diff --git "a/data/en100/text/00000037.txt" "b/data/en100/text/00000037.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/data/en100/text/00000037.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,14422 @@
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00000-00000239-00000743 hello guys good morning
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00001-00000744-00002007 little ponytail muhammad
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00002-00002007-00002399 is just to let you know um
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00003-00002400-00002815 we had my friends my bff have decided to
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00004-00002816-00003175 do a virtual um uh
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00005-00003176-00003590 talk or chat uh that night
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00006-00003592-00003895 coachella and um
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00007-00003896-00004215 and so i was like oh teca vlad
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00008-00004216-00004426 so and
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00009-00004427-00005183 [Music]
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00010-00005184-00005383 even though it's a short one pero i
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00011-00005384-00005583 think it's a good start now
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00012-00005584-00005934 you know for us now communicate
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00013-00005935-00006631 with the technology now um
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00014-00006631-00006814 [Music]
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00015-00006815-00007310 and everything because
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00016-00007311-00007551 it's hard to reach out to all the family
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00017-00007552-00007783 and friends
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00018-00007784-00008031 now that i'm doing the vlog a youtube
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00019-00008031-00008191 vlog
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00020-00008192-00008374 most of my families and friends are
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00021-00008375-00009032 seeing me and
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00022-00009033-00011183 [Laughter]
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00023-00011184-00011742 anyway so go back to my topic
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00024-00011743-00012270 they're very special people
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00025-00012271-00012815 coming
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00026-00012816-00013111 but i think we've decided just to do
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00027-00013112-00013351 some vlogging together with my bffs
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00028-00013352-00013622 um in the future they're going to be
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00029-00013623-00013775 some topics so
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00030-00013776-00014079 hopefully you'll watch it and enjoy
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00031-00014080-00014851 by
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00032-00014852-00016294 [Music]
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00033-00016295-00016558 hopefully i'll be able to translate it
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00034-00016559-00016655 to you
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00035-00016656-00017130 in a simple way
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00036-00017131-00018079 [Music]
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00037-00018080-00018375 hi guys these are my best friends and
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00038-00018376-00018575 some of them are in the philippines
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00039-00018576-00019007 in california i know in chicago
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00040-00019008-00019422 las vegas and yours truly above there
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00041-00019423-00019683 oh ayan violes right there in the
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00042-00019684-00019998 philippines say hello to my vlog guys
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00043-00019999-00020519 [Laughter]
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00044-00020520-00020894 chicago chicago chicago or northern
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00045-00020895-00021347 california
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00046-00021348-00023599 [Music]
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00047-00023600-00026577 yes i'll add this
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00048-00026577-00026857 [Laughter]
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00049-00026858-00028752 [Music]
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00050-00028752-00030485 [Music]
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00051-00030486-00030883 [Laughter]
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00052-00030883-00032283 oh
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00053-00032283-00032808 is
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00054-00032809-00033683 [Music]
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00057-00041620-00042083 [Laughter]
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00058-00042084-00042887 bye
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00059-00042888-00043784 good to see you love you bye
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00060-00043785-00044087 [Music]
+Fwj4inBRQTk-00061-00044088-00044344 bye
+FwTBJqig7EU-00000-00000011-00000386 the FINA World Swimming Championships 25
+FwTBJqig7EU-00001-00000387-00000776 metres or short course worlds as they
+FwTBJqig7EU-00002-00000777-00000998 are sometimes known is an international
+FwTBJqig7EU-00003-00000999-00001127 swimming competition
+FwTBJqig7EU-00004-00001128-00001448 it is swum in a short course 25 metres
+FwTBJqig7EU-00005-00001449-00001657 pull and has been held in the years when
+FwTBJqig7EU-00006-00001659-00001876 FINA has not held its main World
+FwTBJqig7EU-00007-00001877-00002096 Championships currently this means in
+FwTBJqig7EU-00008-00002097-00002167 even years
+FwTBJqig7EU-00009-00002168-00002339 unlike the FINA World Aquatics
+FwTBJqig7EU-00010-00002340-00002573 Championships this championship is
+FwTBJqig7EU-00011-00002574-00002783 swimming only the world championships
+FwTBJqig7EU-00012-00002784-00003029 feature all 5 aquatics disciplines and
+FwTBJqig7EU-00013-00003030-00003335 is contested in a short course 25 metre
+FwTBJqig7EU-00014-00003336-00003599 pool rather than a long course 50 metre
+FwTBJqig7EU-00015-00003600-00004165 pool
+FwTBJqig7EU-00016-00004166-00004752 topic championships
+FwTBJqig7EU-00017-00004753-00005115 you
+FwTBJqig7EU-00018-00005116-00005665 topic events
+FwTBJqig7EU-00019-00005666-00005890 there are men's and women's events in
+FwTBJqig7EU-00020-00005891-00006106 all four strokes the individual medley
+FwTBJqig7EU-00021-00006107-00006436 as well as in relays there are also two
+FwTBJqig7EU-00022-00006437-00007023 mixed relays
+FwTBJqig7EU-00023-00007023-00007566 topic men's events
+FwTBJqig7EU-00024-00007567-00007906 you
+FwTBJqig7EU-00025-00007908-00008479 topic women's events
+FwTBJqig7EU-00026-00008480-00008813 you
+FwTBJqig7EU-00027-00008814-00009373 topic mixed events
+FwTBJqig7EU-00028-00009374-00009734 you
+FwTBJqig7EU-00029-00009735-00010296 topic medal table
+FwTBJqig7EU-00030-00010297-00010569 updated after the 2018 FINA World
+FwTBJqig7EU-00031-00010570-00011285 Swimming Championships 25 metres
+FwTBJqig7EU-00032-00011286-00011834 topic see also
+FwTBJqig7EU-00033-00011835-00012149 List of World Swimming Championships 25
+FwTBJqig7EU-00034-00012150-00012491 meters medalists men list of World
+FwTBJqig7EU-00035-00012492-00012737 Swimming Championships 25 meters
+FwTBJqig7EU-00036-00012738-00013049 medalists women list of world
+FwTBJqig7EU-00037-00013050-00013256 championships records in swimming
+FwTBJqig7EU-00038-00013257-00013652 hashtag short course 25 meters major
+FwTBJqig7EU-00039-00013653-00014081 achievements in swimming by nation
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00000-00000017-00000337 the Korean alphabet known as Hangul
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00001-00000338-00000580 Hangul from Korean Hangul Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00002-00000581-00000952 pronunciation ha n L has been used to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00003-00000953-00001162 write the Korean language since its
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00004-00001163-00001433 creation in the 15th century by King
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00005-00001434-00001748 Sejong the great it may also be written
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00006-00001748-00001967 as hang Earl following the standard
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00007-00001968-00002348 romanization it is the official writing
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00008-00002349-00002696 system of Korea both south and north it
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00009-00002697-00002975 is a co official writing system in the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00010-00002976-00003224 ambient Korean Autonomous Prefecture and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00011-00003225-00003497 Chang by Korean autonomous county in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00012-00003497-00003806 Jilin Province China it is also
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00013-00003807-00004085 sometimes used to write the CIA CIA
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00014-00004086-00004385 language spoken near the town of Bor Bao
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00015-00004386-00004802 Indonesia the Hangul alphabet originally
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00016-00004803-00005090 consisted of 28 letters with 17
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00017-00005091-00005354 consonant letters and 11 vowel letters
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00018-00005355-00005672 when it was created as four became
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00019-00005673-00005938 obsolete the modern Hangul consists of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00020-00005939-00006254 total 24 letters with 14 consonant
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00021-00006255-00006584 letters and 10 vowel letters in North
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00022-00006584-00006881 Korea the total is counted 40 it
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00023-00006881-00007228 consists of 19 consonant letters and 21
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00024-00007229-00007420 vowel letters as it additionally
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00025-00007422-00007789 includes five tense consonants KK TTP pj
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00026-00007790-00008110 j SS and 24 compound and complex vowel
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00027-00008111-00008317 letters as well as Airy
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00028-00008318-00008591 the korean letters are written in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00029-00008592-00008816 syllabic blocks with each alphabetic
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00030-00008817-00008989 letter placed vertically and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00031-00008990-00009353 horizontally into a square dimension for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00032-00009354-00009662 example the Korean word for honeybee
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00033-00009663-00010001 kibale is written kibale not kibale as
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00034-00010002-00010292 it combines the features of alphabetic
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00035-00010293-00010564 and syllabic writing systems it has been
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00036-00010565-00010924 described as an alphabetic Salaberry by
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00037-00010925-00011246 some linguists as in traditional Chinese
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00038-00011247-00011513 writing Korean texts were traditionally
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00039-00011514-00011756 written top to bottom right-to-left and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00040-00011757-00011981 are occasionally still written this way
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00041-00011982-00012346 for stylistic purposes today it is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00042-00012347-00012545 typically written from left to right
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00043-00012546-00012770 with spaces between words and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00044-00012771-00013040 western-style punctuation some linguists
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00045-00013041-00013263 consider it among the most phonological
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00046-00013265-00013391 faithful
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00047-00013391-00013754 items in use today one interesting
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00048-00013755-00013988 feature of Hangul is that the shapes of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00049-00013988-00014191 its consonants seemingly mimic the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00050-00014193-00014390 shapes of the speaker's mouth when
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00051-00014391-00015236 pronouncing each consonant topic names
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00052-00015237-00015958 [Music]
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00053-00015959-00016631 topic official names the Korean alphabet
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00054-00016632-00016838 was originally called hunminjeongeum
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00055-00016839-00017144 hunminjeongeum after the document that
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00056-00017145-00017342 introduced the script of the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00057-00017343-00017702 people in 1446 the Korean alphabet is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00058-00017703-00017966 called Hangul Hangul a name coined by
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00059-00017967-00018392 Korean linguist juicy Kyung in 1912 the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00060-00018393-00018629 name combines the ancient Korean word
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00061-00018630-00019034 han han meaning great and G EUL dual
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00062-00019035-00019421 meaning script the word han is used to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00063-00019422-00019679 refer to Korea in general so the name
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00064-00019680-00020045 also means Korean script it has been
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00065-00020046-00020483 romanized in multiple ways hang L or Han
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00066-00020484-00020789 Ji EUL in the revised romanization of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00067-00020790-00021020 Korean which the South Korean government
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00068-00021021-00021263 uses in English publications and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00069-00021264-00021656 encourages for all purposes handle in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00070-00021657-00021905 the McCune reach our system is often
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00071-00021906-00022121 capitalized and rendered without the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00072-00022122-00022370 diacritics when used as an English word
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00073-00022371-00022658 Hangul as it appears in many English
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00074-00022659-00022990 dictionaries henkle in the Yale
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00075-00022991-00023270 romanization a system recommended for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00076-00023271-00023513 technical linguistic studies in North
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00077-00023514-00023753 Korea it is called chosen gall juice
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00078-00023754-00024020 amel after chosen the North Korean name
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00079-00024021-00024266 for Korea after the old name of Korea
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00080-00024267-00024584 the McCune reach our system is used
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00081-00024585-00025069 there
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00082-00025070-00025786 topic other names until the mid 20th
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00083-00025787-00026028 century the Korean elite preferred to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00084-00026029-00026262 write using Chinese characters called
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00085-00026263-00026629 Hannya they referred to Hana as Jin Seok
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00086-00026630-00027067 Jin se or true letters some accounts say
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00087-00027068-00027252 the elite referred to the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00088-00027254-00027547 alphabet derisively is uncle uncle
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00089-00027548-00027904 meaning woman's script and a height cool
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00090-00027905-00028189 a high school meaning children's script
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00091-00028189-00028452 though there is no written evidence of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00092-00028454-00028665 this supporters of the Korean alphabet
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00093-00028666-00028927 referred to it as joon-young jungeum
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00094-00028927-00029293 meaning correct pronunciation Guttman
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00095-00029294-00029677 Guttman meaning national script and eon
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00096-00029677-00030510 money on one meaning vernacular script
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00097-00030511-00031395 topic history
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00098-00031395-00032077 topic creation before the creation of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00099-00032077-00032287 the new Korean alphabet Koreans
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00100-00032288-00032557 primarily wrote using classical Chinese
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00101-00032558-00032776 alongside native phonetic writing
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00102-00032777-00033034 systems that predate the modern Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00103-00033035-00033279 alphabet by hundreds of years including
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00104-00033280-00033631 IDU script hi I'm Cal Google and gar
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00105-00033632-00033696 Phil
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00106-00033697-00034024 however due to fundamental differences
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00107-00034025-00034288 between the Korean and Chinese languages
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00108-00034289-00034540 and the large number of characters many
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00109-00034541-00034864 lower-class Koreans were illiterate to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00110-00034865-00035068 promote literacy among the common people
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00111-00035069-00035313 the fourth king of the Joseon dynasty
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00112-00035314-00035635 see John the Great personally created
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00113-00035636-00035875 and promulgated a new alphabet the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00114-00035876-00036103 Korean alphabet was designed so that
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00115-00036104-00036352 people with little education could learn
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00116-00036353-00036685 to read and write a popular saying about
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00117-00036686-00037000 the alphabet is a wise man can acquaint
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00118-00037001-00037243 himself with them before the morning is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00119-00037244-00037552 over even a stupid man can learn them in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00120-00037553-00037867 the space of 10 days
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00121-00037868-00038134 the project was completed in late
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00122-00038135-00038568 December 14:43 or January 14 44 and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00123-00038569-00038937 described in 1446 in a document titled
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00124-00038938-00039174 hunminjeongeum the proper sounds for the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00125-00039175-00039424 education of the people after which the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00126-00039425-00039771 alphabet itself was originally named the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00127-00039772-00040008 publication date of the hunminjeongeum
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00128-00040009-00040330 October 9th became Hangul day in South
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00129-00040331-00040705 Korea its North Korean equivalent chosen
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00130-00040706-00041104 Ville Day is on January 15th another
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00131-00041105-00041467 document published in 1446 entitled
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00132-00041468-00041718 hunminjeongeum Harry hunminjeongeum
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00133-00041719-00042064 explanation and examples was discovered
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00134-00042065-00042439 in 1940 this document explains that the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00135-00042440-00042676 design of the consonant letters is based
