement
+sppB9_Nv550-00560-00172353-00172574 signed by French Culture Minister
+sppB9_Nv550-00561-00172575-00172799 Renault Donna du dev a purse and Sheikh
+sppB9_Nv550-00562-00172800-00173027 Sultan bin Thani Al Nahyan
+sppB9_Nv550-00563-00173028-00173312 established the museum on Satya Island
+sppB9_Nv550-00564-00173313-00173706 in Abu Dhabi in exchange for 832 million
+sppB9_Nv550-00565-00173707-00174088 euros 1.3 billion United States Dollars
+sppB9_Nv550-00566-00174089-00174404 the Louvre Abu Dhabi designed by the
+sppB9_Nv550-00567-00174405-00174645 French architect Jean Nouvel and the
+sppB9_Nv550-00568-00174646-00174982 engineering firm of Buro Happold occupy
+sppB9_Nv550-00569-00174983-00175433 24,000 square meters 260,000 square feet
+sppB9_Nv550-00570-00175434-00175679 and is covered by an iconic metallic
+sppB9_Nv550-00571-00175680-00175886 roof designed to cast rays of light
+sppB9_Nv550-00572-00175887-00176141 mimicking sunlight passing through date
+sppB9_Nv550-00573-00176142-00176534 palm fronds in an oasis France agreed to
+sppB9_Nv550-00574-00176535-00176840 rotate between 200 and 300 artworks
+sppB9_Nv550-00575-00176841-00177083 during a 10-year period to provide
+sppB9_Nv550-00576-00177084-00177365 management expertise and to provide for
+sppB9_Nv550-00577-00177366-00177650 temporary exhibitions a year for 15
+sppB9_Nv550-00578-00177651-00177969 years the art will come from multiple
+sppB9_Nv550-00579-00177970-00178229 museums including the Louvre the Georges
+sppB9_Nv550-00580-00178230-00178451 Pompidou Center the musee d'orsay
+sppB9_Nv550-00581-00178452-00178751 versailles the music we met the musee
+sppB9_Nv550-00582-00178752-00179471 rodin and the musee DU key Branly
+sppB9_Nv550-00583-00179472-00179709 topic Iran
+sppB9_Nv550-00584-00179710-00179922 you
+sppB9_Nv550-00585-00179923-00180285 in March 2018 an exhibition of dozens of
+sppB9_Nv550-00586-00180286-00180549 artworks and relics belonging to Frances
+sppB9_Nv550-00587-00180550-00180800 Louvre Museum was open to visitors in
+sppB9_Nv550-00588-00180801-00181008 Tehran as a result of an agreement
+sppB9_Nv550-00589-00181009-00181291 between Iranian and French presidents in
+sppB9_Nv550-00590-00181292-00181688 2016 in the Louvre two departments were
+sppB9_Nv550-00591-00181689-00181896 allocated to the antiquities of the
+sppB9_Nv550-00592-00181897-00182193 Iranian civilization and the managers of
+sppB9_Nv550-00593-00182194-00182447 the two departments visited Tehran
+sppB9_Nv550-00594-00182448-00182769 relics belonging to ancient Egypt Rome
+sppB9_Nv550-00595-00182770-00183038 and Mesopotamia as well as French royal
+sppB9_Nv550-00596-00183039-00183254 items were showcased at the Tehran
+sppB9_Nv550-00597-00183255-00183629 exhibition iran's national museum
+sppB9_Nv550-00598-00183630-00183866 building was designed and constructed by
+sppB9_Nv550-00599-00183867-00184241 french architect andre Godard following
+sppB9_Nv550-00600-00184242-00184518 its time in Tehran the exhibition is set
+sppB9_Nv550-00601-00184519-00184775 to be held in the Khorasan grand museum
+sppB9_Nv550-00602-00184776-00185049 in Mashhad northeastern Iran in June
+sppB9_Nv550-00603-00185050-00185633 2018
+sppB9_Nv550-00604-00185634-00186152 topic conservation
+sppB9_Nv550-00605-00186153-00186533 in 2009 Minister of Culture frédéric
+sppB9_Nv550-00606-00186534-00186746 Mitterrand approved a plan that would
+sppB9_Nv550-00607-00186747-00186992 have created a storage facility 30
+sppB9_Nv550-00608-00186993-00187334 kilometres 19 miles northwest of Paris
+sppB9_Nv550-00609-00187335-00187568 to hold objects from the Louvre and to
+sppB9_Nv550-00610-00187569-00187847 other national museums in Paris's flood
+sppB9_Nv550-00611-00187848-00188102 zone the musee du Quai Branly and the
+sppB9_Nv550-00612-00188103-00188321 musee d'orsay the plan was later
+sppB9_Nv550-00613-00188322-00188780 scrapped in 2013 his successor Aurelia
+sppB9_Nv550-00614-00188781-00188978 Philippa T announced that the Louvre
+sppB9_Nv550-00615-00188979-00189314 would move more than 250,000 works of
+sppB9_Nv550-00616-00189315-00189652 art held in a 20,000 square meters
+sppB9_Nv550-00617-00189653-00189920 220,000 square feet basement storage
+sppB9_Nv550-00618-00189921-00190207 area in Laveen the cost of the project
+sppB9_Nv550-00619-00190208-00190523 estimated at 60 million euros will be
+sppB9_Nv550-00620-00190524-00190841 split between the region 49% and the
+sppB9_Nv550-00621-00190842-00191228 Louvre 51% the Louvre will be the sole
+sppB9_Nv550-00622-00191229-00191573 owner and manager of the store in July
+sppB9_Nv550-00623-00191574-00191930 2015 a team led by British firm Rogers
+sppB9_Nv550-00624-00191931-00192197 Stirk harbour + Partners was selected to
+sppB9_Nv550-00625-00192198-00192449 design the complex which will have light
+sppB9_Nv550-00626-00192450-00192740 filled workspaces under one vast green
+sppB9_Nv550-00627-00192741-00193288 roof
+sppB9_Nv550-00628-00193289-00193928 topic controversial acquisitions
+sppB9_Nv550-00629-00193929-00194207 the Louvre as involved in controversies
+sppB9_Nv550-00630-00194208-00194450 that surround cultural property seized
+sppB9_Nv550-00631-00194451-00194702 under Napoleon the first as well as
+sppB9_Nv550-00632-00194703-00194983 during World War two by the Nazis during
+sppB9_Nv550-00633-00194984-00195338 Nazi occupation thousands of artworks
+sppB9_Nv550-00634-00195339-00195869 were stolen but after the war sixty 1233
+sppB9_Nv550-00635-00195870-00196199 articles of more than 150,000 seized
+sppB9_Nv550-00636-00196200-00196427 artworks returned to France and were
+sppB9_Nv550-00637-00196428-00196667 assigned to the Louvre office de Bien's
+sppB9_Nv550-00638-00196668-00197258 privies in 1949 it entrusted 2,130
+sppB9_Nv550-00639-00197259-00197555 unclaimed pieces including 1001
+sppB9_Nv550-00640-00197556-00197828 paintings to the direction des muses de
+sppB9_Nv550-00641-00197829-00198035 France in order to keep them under
+sppB9_Nv550-00642-00198036-00198287 appropriate conditions of conservation
+sppB9_Nv550-00643-00198288-00198500 until their restitution and meanwhile
+sppB9_Nv550-00644-00198501-00198845 classified them as MN ARS muses national
+sppB9_Nv550-00645-00198846-00199124 recuperation or in english the national
+sppB9_Nv550-00646-00199125-00199538 museums of recovered artwork some 10% to
+sppB9_Nv550-00647-00199539-00199847 35% of the pieces are believed to come
+sppB9_Nv550-00648-00199848-00200095 from jewish spoliation x' and until the
+sppB9_Nv550-00649-00200096-00200318 identification of their rightful owners
+sppB9_Nv550-00650-00200319-00200621 which declined at the end of the 1960's
+sppB9_Nv550-00651-00200622-00200822 they are registered indefinitely on
+sppB9_Nv550-00652-00200823-00201071 separate inventories from the museum's
+sppB9_Nv550-00653-00201072-00201539 collections they were exhibited in 1946
+sppB9_Nv550-00654-00201540-00201761 and shown all together to the public
+sppB9_Nv550-00655-00201762-00202220 during four years 1950 to 1954 in order
+sppB9_Nv550-00656-00202221-00202484 to allow rightful claimants to identify
+sppB9_Nv550-00657-00202485-00202682 their properties then stored or
+sppB9_Nv550-00658-00202683-00202919 displayed according to their interest in
+sppB9_Nv550-00659-00202920-00203165 several French museums including the
+sppB9_Nv550-00660-00203166-00203783 Louvre from 1951 to 1965 about 37 pieces
+sppB9_Nv550-00661-00203784-00204257 were restituted since November 1996 the
+sppB9_Nv550-00662-00204258-00204632 partly illustrated catalogue of 1947 to
+sppB9_Nv550-00663-00204633-00204971 1949 has been accessible online and
+sppB9_Nv550-00664-00204971-00205421 completed in 1997 Prime Minister Alain
+sppB9_Nv550-00665-00205421-00205652 Juppe initiated the Matteo Lee
+sppB9_Nv550-00666-00205653-00205925 Commission headed by Jean Matteo Lee to
+sppB9_Nv550-00667-00205926-00206150 investigate the matter and according to
+sppB9_Nv550-00668-00206151-00206338 the government the Louvre is in charge
+sppB9_Nv550-00669-00206339-00206740 of 678 pieces of artwork still unclaimed
+sppB9_Nv550-00670-00206741-00207069 by their rightful owners during the late
+sppB9_Nv550-00671-00207071-00207257 1990s the compare
+sppB9_Nv550-00672-00207258-00207536 of the American war archives which had
+sppB9_Nv550-00673-00207537-00207776 not been done before with the French and
+sppB9_Nv550-00674-00207777-00208028 German ones as well as to court cases
+sppB9_Nv550-00675-00208029-00208259 which finally settled some of the heirs
+sppB9_Nv550-00676-00208260-00208538 rights Gentilly D Giuseppe and Rosenberg
+sppB9_Nv550-00677-00208539-00208763 families allowed more accurate
+sppB9_Nv550-00678-00208764-00209156 investigations since 1996 the
+sppB9_Nv550-00679-00209157-00209423 restitutions according some times to
+sppB9_Nv550-00680-00209423-00209750 less formal criteria concerned 47 more
+sppB9_Nv550-00681-00209751-00210059 pieces 26 paintings with six from the
+sppB9_Nv550-00682-00210060-00210287 Louvre including a then displayed t
+sppB9_Nv550-00683-00210288-00210527 below until the last claims of French
+sppB9_Nv550-00684-00210528-00210763 owners and their heirs ended again in
+sppB9_Nv550-00685-00210764-00210966 2006
+sppB9_Nv550-00686-00210967-00211232 according to Serge Claire's felt since
+sppB9_Nv550-00687-00211233-00211481 the now complete and constant publicity
+sppB9_Nv550-00688-00211482-00211803 which the artworks got in 1996 the
+sppB9_Nv550-00689-00211804-00212046 majority of the French Jewish community
+sppB9_Nv550-00690-00212046-00212294 as nevertheless in favor of the return
+sppB9_Nv550-00691-00212296-00212514 to the normal French civil rule of
+sppB9_Nv550-00692-00212515-00212696 prescription acquisitive of any
+sppB9_Nv550-00693-00212698-00212976 unclaimed good after another long period
+sppB9_Nv550-00694-00212977-00213177 of time and consequently to their
+sppB9_Nv550-00695-00213178-00213398 ultimate integration into the common
+sppB9_Nv550-00696-00213400-00213591 French heritage instead of their
+sppB9_Nv550-00697-00213592-00213833 transfer to foreign institutions like
+sppB9_Nv550-00698-00213834-00214169 during World War two Napoleon's
+sppB9_Nv550-00699-00214171-00214454 campaigns acquired Italian pieces by
+sppB9_Nv550-00700-00214455-00214740 treaties as war reparations and northern
+sppB9_Nv550-00701-00214741-00215003 European pieces as spoils as well as
+sppB9_Nv550-00702-00215004-00215250 some antiquities excavated in Egypt
+sppB9_Nv550-00703-00215251-00215453 though the vast majority of the latter
+sppB9_Nv550-00704-00215454-00215700 were seized as war reparations by the
+sppB9_Nv550-00705-00215701-00215903 British Army and are now part of
+sppB9_Nv550-00706-00215904-00216230 collections of the British Museum on the
+sppB9_Nv550-00707-00216231-00216494 other hand the Dendera zodiac is like
+sppB9_Nv550-00708-00216496-00216782 the Rosetta Stone claimed by Egypt even
+sppB9_Nv550-00709-00216783-00217098 though it was acquired in 1821 before
+sppB9_Nv550-00710-00217098-00217396 the Egyptian anti export legislation of
+sppB9_Nv550-00711-00217398-00217796 1835 the Louvre administration has thus
+sppB9_Nv550-00712-00217798-00218057 argued in favor of retaining this item
+sppB9_Nv550-00713-00218058-00218356 despite requests by Egypt for its return
+sppB9_Nv550-00714-00218357-00218735 the museum participates - in arbitration
+sppB9_Nv550-00715-00218736-00219032 sessions held via UNESCO's committee for
+sppB9_Nv550-00716-00219033-00219219 promoting the return of cultural
+sppB9_Nv550-00717-00219219-00219557 property to its countries of origin the
+sppB9_Nv550-00718-00219558-00219873 museum consequently returned in 2009
+sppB9_Nv550-00719-00219873-00220200 five Egyptian fragments of frescoes 30
+sppB9_Nv550-00720-00220201-00220535 centimeters by 15 centimeters each whose
+sppB9_Nv550-00721-00220536-00220794 existence of the tomb of origin had only
+sppB9_Nv550-00722-00220794-00220962 been brought to the authorities
+sppB9_Nv550-00723-00220963-00221265 attention in 2008 eight to five years
+sppB9_Nv550-00724-00221266-00221498 after their good-faith acquisition by
+sppB9_Nv550-00725-00221500-00221748 the museum from to private collections
+sppB9_Nv550-00726-00221748-00221984 and after the necessary respect of the
+sppB9_Nv550-00727-00221985-00222216 procedure of day classmen from French
+sppB9_Nv550-00728-00222217-00222402 public collections before the
+sppB9_Nv550-00729-00222403-00222659 Commission's scientific Nationale a de
+sppB9_Nv550-00730-00222660-00223417 collections de muses de France
+sppB9_Nv550-00731-00223419-00223967 topic collections
+sppB9_Nv550-00732-00223969-00224317 the musee du louvre contains about
+sppB9_Nv550-00733-00224319-00224694 460,000 objects and displays 35,000
+sppB9_Nv550-00734-00224694-00225491 works of art in 8 curatorial departments
+sppB9_Nv550-00735-00225492-00226089 topic Egyptian antiquities
+sppB9_Nv550-00736-00226090-00226424 the department comprising over 50,000
+sppB9_Nv550-00737-00226425-00226702 pieces includes artifacts from the Nile
+sppB9_Nv550-00738-00226703-00227069 civilizations which date from 4000 BC to
+sppB9_Nv550-00739-00227071-00227444 the 4th century AD the collection among
+sppB9_Nv550-00740-00227446-00227717 the world's largest overviews Egyptian
+sppB9_Nv550-00741-00227719-00227946 life spanning ancient Egypt the Middle
+sppB9_Nv550-00742-00227946-00228224 Kingdom the New Kingdom Coptic art and
+sppB9_Nv550-00743-00228225-00228482 the Roman Ptolemaic and Byzantine
+sppB9_Nv550-00744-00228483-00228660 periods
+sppB9_Nv550-00745-00228661-00228896 the department's origins lie in the
+sppB9_Nv550-00746-00228898-00229125 Royal Collection but it was augmented by
+sppB9_Nv550-00747-00229126-00229521 Napoleon's 1798 expeditionary trip with
+sppB9_Nv550-00748-00229521-00229779 Dominique vivant the future director of
+sppB9_Nv550-00749-00229780-00230117 the Louvre after Jean Francois Champa
+sppB9_Nv550-00750-00230119-00230400 Yan translated the Rosetta Stone Charles
+sppB9_Nv550-00751-00230401-00230562 the tenth decreed that an Egyptian
+sppB9_Nv550-00752-00230563-00230973 antiquities department be created Champa
+sppB9_Nv550-00753-00230973-00231183 Yan advised the purchase of three
+sppB9_Nv550-00754-00231184-00231507 collections formed by EDA Antoine Durand
+sppB9_Nv550-00755-00231508-00231767 Henri salt and Bernardino drove it these
+sppB9_Nv550-00756-00231769-00232042 additions added 7,000 works
+sppB9_Nv550-00757-00232044-00232371 growth continued via acquisitions by a
+sppB9_Nv550-00758-00232371-00232623 goosed Mariette founder of the Egyptian
+sppB9_Nv550-00759-00232623-00232956 Museum in Cairo Mariette after
+sppB9_Nv550-00760-00232957-00233226 excavations at Memphis sent back crates
+sppB9_Nv550-00761-00233227-00233478 of archaeological finds including the
+sppB9_Nv550-00762-00233479-00233685 seated scribe guarded by the large
+sppB9_Nv550-00763-00233686-00234069 Sphinx see 2,000 BC the collection is
+sppB9_Nv550-00764-00234069-00234417 housed in more than 20 rooms holdings
+sppB9_Nv550-00765-00234417-00234702 include art papyrus scrolls mummies
+sppB9_Nv550-00766-00234703-00235073 tools clothing jewelry games musical
+sppB9_Nv550-00767-00235075-00235413 instruments and weapons pieces from the
+sppB9_Nv550-00768-00235414-00235646 ancient period include the gibble el
+sppB9_Nv550-00769-00235648-00236019 Iraq knife from 3400 BC the seated
+sppB9_Nv550-00770-00236019-00236264 scribe and the head of King Judah fur
+sppB9_Nv550-00771-00236265-00236598 Middle Kingdom art known for its gold
+sppB9_Nv550-00772-00236598-00236985 work and statues moved from realism to
+sppB9_Nv550-00773-00236986-00237264 idealization this is exemplified by the
+sppB9_Nv550-00774-00237265-00237513 schist statue of a manemma tonk and the
+sppB9_Nv550-00775-00237514-00237801 wooden offering bearer the New Kingdom
+sppB9_Nv550-00776-00237802-00238073 and Coptic Egyptians sections are deep
+sppB9_Nv550-00777-00238075-00238308 but the statue of the goddess Nephthys
+sppB9_Nv550-00778-00238309-00238500 and the limestone depiction of the
+sppB9_Nv550-00779-00238501-00238731 goddess Hathor demonstrate New Kingdom
+sppB9_Nv550-00780-00238732-00239363 sentiment and wealth
+sppB9_Nv550-00781-00239364-00239985 topic Near Eastern antiquities
+sppB9_Nv550-00782-00239986-00240252 Near Eastern antiquities the second
+sppB9_Nv550-00783-00240253-00240561 newest Department dates from 1881 and
+sppB9_Nv550-00784-00240562-00240777 presents an overview of early Near
+sppB9_Nv550-00785-00240778-00241029 Eastern civilization and first
+sppB9_Nv550-00786-00241030-00241346 settlements before the arrival of Islam
+sppB9_Nv550-00787-00241346-00241650 the department has divided into three
+sppB9_Nv550-00788-00241651-00241962 geographic areas the Levant Mesopotamia
+sppB9_Nv550-00789-00241963-00242340 Iraq and Persia Iran the collections
+sppB9_Nv550-00790-00242341-00242534 development corresponds to
+sppB9_Nv550-00791-00242535-00242798 archaeological works such as Paul Emil
+sppB9_Nv550-00792-00242800-00243171 badas 1843 expedition to Khorsabad and
+sppB9_Nv550-00793-00243171-00243437 the discovery of Sargon III's palace
+sppB9_Nv550-00794-00243438-00243735 these finds formed the basis of the
+sppB9_Nv550-00795-00243736-00243992 Assyrian museum the precursor to today's
+sppB9_Nv550-00796-00243994-00244284 department the museum contains exhibits
+sppB9_Nv550-00797-00244285-00244527 from Sumer and the city of Akkad with
+sppB9_Nv550-00798-00244528-00244764 monuments such as the Prince of lagash
+sppB9_Nv550-00799-00244765-00245117 is stele of the vultures from 24 50 BC
+sppB9_Nv550-00800-00245119-00245403 and the stele erected by nerim sin king
+sppB9_Nv550-00801-00245404-00245636 of Akkad to celebrate a victory over
+sppB9_Nv550-00802-00245637-00246029 barbarians in the Zagros Mountains the
+sppB9_Nv550-00803-00246030-00246479 2.25 metres 7.3 8-feet Code of Hammurabi
+sppB9_Nv550-00804-00246480-00246876 discovered in 1901 displays Babylonian
+sppB9_Nv550-00805-00246877-00247134 laws prominently so that no man could
+sppB9_Nv550-00806-00247135-00247413 plead their ignorant the eighteenth
+sppB9_Nv550-00807-00247414-00247710 century BC mural of the investiture of
+sppB9_Nv550-00808-00247711-00247994 Zimmer alum and the 25th century BC
+sppB9_Nv550-00809-00247996-00248280 statue of EB IH Hill found in the
+sppB9_Nv550-00810-00248281-00248538 ancient city-state of Mari are also on
+sppB9_Nv550-00811-00248539-00248871 display at the Museum the Persian
+sppB9_Nv550-00812-00248871-00249117 portion of Louvre contains work from the
+sppB9_Nv550-00813-00249117-00249371 archaic period like the funerary head
+sppB9_Nv550-00814-00249373-00249576 and the Persian archers of Darius the
+sppB9_Nv550-00815-00249577-00249942 first this section also contains rare
+sppB9_Nv550-00816-00249942-00250206 objects from Persepolis which were also
+sppB9_Nv550-00817-00250207-00250413 lent to the British Museum for its
+sppB9_Nv550-00818-00250414-00251216 ancient Persia exhibition in 2005
+sppB9_Nv550-00819-00251217-00251890 topic Greek Etruscan and Roman
+sppB9_Nv550-00820-00251891-00252201 the Greek Etruscan and Roman Department
+sppB9_Nv550-00821-00252202-00252439 displays pieces from the Mediterranean
+sppB9_Nv550-00822-00252440-00252688 Basin dating from the Neolithic to the
+sppB9_Nv550-00823-00252689-00253029 6th century the collection spans from
+sppB9_Nv550-00824-00253030-00253254 the Cycladic period to the decline of
+sppB9_Nv550-00825-00253255-00253617 the Roman Empire this department as one
+sppB9_Nv550-00826-00253619-00253857 of the museum's oldest it began with
+sppB9_Nv550-00827-00253858-00254130 appropriated royal art some of which was
+sppB9_Nv550-00828-00254131-00254325 acquired under Francis the first
+sppB9_Nv550-00829-00254326-00254569 initially the collection focused on
+sppB9_Nv550-00830-00254569-00254826 marble sculptures such as the venus de
+sppB9_Nv550-00831-00254827-00255142 milo works such as the Apollo Belvedere
+sppB9_Nv550-00832-00255142-00255453 arrived during the Napoleonic Wars but
+sppB9_Nv550-00833-00255454-00255627 these pieces were returned after
+sppB9_Nv550-00834-00255628-00256077 Napoleon the firsts fall in 1815 in the
+sppB9_Nv550-00835-00256078-00256363 19th century the Louvre acquired works
+sppB9_Nv550-00836-00256364-00256567 including vases from the Durand
+sppB9_Nv550-00837-00256567-00256846 collection bronzes such as the Borghese
+sppB9_Nv550-00838-00256846-00257067 vase from the bibliothèque nationale II
+sppB9_Nv550-00839-00257069-00257355 the archaic is demonstrated by jewelry
+sppB9_Nv550-00840-00257356-00257628 and pieces such as the limestone Lady of
+sppB9_Nv550-00841-00257629-00257971 augs ear from 640 BC and the cylindrical
+sppB9_Nv550-00842-00257971-00258694 Hera of Samos C 572 560 bc after the 4th
+sppB9_Nv550-00843-00258694-00259012 century bc focus on the human form
+sppB9_Nv550-00844-00259013-00259291 increased exemplified by the Borghese
+sppB9_Nv550-00845-00259292-00259639 gladiator the loo holds masterpieces
+sppB9_Nv550-00846-00259640-00259878 from the Hellenistic era including the
+sppB9_Nv550-00847-00259879-00260217 winged victory of samothrace 190 BC and
+sppB9_Nv550-00848-00260219-00260517 the venus de milo symbolic of classical
+sppB9_Nv550-00849-00260519-00260883 art the long gallery campaña displays an
+sppB9_Nv550-00850-00260884-00261174 outstanding collection of more than 1000
+sppB9_Nv550-00851-00261175-00261450 greek Potteries in the galleries
+sppB9_Nv550-00852-00261451-00261657 paralleling the Seine much of the
+sppB9_Nv550-00853-00261658-00261917 museum's Roman sculpture as displayed
+sppB9_Nv550-00854-00261919-00262246 the Roman portraiture as representative
+sppB9_Nv550-00855-00262247-00262471 of that genre examples include the
+sppB9_Nv550-00856-00262472-00262720 portraits of Agrippa and Annius firuze
+sppB9_Nv550-00857-00262721-00262990 among the bronzes as the Greek Apollo of
+sppB9_Nv550-00858-00262991-00263566 piombino
+sppB9_Nv550-00859-00263567-00264102 topic Islamic art
+sppB9_Nv550-00860-00264103-00264399 the Islamic art collection the museum's
+sppB9_Nv550-00861-00264400-00264783 newest spans 13 centuries and three
+sppB9_Nv550-00862-00264784-00265146 continents these exhibits comprising
+sppB9_Nv550-00863-00265147-00265464 ceramics glass metal ware wood ivory
+sppB9_Nv550-00864-00265465-00265797 carpet textiles and miniatures include
+sppB9_Nv550-00865-00265798-00266207 more than 5000 works and 1000 shards
+sppB9_Nv550-00866-00266208-00266460 originally part of the decorative arts
+sppB9_Nv550-00867-00266461-00266703 department the holdings became separate
+sppB9_Nv550-00868-00266704-00267105 in 2003 among the works are the pic side
+sppB9_Nv550-00869-00267106-00267432 al-mu gira a 10th century ivory box from
+sppB9_Nv550-00870-00267433-00267714 Andalusia the baptistry of st. Louis an
+sppB9_Nv550-00871-00267715-00268008 engraved brass Basin from the 13th or
+sppB9_Nv550-00872-00268009-00268284 14th century Mameluke period and the
+sppB9_Nv550-00873-00268285-00268539 10th century shroud of st. joe´s from
+sppB9_Nv550-00874-00268540-00268896 Iran the collection contains three pages
+sppB9_Nv550-00875-00268897-00269160 of the Shahnameh an epic book of poems
+sppB9_Nv550-00876-00269161-00269430 by ferdowsi and persian and assyrian
+sppB9_Nv550-00877-00269431-00269735 metalwork named the Barberini vase in
+sppB9_Nv550-00878-00269736-00270038 September 2019 a new and improved
+sppB9_Nv550-00879-00270039-00270315 Islamic art department was opened by
+sppB9_Nv550-00880-00270316-00270690 Princess Lamia bint majid al saud the
+sppB9_Nv550-00881-00270691-00270963 new department exhibits 3,000 pieces
+sppB9_Nv550-00882-00270964-00271233 were collected from Spain to India via
+sppB9_Nv550-00883-00271234-00271470 the Arabian Peninsula dating from the
+sppB9_Nv550-00884-00271471-00272187 7th to the 19th centuries
+sppB9_Nv550-00885-00272188-00272700 topic sculpture
+sppB9_Nv550-00886-00272701-00272984 the sculpture Department comprises work
+sppB9_Nv550-00887-00272985-00273315 created before 1850 that does not belong
+sppB9_Nv550-00888-00273316-00273519 in the Etruscan Greek and Roman
+sppB9_Nv550-00889-00273520-00273798 Department the Louvre has been a
+sppB9_Nv550-00890-00273799-00274080 repository of sculpted material since
+sppB9_Nv550-00891-00274081-00274308 its time as a palace however only
+sppB9_Nv550-00892-00274309-00274622 ancient architecture was displayed until
+sppB9_Nv550-00893-00274623-00274938 1824 except for Michelangelo's dying
+sppB9_Nv550-00894-00274939-00275298 slave and rebellious slave initially the
+sppB9_Nv550-00895-00275299-00275613 collection included only 100 pieces the
+sppB9_Nv550-00896-00275614-00275838 rest of the royal sculpture collection
+sppB9_Nv550-00897-00275839-00276144 being at Versailles it remains small
+sppB9_Nv550-00898-00276145-00276540 until 1847 when Lyon Laborde was given
+sppB9_Nv550-00899-00276541-00276828 control of the department Laborde
+sppB9_Nv550-00900-00276829-00277034 developed the medieval section and
+sppB9_Nv550-00901-00277035-00277266 purchased the first such statues and
+sppB9_Nv550-00902-00277267-00277470 sculptures in the collection King
+sppB9_Nv550-00903-00277471-00277745 Childebert and stanga door respectively
+sppB9_Nv550-00904-00277746-00277992 the collection was part of the
+sppB9_Nv550-00905-00277993-00278223 department of antiquities but was given
+sppB9_Nv550-00906-00278224-00278601 autonomy in 1871 under Louis courage odd
+sppB9_Nv550-00907-00278602-00278840 a director who organized a wider
+sppB9_Nv550-00908-00278841-00279273 representation of French works in 1986
+sppB9_Nv550-00909-00279274-00279633 all post 1 8 500 works were relocated to
+sppB9_Nv550-00910-00279634-00279959 the new musee d'orsay the grand louvre
+sppB9_Nv550-00911-00279960-00280218 project separated the department into
+sppB9_Nv550-00912-00280219-00280443 two exhibition spaces the French
+sppB9_Nv550-00913-00280444-00280653 collection as displayed in the Risha loo
+sppB9_Nv550-00914-00280654-00280908 wing and foreign works in the Denon wing
+sppB9_Nv550-00915-00280909-00281127 the collections overview of French
+sppB9_Nv550-00916-00281128-00281403 sculpture contains Romanesque works such
+sppB9_Nv550-00917-00281404-00281684 as the 11th century daniel in the lion's
+sppB9_Nv550-00918-00281685-00281925 den and the 12th century virgin of
+sppB9_Nv550-00919-00281926-00282306 Auvergne in the 16th century renaissance
+sppB9_Nv550-00920-00282307-00282555 influence caused French sculpture to
+sppB9_Nv550-00921-00282556-00282807 become more restrained as seen in jean
+sppB9_Nv550-00922-00282808-00283092 gu John's bar reliefs and German pylons
+sppB9_Nv550-00923-00283093-00283314 descent from the cross and resurrection
+sppB9_Nv550-00924-00283315-00283722 of Christ the 17th and 18th centuries
+sppB9_Nv550-00925-00283723-00284057 are represented by Gian Lorenzo Bernini
+sppB9_Nv550-00926-00284058-00284325 1642 one bust of Cardinal Richelieu
+sppB9_Nv550-00927-00284326-00284607 Etienne maurice Falcon A's woman bathing
+sppB9_Nv550-00928-00284608-00284892 and a more mannequin and Francois NGA's
+sppB9_Nv550-00929-00284893-00285260 obelisks neoclassical works includes
+sppB9_Nv550-00930-00285261-00285597 Antonio Canova psyche revived by Cupid's
+sppB9_Nv550-00931-00285598-00285865 kiss 1787
+sppB9_Nv550-00932-00285866-00286134 the 18th and 19th centuries are
+sppB9_Nv550-00933-00286135-00286324 represented by the French sculptor
+sppB9_Nv550-00934-00286325-00286949 alfred berry
+sppB9_Nv550-00935-00286950-00287501 topic decorative arts
+sppB9_Nv550-00936-00287502-00287789 the objets d'art collection spans the
+sppB9_Nv550-00937-00287790-00288002 time from the Middle Ages to the mid
+sppB9_Nv550-00938-00288003-00288371 19th century the department began as a
+sppB9_Nv550-00939-00288372-00288610 subset of the sculpture Department based
+sppB9_Nv550-00940-00288611-00288848 on royal property and the transfer of
+sppB9_Nv550-00941-00288849-00289103 work from the basilique Saint Denis the
+sppB9_Nv550-00942-00289104-00289340 burial ground of French monarchs that
+sppB9_Nv550-00943-00289341-00289556 held the coronation sword of the kings
+sppB9_Nv550-00944-00289557-00289883 of France among the budding collections
+sppB9_Nv550-00945-00289884-00290177 most prized works were Pietra d'Or vases
+sppB9_Nv550-00946-00290178-00290615 and bronzes the Durand collections 1825
+sppB9_Nv550-00947-00290616-00290972 acquisition added ceramics enamels and
+sppB9_Nv550-00948-00290973-00291385 stained glass and 800 pieces were given
+sppB9_Nv550-00949-00291386-00291646 by pierre EV oil the onset of
+sppB9_Nv550-00950-00291647-00291890 Romanticism rekindled interest in
+sppB9_Nv550-00951-00291891-00292103 Renaissance and medieval art work and
+sppB9_Nv550-00952-00292104-00292358 the Sivaji owe donation expanded the
+sppB9_Nv550-00953-00292359-00292697 department with 1,500 middle aged and
+sppB9_Nv550-00954-00292698-00293135 fianc works in 1862 the campaña
+sppB9_Nv550-00955-00293136-00293393 collection added gold jewelry and myolie
+sppB9_Nv550-00956-00293394-00293653 cos mainly from the 15th and 16th
+sppB9_Nv550-00957-00293654-00293927 centuries the works are displayed on the
+sppB9_Nv550-00958-00293928-00294146 Risha loo wings first floor and in the
+sppB9_Nv550-00959-00294147-00294395 Apollo gallery named by the painter
+sppB9_Nv550-00960-00294396-00294632 Charles Lebrun who was commissioned by
+sppB9_Nv550-00961-00294633-00294770 louis xiv
+sppB9_Nv550-00962-00294771-00295031 the Sun King to decorate the space in a
+sppB9_Nv550-00963-00295032-00295340 solar theme the medieval collection
+sppB9_Nv550-00964-00295341-00295604 contains the coronation crown of louis
+sppB9_Nv550-00965-00295605-00295931 xiv charles v scepter and the 12th
+sppB9_Nv550-00966-00295932-00296255 century porphyry vase the Renaissance
+sppB9_Nv550-00967-00296256-00296495 art holdings include John Bologna's
+sppB9_Nv550-00968-00296496-00296732 bronze nessus and Dayanara and the
+sppB9_Nv550-00969-00296733-00297071 tapestry Maximilian's hunt from later
+sppB9_Nv550-00970-00297072-00297344 periods highlights include Madame de
+sppB9_Nv550-00971-00297345-00297584 Pompadour Severus vase collection and
+sppB9_Nv550-00972-00297585-00297794 Napoleon the Third's apartments in
+sppB9_Nv550-00973-00297795-00298028 September 2000 the louvre museum
+sppB9_Nv550-00974-00298029-00298309 dedicated the Gilberts aghori and rose
+sppB9_Nv550-00975-00298310-00298538 marie to gory gallery to display
+sppB9_Nv550-00976-00298539-00298784 tapestries donated by the qu Gauri's
+sppB9_Nv550-00977-00298785-00299072 including a 16th century six-part
+sppB9_Nv550-00978-00299073-00299321 tapestry sweep sewn with gold and silver
+sppB9_Nv550-00979-00299322-00299597 threads representing sea divinities
+sppB9_Nv550-00980-00299598-00299822 which was commissioned in Paris for
+sppB9_Nv550-00981-00299823-00300092 Kolbert disannul a Secretary of State
+sppB9_Nv550-00982-00300093-00300670 for the Navy
+sppB9_Nv550-00983-00300671-00301164 topic painting
+sppB9_Nv550-00984-00301165-00301493 the painting collection has more than
+sppB9_Nv550-00985-00301494-00301826 7,500 works from the 13th century to
+sppB9_Nv550-00986-00301827-00302190 1848 and as managed by 12 curators who
+sppB9_Nv550-00987-00302191-00302526 oversee the collections display nearly
+sppB9_Nv550-00988-00302527-00302754 two thirds are by French artists and
+sppB9_Nv550-00989-00302755-00303110 more than 1,200 are northern European
+sppB9_Nv550-00990-00303111-00303459 the Italian paintings compose most of
+sppB9_Nv550-00991-00303460-00303678 the remnants of Francis the first and
+sppB9_Nv550-00992-00303679-00303945 louis xiv collections others are
+sppB9_Nv550-00993-00303946-00304197 unreturned artwork from the napoleon era
+sppB9_Nv550-00994-00304198-00304434 and some were bought the collection
+sppB9_Nv550-00995-00304435-00304737 began with Francis who acquired works
+sppB9_Nv550-00996-00304738-00305016 from Italian masters such as Raphael and
+sppB9_Nv550-00997-00305017-00305283 Michelangelo and brought Leonardo da
+sppB9_Nv550-00998-00305284-00305577 Vinci to his court after the French
+sppB9_Nv550-00999-00305578-00305838 Revolution the Royal Collection formed
+sppB9_Nv550-01000-00305839-00306111 the nucleus of the Louvre when the
+sppB9_Nv550-01001-00306112-00306360 dorsey train station was converted into
+sppB9_Nv550-01002-00306361-00306726 the musee d'orsay in 1986 the collection
+sppB9_Nv550-01003-00306727-00306984 was split and pieces completed after the
+sppB9_Nv550-01004-00306985-00307281 1848 revolution were moved to the new
+sppB9_Nv550-01005-00307282-00307611 museum French and northern European
+sppB9_Nv550-01006-00307612-00307845 works are in the Risha loo wing and Cour
+sppB9_Nv550-01007-00307846-00307914 carree
+sppB9_Nv550-01008-00307915-00308187 Spanish and Italian paintings are on the
+sppB9_Nv550-01009-00308188-00308363 first floor of the Denon wing
+sppB9_Nv550-01010-00308364-00308616 exemplifying the French school are the
+sppB9_Nv550-01011-00308617-00308919 early Avignon Pieta of n garand Courtin
+sppB9_Nv550-01012-00308920-00309168 the anonymous painting of King gene-lab
+sppB9_Nv550-01013-00309169-00309537 own C 1360 possibly the oldest
+sppB9_Nv550-01014-00309538-00309768 independent portrait in western painting
+sppB9_Nv550-01015-00309769-00310007 to survive from the post-classical era
+sppB9_Nv550-01016-00310008-00310329 hyacinth rigo's louis xiv jacques-louis
+sppB9_Nv550-01017-00310330-00310599 david the coronation of Napoleon
+sppB9_Nv550-01018-00310600-00310824 théodore géricault s the raft of the
+sppB9_Nv550-01019-00310825-00311097 Medusa and Eugene Delacroix Liberty
+sppB9_Nv550-01020-00311098-00311430 leading the people Nicolas Poussin the
+sppB9_Nv550-01021-00311431-00311670 LA nine brothers Philippe de Champagne
+sppB9_Nv550-01022-00311671-00312096 Lebrun Latour Watto Fragonard Angra Koro
+sppB9_Nv550-01023-00312097-00312311 and Delacroix are well represented
+sppB9_Nv550-01024-00312312-00312648 northern European works include johannes
+sppB9_Nv550-01025-00312649-00312834 vermeer the lace maker and the
+sppB9_Nv550-01026-00312835-00313092 astronomer Caspar David Friedrich s' the
+sppB9_Nv550-01027-00313093-00313338 tree of crows Rembrandt's the supper at
+sppB9_Nv550-01028-00313339-00313584 Emmaus Bathsheba at her bath and the
+sppB9_Nv550-01029-00313585-00313763 slaughtered ox
+sppB9_Nv550-01030-00313764-00314007 the Italian Holdings are notable
+sppB9_Nv550-01031-00314008-00314223 particularly the Renaissance collection
+sppB9_Nv550-01032-00314224-00314557 the works include Andrea Mantegna and
+sppB9_Nv550-01033-00314558-00314809 Giovanni Bellinis Calvary's which
+sppB9_Nv550-01034-00314810-00315089 reflect realism and detail meant to
+sppB9_Nv550-01035-00315090-00315314 depict the significant events of a
+sppB9_Nv550-01036-00315315-00315638 greater spiritual world the high
+sppB9_Nv550-01037-00315639-00315917 Renaissance collection includes Leonardo
+sppB9_Nv550-01038-00315918-00316159 da Vinci's Mona Lisa Virgin and Child
+sppB9_Nv550-01039-00316160-00316453 with Saint Anne Saint John the Baptist
+sppB9_Nv550-01040-00316454-00316803 and Madonna of the rocks Caravaggio is
+sppB9_Nv550-01041-00316804-00317056 represented by the fortune teller and
+sppB9_Nv550-01042-00317057-00317398 death of the virgin from 16th century
+sppB9_Nv550-01043-00317399-00317672 Venice the Louvre displays Titian's 'la
+sppB9_Nv550-01044-00317673-00317819 concert sham Pedro
+sppB9_Nv550-01045-00317820-00317998 the entombment and the crowning with
+sppB9_Nv550-01046-00317999-00318338 thorns the like haze collection a
+sppB9_Nv550-01047-00318339-00318662 bequest to the musee du louvre in 1869
+sppB9_Nv550-01048-00318663-00318916 by lewis lake hayes was the largest
+sppB9_Nv550-01049-00318917-00319166 contribution of a person in the history
+sppB9_Nv550-01050-00319167-00319565 of the louvre lake hayes gave 584
+sppB9_Nv550-01051-00319566-00319801 paintings of his personal collection to
+sppB9_Nv550-01052-00319802-00320152 the museum the bequest included Antoine
+sppB9_Nv550-01053-00320153-00320404 whatõs commedia dell'arte player of
+sppB9_Nv550-01054-00320405-00320945 Piero Giles in 2007 this bequest was the
+sppB9_Nv550-01055-00320946-00321351 topic of the exhibition 1869 Watteau
+sppB9_Nv550-01056-00321352-00321643 chardin
+sppB9_Nv550-01057-00321644-00321957 on Trent Oh Louvre let collection like
+sppB9_Nv550-01058-00321958-00322276 haze some of the best-known paintings of
+sppB9_Nv550-01059-00322277-00322498 the museum have been digitized by the
+sppB9_Nv550-01060-00322499-00322690 French Centre for research and
+sppB9_Nv550-01061-00322691-00323435 restoration of the museums of France
+sppB9_Nv550-01062-00323436-00324007 topic prints and drawings
+sppB9_Nv550-01063-00324008-00324242 the prints and drawings Department
+sppB9_Nv550-01064-00324243-00324563 encompasses works on paper the origins
+sppB9_Nv550-01065-00324564-00324919 of the collection were the 8600 works in
+sppB9_Nv550-01066-00324920-00325153 the Royal Collection cabinet du Roi
+sppB9_Nv550-01067-00325154-00325351 which were increased via state
+sppB9_Nv550-01068-00325352-00325744 appropriation purchases such as the 1200
+sppB9_Nv550-01069-00325745-00325954 works from Filippo baldie new cheese
+sppB9_Nv550-01070-00325955-00326374 collection in 1806 and donations the
+sppB9_Nv550-01071-00326375-00326643 department opened on the 5th of August
+sppB9_Nv550-01072-00326644-00327076 1797 with 415 pieces displayed in the
+sppB9_Nv550-01073-00327077-00327370 gallery deploy own the collection is
+sppB9_Nv550-01074-00327371-00327634 organized into three sections the core
+sppB9_Nv550-01075-00327635-00327982 cabinet du Roi 14000 royal copper
+sppB9_Nv550-01076-00327983-00328198 printing plates and the donations of
+sppB9_Nv550-01077-00328199-00328477 Edmond de Rothschild which include 40
+sppB9_Nv550-01078-00328478-00328849 thousand prints 3,000 drawings and 5000
+sppB9_Nv550-01079-00328850-00329143 illustrated books the holdings are
+sppB9_Nv550-01080-00329144-00329377 displayed in the Pavillon de Flore due
+sppB9_Nv550-01081-00329378-00329593 to the fragility of the paper medium
+sppB9_Nv550-01082-00329594-00330403 only a portion are displayed at one time
+sppB9_Nv550-01083-00330404-00331169 topic location access and facilities
+sppB9_Nv550-01084-00331170-00331445 the museum lies in the center of Paris
+sppB9_Nv550-01085-00331446-00331637 on the right bank in the first
+sppB9_Nv550-01086-00331638-00331957 arrondissement it was home to the former
+sppB9_Nv550-01087-00331958-00332198 Tuileries palace which closed off the
+sppB9_Nv550-01088-00332199-00332375 western end of the Louvre entrance
+sppB9_Nv550-01089-00332376-00332608 courtyard but was heavily damaged by
+sppB9_Nv550-01090-00332609-00332893 fire during the Paris Commune of 1871
+sppB9_Nv550-01091-00332894-00333263 and later demolished the adjacent
+sppB9_Nv550-01092-00333264-00333644 Tuileries gardens created in 1564 by
+sppB9_Nv550-01093-00333645-00334040 catherine de medici was designed in 1664
+sppB9_Nv550-01094-00334041-00334400 by andre Lenora the gardens housed the
+sppB9_Nv550-01095-00334401-00334670 Galerie Nationale a du jeu de Paume a
+sppB9_Nv550-01096-00334671-00334952 contemporary art exhibition space which
+sppB9_Nv550-01097-00334953-00335209 was used to store confiscated Jewish
+sppB9_Nv550-01098-00335210-00335539 cultural property during the 1940 to
+sppB9_Nv550-01099-00335540-00335887 1944 German occupation of France
+sppB9_Nv550-01100-00335888-00336146 parallel to the jeu de Paume as the
+sppB9_Nv550-01101-00336147-00336377 orangerie home to the famous water
+sppB9_Nv550-01102-00336378-00336749 lilies paintings by Claude Monet the
+sppB9_Nv550-01103-00336750-00337001 Louvre is slightly askew of the historic
+sppB9_Nv550-01104-00337002-00337253 axis acts historic a roughly eight
+sppB9_Nv550-01105-00337254-00337544 kilometre five mile architectural line
+sppB9_Nv550-01106-00337545-00337898 bisecting the city it begins on the east
+sppB9_Nv550-01107-00337899-00338120 in the louvre courtyard and runs west
+sppB9_Nv550-01108-00338121-00338570 along the Sean's Elysee in 1871 the
+sppB9_Nv550-01109-00338571-00338777 burning of the Tuileries Palace by the
+sppB9_Nv550-01110-00338778-00339004 Paris Commune revealed that the louvre
+sppB9_Nv550-01111-00339005-00339256 was slightly askew of the axe despite
+sppB9_Nv550-01112-00339257-00339587 past appearances to the contrary the
+sppB9_Nv550-01113-00339588-00339767 Louvre can be reached by the Palais
+sppB9_Nv550-01114-00339768-00340043 Royal musee du louvre metro or the
+sppB9_Nv550-01115-00340044-00340282 louvre Rivoli stations the louvre has
+sppB9_Nv550-01116-00340283-00340534 three entrances the main entrance at the
+sppB9_Nv550-01117-00340535-00340766 pyramid an entrance from the carrousel
+sppB9_Nv550-01118-00340767-00341000 du louvre underground shopping mall and
+sppB9_Nv550-01119-00341001-00341252 an entrance at the Porte de Lyons near
+sppB9_Nv550-01120-00341253-00341567 the western end of the Denon wing under
+sppB9_Nv550-01121-00341568-00341828 the main entrance to the museum as the
+sppB9_Nv550-01122-00341829-00342044 carrousel du louvre a shopping mall
+sppB9_Nv550-01123-00342045-00342416 operated by Yuna bellroad AAMCO among
+sppB9_Nv550-01124-00342417-00342655 other stores it has the first Apple
+sppB9_Nv550-01125-00342656-00342878 store in France and a McDonald's
+sppB9_Nv550-01126-00342879-00343091 restaurant the presence of which has
+sppB9_Nv550-01127-00343092-00343376 created controversy the use of cameras
+sppB9_Nv550-01128-00343377-00343601 and video recorders as permitted inside
+sppB9_Nv550-01129-00343602-00344407 but flash photography as forbidden
+sppB9_Nv550-01130-00344408-00345299 topic gallery
+sppB9_Nv550-01131-00345300-00345875 topic exhibitions
+sppB9_Nv550-01132-00345876-00346185 Leonardo da Vinci exhibition Louvre
+sppB9_Nv550-01133-00346186-00346629 Museum Paris the 24th of October 2019 to
+sppB9_Nv550-01134-00346630-00347328 the 24th of February 2020
+sppB9_Nv550-01135-00347329-00347889 topic see also
+sppB9_Nv550-01136-00347890-00348309 list of most visited Art Museum's list
+sppB9_Nv550-01137-00348310-00348684 of museums in Paris Centre for research
+sppB9_Nv550-01138-00348685-00349034 and restoration of museums of France
+sppB9_Nv550-01139-00349035-00349515 musée de la mode at du textile
+sOVGScLjhKk-00000-00000016-00000295 welcome to library information studies
+sOVGScLjhKk-00001-00000296-00000495 research skills
+sOVGScLjhKk-00002-00000496-00000927 on canvas the syllabus is the home page
+sOVGScLjhKk-00003-00000927-00001366 from where you can access each modules
+sOVGScLjhKk-00004-00001367-00001702 however if for example
+sOVGScLjhKk-00005-00001703-00002047 you access module 2 it is restricted
+sOVGScLjhKk-00006-00002048-00002295 because you are required to finish
+sOVGScLjhKk-00007-00002296-00002518 module 1 first
+sOVGScLjhKk-00008-00002519-00002855 in addition the other way to access is
+sOVGScLjhKk-00009-00002856-00003319 use the modules on the left side
+sOVGScLjhKk-00010-00003320-00003790 you will be able to access module one
+sOVGScLjhKk-00011-00003792-00004095 and the rest modules right now is not
+sOVGScLjhKk-00012-00004096-00004319 able to access before you finish the
+sOVGScLjhKk-00013-00004320-00004359 first
+sOVGScLjhKk-00014-00004360-00004584 module
+sPzccatu7uk-00000-00000000-00000582 [Music]
+sPzccatu7uk-00001-00000583-00000839 hi and welcome to the day to keynote my
+sPzccatu7uk-00002-00000840-00001124 name is Nicole I'm a p.m. on the chrome
+sPzccatu7uk-00003-00001125-00001220 web platform team
+sPzccatu7uk-00004-00001221-00001399 my name is Malta I work on amp and
+sPzccatu7uk-00005-00001400-00001616 JavaScript infrastructure at Google so
+sPzccatu7uk-00006-00001617-00001748 actually this is a little bit awkward
+sPzccatu7uk-00007-00001748-00001939 today because we're the second keynote
+sPzccatu7uk-00008-00001941-00002126 and Ben and Ian already talked about
+sPzccatu7uk-00009-00002127-00002417 effectively everything yesterday so we
+sPzccatu7uk-00010-00002418-00002606 thought we'd do something slightly
+sPzccatu7uk-00011-00002607-00002833 different so normally at a chrome dev
+sPzccatu7uk-00012-00002834-00003008 summit keynote you know we'd walk
+sPzccatu7uk-00013-00003009-00003170 through all the new exciting API is that
+sPzccatu7uk-00014-00003171-00003335 the bad platform makes available for you
+sPzccatu7uk-00015-00003336-00003604 and so we actually are going to do that
+sPzccatu7uk-00016-00003605-00003734 but first we want to talk about
+sPzccatu7uk-00017-00003735-00003959 something slightly different you want to
+sPzccatu7uk-00018-00003960-00004316 talk about web frameworks developers who
+sPzccatu7uk-00019-00004317-00004541 build for the web often choose to use a
+sPzccatu7uk-00020-00004542-00004751 framework in the past changes to the web
+sPzccatu7uk-00021-00004752-00004906 platform didn't necessarily take
+sPzccatu7uk-00022-00004907-00005159 frameworks into account and changes to
+sPzccatu7uk-00023-00005160-00005327 framers didn't necessarily take the web
+sPzccatu7uk-00024-00005328-00005543 platform into account we think both the
+sPzccatu7uk-00025-00005544-00005816 web platform and frameworks benefit from
+sPzccatu7uk-00026-00005817-00005986 a close collaboration and so we're out
+sPzccatu7uk-00027-00005987-00006400 to make that happen obviously if you're
+sPzccatu7uk-00028-00006401-00006575 building something simple it makes sense
+sPzccatu7uk-00029-00006576-00006800 to choose simple technologies but as
+sPzccatu7uk-00030-00006801-00006962 soon as an app is sufficiently complex
+sPzccatu7uk-00031-00006963-00007208 in most cases developers choose to use a
+sPzccatu7uk-00032-00007209-00007514 framework a few months ago I put out a
+sPzccatu7uk-00033-00007515-00007883 very very methodologically correct
+sPzccatu7uk-00034-00007884-00008219 Twitter poll asking people why they
+sPzccatu7uk-00035-00008220-00008408 choose to use frameworks and got back a
+sPzccatu7uk-00036-00008409-00008639 whole bunch of answers and this one in
+sPzccatu7uk-00037-00008640-00008839 particular sort of resonated with a lot
+sPzccatu7uk-00038-00008840-00009142 of people you can't not use a framework
+sPzccatu7uk-00039-00009143-00009320 your only real choice is to either use
+sPzccatu7uk-00040-00009321-00009481 one that's open source document to
+sPzccatu7uk-00041-00009482-00009721 tested supported maintained mature and
+sPzccatu7uk-00042-00009722-00009920 proven and I think we'd all throw you
+sPzccatu7uk-00043-00009921-00010139 can stackoverflow stuff about it into
+sPzccatu7uk-00044-00010140-00010433 that one or the option B is you cobble
+sPzccatu7uk-00045-00010434-00010613 together some garbage unmaintainable
+sPzccatu7uk-00046-00010614-00010813 stuff yourself I've made a few of those
+sPzccatu7uk-00047-00010814-00010952 acts yeah I might have made one or two
+sPzccatu7uk-00048-00010953-00011258 have those in my day before and given
+sPzccatu7uk-00049-00011259-00011384 that we just want to start by
+sPzccatu7uk-00050-00011385-00011552 recognizing that frameworks are part of
+sPzccatu7uk-00051-00011553-00011785 the web and that if you're using a
+sPzccatu7uk-00052-00011786-00012010 framework you are in fact using the
+sPzccatu7uk-00053-00012011-00012323 platform so let's go from there and kind
+sPzccatu7uk-00054-00012324-00012520 of except relate to the further web
+sPzccatu7uk-00055-00012521-00012854 stack that is based on that kind of
+sPzccatu7uk-00056-00012855-00013069 insight so on the bottom obviously you
+sPzccatu7uk-00057-00013070-00013226 have the web primitives so that would be
+sPzccatu7uk-00058-00013227-00013346 the Dom
+sPzccatu7uk-00059-00013347-00013559 the fetch API serviceworkers stuff like
+sPzccatu7uk-00060-00013560-00013877 that then above that we have built-in
+sPzccatu7uk-00061-00013878-00013946 modules
+sPzccatu7uk-00062-00013947-00014129 built-in modules are pretty exciting
+sPzccatu7uk-00063-00014130-00014285 there they're a new thing it's the idea
+sPzccatu7uk-00064-00014286-00014588 that we can build in a layered way for
+sPzccatu7uk-00065-00014588-00014921 the web they're high-level api's that
+sPzccatu7uk-00066-00014922-00015088 solves something like virtual scrolling
+sPzccatu7uk-00067-00015090-00015305 or carousels I think we all love to hate
+sPzccatu7uk-00068-00015306-00015500 the carousel but if we're truly honest
+sPzccatu7uk-00069-00015501-00015671 there on almost every site in the known
+sPzccatu7uk-00070-00015672-00015908 universe so we can build something like
+sPzccatu7uk-00071-00015909-00016100 a high level API like a virtual scroller
+sPzccatu7uk-00072-00016101-00016376 and then that drives out the low-level
+sPzccatu7uk-00073-00016377-00016532 API is that we need to make those
+sPzccatu7uk-00074-00016533-00016808 experiences accessible searchable truly
+sPzccatu7uk-00075-00016809-00017099 fast those low-level api's can then be
+sPzccatu7uk-00076-00017100-00017342 used by the entire ecosystem of virtual
+sPzccatu7uk-00077-00017343-00017561 scrollers that makes a big difference
+sPzccatu7uk-00078-00017562-00017711 because it allows everyone to level up
+sPzccatu7uk-00079-00017712-00017984 together right so I'm one of them up we
+sPzccatu7uk-00080-00017985-00018125 got the framework so that's would be
+sPzccatu7uk-00081-00018126-00018389 like react angular polymer or like
+sPzccatu7uk-00082-00018390-00018542 higher level stuff like next Jess and
+sPzccatu7uk-00083-00018543-00018851 sapper that kind of treat you to
+sPzccatu7uk-00084-00018852-00018965 everything that you need to build an
+sPzccatu7uk-00085-00018966-00019157 application so obviously these aren't
+sPzccatu7uk-00086-00019158-00019325 standardized they're not web standards
+sPzccatu7uk-00087-00019326-00019535 but most of vacations use one of these
+sPzccatu7uk-00088-00019536-00019679 and so we think of them as part of the
+sPzccatu7uk-00089-00019680-00020081 platform the next part is web components
+sPzccatu7uk-00090-00020082-00020213 and you're probably thinking wait that
+sPzccatu7uk-00091-00020214-00020366 doesn't make any sense web components
+sPzccatu7uk-00092-00020367-00020588 are web primitive or web standard I'm
+sPzccatu7uk-00093-00020589-00020732 not talking about like the web
+sPzccatu7uk-00094-00020733-00020867 components the standards I'm talking
+sPzccatu7uk-00095-00020868-00021032 about your web components your date
+sPzccatu7uk-00096-00021033-00021302 picker or I don't know tabs maybe a
+sPzccatu7uk-00097-00021303-00021575 carousel maybe your carousel sorry
+sPzccatu7uk-00098-00021576-00021847 yeah these are the web components that
+sPzccatu7uk-00099-00021848-00022097 layer on top of your stack why it's
+sPzccatu7uk-00100-00022098-00022222 important to put them there is because
+sPzccatu7uk-00101-00022223-00022310 they're an important measure of
+sPzccatu7uk-00102-00022311-00022538 interoperability between different parts
+sPzccatu7uk-00103-00022539-00022775 of your system right to kind of make a
+sPzccatu7uk-00104-00022776-00023050 point let's do quick poll here who here
+sPzccatu7uk-00105-00023051-00023177 in this room has built a react
+sPzccatu7uk-00106-00023178-00023250 application
+sPzccatu7uk-00107-00023251-00023585 all right that's most hands so if people
+sPzccatu7uk-00108-00023586-00023816 know keep it up keep it up keep it up if
+sPzccatu7uk-00109-00023817-00024019 you're anywhere in your company you also
+sPzccatu7uk-00110-00024020-00024407 have an angular jQuery backbone polymer
+sPzccatu7uk-00111-00024408-00024902 anything like it both hands yeah if
+sPzccatu7uk-00112-00024903-00025160 that's the case love your honesty it
+sPzccatu7uk-00113-00025161-00025331 wouldn't it be nice if you could use the
+sPzccatu7uk-00114-00025332-00025522 date picker in both of those if you
+sPzccatu7uk-00115-00025523-00025669 could have a design system that spans
+sPzccatu7uk-00116-00025670-00025874 your entire application student or
+sPzccatu7uk-00117-00025875-00026012 whatever framework gets built in so
+sPzccatu7uk-00118-00026013-00026183 that's why we think your leaf components
+sPzccatu7uk-00119-00026183-00026354 web components are really the right
+sPzccatu7uk-00120-00026355-00026674 technology to build that
+sPzccatu7uk-00121-00026675-00026818 there is however a real problem with web
+sPzccatu7uk-00122-00026819-00027027 development today we're struggling to
+sPzccatu7uk-00123-00027029-00027199 make stuff that's really fast and
+sPzccatu7uk-00124-00027200-00027358 responsive and has buttery smooth
+sPzccatu7uk-00125-00027358-00027505 animations and I think we're struggling
+sPzccatu7uk-00126-00027506-00027664 because in a bunch of ways it's actually
+sPzccatu7uk-00127-00027664-00027877 really hard not everybody struggles
+sPzccatu7uk-00128-00027877-00028102 there are examples of sites that achieve
+sPzccatu7uk-00129-00028102-00028294 this but at scale what we observe is
+sPzccatu7uk-00130-00028295-00028513 that our performance goals aren't being
+sPzccatu7uk-00131-00028514-00028864 met right and so what we're kind of
+sPzccatu7uk-00132-00028864-00029089 observing is that in web dev today we
+sPzccatu7uk-00133-00029089-00029224 often have to make that choice between
+sPzccatu7uk-00134-00029225-00029473 developer experience how we feel as
+sPzccatu7uk-00135-00029474-00029652 developers and user experience how users
+sPzccatu7uk-00136-00029654-00029887 feel and that shouldn't really be how
+sPzccatu7uk-00137-00029888-00030079 things are and the vast majority of
+sPzccatu7uk-00138-00030080-00030397 cases developer experience combined to
+sPzccatu7uk-00139-00030398-00030583 accumulate a great user experience
+sPzccatu7uk-00140-00030583-00030775 that's just not how it works today but
+sPzccatu7uk-00141-00030776-00030973 if we can achieve those things coming
+sPzccatu7uk-00142-00030974-00031114 together the web will be better for
+sPzccatu7uk-00143-00031114-00031444 everyone this is why we're so excited
+sPzccatu7uk-00144-00031445-00031545 about frameworks
+sPzccatu7uk-00145-00031547-00031752 yes frameworks sometimes make web apps
+sPzccatu7uk-00146-00031754-00032040 slower that's a reality but they're also
+sPzccatu7uk-00147-00032041-00032272 our best hope to make them faster right
+sPzccatu7uk-00148-00032273-00032502 so that's a bold statement it is about
+sPzccatu7uk-00149-00032504-00032710 the statement right to prove that this
+sPzccatu7uk-00150-00032711-00032869 is actually happening we thought
+sPzccatu7uk-00151-00032870-00033076 wouldn't be nice if we celebrated all
+sPzccatu7uk-00152-00033077-00033315 the great improvements this framework
+sPzccatu7uk-00153-00033316-00033544 has made through this year let's start
+sPzccatu7uk-00154-00033545-00033771 over react they have done a bunch of
+sPzccatu7uk-00155-00033772-00033958 foundational work for example they're
+sPzccatu7uk-00156-00033959-00034105 working towards making CO splitting
+sPzccatu7uk-00157-00034106-00034330 something that's first-class supported
+sPzccatu7uk-00158-00034331-00034456 in the framework which is really nice
+sPzccatu7uk-00159-00034457-00034648 and then they've done a lot of work to
+sPzccatu7uk-00160-00034649-00034888 break up the rendering of huge Dom trees
+sPzccatu7uk-00161-00034889-00035074 into tiny chunks so that if you have a
+sPzccatu7uk-00162-00035075-00035245 big update it doesn't lock down your
+sPzccatu7uk-00163-00035246-00035392 browser for like many seconds
+sPzccatu7uk-00164-00035393-00035611 everything's kind of done in small
+sPzccatu7uk-00165-00035612-00035790 breaks this is a theme you're gonna hear
+sPzccatu7uk-00166-00035791-00036007 us talking about a few times yeah uhm
+sPzccatu7uk-00167-00036008-00036246 angular made improvements to the angular
+sPzccatu7uk-00168-00036247-00036490 CLI enabled performance budgets this is
+sPzccatu7uk-00169-00036491-00036688 great because how often do you not
+sPzccatu7uk-00170-00036689-00036886 realize that you actually alienated a
+sPzccatu7uk-00171-00036887-00037063 bunch of users by adding that one more
+sPzccatu7uk-00172-00037064-00037261 library or NPM installing something that
+sPzccatu7uk-00173-00037262-00037399 and install it a whole bunch of other
+sPzccatu7uk-00174-00037400-00037507 things
+sPzccatu7uk-00175-00037508-00037654 angular also did a bunch of work to
+sPzccatu7uk-00176-00037655-00037912 remove unnecessary polyfills and that's
+sPzccatu7uk-00177-00037913-00038080 fantastic we don't want polyfills for
+sPzccatu7uk-00178-00038081-00038293 the most modern browsers right speaking
+sPzccatu7uk-00179-00038294-00038473 of which view basically did the same
+sPzccatu7uk-00180-00038474-00038677 thing with a thing called modern mode so
+sPzccatu7uk-00181-00038678-00038824 you only ship the modern code to modern
+sPzccatu7uk-00182-00038825-00038980 browsers right and that's effectively
+sPzccatu7uk-00183-00038981-00039199 the same idea and and that's why we're
+sPzccatu7uk-00184-00039200-00039331 so excited about frameworks kind of
+sPzccatu7uk-00185-00039332-00039514 bringing this best practice to all the
+sPzccatu7uk-00186-00039515-00039765 users similarly with another one just
+sPzccatu7uk-00187-00039766-00039933 making pre-loading prefetching something
+sPzccatu7uk-00188-00039934-00040033 the framework does buddy
+sPzccatu7uk-00189-00040034-00040339 fault um polymer did some good work this
+sPzccatu7uk-00190-00040340-00040510 year too they're transitioning to lit
+sPzccatu7uk-00191-00040511-00040783 element for super small components and
+sPzccatu7uk-00192-00040784-00040927 they also got faster because yeah
+sPzccatu7uk-00193-00040928-00041196 Firefox chip native web component part
+sPzccatu7uk-00194-00041197-00041431 cool let's talk about swelled um they
+sPzccatu7uk-00195-00041432-00041571 got a bullet pipe already being super
+sPzccatu7uk-00196-00041572-00041887 fast yeah which spelt it was like well
+sPzccatu7uk-00197-00041888-00042093 they're so fast what do we even say
+sPzccatu7uk-00198-00042094-00042265 about this right but I think this was a
+sPzccatu7uk-00199-00042266-00042424 great example so they built a hacker
+sPzccatu7uk-00200-00042425-00042598 news app and they did an idiomatic way
+sPzccatu7uk-00201-00042599-00042850 so not like using wasn't like some
+sPzccatu7uk-00202-00042851-00043057 really awesome right like so everything
+sPzccatu7uk-00203-00043058-00043354 in that app HTML CSS JavaScript together
+sPzccatu7uk-00204-00043355-00043507 is under attorney kilobytes which is
+sPzccatu7uk-00205-00043508-00043564 just amazing
+sPzccatu7uk-00206-00043565-00043921 mm-hmm um amp did some alte did some
+sPzccatu7uk-00207-00043922-00044187 good stuff too so this apparently is the
+sPzccatu7uk-00208-00044188-00044368 only feature he shipped this year cuz no
+sPzccatu7uk-00209-00044369-00044605 he's a manager I'm sorry um so he
+sPzccatu7uk-00210-00044606-00044824 shipped featured policies against
+sPzccatu7uk-00211-00044825-00045019 synchronous xhr for all ads if you're
+sPzccatu7uk-00212-00045020-00045157 gonna ship one feature this is a pretty
+sPzccatu7uk-00213-00045158-00045289 darn good one right if you imagine you
+sPzccatu7uk-00214-00045290-00045475 get to put your own feature on those
+sPzccatu7uk-00215-00045476-00045990 slices he also reduced stored sorry they
+sPzccatu7uk-00216-00045991-00046246 reduce the jaea size on the wire by 20%
+sPzccatu7uk-00217-00046247-00046437 by enabling broadly compression
+sPzccatu7uk-00218-00046438-00046639 algorithm we love this kind of thing
+sPzccatu7uk-00219-00046640-00046887 right because how great is it that all
+sPzccatu7uk-00220-00046888-00046993 you have to do is turn on a different
+sPzccatu7uk-00221-00046994-00047143 kind of compression and you get 20%
+sPzccatu7uk-00222-00047144-00047340 percent reduction in size on the wire
+sPzccatu7uk-00223-00047341-00047776 right moving on to ember which removed
+sPzccatu7uk-00224-00047777-00047917 jQuery from the default bundle by the
+sPzccatu7uk-00225-00047918-00048340 way I have a jQuery t-shirt making their
+sPzccatu7uk-00226-00048341-00048477 bundle size to a nice percent smaller
+sPzccatu7uk-00227-00048478-00048655 which is great and they did it in a way
+sPzccatu7uk-00228-00048656-00048783 that's backward compatible so that
+sPzccatu7uk-00229-00048784-00048943 people can you know slowly migrate to
+sPzccatu7uk-00230-00048944-00049204 this yeah they actually as far as I
+sPzccatu7uk-00231-00049205-00049387 understand made it so that anyone can
+sPzccatu7uk-00232-00049388-00049618 turn on and off old code right using the
+sPzccatu7uk-00233-00049619-00049771 same functionality so that's pretty
+sPzccatu7uk-00234-00049772-00049798 great
+sPzccatu7uk-00235-00049799-00049969 and then another theme here I think
+sPzccatu7uk-00236-00049970-00050112 implementing that incremental
+sPzccatu7uk-00237-00050113-00050275 progressive rendering with batch
+sPzccatu7uk-00238-00050276-00050581 rehydration which again comes down to
+sPzccatu7uk-00239-00050582-00050815 that chunking of work non theme which we
+sPzccatu7uk-00240-00050816-00051071 were seeing here all the time
+sPzccatu7uk-00241-00051072-00051349 great so cannot summarize this we really
+sPzccatu7uk-00242-00051350-00051535 want to get to stage where not only the
+sPzccatu7uk-00243-00051536-00051708 super experts can make great web
+sPzccatu7uk-00244-00051709-00051904 experiences everyone should be able to
+sPzccatu7uk-00245-00051904-00052089 do it and frameworks are an integral
+sPzccatu7uk-00246-00052090-00052285 part of making that happen today we feel
+sPzccatu7uk-00247-00052286-00052546 that we and by we I mean browsers
+sPzccatu7uk-00248-00052547-00052744 framework and tools have under invested
+sPzccatu7uk-00249-00052745-00052951 in tools that focus on combining great
+sPzccatu7uk-00250-00052952-00053094 developer experience with a focus on
+sPzccatu7uk-00251-00053095-00053260 user experience or we can make this
+sPzccatu7uk-00252-00053261-00053408 happen as a community but in
+sPzccatu7uk-00253-00053409-00053615 the best practices for performance in
+sPzccatu7uk-00254-00053616-00053825 two frameworks all users of those
+sPzccatu7uk-00255-00053826-00053957 frameworks automatically get all the
+sPzccatu7uk-00256-00053958-00054140 benefits that's how we think we can
+sPzccatu7uk-00257-00054141-00054299 achieve great outcomes if you use this
+sPzccatu7uk-00258-00054300-00054829 as a scale of the web to make this
+sPzccatu7uk-00259-00054830-00054995 happen we're announcing three things
+sPzccatu7uk-00260-00054996-00055351 today the first one is we are including
+sPzccatu7uk-00261-00055352-00055516 frameworks in the chrome intent to
+sPzccatu7uk-00262-00055517-00055784 implement process how many folks know
+sPzccatu7uk-00263-00055785-00055976 about our intent to implement intend to
+sPzccatu7uk-00264-00055977-00056051 ship stuff
+sPzccatu7uk-00265-00056052-00056305 I'll see you great that's awesome so we
+sPzccatu7uk-00266-00056307-00056467 have basically two important check
+sPzccatu7uk-00267-00056469-00056615 points we have more than that but two
+sPzccatu7uk-00268-00056616-00056776 very important check points when we're
+sPzccatu7uk-00269-00056777-00056954 going to ship a new feature one is our
+sPzccatu7uk-00270-00056954-00057095 intent to implement and the other our
+sPzccatu7uk-00271-00057096-00057350 other is our intent to ship at both
+sPzccatu7uk-00272-00057351-00057521 points when we're about to build
+sPzccatu7uk-00273-00057522-00057665 something and we're and we're about to
+sPzccatu7uk-00274-00057666-00057800 ship something we want to get a lot of
+sPzccatu7uk-00275-00057801-00057966 feedback and so we go through this
+sPzccatu7uk-00276-00057967-00058241 intent process in order to intentionally
+sPzccatu7uk-00277-00058241-00058401 go in and draw in that feedback
+sPzccatu7uk-00278-00058402-00058741 previously we had listed web developers
+sPzccatu7uk-00279-00058742-00058930 as folks that we wanted to get feedback
+sPzccatu7uk-00280-00058932-00059138 from but now we're actually explicitly
+sPzccatu7uk-00281-00059139-00059423 adding frameworks to that intent to
+sPzccatu7uk-00282-00059424-00059738 implement process right and secondly we
+sPzccatu7uk-00283-00059739-00059966 want to put real dollars behind this so
+sPzccatu7uk-00284-00059966-00060164 we're starting with a budget of $200,000
+sPzccatu7uk-00285-00060165-00060362 to kick-start developing of performance
+sPzccatu7uk-00286-00060363-00060521 related features in frameworks in
+sPzccatu7uk-00287-00060522-00060737 particular we make available lists of
+sPzccatu7uk-00288-00060738-00060907 performance features that we love all
+sPzccatu7uk-00289-00060908-00061165 frameworks to provide you use by default
+sPzccatu7uk-00290-00061166-00061373 folks are on we're working on a
+sPzccatu7uk-00291-00061374-00061555 framework and ask for funding to do the
+sPzccatu7uk-00292-00061557-00061741 actual work we're kind of still working
+sPzccatu7uk-00293-00061742-00061904 out the exact details but if you're
+sPzccatu7uk-00294-00061904-00062147 interested check out this bitly link for
+sPzccatu7uk-00295-00062148-00062645 more information the third thing that we
+sPzccatu7uk-00296-00062646-00062804 want to do is increase collaboration
+sPzccatu7uk-00297-00062804-00063023 with between frameworks in the chrome
+sPzccatu7uk-00298-00063024-00063292 team it's funny to announce this today
+sPzccatu7uk-00299-00063294-00063419 because it's actually something that we
+sPzccatu7uk-00300-00063420-00063554 started in the summer and we've been
+sPzccatu7uk-00301-00063554-00063746 working with a bunch of frameworks for
+sPzccatu7uk-00302-00063747-00064046 the past several months but we are
+sPzccatu7uk-00303-00064047-00064253 excited today to talk through some of
+sPzccatu7uk-00304-00064254-00064562 what we've started already right that
+sPzccatu7uk-00305-00064563-00064886 brings us to our next section it's very
+sPzccatu7uk-00306-00064887-00065009 much under construction you heard that
+sPzccatu7uk-00307-00065010-00065107 in the intro today
+sPzccatu7uk-00308-00065108-00065312 what are you hearing about here these
+sPzccatu7uk-00309-00065313-00065459 aren't things that are shipping tomorrow
+sPzccatu7uk-00310-00065460-00065639 some of them you can try out a little
+sPzccatu7uk-00311-00065640-00065804 bit some of them are like really between
+sPzccatu7uk-00312-00065805-00065987 the flag yeah we're like really just
+sPzccatu7uk-00313-00065988-00066188 thinking about them so it's still very
+sPzccatu7uk-00314-00066189-00066389 much time to give us your feedback your
+sPzccatu7uk-00315-00066390-00066605 use cases your examples to kind of work
+sPzccatu7uk-00316-00066606-00066687 out how they really
+sPzccatu7uk-00317-00066688-00066969 work the first one we want to talk about
+sPzccatu7uk-00318-00066970-00067242 is display locking we basically don't
+sPzccatu7uk-00319-00067243-00067398 want to update the Dom inadvertently and
+sPzccatu7uk-00320-00067399-00067647 so this gives us a way to lock it before
+sPzccatu7uk-00321-00067648-00067938 I joined Google there well many times I
+sPzccatu7uk-00322-00067939-00068040 think this is one of the most requested
+sPzccatu7uk-00323-00068041-00068340 feature but before I joined Google the
+sPzccatu7uk-00324-00068341-00068664 polymer team and the paint team had a
+sPzccatu7uk-00325-00068665-00068853 bunch of conversations about a new
+sPzccatu7uk-00326-00068854-00069072 primitive called display locking the
+sPzccatu7uk-00327-00069073-00069228 idea of display locking is that you can
+sPzccatu7uk-00328-00069229-00069375 basically lock down a section of your
+sPzccatu7uk-00329-00069376-00069609 DOM and we won't trigger render and
+sPzccatu7uk-00330-00069610-00069804 other things on that bit of Dom until
+sPzccatu7uk-00331-00069805-00069993 you unlock it and say okay it's ready to
+sPzccatu7uk-00332-00069994-00070260 go it's super subtle and it may not be
+sPzccatu7uk-00333-00070261-00070416 something you interact with directly but
+sPzccatu7uk-00334-00070417-00070509 it's definitely something that
+sPzccatu7uk-00335-00070510-00070671 frameworks need in order to eliminate
+sPzccatu7uk-00336-00070672-00070956 unnecessary browser work now we're
+sPzccatu7uk-00337-00070957-00071103 collaborating with the react team to
+sPzccatu7uk-00338-00071104-00071325 nail down the API and we had an intent
+sPzccatu7uk-00339-00071326-00071511 to implement out about a month ago so if
+sPzccatu7uk-00340-00071512-00071634 you have comments we'd love to hear them
+sPzccatu7uk-00341-00071635-00071817 I have a question though is it related
+sPzccatu7uk-00342-00071818-00072969 to that bgcolor well this is kind of
+sPzccatu7uk-00343-00072970-00073146 awkward is it working
+sPzccatu7uk-00344-00073147-00073377 I don't know it's kind of strange right
+sPzccatu7uk-00345-00073378-00073557 to see a blank white screen in the
+sPzccatu7uk-00346-00073558-00073818 middle of a presentation why do we think
+sPzccatu7uk-00347-00073819-00074007 that's okay when web pages are loading
+sPzccatu7uk-00348-00074008-00074283 it's sort of ah what's going on right
+sPzccatu7uk-00349-00074284-00074499 every time every single time you load a
+sPzccatu7uk-00350-00074500-00074721 new web page the browser says hmm what's
+sPzccatu7uk-00351-00074722-00074874 the good idea to do oh yeah I'm gonna
+sPzccatu7uk-00352-00074875-00075114 paint white and then it's gonna take a
+sPzccatu7uk-00353-00075115-00075384 while right why is that okay so it
+sPzccatu7uk-00354-00075385-00075525 shouldn't be the case we should tell you
+sPzccatu7uk-00355-00075526-00075714 that we totally scared the tech check
+sPzccatu7uk-00356-00075715-00075888 people when we had a plain white screen
+sPzccatu7uk-00357-00075889-00076143 during our tech check all right we
+sPzccatu7uk-00358-00076144-00076359 really need page transitions on the web
+sPzccatu7uk-00359-00076360-00076560 you're probably familiar with stuff like
+sPzccatu7uk-00360-00076561-00076683 this from the material design
+sPzccatu7uk-00361-00076684-00076944 specification right or one page mouse to
+sPzccatu7uk-00362-00076945-00077100 the other and there's other ideas how to
+sPzccatu7uk-00363-00077101-00077256 do this now this is something you would
+sPzccatu7uk-00364-00077257-00077460 see in your application going from one
+sPzccatu7uk-00365-00077461-00077796 state to another but we also want this
+sPzccatu7uk-00366-00077797-00078021 for normal navigations right like here's
+sPzccatu7uk-00367-00078022-00078231 a great example so this is something the
+sPzccatu7uk-00368-00078232-00078414 image search team at Google is working
+sPzccatu7uk-00369-00078415-00078771 on it's kind of subtle so well walk you
+sPzccatu7uk-00370-00078772-00078966 through it so this is their like image
+sPzccatu7uk-00371-00078967-00079161 search result page and when you when you
+sPzccatu7uk-00372-00079162-00079338 click one of the images you go into this
+sPzccatu7uk-00373-00079339-00079512 lightbox right just to see the larger
+sPzccatu7uk-00374-00079513-00079757 version of the image so their goal was
+sPzccatu7uk-00375-00079758-00079920 that more people click through to the
+sPzccatu7uk-00376-00079921-00080010 underlying web page
+sPzccatu7uk-00377-00080011-00080325 and so they wanted to make that really
+sPzccatu7uk-00378-00080326-00080553 easy by just literally putting that
+sPzccatu7uk-00379-00080554-00080931 webpage at the bottom of a page right so
+sPzccatu7uk-00380-00080932-00081195 that as a user all you have to do is you
+sPzccatu7uk-00381-00081196-00081480 know put your finger on it and kind of
+sPzccatu7uk-00382-00081481-00081807 draw it up right we're hoping that this
+sPzccatu7uk-00383-00081808-00082053 greatly creates I can increase the
+sPzccatu7uk-00384-00082054-00082229 number of navigations actually happening
+sPzccatu7uk-00385-00082230-00082455 but this is something that you really
+sPzccatu7uk-00386-00082456-00082710 just can't build on the web today we'd
+sPzccatu7uk-00387-00082711-00082881 love for you to be thinking like if you
+sPzccatu7uk-00388-00082882-00083019 didn't have to have that blank white
+sPzccatu7uk-00389-00083020-00083058 screen
+sPzccatu7uk-00390-00083059-00083196 what would you build what would you
+sPzccatu7uk-00391-00083197-00083322 design because I think it's actually
+sPzccatu7uk-00392-00083323-00083565 pretty exciting a space right today you
+sPzccatu7uk-00393-00083566-00083697 really have to choose between either a
+sPzccatu7uk-00394-00083698-00083943 fancy transition or during a real
+sPzccatu7uk-00395-00083944-00084099 navigation where the browser loads a new
+sPzccatu7uk-00396-00084100-00084297 page and there isn't really a solution
+sPzccatu7uk-00397-00084298-00084504 for the cross-origin case where you
+sPzccatu7uk-00398-00084505-00084699 navigate to a different domain at all
+sPzccatu7uk-00399-00084700-00084915 and so that's why we're so excited about
+sPzccatu7uk-00400-00084916-00085157 portals where portals give you our
+sPzccatu7uk-00401-00085158-00085371 advanced transitions between websites
+sPzccatu7uk-00402-00085372-00085731 that are real navigations spas single
+sPzccatu7uk-00403-00085732-00085890 page apps right that's the way to do it
+sPzccatu7uk-00404-00085891-00086196 today but here you can and this is what
+sPzccatu7uk-00405-00086197-00086481 this example gift shows these this is a
+sPzccatu7uk-00406-00086482-00086657 navigation from one web page to another
+sPzccatu7uk-00407-00086658-00086940 and you can morph between them any way
+sPzccatu7uk-00408-00086941-00087045 you like
+sPzccatu7uk-00409-00087046-00087282 which seems like something we should
+sPzccatu7uk-00410-00087283-00087567 have in 2018 it doesn't yeah I think
+sPzccatu7uk-00411-00087568-00087717 sometimes people choose a single page
+sPzccatu7uk-00412-00087718-00087870 app with all of its complexity when
+sPzccatu7uk-00413-00087871-00087993 actually what they wanted was fancy
+sPzccatu7uk-00414-00087994-00088215 transitions right can be hard to do the
+sPzccatu7uk-00415-00088216-00088686 single page app cool um so I got a
+sPzccatu7uk-00416-00088687-00088992 sporty new car and within a month I
+sPzccatu7uk-00417-00088993-00089225 caught a ticket I was driving too fast
+sPzccatu7uk-00418-00089226-00089631 so many hopefully no understand Mateo
+sPzccatu7uk-00419-00089632-00089943 Bridge oops um I won't tell you how fast
+sPzccatu7uk-00420-00089944-00090018 I was going
+sPzccatu7uk-00421-00090019-00090309 um but I found out that my car has this
+sPzccatu7uk-00422-00090310-00090516 really cool feature I can turn something
+sPzccatu7uk-00423-00090517-00090729 on so that it beeps anytime I go over 80
+sPzccatu7uk-00424-00090730-00091023 miles per hour um that seems really good
+sPzccatu7uk-00425-00091024-00091263 because there should be limits and this
+sPzccatu7uk-00426-00091264-00091425 car does not feel like it's going fast
+sPzccatu7uk-00427-00091426-00091602 when it's going actually pretty fast
+sPzccatu7uk-00428-00091603-00091878 um we there's also something you can
+sPzccatu7uk-00429-00091879-00092061 turn on for for a motor or a car which
+sPzccatu7uk-00430-00092062-00092244 is called a governor which actually will
+sPzccatu7uk-00431-00092245-00092457 not allow the car to go over a certain
+sPzccatu7uk-00432-00092458-00092793 speed feature policies are sort of like
+sPzccatu7uk-00433-00092794-00093003 that you have a couple of options you
+sPzccatu7uk-00434-00093004-00093189 have enforce mode and you have report
+sPzccatu7uk-00435-00093190-00093390 only mode you can turn a feature Paul
+sPzccatu7uk-00436-00093391-00093570 see on for something like synchronous
+sPzccatu7uk-00437-00093571-00093825 xhr and you can say no I don't want to
+sPzccatu7uk-00438-00093826-00094026 allow that and it simply will not allow
+sPzccatu7uk-00439-00094027-00094254 that to happen on your site at all
+sPzccatu7uk-00440-00094255-00094482 anymore or you can turn on report only
+sPzccatu7uk-00441-00094483-00094680 mode and you get that beep you know hey
+sPzccatu7uk-00442-00094681-00094827 something's wrong you should check it
+sPzccatu7uk-00443-00094828-00095061 out we're pretty excited about feature
+sPzccatu7uk-00444-00095062-00095262 policies because they run in CI you can
+sPzccatu7uk-00445-00095263-00095427 run them in development you can run a
+sPzccatu7uk-00446-00095428-00095580 different set of feature policies on
+sPzccatu7uk-00447-00095581-00095709 your third-party content your add
+sPzccatu7uk-00448-00095710-00095916 content than you do on your regular page
+sPzccatu7uk-00449-00095917-00096087 so you've got a lot of flexibility
+sPzccatu7uk-00450-00096088-00096249 around how you use it and we're excited
+sPzccatu7uk-00451-00096250-00096462 to see what you want to do with it what
+sPzccatu7uk-00452-00096463-00096650 you can use today is the synchronous xhr
+sPzccatu7uk-00453-00096651-00096885 feature policy we collaborated with the
+sPzccatu7uk-00454-00096886-00097017 amp team and they've got it turned on
+sPzccatu7uk-00455-00097018-00097260 for all ads and amp which is pretty
+sPzccatu7uk-00456-00097261-00097461 exciting and this isn't good by the way
+sPzccatu7uk-00457-00097462-00097611 the worst feature of the web you will
+sPzccatu7uk-00458-00097612-00097737 you want to turn this out for your
+sPzccatu7uk-00459-00097738-00097884 websites right there's no good reason to
+sPzccatu7uk-00460-00097885-00098034 have sync HSR there's basically no
+sPzccatu7uk-00461-00098035-00098193 conversation in which Moulton does not
+sPzccatu7uk-00462-00098194-00098685 bring up that you should even at your
+sPzccatu7uk-00463-00098686-00099000 barbecues there are other policies that
+sPzccatu7uk-00464-00099001-00099255 are available as well so there are same
+sPzccatu7uk-00465-00099256-00099429 exciting ones but they're behind a flag
+sPzccatu7uk-00466-00099430-00099603 so you have to go and turn it on behind
+sPzccatu7uk-00467-00099604-00099717 the flag in order to check it out
+sPzccatu7uk-00468-00099718-00099840 there's three I'd love for you to look
+sPzccatu7uk-00469-00099841-00100116 at unoptimized images oversized images
+sPzccatu7uk-00470-00100117-00100422 and unsightly dia go see how they
+sPzccatu7uk-00471-00100423-00100572 improve your performance see whether you
+sPzccatu7uk-00472-00100573-00100803 like it with enforce mode on or report
+sPzccatu7uk-00473-00100804-00100968 only mode right we would love more
+sPzccatu7uk-00474-00100969-00101139 feedback don't upload pictures from a
+sPzccatu7uk-00475-00101140-00101406 DSLR directly to the web yes and you'll
+sPzccatu7uk-00476-00101407-00101601 hear you'll hear Jason talk more about
+sPzccatu7uk-00477-00101602-00101979 this a little later today right alright
+sPzccatu7uk-00478-00101980-00102153 next we want to talk about instant
+sPzccatu7uk-00479-00102154-00102378 loading so how we get from super fast to
+sPzccatu7uk-00480-00102379-00102645 zero milliseconds to kind of show you
+sPzccatu7uk-00481-00102646-00102809 what exactly we mean by that because
+sPzccatu7uk-00482-00102810-00103017 instant instant is an overloaded word
+sPzccatu7uk-00483-00103018-00103272 right there's instant apps we just don't
+sPzccatu7uk-00484-00103273-00103500 do instant stuff so let's talk about
+sPzccatu7uk-00485-00103501-00103760 this here's a filmstrip you might be
+sPzccatu7uk-00486-00103761-00103905 familiar with form like web pages or a
+sPzccatu7uk-00487-00103906-00104046 CO web page Louis this one loads in 8
+sPzccatu7uk-00488-00104047-00104193 seconds right and obviously you could
+sPzccatu7uk-00489-00104194-00104435 make that faster but we spent years
+sPzccatu7uk-00490-00104436-00104636 trying to like eke out every little
+sPzccatu7uk-00491-00104638-00104841 second that we can out of the filmstrip
+sPzccatu7uk-00492-00104842-00105105 right right but we want this we want to
+sPzccatu7uk-00493-00105106-00105270 basically everything go away and only
+sPzccatu7uk-00494-00105271-00105555 that last frame to render right away so
+sPzccatu7uk-00495-00105556-00105813 we have a solution for that which is
+sPzccatu7uk-00496-00105814-00106023 actually relatively obvious we have you
+sPzccatu7uk-00497-00106024-00106152 have to like load that web page before
+sPzccatu7uk-00498-00106153-00106383 the user clicks but now you might wonder
+sPzccatu7uk-00499-00106383-00106647 why I put a bathroom stall on screen
+sPzccatu7uk-00500-00106648-00106776 right so you
+sPzccatu7uk-00501-00106777-00106899 as bathrooms to Lance's a little gap
+sPzccatu7uk-00502-00106900-00107331 which like this introduces a privacy
+sPzccatu7uk-00503-00107332-00108243 problem anyway so when you load some
+sPzccatu7uk-00504-00108244-00108456 other webpage before the user said they
+sPzccatu7uk-00505-00108457-00108584 wanted to go there that web page might
+sPzccatu7uk-00506-00108585-00108849 be able to like read your cookies set
+sPzccatu7uk-00507-00108850-00109053 cookies stuff like that that's not
+sPzccatu7uk-00508-00109054-00109326 something user expects right so we need
+sPzccatu7uk-00509-00109327-00109401 a solution for that
+sPzccatu7uk-00510-00109402-00109632 and the solution that has been on the
+sPzccatu7uk-00511-00109633-00109773 irrelevant for a while it's called web
+sPzccatu7uk-00512-00109774-00110019 packaging what it kind of provides as
+sPzccatu7uk-00513-00110020-00110148 one of its features is
+sPzccatu7uk-00514-00110149-00110358 privacy-preserving instant loading for
+sPzccatu7uk-00515-00110358-00110571 the web I want to explain really quick
+sPzccatu7uk-00516-00110572-00110735 how that works but we'll have a talk
+sPzccatu7uk-00517-00110736-00110922 later today that goes into like actual
+sPzccatu7uk-00518-00110923-00111099 detail yeah from people who are working
+sPzccatu7uk-00519-00111100-00111318 on it which is great so the way
+sPzccatu7uk-00520-00111319-00111485 replication works is that your a
+sPzccatu7uk-00521-00111486-00111678 document author and you have a TLS
+sPzccatu7uk-00522-00111679-00111867 certificate for that we're using for
+sPzccatu7uk-00523-00111868-00112113 HTTP something like that and you sign
+sPzccatu7uk-00524-00112114-00112404 that content to be created by you and
+sPzccatu7uk-00525-00112405-00112596 then anyone can deliver it on your
+sPzccatu7uk-00526-00112597-00112818 behalf for the browser says okay this
+sPzccatu7uk-00527-00112819-00113025 was originally signed without TLS key so
+sPzccatu7uk-00528-00113026-00113229 I can say it came from like example comp
+sPzccatu7uk-00529-00113230-00113394 because that was the original party and
+sPzccatu7uk-00530-00113395-00113613 I want to kind of drill down on this
+sPzccatu7uk-00531-00113614-00113838 anyone can deliver it so you could have
+sPzccatu7uk-00532-00113839-00114072 a different CDN but you can deliver it
+sPzccatu7uk-00533-00114073-00114236 over like bit tour and you're right PFS
+sPzccatu7uk-00534-00114238-00114390 doesn't really matter you can do
+sPzccatu7uk-00535-00114391-00114579 basically HTTP over anything which is
+sPzccatu7uk-00536-00114580-00115254 really cool we collaborated with the amp
+sPzccatu7uk-00537-00115255-00115385 team on this cuz they're one of the
+sPzccatu7uk-00538-00115386-00115511 frameworks that we're working with and
+sPzccatu7uk-00539-00115513-00115824 we're pretty excited about the the
+sPzccatu7uk-00540-00115825-00116036 instant loading and how fast we're going
+sPzccatu7uk-00541-00116038-00116205 to be able to bring content to users but
+sPzccatu7uk-00542-00116206-00116445 Malta what about the URLs yeah doesn't
+sPzccatu7uk-00543-00116446-00116604 have very good URL so they're start with
+sPzccatu7uk-00544-00116605-00116742 Google becomes a sham and with web
+sPzccatu7uk-00545-00116743-00116919 packaging that problem goes away right
+sPzccatu7uk-00546-00116920-00117105 which is really cool so that's why we
+sPzccatu7uk-00547-00117106-00117288 excited about it but and this is the
+sPzccatu7uk-00548-00117289-00117468 important part it's a web standard right
+sPzccatu7uk-00549-00117469-00117714 and so with web packaging we can bring
+sPzccatu7uk-00550-00117715-00117876 instant loading to all these frameworks
+sPzccatu7uk-00551-00117877-00118023 and this is not an exhaustive list right
+sPzccatu7uk-00552-00118024-00118182 it doesn't really matter right this
+sPzccatu7uk-00553-00118183-00118334 technology is completely technology
+sPzccatu7uk-00554-00118335-00118626 except doesn't care about technology
+sPzccatu7uk-00555-00118627-00118842 right so really really cool we can't
+sPzccatu7uk-00556-00118843-00119277 wait for this to land in browsers what
+sPzccatu7uk-00557-00119278-00119469 packaging also addresses one more
+sPzccatu7uk-00558-00119470-00119663 problem that I think is really subtle
+sPzccatu7uk-00559-00119664-00119931 Eric Meyer tweeted this and wrote this
+sPzccatu7uk-00560-00119932-00120158 blog post which is really cool Hawaii
+sPzccatu7uk-00561-00120159-00120474 go traveling to Africa and noticing that
+sPzccatu7uk-00562-00120475-00120843 you know HTTP which is the greatest
+sPzccatu7uk-00563-00120844-00120999 thing happened to the web in a while
+sPzccatu7uk-00564-00121000-00121133 among many other greatest things
+sPzccatu7uk-00565-00121134-00121527 actually introduced a few problems so if
+sPzccatu7uk-00566-00121528-00121769 you let's imagine your cell tower and
+sPzccatu7uk-00567-00121770-00122066 you are not actually connected well to
+sPzccatu7uk-00568-00122067-00122252 the internet but you have LTE to
+sPzccatu7uk-00569-00122253-00122427 everyone connect it to you right it's
+sPzccatu7uk-00570-00122428-00122574 great if you have an H cache at that
+sPzccatu7uk-00571-00122575-00122810 cell tower now with HTTP that's
+sPzccatu7uk-00572-00122811-00122958 something you can build with HTTP is
+sPzccatu7uk-00573-00122958-00123179 something you can't build so you always
+sPzccatu7uk-00574-00123180-00123372 have to go to the origin to someone
+sPzccatu7uk-00575-00123373-00123590 actually able to surf on that TLS
+sPzccatu7uk-00576-00123591-00123924 certificate right and the great thing
+sPzccatu7uk-00577-00123925-00124143 about web packaging is that it can bring
+sPzccatu7uk-00578-00124144-00124401 back that feature right because it's
+sPzccatu7uk-00579-00124402-00124661 untangling delivery from TLS security
+sPzccatu7uk-00580-00124663-00125013 you can get that all great benefit of
+sPzccatu7uk-00581-00125014-00125289 having edge caching for HTTP but have it
+sPzccatu7uk-00582-00125290-00125540 together with the security benefits of
+sPzccatu7uk-00583-00125541-00125913 TLS I also wanted to just really quickly
+sPzccatu7uk-00584-00125914-00126123 say that what packaging is not related
+sPzccatu7uk-00585-00126124-00126618 to web pack however however there is a
+sPzccatu7uk-00586-00126619-00126908 bundling spec coming up right and so
+sPzccatu7uk-00587-00126909-00127125 what packaging is actually going to
+sPzccatu7uk-00588-00127126-00127383 bring bundling as a first-class feature
+sPzccatu7uk-00589-00127383-00127593 to the web platform which a thing is
+sPzccatu7uk-00590-00127594-00127857 also way overdue and so punters like web
+sPzccatu7uk-00591-00127858-00128054 pack can eventually use web packaging is
+sPzccatu7uk-00592-00128055-00128388 the output format you can actually try
+sPzccatu7uk-00593-00128389-00128601 this today there's a suspect called sign
+sPzccatu7uk-00594-00128602-00128820 exchange which is available an origin
+sPzccatu7uk-00595-00128821-00129213 trial we can go to this URL and try it
+sPzccatu7uk-00596-00129214-00129677 out let us know what you think yeah um
+sPzccatu7uk-00597-00129678-00129860 later today you'll hear Conoco and
+sPzccatu7uk-00598-00129861-00130478 Wells's rudy yes so the next bit that
+sPzccatu7uk-00599-00130479-00130575 we'd like to talk to you about is
+sPzccatu7uk-00600-00130576-00130794 scheduling so anytime developers build
+sPzccatu7uk-00601-00130795-00131013 something sufficiently complex they end
+sPzccatu7uk-00602-00131014-00131145 up needing to manage a task queue
+sPzccatu7uk-00603-00131146-00131274 prioritized work and be sure that
+sPzccatu7uk-00604-00131275-00131493 everything is getting done on time so we
+sPzccatu7uk-00605-00131494-00131724 don't run out of time when I talk to a
+sPzccatu7uk-00606-00131725-00131973 typical app has competing deadlines so
+sPzccatu7uk-00607-00131974-00132270 keeping the user input responsive while
+sPzccatu7uk-00608-00132271-00132438 rendering smoothly at 60 frames per
+sPzccatu7uk-00609-00132439-00132716 second and you know doing the actual
+sPzccatu7uk-00610-00132717-00132894 work of fetching preparing and rendering
+sPzccatu7uk-00611-00132895-00133299 the UI in talking to the react team a
+sPzccatu7uk-00612-00133300-00133531 few months ago we realized that a free
+sPzccatu7uk-00613-00133532-00133693 work-based scheduler has serious
+sPzccatu7uk-00614-00133694-00133960 downsides it can't schedule third-party
+sPzccatu7uk-00615-00133961-00134245 code it has a lot of difficulty
+sPzccatu7uk-00616-00134246-00134407 interleaving tasks with browser
+sPzccatu7uk-00617-00134408-00134560 functions like rendering and garbage
+sPzccatu7uk-00618-00134561-00134812 collection in short it has to fight
+sPzccatu7uk-00619-00134813-00135253 other systems for resources um with help
+sPzccatu7uk-00620-00135254-00135505 from react Google Maps and polymer and
+sPzccatu7uk-00621-00135506-00135676 ember as well as the web standards
+sPzccatu7uk-00622-00135677-00135823 community Xu B and Jason who you're
+sPzccatu7uk-00623-00135824-00136012 gonna hear from later today are
+sPzccatu7uk-00624-00136013-00136180 designing a scheduler that will run in
+sPzccatu7uk-00625-00136181-00136399 the browser it's meant to have high and
+sPzccatu7uk-00626-00136400-00136555 low level api's like Grand Central
+sPzccatu7uk-00627-00136556-00136795 Dispatch I'm so borrowing some ideas
+sPzccatu7uk-00628-00136796-00137077 there and be able in to interleave code
+sPzccatu7uk-00629-00137078-00137245 from all different sources they're
+sPzccatu7uk-00630-00137246-00137371 working on things like how do you
+sPzccatu7uk-00631-00137372-00137524 interleaved garbage collection or code
+sPzccatu7uk-00632-00137525-00137911 that's in a promise what's exciting
+sPzccatu7uk-00633-00137912-00138160 about this in particular is that when
+sPzccatu7uk-00634-00138161-00138373 you break things down into small tasks
+sPzccatu7uk-00635-00138374-00138559 it's much more useful if you have a
+sPzccatu7uk-00636-00138560-00138721 great way to schedule them when you can
+sPzccatu7uk-00637-00138722-00138856 schedule things they're much more
+sPzccatu7uk-00638-00138857-00139045 valuable if you've broken things down
+sPzccatu7uk-00639-00139046-00139231 into small tasks this is where
+sPzccatu7uk-00640-00139232-00139525 frameworks and the browser can work well
+sPzccatu7uk-00641-00139526-00139744 together to provide a much better user
+sPzccatu7uk-00642-00139745-00139897 experience than we're capable of
+sPzccatu7uk-00643-00139898-00140143 providing today this is one of the
+sPzccatu7uk-00644-00140144-00140314 things I'm most excited 2 p.m. right now
+sPzccatu7uk-00645-00140315-00140503 and I'm really excited for you to hear
+sPzccatu7uk-00646-00140504-00140695 from shooby and Jason later right it's
+sPzccatu7uk-00647-00140696-00140863 really a good example for how frameworks
+sPzccatu7uk-00648-00140864-00141049 help because actually using you're
+sPzccatu7uk-00649-00141050-00141238 taking your code and breaking it down to
+sPzccatu7uk-00650-00141239-00141394 small chunks that's really really
+sPzccatu7uk-00651-00141395-00141673 difficult and but as a framework layer
+sPzccatu7uk-00652-00141674-00141856 this is something that you know people
+sPzccatu7uk-00653-00141857-00142054 shouldn't just take a long time doing
+sPzccatu7uk-00654-00142055-00142225 but then having it for everyone I mean I
+sPzccatu7uk-00655-00142226-00142423 think you saw in the framework Award
+sPzccatu7uk-00656-00142424-00142633 section earlier that it's three
+sPzccatu7uk-00657-00142634-00142768 frameworks at least are working on
+sPzccatu7uk-00658-00142769-00142918 breaking things down into really tiny
+sPzccatu7uk-00659-00142919-00143053 rendering chunks so this is pretty
+sPzccatu7uk-00660-00143054-00143290 exciting right next we're talking about
+sPzccatu7uk-00661-00143291-00143476 animation workflow and jank-free
+sPzccatu7uk-00662-00143477-00143656 Pollock's by the way ironically in front
+sPzccatu7uk-00663-00143657-00144067 of it Genki animated gif so anyway
+sPzccatu7uk-00664-00144068-00144256 should worklet first we need to talk
+sPzccatu7uk-00665-00144257-00144412 about other animation API it's because
+sPzccatu7uk-00666-00144413-00144553 there are a few there's the web
+sPzccatu7uk-00667-00144554-00144751 animation API which is great and you
+sPzccatu7uk-00668-00144752-00144955 should use it and also more importantly
+sPzccatu7uk-00669-00144956-00145156 it just landed in Safari preview so
+sPzccatu7uk-00670-00145157-00145321 relatively soon we should have it in
+sPzccatu7uk-00671-00145322-00145594 most browsers CSS animations are also
+sPzccatu7uk-00672-00145595-00145804 awesome and they're basically everywhere
+sPzccatu7uk-00673-00145805-00146008 so you can use them and use shortly is
+sPzccatu7uk-00674-00146009-00146164 use this API is animation worklet
+sPzccatu7uk-00675-00146165-00146413 doesn't provide additional value except
+sPzccatu7uk-00676-00146414-00146644 in some very important circumstances
+sPzccatu7uk-00677-00146645-00146848 because these api eyes are
+sPzccatu7uk-00678-00146849-00147088 inherently time-based which makes sense
+sPzccatu7uk-00679-00147089-00147250 right animations go from A to B over
+sPzccatu7uk-00680-00147251-00147526 time that's kind of what they do however
+sPzccatu7uk-00681-00147527-00147739 there are some animations that are in
+sPzccatu7uk-00682-00147740-00147994 time base for example this one which
+sPzccatu7uk-00683-00147995-00148225 animates pac-man based on scrolling left
+sPzccatu7uk-00684-00148226-00148381 and right right and this is something
+sPzccatu7uk-00685-00148382-00148621 that's really difficult to do on the web
+sPzccatu7uk-00686-00148622-00149068 today in a jank-free fashion and then so
+sPzccatu7uk-00687-00149069-00149212 the reason for this is that with
+sPzccatu7uk-00688-00149213-00149353 animation work light on the other hand
+sPzccatu7uk-00689-00149354-00149476 where you don't get jank is because that
+sPzccatu7uk-00690-00149477-00149767 actual worklet runs super close to the
+sPzccatu7uk-00691-00149768-00149965 actual software that does the scrolling
+sPzccatu7uk-00692-00149966-00150235 and so you can do it even when the main
+sPzccatu7uk-00693-00150236-00150508 thread does anything busy right which is
+sPzccatu7uk-00694-00150509-00150736 really cool my team actually has been
+sPzccatu7uk-00695-00150737-00150979 working on getting this into hours where
+sPzccatu7uk-00696-00150980-00151207 we call scrollbar animations and it was
+sPzccatu7uk-00697-00151208-00151399 just a drop in like replace and make
+sPzccatu7uk-00698-00151400-00151696 everything so much smoother Irma is
+sPzccatu7uk-00699-00151697-00151834 talking about this later today and they
+sPzccatu7uk-00700-00151835-00152050 talk about Houdini he'll have some
+sPzccatu7uk-00701-00152051-00152343 really cool demos yeah
+sPzccatu7uk-00702-00152344-00152602 almost every web app eventually needs
+sPzccatu7uk-00703-00152603-00152830 something like an infinite list
+sPzccatu7uk-00704-00152831-00153187 it just happens right on other systems
+sPzccatu7uk-00705-00153188-00153415 on Android on iOS there are things like
+sPzccatu7uk-00706-00153416-00153649 UI tableview on the web you're sort of
+sPzccatu7uk-00707-00153650-00153855 left to figure it out yourself
+sPzccatu7uk-00708-00153856-00154156 now many frameworks have really good
+sPzccatu7uk-00709-00154157-00154411 implementations of a virtual list or an
+sPzccatu7uk-00710-00154412-00154672 infinite scroll or kind of situation but
+sPzccatu7uk-00711-00154673-00154852 the web platform primitives make certain
+sPzccatu7uk-00712-00154853-00155101 behaviors impossible for example have
+sPzccatu7uk-00713-00155102-00155269 you tried to use find in page if you're
+sPzccatu7uk-00714-00155270-00155449 using an infinite list I often find
+sPzccatu7uk-00715-00155450-00155632 myself going back to search for a tweet
+sPzccatu7uk-00716-00155633-00155794 that I made or someone else made some
+sPzccatu7uk-00717-00155795-00155965 time ago you can't search for things
+sPzccatu7uk-00718-00155966-00156118 that aren't actually in the Dom right
+sPzccatu7uk-00719-00156119-00156352 then this is obviously going to have
+sPzccatu7uk-00720-00156353-00156712 accessibility implications as well with
+sPzccatu7uk-00721-00156713-00156901 new low-level API s that were putting
+sPzccatu7uk-00722-00156902-00157087 into place like searchable invisible Dom
+sPzccatu7uk-00723-00157088-00157282 all of the sudden these things become
+sPzccatu7uk-00724-00157283-00157525 solvable and get addressed you'll hear
+sPzccatu7uk-00725-00157526-00157720 more about our collaborations with react
+sPzccatu7uk-00726-00157721-00158020 virtualized angular and Twitter in
+sPzccatu7uk-00727-00158021-00158350 Gray's talk a little later today all
+sPzccatu7uk-00728-00158351-00158497 right so that kind of brings us to the
+sPzccatu7uk-00729-00158498-00158709 end of our talk just kind of summarizing
+sPzccatu7uk-00730-00158710-00158953 we've been talking about our vision for
+sPzccatu7uk-00731-00158954-00159166 a framework inclusive web platform
+sPzccatu7uk-00732-00159167-00159502 future instant loading and page
+sPzccatu7uk-00733-00159503-00159652 transitions are coming to the web
+sPzccatu7uk-00734-00159653-00159835 especially if your designer get thinking
+sPzccatu7uk-00735-00159836-00159982 about what you're going to build with
+sPzccatu7uk-00736-00159983-00160105 that because it's going to be kind of
+sPzccatu7uk-00737-00160106-00160191 cool right
+sPzccatu7uk-00738-00160192-00160374 then we talked about a set of new
+sPzccatu7uk-00739-00160375-00160575 low-level API is making easier to build
+sPzccatu7uk-00740-00160576-00160761 reliably fast web apps and that's
+sPzccatu7uk-00741-00160762-00160965 especially true if frameworks have web
+sPzccatu7uk-00742-00160966-00161154 developers take advantage of them by
+sPzccatu7uk-00743-00161155-00161483 default thank you very much thank you
+sPzccatu7uk-00744-00161484-00162196 [Music]
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00000-00000021-00000241 so one of the cool features that my
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00001-00000242-00000463 drone has not a very useful feature per
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00002-00000465-00000674 se but one of the cool features I has is
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00003-00000675-00000875 the ability to do object detection and
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00004-00000876-00001070 rotation around an object so you'll see
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00005-00001071-00001190 here I'm gonna focus myself in the
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00006-00001191-00001378 screen but then tap on myself and you
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00007-00001379-00001544 can see the drone kind of focuses back
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00008-00001545-00001810 in on me at the center at this point I
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00009-00001811-00001960 touch the button to tell it to do a
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00010-00001961-00002209 rotation and it will now rotate around
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00011-00002210-00002546 me at 10 degrees permitted or whatever
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00012-00002547-00002714 the rate that I said is you can make it
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00013-00002715-00002957 go fast or slow it's a really fun
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00014-00002958-00003224 feature to play with now I'll admit it's
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00015-00003225-00003388 not a very useful one if you're shooting
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00016-00003389-00003509 a real film you'd have a videographer
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00017-00003510-00003692 who would control the drone rather than
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00018-00003693-00003869 just me but for someone used to doing
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00019-00003870-00004081 things solo this is just a really cool
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00020-00004082-00004331 way to get that canonical hero shot of
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00021-00004332-00004592 rotating around our hero it's not
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00022-00004593-00004784 perfect to kind of zooms in and out or
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00023-00004785-00005029 moves in and out it's it's not a perfect
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00024-00005030-00005402 bit but for someone who just likes to
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00025-00005403-00005693 use their drone to shoot cool shots I've
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00026-00005694-00005822 always really found this to be the
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00027-00005823-00006113 coolest feature on the DJI Matic Pro the
+sWWuqGi0RyQ-00028-00006114-00006469 drone that I picked up most recently
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00000-00000043-00000308 Cargill meat solutions as a division of
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00001-00000309-00000515 Cargill ink that comprises the company's
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00002-00000516-00000740 North American beef turkey foodservice
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00003-00000741-00001016 and food distribution businesses the
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00004-00001017-00001235 corporate office is located in Wichita
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00005-00001236-00001403 Kansas United States
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00006-00001404-00002111 Jody Horner is the divisions president
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00007-00002112-00002629 topic history
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00008-00002630-00002854 Cargill meat solutions history can be
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00009-00002855-00003133 traced to 1936 when Excel packing
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00010-00003134-00003490 company was formed in Chicago in 1941
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00011-00003490-00003811 the business moved to Wichita in 1970
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00012-00003811-00004039 Excel was incorporated as Kansas beef
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00013-00004040-00004366 industries in 1974 Kansas beef
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00014-00004367-00004554 industries merged with Missouri beef
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00015-00004555-00004801 packers and the company was renamed MVP
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00016-00004802-00005074 Excel reflecting the merged entity's MVP
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00017-00005075-00005304 for Missouri beef packers in Excel for
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00018-00005305-00005494 Kansas beef industries original name
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00019-00005495-00005959 Excel Cargill acquired MVP Excel in 1979
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00020-00005960-00006147 and the company's name was changed to
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00021-00006148-00006604 excel in 1982 in 1983 Excel purchased
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00022-00006605-00006820 Spencer beef from Land O'Lakes adding
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00023-00006820-00007108 plants in Spencer Iowa Oakland Iowa and
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00024-00007109-00007369 Schuyler Nebraska the sale was
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00025-00007370-00007579 challenged on antitrust concerns by a
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00026-00007580-00007806 smaller competitor Montford of Colorado
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00027-00007808-00008023 while montfort prevailed in lower courts
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00028-00008023-00008218 the Supreme Court of the United States
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00029-00008219-00008529 ruled in 1986 that the sale was legal in
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00030-00008530-00008779 1987 Xcel entered the pork processing
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00031-00008780-00008995 business when it acquired plants from
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00032-00008996-00009241 Hormel in Ottumwa Iowa and Oscar Mayer
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00033-00009242-00009624 in Beardstown Illinois in 2001 Xcel
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00034-00009625-00009852 purchased impact Foods a maker of cooked
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00035-00009853-00010063 meats deli meats frozen hamburger
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00036-00010064-00010266 patties and case ready ground beef in
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00037-00010267-00010534 2004 the divisions name was changed from
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00038-00010535-00010896 Excel to Cargill meat solutions in 2005
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00039-00010897-00011101 Cargill brought back the Excel name as a
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00040-00011102-00011388 brand for the divisions everyday meat
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00041-00011389-00011685 product line in July 2015 Cargill
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00042-00011686-00011869 announced it was selling its u.s. pork
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00043-00011870-00012238 processing business to JBS USA for 1.45
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00044-00012239-00012840 billion dollars
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00045-00012841-00013378 topic food safety
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00046-00013379-00013719 in October 2007 Cargill recalled nearly
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00047-00013720-00013933 eight hundred forty five thousand pounds
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00048-00013934-00014106 of ground beef after an outbreak of
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00049-00014107-00014475 e.coli o157 h7 occurred in North
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00050-00014476-00014778 Carolina in October 2002 the impact
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00051-00014779-00014986 meatpacking plant recalled two million
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00052-00014987-00015147 eight hundred thousand pounds of ground
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00053-00015148-00015399 beef also linked to an e.coli breakout M
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00054-00015400-00015694 PAC is owned by the Excel Corporation a
+sXSPIT2l1uQ-00055-00015694-00016038 subsidiary of Cargill
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00000-00000008-00000271 congratulations to cycle and its ivote
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00001-00000272-00000327 program
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00002-00000328-00000751 from australia ivote is a system that
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00003-00000752-00000950 allows blind voters and people with
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00004-00000951-00001054 disabilities
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00005-00001055-00001311 to vote online by using its web-based
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00006-00001312-00001374 platform
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00007-00001375-00001782 or via a phone using the keypad over 280
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00008-00001784-00002007 000 voters within new south wales
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00009-00002007-00002279 used the system in 2015 and it has been
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00010-00002280-00002510 replicated in western australia
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00011-00002511-00003175 as of 2017.