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00136-00042677-00042943 on articulatory phonetics and the design
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00137-00042944-00043156 of the vowel letters are based on the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00138-00043157-00043371 principles of yin and yang and vowel
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00139-00043372-00043942 harmony
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00140-00043943-00044590 topic opposition the Korean alphabet
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00141-00044591-00044929 faced opposition in the 1440s by the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00142-00044930-00045205 literary elite including politician Cho
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00143-00045206-00045415 manry and other Korean Confucian
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00144-00045416-00045724 scholars they believed Hannya was the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00145-00045725-00045952 only legitimate writing system
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00146-00045953-00046195 they also saw the circulation of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00147-00046196-00046420 Korean alphabet as a threat to the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00148-00046421-00046714 status however the Korean alphabet
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00149-00046715-00047002 entered popular culture as King Sejong
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00150-00047003-00047263 had intended used especially by women
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00151-00047264-00047569 and writers of popular fiction Qingyuan
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00152-00047570-00047824 Sangan banned the study and publication
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00153-00047825-00048148 of the Korean alphabet in 1504 after a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00154-00048149-00048361 document criticizing the king was
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00155-00048362-00048460 published
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00156-00048461-00048760 similarly king jeong jeong abolished the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00157-00048761-00048964 ministry of yeom on a governmental
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00158-00048965-00049240 institution related to Hangul research
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00159-00049241-00049904 in 1506
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00160-00049905-00050579 topic revival the late 16th century
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00161-00050580-00050893 however saw a revival of the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00162-00050894-00051158 alphabet as gasser and cgo poetry
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00163-00051159-00051494 flourished in the 17th century the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00164-00051495-00051737 Korean alphabet novels became a major
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00165-00051738-00052069 genre however the use of the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00166-00052070-00052354 alphabet had gone without orthographical
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00167-00052354-00052535 standardization for so long that
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00168-00052536-00052917 spelling had become quite irregular in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00169-00052919-00053198 1796 the dutch scholar isaac titsingh
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00170-00053199-00053482 became the first person to bring a book
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00171-00053483-00053719 written in korean to the western world
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00172-00053720-00054026 his collection of books included the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00173-00054027-00054376 japanese book Sangu kosarin zu set su an
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00174-00054377-00054569 illustrated description of three
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00175-00054570-00054815 countries by Hayashi XI Hey
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00176-00054816-00055187 this book which was published in 1785
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00177-00055188-00055448 described the Zhu se on Kingdom and the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00178-00055449-00055876 Korean alphabet in 1832 the Oriental
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00179-00055877-00056119 translation fund of Great Britain and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00180-00056120-00056288 Ireland supported the posthumous
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00181-00056289-00056563 abridged publication of tit sings French
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00182-00056564-00056806 translation thanks to growing Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00183-00056807-00057076 nationalism the Garbo reformists bush
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00184-00057077-00057319 and Western missionaries promotion of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00185-00057320-00057536 the Korean alphabet in schools and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00186-00057537-00057737 literature the Hangul Korean alphabet
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00187-00057738-00058030 was adopted in official documents for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00188-00058032-00058429 the first time in 1894 elementary school
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00189-00058430-00058726 texts began using the Korean alphabet in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00190-00058727-00059084 1895 and Tom it's Inman established in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00191-00059085-00059435 1896 was the first newspaper printed in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00192-00059436-00060079 both Korean and English
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00193-00060080-00060434 topic reforms and prohibition under
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00194-00060435-00061033 Japanese rule after the Japanese
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00195-00061034-00061304 annexation which occurred in 1910
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00196-00061304-00061574 Japanese was made the official language
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00197-00061575-00061942 of Korea however the Korean alphabet was
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00198-00061944-00062153 still taught in Korean established
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00199-00062154-00062411 schools built after the annexation and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00200-00062412-00062615 Korean was written in a mixed Hana
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00201-00062616-00062864 Hangul script where most lexical routes
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00202-00062865-00063095 were written in Hana and grammatical
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00203-00063096-00063458 forms in the Korean alphabet Japan band
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00204-00063459-00063707 earlier Korean literature from public
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00205-00063708-00063929 schooling which became mandatory for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00206-00063929-00064274 children the orthography of the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00207-00064275-00064541 alphabet was partially standardized in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00208-00064541-00064913 1912 when the vowel era which has now
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00209-00064914-00065162 disappeared from Korean was restricted
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00210-00065163-00065395 to sign of Korean roots the emphatic
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00211-00065396-00065771 consonants were standardized to SS and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00212-00065772-00066239 final consonants restricted to g NL MBS
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00213-00066240-00066545 LG lim long vowels were marked by a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00214-00066546-00066758 diacritic dot to the left of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00215-00066759-00067076 syllable but this was dropped in 1921 a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00216-00067077-00067414 second colonial reform occurred in 1930
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00217-00067415-00067711 the array Oh was abolished the emphatic
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00218-00067712-00068159 consonants were changed to KK tt PPSS JJ
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00219-00068160-00068546 and more final consonants d JT CH PKK
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00220-00068547-00068777 G's in J leftenant L people were allowed
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00221-00068778-00069020 making the orthography more Morpho
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00222-00069021-00069356 phonemic the double consonant SS was
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00223-00069357-00069587 written alone without a vowel when it
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00224-00069588-00069749 occurred between nouns and the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00225-00069750-00070025 nominative particle gar was introduced
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00226-00070026-00070373 after vowels replacing I juicy Jeon the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00227-00070374-00070598 linguist who had coined the term Hangul
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00228-00070599-00070949 to replace Eon man or vulgar script in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00229-00070950-00071222 1912 established the Korean language
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00230-00071223-00071498 Research Society later renamed the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00231-00071499-00071744 Hangul Society which further reformed
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00232-00071745-00072011 orthography with standardized system of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00233-00072012-00072443 Hangul in 1933 the principle change was
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00234-00072444-00072683 to make the Korean alphabet as Morpher
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00235-00072684-00072875 phonemic lee practical given the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00236-00072876-00073168 existing letters a system for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00237-00073169-00073400 transliterating foreign orthographies
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00238-00073401-00073463 was
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00239-00073464-00073898 published in 1940 however Japan banned
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00240-00073899-00074207 the Korean language from schools in 1938
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00241-00074208-00074450 as part of a policy of cultural
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00242-00074451-00074684 assimilation and all Korean language
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00243-00074685-00075516 publications were outlawed in 1941
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00244-00075517-00076232 topic further reforms the Definity of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00245-00076233-00076493 modern Korean alphabet orthography was
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00246-00076494-00076826 published in 1946 just after Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00247-00076827-00077240 independence from Japanese rule in 1948
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00248-00077241-00077510 North Korea attempted to make the script
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00249-00077511-00077732 perfectly Morpho phonemic through the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00250-00077733-00078013 addition of new letters and in 1953
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00251-00078014-00078329 syngman rhee in south korea attempted to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00252-00078330-00078597 simplify the orthography by returning to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00253-00078598-00078909 the colonial orthography of 1921
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00254-00078910-00079122 but both reforms were abandoned after
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00255-00079123-00079403 only a few years both North Korea and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00256-00079404-00079610 South Korea have used the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00257-00079611-00079835 alphabet or mixed script as their
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00258-00079836-00080042 official writing system with ever
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00259-00080043-00080348 decreasing use of Hannya beginning in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00260-00080349-00080486 the 1970s
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00261-00080487-00080750 Hania began to experience a gradual
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00262-00080751-00080987 decline in commercial or unofficial
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00263-00080988-00081218 writing in the South due to government
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00264-00081219-00081431 intervention with some South Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00265-00081432-00081692 newspapers now only using Hannah as
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00266-00081693-00081960 abbreviations or disambiguation of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00267-00081961-00082215 homonyms there has been widespread
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00268-00082216-00082490 debate as to the future of Hannya in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00269-00082491-00082838 South Korea North Korea in stated the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00270-00082839-00083111 Korean alphabet as its exclusive writing
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00271-00083112-00083411 system in 1949 and banned the use of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00272-00083412-00084051 Hannya completely
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00273-00084052-00084640 topic contemporary use
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00274-00084641-00084880 while both North Korea and South Korea
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00275-00084881-00085387 claim 99% literacy a 2003 study found
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00276-00085388-00085660 that 25% of those in the older
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00277-00085661-00085846 generation in the South were not
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00278-00085847-00086026 completely literate in the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00279-00086027-00086299 alphabet the hunminjeongeum society in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00280-00086300-00086524 Seoul attempts to spread the use of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00281-00086525-00086776 Korean alphabet to unwritten languages
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00282-00086777-00087235 of Asia in 2009 the Korean alphabet was
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00283-00087236-00087451 unofficially adopted by the town of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00284-00087452-00087723 baubau in South East Sulawesi Indonesia
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00285-00087724-00088201 to write the CIA CIA language a number
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00286-00088202-00088513 of Indonesian CIA CIA speakers who
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00287-00088514-00088783 visited Seoul generated large media
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00288-00088784-00088999 attention in South Korea and they were
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00289-00089000-00089269 greeted on their arrival by O'Shay hoon
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00290-00089270-00089599 the mayor of Seoul it was confirmed in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00291-00089600-00089857 October 2012 that the attempts to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00292-00089858-00090034 disseminate the use of the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00293-00090035-00090415 alphabet in Indonesia failed some people
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00294-00090416-00090676 continue to use the Korean alphabet at
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00295-00090677-00091355 home or Co officially
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00296-00091356-00091889 topic letters
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00297-00091890-00092153 letters in the Korean alphabet are
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00298-00092154-00092393 called Jambo jump there are 19
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00299-00092394-00092693 consonants and 21 vowels used in the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00300-00092694-00093011 modern alphabet they were first named in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00301-00093012-00093320 Hangzhou ho a Hannya textbook written by
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00302-00093321-00093921 cha sujin
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00303-00093922-00094599 topic consonants the chart below shows
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00304-00094600-00094911 all 19 consonants in South Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00305-00094912-00095100 alphabetic order with revised
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00306-00095101-00095355 romanization equivalents for each letter
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00307-00095356-00095658 and pronunciation in IPA see Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00308-00095659-00096045 phonology for more his silent syllable
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00309-00096046-00096240 initially and is used as a placeholder
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00310-00096241-00096542 when the syllable starts with the vowel
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00311-00096543-00096885 TT PP and JJ are never used syllable
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00312-00096886-00097215 finally consonants in the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00313-00097216-00097476 alphabet can be combined into eleven
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00314-00097477-00097725 consonant clusters which always appear
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00315-00097726-00098049 in the final position in a syllable they
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00316-00098050-00098337 are G's in J and h LG LEM pound LS
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00317-00098338-00098937 leftenant LP and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00318-00098938-00099627 topic vowels the chart below shows the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00319-00099628-00099927 21 vowels used in the modern Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00320-00099928-00100182 alphabet in South Korean alphabetic
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00321-00100183-00100373 order with revised romanization
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00322-00100374-00100584 equivalents for each letter and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00323-00100585-00100857 pronunciation in IPA see Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00324-00100858-00101513 phonology for more
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00325-00101514-00102250 topic alphabetic order alphabetic order
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00326-00102251-00102481 in the Korean alphabet is called the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00327-00102482-00102742 ganador order Canada Sun after the first
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00328-00102743-00103030 three letters of the alphabet the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00329-00103031-00103234 alphabetical order of the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00330-00103235-00103478 alphabet does not mix consonants and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00331-00103479-00103786 vowels rather first a velar consonants
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00332-00103788-00104303 then coronal x' labels sibilants etc the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00333-00104304-00104983 vowels come after the consonants
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00334-00104983-00105694 topic historical orders the order from
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00335-00105695-00106222 the hunminjeongeum in 1446 was gk DTMB
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00336-00106223-00106686 PM j CH sh health qi o au o yo yo yo yo
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00337-00106687-00107044 in 1527 cha sujin reorganized the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00338-00107045-00107523 alphabet in hon manga ho g n dl m BS k
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00339-00107524-00107983 TP j CH PHA yo yo yo u uu i this is the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00340-00107983-00108322 basis of the modern alphabetic orders it
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00341-00108323-00108558 was before the development of the korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00342-00108559-00108786 tense consonants and the double letters
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00343-00108787-00109002 that represent him and before the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00344-00109003-00109350 conflation of the letters and ting thus
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00345-00109351-00109590 when the North Korean and South Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00346-00109591-00109836 government's implemented full use of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00347-00109837-00110032 Korean alphabet they ordered these
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00348-00110033-00110269 letters differently with North Korea
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00349-00110270-00110497 placing new letters at the end of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00350-00110498-00110724 alphabet and South Korea of grouping
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00351-00110725-00111486 similar letters together topic North
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00352-00111487-00112132 Korean order the new double letters are
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00353-00112133-00112369 placed at the end of the consonants just
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00354-00112370-00112606 before the sir as notch alter the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00355-00112607-00112807 traditional order of the rest of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00356-00112808-00113373 alphabet TN dl m b SJ c HK t ph k k TT
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00357-00113374-00113925 PPSS JJ k yo yo ouuuu IA ye ye ye wah
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00358-00113926-00114185 whoa why'd we all digraphs and trigraphs
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00359-00114186-00114448 including the old dipthongs air and e
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00360-00114449-00114741 are placed after the simple vowels again
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00361-00114742-00115108 maintaining chose alphabetic order the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00362-00115108-00115471 order of the final letters is none GG
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00363-00115472-00115788 Zen in J&H d ll g len pound LS leftenant
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00364-00115789-00116197 LPFM beef SJ c HK t ph k KS s unlike
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00365-00116198-00116448 when it is initial this is pronounced as
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00366-00116449-00116712 the nasal King which occurs only as a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00367-00116713-00117048 final in the modern language the double
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00368-00117049-00117312 letters are placed to the very end as in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00369-00117313-00117504 the initial order but the combined
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00370-00117505-00117762 consonants are ordered immediately after
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00371-00117763-00118376 their first element
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00372-00118377-00119063 topic South Korean order in the southern
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00373-00119064-00119252 order double letters are placed
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00374-00119253-00119447 immediately after their single
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00375-00119448-00119852 counterparts gkk indiatimes jg h HK t
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00376-00119853-00120215 phra are ye oh ye oh ye oh ye oh you
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00377-00120216-00120464 were we y uu o e either modern mana
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00378-00120465-00120740 fondle Valls come first with the derived
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00379-00120741-00121004 forms interspersed according to the form
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00380-00121005-00121277 i is added first then ionized then
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00381-00121278-00121591 ionized with added i dif founds
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00382-00121592-00121781 beginning with w are ordered according
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00383-00121782-00122108 to the spelling as o or u plus a second
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00384-00122108-00122519 vowel not as separate digraphs the order
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00385-00122520-00122672 of the final letters
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00386-00122673-00123245 Pancham is none GK kgs n in J and HDL LG
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00387-00123246-00123578 limb pound LS left in and tell p mb s SS
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00388-00123579-00124009 j CH k TP nan means there is no final
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00389-00124010-00124370 letter every syllable begins with a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00390-00124371-00124601 consonant all the silent that is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00391-00124602-00125083 followed by a vowel EG d + ur equals dar
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00392-00125084-00125525 some syllables such as dowel and dowel
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00393-00125526-00125840 have a final consonant or final
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00394-00125841-00126224 consonant cluster budget then 399
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00395-00126225-00126541 combinations are possible for two letter
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00396-00126542-00126857 syllables and ten thousand seven hundred
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00397-00126858-00127070 and seventy three possible combinations
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00398-00127071-00127483 for syllables with more than two letters
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00399-00127483-00127786 twenty-seven possible final endings for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00400-00127788-00128003 a total of eleven thousand one hundred
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00401-00128004-00128284 and seventy two possible combinations of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00402-00128285-00128608 Korean alphabet letters to form
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00403-00128609-00128828 syllables
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00404-00128829-00129282 equals
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00405-00129283-00130176 topic letter names equals letters in the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00406-00130177-00130419 Korean alphabet were named by Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00407-00130420-00130883 linguist cha sujin in 1527 South Korea
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00408-00130884-00131187 uses Cho's traditional names most of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00409-00131188-00131433 which follow the format of letter pass I
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00410-00131434-00131793 pass you plus letter Cho described these
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00411-00131794-00132066 names by listing Hana characters with
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00412-00132067-00132381 similar pronunciations however as the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00413-00132382-00132774 syllables you geu que UD u T and u Cu T
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00414-00132775-00133026 did not occur in Hana Cho gave those
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00415-00133027-00133362 letters the modified names Gyo Gyo digit
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00416-00133363-00133719 digit and seers s io T using Hannya that
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00417-00133720-00133935 didn't fit the pattern for gieok or
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00418-00133936-00134190 native korean syllables for digit and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00419-00134191-00134730 SEOs originally cho'gath j CH k TP and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00420-00134731-00135072 HD irregular one syllable names of G XI
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00421-00135073-00135417 ki t feet high and high because they
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00422-00135418-00135657 should not be used as final consonants
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00423-00135658-00136020 as specified in hunminjeongeum however
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00424-00136021-00136227 after establishment of the new
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00425-00136228-00136533 orthography in 1933 which let all
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00426-00136534-00136812 consonants be used as finals the names
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00427-00136813-00137217 changed to the present forms North Korea
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00428-00137218-00137508 regularized Cho's original names when it
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00429-00137509-00137742 made the Korean alphabet it's official
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00430-00137743-00138322 orthography
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00431-00138323-00138990 topic in North Korea the chart below
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00432-00138991-00139239 shows names used in North Korea for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00433-00139240-00139587 consonants in the Korean alphabet the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00434-00139588-00139810 letters are arranged in North Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00435-00139811-00140025 alphabetic order and the letter names
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00436-00140026-00140269 are romanized with the McCune riche our
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00437-00140270-00140521 system which is widely used in North
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00438-00140522-00140860 Korea the tense consonants are described
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00439-00140861-00141183 with the word don't o and meaning hard
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00440-00141184-00141513 in North Korea an alternative way to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00441-00141514-00141876 refer to a consonant is letter + u u for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00442-00141877-00142179 example goo gai for the letter G and soo
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00443-00142180-00142606 sir for the letter SS as in South Korea
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00444-00142607-00142825 the names of vowels in the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00445-00142826-00143052 alphabet are the same as the sound of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00446-00143053-00143624 each vowel
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00447-00143625-00144299 topic in South Korea the chart below
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00448-00144300-00144584 shows names used in South Korea for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00449-00144585-00144893 consonants of the Korean alphabet the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00450-00144894-00145124 letters are arranged in the South Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00451-00145125-00145339 alphabetic order and the letter names
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00452-00145340-00145523 are romanized in the revised
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00453-00145524-00145772 romanization system which is the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00454-00145773-00146027 official romanization system of South
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00455-00146028-00146363 Korea the tense consonants are described
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00456-00146364-00147133 with the word sang sang meaning double
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00457-00147134-00147679 topic stroke order
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00458-00147680-00147940 letters in the Korean alphabet have
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00459-00147941-00148168 adopted certain rules of Chinese
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00460-00148169-00148447 calligraphy although and H use a circle
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00461-00148448-00148690 which is not used in printed Chinese
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00462-00148691-00149098 characters for the AIA ties fouls which
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00463-00149099-00149368 are not shown the short stroke is simply
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00464-00149369-00149934 doubled
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00465-00149935-00150503 topic letter design
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00466-00150504-00150806 scripts typically transcribe languages
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00467-00150807-00151031 at the level of morphemes logographic
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00468-00151032-00151262 scripts like Hannya of syllables
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00469-00151263-00151528 syllabaries like karna of segments
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00470-00151529-00151753 alphabetic scripts like the latin script
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00471-00151754-00151990 used to write English and many other
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00472-00151991-00152324 languages or on occasion of distinctive
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00473-00152325-00152584 features the Korean alphabet
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00474-00152585-00152846 incorporates aspects of the latter three
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00475-00152847-00153131 grouping sounds into syllables using
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00476-00153132-00153389 distinct symbols for segments and in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00477-00153390-00153656 some cases using distinct strokes to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00478-00153657-00153884 indicate distinctive features such as
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00479-00153885-00154196 place of articulation label coronal
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00480-00154197-00154415 Villa or glottal and manner of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00481-00154416-00154756 articulation plosive nasal sibilant
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00482-00154757-00155081 aspiration for consonants and iodization
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00483-00155082-00155393 a proceeding I sound harmonic class and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00484-00155394-00155803 I mutation for vowels for instance the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00485-00155804-00156107 consonant TT T is composed of three
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00486-00156108-00156353 strokes each one meaningful the top
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00487-00156354-00156625 stroke indicates T is applause if like
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00488-00156626-00157070 GG DD JJ which have the same stroke the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00489-00157071-00157346 last is an affricate a plosive fricative
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00490-00157347-00157577 sequence the middle stroke indicates
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00491-00157578-00158015 that T is aspirated like HH KK ch ch
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00492-00158016-00158249 which also have this stroke and the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00493-00158250-00158459 bottom stroke indicates that T is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00494-00158460-00158777 alveolar like an n DD and LL
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00495-00158778-00159065 this element is said to represent the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00496-00159066-00159260 shape of the tongue when pronouncing
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00497-00159261-00159478 coronal consonants though this is not
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00498-00159479-00159803 certain two consonants and have dual
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00499-00159804-00160073 pronunciations and appear to be composed
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00500-00160074-00160315 of two elements corresponding to these
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00501-00160316-00160658 two pronunciations tilde silence for an
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00502-00160659-00161114 M tilde W for obsolete with vowel
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00503-00161115-00161387 letters a short stroke connected to the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00504-00161388-00161609 main line of the letter indicates that
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00505-00161610-00161803 this is one of the vowels that can be
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00506-00161804-00162079 iodized this stroke is then doubled when
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00507-00162080-00162431 the vowel is iodized the position of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00508-00162432-00162671 stroke indicates which harmonic class
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00509-00162672-00163040 the vowel belongs to light top or right
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00510-00163041-00163463 or dark bottom or left in the modern
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00511-00163464-00163724 alphabet an additional vertical stroke
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00512-00163725-00163886 indicates I mutation
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00513-00163887-00164254 deriving air Hui oh and why why from a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00514-00164255-00164666 oh oh and you you however this is not
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00515-00164667-00164894 part of the intentional design of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00516-00164895-00165107 script but rather a natural development
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00517-00165108-00165326 from what were originally diphthongs
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00518-00165327-00165707 ending in the vowel I I indeed in many
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00519-00165708-00165977 Korean dialects including the standard
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00520-00165978-00166112 dialect of Seoul
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00521-00166113-00166457 some of these may still be defunct note
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00522-00166458-00166760 ee as a morpheme is o combined with AI
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00523-00166761-00167099 as a vertical stroke as a phoneme it's
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00524-00167100-00167522 sound is not by I mutation of Oh some
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00525-00167523-00167716 linguists have praised the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00526-00167717-00167984 alphabet for its featural design beyond
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00527-00167985-00168154 the fact that the shapes of the letters
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00528-00168155-00168365 are related to the features of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00529-00168366-00168572 sounds they represent the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00530-00168573-00168833 alphabet also attracts approval for the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00531-00168834-00169058 fact that vowels are made from vertical
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00532-00169059-00169304 or horizontal lines so that they are
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00533-00169305-00169618 easily distinguishable from consonants
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00534-00169619-00169891 although the design of the script may be
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00535-00169892-00170201 featural for all practical purposes it
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00536-00170202-00170537 behaves as an alphabet the letter T is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00537-00170538-00170762 not read as three letters alveolar
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00538-00170763-00171044 aspirated plosive for instance but as a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00539-00171045-00171449 single consonant T likewise the form of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00540-00171450-00171787 diphthong E is read as a single vowel e
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00541-00171788-00172063 beside the letters the Korean alphabet
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00542-00172064-00172361 originally employed diacritic marks to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00543-00172362-00172688 indicate pitch accent a syllable with a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00544-00172689-00172958 high pitch GOC on was marked with the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00545-00172959-00173177 dot to the left of it when writing
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00546-00173178-00173459 vertically a syllable with the rising
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00547-00173460-00173684 pitch tseng chien was marked with a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00548-00173685-00174011 double dot like a colon these are no
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00549-00174012-00174299 longer used as modern Seoul Korean has
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00550-00174300-00174635 lost her Nana T vowel length has also
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00551-00174636-00174926 been neutralized in modern Korean and is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00552-00174927-00175538 no longer written
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00553-00175539-00176237 topic consonant design the consonant
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00554-00176238-00176471 letters fall into five home or ganic
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00555-00176472-00176741 groups each with a basic shape and one
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00556-00176742-00176975 or more letters derived from this shape
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00557-00176976-00177290 by means of additional strokes in the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00558-00177291-00177602 hum and je um Harry account the basic
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00559-00177603-00177800 shapes iconically represent the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00560-00177801-00178070 articulations the tongue palate teeth
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00561-00178071-00178381 and throat ache when making these sounds