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00012-00003176-00003343 seidl is honored to receive this
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00013-00003344-00003567 recognition by the xero project
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00014-00003568-00003815 for the innovative i vote online voting
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00015-00003815-00003975 system we did for the state of new south
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00016-00003976-00004070 wales
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00017-00004071-00004367 for its accessibility and use and thank
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00018-00004368-00004438 you very much
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00019-00004439-00004591 to the xero project for the excellent
+sZVoPcFvi3Y-00020-00004592-00005984 event they have put on thank you
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00000-00000000-00001287 [Music]
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00001-00001288-00001439 why does falkville lift
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00002-00001440-00001702 weights listening to tonya tucker our
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00003-00001703-00001887 kids are real unique
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00004-00001888-00002007 and that's one thing i love about
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00005-00002007-00002215 fallville it is a unique place
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00006-00002216-00002431 first year head coach seth ward lets the
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00007-00002432-00002591 players control the ox
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00008-00002592-00002815 and really the atmosphere of practice
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00009-00002816-00002926 every day
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00010-00002927-00003118 we goof around a lot but we do hold each
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00011-00003119-00003279 other accountable when it does come i
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00012-00003279-00003327 mean
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00013-00003328-00003479 we goof around out in the practice field
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00014-00003479-00003638 and stuff like that but when it comes
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00015-00003639-00003815 down to it when the ball snap we're
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00016-00003815-00004047 all we're all in every single play
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00017-00004047-00004199 really just trying to be upbeat fun
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00018-00004200-00004327 energetic
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00019-00004328-00004479 make sure that the kids are working at a
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00020-00004480-00004670 really high tempo fast pace
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00021-00004671-00004870 and and that they're they're enjoying
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00022-00004871-00005047 themselves kaden burnett
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00023-00005048-00005263 is doing just that while learning the
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00024-00005264-00005486 quarterback position for the first time
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00025-00005487-00005743 he'll start there this year as a junior
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00026-00005744-00005934 the blue devils will have plenty of new
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00027-00005935-00006134 starters after only returning two from
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00028-00006135-00006222 2020.
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00029-00006223-00006311 i thought it was going to be a little
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00030-00006312-00006614 rough coming into the season but
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00031-00006615-00006814 our kids are putting a lot of work and i
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00032-00006815-00006934 like that a lot
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00033-00006936-00007198 coming off an 8-3 season where foxville
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00034-00007200-00007367 placed second in their region
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00035-00007368-00007623 plus a coaching change ward wants his
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00036-00007623-00007670 guys
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00037-00007672-00007967 approaching 2021 differently we're not
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00038-00007968-00008110 really thinking about last year at all i
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00039-00008111-00008231 really don't i really hope they're not
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00040-00008232-00008423 anyway i really think that we've kind of
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00041-00008424-00008599 looked at it with fresh eyes like last
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00042-00008600-00008695 year didn't even happen
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00043-00008696-00008951 the countdown is on for this new team
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00044-00008952-00009046 full of talent
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00045-00009047-00009239 to take the field under the friday night
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00046-00009240-00009455 lights with a lack and experience
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00047-00009456-00009703 they make up with team chemistry that
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00048-00009704-00009774 component
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00049-00009775-00010023 is why burnett thinks falkville is ready
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00050-00010024-00010231 for kickoff
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00051-00010232-00010335 i think it's really going to show when
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00052-00010336-00010471 we're going to we're going to show out
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00053-00010472-00010551 this year
+sb1Ci-_DcGQ-00054-00010552-00010975 in fallsville lyndon blake way 31 sports
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00000-00000173-00000383 legislative elections and local
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00001-00000384-00000559 elections were held in the Philippines
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00002-00000560-00000860 on May 14 2001 independent candidate
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00003-00000861-00001103 Noli de Castro a former television
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00004-00001104-00001366 anchor of TV patrol of abs-cbn was
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00005-00001367-00001609 announced as the top not sure this is
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00006-00001610-00001805 the first synchronized national and
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00007-00001805-00002009 local elections held after the ouster of
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00008-00002010-00002222 former president Joseph Estrada in
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00009-00002223-00002420 January due to a military backed
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00010-00002421-00002624 civilian uprising popularly known as
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00011-00002625-00003118 EDSA 2 On February 20th 2007 the Supreme
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00012-00003119-00003286 Court of the Philippines ruled that
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00013-00003288-00003506 former senator Gregorio Hondas and lost
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00014-00003507-00003749 in the 2001 Philippine elections and
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00015-00003750-00003970 lost to Senator Ralph recto the declared
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00016-00003971-00004193 constitutional the special election for
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00017-00004194-00004361 the remaining three year term of Tia
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00018-00004362-00004793 feasto Gwynn gonna major senatorial
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00019-00004794-00005113 candidates
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00020-00005114-00005726 other notable candidates note party
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00021-00005727-00005929 affiliation based on certificate of
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00022-00005930-00006987 candidacy results Senate
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00023-00006988-00007248 final Comelec tally for senators as of
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00024-00007248-00007713 August 30th 2001 carat one guest
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00025-00007714-00008199 candidate squared 18,000 votes deducted
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00026-00008200-00008412 from ralph directo from Zamboanga del
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00027-00008413-00009026 Norte as per resolution now NBC Oh 100 3
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00028-00009027-00009276 cubed elected to serve the unexpired
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00029-00009277-00009594 term until June 2004 of TF East O'Quinn
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00030-00009595-00009774 gonna junior who is appointed vice
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00031-00009775-00010435 president on February 2001 for coalition
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00032-00010436-00010716 asterisk xiii placed candidate will
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00033-00010717-00010982 serve for only three years
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00034-00010983-00011552 for party asterisk xiii placed candidate
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00035-00011553-00011823 will serve up to june 30th 2004 the
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00036-00011824-00011955 twelve candidates with the highest
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00037-00011956-00012171 number of votes will serve up to june
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00038-00012172-00012487 30th 2007
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00039-00012488-00012991 House of Representatives
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00040-00012991-00013755 see also Commission on Elections
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00041-00013756-00014191 politics of the Philippines Philippine
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00042-00014193-00014725 elections Philippine midterm election
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00043-00014726-00015187 12th Congress of the Philippines
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00044-00015188-00015929 references SW s media release accessed
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00045-00015930-00016919 on March 15 2007 external links official
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00046-00016920-00017311 website of the Commission on Elections
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00047-00017312-00017525 official website of the House of
+sc0aIgQTJaE-00048-00017526-00017804 Representatives
+se0sWCZbuQY-00000-00001528-00001710 once again we'd like to thank all of our
+se0sWCZbuQY-00001-00001711-00002032 coordination committee members
+sf794EElomY-00000-00000000-00000279 top 10 best diabetes exercises treatment
+sf794EElomY-00001-00000280-00000526 program workout in 2023
+sf794EElomY-00002-00000527-00000751 nowadays diabetes treatment has become a
+sf794EElomY-00003-00000752-00000950 common disease among people
+sf794EElomY-00004-00000951-00001135 it is caused due to mismanagement of
+sf794EElomY-00005-00001136-00001454 carbohydrate metabolism inside the body
+sf794EElomY-00006-00001455-00001630 diabetes is identified with the
+sf794EElomY-00007-00001632-00001807 excessive production of urine
+sf794EElomY-00008-00001807-00002023 hunger thirst and excessive loss of
+sf794EElomY-00009-00002023-00002215 weight blurred vision and delay in
+sf794EElomY-00010-00002216-00002318 healing of skin
+sf794EElomY-00011-00002319-00002607 repeated infection and excessive fatigue
+sf794EElomY-00012-00002608-00002815 diabetes has got a serious issue of
+sf794EElomY-00013-00002816-00002942 human health
+sf794EElomY-00014-00002943-00003166 it denotes sugar in blood and urine very
+sf794EElomY-00015-00003167-00003311 excessively
+sf794EElomY-00016-00003311-00003495 so when it comes to treatment of
+sf794EElomY-00017-00003496-00003679 diabetes the main concern should be
+sf794EElomY-00018-00003679-00003886 given to control blood sugar which is
+sf794EElomY-00019-00003887-00004103 main cause of diabetes
+sf794EElomY-00020-00004104-00004295 managing blood sugar as the stepping
+sf794EElomY-00021-00004296-00004583 stone of this diabetes treatment program
+sf794EElomY-00022-00004584-00004815 to remove the complications of diabetes
+sf794EElomY-00023-00004816-00005006 one must take it seriously and adopt
+sf794EElomY-00024-00005007-00005191 some good diet process or healthy
+sf794EElomY-00025-00005192-00005318 exercise
+sf794EElomY-00026-00005319-00005535 apart from doing so some take insulin
+sf794EElomY-00027-00005536-00005751 and any other type of medication program
+sf794EElomY-00028-00005752-00005959 to be cured to some extent
+sf794EElomY-00029-00005960-00006143 frequent testing of blood sugar can
+sf794EElomY-00030-00006144-00006327 denote you how much you have improved on
+sf794EElomY-00031-00006328-00006518 your part to manage suitable measure of
+sf794EElomY-00032-00006519-00006663 sugar in blood
+sf794EElomY-00033-00006664-00006855 it is very important to learn the right
+sf794EElomY-00034-00006856-00007046 range of glucose in blood and lessen
+sf794EElomY-00035-00007047-00007198 until you cannot have the idea
+sf794EElomY-00036-00007200-00007367 about the complication you're facing
+sf794EElomY-00037-00007368-00007534 about this disease
+sf794EElomY-00038-00007536-00007742 it depends on age mainly such as in
+sf794EElomY-00039-00007743-00007903 younger age assuming not much
+sf794EElomY-00040-00007904-00008070 complication as though the suitable
+sf794EElomY-00041-00008072-00008374 range of glucose is 80 to 120 milligrams
+sf794EElomY-00042-00008375-00008614 per deciliter and an older age it is 100
+sf794EElomY-00043-00008615-00008935 to 140 milligrams per deciliter
+sf794EElomY-00044-00008936-00009191 diabetes program includes some specific
+sf794EElomY-00045-00009192-00009367 self-treatments like having good and
+sf794EElomY-00046-00009368-00009463 suitable diet
+sf794EElomY-00047-00009464-00009678 having proper exercise maintaining
+sf794EElomY-00048-00009679-00009878 healthy weight and medication
+sf794EElomY-00049-00009879-00010087 when it is about good and suitable diet
+sf794EElomY-00050-00010088-00010295 it does not make any suggestion to take
+sf794EElomY-00051-00010296-00010446 all dull food which are not of your
+sf794EElomY-00052-00010447-00010631 interest rather it denotes to have more
+sf794EElomY-00053-00010632-00010695 fruits
+sf794EElomY-00054-00010696-00010871 vegetables and grains that means you
+sf794EElomY-00055-00010872-00011038 should be conscious in taking the foods
+sf794EElomY-00056-00011039-00011223 of high nutrition and lower fat and
+sf794EElomY-00057-00011224-00011342 calories
+sf794EElomY-00058-00011343-00011574 avoid taking sweets and animal products
+sf794EElomY-00059-00011575-00011710 with no limit
+sf794EElomY-00060-00011711-00011935 the main part of this diabetes treatment
+sf794EElomY-00061-00011936-00012119 program is that you own self should be
+sf794EElomY-00062-00012120-00012246 challenging in this task
+sf794EElomY-00063-00012247-00012423 otherwise this program will be harder
+sf794EElomY-00064-00012424-00012719 enough consult any dietitian about meal
+sf794EElomY-00065-00012720-00012799 plan and try
+sf794EElomY-00066-00012800-00012991 to maintain it at the fixed times every
+sf794EElomY-00067-00012991-00013151 day with same amount according to your
+sf794EElomY-00068-00013152-00013286 diet plan
+sf794EElomY-00069-00013287-00013503 on the part of having proper exercise
+sf794EElomY-00070-00013504-00013686 you should be cautious about all aerobic
+sf794EElomY-00071-00013687-00013822 exercises
+sf794EElomY-00072-00013823-00014038 in this diabetes treatment program you
+sf794EElomY-00073-00014040-00014222 can make your choices among the daily
+sf794EElomY-00074-00014223-00014438 exercises like doing morning or evening
+sf794EElomY-00075-00014440-00014486 walk
+sf794EElomY-00076-00014487-00014822 jogging hiking outside at home biking
+sf794EElomY-00077-00014823-00015015 swimming and any other exercises of
+sf794EElomY-00078-00015016-00015166 heart and lungs
+sf794EElomY-00079-00015168-00015358 remember giving consistency to your
+sf794EElomY-00080-00015359-00015479 exercise process
+sf794EElomY-00081-00015480-00015671 is very important to get the best result
+sf794EElomY-00082-00015672-00015886 through it try to maintain weight
+sf794EElomY-00083-00015887-00016086 according to your activity level and age
+sf794EElomY-00084-00016087-00016271 because overweight is dangerous factor
+sf794EElomY-00085-00016272-00016415 which help to make your cells more
+sf794EElomY-00086-00016416-00016591 resistant to insulin
+sf794EElomY-00087-00016592-00016791 making suitable weight loss plan and
+sf794EElomY-00088-00016792-00016950 going according to that can make its
+sf794EElomY-00089-00016951-00017150 result more effectively
+sf794EElomY-00090-00017151-00017358 sometimes medication takes a very
+sf794EElomY-00091-00017359-00017550 important role in case where it is found
+sf794EElomY-00092-00017551-00017743 that good dieting and exercise are not
+sf794EElomY-00093-00017744-00017919 fulfilling a purpose
+sf794EElomY-00094-00017920-00018150 this type of diabetes program includes
+sf794EElomY-00095-00018151-00018414 the insert of insulin as per requirement
+sf794EElomY-00096-00018415-00018607 as it can't be taken in form of pill
+sf794EElomY-00097-00018608-00018814 some people have it injected by syringe
+sf794EElomY-00098-00018815-00019022 or some have it with insulin pump
+sf794EElomY-00099-00019023-00019255 so now it is very clear that diabetes is
+sf794EElomY-00100-00019256-00019455 always manageable if the sufferer give a
+sf794EElomY-00101-00019456-00019679 serious daily attention to it
+sf794EElomY-00102-00019680-00019903 although diabetes stands for life-long
+sf794EElomY-00103-00019904-00020094 suffering yet it never means the end of
+sf794EElomY-00104-00020095-00020207 your life
+sf794EElomY-00105-00020208-00020350 you just have to remember that the
+sf794EElomY-00106-00020351-00020558 disease will be in your control only and
+sf794EElomY-00107-00020559-00020727 only if you are self-disciplined for
+sf794EElomY-00108-00020728-00020894 your each and every step of treatment
+sf794EElomY-00109-00020895-00021007 program
+sf794EElomY-00110-00021008-00021239 disclaimer this information is not
+sf794EElomY-00111-00021240-00021447 presented by a medical practitioner and
+sf794EElomY-00112-00021448-00021630 is for educational and informational
+sf794EElomY-00113-00021631-00021791 purposes only
+sf794EElomY-00114-00021792-00021983 the content is not intended to be a
+sf794EElomY-00115-00021984-00022167 substitute for professional medical
+sf794EElomY-00116-00022168-00022230 advice
+sf794EElomY-00117-00022231-00022535 diagnosis or treatment always seek the
+sf794EElomY-00118-00022536-00022599 advice of your
+sf794EElomY-00119-00022600-00022814 physician or other qualified health care
+sf794EElomY-00120-00022815-00022999 provider with any questions you may have
+sf794EElomY-00121-00023000-00023214 regarding a medical condition
+sf794EElomY-00122-00023215-00023422 never disregard professional medical
+sf794EElomY-00123-00023423-00023622 advice or delay in seeking it because of
+sf794EElomY-00124-00023623-00023791 something you have read
+sf794EElomY-00125-00023792-00024030 since natural and or dietary supplements
+sf794EElomY-00126-00024031-00024214 are not fda approved they must be
+sf794EElomY-00127-00024215-00024422 accompanied by a two-part disclaimer on
+sf794EElomY-00128-00024423-00024535 the product label
+sf794EElomY-00129-00024536-00024678 that the statement has not been
+sf794EElomY-00130-00024679-00024919 evaluated by fda and that the product is
+sf794EElomY-00131-00024920-00025094 not intended to diagnose
+sf794EElomY-00132-00025095-00025568 treat cure or prevent any disease
+sfZutO6YYhU-00000-00000122-00000726 [Music]
+sfZutO6YYhU-00001-00000727-00000950 hello welcome to the e4 m talk show our
+sfZutO6YYhU-00002-00000951-00001174 guest today is mr puneet gupta digital
+sfZutO6YYhU-00003-00001175-00001391 business and marketing head personal
+sfZutO6YYhU-00004-00001392-00001591 wealth edelweiss wealth management
+sfZutO6YYhU-00005-00001592-00001839 welcome to the show mr puneet
+sfZutO6YYhU-00006-00001839-00002047 yeah very good afternoon kanchan thank
+sfZutO6YYhU-00007-00002048-00002350 you very much to have me on the show
+sfZutO6YYhU-00008-00002351-00002526 you have launched a new digital campaign
+sfZutO6YYhU-00009-00002527-00002775 recently don't waste invest
+sfZutO6YYhU-00010-00002776-00002975 consumer market companies must be pissed
+sfZutO6YYhU-00011-00002976-00003150 off i mean
+sfZutO6YYhU-00012-00003151-00003295 do you think that your campaign will be
+sfZutO6YYhU-00013-00003296-00003543 able to distract people from offers and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00014-00003544-00003790 discounts
+sfZutO6YYhU-00015-00003792-00003975 so they're two questions
+sfZutO6YYhU-00016-00003976-00004311 yeah so i so i'll try to answer it you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00017-00004312-00004606 know uh so frankly speaking when we made
+sfZutO6YYhU-00018-00004607-00004935 this campaign okay uh our target was not
+sfZutO6YYhU-00019-00004936-00005254 the you know uh consumer fmcg companies
+sfZutO6YYhU-00020-00005255-00005470 or something like that okay so they are
+sfZutO6YYhU-00021-00005471-00005622 they are giants in terms of you know
+sfZutO6YYhU-00022-00005623-00005822 marketing spends in terms in comparison
+sfZutO6YYhU-00023-00005823-00006006 to any financial services company you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00024-00006007-00006254 know in terms of expense in the market
+sfZutO6YYhU-00025-00006255-00006454 however you know uh now
+sfZutO6YYhU-00026-00006455-00006695 frankly speaking okay uh the whole
+sfZutO6YYhU-00027-00006695-00006934 objective in genesis was when we were
+sfZutO6YYhU-00028-00006936-00007078 building and we were getting the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00029-00007079-00007255 consumer insights when we were doing the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00030-00007256-00007446 consumer research
+sfZutO6YYhU-00031-00007447-00007623 the most important thing which comes
+sfZutO6YYhU-00032-00007623-00007806 when it comes to you know creating
+sfZutO6YYhU-00033-00007808-00008134 wealth or investing is people are scared
+sfZutO6YYhU-00034-00008136-00008383 people say that it's very risky to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00035-00008384-00008551 invest okay
+sfZutO6YYhU-00036-00008552-00008774 second thing which generally is an
+sfZutO6YYhU-00037-00008775-00008942 excuse all of us give you know when we
+sfZutO6YYhU-00038-00008943-00009110 are in inertia when we don't want to do
+sfZutO6YYhU-00039-00009111-00009359 something we generally give an excuse
+sfZutO6YYhU-00040-00009360-00009655 that we don't have enough money
+sfZutO6YYhU-00041-00009656-00009735 okay
+sfZutO6YYhU-00042-00009736-00010006 now when we are looking at this inside
+sfZutO6YYhU-00043-00010007-00010303 of the consumer we went ahead and did a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00044-00010304-00010495 lot of research and we spoke to you know
+sfZutO6YYhU-00045-00010496-00010695 and we we put our brains together and we
+sfZutO6YYhU-00046-00010696-00010855 said okay
+sfZutO6YYhU-00047-00010856-00011119 well this is true that you know markets
+sfZutO6YYhU-00048-00011120-00011255 may be risky for some of your
+sfZutO6YYhU-00049-00011256-00011446 investments for that matter may be risky
+sfZutO6YYhU-00050-00011447-00011599 for somebody who doesn't understand who
+sfZutO6YYhU-00051-00011600-00011742 doesn't have a discipline of investing
+sfZutO6YYhU-00052-00011743-00011878 in the markets
+sfZutO6YYhU-00053-00011879-00012110 well point taken but when it comes to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00054-00012111-00012335 shopping impulsive shopping
+sfZutO6YYhU-00055-00012336-00012542 are you like you know really careful
+sfZutO6YYhU-00056-00012543-00012774 about it like when there is an offer you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00057-00012775-00013055 know buy to get free free maybe i had i
+sfZutO6YYhU-00058-00013056-00013294 need only two shirts i'll go up and end
+sfZutO6YYhU-00059-00013295-00013575 up buying five okay so the question came
+sfZutO6YYhU-00060-00013576-00013799 and you know our team started saying is
+sfZutO6YYhU-00061-00013800-00014071 it really true that your money is safe
+sfZutO6YYhU-00062-00014072-00014230 with you so that's how the whole
+sfZutO6YYhU-00063-00014231-00014422 campaign got generated that we talk
+sfZutO6YYhU-00064-00014423-00014566 about you know when it comes to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00065-00014568-00014847 investing that it's not safe but frankly
+sfZutO6YYhU-00066-00014847-00015127 speaking the the most risky thing is
+sfZutO6YYhU-00067-00015128-00015391 that our money is not safe with us
+sfZutO6YYhU-00068-00015391-00015583 because when it comes to impulse when it
+sfZutO6YYhU-00069-00015584-00015766 comes to discounts when it comes to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00070-00015768-00015999 shopping we just end up spending more
+sfZutO6YYhU-00071-00016000-00016247 than enough okay and that's how the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00072-00016247-00016430 whole campaign got created and the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00073-00016431-00016607 second thing is as i said you know
+sfZutO6YYhU-00074-00016608-00016871 people say i don't have enough money now
+sfZutO6YYhU-00075-00016872-00017143 if i end up spending more impulsively if
+sfZutO6YYhU-00076-00017144-00017422 i do those small savings it can actually
+sfZutO6YYhU-00077-00017423-00017575 you know we you know
+sfZutO6YYhU-00078-00017576-00017783 a lot of forums all wealth managers talk
+sfZutO6YYhU-00079-00017784-00018094 about it the impact of compounding so if
+sfZutO6YYhU-00080-00018095-00018335 small investments made regularly over a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00081-00018336-00018630 period of time can actually help you buy
+sfZutO6YYhU-00082-00018631-00018863 x number of many shirts or trousers
+sfZutO6YYhU-00083-00018864-00018999 which you bought in the shopping in the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00084-00019000-00019207 impulse so frankly speaking when we
+sfZutO6YYhU-00085-00019208-00019527 created this concept it was purely based
+sfZutO6YYhU-00086-00019528-00019758 on the insights from the consumer not to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00087-00019759-00020007 take on the biggies on the fmcg
+sfZutO6YYhU-00088-00020008-00020263 you know in terms of creating an ad
+sfZutO6YYhU-00089-00020264-00020463 which was against them in terms of a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00090-00020464-00020647 campaign
+sfZutO6YYhU-00091-00020648-00020886 so one thing uh your campaigns are you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00092-00020887-00021103 know i suppose largely based on digital
+sfZutO6YYhU-00093-00021104-00021311 platforms including i think you planned
+sfZutO6YYhU-00094-00021312-00021575 on to launch it on ott also
+sfZutO6YYhU-00095-00021576-00021791 so this shifting wealth management
+sfZutO6YYhU-00096-00021792-00022055 campaign from traditional medium to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00097-00022056-00022286 digital platforms is remarkable
+sfZutO6YYhU-00098-00022287-00022614 so is it to expand the reach to younger
+sfZutO6YYhU-00099-00022615-00022750 population
+sfZutO6YYhU-00100-00022751-00022958 or is it for you know better impact and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00101-00022959-00023199 roi that digital platforms offer or
+sfZutO6YYhU-00102-00023200-00023422 maybe both
+sfZutO6YYhU-00103-00023423-00023494 see
+sfZutO6YYhU-00104-00023495-00023807 so partially it is both okay but if you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00105-00023808-00024071 look at it the trend is changing now the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00106-00024072-00024358 way markets are evolving okay
+sfZutO6YYhU-00107-00024359-00024494 initially you know
+sfZutO6YYhU-00108-00024495-00024783 in the yester years okay tv was the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00109-00024784-00024983 medium then people thought in financial
+sfZutO6YYhU-00110-00024984-00025214 services pink paper is the medium and i
+sfZutO6YYhU-00111-00025215-00025399 i'm not taking away they are the mediums
+sfZutO6YYhU-00112-00025400-00025646 today also but the way market is growing
+sfZutO6YYhU-00113-00025647-00025878 it's large you know influence of the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00114-00025879-00026078 digital platforms because
+sfZutO6YYhU-00115-00026079-00026279 you know if you like if you look at the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00116-00026280-00026511 research around two and a half hours
+sfZutO6YYhU-00117-00026512-00026735 every indian who is using the smartphone
+sfZutO6YYhU-00118-00026736-00026974 spends on on on you know these digital
+sfZutO6YYhU-00119-00026975-00027255 platforms on a social media today so you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00120-00027256-00027511 get that sort of an attention number one
+sfZutO6YYhU-00121-00027512-00027846 second digital marketing helps you to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00122-00027847-00028070 basically talk to your customers in
+sfZutO6YYhU-00123-00028072-00028343 different segments which you know the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00124-00028344-00028583 other above the line mediums don't allow
+sfZutO6YYhU-00125-00028583-00028902 you so if i do a tv ad it's generic tv
+sfZutO6YYhU-00126-00028904-00029190 adam right but if i am talking so if i
+sfZutO6YYhU-00127-00029191-00029414 want to talk to a specific age group say
+sfZutO6YYhU-00128-00029416-00029743 from an age group from 30 to 40 45 who
+sfZutO6YYhU-00129-00029744-00029935 are basically you know uh
+sfZutO6YYhU-00130-00029936-00030151 who who have actually you know started
+sfZutO6YYhU-00131-00030152-00030414 earning well uh and who are moving into
+sfZutO6YYhU-00132-00030416-00030670 the next level of effluence and who are
+sfZutO6YYhU-00133-00030672-00030951 spending more so i can have a very
+sfZutO6YYhU-00134-00030952-00031231 targeted conversation with that segment
+sfZutO6YYhU-00135-00031232-00031462 using the digital platforms which is not
+sfZutO6YYhU-00136-00031463-00031687 possible on above the line platforms or
+sfZutO6YYhU-00137-00031688-00031967 maybe or a newspaper or a tv but so so
+sfZutO6YYhU-00138-00031968-00032174 frankly spring that's one second as you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00139-00032175-00032439 write we said you know if uh something
+sfZutO6YYhU-00140-00032439-00032687 which you can do very targeted if it can
+sfZutO6YYhU-00141-00032688-00032855 actually be
+sfZutO6YYhU-00142-00032856-00033071 we can build up those cohorts and and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00143-00033072-00033302 speak to those customers and interact
+sfZutO6YYhU-00144-00033303-00033583 with them uh very uh one-on-one basis
+sfZutO6YYhU-00145-00033584-00033727 okay when i say one-on-one basis
+sfZutO6YYhU-00146-00033728-00033895 digitally when you are you know on their
+sfZutO6YYhU-00147-00033896-00034087 phone you are interacting with them so
+sfZutO6YYhU-00148-00034088-00034390 your roi also improves
+sfZutO6YYhU-00149-00034391-00034583 in the recent ipl you know media rights
+sfZutO6YYhU-00150-00034584-00034783 option you might have seen that tv and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00151-00034784-00035039 digital rights are sold off for almost
+sfZutO6YYhU-00152-00035040-00035271 equal amount so
+sfZutO6YYhU-00153-00035272-00035423 i mean do you think that digital
+sfZutO6YYhU-00154-00035424-00035646 advertising will continue to grow and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00155-00035647-00035918 even surpass the tv in next few years i
+sfZutO6YYhU-00156-00035919-00036207 mean in general not only ip
+sfZutO6YYhU-00157-00036208-00036455 yeah so so a very good question uh so
+sfZutO6YYhU-00158-00036456-00036671 i'll tell you what will happen attention
+sfZutO6YYhU-00159-00036672-00036999 uh i think you know the way market is
+sfZutO6YYhU-00160-00037000-00037262 going to grow exponentially there will
+sfZutO6YYhU-00161-00037263-00037471 be a market for everybody and it will
+sfZutO6YYhU-00162-00037472-00037783 grow for all the channels i i i i don't
+sfZutO6YYhU-00163-00037784-00037990 think that it will actually degrow for
+sfZutO6YYhU-00164-00037991-00038311 either tv or holdings or above the line
+sfZutO6YYhU-00165-00038312-00038574 other activities or for papers
+sfZutO6YYhU-00166-00038575-00038871 but i personally believe okay digital
+sfZutO6YYhU-00167-00038872-00039071 platforms will grow faster than the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00168-00039072-00039223 other mediums
+sfZutO6YYhU-00169-00039224-00039439 the reason being the penetration of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00170-00039440-00039551 internet
+sfZutO6YYhU-00171-00039552-00039799 and if you look at globally uh you know
+sfZutO6YYhU-00172-00039800-00040118 internet rates data is cheapest in india
+sfZutO6YYhU-00173-00040119-00040399 now that allows you basically to spend
+sfZutO6YYhU-00174-00040400-00040702 more time okay on on all these social
+sfZutO6YYhU-00175-00040703-00040943 platforms so what is happening because
+sfZutO6YYhU-00176-00040944-00041167 of that and you know uh so example you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00177-00041168-00041343 take okay if there's somebody in a tier
+sfZutO6YYhU-00178-00041344-00041558 2 tier 3 city so i'm not trying to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00179-00041559-00041711 actually promote or do you promote a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00180-00041712-00041935 specific platform but i'm just trying to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00181-00041936-00042183 give you a perspective okay if you have
+sfZutO6YYhU-00182-00042184-00042455 a tier two or tier three city okay if
+sfZutO6YYhU-00183-00042456-00042679 somebody is working he gets only two
+sfZutO6YYhU-00184-00042680-00042855 hours in the evening to maybe watch the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00185-00042856-00042951 tv
+sfZutO6YYhU-00186-00042952-00043190 okay or he will watch the tv when it is
+sfZutO6YYhU-00187-00043191-00043367 an ipl match or something like that
+sfZutO6YYhU-00188-00043368-00043535 because the whole day he may be working
+sfZutO6YYhU-00189-00043536-00043727 either in a shop or maybe working with
+sfZutO6YYhU-00190-00043728-00043871 some corporate
+sfZutO6YYhU-00191-00043872-00044174 however you know because of penetration
+sfZutO6YYhU-00192-00044175-00044439 and smartphones in india now mobile is
+sfZutO6YYhU-00193-00044440-00044607 in your pocket every time you can
+sfZutO6YYhU-00194-00044608-00044799 actually watch it for half an hour while
+sfZutO6YYhU-00195-00044800-00044958 you're having your lunch you can
+sfZutO6YYhU-00196-00044959-00045151 actually watch it maybe while driving to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00197-00045152-00045471 the office coming back and you will also
+sfZutO6YYhU-00198-00045472-00045607 watch it in the evening when you come
+sfZutO6YYhU-00199-00045608-00045990 back to home so so so your your spa
+sfZutO6YYhU-00200-00045991-00046199 your chances of getting the span and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00201-00046200-00046502 attention of a user are much higher when
+sfZutO6YYhU-00202-00046503-00046790 you use digital platforms first second
+sfZutO6YYhU-00203-00046791-00047030 digital platform allow you to talk to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00204-00047031-00047230 the customers you can actually create
+sfZutO6YYhU-00205-00047231-00047446 different personas of the customers okay
+sfZutO6YYhU-00206-00047447-00047590 so there can be multiple personas
+sfZutO6YYhU-00207-00047591-00047855 created and i can have a very targeted
+sfZutO6YYhU-00208-00047856-00048102 conversation with the specific set of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00209-00048103-00048335 customers using digital which is not
+sfZutO6YYhU-00210-00048336-00048630 possible in other maybe say or for for
+sfZutO6YYhU-00211-00048631-00048855 tv or for a for a newspaper sort of a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00212-00048856-00049174 medium however as i said everything will
+sfZutO6YYhU-00213-00049175-00049351 have its own place it will continue to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00214-00049352-00049655 grow so likely as you likely said in ipl
+sfZutO6YYhU-00215-00049656-00049862 you know the rights have sold because
+sfZutO6YYhU-00216-00049863-00050183 ipl still has its own own attraction
+sfZutO6YYhU-00217-00050184-00050390 people watch it on a tv people want to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00218-00050391-00050662 go in a bar must want to watch a tv on a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00219-00050663-00050862 large screen want to have a have a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00220-00050863-00051158 coffee or a drink along with it so that
+sfZutO6YYhU-00221-00051159-00051287 can never be replaced by the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00222-00051288-00051479 distribution but if you want to have a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00223-00051479-00051735 very specific target based conversation
+sfZutO6YYhU-00224-00051736-00051999 one to one and if you want to build
+sfZutO6YYhU-00225-00052000-00052158 personas of different customers have
+sfZutO6YYhU-00226-00052159-00052366 those cohorts and talk to them i think
+sfZutO6YYhU-00227-00052367-00052591 digital play is much better
+sfZutO6YYhU-00228-00052591-00052838 i would also like to know from you what
+sfZutO6YYhU-00229-00052839-00053103 are the new marketing trends in the bfsi
+sfZutO6YYhU-00230-00053104-00053479 space in general and in edelweiss wealth
+sfZutO6YYhU-00231-00053479-00053599 management
+sfZutO6YYhU-00232-00053600-00053735 in particular
+sfZutO6YYhU-00233-00053736-00053926 i mean asking this question because i
+sfZutO6YYhU-00234-00053927-00054166 suppose the sales and marketing is bit
+sfZutO6YYhU-00235-00054167-00054335 tough in this space you know compared to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00236-00054336-00054630 the consumer
+sfZutO6YYhU-00237-00054632-00054950 yeah yeah sure so i'll tell you uh so
+sfZutO6YYhU-00238-00054951-00055159 you know thanks to kobit
+sfZutO6YYhU-00239-00055160-00055423 okay uh a lot has changed in terms of a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00240-00055424-00055687 consumer behaviors as you likely said in
+sfZutO6YYhU-00241-00055688-00055887 financial services it is a lot about
+sfZutO6YYhU-00242-00055888-00056142 educating the customer okay everyone
+sfZutO6YYhU-00243-00056144-00056350 doesn't understand uh investing is a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00244-00056351-00056542 little complex specifically if you look
+sfZutO6YYhU-00245-00056544-00056750 from one outside world okay it may be
+sfZutO6YYhU-00246-00056751-00056950 very easy once you start learning about
+sfZutO6YYhU-00247-00056951-00057111 it but from an outside world it's a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00248-00057112-00057303 complex world right as you rightly said
+sfZutO6YYhU-00249-00057304-00057487 it's very easy for somebody to choose a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00250-00057488-00057742 shirt or go and buy a grocery but it
+sfZutO6YYhU-00251-00057744-00057911 looks very complex to somebody if he has
+sfZutO6YYhU-00252-00057912-00058142 to start investing or saving money
+sfZutO6YYhU-00253-00058144-00058375 now what happens thanks to as i said
+sfZutO6YYhU-00254-00058376-00058559 thanks to covet a lot of consumer
+sfZutO6YYhU-00255-00058560-00058719 behavior has changed and it has made
+sfZutO6YYhU-00256-00058720-00058966 life much easier for people like us in
+sfZutO6YYhU-00257-00058967-00059238 wealth management okay now i'll tell you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00258-00059239-00059487 earlier we used to do a lot of events
+sfZutO6YYhU-00259-00059488-00059679 which used to be offline and you know
+sfZutO6YYhU-00260-00059679-00059838 you were not sure how many people will
+sfZutO6YYhU-00261-00059839-00059999 come attend those events because you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00262-00060000-00060175 want to just educate or launch a new
+sfZutO6YYhU-00263-00060176-00060342 product and explain the features of the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00264-00060344-00060438 product
+sfZutO6YYhU-00265-00060439-00060566 but now
+sfZutO6YYhU-00266-00060567-00060799 you know as i said thanks to kovit the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00267-00060800-00061047 behavior has changed now people can come
+sfZutO6YYhU-00268-00061048-00061319 on webinars you can do multiple webinars
+sfZutO6YYhU-00269-00061320-00061519 you can explain your products you can
+sfZutO6YYhU-00270-00061520-00061838 speak to specific set of consumer with a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00271-00061839-00062023 specific set of a product or a feature
+sfZutO6YYhU-00272-00062024-00062254 who you think within your data or within
+sfZutO6YYhU-00273-00062255-00062471 your consumer base can be spoken about
+sfZutO6YYhU-00274-00062472-00062694 that specific product so example we have
+sfZutO6YYhU-00275-00062695-00062935 a million plus customers so i have a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00276-00062936-00063150 specific product which only shoots to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00277-00063151-00063447 say 10 000 people in my my base i will
+sfZutO6YYhU-00278-00063448-00063638 invite those 10 000 people on a webinar
+sfZutO6YYhU-00279-00063639-00063830 explain them how the feature in the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00280-00063832-00064079 product works so first is webinars so
+sfZutO6YYhU-00281-00064079-00064342 that is catching up it helps educate the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00282-00064344-00064599 indus the clients it helps to speak to a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00283-00064600-00064791 specific cohort of customers within your
+sfZutO6YYhU-00284-00064791-00065054 existing place number one number two i i
+sfZutO6YYhU-00285-00065055-00065342 am seeing a great trend in whatsapp
+sfZutO6YYhU-00286-00065344-00065535 so what's happening whatsapp is becoming
+sfZutO6YYhU-00287-00065536-00065782 a new feature though it is encrypted so
+sfZutO6YYhU-00288-00065783-00065959 it is quite you know in that way
+sfZutO6YYhU-00289-00065960-00066175 controlled it is not open
+sfZutO6YYhU-00290-00066176-00066359 platform where you can do the marketing
+sfZutO6YYhU-00291-00066360-00066663 but it is used to help consumer
+sfZutO6YYhU-00292-00066664-00066782 basically
+sfZutO6YYhU-00293-00066783-00066975 service the consumer better a lot of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00294-00066976-00067206 bots have been built now on whatsapp it
+sfZutO6YYhU-00295-00067207-00067399 helps consumer to basically get the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00296-00067400-00067703 service uh you know on a fly with a with
+sfZutO6YYhU-00297-00067704-00068111 a touch of just a finger it also helps
+sfZutO6YYhU-00298-00068112-00068359 generate an entrant in interest about a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00299-00068360-00068575 product so if i have explained a product
+sfZutO6YYhU-00300-00068576-00068855 you create a you know a specific set of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00301-00068856-00069063 a bot and it can help you generate the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00302-00069064-00069255 intent of a customer okay without
+sfZutO6YYhU-00303-00069256-00069438 interfering into his life otherwise
+sfZutO6YYhU-00304-00069439-00069687 somebody used to call a customer he used
+sfZutO6YYhU-00305-00069688-00069950 to feel included now all that is gone
+sfZutO6YYhU-00306-00069951-00070335 okay so webinars whatsapp bots whatsapp
+sfZutO6YYhU-00307-00070336-00070599 okay your social platforms remarketing
+sfZutO6YYhU-00308-00070600-00070782 display all that helps you know if a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00309-00070783-00070975 customer has come to your website he has
+sfZutO6YYhU-00310-00070976-00071191 looked at that specific thing as you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00311-00071192-00071423 rightly said you know it's not as easy
+sfZutO6YYhU-00312-00071424-00071655 as in a consumer marketing thing happens
+sfZutO6YYhU-00313-00071656-00071847 but you can actually keep showing the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00314-00071848-00072023 consumer and keep generating the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00315-00072024-00072238 interest from a consumer so i think a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00316-00072239-00072487 lot of so i was just you know looking at
+sfZutO6YYhU-00317-00072488-00072743 a new trend has come which email that's
+sfZutO6YYhU-00318-00072744-00073038 called amp okay automated mobile
+sfZutO6YYhU-00319-00073039-00073135 uh
+sfZutO6YYhU-00320-00073136-00073255 something uh
+sfZutO6YYhU-00321-00073256-00073615 i just have the name
+sfZutO6YYhU-00322-00073616-00073950 ah automatic automatic mobile pg's okay
+sfZutO6YYhU-00323-00073951-00074175 now this is something very new okay
+sfZutO6YYhU-00324-00074176-00074462 where it it is not a bot but it works
+sfZutO6YYhU-00325-00074463-00074694 like a whatsapp where you have an email
+sfZutO6YYhU-00326-00074695-00074887 which is interactive
+sfZutO6YYhU-00327-00074888-00075094 okay and you can generate the interest
+sfZutO6YYhU-00328-00075095-00075238 on it you can actually showcase the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00329-00075239-00075543 entire product infographics and a long
+sfZutO6YYhU-00330-00075544-00075719 email can be actually captured into a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00331-00075720-00075911 small email where you know you can have
+sfZutO6YYhU-00332-00075912-00076111 have sections which can open as an
+sfZutO6YYhU-00333-00076112-00076294 interactive conversation which happens
+sfZutO6YYhU-00334-00076295-00076479 so i'm saying a lot of innovation is
+sfZutO6YYhU-00335-00076480-00076623 happening in the industry a lot of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00336-00076624-00076831 things are coming up so these all
+sfZutO6YYhU-00337-00076832-00077087 mediums are helping you know reach out
+sfZutO6YYhU-00338-00077088-00077319 to the consumer without including his
+sfZutO6YYhU-00339-00077320-00077599 privacy or a time okay and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00340-00077600-00077799 a consumer can choose okay which
+sfZutO6YYhU-00341-00077800-00077999 platform he wants to use what sort of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00342-00078000-00078215 information he wants to use and then in
+sfZutO6YYhU-00343-00078216-00078423 the in the back end we are using a lot
+sfZutO6YYhU-00344-00078424-00078662 of data analytics okay okay so now you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00345-00078663-00078767 are
+sfZutO6YYhU-00346-00078768-00078982 you know you are giving an omni omni
+sfZutO6YYhU-00347-00078983-00079215 channel experience to the customer he
+sfZutO6YYhU-00348-00079216-00079399 can be connected on the phone he can be
+sfZutO6YYhU-00349-00079400-00079575 connected on the whatsapp he can be
+sfZutO6YYhU-00350-00079576-00079911 messaging on on in-app notifications on
+sfZutO6YYhU-00351-00079912-00080223 the app on your mobile app and email all
+sfZutO6YYhU-00352-00080224-00080335 these things are available to the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00353-00080336-00080438 customer
+sfZutO6YYhU-00354-00080439-00080743 now data analytics helps us find out
+sfZutO6YYhU-00355-00080744-00081015 consumer is what is his
+sfZutO6YYhU-00356-00081016-00081223 favorable mode of communication so
+sfZutO6YYhU-00357-00081224-00081471 somebody who is good at maybe
+sfZutO6YYhU-00358-00081472-00081703 notifications somebody is good at you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00359-00081704-00081775 know
+sfZutO6YYhU-00360-00081776-00081999 or read a lot of whatsapp messages
+sfZutO6YYhU-00361-00082000-00082247 somebody basically prefer to read emails
+sfZutO6YYhU-00362-00082248-00082511 so we look at it holistically okay a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00363-00082512-00082815 consumer and then we try to optimize so
+sfZutO6YYhU-00364-00082816-00082991 if your behavior is that you only
+sfZutO6YYhU-00365-00082992-00083271 respond to whatsapp i will try not spam
+sfZutO6YYhU-00366-00083272-00083503 you but communicate only on whatsapp
+sfZutO6YYhU-00367-00083504-00083743 somebody like me who may be you know
+sfZutO6YYhU-00368-00083744-00083999 old school and still read emails i will
+sfZutO6YYhU-00369-00084000-00084175 basically communicate with you on ebay
+sfZutO6YYhU-00370-00084176-00084455 so that's what happens so we optimize we
+sfZutO6YYhU-00371-00084456-00084718 we do not spam too much you know uh to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00372-00084719-00084887 the consumer by communicating from all
+sfZutO6YYhU-00373-00084888-00085079 the angles and that is how i think
+sfZutO6YYhU-00374-00085080-00085279 digital marketing is becoming sharper by
+sfZutO6YYhU-00375-00085280-00085526 the day and i believe as the market
+sfZutO6YYhU-00376-00085527-00085750 grows and if you look at global trends
+sfZutO6YYhU-00377-00085751-00085903 there will be a lot of innovation which
+sfZutO6YYhU-00378-00085904-00086126 will keep coming in this
+sfZutO6YYhU-00379-00086127-00086206 so
+sfZutO6YYhU-00380-00086207-00086406 you are catering to uh you know
+sfZutO6YYhU-00381-00086407-00086662 wealthiest families in india and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00382-00086663-00086959 high net worth individuals so how are
+sfZutO6YYhU-00383-00086960-00087126 you leveraging new tools in the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00384-00087127-00087271 marketing technology i mean which you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00385-00087272-00087559 have just explained uh to get them on
+sfZutO6YYhU-00386-00087560-00087838 board
+sfZutO6YYhU-00387-00087839-00088150 so mr kanchan as i said okay uh
+sfZutO6YYhU-00388-00088151-00088343 it is the same it is the same tools
+sfZutO6YYhU-00389-00088344-00088631 which you use for a commoner like me
+sfZutO6YYhU-00390-00088632-00088743 or
+sfZutO6YYhU-00391-00088744-00088894 you are using different tools for them
+sfZutO6YYhU-00392-00088895-00089071 no no you are not a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00393-00089072-00089294 yeah yeah you are not a commoner okay
+sfZutO6YYhU-00394-00089295-00089655 but i'll tell you uh so what happens uh
+sfZutO6YYhU-00395-00089656-00089831 digital marketing and platforms and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00396-00089832-00090031 communication helps you to make it more
+sfZutO6YYhU-00397-00090032-00090391 sharp as i said you know uh if you are
+sfZutO6YYhU-00398-00090392-00090655 an hni customer and so there is always
+sfZutO6YYhU-00399-00090656-00090791 an assistance which is available okay
+sfZutO6YYhU-00400-00090792-00090982 because that's what you prefer you want
+sfZutO6YYhU-00401-00090983-00091199 somebody to assist you as an rm as a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00402-00091200-00091367 service manager which is a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00403-00091368-00091582 promise to you and we will provide you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00404-00091583-00091879 so we believe in a hybrid service so we
+sfZutO6YYhU-00405-00091880-00092126 use digital communication digital
+sfZutO6YYhU-00406-00092127-00092303 platforms for you to do the transaction
+sfZutO6YYhU-00407-00092304-00092511 and servicing but at the same time there
+sfZutO6YYhU-00408-00092512-00092679 is a promise that we will actually
+sfZutO6YYhU-00409-00092680-00092879 assist you if you want either
+sfZutO6YYhU-00410-00092880-00093031 through an rm or through a service
+sfZutO6YYhU-00411-00093032-00093382 relationship so that's our promise as as
+sfZutO6YYhU-00412-00093383-00093623 a as a part of our proposition
+sfZutO6YYhU-00413-00093624-00093726 now
+sfZutO6YYhU-00414-00093727-00094006 when you talk about as i said it keeps
+sfZutO6YYhU-00415-00094007-00094199 becoming more sharper and sharper
+sfZutO6YYhU-00416-00094200-00094438 looking at your preferences so somebody
+sfZutO6YYhU-00417-00094439-00094599 who is an hni
+sfZutO6YYhU-00418-00094600-00094799 and i can have your behavior or you can
+sfZutO6YYhU-00419-00094800-00095038 actually maybe tell me that punit only
+sfZutO6YYhU-00420-00095039-00095335 send me whatsapps and i read only on
+sfZutO6YYhU-00421-00095336-00095447 sundays
+sfZutO6YYhU-00422-00095448-00095711 okay my time is 10 to 11. so it can be
+sfZutO6YYhU-00423-00095712-00096023 very specific for you okay and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00424-00096024-00096206 frankly speaking i would love to give
+sfZutO6YYhU-00425-00096207-00096438 that experience to all my customers but
+sfZutO6YYhU-00426-00096439-00096631 that may not be possible because you may
+sfZutO6YYhU-00427-00096632-00096806 not be able to store that sort of a data
+sfZutO6YYhU-00428-00096807-00097006 and analyze for every customer
+sfZutO6YYhU-00429-00097007-00097150 okay but
+sfZutO6YYhU-00430-00097151-00097382 we as you rightly said for ultra hni
+sfZutO6YYhU-00431-00097383-00097582 customers for wealthy families which is
+sfZutO6YYhU-00432-00097583-00097815 your that cohort of customers you're
+sfZutO6YYhU-00433-00097816-00098038 very specific okay what what is their
+sfZutO6YYhU-00434-00098039-00098182 liking what are the preference of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00435-00098183-00098399 channels what are their timings we will
+sfZutO6YYhU-00436-00098400-00098606 ensure that that you know the customer
+sfZutO6YYhU-00437-00098607-00098750 is not included and he gets the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00438-00098751-00098926 communication as per his preference both
+sfZutO6YYhU-00439-00098927-00099159 by channel timing everything
+sfZutO6YYhU-00440-00099160-00099391 what is your strategy for further brand
+sfZutO6YYhU-00441-00099392-00099703 building and i have just last question
+sfZutO6YYhU-00442-00099704-00099943 what exactly you are doing
+sfZutO6YYhU-00443-00099944-00100199 to to uh you know expand your reach
+sfZutO6YYhU-00444-00100200-00100462 among women i mean women are largely
+sfZutO6YYhU-00445-00100463-00100679 still not you know interested in you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00446-00100680-00100918 know managing their own wealth
+sfZutO6YYhU-00447-00100919-00101143 yeah yeah so i'll tell you you know this
+sfZutO6YYhU-00448-00101144-00101350 is very interesting topic okay and and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00449-00101351-00101543 this is very close to my heart okay
+sfZutO6YYhU-00450-00101544-00101782 three years back we launched a program
+sfZutO6YYhU-00451-00101783-00101974 called blue bindi
+sfZutO6YYhU-00452-00101975-00102199 this is a program which is focused on
+sfZutO6YYhU-00453-00102200-00102326 women
+sfZutO6YYhU-00454-00102327-00102518 okay we launched it three years back on
+sfZutO6YYhU-00455-00102519-00102775 women's day okay this program basically
+sfZutO6YYhU-00456-00102776-00102854 and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00457-00102855-00103047 encouraged and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00458-00103048-00103294 women to enroll in this program where we
+sfZutO6YYhU-00459-00103295-00103527 want to talk and educate women about you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00460-00103528-00103694 know financial independence about
+sfZutO6YYhU-00461-00103695-00103839 financial planning
+sfZutO6YYhU-00462-00103840-00104118 goal setting how the entire complex
+sfZutO6YYhU-00463-00104119-00104358 world of financial services work okay
+sfZutO6YYhU-00464-00104359-00104551 and give them the confidence that we are
+sfZutO6YYhU-00465-00104552-00104775 by your side if you you know you have
+sfZutO6YYhU-00466-00104776-00104975 become independent you are doing
+sfZutO6YYhU-00467-00104976-00105199 professionally great in your own career
+sfZutO6YYhU-00468-00105200-00105447 so why to leave your financial decisions
+sfZutO6YYhU-00469-00105448-00105623 on somebody else you can take them
+sfZutO6YYhU-00470-00105624-00105823 yourself so the whole genesis of the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00471-00105824-00106054 entire program is around around you know
+sfZutO6YYhU-00472-00106055-00106254 educating the women making them
+sfZutO6YYhU-00473-00106255-00106447 self-confident okay making them
+sfZutO6YYhU-00474-00106448-00106671 confident and giving them the confidence
+sfZutO6YYhU-00475-00106672-00106871 we are along their side to help you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00476-00106872-00107086 actually become educated to make you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00477-00107088-00107319 self-reliant to take financial decisions
+sfZutO6YYhU-00478-00107320-00107502 and become individual nurses so there is
+sfZutO6YYhU-00479-00107503-00107623 a program which is running for three
+sfZutO6YYhU-00480-00107624-00107878 years but uh uh you know because of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00481-00107879-00108190 forward it it was little volatile but we
+sfZutO6YYhU-00482-00108191-00108375 we are committed to it and we are we are
+sfZutO6YYhU-00483-00108376-00108590 going to invest heavily around it and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00484-00108591-00108783 the first part what what what is your
+sfZutO6YYhU-00485-00108783-00108966 strategy for further brand building in
+sfZutO6YYhU-00486-00108967-00109127 general
+sfZutO6YYhU-00487-00109128-00109358 so see i uh so
+sfZutO6YYhU-00488-00109359-00109566 brand building is something which is a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00489-00109567-00109854 very very large concept okay uh so we
+sfZutO6YYhU-00490-00109855-00110071 believe that if
+sfZutO6YYhU-00491-00110072-00110286 so so we are a very customer-centric
+sfZutO6YYhU-00492-00110288-00110534 organization so we believe if you look
+sfZutO6YYhU-00493-00110535-00110710 and if you think about customers
+sfZutO6YYhU-00494-00110711-00110886 interest your brand gets built over time
+sfZutO6YYhU-00495-00110888-00111183 automatically okay so first is that we
+sfZutO6YYhU-00496-00111183-00111390 as an organization keep customers
+sfZutO6YYhU-00497-00111391-00111534 interest first
+sfZutO6YYhU-00498-00111535-00111847 second okay uh we use
+sfZutO6YYhU-00499-00111848-00112031 a lot of communication with the customer
+sfZutO6YYhU-00500-00112032-00112319 so in financial services you know as you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00501-00112320-00112534 it's a complex world so communication is
+sfZutO6YYhU-00502-00112535-00112686 most important so you need to keep
+sfZutO6YYhU-00503-00112688-00112902 communicating with the customer at ups
+sfZutO6YYhU-00504-00112903-00113127 downs highs lows when the portfolio is
+sfZutO6YYhU-00505-00113128-00113271 doing good when the portfolio is not
+sfZutO6YYhU-00506-00113272-00113463 doing second is to keep communicating
+sfZutO6YYhU-00507-00113464-00113702 with the customer a lot okay
+sfZutO6YYhU-00508-00113703-00113999 third as i said we have just made these
+sfZutO6YYhU-00509-00114000-00114183 two ads which you which you referred you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00510-00114183-00114334 know uh
+sfZutO6YYhU-00511-00114335-00114631 so similarly we are increasing our
+sfZutO6YYhU-00512-00114632-00114743 little bit of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00513-00114744-00114983 presence on the digital platforms and on
+sfZutO6YYhU-00514-00114983-00115286 digital platforms the objective is to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00515-00115288-00115566 start creating a lot of content
+sfZutO6YYhU-00516-00115567-00115871 because content helps you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00517-00115872-00116054 educate customers
+sfZutO6YYhU-00518-00116055-00116286 talk to them in the language which they
+sfZutO6YYhU-00519-00116288-00116558 understand okay rather than using the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00520-00116559-00116847 complex jargons using a content you know
+sfZutO6YYhU-00521-00116848-00117102 alignment content you can explain the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00522-00117103-00117334 explain the complex financial products
+sfZutO6YYhU-00523-00117335-00117678 into easy ways so a lot of investment is
+sfZutO6YYhU-00524-00117679-00117878 happening in basically creating digital
+sfZutO6YYhU-00525-00117879-00118110 content where you can engage with
+sfZutO6YYhU-00526-00118111-00118358 customers digitally explain them to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00527-00118359-00118631 products features and educate them so
+sfZutO6YYhU-00528-00118632-00118854 i'll give an example okay
+sfZutO6YYhU-00529-00118855-00119095 now a lot of people in equity markets do
+sfZutO6YYhU-00530-00119096-00119334 transactions however you know you have
+sfZutO6YYhU-00531-00119335-00119590 to be very disciplined to create wealth
+sfZutO6YYhU-00532-00119591-00119807 in equities am i right or or you have to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00533-00119808-00120023 be very disciplined in terms of you know
+sfZutO6YYhU-00534-00120024-00120278 type of stop losses markets ups and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00535-00120279-00120534 downs so it is all about rather than
+sfZutO6YYhU-00536-00120535-00120751 giving people only the research and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00537-00120752-00120927 strategies and everything which a lot of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00538-00120928-00121175 people today are giving on on twitter of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00539-00121176-00121343 the world and youtube
+sfZutO6YYhU-00540-00121344-00121558 the important thing is
+sfZutO6YYhU-00541-00121559-00121839 how to explain to or inculcate the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00542-00121840-00122054 discipline and the investors is a
+sfZutO6YYhU-00543-00122055-00122327 question now you can create a lot of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00544-00122328-00122631 blogs content which you can promote you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00545-00122632-00122839 know using your own handles your own
+sfZutO6YYhU-00546-00122840-00123086 digital platform and maybe using the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00547-00123088-00123263 influencers those who have a lot of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00548-00123264-00123414 subscriber base and talking about all
+sfZutO6YYhU-00549-00123415-00123686 these friends so the whole objective is
+sfZutO6YYhU-00550-00123688-00123758 to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00551-00123759-00124102 as i said consumer is the first you know
+sfZutO6YYhU-00552-00124103-00124319 focus of the organization whole thing is
+sfZutO6YYhU-00553-00124320-00124583 to build content around a consumer which
+sfZutO6YYhU-00554-00124583-00124814 will help consumer basically get to the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00555-00124815-00125014 next level and create wealth for them
+sfZutO6YYhU-00556-00125015-00125223 and use the digital platform to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00557-00125224-00125383 communicate
+sfZutO6YYhU-00558-00125383-00125607 your answer has prompted me to ask one
+sfZutO6YYhU-00559-00125608-00125847 more last question what is the idea what
+sfZutO6YYhU-00560-00125848-00126134 is your media mix
+sfZutO6YYhU-00561-00126135-00126319 so uh
+sfZutO6YYhU-00562-00126320-00126607 so i'll tell you okay uh a large part of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00563-00126608-00126886 our spend is is digital right now okay
+sfZutO6YYhU-00564-00126888-00127151 and and the reason is specific as i said
+sfZutO6YYhU-00565-00127152-00127423 for us all mediums are same the only
+sfZutO6YYhU-00566-00127424-00127639 thing why are spent is digital today is
+sfZutO6YYhU-00567-00127640-00127847 because we are able to talk to a very
+sfZutO6YYhU-00568-00127848-00128151 specific cohort of customers okay and we
+sfZutO6YYhU-00569-00128152-00128447 can actually curate the content and the
+sfZutO6YYhU-00570-00128448-00128671 channel as per their preference okay so
+sfZutO6YYhU-00571-00128672-00128847 the slip
+sfZutO6YYhU-00572-00128848-00129078 so so the ship edge is very very less
+sfZutO6YYhU-00573-00129079-00129286 when we talk to the customer digitally
+sfZutO6YYhU-00574-00129288-00129463 we can have a very sharp communication
+sfZutO6YYhU-00575-00129464-00129654 we can have a very sharp sharp message
+sfZutO6YYhU-00576-00129655-00129847 in the content shared with the customers
+sfZutO6YYhU-00577-00129848-00130054 and within digital if i ask i mean is it
+sfZutO6YYhU-00578-00130055-00130310 email or whatsapp which is more
+sfZutO6YYhU-00579-00130311-00130463 prominent
+sfZutO6YYhU-00580-00130464-00130743 so so i i'll tell you it all depends
+sfZutO6YYhU-00581-00130744-00131095 okay uh so so i i i'll be i'll not be uh
+sfZutO6YYhU-00582-00131096-00131311 right position to answer you exactly how
+sfZutO6YYhU-00583-00131312-00131463 i'll tell you why
+sfZutO6YYhU-00584-00131464-00131766 uh so a lot of our communication today
+sfZutO6YYhU-00585-00131767-00132111 is moving from email to whatsapp
+sfZutO6YYhU-00586-00132112-00132407 okay now consumer prefer whatsapp so
+sfZutO6YYhU-00587-00132408-00132607 even transaction communication is moving
+sfZutO6YYhU-00588-00132608-00132814 from your emails to whatsapp
+sfZutO6YYhU-00589-00132815-00133063 so that is how now your new product
+sfZutO6YYhU-00590-00133064-00133278 launches product feature launches are
+sfZutO6YYhU-00591-00133279-00133551 moving to basically instagram where you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00592-00133552-00133711 have the highest number of users earlier
+sfZutO6YYhU-00593-00133712-00133871 it used to be only facebook now it's
+sfZutO6YYhU-00594-00133872-00134087 facebook and instagram okay
+sfZutO6YYhU-00595-00134088-00134351 some serious content influencers or
+sfZutO6YYhU-00596-00134352-00134495 something where you have you know some
+sfZutO6YYhU-00597-00134496-00134702 serious content is moving to linkedin
+sfZutO6YYhU-00598-00134703-00134863 and quickest
+sfZutO6YYhU-00599-00134864-00135166 so so as i said we use different mediums
+sfZutO6YYhU-00600-00135167-00135302 to talk to a different segment of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00601-00135303-00135647 customers okay if we create a very uh uh
+sfZutO6YYhU-00602-00135648-00135990 very uh user friendly uh product in
+sfZutO6YYhU-00603-00135991-00136247 general insurance example like a top of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00604-00136248-00136471 insurance for for our
+sfZutO6YYhU-00605-00136472-00136654 youth or a young
+sfZutO6YYhU-00606-00136655-00136911 consumers so we prefer to promote that
+sfZutO6YYhU-00607-00136912-00137175 or to educate the consumers on instagram
+sfZutO6YYhU-00608-00137176-00137366 because that's where we find a lot of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00609-00137367-00137551 youth are there so if we create
+sfZutO6YYhU-00610-00137552-00137743 something which is which is like uh you
+sfZutO6YYhU-00611-00137744-00137990 know education series on say structured
+sfZutO6YYhU-00612-00137991-00138214 products or alternate investment funds
+sfZutO6YYhU-00613-00138215-00138431 we prefer to use twitter and
+sfZutO6YYhU-00614-00138432-00138687 so it depends on the on it's not about
+sfZutO6YYhU-00615-00138688-00138854 the mix in terms of we don't have any
+sfZutO6YYhU-00616-00138855-00139023 such thing like digitally how we want to
+sfZutO6YYhU-00617-00139024-00139231 have the mix it all depends on the type
+sfZutO6YYhU-00618-00139232-00139399 of a product type of an education which
+sfZutO6YYhU-00619-00139400-00139631 we want to provide and then we analyze
+sfZutO6YYhU-00620-00139632-00139839 what is the what is the user behavior of
+sfZutO6YYhU-00621-00139840-00139990 that platform and accordingly we use
+sfZutO6YYhU-00622-00139991-00140095 that
+sfZutO6YYhU-00623-00140096-00140271 thank you so much puneet for taking time
+sfZutO6YYhU-00624-00140272-00140502 out to speak with us yeah thank you yeah
+sfZutO6YYhU-00625-00140503-00140678 thank you so much pleasure is all mine
+sfZutO6YYhU-00626-00140679-00141015 thank you very much
+sheZtL3rZrU-00000-00000055-00000315 annual reports on the progress of
+sheZtL3rZrU-00001-00000316-00000558 chemistry was a yearly review journal
+sheZtL3rZrU-00002-00000559-00000778 published by the Royal Institute of
+sheZtL3rZrU-00003-00000779-00001053 chemistry and after 1980 the Royal
+sheZtL3rZrU-00004-00001054-00001416 Society of Chemistry it was established
+sheZtL3rZrU-00005-00001417-00001951 in 1904 in 1967 the journal was split
+sheZtL3rZrU-00006-00001952-00002242 into two sections a and B covering
+sheZtL3rZrU-00007-00002243-00002460 inorganic and organic chemistry
+sheZtL3rZrU-00008-00002461-00002929 respectively in 1980 a third series were
+sheZtL3rZrU-00009-00002930-00003254 started C covering physical chemistry
+sheZtL3rZrU-00010-00003255-00004163 the journal was discontinued in 2013
+sheZtL3rZrU-00011-00004164-00004810 topic external links
+sheZtL3rZrU-00012-00004811-00005171 official website
+sirsaPV5Snu-00000-00000758-00001111 [Music]
+sirsaPV5Snu-00001-00001112-00001366 hey guys this is andy bird i am so
+sirsaPV5Snu-00002-00001367-00001582 excited to jump into the series on
+sirsaPV5Snu-00003-00001583-00001839 revival history today we are jumping
+sirsaPV5Snu-00004-00001839-00002023 right in with a story of count
+sirsaPV5Snu-00005-00002023-00002247 zinzendorf and the moravians this is an
+sirsaPV5Snu-00006-00002248-00002455 incredible story with so much
+sirsaPV5Snu-00007-00002456-00002655 application to our own lives count
+sirsaPV5Snu-00008-00002656-00002823 zinzendorf is a man of wealth and
+sirsaPV5Snu-00009-00002824-00003071 prestige he has everything according to
+sirsaPV5Snu-00010-00003072-00003406 the success of his day yet he also has a
+sirsaPV5Snu-00011-00003407-00003622 dream he has a promise and a prophecy
+sirsaPV5Snu-00012-00003623-00003838 over his life and his willingness and
+sirsaPV5Snu-00013-00003839-00003990 his ability to step into that is going
+sirsaPV5Snu-00014-00003992-00004199 to be directly related to the size of
+sirsaPV5Snu-00015-00004200-00004415 the yes in his heart and his willingness
+sirsaPV5Snu-00016-00004416-00004711 to obey god versus chasing the success
+sirsaPV5Snu-00017-00004712-00005118 of success of society his yes to a group
+sirsaPV5Snu-00018-00005119-00005302 of refugees that have moved on to his
+sirsaPV5Snu-00019-00005303-00005551 land his yes to move in and get his
+sirsaPV5Snu-00020-00005552-00005806 hands dirty believing that what seemed
+sirsaPV5Snu-00021-00005807-00005999 like nothing in its early days was going
+sirsaPV5Snu-00022-00006000-00006127 to turn into something that would
+sirsaPV5Snu-00023-00006128-00006375 literally shape all of human history
+sirsaPV5Snu-00024-00006376-00006631 that yes would become the most important
+sirsaPV5Snu-00025-00006631-00007063 yes of his life
+sirsaPV5Snu-00026-00007064-00007223 all right as we jump in today let me
+sirsaPV5Snu-00027-00007223-00007398 give you three things to look for in
+sirsaPV5Snu-00028-00007400-00007583 this story number one don't
+sirsaPV5Snu-00029-00007584-00007839 underestimate the power of a simple yes
+sirsaPV5Snu-00030-00007840-00008142 god is looking for people who are simply
+sirsaPV5Snu-00031-00008143-00008446 willing to say yes number two is right
+sirsaPV5Snu-00032-00008447-00008607 on the other side of that yes which
+sirsaPV5Snu-00033-00008608-00008895 feels like great faith and great risk is
+sirsaPV5Snu-00034-00008896-00009159 the power of god waiting to meet us and
+sirsaPV5Snu-00035-00009160-00009446 to move beyond our wildest imagination
+sirsaPV5Snu-00036-00009447-00009742 his power is like a magnet that is
+sirsaPV5Snu-00037-00009743-00009951 absolutely drawn to the yes and the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00038-00009952-00010135 obedience in the human heart number
+sirsaPV5Snu-00039-00010136-00010278 three is we're gonna talk about the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00040-00010279-00010678 power of gritty enduring intercession no
+sirsaPV5Snu-00041-00010679-00010910 move of god in history no great move of
+sirsaPV5Snu-00042-00010911-00011151 the kingdom has really ever occurred
+sirsaPV5Snu-00043-00011152-00011471 apart from gritty intercession okay
+sirsaPV5Snu-00044-00011472-00011606 let's jump into this story
+sirsaPV5Snu-00045-00011607-00011838 [Music]
+sirsaPV5Snu-00046-00011839-00012119 count zinzendorf is a really unique guy
+sirsaPV5Snu-00047-00012120-00012342 he's born into wealth he's born into
+sirsaPV5Snu-00048-00012343-00012583 influence but he's also has this
+sirsaPV5Snu-00049-00012584-00012791 incredible love for jesus at an
+sirsaPV5Snu-00050-00012792-00012991 incredibly young age five six seven
+sirsaPV5Snu-00051-00012991-00013222 years old he's writing love letters to
+sirsaPV5Snu-00052-00013223-00013503 jesus in his teen years he's in school
+sirsaPV5Snu-00053-00013504-00013671 he starts this gathering called the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00054-00013672-00013863 order of the mustard seed which later
+sirsaPV5Snu-00055-00013863-00014063 would spread around the world as
+sirsaPV5Snu-00056-00014063-00014294 religious and political figures would
+sirsaPV5Snu-00057-00014295-00014503 give their lives and kind of take this
+sirsaPV5Snu-00058-00014504-00014743 pledge to use their influence for the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00059-00014744-00014903 sake of the kingdom he starts that in
+sirsaPV5Snu-00060-00014904-00015150 his teen years but really the first
+sirsaPV5Snu-00061-00015151-00015366 major defining moment of his life comes
+sirsaPV5Snu-00062-00015368-00015647 in his early 20s late teens where he's
+sirsaPV5Snu-00063-00015647-00015847 at an art museum and he's looking at
+sirsaPV5Snu-00064-00015847-00016071 this incredible painting called eke homo
+sirsaPV5Snu-00065-00016072-00016311 which means behold the man and it's
+sirsaPV5Snu-00066-00016312-00016503 jesus with the crown of thorns on his
+sirsaPV5Snu-00067-00016504-00016750 head and he's just scanning the painting
+sirsaPV5Snu-00068-00016751-00017030 just mesmerized by the sacrifice and the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00069-00017031-00017271 love of jesus and as he his eyes get to
+sirsaPV5Snu-00070-00017272-00017439 the bottom of the painting he sees this
+sirsaPV5Snu-00071-00017440-00017711 little inscription says all this i have
+sirsaPV5Snu-00072-00017712-00018007 done for you what will you do for me
+sirsaPV5Snu-00073-00018008-00018239 this was zinzendorf's first really like
+sirsaPV5Snu-00074-00018240-00018519 all-in moment where he realizes his
+sirsaPV5Snu-00075-00018520-00018799 wealth and his influence is not just for
+sirsaPV5Snu-00076-00018800-00019071 his personal comfort it's not just for
+sirsaPV5Snu-00077-00019072-00019335 future generations but that it was meant
+sirsaPV5Snu-00078-00019336-00019511 for the kingdom and it was meant for now
+sirsaPV5Snu-00079-00019512-00019727 and that if jesus could pay that price
+sirsaPV5Snu-00080-00019728-00020014 on the cross how much more in a way was
+sirsaPV5Snu-00081-00020015-00020239 zinzendorf meant to respond to that by
+sirsaPV5Snu-00082-00020240-00020486 going all in for jesus
+sirsaPV5Snu-00083-00020487-00020671 this couple years later fast forward
+sirsaPV5Snu-00084-00020672-00020839 zinzendorf has a divine appointment and
+sirsaPV5Snu-00085-00020840-00020991 i just want to say many of our life
+sirsaPV5Snu-00086-00020992-00021175 stories we look back they're marked by
+sirsaPV5Snu-00087-00021176-00021383 divine appointments but many times it
+sirsaPV5Snu-00088-00021384-00021550 doesn't feel that divine in the moment
+sirsaPV5Snu-00089-00021551-00021727 might feel like a disruption might feel
+sirsaPV5Snu-00090-00021728-00021878 a little uncomfortable might feel like
+sirsaPV5Snu-00091-00021879-00022111 who is this person that god's brought
+sirsaPV5Snu-00092-00022112-00022407 into my life but zinzendorf has a divine
+sirsaPV5Snu-00093-00022408-00022583 appointment with a man named christian
+sirsaPV5Snu-00094-00022584-00022871 david christian david is a refugee
+sirsaPV5Snu-00095-00022872-00023158 fleeing religious persecution he comes
+sirsaPV5Snu-00096-00023159-00023391 into what's present-day germany
+sirsaPV5Snu-00097-00023392-00023630 running for his life and his people his
+sirsaPV5Snu-00098-00023631-00023855 friends his family and this whole group
+sirsaPV5Snu-00099-00023856-00024055 of followers of jesus had been
+sirsaPV5Snu-00100-00024056-00024294 persecuted for several generations they
+sirsaPV5Snu-00101-00024295-00024471 actually could trace their lineage all
+sirsaPV5Snu-00102-00024472-00024735 the way back to jan huss one of the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00103-00024736-00025030 great reformers and so christian david
+sirsaPV5Snu-00104-00025031-00025335 finds his way into germany stumbles onto
+sirsaPV5Snu-00105-00025336-00025606 zinzendorf's estate and they kind of
+sirsaPV5Snu-00106-00025607-00025799 connect and zinzadorf hears the story of
+sirsaPV5Snu-00107-00025800-00025943 christian david and that he's fleeing
+sirsaPV5Snu-00108-00025944-00026223 religious persecution says to him hey
+sirsaPV5Snu-00109-00026224-00026414 you can come and live on my land and
+sirsaPV5Snu-00110-00026416-00026639 they walk up to this hill between
+sirsaPV5Snu-00111-00026639-00026887 zinzendorf's town and his little home
+sirsaPV5Snu-00112-00026888-00027111 and his kind of wealthy estate and this
+sirsaPV5Snu-00113-00027112-00027279 patch of forest on the other side of the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00114-00027280-00027511 hill zinzendorf looks down on that patch
+sirsaPV5Snu-00115-00027512-00027662 of forest with christian david and said
+sirsaPV5Snu-00116-00027663-00027887 let's build a community here you can
+sirsaPV5Snu-00117-00027888-00028007 bring these
+sirsaPV5Snu-00118-00028008-00028246 refugees to this area that are fleeing
+sirsaPV5Snu-00119-00028247-00028479 persecution they can come and live in
+sirsaPV5Snu-00120-00028480-00028727 safety and for zinzendorf this is sort
+sirsaPV5Snu-00121-00028727-00029007 of his like all in this is his moment
+sirsaPV5Snu-00122-00029008-00029143 from the painting where he's thinking
+sirsaPV5Snu-00123-00029144-00029407 i'm using my wealth in order to further
+sirsaPV5Snu-00124-00029408-00029599 the kingdom but in many ways this was
+sirsaPV5Snu-00125-00029600-00029870 the easiest yes that zinzendorf would
+sirsaPV5Snu-00126-00029872-00030102 say zinzin zinzendorf and christian
+sirsaPV5Snu-00127-00030103-00030374 david they cut down the first tree 1722
+sirsaPV5Snu-00128-00030375-00030583 they start building homes and christian
+sirsaPV5Snu-00129-00030583-00030774 david starts going back across the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00130-00030775-00030951 border bringing back more and more
+sirsaPV5Snu-00131-00030952-00031135 refugees and soon
+sirsaPV5Snu-00132-00031136-00031343 hernhut which means the watch of the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00133-00031344-00031567 lord is being built and established as
+sirsaPV5Snu-00134-00031568-00031807 an incredible community now we come to a
+sirsaPV5Snu-00135-00031808-00032127 critical moment 1726
+sirsaPV5Snu-00136-00032127-00032327 zinzendorf has said his kind of
+sirsaPV5Snu-00137-00032327-00032479 comfortable yes
+sirsaPV5Snu-00138-00032480-00032646 heronhood is growing
+sirsaPV5Snu-00139-00032647-00032935 but division hits the community
+sirsaPV5Snu-00140-00032936-00033174 this is the moment that the dream could
+sirsaPV5Snu-00141-00033175-00033246 end
+sirsaPV5Snu-00142-00033247-00033455 this is the moment that would make it so
+sirsaPV5Snu-00143-00033456-00033615 that we would never be talking about
+sirsaPV5Snu-00144-00033616-00033871 zinzendorf or the moravians 300 years
+sirsaPV5Snu-00145-00033872-00033967 later
+sirsaPV5Snu-00146-00033968-00034239 this is the defining moment they are in
+sirsaPV5Snu-00147-00034240-00034551 massive uh division over theology and
+sirsaPV5Snu-00148-00034552-00034735 practice and how they're going to ordain
+sirsaPV5Snu-00149-00034736-00034927 leaders they come from different
+sirsaPV5Snu-00150-00034928-00035095 persecuted groups so they don't all get
+sirsaPV5Snu-00151-00035096-00035359 along and zinzendorf looks down on this
+sirsaPV5Snu-00152-00035360-00035574 community goes my gosh the dream is in
+sirsaPV5Snu-00153-00035575-00035743 shambles so much so that some in the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00154-00035744-00035918 community are even calling zinzendorf
+sirsaPV5Snu-00155-00035919-00036151 the antichrist this is against him it's
+sirsaPV5Snu-00156-00036152-00036390 personal and it's against each other and
+sirsaPV5Snu-00157-00036391-00036551 zinzendorf will go on to make the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00158-00036552-00036783 hardest perhaps the hardest yes of his
+sirsaPV5Snu-00159-00036784-00036871 life
+sirsaPV5Snu-00160-00036872-00037143 he would move over the hill from his
+sirsaPV5Snu-00161-00037144-00037423 wealth his prestige his influence he
+sirsaPV5Snu-00162-00037424-00037630 would lay aside his career as a
+sirsaPV5Snu-00163-00037631-00037918 politician his career in economics he
+sirsaPV5Snu-00164-00037919-00038167 would lay it aside all for the dream
+sirsaPV5Snu-00165-00038168-00038439 that this little refugee community could
+sirsaPV5Snu-00166-00038440-00038671 actually change all of human history if
+sirsaPV5Snu-00167-00038672-00038967 he would say the hard yes he moves into
+sirsaPV5Snu-00168-00038968-00039230 harrenhal he begins going house to house
+sirsaPV5Snu-00169-00039231-00039399 every single home calling them to
+sirsaPV5Snu-00170-00039400-00039567 brotherly love calling them to
+sirsaPV5Snu-00171-00039568-00039751 repentance and they would call the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00172-00039752-00039959 summer of 1727
+sirsaPV5Snu-00173-00039960-00040199 the sweetest summer that they could ever
+sirsaPV5Snu-00174-00040200-00040415 remember as they reconciled with each
+sirsaPV5Snu-00175-00040416-00040615 other as they repented and moved into
+sirsaPV5Snu-00176-00040616-00040855 humility and tremendous brotherly love
+sirsaPV5Snu-00177-00040856-00041071 and you just look at the sacrifice of
+sirsaPV5Snu-00178-00041072-00041335 zinzendorf he laid it all aside several
+sirsaPV5Snu-00179-00041336-00041574 times in his life but this was the one
+sirsaPV5Snu-00180-00041575-00041790 that actually catalyzed the movement so
+sirsaPV5Snu-00181-00041791-00042102 that 300 years later we're still talking
+sirsaPV5Snu-00182-00042103-00042262 and studying the moravians and count
+sirsaPV5Snu-00183-00042263-00042502 zinzendorf the end of that summer they
+sirsaPV5Snu-00184-00042503-00042727 called a love feast to celebrate the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00185-00042728-00042895 newfound unity that they were now
+sirsaPV5Snu-00186-00042896-00043118 sharing they walk back over that hill
+sirsaPV5Snu-00187-00043119-00043318 that zinzendorf had moved over to the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00188-00043319-00043518 little chapel on the other side and they
+sirsaPV5Snu-00189-00043519-00043711 take communion together and this was
+sirsaPV5Snu-00190-00043712-00043983 august 13 1727
+sirsaPV5Snu-00191-00043984-00044118 and the reason it's so important is
+sirsaPV5Snu-00192-00044119-00044271 because it would go down in history as
+sirsaPV5Snu-00193-00044272-00044551 the moravian pentecost in the middle of
+sirsaPV5Snu-00194-00044552-00044895 communion the power of god opened over
+sirsaPV5Snu-00195-00044896-00045158 that little chapel his presence was
+sirsaPV5Snu-00196-00045159-00045390 poured out so much so that they were
+sirsaPV5Snu-00197-00045391-00045630 writing things like in heaven or on
+sirsaPV5Snu-00198-00045631-00045871 earth we did not know the presence of
+sirsaPV5Snu-00199-00045872-00046255 god moved with profound tangible power
+sirsaPV5Snu-00200-00046256-00046462 they knew that they were filled with the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00201-00046463-00046679 holy spirit for holy spirit empowerment
+sirsaPV5Snu-00202-00046680-00046895 and really the rest was history this
+sirsaPV5Snu-00203-00046896-00047174 pentecost sent this little community of
+sirsaPV5Snu-00204-00047175-00047390 refugees that had now found newfound
+sirsaPV5Snu-00205-00047391-00047671 unity with a sacrificial leader who had
+sirsaPV5Snu-00206-00047672-00047862 laid it all down for the sake of their
+sirsaPV5Snu-00207-00047863-00048174 unity and obedience to god the fire of
+sirsaPV5Snu-00208-00048175-00048430 god would fall on that sacrifice and
+sirsaPV5Snu-00209-00048431-00048639 they would go on to change all of human
+sirsaPV5Snu-00210-00048640-00048839 history and to change the world around
+sirsaPV5Snu-00211-00048840-00049046 them out of the simple obedience that
+sirsaPV5Snu-00212-00049047-00049286 came out of that moravian pentecost it
+sirsaPV5Snu-00213-00049287-00049455 was about four or five days later and
+sirsaPV5Snu-00214-00049456-00049639 there's many recount accounts of how the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00215-00049640-00049879 children led the way they were so moved
+sirsaPV5Snu-00216-00049880-00050118 by this encounter with god and this fire
+sirsaPV5Snu-00217-00050119-00050295 that was burning inside of them that
+sirsaPV5Snu-00218-00050296-00050543 they were found in the fields in prayer
+sirsaPV5Snu-00219-00050544-00050758 they were they were hungry for worship
+sirsaPV5Snu-00220-00050759-00050983 and the whole community became a worship
+sirsaPV5Snu-00221-00050984-00051207 and praying community in fact they
+sirsaPV5Snu-00222-00051208-00051407 decided in these early weeks after the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00223-00051408-00051558 pentecost
+sirsaPV5Snu-00224-00051559-00051750 that they were provoked by the thought
+sirsaPV5Snu-00225-00051751-00051911 that the enemy was standing before the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00226-00051912-00052182 throne of god day and night accusing the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00227-00052183-00052454 saints and they were provoked by the the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00228-00052455-00052654 passage in leviticus that the fire on
+sirsaPV5Snu-00229-00052655-00052854 the altar must never go out and with
+sirsaPV5Snu-00230-00052855-00053030 these things in mind they decided let's
+sirsaPV5Snu-00231-00053032-00053287 start a one hour prayer rotation that
+sirsaPV5Snu-00232-00053288-00053559 would go all day and all night seven
+sirsaPV5Snu-00233-00053560-00053782 days a week so two or three people would
+sirsaPV5Snu-00234-00053783-00053999 take an hour then the next per next two
+sirsaPV5Snu-00235-00054000-00054191 or three the next hour and they begin a
+sirsaPV5Snu-00236-00054191-00054550 moravian prayer chain of gritty
+sirsaPV5Snu-00237-00054551-00054766 faith-filled intercession praying for
+sirsaPV5Snu-00238-00054767-00055007 the lost the nations of the earth they
+sirsaPV5Snu-00239-00055008-00055279 had thousands of names and prayer
+sirsaPV5Snu-00240-00055279-00055454 requests and people they were praying
+sirsaPV5Snu-00241-00055455-00055687 for and it was out of this furnace of
+sirsaPV5Snu-00242-00055688-00055911 intercession that four or five years
+sirsaPV5Snu-00243-00055912-00056087 later the moravian missions movement
+sirsaPV5Snu-00244-00056088-00056254 would begin but i don't want to move too
+sirsaPV5Snu-00245-00056255-00056471 quickly past this moravian prayer move i
+sirsaPV5Snu-00246-00056472-00056607 want you to think for one moment you
+sirsaPV5Snu-00247-00056608-00056879 know sometimes our christianity and our
+sirsaPV5Snu-00248-00056879-00057311 spirituality can be so based on comfort
+sirsaPV5Snu-00249-00057312-00057494 and it can be that the prayer meetings
+sirsaPV5Snu-00250-00057495-00057694 if the music's right and the people are
+sirsaPV5Snu-00251-00057695-00057926 right and the the prayer temperament is
+sirsaPV5Snu-00252-00057927-00058159 right that we're really in we have the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00253-00058160-00058375 right coffee and the right ambiance you
+sirsaPV5Snu-00254-00058376-00058575 know we can really press in but i want
+sirsaPV5Snu-00255-00058576-00059023 you to imagine germany 1700s
+sirsaPV5Snu-00256-00059024-00059350 let's go to january middle of january
+sirsaPV5Snu-00257-00059351-00059526 three a.m
+sirsaPV5Snu-00258-00059527-00059766 and your buddies have just spent two to
+sirsaPV5Snu-00259-00059767-00060038 three a.m praying in cold middle of the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00260-00060039-00060350 winter 1700s germany and they're shaking
+sirsaPV5Snu-00261-00060351-00060559 you at your bedside and the last thing
+sirsaPV5Snu-00262-00060560-00060750 you want to do is get out of bed and
+sirsaPV5Snu-00263-00060751-00060926 it's never going to make instagram it's
+sirsaPV5Snu-00264-00060927-00061087 never going to make facebook it's never
+sirsaPV5Snu-00265-00061088-00061287 going to be put in a magazine no one's
+sirsaPV5Snu-00266-00061288-00061430 ever going to know you did it everyone
+sirsaPV5Snu-00267-00061432-00061638 else is sleeping and yet you're
+sirsaPV5Snu-00268-00061639-00061935 compelled by the presence and the power
+sirsaPV5Snu-00269-00061936-00062254 of god and the need of broken humanity
+sirsaPV5Snu-00270-00062255-00062519 to pull your body out of that bed on
+sirsaPV5Snu-00271-00062520-00062847 that cold winter's night at three in the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00272-00062848-00063071 morning and to get on your knees and go
+sirsaPV5Snu-00273-00063072-00063335 god we're asking that your presence
+sirsaPV5Snu-00274-00063336-00063582 would move in east africa god we're
+sirsaPV5Snu-00275-00063583-00063838 asking would you move on the hearts of
+sirsaPV5Snu-00276-00063839-00064142 the people in greenland and that
+sirsaPV5Snu-00277-00064144-00064471 gritty raw unglamorous
+sirsaPV5Snu-00278-00064472-00064766 hour of prayer was linked together with
+sirsaPV5Snu-00279-00064767-00065071 thousands and thousands of hours of
+sirsaPV5Snu-00280-00065072-00065406 intercession that birthed the first real
+sirsaPV5Snu-00281-00065407-00065606 protestant missions movement four or
+sirsaPV5Snu-00282-00065607-00065799 five years later as i said
+sirsaPV5Snu-00283-00065800-00065943 zinzendorf has another divine
+sirsaPV5Snu-00284-00065944-00066111 appointment with a man who had come from
+sirsaPV5Snu-00285-00066112-00066350 the east indies who are sorry who had
+sirsaPV5Snu-00286-00066351-00066567 come from the caribbean the west indies
+sirsaPV5Snu-00287-00066568-00066750 and and it was out it was out of that
+sirsaPV5Snu-00288-00066751-00066967 region this man came and he came with a
+sirsaPV5Snu-00289-00066968-00067191 cry on his heart will anyone go back to
+sirsaPV5Snu-00290-00067192-00067463 my people to share the gospel they're in
+sirsaPV5Snu-00291-00067464-00067687 slavery and they don't know the good
+sirsaPV5Snu-00292-00067688-00067911 news of jesus christ zinzendorf is cut
+sirsaPV5Snu-00293-00067912-00068135 to the heart he goes back to harrenhal
+sirsaPV5Snu-00294-00068136-00068303 he shares the vision with the people of
+sirsaPV5Snu-00295-00068304-00068567 heronhood and says we've got to go there
+sirsaPV5Snu-00296-00068568-00068743 are people all over the world that have
+sirsaPV5Snu-00297-00068744-00068950 never heard the good news of jesus we
+sirsaPV5Snu-00298-00068951-00069150 can't stay in comfortable hearing hood
+sirsaPV5Snu-00299-00069151-00069319 we can't just stay in our amazing
+sirsaPV5Snu-00300-00069320-00069599 christian community it's time to start
+sirsaPV5Snu-00301-00069600-00069823 sending people all over the world
+sirsaPV5Snu-00302-00069824-00070031 simultaneously one of the young men in
+sirsaPV5Snu-00303-00070032-00070247 the community has a dream in the dream
+sirsaPV5Snu-00304-00070248-00070494 he sees people crying out from another
+sirsaPV5Snu-00305-00070495-00070719 nation of another ethnicity crying out
+sirsaPV5Snu-00306-00070720-00070975 for the gospel he wakes up and he knows
+sirsaPV5Snu-00307-00070976-00071223 in his heart he has to go now i want to
+sirsaPV5Snu-00308-00071224-00071431 take you another amazing moment here
+sirsaPV5Snu-00309-00071432-00071631 where zinzendorf wakes up early in the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00310-00071632-00071919 morning this is now in the 17 early
+sirsaPV5Snu-00311-00071920-00072255 1730s and he gets up before dawn early
+sirsaPV5Snu-00312-00072256-00072503 in the morning why because this would be
+sirsaPV5Snu-00313-00072504-00072719 the morning that he commissions and
+sirsaPV5Snu-00314-00072720-00073015 sends out the first two moravian
+sirsaPV5Snu-00315-00073016-00073167 missionaries they've never done it
+sirsaPV5Snu-00316-00073168-00073350 before and we're not talking getting on
+sirsaPV5Snu-00317-00073351-00073631 a plane getting a nice ticket and a good
+sirsaPV5Snu-00318-00073632-00073791 seat and a good meal and flying to
+sirsaPV5Snu-00319-00073792-00074015 another nation we're talking putting
+sirsaPV5Snu-00320-00074016-00074311 your belongings in a coffin getting onto
+sirsaPV5Snu-00321-00074312-00074575 a ship sailing across an ocean knowing
+sirsaPV5Snu-00322-00074576-00074782 you may never see your family again but
+sirsaPV5Snu-00323-00074783-00075023 filled with the joy and the delight of
+sirsaPV5Snu-00324-00075024-00075175 taking the gospel to those that have
+sirsaPV5Snu-00325-00075176-00075382 never heard before the sun begins to
+sirsaPV5Snu-00326-00075383-00075575 rise that morning those two young men
+sirsaPV5Snu-00327-00075576-00075855 come to zinzendorf's home he prays for
+sirsaPV5Snu-00328-00075856-00076062 them he lays hands on them he
+sirsaPV5Snu-00329-00076063-00076303 commissions them and there was a moment
+sirsaPV5Snu-00330-00076304-00076471 in history
+sirsaPV5Snu-00331-00076472-00076703 where two young men and it says they had
+sirsaPV5Snu-00332-00076704-00076903 nothing they had no money they had
+sirsaPV5Snu-00333-00076904-00077215 barely any supplies whatsoever walked
+sirsaPV5Snu-00334-00077216-00077567 down a little path in harrenhal germany
+sirsaPV5Snu-00335-00077568-00077847 on their way to a port city to find a
+sirsaPV5Snu-00336-00077848-00078031 ship to be the first moravian
+sirsaPV5Snu-00337-00078032-00078182 missionaries i just want you for a
+sirsaPV5Snu-00338-00078183-00078438 moment to ponder that kind of obedience
+sirsaPV5Snu-00339-00078439-00078647 think about walking down the road that
+sirsaPV5Snu-00340-00078648-00078862 dusty road that early morning with the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00341-00078863-00079159 sun rising and the prayers of zinzendorf
+sirsaPV5Snu-00342-00079160-00079359 in your ears and you're walking down the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00343-00079360-00079599 road into the unknown yet believing that
+sirsaPV5Snu-00344-00079600-00079894 once again the power of god would meet a
+sirsaPV5Snu-00345-00079895-00080135 simple yes in the human heart and the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00346-00080136-00080391 rest would be history now this movement
+sirsaPV5Snu-00347-00080392-00080631 of worship intercession and this
+sirsaPV5Snu-00348-00080632-00080806 movement of missions would go on to
+sirsaPV5Snu-00349-00080807-00081023 change entire nations of the world and
+sirsaPV5Snu-00350-00081024-00081223 go on to birth the protestant missions
+sirsaPV5Snu-00351-00081224-00081399 movement that would inspire many others
+sirsaPV5Snu-00352-00081400-00081655 like william carey and for countless
+sirsaPV5Snu-00353-00081656-00081887 missionaries for hundreds of years to go
+sirsaPV5Snu-00354-00081888-00082038 to the nations of the earth they were
+sirsaPV5Snu-00355-00082039-00082223 the first to take the gospel to places
+sirsaPV5Snu-00356-00082224-00082543 like alaska greenland east africa um
+sirsaPV5Snu-00357-00082544-00082775 into some of the slave colonies in in
+sirsaPV5Snu-00358-00082776-00083047 the um in the caribbean region they went
+sirsaPV5Snu-00359-00083048-00083447 all over with one primary slogan on
+sirsaPV5Snu-00360-00083448-00083662 their hearts that the lamb would receive
+sirsaPV5Snu-00361-00083663-00083887 the reward of his suffering they went
+sirsaPV5Snu-00362-00083888-00084038 and many laid down their lives but they
+sirsaPV5Snu-00363-00084039-00084231 went in joy they went in the the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00364-00084232-00084423 excitement and the privilege and the joy
+sirsaPV5Snu-00365-00084424-00084599 of their obedience to god it was the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00366-00084600-00084806 moravians who launched this prayer
+sirsaPV5Snu-00367-00084807-00085006 movement the moravians who launched this
+sirsaPV5Snu-00368-00085007-00085238 missions movement all on the power of
+sirsaPV5Snu-00369-00085239-00085559 simple yeses simple obedience the power
+sirsaPV5Snu-00370-00085560-00085655 of god
+sirsaPV5Snu-00371-00085656-00085982 grit and endurance and 300 years later
+sirsaPV5Snu-00372-00085983-00086150 we're still being inspired by their
+sirsaPV5Snu-00373-00086151-00086406 story
+sirsaPV5Snu-00374-00086407-00086606 okay before we wrap up this first
+sirsaPV5Snu-00375-00086607-00086815 episode i just want to end with a couple
+sirsaPV5Snu-00376-00086816-00087055 practical application points this has
+sirsaPV5Snu-00377-00087056-00087159 got to
+sirsaPV5Snu-00378-00087160-00087382 mess us up this has to be an impartation
+sirsaPV5Snu-00379-00087383-00087511 this can't just be stories and
+sirsaPV5Snu-00380-00087512-00087711 inspiration but that we would be moved
+sirsaPV5Snu-00381-00087712-00087887 into action number one have you ever
+sirsaPV5Snu-00382-00087888-00088167 been confronted with a real need right
+sirsaPV5Snu-00383-00088168-00088382 in front of you like zinzendorf was with
+sirsaPV5Snu-00384-00088383-00088591 the need of the division among his
+sirsaPV5Snu-00385-00088592-00088782 refugee community first they needed a
+sirsaPV5Snu-00386-00088783-00089006 place to live then they needed unity and
+sirsaPV5Snu-00387-00089007-00089206 brotherly love what have you been
+sirsaPV5Snu-00388-00089207-00089471 confronted with recently what do you see
+sirsaPV5Snu-00389-00089472-00089615 in the world around you that we can't
+sirsaPV5Snu-00390-00089616-00089791 just go to bed and pretend like it's not
+sirsaPV5Snu-00391-00089792-00090126 happening god wants to confront us with
+sirsaPV5Snu-00392-00090127-00090326 the needs and the brokenness around us
+sirsaPV5Snu-00393-00090327-00090559 and our response to those things are
+sirsaPV5Snu-00394-00090560-00090718 often the things that change human
+sirsaPV5Snu-00395-00090719-00090935 history are you willing and are you
+sirsaPV5Snu-00396-00090936-00091215 ready to be confronted in your life by
+sirsaPV5Snu-00397-00091216-00091447 the need and the brokenness around you
+sirsaPV5Snu-00398-00091448-00091743 number two is that simple yes um
+sirsaPV5Snu-00399-00091744-00091967 sometimes it's easy to kind of give a a
+sirsaPV5Snu-00400-00091968-00092182 soft yes you know there's like altar
+sirsaPV5Snu-00401-00092183-00092343 call moments where the music's perfect
+sirsaPV5Snu-00402-00092344-00092535 and the preacher was amazing there's
+sirsaPV5Snu-00403-00092536-00092838 kind of short-term sacrifices but often
+sirsaPV5Snu-00404-00092839-00093094 it's the hard yes that catalyzes the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00405-00093095-00093431 most fruit the most impact and draws us
+sirsaPV5Snu-00406-00093432-00093662 deepest into the heart of god are you
+sirsaPV5Snu-00407-00093663-00093887 willing today confronted by the needs
+sirsaPV5Snu-00408-00093888-00094094 around you to say the difficult yes for
+sirsaPV5Snu-00409-00094095-00094303 zinzendorf it was laying aside his
+sirsaPV5Snu-00410-00094304-00094535 wealth it was laying aside society's
+sirsaPV5Snu-00411-00094536-00094759 definition of success to go after god's
+sirsaPV5Snu-00412-00094760-00094967 definition of success are you willing to
+sirsaPV5Snu-00413-00094968-00095262 say the hard yes today to whatever god
+sirsaPV5Snu-00414-00095263-00095447 would say to you knowing on the other
+sirsaPV5Snu-00415-00095448-00095631 side of that yes that god is going to
+sirsaPV5Snu-00416-00095632-00095847 meet you with profound power we don't
+sirsaPV5Snu-00417-00095848-00096087 say this yes in drudgery we don't say it
+sirsaPV5Snu-00418-00096088-00096335 in like just obligation do you have
+sirsaPV5Snu-00419-00096336-00096591 faith in your heart today that before
+sirsaPV5Snu-00420-00096592-00096847 the full word yes even gets out of your
+sirsaPV5Snu-00421-00096848-00097087 mouth his power is already ready to meet
+sirsaPV5Snu-00422-00097088-00097431 you his his divine power is already
+sirsaPV5Snu-00423-00097432-00097655 ready to be poured out he's just waiting
+sirsaPV5Snu-00424-00097656-00097911 for those who will go all in fully
+sirsaPV5Snu-00425-00097912-00098150 surrender and say yes to him he wants to
+sirsaPV5Snu-00426-00098151-00098350 fill us with that kind of faith today
+sirsaPV5Snu-00427-00098351-00098550 that it's actually possible to see
+sirsaPV5Snu-00428-00098551-00098735 breakthrough in the nations of the earth
+sirsaPV5Snu-00429-00098736-00098967 over the injustices on the earth over
+sirsaPV5Snu-00430-00098968-00099159 our city over our community our
+sirsaPV5Snu-00431-00099160-00099415 neighborhoods our family finally i want
+sirsaPV5Snu-00432-00099416-00099711 to ask today are we willing to enter
+sirsaPV5Snu-00433-00099712-00099891 into gritty
+sirsaPV5Snu-00434-00099892-00100094 endurance-based intercession i'm not
+sirsaPV5Snu-00435-00100095-00100231 saying it won't be joyful there will be
+sirsaPV5Snu-00436-00100232-00100423 a lot of joyful moments in there we're
+sirsaPV5Snu-00437-00100424-00100638 talking to the creator of the universe
+sirsaPV5Snu-00438-00100639-00100974 his beauty and his glory are untapped
+sirsaPV5Snu-00439-00100975-00101215 we'll never fully understand it but are
+sirsaPV5Snu-00440-00101216-00101367 we willing to do it when no one's
+sirsaPV5Snu-00441-00101368-00101567 looking are we willing to step into
+sirsaPV5Snu-00442-00101568-00101694 intercession when it doesn't feel
+sirsaPV5Snu-00443-00101695-00101959 glamorous are we willing to give the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00444-00101960-00102206 hours and log the hours and intercession
+sirsaPV5Snu-00445-00102207-00102406 to see something truly birthed on the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00446-00102407-00102615 earth whether anyone's aware whether
+sirsaPV5Snu-00447-00102616-00102830 we're ever able to explain to anyone we
+sirsaPV5Snu-00448-00102831-00103063 want a history with god that gives us
+sirsaPV5Snu-00449-00103064-00103342 authority to release the kingdom on the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00450-00103343-00103527 earth and i want to ask today would we
+sirsaPV5Snu-00451-00103528-00103830 consider upping our game when it comes
+sirsaPV5Snu-00452-00103831-00104182 to gritty endurance based intercession
+sirsaPV5Snu-00453-00104183-00104463 nothing has ever really been released on
+sirsaPV5Snu-00454-00104464-00104734 the earth of the kingdom without gritty
+sirsaPV5Snu-00455-00104735-00104943 intercession our next session we're
+sirsaPV5Snu-00456-00104944-00105102 going to be talking about john wesley
+sirsaPV5Snu-00457-00105103-00105295 and the methodist spiritual awakening
+sirsaPV5Snu-00458-00105296-00105478 the incredible thing about this is it is
+sirsaPV5Snu-00459-00105479-00105775 directly linked to zinzendorf and the
+sirsaPV5Snu-00460-00105776-00105975 moravians and the yes in their hearts
+sirsaPV5Snu-00461-00105976-00106226 stay tuned for the next episode
+sirsaPV5Snu-00462-00106227-00106701 [Music]
+skGXDV78G7g-00000-00000014-00000501 [Music]
+skGXDV78G7g-00001-00000503-00001071 [Applause]
+skGXDV78G7g-00002-00001072-00001764 [Music]
+skGXDV78G7g-00003-00001766-00002333 [Applause]
+skGXDV78G7g-00004-00002334-00003329 [Music]
+skGXDV78G7g-00005-00003330-00003630 thank you
+slxo9lEkfsg-00000-00000003-00000179 welcome to the journey today we'll be
+slxo9lEkfsg-00001-00000180-00000708 talking about the best home businesses
+slxo9lEkfsg-00002-00000709-00001183 [Music]
+slxo9lEkfsg-00003-00001184-00001403 you may have been wanting to start your
+slxo9lEkfsg-00004-00001404-00001549 own home-based business for some time
+slxo9lEkfsg-00005-00001550-00001820 now with the power of the internet it's
+slxo9lEkfsg-00006-00001821-00002117 easier than ever to start one yeah in
+slxo9lEkfsg-00007-00002118-00002315 your pajamas so we're gonna be talking
+slxo9lEkfsg-00008-00002316-00002527 about four different categories first
+slxo9lEkfsg-00009-00002528-00002860 writing you could be a freelance writer
+slxo9lEkfsg-00010-00002861-00003326 a poet editor blogger or even self
+slxo9lEkfsg-00011-00003327-00003520 publish your own Kindle book oh yeah I
+slxo9lEkfsg-00012-00003521-00003686 heard you can earn up to seventy percent
+slxo9lEkfsg-00013-00003686-00004124 of the royalties you guys lucrative so
+slxo9lEkfsg-00014-00004125-00004354 Emma if you were to write a book do you
+slxo9lEkfsg-00015-00004355-00004786 know what you were right about something
+slxo9lEkfsg-00016-00004787-00005447 that I enjoy about vegan cooking because
+slxo9lEkfsg-00017-00005448-00005663 then I can incorporate pizza and also
+slxo9lEkfsg-00018-00005664-00005947 like I do it from home all the time so
+slxo9lEkfsg-00019-00005948-00006202 yeah maybe just vegan cooking fast easy
+slxo9lEkfsg-00020-00006203-00006434 efficient fun and healthy and I like
+slxo9lEkfsg-00021-00006434-00006587 that and especially the fact that this
+slxo9lEkfsg-00022-00006588-00006767 is something you know about alright so
+slxo9lEkfsg-00023-00006768-00007078 next category services you could be a
+slxo9lEkfsg-00024-00007079-00007303 virtual assistant or a social media
+slxo9lEkfsg-00025-00007304-00007784 manager lot of people don't want to do
+slxo9lEkfsg-00026-00007784-00007978 and they know it's important so you
+slxo9lEkfsg-00027-00007979-00008392 offer to do it for them and you're
+slxo9lEkfsg-00028-00008393-00008627 saving people time one of the most
+slxo9lEkfsg-00029-00008628-00008846 important commodities I think yeah all
+slxo9lEkfsg-00030-00008847-00009101 have but never have enough of the
+slxo9lEkfsg-00031-00009102-00009248 virtual assistant you can schedule
+slxo9lEkfsg-00032-00009249-00009446 people's appointments you can book
+slxo9lEkfsg-00033-00009447-00009703 things for them like that travel get all
+slxo9lEkfsg-00034-00009704-00009856 these things done so that they can
+slxo9lEkfsg-00035-00009857-00010006 actually spend their time being more
+slxo9lEkfsg-00036-00010007-00010226 productive doing other things I spent so
+slxo9lEkfsg-00037-00010227-00010849 much time organizing in the day but I
+slxo9lEkfsg-00038-00010850-00011563 don't know I'm thinking and the great
+slxo9lEkfsg-00039-00011564-00011744 thing is you can do it from home you
+slxo9lEkfsg-00040-00011745-00011899 don't even have to leave your couch or
+slxo9lEkfsg-00041-00011900-00012176 you can do it from wherever you want we
+slxo9lEkfsg-00042-00012177-00012458 could do it right now okay and speaking
+slxo9lEkfsg-00043-00012459-00012695 of working from anywhere the next
+slxo9lEkfsg-00044-00012696-00012854 opportunity you can have is the data
+slxo9lEkfsg-00045-00012855-00013136 entry you can do this at home
+slxo9lEkfsg-00046-00013137-00013411 coffee shops by the beach that makes
+slxo9lEkfsg-00047-00013412-00013708 data entry a little more fun no it can
+slxo9lEkfsg-00048-00013709-00014011 be something that's routine mundane it's
+slxo9lEkfsg-00049-00014012-00014063 alright
+slxo9lEkfsg-00050-00014063-00014276 at the same time you can don't have to
+slxo9lEkfsg-00051-00014277-00014426 put a lot of effort into it but you can
+slxo9lEkfsg-00052-00014427-00014579 also do other things at the same time
+slxo9lEkfsg-00053-00014580-00014765 listening to a podcast catch them some
+slxo9lEkfsg-00054-00014766-00015026 rays exactly and you believe it or not
+slxo9lEkfsg-00055-00015027-00015247 we have on video on being a digital
+slxo9lEkfsg-00056-00015249-00015446 nomad oh that's right right over here
+slxo9lEkfsg-00057-00015447-00015647 next graphic design or even web
+slxo9lEkfsg-00058-00015647-00015869 developer again something that you can
+slxo9lEkfsg-00059-00015869-00016076 just do from home if you have a love for
+slxo9lEkfsg-00060-00016077-00016349 graphic design and being on the web
+slxo9lEkfsg-00061-00016350-00016553 these are areas that you can actually
+slxo9lEkfsg-00062-00016554-00016769 jump into also which falls under
+slxo9lEkfsg-00063-00016770-00016979 services couple my friends do this their
+slxo9lEkfsg-00064-00016980-00017273 pet sitters or dog walkers I mean what a
+slxo9lEkfsg-00065-00017274-00017573 fun job to do I was I have three dogs I
+slxo9lEkfsg-00066-00017574-00017756 mean don't you worry dog breed oh do you
+slxo9lEkfsg-00067-00017757-00018146 have a we do while I'm here making these
+slxo9lEkfsg-00068-00018147-00018356 great videos for you all someone your
+slxo9lEkfsg-00069-00018357-00018644 pets so next event or wedding planner
+slxo9lEkfsg-00070-00018645-00018977 these are very good if you are savvy at
+slxo9lEkfsg-00071-00018978-00019175 getting things together being creative
+slxo9lEkfsg-00072-00019176-00019412 taking charge making sure that things
+slxo9lEkfsg-00073-00019413-00019658 that happen on time and hopefully under
+slxo9lEkfsg-00074-00019659-00019910 budget yeah I mean for me I'm all about
+slxo9lEkfsg-00075-00019911-00020144 the great party or walking down that
+slxo9lEkfsg-00076-00020145-00020330 aisle one day but I don't want to plan
+slxo9lEkfsg-00077-00020331-00020504 the whole thing throw me a good party
+slxo9lEkfsg-00078-00020505-00020702 I'll hire you but I'm just gonna do the
+slxo9lEkfsg-00079-00020703-00020948 fall in love but and it does take away
+slxo9lEkfsg-00080-00020949-00021146 some of that time frustration for
+slxo9lEkfsg-00081-00021147-00021359 planning from others along with the
+slxo9lEkfsg-00082-00021360-00021602 budget constraints so you can actually
+slxo9lEkfsg-00083-00021603-00021824 focus on just doing a wedding planning
+slxo9lEkfsg-00084-00021825-00022013 business or you can open it up to all
+slxo9lEkfsg-00085-00022014-00022283 kinds of events oh and another great one
+slxo9lEkfsg-00086-00022284-00022592 in the services a private chef or cater
+slxo9lEkfsg-00087-00022593-00022805 I think about that sometimes just when
+slxo9lEkfsg-00088-00022806-00022988 I'm at home whipping up meals and my
+slxo9lEkfsg-00089-00022989-00023138 friends stopped by they're also like
+slxo9lEkfsg-00090-00023139-00023336 remote let go you should do this like
+slxo9lEkfsg-00091-00023337-00023543 for bigger that would stress me out but
+slxo9lEkfsg-00092-00023544-00023702 for anyone else out there who's great at
+slxo9lEkfsg-00093-00023703-00023872 cookie this is a great service that you
+slxo9lEkfsg-00094-00023873-00024065 can offer from your home if you in fact
+slxo9lEkfsg-00095-00024066-00024284 are skilled in the kitchen and you can
+slxo9lEkfsg-00096-00024285-00024452 have one client that you prepare
+slxo9lEkfsg-00097-00024453-00024659 multiple meals for onto your plane or
+slxo9lEkfsg-00098-00024660-00024869 you can have different families that
+slxo9lEkfsg-00099-00024870-00025058 you're serving at different times of the
+slxo9lEkfsg-00100-00025059-00025337 month oh and another great one that my
+slxo9lEkfsg-00101-00025338-00025556 mom's best friend recently started doing
+slxo9lEkfsg-00102-00025557-00025864 is have an air B&B she you know lives
+slxo9lEkfsg-00103-00025866-00026162 alone in this beautiful Victorian home
+slxo9lEkfsg-00104-00026163-00026377 it's painted purple it's got a ton of
+slxo9lEkfsg-00105-00026379-00026614 character I enjoy her colors purple oh
+slxo9lEkfsg-00106-00026616-00026939 well if you ever in Indiana go check out
+slxo9lEkfsg-00107-00026939-00027155 Luann's Airbnb anyway it's a beautiful
+slxo9lEkfsg-00108-00027156-00027479 home and she so kindly opens her doors
+slxo9lEkfsg-00109-00027480-00027848 for an air B&B and she meets amazing
+slxo9lEkfsg-00110-00027849-00027951 people from all
+slxo9lEkfsg-00111-00027952-00028104 over the world that comes through
+slxo9lEkfsg-00112-00028105-00028349 surprisingly Indiana crossroads of
+slxo9lEkfsg-00113-00028350-00028536 America so this is just another good
+slxo9lEkfsg-00114-00028537-00028860 idea and also now that reminds me my mom
+slxo9lEkfsg-00115-00028861-00029087 helps out their B&B because she has such
+slxo9lEkfsg-00116-00029088-00029327 a skill set of cleaning like this woman
+slxo9lEkfsg-00117-00029328-00029645 actually likes to clean enjoys it so she
+slxo9lEkfsg-00118-00029645-00029895 helps her best friend with air B&B with
+slxo9lEkfsg-00119-00029895-00030143 that skill set of Justin I like to clean
+slxo9lEkfsg-00120-00030144-00030305 so after your guests leave I'll handle
+slxo9lEkfsg-00121-00030306-00030671 that nice next category selling now if
+slxo9lEkfsg-00122-00030672-00030908 you are really creative and you can make
+slxo9lEkfsg-00123-00030909-00031118 things with your hands and it's very
+slxo9lEkfsg-00124-00031119-00031349 unique Etsy could be the place for you
+slxo9lEkfsg-00125-00031350-00031524 and it could give you an opportunity to
+slxo9lEkfsg-00126-00031525-00031704 be have an outlet to actually make that
+slxo9lEkfsg-00127-00031705-00031923 income from home do you make anything no
+slxo9lEkfsg-00128-00031924-00032165 I cannot nothing nothing I'm trying to
+slxo9lEkfsg-00129-00032166-00032312 think what I would do I could paint you
+slxo9lEkfsg-00130-00032313-00032508 a picture but I can make these videos
+slxo9lEkfsg-00131-00032508-00032730 yeah woo Sam here's another one of my
+slxo9lEkfsg-00132-00032731-00033060 favorites online consignment oh my gosh
+slxo9lEkfsg-00133-00033061-00033198 you could go just through your own
+slxo9lEkfsg-00134-00033199-00033470 closet or your parents and find some old
+slxo9lEkfsg-00135-00033471-00033768 gems that you can sell for money also
+slxo9lEkfsg-00136-00033769-00034011 you can go and actually thrift you know
+slxo9lEkfsg-00137-00034012-00034280 find that great leather jacket or that
+slxo9lEkfsg-00138-00034281-00034577 designer shirt or shoes and then put it
+slxo9lEkfsg-00139-00034578-00034883 online there's a ton of apps to sell use
+slxo9lEkfsg-00140-00034884-00035127 clothing cause I'm at high fashion yeah
+slxo9lEkfsg-00141-00035128-00035321 offer up you can go on Facebook
+slxo9lEkfsg-00142-00035322-00035552 marketplace and even offer your items
+slxo9lEkfsg-00143-00035553-00035720 there as well and if you are pretty good
+slxo9lEkfsg-00144-00035721-00035904 in the kitchen similar to that private
+slxo9lEkfsg-00145-00035905-00036123 chef and caterer you can also sell your
+slxo9lEkfsg-00146-00036124-00036330 baked goods online this is something
+slxo9lEkfsg-00147-00036331-00036470 great to do because a lot of coffee
+slxo9lEkfsg-00148-00036471-00036662 shops they don't actually bake their own
+slxo9lEkfsg-00149-00036663-00036843 good oh that's a great point when I
+slxo9lEkfsg-00150-00036844-00036960 worked at a coffee shop
+slxo9lEkfsg-00151-00036961-00037355 we had a cabinet of donuts two scones
+slxo9lEkfsg-00152-00037356-00037604 two bagels and it all came from other
+slxo9lEkfsg-00153-00037605-00037862 people or besides a lot of these
+slxo9lEkfsg-00154-00037863-00038058 businesses use other vendors to supply
+slxo9lEkfsg-00155-00038059-00038229 them with these baked goods and last
+slxo9lEkfsg-00156-00038230-00038493 category teaching you give you an online
+slxo9lEkfsg-00157-00038494-00038699 teacher or a tutor err it gives you a
+slxo9lEkfsg-00158-00038700-00038886 lot of flexibility and it's definitely
+slxo9lEkfsg-00159-00038887-00039155 in demand you can be teaching others
+slxo9lEkfsg-00160-00039156-00039351 that don't have English as their first
+slxo9lEkfsg-00161-00039352-00039711 language you could teach them English I
+slxo9lEkfsg-00162-00039712-00040037 did what do you teach math how's that
+slxo9lEkfsg-00163-00040038-00040392 hey hey next you can actually create
+slxo9lEkfsg-00164-00040393-00040632 online courses oh good point everything
+slxo9lEkfsg-00165-00040633-00040785 that we just talked about yeah
+slxo9lEkfsg-00166-00040786-00041120 baking graphic design blogging whatever
+slxo9lEkfsg-00167-00041121-00041253 you are
+slxo9lEkfsg-00168-00041254-00041535 you can make a video and instruct people
+slxo9lEkfsg-00169-00041536-00041748 on how to do it that's very true and I
+slxo9lEkfsg-00170-00041749-00041922 love that I like taking in a lot of
+slxo9lEkfsg-00171-00041923-00042225 information skills from the privacy of
+slxo9lEkfsg-00172-00042226-00042477 my home on my couch I want to learn
+slxo9lEkfsg-00173-00042478-00042600 another language that way I don't want
+slxo9lEkfsg-00174-00042601-00042699 to go out somewhere
+slxo9lEkfsg-00175-00042700-00042870 give me an online course I'm a
+slxo9lEkfsg-00176-00042871-00043077 millennial my wife is actually a fitness
+slxo9lEkfsg-00177-00043078-00043263 instructor and she's able to do a lot of
+slxo9lEkfsg-00178-00043264-00043398 different things she's passionate about
+slxo9lEkfsg-00179-00043399-00043629 either working in a gym or even having
+slxo9lEkfsg-00180-00043630-00043815 your own clients on the side didn't she
+slxo9lEkfsg-00181-00043816-00044046 like pick up a client when she was here
+slxo9lEkfsg-00182-00044047-00044226 she did and you're gonna live in Austin
+slxo9lEkfsg-00183-00044227-00044277 Texas
+slxo9lEkfsg-00184-00044278-00044538 we're in Kirkland she picked up okay
+slxo9lEkfsg-00185-00044539-00044625 just checking
+slxo9lEkfsg-00186-00044626-00044838 I thought that happened it gives you a
+slxo9lEkfsg-00187-00044839-00045018 lot of flexibility you don't have to be
+slxo9lEkfsg-00188-00045019-00045279 local to one area but you can do it
+slxo9lEkfsg-00189-00045280-00045465 wherever there's parks that you can
+slxo9lEkfsg-00190-00045466-00045741 actually work out it there's people's
+slxo9lEkfsg-00191-00045742-00045915 homes like we said before you can go in
+slxo9lEkfsg-00192-00045916-00046119 actually have different classes or
+slxo9lEkfsg-00193-00046120-00046383 personal instruction there mm-hmm
+slxo9lEkfsg-00194-00046384-00046551 I've done some yoga classes that way
+slxo9lEkfsg-00195-00046552-00047001 yeah so like I decided in nineteen so
+slxo9lEkfsg-00196-00047002-00047238 you're the hamstrings oh yeah I want to
+slxo9lEkfsg-00197-00047239-00047370 work on the hamstrings and I want to
+slxo9lEkfsg-00198-00047371-00047487 focus on but I wanna just do it in the
+slxo9lEkfsg-00199-00047488-00047676 privacy of my home and not spend a ton
+slxo9lEkfsg-00200-00047677-00048033 membership so I watch online videos
+slxo9lEkfsg-00201-00048034-00048270 classes if you will on how to do this
+slxo9lEkfsg-00202-00048271-00048510 next is music teacher you play an
+slxo9lEkfsg-00203-00048511-00048654 instrument no I cannot
+slxo9lEkfsg-00204-00048655-00049004 can you sing no I cannot okay carry on
+slxo9lEkfsg-00205-00049005-00049407 so on that same note carry on yeah sing
+slxo9lEkfsg-00206-00049408-00049635 but anyhow if you know how to instruct
+slxo9lEkfsg-00207-00049636-00049767 people to play an instrument this is
+slxo9lEkfsg-00208-00049768-00049935 something you can do or if you know how
+slxo9lEkfsg-00209-00049936-00050142 to give voice lessons people help people
+slxo9lEkfsg-00210-00050143-00050388 sing like myself carry it soon that's
+slxo9lEkfsg-00211-00050389-00050532 also something you can you can go to
+slxo9lEkfsg-00212-00050533-00050793 nonprofits like churches or you can go
+slxo9lEkfsg-00213-00050794-00051075 to schools teaching elementary you know
+slxo9lEkfsg-00214-00051076-00051327 kids a lot of parents love to get their
+slxo9lEkfsg-00215-00051328-00051489 children involved in those things
+slxo9lEkfsg-00216-00051490-00051657 they're looking for someone that can
+slxo9lEkfsg-00217-00051658-00051866 spark that creativity and that young
+slxo9lEkfsg-00218-00051867-00052115 child's life yeah that would really help
+slxo9lEkfsg-00219-00052116-00052332 my karaoke game oh yeah some voice
+slxo9lEkfsg-00220-00052333-00052635 lessons so in order to get a lot of this
+slxo9lEkfsg-00221-00052636-00052788 started you can join freelance websites
+slxo9lEkfsg-00222-00052789-00053264 like up word Fiverr guru freelancer com
+slxo9lEkfsg-00223-00053265-00053478 there'll be a great opportunity because
+slxo9lEkfsg-00224-00053479-00053694 you already have people there looking
+slxo9lEkfsg-00225-00053695-00053916 for services so you might as well use it
+slxo9lEkfsg-00226-00053916-00054120 to market yourself so that's a wrap
+slxo9lEkfsg-00227-00054121-00054390 today you just learn the best home-based
+slxo9lEkfsg-00228-00054391-00054469 businesses
+slxo9lEkfsg-00229-00054470-00054703 with low startup costs make sure to LIKE
+slxo9lEkfsg-00230-00054704-00054940 comment and subscribe also be sure to
+slxo9lEkfsg-00231-00054941-00055108 read that Bell so you are the first to
+slxo9lEkfsg-00232-00055109-00055266 know when we have another video coming
+slxo9lEkfsg-00233-00055267-00055477 up thanks for watching this is the
+slxo9lEkfsg-00234-00055478-00055837 journey see you next time
+slNkN6saHHo-00000-00000484-00001610 [Music]
+slNkN6saHHo-00001-00001611-00001898 all right well good day to the viewers
+slNkN6saHHo-00002-00001900-00002358 out there my name is Noel and I'm going
+slNkN6saHHo-00003-00002359-00002589 to talk about a little bit a little bit
+slNkN6saHHo-00004-00002590-00002916 about TOEIC today and let me tell you
+slNkN6saHHo-00005-00002917-00003327 how help actually plan or how help
+slNkN6saHHo-00006-00003328-00003651 teachers here plan and administer their
+slNkN6saHHo-00007-00003652-00003918 toy classes in their individual class
+slNkN6saHHo-00008-00003919-00004118 and in their group classes as well
+slNkN6saHHo-00009-00004119-00004560 alright so first the teachers are
+slNkN6saHHo-00010-00004561-00004917 focused on two main objectives the
+slNkN6saHHo-00011-00004918-00005184 primary objective is of course to teach
+slNkN6saHHo-00012-00005185-00005577 students various learning methodologies
+slNkN6saHHo-00013-00005578-00005850 and test-taking strategies to help them
+slNkN6saHHo-00014-00005851-00006422 to get their score and possibly yeah
+slNkN6saHHo-00015-00006423-00006591 basically just to inject the highest
+slNkN6saHHo-00016-00006592-00006966 score possible that they can and the
+slNkN6saHHo-00017-00006967-00007266 secondary objective would be to help
+slNkN6saHHo-00018-00007267-00007491 these students be very familiarize with
+slNkN6saHHo-00019-00007492-00007709 with the English language particularly
+slNkN6saHHo-00020-00007711-00008013 with the business English language by by
+slNkN6saHHo-00021-00008014-00008192 making them do a lot of practice
+slNkN6saHHo-00022-00008193-00008474 activities every day
+slNkN6saHHo-00023-00008475-00008871 officialy health has been offering has
+slNkN6saHHo-00024-00008872-00009102 been administering tests for over two
+slNkN6saHHo-00025-00009103-00009344 years now and as far as you can remember
+slNkN6saHHo-00026-00009345-00009648 it's been producing students who have
+slNkN6saHHo-00027-00009649-00010121 actually got in their target scores and
+slNkN6saHHo-00028-00010122-00010392 use those course to get promoted in
+slNkN6saHHo-00029-00010393-00010623 their jobs or to get to get the job that
+slNkN6saHHo-00030-00010624-00010923 they want and ultimately improve their
+slNkN6saHHo-00031-00010924-00011124 English skill not only in business but
+slNkN6saHHo-00032-00011125-00011570 in in their daily life as well so what
+slNkN6saHHo-00033-00011571-00011730 am I trying to say just come here and
+slNkN6saHHo-00034-00011731-00012081 take the test and well of course before
+slNkN6saHHo-00035-00012082-00012335 that you have to study here enroll in
+slNkN6saHHo-00036-00012336-00012609 our TOEIC programs and take the test and
+slNkN6saHHo-00037-00012610-00012860 prove to yourself that you can get that
+slNkN6saHHo-00038-00012861-00013088 score with the help of this school
+slNkN6saHHo-00039-00013088-00013441 so I hope to see you here
+slNkN6saHHo-00040-00013443-00014322 pretty soon ciao
+slNkN6saHHo-00041-00014322-00014603 [Music]
+sm4qEJspy9o-00000-00000143-00000517 have you ever seen people
+sm4qEJspy9o-00001-00000518-00000875 that looks unhappy
+sm4qEJspy9o-00002-00000876-00001241 all the time
+sm4qEJspy9o-00003-00001242-00001439 as if
+sm4qEJspy9o-00004-00001440-00001751 like they are mad
+sm4qEJspy9o-00005-00001752-00001967 most of the time
+sm4qEJspy9o-00006-00001968-00002260 and
+sm4qEJspy9o-00007-00002261-00002825 imagine
+sm4qEJspy9o-00008-00002826-00003100 the being betrayed
+sm4qEJspy9o-00009-00003101-00003274 so badly
+sm4qEJspy9o-00010-00003275-00003793 imagine someone in your family
+sm4qEJspy9o-00011-00003794-00004306 died that you loved greatly
+sm4qEJspy9o-00012-00004307-00004583 like
+sm4qEJspy9o-00013-00004584-00004949 going through I guess some emotional
+sm4qEJspy9o-00014-00004950-00005345 damage but not really knowing how to
+sm4qEJspy9o-00015-00005346-00005470 deal with it
+sm4qEJspy9o-00016-00005471-00005711 so if you don't know how to deal with
+sm4qEJspy9o-00017-00005712-00006143 pain I believe in one way or another
+sm4qEJspy9o-00018-00006144-00006503 it may eventually show
+sm4qEJspy9o-00019-00006504-00006784 and I think much of those people that
+sm4qEJspy9o-00020-00006786-00007120 frown their face or look angry most of
+sm4qEJspy9o-00021-00007122-00007481 the time I believe most of them
+sm4qEJspy9o-00022-00007481-00007705 are going through
+sm4qEJspy9o-00023-00007706-00008033 emotional pain
+sm4qEJspy9o-00024-00008034-00008351 so if you are going through emotional
+sm4qEJspy9o-00025-00008352-00008657 pain how do you believe you are going to
+sm4qEJspy9o-00026-00008658-00009064 react with others let's say in general
+sm4qEJspy9o-00027-00009065-00009407 maybe the majority of people like that
+sm4qEJspy9o-00028-00009408-00009971 will lash out in anger on you may accuse
+sm4qEJspy9o-00029-00009972-00010409 you of things falsely May overreact in a
+sm4qEJspy9o-00030-00010410-00010756 very negative way toward you
+sm4qEJspy9o-00031-00010757-00011092 have you thought about this
+sm4qEJspy9o-00032-00011093-00011428 the way that they are feeling is being
+sm4qEJspy9o-00033-00011429-00011801 shown on their face
+sm4qEJspy9o-00034-00011802-00012167 so if they aren't able
+sm4qEJspy9o-00035-00012168-00012388 to handle
+sm4qEJspy9o-00036-00012389-00012773 their own problems
+sm4qEJspy9o-00037-00012774-00013115 if they choose to interact with you I
+sm4qEJspy9o-00038-00013116-00013427 believe you have to expect things may
+sm4qEJspy9o-00039-00013428-00013588 not go well
+sm4qEJspy9o-00040-00013590-00013894 they may plague the victim or something
+sm4qEJspy9o-00041-00013895-00014165 like that
+sm4qEJspy9o-00042-00014166-00014638 have you thought about this
+sm4qEJspy9o-00043-00014640-00014903 this is something you may need to keep
+sm4qEJspy9o-00044-00014904-00015233 in mind
+sm4qEJspy9o-00045-00015234-00015557 now
+sm4qEJspy9o-00046-00015558-00016243 I am not telling you to avoid all
+sm4qEJspy9o-00047-00016244-00016667 emotionally damaged people or people who
+sm4qEJspy9o-00048-00016668-00016930 may cause you problems because of
+sm4qEJspy9o-00049-00016931-00017147 emotional damage
+sm4qEJspy9o-00050-00017148-00017447 I am not telling you to avoid all of
+sm4qEJspy9o-00051-00017448-00017572 them
+sm4qEJspy9o-00052-00017573-00017849 there may be some
+sm4qEJspy9o-00053-00017850-00018439 you may have to but there may be some
+sm4qEJspy9o-00054-00018440-00018977 where you may need to affect their life
+sm4qEJspy9o-00055-00018978-00019217 affect their life
+sm4qEJspy9o-00056-00019218-00019727 in a way to where it would help them to
+sm4qEJspy9o-00057-00019728-00020111 change or get better in some type of way
+sm4qEJspy9o-00058-00020112-00020393 I hope this is making sense
+sm4qEJspy9o-00059-00020394-00020939 we can't avoid all troublemaking people
+sm4qEJspy9o-00060-00020940-00021179 there are some people
+sm4qEJspy9o-00061-00021180-00021539 who may be troublemakers where we need
+sm4qEJspy9o-00062-00021540-00021739 to involve
+sm4qEJspy9o-00063-00021740-00022103 ourselves with
+sm4qEJspy9o-00064-00022104-00022450 we can't only be around people who make
+sm4qEJspy9o-00065-00022451-00022744 us happy we can't always be around
+sm4qEJspy9o-00066-00022745-00023177 people who makes us smile
+sm4qEJspy9o-00067-00023178-00023544 we may need to be around people who may
+sm4qEJspy9o-00068-00023545-00023908 unnecessarily challenge us for
+sm4qEJspy9o-00069-00023909-00024136 seemingly no reason
+sm4qEJspy9o-00070-00024137-00024413 we may need to be around people who may
+sm4qEJspy9o-00071-00024414-00024658 criticize us
+sm4qEJspy9o-00072-00024659-00025330 in a way where we don't deserve
+sm4qEJspy9o-00073-00025331-00025558 we have to be
+sm4qEJspy9o-00074-00025559-00025889 the Bible tells us Christians that we
+sm4qEJspy9o-00075-00025889-00026164 are the light of the world and we are
+sm4qEJspy9o-00076-00026166-00026627 the salt of the earth
+sm4qEJspy9o-00077-00026627-00027011 we have to affect the people
+sm4qEJspy9o-00078-00027012-00027358 who are on the wrong path
+sm4qEJspy9o-00079-00027360-00027755 yes there may be some no matter what you
+sm4qEJspy9o-00080-00027756-00028362 do they may stay in their own
+sm4qEJspy9o-00081-00028363-00028733 dangerous path
+sm4qEJspy9o-00082-00028733-00029117 but even then
+sm4qEJspy9o-00083-00029118-00029440 we may not to we may not be able to
+sm4qEJspy9o-00084-00029441-00029729 teach to everyone we may not be able to
+sm4qEJspy9o-00085-00029730-00029987 tell everyone that you should come to
+sm4qEJspy9o-00086-00029988-00030305 Jesus Christ we may not be able to give
+sm4qEJspy9o-00087-00030306-00030887 a sermon to everyone but
+sm4qEJspy9o-00088-00030888-00031255 but I believe many people
+sm4qEJspy9o-00089-00031256-00031546 can be introduced
+sm4qEJspy9o-00090-00031547-00031924 to Jesus Christ through the way we
+sm4qEJspy9o-00091-00031925-00032051 behave
+sm4qEJspy9o-00092-00032052-00032399 hey I see this person being nice I'll be
+sm4qEJspy9o-00093-00032400-00032651 I see this person being patient this
+sm4qEJspy9o-00094-00032652-00032909 person is long-suffering like this
+sm4qEJspy9o-00095-00032910-00033190 person is so different than almost
+sm4qEJspy9o-00096-00033191-00033587 everyone I know like why does this
+sm4qEJspy9o-00097-00033588-00033790 person act in this way
+sm4qEJspy9o-00098-00033791-00034237 I have to find out so that person may
+sm4qEJspy9o-00099-00034238-00034505 be introduced
+sm4qEJspy9o-00100-00034506-00034957 to Jesus Christ on a relationship level
+sm4qEJspy9o-00101-00034958-00035507 because of how obedient you are to Jesus
+sm4qEJspy9o-00102-00035508-00035807 Christ I hope this is making sense now
+sm4qEJspy9o-00103-00035808-00036155 I really hope this is making sense
+sm4qEJspy9o-00104-00036156-00036485 you can't avoid all troublemaking people
+sm4qEJspy9o-00105-00036486-00036796 you can't
+sm4qEJspy9o-00106-00036797-00037049 we have to
+sm4qEJspy9o-00107-00037050-00037396 we should be the Christians should be
+sm4qEJspy9o-00108-00037397-00037817 the influencers not Beyonce and all
+sm4qEJspy9o-00109-00037818-00038068 those people like that no
+sm4qEJspy9o-00110-00038069-00038563 let me stop here though may God bless us
+sn8QKte9DCA-00000-00000102-00000419 it's time to play America's favorite
+sn8QKte9DCA-00001-00000420-00000724 jackpot game this is Powerball good
+sn8QKte9DCA-00002-00000725-00000893 evening America I'm Sam Marlin tonight
+sn8QKte9DCA-00003-00000894-00001139 we have another life-changing jackpot
+sn8QKte9DCA-00004-00001140-00001387 for you it is worth an estimated
+sn8QKte9DCA-00005-00001388-00001732 170.5 million dollars good luck to you
+sn8QKte9DCA-00006-00001734-00001925 here are tonight's winning numbers
+sn8QKte9DCA-00007-00001926-00002302 starting out with the number 34 and
+sn8QKte9DCA-00008-00002303-00002489 right after that America we have the
+sn8QKte9DCA-00009-00002490-00002717 number 15. tonight we're heading to
+sn8QKte9DCA-00010-00002718-00002921 Pennsylvania to meet Timothy David and
+sn8QKte9DCA-00011-00002922-00003137 Michael they won 50
+sn8QKte9DCA-00012-00003138-00003377 000 playing Powerball next number down
+sn8QKte9DCA-00013-00003378-00003779 is 59 that's followed by 24 and we're
+sn8QKte9DCA-00014-00003779-00003911 gonna wind it up for you tonight with
+sn8QKte9DCA-00015-00003911-00004127 the number 12. all right now for your
+sn8QKte9DCA-00016-00004128-00004403 winning Powerball number it is 14 and
+sn8QKte9DCA-00017-00004404-00004715 that power play multiplier is two
+sn8QKte9DCA-00018-00004716-00004877 let's take another look at those winning
+sn8QKte9DCA-00019-00004878-00005093 numbers remember there are multiple ways
+sn8QKte9DCA-00020-00005094-00005272 to win we'll see you back here this
+sn8QKte9DCA-00021-00005273-00005557 Saturday night bye everybody
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00000-00000050-00000315 el puerto de santa maria spanish
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00001-00000316-00000670 pronunciation el puido a Santa Maya the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00002-00000671-00000966 port of st. Mary locally known as El
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00003-00000967-00001222 Puerto is a municipality located on the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00004-00001223-00001374 banks of the Guadalupe River in the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00005-00001375-00001738 province of Cadiz Andalusia as of 2016
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00006-00001739-00002062 the city has a population of c88
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00007-00002063-00002254 thousand one hundred eighty-four of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00008-00002255-00002446 which some 50,000 live in the urban
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00009-00002447-00002599 center and the remainder in the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00010-00002600-00002717 surrounding areas
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00011-00002718-00003027 the town of el puerto de santa maria as
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00012-00003028-00003279 ten kilometres six miles northeast of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00013-00003280-00003827 Cadiz across the bay of Cadiz
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00014-00003828-00004249 pick history
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00015-00004250-00004453 according to the legend told in the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00016-00004454-00004666 Odyssey of Homer after the Trojan War a
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00017-00004667-00004888 Greek official named menace Deus escaped
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00018-00004889-00005035 with his troops through the Straits of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00019-00005036-00005200 Gibraltar and reached the Guadalupe
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00020-00005201-00005472 River they established themselves here
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00021-00005473-00005677 and called that port menaced ESS port or
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00022-00005678-00005947 Menace they Portis Greek Menace Theo's
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00023-00005948-00006139 lemon in its neighborhood was the Oracle
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00024-00006140-00006271 of Menace dias Greek
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00025-00006272-00006466 mantheon to Menace Theo's to whom also
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00026-00006467-00006660 the inhabitants of gabe's offered
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00027-00006661-00006991 sacrifices in 711 Arab Moors from the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00028-00006992-00007189 north of Africa conquered southern Spain
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00029-00007190-00007477 they renamed the place al Conte or al
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00030-00007478-00007695 Kennedy which means port of salt due to
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00031-00007697-00007891 the old salt industry of Phoenicians and
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00032-00007892-00008271 Romans in 1260 Alfonso the tenth of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00033-00008272-00008446 Castile conquered the city from the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00034-00008447-00008641 Moors and renamed it santa maria del
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00035-00008642-00008884 puerto he organized the land
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00036-00008885-00009085 distribution and conceded a charter
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00037-00009086-00009327 under the crown of Castile having
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00038-00009328-00009513 received a Royal Charter the city was
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00039-00009514-00009799 then allowed to use the title el prior
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00040-00009800-00010033 to the name of the city itself this is a
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00041-00010034-00010227 distinguishing property and even though
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00042-00010228-00010417 Madrid as the capital of Spain it has
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00043-00010418-00010702 not earned this distinction in his Kent
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00044-00010703-00011116 IGAs de Santa Maria CSM 367 Alfonso
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00045-00011117-00011317 sings that he was miraculously healed of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00046-00011318-00011512 swollen legs after visiting his church
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00047-00011513-00011821 of santa maria da porto christopher
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00048-00011822-00012013 columbus's second expedition to the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00049-00012014-00012226 americas set sail from el puerto de
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00050-00012227-00012523 santa maria his pilot juan de la cosa
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00051-00012524-00012735 drew his world map the first including
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00052-00012736-00012946 the coast of new world in el puerto in
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00053-00012947-00013396 1500 columbus visited el puerto in 1480
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00054-00013397-00013563 and received encouragement for his
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00055-00013565-00013869 travel plans he also met one de la cosa
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00056-00013870-00014150 who issued the first world map in 1500
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00057-00014151-00014458 el puerto was the residence of several
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00058-00014459-00014566 wealthy cargadores
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00059-00014566-00014758 merchants who operated spain's trade
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00060-00014759-00015075 with the americas during the 16th and
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00061-00015076-00015313 17th centuries it was the winter port of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00062-00015313-00015580 the Royal galleys in the nineteenth
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00063-00015581-00015775 century the city became the general
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00064-00015776-00015958 headquarters for the French army during
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00065-00015959-00016125 the Peninsular war under the reign of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00066-00016126-00016597 Joseph Bonaparte 1801 - 1812 the town is
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00067-00016598-00016803 steeped in history museums and monuments
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00068-00016804-00017047 it is also within easy reach of the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00069-00017048-00017566 historical cities of Seville and Cadiz
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00070-00017567-00018098 topic geography
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00071-00018099-00018389 el puerto de santa maria is located on
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00072-00018390-00018572 the Atlantic coast of the Bay of Cadiz
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00073-00018573-00018797 near the municipalities of herethe de la
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00074-00018798-00019166 Frontera Roda Puerto real in Cadiz it is
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00075-00019167-00019337 popular for its sherry and for its
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00076-00019338-00019529 beaches which are the town's principal
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00077-00019530-00019790 tourist attraction well-known beaches
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00078-00019791-00020015 include Vista Hermosa Val de la Granja
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00079-00020016-00020249 and la puntilla like many other southern
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00080-00020250-00020429 cities there are many smaller towns
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00081-00020430-00020708 encompassed by the municipality there is
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00082-00020709-00020939 also a major port known as Puerto sherry
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00083-00020940-00021200 a large amount of land has been devoted
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00084-00021201-00021678 to the bay of Cadiz nature reserve
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00085-00021679-00022190 topic economy
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00086-00022191-00022454 the most important economic activity is
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00087-00022455-00022517 tourism
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00088-00022518-00022718 mainly because of the beaches as well as
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00089-00022719-00022886 the bullfights held at the arena during
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00090-00022887-00023162 the summer the town also hosts large
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00091-00023163-00023354 groups of motorcyclists during the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00092-00023355-00023627 herethe motorcycle Grand Prix there is
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00093-00023628-00023816 commercial development in the center and
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00094-00023817-00024011 periphery and a highly developed wine
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00095-00024012-00024434 industry
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00096-00024435-00024867 soppec culture
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00097-00024868-00025135 listed are a few of the main fiestas in
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00098-00025136-00025444 the area Spring Carnival Cadiz is the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00099-00025445-00025618 home of Carnival with fancy dress and
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00100-00025619-00025839 parades in the streets usually ending on
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00101-00025841-00026289 the Tuesday 47 days before Easter semana
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00102-00026291-00026506 santa Holy Week the week that leads up
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00103-00026507-00026692 to Easter Sunday is a wonderful time to
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00104-00026693-00026889 enjoy the area with its street parades
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00105-00026891-00027073 and long lines of penitence and big
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00106-00027074-00027400 crowds in El Puerto de Santa Maria there
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00107-00027401-00027601 are daily parades from Palm Sunday to
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00108-00027602-00027937 Easter Sunday campeonato de espana
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00109-00027938-00028177 motorbikes races a weekend fiesta of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00110-00028177-00028351 music and dance in April World
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00111-00028352-00028683 Championships of motorcycling Feria del
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00112-00028685-00028957 vino Fino Springs Fair El Puerto de
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00113-00028958-00029167 Santa Maria's local week of fiestas
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00114-00029168-00029364 dancing sherry drinking and Savannah
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00115-00029366-00029569 dancing this is usually in the middle of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00116-00029570-00029842 May this is the principle festival as
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00117-00029843-00030079 the Feria de Primavera Spring Fair held
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00118-00030080-00030268 between the fifth and sixth week after
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00119-00030269-00030514 Holy Week in recent years it has
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00120-00030514-00030864 coincided with May first Rome area del
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00121-00030866-00031099 Rocio festive pilgrimage of up to 1
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00122-00031100-00031294 million people to the village of Rocio
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00123-00031295-00031533 in Almonte huelva usually around the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00124-00031535-00031831 third week of May Higueras de San Juan
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00125-00031832-00032092 midsummer bonfires and fireworks on the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00126-00032093-00032302 beaches in most areas of Cadiz on the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00127-00032302-00032680 23rd of June dia de la virgen del Carmen
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00128-00032681-00032863 one of the most popular saint of el
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00129-00032864-00033088 puerto de santa maria and all fishermen
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00130-00033089-00033321 as the Virgin del Carmen and on the 16th
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00131-00033322-00033574 of July her image statue is taken from
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00132-00033575-00033771 the local church carried into the sea on
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00133-00033772-00033964 board a fishing boat and then paraded
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00134-00033965-00034198 around the town a general day of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00135-00034199-00034549 festivities virgin de las Milagros the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00136-00034550-00034735 saint of the city is la virgen de las
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00137-00034736-00035011 Milagros virgin of the miracles the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00138-00035012-00035260 festivity is on September the 8th her
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00139-00035261-00035455 image is taken from the principal church
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00140-00035456-00035593 and carried to the street and then
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00141-00035594-00035812 paraded around the town over a carpet of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00142-00035813-00036423 flowers it is a local day of festivities
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00143-00036424-00036958 topic main sites
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00144-00036959-00037234 boring of El Puerto which dates back to
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00145-00037235-00037590 1880 with space for 15,000 spectators
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00146-00037591-00037989 iglesia mayor prior all known from 1486
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00147-00037990-00038290 castle of san marcos a fortified church
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00148-00038291-00038491 built over the remains of a 10th century
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00149-00038492-00038773 Islamic mosque it was built by order of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00150-00038774-00039091 Alfonso the tenth of Castile from 1364
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00151-00039092-00039289 also using parts of an ancient Roman
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00152-00039290-00039631 edifice nearby monastery of the victory
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00153-00039632-00039889 early 16th century built by the dukes of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00154-00039890-00040186 Medina Celie hermitage of santa clara
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00155-00040187-00040558 16th 18th century convent of the holy
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00156-00040559-00040885 spirit 15th century church of san
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00157-00040886-00041113 francisco next to san luis gonzaga
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00158-00041114-00041530 building church of san joaquin convent
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00159-00041531-00041878 of Santo Domingo Hospital of San Juan de
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00160-00041879-00042205 Dios convent of ask lavas del Sagrado
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00161-00042206-00042526 Corazon de hey Suz convent of la
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00162-00042527-00042970 concepción Chapel of Aurora monastery of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00163-00042971-00043246 San Miguel hospital of Divina
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00164-00043247-00043597 Providencia Hospital Edo palace of Iran
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00165-00043598-00043974 Abbar palace of almirante valdivieso
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00166-00043975-00044267 antigua Matadero
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00167-00044268-00044585 of in 'bless Quetta palace of marquis de
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00168-00044586-00044930 Vere e ly / Alina Palace of Alvarez
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00169-00044931-00045272 Cuevas Casa Visser in Casa de las
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00170-00045273-00045731 cadenas Casa de las Rivas Antigua po
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00171-00045732-00046175 sido Casa de las diez Mose fountain of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00172-00046176-00046635 Galeras casa de la la silla Casa de roca
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00173-00046636-00047051 guató fountain of prison san luis
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00174-00047052-00047407 Gonzaga building Antigua ad Wanda
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00175-00047408-00047804 Antigua Lunia ancient la gia located in
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00176-00047805-00048067 the port and dating to the 18th century
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00177-00048068-00048491 Museo archaeologic immune Issel several
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00178-00048492-00048692 towers el puerto de santa maria is
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00179-00048693-00048860 situated in the middle of the park
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00180-00048861-00049172 natural bahia de cádiz this includes two
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00181-00049173-00049448 square kilometers 1.2 miles of pine
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00182-00049449-00049646 forest which form one part of the three
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00183-00049647-00049925 ecosystems in the area an endangered
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00184-00049926-00050108 species of chameleons along with other
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00185-00050109-00050282 reptiles and birds of immense variety
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00186-00050283-00050579 can be found in the forest Egyptian
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00187-00050580-00050768 Mongoose can also be spotted in the area
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00188-00050769-00051065 the area boasts two other natural parks
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00189-00051066-00051650 the sierra de Grazalema and Elko dodona
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00190-00051651-00052149 topic events
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00191-00052150-00052386 bullfighting is still enjoyed during the
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00192-00052387-00052557 Feria season during the month of August
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00193-00052558-00052754 and during the Feria de la primavera
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00194-00052755-00053103 Spring Fair in early May this Faria is
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00195-00053104-00053294 dedicated to sherry wine.and
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00196-00053295-00053520 180-thousand half bottles are drunk in
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00197-00053521-00053598 four days
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00198-00053599-00053862 there are several bodegas wineries in
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00199-00053863-00054039 the town center all of which can be
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00200-00054040-00054300 visited by the public the most famous
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00201-00054301-00054537 bodegas in El Puerto are Osbourne and
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00202-00054538-00054735 Terry both of which exports sherry and
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00203-00054736-00055004 brandy worldwide in the cellars of El
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00204-00055005-00055221 Puerto the dry pale sherry known as
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00205-00055222-00055383 phyno is produced using the traditional
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00206-00055384-00055662 method called Solara this method
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00207-00055663-00055875 produces Fino the sweet muscatel
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00208-00055876-00056472 Amontillado in the older Oloroso
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00209-00056473-00057063 topic international relations
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00210-00057064-00057685 topic Twin Towns Sister Cities
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00211-00057686-00057980 el puerto de santa maria is twinned with
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00212-00057982-00058380 Laguerre western sahara coral gables
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00213-00058382-00058846 united states Texcoco Mexico Brighton
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00214-00058847-00058962 United Kingdom
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00215-00058963-00059428 Cal Spain
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00216-00059429-00060003 topic notable people
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00217-00060004-00060399 pedro muñoz Seca playwright Rafael al
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00218-00060400-00060632 burdy poet of the Spanish generation of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00219-00060633-00061105 1927 Juan Modesto Republican general
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00220-00061107-00061382 Valentin Galarza D minister of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00221-00061383-00061737 Francisco Franco Pedro Perez Fernandez
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00222-00061738-00062085 playwright Juan Antonio de Visser and y
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00223-00062086-00062460 aguada Viceroy and Archbishop Torquato
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00224-00062461-00062841 Benjamin architect Francisco Xavier de
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00225-00062841-00063179 Burgos why Sara goiti journalist Jose
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00226-00063180-00063537 Cordero de Torres clock maker Joaquim
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00227-00063538-00063891 Sanchez Rodriguez football player Jose
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00228-00063891-00064254 Manuel Pinto football player Abraham Paz
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00229-00064254-00064663 football player
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00230-00064664-00065212 topic gallery
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00231-00065213-00065590 topic C also
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00232-00065591-00065731 you
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00233-00065732-00066085 history of Sheri list of Bienes de
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00234-00066086-00066286 interets cultural in el puerto de santa
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00235-00066287-00066625 maria list of mayors of el puerto de
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00236-00066626-00067042 santa maria
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00237-00067043-00067559 topic references
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00238-00067560-00068101 topic external links
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00239-00068102-00068494 official webpage cultural information of
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00240-00068495-00068683 the monuments and museums of el puerto
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00241-00068684-00069016 de santa maria journal of history of el
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00242-00069017-00069466 puerto 360° panoramic walk of el puerto
+snhdjbfpFQQ-00243-00069467-00069742 de santa maria
+t18u7A1b3OE-00000-00002903-00003319 maybe 12 15.