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00562-00178382-00178661 the Korean names for the groups are
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00563-00178662-00179018 taken from Chinese phonetics velar
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00564-00179019-00179470 consonants iam your yin am molar sounds
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00565-00179471-00180068 GG k kk k basic shape g is a side view
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00566-00180069-00180308 of the back of the tongue raised toward
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00567-00180309-00180659 the velum soft palate for illustration
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00568-00180660-00180938 access the external link below k is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00569-00180939-00181148 derived from g with a stroke for the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00570-00181149-00181528 burst of aspiration sibilant consonants
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00571-00181529-00181796 fricative or palate or chi and qi in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00572-00181797-00182647 Cheam dental sounds SS s jjt ch ch t
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00573-00182648-00182969 basic shape s was originally shaped like
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00574-00182970-00183290 a wedge without the serif on top it
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00575-00183291-00183578 represents a side view of the teeth the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00576-00183579-00183845 line topping J represents firm contact
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00577-00183846-00184139 with the roof of the mouth the stroke
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00578-00184140-00184334 topping CH represents an additional
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00579-00184335-00184775 burst of aspiration coronal consonants
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00580-00184776-00185288 solium che in serum lingual sounds an N
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00581-00185289-00186020 n DD T TT t lr l basic shape n is a side
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00582-00186021-00186212 view of the tip of the tongue raised
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00583-00186213-00186560 toward the alveolar Ridge gum bridge the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00584-00186561-00186785 letters derived from n are pronounced
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00585-00186786-00187054 with the same basic articulation the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00586-00187055-00187325 line topping D represents firm contact
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00587-00187326-00187603 with the roof of the mouth the middle
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00588-00187604-00187840 stroke of T represents the burst of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00589-00187841-00188123 aspiration the top of L represents a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00590-00188124-00188501 flap of the tongue by labial consonants
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00591-00188502-00188747 son Ian Cheney and sonim they build
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00592-00188748-00188918 sounds
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00593-00188919-00189617 mm MB B P P P P basic shape M represents
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00594-00189618-00189854 the outline of the lips in contact with
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00595-00189855-00190172 each other the top of B represents the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00596-00190173-00190445 release burst of the be the top stroke
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00597-00190446-00190768 of P is for the burst of aspiration
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00598-00190769-00191171 dorsal consonants QM how ian huen throat
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00599-00191172-00191987 sounds / nanogram HHH basic shape is an
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00600-00191988-00192344 outline of the throat originally was two
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00601-00192345-00192644 letters a simple circle for silence null
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00602-00192645-00192911 consonant and a circle top by a vertical
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00603-00192912-00193262 line for the nasal in a now obsolete
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00604-00193263-00193571 letter represented a glottal stop which
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00605-00193572-00193775 is pronounced in the throat and had
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00606-00193776-00194051 closure represented by the top line like
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00607-00194052-00194489 gdj derived from is h in which the extra
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00608-00194490-00195252 stroke represents a burst of aspiration
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00609-00195253-00195810 topic vowel design
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00610-00195811-00196110 foul letters are based on three elements
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00611-00196111-00196485 a horizontal line representing the flat
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00612-00196486-00196850 earth the essence of yin a point for the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00613-00196851-00197104 Sun in the heavens the essence of yang
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00614-00197105-00197436 this becomes a short stroke when written
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00615-00197437-00197769 with a brush a vertical line for the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00616-00197770-00197978 upright human the neutral mediator
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00617-00197979-00198294 between the heaven and earth short
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00618-00198295-00198570 strokes dots in the earliest documents
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00619-00198571-00198771 were added to these three basic elements
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00620-00198772-00199367 to derive the vowel letter
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00621-00199368-00200078 topic simple vowels horizontal letters
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00622-00200079-00200536 these are mid high back vowels bright oo
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00623-00200537-00201176 dark uu neutral uuu vertical letters
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00624-00201177-00201815 these were once low vowels bright hair
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00625-00201816-00202963 Oh neutral eye eye topic compound vowels
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00626-00202964-00203252 the Korean alphabet does not have a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00627-00203253-00203582 letter for W sound since a know all you
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00628-00203583-00203918 before and although became a W sound and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00629-00203919-00204275 W occurred nowhere else W could always
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00630-00204276-00204572 be analyzed as a phonemic oh or you and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00631-00204573-00204998 no letter for W was needed however vowel
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00632-00204998-00205334 harmony is observed dark you you with
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00633-00205335-00205594 dark oo for whoa whoa
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00634-00205596-00206110 bright oo with bright a a for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00635-00206111-00206416 wah-wah-wah-wah equal zero plus a oh
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00636-00206417-00206981 whoa whoa equals u u+ o o YW ay e equals
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00637-00206982-00207377 zero plus air air weary equals u u plus
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00638-00207378-00207626 the aether compound vowels ending in I I
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00639-00207627-00207950 were originally diphthongs however
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00640-00207951-00208208 several have since evolved into pure
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00641-00208209-00208726 vowels a R equals a plus I I pronounced
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00642-00208727-00209330 EE equals o plus I I pronounced e YW ay
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00643-00209331-00209807 e equals wau wah plus I I oh le equal
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00644-00209808-00210158 zero plus I I formally pronounced o see
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00645-00210159-00210527 Korean phonology we we equals whoa whoa
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00646-00210528-00211031 plus I I YY equals u u plus I I formally
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00647-00211032-00211342 pronounced white see Korean phonology
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00648-00211342-00211812 lui lui equals u u plus I I
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00649-00211813-00212223 equals
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00650-00212223-00213114 topic iodized vowels equals there is no
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00651-00213115-00213417 letter for y instead this sound is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00652-00213417-00213623 indicated by doubling the stroke
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00653-00213625-00213828 attached to the base line of the vowel
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00654-00213829-00214184 letter of the seven basic vowels four
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00655-00214185-00214467 could be preceded by Y sound and these
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00656-00214467-00214685 four were written as a dot next to a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00657-00214686-00214977 line through the influence of Chinese
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00658-00214978-00215210 calligraphy the dots soon became
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00659-00215211-00215417 connected to the line echo I were
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00660-00215419-00215739 preceding Y sound called ayat' ization
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00661-00215740-00216096 was indicated by doubling this dot yo yo
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00662-00216096-00216507 yo yo yo u yo the three vowels that
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00663-00216508-00216738 could not be our ties were written with
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00664-00216739-00217196 a single stroke ue u array a I the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00665-00217198-00217706 simple ionized vowels are yahya from a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00666-00217707-00218258 yo-yo from oh oh you you from oh oh you
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00667-00218259-00218502 you from you are there a are also to our
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00668-00218503-00219012 ties diphthongs ye a from air air ye
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00669-00219013-00219288 from e fo Korean language of the 15th
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00670-00219289-00219548 century had vowel harmony to a greater
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00671-00219550-00219884 extent than it does today bowels in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00672-00219885-00220133 grammatical morphemes changed according
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00673-00220134-00220377 to their environment falling into groups
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00674-00220378-00220728 that harmonized with each other this
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00675-00220729-00220965 affected the morphology of the language
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00676-00220966-00221226 and Korean phonology described it in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00677-00221227-00221498 terms of yin and yang if a root word had
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00678-00221500-00221790 yang bright bowels then most suffixes
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00679-00221791-00222027 attached to it also had to have yang
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00680-00222028-00222315 vowels conversely if the root had you in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00681-00222316-00222627 dark vowels the suffixes had to be in as
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00682-00222628-00222939 well there was a third harmonic group
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00683-00222940-00223332 called mediating neutral in western
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00684-00223333-00223575 terminology that could coexist with
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00685-00223576-00223869 either yi in or yang vowels
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00686-00223871-00224200 the Korean neutral vowel was I I the in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00687-00224201-00224473 vowels were you way oh you you Oh
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00688-00224473-00224686 the dots are in the in directions of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00689-00224687-00225139 down and left the yang vowels were Oh a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00690-00225140-00225394 with the dots in the yang directions of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00691-00225394-00225781 up and right the hum and Jangi um hairy
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00692-00225782-00226027 states that the shapes of the non dotted
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00693-00226028-00226269 letters ue were chosen to represent the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00694-00226271-00226573 concepts of yin yang and mediation earth
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00695-00226573-00226954 heaven and human the letter is now
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00696-00226955-00227335 obsolete except in the Jeju language the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00697-00227336-00227571 third parameter in designing the vowel
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00698-00227573-00227817 letters was choosing you as the graphic
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00699-00227819-00228069 base of you and oh and I as the graphic
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00700-00228071-00228415 base of oh and a a full understanding of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00701-00228416-00228631 what these horizontal and vertical
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00702-00228632-00228826 groups had in common would require
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00703-00228827-00229071 knowing the exact sound values these
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00704-00229073-00229453 vowels had in the 15th century the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00705-00229454-00229711 uncertainty is primarily with the three
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00706-00229712-00230017 letters here some linguists reconstruct
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00707-00230017-00230328 these as asterisk a asterisk asterisk e
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00708-00230329-00230581 respectively others as asterisk asterisk
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00709-00230582-00231025 E asterisk a a third reconstruction is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00710-00231026-00231226 to make them all middle vowels as
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00711-00231227-00231598 asterisk asterisk asterisk a with the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00712-00231598-00231819 third reconstruction middle Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00713-00231821-00232033 vowels actually line up in a vowel
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00714-00232034-00232288 harmony pattern albeit with only one
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00715-00232289-00232578 front vowel and four middle vowels
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00716-00232579-00232864 however the horizontal letters you owe
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00717-00232865-00233134 you you owe to all appear to have been
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00718-00233135-00233383 mid to high back vowels asterisk
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00719-00233384-00233689 asterisk you asterisk O and thus to have
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00720-00233690-00233932 formed a coherent group phonetically in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00721-00233933-00234533 every reconstruction
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00722-00234534-00235202 topic traditional account the generally
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00723-00235203-00235421 accepted account on the design of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00724-00235422-00235646 letters is that the vowels are derived
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00725-00235647-00235866 from various combinations of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00726-00235867-00236207 following three components you hear
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00727-00236208-00236466 symbolically stands for the Sun in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00728-00236467-00236538 heaven
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00729-00236539-00236852 U stands for the flat earth and I stands
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00730-00236853-00237149 for an upright human the original
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00731-00237150-00237443 sequence of the Korean vowels as stated
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00732-00237444-00237683 in hunminjeongeum listed these three
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00733-00237684-00237917 vowels first followed by various
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00734-00237919-00238301 combinations thus the original order of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00735-00238302-00238614 the vowels was you I owe a you Oh yo yo
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00736-00238615-00238887 you note that two positive vowels o a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00737-00238888-00239096 including one for followed by two
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00738-00239097-00239369 negative vowels including one then by
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00739-00239370-00239672 two positive vowels each including two
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00740-00239673-00239951 of and then by two negative vowels each
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00741-00239952-00240302 including two of the same theory
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00742-00240303-00240564 provides the most simple explanation of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00743-00240565-00240749 the shapes of the consonants as an
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00744-00240750-00240966 approximation of the shapes of the most
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00745-00240967-00241226 representative organ needed to form that
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00746-00241227-00241517 sound the original order of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00747-00241519-00241989 consonants in hunminjeongeum was gk d TN
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00748-00241990-00242476 BPM JC HS h LG representing the K sound
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00749-00242477-00242729 geometrically describes a tongue just
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00750-00242730-00242972 before the moment of pronunciation as
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00751-00242973-00243312 the tongue blocks the passage of air k
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00752-00243313-00243602 representing the K sound is derived from
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00753-00243603-00244019 G by adding another stroke representing
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00754-00244020-00244307 the sound may have been derived from by
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00755-00244308-00244471 addition of a stroke
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00756-00244472-00244844 D representing the T sound is derived
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00757-00244845-00245201 from n by addition of a stroke T
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00758-00245202-00245492 representing the T sound is derived from
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00759-00245494-00245816 D by adding another stroke and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00760-00245817-00246110 representing the n sound geometrically
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00761-00246111-00246347 describes a tongue making contact with
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00762-00246348-00246638 an upper palate just before making the n
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00763-00246639-00247127 sound B representing the P sound is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00764-00247128-00247505 derived from M by adding strokes be
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00765-00247506-00247817 representing the P sound is a variant of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00766-00247819-00247914 B which is a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00767-00247915-00248157 tamed by rotating 90 degrees and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00768-00248158-00248492 extending the horizontal strokes M
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00769-00248492-00248717 representing the per meter sound
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00770-00248719-00248967 geometrically describes a closed mouth
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00771-00248967-00249369 before opening the lips J representing