+t18u7A1b3OE-00001-00003320-00005647 [Music]
+t18u7A1b3OE-00003-00009872-00011031 actually
+t18u7A1b3OE-00004-00011032-00011406 not thin or anything
+t18u7A1b3OE-00005-00011407-00011959 does have a chip
+t18u7A1b3OE-00006-00011960-00012151 hopefully she's not got any babies in
+t18u7A1b3OE-00007-00012152-00012315 there
+t18u7A1b3OE-00008-00012316-00013958 [Applause]
+t18u7A1b3OE-00009-00013959-00014886 ah
+t18u7A1b3OE-00010-00014887-00016396 so
+t18u7A1b3OE-00011-00016397-00016719 [Music]
+t18u7A1b3OE-00012-00016720-00017695 we could do that
+t18u7A1b3OE-00013-00017696-00018111 [Music]
+t18u7A1b3OE-00014-00018112-00018343 he's obviously had a head collar
+t18u7A1b3OE-00015-00018344-00018543 going on this is on they're far too
+t18u7A1b3OE-00016-00018544-00019022 tight
+t18u7A1b3OE-00017-00019023-00019271 [Applause]
+t18u7A1b3OE-00018-00019272-00019422 far too tight
+t18u7A1b3OE-00019-00019423-00020013 perfectly on a lot
+t18u7A1b3OE-00020-00020014-00021083 [Music]
+t18u7A1b3OE-00021-00021084-00021620 esmeralda yeah
+t18u7A1b3OE-00022-00021621-00021927 [Music]
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00000-00000057-00000391 the combined Space Operations Center CS
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00001-00000392-00000646 POC formerly the joint Space Operations
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00002-00000647-00001106 Center jspoc is a command and control c2
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00003-00001107-00001343 weapon system focused on planning and
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00004-00001344-00001603 executing US Strategic Command joint
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00005-00001604-00001877 functional component command for space J
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00006-00001878-00002258 FCC space mission the purpose of the CS
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00007-00002259-00002534 POC is to provide a focal point for the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00008-00002535-00002720 operational employment of worldwide
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00009-00002721-00002966 joint space forces and enable the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00010-00002967-00003379 commander of J FCC space CDR J FCC space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00011-00003381-00003629 to integrate space power into global
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00012-00003629-00004007 military operations the CSP OSI is
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00013-00004008-00004271 located at Vandenberg Air Force Base in
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00014-00004272-00004499 California and is the organization
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00015-00004500-00004679 responsible for performing all of the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00016-00004680-00004931 orbit determination activity necessary
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00017-00004932-00005670 to maintain the US Space catalog
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00018-00005671-00006277 topic organization
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00019-00006278-00006613 the CSP OSI includes the personnel from
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00020-00006614-00006838 all four military services and three
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00021-00006839-00007084 allied nations United Kingdom Australia
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00022-00007084-00007339 and Canada facilities and equipment
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00023-00007340-00007711 necessary to provide CDR Jay FCC space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00024-00007712-00007942 the ability to plan and execute command
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00025-00007943-00008284 and control of worldwide space forces it
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00026-00008285-00008515 is composed of five core divisions
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00027-00008516-00008851 strategy plans SPD combat plans
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00028-00008852-00009214 CPD combat operations Cod intelligence
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00029-00009215-00009499 surveillance and reconnaissance is Rd
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00030-00009500-00009999 and Space Surveillance SSD in 2015 in an
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00031-00010000-00010249 effort to consolidate and maximize F and
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00032-00010250-00010438 C's for command and control the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00033-00010439-00010648 Department of Defense announced that it
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00034-00010649-00010802 will establish a joint interagency
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00035-00010803-00011101 combined Space Operations Center dick
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00036-00011102-00011362 Spock in conjunction with US Strategic
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00037-00011363-00011610 Command Air Force Space Command and the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00038-00011611-00011863 intelligence community to be located at
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00039-00011864-00012040 Schriever Air Force Base in Colorado
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00040-00012041-00012681 Springs
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00041-00012682-00013247 topic products
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00042-00013247-00013487 three products are used to plan and
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00043-00013488-00013808 execute J FCC space forces in support of
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00044-00013809-00014165 the mission Space Operations directive
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00045-00014166-00014435 Saad produced by strategy division the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00046-00014436-00014762 Saad is a weekly assertion of CDR J FCC
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00047-00014763-00014990 spaces intent and gives him overall
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00048-00014991-00015179 visibility into the efforts of the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00049-00015180-00015362 subordinate units assigned to his
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00050-00015363-00015769 tactical control taken master space plan
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00051-00015770-00016094 MSP produced by combat plans division
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00052-00016094-00016403 the MSP visually details how joint space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00053-00016404-00016760 forces will support both CDR J FCC space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00054-00016761-00016964 and theater commanders and guides the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00055-00016965-00017366 creation of the weekly jst o joint space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00056-00017367-00017714 tasking order jst o produced by combat
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00057-00017715-00018227 plans division the jst OCD rj FCC spaces
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00058-00018228-00018500 execution order and tasks is o P Co N
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00059-00018501-00018734 and taken units with specific missions
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00060-00018735-00018947 all three products can be effectively
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00061-00018948-00019133 matched to synchronize with ongoing
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00062-00019134-00019334 exercise or real-world wartime
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00063-00019335-00019544 operations in any geographic combatant
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00064-00019545-00019892 command combat operations division
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00065-00019893-00020141 effectively directs the execution phase
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00066-00020142-00020366 of operations and provides information
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00067-00020367-00020762 on tasking responses to CDR J FCC space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00068-00020763-00021089 the other jspoc divisions upper command
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00069-00021090-00021347 echelon z' and theater space personnel
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00070-00021348-00021594 for the space situational awareness in
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00071-00021595-00021905 doing so they create and maintain the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00072-00021906-00022243 single integrated space picture si SP
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00073-00022244-00022538 the intelligence surveillance and
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00074-00022539-00022753 reconnaissance division is integrated
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00075-00022754-00022997 into all phases of the operational cycle
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00076-00022998-00023231 providing pertinent space intelligence
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00077-00023232-00023441 information to the other three divisions
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00078-00023442-00023672 in support of the strategy planning and
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00079-00023673-00024390 operations monitoring efforts
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00080-00024391-00024994 topic components
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00081-00024995-00025385 strategy and plans division intelligence
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00082-00025386-00025612 surveillance and reconnaissance division
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00083-00025613-00025950 formerly 614 sis
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00084-00025951-00026368 combat operations division formerly 614
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00085-00026369-00026957 shops 614 sis and 1s pcs unified space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00086-00026958-00027456 vault division
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00087-00027457-00028181 topic force providing units
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00088-00028182-00028752 614 ther and space operations center 614
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00089-00028752-00029045 ther and space communication squadron
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00090-00029045-00029364 9th combat operations squadron AF
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00091-00029364-00029843 Reserve or AFR 148 space operations
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00092-00029844-00030560 squadron California Air National Guard
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00093-00030561-00031108 topic history
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00094-00031108-00031512 April 1996 37 members were assigned to
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00095-00031513-00032047 the 614 Space Operations flight 614 SOP
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00096-00032048-00032245 F and were initially housed in two
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00097-00032245-00032736 temporary facilities November 1997 the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00098-00032737-00033052 614 SOP F christened a new space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00099-00033053-00033556 Operations Center 614 SOP F was later
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00100-00033557-00034030 re-designated 614 shops the first of
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00101-00034031-00034477 August 1998 since its inception the 614
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00102-00034478-00034789 SOP G has continuously operated the air
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00103-00034790-00035017 force's command and control center for
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00104-00035018-00035308 Space Operations Forces variously known
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00105-00035309-00035569 as the Space Operations Center the SP a
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00106-00035570-00035840 CAF AOC the joint Space Operations
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00107-00035841-00036232 Center or jspoc and finally the combined
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00108-00036233-00036600 Space Operations Center known as CS POC
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00109-00036601-00036865 during its history it also had
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00110-00036866-00037180 responsibility for the 614 space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00111-00037181-00037387 communication squadron and its mission
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00112-00037388-00037567 of serving as the extremely high
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00113-00037568-00037837 frequency SATCOM subject matter expert
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00114-00037838-00038035 as well as providing Manning to the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00115-00038036-00038245 global and regional SATCOM support
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00116-00038246-00038860 centers in May 2005 the 614 SOP G took
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00117-00038861-00039064 responsibility for the first space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00118-00039065-00039259 control squadron and its mission of
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00119-00039260-00039445 tracking and cataloging all man-made
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00120-00039446-00039913 objects in space July 1999 the Space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00121-00039914-00040168 Operations Center was re-designated as
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00122-00040169-00040351 the 14th Air Force Air and Space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00123-00040352-00040752 Operations Center space AOC with the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00124-00040753-00040971 support of headquarters Air Force Space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00125-00040972-00041265 Command space AOC manpower grew to over
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00126-00041266-00041860 100 positions May 2005 the space AOC was
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00127-00041861-00042040 redesignated as the joint space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00128-00042041-00042301 operation center jspoc
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00129-00042302-00042540 and moved into a new larger facility
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00130-00042541-00042796 still within the 14th Air Force HQ
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00131-00042797-00043071 building the first space control
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00132-00043072-00043432 squadron became part of the 614 AOC
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00133-00043433-00043687 jspoc
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00134-00043688-00044068 the 21st of September 2007 the ribbon is
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00135-00044069-00044287 cut on a new operation center which
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00136-00044288-00044677 consolidated all 614 AOC units at
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00137-00044678-00044995 Vandenberg Air Force Base in California
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00138-00044996-00045254 operations began in the new facility on
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00139-00045255-00045712 the 18th of August 2007 General Kevin P
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00140-00045713-00046142 Chilton AF SPC CC presided March gen
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00141-00046143-00046508 William L Shelton 14 AF CC was also
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00142-00046509-00046999 present the 614 AOC is co-located with
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00143-00047000-00047420 and forms the core of the jspoc July
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00144-00047421-00047735 2018 the joint space Operations Center
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00145-00047736-00047911 transitioned to a combined space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00146-00047912-00048151 Operations Center during a ceremony at
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00147-00048152-00049069 Vandenberg Air Force Base July 18 2018
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00148-00049070-00049608 topic emblem
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00149-00049609-00049887 the unit shield takes elements from its
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00150-00049888-00050175 heritage and parent unit the full-color
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00151-00050176-00050454 Center is taken from the J FCC space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00152-00050455-00050790 shield the purple background signifies
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00153-00050791-00051003 the joint environment in which they work
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00154-00051004-00051311 the tiger is taken from the patch of the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00155-00051312-00051939 614 AOC and 614 s o PG before it the key
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00156-00051940-00052128 in the middle of the shield comes from
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00157-00052129-00052442 the former 614 sis and the intelligence
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00158-00052444-00052772 operators that currently staff the jspoc
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00159-00052773-00053052 the orbit and star are brought from the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00160-00053053-00053361 former 614 shops and also shows the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00161-00053362-00053625 units tie to the original Army Air Corps
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00162-00053626-00053816 in the command and control of space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00163-00053817-00054033 forces operating weapons systems
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00164-00054034-00054363 traversing through space finally the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00165-00054364-00054573 banner encircling the patch is the Jace
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00166-00054574-00055273 box formal name and motto
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00167-00055274-00055808 topic honors
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00168-00055809-00056084 members assigned vietze multiple force
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00169-00056085-00056312 providing units have a distinguished
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00170-00056313-00056549 history earning many awards including
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00171-00056550-00056941 the 2005 US Strategic Command u.s. STR
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00172-00056942-00057071 ATC om
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00173-00057072-00057299 Omaha trophy for the best space and
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00174-00057300-00057623 information Operations unit and 2007
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00175-00057624-00057955 u.s. str8 e-comm Omaha trophy for the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00176-00057957-00058429 best space operations unit jspoc force
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00177-00058430-00058630 providers have earned many awards
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00178-00058632-00058874 including the Air Force organizational
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00179-00058875-00059150 excellence award in 1998 in the Air
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00180-00059151-00059515 Force outstanding unit award for 2005
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00181-00059516-00060089 2006 and 2008 Air Force outstanding unit
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00182-00060090-00060273 award
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00183-00060274-00060471 Air Force organizational excellence
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00184-00060472-00060966 award
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00185-00060967-00061574 topic chain of command
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00186-00061575-00061937 United States Department of Defense
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00187-00061938-00062330 United States Strategic Command joined
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00188-00062332-00062615 functional component command for space
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00189-00062616-00063309 joint Space Operations Center
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00190-00063310-00064047 topic notes
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00191-00064048-00064241 you
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00192-00064242-00064886 topic external links
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00193-00064887-00065201 joined functional component command for
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00194-00065202-00065645 space Vandenberg Air Force Base March 15
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00195-00065646-00065851 2013
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00196-00065852-00066268 space control & Space Surveillance
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00197-00066269-00066746 factsheets Stra TCO M archived from the
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00198-00066747-00067241 original on the 28th of June 2016 j FCC
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00199-00067242-00067459 space through its joint Space Operations
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00200-00067460-00067832 Center jspoc detects tracks and
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00201-00067833-00068075 identifies all artificial objects in
+t1J1tmD_s5M-00202-00068076-00068312 Earth orbit
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00000-00000008-00000383 you all know the drill by now
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00001-00000384-00000574 so uh we've decided to change it up a
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00002-00000575-00000862 little bit today so uh raise your hand
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00003-00000863-00001054 if this is your first defcon as an
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00004-00001055-00001247 attendee
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00005-00001248-00001487 you liars
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00006-00001488-00001687 all right you on the end
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00007-00001688-00001807 yes you
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00008-00001807-00002295 get up here
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00009-00002296-00002526 no no get them up on stage i mean come
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00010-00002527-00002631 on
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00011-00002632-00002958 you can dream can't you
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00012-00002959-00003463 here's 1500 of my closest friends
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00013-00003464-00003583 all right
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00014-00003584-00003854 pour him another one
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00015-00003855-00004054 he can't you don't
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00016-00004055-00004551 dude slow down holy [__] he's taking uh
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00017-00004552-00004647 all right
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00018-00004648-00004847 you know what hold it don't give it to
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00019-00004848-00005127 him until we're ready because
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00020-00005128-00005399 he's scaring me all right
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00021-00005400-00005806 our our tradition is first-time speakers
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00022-00005807-00005975 where's mine all right first time
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00023-00005976-00006143 speakers
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00024-00006144-00006254 how about a round of applause for a
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00025-00006255-00006422 first-time speaker and for our first
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00026-00006423-00007083 time
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00027-00007084-00007623 attendee good luck with your talk
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00028-00007623-00007791 yeah the person type writing this will
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00029-00007792-00008255 have a hard time now
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00030-00008256-00008446 i want to point out he had no accent
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00031-00008447-00008887 before that shot
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00032-00008888-00009271 yeah sorry guys my english is
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00033-00009272-00009631 spanglish
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00034-00009632-00009878 all right i'm going to talk about sc
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00035-00009879-00010287 android which is as you might know
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00036-00010288-00010414 selinux
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00037-00010415-00010631 in android operating system
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00038-00010632-00010799 it has now been
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00039-00010800-00010991 renamed so the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00040-00010992-00011255 name is security defeating security
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00041-00011256-00011655 enhancements for android
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00042-00011656-00011855 my name is paulie bafora
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00043-00011856-00012199 i'm at pof in twitter
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00044-00012200-00012367 some of you follow me
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00045-00012368-00012751 if you don't you should
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00046-00012752-00013015 and yeah i'm a
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00047-00013016-00013222 mobile security engineer with via
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00048-00013223-00013415 forensics i do
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00049-00013416-00013566 r d
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00050-00013568-00013783 in android security
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00051-00013784-00014143 and i'm also a co-author of the android
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00052-00014144-00014358 hackers handbook
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00053-00014359-00014663 which hopefully will came out later this
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00054-00014663-00014807 year
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00055-00014808-00014943 i've brought
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00056-00014944-00015191 these postcards so you are welcome to
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00057-00015191-00015391 come after the presentation and grab one
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00058-00015391-00015719 i have a bunch of them here
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00059-00015719-00015911 all right and this is the agenda for
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00060-00015912-00016022 today
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00061-00016023-00016150 first
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00062-00016151-00016439 i will talk about in which devices i
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00063-00016440-00016767 have test three android most of them
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00064-00016768-00016950 then i will briefly talk about the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00065-00016951-00017158 effectiveness and weaknesses of a c
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00066-00017159-00017271 android
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00067-00017272-00017494 and then
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00068-00017495-00017719 to the dirty details of the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00069-00017720-00018007 implementation issues that i've found on
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00070-00018008-00018311 most of these devices
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00071-00018312-00018471 so first
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00072-00018472-00018671 thing that you might want to try if you
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00073-00018672-00018935 uh care about the c android
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00074-00018936-00019167 you can compile it from public sources
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00075-00019168-00019271 that is
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00076-00019272-00019535 iosp android open source project and
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00077-00019536-00019839 also the bitbucket repository that the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00078-00019840-00020158 nsa controls your beloved nsa
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00079-00020159-00020367 they are the contributors of the c
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00080-00020368-00020543 android code
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00081-00020544-00020863 and they host it in bitbucket
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00082-00020864-00020950 so
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00083-00020951-00021158 there is the sc manager application
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00084-00021159-00021335 which is used to set the system in
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00085-00021336-00021727 enforcing mode and also the smse admin
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00086-00021728-00021830 which
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00087-00021831-00021958 is now
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00088-00021959-00022127 has replaced
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00089-00022128-00022286 c manager
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00090-00022287-00022511 it's better because it runs
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00091-00022512-00022775 as a device administrator
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00092-00022776-00023030 while cmanager just runs as a system
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00093-00023031-00023255 application
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00094-00023256-00023543 i've also tested c android in the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00095-00023544-00023847 toshiba 8300 tablet
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00096-00023848-00024086 it's a
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00097-00024087-00024358 this tablet here uh to my knowledge this
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00098-00024359-00024471 is the first
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00099-00024472-00024742 device that was uh in the market with
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00100-00024743-00024999 some c android implementation is it's a
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00101-00025000-00025239 bit weird it's not the same as the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00102-00025240-00025471 android we have seen in
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00103-00025472-00025814 other devices it uses a climb
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00104-00025816-00026031 linux kernel module
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00105-00026032-00026150 and
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00106-00026151-00026302 yeah it's based on an early
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00107-00026304-00026455 implementation of
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00108-00026456-00026639 sc sc linux
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00109-00026639-00026767 it runs
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00110-00026768-00027046 as a linux security module
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00111-00027047-00027374 and finally uh android 4.3 came last
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00112-00027375-00027662 week and as you might know it comes with
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00113-00027663-00027927 se linux by default so
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00114-00027927-00028143 i've also tested it a little bit before
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00115-00028144-00028358 coming here and found
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00116-00028360-00028551 little things
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00117-00028552-00028735 uh yeah
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00118-00028736-00028911 you might know that c android is
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00119-00028912-00029118 effective it's good to enforce
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00120-00029119-00029343 fine-grained mandatory access control
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00121-00029344-00029439 which
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00122-00029439-00029646 it's different from the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00123-00029647-00029895 discretionary access control that we are
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00124-00029895-00030062 used in
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00125-00030063-00030302 linux and unix system and also in
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00126-00030304-00030574 android with file permissions and user
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00127-00030575-00030727 ids
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00128-00030727-00030831 so
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00129-00030832-00031039 in se android you have also
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00130-00031039-00031239 three different branches to
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00131-00031239-00031543 test mandatory access control in
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00132-00031544-00031767 install time of application
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00133-00031768-00032279 also in intents and in content providers
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00134-00032280-00032431 it is good to prevent privilege
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00135-00032432-00032799 escalations by isolating context so a
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00136-00032800-00033079 context is a process runs inside a
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00137-00033080-00033367 context so for example
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00138-00033368-00033783 we can say an untrusted application
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00139-00033784-00034135 can define a rule to set if we allow
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00140-00034136-00034383 this untrusted application to access
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00141-00034384-00034583 files on the sd card
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00142-00034584-00034702 or
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00143-00034703-00034918 access the radio interface layer
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00144-00034919-00035046 whatever we
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00145-00035047-00035246 if we would like to allow it to do or
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00146-00035247-00035471 not
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00147-00035472-00035615 so
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00148-00035616-00035902 as every application runs confined in
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00149-00035903-00036151 this context
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00150-00036152-00036239 this
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00151-00036240-00036430 allows to
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00152-00036431-00036599 prevent privileges exclamations because
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00153-00036600-00036839 application cannot access file outside
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00154-00036840-00037190 this context
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00155-00037191-00037399 it's also good to
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00156-00037400-00037646 do permissions checks on ipc or
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00157-00037647-00037871 inter-process communication operations
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00158-00037872-00038287 which is mainly binder on android
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00159-00038288-00038446 and it's good also to do permission
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00160-00038447-00038695 revocation of application either at
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00161-00038696-00038918 install time or on already installed
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00162-00038919-00039087 applications
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00163-00039088-00039335 and yeah but not everything is so good
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00164-00039336-00039623 as it might sound
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00165-00039624-00039959 the most known thing it it runs a kernel
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00166-00039960-00040087 level so
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00167-00040088-00040343 it doesn't protect and against kernel
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00168-00040344-00040574 vulnerabilities if an attacker is able
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00169-00040575-00040702 to get
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00170-00040703-00041055 arbitrary code execution in kernel land
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00171-00041056-00041311 it's very easy for him to
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00172-00041312-00041615 disable completely the security of c
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00173-00041616-00041727 android
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00174-00041728-00042079 so for this it needs to be enhanced with
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00175-00042080-00042318 for example the typical setup is to have
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00176-00042319-00042583 a secure bot mechanism that makes sure
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00177-00042584-00042815 that the code that we are running the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00178-00042816-00043039 kernel is not tempered or modified in
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00179-00043040-00043158 any way
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00180-00043159-00043415 and also some runtime integrity check
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00181-00043416-00043695 which can be a hypervisor or for example
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00182-00043696-00043871 trust zone also
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00183-00043872-00043983 allows to
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00184-00043984-00044239 make sure that the the kernel is not
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00185-00044240-00044758 mute or modified at runtime
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00186-00044759-00044879 yeah also
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00187-00044880-00045239 vendors or companies deploying
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00188-00045240-00045415 policies for
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00189-00045416-00045615 employees using this
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00190-00045616-00045774 bring your own device
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00191-00045775-00045951 thing
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00192-00045952-00046174 they don't know how to write policies
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00193-00046175-00046295 right because
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00194-00046296-00046518 in a commercial device
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00195-00046519-00046887 there can be like thousands of policies
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00196-00046888-00047151 and it's hard to write them and hard to
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00197-00047152-00047415 not make any mistake when there is
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00198-00047416-00047702 a high number of policies so
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00199-00047703-00047990 that's what vendors are more
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00200-00047991-00048367 are having a hard time right
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00201-00048368-00048639 and that's where they screw up as well
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00202-00048640-00048855 so this led us to
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00203-00048856-00049158 see the implementation issues
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00204-00049159-00049343 first thing uh
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00205-00049344-00049558 okay when when you have all your sc
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00206-00049559-00049846 android setup working properly you set
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00207-00049847-00050239 the system to boot in enforcing mode
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00208-00050240-00050390 and
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00209-00050391-00050790 some vendors some people setting this up
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00210-00050791-00051023 forget about the recovery image
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00211-00051024-00051158 if you
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00212-00051159-00051502 put in enforcing mode also
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00213-00051503-00051702 don't forget your recovery to be in
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00214-00051703-00051902 enforcing mode never
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00215-00051903-00052182 leave it in permissive mode so i was
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00216-00052183-00052382 going to do a demo here but this is so
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00217-00052383-00052742 obvious that doesn't need a demo
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00218-00052744-00053054 another thing is a policy screw up
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00219-00053055-00053135 of
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00220-00053136-00053238 vendors
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00221-00053239-00053494 they they say okay my device is running
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00222-00053495-00053687 in enforcing mode so
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00223-00053688-00053999 i'm preventing the root user to
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00224-00054000-00054230 set permissive mode again so they write
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00225-00054232-00054542 a rule that says root user cannot
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00226-00054544-00054694 set the device in
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00227-00054695-00054966 permissive so the producer cannot use
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00228-00054967-00055247 the setting force command right
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00229-00055248-00055559 but then they forget about system user
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00230-00055560-00055638 so
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00231-00055639-00055975 again
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00232-00055976-00056303 as you see here
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00233-00056304-00056542 we have the id command
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00234-00056544-00056823 we are root if you if we do a set in
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00235-00056824-00057159 four zero or echo zero to csfs selenium
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00236-00057160-00057430 force it says permission denied we just
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00237-00057432-00057719 have to show system and once we are
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00238-00057720-00057887 running with system privilege we can
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00239-00057888-00058111 just use 740 and set the system to
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00240-00058112-00058263 permissive
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00241-00058264-00058647 so typical screw up right
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00242-00058648-00059094 also uh this is another issue that
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00243-00059095-00059294 i've seen sometimes
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00244-00059295-00059454 this comes because
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00245-00059455-00059687 a lot of people has used the sc manager
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00246-00059688-00059894 application and they rely on this
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00247-00059895-00060142 application to set the system in
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00248-00060144-00060294 enforcing mode
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00249-00060295-00060503 so
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00250-00060504-00060711 you should never set enforcing mode from
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00251-00060712-00060950 a system application right we will see
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00252-00060951-00061126 now why
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00253-00061127-00061359 uh if we combine this with file number
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00254-00061360-00061566 one which if you remember was that
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00255-00061567-00061823 recovery was left in permissive mode
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00256-00061824-00062094 it's very easy to reboot into recovery
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00257-00062095-00062391 and pull the system apk of the sc
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00258-00062391-00062550 android manager
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00259-00062551-00062766 just to have a backup then remount the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00260-00062767-00062982 system in read write mode
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00261-00062983-00063063 and
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00262-00063064-00063166 remove
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00263-00063167-00063479 the sc android manager apk from the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00264-00063479-00063823 slash system slash app folder so we have
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00265-00063824-00064047 just removed the system application that
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00266-00064048-00064335 sets the system in in enforcing mode
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00267-00064336-00064638 right so it will boot in permissive
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00268-00064639-00064735 but
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00269-00064736-00064919 what if we don't have access to recovery
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00270-00064920-00065175 or what if recovery is running in
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00271-00065176-00065342 enforcing mode
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00272-00065344-00065759 well no problem
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00273-00065760-00065847 this
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00274-00065848-00066567 sorry
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00275-00066568-00066823 here this is a galaxy nexus
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00276-00066824-00066950 running
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00277-00066951-00067111 s linux
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00278-00067112-00067375 we run the cmanager application
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00279-00067376-00067687 we put the system in enforcing mode
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00280-00067688-00068006 so in this shell here
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00281-00068007-00068231 first i check if
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00282-00068232-00068511 the device is running in enforcing mode
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00283-00068512-00068703 so i use the command get enforced i see
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00284-00068704-00068943 it says enforcing
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00285-00068944-00069111 so now
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00286-00069112-00069415 i reboot the device and i set a
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00287-00069416-00069831 one-liner to check every second
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00288-00069832-00070023 the get enforce command
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00289-00070024-00070279 so we see it says error device not found
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00290-00070280-00070503 because the device is still booting but
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00291-00070504-00070735 when adb diamond is
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00292-00070736-00070838 running
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00293-00070839-00071159 we will see that the system is booting
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00294-00071160-00071438 in permissive mode right
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00295-00071439-00071694 and now the android system when it
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00296-00071695-00072031 finished the boot it broadcast an uh
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00297-00072032-00072263 boot complete event to all applications
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00298-00072264-00072471 that have registered to
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00299-00072472-00072591 receive it
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00300-00072592-00072687 so
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00301-00072688-00072887 it is now in enforcing mode because the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00302-00072888-00073071 c manager application has received a
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00303-00073072-00073255 good complete event and has set the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00304-00073256-00073447 system in enforcing but you can see that
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00305-00073448-00073631 we have a window there
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00306-00073632-00073903 so we can take this window where while
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00307-00073904-00074079 the system is booting
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00308-00074080-00074375 which is still in permissive mode and
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00309-00074376-00074567 we reboot the device again and we will
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00310-00074568-00074903 use this window we have a little race
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00311-00074904-00075126 condition here but we have plenty of
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00312-00075127-00075262 time
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00313-00075263-00075447 so we prepared this command which used
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00314-00075448-00075747 the package manager just to disable the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00315-00075748-00075935 com.android.sc androidmanager
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00316-00075936-00076094 application
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00317-00076095-00076215 so
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00318-00076216-00076367 in the upper terminal we see it's
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00319-00076368-00076567 booting in permissive we execute the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00320-00076568-00076735 command but it says error because the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00321-00076736-00076999 package manager is not loaded yet
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00322-00077000-00077126 but now
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00323-00077127-00077294 it says okay
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00324-00077295-00077599 new state disabled we have disabled
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00325-00077600-00077815 the c android manager application which
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00326-00077816-00077999 is a system application
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00327-00078000-00078238 and the system is fully boot and is
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00328-00078239-00078615 still in permissive mode right so
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00329-00078616-00078823 it's as easy as this
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00330-00078824-00078967 to
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00331-00078968-00079079 disable
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00332-00079080-00079279 a system application which sets the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00333-00079280-00079494 system in enforcing mode so this should
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00334-00079495-00079782 be always set in init
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00335-00079783-00080023 you have to set enforcing mode in it
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00336-00080024-00080591 right before the adb diamond starts
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00337-00080592-00080694 so
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00338-00080695-00080806 this
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00339-00080807-00081031 single one liner here
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00340-00081032-00081135 will
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00341-00081136-00081350 do this the same poke that we have seen
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00342-00081351-00081559 in the video you can also overcomplicate
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00343-00081560-00081726 that and write an android application
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00344-00081727-00082038 with a with a higher priority a boot
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00345-00082039-00082255 receiver and do the same from an android
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00346-00082256-00082487 app but yeah system from from the shell
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00347-00082488-00082767 it's easier and faster
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00348-00082768-00083071 now the toshiba tablet
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00349-00083072-00083238 if you remember this was the c-line
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00350-00083239-00083471 module that doesn't
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00351-00083472-00083615 allow us to do
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00352-00083616-00083799 some things like for example
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00353-00083800-00084038 mounting the system partition in read
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00354-00084039-00084447 write mode even if we are root
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00355-00084448-00084791 so this is this is possible to do on any
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00356-00084792-00084999 android system but in this toshiba
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00357-00085000-00085559 tablet it doesn't allow us to do this
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00358-00085560-00085750 so i have
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00359-00085751-00086694 wait i have a demo here yeah so we will
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00360-00086695-00086887 use the toshiba tablet and we will
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00361-00086888-00087047 disable this
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00362-00087048-00087271 c lime module which is based on sc
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00363-00087272-00087431 android
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00364-00087432-00087687 we run an adb shell on the device we see
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00365-00087688-00088038 the c line module is loaded
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00366-00088039-00088318 we try to remove it
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00367-00088319-00088550 and it says it failed
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00368-00088551-00088775 right it doesn't allow us to remove it
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00369-00088776-00089031 so we try to mount system
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00370-00089032-00089223 partition and read write says operation
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00371-00089224-00089423 not permitted
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00372-00089424-00089750 we try to list the proc as the android
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00373-00089751-00089911 folder and it says operation not
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00374-00089912-00090047 permitted
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00375-00090048-00090350 okay now i'm going to compile exploit
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00376-00090351-00090582 the code will be available after the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00377-00090583-00090662 talk
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00378-00090663-00090847 don't worry
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00379-00090848-00091023 so i
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00380-00091024-00091367 just adb push this exploit into the data
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00381-00091368-00091687 local tmp folder
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00382-00091688-00092126 and access the adb shell again
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00383-00092127-00092367 just give execute permissions to the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00384-00092368-00092543 exploit and then
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00385-00092544-00092782 run it
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00386-00092783-00093055 and now we have overwrite a kernel
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00387-00093056-00093167 pointer
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00388-00093168-00093255 and
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00389-00093256-00093687 run the reset security ops symbol
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00390-00093688-00093879 which
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00391-00093880-00094055 now disables the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00392-00094056-00094238 linux security module and allows us to
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00393-00094239-00094455 remount the system in read write or at
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00394-00094456-00094718 least the proc has the android folder
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00395-00094719-00094974 which was forbidden before
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00396-00094975-00095318 so we have effectively disabled this
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00397-00095319-00095494 this works
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00398-00095495-00095591 because
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00399-00095592-00095838 uh in a lot of android devices not only
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00400-00095839-00096135 this toshiba tablet but a lot of vendors
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00401-00096136-00096455 screw this
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00402-00096456-00096767 there is the config strict fm
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00403-00096768-00097079 configuration option which says if in
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00404-00097080-00097343 doubt say yes but
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00405-00097344-00097615 they have said no so these allow for
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00406-00097616-00097718 full
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00407-00097719-00097991 access to kernel memory if
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00408-00097992-00098238 on a root process so you can poke the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00409-00098239-00098615 kernel memory as you wish
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00410-00098616-00098767 and
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00411-00098768-00099174 finally the android 4.3
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00412-00099175-00099335 this
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00413-00099336-00099526 implementation issues that i got found
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00414-00099527-00099782 real quick because it came last week
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00415-00099783-00099950 one thing is that the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00416-00099951-00100438 over the air update from 4 to 2 to 4.3
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00417-00100439-00100831 lets to unlabel it file system
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00418-00100832-00101182 we see here a ls of slash system and we
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00419-00101183-00101431 see that all files there are enabled
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00420-00101432-00101743 this is uh because the recovery of
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00421-00101744-00101959 android 4.2 the recovery image of
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00422-00101960-00102118 android 4.2
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00423-00102119-00102206 is not
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00424-00102207-00102447 compiled with linux support
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00425-00102448-00102606 so
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00426-00102607-00102910 this happens we have reported this to
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00427-00102911-00103199 jump up this query of iosp and
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00428-00103200-00103375 he said it will be fixed in the next
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00429-00103376-00103606 release so because the android 4.3
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00430-00103607-00103934 recovery is already with a c linux
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00431-00103935-00104094 support
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00432-00104095-00104342 and finally if you want to play with it
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00433-00104343-00104542 you have to know that the enforcing mode
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00434-00104543-00104734 in nexus devices
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00435-00104735-00105015 isn't really enforcing
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00436-00105016-00105302 if you pull the sc policy file which
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00437-00105303-00105519 contains is a binary file which contains
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00438-00105520-00105766 all the policies compiled on it
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00439-00105767-00106031 and you run the sc info command on it
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00440-00106032-00106223 you will see that for example here this
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00441-00106224-00106375 is for a
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00442-00106376-00106510 nexus 4
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00443-00106511-00106831 we see that there are 44 permissive
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00444-00106832-00107047 domains so every single domain is set to
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00445-00107048-00107310 permissive and everything is unconfined
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00446-00107311-00107671 so enforcing isn't really enforcing here
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00447-00107672-00107799 right so
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00448-00107800-00108023 if you want to play with this there is a
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00449-00108024-00108302 tool by joshua brindle which is the sc
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00450-00108303-00108566 policy inject that allows to inject your
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00451-00108567-00108743 own policies into this
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00452-00108744-00108886 or you can also
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00453-00108888-00109215 compile from iosp right because now iosp
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00454-00109216-00109399 includes all the c 600
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00455-00109400-00109623 stuff
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00456-00109624-00109854 and that's it thank you very much for
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00457-00109855-00110671 attending and
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00458-00110672-00110919 if you care about android security you
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00459-00110920-00111134 should follow these guys here they have
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00460-00111135-00111343 helped me in their research and in the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00461-00111344-00111527 making of this presentation
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00462-00111528-00111783 and also in the url at the bottom in the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00463-00111783-00111975 via forensics website you can download
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00464-00111976-00112166 the presentation and i will publish the
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00465-00112167-00112534 exploit code and the videos later today
+t2dZZAgtgaM-00466-00112535-00112876 thank you very much
+t33EPvyx9D0-00000-00000174-00000532 okay so this talk will be about what's
+t33EPvyx9D0-00001-00000533-00000688 new in the length of radius
+t33EPvyx9D0-00002-00000689-00000839 monitoring.org
+t33EPvyx9D0-00003-00000840-00001241 the two 2022 Edition
+t33EPvyx9D0-00004-00001242-00001673 uh my name is Mikhail konechny I'm a
+t33EPvyx9D0-00005-00001673-00002068 senior software engineer in CP team
+t33EPvyx9D0-00006-00002069-00002471 uh maybe some of you are asking why I
+t33EPvyx9D0-00007-00002472-00002813 have to wizard hat and why this is all
+t33EPvyx9D0-00008-00002814-00003047 doing in a magical way
+t33EPvyx9D0-00009-00003048-00003379 uh I started to work on the release
+t33EPvyx9D0-00010-00003379-00003863 monitoring.org a few years ago and I
+t33EPvyx9D0-00011-00003864-00004151 actually did a blog post and the blog
+t33EPvyx9D0-00012-00004152-00004606 post are written as a uh magical
+t33EPvyx9D0-00013-00004607-00005075 one so if you want to read them they are
+t33EPvyx9D0-00014-00005076-00005291 on a Community Federal Community blog
+t33EPvyx9D0-00015-00005292-00005495 post so
+t33EPvyx9D0-00016-00005496-00005891 feel free to read them I didn't do any
+t33EPvyx9D0-00017-00005892-00006161 in a long time which I should probably
+t33EPvyx9D0-00018-00006162-00006420 fix
+t33EPvyx9D0-00019-00006422-00006737 and let's get to the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00020-00006738-00007073 representation then
+t33EPvyx9D0-00021-00007073-00007487 okay so first as you can see this is a
+t33EPvyx9D0-00022-00007488-00007703 vision of the magical word of
+t33EPvyx9D0-00023-00007704-00007937 releasemetric.org
+t33EPvyx9D0-00024-00007938-00008299 I uh I'm still
+t33EPvyx9D0-00025-00008300-00008592 I'm on the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00026-00008593-00008963 Mountaineer so I can just bring you this
+t33EPvyx9D0-00027-00008964-00009095 whole picture
+t33EPvyx9D0-00028-00009096-00009395 I'm usually on the in the castle and the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00029-00009396-00009642 highest tower in the castle
+t33EPvyx9D0-00030-00009643-00009881 on the image
+t33EPvyx9D0-00031-00009882-00010260 so and the new hotness that is a part of
+t33EPvyx9D0-00032-00010261-00010541 arizona.org is floating some somewhere
+t33EPvyx9D0-00033-00010542-00010871 above
+t33EPvyx9D0-00034-00010872-00011063 Okay so
+t33EPvyx9D0-00035-00011064-00011351 some basic sorcery so you know what this
+t33EPvyx9D0-00036-00011352-00011477 is about
+t33EPvyx9D0-00037-00011478-00011728 okay so what is release monitoring.org
+t33EPvyx9D0-00038-00011729-00012083 it contains from two applications at
+t33EPvyx9D0-00039-00012084-00012401 least in February the Anita is web
+t33EPvyx9D0-00040-00012402-00012646 interface it's actually what you will
+t33EPvyx9D0-00041-00012647-00012822 see when you visit the release
+t33EPvyx9D0-00042-00012823-00013043 monitoring.org page
+t33EPvyx9D0-00043-00013044-00013355 uh it allows users to add project which
+t33EPvyx9D0-00044-00013356-00013579 for new releases
+t33EPvyx9D0-00045-00013580-00013853 it automatically checks for new releases
+t33EPvyx9D0-00046-00013854-00014116 it sends Federal messages when new
+t33EPvyx9D0-00047-00014118-00014419 version is retrieved it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00048-00014419-00014783 allows you to actually work with the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00049-00014784-00015113 database of Danica
+t33EPvyx9D0-00050-00015113-00015443 and the second one is the new hotness
+t33EPvyx9D0-00051-00015444-00015708 which is the federal messaging consumer
+t33EPvyx9D0-00052-00015709-00016180 and this one is what you will get as a
+t33EPvyx9D0-00053-00016181-00016486 packager notifications uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00054-00016487-00016847 about a new version it consumes the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00055-00016848-00017080 messages from Anita and creates the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00056-00017081-00017315 bugzilla for you
+t33EPvyx9D0-00057-00017316-00017722 and even starts a scratch build if this
+t33EPvyx9D0-00058-00017723-00018017 is configured
+t33EPvyx9D0-00059-00018018-00018413 and first look at the anija
+t33EPvyx9D0-00060-00018414-00018886 the anija has some magic numbers some
+t33EPvyx9D0-00061-00018887-00019157 statistics everybody loves statistics
+t33EPvyx9D0-00062-00019158-00019585 so let me ask you a question first
+t33EPvyx9D0-00063-00019586-00019925 what how many applications how many
+t33EPvyx9D0-00064-00019926-00020200 projects do you think the anija is
+t33EPvyx9D0-00065-00020201-00020447 watching right now
+t33EPvyx9D0-00066-00020448-00020605 uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00067-00020606-00020963 let's be honest and not uh check the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00068-00020964-00021227 page itself
+t33EPvyx9D0-00069-00021228-00021527 but uh yeah just throw your tip in the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00070-00021528-00021958 chat I will look at it uh in a minute
+t33EPvyx9D0-00071-00021959-00022205 just first
+t33EPvyx9D0-00072-00022206-00022469 look uh look at the contributions from
+t33EPvyx9D0-00073-00022470-00022714 the last nest so
+t33EPvyx9D0-00074-00022715-00023094 what you can see in the parenthesis is
+t33EPvyx9D0-00075-00023095-00023621 the what was the contribution into last
+t33EPvyx9D0-00076-00023622-00023843 year or statistics from the last year
+t33EPvyx9D0-00077-00023844-00024322 and what happened during from the last
+t33EPvyx9D0-00078-00024323-00024617 nest till uh business
+t33EPvyx9D0-00079-00024618-00024844 they are probably some things missing
+t33EPvyx9D0-00080-00024845-00025097 because there was some new commits uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00081-00025098-00025367 incoming in the last few days which I
+t33EPvyx9D0-00082-00025368-00025702 didn't have here but otherwise it is
+t33EPvyx9D0-00083-00025704-00026194 here so we had only two releases for uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00084-00026195-00026549 for Anita instead of eight
+t33EPvyx9D0-00085-00026550-00026812 but uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00086-00026813-00027101 oh yeah somebody's confused confused
+t33EPvyx9D0-00087-00027102-00027281 about the year
+t33EPvyx9D0-00088-00027282-00027593 what is in the uh what is in the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00089-00027594-00027845 parenthesis is from The Nest 2020 to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00090-00027845-00028049 Nest 2021
+t33EPvyx9D0-00091-00028050-00028373 and contribution from Nest 2021 till
+t33EPvyx9D0-00092-00028374-00028883 next 2022 are those that are uh before
+t33EPvyx9D0-00093-00028883-00029045 it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00094-00029045-00029233 so
+t33EPvyx9D0-00095-00029233-00029489 first we had
+t33EPvyx9D0-00096-00029489-00029843 only two releases this is much less than
+t33EPvyx9D0-00097-00029844-00030089 the eight in the previous year
+t33EPvyx9D0-00098-00030089-00030514 uh it was because there is some issue
+t33EPvyx9D0-00099-00030516-00030833 with the authentication I waited long
+t33EPvyx9D0-00100-00030833-00031187 time till this will be solved on the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00101-00031188-00031307 Upstream
+t33EPvyx9D0-00102-00031308-00031637 but it didn't so I created a workaround
+t33EPvyx9D0-00103-00031638-00031967 and it's now running in the Federer
+t33EPvyx9D0-00104-00031968-00032423 infra in the federal ecosystem in with
+t33EPvyx9D0-00105-00032424-00032723 the workaround so if you try to run it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00106-00032724-00032968 on your own machine you will probably
+t33EPvyx9D0-00107-00032969-00033618 see issues with the Authentication
+t33EPvyx9D0-00108-00033619-00033952 uh okay
+t33EPvyx9D0-00109-00033953-00034474 so uh we had many more commits from more
+t33EPvyx9D0-00110-00034475-00034733 the contributors
+t33EPvyx9D0-00111-00034734-00035177 um the number of commits could be uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00112-00035178-00035346 could be somewhat
+t33EPvyx9D0-00113-00035347-00035939 messed up because uh the I enabled the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00114-00035940-00036167 Dependable which is uh automatically
+t33EPvyx9D0-00115-00036168-00036539 updating uh packages and creating pull
+t33EPvyx9D0-00116-00036540-00036952 requests for them so this could be most
+t33EPvyx9D0-00117-00036953-00037223 of the comments that you can see but I
+t33EPvyx9D0-00118-00037224-00037577 still think that we have plenty more
+t33EPvyx9D0-00119-00037578-00037751 contributors than we had in previous
+t33EPvyx9D0-00120-00037752-00038068 year
+t33EPvyx9D0-00121-00038069-00038140 um
+t33EPvyx9D0-00122-00038141-00038321 so
+t33EPvyx9D0-00123-00038322-00038555 issues created there were much less
+t33EPvyx9D0-00124-00038556-00038879 issues because there was wasn't that
+t33EPvyx9D0-00125-00038880-00039083 much releases so I think this is the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00126-00039084-00039395 reason uh I didn't have that much time
+t33EPvyx9D0-00127-00039396-00039802 to work on it uh so they're very only
+t33EPvyx9D0-00128-00039803-00040115 30 only half of the issues closed and
+t33EPvyx9D0-00129-00040116-00040252 the previous year
+t33EPvyx9D0-00130-00040253-00040627 and but the current version right now is
+t33EPvyx9D0-00131-00040628-00041218 1.41 which has uh which had very bad uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00132-00041219-00041633 issue in 1.40
+t33EPvyx9D0-00133-00041634-00042061 which caused the database to actually
+t33EPvyx9D0-00134-00042062-00042395 keep the Anita to keep connections open
+t33EPvyx9D0-00135-00042396-00042702 to the database so we had plenty of uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00136-00042703-00043073 connections just for the Anita itself
+t33EPvyx9D0-00137-00043074-00043427 so and now I will look up what the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00138-00043428-00043679 people think about the number of
+t33EPvyx9D0-00139-00043680-00043877 packages
+t33EPvyx9D0-00140-00043878-00044249 so the as I see the numbers there are
+t33EPvyx9D0-00141-00044250-00044380 really low
+t33EPvyx9D0-00142-00044381-00044740 you will see it now
+t33EPvyx9D0-00143-00044741-00045035 as you can see the anija is currently
+t33EPvyx9D0-00144-00045036-00045335 watching 200 to 100
+t33EPvyx9D0-00145-00045336-00045658 000 over 200 000 packages
+t33EPvyx9D0-00146-00045659-00045946 which is uh or
+t33EPvyx9D0-00147-00045947-00046223 30 000 more than last year
+t33EPvyx9D0-00148-00046224-00046571 and for Fedora mapped packages we have
+t33EPvyx9D0-00149-00046572-00047051 uh above uh almost twenty one thousand
+t33EPvyx9D0-00150-00047052-00047405 and we had 20 000 last year so this is
+t33EPvyx9D0-00151-00047406-00047657 growing as well
+t33EPvyx9D0-00152-00047658-00047890 Okay so
+t33EPvyx9D0-00153-00047891-00048245 ah what about new features okay so new
+t33EPvyx9D0-00154-00048246-00048487 features in in Anita
+t33EPvyx9D0-00155-00048488-00048911 uh there are some links added to Alma
+t33EPvyx9D0-00156-00048912-00049145 Linux package so if there is any mapping
+t33EPvyx9D0-00157-00049146-00049318 to Alma Linux package it will
+t33EPvyx9D0-00158-00049319-00049612 automatically add you at the link to it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00159-00049613-00049918 and you can click it and see where the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00160-00049919-00050243 package is hosted we have a new backend
+t33EPvyx9D0-00161-00050244-00050621 to retrieve git stacks
+t33EPvyx9D0-00162-00050622-00050908 um for sourceforge we have new
+t33EPvyx9D0-00163-00050909-00051226 versioning scheme so if you have package
+t33EPvyx9D0-00164-00051227-00051761 from Pi Pi and it's using the pep uh 440
+t33EPvyx9D0-00165-00051762-00052096 versioning scheme you can just select it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00166-00052097-00052349 uh we had plenty of bucket fixes and
+t33EPvyx9D0-00167-00052350-00052582 development changes in the release
+t33EPvyx9D0-00168-00052583-00052961 especially divine 0.4.0
+t33EPvyx9D0-00169-00052962-00053375 and the federal messaging schema was
+t33EPvyx9D0-00170-00053376-00053615 migrated to separate a repository this
+t33EPvyx9D0-00171-00053616-00053926 will help us with managing the versions
+t33EPvyx9D0-00172-00053927-00054215 of the message schema better than when
+t33EPvyx9D0-00173-00054216-00054700 it's is part of the Armenia Repository
+t33EPvyx9D0-00174-00054701-00055066 and what about the future
+t33EPvyx9D0-00175-00055067-00055432 so one of the things these are
+t33EPvyx9D0-00176-00055433-00055804 the issues I think are interesting and I
+t33EPvyx9D0-00177-00055805-00056176 would like to see them in uh anija in
+t33EPvyx9D0-00178-00056177-00056323 the future
+t33EPvyx9D0-00179-00056324-00056692 first is the replacement rules for
+t33EPvyx9D0-00180-00056694-00056992 version strings it would be really nice
+t33EPvyx9D0-00181-00056994-00057232 to actually have some
+t33EPvyx9D0-00182-00057233-00057521 some rules you can specify that will
+t33EPvyx9D0-00183-00057522-00057815 just take the version that you receive
+t33EPvyx9D0-00184-00057816-00058235 from the upstream and just put it in
+t33EPvyx9D0-00185-00058236-00058432 some format that is more readable
+t33EPvyx9D0-00186-00058433-00058853 because sometimes the tags on some of
+t33EPvyx9D0-00187-00058854-00059182 the projects doesn't really look like a
+t33EPvyx9D0-00188-00059183-00059513 version but yeah people are tagging
+t33EPvyx9D0-00189-00059514-00059854 plenty of things so it's always some
+t33EPvyx9D0-00190-00059855-00060076 issues so having some rules that you can
+t33EPvyx9D0-00191-00060077-00060275 actually set would be nice
+t33EPvyx9D0-00192-00060276-00060773 uh right now it's done by just the if
+t33EPvyx9D0-00193-00060774-00061253 you want to actually do some uh rules if
+t33EPvyx9D0-00194-00061254-00061504 there is a custom backend that will
+t33EPvyx9D0-00195-00061505-00061769 allow you to actually use regex that
+t33EPvyx9D0-00196-00061770-00061876 will
+t33EPvyx9D0-00197-00061877-00062141 pass the web page which is not really
+t33EPvyx9D0-00198-00062141-00062459 great and it's not that quick like using
+t33EPvyx9D0-00199-00062460-00062813 the GitHub API but yeah it's working and
+t33EPvyx9D0-00200-00062814-00063071 for some projects it's only way to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00201-00063072-00063282 actually get the correct version because
+t33EPvyx9D0-00202-00063283-00063629 the version that is stacked is
+t33EPvyx9D0-00203-00063629-00063941 is something that isn't really a version
+t33EPvyx9D0-00204-00063941-00064421 so yeah it helps hopefully
+t33EPvyx9D0-00205-00064422-00064732 uh next thing I think is support for
+t33EPvyx9D0-00206-00064733-00065009 different versions teams this is just uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00207-00065010-00065303 for uh projects
+t33EPvyx9D0-00208-00065304-00065519 that have
+t33EPvyx9D0-00209-00065520-00065797 that have multiple version streams like
+t33EPvyx9D0-00210-00065798-00066244 1.0 something 1. something two point
+t33EPvyx9D0-00211-00066245-00066521 something three point something so this
+t33EPvyx9D0-00212-00066522-00066821 will allow you to actually set up
+t33EPvyx9D0-00213-00066822-00067205 uh set up things that you will set up
+t33EPvyx9D0-00214-00067206-00067456 for the project like version scheme for
+t33EPvyx9D0-00215-00067457-00067769 different uh version stream
+t33EPvyx9D0-00216-00067770-00068141 it will allows you to actually have uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00217-00068142-00068500 actually address some changes in the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00218-00068501-00068723 projects like switching from semantling
+t33EPvyx9D0-00219-00068724-00068981 versioning to calendar versioning
+t33EPvyx9D0-00220-00068982-00069317 and things like this so you will just
+t33EPvyx9D0-00221-00069318-00069731 have uh have a option to actually say
+t33EPvyx9D0-00222-00069732-00070144 from these versions on it will be a
+t33EPvyx9D0-00223-00070145-00070571 calendar versioning and it will work it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00224-00070572-00070800 will be sorted as a calendar versioning
+t33EPvyx9D0-00225-00070801-00071153 and even you will see that then there is
+t33EPvyx9D0-00226-00071154-00071413 a new version in one point something
+t33EPvyx9D0-00227-00071414-00071819 and even when the two point is out which
+t33EPvyx9D0-00228-00071820-00072082 will be useful
+t33EPvyx9D0-00229-00072083-00072532 and right now uh and next things we have
+t33EPvyx9D0-00230-00072533-00072797 is the links for digital mappings this
+t33EPvyx9D0-00231-00072798-00072953 is something that somebody from
+t33EPvyx9D0-00232-00072954-00073193 Community actually came up with and
+t33EPvyx9D0-00233-00073194-00073535 wanted us to add it first it was for
+t33EPvyx9D0-00234-00073536-00074032 Fedora then uh I think was the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00235-00074033-00074381 um I'm not sure I think uh Alma Linux
+t33EPvyx9D0-00236-00074382-00074555 was the second one and there is three
+t33EPvyx9D0-00237-00074556-00074844 the third one as well
+t33EPvyx9D0-00238-00074845-00075232 and we want to make this configurable so
+t33EPvyx9D0-00239-00075233-00075538 there will be always some distro and
+t33EPvyx9D0-00240-00075539-00075856 what link it should point to with the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00241-00075857-00076175 name of the package as some variable
+t33EPvyx9D0-00242-00076176-00076421 that will be added
+t33EPvyx9D0-00243-00076422-00076756 uh we will have new authentication back
+t33EPvyx9D0-00244-00076757-00076991 backend this is needed because the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00245-00076992-00077261 current one is not working without the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00246-00077262-00077585 workaround uh hopefully the new one will
+t33EPvyx9D0-00247-00077586-00077837 have support for Google and GitHub
+t33EPvyx9D0-00248-00077838-00078244 we already have some work done in this
+t33EPvyx9D0-00249-00078245-00078617 case but it's missing uh it's missing
+t33EPvyx9D0-00250-00078618-00078911 the Fedora sign in but the Google and
+t33EPvyx9D0-00251-00078912-00079217 GitHub are working as ISO
+t33EPvyx9D0-00252-00079218-00079462 but yeah it's still not marriage it's
+t33EPvyx9D0-00253-00079463-00079685 still working a progress
+t33EPvyx9D0-00254-00079686-00079937 and I would the next thing I would like
+t33EPvyx9D0-00255-00079938-00080255 is to have RSS feeds for projects so you
+t33EPvyx9D0-00256-00080256-00080525 don't need to have your own consumer for
+t33EPvyx9D0-00257-00080526-00080705 federal messages to actually consume
+t33EPvyx9D0-00258-00080706-00081047 Anita Anita updates just you will just
+t33EPvyx9D0-00259-00081048-00081581 uh see the RSS feed uh that will that
+t33EPvyx9D0-00260-00081582-00081731 will just put the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00261-00081732-00082021 uh tell you that there is a new version
+t33EPvyx9D0-00262-00082022-00082356 in Anita
+t33EPvyx9D0-00263-00082357-00082649 uh and the next the last thing I have
+t33EPvyx9D0-00264-00082650-00082949 here is the have automatic feeling for
+t33EPvyx9D0-00265-00082950-00083153 of project details when creating a new
+t33EPvyx9D0-00266-00083154-00083531 project so if you bro for examples have
+t33EPvyx9D0-00267-00083532-00083819 some python projects you will put a name
+t33EPvyx9D0-00268-00083820-00084076 you will put that is on a Pi Pi and it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00269-00084077-00084443 will just take all the other things
+t33EPvyx9D0-00270-00084444-00084844 or some same defaults just fill in and
+t33EPvyx9D0-00271-00084845-00085091 you will change what you need
+t33EPvyx9D0-00272-00085092-00085235 Okay so
+t33EPvyx9D0-00273-00085236-00085619 this is all for the for the ninja and no
+t33EPvyx9D0-00274-00085620-00085817 to the new hotness the floating island
+t33EPvyx9D0-00275-00085818-00086062 in the realm of magic
+t33EPvyx9D0-00276-00086063-00086459 and the new Hot Mess some magic numbers
+t33EPvyx9D0-00277-00086460-00086800 same as on the Anita we had more
+t33EPvyx9D0-00278-00086801-00087041 releases on the new hotness I actually
+t33EPvyx9D0-00279-00087042-00087269 spent more time with the new hotness and
+t33EPvyx9D0-00280-00087270-00087544 with Anita this uh last year
+t33EPvyx9D0-00281-00087545-00087893 we have plenty more commits but as I
+t33EPvyx9D0-00282-00087894-00088097 said this is uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00283-00088098-00088373 this is because I enabled the depender
+t33EPvyx9D0-00284-00088374-00088649 board and most of the commits are from
+t33EPvyx9D0-00285-00088650-00088931 the dependabot we have licensed
+t33EPvyx9D0-00286-00088932-00089405 contributors which is not bad but uh it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00287-00089406-00089656 would be better if the number will be
+t33EPvyx9D0-00288-00089657-00089755 growing
+t33EPvyx9D0-00289-00089756-00089987 uh there are very much more issues
+t33EPvyx9D0-00290-00089988-00090282 created this is uh because the bugzilla
+t33EPvyx9D0-00291-00090283-00090635 uh notification no contains if there is
+t33EPvyx9D0-00292-00090636-00090899 any error happening you will get a link
+t33EPvyx9D0-00293-00090900-00091361 to the new hotness uh issue tracker so
+t33EPvyx9D0-00294-00091362-00091721 you can you can file the issue directly
+t33EPvyx9D0-00295-00091722-00092015 uh and plenty of issues closed more than
+t33EPvyx9D0-00296-00092016-00092267 it was created so I think this is a good
+t33EPvyx9D0-00297-00092268-00092471 base in
+t33EPvyx9D0-00298-00092472-00092837 this so the current version is no 1.2
+t33EPvyx9D0-00299-00092838-00093137 wine one uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00300-00093138-00093529 and in the last year it was uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00301-00093530-00094015 0.13.4 so we finally get to the version
+t33EPvyx9D0-00302-00094016-00094541 1.0 and we continued
+t33EPvyx9D0-00303-00094542-00095015 okay so new features so for new hotness
+t33EPvyx9D0-00304-00095016-00095388 we have uh some new features that are
+t33EPvyx9D0-00305-00095389-00095776 good for anybody who actually wants to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00306-00095777-00095926 consume the messages
+t33EPvyx9D0-00307-00095927-00096244 uh it currently can work with multiple
+t33EPvyx9D0-00308-00096245-00096575 versions notified at once you maybe
+t33EPvyx9D0-00309-00096576-00096829 notice that some of the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00310-00096830-00097194 notifications on bugzilla no contains uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00311-00097195-00097582 uh releases that will versions that were
+t33EPvyx9D0-00312-00097583-00097979 obtained from release monitoring and uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00313-00097980-00098237 version that is considered latest
+t33EPvyx9D0-00314-00098238-00098525 it will only right now it will only
+t33EPvyx9D0-00315-00098526-00098782 notify you if the latest is changed if
+t33EPvyx9D0-00316-00098783-00099065 it's new version but it's in Fedora but
+t33EPvyx9D0-00317-00099066-00099461 it will it will also make you know that
+t33EPvyx9D0-00318-00099462-00099688 there were other versions The retriever
+t33EPvyx9D0-00319-00099689-00099859 together with it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00320-00099860-00100138 uh there is a support for stable
+t33EPvyx9D0-00321-00100139-00100294 versions only
+t33EPvyx9D0-00322-00100295-00100768 uh only works if the Anita actually uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00323-00100769-00101153 has is the project on any case set up
+t33EPvyx9D0-00324-00101154-00101338 correctly and uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00325-00101339-00101771 the versions are correct correct so it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00326-00101772-00101956 can recognize what is the stable and
+t33EPvyx9D0-00327-00101957-00102094 stable version
+t33EPvyx9D0-00328-00102095-00102449 uh currently
+t33EPvyx9D0-00329-00102450-00102715 um
+t33EPvyx9D0-00330-00102716-00102994 currently the state um
+t33EPvyx9D0-00331-00102995-00103378 the stable versions are this isn't
+t33EPvyx9D0-00332-00103379-00103660 configurable into this kit yet there is
+t33EPvyx9D0-00333-00103661-00103906 a pull request for the diskit and pagur
+t33EPvyx9D0-00334-00103907-00104153 but they need to be merged first
+t33EPvyx9D0-00335-00104154-00104399 therefore this will be available for
+t33EPvyx9D0-00336-00104400-00104686 anybody to actually check it there will
+t33EPvyx9D0-00337-00104688-00104945 be new options one for the stable
+t33EPvyx9D0-00338-00104946-00105328 versions only and one for uh any version
+t33EPvyx9D0-00339-00105329-00105616 if you want to actually be notified
+t33EPvyx9D0-00340-00105617-00106036 about any new version that will be uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00341-00106038-00106399 that will be uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00342-00106400-00106727 retrieved by Anita you can you will have
+t33EPvyx9D0-00343-00106728-00107104 the option but this could cause that the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00344-00107105-00107539 version that are
+t33EPvyx9D0-00345-00107540-00107860 retrieved again will be again notified
+t33EPvyx9D0-00346-00107861-00108251 too because if there will be any uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00347-00108252-00108551 admin change in the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00348-00108552-00108781 uh in Anita like
+t33EPvyx9D0-00349-00108782-00109049 deleting some version and retrieving it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00350-00109050-00109145 again
+t33EPvyx9D0-00351-00109146-00109597 it will uh it will notify you again
+t33EPvyx9D0-00352-00109598-00109990 uh next thing I said is the maxilla
+t33EPvyx9D0-00353-00109991-00110327 amplification was actually written and
+t33EPvyx9D0-00354-00110328-00110513 now it contains even the link to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00355-00110514-00110825 monitoring settings so you can click on
+t33EPvyx9D0-00356-00110826-00111023 it and just change that you don't want
+t33EPvyx9D0-00357-00111024-00111263 to monitor uh don't want the monitoring
+t33EPvyx9D0-00358-00111264-00111616 to actually watch your project or you
+t33EPvyx9D0-00359-00111617-00111845 can change it to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00360-00111846-00112121 any other option you want
+t33EPvyx9D0-00361-00112122-00112547 the documentation was updated uh it was
+t33EPvyx9D0-00362-00112548-00112907 updated to a state when it should be
+t33EPvyx9D0-00363-00112908-00113284 much easier much more easy for anybody
+t33EPvyx9D0-00364-00113285-00113627 who wants to deploy it deploy it and for
+t33EPvyx9D0-00365-00113628-00113836 anybody who wants to use it where you
+t33EPvyx9D0-00366-00113838-00114131 can actually find information how you
+t33EPvyx9D0-00367-00114132-00114508 can set the monitoring and other things
+t33EPvyx9D0-00368-00114509-00114575 um
+t33EPvyx9D0-00369-00114576-00114923 and same as anija we moved the federal
+t33EPvyx9D0-00370-00114924-00115271 messaging message scheme to separate
+t33EPvyx9D0-00371-00115272-00115486 repository which will help us to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00372-00115488-00115690 actually maintain the versioning
+t33EPvyx9D0-00373-00115691-00115960 versions for it much better
+t33EPvyx9D0-00374-00115961-00116254 because if it were in the same
+t33EPvyx9D0-00375-00116255-00116586 repository it would actually cost
+t33EPvyx9D0-00376-00116588-00116854 some issues because if you do a release
+t33EPvyx9D0-00377-00116855-00117089 on GitHub you will do the race for the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00378-00117090-00117431 main project and if there is any change
+t33EPvyx9D0-00379-00117432-00117683 in the messaging scheme you will
+t33EPvyx9D0-00380-00117683-00118007 actually see it only in the dark or on
+t33EPvyx9D0-00381-00118008-00118283 other place but not into release only
+t33EPvyx9D0-00382-00118283-00118721 maybe as I mentioned in the changelog
+t33EPvyx9D0-00383-00118722-00118960 Okay so
+t33EPvyx9D0-00384-00118961-00119383 what is the future
+t33EPvyx9D0-00385-00119383-00119752 so future for the new hotness
+t33EPvyx9D0-00386-00119753-00120095 we want support for flood packs we want
+t33EPvyx9D0-00387-00120096-00120352 support for federal modules we want
+t33EPvyx9D0-00388-00120353-00120623 support for Apple
+t33EPvyx9D0-00389-00120624-00121054 all of those uh are changed that needs
+t33EPvyx9D0-00390-00121055-00121375 to be actually working with another
+t33EPvyx9D0-00391-00121376-00121727 in most cases it will be just working in
+t33EPvyx9D0-00392-00121728-00121877 another namespace
+t33EPvyx9D0-00393-00121878-00122297 but uh I'm not sure right now and we
+t33EPvyx9D0-00394-00122298-00122621 will need to have different uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00395-00122622-00122884 distribution in this case it will be
+t33EPvyx9D0-00396-00122885-00123173 still Fedora but it will be Fedora flat
+t33EPvyx9D0-00397-00123174-00123365 pack so we know that this is actually a
+t33EPvyx9D0-00398-00123366-00123671 flat pack and we can uh actually address
+t33EPvyx9D0-00399-00123672-00123840 it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00400-00123841-00124175 and the last thing that is actually in
+t33EPvyx9D0-00401-00124176-00124439 work for a long time is creating the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00402-00124440-00124675 pull requests in this git
+t33EPvyx9D0-00403-00124676-00125089 this is still a work in progress
+t33EPvyx9D0-00404-00125090-00125483 uh this is still working progress and I
+t33EPvyx9D0-00405-00125483-00125777 can't do much about it because it's now
+t33EPvyx9D0-00406-00125778-00126016 waiting for some change in pagur which
+t33EPvyx9D0-00407-00126017-00126304 wasn't deployed it was a marriage but it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00408-00126305-00126593 wasn't deployed so I'm still waiting for
+t33EPvyx9D0-00409-00126594-00126827 it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00410-00126828-00126977 okay
+t33EPvyx9D0-00411-00126978-00127378 and this is all I have so I will look at
+t33EPvyx9D0-00412-00127379-00127516 the questions
+t33EPvyx9D0-00413-00127517-00127823 I see one in the chat
+t33EPvyx9D0-00414-00127824-00128039 uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00415-00128040-00128158 yep
+t33EPvyx9D0-00416-00128159-00128489 I see one in the chat so I will look at
+t33EPvyx9D0-00417-00128490-00128554 it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00418-00128555-00128986 and then I will check the Q a
+t33EPvyx9D0-00419-00128988-00129227 uh what would need to be changed before
+t33EPvyx9D0-00420-00129228-00129695 it work uh with Apple so I noticed that
+t33EPvyx9D0-00421-00129696-00129989 there is a federal Apple distribution in
+t33EPvyx9D0-00422-00129990-00130402 Anita already so this is uh solved but
+t33EPvyx9D0-00423-00130403-00130657 on the new hotness I need to actually
+t33EPvyx9D0-00424-00130658-00130943 check currently it's checking only if
+t33EPvyx9D0-00425-00130944-00131219 the destroy is fedora if it will be
+t33EPvyx9D0-00426-00131220-00131435 Federal Apple we need to have another
+t33EPvyx9D0-00427-00131436-00131819 branch in the new hotness or
+t33EPvyx9D0-00428-00131820-00132125 part of code that will actually uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00429-00132126-00132514 change it to work with another namespace
+t33EPvyx9D0-00430-00132515-00133139 uh I'm not sure if in apple it's uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00431-00133140-00133504 if you don't I'm not sure how how for
+t33EPvyx9D0-00432-00133505-00133709 Apple are the scratch builds actually
+t33EPvyx9D0-00433-00133710-00134207 run so if I can just uh use the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00434-00134208-00134602 same code as for a fedora or I need to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00435-00134603-00134801 change something in apply need to look
+t33EPvyx9D0-00436-00134802-00135587 at it more closely
+t33EPvyx9D0-00437-00135588-00136007 and but yeah it could be possible to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00438-00136008-00136271 actually check Apple for latest version
+t33EPvyx9D0-00439-00136272-00136552 and compare to Apple
+t33EPvyx9D0-00440-00136553-00136799 it's it's possible
+t33EPvyx9D0-00441-00136800-00137149 okay so let's check the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00442-00137150-00137566 questions there is one that is upvoted
+t33EPvyx9D0-00443-00137567-00137783 Bank able to prune versions without
+t33EPvyx9D0-00444-00137784-00138119 filling a bug would be nice to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00445-00138120-00138511 yeah we don't really want the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00446-00138512-00138827 users to actually delete the version by
+t33EPvyx9D0-00447-00138828-00138995 onto your own
+t33EPvyx9D0-00448-00138996-00139475 but uh yeah we could probably
+t33EPvyx9D0-00449-00139476-00139793 we could probably do it because uh right
+t33EPvyx9D0-00450-00139794-00140128 now it's only admin admins can do it so
+t33EPvyx9D0-00451-00140129-00140452 if you have admin rights and there are
+t33EPvyx9D0-00452-00140453-00140687 possibility to to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00453-00140688-00141028 Fill A Flock I'm I know that the flux
+t33EPvyx9D0-00454-00141029-00141323 are not I'm not really responding to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00455-00141324-00141581 them and they are not really visible to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00456-00141582-00141973 the admins which is something I need to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00457-00141974-00142307 uh I need to address
+t33EPvyx9D0-00458-00142308-00142535 but uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00459-00142536-00142811 I'm I'm thinking if this will be
+t33EPvyx9D0-00460-00142812-00143243 actually a issue to actually let people
+t33EPvyx9D0-00461-00143244-00143525 the users of the Anita to actually
+t33EPvyx9D0-00462-00143526-00143723 delete the version because all of the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00463-00143724-00144109 versions will be retrieved
+t33EPvyx9D0-00464-00144110-00144799 uh next time there is a new check
+t33EPvyx9D0-00465-00144800-00145235 so yeah I need to think about it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00466-00145236-00145589 uh okay let me see what other questions
+t33EPvyx9D0-00467-00145590-00145714 are there
+t33EPvyx9D0-00468-00145715-00145913 sometimes projects go back with the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00469-00145914-00146147 release numbers so basically there is a
+t33EPvyx9D0-00470-00146148-00146333 version phone that it was mistake and
+t33EPvyx9D0-00471-00146334-00146537 take it back same point I think I would
+t33EPvyx9D0-00472-00146538-00146735 ignore future releases after this
+t33EPvyx9D0-00473-00146736-00146890 pushback
+t33EPvyx9D0-00474-00146891-00147137 uh yeah this is
+t33EPvyx9D0-00475-00147138-00147197 um
+t33EPvyx9D0-00476-00147198-00147478 this is based on the versioning scheme
+t33EPvyx9D0-00477-00147479-00147875 you set up if the version is considered
+t33EPvyx9D0-00478-00147876-00148249 new version the versioning then the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00479-00148250-00148523 uh last one
+t33EPvyx9D0-00480-00148524-00148775 it will stay this is something that
+t33EPvyx9D0-00481-00148776-00148978 right now needs to be addressed by by
+t33EPvyx9D0-00482-00148979-00149237 admin I actually did the bogus version
+t33EPvyx9D0-00483-00149238-00149716 and then the versioning will be uh Fine
+t33EPvyx9D0-00484-00149717-00149914 Again
+t33EPvyx9D0-00485-00149915-00150221 but uh there isn't any anything that
+t33EPvyx9D0-00486-00150222-00150385 could automatically
+t33EPvyx9D0-00487-00150386-00150790 do this because we are not checking the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00488-00150791-00151099 versions uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00489-00151100-00151337 retrospectively just looking for the new
+t33EPvyx9D0-00490-00151338-00151654 one that we don't have
+t33EPvyx9D0-00491-00151655-00152057 I'm not sure if it's even a good good
+t33EPvyx9D0-00492-00152058-00152416 thing to uh removing versions that we
+t33EPvyx9D0-00493-00152417-00152863 don't find because for some back-ends
+t33EPvyx9D0-00494-00152864-00153245 it's uh it's retrieving uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00495-00153246-00153485 it's just parsing the page and if the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00496-00153486-00153701 page only contains the latest version it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00497-00153702-00154019 will delete all the others
+t33EPvyx9D0-00498-00154020-00154313 okay so next one
+t33EPvyx9D0-00499-00154314-00154552 but it makes sense to support defining
+t33EPvyx9D0-00500-00154553-00154859 or a lot to watch in Spec file or in a
+t33EPvyx9D0-00501-00154860-00155183 file in this kit
+t33EPvyx9D0-00502-00155184-00155326 um
+t33EPvyx9D0-00503-00155327-00155825 right right now we are uh having the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00504-00155826-00156166 earning job independent of uh anything
+t33EPvyx9D0-00505-00156167-00156497 that is in Fedora right Fedora World
+t33EPvyx9D0-00506-00156498-00156616 itself
+t33EPvyx9D0-00507-00156617-00156893 so we don't want it to really check this
+t33EPvyx9D0-00508-00156894-00157133 kit or other things like it this is a
+t33EPvyx9D0-00509-00157134-00157409 new hotness uh thing
+t33EPvyx9D0-00510-00157410-00157709 uh the new hotness
+t33EPvyx9D0-00511-00157710-00157978 could do it but uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00512-00157979-00158290 it is just for
+t33EPvyx9D0-00513-00158291-00158519 it is not not really great because it's
+t33EPvyx9D0-00514-00158520-00158752 not checking for the new version the on
+t33EPvyx9D0-00515-00158753-00158987 each other's days and you actually need
+t33EPvyx9D0-00516-00158988-00159202 to set this up in Anita project
+t33EPvyx9D0-00517-00159203-00159502 correctly
+t33EPvyx9D0-00518-00159503-00159826 okay so next one I would love to have
+t33EPvyx9D0-00519-00159827-00160037 release monitoring enabled by default
+t33EPvyx9D0-00520-00160038-00160247 for our inferior what would be needed to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00521-00160248-00160366 make that work
+t33EPvyx9D0-00522-00160367-00160583 in particular I would only be able to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00523-00160584-00160769 figure out automatic arrest for East
+t33EPvyx9D0-00524-00160770-00161051 rust package listed in create on crates
+t33EPvyx9D0-00525-00161052-00161285 IO with semantic versioning and summary
+t33EPvyx9D0-00526-00161286-00161549 for python but oh this is something that
+t33EPvyx9D0-00527-00161550-00161747 is actually uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00528-00161748-00162233 that is actually in work by by Terror
+t33EPvyx9D0-00529-00162234-00162539 Lynch I'm not sure I think it's instill
+t33EPvyx9D0-00530-00162540-00162713 in progress
+t33EPvyx9D0-00531-00162714-00162790 um
+t33EPvyx9D0-00532-00162791-00163216 it it will be opt in the people don't
+t33EPvyx9D0-00533-00163217-00163366 need to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00534-00163367-00163445 um
+t33EPvyx9D0-00535-00163446-00163673 don't actually need to have been
+t33EPvyx9D0-00536-00163674-00163883 notified not everybody wants the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00537-00163884-00164104 notification for a new package for a new
+t33EPvyx9D0-00538-00164105-00164243 version
+t33EPvyx9D0-00539-00164244-00164519 so it will be opt in but right now you
+t33EPvyx9D0-00540-00164520-00164731 can actually
+t33EPvyx9D0-00541-00164732-00164939 specify when you're creating a new
+t33EPvyx9D0-00542-00164940-00165154 package if you want to be monitored or
+t33EPvyx9D0-00543-00165155-00165461 not but it doesn't create the project in
+t33EPvyx9D0-00544-00165462-00165809 Anita uh this is something that we want
+t33EPvyx9D0-00545-00165810-00166151 to add and it's still in work it's not
+t33EPvyx9D0-00546-00166152-00166390 uh it's not there yet but yeah it's
+t33EPvyx9D0-00547-00166391-00166685 something we want to do as well
+t33EPvyx9D0-00548-00166686-00167021 and the last one can package maintainers
+t33EPvyx9D0-00549-00167022-00167249 be given some level of control over the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00550-00167250-00167566 packages on release monitoring.org for
+t33EPvyx9D0-00551-00167567-00167771 example some Upstream publish a ton of
+t33EPvyx9D0-00552-00167772-00167951 massive versions before a fedora package
+t33EPvyx9D0-00553-00167952-00168154 is created sometimes messing up
+t33EPvyx9D0-00554-00168155-00168389 incremental version I'll be great we
+t33EPvyx9D0-00555-00168390-00168635 could clean that up yourself and other
+t33EPvyx9D0-00556-00168636-00168863 the proper exclusion rules
+t33EPvyx9D0-00557-00168864-00169114 uh the exclusion rules are actually
+t33EPvyx9D0-00558-00169115-00169421 something that you can do by yourself
+t33EPvyx9D0-00559-00169422-00169787 you don't need to uh you don't need
+t33EPvyx9D0-00560-00169788-00170285 admin of release monitoring.org for this
+t33EPvyx9D0-00561-00170286-00170369 um
+t33EPvyx9D0-00562-00170370-00170609 the deleting of the version as I said
+t33EPvyx9D0-00563-00170610-00171083 before uh we didn't give users ability
+t33EPvyx9D0-00564-00171084-00171347 to actually delete the versions
+t33EPvyx9D0-00565-00171348-00171799 uh the reason for this was actually to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00566-00171800-00172349 to preserve uh as much as possible and
+t33EPvyx9D0-00567-00172350-00172714 only the admins have it have the uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00568-00172715-00172990 possibility to do this but
+t33EPvyx9D0-00569-00172991-00173266 when I'm thinking about it maybe adding
+t33EPvyx9D0-00570-00173267-00173525 this possibility to standard user of
+t33EPvyx9D0-00571-00173526-00173752 risk monitoring or dot org
+t33EPvyx9D0-00572-00173753-00173909 could be
+t33EPvyx9D0-00573-00173910-00174275 possible they don't 10K they still can't
+t33EPvyx9D0-00574-00174276-00174485 delete the project but they could
+t33EPvyx9D0-00575-00174486-00174851 probably delete the versions only
+t33EPvyx9D0-00576-00174852-00175102 which would help them to actually manage
+t33EPvyx9D0-00577-00175103-00175421 the projects if I assume they will be
+t33EPvyx9D0-00578-00175422-00175576 trolls that will just delete all the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00579-00175577-00175949 versions on the project but yeah they
+t33EPvyx9D0-00580-00175950-00176254 if there are throws they can play with
+t33EPvyx9D0-00581-00176255-00176464 the release monitoring.org right now
+t33EPvyx9D0-00582-00176465-00176687 because there are plenty of things you
+t33EPvyx9D0-00583-00176688-00177040 can do and that will because everybody
+t33EPvyx9D0-00584-00177041-00177347 can edit any project so if you want to
+t33EPvyx9D0-00585-00177348-00177676 just uh exclude all the versions that no
+t33EPvyx9D0-00586-00177677-00177857 version will be retrieved in the future
+t33EPvyx9D0-00587-00177858-00178049 it's possible but
+t33EPvyx9D0-00588-00178050-00178414 I don't think I don't saw anybody
+t33EPvyx9D0-00589-00178415-00178673 actually messing up with this and the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00590-00178674-00179017 people could actually save
+t33EPvyx9D0-00591-00179018-00179069 [Music]
+t33EPvyx9D0-00592-00179070-00179140 um
+t33EPvyx9D0-00593-00179141-00179597 set it back again by themselves
+t33EPvyx9D0-00594-00179598-00179866 but the exclusion is already available
+t33EPvyx9D0-00595-00179867-00180221 there is uh exclude versions or I'm sure
+t33EPvyx9D0-00596-00180222-00180575 how it's like now called but it could be
+t33EPvyx9D0-00597-00180576-00180888 released
+t33EPvyx9D0-00598-00180889-00181288 uh okay
+t33EPvyx9D0-00599-00181289-00181516 okay and for the package maintainers
+t33EPvyx9D0-00600-00181517-00181840 actually managing it uh as I said before
+t33EPvyx9D0-00601-00181841-00182038 release monitoring.org doesn't know
+t33EPvyx9D0-00602-00182039-00182302 anything about diskit in Fedora so it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00603-00182303-00182531 doesn't know who the maintainer of any
+t33EPvyx9D0-00604-00182532-00182699 package is
+t33EPvyx9D0-00605-00182700-00182963 they don't want to have this because the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00606-00182964-00183221 package could be for plenty of
+t33EPvyx9D0-00607-00183222-00183533 distributions and we don't want uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00608-00183534-00183947 somebody to actually have that the more
+t33EPvyx9D0-00609-00183948-00184126 rights than the others from the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00610-00184127-00184301 different distributions
+t33EPvyx9D0-00611-00184302-00184697 so either we give the rights to all
+t33EPvyx9D0-00612-00184698-00184978 users or uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00613-00184979-00185416 or some of them will be only for admins
+t33EPvyx9D0-00614-00185417-00185602 uh okay
+t33EPvyx9D0-00615-00185603-00185771 so
+t33EPvyx9D0-00616-00185772-00186088 this is all I have for today there are
+t33EPvyx9D0-00617-00186089-00186413 some references I will
+t33EPvyx9D0-00618-00186414-00186640 I can share the link to the to the
+t33EPvyx9D0-00619-00186641-00186790 slides
+t33EPvyx9D0-00620-00186791-00187452 let me just share it
+t33EPvyx9D0-00621-00187453-00187745 and uh
+t33EPvyx9D0-00622-00187746-00188116 otherwise this is all
+t33EPvyx9D0-00623-00188117-00188447 all from me
+t33EPvyx9D0-00624-00188448-00188764 well
+t33EPvyx9D0-00625-00188765-00188963 here's the link
+t33EPvyx9D0-00626-00188964-00189245 uh thank you all and
+t33EPvyx9D0-00627-00189246-00189395 see you
+t33EPvyx9D0-00628-00189396-00189640 later on tonight
+t33EPvyx9D0-00629-00189641-00189908 bye everyone
+t4AgG2PqkL4-00001-00004404-00004616 thank you
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00000-00000143-00000455 hello everyone my name is alex cameron
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00001-00000456-00000759 i'm a graphic designer design writer and
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00002-00000760-00001079 critic and a lecturer in graphic design
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00003-00001080-00001447 and design history um
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00004-00001448-00001655 before i launch into the presentation
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00005-00001655-00001759 proper
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00006-00001760-00002087 i wanted to give you all a chance to
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00007-00002088-00002350 acclimatize to my accent
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00008-00002351-00002655 i'm told it can be at times quite
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00009-00002656-00002839 impenetrable
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00010-00002840-00003087 um so i want to tell your story to help
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00011-00003088-00003238 you do that
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00012-00003239-00003551 um me and my family moved to madrid a
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00013-00003552-00003783 year and a half ago or so
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00014-00003784-00004283 um and we had no spanish uh rudimentary
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00015-00004284-00004583 dothrava and the links
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00016-00004584-00005015 um but very quickly we realized that
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00017-00005016-00005175 there were two
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00018-00005176-00005543 um reactions we would get to our uh
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00019-00005544-00005918 bad spanish one would be
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00020-00005919-00006279 people would just speak as normal
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00021-00006280-00006454 or even throw their hands up and walk
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00022-00006455-00006719 away because they weren't
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00023-00006720-00007110 able to communicate with us the other
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00024-00007111-00007503 were people who uh warned
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00025-00007504-00007895 to took it on as a
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00026-00007895-00008351 a challenge um and after a little while
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00027-00008352-00008663 were able and to understand
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00028-00008664-00009023 to get the basics you know to be able to
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00029-00009024-00009310 communicate on the most basic level and
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00030-00009311-00009478 i think it's important for this
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00031-00009479-00009567 discussion
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00032-00009568-00009727 or the discussion of design and
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00033-00009728-00010055 communications in general and
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00034-00010056-00010519 that we realize that the the audience
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00035-00010520-00010951 for our work has to be receptive
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00036-00010952-00011342 indeed we have to meet them halfway
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00037-00011343-00011687 effort to get the message across
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00038-00011688-00012142 if we're to engage uh with that audience
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00039-00012143-00012423 then we need to understand them as much
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00040-00012424-00012455 as
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00041-00012456-00012943 they need to understand us anyway
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00042-00012944-00013286 we need to talk about the canon not just
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00043-00013287-00013438 in this forum
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00044-00013440-00013719 but in as many forums and platforms as
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00045-00013719-00013847 possible
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00046-00013847-00014119 because i believe that the attack on the
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00047-00014119-00014175 cannon
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00048-00014176-00014503 that we can identify today is
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00049-00014504-00014983 crucial to be the uh that we defend it
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00050-00014984-00015335 and because it's not just the cannon
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00051-00015336-00015686 but the very concept of design
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00052-00015687-00016063 and communication are understanding
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00053-00016063-00016375 the public's understanding that is at
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00054-00016376-00016607 stake
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00055-00016608-00016911 the critics at present come in kind of
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00056-00016912-00017294 two forms one is
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00057-00017295-00017550 one would be those who argue that the
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00058-00017551-00017886 cannon needs to be decolonized
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00059-00017887-00018207 the central proposition as at the
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00060-00018208-00018599 cannon um as a representative
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00061-00018600-00018991 document of white supremacy
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00062-00018992-00019319 and that non-white voices have been
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00063-00019320-00019663 excluded the other
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00064-00019664-00020150 for now i'll call social designers
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00065-00020151-00020558 see the canon as holding
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00066-00020559-00020886 all that is bad about design
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00067-00020887-00021214 and want to reinterpret how we judge
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00068-00021215-00021599 design in terms of what's good
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00069-00021600-00021875 and what's bad i think both these
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00070-00021876-00022094 propositions
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00071-00022095-00022439 have uh have a lineage that i'll
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00072-00022440-00022814 go on to discuss later
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00073-00022815-00023071 i think these views are problematic
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00074-00023072-00023247 largely
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00075-00023248-00023447 because they misunderstand what the
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00076-00023448-00023703 canon is
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00077-00023704-00023999 and this is how i would try and explain
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00078-00024000-00024183 it
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00079-00024184-00024622 the canon doesn't come about
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00080-00024623-00024967 through democratic vote
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00081-00024968-00025463 it is not decided by individuals
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00082-00025464-00025950 and arguably it is only in part
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00083-00025951-00026374 decided by the design profession
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00084-00026375-00026702 what i mean by that is is
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00085-00026704-00027031 the canonical works movements or
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00086-00027032-00027351 individuals are so
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00087-00027352-00027679 because they've managed to break out of
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00088-00027680-00028014 the design profession as such
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00089-00028016-00028351 and have managed to influence other
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00090-00028352-00029007 areas of life so for example
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00091-00029008-00029462 business culture more broadly
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00092-00029463-00029799 and the public when they are touched by
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00093-00029800-00029999 canonical works
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00094-00030000-00030446 react interact and engage with them
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00095-00030447-00030774 to such an extent that they become part
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00096-00030775-00030846 of
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00097-00030847-00031183 broader culture to put
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00098-00031183-00031495 another way
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00099-00031495-00031951 canonical works transform
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00100-00031952-00032367 through impact our profession
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00101-00032368-00032727 how we understand that and how we
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00102-00032727-00032967 practice it
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00103-00032968-00033311 they are often revolutionary
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00104-00033312-00033879 and how they change how we design
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00105-00033880-00034118 so of course it's important for the
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00106-00034119-00034287 profession
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00107-00034288-00034759 but more so it's important to recognize
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00108-00034760-00035118 that business wider culture
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00109-00035119-00035527 and the public are also transformed
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00110-00035528-00035927 through canonical works they both
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00111-00035928-00036246 impart and receive
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00112-00036247-00036662 um and together um
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00113-00036663-00037095 the canonical work floats to the surface
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00114-00037096-00037518 so as i'm saying i don't believe
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00115-00037519-00037823 canonical works are just
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00116-00037824-00038111 plucked out of thin air it's not a
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00117-00038112-00038390 popularity contest
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00118-00038391-00038702 um and it's not just simply
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00119-00038703-00039071 works that make are visible
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00120-00039072-00039415 um impact is crucial impacting the
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00121-00039416-00039567 profession
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00122-00039568-00039823 how we practice and how we understand
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00123-00039824-00039990 our world
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00124-00039991-00040287 but also the impact that they have
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00125-00040288-00040599 outside of it
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00126-00040600-00041023 so for me that understanding
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00127-00041024-00041511 of the canon suggests very strongly
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00128-00041512-00041702 that it's not a case of picking and
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00129-00041703-00041895 choosing what should
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00130-00041896-00042255 and shouldn't be canonical works
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00131-00042256-00042607 but accepting through
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00132-00042608-00043095 observable reality and materiality
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00133-00043096-00043399 that canonical works are not just
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00134-00043400-00044062 our work but the work of others
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00135-00044063-00044383 with this in mind it's
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00136-00044384-00044702 both unsurprising and surprising at the
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00137-00044703-00044846 same time
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00138-00044847-00045151 that the cannon should be under attack i
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00139-00045152-00045230 mentioned
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00140-00045231-00045455 um people who want to decolonize the
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00141-00045456-00045623 cannon as much as
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00142-00045624-00045927 people who want to um
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00143-00045928-00046399 reinterpret what good design means
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00144-00046400-00046702 to really get a handle on this moment we
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00145-00046703-00046983 have to understand i believe
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00146-00046984-00047390 that this attack has been 50 years or so
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00147-00047391-00047702 in the making
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00148-00047703-00048055 uh the design leadership
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00149-00048056-00048367 um the design elite
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00150-00048368-00048695 have for a generation ton
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00151-00048696-00048935 been turning their backs on what i
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00152-00048936-00049086 believe as
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00153-00049087-00049383 fundamentally the role of design and
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00154-00049384-00049511 society
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00155-00049512-00049951 and want to reconfigure it in such a way
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00156-00049952-00050255 as to rob it of what um
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00157-00050256-00050615 is at its heart which is a universal
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00158-00050616-00051007 impulse
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00159-00051008-00051407 i think one area of um um
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00160-00051408-00051814 a problematic area of the last 50 years
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00161-00051815-00052135 is how many leading designers
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00162-00052136-00052394 um have turned against what was termed
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00163-00052395-00052703 consumerism
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00164-00052704-00053015 the problem is the anti-consumerist
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00165-00053016-00053430 rhetoric of the 70s and 80s
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00166-00053432-00053911 very quickly became anti-consumer
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00167-00053912-00054215 so the historic dynamic
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00168-00054216-00054559 role of design and the relationship the
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00169-00054560-00054982 tripartite relationship between designer
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00170-00054983-00055335 client and audience
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00171-00055336-00055679 began to be dismantled that dynamic
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00172-00055679-00055863 relationship
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00173-00055864-00056271 was reconfigured to such an extent that
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00174-00056272-00056430 today
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00175-00056432-00056735 the designer is argued
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00176-00056736-00057182 is the arbiter of what should be
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00177-00057183-00057663 um and what is good and bad
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00178-00057664-00058054 the client if they fall outside this
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00179-00058055-00058566 ethical framework is to be cast aside
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00180-00058567-00058903 more importantly the audience
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00181-00058904-00059191 is no longer seen as a participant in
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00182-00059191-00059271 the design
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00183-00059272-00059599 process but is now seen
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00184-00059600-00060023 as a static uh object
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00185-00060024-00060342 that is to be told how things
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00186-00060344-00060775 are so
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00187-00060776-00061215 the way i understand this is like this
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00188-00061216-00061535 who decides whether design
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00189-00061536-00061919 is good or bad ultimately
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00190-00061920-00062230 i think it's the public the public's
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00191-00062232-00062342 engagement
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00192-00062344-00062575 with designed objects or pieces of
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00193-00062576-00062799 design communication
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00194-00062800-00063335 is crucial not only in their success
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00195-00063336-00063647 but in identifying
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00196-00063648-00063982 uh the relationship and role of the
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00197-00063983-00064111 designer
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00198-00064112-00064423 in relation to its audience if we
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00199-00064424-00064711 cut out the audience and see them as
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00200-00064712-00065006 just passive observers
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00201-00065007-00065206 then all we're left to do is to tell
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00202-00065207-00065423 them how to live
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00203-00065424-00065750 rather than recognizing that dynamic
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00204-00065751-00065943 relationship
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00205-00065944-00066271 has a positive impact on how
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00206-00066272-00066606 we design
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00207-00066607-00067023 so the attacks on the cannon
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00208-00067024-00067447 i believe are not of design
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00209-00067448-00067767 but come ideologically
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00210-00067768-00068079 outside of it i believe
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00211-00068080-00068575 at its root the problem
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00212-00068576-00068926 of attacks on the canon
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00213-00068927-00069447 are located in a rejection of the public
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00214-00069448-00069838 and a rejection of the belief
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00215-00069839-00070182 and the public as active participants in
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00216-00070183-00070343 the design
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00217-00070344-00070775 process for me the canon
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00218-00070776-00071191 is for everybody it's indisputable
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00219-00071192-00071503 i understand that some people who
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00220-00071504-00071815 suggest they don't see themselves in the
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00221-00071816-00071911 canon
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00222-00071912-00072247 understand that idea because nobody does
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00223-00072248-00072455 see themselves in the canon
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00224-00072456-00072759 but we must saturate ourselves in the
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00225-00072760-00072838 canon
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00226-00072839-00073199 we must situate ourselves among the best
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00227-00073200-00073535 in order that we can learn from it
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00228-00073536-00073847 now the canon is not exclusionary
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00229-00073848-00074175 indeed arguably the canon
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00230-00074176-00074494 is the best expression of the positive
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00231-00074495-00074862 impact of universality
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00232-00074863-00075199 it is demanding of an ever
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00233-00075200-00075503 greater and broader audience and
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00234-00075504-00075615 demanding
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00235-00075616-00075950 of an ever greater um
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00236-00075951-00076287 engagement with that audience the canon
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00237-00076288-00076431 speaks
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00238-00076432-00076806 of the best of us of dynamism and
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00239-00076807-00077206 impulse to understand and communicate to
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00240-00077207-00077391 understand the world
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00241-00077392-00077726 and communicate with our peers if we
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00242-00077727-00078135 can sign the can to the dustbin of
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00243-00078136-00078606 history we will do that at our peril
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00244-00078607-00079087 last point i want to make is as often as
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00245-00079088-00079399 it often appears that critics of the
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00246-00079400-00079526 canon
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00247-00079527-00079879 come across as radical outsiders
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00248-00079880-00080203 or progressives and i think this is to
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00249-00080204-00080371 fundamentally
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00250-00080372-00080687 misunderstand the location of the
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00251-00080688-00080991 problem
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00252-00080992-00081511 critics of the canon have bought into
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00253-00081512-00081815 and promote an elite
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00254-00081816-00082175 an elitist ideology
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00255-00082176-00082550 that says that the designer is god
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00256-00082551-00082767 and that the public are there to be
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00257-00082768-00082935 cajoled
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00258-00082936-00083326 and told what to do
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00259-00083327-00083655 and what to think so i think this is a
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00260-00083656-00084015 very simple
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00261-00084016-00084343 collision between two fundamental
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00262-00084344-00084703 ideas one
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00263-00084704-00085118 sees the public as part of the process
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00264-00085119-00085526 the other sees the public as
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00265-00085527-00085918 to be um
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00266-00085919-00086326 told talked to and cajoled
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00267-00086327-00086591 one is an active agent the other is an
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00268-00086592-00086806 empty vessel
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00269-00086807-00087159 now i know this has been a broad
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00270-00087160-00087462 sweep um which is
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00271-00087463-00087838 only possible in 15 minutes
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00272-00087839-00088159 but i think if we were to boil it down
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00273-00088160-00088287 to three
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00274-00088288-00088647 points it would be
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00275-00088648-00088991 this for me the canon
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00276-00088992-00089423 is a necessary teaching tool
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00277-00089424-00089799 for academics students practitioners
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00278-00089800-00090167 and the public more broadly attacks on
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00279-00090168-00090271 it
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00280-00090272-00090582 are ideologically constructed outside of
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00281-00090583-00090743 design
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00282-00090744-00091118 so finally my argument i guess is this
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00283-00091119-00091438 for educators our job is not to tell
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00284-00091439-00091631 students the answer
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00285-00091632-00091950 we know this our role
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00286-00091951-00092318 is to facilitate critical
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00287-00092319-00092711 minds independent minds
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00288-00092712-00093118 minds that will go out and understand
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00289-00093119-00093447 and achieve through engaging with the
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00290-00093448-00093591 public
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00291-00093592-00093911 not seeing themselves as godly
+t6a9OUjqVDM-00292-00093912-00094480 creatures thank you very much
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00000-00000050-00000288 the Ainu or the a new I knew I knew a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00001-00000289-00000582 new Japanese I knew I knew Russian agony
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00002-00000583-00000841 agony in the historical Japanese texts
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00003-00000842-00001042 the easy o shah-e are an indigenous
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00004-00001043-00001309 people of Japan Hokkaido and formerly
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00005-00001310-00001561 northeastern Honshu and Russia Sakhalin
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00006-00001562-00001752 the kuril islands and formerly the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00007-00001753-00001977 Kamchatka Peninsula the official number
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00008-00001978-00002212 of the Ainu is 25,000 but unofficially
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00009-00002213-00002502 is estimated at 200 thousand due to many
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00010-00002503-00002652 I knew having been completely
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00011-00002653-00002880 assimilated into Japanese society and as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00012-00002881-00003060 a result having no knowledge of their
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00013-00003061-00003472 ancestry
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00014-00003472-00003918 topic history
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00015-00003919-00004529 topic pre-modern recent research
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00016-00004530-00004754 suggests that Ainu culture originated
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00017-00004755-00004968 from a merger of the German Akko tic and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00018-00004969-00005367 Satsuma cultures in 1264 I knew invaded
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00019-00005368-00005553 the land of kniv ik people controlled by
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00020-00005554-00005768 the Yuan Dynasty resulting in battles
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00021-00005769-00006036 between I knew and the Chinese active
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00022-00006037-00006203 contact between the watchin the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00023-00006204-00006399 ethnically Japanese and the I knew of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00024-00006400-00006638 ezza Chi now known as Hokkaido began in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00025-00006639-00006914 the 13th century the Ainu formed a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00026-00006915-00007137 society of hunter-gatherers surviving
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00027-00007138-00007364 mainly by hunting and fishing they
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00028-00007365-00007548 followed a religion which was based on
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00029-00007548-00007716 natural phenomena during the Muromachi
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00030-00007717-00008048 period 1336 to 1573
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00031-00008050-00008255 the disputes between the Japanese and I
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00032-00008256-00008508 knew developed into a war Takeda
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00033-00008509-00008694 Nobuhiro killed the Ainu leader
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00034-00008695-00008934 kosha mane many I knew were subject to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00035-00008935-00009135 Japanese rule which led to a violent
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00036-00009136-00009371 Ainu revolt such as kasha mains revolt
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00037-00009372-00009827 yaa kosha menos on.i in 1456 during the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00038-00009828-00010218 Edo period 1601 to 1868 the I knew who
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00039-00010219-00010380 controlled the northern island which is
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00040-00010381-00010571 now named Hokkaido became increasingly
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00041-00010572-00010796 involved in trade with the Japanese who
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00042-00010797-00010949 controlled the southern portion of the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00043-00010950-00011246 island the Tokugawa bakufu feudal
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00044-00011247-00011427 government granted the Matsui clan
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00045-00011428-00011627 exclusive rights to trade with the Ainu
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00046-00011628-00011786 in the northern part of the island
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00047-00011787-00012018 later the mutts whom he began to lease
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00048-00012019-00012230 out trading rights to Japanese merchants
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00049-00012231-00012446 and contact between Japanese and I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00050-00012447-00012690 became more extensive throughout this
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00051-00012691-00012863 period the Ainu became increasingly
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00052-00012864-00013058 dependent on goods imported by the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00053-00013059-00013221 Japanese and were suffering from
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00054-00013222-00013480 epidemic diseases such as smallpox
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00055-00013481-00013752 although the increased contact created
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00056-00013753-00013913 by the trade between the Japanese and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00057-00013915-00014150 the Ainu contributed to increased mutual
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00058-00014151-00014372 understanding it also led to conflict
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00059-00014373-00014550 which occasionally intensified into
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00060-00014551-00014847 violent Ainu revolts the most important
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00061-00014847-00015099 was shocked Shane's revolt 1669
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00062-00015100-00015390 to 1672 and I knew rebellion against
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00063-00015391-00015644 Japanese Authority another large-scale
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00064-00015645-00015885 revolt by I knew against Japanese rule
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00065-00015886-00016475 was the minashi Kuna sure battle in 1789
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00066-00016476-00017058 topic Meiji Restoration and later
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00067-00017059-00017352 in the 18th century there were 80,000 I
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00068-00017353-00017711 knew in 1868 there were about 15,000 I
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00069-00017712-00017952 knew in Hokkaido 2,000 in Sakhalin and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00070-00017953-00018180 around 100 in the Kuril Islands the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00071-00018181-00018354 beginning of the Meiji Restoration in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00072-00018355-00018608 1868 proved a turning point for a new
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00073-00018609-00018869 culture the Japanese government
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00074-00018870-00019077 introduced a variety of social political
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00075-00019078-00019293 and economic reforms in hope of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00076-00019294-00019469 modernizing the country in the western
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00077-00019470-00019730 style one innovation involved the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00078-00019731-00019992 annexation of hokkaido xu berg quotes
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00079-00019993-00020253 Baba's 1980 account of the Japanese
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00080-00020254-00020531 government's reasoning the development
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00081-00020532-00020742 of Japan's large northern island had
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00082-00020743-00020952 several objectives first it was seen as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00083-00020953-00021183 a means to defend Japan from a rapidly
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00084-00021184-00021489 developing an expansionist Russia second
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00085-00021490-00021630 it offered a solution to the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00086-00021631-00021797 unemployment for the former samurai
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00087-00021798-00022028 class finally development promised to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00088-00022029-00022227 yield the needed natural resources for a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00089-00022228-00022614 growing capitalist economy in 1899 the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00090-00022615-00022788 Japanese government passed an act
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00091-00022789-00023067 labeling the I newest former Aborigines
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00092-00023068-00023346 with the idea they would assimilate this
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00093-00023347-00023531 resulted in the Japanese government
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00094-00023532-00023672 taking the land where the Ainu people
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00095-00023673-00023859 lived and placing it from then on
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00096-00023860-00024168 under Japanese control also at this time
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00097-00024169-00024390 the Ainu er granted automatic Japanese
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00098-00024391-00024597 citizenship effectively denying them the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00099-00024598-00024874 status of an indigenous group
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00100-00024875-00025036 the Ainu were becoming increasingly
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00101-00025037-00025336 marginalized on their own land over a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00102-00025337-00025608 period of only 36 years the Ainu went
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00103-00025610-00025803 from being a relatively isolated group
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00104-00025804-00026008 of people to having their land language
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00105-00026008-00026220 religion and customs assimilated into
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00106-00026222-00026482 those of the Japanese in addition to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00107-00026483-00026668 this the land the Ainu lived on was
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00108-00026669-00026836 distributed to the hwachun who had
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00109-00026837-00027052 decided to move to Hokkaido encouraged
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00110-00027052-00027244 by the Japanese government of the Meiji
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00111-00027245-00027427 era to take advantage of the islands
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00112-00027427-00027655 abundant natural resources and to create
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00113-00027656-00027838 and maintain farms in the model of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00114-00027839-00028126 Western industrial agriculture while at
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00115-00028127-00028336 the time the process was openly referred
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00116-00028337-00028705 to as colonization taka Shoku Tod G the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00117-00028706-00028914 notion was later reframed by Japanese
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00118-00028916-00029104 elites to the currently common usage
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00119-00029105-00029431 quite a coup Kaito which instead conveys
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00120-00029432-00029652 a sense of opening up or reclamation of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00121-00029654-00029958 the Ainu lands as well as this factories
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00122-00029960-00030160 such as flour mills beer breweries and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00123-00030161-00030352 mining practices resulted in the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00124-00030352-00030556 creation of infrastructure such as roads
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00125-00030557-00030733 and railway lines during a development
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00126-00030733-00031108 period that lasted until 1904 during
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00127-00031108-00031294 this time the Ainu were forced to learn
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00128-00031295-00031525 Japanese required to adopt Japanese
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00129-00031526-00031714 names and ordered to cease religious
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00130-00031714-00031936 practices such as animal sacrifice and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00131-00031937-00032283 the custom of tattooing the 1899 act
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00132-00032285-00032565 mentioned above was replaced in 1997
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00133-00032566-00032788 until then the government had stated
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00134-00032789-00033043 there were no ethnic minority groups it
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00135-00033044-00033340 was not until June 6th 2008 that Japan
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00136-00033341-00033532 formally recognized the Ainu as an
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00137-00033533-00033694 indigenous group see official
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00138-00033695-00033915 recognition below the vast majority of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00139-00033916-00034078 these hwachun men are believed to have
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00140-00034079-00034261 compelled I new women into partnering
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00141-00034262-00034513 with them as local wives intermarriage
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00142-00034514-00034732 between Japanese and I knew was actively
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00143-00034733-00034906 promoted by the Ainu to lessen the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00144-00034907-00035101 chances of discrimination against their
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00145-00035102-00035380 offspring as a result many I knew are
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00146-00035381-00035551 indistinguishable from their Japanese
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00147-00035552-00035743 neighbors but some I knew Japanese are
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00148-00035744-00035940 interested in traditional Ainu culture
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00149-00035941-00036106 for example
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00150-00036107-00036313 okie born as a child of an I knew father
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00151-00036314-00036517 and a Japanese mother became a musician
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00152-00036518-00036690 who plays the traditional I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00153-00036691-00036961 instrument on quarry there are also many
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00154-00036962-00037156 small towns in the south eastern or
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00155-00037157-00037365 hidaka region where ethnic I new lives
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00156-00037366-00037583 such as in Nivea Thani I knew nepata
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00157-00037584-00037873 many live in San bhutesu especially on
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00158-00037874-00038305 the eastern coast in 1966 the number of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00159-00038306-00038530 I knew was about 300 there most
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00160-00038531-00038707 widely-known ethnonym is derived from
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00161-00038708-00038979 the word I knew which means human
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00162-00038980-00039232 particularly as opposed to Kamui divine
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00163-00039233-00039463 beings basically neither ethnicity nor
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00164-00039464-00039622 the name of a race in the Hokkaido
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00165-00039623-00039919 dialects of the Ainu language I knew as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00166-00039920-00040126 the word I knew identified themselves as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00167-00040127-00040348 from their first male ancestor Ayane I
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00168-00040349-00040618 knew also identified themselves as you
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00169-00040619-00040860 tari comrade in the Ainu language
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00170-00040861-00041491 official documents use both names
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00171-00041492-00041999 official recognition in Japan
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00172-00042000-00042317 On June 6th 2008 the Japanese diet
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00173-00042318-00042509 passed a bipartisan non-binding
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00174-00042510-00042725 resolution calling upon the government
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00175-00042726-00042884 to recognize the Ainu people as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00176-00042885-00043109 indigenous to Japan and urging an end to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00177-00043110-00043349 discrimination against the group the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00178-00043350-00043577 resolution recognized the Ainu people as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00179-00043578-00043823 an indigenous people with a distinct
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00180-00043824-00044120 language religion and culture the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00181-00044121-00044285 government immediately followed with a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00182-00044286-00044459 statement acknowledging its recognition
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00183-00044460-00044690 stating the government would like to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00184-00044691-00044927 solemnly accept the historical fact that
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00185-00044928-00045170 many I knew were discriminated against
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00186-00045171-00045344 and forced into poverty with the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00187-00045345-00045536 advancement of modernization
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00188-00045537-00045785 despite being legally equal to Japanese
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00189-00045786-00046193 people
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00190-00046194-00046789 Topic official recognition in Russia
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00191-00046790-00046965 as a result of the Treaty of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00192-00046966-00047287 saint-petersburg 1875 the Kuril Islands
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00193-00047288-00047493 along with their I new inhabitants came
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00194-00047494-00047790 under Japanese administration a total of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00195-00047791-00048009 83 North curl I knew arrived in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00196-00048010-00048292 petropavlovsk-kamchatsky on September 18
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00197-00048293-00048568 to 1877 after they decided to remain
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00198-00048569-00048826 under Russian rule they refused the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00199-00048827-00049021 offer by Russian officials to move to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00200-00049022-00049177 new reservations in the commander
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00201-00049178-00049443 islands finally a deal was reached in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00202-00049444-00049708 1881 and the Ainu decided to settle in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00203-00049709-00050043 the village of Yavin in March 1881 the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00204-00050044-00050281 group left Petropavlovsk and started the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00205-00050282-00050533 journey towards Yavin on foot four
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00206-00050534-00050692 months later they arrived at their new
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00207-00050693-00050952 homes another village gali Gino was
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00208-00050953-00051229 founded later under Soviet rule both the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00209-00051229-00051414 villages were forced to disband and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00210-00051415-00051567 residents were moved to the Russian
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00211-00051569-00051789 dominated Zaporozhye rural settlement in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00212-00051790-00052092 us bullsháá wretzky raion as a result of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00213-00052094-00052276 intermarriage the three ethnic groups
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00214-00052277-00052441 assimilated to form the camp chontal
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00215-00052441-00052846 community in 1953 kol chenko the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00216-00052847-00053041 Minister for the protection of military
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00217-00053041-00053290 and state secrets in the USSR banned the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00218-00053291-00053434 press from publishing any more
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00219-00053435-00053604 information on the Ainu living in the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00220-00053605-00053911 USSR this order was revoked after two
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00221-00053912-00054310 decades as of 2015 the North curl I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00222-00054311-00054511 of Zaporozhye formed the largest I new
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00223-00054512-00054787 subgroup in Russia the Nakamura clan
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00224-00054788-00055003 South curl I knew on their paternal side
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00225-00055004-00055228 the smallest group numbers just six
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00226-00055229-00055482 people residing in Petropavlovsk on
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00227-00055483-00055729 Sakhalin Island a few dozen people
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00228-00055729-00055941 identify themselves as Sakhalin I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00229-00055942-00056119 but many more with partial I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00230-00056120-00056391 ancestry do not acknowledge it most of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00231-00056392-00056676 the 888 Japanese people living in Russia
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00232-00056677-00056953 2010 census are of mixed Japanese I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00233-00056954-00057082 ancestry although they do not
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00234-00057083-00057286 acknowledge at full Japanese ancestry
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00235-00057287-00057457 gives them the right of visa-free entry
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00236-00057458-00057732 to Japan similarly no one identifies
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00237-00057733-00057907 themselves as a more Valley I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00238-00057908-00058087 although people with partial descent
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00239-00058088-00058348 live in Khabarovsk there is no evidence
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00240-00058349-00058549 of living descendants of the Kamchatka I
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00241-00058550-00058912 knew in the 2010 census of Russia close
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00242-00058913-00059079 to 100 people tried to register
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00243-00059080-00059275 themselves as ethnic I knew in the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00244-00059276-00059446 village but the Governing Council of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00245-00059447-00059662 Kamchatka Krai rejected their claim and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00246-00059663-00059886 enrolled them as ethnic camp shuttle in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00247-00059887-00060168 2011 the leader of the Ainu community in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00248-00060169-00060441 kamchatka Alexey Vladimirovich Nakamura
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00249-00060442-00060630 requested that Vladimir Ilyushin
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00250-00060631-00060867 governor of Kamchatka and Boris Nemtsov
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00251-00060868-00061078 chairman of the State Duma include the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00252-00061079-00061228 Ainu in the central list of the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00253-00061229-00061425 indigenous small numbered peoples of the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00254-00061426-00061701 North Siberia and the Far East this
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00255-00061702-00061929 request was also turned down ethnic I
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00256-00061930-00062115 knew living in Sakhalin Oblast and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00257-00062116-00062296 Cavazos cry are not organized
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00258-00062297-00062390 politically
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00259-00062391-00062724 according to alexei Nakamura as of 2012
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00260-00062725-00063018 only 205 Ainu live in Russia up from
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00261-00063019-00063261 just 12 people who self-identified as I
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00262-00063262-00063474 knew in 2008 and they along with the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00263-00063475-00063666 curl camp shuttles I tell men of curl
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00264-00063667-00063831 islands are fighting for official
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00265-00063832-00064068 recognition since the Ainu are not
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00266-00064069-00064266 recognized in the official list of the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00267-00064267-00064425 peoples living in Russia they are
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00268-00064426-00064629 counted as people without nationality or
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00269-00064630-00064846 as ethnic Russians orcam shuttle the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00270-00064847-00065016 Ainu have emphasized that they were the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00271-00065017-00065178 natives of the Kuril Islands and that
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00272-00065179-00065340 the Japanese and Russians were both
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00273-00065341-00065671 invaders in 2004 the small I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00274-00065672-00065892 community living in Russia in Kamchatka
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00275-00065893-00066090 Krai wrote a letter to Vladimir Putin
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00276-00066091-00066265 urging him to reconsider any move to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00277-00066266-00066450 award the southern Kuril Islands to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00278-00066451-00066687 Japan in the letter they blamed the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00279-00066688-00066891 Japanese the Tsarist Russians and the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00280-00066892-00067107 Soviets for crimes against the Ainu such
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00281-00067108-00067315 as killings and assimilation and also
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00282-00067316-00067491 urged him to recognize the Japanese
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00283-00067492-00067737 genocide against the Ainu people which
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00284-00067738-00067998 was turned down by Putin as of 2012 both
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00285-00067999-00068184 the curl Ainu and curl camp chattel
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00286-00068185-00068349 ethnic groups lacked the fishing and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00287-00068350-00068499 hunting rights which the Russian
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00288-00068500-00068634 government grants to the indigenous
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00289-00068635-00069129 tribal communities of the far north
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00290-00069130-00069645 topic origins
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00291-00069646-00069876 the Ainu have often been considered to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00292-00069877-00070068 descend from the German people who lived
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00293-00070069-00070286 in Japan from the German period see
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00294-00070287-00070680 14,000 to 300 BCE one of their you Cara
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00295-00070681-00071004 Popo or legends tells that t he I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00296-00071005-00071211 lived in this place a hundred thousand
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00297-00071212-00071391 years before the children of the Sun
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00298-00071392-00071751 came recent research suggests that the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00299-00071752-00071967 historical I knew culture originated in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00300-00071968-00072147 a merger of the ahh coccyx culture with
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00301-00072148-00072296 the Satsuma knew one of the ancient
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00302-00072297-00072468 archaeological cultures that are
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00303-00072469-00072618 considered to have derived from the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00304-00072619-00072816 German period cultures of the japanese
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00305-00072817-00073119 archipelago' the Ainu economy was based
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00306-00073120-00073338 on farming as well as on hunting fishing
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00307-00073339-00073569 and gathering full-blooded Ainu compared
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00308-00073570-00073773 to people of Yamato descent often have
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00309-00073774-00074040 lighter skin and more body hair many
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00310-00074041-00074283 early investigators proposed a Caucasian
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00311-00074284-00074538 ancestry although recent DNA tests have
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00312-00074539-00074727 not shown any genetic similarity with
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00313-00074728-00074982 modern Europeans luigi luca
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00314-00074983-00075213 cavalli-sforza places the Ainu in his
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00315-00075214-00075504 North East and East Asian genetic
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00316-00075505-00075750 cluster anthropologist Joseph Powell of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00317-00075751-00076146 the University of New Mexico wrote less
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00318-00076147-00076410 than pre greater than / pre greater than
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00319-00076411-00076850 we follow brace and hunt 1990 and Turner
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00320-00076851-00077085 1990 in viewing the I knew as a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00321-00077086-00077346 Southeast Asian population derived from
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00322-00077347-00077589 early German peoples of Japan who have
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00323-00077590-00077817 their closest biological affinity with
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00324-00077818-00078045 South Asians rather than Western Eurasia
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00325-00078046-00078501 people's autosomal DNA research in 2017
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00326-00078502-00078693 resulted in grouping the Ainu and other
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00327-00078694-00078944 German remnants with northeastern Asians
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00328-00078945-00079236 mark j hudson professor of anthropology
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00329-00079237-00079560 at nishiguchi university Kanzaki saga
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00330-00079561-00079815 japan has stated that japan was settled
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00331-00079816-00080006 by a proto
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00332-00080007-00080250 population in the Pleistocene who became
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00333-00080251-00080412 the German and that their features can
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00334-00080413-00080586 be seen in the Ainu and Okinawan people
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00335-00080587-00080928 in 1893 anthropologist arnold henry
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00336-00080929-00081141 savage Landor described the Ainu as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00337-00081142-00081327 having deep set eyes and an eye shaped
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00338-00081328-00081534 typical of europeans with a large and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00339-00081535-00081768 prominent Burrage large years hairy and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00340-00081769-00081963 prone to baldness slightly hook-nosed
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00341-00081964-00082197 with large and broad nostrils prominent
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00342-00082198-00082428 cheekbones and a medium mouth Emoto has
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00343-00082429-00082596 also shown that the Ainu are far more
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00344-00082597-00082788 related to other East Asian groups
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00345-00082789-00082982 previously mentioned as Mongol
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00346-00082983-00083165 than to any Caucasian groups on the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00347-00083166-00083336 basis of fingerprints and dental
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00348-00083337-00083564 morphology the study based on cranial
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00349-00083565-00083780 and genetic characteristics suggests an
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00350-00083781-00083954 origin of the Ainu in northern asia
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00351-00083955-00084194 turner found remains of german people of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00352-00084195-00084395 japan to belong to a pattern resembling
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00353-00084396-00084560 the sunday donc pattern which is
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00354-00084561-00084743 typically found in southern
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00355-00084744-00084923 living populations of taiwanese
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00356-00084924-00085168 aborigines filipinos Vietnamese
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00357-00085169-00085475 Indonesians face born Ian's Lao oceans
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00358-00085476-00085763 and Malaysians a recreation of the map
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00359-00085764-00086021 made by William W Howells professor of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00360-00086022-00086225 anthropology at Harvard University
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00361-00086226-00086402 chosen the shaded the remnants and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00362-00086403-00086609 populations of non people
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00363-00086610-00086870 appearing as an Negrito or a australoid
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00364-00086871-00087194 zuv Wallacea Melanesia and australia the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00365-00087195-00087386 latter peoples comprise the present
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00366-00087387-00087593 aboriginals of Australia and Melanesia
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00367-00087594-00087782 as shown the interest here is their
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00368-00087783-00088028 presence and remnants Sun guidance
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00369-00088029-00088241 comprised Southeast Asia attics and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00370-00088242-00088448 offshore peoples from northern Japan I
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00371-00088449-00088663 knew down to Taiwan and Indonesia
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00372-00088664-00088913 cynodonts comprised the East Asian
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00373-00088914-00089150 populations from Korea Japan China
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00374-00089151-00089417 Mongolia and Siberia I knew men have
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00375-00089418-00089615 abundant wavy hair and often have long
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00376-00089616-00089870 beards the book of I knew life and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00377-00089871-00090092 legends by author Kyosuke kindaichi
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00378-00090093-00090299 published by the Japanese tourist board
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00379-00090300-00090560 in 1942 contains a physical description
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00380-00090561-00090905 of I knew many have wavy hair but some
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00381-00090906-00091154 straight black hair very few of them
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00382-00091155-00091394 have wavy brownish hair their skins are
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00383-00091395-00091631 generally reported to be light brown but
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00384-00091632-00091793 this is due to the fact that they labor
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00385-00091794-00092087 on the scene in briny winds all day old
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00386-00092088-00092336 people who have long distant door work
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00387-00092337-00092483 are often found to be as white as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00388-00092484-00092783 Western men the Ainu have broad faces
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00389-00092784-00093005 beetling eyebrows and large sunken eyes
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00390-00093006-00093206 which are generally horizontal and of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00391-00093207-00093467 the so called European type eyes of the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00392-00093468-00093656 Mongolian type are hardly found among
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00393-00093657-00093950 them
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00394-00093951-00094434 topic genetics
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00395-00094435-00094683 genetic testing has shown that the Ainu
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00396-00094684-00095000 belong mainly to y haplogroup DM 55
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00397-00095001-00095316 y-dna haplogroup d 1b is found
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00398-00095317-00095529 throughout the Japanese archipelago but
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00399-00095530-00095703 with very high frequencies among the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00400-00095704-00095925 Ainu of hokkaido in the far north and to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00401-00095926-00096123 a lesser extent among the raikou ons in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00402-00096124-00096387 the Ryukyu islands of the far south the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00403-00096388-00096618 only places outside Japan in which y
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00404-00096619-00096861 haplogroup d is common or Tibet in China
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00405-00096862-00097038 and the Andaman Islands in the Indian
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00406-00097039-00097077 Ocean
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00407-00097078-00097497 a study by Tajima at all 2004 found two
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00408-00097498-00097869 out of a sample of 16 or 12.5% I new men
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00409-00097870-00098166 to belong to haplogroup cm to 1/7 which
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00410-00098167-00098340 is the most common y-chromosome
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00411-00098341-00098472 haplogroup among the indigenous
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00412-00098473-00098723 populations of siberia and mongolia
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00413-00098724-00099102 Hemmer at all 2006 tested a sample of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00414-00099103-00099276 four I knew men and found that one of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00415-00099277-00099540 them belonged to haplogroup cm to 1/7
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00416-00099541-00099792 some researchers have speculated that
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00417-00099793-00100131 this minority of haplogroup cm to 1 7 K
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00418-00100132-00100379 I knew may reflect a certain degree of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00419-00100380-00100593 unidirectional genetic influence from
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00420-00100594-00100815 the nibs a traditionally nomadic people
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00421-00100816-00100989 of northern Sakhalin and the adjacent
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00422-00100990-00101166 mainland with whom the Ainu have
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00423-00101167-00101349 long-standing cultural interactions
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00424-00101350-00101619 based on analysis of one sample of 51
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00425-00101620-00101837 modern i-news their mtDNA lineages
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00426-00101838-00102174 consist mainly of haplogroup y 1150
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00427-00102175-00102533 first
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00428-00102533-00103018 topic 21.6% according to Tanaka at all
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00429-00103019-00103664 2004 or 1050 firsts
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00430-00103665-00103931 nineteen point six percent according to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00431-00103932-00104216 a donkey at all 2009 who have cited to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00432-00104217-00104999 Jima at all 2004 haplogroup d9 51st
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00433-00105000-00105503 topic 17.6% particularly d4x d1
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00434-00105504-00106246 haplogroup m7 - 850 firsts
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00435-00106247-00106970 15.7% and haplogroup g18 fifty-first
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00436-00106971-00107527 topic 15.7% other mtDNA haplogroups
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00437-00107528-00107783 detected in this sample include a 250
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00438-00107783-00108263 firsts m7b to 250 firsts and 9b 150
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00439-00108264-00108731 first b4 f150 first f1 be 150 first and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00440-00108732-00109054 m9 at 150 first most of the remaining
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00441-00109055-00109238 individuals in this sample have been
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00442-00109239-00109429 classified definitively only as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00443-00109430-00109622 belonging to macro haplogroup M
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00444-00109623-00109919 according to Sato at all 2009 who have
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00445-00109920-00110188 studied the mtDNA of the same sample of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00446-00110189-00110456 modern I news n equals 51 the major
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00447-00110457-00110747 haplogroups of the Ainu are and 914 50
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00448-00110748-00111271 firsts
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00449-00111272-00111640 27.5% including 10:50 first why and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00450-00111641-00112401 451st n9 XY d 1250 first
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00451-00112402-00112962 topic 23.5% including 850 first d XD v
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00452-00112963-00113823 and 450 first d v m7 1050 first
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00453-00113824-00114309 19.6% and G 1050 first sequels 19.6%
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00454-00114310-00114715 including 850 first g1 and 250 first G
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00455-00114716-00115030 to the minor haplogroups RA 250 firsts
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00456-00115031-00115624 be 150 first F 150 first and MXM 7m8 cz
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00457-00115625-00116125 D G 150 first studies published in 2004
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00458-00116126-00116416 in 2007 showed the combined frequency of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00459-00116417-00116736 m7 & n 9b were observed in Germans and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00460-00116738-00116910 which are believed by some to be German
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00461-00116911-00117169 maternal contribution at 28% in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00462-00117170-00117748 Okinawans 750th m7 a1 650 of m7 xm7 a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00463-00117749-00118252 one 150th and 9b 17.6% in i-news 850
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00464-00118253-00118708 first m7 xm7 a one 150 first and 9b and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00465-00118708-00119470 from 10 percent 97 1312 m 7x m7 a11 1312
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00466-00119471-00120097 m7 a 128 1,300 twelfths and 9b to 17% 15
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00467-00120098-00120609 100 cm 7 a 1 to 100 cm 7 x m7 a 1 in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00468-00120610-00120793 mainstream japanese a recent
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00469-00120794-00121030 reevaluation of cranial traits suggests
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00470-00121031-00121201 that the Ainu resembled the alko tick
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00471-00121202-00121438 more than they do the German this agrees
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00472-00121439-00121606 with the references to the Ainu as a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00473-00121607-00121807 merger of a coccyx and Satsuma new
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00474-00121808-00122085 efference to buff a recent genetic study
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00475-00122086-00122257 has revealed that the closest genetic
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00476-00122258-00122479 relatives of the Ainu are the Ryukyu on
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00477-00122480-00122689 people followed by the yamato people and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00478-00122690-00123015 NIV ik
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00479-00123016-00123527 topic language
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00480-00123528-00123784 today it is estimated that fewer than
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00481-00123785-00123995 100 speakers of the language remain
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00482-00123996-00124183 while other research places the number
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00483-00124184-00124475 at fewer than 15 speakers the language
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00484-00124476-00124796 has been classified as endangered as a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00485-00124797-00124984 result of this the study of the Ainu
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00486-00124985-00125185 language is limited and is based largely
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00487-00125186-00125489 on historical research although there
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00488-00125490-00125659 have been attempts to show that the Ainu
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00489-00125660-00125849 language and the japanese language are
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00490-00125850-00126050 related modern scholars have rejected
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00491-00126051-00126218 that the relationship goes beyond
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00492-00126219-00126443 contact such as the mutual borrowing of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00493-00126444-00126719 words between japanese and i knew no
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00494-00126720-00126896 attempt to show a relationship with i
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00495-00126897-00127084 new to any other language has gained
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00496-00127085-00127283 wide acceptance and I knew is currently
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00497-00127283-00127439 considered to be a language isolate
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00498-00127440-00127673 words used as prepositions in English
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00499-00127674-00127952 such as - from by in and at our post
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00500-00127953-00128117 positional and I knew they come after
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00501-00128118-00128386 the word that they modify a single
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00502-00128388-00128582 sentence in I new can be made up of many
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00503-00128583-00128807 added or agglutinated sounds or affixes
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00504-00128808-00129155 that represent nouns or ideas the Ainu
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00505-00129156-00129338 language has had no system of writing
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00506-00129339-00129578 and has historically been transliterated
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00507-00129579-00129746 by the japanese Khanda or Russian
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00508-00129747-00130019 Cyrillic today it is typically written
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00509-00130020-00130322 in either katakana or Latin alphabet the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00510-00130323-00130523 unwieldy nature of the Japanese kana
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00511-00130524-00130684 with its inability to accurately
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00512-00130685-00130858 represent coda consonants has
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00513-00130859-00131042 contributed to the degradation of the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00514-00131043-00131330 original Ainu for example some words
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00515-00131331-00131633 such as core meaning to hold are now
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00516-00131634-00131884 pronounced with a Perrigo jazz in kora
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00517-00131885-00132182 many of the Ainu dialects even from one
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00518-00132183-00132368 end of Hokkaido to the other were not
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00519-00132369-00132500 mutually intelligible
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00520-00132501-00132725 however the classic Ainu language of the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00521-00132726-00132929 UCAR or i new epic stories was
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00522-00132930-00133178 understood by all without a writing
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00523-00133179-00133355 system the Ainu were masters of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00524-00133356-00133571 narration with the ucar and other forms
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00525-00133572-00133760 of narrations such as the you picker a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00526-00133761-00133979 weapon tales being committed to memory
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00527-00133980-00134213 and related at gatherings often lasting
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00528-00134214-00134663 many hours or even days
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00529-00134664-00135172 topic culture
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00530-00135173-00135395 traditional I knew culture was quite
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00531-00135396-00135626 different from Japanese culture never
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00532-00135627-00135836 shaving after a certain age the men had
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00533-00135837-00136139 full beards and mustaches men and women
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00534-00136140-00136292 alike cut their hair level with the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00535-00136293-00136439 shoulders at the sides of the head
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00536-00136440-00136727 trimmed semicircular Li behind the women
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00537-00136728-00136943 tattooed their mouths and sometimes the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00538-00136944-00137195 forearms the mouth tattoos were started
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00539-00137196-00137387 at a young age with a small spot on the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00540-00137388-00137611 upper lip gradually increasing with size
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00541-00137612-00137903 the suit deposited on a pot hung over a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00542-00137904-00138109 fire of birch bark was used for color
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00543-00138110-00138401 their traditional dress was a robe spun
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00544-00138402-00138557 from the inner bark of the elm tree
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00545-00138558-00138830 called it to sea or a dish various
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00546-00138831-00139058 styles were made and consisted generally
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00547-00139059-00139235 of a simple short robe with straight
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00548-00139236-00139427 sleeves which was folded around the body
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00549-00139428-00139709 and tied with a band about the waist the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00550-00139710-00139853 sleeves ended at the wrist or forearm
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00551-00139854-00140045 and the length generally was to the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00552-00140046-00140321 calves women also wore an undergarment
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00553-00140322-00140549 of Japanese cloth modern crafts women
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00554-00140550-00140717 weave and embroidered traditional
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00555-00140718-00140897 garments that command very high prices
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00556-00140898-00141206 in winter the skins of animals were worn
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00557-00141207-00141383 with leggings of deerskin and in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00558-00141384-00141563 Sakhalin boots were made from the skin
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00559-00141564-00141866 of dogs or salmon Ainu culture considers
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00560-00141867-00142022 earrings traditionally made from
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00561-00142023-00142328 grapevines to be gender-neutral women
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00562-00142329-00142514 also wear a beaded necklace called a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00563-00142515-00142703 tama say their traditional cuisine
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00564-00142704-00142952 consists of the flesh of bear Fox wolf
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00565-00142953-00143282 badger ox or horse as well as fish fowl
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00566-00143283-00143630 millet vegetables herbs and roots they
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00567-00143631-00143837 never ate raw fish or flesh it was
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00568-00143838-00144011 always boiled or roasted their
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00569-00144012-00144185 traditional habitations were read
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00570-00144186-00144419 thatched Hut's the largest 20 feet 6
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00571-00144420-00144638 meters square without partitions and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00572-00144639-00144884 having a fireplace in the center there
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00573-00144885-00145097 was no chimney only a hole at the angle
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00574-00145098-00145280 of the roof there was one window on the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00575-00145281-00145450 eastern side and there were two doors
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00576-00145451-00145709 the house of the village head was used
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00577-00145710-00145898 as a public meeting place when one was
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00578-00145899-00146183 needed another kind of traditional Ainu
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00579-00146184-00146384 house was called cheese instead of using
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00580-00146385-00146585 furniture they sat on the floor which
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00581-00146586-00146792 was covered with two layers of mats one
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00582-00146793-00146969 of rush the other of the water plant
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00583-00146970-00147125 with long sword shaped leaves
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00584-00147126-00147323 IRA's sudha chorus and four beds they
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00585-00147324-00147506 spread planks hanging mats around them
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00586-00147507-00147689 on poles and employing skins for
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00587-00147690-00147959 coverlets the men used chopsticks when
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00588-00147960-00148157 eating the women had wooden spoons
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00589-00148158-00148412 I knew cuisine is not commonly eaten
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00590-00148413-00148559 outside I knew community
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00591-00148560-00148712 there are only a few I knew run
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00592-00148713-00148934 restaurants in Japan all located in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00593-00148935-00149072 Tokyo or Hokkaido
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00594-00149073-00149294 serving primarily Japanese fare the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00595-00149295-00149438 functions of judgeship were not
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00596-00149439-00149633 entrusted to Chiefs an indefinite number
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00597-00149634-00149873 of a community's members sat in judgment
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00598-00149874-00150149 upon its criminals capital punishment
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00599-00150150-00150340 did not exist nor did the community
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00600-00150341-00150584 resort to imprisonment beating was
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00601-00150585-00150758 considered a sufficient and final
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00602-00150759-00151001 penalty however in the case of murder
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00603-00151002-00151184 the nose and ears of the culprit were
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00604-00151185-00151354 cut off or the tendons of his feet
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00605-00151355-00151669 severed
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00606-00151670-00152139 topic hunting
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00607-00152140-00152355 the Ainu hunted from late autumn to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00608-00152356-00152571 early summer the reasons for this were
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00609-00152572-00152778 among others that in late autumn plant
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00610-00152779-00152952 gathering salmon fishing and other
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00611-00152953-00153177 activities of securing food came to an
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00612-00153178-00153375 end and hunters readily found game in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00613-00153376-00153567 fields and mountains in which plants had
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00614-00153568-00153843 withered a village possessed a hunting
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00615-00153844-00154026 ground of its own or several villages
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00616-00154027-00154241 used a joint hunting territory I were
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00617-00154242-00154506 heavy penalties were imposed on any
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00618-00154507-00154728 Outsiders trespassing on such hunting
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00619-00154729-00155031 grounds or joint hunting territory the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00620-00155032-00155271 Ainu hunted bear easy oh dear a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00621-00155272-00155517 subspecies of Sika deer rabbit fox
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00622-00155518-00155844 raccoon dog and other animals easy oh
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00623-00155845-00156078 dear were a particularly important food
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00624-00156079-00156282 resource for the Ainu as were salmon
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00625-00156283-00156546 they also hunted sea eagles such as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00626-00156547-00156750 white-tailed sea eagles raven and other
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00627-00156751-00157053 birds the Ainu hunted Eagles to obtain
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00628-00157054-00157221 their tail feathers which they used in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00629-00157222-00157533 trade with the Japanese the Ainu hunted
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00630-00157534-00157710 with arrows and spears with poison
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00631-00157711-00157941 coated points they obtained the poison
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00632-00157942-00158136 called Sir ku from the roots and stalks
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00633-00158137-00158442 of aconite the recipe for this poison
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00634-00158443-00158619 was a household secret that differed
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00635-00158620-00158889 from family to family they enhanced the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00636-00158890-00159087 poison with mixtures of roots and stalks
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00637-00159088-00159336 of dogs bein boiled juice of McCory Gumo
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00638-00159337-00159534 matzah momu Chi tobacco and other
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00639-00159535-00159816 ingredients they also used stingray
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00640-00159817-00160035 stingers or skin covering stingers they
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00641-00160036-00160308 hunted in groups with dogs before the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00642-00160309-00160506 Ainu went hunting for animals like bear
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00643-00160507-00160692 in particular they prayed to the god of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00644-00160693-00160929 fire in the house Guardian God to convey
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00645-00160930-00161130 their wishes for a large catch and safe
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00646-00161131-00161328 hunting to the god of mountains the Ainu
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00647-00161329-00161517 usually hunted bear during the time of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00648-00161518-00161778 the spring thaw at that time Bears were
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00649-00161779-00161937 weak because they had not fed at all
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00650-00161938-00162210 during long hibernation I new hunters
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00651-00162211-00162393 caught hibernating bears or Bears that
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00652-00162394-00162696 had just left hibernation dens when they
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00653-00162697-00162900 hunted bear in summer they used a spring
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00654-00162901-00163101 trap loaded with an arrow called anima
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00655-00163102-00163401 PO the Ainu usually used arrows to hunt
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00656-00163402-00163656 deer also they drove deer into a river
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00657-00163657-00163926 or sea and shot them with arrows for a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00658-00163927-00164124 large catch a whole village would drive
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00659-00164125-00164307 a herd of deer off the cliff and clubbed
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00660-00164308-00164713 them to death
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00661-00164714-00165163 topic ornaments
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00662-00165164-00165406 men wore a crown called sipping pee for
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00663-00165407-00165643 important ceremonies sipping pee was
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00664-00165644-00165826 made from wood fiber with bundles of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00665-00165827-00166087 partially shaved wood this crown had
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00666-00166088-00166288 wooden figures of animal gods and other
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00667-00166289-00166567 ornaments on its center men carried an
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00668-00166568-00166816 emic ceremonial sword secured by an Emma
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00669-00166817-00166993 shet strapped to their shoulders women
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00670-00166994-00167203 wore Matt on pusci embroidered headbands
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00671-00167204-00167518 and in carry earrings nan khari was a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00672-00167519-00167755 metal ring with a ball women wore it
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00673-00167756-00167875 through a hole in the ear
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00674-00167876-00168130 Matan and Mancari were originally
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00675-00168131-00168390 worn by men however women wear them now
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00676-00168391-00168652 furthermore aprons called my dowry now
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00677-00168653-00168846 are a part of women's formal clothes
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00678-00168847-00169135 however some old documents say that men
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00679-00169136-00169375 wore my dari women sometimes wore a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00680-00169376-00169540 bracelet called tikona Connie
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00681-00169541-00169756 women wore a necklace called rectum P a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00682-00169757-00169966 long narrow strip of cloth with metal
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00683-00169967-00170173 plaques they wore a necklace that
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00684-00170174-00170368 reached the breasts called a tama say or
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00685-00170369-00170607 she dokey usually made from glass balls
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00686-00170608-00170878 some glass balls came from trade with
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00687-00170879-00171091 the Asian continent the Ainu also
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00688-00171092-00171310 obtained glass balls secretly made by
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00689-00171311-00171684 the Mutsumi clan
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00690-00171685-00172152 topic housing
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00691-00172153-00172383 a village is called a codon in the Ainu
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00692-00172384-00172623 language codon were located in river
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00693-00172624-00172812 basins and sea Shores where food was
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00694-00172813-00173034 readily available particularly in the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00695-00173035-00173208 basins of rivers through which salmon
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00696-00173209-00173280 went upstream
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00697-00173281-00173547 a village consisted basically of a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00698-00173548-00173757 paternal clan the average number of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00699-00173758-00173955 families was four to seven rarely
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00700-00173956-00174195 reaching more than 10 in the early
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00701-00174196-00174408 modern times the Ainu people were forced
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00702-00174409-00174576 to labor at the fishing grounds of the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00703-00174577-00174873 Japanese I knew cotan were also forced
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00704-00174874-00175053 to move near fishing grounds so that the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00705-00175054-00175335 Japanese could secure a labor force when
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00706-00175336-00175512 the Japanese moved to other fishing
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00707-00175513-00175728 grounds I knew cotan were also forced to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00708-00175729-00175965 accompany them as a result the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00709-00175966-00176166 traditional cotan disappeared and large
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00710-00176167-00176376 villages of several dozen families were
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00711-00176377-00176564 formed around the fishing grounds
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00712-00176565-00176919 see is your houses in a codon were
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00713-00176920-00177198 made of Kogan grasses bamboo grass barks
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00714-00177199-00177498 etc the length lay east to west or
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00715-00177499-00177723 parallel to a river a house was about
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00716-00177724-00177939 seven meters by five with an entrance at
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00717-00177940-00178107 the west end that also served as a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00718-00178108-00178368 storeroom the house had three windows
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00719-00178369-00178680 including the roarin pyre a window
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00720-00178681-00178869 located on the side facing the entrance
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00721-00178870-00179058 at the east side through which gods
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00722-00179059-00179265 entered and left and ceremonial tools
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00723-00179266-00179517 were taken in and out the Ainu have
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00724-00179518-00179709 regarded this window is sacred and have
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00725-00179710-00179874 been told never to look in through it a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00726-00179875-00180138 house had a fireplace near the entrance
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00727-00180139-00180342 the husband and wife sat on the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00728-00180343-00180593 fireplaces left side called she saw
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00729-00180594-00180846 children and guests at facing them on
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00730-00180847-00181059 the fireplaces right side called harka
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00731-00181060-00181311 so the house had a platform for
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00732-00181312-00181515 valuables called IU occur behind the she
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00733-00181516-00181857 saw the Ainu placed sinto ko ho chi and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00734-00181858-00182154 i kayoppe Quivers there out buildings
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00735-00182155-00182361 included separate lavatories for men
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00736-00182362-00182565 called a Shinra and for women called men
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00737-00182566-00182622 acorrea
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00738-00182623-00182919 a poo storehouse for food a pepper set
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00739-00182920-00183201 cage for young bear and drying racks for
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00740-00183202-00183516 fish and wild plants an altar Nusa son
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00741-00183517-00183720 faced the east side of the house roar on
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00742-00183721-00184026 pyre the Ainu held such ceremonies there
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00743-00184027-00184245 as i yo man t a ceremony to send the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00744-00184246-00184724 spirit of a bear to the gods
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00745-00184725-00185164 topic traditions
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00746-00185165-00185407 the Ainu people had various types of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00747-00185408-00185620 marriage a child was promised in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00748-00185621-00185812 marriage by arrangement between his or
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00749-00185813-00185974 her parents and the parents of his or
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00750-00185975-00186238 her betrothed or by a go-between when
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00751-00186239-00186400 the betrothed reached a marriage Abel
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00752-00186401-00186571 age they were told who their spouse was
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00753-00186572-00186847 to be there were also marriages based on
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00754-00186848-00187105 mutual consent of both sexes in some
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00755-00187106-00187255 areas when a daughter reached a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00756-00187256-00187438 marriage' belaid her parents let her
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00757-00187439-00187606 live in a small room called Tong ku
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00758-00187607-00187803 annex to the southern wall of her house
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00759-00187804-00188077 the parents chose her spouse from men
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00760-00188078-00188368 who visited her the age of marriage was
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00761-00188369-00188677 17 to 18 years of age for men and 15 to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00762-00188678-00188881 16 years of age for women who were
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00763-00188882-00189190 tattooed at these ages both sexes were
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00764-00189191-00189403 regarded as adults when a man proposed
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00765-00189404-00189619 to a woman he visited her house ate half
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00766-00189620-00189832 a full bowl of rice handed to him by her
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00767-00189833-00190072 and returned the rest to her if the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00768-00190073-00190261 woman ate the rest she accepted his
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00769-00190262-00190483 proposal if she did not and put it
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00770-00190484-00190683 beside her she rejected his proposal
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00771-00190684-00190972 when a man became engaged to a woman or
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00772-00190973-00191116 they learned that their engagement had
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00773-00191117-00191395 been arranged they exchanged gifts he
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00774-00191396-00191593 sent her a small engraved knife a work
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00775-00191594-00191920 box a spool and other gifts she sent him
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00776-00191921-00192109 embroidered clothes coverings for the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00777-00192110-00192274 back of the hand leggings and other
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00778-00192275-00192559 handmade clothes according to some books
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00779-00192560-00192787 many Yomiuri marriages in which a bride
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00780-00192788-00192961 went to the house of a bridegroom with
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00781-00192962-00193138 her belongings to become a member of his
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00782-00193139-00193321 family were conducted in the old days
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00783-00193322-00193627 for a Yomiuri marriage a man and his
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00784-00193628-00193822 father would bring betrothal gifts to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00785-00193823-00194032 the house of a woman including a sword a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00786-00194033-00194254 treasured sword an ornamental quiver a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00787-00194255-00194518 sword guard and a woven basket Ho Chi if
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00788-00194519-00194776 the man and woman agreed to marry the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00789-00194777-00194941 man and his father would bring her to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00790-00194942-00195109 their house or the man would stay at her
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00791-00195110-00195286 house for a while and then bring her to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00792-00195287-00195510 his house at the wedding ceremony
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00793-00195511-00195744 participants prayed to the god of fire
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00794-00195745-00196015 bride and bridegroom respectively ate
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00795-00196016-00196204 half of the rice served in a bowl and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00796-00196205-00196468 other participants were entertained the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00797-00196469-00196687 worn-out fabric of old clothing was used
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00798-00196688-00196900 for baby clothes because soft cloth was
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00799-00196901-00197080 good for the skin of babies and worn-out
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00800-00197081-00197308 material protected babies from gods of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00801-00197309-00197479 illness and demons due to these God's
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00802-00197480-00197761 abhorrence of dirty things before a baby
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00803-00197762-00198001 was breastfed she was given a decoction
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00804-00198002-00198205 of the endodermis of alder and the roots
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00805-00198206-00198449 of butter burs to discharge impurities
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00806-00198450-00198671 children were raised almost naked until
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00807-00198672-00198971 about the ages of four to five even when
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00808-00198972-00199139 they wore clothes they did not wear
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00809-00199140-00199283 belts and left the front of their
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00810-00199284-00199583 clothes open subsequently they wore bark
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00811-00199584-00199796 clothes without patterns such as a dish
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00812-00199797-00199960 until coming of age
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00813-00199961-00200240 newborn babies were named a a babies
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00814-00200241-00200297 crying
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00815-00200298-00200558 sheep oh boy she small excrement and she
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00816-00200559-00200834 an old excrement children were called by
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00817-00200835-00201156 these temporary names until the ages of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00818-00201157-00201353 two to three they were not given
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00819-00201354-00201503 permanent names when they were born
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00820-00201504-00201725 their tentative names had a portion
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00821-00201726-00202148 meaning excrement or old things to ward
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00822-00202149-00202343 off the demon of ill health some
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00823-00202344-00202490 children were named based on their
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00824-00202491-00202736 behavior or habits other children were
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00825-00202737-00202943 named after impressive events or after
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00826-00202944-00203111 parents wishes for the future of the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00827-00203112-00203363 children when children were named they
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00828-00203364-00203516 were never given the same names as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00829-00203517-00203723 others men wore loin cloths and had
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00830-00203724-00203873 their hair dressed properly for the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00831-00203874-00204200 first time at age 15 to 16 women were
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00832-00204201-00204443 also considered adults at the age of 15
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00833-00204444-00204704 to 16 they wore under clothes called
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00834-00204705-00204878 more and had their hair dressed properly
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00835-00204879-00205115 and wound waist cloths called ranca and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00836-00205116-00205373 Ponca to round their bodies when women
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00837-00205375-00205658 reached age 12 to 13 the lips hands and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00838-00205659-00205916 arms were tattooed when they reached age
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00839-00205917-00206192 15 to 16 their tattoos were completed
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00840-00206194-00206735 thus were they qualified for marriage
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00841-00206736-00207232 topic religion
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00842-00207233-00207469 the Ainu are traditionally animists
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00843-00207471-00207644 believing that everything in nature has
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00844-00207644-00207985 a Kamui spirit or God on the inside the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00845-00207986-00208186 most important include Kamui Fuji
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00846-00208187-00208426 goddess of the hearth Kim uncomely god
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00847-00208427-00208642 of bears and mountains and rapun Kamui
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00848-00208644-00208750 god of the sea
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00849-00208751-00209071 fishing and marine animals the Ainu have
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00850-00209072-00209278 no priests by profession instead the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00851-00209279-00209434 village chief performs whatever
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00852-00209435-00209676 religious ceremonies are necessary
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00853-00209677-00209891 ceremonies are confined to making
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00854-00209892-00210130 libations of sake saying prayers and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00855-00210131-00210295 offering willow sticks with wooden
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00856-00210296-00210539 shavings attached to them these sticks
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00857-00210540-00210706 are called an op singular and new
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00858-00210707-00210994 subfloor 'el they are placed on an altar
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00859-00210996-00211300 used to send back the spirits of killed
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00860-00211301-00211357 animals
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00861-00211358-00211606 Ainu ceremonies for sending back bears
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00862-00211607-00211879 are called io man t the Ainu people give
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00863-00211880-00212053 thanks to the gods before eating and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00864-00212054-00212245 pray to the deity of fire in time of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00865-00212246-00212489 sickness they believe their spirits are
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00866-00212490-00212663 immortal and that their spirits will be
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00867-00212664-00212872 rewarded hereafter by ascending to Kamui
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00868-00212873-00213092 Mahseer Land of the Gods the Ainu are
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00869-00213092-00213239 part of a larger collective of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00870-00213240-00213472 indigenous people who practice ark tal a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00871-00213473-00213775 tree or bear worship the Ainu believe
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00872-00213776-00213955 the bear is very special because they
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00873-00213956-00214144 think the bear is Kim on Kamui's way of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00874-00214146-00214319 delivering the gift of bear height and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00875-00214319-00214645 meat to humans Jon bachelor reported
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00876-00214646-00214822 that the Ainu view the world is being a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00877-00214823-00215008 spherical ocean on which float many
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00878-00215009-00215194 Islands a view based on the fact that
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00879-00215196-00215398 the Sun rises in the east and sets in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00880-00215399-00215449 the west
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00881-00215450-00215647 he wrote that they believe the world
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00882-00215648-00215860 rests on the back of a large fish which
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00883-00215861-00216038 when it moves causes earthquakes
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00884-00216039-00216215 Ainu assimilated into mainstream
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00885-00216216-00216448 Japanese society have adopted Buddhism
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00886-00216449-00216641 and Shinto while some northern I new are
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00887-00216642-00217128 members of the Russian Orthodox Church
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00888-00217129-00217666 topic institutions
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00889-00217667-00217900 most ha caído I knew and some other I
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00890-00217901-00218067 knew are members of an umbrella group
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00891-00218069-00218275 called the Hokkaido Utah reassociation
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00892-00218276-00218553 it was originally controlled by the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00893-00218554-00218754 government to speed I knew assimilation
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00894-00218755-00218923 and integration into the Japanese
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00895-00218923-00219210 nation-state it now is run exclusively
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00896-00219211-00219378 by I knew and operates mostly
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00897-00219379-00219660 independently of the government
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00898-00219661-00219896 other key institutions include the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00899-00219898-00220101 foundation for research and promotion of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00900-00220102-00220179 Ainu culture
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00901-00220180-00220425 FRP AC set up by the Japanese government
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00902-00220426-00220667 after enactment of the Ainu culture law
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00903-00220669-00220977 in 1997 the Hokkaido University Center
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00904-00220978-00221123 for I new and indigenous studies
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00905-00221125-00221433 established in 2007 as well as museums
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00906-00221434-00221676 and cultural centers I knew people
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00907-00221677-00221907 living in Tokyo have also developed a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00908-00221908-00222426 vibrant political and cultural community
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00909-00222427-00222939 topic status
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00910-00222940-00223423 topic litigation
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00911-00223425-00223835 on March 27 1997 the Sapporo District
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00912-00223836-00224057 Court decided a landmark case that for
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00913-00224058-00224234 the first time in Japanese history
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00914-00224235-00224426 recognized the right of the Ainu people
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00915-00224427-00224594 to enjoy their distinct culture and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00916-00224594-00224861 traditions the case arose because of a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00917-00224862-00225140 1978 government plan to build two dams
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00918-00225141-00225353 in the Saru River watershed in southern
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00919-00225354-00225641 Hokkaido the dams were part of a series
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00920-00225642-00225854 of development projects under the second
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00921-00225855-00226025 national development plan that were
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00922-00226026-00226219 intended to industrialize the north of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00923-00226221-00226492 Japan the planned location for one of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00924-00226494-00226661 the dams was across the valley floor
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00925-00226662-00226880 close to midia Thani village the home of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00926-00226881-00227084 a large community of Ainu people and an
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00927-00227085-00227269 important center of Ainu culture and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00928-00227271-00227567 history in the early 1980s when the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00929-00227567-00227738 government commenced construction on the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00930-00227739-00227966 dam - I new land owners refused to agree
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00931-00227967-00228236 to the expropriation of their land these
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00932-00228237-00228455 landowners work Aizawa Tadashi and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00933-00228456-00228734 Kayano Shigeru well-known an important
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00934-00228735-00228971 leaders in the Ainu community after
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00935-00228971-00229219 Kiowa and Kayano declined to sell their
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00936-00229221-00229412 land the Hokkaido development Bureau
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00937-00229413-00229619 applied for and was subsequently granted
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00938-00229619-00229844 a project authorization which required
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00939-00229844-00230096 the men to vacate their land when their
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00940-00230096-00230285 appeal of the authorization was denied
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00941-00230286-00230552 Kayano and kazama's son Koichi Toyama
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00942-00230553-00230852 died in 1992 filed suit against the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00943-00230853-00231161 Hokkaido Development Bureau the final
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00944-00231162-00231341 decision denied the relief sought by the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00945-00231342-00231602 plaintiffs for pragmatic reasons the dam
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00946-00231603-00231839 was already standing but the decision
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00947-00231840-00232013 was nonetheless heralded as a landmark
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00948-00232014-00232294 victory for the Ainu people in short
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00949-00232296-00232487 nearly all of the plaintiffs claims were
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00950-00232488-00232565 recognized
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00951-00232566-00232781 moreover the decision marked the first
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00952-00232782-00233012 time Japanese case law acknowledged the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00953-00233013-00233183 Ainu as an indigenous people and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00954-00233184-00233384 contemplated the responsibility of the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00955-00233385-00233561 Japanese nation to the indigenous people
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00956-00233562-00233869 within its borders the decision included
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00957-00233871-00234073 broad fact-finding that underscored the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00958-00234075-00234242 long history of the oppression of the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00959-00234242-00234479 Ainu people by Japan's majority referred
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00960-00234480-00234683 to as hwachun in the case in discussions
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00961-00234684-00234935 about the case the legal roots of the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00962-00234936-00235148 decision can be found in article 13 of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00963-00235148-00235388 Japan's Constitution which protects the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00964-00235389-00235546 rights of the individual and in the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00965-00235548-00235717 International Covenant on Civil and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00966-00235719-00235985 Political Rights the decision was issued
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00967-00235986-00236323 on March 27 1997 and because of the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00968-00236325-00236534 broad implications for Ainu rights the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00969-00236535-00236708 plaintiffs decided not to appeal the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00970-00236709-00236801 decision which
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00971-00236802-00237073 came final two weeks later after the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00972-00237075-00237380 decision was issued on May 8 1997 the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00973-00237381-00237584 diet past the Ainu culture law and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00974-00237585-00237809 repealed the Ainu Protection Act the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00975-00237810-00238042 1899 law that had been the vehicle of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00976-00238044-00238280 Ainu oppression for almost 100 years
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00977-00238281-00238517 while the Ainu culture law has been
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00978-00238517-00238700 widely criticized for its shortcomings
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00979-00238701-00238910 the shift that it represents in Japan's
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00980-00238911-00239111 view of the Ainu people as a testament
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00981-00239112-00239264 to the importance of the Nivea tani
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00982-00239265-00239596 decision in 2007 the cultural landscape
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00983-00239598-00239861 along the Suruga River resulting from a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00984-00239862-00240046 new tradition and modern settlement was
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00985-00240048-00240191 designated an important cultural
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00986-00240192-00240479 landscape a later action seeking
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00987-00240480-00240701 restoration of Ainu assets held in trust
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00988-00240702-00240884 by the Japanese government was dismissed
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00989-00240885-00241342 in 2008
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00990-00241342-00241884 topic governmental advisory boards
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00991-00241885-00242157 much national policy in Japan has been
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00992-00242158-00242313 developed out of the action of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00993-00242314-00242526 governmental advisory boards known as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00994-00242527-00242754 shingu chi cheng e way in japanese
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00995-00242755-00243015 one such committee operated in the late
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00996-00243016-00243366 1990s and its work resulted in the 1997
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00997-00243367-00243609 Ainu culture law this panel's
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00998-00243610-00243789 circumstances were criticised for
+t7g5lA5NmDI-00999-00243790-00244017 including not even a single I new person
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01000-00244017-00244242 among its members more recently a panel
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01001-00244242-00244500 was established in 2006 which notably
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01002-00244501-00244692 was the first time an I new person was
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01003-00244692-00245016 included it completed its work in 2008
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01004-00245017-00245232 issuing a major report that included an
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01005-00245233-00245439 extensive historical record and called
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01006-00245440-00245621 for substantial government policy
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01007-00245623-00246023 changes towards the Ainu
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01008-00246025-00246667 topic formation of I new political party
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01009-00246667-00246937 the Ainu party I Newman's udang I
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01010-00246938-00247180 Newman's oku - was founded on January
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01011-00247181-00247450 21st 2012 after a group of I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01012-00247451-00247639 activists in hokkaido announced the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01013-00247640-00247834 formation of a political party for the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01014-00247835-00248164 Ainu on october 30th 2011 the Ainu
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01015-00248165-00248389 association of hokkaido reported that
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01016-00248390-00248629 Kayano shiro the son of the former i new
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01017-00248630-00248827 leader kayano Shigeru will head the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01018-00248828-00249091 party their aim is to contribute to the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01019-00249092-00249283 realization of a multicultural and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01020-00249284-00249526 multi-ethnic society in Japan along with
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01021-00249527-00249896 rights for the Ainu
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01022-00249898-00250412 topic standard of living
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01023-00250413-00250655 the Ainu have historically suffered from
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01024-00250656-00250862 economic and social discrimination
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01025-00250863-00251051 throughout Japan that continues to this
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01026-00251052-00251098 day
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01027-00251100-00251327 the Japanese government as well as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01028-00251328-00251540 people since contact with the Ainu have
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01029-00251541-00251726 in large part regarded them as a dirty
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01030-00251727-00251990 backwards and a primitive people the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01031-00251991-00252179 majority of I knew were forced to be
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01032-00252180-00252338 petty laborers during the Meiji
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01033-00252339-00252517 Restoration which saw the introduction
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01034-00252519-00252767 of Hokkaido into the Japanese Empire in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01035-00252767-00252959 the privatization of traditional Ainu
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01036-00252960-00253235 lands the Japanese government during the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01037-00253236-00253466 19th and 20th centuries denied the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01038-00253467-00253637 rights of the Ainu to their traditional
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01039-00253638-00253841 cultural practices most notably the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01040-00253842-00254023 right to speak their language as well as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01041-00254025-00254242 their right to hunt and gather these
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01042-00254244-00254402 policies were designed to fully
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01043-00254403-00254596 integrate the Ainu into Japanese society
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01044-00254598-00254792 with the cost of erasing Ainu culture
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01045-00254792-00255098 and identity the i-news position as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01046-00255098-00255257 manual laborers and their forced
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01047-00255258-00255461 integration into larger Japanese society
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01048-00255462-00255725 have led to discriminatory practices by
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01049-00255726-00255902 the Japanese government that can still
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01050-00255903-00256175 be felt today this discrimination and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01051-00256176-00256364 negative stereotypes assigned to the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01052-00256365-00256583 Ainu have manifested in the i-news lower
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01053-00256584-00256829 levels of education income levels and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01054-00256830-00257057 participation in the economy as compared
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01055-00257058-00257152 to their ethnically Japanese
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01056-00257153-00257453 counterparts the Ainu community in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01057-00257454-00257738 hokkaido in 1993 received welfare
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01058-00257739-00258014 payments at a 2.3 times higher rate had
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01059-00258015-00258161 a eight point nine percent lower
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01060-00258162-00258356 enrollment rate from junior high school
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01061-00258357-00258571 to high school in a 15 point 7 percent
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01062-00258573-00258794 lower enrollment into college from high
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01063-00258794-00258973 school than that of hokkaido as a whole
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01064-00258975-00259253 the japanese government has been lobbied
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01065-00259254-00259433 by activists to research the Ainu
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01066-00259434-00259625 standard of living nationwide due to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01067-00259626-00259871 this noticeable and growing gap the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01068-00259871-00260075 Japanese government will provide 7
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01069-00260076-00260339 million yen beginning in 2015 to conduct
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01070-00260340-00260823 surveys nationwide on this matter
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01071-00260823-00261209 topic subgroups
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01072-00261210-00261341 you
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01073-00261342-00261569 ha caído i knew the predominant
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01074-00261569-00261773 community of i knew in the world today a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01075-00261773-00262046 Japanese census in 1916 returned
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01076-00262046-00262187 thirteen thousand five hundred
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01077-00262188-00262391 fifty-seven pure-blooded I knew in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01078-00262392-00262555 addition to four thousand five hundred
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01079-00262556-00262909 fifty multiracial individuals Tokyo I
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01080-00262910-00263153 knew a modern age migration of Hokkaido
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01081-00263154-00263380 I knew highlighted in a documentary film
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01082-00263381-00263726 released in 2010 Tohoku I knew from
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01083-00263727-00263915 Honshu know officially acknowledged
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01084-00263916-00264154 population exists forty three I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01085-00264155-00264296 households scattered throughout the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01086-00264297-00264494 Tohoku region were reported during the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01087-00264495-00264767 17th century there are people who
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01088-00264768-00264931 consider themselves descendants of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01089-00264932-00265105 shimokita I knew on the shimokita
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01090-00265106-00265271 peninsula while the people on the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01091-00265272-00265448 Tsugaru peninsula are generally
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01092-00265449-00265660 considered yamato but may be descendants
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01093-00265661-00265841 of Tsugaru I knew after cultural
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01094-00265842-00266141 assimilation Sakhalin I knew pure
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01095-00266142-00266345 blooded individuals maybe surviving in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01096-00266346-00266570 Hokkaido from both northern and southern
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01097-00266571-00266870 Sakhalin a total of 841 I knew were
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01098-00266871-00267210 relocated to Hokkaido in 1875 by Japan
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01099-00267211-00267497 only a few in remote interior areas
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01100-00267498-00267679 remained as the island was turned over
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01101-00267680-00267979 to Russia even when Japan was granted
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01102-00267980-00268274 southern Sakhalin in 1905 only a handful
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01103-00268275-00268630 returned the Japanese census of 1905
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01104-00268631-00268933 counted only 120 Sakhalin I knew down
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01105-00268934-00269438 from 841 in 1875 93 in Cairo futo and 27
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01106-00269439-00269501 in Hokkaido
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01107-00269502-00269881 the Soviet census of 1926 counted five I
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01108-00269882-00270101 knew while several of their multiracial
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01109-00270102-00270287 children were recorded as ethnic kniv ik
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01110-00270288-00270653 Slav ru Alta North Sakhalin only five
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01111-00270654-00270859 pure blooded individuals were recorded
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01112-00270860-00271105 during the 1926 Soviet census in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01113-00271106-00271384 northern Sakhalin most of the Sakhalin I
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01114-00271385-00271574 knew mainly from coastal areas were
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01115-00271575-00271895 relocated to Hokkaido in 1875 by Japan
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01116-00271896-00272131 the few that remained mainly in the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01117-00272132-00272332 remote interior were mostly married to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01118-00272333-00272498 Russians as can be seen from the works
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01119-00272499-00272849 of Bronislaw Pilsudski southern Sakhalin
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01120-00272850-00273235 kara Fudo Japanese rule until 1945 Japan
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01121-00273236-00273454 evacuated almost all the Ainu to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01122-00273455-00273770 Hokkaido after world war ii isolated
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01123-00273771-00273928 individuals might have remained on
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01124-00273929-00274295 Sakhalin in 1949 there were about 100 I
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01125-00274296-00274530 knew living on Soviet Sakhalin
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01126-00274531-00274764 Northern curl I knew no known living
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01127-00274765-00275007 population in Japan existence not
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01128-00275008-00275193 recognized by Russian government in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01129-00275194-00275427 Kamchatka Krai also known as curl in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01130-00275428-00275667 Russian records were under Russian rule
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01131-00275668-00276018 until 1875 first came under Japanese
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01132-00276019-00276138 rule after the Treaty of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01133-00276139-00276549 saint-petersburg 1875 major population
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01134-00276550-00276720 was on the island of Shem shoe with a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01135-00276721-00276944 few others on islands like Peres Machir
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01136-00276945-00277326 altogether they numbered 221 in 1860
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01137-00277327-00277563 they had Russian names spoke Russian
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01138-00277564-00277755 fluently and were Russian Orthodox in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01139-00277756-00278007 religion as the islands were given to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01140-00278008-00278199 the Japanese more than a hundred I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01141-00278200-00278367 fled to Kamchatka along with their
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01142-00278368-00278502 Russian employers where they were
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01143-00278503-00278661 assimilated into the camp chattel
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01144-00278662-00278928 population only about half remained
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01145-00278929-00279147 under Japanese rule in order to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01146-00279148-00279399 diversify the curl the entire population
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01147-00279400-00279642 of 97 individuals was relocated to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01148-00279643-00279930 shakotan in 1884 given Japanese names
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01149-00279931-00280083 and the children were enrolled in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01150-00280084-00280368 Japanese schools unlike the other I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01151-00280369-00280557 groups the curl failed to adjust to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01152-00280558-00280824 their new surroundings and by 1933 only
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01153-00280825-00281031 ten individuals were alive plus another
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01154-00281032-00281361 34 multiracial individuals the last
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01155-00281362-00281610 group of 20 individuals including a few
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01156-00281611-00281817 pure Bloods were evacuated to Hokkaido
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01157-00281818-00282063 in 1941 where they vanished as a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01158-00282064-00282281 separate ethnic group soon after
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01159-00282282-00282534 southern curl I knew no known living
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01160-00282535-00282783 population numbered almost 2,000 people
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01161-00282784-00283026 mainly in Kuna sure II tore up in Europe
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01162-00283027-00283398 during the 18th century in 1884 their
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01163-00283399-00283710 population had decreased to 500 around
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01164-00283711-00283974 50 individuals mostly multiracial who
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01165-00283975-00284220 remained in 1941 were evacuated to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01166-00284221-00284430 Hokkaido by the Japanese soon after
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01167-00284431-00284697 World War 2 the last full-blooded
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01168-00284698-00284976 southern Kuril I knew was saya - aku who
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01169-00284977-00285306 died in 1956 the last of the tribe
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01170-00285307-00285441 partial ancestry
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01171-00285442-00285842 Tanaka ki knew died on Hokkaido in 1973
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01172-00285843-00286077 Kamchatka I knew no known living
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01173-00286078-00286317 population known as Kamchatka curl in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01174-00286318-00286581 Russian records ceased to exist as a
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01175-00286582-00286761 separate ethnic group after their defeat
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01176-00286762-00287142 in 1706 by the Russians individuals were
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01177-00287143-00287325 assimilated into the curling camp
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01178-00287326-00287583 chattel ethnic groups last recorded in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01179-00287584-00287870 the 18th century by Russian explorers
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01180-00287871-00288113 a Muir Valley I knew probably none
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01181-00288114-00288323 remain a few individuals married to
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01182-00288324-00288500 ethnic Russians and ethnic all cheer
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01183-00288501-00288749 aport adonis la pilsudski in the early
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01184-00288750-00289082 20th century only 26 pure blooded
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01185-00289083-00289268 individuals were recorded during the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01186-00289269-00289550 1926 russian census in Nikolaev ski
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01187-00289551-00289805 okrug present-day Nikolaev skid Rajon
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01188-00289806-00290090 Nikolaev skid regent district probably
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01189-00290091-00290297 assimilated into the slavic rural
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01190-00290298-00290564 population although no one identifies as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01191-00290565-00290798 i new nowadays in cuba vows cry there
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01192-00290799-00290983 are a large number of ethnic gulch with
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01193-00290984-00291407 partial I new ancestry
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01194-00291408-00291940 topic see also
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01195-00291941-00292441 I knew Ken Akira I fukube bibliography
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01196-00292442-00292815 of the Ainu Bronislaw Pilsudski
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01197-00292816-00293170 constitution of Japan declaration on the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01198-00293171-00293480 rights of indigenous peoples a me she
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01199-00293481-00294056 had irui ethnocide Hiram M Hiller jr.