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00772-00249369-00249606 the teeth sound is derived from the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00773-00249607-00249971 shape of s by adding strokes CH
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00774-00249973-00250244 representing the teeth sound is derived
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00775-00250246-00250602 from J by adding another stroke s
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00776-00250603-00250898 representing the S sound geometrically
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00777-00250900-00251139 describes a near contact between the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00778-00251140-00251364 tongue and the teeth representing the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00779-00251365-00251655 sound geometrically describes an open
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00780-00251656-00251886 throat with a bar to indicate that there
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00781-00251887-00252269 is an aspiration H representing the H
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00782-00252271-00252552 sound is derived from with the extra
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00783-00252553-00252792 stroke representing a stronger flow of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00784-00252792-00253169 the aspiration representing the absence
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00785-00253171-00253413 of a consonant geometrically describes
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00786-00253414-00253607 an open mouth which necessarily
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00787-00253608-00253956 accompanies the following vowel l
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00788-00253957-00254232 representing Li and L sounds
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00789-00254233-00254460 geometrically describes a backward
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00790-00254461-00254835 bending tongue representing a weak Z
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00791-00254836-00255098 sound is also derived from the shape of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00792-00255100-00255317 the teeth but has a different origin
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00793-00255319-00255548 than s and is not derived from s by
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00794-00255550-00256317 addition of a stroke topic legends
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00795-00256317-00256923 theory of consonant design although the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00796-00256923-00257190 hunminjeongeum harry explains the design
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00797-00257191-00257442 of the consonantal letters in terms of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00798-00257442-00257691 articulatory phonetics as a purely
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00799-00257692-00257925 innovative creation several theories
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00800-00257926-00258192 suggest which external sources may have
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00801-00258192-00258414 inspired or influenced king sejong's
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00802-00258415-00258780 creation professor gary Ledyard of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00803-00258781-00259059 Columbia University studied possible
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00804-00259060-00259254 connections between Hangul and the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00805-00259255-00259506 Mongol past script of the Yuan
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00806-00259507-00259791 Dynasty he believed that the role of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00807-00259792-00260061 par script in the creation of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00808-00260062-00260412 Korean alphabet was quite limited it
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00809-00260413-00260631 should be clear to any reader that in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00810-00260632-00260910 the total picture that pass scripts
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00811-00260911-00261194 role was quite limited
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00812-00261194-00261481 nothing would disturb me more after this
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00813-00261482-00261746 study is published than to discover in a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00814-00261746-00261931 work on the history of writing a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00815-00261932-00262100 statement like the following
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00816-00262101-00262405 according to recent investigations the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00817-00262406-00262675 Korean alphabet was derived from the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00818-00262676-00263101 Mongols par script an affine theory
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00819-00263102-00263321 states that the consonants are derived
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00820-00263322-00263549 from the shape of the speaker's lips and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00821-00263550-00263765 tongue during the pronunciation of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00822-00263766-00264028 consonants initially at least but this
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00823-00264029-00264181 would appear somewhat to strain
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00824-00264182-00264550 credulity their yard posits that five of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00825-00264551-00264805 the Korean letters have shapes inspired
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00826-00264806-00265126 by power a sixth basic letter the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00827-00265127-00265399 null initial was invented by siege on
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00828-00265400-00265675 the rest of the letters were derived
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00829-00265676-00265946 internally from these six essentially as
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00830-00265947-00266256 described in the hon man je um Harry
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00831-00266257-00266551 however the five borrowed consonants
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00832-00266552-00266725 were not the graphically simplest
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00833-00266726-00266977 letters considered basic by the hon man
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00834-00266978-00267283 je um Harry but instead the consonants
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00835-00267284-00267694 basics at Chinese phonology gdb J and L
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00836-00267695-00268040 the hon and Jenny um states that king
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00837-00268041-00268364 sejong adapted the GU chuan go John GU
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00838-00268365-00268667 seals crypt in creating the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00839-00268668-00268943 alphabet the GU chuan has never been
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00840-00268944-00269254 identified the primary meaning of GU GU
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00841-00269255-00269752 is old old seal script frustrating full
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00842-00269753-00269948 ologists because the Korean alphabet
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00843-00269949-00270248 bears no functional similarity to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00844-00270249-00270571 Chinese chuan zi jue and C seal scripts
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00845-00270572-00270899 however led yard believes Goku may be
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00846-00270900-00271298 upon on mangu mangu Mongol and that GU
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00847-00271299-00271538 chuan is an abbreviation of mangoush
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00848-00271539-00271940 swansea mongols seal script that is the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00849-00271941-00272233 formal variant of the par alphabet
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00850-00272234-00272462 rheton to look like the chinese seal
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00851-00272463-00272816 script there were par manuscripts
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00852-00272817-00273068 in the korean palace library including
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00853-00273069-00273323 some in the seal script form and several
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00854-00273324-00273569 of see Zhang's ministers knew the script
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00855-00273570-00273694 well
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00856-00273695-00273991 if this was the case see John's evasion
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00857-00273992-00274162 on the Mongol connection can be
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00858-00274163-00274333 understood in light of Korea's
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00859-00274334-00274576 relationship with Ming China after the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00860-00274577-00274858 fall of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00861-00274859-00275089 the literati is contempt for the Mongols
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00862-00275090-00275614 as barbarians according to legend the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00863-00275615-00275830 five borrowed letters were graphically
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00864-00275831-00276085 simplified which allowed for consonant
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00865-00276086-00276310 clusters and left room to add a stroke
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00866-00276311-00276664 to derive the aspirate plosives idiot
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00867-00276665-00276865 but in contrast to the traditional
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00868-00276866-00277189 account the nan posis NMS were derived
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00869-00277190-00277467 by removing the top of the basic letters
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00870-00277468-00277771 he points out that while it is easy to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00871-00277772-00278041 derive m from b by removing the top it
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00872-00278042-00278305 is not clear how to derive B from M in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00873-00278306-00278515 the traditional account since the shape
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00874-00278516-00278749 of B is not analogous to those of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00875-00278750-00279103 other plosives the explanation of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00876-00279104-00279304 lettering also differs from the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00877-00279305-00279631 traditional account many Chinese words
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00878-00279632-00279931 began within but by king sejong's day
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00879-00279932-00280171 initial Inge was either silent or
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00880-00280172-00280468 pronounced in China and was silent when
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00881-00280469-00280731 these words were borrowed into Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00882-00280732-00281038 also the expected shape of Inge the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00883-00281039-00281305 short vertical line left by removing the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00884-00281306-00281506 top stroke of G would have looked almost
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00885-00281507-00281899 identical to the vowel i I see John's
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00886-00281900-00282148 solution solved both problems the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00887-00282149-00282421 vertical stroke left from G was added to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00888-00282422-00282697 the null symbol to create a circle with
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00889-00282698-00282943 a vertical line on top iconic Lee
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00890-00282944-00283225 capturing both the pronunciation in the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00891-00283226-00283465 middle or end of a word and the usual
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00892-00283466-00283762 silence at the beginning the graphic
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00893-00283763-00283999 distinction between nulls and Inca was
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00894-00284000-00284356 eventually lost another letter composed
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00895-00284357-00284581 of two elements to represent two
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00896-00284582-00284812 regional pronunciations was which
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00897-00284813-00285151 transcribed the Chinese initial way this
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00898-00285152-00285454 represented either M or W in various
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00899-00285455-00285814 Chinese dialects and was composed of mm+
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00900-00285815-00286294 from par W in fact spar a loop
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00901-00286295-00286531 under a letter represented W after
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00902-00286532-00286792 vowels and ledger art hypothesize that
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00903-00286793-00287073 this became the loop at the bottom of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00904-00287074-00287412 in fact spar the Chinese initial way is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00905-00287413-00287706 also transcribed as a compound with W
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00906-00287707-00287994 but in its case the W is placed under an
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00907-00287995-00288393 H actually the Chinese consonant series
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00908-00288394-00288750 waif a through W the F is transcribed in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00909-00288751-00289044 fact spar by the addition of a W under
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00910-00289045-00289290 three graphic variants of the letter for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00911-00289291-00289575 H and the Korean alphabet parallels this
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00912-00289576-00289851 convention by adding the W loop to the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00913-00289852-00290217 labial series MVP MVP producing now
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00914-00290218-00290691 obsolete wvf phonetic values in korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00915-00290692-00290940 are uncertain as these consonants were
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00916-00290941-00291312 only used to transcribe Chinese as a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00917-00291313-00291588 final piece of evidence their yard notes
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00918-00291589-00291795 that most of the borrowed Korean letters
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00919-00291796-00292065 were simple geometric shapes at least
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00920-00292066-00292368 originally but that DDT always had a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00921-00292369-00292614 small lip protruding from the upper left
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00922-00292615-00292952 corner just as the Pardee T did
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00923-00292953-00293247 this lip can be traced back to the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00924-00293248-00293842 Tibetan letter D
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00925-00293843-00294601 topic obsolete letters numerous obsolete
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00926-00294602-00294838 Korean letters and sequences are no
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00927-00294839-00295144 longer used in Korean some of these
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00928-00295145-00295380 letters were only ever used to represent
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00929-00295381-00295774 the sounds of Chinese rhyme tables some
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00930-00295775-00296004 of the Korean sounds represented by
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00931-00296005-00296256 these obsolete letters still exist in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00932-00296257-00296845 some dialects 13 obsolete consonants has
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00933-00296846-00297309 distinct from 10 obsolete double
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00934-00297310-00297949 consonants 66 obsolete clusters of two
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00935-00297950-00299638 consonants 17 obsolete clusters of three
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00936-00299639-00300303 consonants one obsolete vowel
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00937-00300304-00300745 parea 44 obsolete diphthongs and vowel
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00938-00300746-00301600 sequences in the original Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00939-00301601-00301860 alphabet system double letters were used
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00940-00301861-00302106 to represent Chinese voiced julienne
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00941-00302107-00302317 consonants which survive in the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00942-00302318-00302545 Shanghainese slack consonants and were
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00943-00302546-00302877 not used for Korean words it was only
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00944-00302878-00303145 later that a similar convention was used
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00945-00303146-00303466 to represent the modern tense fork
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00946-00303467-00303860 alized consonants of Korean the sibilant
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00947-00303861-00304182 dental consonants were modified to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00948-00304183-00304431 represent the two series of Chinese
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00949-00304432-00304845 sibilants alveolar and retroflex a round
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00950-00304846-00305317 versus sharp distinction analogous to s
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00951-00305318-00305620 versus SH which was never made in Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00952-00305621-00305851 and was even being lost from southern
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00953-00305852-00306217 Chinese the alveolar letters had longer
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00954-00306218-00306463 left stems while retro flexors had
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00955-00306464-00307023 longer right stems
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00956-00307024-00307605 topic most common
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00957-00307606-00307958 in modern Korean called irelia Laura
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00958-00307959-00308277 presumably pronounced similar to modern
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00959-00308278-00308487 Oh Oh it is written as the dot
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00960-00308488-00308745 positioned beneath the consonant the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00961-00308746-00309036 array a is not entirely obsolete as it
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00962-00309037-00309282 can be found in various brand names and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00963-00309283-00309504 in the Jeju language where it is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00964-00309505-00309843 pronounced that formed a medial of its
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00965-00309844-00310107 own or was found in the diphthong Y
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00966-00310108-00310341 written with the dot under the consonant
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00967-00310342-00310611 and I I - it's right in the same fashion
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00968-00310612-00311150 as oe/oe said fancy-pants SEOs half s
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00969-00311151-00311499 Bank iam Bank iam an unusual sound
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00970-00311500-00311793 perhaps IPA a nasalized palatal
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00971-00311794-00312153 fricative modern korean words previously
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00972-00312154-00312633 spelled with substitute s or Urania you
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00973-00312634-00312993 linear light heft or Dona and own young
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00974-00312994-00313389 strong nearing a glottal stop lighter
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00975-00313390-00313743 than H and harsher than
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00976-00313744-00314010 yes young yes young the original letter
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00977-00314011-00314397 for now conflated with young with some
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00978-00314398-00314697 computer fonts such as Arial Unicode MS
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00979-00314698-00314919 yes Young is shown as a flattened
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00980-00314920-00315159 version of young but the correct form is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00981-00315160-00315375 with a long peak longer than what one
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00982-00315376-00315659 would see on a serif version of young
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00983-00315660-00315987 beta Gabi and B up Gabi empioyed sang