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01200-00294057-00294349 indigenous peoples Kenko I knew Takashi
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01201-00294350-00294600 Akagi Shigeru Qian Dona bhutani dam
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01202-00294601-00294825 topic I knew culture I knew music I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01203-00294826-00295032 flag I knew chandra painting i kapo'i
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01204-00295033-00295275 matagi you car topic ethnic groups in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01205-00295276-00295498 japan ethnic issues in japan human
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01206-00295499-00295744 rights in japan Ryukyuan people ryu q
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01207-00295745-00295912 independence movement lives yamato
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01208-00295913-00296151 people topic references topic sources
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01209-00296152-00296467 japan times i new plan group for upper
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01210-00296468-00296799 house run october 31st 2011 hudson
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01211-00296800-00297214 mark j 1999 i new ethnogenesis in the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01212-00297215-00297574 northern Fujiwara arctic anthropology 36
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01213-00297575-00298039 one-half 73 283 jstor forty million
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01214-00298040-00298240 three hundred sixteen thousand five
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01215-00298241-00298696 hundred six levin mark a 2001 essential
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01216-00298697-00298915 commodities and racial justice using
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01217-00298916-00299119 constitutional protection of japan's
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01218-00299120-00299301 indigenous i new people to inform
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01219-00299302-00299494 understandings of the United States in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01220-00299495-00299784 Japan New York University Journal of
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01221-00299785-00300198 international law and politics 33 to 419
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01222-00300199-00300589 447 SSRN 1 million six hundred
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01223-00300590-00300799 thirty-five thousand four hundred fifty
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01224-00300800-00301138 one topic further reading topic external
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01225-00301139-00301387 links organization Chiquito utah rekey
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01226-00301388-00301629 okay I knew Association of Hokkaido in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01227-00301630-00301899 Japanese in English Sapporo perco code
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01228-00301900-00302074 and I knew Cultural Center Foundation
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01229-00302075-00302274 for research and promotion of I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01230-00302275-00302494 culture centers located in Sapporo and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01231-00302495-00302767 Tokyo in Japanese in English Hokkaido
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01232-00302768-00302952 University Center for I knew an
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01233-00302953-00303132 Indigenous Studies Institute for the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01234-00303133-00303333 Study of languages and cultures of I
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01235-00303334-00303555 knew in Somani Hokkaido museums and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01236-00303556-00303750 exhibit Smithsonian Institution the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01237-00303751-00303940 Boone collection nibby Otani I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01238-00303941-00304171 cultural Museum in Japanese the I knew
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01239-00304172-00304428 Museum at Shaarawy I knew comando 18th
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01240-00304429-00304629 and 19th century records Onuki
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01241-00304630-00304765 collection the region's
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01242-00304766-00304969 North America I knew North American
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01243-00304970-00305160 cultural similarities articles black
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01244-00305161-00305265 Shogun and as
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01245-00305266-00305427 assessment of the African presence in
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01246-00305428-00305667 early Japan by Renault Co rashidi I new
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01247-00305668-00305913 lineage Japan's I new hope new identity
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01248-00305914-00306090 leads to more rights in the Christian
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01249-00306091-00306402 Science Monitor June 9 2008 a Salmons
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01250-00306403-00306608 life an incredible journey Columbia
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01251-00306609-00306915 River Basin June 8 2016 poster back
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01252-00306916-00307140 activities video a trip through Japan
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01253-00307141-00307542 with the YWCA see a 1919 rare Japanese
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01254-00307543-00307740 video featuring I knew the I knew the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01255-00307741-00308046 first peoples of Japan old videos and
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01256-00308047-00308277 photographs arranged by Ron Joseph the
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01257-00308278-00308550 despised I knew people the anus tense
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01258-00308551-00308915 relationship with Japan 1994 journey man
+t7g5lA5NmDI-01259-00308916-00309216 TV
+t8uf_6sBeRM-00000-00000056-00000398 your superhero
+t8uf_6sBeRM-00001-00000399-00001262 [Music]
+t8uf_6sBeRM-00002-00001263-00002265 [Music]
+t8uf_6sBeRM-00003-00002266-00002560 [Music]
+t8uf_6sBeRM-00004-00002561-00003851 numbers
+t8uf_6sBeRM-00005-00003852-00006731 foreign
+t8uf_6sBeRM-00006-00006731-00009731 foreign
+t8uf_6sBeRM-00007-00009732-00010163 depends
+t8uf_6sBeRM-00010-00016236-00018170 foreign
+t8uf_6sBeRM-00011-00018171-00019477 [Music]
+t8uf_6sBeRM-00012-00019478-00020063 foreign foreign
+t8uf_6sBeRM-00013-00020064-00022936 [Music]
+t8uf_6sBeRM-00015-00026747-00027183 foreign
+t8uf_6sBeRM-00017-00030197-00030416 foreign
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00000-00000014-00000696 [Music]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00002-00006235-00007470 [Music]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00003-00007470-00009042 [Music]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00004-00009043-00011395 [Music]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00005-00011396-00013113 [Music]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00007-00016379-00018772 [Music]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00008-00018773-00019306 [Music]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00009-00019307-00019498 [Applause]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00010-00019499-00020183 [Music]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00011-00020184-00020271 [Music]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00012-00020272-00020414 [Applause]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00013-00020415-00020823 [Music]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00014-00020824-00021743 [Applause]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00015-00021744-00022447 [Music]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00016-00022448-00022459 [Music]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00017-00022460-00022616 [Applause]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00018-00022617-00022762 [Music]
+t9BZbkGRmZo-00022-00033227-00033433 you
+tsCjXDpJB48-00000-00000003-00000275 a cyber weapon is a malware agent
+tsCjXDpJB48-00001-00000276-00000478 employed for military paramilitary or
+tsCjXDpJB48-00002-00000479-00001127 intelligence objectives
+tsCjXDpJB48-00003-00001128-00001687 topic general characteristics
+tsCjXDpJB48-00004-00001688-00001909 requirements for the term vary widely
+tsCjXDpJB48-00005-00001910-00002101 the most common criteria seem to be for
+tsCjXDpJB48-00006-00002102-00002383 a malware agent which is sponsored or
+tsCjXDpJB48-00007-00002384-00002616 employed by a state or non-state actor
+tsCjXDpJB48-00008-00002617-00002851 meets an objective which would otherwise
+tsCjXDpJB48-00009-00002852-00003187 require espionage or the use of force is
+tsCjXDpJB48-00010-00003188-00003827 employed against specific targets
+tsCjXDpJB48-00011-00003828-00004266 topic sponsor
+tsCjXDpJB48-00012-00004267-00004449 part of the distinction from other
+tsCjXDpJB48-00013-00004450-00004631 malware is that the agent is sponsored
+tsCjXDpJB48-00014-00004632-00004872 that is commissioned developed and/or
+tsCjXDpJB48-00015-00004873-00005111 actually used not by a black hat hacker
+tsCjXDpJB48-00016-00005112-00005313 or organized criminal group but instead
+tsCjXDpJB48-00017-00005314-00005511 by a state or a non-state actor the
+tsCjXDpJB48-00018-00005512-00005685 latter potentially including terrorist
+tsCjXDpJB48-00019-00005686-00005856 groups and other entities proposed in
+tsCjXDpJB48-00020-00005857-00006072 fourth-generation warfare four gigawatts
+tsCjXDpJB48-00021-00006073-00006609 doctrines
+tsCjXDpJB48-00022-00006611-00007081 topic objectives
+tsCjXDpJB48-00023-00007083-00007309 a cyber weapon performs an action which
+tsCjXDpJB48-00024-00007311-00007502 would normally require a soldier or spy
+tsCjXDpJB48-00025-00007503-00007640 and which would be considered either
+tsCjXDpJB48-00026-00007641-00007841 illegal or an act of war if performed
+tsCjXDpJB48-00027-00007842-00008048 directly by a human agent of the sponsor
+tsCjXDpJB48-00028-00008048-00008324 during peacetime legal issues include
+tsCjXDpJB48-00029-00008325-00008513 violating the privacy of the target and
+tsCjXDpJB48-00030-00008514-00008771 the sovereignty of its host nation such
+tsCjXDpJB48-00031-00008772-00009022 actions include but are not limited to
+tsCjXDpJB48-00032-00009023-00009212 surveillance of the system or its
+tsCjXDpJB48-00033-00009213-00009368 operators including sensitive
+tsCjXDpJB48-00034-00009369-00009557 information such as passwords and
+tsCjXDpJB48-00035-00009558-00009815 private keys theft of data or
+tsCjXDpJB48-00036-00009816-00010039 intellectual property such as
+tsCjXDpJB48-00037-00010040-00010315 proprietary information of a business
+tsCjXDpJB48-00038-00010316-00010544 classified information of a government
+tsCjXDpJB48-00039-00010545-00010814 or military destruction of one or more
+tsCjXDpJB48-00040-00010815-00011144 of the following data or executable code
+tsCjXDpJB48-00041-00011145-00011321 programs on the system or other
+tsCjXDpJB48-00042-00011322-00011648 connected systems less frequently damage
+tsCjXDpJB48-00043-00011649-00011848 to or destruction of computer hardware
+tsCjXDpJB48-00044-00011849-00012137 in the most extreme case damage to an
+tsCjXDpJB48-00045-00012138-00012335 electromechanical or process control
+tsCjXDpJB48-00046-00012336-00012527 system such that a serious industrial
+tsCjXDpJB48-00047-00012528-00012683 accident results in loss of life or
+tsCjXDpJB48-00048-00012684-00012869 property beyond the system or major
+tsCjXDpJB48-00049-00012869-00013058 economic damages while a cyber weapon
+tsCjXDpJB48-00050-00013059-00013222 almost certainly results in either
+tsCjXDpJB48-00051-00013224-00013460 direct or indirect financial damages to
+tsCjXDpJB48-00052-00013461-00013652 the target group direct financial gains
+tsCjXDpJB48-00053-00013653-00013826 for the sponsor such as the transfer of
+tsCjXDpJB48-00054-00013827-00014009 funds and not a primary objective of
+tsCjXDpJB48-00055-00014010-00014588 this class of agent
+tsCjXDpJB48-00056-00014590-00015021 topic target
+tsCjXDpJB48-00057-00015022-00015276 unlike malware used by script kiddies to
+tsCjXDpJB48-00058-00015277-00015444 organize botnets where the ownership
+tsCjXDpJB48-00059-00015444-00015675 physical location and normal role of the
+tsCjXDpJB48-00060-00015676-00015816 machines attacked is largely irrelevant
+tsCjXDpJB48-00061-00015816-00016056 cyber weapons show high selectivity in
+tsCjXDpJB48-00062-00016057-00016212 either or both of their employment in
+tsCjXDpJB48-00063-00016213-00016491 their operation before the attack cyber
+tsCjXDpJB48-00064-00016492-00016692 weapons usually identify the target
+tsCjXDpJB48-00065-00016693-00016986 using different methods likewise malware
+tsCjXDpJB48-00066-00016987-00017157 employed by fraudsters for the theft of
+tsCjXDpJB48-00067-00017158-00017303 personal or financial information
+tsCjXDpJB48-00068-00017304-00017541 demonstrates lower selectivity and wider
+tsCjXDpJB48-00069-00017542-00018110 distribution
+tsCjXDpJB48-00070-00018111-00018341 topic distinctions from viruses and
+tsCjXDpJB48-00071-00018342-00018733 other malware
+tsCjXDpJB48-00072-00018734-00018949 note that self-replication is not a
+tsCjXDpJB48-00073-00018950-00019135 requirement as such not all cyber
+tsCjXDpJB48-00074-00019136-00019303 weapons of viruses and not all viruses
+tsCjXDpJB48-00075-00019304-00019564 are necessarily cyber weapons without
+tsCjXDpJB48-00076-00019565-00019797 this capability however an alternate
+tsCjXDpJB48-00077-00019798-00019983 vector is required to get the agent onto
+tsCjXDpJB48-00078-00019984-00020112 the target systems
+tsCjXDpJB48-00079-00020113-00020400 likewise compromised access alone such
+tsCjXDpJB48-00080-00020401-00020590 as that provided by a rootkit is not
+tsCjXDpJB48-00081-00020591-00020769 diagnostic of the employment of a cyber
+tsCjXDpJB48-00082-00020770-00020962 weapon while the term is frequently used
+tsCjXDpJB48-00083-00020963-00021154 by the press some articles avoid it
+tsCjXDpJB48-00084-00021155-00021415 instead using terms like internet weapon
+tsCjXDpJB48-00085-00021416-00021672 or virus mainstream researchers debate
+tsCjXDpJB48-00086-00021673-00021841 the requirements of the term while still
+tsCjXDpJB48-00087-00021842-00022015 referring to the employment of the agent
+tsCjXDpJB48-00088-00022016-00022243 desire weapon and the software
+tsCjXDpJB48-00089-00022244-00022462 development community in particular uses
+tsCjXDpJB48-00090-00022463-00023050 the term more rarely
+tsCjXDpJB48-00091-00023051-00023619 topic probable cyber weapons
+tsCjXDpJB48-00092-00023620-00023808 the following malware agents generally
+tsCjXDpJB48-00093-00023809-00023994 meet the criteria above have been
+tsCjXDpJB48-00094-00023995-00024172 formally referred to in this manner by
+tsCjXDpJB48-00095-00024173-00024378 industry security experts or have been
+tsCjXDpJB48-00096-00024379-00024547 described this way in government or
+tsCjXDpJB48-00097-00024548-00025067 military statements Duke flame malware
+tsCjXDpJB48-00098-00025068-00025705 great cannon mere a malware Stuxnet
+tsCjXDpJB48-00099-00025706-00026158 malware
+tsCjXDpJB48-00100-00026160-00026719 topic control and disarmament
+tsCjXDpJB48-00101-00026720-00026980 in 2017 data breaches showed that
+tsCjXDpJB48-00102-00026981-00027181 supposedly secure hacking tools used by
+tsCjXDpJB48-00103-00027182-00027397 government agencies can be obtained -
+tsCjXDpJB48-00104-00027398-00027672 and sometimes exposed - by third parties
+tsCjXDpJB48-00105-00027673-00027907 furthermore it was reported that after
+tsCjXDpJB48-00106-00027908-00028069 losing control of such tools the
+tsCjXDpJB48-00107-00028070-00028264 government appears to leave exploits
+tsCjXDpJB48-00108-00028264-00028522 open to be reused by scammers criminals
+tsCjXDpJB48-00109-00028523-00028893 or anyone else - for any purpose
+tsCjXDpJB48-00110-00028894-00029070 Claudio Guarnere
+tsCjXDpJB48-00111-00029072-00029206 a technologist from Amnesty
+tsCjXDpJB48-00112-00029207-00029431 International states what we learn from
+tsCjXDpJB48-00113-00029432-00029611 the disclosures and leaks of the last
+tsCjXDpJB48-00114-00029612-00029814 months is that unknown vulnerabilities
+tsCjXDpJB48-00115-00029816-00030022 are maintained secret even after they've
+tsCjXDpJB48-00116-00030023-00030211 been clearly lost and that is plain
+tsCjXDpJB48-00117-00030212-00030550 irresponsible and unacceptable also in
+tsCjXDpJB48-00118-00030551-00030724 that year WikiLeaks released the vault
+tsCjXDpJB48-00119-00030725-00030904 seven documents series that contain
+tsCjXDpJB48-00120-00030905-00031129 details of CIA exploits and tools with
+tsCjXDpJB48-00121-00031130-00031279 Julian Assange stating that they are
+tsCjXDpJB48-00122-00031280-00031543 working to disarm them before
+tsCjXDpJB48-00123-00031544-00031786 publication disarmament of cyber weapons
+tsCjXDpJB48-00124-00031787-00031948 may come in the form of contacting
+tsCjXDpJB48-00125-00031949-00032098 respective software vendors with
+tsCjXDpJB48-00126-00032099-00032269 information of vulnerabilities in their
+tsCjXDpJB48-00127-00032270-00032452 products as well as potential help with
+tsCjXDpJB48-00128-00032452-00032602 or autonomous development for
+tsCjXDpJB48-00129-00032602-00033270 open-source software of patches
+tsCjXDpJB48-00130-00033271-00034077 topic see also cyber arms industry cyber
+tsCjXDpJB48-00131-00034078-00034500 attack cyber warfare exploit computer
+tsCjXDpJB48-00132-00034501-00034941 security zero-day computing proactive
+tsCjXDpJB48-00133-00034942-00035214 cyber defense
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00000-00000023-00000302 Hong Kong soya sauce chicken rice and
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00001-00000303-00000536 noodle as a street food stall in Outram
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00002-00000537-00000821 Singapore it is owned and run by chan
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00003-00000822-00001127 hon mang in 2016 it became one of the
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00004-00001128-00001331 first to street food locations in the
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00005-00001332-00001495 world to be awarded a star in the
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00006-00001496-00002068 Michelin Guide
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00007-00002069-00002435 topic description
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00008-00002436-00002593 you
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00009-00002594-00002839 Hong Kong soya sauce chicken rice and
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00010-00002840-00003055 noodle as a street food stall one of
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00011-00003056-00003249 over six thousand such stalls within
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00012-00003250-00003520 Singapore it is owned and run by Chen
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00013-00003521-00003736 Han mang and has a signature dish of soy
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00014-00003736-00003936 sauce chicken served with rice on
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00015-00003936-00004252 average it sells around 150 lunch
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00016-00004253-00004546 chicken dishes each day as of 2016 these
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00017-00004547-00004852 dishes were priced at $2 it is staffed
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00018-00004853-00005113 by Chan and his two assistants the stall
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00019-00005114-00005325 itself is fairly typical for those in
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00020-00005326-00005539 Singaporean hawker centres featuring a
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00021-00005540-00005722 neon sign and rows of hanging cooked
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00022-00005723-00006276 chickens
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00023-00006277-00006655 topic reception
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00024-00006656-00006795 you
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00025-00006795-00007047 Hong Kong soya sauce chicken rice and
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00026-00007048-00007278 noodle became one of the first to street
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00027-00007279-00007479 food stalls in the world to be awarded a
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00028-00007480-00007683 Michelin star alongside hill street
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00029-00007684-00007856 taiwan pork noodle gaining the
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00030-00007858-00008073 recognition in the 2016 list for
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00031-00008073-00008328 singapore this was the first time that
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00032-00008329-00008535 Singapore had a Michelin Guide created
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00033-00008536-00008580 for it
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00034-00008581-00008817 Chan hoped that the award would result
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00035-00008818-00009003 in more young people entering similar
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00036-00009004-00009180 businesses as he has concerns about
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00037-00009181-00009405 stalls being run by elderly chefs with
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00038-00009406-00009663 no successors to inherit them following
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00039-00009664-00009840 the announcement of the Michelin star
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00040-00009841-00010002 the queues at the food stall have
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00041-00010003-00010182 increased in length and a two-hour wait
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00042-00010183-00010431 is not uncommon sales have also
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00043-00010432-00010635 increased from the previous average of
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00044-00010636-00010985 150 dishes per lunchtime to around 180
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00045-00010986-00011241 Chan said that he would not increase the
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00046-00011242-00011451 prices of his dishes saying it's not
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00047-00011452-00011640 fair to raise them just because I want
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00048-00011641-00011846 an award in fact my suppliers have
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00049-00011847-00012042 increased prices four times in the last
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00050-00012043-00012224 seven years and I've not changed my
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00051-00012225-00012513 prices at all I will continue trying to
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00052-00012514-00012690 absorb the price increases until I
+tvMwR_Iqnzk-00053-00012691-00012978 really can't do it
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00000-00000023-00000308 black people as a term used in certain
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00001-00000309-00000484 countries often in socially based
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00002-00000485-00000730 systems of racial classification or of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00003-00000731-00000923 ethnicity to describe persons who are
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00004-00000924-00001120 perceived to be dark-skinned compared to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00005-00001121-00001408 other populations as such the meaning of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00006-00001409-00001579 the expression varies widely both
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00007-00001580-00001814 between and within societies and depends
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00008-00001814-00002101 significantly on context for many other
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00009-00002102-00002312 individuals communities and countries
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00010-00002313-00002632 black is also perceived as a derogatory
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00011-00002633-00002851 outdated reductive or otherwise
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00012-00002852-00003076 unrepresentative label and as a result
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00013-00003077-00003274 as neither used nor define different
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00014-00003275-00003500 societies applied different criteria
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00015-00003501-00003754 regarding who is classified as black and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00016-00003755-00003986 these social constructs have also
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00017-00003986-00004190 changed over time in a number of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00018-00004191-00004411 countries societal variables affect
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00019-00004412-00004645 classification as much as skin color and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00020-00004646-00004981 the social criteria for blackness vary
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00021-00004982-00005276 in the United Kingdom black was
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00022-00005277-00005506 historically equivalent with person of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00023-00005507-00005783 color a general term for non-european
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00024-00005784-00006013 peoples in South Africa and Latin
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00025-00006014-00006245 America mixed-race people are generally
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00026-00006246-00006595 not classified as black in other regions
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00027-00006597-00006827 such as Australasia settlers applied the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00028-00006828-00007112 term black or it was used by local
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00029-00007113-00007313 populations with different histories and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00030-00007314-00007741 ancestral backgrounds
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00031-00007742-00008243 topic Africa
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00032-00008244-00008758 topic northern Africa
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00033-00008759-00008985 the Romans interacted with in later
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00034-00008986-00009216 conquered parts of Mauritania an early
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00035-00009217-00009391 state that covered modern Morocco
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00036-00009392-00009621 Western Algeria and the Spanish cities
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00037-00009622-00009810 ceuta and melilla during the Classical
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00038-00009811-00010053 period the people of the region were
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00039-00010054-00010270 noted in classical literature as Maori
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00040-00010271-00010474 which was subsequently rendered as Moors
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00041-00010475-00010671 in English numerous communities of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00042-00010672-00010845 dark-skinned peoples are present in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00043-00010846-00011010 North Africa some dating from
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00044-00011011-00011266 prehistoric communities others are
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00045-00011267-00011406 descendants of the historical
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00046-00011407-00011616 trans-saharan trade in peoples and/or
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00047-00011617-00011812 and after the Arab invasions of North
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00048-00011813-00011946 Africa in the seventh century
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00049-00011947-00012166 descendants of slaves from the Arab
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00050-00012167-00012396 slave trade in North Africa in the 18th
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00051-00012397-00012603 century the Moroccan Sultan moulay
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00052-00012604-00013113 ismaïl the warrior king 1672 217 27
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00053-00013115-00013422 raised a core of 150,000 black soldiers
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00054-00013423-00013558 called his Black Guard
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00055-00013559-00013786 according to dr. Carlos Moore resident
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00056-00013787-00013993 scholar at Brazil's University of the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00057-00013994-00014266 state of Bahia in the 21st century afro
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00058-00014266-00014406 multiracial --zz in the arab world
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00059-00014407-00014622 including arabs in north africa
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00060-00014622-00014816 self-identify in ways that resemble
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00061-00014818-00015033 multiracial x' in latin america
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00062-00015034-00015300 he claims that black looking Arabs much
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00063-00015301-00015487 like black looking Latin Americans
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00064-00015488-00015684 consider themselves white because they
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00065-00015685-00015834 have some distant white ancestry
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00066-00015835-00016069 Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00067-00016069-00016258 mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00068-00016259-00016444 sudanese woman and a father who was a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00069-00016445-00016725 lighter skinned Egyptian in response to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00070-00016726-00016903 an advertisement for an acting position
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00071-00016904-00017172 as a young man he said I am NOT white
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00072-00017173-00017469 but I am not exactly black either my
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00073-00017470-00017752 blackness is tending to reddish due to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00074-00017753-00017977 the patriarchal nature of Arab society
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00075-00017978-00018169 Arab men including during the slave
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00076-00018170-00018378 trade in North Africa enslaved more
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00077-00018379-00018622 black women than men they used more
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00078-00018623-00018837 black female slaves in domestic service
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00079-00018838-00019111 and agriculture than males the men
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00080-00019112-00019321 interpreted the Quran to permit sexual
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00081-00019322-00019525 relations between a male master and his
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00082-00019526-00019747 female slave outside of marriage Sima
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00083-00019748-00019972 Malik at a manuka man-sex leading to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00084-00019973-00020197 many mixed-race children when an
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00085-00020198-00020392 enslaved woman became pregnant with her
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00086-00020393-00020617 Arab masters child she was considered as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00087-00020618-00020958 um will adorn mother of a child a status
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00088-00020959-00021178 that granted her privileged rights the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00089-00021179-00021384 child was given rights of inheritance to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00090-00021385-00021490 the father's property
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00091-00021491-00021678 so mixed-race children could share in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00092-00021679-00021910 any wealth of the father because the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00093-00021911-00022138 society was patrilineal the children
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00094-00022139-00022351 their fathers social status at birth and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00095-00022352-00022627 were born free some succeeded their
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00096-00022628-00022861 fathers as rulers such as sultan ahmad
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00097-00022862-00023191 al mansur who ruled morocco from 1578 to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00098-00023192-00023527 1608 he was not technically considered
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00099-00023528-00023728 as a mixed-race child of a slave his
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00100-00023729-00023947 mother was Fulani and a concubine of his
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00101-00023948-00024241 father in early 1991 non-arabs of the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00102-00024242-00024442 Zaghawa tribe of sudan attested that
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00103-00024443-00024628 they were victims of an intensifying
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00104-00024629-00024853 arab apartheid campaign segregating
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00105-00024854-00025078 arabs and non-arabs specifically people
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00106-00025079-00025405 of nalada descent sudanese arabs who
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00107-00025406-00025552 controlled the government were widely
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00108-00025553-00025731 referred to as practicing apartheid
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00109-00025732-00026052 against Sudan's non Arab citizens the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00110-00026054-00026245 government was accused of deftly
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00111-00026245-00026593 manipulating Arab solidarity to carry
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00112-00026594-00026806 out policies of apartheid and ethnic
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00113-00026807-00027043 cleansing American University economist
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00114-00027044-00027258 George aat accused the arab government
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00115-00027260-00027457 of sudan of practicing acts of racism
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00116-00027458-00027793 against black citizens according to AIT
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00117-00027794-00028297 in sudan the arabs monopolized power and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00118-00028298-00028645 excluded blacks Arab apartheid many
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00119-00028645-00028873 African commentators joined AIT in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00120-00028874-00029074 accusing Sudan of practicing Arab
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00121-00029075-00029410 apartheid
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00122-00029411-00029882 topic Sahara
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00123-00029883-00030143 in the Sahara the native Tuareg Berber
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00124-00030144-00030473 populations kept Negro slaves
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00125-00030474-00030686 most of these captives were of nylon t'k
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00126-00030687-00030869 extraction and were either purchased by
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00127-00030870-00031079 the Tuareg Nobles from slave markets in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00128-00031080-00031285 the western Sudan or taken during raids
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00129-00031286-00031574 their origin has demoted via via Hagar
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00130-00031575-00031870 berber word I been Harun st. a bender
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00131-00031872-00032083 which alludes to slaves that only speak
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00132-00032085-00032357 a nilo-saharan language these slaves
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00133-00032358-00032525 were also sometimes known by the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00134-00032526-00032695 borrowed songhay term Bela
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00135-00032697-00032912 similarly the Sahrawi autochthonous of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00136-00032913-00033083 the Western Sahara observed a class
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00137-00033084-00033305 system consisting of high castes and low
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00138-00033306-00033569 castes outside of these traditional
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00139-00033570-00033917 tribal boundaries were Negro slaves who
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00140-00033918-00034455 were drawn from the surrounding areas
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00141-00034456-00034870 Horn of Africa
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00142-00034871-00035135 in parts of the Horn of Africa the local
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00143-00035136-00035386 afro-asiatic Hamitic semitic speaking
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00144-00035387-00035569 populations have long adhered to a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00145-00035570-00035764 construct similar to that of the sahara
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00146-00035765-00036073 Nile and Maghreb in Ethiopia and Somalia
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00147-00036074-00036335 the slave classes mainly consisted of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00148-00036336-00036541 individuals of nylon tick and Bantu
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00149-00036542-00036706 origin who were collectively known as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00150-00036707-00036907 Sheng kala and add own both denoting
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00151-00036908-00037210 Negro these captives and others of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00152-00037211-00037414 analogous morphology were distinguished
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00153-00037415-00037615 as solemn Bahria in contrast with the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00154-00037616-00037879 afro-asiatic speaking nobles or Sabah QA
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00155-00037880-00038269 wih red men the earliest representation
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00156-00038270-00038467 of this tradition dates from a 7th or
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00157-00038468-00038707 8th century BC inscription belonging to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00158-00038708-00039134 the kingdom of damat
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00159-00039135-00039601 topic southern Africa
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00160-00039602-00039826 in South Africa the period of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00161-00039827-00040074 colonization resulted in many unions and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00162-00040075-00040279 marriages between European men and been
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00163-00040280-00040495 - and Khoisan women from various tribes
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00164-00040496-00040786 resulting in mixed-race children as the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00165-00040787-00040993 European settlers acquired control of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00166-00040994-00041182 territory they generally pushed the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00167-00041183-00041358 mixed-race and been - in Khoisan
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00168-00041359-00041571 populations into second-class status
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00169-00041572-00041821 during the first half of the 20th
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00170-00041822-00042021 century the Afrikaner dominated
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00171-00042022-00042217 government classified the population
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00172-00042218-00042402 according to four main racial groups
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00173-00042403-00042661 black white asian mostly indian and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00174-00042662-00042912 colored the colored group included
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00175-00042913-00043123 people of mixed been - poison and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00176-00043124-00043287 European descent with some Malay
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00177-00043288-00043507 ancestry especially in the Western Cape
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00178-00043508-00043780 the coloured definition occupied an
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00179-00043781-00043977 intermediary political position between
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00180-00043978-00044185 the black and white definitions in South
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00181-00044186-00044476 Africa it imposed a system of legal
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00182-00044477-00044695 racial segregation a complex of laws
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00183-00044696-00044974 known as apartheid the apartheid
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00184-00044975-00045214 bureaucracy devised complex and often
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00185-00045215-00045442 arbitrary criteria in the population
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00186-00045443-00045730 Registration Act of 1945 to determine
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00187-00045731-00045952 who belonged in which group minor
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00188-00045953-00046174 officials administered tests to enforce
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00189-00046175-00046417 the classifications when it was unclear
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00190-00046418-00046605 from a person's physical appearance
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00191-00046606-00046743 whether the individual should be
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00192-00046744-00046980 considered colored or black the pencil
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00193-00046981-00047311 test was used a pencil was inserted into
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00194-00047312-00047512 a person's hair to determine if the hair
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00195-00047513-00047670 was kinky enough to hold the pencil
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00196-00047671-00047868 rather than having it passed through as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00197-00047869-00048142 it would with smoother hair if so the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00198-00048143-00048387 person was classified as black such
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00199-00048388-00048583 classifications sometimes divided
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00200-00048584-00048892 families Sandra Lyon is a South African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00201-00048893-00049149 woman who was classified as colored by
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00202-00049150-00049360 authorities during the apartheid era due
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00203-00049361-00049527 to her skin color and hair texture
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00204-00049528-00049693 although her parents could prove at
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00205-00049694-00049882 least three generations of European
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00206-00049883-00050196 ancestors at age 10 she was expelled
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00207-00050197-00050329 from her all-white school
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00208-00050330-00050574 the officials decisions based on her
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00209-00050575-00050755 anomalous appearance disrupted her
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00210-00050756-00051037 family in adult life she was the subject
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00211-00051038-00051330 of the 2008 biographical dramatic film
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00212-00051332-00051645 skin which won numerous awards during
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00213-00051646-00051852 the apartheid era those class tests
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00214-00051853-00052135 colored were oppressed and discriminated
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00215-00052136-00052369 against but they had limited rights and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00216-00052370-00052517 overall had slightly better
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00217-00052519-00052707 socio-economic conditions than those
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00218-00052708-00052917 class tests black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00219-00052919-00053119 the government required that blacks and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00220-00053120-00053311 collards live in areas separate from
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00221-00053312-00053548 whites creating large townships located
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00222-00053549-00053740 away from the cities as areas for blacks
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00223-00053741-00054028 in the post apartheid era the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00224-00054029-00054216 Constitution of South Africa has
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00225-00054217-00054463 declared the country to be a non racial
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00226-00054464-00054760 democracy in an effort to redress passed
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00227-00054761-00054997 in justices the ANC government has
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00228-00054998-00055162 introduced laws in support of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00229-00055163-00055366 affirmative action policies for blacks
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00230-00055366-00055678 under these they define black people to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00231-00055679-00056151 include Africans colorants and Asians
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00232-00056152-00056448 some affirmative action policies favor
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00233-00056449-00056875 Africans over collar ins in terms of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00234-00056876-00057121 qualifying for certain benefits some
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00235-00057122-00057405 South Africans categorized as African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00236-00057407-00057784 black say that collar ins did not suffer
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00237-00057785-00057934 as much as they did during apartheid
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00238-00057935-00058228 colored South Africans are known to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00239-00058229-00058438 discuss their dilemma by saying we were
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00240-00058439-00058666 not wide enough under apartheid and we
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00241-00058666-00058876 are not black enough under the ANC
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00242-00058877-00059292 African National Congress in 2008 the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00243-00059294-00059497 High Court in South Africa ruled that
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00244-00059498-00059653 Chinese South Africans who were
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00245-00059654-00059857 residents during the apartheid era and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00246-00059858-00060042 their descendants are to be reclassified
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00247-00060044-00060358 as black people solely for the purposes
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00248-00060359-00060574 of accessing affirmative action benefits
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00249-00060575-00060889 because they were also disadvantaged by
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00250-00060890-00061147 racial discrimination Chinese people who
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00251-00061148-00061324 arrived in the country after the end of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00252-00061325-00061519 apartheid do not qualify for such
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00253-00061520-00061767 benefits other than by appearance collar
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00254-00061769-00062016 ins can usually be distinguished from
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00255-00062017-00062365 blacks by language most speak Afrikaans
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00256-00062366-00062590 or English as a first language as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00257-00062591-00062841 opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00258-00062842-00063109 or cosa they also tend to have more
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00259-00063110-00063295 European sounding names than bend to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00260-00063296-00063644 names
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00261-00063645-00064133 topic Asia
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00262-00064134-00064637 topic Western Asia
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00263-00064638-00065120 topic Arab world
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00264-00065121-00065349 historians estimate that between the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00265-00065350-00065616 advent of Islam in 650cc and the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00266-00065617-00065817 abolition of slavery in the Arabian
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00267-00065818-00066072 Peninsula in the mid 20th century 10 to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00268-00066073-00066297 18 million black Africans known as the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00269-00066298-00066525 Zant were enslaved by Arab slave traders
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00270-00066526-00066681 and transported to the Arabian Peninsula
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00271-00066682-00066981 and neighboring countries this number
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00272-00066982-00067167 far exceeded the number of slaves who
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00273-00067168-00067416 were taken to the Americas several
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00274-00067417-00067596 factors affected the visibility of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00275-00067597-00067839 descendants of this Diaspora in 21st
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00276-00067840-00068061 century Arab societies the traders
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00277-00068062-00068274 shipped more female slaves than males as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00278-00068275-00068442 there was a demand for them to serve as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00279-00068443-00068643 concubines in harems in the Arabian
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00280-00068644-00068907 Peninsula and neighboring countries male
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00281-00068908-00069117 slaves were castrated in order to serve
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00282-00069118-00069366 as harem guards the death toll of black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00283-00069367-00069576 African slaves from forced labor was
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00284-00069577-00069852 high the mixed-race children of female
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00285-00069853-00070065 slaves and Arab owners were assimilated
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00286-00070066-00070254 into the Arab owners families under the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00287-00070255-00070521 patrilineal kinship system as a result
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00288-00070522-00070761 few distinctive Afro Arab communities
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00289-00070762-00070911 have survived in the Arabian Peninsula
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00290-00070912-00071094 and neighboring countries as a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00291-00071095-00071334 consequence of slavery genetic studies
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00292-00071335-00071517 have found significant African female
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00293-00071518-00071781 mediated gene flow in Arab communities
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00294-00071782-00071925 in the Arabian Peninsula and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00295-00071926-00072087 neighbouring countries with an average
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00296-00072088-00072405 of 38% of maternal lineages in Yemen are
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00297-00072406-00072705 of direct African descent 16% in Oman
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00298-00072706-00072975 Qatar and 10% in Saudi Arabia United
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00299-00072976-00073167 Arab Emirates distinctive and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00300-00073168-00073383 self-identified black communities have
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00301-00073384-00073575 been reported in countries such as Iraq
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00302-00073576-00073848 with a reported 1.2 million black people
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00303-00073849-00073989 and they attest to a history of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00304-00073990-00074250 discrimination these descendants of the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00305-00074251-00074448 sand have sought minority status from
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00306-00074449-00074604 the government which would reserve some
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00307-00074605-00074802 seats in parliament for representatives
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00308-00074803-00075063 of their population according to Al Amin
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00309-00075064-00075291 and Mazrui at all generally in the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00310-00075292-00075459 Arabian Peninsula and neighboring
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00311-00075460-00075630 countries most of those a visible
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00312-00075631-00075855 African descent are still classified and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00313-00075856-00076375 identify as both black and Arab
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00314-00076376-00076726 Iran
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00315-00076727-00076969 Afro Iranians are people of black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00316-00076970-00077230 African descent residing in Iran during
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00317-00077231-00077485 the Kjar dynasty many wealthy households
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00318-00077486-00077665 imported black African women and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00319-00077666-00077866 children as slaves to perform domestic
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00320-00077867-00078109 work this slave labor was drawn
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00321-00078110-00078313 exclusively from the Zandt who were bent
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00322-00078314-00078502 to speaking peoples that lived along the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00323-00078503-00078715 African Great Lakes in an area roughly
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00324-00078716-00078901 comprising modern-day Tanzania
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00325-00078902-00079295 Mozambique and Malawi
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00326-00079296-00079761 topic Israel
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00327-00079762-00080103 about 150,000 East African and black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00328-00080104-00080328 people live in Israel amounting to just
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00329-00080329-00080481 over two percent of the nation's
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00330-00080482-00080760 population the vast majority of these
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00331-00080761-00081099 some 120,000 are bata Israel most of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00332-00081100-00081251 whom are recent immigrants who came
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00333-00081252-00081557 during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00334-00081558-00081906 in addition Israel is home to over 5,000
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00335-00081907-00082116 members of the African Hebrew Israelites
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00336-00082117-00082263 of Jerusalem movement that are
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00337-00082264-00082470 descendants of African Americans who
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00338-00082471-00082701 emigrated to Israel in the 20th century
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00339-00082702-00082884 and who reside mainly in a distinct
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00340-00082885-00083090 neighborhood in the Negev town of Damona
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00341-00083091-00083346 unknown numbers of black converts to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00342-00083347-00083580 Judaism reside in Israel most of them
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00343-00083581-00083757 converts from the United Kingdom Canada
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00344-00083758-00083987 and the United States
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00345-00083988-00084251 additionally there are around 60,000
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00346-00084252-00084471 non-jewish African immigrants in Israel
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00347-00084472-00084750 some of whom have sought asylum most of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00348-00084751-00084912 the migrants are from communities in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00349-00084913-00085151 Sudan and Eritrea particularly the Niger
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00350-00085152-00085356 Congo speaking nuba groups of the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00351-00085357-00085554 southern nuba mountains some are illegal
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00352-00085555-00085856 immigrants
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00353-00085857-00086312 topic turkey
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00354-00086313-00086564 beginning several centuries ago during
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00355-00086565-00086789 the period of the Ottoman Empire tens of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00356-00086790-00086942 thousands of Zanjeer captives were
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00357-00086943-00087149 brought by slave traders to plantations
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00358-00087150-00087356 and agricultural areas situated between
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00359-00087357-00087569 Antalya and Istanbul in present-day
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00360-00087570-00087812 Turkey some of their descendants
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00361-00087813-00088088 remained in situ and many migrated to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00362-00088089-00088358 larger cities and towns other black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00363-00088359-00088562 slaves were transported to Crete from
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00364-00088563-00088706 where they are their descendants later
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00365-00088707-00088865 reached the Izmir area through the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00366-00088866-00089054 population exchange between Greece and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00367-00089055-00089363 Turkey in 1923 or indirectly from a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00368-00089364-00089766 village in pursuit of work
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00369-00089767-00090272 topic southern Asia
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00370-00090273-00090521 the city are an ethnic group inhabiting
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00371-00090522-00090725 India and Pakistan whose members are
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00372-00090726-00090988 descended from Bantu people's in the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00373-00090989-00091121 macron strip of the Sindh and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00374-00091122-00091349 Balochistan provinces in southwestern
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00375-00091350-00091562 Pakistan these been two descendants are
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00376-00091563-00091805 known as the McCraney there was a brief
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00377-00091806-00092107 Black Power movement in Sindh in the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00378-00092108-00092356 1960s in many city are proud of and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00379-00092357-00092870 celebrate their African ancestry
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00380-00092871-00093341 topic southeastern Asia
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00381-00093342-00093549 Negritos are believed to have been the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00382-00093550-00093840 first inhabitants of Southeast Asia once
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00383-00093841-00094092 inhabited Taiwan Vietnam and various
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00384-00094093-00094257 other parts of Asia they are now
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00385-00094258-00094488 confined primarily to Thailand the Malay
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00386-00094489-00094674 Archipelago and the Andaman and Nicobar
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00387-00094675-00095034 Islands Negrito means little black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00388-00095035-00095358 people in Spanish Negrito is the Spanish
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00389-00095359-00095631 diminutive of negro ie little black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00390-00095632-00095871 person it is what the Spaniards called
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00391-00095872-00096057 the Aborigines that they encountered in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00392-00096058-00096339 the Philippines the term Negrito itself
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00393-00096340-00096537 has come under criticism in countries
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00394-00096538-00096678 like Malaysia where it is now
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00395-00096679-00096861 interchangeable with the more acceptable
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00396-00096862-00097044 samang although this term actually
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00397-00097045-00097374 refers to a specific group negritos in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00398-00097375-00097575 the Philippines and Southeast Asia in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00399-00097576-00097811 general face lots of discrimination
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00400-00097812-00098061 usually they are marginalised and live
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00401-00098062-00098256 in poverty unable to find employment
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00402-00098257-00098691 that will take them
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00403-00098692-00099125 topic Europe
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00404-00099126-00099630 topic Western Europe
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00405-00099631-00100075 topic France
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00406-00100076-00100294 while census collection of ethnic
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00407-00100295-00100486 background is illegal in France it is
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00408-00100487-00100759 estimated that there are about 2.5 to 5
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00409-00100760-00101243 million black people residing there
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00410-00101244-00101661 topic Netherlands
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00411-00101662-00101862 Afro Dutcher residents of the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00412-00101863-00102063 Netherlands who are of black African or
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00413-00102064-00102354 afro-caribbean ancestry they tend to be
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00414-00102355-00102513 from the former and present Dutch
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00415-00102514-00102725 overseas territories of Aruba Bonaire
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00416-00102726-00103053 curaçao Sint Maarten and Suriname the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00417-00103054-00103242 Netherlands also has sizable Cape
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00418-00103243-00103696 Verdean and other African communities
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00419-00103697-00104136 topic Spain
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00420-00104138-00104479 the term Moore's has been used in Europe
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00421-00104480-00104709 in a broader somewhat derogatory sense
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00422-00104710-00104950 to refer to Muslims especially those of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00423-00104951-00105154 Arab or Berber descent whether living in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00424-00105155-00105442 North Africa or Iberia Moors were not a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00425-00105443-00105718 distinct or self-defined people medieval
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00426-00105719-00105919 and early modern Europeans applied the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00427-00105920-00106129 name to Muslim Arabs Berbers black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00428-00106130-00106375 Africans and Europeans alike Isidore of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00429-00106376-00106552 Seville writing in the 7th century
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00430-00106553-00106768 claimed that the Latin word Morris was
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00431-00106769-00106957 derived from the Greek more'n
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00432-00106958-00107218 which is the Greek word for black indeed
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00433-00107219-00107425 by the time Isidore of Seville came to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00434-00107426-00107647 write his etymologies the word Morris or
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00435-00107648-00107938 more had become an adjective in Latin
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00436-00107939-00108268 for the Greeks called black Morin in is
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00437-00108269-00108552 adores de Moors were black by definition
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00438-00108553-00108841 afro Spaniards are Spanish Nationals of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00439-00108842-00109090 West Central African descent they today
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00440-00109091-00109311 mainly come from Cameroon Equatorial
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00441-00109313-00109608 Guinea Ghana Gambia Mali Nigeria and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00442-00109609-00109935 Senegal additionally many afro Spaniards
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00443-00109936-00110104 born in Spain are from the former
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00444-00110105-00110395 Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea today
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00445-00110396-00110736 there are an estimated 600 83,000 afro
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00446-00110738-00111180 Spaniards in Spain
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00447-00111181-00111684 topic united kingdom
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00448-00111685-00111841 according to the office for national
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00449-00111842-00112147 statistics at the 2001 census there were
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00450-00112148-00112318 over a million black people in the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00451-00112319-00112509 United Kingdom 1% of the total
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00452-00112510-00112777 population described themselves as Black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00453-00112778-00113358 Caribbean 0.8% us black African and 0.2%
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00454-00113359-00113709 as black other Britain encouraged the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00455-00113710-00113863 immigration of workers from the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00456-00113864-00114088 Caribbean after World War two the first
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00457-00114089-00114277 symbolic movement was those who came on
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00458-00114278-00114526 the ship the Empire Windrush the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00459-00114527-00114778 preferred official umbrella termas black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00460-00114779-00115114 and minority ethnic VME but sometimes
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00461-00115115-00115432 the term black is used on its own to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00462-00115433-00115678 express unified opposition to racism as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00463-00115679-00115873 in the South all black sisters which
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00464-00115874-00116028 started with a mainly British Asian
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00465-00116029-00116235 constituency and the national black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00466-00116236-00116413 police Association which has a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00467-00116414-00116661 membership of African African Caribbean
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00468-00116663-00116986 and Asian origin
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00469-00116988-00117142 you
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00470-00117143-00117648 topic Eastern Europe
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00471-00117649-00117918 as African states became independent in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00472-00117919-00118184 the 1960s the Soviet Union offered many
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00473-00118185-00118365 of their citizens the chance to study in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00474-00118366-00118700 Russia over a period of 40 years about
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00475-00118701-00118950 400,000 African students from various
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00476-00118951-00119121 countries moved to Russia to pursue
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00477-00119122-00119322 higher studies including many black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00478-00119323-00119628 Africans this extended beyond the Soviet
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00479-00119629-00119810 Union to many countries of the Eastern
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00480-00119811-00120094 Bloc
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00481-00120095-00120558 topic Balkans
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00482-00120558-00120783 due to the slave trade in the Ottoman
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00483-00120783-00120939 Empire that had flourished in the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00484-00120940-00121136 Balkans the coastal town of all change
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00485-00121138-00121304 in Montenegro had its own black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00486-00121305-00121586 community as a consequence of the slave
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00487-00121588-00121818 trade and privateer activity it is told
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00488-00121819-00122126 how until 1878 in all change 100 black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00489-00122127-00122382 people lived the Ottoman army also
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00490-00122383-00122619 deployed an estimated 30,000 black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00491-00122620-00122828 African troops and cavalry men to its
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00492-00122829-00123035 expedition in Hungary during the Ostrow
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00493-00123036-00123590 Turkish war of 17 16 to 18
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00494-00123591-00124108 topic Oceania
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00495-00124109-00124676 topic indigenous australians
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00496-00124677-00124881 Indigenous Australians have been
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00497-00124882-00125208 referred to as black people in Australia
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00498-00125208-00125339 since the early days of European
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00499-00125340-00125609 settlement while originally related to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00500-00125610-00125799 skin color the term is used today to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00501-00125800-00125982 indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00502-00125983-00126209 Islander ancestry in general and can
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00503-00126210-00126434 refer to people of any skin pigmentation
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00504-00126435-00126714 being identified as either black or
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00505-00126715-00127068 white in Australia during the 19th and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00506-00127069-00127281 early 20th centuries was critical in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00507-00127282-00127508 one's employment and social prospects
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00508-00127508-00127743 various state-based Aboriginal
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00509-00127744-00127944 protection boards were established which
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00510-00127945-00128145 had virtually complete control over the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00511-00128146-00128349 lives of Indigenous Australians where
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00512-00128350-00128514 they lived their employment marriage
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00513-00128515-00128727 education and included the power to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00514-00128728-00128939 separate children from their parents
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00515-00128940-00129150 Aborigines were not allowed to vote and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00516-00129151-00129351 were often confined to reserves and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00517-00129352-00129519 forced into low-paid or effectively
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00518-00129520-00129795 slave labour the social position of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00519-00129796-00130115 mixed-race or half caste individuals
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00520-00130116-00130443 varied over time a 1913 report by sir
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00521-00130444-00130698 Baldwin Spencer states that the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00522-00130699-00130853 half-castes belong neither to the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00523-00130854-00131073 aboriginal nor to the white yet on the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00524-00131074-00131247 whole they have more leaning towards the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00525-00131248-00131405 former
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00526-00131406-00131600 one thing is certain and that is that
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00527-00131601-00131801 the white population as a whole will
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00528-00131802-00132068 never mix with half castes
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00529-00132069-00132278 the best and kindest thing is to place
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00530-00132279-00132446 them on reserves along with the natives
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00531-00132447-00132614 train them in the same schools and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00532-00132615-00132746 encourage them to marry amongst
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00533-00132747-00133022 themselves after the First World War
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00534-00133023-00133238 however it became apparent that the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00535-00133239-00133439 number of mixed-race people was growing
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00536-00133440-00133574 at a faster rate than the white
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00537-00133575-00133814 population and by 1930 fear of the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00538-00133815-00134114 half-caste menace undermining the white
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00539-00134115-00134309 australia ideal from within was being
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00540-00134310-00134600 taken as a serious concern dr. Cecil
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00541-00134601-00134819 cooked the Northern Territory protector
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00542-00134820-00135104 of natives noted that generally by the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00543-00135105-00135281 fifth and invariably by the sixth
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00544-00135282-00135506 generation all native characteristics of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00545-00135507-00135706 the Australian Aborigine are eradicated
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00546-00135707-00135971 the problem of our half-castes will
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00547-00135972-00136160 quickly be eliminated by the complete
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00548-00136161-00136355 disappearance of the black race and the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00549-00136356-00136535 Swift submergence of their progeny in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00550-00136536-00136853 the white the official policy became one
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00551-00136854-00137074 of biological and cultural assimilation
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00552-00137075-00137315 eliminate the full blood and permit the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00553-00137316-00137546 white admixture to half-castes and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00554-00137547-00137797 eventually the race will become white
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00555-00137798-00138044 this led to different treatment for
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00556-00138045-00138479 black and half caste individuals with
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00557-00138480-00138683 lighter skinned individuals targeted for
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00558-00138684-00138851 removal from their families to be raised
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00559-00138852-00139178 as white people restricted from speaking
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00560-00139179-00139349 their native language and practicing
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00561-00139350-00139568 traditional customs a process now known
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00562-00139569-00139877 as The Stolen Generation the second half
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00563-00139878-00140084 of the 20th century to the present has
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00564-00140085-00140276 seen a gradual shift towards improved
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00565-00140277-00140564 human rights for Aboriginal people in a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00566-00140565-00140870 1967 referendum over 90% of the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00567-00140871-00141067 Australian population voted to end
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00568-00141068-00141278 constitutional discrimination and to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00569-00141279-00141458 include Aborigines in the national
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00570-00141459-00141701 census during this period many
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00571-00141702-00141914 Aboriginal activists began to embrace
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00572-00141915-00142229 the term black and use their ancestry as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00573-00142230-00142511 a source of pride activist Bob maza said
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00574-00142512-00142802 I only hope that when I die I can say
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00575-00142803-00142985 I'm black and it's beautiful to be black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00576-00142986-00143237 it is this sense of pride which we are
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00577-00143238-00143411 trying to give back to the aborigine
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00578-00143412-00143480 sick today
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00579-00143481-00143900 in 1978 Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00580-00143901-00144113 received the National Book Council award
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00581-00144114-00144323 for his book living black blacks talked
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00582-00144324-00144491 to Kevin Gilbert a collection of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00583-00144492-00144764 Aboriginal people's stories and in 1998
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00584-00144765-00144977 was awarded but refused to accept the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00585-00144978-00145163 Human Rights Award for Literature for
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00586-00145164-00145379 inside black Australia a poetry
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00587-00145380-00145453 anthology
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00588-00145454-00145675 an exhibition of aboriginal photography
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00589-00145676-00145963 in contrast to previous definitions
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00590-00145964-00146179 based solely on the degree of aboriginal
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00591-00146180-00146449 ancestry in 1990 the government changed
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00592-00146450-00146650 the legal definition of aboriginal to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00593-00146651-00146947 include any person of Aboriginal or
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00594-00146948-00147121 Torres Strait Islander descent who
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00595-00147122-00147304 identifies as an Aboriginal or Torres
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00596-00147305-00147538 Strait Islander and is accepted as such
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00597-00147539-00147703 by the community in which he or she
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00598-00147704-00148021 lives this nationwide acceptance and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00599-00148022-00148228 recognition of Aboriginal people led to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00600-00148229-00148405 a significant increase in the number of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00601-00148406-00148663 people self-identifying as Aboriginal or
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00602-00148664-00148864 Torres Strait Islander the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00603-00148865-00149164 reappropriation of the term black with a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00604-00149165-00149383 positive and more inclusive meaning has
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00605-00149384-00149578 resulted in its widespread use in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00606-00149579-00149797 mainstream Australian culture including
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00607-00149798-00150031 public media outlets government agencies
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00608-00150032-00150373 and private companies in 2012 a number
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00609-00150374-00150574 of high-profile cases highlighted the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00610-00150575-00150751 legal and community attitude that
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00611-00150752-00150934 identifying as Aboriginal or Torres
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00612-00150935-00151177 Strait Islander is not dependent on skin
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00613-00151178-00151378 color with a well-known boxer Anthony
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00614-00151379-00151570 Mun Dean being widely criticised for
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00615-00151571-00151843 questioning the blackness of another
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00616-00151844-00152062 boxer and journalist Andrew Boldt being
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00617-00152063-00152221 successfully sued for publishing
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00618-00152222-00152377 discriminatory comments about
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00619-00152378-00152893 aboriginals with light-skinned
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00620-00152894-00153352 topic other
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00621-00153353-00153673 John Caesar nicknamed black Caesar a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00622-00153674-00153937 convict and bushranger with parents born
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00623-00153938-00154165 in an unknown area in Africa was one of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00624-00154166-00154382 the first people of recent black African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00625-00154383-00154607 ancestry to arrive in Australia at the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00626-00154608-00154954 2006 census 248 thousand six hundred
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00627-00154955-00155146 five residents declared that they were
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00628-00155147-00155251 born in Africa
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00629-00155252-00155497 this figure pertains to all immigrants
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00630-00155498-00155704 to Australia who were born in nations in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00631-00155705-00155918 Africa regardless of race and includes
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00632-00155919-00156310 white Africans
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00633-00156311-00156841 topic north america
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00634-00156842-00157310 topic Canada
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00635-00157311-00157571 black Canadians as a designation used
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00636-00157572-00157793 for people of black African descent who
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00637-00157794-00157973 are citizens or permanent residents of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00638-00157974-00158261 Canada the majority of black Canadians
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00639-00158262-00158428 are of Caribbean origin though the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00640-00158429-00158648 population also consists of African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00641-00158649-00158777 American immigrants and their
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00642-00158778-00158953 descendants including black Nova
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00643-00158954-00159149 Scotians as well as many African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00644-00159150-00159356 immigrants black Canadians often draw a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00645-00159357-00159497 distinction between those of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00646-00159498-00159701 afro-caribbean ancestry and those of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00647-00159702-00159953 other African roots the term African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00648-00159954-00160181 Canadian is occasionally used by some
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00649-00160182-00160343 black Canadians who trace their heritage
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00650-00160344-00160559 to the first slaves brought by British
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00651-00160560-00160715 and French colonists to the North
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00652-00160716-00160994 American mainland promised freedom by
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00653-00160995-00161101 the British during the American
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00654-00161102-00161333 Revolutionary War thousands of black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00655-00161334-00161549 loyalists were resettled by the crown in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00656-00161550-00161768 Canada afterward such as Thomas Peters
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00657-00161769-00162113 in addition an estimated 10 to 30,000
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00658-00162114-00162296 fugitive slaves reached freedom in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00659-00162297-00162454 Canada from the southern United States
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00660-00162455-00162628 during the antebellum years
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00661-00162629-00162788 aided by people along the Underground
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00662-00162789-00163129 Railroad many black people of Caribbean
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00663-00163130-00163354 origin in Canada reject the term African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00664-00163355-00163556 Canadian as an elysian of the uniquely
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00665-00163557-00163763 Caribbean aspects of their heritage and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00666-00163764-00163999 instead identify as Caribbean Canadian
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00667-00164000-00164240 unlike in the United States where
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00668-00164241-00164435 African American has become a widely
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00669-00164436-00164653 used term in Canada controversies
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00670-00164654-00164873 associated with distinguishing African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00671-00164874-00165062 or Caribbean heritage have resulted in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00672-00165063-00165353 the term black Canadian being widely
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00673-00165354-00165705 accepted there
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00674-00165706-00166225 topic United States
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00675-00166226-00166469 there were eight principle areas used by
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00676-00166470-00166687 Europeans to buy and ship slaves to the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00677-00166688-00166915 Western Hemisphere the number of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00678-00166916-00167095 enslaved people sold to the new world
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00679-00167096-00167374 varied throughout the slave trade as for
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00680-00167375-00167572 the distribution of slaves from regions
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00681-00167573-00167807 of activity certain areas produced far
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00682-00167808-00168082 more enslaved people than others between
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00683-00168083-00168419 1650 and 1910 point to four million
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00684-00168420-00168644 enslaved West Africans arrived in the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00685-00168645-00168832 Americas from the following regions in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00686-00168833-00169106 the following proportions Senegambia
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00687-00169107-00169564 Senegal and The Gambia 4.8% upper Guinea
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00688-00169565-00169804 guinea-bissau Guinea and Sierra Leone
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00689-00169805-00170215 4.1 percent windward coast Liberia and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00690-00170216-00170653 Ivory Coast 1.8% Gold Coast Ghana and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00691-00170654-00170851 east of Ivory Coast ten point four
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00692-00170852-00171181 percent Bight of Benin Togo Benin and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00693-00171182-00171537 Nigeria west of the Niger Delta 20.2%
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00694-00171538-00171829 Bight of Biafra Nigeria east of the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00695-00171830-00171904 Niger Delta
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00696-00171905-00172170 Cameroon Equatorial Guinea and Gabon
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00697-00172171-00172609 14.6% west central Africa Republic of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00698-00172610-00172856 Congo Democratic Republic of Congo and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00699-00172857-00173287 Angola 39.4% southeastern Africa
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00700-00173288-00173545 Mozambique and Madagascar four point
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00701-00173546-00173843 seven percent the variant neger and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00702-00173844-00174028 Nagar derived from the Spanish and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00703-00174029-00174253 Portuguese word Negro black and from the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00704-00174254-00174525 now pejorative French negra Negro
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00705-00174526-00174829 etymologically Negro noir negra and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00706-00174830-00175048 niger ultimately derived from nigrum the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00707-00175049-00175258 stem of the latin niger black pronounced
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00708-00175259-00175465 near which in every other grammatical
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00709-00175466-00175690 case grammatical gender and grammatical
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00710-00175691-00175885 number besides nominative masculine
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00711-00175886-00176260 singular his ni G R the R is drilled by
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00712-00176261-00176531 the 1900s Niger had become a pejorative
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00713-00176532-00176806 word in the United States in its stead
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00714-00176807-00177001 the term coloured became the mainstream
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00715-00177002-00177190 alternative to Negro in its derived
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00716-00177191-00177466 terms after the civil rights movement
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00717-00177467-00177661 the terms colored in Negro gave way to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00718-00177662-00178024 black Negro had superseded coloured as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00719-00178025-00178181 the most polite word for African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00720-00178182-00178369 Americans at a time when black was
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00721-00178370-00178645 considered more offensive this term was
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00722-00178646-00178753 accepted as normal
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00723-00178754-00178990 including by people classified as Negros
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00724-00178991-00179200 until the later civil rights movement in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00725-00179201-00179548 the late 1960s one well-known example is
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00726-00179549-00179636 the identify
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00727-00179637-00179867 by Reverend Martin Luther King jr. of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00728-00179868-00180179 his own races Negro in his famous speech
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00729-00180180-00180440 of 1963 I have a dream
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00730-00180441-00180635 during the American civil rights
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00731-00180636-00180979 movement of the 1950s and 1960s some
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00732-00180980-00181184 african-american leaders in the United
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00733-00181185-00181448 States notably Malcolm X objected to the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00734-00181449-00181652 word Negro because they associated it
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00735-00181653-00181808 with the long history of slavery
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00736-00181809-00182012 segregation and discrimination that
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00737-00182013-00182183 treated african-americans as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00738-00182184-00182510 second-class citizens or worse Malcolm X
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00739-00182511-00182704 preferred black to Negro but later
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00740-00182705-00182897 gradually abandoned that as well for
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00741-00182898-00183091 afro-american after leaving the Nation
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00742-00183092-00183379 of Islam since the late 1960s various
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00743-00183380-00183578 other terms for African Americans have
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00744-00183579-00183793 been more widespread in popular usage
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00745-00183794-00184076 aside from black American these include
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00746-00184077-00184376 afro-american in use from the late 1960s
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00747-00184377-00184649 to 1990 an African American used in the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00748-00184650-00184808 United States to refer to black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00749-00184809-00185024 Americans people often referred to in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00750-00185025-00185321 the past as American Negroes in the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00751-00185322-00185528 first 200 years that black people were
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00752-00185529-00185702 in the United States they primarily
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00753-00185703-00185915 identified themselves by their specific
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00754-00185916-00186170 ethnic group closely allied to language
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00755-00186171-00186443 and not by skin color individuals
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00756-00186444-00186665 identified themselves for example as a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00757-00186666-00186863 Chandi Igbo Bakongo
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00758-00186864-00187193 or Wolof however when the first captives
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00759-00187194-00187346 were brought to the Americas they were
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00760-00187347-00187514 often combined with other groups from
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00761-00187515-00187721 West Africa and individual ethnic
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00762-00187722-00187883 affiliations were not generally
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00763-00187884-00188083 acknowledged by English colonists in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00764-00188084-00188321 areas of the upper South different
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00765-00188322-00188576 ethnic groups were brought together this
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00766-00188577-00188771 is significant as the captives came from
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00767-00188772-00188966 a vast geographic region the West
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00768-00188967-00189146 African coastline stretching from
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00769-00189147-00189377 Senegal to Angola and in some cases from
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00770-00189378-00189604 the southeast coast such as Mozambique a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00771-00189605-00189872 new African American identity and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00772-00189873-00190052 culture was born that incorporated
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00773-00190053-00190232 elements of the various ethnic groups
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00774-00190233-00190415 and of European cultural heritage
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00775-00190416-00190613 resulting in fusions such as the black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00776-00190614-00190898 church in African American English this
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00777-00190899-00191120 new identity was based on Providence and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00778-00191121-00191327 slave status rather than membership in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00779-00191328-00191566 any one ethnic group by contrast slave
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00780-00191567-00191762 records from Louisiana showed that the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00781-00191763-00191972 French and Spanish colonists recorded
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00782-00191973-00192143 more complete identities of the West
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00783-00192144-00192383 Africans including ethnicities and given
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00784-00192384-00192611 tribal names the u.s. racial or ethnic
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00785-00192612-00192911 classification black refers to people
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00786-00192912-00193028 with all possible
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00787-00193029-00193211 kinds of skin pigmentation from the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00788-00193212-00193370 darkest through to the very lightest
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00789-00193371-00193601 skin colors including albinos if they
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00790-00193602-00193778 are believed by others to have African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00791-00193779-00193985 ancestry in any discernable percentage
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00792-00193986-00194246 there are also certain cultural traits
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00793-00194247-00194537 associated with being african-american a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00794-00194538-00194777 term used effectively as a synonym for
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00795-00194778-00195145 black person within the United States in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00796-00195146-00195503 March 1807 Great Britain which largely
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00797-00195504-00195686 controlled the Atlantic declared the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00798-00195687-00195920 transatlantic slave trade illegal as did
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00799-00195921-00196031 the United States
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00800-00196032-00196208 the latter prohibition took effect the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00801-00196209-00196481 first of January 1808 the earliest date
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00802-00196482-00196691 on which Congress had the power to do so
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00803-00196692-00196877 after protecting the slave trade under
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00804-00196878-00197093 article 1 section 9 of the United States
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00805-00197094-00197405 Constitution by that time the majority
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00806-00197406-00197621 of black people in the United States
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00807-00197622-00197822 were native-born so the use of the term
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00808-00197823-00198125 African became problematic though
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00809-00198126-00198338 initially a source of pride many blacks
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00810-00198339-00198518 feared that the use of African as an
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00811-00198519-00198683 identity would be a hindrance to their
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00812-00198684-00198865 fight for full citizenship in the u.s.
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00813-00198866-00199094 they also felt that it would give
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00814-00199095-00199262 ammunition to those who were advocating
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00815-00199263-00199514 repatriating black people back to Africa
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00816-00199515-00199877 in 1835 black leaders called upon black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00817-00199878-00200138 Americans to remove the title of African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00818-00200139-00200378 from their institutions and replace it
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00819-00200379-00200825 with Negro or colored American a few
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00820-00200826-00200990 institutions chose to keep their
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00821-00200991-00201191 historic names such as the African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00822-00201192-00201461 Methodist Episcopal Church African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00823-00201462-00201752 Americans popularly used the terms Negro
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00824-00201753-00202111 or colored for themselves until the late
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00825-00202112-00202376 1960s the term black was used throughout
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00826-00202377-00202574 but not frequently since it carried a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00827-00202575-00202949 certain stigma in his 1963 I have a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00828-00202950-00203285 dream speech Martin Luther King jr. uses
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00829-00203286-00203537 the terms Negro 15 times and black 4
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00830-00203538-00203840 times each time he uses black it is in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00831-00203841-00204023 parallel construction with white for
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00832-00204024-00204341 example black men and white men with the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00833-00204342-00204545 successes of the civil rights movement a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00834-00204546-00204707 new term was needed to break from the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00835-00204708-00204871 past and help shed the reminders of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00836-00204873-00205154 legalized discrimination in place of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00837-00205155-00205352 Negro activists promoted the use of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00838-00205353-00205544 black as standing for racial pride
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00839-00205544-00205859 militancy and power some of the turning
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00840-00205860-00206033 points included the use of the term
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00841-00206034-00206383 black power by Kwame Toure Stokely
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00842-00206384-00206581 carmichael and the popular singer James
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00843-00206582-00206871 Brown song say it loud I'm black and I'm
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00844-00206873-00207057 proud
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00845-00207058-00207319 in 1988 the civil rights leader Jesse
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00846-00207319-00207567 Jackson urged Americans to use instead
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00847-00207569-00207873 the term african-american because it had
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00848-00207874-00208069 a historical cultural base and was a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00849-00208069-00208272 construction similar to terms used by
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00850-00208273-00208488 European descendants such as German
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00851-00208489-00208851 American Italian American etc since then
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00852-00208852-00209076 African American and black have often
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00853-00209077-00209403 had parallel status however controversy
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00854-00209404-00209592 continues over which if any of the two
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00855-00209594-00209839 terms is more appropriate Maulana
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00856-00209840-00209976 Karenga argues that the term
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00857-00209977-00210198 african-american is more appropriate
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00858-00210199-00210384 because it accurately articulates their
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00859-00210385-00210594 geographical and historical origin
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00860-00210594-00210924 others have argued that black is a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00861-00210925-00211248 better term because African suggests
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00862-00211249-00211434 foreignness although black Americans
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00863-00211435-00211659 helped found the United States still
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00864-00211660-00211833 others believe that the term black is
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00865-00211834-00212025 inaccurate because African Americans
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00866-00212026-00212295 have a variety of skin tones some
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00867-00212296-00212488 surveys suggest that the majority of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00868-00212489-00212697 black Americans have no preference for
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00869-00212698-00213112 African American or black although they
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00870-00213113-00213342 have a slight preference for black in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00871-00213342-00213669 personal settings in african-american in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00872-00213671-00213942 more formal settings in the u.s. census
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00873-00213944-00214141 race definitions black and African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00874-00214142-00214342 Americans are citizens and residents of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00875-00214342-00214513 the United States with origins in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00876-00214514-00214773 sub-saharan Africa according to the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00877-00214774-00214953 Office of Management and Budget the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00878-00214954-00215127 grouping includes individuals who
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00879-00215128-00215358 self-identify as African American as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00880-00215359-00215539 well as persons who emigrated from
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00881-00215540-00215724 nations in the Caribbean and sub-saharan
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00882-00215725-00216013 Africa the grouping is thus based on
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00883-00216014-00216201 geography and may contradict or
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00884-00216202-00216348 misrepresent an individual
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00885-00216349-00216546 self-identification since not all
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00886-00216547-00216732 immigrants from sub-saharan Africa are
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00887-00216733-00217090 black the Census Bureau also notes that
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00888-00217091-00217223 these classifications are
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00889-00217224-00217428 socio-political constructs and should
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00890-00217429-00217632 not be interpreted as scientific or
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00891-00217633-00217878 anthropological according to US Census
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00892-00217879-00218103 Bureau data African immigrants generally
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00893-00218104-00218346 do not self-identify as African American
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00894-00218347-00218619 the overwhelming majority of African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00895-00218621-00218817 immigrants identify instead with their
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00896-00218819-00219040 own respective ethnicities approximately
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00897-00219041-00219303 95 percent immigrants from some
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00898-00219304-00219504 Caribbean Central American and South
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00899-00219505-00219691 American nations and their descendants
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00900-00219692-00219906 may or may not also self-identify with
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00901-00219907-00220122 the term recent surveys of African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00902-00220123-00220312 Americans using a genetic testing
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00903-00220313-00220396 service have
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00904-00220396-00220582 varied ancestries which showed different
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00905-00220583-00220773 tendencies by region and sects of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00906-00220775-00221044 ancestors these studies found that on
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00907-00221044-00221338 average African Americans have 73 point
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00908-00221339-00221596 to 280 point nine percent West African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00909-00221596-00221969 18 to 24 percent European and 0.8 to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00910-00221971-00222271 0.9% Native American genetic heritage
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00911-00222271-00222754 with large variation between individuals
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00912-00222755-00223344 topic one dropped rule from the late
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00913-00223346-00223603 19th century the South used a colloquial
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00914-00223604-00223842 term the one dropped rule to classify as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00915-00223844-00224019 black a person of any known African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00916-00224021-00224317 ancestry this practice of hypo descent
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00917-00224317-00224503 was not put into law until the early
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00918-00224504-00224806 20th century legally the definition
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00919-00224807-00225031 varied from state to state racial
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00920-00225032-00225262 definition was more flexible in the 18th
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00921-00225263-00225487 and 19th centuries before the American
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00922-00225488-00225546 Civil War
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00923-00225548-00225787 for instance President Thomas Jefferson
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00924-00225788-00226042 held persons who were legally white less
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00925-00226042-00226248 than 25 percent black according to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00926-00226250-00226446 Virginia law at the time but because
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00927-00226448-00226609 they were born to slave mothers they
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00928-00226610-00226804 were born into slavery according to the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00929-00226805-00227005 principle of party's sequitur vent room
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00930-00227006-00227292 which Virginia adopted into law in 1660
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00931-00227294-00227629 to outside the u.s. some other countries
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00932-00227630-00227827 have adopted the one-drop rule but the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00933-00227828-00228025 definition of who is black in the extent
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00934-00228026-00228307 to which the one-drop rule applies
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00935-00228308-00228531 varies greatly from country to country
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00936-00228532-00228832 the one-drop rule may have originated as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00937-00228833-00228985 a means of increasing the number of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00938-00228986-00229177 black slaves and was maintained as an
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00939-00229178-00229444 attempt to keep the white race pure one
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00940-00229444-00229636 of the results of the one-drop rule was
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00941-00229637-00229813 the uniting of the african-american
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00942-00229814-00230053 community some of the most prominent
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00943-00230054-00230284 abolitionists and civil rights activists
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00944-00230285-00230506 of the 19th century were multiracial
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00945-00230507-00230725 such as Frederick Douglass Robert Pervis
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00946-00230726-00231021 and James Mercer Langston they advocated
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00947-00231023-00231394 equality for all
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00948-00231396-00231859 topic blackness
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00949-00231860-00232105 the concept of blackness in the United
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00950-00232106-00232297 States has been described as the degree
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00951-00232298-00232504 to which one associates themselves with
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00952-00232505-00232702 mainstream african-american culture
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00953-00232703-00233039 politics and values to a certain extent
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00954-00233040-00233254 this concept is not so much about race
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00955-00233255-00233476 but more about political orientation
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00956-00233477-00233752 culture and behavior blackness can be
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00957-00233753-00234049 contrasted with acting white where black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00958-00234050-00234215 Americans are said to behave with
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00959-00234216-00234424 assumed characteristics of stereotypical
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00960-00234425-00234652 white Americans with regard to fashion
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00961-00234653-00234922 dialect taste in music and possibly from
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00962-00234923-00235096 the perspective of a significant number
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00963-00235098-00235330 of black youth academic achievement due
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00964-00235331-00235480 to the often political and cultural
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00965-00235481-00235691 contours of blackness in the United
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00966-00235692-00235892 States the notion of blackness can also
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00967-00235892-00236176 be extended to non black people Toni
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00968-00236177-00236407 Morrison once described Bill Clinton as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00969-00236408-00236602 the first black president of the United
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00970-00236603-00236776 States because as she put it he
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00971-00236777-00236996 displayed almost every trope of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00972-00236996-00237269 blackness Christopher Hitchens was
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00973-00237269-00237460 offended by the notion of Clinton as the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00974-00237461-00237737 first black president noting mr. Clinton
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00975-00237738-00237971 according to Tony Morrison the Nobel
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00976-00237971-00238192 prize-winning novelist is our first
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00977-00238194-00238412 black president the first to come from
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00978-00238413-00238667 the broken home the alcoholic mother the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00979-00238667-00238846 under the bridge shadows of our ranking
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00980-00238848-00239162 systems thus we may have lost the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00981-00239163-00239425 mystical power to divine diable ism but
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00982-00239426-00239621 we can still divine blackness by the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00983-00239621-00239832 following symptoms broken homes
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00984-00239833-00240058 alcoholic mothers under the bridge
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00985-00240059-00240290 habits and presumable from the rest of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00986-00240291-00240523 Arthur Miller's senescent musings the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00987-00240524-00240751 tendency to sexual predation and too
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00988-00240752-00241048 shameless perjury about saying some
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00989-00241049-00241231 black activists were also offended
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00990-00241232-00241417 claiming that Clinton used his knowledge
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00991-00241419-00241664 of black culture to exploit black people
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00992-00241665-00241871 for political gain as no other President
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00993-00241871-00242032 had before while not serving black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00994-00242033-00242302 interests they cite the lack of action
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00995-00242303-00242485 during the Rwandan genocide and his
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00996-00242486-00242710 welfare reform which Larry Roberts said
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00997-00242711-00242912 had led to the worst child poverty since
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00998-00242913-00243239 the 1960s others cited that the number
+twQ4KjdpdfU-00999-00243240-00243448 of black people in jail increased during
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01000-00243449-00243625 his administration the question of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01001-00243626-00243829 blackness also arose in the Democrat
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01002-00243830-00244057 Barack Obama's 2008 presidential
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01003-00244058-00244357 campaign commentators have questioned
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01004-00244358-00244528 whether Obama who was elected the first
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01005-00244529-00244810 president with black ancestry is black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01006-00244811-00245074 enough contending that his background is
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01007-00245075-00245242 not typical because his mother was
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01008-00245244-00245417 white American and his father was a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01009-00245417-00245705 black Kenyan immigrant Obama chose to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01010-00245706-00245935 identify as black and African American
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01011-00245936-00246271 in July 2012 ancestry.com reported on
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01012-00246273-00246505 historic and DNA research by its staff
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01013-00246506-00246713 that discovered that Obama is likely a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01014-00246714-00246871 descendant through his mother of John
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01015-00246873-00247088 punch considered by some historians to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01016-00247089-00247255 be the first African slave in the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01017-00247256-00247555 Virginia Colony an indentured servant he
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01018-00247556-00247940 was bound for life in 1640 after trying
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01019-00247941-00248150 to escape the story of him and his
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01020-00248151-00248303 descendants as that of multiracial
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01021-00248304-00248528 America since it appeared he and his
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01022-00248529-00248726 sons married or had unions with white
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01023-00248727-00248932 women likely in ventured servants and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01024-00248933-00249128 working-class like them their
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01025-00249129-00249341 multiracial children were free because
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01026-00249342-00249500 they were born to free English women
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01027-00249501-00249650 over time
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01028-00249651-00249859 Obama's line of the Bunge family as they
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01029-00249860-00250064 became known were property owners and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01030-00250065-00250340 continued to marry white they became
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01031-00250341-00250541 part of white society likely by the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01032-00250542-00250953 early to mid 18th century
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01033-00250954-00251546 topic race-mixing in the united states
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01034-00251546-00251802 race-mixing in the united states took
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01035-00251803-00252030 place between free Colored People Native
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01036-00252031-00252269 Americans and European Americans in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01037-00252269-00252540 Virginia Negro former slaves who had
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01038-00252541-00252714 maintained their freedom married Native
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01039-00252715-00253090 American women
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01040-00253091-00253656 topic Latin America
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01041-00253657-00253885 approximately twelve million people were
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01042-00253886-00254008 shipped from Africa to the Americas
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01043-00254009-00254233 during the Atlantic slave trade from
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01044-00254234-00254719 1492 to 1888 of these 11.5 million of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01045-00254721-00254891 those shipped to South America and the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01046-00254892-00255142 Caribbean Brazil was the largest
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01047-00255144-00255365 importer in the Americas with 5.5
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01048-00255366-00255617 million African slaves imported followed
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01049-00255617-00255859 by the British Caribbean with 2.76
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01050-00255860-00256046 million the Spanish Caribbean and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01051-00256046-00256303 Spanish mainland with 1.5 9 million
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01052-00256304-00256510 Africans and the French Caribbean with
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01053-00256511-00256834 1.3 2 million today their descendants
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01054-00256835-00257101 number approximately 150 million in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01055-00257102-00257292 South America and the Caribbean in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01056-00257294-00257560 addition to skin color other physical
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01057-00257561-00257767 characteristics such as facial features
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01058-00257769-00257959 and hair texture are often variously
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01059-00257960-00258194 used in classifying peoples as black in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01060-00258194-00258469 South America and the Caribbean in South
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01061-00258471-00258709 America and the Caribbean classification
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01062-00258710-00258952 as black is also closely tied to social
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01063-00258953-00259123 status and socio-economic variables
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01064-00259124-00259348 especially in light of social
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01065-00259349-00259678 conceptions of blank' amento racial
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01066-00259679-00260142 whitening and related concept
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01067-00260142-00260625 topic Brazil
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01068-00260626-00260898 the concept of race in Brazil is complex
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01069-00260898-00261105 a Brazilian child was never
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01070-00261106-00261323 automatically identified with the racial
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01071-00261325-00261480 type of one or both of his or her
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01072-00261481-00261639 parents nor were there only two
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01073-00261640-00261900 categories to choose from between an
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01074-00261901-00262116 individual of unmixed West African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01075-00262117-00262278 descent and a very light mulatto
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01076-00262279-00262491 individual more than a dozen racial
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01077-00262492-00262683 categories were acknowledged based on
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01078-00262684-00262905 various combinations of hair color hair
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01079-00262906-00263211 texture eye color and skin color these
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01080-00263212-00263391 types grade into each other like the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01081-00263392-00263556 colors of the spectrum and no one
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01082-00263557-00263793 category stands significantly isolated
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01083-00263794-00264051 from the rest in Brazil people are
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01084-00264052-00264273 classified by appearance not heredity
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01085-00264274-00264480 scholars disagree over the effects of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01086-00264481-00264714 social status on racial classifications
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01087-00264715-00264972 in Brazil it is generally believed that
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01088-00264973-00265212 achieving upward mobility and education
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01089-00265213-00265437 results in individuals being classified
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01090-00265438-00265692 as a category of lighter-skinned the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01091-00265693-00265902 popular claim is that in Brazil poor
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01092-00265903-00266088 whites are considered black and wealthy
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01093-00266089-00266319 blacks are considered white some
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01094-00266320-00266589 scholars disagree arguing that widening
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01095-00266590-00266847 of one's social status may be open to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01096-00266848-00267066 people of mixed race a large part of the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01097-00267067-00267294 population known as Pardo but a person
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01098-00267295-00267489 perceived as pret Oh black will continue
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01099-00267490-00267696 to be classified as black regardless of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01100-00267697-00268077 wealth or social status
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01101-00268078-00268764 topic statistics from the years 1500 to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01102-00268765-00269121 1850 an estimated 3.5 million captives
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01103-00269122-00269319 were forcibly shipped from west central
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01104-00269320-00269622 Africa to Brazil the territory received
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01105-00269623-00269790 the highest number of slaves of any
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01106-00269791-00270051 country in the Americas scholars
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01107-00270052-00270213 estimate that more than half of the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01108-00270214-00270432 Brazilian population is at least in part
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01109-00270433-00270720 descended from these individuals Brazil
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01110-00270721-00270888 has the largest population of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01111-00270889-00271092 afro-descendants outside africa in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01112-00271093-00271338 contrast to the US during the slavery
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01113-00271339-00271542 period and after the Portuguese colonial
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01114-00271543-00271731 government in Brazil and the later
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01115-00271732-00271950 Brazilian government did not pass formal
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01116-00271951-00272154 anti-miscegenation or segregation laws
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01117-00272155-00272442 as in other Latin American countries
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01118-00272443-00272628 intermarriage was prevalent during the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01119-00272629-00272841 colonial period and continued afterward
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01120-00272842-00273141 in addition people of mixed-race Pardo
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01121-00273142-00273363 often tended to marry white spouses and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01122-00273364-00273528 their descendants became accepted as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01123-00273529-00273813 white as a result some of the European
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01124-00273814-00274020 descendant population also has West
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01125-00274021-00274311 African or Emer Indian blood according
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01126-00274312-00274530 to the last census of the 20th century
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01127-00274531-00274713 in which Brazilians could choose from
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01128-00274714-00274938 five color ethnic categories with which
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01129-00274939-00275214 they identified 54% of individuals
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01130-00275215-00275423 identified as white 6.2 percent
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01131-00275424-00275823 identified as black and 39.5% identified
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01132-00275824-00276099 as Pardo Brown a broad multiracial
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01133-00276100-00276348 category including tri-racial persons in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01134-00276349-00276606 the 19th century a philosophy of racial
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01135-00276607-00276816 whitening emerged in Brazil related to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01136-00276817-00276975 the assimilation of mixed-race people
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01137-00276976-00277140 into the white population through
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01138-00277141-00277374 intermarriage until recently the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01139-00277375-00277554 government did not keep data on race
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01140-00277555-00277851 however statisticians estimate that in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01141-00277852-00278199 1835 roughly 50% of the population was
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01142-00278200-00278241 pret o
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01143-00278242-00278487 black most were enslaved a further 20
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01144-00278488-00278736 percent was Pardo Brown and 25 percent
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01145-00278737-00279009 white with the remainder Amerindian some
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01146-00279010-00279342 classified as Pardo were tri racial by
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01147-00279343-00279597 the 2000 census demographic changes
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01148-00279598-00279825 including the end to slavery immigration
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01149-00279826-00280035 from Europe and Asia assimilation of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01150-00280036-00280257 multiracial persons and other factors
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01151-00280258-00280482 resulted in a population in which six
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01152-00280483-00280634 point two percent of the population
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01153-00280635-00281016 identified as black 40% as Pardo and 55%
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01154-00281017-00281313 as white essentially most of the black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01155-00281314-00281457 population was absorbed
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01156-00281458-00281649 into the multiracial category by
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01157-00281650-00282003 intermixing a 2007 genetic study found
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01158-00282004-00282225 that at least 29% of the middle-class
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01159-00282226-00282462 white Brazilian population had some
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01160-00282463-00282708 recent since 1822 in the end of the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01161-00282709-00283219 colonial period African ancestry
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01162-00283220-00283722 topic race relations in Brazil
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01163-00283723-00283896 because of the acceptance of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01164-00283897-00284103 miscegenation Brazil has avoided the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01165-00284104-00284334 binary polarization of society into
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01166-00284335-00284616 black and white in addition it abolished
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01167-00284617-00284856 slavery without a civil war the bitter
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01168-00284857-00285066 and sometimes violent racial tensions
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01169-00285067-00285246 that have divided the u.s. are notably
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01170-00285247-00285555 absent in Brazil according to the 2010
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01171-00285556-00285860 census 6.7 percent of Brazilians said
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01172-00285861-00286062 they were black compared with 6.2
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01173-00286063-00286407 percent in 2040 3.1 percent said they
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01174-00286408-00286707 were racially mixed up from 38.5%
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01175-00286708-00287088 in 2010 Elio Ferreira da Rojo Brazil's
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01176-00287089-00287325 Minister for racial equality attributed
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01177-00287326-00287523 the increases to growing pride among his
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01178-00287524-00287649 country's black and indigenous
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01179-00287650-00287885 communities the philosophy of the racial
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01180-00287886-00288081 democracy in Brazil has drawn some
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01181-00288082-00288314 criticism based on economic issues
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01182-00288315-00288584 Brazil has one of the largest gaps in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01183-00288585-00288837 income distribution in the world the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01184-00288838-00289107 richest 10% of the population earned 28
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01185-00289108-00289278 times the average income of the bottom
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01186-00289279-00289620 40 percent the richest 10% is almost
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01187-00289621-00289821 exclusively white or predominantly
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01188-00289822-00290097 European in ancestry one third of the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01189-00290098-00290298 population lives under the poverty line
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01190-00290299-00290469 with blacks and other people of color
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01191-00290470-00290907 accounting for 70% of the poor in 2015
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01192-00290908-00291123 United States African Americans
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01193-00291124-00291318 including multiracial people earn
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01194-00291319-00291513 seventy six point eight percent as much
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01195-00291514-00291822 as white people by contrast black and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01196-00291823-00291983 mixed-race Brazilians earned on average
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01197-00291984-00292416 58% as much as White's in 2014 some have
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01198-00292417-00292572 posited that the facts of lower
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01199-00292573-00292797 socioeconomic status for people of color
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01200-00292798-00293058 suggest that Brazil practices a kind of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01201-00293059-00293285 one-drop rule or discrimination against
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01202-00293286-00293481 people who are not visibly European in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01203-00293482-00293727 ancestry the gap in income between
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01204-00293728-00293913 blacks and other non-whites is
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01205-00293914-00294099 relatively small compared to the large
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01206-00294100-00294294 gap between whites and all people of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01207-00294295-00294567 color other social factors such as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01208-00294568-00294809 illiteracy and education levels show the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01209-00294810-00295014 same patterns of disadvantage for people
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01210-00295015-00295305 of color some commentators observed that
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01211-00295306-00295464 the United States practice of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01212-00295465-00295677 segregation and white supremacy in the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01213-00295678-00295878 south and discrimination in many areas
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01214-00295879-00296127 outside that region forced many African
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01215-00296128-00296292 Americans to unite in the civil rights
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01216-00296293-00296484 struggle whereas the fluid nature of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01217-00296485-00296709 race in Brazil has divided individuals
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01218-00296710-00296892 of African descent between those with
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01219-00296893-00297090 more or less ancestry and helped
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01220-00297091-00297243 Stane an image of the country as an
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01221-00297244-00297525 example of post-colonial harmony this
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01222-00297526-00297707 has hindered the development of a common
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01223-00297708-00297924 identity among black Brazilians though
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01224-00297925-00298133 brazilians of at least partial african
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01225-00298134-00298328 heritage make up a large percentage of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01226-00298329-00298494 the population few blacks have been
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01227-00298495-00298767 elected as politicians the city of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01228-00298768-00299001 Salvador Bahia for instance is 80
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01229-00299002-00299210 percent people of color but voters have
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01230-00299211-00299490 not elected a mayor of color journalists
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01231-00299491-00299681 like to say that US cities with black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01232-00299682-00299882 majorities such as Detroit and New
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01233-00299883-00300063 Orleans have not elected white mayors
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01234-00300064-00300249 since after the civil rights movement
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01235-00300250-00300495 when the Voting Rights Act of 1965
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01236-00300496-00300699 protected the franchise for minorities
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01237-00300700-00300881 and blacks in the South regained the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01238-00300882-00301052 power to vote for the first time since
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01239-00301053-00301355 the turn of the 20th century New Orleans
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01240-00301356-00301539 elected its first black mayor in the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01241-00301540-00301851 1970s New Orleans elected a white mayor
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01242-00301852-00302037 after the wide-scale disruption and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01243-00302038-00302345 damage of Hurricane Katrina in 2005
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01244-00302346-00302595 critics note that people of color have
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01245-00302596-00302847 limited media visibility the Brazilian
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01246-00302848-00303039 media has been accused of hiding or
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01247-00303040-00303192 overlooking the nation's black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01248-00303193-00303455 indigenous multiracial and East Asian
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01249-00303456-00303747 populations for example the telenovelas
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01250-00303748-00303963 or soaps are criticized for featuring
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01251-00303964-00304170 actors who resemble northern europeans
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01252-00304171-00304338 rather than actors of the more prevalent
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01253-00304339-00304515 southern european features and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01254-00304516-00304685 light-skinned mulatto and mestizo
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01255-00304686-00304943 appearance Pardo's may achieve white
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01256-00304944-00305166 status if they have attained the middle
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01257-00305167-00305376 class or higher social status these
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01258-00305377-00305558 patterns of discrimination against
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01259-00305559-00305766 non-whites have led some academic and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01260-00305767-00305976 other activists to advocate for use of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01261-00305977-00306176 the Portuguese term Negro to encompass
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01262-00306177-00306399 all African descended people in order to
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01263-00306400-00306672 stimulate a black consciousness and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01264-00306673-00306876 identity this proposal has been
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01265-00306877-00307074 criticized since the term Pardo is
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01266-00307075-00307259 considered to include a wide range of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01267-00307260-00307484 multiracial people such as cabacas
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01268-00307485-00307730 mestizos assimilated Amerindians and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01269-00307731-00307920 tri-racial 'he's not only people of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01270-00307921-00308138 partial African and European descent
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01271-00308139-00308421 trying to identify this entire group as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01272-00308422-00308718 black would be a false imposition of a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01273-00308719-00308889 different identity from outside the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01274-00308890-00309035 culture and denied people there are
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01275-00309036-00309243 other equally valid ancestries and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01276-00309244-00309522 cultures it seems a one drop rule in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01277-00309523-00309851 Reverse
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01278-00309852-00310383 topic Colombia
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01279-00310384-00310555 afro-colombians are the second-largest
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01280-00310556-00310793 African Diaspora population in Latin
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01281-00310794-00311349 America after afro-brazilians
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01282-00311350-00311821 topic Dominican Republic
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01283-00311822-00312067 the first afro dominican slaves were
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01284-00312068-00312238 shipped to the Dominican Republic by
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01285-00312239-00312412 Spanish conquistadors during the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01286-00312413-00312829 transatlantic slave trade
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01287-00312830-00313362 topic Mexico
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01288-00313363-00313591 200,000 slaves were shipped from West
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01289-00313592-00313768 Africa to Mexico by Spanish
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01290-00313769-00314058 conquistadors the history of these Afro
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01291-00314059-00314377 Mexicans was hidden until 2016 racism
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01292-00314378-00314577 against them in dark skin generally in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01293-00314578-00314781 Mexico and most of Latin America is
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01294-00314782-00315170 prevalent
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01295-00315171-00315460 topic Puerto Rico
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01296-00315461-00315615 you
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01297-00315616-00315888 Spanish conquistadors ship slaves from
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01298-00315889-00316176 West Africa to Puerto Rico afro Puerto
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01299-00316177-00316362 Ricans in part tres descent to this
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01300-00316363-00316784 colonization of the island
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01301-00316785-00317283 topic Venezuela
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01302-00317284-00317535 most black Venezuelans came directly
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01303-00317536-00317700 from Africa having been brought as
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01304-00317701-00317920 slaves during colonization others have
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01305-00317921-00318081 been descendants of immigrants from the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01306-00318082-00318343 Antilles in Colombia the blacks were
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01307-00318344-00318507 part of the independence movement and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01308-00318508-00318793 several managed to be heroes there is a
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01309-00318794-00318999 deep-rooted heritage of African culture
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01310-00319000-00319254 in Venezuelan culture as demonstrated in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01311-00319255-00319479 many traditional Venezuelan music and
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01312-00319480-00319698 dances such as the tambour a musical
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01313-00319699-00319884 genre inherited from the blacks of the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01314-00319885-00320085 colony or the ioan era music or the gate
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01315-00320086-00320277 azul yonder that both are a fusion of
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01316-00320278-00320430 all the three major peoples that
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01317-00320431-00320713 contribute to the cultural heritage also
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01318-00320714-00320898 the black inheritance is present in the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01319-00320899-00321204 gastronomy there are entire communities
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01320-00321205-00321426 of blacks in the barlavento zone as well
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01321-00321427-00321613 as part of the believe our state and in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01322-00321614-00321787 other small towns they also live
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01323-00321788-00321994 peaceably among the general population
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01324-00321995-00322233 in the rest of Venezuela currently
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01325-00322234-00322458 blacks represent a relative majority in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01326-00322459-00322663 the Venezuelan population although many
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01327-00322664-00323174 are actually mixed people
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01328-00323175-00323701 topic see also
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01329-00323702-00324154 African Diaspora afro phobia black
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01330-00324155-00324580 British black Canadians black Hispanic
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01331-00324581-00324910 and Latino Americans black Indians in
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01332-00324911-00325332 the United States black women cap would
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01333-00325333-00325690 curse of ham female slavery in the
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01334-00325691-00326079 United States lists of black people
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01335-00326080-00326660 mulatto Negrito negroid racism
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01336-00326661-00327080 scientific racism sub-saharan Africa
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01337-00327483-00327853 topic notes
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01338-00327854-00328019 you
+twQ4KjdpdfU-01339-00328020-00328226 you
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00001-00010585-00011283 [Music]
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00002-00011284-00011423 foreign
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00003-00011424-00011991 miss do you need a taxi
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00004-00011992-00012310 hello miss do you need a taxi
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00005-00012311-00013215 salam khanu or taxi lazamdari
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00006-00013216-00013679 do you have any luggage
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00007-00013680-00014083 do you have any luggage oh yeah
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00008-00014084-00014679 parabolic
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00009-00014680-00015230 just these two suitcases
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00010-00015231-00016294 just these two suitcases
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00011-00016295-00016791 i'll put them in the back for you
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00012-00016792-00016991 i'll put them in the back for you
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00013-00016992-00017775 minerva
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00014-00017776-00018230 where are you going
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00015-00018231-00019183 where are you going
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00016-00019184-00019655 which one are you going to
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00017-00019656-00020686 which one are you going to do
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00018-00020687-00021214 the one downtown
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00019-00021215-00022158 the one downtown
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00020-00022159-00022694 is this your first time in boston
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00021-00022695-00023775 is this your first time in boston
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00022-00023776-00024350 no i've been here many times
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00023-00024351-00025478 no i've been here many times
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00024-00025479-00026022 i come here for work all the time
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00025-00026023-00027095 i come here for work all the time
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00026-00027095-00027662 do you know how long it'll take
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00027-00027663-00028735 do you know how long it'll take me
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00028-00028736-00029199 it shouldn't take long
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00029-00029200-00030239 it shouldn't take long yeah
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00030-00030239-00030743 probably about 15 minutes
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00031-00030744-00031855 probably about 15 minutes
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00032-00031856-00032283 wow it looks like the traffic is really
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00033-00032283-00032495 bad
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00034-00032495-00032751 wow it looks like the traffic is really
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00035-00032752-00032862 bad
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00036-00032863-00033167 wow music terrification
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00037-00033168-00033918 really bad
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00038-00033919-00034423 there might be an accident up ahead
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00040-00041231-00041790 then stop at the next intersection
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00041-00041791-00042902 then stop at the next intersection
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00042-00042903-00043071 i'm gonna get out there and take the
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00043-00043072-00043487 subway
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00044-00043488-00043662 i'm going to get out there and take the
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00045-00043663-00044615 subway
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00046-00044616-00045071 are you hungry
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00047-00045072-00046023 are you hungry oh you're goroslate
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00048-00046024-00046574 we've been driving a long time
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00049-00046575-00047727 we've been driving a long time
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00050-00047728-00047911 i think we'd better find some place to
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00051-00047912-00048335 eat soon
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00052-00048336-00048527 i think we'd better find some place to
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00053-00048528-00049671 eat soon
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00054-00049672-00050167 no i'm okay
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00055-00050168-00051190 no i'm okay nah man okay
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00056-00051191-00051782 we're late so we'd better not stop
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00057-00051783-00052919 we're late so we'd better not stop
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00058-00052920-00053282 we've passed that same store three times
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00059-00053283-00053582 already
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00060-00053583-00053823 we've passed that same story three times
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00061-00053824-00054682 already
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00062-00054683-00054911 machine
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00063-00054912-00055415 i think we're lost
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00064-00055416-00056423 i think we're lost for economic goals
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00065-00056424-00057038 we should ask someone for directions
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00066-00057039-00058366 we should ask someone for directions
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00067-00058367-00058815 we're not lost
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00068-00058816-00059719 we're not lost
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00069-00059720-00060294 i've never gone this way before
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00070-00060295-00061471 i've never gone this way before
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00071-00061472-00062015 do you know where you're going
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00072-00062016-00063063 do you know where you're going
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00073-00063064-00063559 this road goes through town
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00074-00063560-00064615 this road goes through town
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00075-00064616-00065103 it's faster than the highway
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00076-00065104-00065882 it's faster than the highway as
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00077-00065883-00066159 ultimately
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00078-00066160-00066382 would you mind driving a little slower
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00079-00066383-00066815 please
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00080-00066816-00067038 would you mind driving a little slower
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00081-00067039-00068063 please
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00082-00068064-00068599 sure no problem
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00083-00068600-00069591 sure no problem
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00084-00069592-00070150 did you see that sign back there
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00085-00070151-00071231 did you see that sign back there
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00086-00071232-00071799 i think this is a one-way street
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00087-00071800-00072882 i think this is a one-way street
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00088-00072883-00074943 offering
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00089-00074944-00075431 no i didn't see that
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00090-00075432-00076415 no i didn't see that nah nadi
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00091-00076416-00076991 i'm gonna have to turn around
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00092-00076992-00077950 i'm gonna have to turn around
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00093-00077951-00078479 you can't turn around here
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00094-00078480-00079550 you can't turn around here
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00095-00079551-00080103 i think you should let me drive
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00096-00080104-00081262 i think you should let me drive
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00097-00081263-00081671 i think you're right
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00098-00081672-00082591 i think you're right
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00099-00082592-00083071 i'm getting tired
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00100-00083072-00083967 i'm getting tired
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00101-00083968-00084535 adam can you do me a favor
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00102-00084536-00084838 adam can you do me a favor adam
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00103-00084839-00085662 between yellow female malcony
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00104-00085663-00086182 i can't find my purse
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00105-00086183-00086455 i can't find my purse let me turn on
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00106-00086456-00087255 keep on playing the corner
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00107-00087256-00087726 can you help me
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00108-00087727-00088282 can you help me meet me come on come
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00109-00088283-00088662 connie
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00110-00088663-00089087 no problem
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00111-00089088-00089911 no problem muscalines
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00112-00089912-00090382 i'll help you look for it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00113-00090383-00091391 i'll help you look for it come on
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00114-00091392-00091823 what color is it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00115-00091824-00092694 what color is it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00116-00092695-00093159 it's black
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00117-00093160-00094047 it's black see
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00118-00094048-00094487 did you look in the kitchen
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00119-00094488-00095526 did you look in the kitchen rdd
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00120-00095527-00096087 yes i already looked there
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00121-00096088-00097199 yes i already looked there are the damn
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00122-00097200-00097662 i'll look in the living room
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00123-00097663-00098894 i'll look in the living room
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00124-00098895-00099382 did you find it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00125-00099383-00100367 did you find it or you're paid a scary
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00126-00100368-00100887 no it's not in there
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00127-00100888-00101982 no it's not in there
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00128-00101983-00102478 when was the last time you saw it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00129-00102479-00103551 when was the last time you saw it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00130-00103552-00103799 i had it when i went to the library this
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00131-00103800-00104206 morning
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00132-00104207-00104454 i had it when i went to the library this
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00133-00104455-00105083 morning
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00134-00105083-00105615 damaged
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00135-00105616-00105743 do you think you might have left it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00136-00105744-00106119 there
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00137-00106120-00106247 do you think you might have left it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00138-00106248-00108583 there fake mekong kennedy
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00139-00108583-00108831 i'll call the library and ask them if
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00140-00108832-00108886 anyone
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00141-00108888-00109310 found it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00142-00109311-00109566 i'll call the library and ask them if
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00143-00109567-00110683 anyone found it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00144-00110683-00110863 there
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00145-00110864-00111334 wait is this it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00146-00111335-00112343 wait is this it subcon happy new year
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00147-00112344-00112847 yes that's it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00148-00112848-00113823 yes that's it how many
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00149-00113824-00114271 that's my purse
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00150-00114272-00115271 that's my purse already
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00151-00115272-00115766 thanks for helping me find it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00152-00115767-00116283 thanks for helping me find it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00153-00116283-00116951 okay
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00154-00116952-00117543 excuse me will you take a picture of us
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00155-00117544-00120483 excuse me will you take a picture
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00156-00120483-00120790 be
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00157-00120791-00121375 this is a really nice camera
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00158-00121376-00122575 this is a really nice camera
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00159-00122576-00123031 my parents gave it to me
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00160-00123032-00124031 my parents gave it to me hello
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00161-00124032-00124543 how do you use it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00162-00124544-00125551 how do you use it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00163-00125552-00126047 you press this button here
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00164-00126048-00126319 you press this button here into camaro
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00165-00126320-00126375 in jaffa
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00166-00126376-00127119 already
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00167-00127120-00127654 come a little closer come a little
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00168-00127655-00128590 closer
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00169-00128591-00129086 wait that's too close
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00170-00129088-00129366 wait that's too close why is it really
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00171-00129367-00130102 not
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00172-00130103-00130599 move a little to the left
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00173-00130600-00130895 move a little to the left you can better
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00174-00130896-00131631 time to chop
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00175-00131632-00132183 okay stay right there
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00176-00132184-00132502 okay stay right there bless your hope
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00177-00132503-00133271 how much
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00178-00133272-00133711 do you mean here
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00179-00133712-00134687 do you mean here might returning jazz
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00180-00134688-00135214 yes that's good
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00181-00135215-00136151 yes that's good
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00182-00136152-00136743 oh i can't get it to work
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00183-00136744-00137047 oh i can't get it to work
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00184-00137048-00138087 oh never turn around figure
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00185-00138088-00138247 you need to hold down the button for
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00186-00138248-00138735 about three seconds
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00187-00138736-00138895 you need to hold down the button for
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00188-00138896-00140071 about three seconds
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00189-00140072-00140463 i got it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00190-00140464-00141366 i got it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00191-00141367-00141807 are you ready
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00192-00141808-00142883 are you ready omadine
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00193-00142884-00143111 smile
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00194-00143112-00143966 smile blah blah blah
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00195-00143967-00144399 what's going on
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00196-00144400-00145207 what's going on
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00197-00145208-00145831 i'm waiting in line to buy a dvd player
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00198-00145832-00146135 i'm waiting in line to buy a dvd player
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00199-00146136-00147078 montuis
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00200-00147079-00147551 the line is too long
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00201-00147552-00148511 the line is too long
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00202-00148512-00148999 why don't you come back tomorrow
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00203-00149000-00150063 why don't you come back tomorrow
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00204-00150064-00150519 i think you're right
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00205-00150520-00151478 i think you're right but
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00206-00151479-00151951 they're going to close soon
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00207-00151952-00153031 they're going to close soon
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00208-00153032-00153511 let's go get some coffee
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00209-00153512-00154639 let's go get some coffee
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00210-00154640-00155102 okay wait a minute
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00211-00155103-00156119 okay wait a minute
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00212-00156120-00156687 i have to get something out of my purse
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00213-00156688-00157895 i have to get something out of my purse
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00214-00157896-00158399 will you hold this for me
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00215-00158400-00159431 will you hold this for me nobody
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00216-00159432-00159878 what happened
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00217-00159879-00160735 what happened she sure
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00218-00160736-00161343 oops i dropped your calculator
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00219-00161344-00162495 oops i dropped your calculator
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00220-00162496-00162935 is it broken
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00221-00162936-00163863 is it broken
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00222-00163864-00164335 i'm not sure
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00223-00164336-00165247 i'm not sure
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00224-00165248-00165719 let me have a look
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00225-00165720-00166831 let me have a look at
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00226-00166832-00167399 no i don't think it's broken
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00227-00167400-00167702 no i don't think it's broken nah
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00228-00167703-00168502 fake neck when i'm shaking
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00229-00168503-00169038 the button came off though
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00230-00169039-00169483 the button came off though
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00231-00169484-00170126 there
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00232-00170127-00170590 i can fix it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00233-00170591-00171526 i can fix it on
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00234-00171527-00171983 sorry about that
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00235-00171984-00172895 sorry about that with a
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00236-00172896-00173351 don't worry about it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00237-00173352-00174207 don't worry about it
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00238-00174208-00174726 i do that all the time
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00239-00174727-00175083 i do that all the time
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00240-00175084-00175751 connor
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00241-00175752-00176038 if it is broken i have another one in my
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00242-00176039-00176463 car
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00243-00176464-00176751 if it is broken i have another one in my
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00244-00176752-00177883 car
+txBPgpeJ9eY-00246-00181891-00182191 foreign
+txRSu-uERbM-00000-00000000-00000227 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00001-00000228-00000551 programs were born this afternoon we're
+txRSu-uERbM-00002-00000552-00000844 just trying to save these Lambs it
+txRSu-uERbM-00003-00000846-00001066 wasn't looking good
+txRSu-uERbM-00004-00001067-00001331 you is very tiny the little Ram
+txRSu-uERbM-00005-00001332-00001691 continued to decline in the minuscule
+txRSu-uERbM-00006-00001692-00002351 amount of colostrum this was going to be
+txRSu-uERbM-00007-00002352-00002675 today's story is all about how even
+txRSu-uERbM-00008-00002676-00002926 though you may be as prepared as you
+txRSu-uERbM-00009-00002927-00003203 think you need to be sometimes life
+txRSu-uERbM-00010-00003204-00003477 throws you unexpected circumstances
+txRSu-uERbM-00011-00003478-00003935 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00012-00003936-00004295 the use over to the barn because lambing
+txRSu-uERbM-00013-00004296-00004595 was due to begin the next day we didn't
+txRSu-uERbM-00014-00004596-00004786 think that anyone would actually give
+txRSu-uERbM-00015-00004787-00005027 birth the next day there were no signs
+txRSu-uERbM-00016-00005028-00005495 apparent
+txRSu-uERbM-00017-00005496-00005718 we knew we needed to get them moved over
+txRSu-uERbM-00018-00005719-00006095 and the ram separated and get them all
+txRSu-uERbM-00019-00006096-00006307 prepared for lamps
+txRSu-uERbM-00020-00006308-00006814 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00021-00006815-00007241 thank you
+txRSu-uERbM-00022-00007242-00007450 foreign
+txRSu-uERbM-00023-00007451-00008339 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00024-00008340-00008627 we had noticed that some of the used
+txRSu-uERbM-00025-00008628-00008878 hair was falling out and we thought this
+txRSu-uERbM-00026-00008879-00009113 was just normal because hair sheep lose
+txRSu-uERbM-00027-00009114-00009292 their hair every year around this time
+txRSu-uERbM-00028-00009293-00009503 of the year but when we got a closer
+txRSu-uERbM-00029-00009504-00009778 look we realized that the hair loss
+txRSu-uERbM-00030-00009779-00010067 looked a little abnormal and so I was
+txRSu-uERbM-00031-00010068-00010235 going to call the vet the next morning
+txRSu-uERbM-00032-00010236-00010537 and get some advice on what we should do
+txRSu-uERbM-00033-00010538-00010801 I called the vet's office in the morning
+txRSu-uERbM-00034-00010802-00011201 and waited for their call back he called
+txRSu-uERbM-00035-00011202-00011423 me back that afternoon we determined
+txRSu-uERbM-00036-00011424-00011621 that the most likely reason for the hair
+txRSu-uERbM-00037-00011622-00011878 loss was lice and that I should treat
+txRSu-uERbM-00038-00011879-00012203 the use immediately before the Lambs
+txRSu-uERbM-00039-00012204-00012383 started to arrive
+txRSu-uERbM-00040-00012384-00012617 I headed out to the farm store to get
+txRSu-uERbM-00041-00012618-00012751 the necessary supplies
+txRSu-uERbM-00042-00012752-00013522 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00043-00013523-00013822 that one was missing I ran back to check
+txRSu-uERbM-00044-00013823-00014063 and see what I would find
+txRSu-uERbM-00045-00014063-00014477 first limbs of 2023
+txRSu-uERbM-00046-00014478-00014675 here they are hope
+txRSu-uERbM-00047-00014676-00014819 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00048-00014819-00015053 two little lambs
+txRSu-uERbM-00049-00015054-00015263 I don't know what we have yet we just
+txRSu-uERbM-00050-00015263-00015503 got them in The Jug hope here is our
+txRSu-uERbM-00051-00015504-00015694 flightiest you
+txRSu-uERbM-00052-00015695-00015988 so I need some backup before I can
+txRSu-uERbM-00053-00015990-00016283 handle her or the babies we need to
+txRSu-uERbM-00054-00016284-00016480 strip her milk
+txRSu-uERbM-00055-00016481-00016685 make sure she's got enough for these
+txRSu-uERbM-00056-00016686-00017069 babies my husband arrived shortly and we
+txRSu-uERbM-00057-00017070-00017303 quickly determined that the you did not
+txRSu-uERbM-00058-00017304-00017567 have any milk at all he handed me the
+txRSu-uERbM-00059-00017568-00017849 Lambs and the little U lamb was just
+txRSu-uERbM-00060-00017850-00018094 about unconscious I felt their mouths
+txRSu-uERbM-00061-00018095-00018371 they were ice cold and I took them
+txRSu-uERbM-00062-00018372-00018636 immediately into the house to warm them
+txRSu-uERbM-00063-00018637-00018917 I hoped we could save them but I wasn't
+txRSu-uERbM-00064-00018918-00019085 optimistic
+txRSu-uERbM-00065-00019086-00019289 there's a big difference between mostly
+txRSu-uERbM-00066-00019290-00019517 dead and all that
+txRSu-uERbM-00067-00019518-00019744 I put the Lambs into warm water in the
+txRSu-uERbM-00068-00019745-00019943 bathtub and I got to work setting up a
+txRSu-uERbM-00069-00019944-00020363 warming box
+txRSu-uERbM-00070-00020364-00020603 the Lambs had gone hypothermic due to
+txRSu-uERbM-00071-00020604-00020771 not being able to get any milk from
+txRSu-uERbM-00072-00020772-00021029 their mom
+txRSu-uERbM-00073-00021030-00021349 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00074-00021350-00021661 I had to get their temperatures up over
+txRSu-uERbM-00075-00021662-00021964 98.6 and try to get some colostrum in
+txRSu-uERbM-00076-00021965-00022186 their bellies ASAP in order to save
+txRSu-uERbM-00077-00022187-00023140 these Lambs it wasn't looking good
+txRSu-uERbM-00078-00023141-00023458 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00079-00023459-00023803 tiny and
+txRSu-uERbM-00080-00023804-00024000 she
+txRSu-uERbM-00081-00024001-00024335 was just pretty much lethargic from the
+txRSu-uERbM-00082-00024336-00024653 moment I put her in the lambing jug
+txRSu-uERbM-00083-00024654-00025471 oh
+txRSu-uERbM-00084-00025472-00025858 so I brought them in I put them in a
+txRSu-uERbM-00085-00025860-00026140 bathtub of warm water trying to get
+txRSu-uERbM-00086-00026141-00026574 their temperature up a used milk was
+txRSu-uERbM-00087-00026575-00027029 cold no sucking reflex the Ram's mouth
+txRSu-uERbM-00088-00027030-00027358 was not quite as cold but still colder
+txRSu-uERbM-00089-00027360-00027670 than you wanted and he still had a
+txRSu-uERbM-00090-00027672-00027983 little bit of sucking reflex but well I
+txRSu-uERbM-00091-00027983-00028318 worked on warming the U he continued to
+txRSu-uERbM-00092-00028319-00028601 get colder
+txRSu-uERbM-00093-00028602-00029039 I did not have colostrum on hand and
+txRSu-uERbM-00094-00029039-00029405 while my helper was rounding that up a
+txRSu-uERbM-00095-00029406-00029777 little Ram continued to decline
+txRSu-uERbM-00096-00029777-00029970 so we got them
+txRSu-uERbM-00097-00029972-00030401 warmed they are temping out at
+txRSu-uERbM-00098-00030402-00030755 99.8
+txRSu-uERbM-00099-00030756-00031014 I've gotten a minuscule amount of
+txRSu-uERbM-00100-00031016-00031367 colostrum in them
+txRSu-uERbM-00101-00031368-00031662 maybe a half an ounce
+txRSu-uERbM-00102-00031663-00032045 I'd like to see quite a bit more so
+txRSu-uERbM-00103-00032045-00032279 we're going to keep working on that
+txRSu-uERbM-00104-00032280-00033149 keep warming them see what happens
+txRSu-uERbM-00105-00033150-00033485 so a recap of what happened the Lambs
+txRSu-uERbM-00106-00033486-00033712 were born this afternoon
+txRSu-uERbM-00107-00033713-00034001 I'm not exactly sure what time I found
+txRSu-uERbM-00108-00034002-00034349 them about three hours ago
+txRSu-uERbM-00109-00034350-00034768 the little Ram lamb here he has warmed
+txRSu-uERbM-00110-00034769-00035212 up and has drank about 300 mils of
+txRSu-uERbM-00111-00035213-00035467 colostrum
+txRSu-uERbM-00112-00035468-00035789 he's been the more vigorous lamb the
+txRSu-uERbM-00113-00035790-00035989 whole time and
+txRSu-uERbM-00114-00035990-00036407 this little U lamb she's
+txRSu-uERbM-00115-00036408-00036796 not doing as hot but I have them both
+txRSu-uERbM-00116-00036797-00037012 warmed up to Tim
+txRSu-uERbM-00117-00037013-00037307 and we're just trying
+txRSu-uERbM-00118-00037308-00037729 to get her to drink
+txRSu-uERbM-00119-00037730-00038243 there she goes good lamb
+txRSu-uERbM-00120-00038244-00038783 good lamb
+txRSu-uERbM-00121-00038784-00039389 goodness sweetie
+txRSu-uERbM-00122-00039390-00039562 okay
+txRSu-uERbM-00123-00039563-00039821 well that was
+txRSu-uERbM-00124-00039822-00040255 about 50 mils you're cold
+txRSu-uERbM-00125-00040256-00040589 she was shivering so I put her back in
+txRSu-uERbM-00126-00040590-00040780 the warming box
+txRSu-uERbM-00127-00040781-00040990 she's had
+txRSu-uERbM-00128-00040991-00041411 maybe about 100 150 mils so I'm hoping
+txRSu-uERbM-00129-00041412-00041687 that's enough to keep her going
+txRSu-uERbM-00130-00041688-00041795 um
+txRSu-uERbM-00131-00041796-00042077 my little brother here is
+txRSu-uERbM-00132-00042078-00042311 doing a lot better
+txRSu-uERbM-00133-00042312-00042562 but he's still kind of sleepy but he's
+txRSu-uERbM-00134-00042563-00042977 been up and active
+txRSu-uERbM-00135-00042978-00043252 so I don't think we're out of the woods
+txRSu-uERbM-00136-00043253-00043571 but I do think that
+txRSu-uERbM-00137-00043572-00043871 he has a chance at making it
+txRSu-uERbM-00138-00043872-00044117 and I do want to take this opportunity
+txRSu-uERbM-00139-00044118-00044357 to
+txRSu-uERbM-00140-00044358-00044705 thank you Sandy Brock I know that you're
+txRSu-uERbM-00141-00044706-00045052 not gonna watch this video
+txRSu-uERbM-00142-00045053-00045107 um
+txRSu-uERbM-00143-00045108-00045377 but if it weren't for you
+txRSu-uERbM-00144-00045378-00045730 I would not have known how to save these
+txRSu-uERbM-00145-00045731-00045952 Lambs how to warm them up
+txRSu-uERbM-00146-00045953-00046108 and
+txRSu-uERbM-00147-00046109-00046427 get them over their hypothermic episode
+txRSu-uERbM-00148-00046428-00046871 and and give them a chance at life so
+txRSu-uERbM-00149-00046872-00047243 um thank you thank you very much for
+txRSu-uERbM-00150-00047244-00047530 everything that you share with us on
+txRSu-uERbM-00151-00047531-00047711 your YouTube channel
+txRSu-uERbM-00152-00047712-00047908 it
+txRSu-uERbM-00153-00047909-00048155 It's Made A Difference so far
+txRSu-uERbM-00154-00048156-00048533 last year we lost two beautiful Ram
+txRSu-uERbM-00155-00048534-00048965 lambs and we didn't know why and now I
+txRSu-uERbM-00156-00048966-00049402 know why that you doesn't
+txRSu-uERbM-00157-00049403-00049655 have a milk supply and we didn't know
+txRSu-uERbM-00158-00049656-00050008 that so now we do
+txRSu-uERbM-00159-00050009-00050224 then hopefully we'll be able to save
+txRSu-uERbM-00160-00050225-00050768 both of these Lambs this year
+txRSu-uERbM-00161-00050769-00050951 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00162-00050952-00051812 foreign
+txRSu-uERbM-00163-00051813-00052385 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00164-00052386-00052954 much better than what it was earlier
+txRSu-uERbM-00165-00052955-00053182 happy to see that
+txRSu-uERbM-00166-00053183-00054257 that is a good sight that your heads up
+txRSu-uERbM-00167-00054258-00054719 how are you doing
+txRSu-uERbM-00168-00054720-00055189 you look a little shivery
+txRSu-uERbM-00169-00055190-00055530 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00170-00055532-00055857 we're babies
+txRSu-uERbM-00171-00055858-00056532 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00172-00056533-00056913 thank you
+txRSu-uERbM-00173-00056914-00057730 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00174-00057732-00058341 foreign
+txRSu-uERbM-00175-00058341-00061285 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00176-00061286-00062030 thank you
+txRSu-uERbM-00177-00062032-00062879 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00178-00062879-00063671 just put the bees back in with them on
+txRSu-uERbM-00179-00063672-00064738 trying the nurse
+txRSu-uERbM-00180-00064739-00064973 I consulted with the vet about the use
+txRSu-uERbM-00181-00064974-00065279 lack of milk he suspects that she had
+txRSu-uERbM-00182-00065279-00065506 probably had a low-grade mastitis
+txRSu-uERbM-00183-00065507-00065861 infection in the past and it damaged her
+txRSu-uERbM-00184-00065862-00066143 bag but it was just below detectable
+txRSu-uERbM-00185-00066144-00066341 levels so we didn't really notice that
+txRSu-uERbM-00186-00066342-00068003 anything was wrong
+txRSu-uERbM-00187-00068004-00068297 this you had lost her twins last year
+txRSu-uERbM-00188-00068298-00068567 and because she is so difficult to
+txRSu-uERbM-00189-00068568-00068885 handle we did not check her milk supply
+txRSu-uERbM-00190-00068886-00069203 she had a huge utter the twins looked
+txRSu-uERbM-00191-00069204-00069425 like they were nursing off of her but in
+txRSu-uERbM-00192-00069426-00069647 hindsight now we know that most likely
+txRSu-uERbM-00193-00069648-00069876 they weren't getting what they needed
+txRSu-uERbM-00194-00069877-00070517 and we should have checked her for milk
+txRSu-uERbM-00195-00070518-00070756 but the fact that these twins were still
+txRSu-uERbM-00196-00070757-00070949 alive meant we were learning lessons
+txRSu-uERbM-00197-00070950-00072053 from last year
+txRSu-uERbM-00198-00072054-00073206 foreign
+txRSu-uERbM-00199-00073207-00073493 we would bottle feed the Lambs in
+txRSu-uERbM-00200-00073494-00073744 addition to leaving them with the U so
+txRSu-uERbM-00201-00073745-00073913 that they could get what they could off
+txRSu-uERbM-00202-00073914-00074297 of her and be socialized as a sheep this
+txRSu-uERbM-00203-00074298-00074561 was going to be part of our lives every
+txRSu-uERbM-00204-00074562-00075130 few hours for the next several weeks
+txRSu-uERbM-00205-00075131-00075643 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00206-00075644-00075947 thank you
+txRSu-uERbM-00207-00075948-00076325 not bad we started with 12. ended with
+txRSu-uERbM-00208-00076326-00076671 three
+txRSu-uERbM-00209-00076672-00078184 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00210-00078185-00079126 [Applause]
+txRSu-uERbM-00211-00079127-00079899 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00212-00079900-00079965 [Applause]
+txRSu-uERbM-00213-00079966-00080703 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00214-00080704-00081510 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00215-00081511-00082192 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00216-00082193-00082543 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00217-00082544-00082888 thank you
+txRSu-uERbM-00218-00082889-00083959 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00219-00083960-00084151 thank you
+txRSu-uERbM-00220-00084152-00084871 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00221-00084872-00085306 okay I'm waiting all the Lambs since I
+txRSu-uERbM-00222-00085307-00085571 got the scale out to see how the babies
+txRSu-uERbM-00223-00085572-00085782 are doing and so far
+txRSu-uERbM-00224-00085783-00086225 Taco the first Ram in Chicago is 14
+txRSu-uERbM-00225-00086226-00086615 pounds his sister is 10. they started at
+txRSu-uERbM-00226-00086616-00086909 seven pounds 11 ounces and five pounds
+txRSu-uERbM-00227-00086910-00087112 three ounces they're two weeks old to
+txRSu-uERbM-00228-00087113-00087784 stay
+txRSu-uERbM-00229-00087785-00088554 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00230-00088555-00089059 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00231-00089060-00089675 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00232-00089676-00090616 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00233-00090617-00092029 [Music]
+txRSu-uERbM-00234-00092030-00092361 thank you
+txRSu-uERbM-00235-00092362-00092657 [Music]
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00000-00000038-00000241 Ronald Reagan Washington National
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00001-00000242-00000844 Airport IATA DCA ICAO KD CA FAA Lin DCA
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00002-00000846-00001079 is an airport in arlington virginia that
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00003-00001080-00001291 acts as the primary airport serving
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00004-00001292-00001544 washington DC it has the nearest
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00005-00001545-00001732 commercial airport to the capitol and
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00006-00001734-00001834 serves the baltimore-washington
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00007-00001835-00002176 metropolitan area for decades it was
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00008-00002177-00002330 called Washington National Airport
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00009-00002331-00002537 before being renamed to honor President
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00010-00002538-00002908 Ronald Reagan in 1998 the Metropolitan
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00011-00002909-00003071 Washington Airports Authority
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00012-00003072-00003350 MWAA operates the airport with close
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00013-00003351-00003545 oversight by the federal government due
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00014-00003546-00003765 to its proximity to the national capital
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00015-00003767-00004025 it is located in the neighborhood of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00016-00004026-00004231 Crystal City in the county of Arlington
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00017-00004232-00004295 Virginia
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00018-00004296-00004508 five miles ten kilometers south of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00019-00004509-00004915 downtown Washington it covers 861 acres
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00020-00004916-00005243 348 hectares of land Reagan National as
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00021-00005244-00005431 a fortress hub for American Airlines
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00022-00005432-00005620 which operates near hourly air shuttle
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00023-00005621-00005834 flights to Logan International Airport
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00024-00005835-00006050 in Boston and New York LaGuardia Airport
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00025-00006051-00006334 Delta also operates near hourly air
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00026-00006335-00006484 shuttle flights to New York LaGuardia
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00027-00006486-00006739 Airport which are all operated by Delta
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00028-00006740-00006956 shuttle in the twelve months ending
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00029-00006956-00007389 March 2015 the airport served 21 million
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00030-00007390-00007795 195,000 775 passengers other than 40
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00031-00007797-00008006 slot exemptions flights into and out of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00032-00008006-00008269 the airport are not allowed to exceed
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00033-00008270-00008760 1215 nautical miles 2,000 320 kilometers
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00034-00008761-00009064 1440 miles in any direction non-stop in
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00035-00009065-00009251 an effort to send coast-to-coast and
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00036-00009252-00009455 overseas traffic to the larger but more
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00037-00009456-00009610 distant Washington Dulles International
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00038-00009611-00009980 Airport Reagan National has United
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00039-00009981-00010108 States Immigration and Customs
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00040-00010109-00010373 facilities only for business jet traffic
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00041-00010374-00010577 the only scheduled international flights
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00042-00010578-00010751 allowed to land at the airport are those
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00043-00010752-00010949 from airports with US Customs and Border
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00044-00010950-00011239 Protection preclearance facilities other
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00045-00011240-00011480 international passenger flights must use
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00046-00011481-00011666 Washington Dulles International Airport
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00047-00011667-00011848 or Baltimore Washington International
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00048-00011849-00012453 Airport
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00049-00012454-00012955 topic history
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00050-00012956-00013195 the first airport in the Washington area
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00051-00013196-00013403 with a major terminal was Arlington's
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00052-00013404-00013600 Hoover Field which opened its doors in
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00053-00013601-00013945 1926 located near the present site of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00054-00013946-00014150 the Pentagon the facility's single
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00055-00014151-00014347 runway was crossed by a street guards
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00056-00014348-00014530 had to stop automobile traffic during
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00057-00014531-00014819 takeoffs and landings the following year
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00058-00014819-00015022 Washington Airport another privately
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00059-00015023-00015256 operated field began service next door
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00060-00015257-00015572 in 1930 the depression caused the two
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00061-00015572-00015766 terminals to merge to form Washington
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00062-00015768-00016030 Hoover Airport bordered on the east by
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00063-00016031-00016247 US Route 1 with its accompanying high
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00064-00016247-00016478 tension electrical wires and obstructed
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00065-00016479-00016691 by a high smoke stack on one approach in
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00066-00016692-00016922 a dump nearby the field was inadequate
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00067-00016923-00017089 although the need for a better airport
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00068-00017090-00017317 was acknowledged in 37 studies conducted
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00069-00017318-00017644 between 1926 and 1938 there was a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00070-00017645-00017858 statutory prohibition against federal
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00071-00017859-00018133 development of airports when Congress
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00072-00018134-00018412 lifted the prohibition in 1938 President
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00073-00018413-00018614 Franklin D Roosevelt made a recess
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00074-00018615-00018859 appropriation of 15 million dollars to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00075-00018860-00019052 build National Airport by reallocating
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00076-00019053-00019361 funds from other purposes construction
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00077-00019362-00019596 of Washington National Airport began in
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00078-00019597-00019942 1940-41 by a company led by John McCain
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00079-00019943-00020174 Congress challenged the legality of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00080-00020175-00020393 FDR's recess appropriation but
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00081-00020394-00020509 construction of the new airport
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00082-00020510-00020750 continued the airport is southwest of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00083-00020751-00021043 Washington DC the western part of the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00084-00021044-00021262 airport was once within a large Virginia
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00085-00021263-00021455 plantation a remnant of which is now
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00086-00021456-00021686 inside a historic site located near the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00087-00021687-00021928 airport's metro rail station C Abington
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00088-00021929-00022231 Plantation for history the eastern part
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00089-00022232-00022411 of the airport was constructed in the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00090-00022412-00022594 District of Columbia on and near mud
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00091-00022595-00022756 flats that were within the tidal Potomac
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00092-00022757-00022993 River near gravelly point about four
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00093-00022994-00023275 statute miles 6.4 kilometers from the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00094-00023276-00023492 United States Capitol using landfill
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00095-00023493-00023771 dredged from the Potomac River the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00096-00023772-00024092 airport opened June 16 to 1941 just
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00097-00024093-00024358 before US involvement into world war ii
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00098-00024359-00024625 public were entertained by displays of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00099-00024626-00024836 wartime equipment including a captured
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00100-00024837-00025096 Japanese 0 war prize flown in with u.s.
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00101-00025097-00025483 Navy colors in 1945 Congress passed a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00102-00025484-00025661 law that established the airport was
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00103-00025662-00025850 legally within Virginia mainly for
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00104-00025851-00026077 liquor sales taxation purposes but under
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00105-00026078-00026189 the jurisdiction of the federal
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00106-00026189-00026318 government
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00107-00026319-00026567 on July 1st of that year the airport's
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00108-00026568-00026717 weather station became the official
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00109-00026718-00026936 point for the weather observations and
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00110-00026937-00027095 records by the National Weather Service
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00111-00027095-00027377 which is located in Washington DC the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00112-00027377-00027702 April 1957 official airline guide shows
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00113-00027704-00028124 316 weekday departures 95 Eastern + 6 a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00114-00028125-00028502 week - from South America 77 American 61
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00115-00028502-00028961 Capitol 23 national 17 TWA 10 United 10
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00116-00028962-00029318 Delta 6 Allegheny 6 Braniff 5 Piedmont 3
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00117-00029319-00029612 northeast and 3 Northwest jet flights
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00118-00029613-00030107 began in April 1966 727-200 s were not
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00119-00030108-00030560 allowed until 1970 by 1974 the airport's
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00120-00030561-00030739 key carriers were Eastern 20
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00121-00030741-00031013 destinations United 14 destinations
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00122-00031014-00031286 after subsuming capital and Allegheny 11
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00123-00031287-00031523 destinations the grooving of runway 18
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00124-00031524-00031892 to 36 in March 1967 was a first for a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00125-00031893-00032072 civil Airport in the United States
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00126-00032073-00032300 service to the airport's metro station
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00127-00032301-00032600 began in 1977 the Washington National
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00128-00032601-00032795 Airport terminal and south hanger line
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00129-00032796-00032981 were listed on the National Register of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00130-00032982-00033681 Historic Places in 1997
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00131-00033682-00034283 topic expansion and restrictions
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00132-00034284-00034511 the runway layout has changed little
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00133-00034512-00034765 since the 1956 closure of the fourth
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00134-00034766-00035048 east-west runway the terminal building
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00135-00035049-00035207 was supplemented by the North Terminal
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00136-00035208-00035623 in 1958 the two were connected in 1961 a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00137-00035624-00035903 united airlines hold room complex was
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00138-00035904-00036158 built in 1965 and a facility for
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00139-00036159-00036458 American Airlines was completed in 1968
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00140-00036459-00036737 a commuter terminal was constructed in
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00141-00036738-00037196 1970 runways 1836 and 321st were
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00142-00037197-00037460 remembered as 119th and for 20 seconds
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00143-00037461-00037829 respectively in 1999 the renumber --is
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00144-00037830-00038015 due to a shift in the Earth's magnetic
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00145-00038016-00038369 field in March 2012 the main 119th
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00146-00038370-00038603 runway was lengthened 300 feet to add
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00147-00038604-00038846 FAA compliant runway safety areas
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00148-00038847-00038984 despite the expansions
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00149-00038985-00039146 efforts have been made to restrict the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00150-00039147-00039412 growth of the airport the advent of jet
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00151-00039413-00039626 aircraft as well as traffic growth led
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00152-00039627-00039809 Congress to pass the Washington Airport
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00153-00039810-00040070 Act of 1950 which resulted in the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00154-00040071-00040205 opening of Washington Dulles
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00155-00040206-00040589 International Airport in 1962 to reduce
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00156-00040590-00040763 congestion and drive traffic to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00157-00040764-00041009 alternative airports the FAA imposed
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00158-00041010-00041227 landing slot and perimeter restrictions
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00159-00041228-00041444 on national and for other high-density
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00160-00041445-00041765 airports in 1969 originally the airport
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00161-00041766-00042209 had no perimeter rule from 1954 to 1968
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00162-00042210-00042419 lines operated non-stop flights to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00163-00042420-00042670 California on piston engine airliners
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00164-00042671-00042926 scheduled jet airliners were not allowed
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00165-00042927-00043205 until April 1966 and concerns about
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00166-00043206-00043396 aviation noise led to noise restrictions
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00167-00043397-00043771 even before jet service began in 1966
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00168-00043772-00044042 the perimeter rule first went into
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00169-00044043-00044354 effect in January 1966 as a voluntary
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00170-00044355-00044561 agreement by air carriers in order to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00171-00044562-00044756 get permission to use short haul jets at
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00172-00044757-00045002 national the purpose was to assure that
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00173-00045003-00045200 Dulles continued to serve the long-haul
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00174-00045201-00045415 domestic and international markets and
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00175-00045416-00045608 to limit traffic and noise at national
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00176-00045609-00045902 the FAA assumed that ground-level noise
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00177-00045903-00046085 would be reduced because planes would
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00178-00046086-00046280 take off light on fuel and therefore be
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00179-00046281-00046517 up and away quickly the agreement
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00180-00046518-00046685 limited flights to those that were no
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00181-00046686-00047051 longer than 650 statute miles 1,050
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00182-00047052-00047237 kilometers with seven grandfathered
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00183-00047238-00047504 exceptions the spirit of the voluntary
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00184-00047505-00047657 agreement was regularly
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00185-00047658-00047855 I elated as flights left national to an
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00186-00047856-00048023 airport within the perimeter and then
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00187-00048024-00048179 immediately took off again for a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00188-00048180-00048442 destination beyond it within a year
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00189-00048443-00048602 there was a proposal to reduce the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00190-00048603-00048842 perimeter to 500 miles but it was widely
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00191-00048843-00049057 opposed and never implemented
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00192-00049058-00049267 overcrowding that national was later
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00193-00049268-00049564 managed by the 1969 high-density rule
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00194-00049565-00049720 thereby removing one of the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00195-00049721-00049867 justifications for the perimeter
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00196-00049868-00050164 agreement throughout the 1960s and 1970s
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00197-00050165-00050408 several attempts were made to codify the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00198-00050409-00050605 perimeter rule but it was not until
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00199-00050606-00050792 Dulles was endangered that it actually
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00200-00050793-00051143 become a strict rule in 1970 the FAA
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00201-00051144-00051340 lifted the ban at national on the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00202-00051341-00051592 stretch version of the Boeing 727 which
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00203-00051594-00051812 resulted in a lawsuit by Virginia's four
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00204-00051813-00052004 Dulles who argued that the airport's jet
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00205-00052004-00052246 traffic was a nuisance that suit
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00206-00052247-00052444 resulted in a Court of Appeals ordered
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00207-00052445-00052598 to create an environmental impact
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00208-00052599-00052891 statement ice in addition the court
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00209-00052892-00053084 order there were economic problems at
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00210-00053085-00053363 Dulles following the extension of metro
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00211-00053364-00053648 rail to national in 1977 an airline
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00212-00053649-00053956 deregulation in 1978 traffic at Dulles
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00213-00053957-00054130 began to plummet while it increased at
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00214-00054132-00054391 national as part of a slate of efforts
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00215-00054392-00054587 to protect Dulles including removing
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00216-00054588-00054766 landing fees and mobile lounge user
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00217-00054767-00055042 charges the faa proposed regulations as
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00218-00055044-00055223 part of the ice to limit traffic at
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00219-00055224-00055426 national and maintain Dulles role as the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00220-00055427-00055606 area's Airport serving long-haul
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00221-00055607-00055981 destinations in 1980 the FAA proposed
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00222-00055982-00056198 codifying the perimeter rule as part of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00223-00056199-00056462 a larger rulemaking effort when the rule
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00224-00056463-00056663 was announced airlines reacted by
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00225-00056664-00056849 challenging it in court and in some
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00226-00056850-00057053 cases scheduling flights beyond the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00227-00057054-00057272 perimeter to Dallas in Houston thereby
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00228-00057273-00057524 breaking the voluntary agreement to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00229-00057525-00057713 prevent this the Metropolitan Washington
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00230-00057714-00058037 Airports policy of 1981 codified the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00231-00058038-00058276 perimeter rule on an interim basis to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00232-00058277-00058499 maintain the long-haul nonstop service
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00233-00058500-00058796 at Dulles and BWI which otherwise would
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00234-00058797-00059029 preempt shorter haul service at national
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00235-00059030-00059321 at the same time the perimeter was
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00236-00059322-00059551 extended to 1,000 miles to remove the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00237-00059552-00059767 unfairness of having seven grandfathered
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00238-00059769-00060059 cities the perimeter rule was upheld by
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00239-00060060-00060488 the Court of Appeals in 1982 in 1986 as
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00240-00060489-00060647 part of the Metropolitan Washington
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00241-00060648-00060880 Airports Act which handed control of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00242-00060881-00061040 national over to the Metro
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00243-00061041-00061247 in Washington Airports Authority the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00244-00061248-00061604 perimeter was extended to 1,250 miles to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00245-00061604-00061825 enable direct flights to Houston slots
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00246-00061826-00061987 at the airport have been traded in
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00247-00061988-00062344 several instances in 2011 US Airways
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00248-00062345-00062540 acquired a number of Delta's slots at
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00249-00062541-00062759 national in exchange for Delta receiving
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00250-00062760-00062938 a number of US Airways slots at
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00251-00062939-00063122 LaGuardia Airport in New York
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00252-00063123-00063398 JetBlue paid forty million dollars to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00253-00063399-00063590 acquire eight slot pairs at auction
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00254-00063591-00063826 during the same year JetBlue and
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00255-00063827-00064141 Southwest acquired 12 and 27 US Airways
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00256-00064142-00064456 slot pairs respectively in 2014 as part
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00257-00064457-00064651 of a government mandated divestiture
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00258-00064652-00064831 following the merger of US Airways and
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00259-00064832-00065377 American
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00260-00065378-00066017 topic transfer of control and renaming
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00261-00066018-00066322 in 1984 the Secretary of Transportation
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00262-00066323-00066578 Elizabeth Dole appointed a commission to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00263-00066579-00066776 study transferring national and Dulles
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00264-00066777-00066917 airports from the Federal Aviation
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00265-00066918-00067220 Administration FAA to a local entity
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00266-00067221-00067397 which could use airport revenues to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00267-00067398-00067637 finance improvements the Commission
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00268-00067638-00067874 recommended that one multi state agency
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00269-00067875-00068111 administered Ellison national over the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00270-00068112-00068270 alternative of having Virginia
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00271-00068271-00068432 controlled Dulles in the District of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00272-00068433-00068771 Columbia control national in 1987
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00273-00068772-00068993 Congress through legislation transferred
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00274-00068994-00069191 control of the airport from the FAA to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00275-00069192-00069389 the new Metropolitan Washington Airports
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00276-00069390-00069620 Authority with the authority's decisions
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00277-00069621-00069800 being subject to a congressional review
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00278-00069801-00070067 panel the constitutionality of the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00279-00070068-00070274 review panel was later challenged in the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00280-00070275-00070442 Supreme Court and the court has twice
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00281-00070443-00070597 declared the oversight panel
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00282-00070598-00070844 unconstitutional even after this
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00283-00070845-00071087 decision however Congress has continued
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00284-00071088-00071243 to intervene in the management of the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00285-00071244-00071540 airports On February 6 1998 President
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00286-00071541-00071798 Bill Clinton signed legislation changing
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00287-00071799-00071966 the airport's name from Washington
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00288-00071967-00072119 National Airport to Ronald Reagan
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00289-00072120-00072356 Washington National Airport to honor the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00290-00072357-00072574 former president on his 87th birthday
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00291-00072575-00072878 the legislation passed by Congress in
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00292-00072879-00073139 1998 was drafted against the wishes of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00293-00073140-00073427 MWAA officials and political leaders in
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00294-00073428-00073616 Northern Virginia and Washington DC
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00295-00073617-00073832 opponents of the renaming argued that a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00296-00073833-00074015 large federal office building had
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00297-00074016-00074210 already been named for Reagan the Ronald
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00298-00074211-00074399 Reagan Building an International Trade
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00299-00074400-00074585 Center and that the airport was already
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00300-00074586-00074777 named for a United States President
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00301-00074778-00075032 George Washington the bill expressly
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00302-00075033-00075215 stated that it did not require the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00303-00075216-00075419 expenditure of any funds to accomplish
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00304-00075420-00075650 the name change however state regional
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00305-00075651-00075812 and federal authorities were later
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00306-00075813-00076004 required to change highway and transit
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00307-00076005-00076220 signs at their own additional expense as
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00308-00076221-00076791 new signs were made
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00309-00076792-00077084 topic construction of current terminal
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00310-00077085-00077421 buildings
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00311-00077422-00077668 with the addition of more flights and
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00312-00077669-00077878 limited space in the aging main terminal
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00313-00077879-00078021 the airport began an extensive
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00314-00078022-00078321 renovation and expansion in the 1990s
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00315-00078322-00078574 hangar 11 on the northern end of the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00316-00078575-00078787 airport was converted into the u.s. Air
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00317-00078788-00079005 interim terminal designed by Joseph C
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00318-00079006-00079072 Giuliani
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00319-00079073-00079356 FEA soon after an addition for Delta
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00320-00079357-00079638 Airlines was added in 1989 and was later
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00321-00079639-00079905 converted to authority offices these
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00322-00079906-00080112 projects allowed for the relocation of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00323-00080113-00080313 several gates in the main terminal until
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00324-00080314-00080568 the new 450 million dollars terminal
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00325-00080569-00080940 complex became operational on July 27
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00326-00080941-00081271 1997 the new terminal complex consisting
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00327-00081272-00081487 of terminals B and C and two parking
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00328-00081488-00081829 garages open Argentine architects azar
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00329-00081830-00082015 Pelle designed the new terminals of the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00330-00082016-00082240 airport the interim terminal closed
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00331-00082241-00082425 immediately after its opening and was
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00332-00082426-00082723 converted back into a hangar one pier of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00333-00082724-00082915 the main terminal now widely known as
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00334-00082916-00083130 Terminal A which mainly housed American
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00335-00083131-00083347 Airlines and Pan Am was demolished the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00336-00083348-00083526 other pier originally designed by
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00337-00083527-00083742 Giuliani associates architects for
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00338-00083743-00084022 Northwest TWA remains operational today
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00339-00084023-00084666 as gates 1 to 9
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00340-00084667-00085192 topic operations
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00341-00085193-00085533 you
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00342-00085534-00086188 topic approach patterns Reagan National
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00343-00086189-00086404 Airport has some of the strictest noise
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00344-00086405-00086647 restrictions in the country in addition
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00345-00086648-00086893 due to security concerns the areas
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00346-00086894-00087079 surrounding the National Mall and US
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00347-00087080-00087274 Naval Observatory in Central Washington
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00348-00087275-00087559 are prohibited airspace up to 18,000
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00349-00087560-00087877 feet 5,500 meters due to these
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00350-00087878-00088087 restrictions pilots approaching from the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00351-00088088-00088255 north are generally required to follow
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00352-00088256-00088450 the path of the Potomac River and turn
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00353-00088451-00088702 just before landing this approach is
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00354-00088703-00088930 known as the river visual similarly
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00355-00088931-00089104 flights taking off to the north are
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00356-00089105-00089305 required to climb quickly and turn left
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00357-00089306-00089644 the river visual is only possible with a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00358-00089645-00090037 ceiling of at least 3,500 feet 1,100
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00359-00090038-00090280 meters and visibility of 3 statute miles
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00360-00090281-00090625 4.8 kilometers or more there are lights
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00361-00090626-00090823 on the key bridge Theodore Roosevelt
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00362-00090824-00091045 bridge Arlington Memorial Bridge and the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00363-00091046-00091228 George Mason Memorial Bridge to aide
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00364-00091229-00091492 pilots following the river aircraft
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00365-00091493-00091681 using the approach can be observed from
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00366-00091682-00091923 various parks on the rivers West Bank
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00367-00091924-00092131 passengers on the left side of an
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00368-00092132-00092299 airplane can see the Capitol the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00369-00092300-00092512 Washington Monument the Lincoln Memorial
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00370-00092513-00092743 the Jefferson Memorial the world war ii
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00371-00092744-00092974 memorial georgetown university the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00372-00092975-00093183 National Mall and the White House
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00373-00093184-00093451 passengers on the right side can see CIA
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00374-00093452-00093661 headquarters Arlington National Cemetery
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00375-00093662-00093934 the Pentagon and the United States Air
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00376-00093935-00094237 Force Memorial when the river visual is
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00377-00094238-00094456 not available due to visibility or winds
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00378-00094457-00094732 aircraft may fly an offset localizer or
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00379-00094733-00094975 GPS approach to runway 19 along a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00380-00094976-00095188 similar course flying a direct approach
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00381-00095189-00095413 course on instruments as far as Rosslyn
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00382-00095414-00095554 and then turning to align with the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00383-00095555-00095772 runway visually moments before touchdown
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00384-00095773-00096052 most airliners are also capable of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00385-00096053-00096328 performing a vor or GPS approach to the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00386-00096329-00096558 shorter runway 15 thirty thirds
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00387-00096559-00096868 northbound visual and ILS approaches to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00388-00096869-00097108 runway 1 are also sometimes used these
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00389-00097109-00097297 approaches follow the Potomac River from
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00390-00097298-00097513 the south and overfly the Woodrow Wilson
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00391-00097514-00098024 Bridge
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00392-00098025-00098715 Topic special security measures Reagan
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00393-00098716-00098897 National Airport is in between two
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00394-00098898-00099140 overlapping no-fly zones so pilots have
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00395-00099141-00099303 to watch out for the Pentagon and CIA
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00396-00099304-00099653 headquarters and on takeoff pilots must
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00397-00099654-00099887 descend quickly and sharply turn left so
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00398-00099888-00100046 they don't fly over the White House
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00399-00100047-00100310 after the attacks of September 11th
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00400-00100311-00100532 security forces strongly enforce these
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00401-00100533-00100865 rules Reagan national has extra security
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00402-00100866-00101084 precautions required by the Washington
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00403-00101085-00101300 air defense identification zone that
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00404-00101301-00101474 have been in place since the airport
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00405-00101475-00101690 began operations after the September
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00406-00101691-00101996 11th 2001 attacks the airport was closed
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00407-00101997-00102191 for several weeks and security was
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00408-00102192-00102428 tightened when it reopened increased
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00409-00102429-00102719 security measures included a ban on
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00410-00102720-00103019 aircraft with more than 156 seats
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00411-00103020-00103425 lifted in April 2002 a Banana River
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00412-00103426-00103874 visual approach lifted in April 2002 a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00413-00103875-00104090 requirement that 30 minutes prior to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00414-00104091-00104333 landing or following takeoff passengers
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00415-00104334-00104492 were required to remain seated
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00416-00104493-00104693 if anyone stood up the aircraft was to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00417-00104694-00104850 be diverted to Washington Dulles
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00418-00104851-00105062 International Airport under military
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00419-00105063-00105266 escort and the person standing would be
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00420-00105267-00105476 detained and questioned by federal law
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00421-00105477-00105689 enforcement officials lifted in July
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00422-00105690-00106109 2005 a ban on general aviation lifted in
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00423-00106110-00106398 October 2005 subject to the restrictions
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00424-00106399-00106743 below on October 18 2005 Ronald Reagan
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00425-00106744-00106950 Washington National Airport was reopened
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00426-00106951-00107193 to general aviation on a limited basis
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00427-00107194-00107418 48 operations per day and under
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00428-00107419-00107585 restrictions passenger and crew
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00429-00107586-00107769 manifests must be submitted to the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00430-00107770-00107957 Transportation Security Administration
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00431-00107958-00108263 24 hours in advance and all planes must
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00432-00108264-00108566 pass through one of 27 gateway airports
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00433-00108567-00108858 weary inspections of aircraft passengers
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00434-00108858-00109154 and baggage take place an armed security
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00435-00109155-00109356 officer must be on board before
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00436-00109357-00109628 departing a Gateway Airport on March
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00437-00109629-00109913 23rd 2011 the air traffic control
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00438-00109914-00110129 supervisor on duty reportedly fell
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00439-00110130-00110363 asleep during the night shift to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00440-00110364-00110574 aircraft on approach to the airport were
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00441-00110575-00110783 unable to contact anyone in the control
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00442-00110784-00111093 tower and landed unassisted
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00443-00111094-00111415 you
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00444-00111416-00112063 topic perimeter restrictions Reagan
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00445-00112064-00112249 National Airport is subject to a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00446-00112250-00112485 federally mandated perimeter limitation
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00447-00112486-00112693 and may not accommodate non-stop flights
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00448-00112694-00113041 to or from cities beyond 1,250 statute
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00449-00113042-00113286 mile 2010 kilometers with limited
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00450-00113288-00113542 exceptions the US Department of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00451-00113543-00113755 Transportation has issued beyond
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00452-00113756-00114043 perimeter slot exemptions which allow
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00453-00114044-00114304 specified carriers to operate 20 daily
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00454-00114305-00114510 round-trip flights to cities outside the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00455-00114511-00114580 perimeter
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00456-00114581-00114979 the current exemptions are in 1999
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00457-00114980-00115147 Senator John McCain of Arizona
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00458-00115148-00115452 introduced legislation to remove the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00459-00115453-00115777 1250 statute mile 2010 kilometers
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00460-00115778-00116041 restriction in the end the restriction
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00461-00116042-00116296 was not lifted but in 2000 the FAA was
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00462-00116297-00116524 permitted to add 24 exemptions which
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00463-00116525-00116701 went not to America West but to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00464-00116702-00117019 competitor Alaska Airlines America West
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00465-00117020-00117229 later gained additional exemptions for
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00466-00117230-00117499 nonstop flights to Phoenix in 2004 in
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00467-00117500-00117834 May 2012 the DOT granted new exemptions
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00468-00117835-00118086 for Alaska to serve Portland JetBlue to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00469-00118088-00118345 serve San Juan Southwest to serve Austin
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00470-00118346-00118519 and Virgin America to serve San
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00471-00118520-00118888 Francisco American Delta United and US
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00472-00118889-00119061 Airways were also each allowed to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00473-00119063-00119251 exchange a pair of in perimeter slots
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00474-00119252-00119446 for an equal number of beyond perimeter
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00475-00119447-00120000 slots
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00476-00120001-00120504 topic terminals
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00477-00120505-00120846 you
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00478-00120847-00121353 topic terminal a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00479-00121354-00121626 designed by architect Charles M Goodman
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00480-00121627-00121899 terminal a opened in 1941 and was
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00481-00121900-00122184 expanded in 1955 to accommodate more
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00482-00122185-00122484 passengers and Airlines the exterior of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00483-00122485-00122649 this terminal has had its original
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00484-00122650-00122838 architecture restored with the air side
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00485-00122839-00123121 facade restored in 2004 in the land side
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00486-00123122-00123453 facade restored in 2008 the terminal
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00487-00123454-00123654 underwent a thirty-seven million dollars
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00488-00123655-00123868 renovation that modernized the airport's
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00489-00123869-00124018 look by bringing in brighter lighting
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00490-00124019-00124275 more windows and new flooring the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00491-00124276-00124548 project was completed in 2014 along with
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00492-00124549-00124807 a new expanded TSA security checkpoint
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00493-00124808-00125139 in 2014 additional renovations were
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00494-00125140-00125304 announced including new upgraded
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00495-00125305-00125454 concessions and further structural
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00496-00125455-00125679 improvements the project was completed
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00497-00125680-00125804 in 2015
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00498-00125805-00126070 terminal a contains gates one to nine
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00499-00126071-00126288 and houses operations from Air Canada
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00500-00126289-00126961 Express Frontier and Southwest
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00501-00126963-00127544 topic terminals B and C
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00502-00127545-00127802 terminals B and C are the airport's
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00503-00127803-00127982 newest and largest terminals the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00504-00127983-00128264 terminals opened in 1997 and replaced a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00505-00128265-00128468 collection of airline specific terminals
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00506-00128469-00128795 built during the 1960s the new terminals
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00507-00128796-00128978 were designed by architect cesar pelli
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00508-00128979-00129338 and has 35 gates both terminals share
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00509-00129339-00129500 the same structure and are directly
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00510-00129501-00129758 connected to the WMATA airport station
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00511-00129758-00130124 via indoor pedestrian bridges Terminal B
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00512-00130125-00130415 and C have three concourses Terminal B
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00513-00130416-00130676 gates ten to twenty two houses Alaska
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00514-00130677-00131015 Airlines Delta and United Terminal B C
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00515-00131016-00131324 gates 23 to 30 for houses American and
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00516-00131325-00131732 JetBlue terminal C gates 35 to 45 is
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00517-00131733-00132029 exclusive to American the corridor Hall
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00518-00132030-00132206 connecting the three concourses of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00519-00132207-00132428 Terminal B and C is known as National
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00520-00132429-00132728 Hall Terminal B houses a Delta Sky Club
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00521-00132729-00132959 and United Club and there are American
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00522-00132960-00133217 Admirals clubs in both terminal BC and
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00523-00133218-00133768 terminal C
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00524-00133769-00134309 topic terminal D
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00525-00134310-00134595 MWAA has begun construction of a new
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00526-00134596-00134787 concourse north of terminal C to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00527-00134788-00135030 accommodate 14 new regional jet gates
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00528-00135031-00135435 with jetways this will replace gate 35 X
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00529-00135436-00135681 a bus gate currently used to bring
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00530-00135682-00135864 passengers to and from American Eagle
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00531-00135865-00136065 flights that use parking spots on the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00532-00136066-00136380 ramp in addition the individual security
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00533-00136381-00136581 checkpoints for the three concourses in
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00534-00136582-00136797 terminals B and C will be replaced with
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00535-00136798-00137037 higher capacity security checkpoints in
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00536-00137038-00137223 a new building to the west of national
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00537-00137224-00137406 hall and above the existing arrivals
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00538-00137407-00137607 roadway placing all of national halt
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00539-00137608-00137775 within the secured area of the airport
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00540-00137776-00137976 and allowing passengers to walk between
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00541-00137977-00138236 concourses without reak leering security
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00542-00138237-00138528 construction commenced in February 2018
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00543-00138529-00139323 and is expected to be complete by 2021
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00544-00139324-00139932 topic airlines and destinations
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00545-00139933-00140287 you
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00546-00140288-00140771 topic passenger
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00547-00140772-00141141 you
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00548-00141142-00141692 topic statistics
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00549-00141693-00142025 in 2013 Reagan National Airport handled
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00550-00142026-00142409 20 million 415,000 85 passengers which
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00551-00142410-00142715 was a new record from April 2014 to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00552-00142716-00143006 March 2015 the airport handled 21
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00553-00143007-00143498 million 195,000 775 passengers which is
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00554-00143499-00143639 slightly higher than the aforementioned
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00555-00143640-00143897 record American Airlines following its
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00556-00143898-00144125 merger with US Airways has the largest
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00557-00144126-00144236 share of traffic at the airport
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00558-00144237-00144500 accounting for 50 point o % of the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00559-00144501-00144836 market share as of may 2017 Southwest
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00560-00144837-00145121 the second-largest accounts for 15.8%
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00561-00145122-00145337 with delta airlines in third with
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00562-00145338-00145963 fourteen point four percent
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00563-00145964-00146510 topic top destinations
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00564-00146511-00146860 you
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00565-00146861-00147408 topic airline market share
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00566-00147409-00147761 you
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00567-00147762-00148279 topic annual traffic
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00568-00148280-00148603 you
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00569-00148604-00149112 topic passengers
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00570-00149113-00149399 you
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00571-00149400-00149918 topic operations
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00572-00149919-00150204 you
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00573-00150205-00150694 topic cargo
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00574-00150695-00151033 you
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00575-00151034-00151623 topic ground transportation
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00576-00151624-00151964 you
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00577-00151965-00152438 topic Rael
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00578-00152439-00152633 the Ronald Reagan Washington National
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00579-00152634-00152897 Airport station on the Washington metro
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00580-00152898-00153086 serving the yellow and blue lines is
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00581-00153087-00153328 located on an elevated outdoor platform
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00582-00153329-00153590 station adjacent to terminals B and C to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00583-00153591-00153812 elevated pedestrian walkways connect the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00584-00153813-00154016 station directly to the concourse levels
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00585-00154017-00154226 of terminals B and C an underground
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00586-00154227-00154441 pedestrian walkway and shuttle services
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00587-00154442-00155094 provide access to terminal a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00588-00155095-00155556 topic thus
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00589-00155557-00155816 Metro bus provides service on weekend
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00590-00155817-00156035 mornings before the metro station opens
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00591-00156036-00156227 or during any disruptions to regular
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00592-00156228-00156789 Metro service
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00593-00156790-00157282 topic taxi
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00594-00157283-00157549 taxi cab services are available at the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00595-00157550-00157735 ground transportation area of all
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00596-00157736-00158029 terminal buildings taxi cabs that serve
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00597-00158030-00158242 the airport are required to be licensed
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00598-00158243-00158392 and are regulated by either Washington
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00599-00158393-00159129 DC or Virginia local governments
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00600-00159130-00159734 topic transportation network companies
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00601-00159735-00159993 lyft and uber are approved to pick up
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00602-00159994-00160608 and drop off passengers
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00603-00160609-00161109 topic airport shuttle
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00604-00161110-00161353 shared ride shuttle services are
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00605-00161354-00161503 available from several providers
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00606-00161504-00161746 including super shuttle limos for less
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00607-00161747-00162333 and supreme shuttle
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00608-00162334-00162953 topic roads Ronald Reagan Washington
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00609-00162954-00163194 National Airport is located on the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00610-00163195-00163407 George Washington Memorial Parkway and
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00611-00163408-00163604 connected to US Route one by the airport
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00612-00163605-00164085 viaduct State Route 233 interstate 395
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00613-00164086-00164310 is just north of the airport and is also
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00614-00164311-00164556 accessible by the GW Parkway and US
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00615-00164557-00164840 Route one airport operated parking
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00616-00164841-00165053 garage facilities as well as economy
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00617-00165054-00165251 locks are available adjacent to or near
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00618-00165252-00165883 the various airport terminals
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00619-00165884-00166459 topic pedestrian and bicycle
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00620-00166460-00166735 the airport is accessible by bicycle and
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00621-00166736-00166924 foot from the Mount Vernon trail as well
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00622-00166925-00167095 as the sidewalk along the airport
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00623-00167096-00167407 viaduct State Route 233 which connects
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00624-00167408-00167639 the airport grounds to US Route 1 a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00625-00167640-00167937 total of 48 bike parking spots are
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00626-00167938-00168156 available across six separate bike racks
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00627-00168157-00168387 the airport is planning to have a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00628-00168388-00168586 Capital Bikeshare station installed
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00629-00168587-00169247 sometime in 2016
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00630-00169248-00169571 topic Abingdon plantation historical
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00631-00169572-00169937 site
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00632-00169938-00170193 a part of the airport is located on the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00633-00170194-00170441 former site of the 18th and 19th century
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00634-00170442-00170643 Abington plantation which was associated
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00635-00170644-00170879 with the prominent Alexander Custis
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00636-00170880-00171335 Stewart and Hunter families in 1998 MWAA
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00637-00171336-00171539 opened a historical display around the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00638-00171540-00171683 restored remnants of 2 abingdon
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00639-00171684-00171929 buildings and placed artifacts collected
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00640-00171930-00172109 from the site in an exhibit hall in
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00641-00172110-00172298 Terminal A the Abington site is located
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00642-00172299-00172553 on a knoll between parking garage a and
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00643-00172554-00172784 garage b/c near the south end of the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00644-00172785-00172925 Ronald Reagan Washington National
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00645-00172926-00173617 Airport metro rail station
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00646-00173618-00174198 topic accidents and incidents
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00647-00174199-00174551 you
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00648-00174552-00175240 topic Eastern Airlines flight 537
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00649-00175241-00175561 on November 1st 1949 a mid-air collision
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00650-00175562-00175801 between an Eastern Airlines passenger
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00651-00175802-00176044 aircraft and a p-38 lightning military
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00652-00176045-00176278 plane took the lives of 55 passengers
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00653-00176279-00176560 the sole survivor was the bolivian ace
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00654-00176561-00176770 pilot of the fighter plane eric rios
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00655-00176771-00176971 bride a bride whose plane had taken off
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00656-00176972-00177166 from national just 10 minutes earlier
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00657-00177167-00177367 and was in contact with the tower during
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00658-00177368-00177627 a brief test flight the eastern airlines
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00659-00177628-00177889 dc4 was on approach from the south when
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00660-00177890-00178129 the nimble and much faster p38 banked
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00661-00178130-00178294 and plunged right into the passenger
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00662-00178295-00178552 plane both aircraft dropped into the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00663-00178553-00179077 Potomac River
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00664-00179078-00179755 topic capital Airlines flight 500
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00665-00179756-00180127 on December 12 1949 capital Airlines
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00666-00180128-00180466 flight 500 a Douglas dc-3 stalled and
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00667-00180467-00180658 crashed into the Potomac River while on
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00668-00180659-00180925 approach to Reagan National six of the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00669-00180926-00181159 23 passengers and crew on board were
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00670-00181160-00181677 killed
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00671-00181678-00182254 topic air Florida flight 90
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00672-00182255-00182614 on the afternoon of January 13 1982
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00673-00182615-00182836 following a period of exceptionally cold
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00674-00182837-00182992 weather in the morning of blizzard
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00675-00182993-00183223 conditions air Florida flight 90 crashed
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00676-00183224-00183460 after waiting 49 minutes on a taxiway
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00677-00183461-00183661 and taking off with ice and snow on the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00678-00183662-00184021 wings the Boeing 737 aircraft failed to
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00679-00184022-00184291 gain altitude less than one statute mile
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00680-00184292-00184534 1.6 kilometers from the end of the
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00681-00184535-00184747 runway the airplane struck the 14th
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00682-00184748-00184966 Street Bridge complex sharing the tops
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00683-00184967-00185152 off vehicles stuck in traffic before
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00684-00185153-00185368 plunging through the one-inch thick 25
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00685-00185369-00185566 millimeters ice covering the Potomac
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00686-00185567-00185845 River rescue responses were greatly
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00687-00185846-00186064 hampered by the weather and traffic due
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00688-00186065-00186250 to action on the part of motorists a
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00689-00186251-00186442 United States Park Service police
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00690-00186443-00186649 helicopter crew and one of the planes
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00691-00186650-00186835 passengers who later perished five
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00692-00186836-00187024 occupants of the downed plane survived
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00693-00187025-00187357 the other 74 people who were aboard died
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00694-00187358-00187576 as well as 4 occupants of vehicles on
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00695-00187577-00187837 the bridge President Reagan cited
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00696-00187838-00188020 motorist Lenny Skutnik in his State of
+tyxTPYv8ZaE-00697-00188021-00188392 the Union address a few weeks later
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00000-00000070-00000793 [Music]
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00001-00000794-00001246 thank you
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00002-00001247-00001879 [Music]
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00003-00001880-00002575 Namaste is
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00004-00002576-00003461 a difference
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00005-00003461-00003696 foreign
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00006-00003697-00005170 [Music]
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00007-00005171-00006814 [Music]
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00009-00009909-00010391 [Music]
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00010-00010392-00010446 thank you
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00011-00010447-00011578 [Music]
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00013-00017345-00019871 DIY
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00014-00019872-00020639 friends
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00015-00020640-00021161 foreign
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00016-00021162-00023128 [Music]
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00017-00023129-00023543 [Music]
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00018-00023544-00024490 thank you
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00019-00024491-00024685 [Music]
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00020-00024686-00025164 thank you
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00021-00025165-00027917 my new project is
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00022-00027918-00028158 foreign
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00023-00028160-00029398 [Music]
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00024-00029399-00030510 [Music]
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00025-00030511-00031367 [Music]
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00026-00031368-00031681 foreign
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00028-00036474-00036682 foreign
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00030-00040175-00042249 foreign
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00031-00042250-00043079 [Music]
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00032-00043080-00043318 thank you
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00033-00043319-00044176 foreign
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00035-00048074-00048194 thank you
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00036-00048195-00051017 [Music]
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00037-00051018-00051877 foreign
+t-I_B8TqLWY-00038-00051878-00052759 [Music]
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00000-00000112-00000409 gadgets factory comm is extremely proud
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00001-00000409-00000799 to announce the net network camera so
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00002-00000800-00001132 what can this camera do for you well it
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00003-00001133-00001336 will help keep an eye on what matters to
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00004-00001337-00001632 you most this could be a child or infant
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00005-00001634-00001864 your business including a storefront
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00006-00001864-00002119 warehouse or office or just your
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00007-00002120-00002343 personal property like your own home
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00008-00002344-00002629 what's most important is that you can do
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00009-00002630-00002875 this live footage this is done by
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00010-00002876-00003118 downloading a free app to your iphone or
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00011-00003119-00003415 android smartphone or just view the live
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00012-00003415-00003676 feed via a web browser on your computer
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00013-00003677-00004006 which is also for free and you can share
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00014-00004007-00004195 this live footage with up to 20 other
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00015-00004196-00004438 accounts this can include family and
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00016-00004439-00004714 friends employees or even your customers
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00017-00004715-00005077 so go to gadgets factory calm today and
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00018-00005078-00005314 pick up one net new camera or 30 and
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00019-00005315-00005506 don't forget to click above to watch
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00020-00005507-00005725 some other great videos about the net
+t_jLwyn9ncI-00021-00005726-00006019 view camera
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00000-00000003-00000245 today I'm talking about the 11 steps to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00001-00000246-00001541 buying a home with the realtor I'm
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00002-00001542-00001702 Angela Duong with Coldwell Banker to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00003-00001703-00001895 bell realtors and Matt home.com
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00004-00001896-00002099 and if this is your first time to our
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00005-00002100-00002231 Channel please go ahead and click the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00006-00002232-00002450 subscribe button down below and hit that
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00007-00002451-00002621 Bell to be notified of each video that
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00008-00002622-00002930 we post I have work with several
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00009-00002931-00003133 homebuyers throughout the years and many
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00010-00003134-00003413 ask what are the steps to buying a home
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00011-00003414-00003743 and what do I do next if you are a
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00012-00003744-00003836 first-time homebuyer
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00013-00003836-00004052 that is most likely going to be on your
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00014-00004053-00004231 mind because you haven't bought a home
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00015-00004232-00004493 before even some of my home sellers that
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00016-00004494-00004747 make a move need a reminder too about
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00017-00004748-00005038 the entire buying process in this video
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00018-00005039-00005281 you are going to learn 11 steps to home
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00019-00005282-00005450 buying and the way the guide Michael
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00020-00005451-00005995 Myers in Utah step 1 do your research to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00021-00005996-00006211 start the home buying process do some
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00022-00006212-00006392 research my favorite way to research
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00023-00006393-00006578 things is by googling it I absolutely
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00024-00006579-00006827 love Google so what should you research
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00025-00006828-00007021 well my idea would be that you google
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00026-00007022-00007264 research and it brings you here and then
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00027-00007265-00007364 you wouldn't need to do any more
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00028-00007365-00007613 researching right but in all seriousness
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00029-00007614-00007880 you are going to want to research and
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00030-00007881-00008089 start researching real estate agents in
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00031-00008090-00008345 your area and their home sells the types
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00032-00008346-00008501 of loans that are available to buy a
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00033-00008502-00008749 home mortgage companies in your local
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00034-00008750-00008981 area and of course do a little research
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00035-00008982-00009245 on the real estate market itself don't
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00036-00009246-00009389 get too excited about one of the homes
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00037-00009390-00009551 just yet though you don't want your
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00038-00009552-00009710 heart broken if you find out that you
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00039-00009711-00009892 don't qualify for that dream home you
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00040-00009893-00010210 found online step 2 find the right real
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00041-00010211-00010466 estate agent if from all the above you
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00042-00010467-00010678 were only to research one thing I would
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00043-00010679-00010849 say research the Realtors in your area
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00044-00010850-00011087 you may not realize this but as a home
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00045-00011088-00011258 buyer choosing the right realtor is
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00046-00011259-00011492 rather important buying a home is one of
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00047-00011493-00011699 your biggest investments you really
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00048-00011700-00011845 don't want a real estate agent that
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00049-00011846-00011989 doesn't know what they're doing to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00050-00011990-00012152 handle the biggest transaction of your
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00051-00012153-00012424 life you need a local realtor that knows
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00052-00012425-00012683 the area you are looking to buy in when
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00053-00012684-00012830 you are looking for a real estate agent
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00054-00012831-00012985 you want to make sure they work their
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00055-00012986-00013235 business full-time if they are part-time
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00056-00013236-00013362 agents then
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00057-00013363-00013559 it's quite hard to be there for you 100%
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00058-00013560-00013881 use Google search and search real estate
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00059-00013882-00014055 agents and read their reviews and
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00060-00014056-00014307 testimonials from past clients that will
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00061-00014308-00014460 give you an idea of what type of agent
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00062-00014461-00014679 they are ensure they have a website of
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00063-00014680-00014891 their own and it's up-to-date that will
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00064-00014893-00015030 help you show this the active in the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00065-00015031-00015303 business step number three talk to a
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00066-00015304-00015491 mortgage lender and get pre-approved
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00067-00015491-00015735 some may believe that you should talk to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00068-00015736-00015885 a mortgage lender first people who are
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00069-00015886-00015990 speaking with the real estate agent
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00070-00015991-00016233 either way is completely fine as a
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00071-00016234-00016473 Realtor myself I like to be able to meet
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00072-00016474-00016668 with my buyers and give some submissions
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00073-00016669-00016947 of lenders I have worked with when you
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00074-00016948-00017103 have a real estate agent and a lender
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00075-00017104-00017307 that work together regularly it can make
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00076-00017308-00017487 a huge difference in how the home buying
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00077-00017488-00017814 process will go before you go out in the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00078-00017815-00017982 view homes in person and it's very
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00079-00017983-00018162 important to start the pre-qualification
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00080-00018163-00018417 process the loan officer will let you
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00081-00018418-00018608 know how much house you can afford and
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00082-00018609-00018819 approximately how much your mortgage
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00083-00018820-00019044 payment will be some folks have a house
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00084-00019045-00019221 payment they are comfortable with in
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00085-00019222-00019530 mind even if they qualify for more the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00086-00019531-00019665 lender will be able to tell you the home
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00087-00019666-00019854 price you can afford to stay within your
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00088-00019855-00020097 preferred budget when you speak with a
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00089-00020098-00020286 lender you can either get pre-qualified
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00090-00020287-00020571 or pre-approved the pre-qualification
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00091-00020572-00020820 part is simple you give the lender the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00092-00020821-00021051 basic information about you along with
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00093-00021052-00021393 your job history hourly wages and other
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00094-00021394-00021597 things on the mortgage application they
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00095-00021598-00021768 will also pull your credit reports to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00096-00021769-00021987 make sure it is where it needs to be so
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00097-00021988-00022152 basically most of the information is
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00098-00022153-00022332 just from what you tell them these
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00099-00022333-00022557 accurate as possible to get a
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00100-00022558-00022728 pre-approval you take it a step further
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00101-00022729-00022944 and give them the documents they need to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00102-00022945-00023115 fully verify the information you have
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00103-00023116-00023364 provided some of the documents that you
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00104-00023365-00023562 need to provide to the lender to get
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00105-00023563-00023841 fully pre-approved are your last 30 days
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00106-00023842-00024102 of check stubs last two months of bank
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00107-00024103-00024357 statements last two years under federal
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00108-00024358-00024648 tax returns last two years of your w-2s
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00109-00024649-00024930 and that's just to name a few depending
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00110-00024931-00025131 on your personal situation you may need
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00111-00025132-00025326 to gather additional documentation like
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00112-00025327-00025560 retirement account statements divorce
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00113-00025561-00025753 documents and other things like that
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00114-00025754-00026014 step number four start your home search
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00115-00026016-00026258 now that you know what you qualify for
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00116-00026260-00026412 it's time for the fun part
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00117-00026413-00026608 looking at homes in person
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00118-00026608-00026770 discuss with a realtor what your needs
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00119-00026770-00026970 and wants are focus more on the needs
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00120-00026972-00027139 and think of your wants as a bonus
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00121-00027139-00027339 because sometimes it can be hard to find
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00122-00027341-00027583 everything you're looking for many times
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00123-00027583-00027745 you have to compromise on some of your
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00124-00027745-00027979 wants and focus on your needs I have
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00125-00027980-00028137 heard from many home buyers that they
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00126-00028138-00028354 say their buyer agent isn't helping them
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00127-00028355-00028602 find any homes to look at although your
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00128-00028604-00028810 Realtor should be keeping an eye out for
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00129-00028811-00029017 your homes you may be interested in it
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00130-00029018-00029193 is very likely that you as the home
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00131-00029194-00029362 buyer will find the home you are looking
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00132-00029363-00029571 for Realtors search for homes in the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00133-00029572-00029790 criteria you have told them to look at
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00134-00029791-00030021 but as a buyer you are searching for
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00135-00030022-00030195 yourself more frequently in your spare
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00136-00030197-00030436 time when you aren't finding what you're
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00137-00030437-00030661 looking for you will find yourself
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00138-00030662-00030904 searching in other cities nearby raising
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00139-00030905-00031102 the price range if you're under approved
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00140-00031102-00031420 if more than you wanted to or even the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00141-00031420-00031660 home style and characteristics when
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00142-00031661-00031864 searching for homes use your Realtors
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00143-00031864-00032074 website that way when you save your
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00144-00032075-00032248 favorites they will be able to see what
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00145-00032249-00032479 home's interest you so that times with
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00146-00032480-00032635 your Realtor levo view the homes who are
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00147-00032636-00032877 interested in and keep searching until
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00148-00032878-00033012 you find the home that feels right to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00149-00033013-00033064 you
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00150-00033065-00033355 do not feel like you have to just pick a
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00151-00033356-00033556 home sometimes finding the right home
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00152-00033557-00033765 takes time we have home buyers
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00153-00033766-00034006 apologizing all the time for wasting our
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00154-00034007-00034210 time to look at homes that aren't what
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00155-00034211-00034345 they wanted once they saw it in person
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00156-00034346-00034602 this is our job and we're here to help
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00157-00034603-00034789 you find your home that you will be
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00158-00034790-00035037 happy with no matter how long it takes
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00159-00035038-00035320 step number 5 write an offer on the home
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00160-00035321-00035551 you love once you find that perfect home
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00161-00035552-00035767 it is time to write an offer your
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00162-00035768-00035908 Realtor will have all the paperwork
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00163-00035909-00036148 needed to get the ball rolling we use
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00164-00036149-00036321 state approved forms and will fill in
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00165-00036322-00036499 the blanks and adjust the contract as
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00166-00036500-00036736 needed in an addendum the main document
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00167-00036737-00036931 is the real estate purchase contract
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00168-00036932-00037204 also known as the rep seat it will have
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00169-00037205-00037371 all the details of the offer you would
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00170-00037372-00037587 like to make after you send over your
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00171-00037588-00037801 offer than it is a sit and wait time
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00172-00037802-00038008 until the seller responds which is
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00173-00038009-00038215 usually between B 24 and 48 hours
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00174-00038216-00038386 depending on what your bill to put as
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00175-00038387-00038620 the response time there is a chance that
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00176-00038621-00038842 your offer might be accepted but in many
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00177-00038843-00039015 instances the seller will counteroffer
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00178-00039016-00039177 returns closer to what they are looking
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00179-00039178-00039414 for your real estate agent will help you
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00180-00039415-00039619 negotiate back and forth if needed
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00181-00039620-00039847 terms of you and the home sellers can be
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00182-00039848-00040084 happy with there are instances that you
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00183-00040085-00040273 may not be able to come to terms don't
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00184-00040274-00040432 let that deter you from the home buying
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00185-00040433-00040654 process that just means get back out
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00186-00040655-00040801 there and find the home that you are
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00187-00040802-00041110 meant to buy step number six turn in
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00188-00041111-00041323 your earnest money when you are writing
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00189-00041324-00041479 up the offer with your real estate agent
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00190-00041480-00041734 you will have made a decision of how
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00191-00041735-00041908 much earnest money you would be
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00192-00041909-00042145 providing earnest time is basically
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00193-00042146-00042355 showing your interest in the property at
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00194-00042356-00042619 this time many home buyers in Utah are
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00195-00042620-00042844 offering five hundred to a thousand and
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00196-00042845-00043048 sometimes two thousand internists money
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00197-00043049-00043291 when making an opera in Muta the earnest
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00198-00043292-00043429 money must be given to the real estate
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00199-00043430-00043636 brokerage within four days of your offer
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00200-00043637-00043846 being accepted that money is then
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00201-00043847-00044026 deposited into the real estate trust
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00202-00044027-00044200 account and will sit there until your
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00203-00044201-00044437 purchase is complete or you cancel the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00204-00044438-00044725 contract in some instances the brokerage
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00205-00044726-00044899 you are working with may have elected to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00206-00044900-00045124 not have a trust account in this case
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00207-00045125-00045292 your earnest money will be held at a
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00208-00045293-00045553 title company the best form of earnest
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00209-00045554-00045808 money is a cashier's check or a personal
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00210-00045809-00045949 check from your bank or credit union
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00211-00045950-00046168 that way the lender contract will the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00212-00046169-00046495 funds came from many homebuyers ask if
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00213-00046496-00046633 they can get the earnest money back if
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00214-00046634-00046849 the council to contract the answer to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00215-00046850-00047056 that is yes as long as you have
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00216-00047057-00047245 cancelled the contract within your
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00217-00047246-00047413 deadlines you will be able to get your
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00218-00047414-00047668 earnest money back step 7
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00219-00047669-00047836 do your due diligence and get a home
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00220-00047837-00048085 inspection one of your deadlines is the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00221-00048086-00048295 due diligence deadline from the time you
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00222-00048296-00048460 write the offer you will have about two
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00223-00048461-00048661 to three weeks depending on the day of
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00224-00048662-00048850 the contract to do the due diligence on
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00225-00048851-00048991 making sure the moments what you want
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00226-00048992-00049216 the seller will provide you with sellers
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00227-00049217-00049432 disclosures giving you details in what
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00228-00049433-00049702 known problems they have had and fix or
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00229-00049703-00049858 updates they have made and things like
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00230-00049859-00050083 that there is a due diligence checklist
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00231-00050084-00050263 that you will be given to go over the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00232-00050264-00050452 list and see what you want to check into
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00233-00050453-00050707 such as property lines utility costs
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00234-00050708-00050995 square footage the condition of the home
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00235-00050996-00051315 and many more one of the most important
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00236-00051316-00051511 tasks I would suggest is get a home
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00237-00051512-00051741 inspection a home inspector will spend
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00238-00051742-00051901 two to three hours going through the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00239-00051902-00052092 home in detail they will look at the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00240-00052094-00052296 structural components climb up in the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00241-00052297-00052510 attic and onto the roof and crawl into
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00242-00052511-00052747 the crawlspace the check of plumbing
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00243-00052748-00052964 electrical heating and air found
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00244-00052965-00053251 and so many other things after the home
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00245-00053252-00053423 inspectors done you will be able to go
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00246-00053424-00053636 over the report with him in detail they
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00247-00053637-00053816 give insight on any major concerns and
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00248-00053816-00053951 let you know of any general maintenance
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00249-00053952-00054142 tips to keep the home up into tip-top
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00250-00054144-00054482 shape if you find there to be items in
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00251-00054483-00054689 the report that you don't like you can
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00252-00054690-00054880 write up a cell or repair addendum to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00253-00054882-00055129 ask sellers to fix those items if the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00254-00055130-00055325 home inspection shows major repairs you
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00255-00055326-00055429 can cancel the contract
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00256-00055430-00055739 altogether step 8 work with your lender
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00257-00055740-00055991 and wait for appraisal now that you know
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00258-00055991-00056126 you're happy with the condition of the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00259-00056127-00056291 home be sure to continue to get any
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00260-00056291-00056474 additional documents that you need to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00261-00056475-00056701 the lender as they ask for that you will
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00262-00056702-00056972 also need to send disclosures whether in
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00263-00056973-00057236 person or electronically the disclosures
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00264-00057237-00057401 will give you a breakdown on the closing
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00265-00057402-00057614 costs your interest rate your estimated
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00266-00057615-00057878 monthly payments and your escrow account
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00267-00057879-00058082 details the lender will order the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00268-00058083-00058220 appraisal through a third-party service
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00269-00058221-00058421 this is to ensure that the appraiser is
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00270-00058422-00058567 selected at random from a group of
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00271-00058569-00058838 appraisers on the list but what if the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00272-00058839-00059029 home doesn't appraise that is another
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00273-00059030-00059294 question I get asked in most cases the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00274-00059295-00059479 appraisal comes in fine but if for some
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00275-00059480-00059641 reason that it doesn't you can try to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00276-00059642-00059866 renegotiate the purchase price down to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00277-00059867-00060029 an actual appraised value with the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00278-00060029-00060382 seller at number nine do your final
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00279-00060383-00060604 walkthrough as a buyer you have the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00280-00060605-00060757 right to do a final walkthrough at the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00281-00060758-00060971 home before closing you want to go in
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00282-00060972-00061136 within a couple days of signing the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00283-00061137-00061366 closing documents and if you found
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00284-00061367-00061555 anything that - the unsatisfactory
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00285-00061557-00061751 during your due diligence period and
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00286-00061752-00061904 your request of the seller to make
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00287-00061904-00062087 repairs now is the time to check to make
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00288-00062088-00062257 sure those repairs have been completed
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00289-00062258-00062498 other than that the main thing you are
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00290-00062499-00062744 doing here is checking to make sure the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00291-00062745-00062932 home is still in the same condition it
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00292-00062933-00063197 was when you make the offer you don't
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00293-00063198-00063371 want to find out after you move in that
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00294-00063372-00063584 now there is a leak or the seller put a
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00295-00063585-00063701 hole in the wall when you move the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00296-00063702-00063938 furniture and sometimes sellers will
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00297-00063939-00064061 take shelves off the walls that you
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00298-00064062-00064279 thought stayed as they were attached and
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00299-00064280-00064484 you just want to clarify that anything
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00300-00064485-00064726 attached is still there many times the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00301-00064727-00064891 seller hasn't moved out and won't be
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00302-00064892-00065140 moving out until the very last minute
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00303-00065141-00065313 time's this walkthrough can be hard
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00304-00065314-00065511 because you're still seeing all their
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00305-00065512-00065600 stuff
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00306-00065601-00065946 step number 10 sign closing documents
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00307-00065947-00066211 finally the time has come now it's time
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00308-00066212-00066448 to sign all those closing documents the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00309-00066449-00066669 settlement date usually happens about 30
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00310-00066670-00066855 to 45 days after you've written the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00311-00066856-00067099 offer in Utah you will meet at the title
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00312-00067100-00067261 company along with your real estate
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00313-00067262-00067510 agent the escrow officer the title
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00314-00067511-00067648 company will go over all the loan
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00315-00067649-00067899 documents that you will need to sign be
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00316-00067900-00068055 sure to work your signing hand because
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00317-00068056-00068266 when buying a house there is a lot of
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00318-00068267-00068548 pages to sign initial and date but don't
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00319-00068549-00068767 worry when you sell the staff is a lot