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00984-00315988-00316316 eungeum be up sung and Jim bill IPA F
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00985-00316317-00316647 this letter appears to be a digraph of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00986-00316648-00316827 be up and young but it may be more
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00987-00316828-00317007 complicated than that
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00988-00317008-00317220 there were three other less common
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00989-00317221-00317490 letters for sounds in this section of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00990-00317491-00317904 the Chinese rhyme tables w w or M a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00991-00317905-00318237 theoretical F and F F be the bottom
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00992-00318238-00318404 element appears to be only
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00993-00318405-00318738 coincidentally similar to young whatever
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00994-00318739-00318993 its exact shape it operates somewhat
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00995-00318994-00319212 like a following H in the Latin alphabet
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00996-00319213-00319554 one may think of these letters as b h MH
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00997-00319555-00320031 p h and pph respectively koreans do not
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00998-00320032-00320265 distinguish these sounds now if they
+FBGvP2mhBwU-00999-00320266-00320517 ever did conflating the fricatives with
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01000-00320518-00321214 the corresponding plosives
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01001-00321215-00321919 topic restored letters to make the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01002-00321920-00322150 Korean alphabet a perfect more for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01003-00322151-00322332 phonological fits of the Korean language
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01004-00322333-00322669 North Korea introduced six new letters
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01005-00322670-00322837 which were published in the new
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01006-00322838-00323080 orthography for the Korean language and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01007-00323081-00323611 used officially from 1948 to 1954 to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01008-00323612-00323875 obsolete letters were restored Llyod
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01009-00323876-00324064 which was used to indicate an
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01010-00324065-00324250 alternation in pronunciation between
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01011-00324251-00324667 initial L and final D and who which was
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01012-00324668-00324981 only pronounced between vowels two
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01013-00324982-00325204 modifications of the letter L were
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01014-00325205-00325489 introduced one for L which is silent
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01015-00325490-00325750 finally and one for L which doubled
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01016-00325751-00326119 between vowels a hybrid bu letter was
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01017-00326120-00326359 introduced for words that alternated
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01018-00326360-00326653 between those two sounds that is a B
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01019-00326654-00327034 which became with before a vowel finally
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01020-00327035-00327334 a vowel one was introduced for variable
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01021-00327335-00327892 IO tation
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01022-00327893-00328672 topic Unicode Hangul Jamo you pass one
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01023-00328673-00328977 100 you pass one one FF and Hangul
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01024-00328978-00329259 compatibility Jamo you pass three one
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01025-00329260-00329593 three owe you plus 318 F blocks were
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01026-00329594-00329845 added to the Unicode standard in June
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01027-00329846-00330325 1993 with the release of version 1.1 the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01028-00330326-00330582 characters were relocated to the present
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01029-00330583-00330930 locations in july 1996 with the release
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01030-00330931-00331410 of version 2.0 Hangul Jamo extended a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01031-00331411-00331849 you plus a 960 you plus a 97 °f and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01032-00331850-00332226 Hangul Jamo extended be u plus d7 bo u
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01033-00332227-00332526 plus D 7 FF blocks were added to the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01034-00332527-00332890 Unicode standard in October 2009 with
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01035-00332891-00333402 the release of version 5.2 parenthesized
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01036-00333403-00334069 u plus 3 200 u + 321 e encircled u + 3 -
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01037-00334070-00334533 6 0 u + 327 E Hangul compatibility
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01038-00334534-00334851 characters in the enclosed CJK letters
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01039-00334852-00335184 and months block half with Hangul
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01040-00335185-00335604 compatibility characters u + F FA 0 u +
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01041-00335605-00335901 FF DC in the half width and full width
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01042-00335902-00336282 forms block the Korean alphabet in other
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01043-00336283-00336651 Unicode blocks turn marks for middle
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01044-00336652-00336903 Korean ur in the c JK symbols and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01045-00336904-00337450 punctuation block u + 302 E you pass 302
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01046-00337451-00338031 F 11,000 172 precomposed syllables in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01047-00338032-00338256 the Korean alphabet make up the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01048-00338257-00338542 alphabet syllables block you pass a c oo
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01049-00338543-00339178 u + d 783
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01050-00339179-00339941 topic MorphOS syllabic blocks except for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01051-00339942-00340187 a few grammatical morphemes prior to the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01052-00340188-00340487 20th century no letter stands alone to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01053-00340488-00340673 represent elements of the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01054-00340674-00340991 language instead letters are grouped
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01055-00340992-00341264 into syllabic or morphemic blocks of at
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01056-00341265-00341537 least two and often three a consonant or
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01057-00341538-00341792 a double consonant called the initial
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01058-00341793-00342047 Cho Seon shushing Cho Seon syllable
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01059-00342048-00342323 onset a vowel or diphthong called the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01060-00342324-00342575 medial Jeong Seon Jun Sheng Jeong Seon
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01061-00342576-00342845 syllable nucleus and optionally a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01062-00342846-00343094 consonant or consonant cluster at the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01063-00343095-00343319 end of the syllable called the final
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01064-00343320-00343592 Jeong Seon Jun Sheng Jeong Seon syllable
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01065-00343593-00343898 coda when a syllable has no actual
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01066-00343899-00344158 initial consonant the null initialed
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01067-00344159-00344483 Jung is used as a placeholder in the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01068-00344484-00344753 modern Korean alphabet placeholders are
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01069-00344754-00345010 not used for the final position thus a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01070-00345011-00345235 block contains a minimum of two letters
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01071-00345236-00345578 and initial and the medial although the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01072-00345579-00345797 Korean alphabet have historically been
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01073-00345798-00346076 organized into syllables in the modern
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01074-00346077-00346349 orthography it is first organized into
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01075-00346350-00346424 morphemes
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01076-00346425-00346649 and only secondarily into syllables
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01077-00346650-00346865 within those morphemes with the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01078-00346866-00347075 exception that single consonant
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01079-00347076-00347417 morphemes may not be written alone the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01080-00347418-00347681 sets of initial and final consonants are
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01081-00347682-00347771 not the same
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01082-00347772-00348092 for instance King only occurs in final
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01083-00348093-00348314 position while the doubled letters that
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01084-00348315-00348551 can occur in final position are limited
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01085-00348552-00349052 to SSSs and kkkk not including obsolete
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01086-00349053-00349295 letters eleven thousand one hundred and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01087-00349296-00349544 seventy two blocks are possible in the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01088-00349545-00350146 Korean alphabet
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01089-00350147-00350737 topic letter placement within a block
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01090-00350738-00351157 the placement or stacking of letters in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01091-00351158-00351406 the block follows set patterns based on
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01092-00351407-00351743 the shape of the medial consonant and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01093-00351744-00352064 vowel sequences such as BS woowoo or
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01094-00352065-00352343 obsolete VSD booyeah written
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01095-00352344-00352726 left-to-right bowels medial x' are
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01096-00352727-00352946 written under the initial consonant to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01097-00352947-00353179 the right or wrap around the initial
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01098-00353180-00353407 from bottom to right depending on their
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01099-00353408-00353710 shape if the vowel has a horizontal axis
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01100-00353711-00353953 like uu then it is written under the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01101-00353954-00354259 initial if it has a vertical axis like I
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01102-00354260-00354491 I then it is written to the right of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01103-00354492-00354700 initial and if it combines both
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01104-00354701-00355006 orientations like ooh-ee then it wraps
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01105-00355007-00355223 around the initial from the bottom to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01106-00355224-00355603 the right a final consonant if present
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01107-00355604-00355847 is always written at the bottom under
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01108-00355848-00356181 the vowel this is called batch in Batam
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01109-00356182-00356597 supporting floor a complex final is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01110-00356598-00356939 written left-to-right blocks are always
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01111-00356940-00357212 written in phonetic order initial medial
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01112-00357213-00357638 final therefore syllables with the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01113-00357639-00357899 horizontal medial of written down word u
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01114-00357900-00358316 BUP syllables with the vertical medial
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01115-00358317-00358541 and simple final or written clockwise
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01116-00358542-00358937 sang sang syllables with the rapping
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01117-00358938-00359189 medial switch direction down right down
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01118-00359190-00359554 don't own syllables with the complex
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01119-00359555-00359789 final a written left-to-right at the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01120-00359790-00360422 bottom Bal Bal
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01121-00360423-00361121 topic block shape normally the resulting
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01122-00361122-00361343 block is written within a square of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01123-00361344-00361553 same size and shape as the Hannya
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01124-00361554-00361810 Chinese character by compressing or
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01125-00361811-00361997 stretching the letters to fill the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01126-00361998-00362219 bounds of the block therefore someone
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01127-00362220-00362414 not familiar with the scripts may
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01128-00362415-00362659 mistake the Korean alphabet for Hannya
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01129-00362660-00362830 or Chinese
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01130-00362831-00363206 however some recent fonts for example
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01131-00363207-00363575 Eun Hye Japan symbol M unjam o moved
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01132-00363576-00363827 towards the European practice of letters
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01133-00363828-00364100 whose relative size is fixed and use
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01134-00364101-00364355 white space to fill letter positions not
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01135-00364356-00364609 used in a particular block and away from
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01136-00364610-00364862 the East Asian tradition of square block
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01137-00364863-00365209 characters thank why they break one or
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01138-00365210-00365537 more of the traditional rules do not
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01139-00365538-00365816 stretch initial consonant vertically but
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01140-00365817-00366038 leave white space below if no lower
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01141-00366039-00366455 vowel and or no final consonant do not
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01142-00366456-00366719 stretch right-hand vowel vertically but
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01143-00366720-00366977 leave white space below if no final
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01144-00366978-00367265 consonant often the right-hand vowel
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01145-00367266-00367520 extends farther down than the left-hand
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01146-00367521-00367793 consonant like a descender in European
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01147-00367794-00368144 typography do not stretch final
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01148-00368145-00368383 consonant horizontally that leave white
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01149-00368384-00368795 space to its left do not stretch or Pat
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01150-00368796-00369031 each block to a fixed width but allow
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01151-00369032-00369290 kerning variable width where syllable
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01152-00369291-00369532 blocks with no right-hand vowel and no
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01153-00369533-00369776 double final consonant can be narrower
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01154-00369777-00369950 than blocks that do have a right-hand
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01155-00369951-00370262 vowel or double final consonant these
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01156-00370263-00370531 fonts have been used as design accents
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01157-00370532-00370790 on signs or headings rather than for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01158-00370791-00371568 typesetting large volumes of body text
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01159-00371569-00372270 topic linear Korean there was a minor an
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01160-00372271-00372549 unsuccessful movement in the early 20th
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01161-00372550-00372813 century to abolish syllabic blocks and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01162-00372814-00373020 write the letters individually and in a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01163-00373021-00373242 row in the fashion of writing Latin
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01164-00373243-00373433 alphabet as in English and other
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01165-00373434-00373839 European languages eg Hangul for Hangul
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01166-00373840-00374159 Hangul it is called police agai pool OS
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01167-00374160-00374582 se yugi unassembled writing avant-garde
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01168-00374583-00374844 typographer armed sang-soo made a font
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01169-00374845-00375189 for thee hang old dodd our exposition
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01170-00375190-00375428 that exploded the syllable blocks but
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01171-00375429-00375581 while it strings out the letters
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01172-00375582-00375843 horizontally it retains the distinctive
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01173-00375844-00376058 vertical position each letter would
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01174-00376059-00376293 normally have within a block unlike the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01175-00376294-00376488 century-old linear writing proposals
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01176-00376489-00376788 such an idea of writing Korean with
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01177-00376789-00377043 Hangul Jamo without being assembled into
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01178-00377044-00377303 syllabic characters is of a historical
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01179-00377304-00377541 interest only as it forgoes the most
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01180-00377542-00377729 distinctive feature of the Hangul
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01181-00377730-00377976 writing system that is the standard
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01182-00377977-00378288 convention of mo asougi mo SSE ug
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01183-00378289-00378952 assembled writing
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01184-00378953-00379732 topic orthography until the 20th century
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01185-00379733-00379978 no official orthography of the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01186-00379979-00380311 alphabet had been established due to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01187-00380312-00380584 liaison heavy consonant assimilation
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01188-00380585-00380866 dialectal variance and other reasons a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01189-00380867-00381121 Korean word can potentially be spelled
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01190-00381122-00381478 in multiple ways see John seemed to
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01191-00381479-00381673 prefer more fo phonemic spelling
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01192-00381674-00381916 representing the underlying root forms
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01193-00381917-00382189 rather than a phonemic one representing
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01194-00382190-00382555 the actual sounds however early in its
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01195-00382556-00382768 history the Korean alphabet was