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00320-00068768-00069073 smaller after you the seller site and
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00321-00069074-00069241 documents then the title will take care
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00322-00069242-00069448 of sending the documents back in to be
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00323-00069449-00069649 checked mine will be transferred to the
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00324-00069650-00069880 right places and then they will record
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00325-00069881-00070125 the home into your name what is in your
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00326-00070126-00070374 name the home is officially yours from
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00327-00070375-00070713 signing to owning them the closing can
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00328-00070714-00070948 take as little as a few hours but in
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00329-00070949-00071122 most cases it's going to take closer to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00330-00071123-00071463 the 24 hours or the next afternoon step
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00331-00071464-00071878 number 11 move into your new home then
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00332-00071879-00072049 making sure you have called switch all
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00333-00072050-00072262 the utilities what is there to stay here
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00334-00072263-00072500 the excitement of homeownership is
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00335-00072501-00072618 amazing
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00336-00072619-00072843 so GAAP moved in and enjoy your new home
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00337-00072844-00073137 for many years to come just remember to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00338-00073138-00073354 keep the home well maintained you never
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00339-00073355-00073471 know when you might find yourself
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00340-00073472-00073699 needing to sell we've had people help
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00341-00073700-00074059 sell and less than here found this video
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00342-00074060-00074325 helpful all areas have a lot more to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00343-00074326-00074467 them but at least now you have an idea
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00344-00074468-00074734 of what's gonna go down when buying a
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00345-00074735-00074967 home I can't stress enough about how
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00346-00074968-00075136 important it is to find the right
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00347-00075137-00075324 realtor when you start looking about
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00348-00075325-00075616 purchasing a home do you need some help
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00349-00075617-00075796 with your search I have connections
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00350-00075797-00076003 throughout the US and into the other
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00351-00076004-00076230 countries and if you would like me to
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00352-00076231-00076419 find your perfect filter in your area
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00353-00076420-00076603 contact me - my information will be
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00354-00076604-00076792 below and I will point you in the right
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00355-00076793-00076939 direction
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00356-00076940-00077224 again thank you for watching and if this
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00357-00077225-00077359 is your first time please go ahead and
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00358-00077360-00077554 click Subscribe and hit the bell to be
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00359-00077555-00077809 notified of all of our new videos coming
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00360-00077810-00078008 out on Tuesday
+t_rQ3Gw5hxM-00361-00078009-00078612 [Music]
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00000-00000003-00000218 when you engage house edge Realty to
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00001-00000219-00000413 sell your property every agent working
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00002-00000413-00000580 under the hub edge Realty umbrella works
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00003-00000581-00000817 for you and because of that they owe you
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00004-00000818-00001043 undivided loyalty and confidentiality
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00005-00001044-00001232 but that is in the case of many of how
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00006-00001233-00001511 much real T's competitors you see Hobart
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00007-00001512-00001807 Realty is a non designated agency that
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00008-00001809-00001976 means Hobart Realty and all its
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00009-00001977-00002159 affiliated agents put our sellers
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00010-00002160-00002284 interests first
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00011-00002285-00002500 most brokerages competing with how that
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00012-00002501-00002774 Realty are designated agencies that
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00013-00002775-00002983 means only one agent working under those
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00014-00002984-00003215 competing brokerages umbrellas but your
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00015-00003215-00003506 interests first and in fact all the
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00016-00003507-00003697 other agents working on those competing
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00017-00003698-00003974 brokerages umbrellas may represent
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00018-00003975-00004109 another party in your real estate
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00019-00004110-00004261 transaction
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00020-00004262-00004429 some real estate brokerages in
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00021-00004430-00004591 Massachusetts of hundreds or even
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00022-00004592-00004897 thousands of agents why hire a competing
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00023-00004898-00005119 brokerage were in only one agent works
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00024-00005120-00005275 and you will be half and almost
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00025-00005276-00005557 inexplicably every other agent under
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00026-00005558-00005725 that brokerages umbrella works either
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00027-00005726-00005932 for themselves or for the people
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00028-00005933-00006133 interested in buying your property for
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00029-00006134-00006352 potentially the least amount of money as
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00030-00006353-00006423 possible
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00031-00006425-00006585 there's no undivided loyalty or
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00032-00006586-00006834 confidentiality to you don't you want to
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00033-00006836-00007030 list with a brokerage we're in everybody
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00034-00007031-00007234 works for you list your property without
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00035-00007234-00007470 edge Realty and by doing so you'll be
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00036-00007472-00007681 assured that every agent works for your
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00037-00007681-00007912 best interests we have a great team of
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00038-00007913-00008119 good people working hard to help you
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00039-00008120-00008349 achieve your goals and every hub edge
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00040-00008350-00008506 Realty listing now he gets drone
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00041-00008507-00008740 photography and videography is part of a
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00042-00008741-00008988 high bench Realty marketing package want
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00043-00008989-00009199 a copy of the HUD medrol TV marketing
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00044-00009200-00009490 plan contact have edge Realty now and
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00045-00009491-00010043 we'll send it to you
+tAMdjMeNeiY-00046-00010044-00010365 [Music]
+tG036HWV5oU-00001-00017498-00017903 [Music]
+tG036HWV5oU-00002-00017904-00018117 preserving the tradition of fine goat's
+tG036HWV5oU-00003-00018118-00018306 cheese the production system of Polly
+tG036HWV5oU-00004-00018307-00018654 farm in raviga Italy respects human
+tG036HWV5oU-00005-00018655-00018842 health and the environment all stages
+tG036HWV5oU-00006-00018843-00019089 without using any chemical products in
+tG036HWV5oU-00007-00019090-00019236 order to preserve and improve soil
+tG036HWV5oU-00008-00019237-00019455 characteristics and respect all life
+tG036HWV5oU-00009-00019456-00019676 forms and biodiversity
+tG036HWV5oU-00010-00019677-00019953 when rearing they take great attention
+tG036HWV5oU-00011-00019954-00020181 to animal welfare allowing them to graze
+tG036HWV5oU-00012-00020182-00020388 in the open and limiting livestock
+tG036HWV5oU-00013-00020389-00020610 density their animals are fed with
+tG036HWV5oU-00014-00020611-00020907 organic feed their cheese's fresh or
+tG036HWV5oU-00015-00020908-00021099 mature are strictly made with organic
+tG036HWV5oU-00016-00021100-00021396 milk from their goats the products made
+tG036HWV5oU-00017-00021397-00021672 with their milk are marketed by sy
+tG036HWV5oU-00018-00021673-00022107 invest operator code e - 8 - 7 to ensure
+tG036HWV5oU-00019-00022108-00022326 faster distribution and to have more
+tG036HWV5oU-00020-00022327-00022617 control over them their goats are Sun N
+tG036HWV5oU-00021-00022618-00022994 and Murcia Granada the Sun n originally
+tG036HWV5oU-00022-00022995-00023232 from Switzerland is now reared in many
+tG036HWV5oU-00023-00023233-00023514 European and non-european countries this
+tG036HWV5oU-00024-00023515-00023730 breed is suitable for intensive rearing
+tG036HWV5oU-00025-00023731-00024036 in stables or partial grazing it is the
+tG036HWV5oU-00026-00024037-00024366 most widespread breed in Europe breed
+tG036HWV5oU-00027-00024367-00024672 with herd booked in Italy it has an
+tG036HWV5oU-00028-00024673-00025083 aptitude for milk production the mercy
+tG036HWV5oU-00029-00025084-00025299 of Granada goat is a breed found mainly
+tG036HWV5oU-00030-00025300-00025590 in the provinces of Granada Murcia and
+tG036HWV5oU-00031-00025591-00025974 Alba City it descends from the capra
+tG036HWV5oU-00032-00025975-00026264 agar Gris the secondary form is the
+tG036HWV5oU-00033-00026266-00026577 Iranian ibex which over the years
+tG036HWV5oU-00034-00026577-00026811 evolved into the current Murcia Granada
+tG036HWV5oU-00035-00026812-00027117 breed there are about five hundred and
+tG036HWV5oU-00036-00027118-00027276 eight thousand animals in the herd book
+tG036HWV5oU-00037-00027277-00027474 and it produces milk that is ideal for
+tG036HWV5oU-00038-00027475-00027815 processing innovation stems from the
+tG036HWV5oU-00039-00027816-00028044 need to respect animal ethology and the
+tG036HWV5oU-00040-00028045-00028220 organic regulation which prohibits the
+tG036HWV5oU-00041-00028222-00028383 use of powdered milk for the weaning of
+tG036HWV5oU-00042-00028383-00028632 kids and at the same time allows the
+tG036HWV5oU-00043-00028633-00028863 farmer to have milk for sale this leads
+tG036HWV5oU-00044-00028864-00029120 to the creation of boxes kindergartens
+tG036HWV5oU-00045-00029120-00029379 inside the barn where the mothers keep
+tG036HWV5oU-00046-00029380-00029667 the kids and to plan daily meetings
+tG036HWV5oU-00047-00029668-00030030 between mothers and offspring from
+tG036HWV5oU-00048-00030031-00030286 the kid remains uninterruptedly with his
+tG036HWV5oU-00049-00030287-00030589 mother for about a week even if the
+tG036HWV5oU-00050-00030589-00030849 mother is milked regularly after this
+tG036HWV5oU-00051-00030850-00031057 period the kids are closed in a box that
+tG036HWV5oU-00052-00031058-00031279 allows both mothers and kids to see each
+tG036HWV5oU-00053-00031280-00031446 other because it has built with an
+tG036HWV5oU-00054-00031447-00031798 electrically welded net for a period of
+tG036HWV5oU-00055-00031799-00031899 about two weeks
+tG036HWV5oU-00056-00031900-00032320 mother and child meet three times a day
+tG036HWV5oU-00057-00032320-00032695 for an hour then the meetings become two
+tG036HWV5oU-00058-00032695-00032946 and at sixty days the kids can finally
+tG036HWV5oU-00059-00032947-00033465 be weaned this system allowed to check
+tG036HWV5oU-00060-00033466-00033745 using a test group and a control one
+tG036HWV5oU-00061-00033746-00033979 that the kids have growth curves very
+tG036HWV5oU-00062-00033980-00034321 similar to those fed by the bucket the
+tG036HWV5oU-00063-00034322-00034651 mothers of the test group lost seven
+tG036HWV5oU-00064-00034652-00034951 liters per day compared to 3.5 liters
+tG036HWV5oU-00065-00034952-00035179 produced from mothers without kids from
+tG036HWV5oU-00066-00035180-00035502 the control group considering that a kid
+tG036HWV5oU-00067-00035503-00035802 fed to the bucket eats an average of 1.5
+tG036HWV5oU-00068-00035803-00036079 liters a day the conclusion is the
+tG036HWV5oU-00069-00036080-00036307 mother with her own kid produces an
+tG036HWV5oU-00070-00036308-00036535 average of nought point 8 litres of milk
+tG036HWV5oU-00071-00036536-00036857 a day
+tG036HWV5oU-00073-00049575-00049974 you
+tG036HWV5oU-00074-00049975-00051745 [Music]
+tG036HWV5oU-00075-00051746-00052190 [Music]
+tG036HWV5oU-00076-00052191-00052446 the Bronte Sheep story into twins
+tG036HWV5oU-00077-00052447-00052701 closely will be and from the activity on
+tG036HWV5oU-00078-00052702-00052953 the less seniors territory and proves to
+tG036HWV5oU-00079-00052954-00053169 be complementary to it not only in the
+tG036HWV5oU-00080-00053170-00053279 production and marketing of its
+tG036HWV5oU-00081-00053280-00053463 derivatives but also as an efficient
+tG036HWV5oU-00082-00053464-00053619 partner in safeguarding the natural
+tG036HWV5oU-00083-00053620-00053871 environment it was and still is the
+tG036HWV5oU-00084-00053872-00054015 preferred instrument against a
+tG036HWV5oU-00085-00054016-00054237 continuous progress of wood and thorny
+tG036HWV5oU-00086-00054238-00054432 shrubs favoring the cleaning of steep
+tG036HWV5oU-00087-00054433-00054608 pastures and the stabilization of
+tG036HWV5oU-00088-00054609-00054861 agricultural plots an association was
+tG036HWV5oU-00089-00054862-00055098 born in May 2012 gathering farmers
+tG036HWV5oU-00090-00055099-00055326 technicians restaurant owners and food
+tG036HWV5oU-00091-00055327-00055517 processors in order to avoid the
+tG036HWV5oU-00092-00055519-00055742 extinction of the native breed Alice
+tG036HWV5oU-00093-00055744-00055955 India's cultural biodiversity heritage
+tG036HWV5oU-00094-00055957-00056178 it aims to promote the enhancement of
+tG036HWV5oU-00095-00056179-00056328 the products made from this precious
+tG036HWV5oU-00096-00056329-00056532 animal and to allow the farmers to keep
+tG036HWV5oU-00097-00056533-00056889 on guarding the territory so that it is
+tG036HWV5oU-00098-00056890-00057045 possible to give again this mountain
+tG036HWV5oU-00099-00057046-00057230 animal husbandry the vital role of
+tG036HWV5oU-00100-00057232-00057414 Guardian of the environment it has
+tG036HWV5oU-00101-00057415-00057690 already held for hundreds of years the
+tG036HWV5oU-00102-00057691-00057891 animal welfare and his ecological and
+tG036HWV5oU-00103-00057891-00058113 ethological needs are at the heart of
+tG036HWV5oU-00104-00058114-00058322 the organic lifestyle farming principles
+tG036HWV5oU-00105-00058323-00058580 this is the reason why each animal is
+tG036HWV5oU-00106-00058582-00058782 bred in spacious structures within which
+tG036HWV5oU-00107-00058783-00059097 it can move freely great attention is
+tG036HWV5oU-00108-00059098-00059376 paid to food which is never forced but
+tG036HWV5oU-00109-00059377-00059654 based on organic food strictly non-gmo
+tG036HWV5oU-00110-00059655-00059804 and obtained without synthetic
+tG036HWV5oU-00111-00059805-00060090 fertilizers and herbicides used by the
+tG036HWV5oU-00112-00060091-00060570 company itself moreover a close link
+tG036HWV5oU-00113-00060571-00060732 with the land and the territory in which
+tG036HWV5oU-00114-00060733-00060915 the animals are raised is respected
+tG036HWV5oU-00115-00060916-00061128 so the ratio between their number and
+tG036HWV5oU-00116-00061129-00061355 the occupied area is such as to avoid
+tG036HWV5oU-00117-00061357-00061554 soil and water pollution the branya
+tG036HWV5oU-00118-00061554-00061734 sheep due to its features is
+tG036HWV5oU-00119-00061735-00061880 particularly suitable for organic
+tG036HWV5oU-00120-00061882-00062178 farming the animal indeed basis is
+tG036HWV5oU-00121-00062179-00062376 feeding on hay in the winter season and
+tG036HWV5oU-00122-00062377-00062567 on pasture in the summer while the Lambs
+tG036HWV5oU-00123-00062569-00062886 are suckled by their mother so it is
+tG036HWV5oU-00124-00062887-00063029 perfect for the control of forest
+tG036HWV5oU-00125-00063030-00063228 vegetation and there's a natural any
+tG036HWV5oU-00126-00063229-00063390 clutch glimpse true for maintaining the
+tG036HWV5oU-00127-00063391-00063670 cleanliness of meadows and slopes
+tG036HWV5oU-00128-00063671-00063891 but the more with this drummer bus body
+tG036HWV5oU-00129-00063892-00064240 it is enough disease-resistant and so it
+tG036HWV5oU-00130-00064241-00064401 does not require frequent an invasive
+tG036HWV5oU-00131-00064402-00064638 health interventions well-suited to the
+tG036HWV5oU-00132-00064639-00064873 organic livestock's regulations the
+tG036HWV5oU-00133-00064874-00065023 branya sheet is particularly generous
+tG036HWV5oU-00134-00065024-00065394 producing meat milk and will nothing is
+tG036HWV5oU-00135-00065395-00065659 wasted from this animal the banya sheep
+tG036HWV5oU-00136-00065660-00066035 is on the table as well
+tG036HWV5oU-00138-00069038-00069244 you
+tKOdthqnBTo-00000-00000143-00000247 hi
+tKOdthqnBTo-00001-00000248-00000495 my name is gabby and i am a civic
+tKOdthqnBTo-00002-00000496-00000807 innovation apprentice with beta nyc
+tKOdthqnBTo-00003-00000808-00001103 i'm here today to introduce you to the
+tKOdthqnBTo-00004-00001104-00001566 new york city peoples tech assemblies
+tKOdthqnBTo-00005-00001567-00001734 the new york city peoples tech
+tKOdthqnBTo-00006-00001735-00002063 assemblies is a dedicated space for new
+tKOdthqnBTo-00007-00002064-00002487 yorkers to share issues and ideas
+tKOdthqnBTo-00008-00002488-00002631 that they
+tKOdthqnBTo-00009-00002632-00002918 and their communities are facing
+tKOdthqnBTo-00010-00002919-00003175 throughout the covet 19 pandemic the
+tKOdthqnBTo-00011-00003176-00003327 digital divide
+tKOdthqnBTo-00012-00003328-00003511 role of technology
+tKOdthqnBTo-00013-00003511-00003775 and need for human-centered government
+tKOdthqnBTo-00014-00003776-00004054 services has been ever present
+tKOdthqnBTo-00015-00004055-00004303 those who were not connected and not
+tKOdthqnBTo-00016-00004304-00004622 privy to a digital education were left
+tKOdthqnBTo-00017-00004623-00004975 behind
+tKOdthqnBTo-00018-00004976-00005247 in january 2022
+tKOdthqnBTo-00019-00005248-00005559 new york city will inaugurate a newly
+tKOdthqnBTo-00020-00005560-00005711 elected mayor
+tKOdthqnBTo-00021-00005712-00005854 comptroller
+tKOdthqnBTo-00022-00005855-00006159 public advocate city council
+tKOdthqnBTo-00023-00006160-00006422 and five borough presidents
+tKOdthqnBTo-00024-00006423-00006759 we have an opportunity to come together
+tKOdthqnBTo-00025-00006759-00007083 and share our collective ideas and
+tKOdthqnBTo-00026-00007084-00007423 questions on how technology can
+tKOdthqnBTo-00027-00007423-00007551 and will
+tKOdthqnBTo-00028-00007552-00007887 shape the future of new york city
+tKOdthqnBTo-00029-00007888-00008039 eight years ago
+tKOdthqnBTo-00030-00008040-00008383 new yorkers gathered together to outline
+tKOdthqnBTo-00031-00008384-00008719 a comprehensive idea for public interest
+tKOdthqnBTo-00032-00008720-00008878 technology
+tKOdthqnBTo-00033-00008879-00009127 this led to new government
+tKOdthqnBTo-00034-00009128-00009327 accountability laws
+tKOdthqnBTo-00035-00009328-00009623 strengthened our municipal open data
+tKOdthqnBTo-00036-00009624-00009759 program
+tKOdthqnBTo-00037-00009760-00009878 and
+tKOdthqnBTo-00038-00009879-00010310 forced the city to publish more data
+tKOdthqnBTo-00039-00010311-00010631 this vision created a civic tech
+tKOdthqnBTo-00040-00010632-00010927 fellowship an apprenticeship program
+tKOdthqnBTo-00041-00010928-00011223 that i am now a part of
+tKOdthqnBTo-00042-00011224-00011487 do you have ideas on how new york city
+tKOdthqnBTo-00043-00011488-00011695 government uses tech
+tKOdthqnBTo-00044-00011696-00011942 make your voices heard via the new york
+tKOdthqnBTo-00045-00011943-00012214 city people's tech assemblies
+tKOdthqnBTo-00046-00012215-00012391 come join us
+tKOdthqnBTo-00047-00012392-00012638 to get started let's go to our digital
+tKOdthqnBTo-00048-00012639-00012774 platform
+tKOdthqnBTo-00049-00012775-00013143 peoplestech.nyc
+tKOdthqnBTo-00050-00013144-00013407 once you land on the home page you'll
+tKOdthqnBTo-00051-00013408-00013671 see a variety of sections at the top of
+tKOdthqnBTo-00052-00013672-00013822 your screen
+tKOdthqnBTo-00053-00013823-00013943 there's home
+tKOdthqnBTo-00054-00013944-00014143 where we are currently
+tKOdthqnBTo-00055-00014144-00014327 projects
+tKOdthqnBTo-00056-00014328-00014503 events
+tKOdthqnBTo-00057-00014504-00014630 about
+tKOdthqnBTo-00058-00014631-00014855 and faq
+tKOdthqnBTo-00059-00014856-00015166 if you are not signed into your account
+tKOdthqnBTo-00060-00015168-00015430 you'll see the sections log in
+tKOdthqnBTo-00061-00015431-00015822 and sign up
+tKOdthqnBTo-00062-00015823-00016079 in my case you do not save these
+tKOdthqnBTo-00063-00016080-00016358 sections because i am already signed in
+tKOdthqnBTo-00064-00016359-00016671 to my citizenlab account
+tKOdthqnBTo-00065-00016672-00016919 i'm going to walk you through what all
+tKOdthqnBTo-00066-00016920-00017158 these parts of the website mean
+tKOdthqnBTo-00067-00017159-00017439 in addition to showing you the different
+tKOdthqnBTo-00068-00017440-00017703 ways that you can share your voice as
+tKOdthqnBTo-00069-00017704-00017958 part of the new york city people's tech
+tKOdthqnBTo-00070-00017959-00018191 assemblies
+tKOdthqnBTo-00071-00018192-00018399 throughout the home page you'll see a
+tKOdthqnBTo-00072-00018400-00018599 selection of cards
+tKOdthqnBTo-00073-00018600-00018847 these are all different ways to share
+tKOdthqnBTo-00074-00018848-00019183 your voice
+tKOdthqnBTo-00075-00019184-00019414 let's click on the first card
+tKOdthqnBTo-00076-00019415-00020103 take the community survey
+tKOdthqnBTo-00077-00020104-00020358 okay so we are now on the community
+tKOdthqnBTo-00078-00020359-00020511 survey page
+tKOdthqnBTo-00079-00020512-00020767 scroll down to the bottom of the page
+tKOdthqnBTo-00080-00020768-00020983 and you will see the survey which
+tKOdthqnBTo-00081-00020984-00021327 contains a dark blue background
+tKOdthqnBTo-00082-00021328-00021694 it is here that you can take the survey
+tKOdthqnBTo-00083-00021695-00022030 keep in mind that you do not need a
+tKOdthqnBTo-00084-00022031-00022335 registered citizen lab account to take
+tKOdthqnBTo-00085-00022336-00022511 the survey
+tKOdthqnBTo-00086-00022512-00022694 once you click start
+tKOdthqnBTo-00087-00022695-00022943 you are now on your way to lending your
+tKOdthqnBTo-00088-00022944-00023158 voice in an easy
+tKOdthqnBTo-00089-00023159-00023358 and vital way
+tKOdthqnBTo-00090-00023359-00023614 the survey should take you
+tKOdthqnBTo-00091-00023615-00023942 about 10 minutes to complete
+tKOdthqnBTo-00092-00023943-00024214 if you'd like you can also share an
+tKOdthqnBTo-00093-00024215-00024447 issue or idea
+tKOdthqnBTo-00094-00024448-00024607 to start
+tKOdthqnBTo-00095-00024608-00025063 scroll back to the top of the webpage
+tKOdthqnBTo-00096-00025064-00025358 and click on the project section
+tKOdthqnBTo-00097-00025359-00025614 on the top left hand corner
+tKOdthqnBTo-00098-00025616-00025878 and select a topic of interest
+tKOdthqnBTo-00099-00025879-00026150 keep in mind these are the same topics
+tKOdthqnBTo-00100-00026151-00026535 we store listed on the home page
+tKOdthqnBTo-00101-00026536-00026807 let's head to civic and community
+tKOdthqnBTo-00102-00026808-00027246 empowerment
+tKOdthqnBTo-00103-00027247-00027487 on this topic page you will see a
+tKOdthqnBTo-00104-00027488-00027662 summary of the topic
+tKOdthqnBTo-00105-00027663-00027943 on the top or left hand side
+tKOdthqnBTo-00106-00027944-00028246 depending on the size of your browser
+tKOdthqnBTo-00107-00028247-00028455 along the right hand side
+tKOdthqnBTo-00108-00028456-00028583 or below
+tKOdthqnBTo-00109-00028583-00028855 there are subtopic area cards
+tKOdthqnBTo-00110-00028856-00029039 this is where you can share your
+tKOdthqnBTo-00111-00029039-00029262 contributions
+tKOdthqnBTo-00112-00029263-00029439 if you have an issue
+tKOdthqnBTo-00113-00029439-00029631 or idea
+tKOdthqnBTo-00114-00029632-00029807 that you want to share
+tKOdthqnBTo-00115-00029808-00030023 it does not match an existing
+tKOdthqnBTo-00116-00030024-00030199 contribution card
+tKOdthqnBTo-00117-00030200-00030407 you can share your contribution
+tKOdthqnBTo-00118-00030408-00030679 in the general contribution card
+tKOdthqnBTo-00119-00030680-00030967 called your issues challenges and
+tKOdthqnBTo-00120-00030968-00031118 proposals
+tKOdthqnBTo-00121-00031119-00031431 click contribute your input
+tKOdthqnBTo-00122-00031432-00031599 on the general card
+tKOdthqnBTo-00123-00031600-00031902 and you can start a new conversation
+tKOdthqnBTo-00124-00031903-00032399 in our case let's contribute to an idea
+tKOdthqnBTo-00125-00032400-00032662 to revolutionizing elections with
+tKOdthqnBTo-00126-00032663-00032887 technology
+tKOdthqnBTo-00127-00032888-00033223 click contribute your input
+tKOdthqnBTo-00128-00033224-00033431 on the top right hand side
+tKOdthqnBTo-00129-00033432-00033951 of that card
+tKOdthqnBTo-00130-00033952-00034135 once you have clicked contribute your
+tKOdthqnBTo-00131-00034136-00034455 input on a contribution card you will be
+tKOdthqnBTo-00132-00034456-00034887 taken to the contribution home page
+tKOdthqnBTo-00133-00034888-00035239 the page will have details on the topic
+tKOdthqnBTo-00134-00035240-00035518 some starter prompts
+tKOdthqnBTo-00135-00035519-00035774 and an update of the various stages of
+tKOdthqnBTo-00136-00035775-00036071 the project
+tKOdthqnBTo-00137-00036072-00036295 once you are ready to share your issue
+tKOdthqnBTo-00138-00036296-00036455 or idea
+tKOdthqnBTo-00139-00036456-00036646 click add a contribution
+tKOdthqnBTo-00140-00036647-00037095 located on the right hand side
+tKOdthqnBTo-00141-00037096-00037183 now
+tKOdthqnBTo-00142-00037184-00037374 you'll be prompted to create an account
+tKOdthqnBTo-00143-00037375-00037774 on our platform
+tKOdthqnBTo-00144-00037775-00038111 to engage in the future with ease
+tKOdthqnBTo-00145-00038112-00038383 fill out the information and feel free
+tKOdthqnBTo-00146-00038384-00038646 to skip any information that is not
+tKOdthqnBTo-00147-00038647-00038830 marked as required
+tKOdthqnBTo-00148-00038831-00039127 if you don't feel comfortable sharing
+tKOdthqnBTo-00149-00039128-00039511 during registration we ask for your name
+tKOdthqnBTo-00150-00039512-00039679 email address
+tKOdthqnBTo-00151-00039680-00039927 and to create a password
+tKOdthqnBTo-00152-00039928-00040183 you can ensure that your password meets
+tKOdthqnBTo-00153-00040184-00040502 the qualifications by hovering over the
+tKOdthqnBTo-00154-00040503-00040662 grey icon
+tKOdthqnBTo-00155-00040663-00040999 next to the password field
+tKOdthqnBTo-00156-00041000-00041199 once you finish the first part of the
+tKOdthqnBTo-00157-00041200-00041358 registration
+tKOdthqnBTo-00158-00041359-00041583 you will receive an email
+tKOdthqnBTo-00159-00041584-00041862 asking you to verify your email by
+tKOdthqnBTo-00160-00041863-00042455 inserting a four digit confirmation code
+tKOdthqnBTo-00161-00042456-00042599 afterwards
+tKOdthqnBTo-00162-00042600-00042911 there will be a short optional set of
+tKOdthqnBTo-00163-00042912-00043295 demographic questions
+tKOdthqnBTo-00164-00043296-00043487 once you complete the questions
+tKOdthqnBTo-00165-00043488-00043735 you you're all set
+tKOdthqnBTo-00166-00043736-00043999 now that you have created your account
+tKOdthqnBTo-00167-00044000-00044439 you are ready to share your contribution
+tKOdthqnBTo-00168-00044440-00044662 enter the title
+tKOdthqnBTo-00169-00044663-00044830 and a description
+tKOdthqnBTo-00170-00044831-00045087 of your issue
+tKOdthqnBTo-00171-00045088-00045223 and be sure
+tKOdthqnBTo-00172-00045224-00045462 to include any relevant background
+tKOdthqnBTo-00173-00045463-00045702 information that you wish
+tKOdthqnBTo-00174-00045703-00046015 do not share any personal information
+tKOdthqnBTo-00175-00046016-00046327 such as addresses phone numbers
+tKOdthqnBTo-00176-00046328-00046767 email addresses date of birth and so on
+tKOdthqnBTo-00177-00046768-00047502 once completed hit submit
+tKOdthqnBTo-00178-00047503-00047911 you have now shared your contribution
+tKOdthqnBTo-00179-00047912-00048023 once you have submitted your
+tKOdthqnBTo-00180-00048024-00048327 contribution it will be listed on the
+tKOdthqnBTo-00181-00048328-00048623 contribution page where you shared it
+tKOdthqnBTo-00182-00048624-00048902 all you need to do is scroll down to the
+tKOdthqnBTo-00183-00048903-00049271 bottom of the webpage to see it
+tKOdthqnBTo-00184-00049272-00049543 now other new yorkers will be able to
+tKOdthqnBTo-00185-00049544-00049958 see it and add their thoughts or support
+tKOdthqnBTo-00186-00049959-00050183 your voice will now be heard
+tKOdthqnBTo-00187-00050184-00050486 all the shared issues and ideas
+tKOdthqnBTo-00188-00050487-00050671 will be used by the peoples tech
+tKOdthqnBTo-00189-00050672-00050958 coalition to craft the solutions our
+tKOdthqnBTo-00190-00050959-00051174 city needs
+tKOdthqnBTo-00191-00051175-00051438 let's head over to the events page
+tKOdthqnBTo-00192-00051439-00051575 to start
+tKOdthqnBTo-00193-00051576-00051775 click on the events section
+tKOdthqnBTo-00194-00051776-00052142 on the left hand side
+tKOdthqnBTo-00195-00052144-00052414 once you arrive on the page you'll see a
+tKOdthqnBTo-00196-00052415-00052719 listing of upcoming events as well as
+tKOdthqnBTo-00197-00052720-00053054 past events
+tKOdthqnBTo-00198-00053055-00053350 to find out more information
+tKOdthqnBTo-00199-00053351-00053519 about an event
+tKOdthqnBTo-00200-00053520-00053719 click on show more
+tKOdthqnBTo-00201-00053720-00053871 if available
+tKOdthqnBTo-00202-00053872-00054150 which is located on the bottom left hand
+tKOdthqnBTo-00203-00054151-00054247 side
+tKOdthqnBTo-00204-00054248-00054703 of each event card
+tKOdthqnBTo-00205-00054704-00054903 if you're curious about the overall
+tKOdthqnBTo-00206-00054904-00055159 scope of the new york city people's tech
+tKOdthqnBTo-00207-00055160-00055391 assemblies you want to check out the
+tKOdthqnBTo-00208-00055391-00055519 about page
+tKOdthqnBTo-00209-00055520-00055638 to do so
+tKOdthqnBTo-00210-00055639-00055871 click on the about section on the left
+tKOdthqnBTo-00211-00055872-00056159 hand side
+tKOdthqnBTo-00212-00056160-00056391 once you arrive on the page
+tKOdthqnBTo-00213-00056391-00056694 you'll see a summary of the project
+tKOdthqnBTo-00214-00056695-00056838 guidance
+tKOdthqnBTo-00215-00056839-00057191 on how to get started on citizen lab
+tKOdthqnBTo-00216-00057191-00057382 and a biography
+tKOdthqnBTo-00217-00057383-00057647 of all the organizations involved with
+tKOdthqnBTo-00218-00057648-00058023 this project
+tKOdthqnBTo-00219-00058024-00058103 now
+tKOdthqnBTo-00220-00058104-00058303 if you have any questions
+tKOdthqnBTo-00221-00058304-00058479 about citizen lab
+tKOdthqnBTo-00222-00058479-00058847 be sure to head over to the faq section
+tKOdthqnBTo-00223-00058848-00059199 also on the top of your screen
+tKOdthqnBTo-00224-00059200-00059471 once you click on the faq section
+tKOdthqnBTo-00225-00059472-00059726 you'll find your most commonly asked
+tKOdthqnBTo-00226-00059727-00059838 questions
+tKOdthqnBTo-00227-00059839-00060094 answered
+tKOdthqnBTo-00228-00060095-00060263 that's all for now
+tKOdthqnBTo-00229-00060264-00060463 we hope to hear your voice and would
+tKOdthqnBTo-00230-00060464-00060694 love your help in spreading the word
+tKOdthqnBTo-00231-00060695-00060966 about this opportunity with your friends
+tKOdthqnBTo-00232-00060967-00061126 and neighbors
+tKOdthqnBTo-00233-00061127-00061406 if you want your input to be sent to the
+tKOdthqnBTo-00234-00061407-00061647 incoming administration
+tKOdthqnBTo-00235-00061648-00061838 opportunities to engage
+tKOdthqnBTo-00236-00061839-00062238 close november 14th so don't delay in
+tKOdthqnBTo-00237-00062239-00062519 getting online and involved
+tKOdthqnBTo-00238-00062520-00062726 thank you for joining me today
+tKOdthqnBTo-00239-00062727-00062919 and happy surfing
+tKOdthqnBTo-00240-00062920-00063244 take care
+tONQm2RrUMI-00000-00000431-00000839 hello guys good morning so that's
+tONQm2RrUMI-00002-00004284-00004783 um
+tONQm2RrUMI-00003-00004784-00006392 [Music]
+tONQm2RrUMI-00005-00009884-00011063 guys
+tONQm2RrUMI-00006-00011064-00011283 there and check that another humanity
+tONQm2RrUMI-00007-00011284-00012710 over
+tONQm2RrUMI-00008-00012711-00013094 and see you next episode let's play some
+tONQm2RrUMI-00009-00013095-00013215 rasamuna
+tONQm2RrUMI-00010-00013216-00013566 this is my stream on madame gaming
+tONQm2RrUMI-00011-00013568-00013928 on facebook
+tPBw8nX53_4-00000-00000006-00001635 [Music]
+tPBw8nX53_4-00001-00001636-00001930 welcome back to the lecture series on
+tPBw8nX53_4-00002-00001932-00002324 metrology now let us start lecture
+tPBw8nX53_4-00003-00002325-00002945 number 6 under module number 12 in his
+tPBw8nX53_4-00004-00002946-00003239 lecture the following topics will be
+tPBw8nX53_4-00005-00003240-00003820 covered Stage II errors calibration of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00006-00003821-00004193 stages typical specifications of the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00007-00004194-00004461 micro stages and nano stages and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00008-00004462-00004781 applications and selection of the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00009-00004782-00005051 different kinds of stages and finally we
+tPBw8nX53_4-00010-00005052-00005359 will discuss about nano technology
+tPBw8nX53_4-00011-00005360-00005777 instrumentation in the previous lecture
+tPBw8nX53_4-00012-00005778-00006116 we discussed about different types of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00013-00006117-00006559 four stages linear stages rotary stages
+tPBw8nX53_4-00014-00006561-00006784 and what are the different types kinds
+tPBw8nX53_4-00015-00006786-00007498 of what is used in stages like now we
+tPBw8nX53_4-00016-00007500-00007804 will understand what are the various
+tPBw8nX53_4-00017-00007805-00008528 errors that occur in metrology stages so
+tPBw8nX53_4-00018-00008529-00009364 I can see here we have linear errors so
+tPBw8nX53_4-00019-00009365-00009578 this picture shows that the table is a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00020-00009579-00010078 table surface and the table is moving in
+tPBw8nX53_4-00021-00010079-00010817 the X direction when it moves we may
+tPBw8nX53_4-00022-00010818-00011014 move like this that means it will move
+tPBw8nX53_4-00023-00011015-00011496 up and down the table surface that is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00024-00011497-00011984 flatness here similarly when it knows it
+tPBw8nX53_4-00025-00011985-00012401 may move like this the horizontal in a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00026-00012402-00013111 vertical plane it may move like this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00027-00013112-00013697 so this is straightness yeah is the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00028-00013698-00014091 hero's linear Eric suckered in all the 3
+tPBw8nX53_4-00029-00014093-00015000 axis in the x-axis y-axis moment and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00030-00015001-00015346 coming to the angular errors in each
+tPBw8nX53_4-00031-00015347-00015816 axis they can they could be the error in
+tPBw8nX53_4-00032-00015818-00016458 the yaw axis that means the table is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00033-00016459-00016918 rotating in this fashion so this is yeah
+tPBw8nX53_4-00034-00016919-00017250 axis similarly the along the pitch axis
+tPBw8nX53_4-00035-00017251-00017655 is tilted table surface named tilt and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00036-00017656-00018163 along this x-axis it my rule table
+tPBw8nX53_4-00037-00018164-00018672 surface that is apart from linear errors
+tPBw8nX53_4-00038-00018673-00019353 in Xyz direction that can be rule which
+tPBw8nX53_4-00039-00019354-00019828 axis yeah that means while designing
+tPBw8nX53_4-00040-00019829-00020103 that manufacturing duties micro-nano
+tPBw8nX53_4-00041-00020104-00020422 stages lot of care has to be taken so
+tPBw8nX53_4-00042-00020423-00020821 that it is properly designed also in the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00043-00020822-00021046 manufacturing a proper care should be
+tPBw8nX53_4-00044-00021047-00021414 taken so that that is the errors are
+tPBw8nX53_4-00045-00021415-00021774 minimized
+tPBw8nX53_4-00046-00021775-00022344 now these graphs show the repeatability
+tPBw8nX53_4-00047-00022345-00022753 can see here is the position of the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00048-00022754-00023140 stage and the y axis shows the deviation
+tPBw8nX53_4-00049-00023141-00023793 in millimeter now after assembling the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00050-00023794-00024259 stage we have to conduct experimental
+tPBw8nX53_4-00051-00024260-00024517 formants test many times and then
+tPBw8nX53_4-00052-00024518-00024715 repeatability should be establish you
+tPBw8nX53_4-00053-00024716-00025299 can see here the error at each position
+tPBw8nX53_4-00054-00025300-00025809 the table is moved along the different
+tPBw8nX53_4-00055-00025810-00025941 axis x axis
+tPBw8nX53_4-00056-00025942-00026492 he attacks design what is the amount of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00057-00026493-00026925 different positions for example that 25
+tPBw8nX53_4-00058-00026926-00027117 millimeter position what is the amount
+tPBw8nX53_4-00059-00027118-00027195 of here
+tPBw8nX53_4-00060-00027195-00027375 for multiple readings are taken and then
+tPBw8nX53_4-00061-00027376-00027668 finally we can calculate the average
+tPBw8nX53_4-00062-00027669-00028166 values that means this line shows the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00063-00028167-00028904 mean error in that direction similarly
+tPBw8nX53_4-00064-00028905-00029136 reverse direction also we should conduct
+tPBw8nX53_4-00065-00029137-00029852 the experiment to get bidirectionality
+tPBw8nX53_4-00066-00029852-00030617 this curve shows the error in the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00067-00030618-00031031 forward direction and the yellow line
+tPBw8nX53_4-00068-00031032-00031739 indicates the table in the reverse
+tPBw8nX53_4-00069-00031741-00031794 direction
+tPBw8nX53_4-00070-00031795-00032195 and this blue curve indicates the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00071-00032197-00033263 average of both thank you so this is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00072-00033264-00033615 different positions of the axis what we
+tPBw8nX53_4-00073-00033616-00033810 have on table theater so these
+tPBw8nX53_4-00074-00033811-00034029 experiments should be conducted for all
+tPBw8nX53_4-00075-00034030-00034221 the three axis x axis y axis and y axis
+tPBw8nX53_4-00076-00034222-00034949 and then we will give it ability of t
+tPBw8nX53_4-00077-00034950-00035928 stage they can be here as the squareness
+tPBw8nX53_4-00078-00035929-00036102 you know that means you can see here we
+tPBw8nX53_4-00079-00036103-00036467 have an XY table now so this is the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00080-00036468-00037050 x-axis moment and so if the ax is open
+tPBw8nX53_4-00081-00037051-00037611 so when the table move the top surface
+tPBw8nX53_4-00082-00037612-00037935 the table most whether the moment is 90
+tPBw8nX53_4-00083-00037936-00038148 degree and for the d square or not that
+tPBw8nX53_4-00084-00038149-00038543 can be checked by using squares and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00085-00038544-00039039 educators and at proper height a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00086-00039040-00039150 squareness
+tPBw8nX53_4-00087-00039151-00039375 should be measured so this grandness is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00088-00039376-00039708 basically the combination of rotational
+tPBw8nX53_4-00089-00039709-00040055 errors and linear yes
+tPBw8nX53_4-00090-00040056-00040419 similarly in stages that can be a big
+tPBw8nX53_4-00091-00040420-00040811 yes we can see this diagram to the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00092-00040812-00041226 surface of the table the small angular
+tPBw8nX53_4-00093-00041227-00041598 errors and the stages of this they
+tPBw8nX53_4-00094-00041599-00042000 produce translation errors at 34 pieces
+tPBw8nX53_4-00095-00042001-00042476 say we have mounted some one piece of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00096-00042477-00042858 white patch and then this is the work
+tPBw8nX53_4-00097-00042859-00043301 piece surface if they small here the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00098-00043302-00043614 small angular air at the surface of the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00099-00043615-00044106 table so it gets amplified at the work
+tPBw8nX53_4-00100-00044107-00044538 surface so that is the Abbaye here
+tPBw8nX53_4-00101-00044539-00044901 so this appear Delta yes so it is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00102-00044902-00045678 nothing but the this angle theta times
+tPBw8nX53_4-00103-00045679-00046088 the offset edge so that gives the happy
+tPBw8nX53_4-00104-00046089-00046632 yes now how do we correct correction is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00105-00046633-00046929 given for these errors so the different
+tPBw8nX53_4-00106-00046930-00047205 types of errors should be measured and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00107-00047206-00047643 to look up table and as and when
+tPBw8nX53_4-00108-00047644-00048027 necessary we should use these errors in
+tPBw8nX53_4-00109-00048028-00048213 the cup table at some time the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00110-00048214-00048444 correction should be given so these will
+tPBw8nX53_4-00111-00048445-00048870 come table meaningful only for the net
+tPBw8nX53_4-00112-00048871-00049586 appropriate of a height now how do we
+tPBw8nX53_4-00113-00049587-00049905 calibrate the Nano stages under micro
+tPBw8nX53_4-00114-00049906-00050433 stages so again the use image processing
+tPBw8nX53_4-00115-00050434-00050703 the system software and can use the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00116-00050704-00050993 cameras and also it can use standard
+tPBw8nX53_4-00117-00050994-00051404 specimens for calibrating
+tPBw8nX53_4-00118-00051404-00052054 make your stages also you can use this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00119-00052055-00052494 picture shows the calibration plate
+tPBw8nX53_4-00120-00052495-00052894 optical ratings also can be used so the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00121-00052895-00053209 calibration plate it has got different
+tPBw8nX53_4-00122-00053210-00053542 contours made in the update and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00123-00053544-00053828 different holes of different sizes so
+tPBw8nX53_4-00124-00053829-00054212 these calibration plates can be used
+tPBw8nX53_4-00125-00054213-00054751 along with the laser system for
+tPBw8nX53_4-00126-00054752-00054979 calibrating to find what is the amount
+tPBw8nX53_4-00127-00054980-00055309 of here are a different positions and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00128-00055310-00055831 then the software can be used to
+tPBw8nX53_4-00129-00055832-00056540 calculate what is the amount of yeah now
+tPBw8nX53_4-00130-00056541-00057104 this picture shows a set up laser based
+tPBw8nX53_4-00131-00057104-00057284 calibration setup you can see the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00132-00057285-00057575 surface plate on which the explained
+tPBw8nX53_4-00133-00057576-00057775 stage which is to be calibrated is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00134-00057776-00058019 mounted and then there is a laser source
+tPBw8nX53_4-00135-00058020-00058259 and then mirrors are there for
+tPBw8nX53_4-00136-00058260-00058507 reflection of a laser source using the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00137-00058508-00058946 such a setup where we can find we can
+tPBw8nX53_4-00138-00058947-00059182 determine the different types of errors
+tPBw8nX53_4-00139-00059183-00059557 and then the D we can plot the error
+tPBw8nX53_4-00140-00059558-00059881 slightly we can say this is the travel
+tPBw8nX53_4-00141-00059882-00060272 of a particular axis of body x-rays at
+tPBw8nX53_4-00142-00060273-00060635 stage so here it is range is 0 to 2 85
+tPBw8nX53_4-00143-00060636-00060890 millimeter trouble I am a axis indicates
+tPBw8nX53_4-00144-00060891-00061201 the error in terms of micrometer so in a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00145-00061202-00061606 stage moves the forward direction what
+tPBw8nX53_4-00146-00061607-00061813 is the amount of here on that plate it
+tPBw8nX53_4-00147-00061814-00062084 is plotted here so the maximum amount of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00148-00062085-00062401 positioning accuracy is the gain point 0
+tPBw8nX53_4-00149-00062402-00062513 1 micrometer
+tPBw8nX53_4-00150-00062514-00062854 so similarly repeatability can be
+tPBw8nX53_4-00151-00062855-00063275 established so it is graph shows ability
+tPBw8nX53_4-00152-00063276-00063505 the forward Direction is the one point
+tPBw8nX53_4-00153-00063507-00063866 zero 2 meter similarly the pitch errors
+tPBw8nX53_4-00154-00063866-00064243 and yaw errors can be determined using
+tPBw8nX53_4-00155-00064244-00064711 such a cyst calibrations
+tPBw8nX53_4-00156-00064712-00065198 now this table shows typical
+tPBw8nX53_4-00157-00065199-00065744 specifications of nano stages so
+tPBw8nX53_4-00158-00065745-00066188 different models are available so this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00159-00066189-00066410 is modeling one model to model three
+tPBw8nX53_4-00160-00066411-00066644 with different travel range as you can
+tPBw8nX53_4-00161-00066645-00066932 see in this first model the travel grain
+tPBw8nX53_4-00162-00066933-00067196 is up to 10 micrometer and there is a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00163-00067197-00067424 CAD model 25 micrometer and third model
+tPBw8nX53_4-00164-00067425-00067631 for the up to 40 micrometer easily
+tPBw8nX53_4-00165-00067632-00068123 travel range of the things my engine
+tPBw8nX53_4-00166-00068124-00068195 taxes
+tPBw8nX53_4-00167-00068196-00068459 so normally x-axis y-axis range will be
+tPBw8nX53_4-00168-00068460-00068747 created as compared to the z-axis range
+tPBw8nX53_4-00169-00068748-00069035 so resolution is point naught 5
+tPBw8nX53_4-00170-00069036-00069317 nanometer in the first models they
+tPBw8nX53_4-00171-00069318-00069590 cannot will find 1 nanometer and in the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00172-00069591-00069863 third body waiting that the travel range
+tPBw8nX53_4-00173-00069864-00070453 is more the resolution is 0.15 nanometer
+tPBw8nX53_4-00174-00070454-00070835 also the linearity ranges the point 0 3
+tPBw8nX53_4-00175-00070836-00071294 % point 0 2 % 0 2 % are available and by
+tPBw8nX53_4-00176-00071295-00071471 duration Y direction at repeatability of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00177-00071472-00071762 1.90 1.25 millimeter
+tPBw8nX53_4-00178-00071763-00071909 well then a meteor - then they are
+tPBw8nX53_4-00179-00071910-00072281 available and picture yeah error will be
+tPBw8nX53_4-00180-00072282-00072647 something like 5 or micro radians 5
+tPBw8nX53_4-00181-00072648-00072869 microwave ingredients and 7 point 5
+tPBw8nX53_4-00182-00072870-00073448 micro radians now here you can see some
+tPBw8nX53_4-00183-00073449-00074033 of the stages nama stage with 4 axis
+tPBw8nX53_4-00184-00074034-00074303 which means x axis y axis and z axis the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00185-00074304-00074576 linear axis and then the fourth rotary
+tPBw8nX53_4-00186-00074577-00074932 axis available here and this one's
+tPBw8nX53_4-00187-00074933-00075338 brushless AC trends and resolution of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00188-00075339-00075727 this table is 20 nano meters such a fine
+tPBw8nX53_4-00189-00075728-00076610 stages the market now this shows six
+tPBw8nX53_4-00190-00076611-00077096 axis very compact parallel position at
+tPBw8nX53_4-00191-00077097-00077423 that means this top surface the table on
+tPBw8nX53_4-00192-00077424-00077813 this most parallel to be base and this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00193-00077814-00077851 has
+tPBw8nX53_4-00194-00077852-00078214 six cities of freedom here as I said
+tPBw8nX53_4-00195-00078215-00078802 under te access pitch roll and yaw load
+tPBw8nX53_4-00196-00078803-00079099 capacity at this particular the position
+tPBw8nX53_4-00197-00079100-00079417 is 10 kg and it can move what velocity
+tPBw8nX53_4-00198-00079418-00079753 of 25 millimeter per second the travel
+tPBw8nX53_4-00199-00079754-00080305 range is up to 45 millimeter and 25
+tPBw8nX53_4-00200-00080306-00080533 degree rotational movement the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00201-00080534-00080961 resolution is the 7 defined accuracy
+tPBw8nX53_4-00202-00080962-00081231 questioning accuracy is are possible and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00203-00081232-00081702 300 nanometer in among available and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00204-00081703-00082075 repeatability is plus or minus 0.1
+tPBw8nX53_4-00205-00082076-00082732 micrometer and if the range is more and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00206-00082733-00083001 repeatability of plus or minus 2.5 micro
+tPBw8nX53_4-00207-00083002-00083572 radians is possible i standard also by
+tPBw8nX53_4-00208-00083573-00083788 the mccune compatible questions are also
+tPBw8nX53_4-00209-00083789-00084348 available and DC motors are using such
+tPBw8nX53_4-00210-00084349-00085036 positioners now this shows a stage used
+tPBw8nX53_4-00211-00085037-00085330 micro stage used in the micro EDM bar
+tPBw8nX53_4-00212-00085331-00085791 machine we can see my fuel injector via
+tPBw8nX53_4-00213-00085792-00086443 micro holes our machine for the supply
+tPBw8nX53_4-00214-00086444-00086841 of fuel so you can see the micro holes
+tPBw8nX53_4-00215-00086842-00087109 we can see now different microscopic
+tPBw8nX53_4-00216-00087110-00087781 view of a spray nozzle of diameter 100
+tPBw8nX53_4-00217-00087782-00088336 micro meter in order to make these fine
+tPBw8nX53_4-00218-00088337-00088721 holes we have to properly oriented the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00219-00088722-00089109 four pieces for that apart from XYZ
+tPBw8nX53_4-00220-00089110-00089584 motion of this a summation they should
+tPBw8nX53_4-00221-00089585-00089974 be possible to rotate the what piece we
+tPBw8nX53_4-00222-00089975-00090388 should be possible to tilt the tables
+tPBw8nX53_4-00223-00090389-00090648 for multiple axis machining systems are
+tPBw8nX53_4-00224-00090649-00090971 needed so in order to make these the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00225-00090972-00091142 micro holes we have
+tPBw8nX53_4-00226-00091143-00091815 position the electrode properly so that
+tPBw8nX53_4-00227-00091816-00092292 these micro holes are made they should
+tPBw8nX53_4-00228-00092293-00092769 be possible to rotate the workpiece as
+tPBw8nX53_4-00229-00092770-00093075 well as the tilter should be possible to
+tPBw8nX53_4-00230-00093076-00093717 filter the workpiece now in this diagram
+tPBw8nX53_4-00231-00093718-00094200 I can see regular X Y Z CNC machine
+tPBw8nX53_4-00232-00094201-00094469 three SS machine with mounted with a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00233-00094470-00094791 Julianne table to provide two more
+tPBw8nX53_4-00234-00094792-00095076 addition under access that means the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00235-00095077-00095294 workpiece can be rotated a rotary axis
+tPBw8nX53_4-00236-00095295-00095784 as well as this table can be deleted so
+tPBw8nX53_4-00237-00095785-00095982 totally five axes are possible in this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00238-00095983-00096621 CNC machine the different sized CNC
+tPBw8nX53_4-00239-00096622-00096912 machines are available today a mission
+tPBw8nX53_4-00240-00096913-00097131 with different table size different
+tPBw8nX53_4-00241-00097132-00097317 percent row height different load
+tPBw8nX53_4-00242-00097318-00097641 capacities such are possible accuracy of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00243-00097642-00098022 such a system is rotary axis accuracy is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00244-00098023-00098356 15 the hot second until tilting the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00245-00098357-00098691 accuracy is 21 second and repeatability
+tPBw8nX53_4-00246-00098692-00099048 of plus or minus 2 degree four seconds
+tPBw8nX53_4-00247-00099049-00099671 it's possible now way normally used in
+tPBw8nX53_4-00248-00099672-00100161 stages you can see here if we use linear
+tPBw8nX53_4-00249-00100162-00100382 motor speed mechanical gear various the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00250-00100383-00100769 machining accuracy is plus or minus 5
+tPBw8nX53_4-00251-00100770-00101166 micrometer this is a micro stage
+tPBw8nX53_4-00252-00101167-00101394 specification for a micro stage and if
+tPBw8nX53_4-00253-00101395-00101613 you use your bearings the positioning
+tPBw8nX53_4-00254-00101614-00102066 accuracy can be enhanced to up to plus
+tPBw8nX53_4-00255-00102067-00102530 minus 0.5 you of micro meter and y
+tPBw8nX53_4-00256-00102531-00102833 direction that repeatability is plus or
+tPBw8nX53_4-00257-00102834-00103067 minus part 5 if we use mechanical
+tPBw8nX53_4-00258-00103068-00103416 bearings and if you use air meanings it
+tPBw8nX53_4-00259-00103417-00103615 is plus or minus 5 to make
+tPBw8nX53_4-00260-00103616-00103891 meter and the straightness and flatness
+tPBw8nX53_4-00261-00103892-00104331 arrows also can be reduced very much in
+tPBw8nX53_4-00262-00104332-00104566 case of mechanical readings this light
+tPBw8nX53_4-00263-00104567-00104815 has blood nurses on eros will be six to
+tPBw8nX53_4-00264-00104816-00105205 12 micron meter whereas in the stages
+tPBw8nX53_4-00265-00105206-00105411 equipped with EPA trainings the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00266-00105413-00105625 straightness on flatness error will be
+tPBw8nX53_4-00267-00105626-00106033 as low as 2 micrometer also roll error
+tPBw8nX53_4-00268-00106033-00106231 picture and di error can be reduced from
+tPBw8nX53_4-00269-00106232-00106785 10 are ii ii ii ii explained not very
+tPBw8nX53_4-00270-00106786-00107050 here we need sir goes to micro stages as
+tPBw8nX53_4-00271-00107051-00107355 well as number of stages
+tPBw8nX53_4-00272-00107356-00107665 now what are the different applications
+tPBw8nX53_4-00273-00107666-00108534 of micro and nano stages these stages
+tPBw8nX53_4-00274-00108535-00108829 are used in photography tools such as
+tPBw8nX53_4-00275-00108830-00109204 optical stampers and optical scanners
+tPBw8nX53_4-00276-00109205-00109635 beeping moderators lasered mask craters
+tPBw8nX53_4-00277-00109636-00110080 and in the metrology tools such as mask
+tPBw8nX53_4-00278-00110081-00110309 away from exceeding special systems
+tPBw8nX53_4-00279-00110310-00110569 measurement tools scanning electron
+tPBw8nX53_4-00280-00110570-00110853 microscopes super resolution microscopy
+tPBw8nX53_4-00281-00110854-00111142 systems they are also used in the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00282-00111143-00111451 process equipment such as robust type
+tPBw8nX53_4-00283-00111452-00111802 honors and carrying tools for making
+tPBw8nX53_4-00284-00111803-00112324 very fine make jinns these stages or use
+tPBw8nX53_4-00285-00112325-00112961 you can see the micro drills such my
+tPBw8nX53_4-00286-00112963-00113235 doing is possible if you use micro
+tPBw8nX53_4-00287-00113236-00113530 stages on our stages they are also used
+tPBw8nX53_4-00288-00113531-00113883 in calibration equipment measurement and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00289-00113884-00114145 calibration of high resolution or high
+tPBw8nX53_4-00290-00114146-00114424 frequency mechanical motion systems and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00291-00114425-00114686 these stages are also used in magnetic
+tPBw8nX53_4-00292-00114688-00114805 levitation
+tPBw8nX53_4-00293-00114806-00115143 positioners now this picture shows a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00294-00115144-00115528 electro high decision positioning system
+tPBw8nX53_4-00295-00115529-00116095 itself nanometer resolution
+tPBw8nX53_4-00296-00116096-00116464 now how do we select these metrology
+tPBw8nX53_4-00297-00116465-00116782 stages the primary characteristics by
+tPBw8nX53_4-00298-00116783-00117202 selecting a stage or linearity
+tPBw8nX53_4-00299-00117203-00117523 sensitivity that is resolution stability
+tPBw8nX53_4-00300-00117524-00117906 bad and cost these factors are
+tPBw8nX53_4-00301-00117907-00118402 considered by selecting the stages for a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00302-00118403-00118659 short term we're traveling just update
+tPBw8nX53_4-00303-00118660-00119023 is your dress with frictionless Fletcher
+tPBw8nX53_4-00304-00119024-00119365 guidance are used for better accuracy
+tPBw8nX53_4-00305-00119366-00119845 and the your price combined with fast
+tPBw8nX53_4-00306-00119846-00120223 response extreme grade grading position
+tPBw8nX53_4-00307-00120224-00120577 very long maintenance fee service life
+tPBw8nX53_4-00308-00120578-00121453 and they can be easily used wave surfer
+tPBw8nX53_4-00309-00121454-00121978 nanometer step sizes needed due to high
+tPBw8nX53_4-00310-00121979-00122368 stiffness and low inertia piezo flexor
+tPBw8nX53_4-00311-00122369-00122896 stages can achieve extremely fast stud
+tPBw8nX53_4-00312-00122897-00123308 finder satellite any second are
+tPBw8nX53_4-00313-00123309-00123810 microsecond range
+tPBw8nX53_4-00314-00123811-00124393 visual drives have high scanning the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00315-00124394-00124753 rails with hundreds of thousands of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00316-00124754-00125239 results this highly in second grade is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00317-00125240-00125644 very important in optics alignment and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00318-00125645-00125800 the semiconductor testing and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00319-00125801-00126336 manufacture and for longer travel ranges
+tPBw8nX53_4-00320-00126338-00126691 but she engages with frictionless the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00321-00126692-00127044 Yale mailings and linear controller used
+tPBw8nX53_4-00322-00127045-00127383 frictionless bearings avoid the bearing
+tPBw8nX53_4-00323-00127384-00127921 grumble caused by balls and rulers to
+tPBw8nX53_4-00324-00127922-00128245 provide vibration free motion and highly
+tPBw8nX53_4-00325-00128246-00128467 constant velocity
+tPBw8nX53_4-00326-00128468-00128791 another option to go frictionless he is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00327-00128792-00129100 known as the magnetic limitation that is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00328-00129101-00129400 magnetic bearings position feedback for
+tPBw8nX53_4-00329-00129401-00129544 closed loop controls such as the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00330-00129545-00129843 capacitive since our strain gauges and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00331-00129844-00130771 PRS system is viable and whenever low
+tPBw8nX53_4-00332-00130772-00131119 inertia improve dynamics and the smaller
+tPBw8nX53_4-00333-00131120-00131356 package size higher stiffness required
+tPBw8nX53_4-00334-00131357-00131818 we can go for micro nano stages and also
+tPBw8nX53_4-00335-00131819-00132253 other important requirement to use these
+tPBw8nX53_4-00336-00132254-00132432 stages is thermal and mechanical
+tPBw8nX53_4-00337-00132433-00132883 stability also we should look for device
+tPBw8nX53_4-00338-00132884-00133408 of a user-friendly software to run these
+tPBw8nX53_4-00339-00133409-00133909 stages and these days should have a low
+tPBw8nX53_4-00340-00133910-00134326 maintenance requirements and the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00341-00134327-00134509 controllers and interface executor
+tPBw8nX53_4-00342-00134510-00134755 should be available a notation
+tPBw8nX53_4-00343-00134756-00135001 requirement that was the routine stages
+tPBw8nX53_4-00344-00135002-00135480 needed that also we should see with this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00345-00135481-00136019 we will stop for the discussion forum
+tPBw8nX53_4-00346-00136020-00136441 Nano and micro stages
+tPBw8nX53_4-00347-00136442-00136924 let us begin our discussion on nano
+tPBw8nX53_4-00348-00136925-00137269 technology instrumentation so after this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00349-00137270-00137715 topic we will be discussing about the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00350-00137716-00138090 measurement instrumentation used in
+tPBw8nX53_4-00351-00138091-00138754 technology so we will discuss about the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00352-00138755-00139322 need for technology and various building
+tPBw8nX53_4-00353-00139323-00139697 blocks of technology and what are the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00354-00139698-00139966 various measurement instrumentation is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00355-00139967-00140316 used in nano technology for measuring
+tPBw8nX53_4-00356-00140317-00140768 sizes and then the resolution aspect of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00357-00140769-00141087 various devices and how do we select the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00358-00141088-00141509 instrumentation and then discuss in some
+tPBw8nX53_4-00359-00141510-00142118 detail about atomic force microscopy and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00360-00142119-00142532 this will be discussing a porti probe
+tPBw8nX53_4-00361-00142533-00143091 tip used in atomic force microscopy and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00362-00143092-00143357 working details of area for your mind
+tPBw8nX53_4-00363-00143358-00143638 applications now what are the various
+tPBw8nX53_4-00364-00143639-00144149 limitations and challenges of and then
+tPBw8nX53_4-00365-00144150-00144426 we move on to a discussion on larger
+tPBw8nX53_4-00366-00144427-00144794 atomic force microscope and and how to
+tPBw8nX53_4-00367-00144795-00145326 calibrate the atomic force microscope
+tPBw8nX53_4-00368-00145327-00145834 now let us discuss what is the need
+tPBw8nX53_4-00369-00145835-00146261 technology now this nanotechnology is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00370-00146262-00146713 the new scientific field evolving from
+tPBw8nX53_4-00371-00146714-00147016 material specific individuality zuv
+tPBw8nX53_4-00372-00147017-00147427 presently available elements when there
+tPBw8nX53_4-00373-00147428-00147887 Pfizer's become nano metric the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00374-00147888-00148207 nanotechnology manipulates matter
+tPBw8nX53_4-00375-00148208-00148463 atomic
+tPBw8nX53_4-00376-00148464-00148861 presently nanotechnologies dealing with
+tPBw8nX53_4-00377-00148862-00149279 the creation and utilization of new
+tPBw8nX53_4-00378-00149280-00149668 functional materials new devices and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00379-00149669-00150019 systems based on innovative functions
+tPBw8nX53_4-00380-00150020-00150411 and properties of nanometric sized
+tPBw8nX53_4-00381-00150412-00150887 elements and control small sensors
+tPBw8nX53_4-00382-00150888-00151120 communication and navigation systems
+tPBw8nX53_4-00383-00151121-00151531 with very low mass low bottom and low
+tPBw8nX53_4-00384-00151532-00151953 power consumption very much needed media
+tPBw8nX53_4-00385-00151954-00152529 present day scientific systems so in
+tPBw8nX53_4-00386-00152530-00152874 this aspect nanotechnology has confessed
+tPBw8nX53_4-00387-00152875-00153336 to create the draw small sensors and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00388-00153337-00153718 navigation systems now what are the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00389-00153719-00154183 building blocks of nano technology you
+tPBw8nX53_4-00390-00154184-00154507 can see here we have what piece is the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00391-00154508-00154926 base material a very rough surface and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00392-00154927-00155374 now we want to change the characteristic
+tPBw8nX53_4-00393-00155375-00155770 of the surface of this base material so
+tPBw8nX53_4-00394-00155771-00156121 we can always apply ultra-thin nano
+tPBw8nX53_4-00395-00156122-00156564 layer that is nanometric sized layers
+tPBw8nX53_4-00396-00156565-00156900 can be applied onto the surface so that
+tPBw8nX53_4-00397-00156901-00157560 the desired properties of the surface
+tPBw8nX53_4-00398-00157561-00157875 can be Jerry can see here this diagram
+tPBw8nX53_4-00399-00157876-00158494 by a plane contracting layer they would
+tPBw8nX53_4-00400-00158495-00158973 be surface the surface is converted into
+tPBw8nX53_4-00401-00158974-00159504 hydrophobic surface now nano structures
+tPBw8nX53_4-00402-00159505-00159972 can be built using technology and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00403-00159973-00160389 political instrumentations can be built
+tPBw8nX53_4-00404-00160390-00160929 and used for measuring the performance
+tPBw8nX53_4-00405-00160930-00161449 of nano structures and other important
+tPBw8nX53_4-00406-00161450-00161568 area
+tPBw8nX53_4-00407-00161569-00161847 technology is integration of data
+tPBw8nX53_4-00408-00161848-00162180 materials and molecular size der
+tPBw8nX53_4-00409-00162181-00162617 structures now in his picture we can see
+tPBw8nX53_4-00410-00162618-00163293 very small nano sized disorder made and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00411-00163294-00163905 here we can see nano sized round part
+tPBw8nX53_4-00412-00163906-00164180 and here
+tPBw8nX53_4-00413-00164181-00164811 forget nano size to cubic or rectangular
+tPBw8nX53_4-00414-00164812-00165246 shape four pieces all these are made
+tPBw8nX53_4-00415-00165247-00165957 using the nano technology now how do we
+tPBw8nX53_4-00416-00165958-00166754 measure the Nano sizes different
+tPBw8nX53_4-00417-00166755-00166986 instrumentations are currently available
+tPBw8nX53_4-00418-00166987-00167469 and some of them are listed below we can
+tPBw8nX53_4-00419-00167470-00167657 measure the Nano size less using
+tPBw8nX53_4-00420-00167658-00168050 scanning the electron microscopy or
+tPBw8nX53_4-00421-00168051-00168434 atomic force microscopy optical
+tPBw8nX53_4-00422-00168435-00168731 microscopes with very high resolution
+tPBw8nX53_4-00423-00168732-00169098 transmission electron microscope auger
+tPBw8nX53_4-00424-00169099-00169431 electron mass spectroscopy scanning
+tPBw8nX53_4-00425-00169432-00169817 tunneling microscope x-ray photo
+tPBw8nX53_4-00426-00169818-00170163 electron mass spectroscopy so these
+tPBw8nX53_4-00427-00170164-00170873 devices can be used for measurement of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00428-00170874-00171488 pieces now let us try to understand the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00429-00171489-00171836 range of lateral and vertical
+tPBw8nX53_4-00430-00171837-00172260 resolutions of various instrumentation I
+tPBw8nX53_4-00431-00172261-00172638 can see here the x-axis is the lateral
+tPBw8nX53_4-00432-00172639-00173031 resolution at very axis vertical
+tPBw8nX53_4-00433-00173032-00173385 resolution now I can see we have the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00434-00173386-00173762 scanning electron microscope it has a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00435-00173763-00174159 very wide area it's covering a very wide
+tPBw8nX53_4-00436-00174160-00174651 area the lateral resolution of scanning
+tPBw8nX53_4-00437-00174652-00174940 electron microscopy it starts the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00438-00174941-00175648 from one nanometer it goes up to few VD
+tPBw8nX53_4-00439-00175649-00175984 meters and the vertical resolution of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00440-00175985-00176203 the scanning electron microscopy it
+tPBw8nX53_4-00441-00176204-00176698 starts from few micro meters or few
+tPBw8nX53_4-00442-00176699-00177198 nanometers of to few millimeter and then
+tPBw8nX53_4-00443-00177199-00177597 the lateral resolution of optical
+tPBw8nX53_4-00444-00177598-00178102 microscopy is starts from one micrometer
+tPBw8nX53_4-00445-00178103-00178324 it goes up to a few millimeters and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00446-00178325-00178579 vertical resolution starts from now
+tPBw8nX53_4-00447-00178580-00178873 approximately one micrometer and it goes
+tPBw8nX53_4-00448-00178874-00179407 up to a few hundred micro meters now can
+tPBw8nX53_4-00449-00179408-00179796 see here we have this atomic force
+tPBw8nX53_4-00450-00179797-00180207 microscopy which is having very very low
+tPBw8nX53_4-00451-00180208-00180768 lateral resolutions of fraction of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00452-00180769-00181314 nanometers to up to a few hundred
+tPBw8nX53_4-00453-00181315-00181722 micrometers and vertical resolution of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00454-00181723-00182107 AFM is a very very dirty sir less than
+tPBw8nX53_4-00455-00182108-00182370 the nanometer fraction of a nanometer
+tPBw8nX53_4-00456-00182371-00182635 per ticket resolutions can be obtained
+tPBw8nX53_4-00457-00182636-00183225 by using the atomic force microscopy
+tPBw8nX53_4-00458-00183226-00183805 now how do we select the instrumentation
+tPBw8nX53_4-00459-00183806-00184012 now very first thing is we should
+tPBw8nX53_4-00460-00184013-00184336 understand what is the resolution the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00461-00184337-00184867 requirement but horizontal resolution
+tPBw8nX53_4-00462-00184868-00185068 and also you should understand what is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00463-00185069-00185479 the observation environment so we're
+tPBw8nX53_4-00464-00185480-00185793 considering these two we can select the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00465-00185794-00186241 nano instrument can see here atomic
+tPBw8nX53_4-00466-00186242-00186834 force microscopy and STM they can
+tPBw8nX53_4-00467-00186835-00187341 provide the fractional nanometric
+tPBw8nX53_4-00468-00187342-00187756 resolution so horizontal resolution is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00469-00187757-00188008 less than one animated as possible and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00470-00188009-00188338 political jurisdiction of is possible
+tPBw8nX53_4-00471-00188339-00188812 and the observations increment is the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00472-00188813-00189172 most fear it can be our pieces to be
+tPBw8nX53_4-00473-00189173-00189579 measured hundred gasps make you liquid
+tPBw8nX53_4-00474-00189580-00190078 so different observations we can use a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00475-00190079-00190420 payment is TM now if you see is scanning
+tPBw8nX53_4-00476-00190421-00190768 electron microscopy resolution protocol
+tPBw8nX53_4-00477-00190769-00190942 exhibition of the order of eight
+tPBw8nX53_4-00478-00190943-00191212 nanometers and horizontal resolution of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00479-00191213-00191439 the order of 5 nm it is possible and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00480-00191440-00191793 what pieces should be placed in a cube
+tPBw8nX53_4-00481-00191794-00191968 so like this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00482-00191969-00192583 by knowing the observation select the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00483-00192584-00193054 appropriate instrument and joined now
+tPBw8nX53_4-00484-00193055-00193489 here we have compared the atomic fire
+tPBw8nX53_4-00485-00193490-00193900 force microscopy with SEM and TEM sample
+tPBw8nX53_4-00486-00193901-00194380 British very little preparation is and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00487-00194381-00194740 compared to some ultimate the fractional
+tPBw8nX53_4-00488-00194741-00194992 and metric resolution is possible in the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00489-00194993-00195447 AFM and the cost is relatively low and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00490-00195448-00195766 sampling from any sample and rock winter
+tPBw8nX53_4-00491-00195767-00196435 it can be gaseous medium medium but as I
+tPBw8nX53_4-00492-00196436-00196777 mean we want to use some vacuum which is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00493-00196778-00197053 very quite similarly for measurement
+tPBw8nX53_4-00494-00197054-00197349 purpose it can make you my instrument is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00495-00197350-00197707 required only drawback of EF means the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00496-00197708-00198046 depth of field is very 8 to and they
+tPBw8nX53_4-00497-00198047-00198265 would be sample can be conductive or
+tPBw8nX53_4-00498-00198266-00198523 even insulating what this can also be
+tPBw8nX53_4-00499-00198524-00199006 measured using IFM whereas in 710 the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00500-00199007-00199354 workpiece should be contacted another
+tPBw8nX53_4-00501-00199355-00199819 term drop back of AF M T is the time of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00502-00199820-00200230 imaging measurement Tiny's it takes
+tPBw8nX53_4-00503-00200231-00200385 longer time and compare
+tPBw8nX53_4-00504-00200386-00200900 SEM and TEM and maximum field of Cubism
+tPBw8nX53_4-00505-00200901-00201316 micrometer whereas here in some it is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00506-00201317-00201701 more maximum sample size is unlimited
+tPBw8nX53_4-00507-00201702-00201894 whereas seven committees is a very
+tPBw8nX53_4-00508-00201895-00202363 mature limited nowadays large area
+tPBw8nX53_4-00509-00202364-00202703 available so that the Athenian iya can
+tPBw8nX53_4-00510-00202704-00203251 be measured using blue yellow and a very
+tPBw8nX53_4-00511-00203252-00203598 important benefit or advantage of if it
+tPBw8nX53_4-00512-00203599-00203714 means the three dimensional
+tPBw8nX53_4-00513-00203715-00204024 characteristics can be for time it can
+tPBw8nX53_4-00514-00204025-00204408 measure the height information whereas
+tPBw8nX53_4-00515-00204409-00204882 in a two dimensional measurements now
+tPBw8nX53_4-00516-00204883-00205336 let us discuss about atomic force
+tPBw8nX53_4-00517-00205337-00205848 microscope in some detail this atomic
+tPBw8nX53_4-00518-00205848-00206239 force microscope is a very powerful
+tPBw8nX53_4-00519-00206240-00206373 surface
+tPBw8nX53_4-00520-00206373-00206723 analytical technique which can be used
+tPBw8nX53_4-00521-00206725-00207525 in different image like a liquid and it
+tPBw8nX53_4-00522-00207526-00207823 generates a very high resolution
+tPBw8nX53_4-00523-00207825-00208256 topographic images of body work piece
+tPBw8nX53_4-00524-00208257-00208775 surface down to atomic resolution
+tPBw8nX53_4-00525-00208776-00209144 depending upon the sharpness or I tip it
+tPBw8nX53_4-00526-00209146-00209550 gives the spatial resolutions of a 120
+tPBw8nX53_4-00527-00209551-00209912 nanometer and record the program o'clock
+tPBw8nX53_4-00528-00209913-00210356 images you can see here we have the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00529-00210357-00211107 cantilever attached to the basic body of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00530-00211108-00211476 the atomic force microscope and which is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00531-00211477-00211962 having a very short tip and you can see
+tPBw8nX53_4-00532-00211963-00212156 there is a stage
+tPBw8nX53_4-00533-00212157-00212553 opportunity for pieces placed the stage
+tPBw8nX53_4-00534-00212554-00213437 is mode under the tip find the tip
+tPBw8nX53_4-00535-00213438-00214044 records that the topographic
+tPBw8nX53_4-00536-00214044-00214723 details of the workpiece DFM can also be
+tPBw8nX53_4-00537-00214723-00215161 used her for for spectroscopy that means
+tPBw8nX53_4-00538-00215162-00215638 it a place falls onto the workpiece
+tPBw8nX53_4-00539-00215639-00216094 surface waiting from 5 to 15 because it
+tPBw8nX53_4-00540-00216094-00216567 tends to analyze mechanical or
+tPBw8nX53_4-00541-00216567-00217023 electrical and chemical properties of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00542-00217023-00217428 surfaces it either drives into the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00543-00217429-00217914 surface to measure property such as
+tPBw8nX53_4-00544-00217915-00218311 modulus stiffness and addition or the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00545-00218312-00218533 tip is pulled away from the it's not
+tPBw8nX53_4-00546-00218534-00218851 face to investigate furniture and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00547-00218852-00219378 molecule are holding so this method of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00548-00219379-00220371 using the AFM is tapping now the AFM
+tPBw8nX53_4-00549-00220373-00220792 basically has a cantilever with its tip
+tPBw8nX53_4-00550-00220792-00221096 you can see the image this is the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00551-00221098-00221464 cantilever portion of the cantilever
+tPBw8nX53_4-00552-00221465-00221884 portion and they attach the cantilever
+tPBw8nX53_4-00553-00221885-00222262 the material of a cantilever tip is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00554-00222263-00222706 normally silicon silicon nitride metal
+tPBw8nX53_4-00555-00222707-00222939 or diamond coated Leivers actives
+tPBw8nX53_4-00556-00222940-00223209 diamond tips are also sometimes used
+tPBw8nX53_4-00557-00223210-00223450 chemically functionalized appropiate
+tPBw8nX53_4-00558-00223451-00223905 scottsville used and the geometry of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00559-00223906-00224325 cantilever is it can be single beam
+tPBw8nX53_4-00560-00224326-00224686 cantilever or fish shaped cantilever
+tPBw8nX53_4-00561-00224687-00225148 that means the cantilever can be of this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00562-00225148-00225756 shape single beam cantilever with some
+tPBw8nX53_4-00563-00225757-00226409 and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00564-00226410-00226853 thickness of the cantilever or it can be
+tPBw8nX53_4-00565-00226854-00227394 reshaped can't even wrap like this so
+tPBw8nX53_4-00566-00227394-00227744 the end of the tip is attached like this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00567-00227744-00228101 the anomaly the cantilever length will
+tPBw8nX53_4-00568-00228102-00228594 be very very from 50 to 400 micro meters
+tPBw8nX53_4-00569-00228594-00229052 and tip pushing this the tip per step it
+tPBw8nX53_4-00570-00229053-00230169 can and that means the this is the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00571-00230169-00230415 cantilever the tip can be like this or
+tPBw8nX53_4-00572-00230416-00230675 sometimes tip can be like this so this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00573-00230676-00231131 is inclination of deep position or
+tPBw8nX53_4-00574-00231132-00231467 cantilever so the equation also vary it
+tPBw8nX53_4-00575-00231469-00231950 can be somewhere here and then element
+tPBw8nX53_4-00576-00231951-00232325 physical parameters such as length of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00577-00232326-00232563 cantilever width of cantilever thickness
+tPBw8nX53_4-00578-00232564-00232847 of the cantilever is very constant of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00579-00232848-00233176 material used to make the cantilever
+tPBw8nX53_4-00580-00233177-00233750 resonance frequency tip radius 5 to 50
+tPBw8nX53_4-00581-00233751-00235583 nanometer and I can see a scanning
+tPBw8nX53_4-00582-00235584-00236088 electron microscope image of cantilever
+tPBw8nX53_4-00583-00236089-00237025 and tip so this D can deliver with a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00584-00237026-00237946 length of about 50 to 100 micrometer and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00585-00237947-00238492 this is the probe tip attached to the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00586-00238494-00238909 cantilever and you can see another
+tPBw8nX53_4-00587-00238910-00239477 double beam type of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00588-00239478-00239846 with the probe tip attached at the end
+tPBw8nX53_4-00589-00239846-00240671 of the cantilever and this has got a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00590-00240671-00241223 visual resistive sensor attached to that
+tPBw8nX53_4-00591-00241223-00241991 other end of the cantilever now we can
+tPBw8nX53_4-00592-00241992-00242642 see the two types of cantilevers we
+tPBw8nX53_4-00593-00242642-00243492 shaped cantilever and they dip dip and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00594-00243494-00243898 single beam cantilever with the tip
+tPBw8nX53_4-00595-00243900-00244304 attached at 30 yen and these are micro
+tPBw8nX53_4-00596-00244305-00244889 fabricated pyramidal tips of the pyramid
+tPBw8nX53_4-00597-00244890-00245334 base good things about 4 micrometer and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00598-00245335-00246321 the kind of the tip is about 6 to 10
+tPBw8nX53_4-00599-00246323-00247192 micro meter I can see the different pro
+tPBw8nX53_4-00600-00247194-00247576 tip special probe tips so this is the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00601-00247577-00248284 probe tip with 870 nano meter radians
+tPBw8nX53_4-00602-00248285-00248750 and here the DT radius is 1 50 nanometer
+tPBw8nX53_4-00603-00248751-00249191 and in this case is a very short probe
+tPBw8nX53_4-00604-00249192-00249469 Deventer contain an attractive radius
+tPBw8nX53_4-00605-00249471-00249878 and here this is a thermal probe tip
+tPBw8nX53_4-00606-00249879-00250382 which senses the temperature of the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00607-00250383-00250769 workpiece surface and this is a double
+tPBw8nX53_4-00608-00250769-00251017 beam type cantilever with the tip
+tPBw8nX53_4-00609-00251019-00251375 attached the yin and this is a special
+tPBw8nX53_4-00610-00251376-00251801 probe having is in all the probe
+tPBw8nX53_4-00611-00251802-00252182 diameter varies from 10 to 30 nanometer
+tPBw8nX53_4-00612-00252183-00252510 40 to 60 millimeter like this all's
+tPBw8nX53_4-00613-00252511-00252667 different
+tPBw8nX53_4-00614-00252669-00254221 it is now so these are petal shapes
+tPBw8nX53_4-00615-00254221-00254555 cantilever and it is the top view of the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00616-00254556-00254882 cantilever and it beside you and the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00617-00254883-00255260 thickness of the cantilever length and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00618-00255261-00255533 here we can see the tip attached at the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00619-00255534-00256067 end and this is a closer view of the tip
+tPBw8nX53_4-00620-00256067-00256781 of the tip protein and is the height and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00621-00256782-00257108 is the offset from the end what is the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00622-00257109-00258077 distance okay
+tPBw8nX53_4-00623-00258078-00258376 from different view can see the angle
+tPBw8nX53_4-00624-00258377-00258926 the height of the ranges from 14 to 16
+tPBw8nX53_4-00625-00258927-00259301 micro meter and tip-offs it ranges from
+tPBw8nX53_4-00626-00259302-00260405 15 to 25 micrometer tips the height
+tPBw8nX53_4-00627-00260406-00260855 range is 14 to 16 now micrometer is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00628-00260856-00261196 behind 14 to 16 the micrometer and a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00629-00261198-00261785 textile affects the degree tip material
+tPBw8nX53_4-00630-00261786-00262195 is n-type antimony doped single crystal
+tPBw8nX53_4-00631-00262196-00262514 silicon it will not use to fabricate
+tPBw8nX53_4-00632-00262515-00263012 these tips now let us study how what we
+tPBw8nX53_4-00633-00263013-00263420 can see it is the schematic diagram this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00634-00263421-00263774 is the stage scanner stage which will
+tPBw8nX53_4-00635-00263775-00264356 moosa in the XY Factor judge directions
+tPBw8nX53_4-00636-00264357-00264718 and these stages are not very visual I
+tPBw8nX53_4-00637-00264719-00265073 can't read four stages with nanometric
+tPBw8nX53_4-00638-00265074-00265505 resolution the cantilever tip attached
+tPBw8nX53_4-00639-00265506-00265886 to it now there is a laser source
+tPBw8nX53_4-00640-00265887-00266206 there is a forum on the cantilever
+tPBw8nX53_4-00641-00266207-00266728 surface the sharp curve of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00642-00266729-00267046 microfabricated tip is attached to the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00643-00267047-00267431 cantilever and this is used this tip is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00644-00267432-00268016 used to scan the workpiece surface this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00645-00268017-00268481 is the sample placed on the scanner
+tPBw8nX53_4-00646-00268482-00268897 glass stage now when the tip is moved
+tPBw8nX53_4-00647-00268898-00269396 nearer to the surface it deflects the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00648-00269397-00269705 cantilever deflects because of the force
+tPBw8nX53_4-00649-00269706-00270068 developed divider ball force developed
+tPBw8nX53_4-00650-00270069-00270443 between the tip and the smartphone and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00651-00270444-00270869 this deflection of the cantilever so the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00652-00270870-00271100 cantilever will the deflector like this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00653-00271101-00271430 because of the attraction or if for the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00654-00271431-00272045 forces repulsive it will move now this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00655-00272046-00272345 deflection is monitored using a Taser
+tPBw8nX53_4-00656-00272346-00273131 and photodiode and the reflected light
+tPBw8nX53_4-00657-00273132-00273425 will follow the photodiode and this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00658-00273426-00274172 finger generate the image surface now
+tPBw8nX53_4-00659-00274173-00274670 AFM ma can be can he match image the AFM
+tPBw8nX53_4-00660-00274671-00274937 can imagine n number of face using
+tPBw8nX53_4-00661-00274938-00275405 either contact more very deep earth will
+tPBw8nX53_4-00662-00275406-00275675 be in contact with the sample surface
+tPBw8nX53_4-00663-00275676-00276077 and the surface will be moved under the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00664-00276078-00276583 deep row already another Modi's
+tPBw8nX53_4-00665-00276584-00276878 oscillating the technique where the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00666-00276879-00277244 deeper touch the surface now either deep
+tPBw8nX53_4-00667-00277245-00277616 or would be suitable moves by using the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00668-00277617-00277988 piezoelectric Positioning Systems having
+tPBw8nX53_4-00669-00277989-00278092 the nanometric
+tPBw8nX53_4-00670-00278093-00278519 resolutions the cantilever is designed
+tPBw8nX53_4-00671-00278520-00278849 with very low spring the constant
+tPBw8nX53_4-00672-00278850-00279153 material so that it is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00673-00279154-00279723 sensitive to forces it is sensitive to
+tPBw8nX53_4-00674-00279724-00280157 even now force as well as people intense
+tPBw8nX53_4-00675-00280158-00280821 the laser is for custom to reflect off
+tPBw8nX53_4-00676-00280822-00281127 the cantilever and on the rails and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00677-00281128-00281478 swerve we can observe here the laser is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00678-00281479-00281739 falling for the back surface of the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00679-00281740-00282156 cantilever the mirror will be placed
+tPBw8nX53_4-00680-00282157-00282476 here so that derby laser ray incident
+tPBw8nX53_4-00681-00282477-00282879 ray is reflected back and then it falls
+tPBw8nX53_4-00682-00282880-00283317 on the photo diode the position of the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00683-00283318-00283730 beam hindi sensor measures the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00684-00283731-00284117 deflection of the cantilever the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00685-00284118-00284523 position of the reflected beam of laser
+tPBw8nX53_4-00686-00284524-00284844 in the photodiode measures the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00687-00284845-00285186 deflection of the cantilever and then
+tPBw8nX53_4-00688-00285187-00285441 internal force between the tip and the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00689-00285442-00285846 sample is measured I can see here
+tPBw8nX53_4-00690-00285847-00286224 depending upon the material combination
+tPBw8nX53_4-00691-00286225-00286473 material of different material of first
+tPBw8nX53_4-00692-00286474-00286818 sample there can be repulsive force or
+tPBw8nX53_4-00693-00286819-00287292 attractive force and even the small
+tPBw8nX53_4-00694-00287293-00287652 forces as well as a few micro intensity
+tPBw8nX53_4-00695-00287653-00287922 connectors can be sensed and here you
+tPBw8nX53_4-00696-00287923-00288347 can see the displacement of the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00697-00288348-00288776 expression tears cannot feel electric
+tPBw8nX53_4-00698-00288777-00289532 scanners are used for moving the the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00699-00289533-00290205 four beads under the probe a from here
+tPBw8nX53_4-00700-00290206-00290429 from scanners are normally made of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00701-00290430-00290874 piezoelectric material which expands and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00702-00290875-00291228 contracts portion early to an applied
+tPBw8nX53_4-00703-00291229-00291594 voltage this we discussed in detail in
+tPBw8nX53_4-00704-00291595-00291876 last a push in the metrology we can see
+tPBw8nX53_4-00705-00291877-00292326 here a piezo electric stage where
+tPBw8nX53_4-00706-00292327-00292383 voltage
+tPBw8nX53_4-00707-00292384-00292791 some player it expands or contracts
+tPBw8nX53_4-00708-00292792-00293010 depend depending upon the voltage that
+tPBw8nX53_4-00709-00293011-00293685 is applied and the XY said scanner norm
+tPBw8nX53_4-00710-00293686-00294009 it should be sampled is not a Randy's
+tPBw8nX53_4-00711-00294010-00294450 the shows they can deliver big bro
+tPBw8nX53_4-00712-00294451-00294870 a distal instrumental scanners have AC
+tPBw8nX53_4-00713-00294871-00295311 voltage ranges of plus 220 volts to
+tPBw8nX53_4-00714-00295312-00295701 minus 230 volts in some versions the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00715-00295702-00296058 video actuator mostly sampled related to
+tPBw8nX53_4-00716-00296059-00296235 be think that means tip will be
+tPBw8nX53_4-00717-00296236-00296805 constantly and sample the stage of each
+tPBw8nX53_4-00718-00296806-00297186 day sample is mounted will be moved if
+tPBw8nX53_4-00719-00297187-00297549 using the video give us in some other
+tPBw8nX53_4-00720-00297550-00297822 models the sample is stationary but the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00721-00297823-00298221 visual jitter most the deal Yesi signals
+tPBw8nX53_4-00722-00298222-00298584 are applied to conducting various of the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00723-00298585-00299130 few months to create micro or nano
+tPBw8nX53_4-00724-00299131-00299496 double moment lovely fix myself sensors
+tPBw8nX53_4-00725-00299497-00299823 now these pictures are showed external
+tPBw8nX53_4-00726-00299824-00300285 appearance of the afm and here we can
+tPBw8nX53_4-00727-00300286-00300756 see the a schematic diagram of Yemen so
+tPBw8nX53_4-00728-00300757-00301218 we have this white box is x-ray that
+tPBw8nX53_4-00729-00301219-00301734 linearized visuals can eventually sample
+tPBw8nX53_4-00730-00301735-00302070 to be tested is mounted and he's the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00731-00302071-00302163 expert
+tPBw8nX53_4-00732-00302164-00302502 sample translation state can see two
+tPBw8nX53_4-00733-00302503-00302844 micrometers are provided for moment by
+tPBw8nX53_4-00734-00302845-00303186 moment the initial adjustment of the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00735-00303187-00303521 sample positioning of the sample can be
+tPBw8nX53_4-00736-00303522-00303794 made using these pangender
+tPBw8nX53_4-00737-00303795-00304185 micrometers and then the scanning is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00738-00304186-00304578 carried out by moving by using this XYZ
+tPBw8nX53_4-00739-00304579-00304800 linearized a visual scanner
+tPBw8nX53_4-00740-00304801-00305087 and here we can see there is a column to
+tPBw8nX53_4-00741-00305088-00305553 support is the high resolution video
+tPBw8nX53_4-00742-00305554-00305710 microscope which captures
+tPBw8nX53_4-00743-00305711-00305995 the images and then all the electronic
+tPBw8nX53_4-00744-00305996-00306426 persecute me will be placed in this box
+tPBw8nX53_4-00745-00306427-00306844 now this fast geometric diagram shows
+tPBw8nX53_4-00746-00306845-00307408 the structure of we can see D this is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00747-00307409-00307804 the area where the sample is mounted
+tPBw8nX53_4-00748-00307805-00308425 this is the motorized XY stage so here
+tPBw8nX53_4-00749-00308426-00308674 we have money and expert stage for a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00750-00308675-00308965 fishing summer us here for initial
+tPBw8nX53_4-00751-00308966-00309208 positioning the motorized XY stage is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00752-00309209-00309481 used and this is the surface just a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00753-00309482-00309718 surface on which the sample it's okay
+tPBw8nX53_4-00754-00309719-00310276 and we can see the proved a zoomed view
+tPBw8nX53_4-00755-00310277-00310651 we can see here the we can see and this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00756-00310652-00311296 incidentally this housing carries the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00757-00311297-00312001 laser diode and the optical axis to fall
+tPBw8nX53_4-00758-00312002-00312528 on the back surface the cantilever and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00759-00312529-00312934 the laser is reflected back and this
+tPBw8nX53_4-00760-00312935-00313120 mirror which is not just a mirror
+tPBw8nX53_4-00761-00313121-00313432 deflect laser and it firsts and if it's
+tPBw8nX53_4-00762-00313433-00313732 mirror and again it is reflected back on
+tPBw8nX53_4-00763-00313733-00314059 today's diode photo detector the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00764-00314060-00314389 position of the laser on this detector
+tPBw8nX53_4-00765-00314390-00315201 decides for the bending of the scanner
+tPBw8nX53_4-00766-00315202-00315895 can deliver and here camera optical a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00767-00315896-00316428 lens is provided for viewing the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00768-00316429-00317078 shipment ought to capture the images
+tPBw8nX53_4-00769-00317079-00317642 no the what stage but peace deal of a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00770-00317643-00317918 firm is big very important where he
+tPBw8nX53_4-00771-00317919-00318242 should be free from any vibration I
+tPBw8nX53_4-00772-00318243-00318548 should have very very fine as well
+tPBw8nX53_4-00773-00318549-00318805 beanie I render horizontal and vertical
+tPBw8nX53_4-00774-00318806-00319259 resolutions so that very fine - pathetic
+tPBw8nX53_4-00775-00319260-00319745 image can be captured the sample size
+tPBw8nX53_4-00776-00319746-00320291 normally varies from 50 mm - mm and due
+tPBw8nX53_4-00777-00320292-00320531 to demographic necessary size can be
+tPBw8nX53_4-00778-00320532-00320861 mounted sample plate can be up to 500
+tPBw8nX53_4-00779-00320862-00321227 grams and expectation travel is 20
+tPBw8nX53_4-00780-00321228-00321455 millimeter between 2 millimeter so far
+tPBw8nX53_4-00781-00321456-00321758 initial adjustments Faceman it can be
+tPBw8nX53_4-00782-00321759-00322133 many adharma trains and also the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00783-00322134-00322550 cantilever is for initial adjustment for
+tPBw8nX53_4-00784-00322551-00322744 which there is a jet there stage and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00785-00322745-00323132 focusing stage travel he is - 15
+tPBw8nX53_4-00786-00323133-00323483 millimeter I cannot explain scanning
+tPBw8nX53_4-00787-00323484-00323668 needs to be carried out for that
+tPBw8nX53_4-00788-00323669-00324026 closed-loop explicit flixel scanners not
+tPBw8nX53_4-00789-00324027-00324370 provided and the flat and orthogonal
+tPBw8nX53_4-00790-00324371-00324713 scanning is very very essential the out
+tPBw8nX53_4-00791-00324714-00325235 of plane the motion of for the XY stage
+tPBw8nX53_4-00792-00325236-00325634 there should be less than 1 nano meter
+tPBw8nX53_4-00793-00325635-00325967 over the total scan range the jet
+tPBw8nX53_4-00794-00325968-00326279 scanner linearity error is less than
+tPBw8nX53_4-00795-00326280-00326432 point zero one five percent of the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00796-00326433-00326885 overall scanning range until it height
+tPBw8nX53_4-00797-00326886-00327113 measurement so without any software is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00798-00327114-00327506 possible in some FM's i curated Oppo
+tPBw8nX53_4-00799-00327507-00327968 graph a bit no nice as known as part you
+tPBw8nX53_4-00800-00327969-00328315 know v 2.0 7 nanometre
+tPBw8nX53_4-00801-00328316-00328552 genteelly detectors are used for
+tPBw8nX53_4-00802-00328553-00329234 topographic curve now let us wrap the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00803-00329235-00329564 applications of atomic force
+tPBw8nX53_4-00804-00329565-00330100 so microscope there are many biological
+tPBw8nX53_4-00805-00330101-00330632 applications of the FM the AFM is used
+tPBw8nX53_4-00806-00330633-00331096 for getting the images of biological
+tPBw8nX53_4-00807-00331097-00331639 samples we can see here an image of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00808-00331640-00332297 human chromosome obtained from helium so
+tPBw8nX53_4-00809-00332298-00332729 many microbiological applications - one
+tPBw8nX53_4-00810-00332730-00333094 can be used and when you some personal
+tPBw8nX53_4-00811-00333095-00333551 care products like jelly science paste
+tPBw8nX53_4-00812-00333552-00333977 the image changes the here teeth and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00813-00333978-00334625 skills they dunno skill level so what is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00814-00334626-00335114 the amount of change these things in
+tPBw8nX53_4-00815-00335115-00335453 these items that nano scale for
+tPBw8nX53_4-00816-00335454-00335732 measurement of death we can use if you
+tPBw8nX53_4-00817-00335733-00336140 and can see here sometimes a
+tPBw8nX53_4-00818-00336141-00336401 nanoparticle coating the data's on
+tPBw8nX53_4-00819-00336402-00336845 surfaces and we need to remove the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00820-00336846-00337112 nanoparticles from this surface in to
+tPBw8nX53_4-00821-00337113-00337283 study what is the amount of force
+tPBw8nX53_4-00822-00337284-00337604 required to remove particles we can use
+tPBw8nX53_4-00823-00337605-00338111 the iron for topographical study soft
+tPBw8nX53_4-00824-00338112-00338699 surfaces and to still get mechanical
+tPBw8nX53_4-00825-00338700-00339134 properties of coatings we can use now
+tPBw8nX53_4-00826-00339135-00339554 for normal that if my resolutions will
+tPBw8nX53_4-00827-00339555-00340163 be like this if the movement of XY stage
+tPBw8nX53_4-00828-00340164-00340640 is something like 100 micrometer or 200
+tPBw8nX53_4-00829-00340641-00341279 micrometer then the resolution of x axis
+tPBw8nX53_4-00830-00341280-00341591 and y axis will be one nanometer whereas
+tPBw8nX53_4-00831-00341592-00341983 the vertical resolution will be point
+tPBw8nX53_4-00832-00341984-00342341 meter and if the scanning the range is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00833-00342342-00342675 limited to say 50 micrometer
+tPBw8nX53_4-00834-00342676-00343083 to micrometer in such cases theorems are
+tPBw8nX53_4-00835-00343084-00343446 available electrifying the resolution
+tPBw8nX53_4-00836-00343447-00343800 that is resolution has no respite 0:03
+tPBw8nX53_4-00837-00343801-00344172 nanometer and if the jet axis moment is
+tPBw8nX53_4-00838-00344173-00344517 rooted in the micrometer then the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00839-00344518-00344774 resolution of point naught naught 1
+tPBw8nX53_4-00840-00344775-00345243 nanometer is possible and these events
+tPBw8nX53_4-00841-00345244-00345972 can be used for studying the Sun on
+tPBw8nX53_4-00842-00345973-00346200 strong or deflection of scanty liquors
+tPBw8nX53_4-00843-00346201-00346521 and they can be used for measurement of
+tPBw8nX53_4-00844-00346522-00347374 very small forces city echo
+tPBw8nX53_4-00845-00347375-00347784 now when this will conclude the model to
+tPBw8nX53_4-00846-00347785-00348087 a lecture number six in this lecture we
+tPBw8nX53_4-00847-00348088-00348613 discussed the following topics we
+tPBw8nX53_4-00848-00348614-00349087 studied the micro nano stage you give us
+tPBw8nX53_4-00849-00349088-00349378 there as linear errors will have samples
+tPBw8nX53_4-00850-00349379-00349639 in my prostate just in Manistee just and
+tPBw8nX53_4-00851-00349640-00350022 how do we calibrate that the micro nano
+tPBw8nX53_4-00852-00350023-00350325 stages what are the facilities like
+tPBw8nX53_4-00853-00350326-00350671 interferometry systems and what are the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00854-00350672-00350923 typical specifications of micro knockout
+tPBw8nX53_4-00855-00350924-00351180 stages also he discussed about various
+tPBw8nX53_4-00856-00351181-00351451 applications and a selection of all
+tPBw8nX53_4-00857-00351452-00351930 stages then we discussed on
+tPBw8nX53_4-00858-00351931-00352371 nanotechnology instrumentation we
+tPBw8nX53_4-00859-00352372-00352717 discussed the need for nanotechnology
+tPBw8nX53_4-00860-00352718-00352966 and what are the various building blocks
+tPBw8nX53_4-00861-00352967-00353449 of technology and then with
+tPBw8nX53_4-00862-00353450-00353760 instrumentation and we also discussed
+tPBw8nX53_4-00863-00353761-00354060 about resolution and how to select nano
+tPBw8nX53_4-00864-00354061-00354360 methodological instrumentation then we
+tPBw8nX53_4-00865-00354361-00354996 also discussed in length go Tomic force
+tPBw8nX53_4-00866-00354997-00355257 microscopy which we discussed about the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00867-00355258-00355570 cantilever and probe tips they are used
+tPBw8nX53_4-00868-00355571-00356100 in the AFM howdy hey from works and the
+tPBw8nX53_4-00869-00356101-00356473 stage details of AFM and some
+tPBw8nX53_4-00870-00356474-00356845 applications of AFM with this we will
+tPBw8nX53_4-00871-00356846-00357094 conclude this lecture people continually
+tPBw8nX53_4-00872-00357095-00357439 continually discussion today next
+tPBw8nX53_4-00873-00357440-00358172 lecture on atomic force microscopy
+tPBw8nX53_4-00874-00358173-00358711 [Music]