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01196-00382769-00383116 dominated by phonemic spelling over the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01197-00383117-00383335 centuries the orthography became
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01198-00383336-00383602 partially Morpho phonemic first in nouns
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01199-00383603-00383944 and later in verbs the modern Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01200-00383945-00384205 alphabet is as Morpho phonemic as is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01201-00384206-00384406 practical the difference between
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01202-00384407-00384637 phonetic romanization phonemic
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01203-00384638-00384850 orthography and Morpho phonemic
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01204-00384851-00385105 orthography can be illustrated with the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01205-00385106-00385504 phrase Moton in surah me after the GABA
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01206-00385505-00385870 reform in 1894 the Joseon dynasty and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01207-00385871-00386119 later the Korean Empire started to write
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01208-00386120-00386353 all official documents in the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01209-00386354-00386608 alphabet under the government's
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01210-00386609-00386860 management proper usage of the Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01211-00386861-00387061 alphabet and Hannya including
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01212-00387062-00387316 orthography was discussed until the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01213-00387317-00387567 Korean Empire was annexed by Japan in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01214-00387568-00387970 1910 the government General of Korea
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01215-00387971-00388243 popularized a writing style that mixed
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01216-00388244-00388486 Hannya and the Korean alphabet and was
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01217-00388487-00388834 used in the later Joseon dynasty the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01218-00388835-00389077 government revised the spelling rules in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01219-00389078-00389527 1912 1921 and 1930 to be relatively
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01220-00389528-00389932 phonemic the Hangul society founded by
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01221-00389933-00390250 juic geum announced a proposal for a new
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01222-00390251-00390523 strongly Morpho phonemic orthography in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01223-00390524-00390835 1933 which became the prototype of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01224-00390836-00391090 contemporary orthographies in both North
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01225-00391091-00391444 and South Korea after Korea was divided
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01226-00391445-00391732 the North and South revised orthography
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01227-00391733-00392029 separately the guiding text for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01228-00392030-00392281 orthography of the Korean alphabet is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01229-00392282-00392341 called
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01230-00392342-00392566 angle Mansion beop whose last south
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01231-00392567-00392902 korean revision was published in 1988 by
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01232-00392903-00393575 the Ministry of Education
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01233-00393576-00394256 topic mixed scripts since the late
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01234-00394257-00394538 joseon dynasty period various Hana
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01235-00394539-00394892 Hangul mixed systems were used in these
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01236-00394893-00394973 systems
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01237-00394974-00395234 Hania were used for lexical routes and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01238-00395235-00395420 the Korean alphabet for grammatical
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01239-00395421-00395621 words and inflections
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01240-00395622-00395870 much as can giancana are used in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01241-00395871-00395977 Japanese
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01242-00395978-00396266 Hania have been almost entirely phased
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01243-00396267-00396551 out of daily use in North Korea and in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01244-00396552-00396803 South Korea they are mostly restricted
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01245-00396804-00397040 to parenthetical glosses for proper
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01246-00397041-00397387 names and for disambiguating homonyms
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01247-00397388-00397679 hindu-arabic numerals are mixed in with
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01248-00397680-00398090 the Korean alphabet eg 2007 nyan 3 wall
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01249-00398091-00398657 22 wheel the 22nd of March 2007 Latin
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01250-00398658-00398884 script and occasionally other scripts
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01251-00398885-00399137 may be sprinkled with in Korean texts
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01252-00399138-00399334 for illustrative purposes or for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01253-00399335-00399653 unassimilated loanwords very
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01254-00399654-00399890 occasionally non Hangul letters may be
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01255-00399891-00400196 mixed into Korean syllabic blocks as ji
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01256-00400197-00400819 a guard right
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01257-00400820-00401388 topic readability
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01258-00401389-00401667 because of syllable clustering words are
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01259-00401668-00401868 shorter on the page than their linear
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01260-00401869-00402090 counterparts would be and the boundaries
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01261-00402091-00402285 between syllables are easily visible
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01262-00402286-00402564 which may aid reading if segmenting
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01263-00402565-00402843 words into syllables is more natural for
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01264-00402844-00403002 the reader than dividing them into
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01265-00403003-00403368 phonemes because the component parts of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01266-00403369-00403572 the syllable are relatively simple
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01267-00403573-00403782 phonemic characters the number of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01268-00403783-00404016 strokes per character on average is
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01269-00404017-00404358 lower than in Chinese characters unlike
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01270-00404359-00404649 syllabaries such as Japanese kana or
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01271-00404650-00404931 Chinese logographs none of which encode
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01272-00404932-00405129 the Constituent phonemes within a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01273-00405130-00405342 syllable the graphic complexity of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01274-00405343-00405633 Korean syllabic blocks varies in direct
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01275-00405634-00405870 proportion with the phonemic complexity
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01276-00405871-00406197 of the syllable unlike linear alphabets
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01277-00406198-00406479 such as those derived from Latin Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01278-00406480-00406797 orthography allows the reader to utilize
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01279-00406798-00407112 both the horizontal and vertical visual
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01280-00407113-00407514 fields finally since Korean syllables
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01281-00407515-00407772 are represented both as collections of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01282-00407773-00407988 phonemes and as unique-looking graphs
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01283-00407989-00408258 they may allow for both visual and aural
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01284-00408259-00409007 retrieval of words from the lexicon
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01285-00409008-00409718 topic style the Korean alphabet may be
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01286-00409720-00409899 written either vertically or
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01287-00409900-00410184 horizontally the traditional direction
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01288-00410185-00410435 is from top to bottom right to left
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01289-00410435-00410742 horizontal writing in the style of the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01290-00410743-00411051 Latin script was promoted by juic Jeon
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01291-00411052-00411314 and has become overwhelmingly prevalent
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01292-00411314-00411635 in hum and jungeum the Korean alphabet
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01293-00411637-00411960 was printed in San serif angular lines
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01294-00411960-00412329 of even thickness this style is found in
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01295-00412330-00412614 books published before about 1900 and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01296-00412614-00412845 can be found in stone carvings on
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01297-00412846-00413274 statues for example over the centuries
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01298-00413275-00413505 an ink brush style of calligraphy
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01299-00413506-00413760 developed employing the same style of
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01300-00413760-00414014 lines and angles as traditional Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01301-00414016-00414339 calligraphy this brush style is called
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01302-00414339-00414684 gunky gunky gunky which means palace
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01303-00414685-00414751 star
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01304-00414752-00415001 because the style was mostly developed
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01305-00415002-00415274 and used by the maidservants gummy Oh
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01306-00415275-00415562 gummi oh gong you of the court in Joseon
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01307-00415563-00415909 dynasty modern styles that are more
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01308-00415910-00416171 suited for printed media were developed
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01309-00416172-00416618 in the 20th century in 1993 new names
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01310-00416618-00416878 for both my own Joe Minji Haro and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01311-00416879-00417095 gothic styles were introduced when
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01312-00417096-00417353 Ministry of Culture initiated an effort
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01313-00417354-00417641 to standardize typographic terms and the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01314-00417642-00417839 names for Tang the Tang meaning
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01315-00417839-00418217 background and oten doten meaning stand
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01316-00418218-00418496 out replaced my own joe and gothic
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01317-00418497-00418799 respectively these names are also used
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01318-00418800-00419234 in Microsoft Windows asan serif style
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01319-00419235-00419495 with lines of equal width is popular
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01320-00419496-00419750 with pencil and pen writing and is often
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01321-00419751-00420013 the default typeface of web browsers a
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01322-00420014-00420353 minor advantage of this style is that it
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01323-00420354-00420584 makes it easier to distinguish earn from
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01324-00420585-00420863 uneven in small or untidy print as the
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01325-00420864-00420997 jeong seongyun
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01326-00420999-00421268 force which fonts usually lacks a serif
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01327-00421268-00421451 that could be mistaken for the short
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01328-00421452-00422214 vertical line of the letter U you
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01329-00422214-00422952 topic see also Hangul consonant and
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01330-00422953-00423459 vowel tables Hangul orthography Hangul
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01331-00423460-00423929 scientific supremacy Korean phonology
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01332-00423930-00424343 Korean language and computers Korean
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01333-00424345-00424854 mixed script Korean romanization McCune
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01334-00424855-00425354 riche our revised romanization Yale
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01335-00425355-00425780 romanization of korean korean braille
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01336-00425781-00426254 korean manual alphabet my young Joe
+FBGvP2mhBwU-01337-00426255-00426651 equals equals notes
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00000-00000287-00001206 [Music]
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00001-00001207-00001673 [Music]
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00002-00001673-00001896 we can do next to nothing about
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00003-00001897-00002151 inheritance but quite a lot to improve
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00004-00002152-00002403 the method of use of oneself in order to
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00005-00002404-00003015 release the creative urge and yeah I
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00006-00003016-00003408 feel like that gets to the heart of the
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00007-00003409-00003786 heart of a lot of my work and this
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00008-00003786-00004128 brings us to instinct this brainstorm on
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00009-00004129-00004695 instinct so I was brainstorming a lot
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00010-00004696-00004968 with people and in particular with my
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00011-00004969-00005034 husband
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00012-00005035-00005160 Mattie Wilkinson who's also a
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00013-00005161-00005424 Feldenkrais practitioner and I wrote
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00014-00005425-00005543 down something he said that I
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00015-00005544-00005838 appreciated related to this he said when
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00016-00005839-00006006 you free yourself from the layers of
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00017-00006007-00006288 internal resistance you get to access
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00018-00006289-00006500 your instinctual spontaneous expression
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00019-00006501-00006723 so that kind of also brings us full
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00020-00006723-00007148 circle to that original quote and I've
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00021-00007150-00007439 just loved sitting with this idea of
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00022-00007440-00007817 instinct and this feeling of connecting
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00023-00007818-00008114 to my truth and trusting myself and
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00024-00008115-00008523 finding some kind of like what is that
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00025-00008524-00008817 my animal it's both it's the interesting
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00026-00008818-00008999 because Feldenkrais helps us get back to
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00027-00009000-00009666 this natural more getting access to our
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00028-00009667-00009974 potential in terms of being human beings
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00029-00009975-00010367 and in our physical functioning and also
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00030-00010368-00010802 our our ability to use our intelligence
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00031-00010803-00011045 to be able to do what we want in our
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00032-00011046-00011337 lives and so that there's this direct
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00033-00011338-00011552 correlation between being connected to
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00034-00011553-00012126 the animal instinctual gut innate self
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00035-00012127-00012441 and also to be able to reach our
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00036-00012442-00012708 potential in terms of expressing what it
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00037-00012709-00012963 is that we want to do in this do or be
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00038-00012963-00013588 or live in this life as human beings and
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00039-00013590-00014040 then last image is from a logo that I
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00040-00014041-00014222 made for the
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00041-00014224-00014560 upcoming Feldenkrais conference in
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00042-00014561-00014797 Washington DC the art and science of
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00043-00014797-00015055 transformation and I feel like this
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00044-00015056-00015607 image gets to gets to this imagination
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00045-00015608-00015760 and instinct the brain and the
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00046-00015761-00015934 interlacing the toes which for those of
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00047-00015935-00016204 you that are new to fill increase if you
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00048-00016205-00016387 stick around long enough at some point
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00049-00016388-00017859 you'll interlace your toes together
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00050-00017860-00018276 you
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00051-00018277-00020004 you
+FCrrGhFnCp4-00052-00020005-00020211 you
+FCECssU1LXc-00000-00000008-00000118 and then i feel like what you're doing
+FCECssU1LXc-00001-00000119-00000327 with rewilding is like look
+FCECssU1LXc-00002-00000328-00000663 let's like move towards actual reality
+FCECssU1LXc-00003-00000664-00001087 here let's actually acknowledge the
+FCECssU1LXc-00004-00001088-00001454 like so what's happening is happening
+FCECssU1LXc-00005-00001455-00001634 we're undergoing a d so called
+FCECssU1LXc-00006-00001635-00001767 decomplexifying
+FCECssU1LXc-00007-00001768-00002014 uh a process right now in our culture
+FCECssU1LXc-00008-00002016-00002167 and society
+FCECssU1LXc-00009-00002168-00002647 let's um gather
+FCECssU1LXc-00010-00002648-00003015 and build upon this skills required
+FCECssU1LXc-00011-00003016-00003367 to weather the storm and if we do
+FCECssU1LXc-00012-00003368-00003543 survive for another 500 years it'll be
+FCECssU1LXc-00013-00003544-00003654 because of that
+FCECssU1LXc-00014-00003655-00003863 not because people bought more guns and
+FCECssU1LXc-00015-00003864-00003959 felt like their
+FCECssU1LXc-00016-00003960-00004095 you know rights are being taken away
+FCECssU1LXc-00017-00004096-00004247 because they have to wear masks or get a
+FCECssU1LXc-00018-00004248-00004327 vaccine
+FCECssU1LXc-00019-00004328-00004551 you know what i mean totally so that's
+FCECssU1LXc-00020-00004552-00004686 what i said that's my real sense of your
+FCECssU1LXc-00021-00004687-00004735 work
+FCECssU1LXc-00022-00004736-00004967 yeah i think that there's a level sort
+FCECssU1LXc-00023-00004968-00005151 of beyond that even too which is
+FCECssU1LXc-00024-00005152-00005718 you know um
+FCECssU1LXc-00025-00005719-00005967 in in the term weathering the storm i
+FCECssU1LXc-00026-00005968-00006118 think it reminds me of sort of this
+FCECssU1LXc-00027-00006119-00006238 concept of like
+FCECssU1LXc-00028-00006239-00006527 we need to build lifeboats to to save us
+FCECssU1LXc-00029-00006528-00006678 from the sinking ship
+FCECssU1LXc-00030-00006679-00006870 and i'm not i'm not interested in
+FCECssU1LXc-00031-00006872-00007031 building a lifeboat
+FCECssU1LXc-00032-00007031-00007406 um i'm not interested in in
+FCECssU1LXc-00033-00007408-00007606 building skills specifically to weather
+FCECssU1LXc-00034-00007608-00007710 a storm
+FCECssU1LXc-00035-00007711-00008031 because to me it's more about
+FCECssU1LXc-00036-00008031-00008510 building i mean and that
+FCECssU1LXc-00037-00008511-00008742 if you build skills in rewilding you
+FCECssU1LXc-00038-00008743-00008983 will weather the storm of collapse
+FCECssU1LXc-00039-00008984-00009278 but it's not the goal of rewilding to
+FCECssU1LXc-00040-00009279-00009471 weather the storm of collapse
+FCECssU1LXc-00041-00009472-00009710 right like right the goal of rewilding
+FCECssU1LXc-00042-00009711-00009839 is essentially to
+FCECssU1LXc-00043-00009840-00010055 embrace wildness and become a part of
+FCECssU1LXc-00044-00010056-00010223 the ecosystem again
+FCECssU1LXc-00045-00010224-00010542 which is something that exists beyond a
+FCECssU1LXc-00046-00010543-00010678 storm
+FCECssU1LXc-00047-00010679-00011055 forever and beyond right so um
+FCECssU1LXc-00048-00011056-00011383 in that sense it's about
+FCECssU1LXc-00049-00011384-00011574 just you know and it's not a lifeboat
+FCECssU1LXc-00050-00011575-00011831 it's about finding a new boat
+FCECssU1LXc-00051-00011832-00012038 if a boat if a sinking ship is a culture
+FCECssU1LXc-00052-00012039-00012191 that it exists on its own
+FCECssU1LXc-00053-00012192-00012342 i don't want a lifeboat that gets me to
+FCECssU1LXc-00054-00012343-00012535 shore like i want to just
+FCECssU1LXc-00055-00012536-00012751 have another way of living right that
+FCECssU1LXc-00056-00012752-00012871 artie is there
+FCECssU1LXc-00057-00012872-00013199 and you know it's hard to say
+FCECssU1LXc-00058-00013200-00013422 you could just jump from one to the next
+FCECssU1LXc-00059-00013423-00013607 but really it's like ripping a band-aid
+FCECssU1LXc-00060-00013608-00013638 off
+FCECssU1LXc-00061-00013640-00013830 and i feel like there's you know again
+FCECssU1LXc-00062-00013831-00013975 with examples
+FCECssU1LXc-00063-00013976-00014294 presented in um questioning collapse
+FCECssU1LXc-00064-00014295-00014422 there's all kinds of
+FCECssU1LXc-00065-00014423-00014822 um collapse in and of itself is a
+FCECssU1LXc-00066-00014823-00015038 complex process right and you never know
+FCECssU1LXc-00067-00015040-00015150 what's gonna happen
+FCECssU1LXc-00068-00015151-00015483 it's a it's a wild card so to speak
+FCECssU1LXc-00069-00015484-00015727 um because of all of the different
+FCECssU1LXc-00070-00015728-00015894 factors at play so like here in the
+FCECssU1LXc-00071-00015895-00016038 united states
+FCECssU1LXc-00072-00016040-00016230 you know i think about this a lot versus
+FCECssU1LXc-00073-00016231-00016455 like the uk or something like
+FCECssU1LXc-00074-00016456-00016686 there's more guns in the united states
+FCECssU1LXc-00075-00016687-00016758 than there are
+FCECssU1LXc-00076-00016759-00017119 people in the united states
+FCECssU1LXc-00077-00017120-00017479 yeah so how is that going to affect
+FCECssU1LXc-00078-00017480-00017767 a disintegrating society versus like you
+FCECssU1LXc-00079-00017768-00017847 know
+FCECssU1LXc-00080-00017848-00018103 england or something you know that has
+FCECssU1LXc-00081-00018104-00018247 much less
+FCECssU1LXc-00082-00018248-00018511 firearm capacity of its civilian in its
+FCECssU1LXc-00083-00018512-00018614 civilian
+FCECssU1LXc-00084-00018615-00018839 arms or something right like everywhere
+FCECssU1LXc-00085-00018840-00019014 is going to be different and so we're
+FCECssU1LXc-00086-00019015-00019071 going to see
+FCECssU1LXc-00087-00019072-00019314 different things but and i don't want to
+FCECssU1LXc-00088-00019315-00019430 romanticize
+FCECssU1LXc-00089-00019431-00019671 you know people will say i'm always say
+FCECssU1LXc-00090-00019672-00019879 i'm romanticizing
+FCECssU1LXc-00091-00019880-00020079 uh collapse and that i think it's gonna
+FCECssU1LXc-00092-00020080-00020399 be all everybody holding hands and stuff
+FCECssU1LXc-00093-00020400-00020591 i'm not saying that at all what i'm
+FCECssU1LXc-00094-00020592-00020839 saying is it's not gonna be all horrible
+FCECssU1LXc-00095-00020840-00020950 which is what
+FCECssU1LXc-00096-00020951-00021311 most people fixate on right like to me
+FCECssU1LXc-00097-00021312-00021655 there's a level of beauty
+FCECssU1LXc-00098-00021656-00022007 it comes down to uh
+FCECssU1LXc-00099-00022008-00022191 you know i think martine prechtel who's
+FCECssU1LXc-00100-00022192-00022407 uh an author i
+FCECssU1LXc-00101-00022408-00022727 i really enjoy uh i saw him speak once
+FCECssU1LXc-00102-00022728-00022950 when i was a teenager
+FCECssU1LXc-00103-00022951-00023319 and he uh he was talking about how
+FCECssU1LXc-00104-00023320-00023614 in the mayan villages where he lived
+FCECssU1LXc-00105-00023615-00023783 they had these houses that were kind of
+FCECssU1LXc-00106-00023784-00024022 they were built out of natural materials
+FCECssU1LXc-00107-00024023-00024183 and they would fall apart every couple
+FCECssU1LXc-00108-00024184-00024367 of years and
+FCECssU1LXc-00109-00024368-00024711 so every few weeks
+FCECssU1LXc-00110-00024712-00024942 people in the neighborhoods would gather
+FCECssU1LXc-00111-00024943-00025055 together
+FCECssU1LXc-00112-00025056-00025303 and rebuild a certain person's house or
+FCECssU1LXc-00113-00025304-00025399 their roof or whatever
+FCECssU1LXc-00114-00025400-00025558 you know and then a couple weeks later
+FCECssU1LXc-00115-00025559-00025718 do the next person a couple weeks later
+FCECssU1LXc-00116-00025719-00025870 do the next person
+FCECssU1LXc-00117-00025872-00026199 and it gave them
+FCECssU1LXc-00118-00026200-00026518 a reason to come together work together
+FCECssU1LXc-00119-00026519-00026695 and have a shared experience
+FCECssU1LXc-00120-00026695-00027046 of mutual aid
+FCECssU1LXc-00121-00027047-00027270 but when the government saw that their
+FCECssU1LXc-00122-00027272-00027439 houses were quote unquote you know like
+FCECssU1LXc-00123-00027439-00027607 shabbily built
+FCECssU1LXc-00124-00027608-00027967 they came in like an aid organization
+FCECssU1LXc-00125-00027968-00028223 came in and gave them all like metal
+FCECssU1LXc-00126-00028224-00028270 roofs
+FCECssU1LXc-00127-00028272-00028462 so they would stop like decomposing
+FCECssU1LXc-00128-00028463-00028599 because i think they were like thatched
+FCECssU1LXc-00129-00028600-00028790 or something they were like yeah
+FCECssU1LXc-00130-00028791-00029143 and then that eliminated the need for
+FCECssU1LXc-00131-00029144-00029311 mutual aid among the neighbors and then
+FCECssU1LXc-00132-00029312-00029487 they all stopped talking to each other
+FCECssU1LXc-00133-00029488-00029767 and their community fell apart yeah and
+FCECssU1LXc-00134-00029768-00029887 so there's this like
+FCECssU1LXc-00135-00029888-00030351 you know it's not romantic to say
+FCECssU1LXc-00136-00030352-00030679 that we need each other in these types
+FCECssU1LXc-00137-00030680-00030799 of situations
+FCECssU1LXc-00138-00030800-00031118 and that what we evolved with in terms
+FCECssU1LXc-00139-00031119-00031174 of our
+FCECssU1LXc-00140-00031175-00031374 human interaction our necessity for
+FCECssU1LXc-00141-00031375-00031567 human interaction and mutual aid
+FCECssU1LXc-00142-00031568-00031743 because if you think about if we did
+FCECssU1LXc-00143-00031744-00031902 truly evolve as
+FCECssU1LXc-00144-00031903-00032239 nomadic or mobile immediate return
+FCECssU1LXc-00145-00032239-00032358 hunter gatherers
+FCECssU1LXc-00146-00032360-00032599 then we were constantly moving camps
+FCECssU1LXc-00147-00032600-00032862 which means we were constantly
+FCECssU1LXc-00148-00032863-00033111 collapsing our tan our camps and moving
+FCECssU1LXc-00149-00033112-00033255 them and setting them up in another
+FCECssU1LXc-00150-00033256-00033390 place which meant we were constantly
+FCECssU1LXc-00151-00033391-00033559 working together through mutual aid to
+FCECssU1LXc-00152-00033560-00033718 do that process
+FCECssU1LXc-00153-00033719-00034046 um and in with sedentism you don't have
+FCECssU1LXc-00154-00034047-00034223 that right you build brick houses and
+FCECssU1LXc-00155-00034224-00034495 you don't move and so you get stagnant
+FCECssU1LXc-00156-00034496-00034702 and there's no necessity for people to
+FCECssU1LXc-00157-00034703-00034799 come together and
+FCECssU1LXc-00158-00034800-00035071 and help one another in this particular
+FCECssU1LXc-00159-00035072-00035255 kind of way but it goes across
+FCECssU1LXc-00160-00035256-00035431 mult it's not just with house building
+FCECssU1LXc-00161-00035432-00035574 or whatever right it's like in all the
+FCECssU1LXc-00162-00035575-00035711 different ways
+FCECssU1LXc-00163-00035712-00035999 um and so i think in terms of like
+FCECssU1LXc-00164-00036000-00036071 collapse
+FCECssU1LXc-00165-00036072-00036502 what i see happening is a is a return to
+FCECssU1LXc-00166-00036503-00036751 people recognizing the necessity for one
+FCECssU1LXc-00167-00036752-00036935 another and making that happen
+FCECssU1LXc-00168-00036936-00037095 that's not to say that there won't be
+FCECssU1LXc-00169-00037096-00037390 you know warring factions or whatever
+FCECssU1LXc-00170-00037391-00037735 um but there's a deeper
+FCECssU1LXc-00171-00037736-00037959 a deeper connection that is waiting for
+FCECssU1LXc-00172-00037960-00038062 us and i think
+FCECssU1LXc-00173-00038063-00038367 that is something to celebrate um
+FCECssU1LXc-00174-00038368-00038735 in the the potential fallout
+FCECssU1LXc-00175-00038736-00039174 and negative effects there are also very
+FCECssU1LXc-00176-00039175-00039351 positive things that we are lacking in
+FCECssU1LXc-00177-00039352-00039527 contemporary society
+FCECssU1LXc-00178-00039528-00039799 that will you know become that will be
+FCECssU1LXc-00179-00039800-00040030 fruitful again
+FCECssU1LXc-00180-00040031-00040239 yeah i think collapse presents openings
+FCECssU1LXc-00181-00040240-00040390 for something exactly
+FCECssU1LXc-00182-00040391-00040718 that's what it is and um i imagine you
+FCECssU1LXc-00183-00040719-00040879 and others that are doing work like
+FCECssU1LXc-00184-00040880-00040935 yours
+FCECssU1LXc-00185-00040936-00041367 is like creating a base
+FCECssU1LXc-00186-00041368-00041535 you're kind of accumulating knowledge
+FCECssU1LXc-00187-00041536-00041799 and knowledges or forms of knowledge and
+FCECssU1LXc-00188-00041800-00042127 skills and just like hey like this is
+FCECssU1LXc-00189-00042128-00042199 available
+FCECssU1LXc-00190-00042200-00042471 so right now we can begin that work of
+FCECssU1LXc-00191-00042472-00042551 preparing
+FCECssU1LXc-00192-00042552-00042839 in some ways so that as these openings
+FCECssU1LXc-00193-00042840-00042943 emerge
+FCECssU1LXc-00194-00042944-00043255 we're presenting like an alternative to
+FCECssU1LXc-00195-00043256-00043407 what is actually pretty like as you
+FCECssU1LXc-00196-00043408-00043551 mentioned there's pretty horrifying
+FCECssU1LXc-00197-00043552-00043815 possibilities that come out of this too
+FCECssU1LXc-00198-00043816-00044087 and i feel like people need examples
+FCECssU1LXc-00199-00044088-00044174 they have to be
+FCECssU1LXc-00200-00044175-00044367 shown a little bit like this is what is
+FCECssU1LXc-00201-00044368-00044527 possible
+FCECssU1LXc-00202-00044528-00044918 and i think we can be often very blinded
+FCECssU1LXc-00203-00044919-00045215 to what those possibilities are yeah and
+FCECssU1LXc-00204-00045216-00045255 and i
+FCECssU1LXc-00205-00045256-00045783 i still think that there's a level of um
+FCECssU1LXc-00206-00045784-00046055 you know i just question how much energy
+FCECssU1LXc-00207-00046056-00046279 should i put into any particular thing
+FCECssU1LXc-00208-00046280-00046462 because at the end of the day
+FCECssU1LXc-00209-00046463-00046599 people are going to have to figure it
+FCECssU1LXc-00210-00046600-00046862 out or they're not
+FCECssU1LXc-00211-00046863-00047039 and so you know like earth skills you
+FCECssU1LXc-00212-00047040-00047311 know i gave up on teaching
+FCECssU1LXc-00213-00047312-00047646 ancestral skills um i'm not really gave
+FCECssU1LXc-00214-00047647-00047743 up but i just
+FCECssU1LXc-00215-00047744-00047990 put a lot of i don't emphasize that in
+FCECssU1LXc-00216-00047991-00048223 terms of my own teaching practice much
+FCECssU1LXc-00217-00048224-00048399 um and again it's sort of a pendulum for
+FCECssU1LXc-00218-00048400-00048583 me i swing back and forth and right now
+FCECssU1LXc-00219-00048584-00048686 i'm in the
+FCECssU1LXc-00220-00048687-00049086 i'm at the end of the the crest of doing
+FCECssU1LXc-00221-00049087-00049335 re-education work or or talking about
+FCECssU1LXc-00222-00049336-00049511 mythology i feel myself swinging back
+FCECssU1LXc-00223-00049512-00049646 towards teaching just
+FCECssU1LXc-00224-00049647-00049855 ancestral skills and and handwork and
+FCECssU1LXc-00225-00049856-00050062 stuff um because there's just this
+FCECssU1LXc-00226-00050063-00050239 constant battle of like
+FCECssU1LXc-00227-00050240-00050439 what's really the most important thing
+FCECssU1LXc-00228-00050440-00050543 you know is it
+FCECssU1LXc-00229-00050544-00050879 to get people to be skilled
+FCECssU1LXc-00230-00050880-00051079 and then recognize when the collapse
+FCECssU1LXc-00231-00051080-00051287 happens that they're prepared for it
+FCECssU1LXc-00232-00051288-00051575 or is it to educate people about the
+FCECssU1LXc-00233-00051576-00051646 story
+FCECssU1LXc-00234-00051647-00051807 so that then they feel they should be
+FCECssU1LXc-00235-00051808-00051950 prepared and then
+FCECssU1LXc-00236-00051951-00052135 inspire them and it doesn't have to be
+FCECssU1LXc-00237-00052136-00052311 either or right like there's
+FCECssU1LXc-00238-00052312-00052623 um i think we're i think people like
+FCECssU1LXc-00239-00052624-00052799 having narratives to live by
+FCECssU1LXc-00240-00052800-00052982 and so part of the philosophy of
+FCECssU1LXc-00241-00052983-00053247 rewilding is generating that narrative
+FCECssU1LXc-00242-00053248-00053494 um but at the end of the day like that
+FCECssU1LXc-00243-00053495-00053566 narrative
+FCECssU1LXc-00244-00053567-00053863 will emerge regardless of whether it
+FCECssU1LXc-00245-00053864-00053903 does
+FCECssU1LXc-00246-00053904-00054191 now or later because it will i think you
+FCECssU1LXc-00247-00054191-00054279 know
+FCECssU1LXc-00248-00054279-00054511 um i was a huge fan of joseph campbell's
+FCECssU1LXc-00249-00054512-00054647 power of myth
+FCECssU1LXc-00250-00054648-00054887 and uh one of the things that he said in
+FCECssU1LXc-00251-00054888-00054991 there was
+FCECssU1LXc-00252-00054991-00055335 that the artist's job is basically to
+FCECssU1LXc-00253-00055336-00055807 uh put people in accord
+FCECssU1LXc-00254-00055808-00056135 with nature through their stories and
+FCECssU1LXc-00255-00056136-00056254 mythology
+FCECssU1LXc-00256-00056255-00056630 and i think that it's not necessarily um
+FCECssU1LXc-00257-00056632-00056926 that humans create mythology and then
+FCECssU1LXc-00258-00056927-00057159 they enact that mythology so much as the
+FCECssU1LXc-00259-00057160-00057279 environment creates
+FCECssU1LXc-00260-00057279-00057599 limits that create a narrative
+FCECssU1LXc-00261-00057600-00057982 um and in that sense you know once our
+FCECssU1LXc-00262-00057983-00058047 environment
+FCECssU1LXc-00263-00058048-00058279 limits what is possible for us our
+FCECssU1LXc-00264-00058279-00058503 stories are going to do that too
+FCECssU1LXc-00265-00058504-00058638 so i don't know there's just this back
+FCECssU1LXc-00266-00058639-00058766 and forth with me where i'm it's a
+FCECssU1LXc-00267-00058767-00058823 constant
+FCECssU1LXc-00268-00058824-00059126 um struggle in my mind of like
+FCECssU1LXc-00269-00059127-00059342 where to put my emphasis and what will
+FCECssU1LXc-00270-00059344-00059550 have the most impact
+FCECssU1LXc-00271-00059551-00059759 and i don't know you know i think it's i
+FCECssU1LXc-00272-00059760-00059975 think it's more mostly like an internal
+FCECssU1LXc-00273-00059976-00060375 conflict for me but um
+FCECssU1LXc-00274-00060376-00060638 i think that earth skills planting food
+FCECssU1LXc-00275-00060639-00060750 all of that stuff is
+FCECssU1LXc-00276-00060751-00061063 is actually very easy there's no
+FCECssU1LXc-00277-00061064-00061342 like um you know to make a stone tool
+FCECssU1LXc-00278-00061344-00061535 you hit a rock together
+FCECssU1LXc-00279-00061536-00061719 there's a science behind it sure if you
+FCECssU1LXc-00280-00061720-00061903 want to get precise
+FCECssU1LXc-00281-00061904-00062071 but if you don't know how to make stone
+FCECssU1LXc-00282-00062072-00062223 tools you can literally just start
+FCECssU1LXc-00283-00062224-00062406 smashing rocks together and you'll make
+FCECssU1LXc-00284-00062407-00062447 one
+FCECssU1LXc-00285-00062448-00062615 you'll find a shard that's going to work
+FCECssU1LXc-00286-00062616-00062775 as a as a rock knife
+FCECssU1LXc-00287-00062776-00062942 and it's essentially the same with all
+FCECssU1LXc-00288-00062944-00063087 those things like if
+FCECssU1LXc-00289-00063088-00063366 you know learning to weave a basket is
+FCECssU1LXc-00290-00063367-00063535 basically just tying knots over and over
+FCECssU1LXc-00291-00063536-00063687 again if you can do an overhand knot you
+FCECssU1LXc-00292-00063688-00063791 can weave a basket
+FCECssU1LXc-00293-00063791-00064199 you know what i mean um if you can
+FCECssU1LXc-00294-00064200-00064454 if you can start a fire you know i mean
+FCECssU1LXc-00295-00064455-00064550 there's just
+FCECssU1LXc-00296-00064551-00064750 it's not hard these things are not hard
+FCECssU1LXc-00297-00064751-00064966 to do
+FCECssU1LXc-00298-00064967-00065271 so i think that the learning curve is
+FCECssU1LXc-00299-00065272-00065591 rapid when there's a need
+FCECssU1LXc-00300-00065592-00065855 so you know again i think i mean think
+FCECssU1LXc-00301-00065856-00066023 about this too like
+FCECssU1LXc-00302-00066024-00066335 the pandemic happened and immediately
+FCECssU1LXc-00303-00066336-00066575 there was this large cultural cultural
+FCECssU1LXc-00304-00066576-00066663 movement not
+FCECssU1LXc-00305-00066664-00066806 not for everybody but for a lot of
+FCECssU1LXc-00306-00066807-00067023 people to produce masks
+FCECssU1LXc-00307-00067024-00067311 and comfortable masks effective masks
+FCECssU1LXc-00308-00067312-00067359 and
+FCECssU1LXc-00309-00067360-00067567 within like a month you know people had
+FCECssU1LXc-00310-00067568-00067782 like cut up old bed sheets and like
+FCECssU1LXc-00311-00067783-00067967 you know we're stitching math masks for
+FCECssU1LXc-00312-00067968-00068119 healthcare workers and like all the
+FCECssU1LXc-00313-00068120-00068182 stuff like
+FCECssU1LXc-00314-00068183-00068623 i think mutual aid is a um
+FCECssU1LXc-00315-00068624-00069063 is a part of the fabric of being human
+FCECssU1LXc-00316-00069064-00069399 and i think that it comes out most in
+FCECssU1LXc-00317-00069400-00069703 absolute need type scenarios so when a
+FCECssU1LXc-00318-00069704-00069991 power structure collapses
+FCECssU1LXc-00319-00069992-00070263 um that is when there is a strongest
+FCECssU1LXc-00320-00070264-00070438 need for
+FCECssU1LXc-00321-00070439-00070638 resources to be distributed among the
+FCECssU1LXc-00322-00070639-00070782 people who need them
+FCECssU1LXc-00323-00070783-00071111 i think the biggest challenge for us uh
+FCECssU1LXc-00324-00071112-00071511 you know global society is going to be
+FCECssU1LXc-00325-00071512-00071726 uh you know like you were saying
+FCECssU1LXc-00326-00071727-00072006 thinking of collapse as like
+FCECssU1LXc-00327-00072007-00072143 you know there's no more electricity
+FCECssU1LXc-00328-00072144-00072238 there's no more of these different
+FCECssU1LXc-00329-00072239-00072319 things like
+FCECssU1LXc-00330-00072320-00072438 i think all of that stuff is going to
+FCECssU1LXc-00331-00072439-00072655 come in waves you know
+FCECssU1LXc-00332-00072656-00072871 and it might be one year it might be one
+FCECssU1LXc-00333-00072872-00073055 month it might be whatever
+FCECssU1LXc-00334-00073056-00073311 but i think that humans are highly
+FCECssU1LXc-00335-00073312-00073494 adaptable animals
+FCECssU1LXc-00336-00073495-00073967 and we will adapt to those changes
+FCECssU1LXc-00337-00073968-00074182 and we will do it quickly and there
+FCECssU1LXc-00338-00074183-00074294 might be
+FCECssU1LXc-00339-00074295-00074526 a lot of conflict but i think that the
+FCECssU1LXc-00340-00074527-00074655 biggest
+FCECssU1LXc-00341-00074656-00074982 the biggest problems with um society at
+FCECssU1LXc-00342-00074983-00075094 large in terms of
+FCECssU1LXc-00343-00075095-00075294 catastrophic collapse are just
+FCECssU1LXc-00344-00075295-00075519 population density and disease
+FCECssU1LXc-00345-00075520-00075767 and pandemics have always been the thing
+FCECssU1LXc-00346-00075768-00075982 that actually
+FCECssU1LXc-00347-00075983-00076223 really diminishes populations rapidly
+FCECssU1LXc-00348-00076224-00076382 and so that's one of the things that
+FCECssU1LXc-00349-00076383-00076535 you know i don't really stay up at night
+FCECssU1LXc-00350-00076536-00076687 worrying about it because i think at the
+FCECssU1LXc-00351-00076688-00076799 end of the day
+FCECssU1LXc-00352-00076800-00077167 you know i have a to ease my anxiety
+FCECssU1LXc-00353-00077168-00077206 over
+FCECssU1LXc-00354-00077207-00077615 like multiple aspects of collapse you
+FCECssU1LXc-00355-00077616-00077806 know because we have all these i think
+FCECssU1LXc-00356-00077807-00078103 subconscious myths that are part of us
+FCECssU1LXc-00357-00078104-00078191 one is like
+FCECssU1LXc-00358-00078192-00078350 i want to live forever there's like an
+FCECssU1LXc-00359-00078351-00078503 individual part of it
+FCECssU1LXc-00360-00078504-00078679 like i'm afraid of my own death i'm not
+FCECssU1LXc-00361-00078680-00078911 afraid of being dead but i'm afraid of
+FCECssU1LXc-00362-00078912-00079094 dying right
+FCECssU1LXc-00363-00079095-00079391 um and then there's i'm afraid of like
+FCECssU1LXc-00364-00079392-00079582 humanity's death
+FCECssU1LXc-00365-00079583-00079838 yeah like like i don't want humans to go
+FCECssU1LXc-00366-00079839-00080031 extinct right um
+FCECssU1LXc-00367-00080032-00080303 and then i'm afraid of like the impact
+FCECssU1LXc-00368-00080304-00080367 that
+FCECssU1LXc-00369-00080368-00080591 civilization has had on the planet and
+FCECssU1LXc-00370-00080592-00080791 all the living things on this planet
+FCECssU1LXc-00371-00080792-00080855 right
+FCECssU1LXc-00372-00080856-00081023 so there's like this coalescence of
+FCECssU1LXc-00373-00081024-00081167 things well
+FCECssU1LXc-00374-00081168-00081399 one i'm gonna die at some day anyway so
+FCECssU1LXc-00375-00081400-00081543 there's no point in really worrying
+FCECssU1LXc-00376-00081544-00081750 about it you just have to accept it
+FCECssU1LXc-00377-00081751-00082087 that's a hard one right yeah two
+FCECssU1LXc-00378-00082088-00082311 in terms of humanity's death i have this
+FCECssU1LXc-00379-00082312-00082415 poster
+FCECssU1LXc-00380-00082416-00082655 in my basement and it's this giant
+FCECssU1LXc-00381-00082656-00082967 spiral of life on earth it's a timeline
+FCECssU1LXc-00382-00082968-00083135 and it has like you know all of the
+FCECssU1LXc-00383-00083136-00083311 different eras and all the different
+FCECssU1LXc-00384-00083312-00083471 animals and things not you know
+FCECssU1LXc-00385-00083472-00083735 not all of them clearly but it goes
+FCECssU1LXc-00386-00083736-00083862 through like you know and it just
+FCECssU1LXc-00387-00083863-00084055 it's just this big picture and it's a
+FCECssU1LXc-00388-00084056-00084199 spiral and it goes all the way back
+FCECssU1LXc-00389-00084200-00084367 to the beginning of the universe you
+FCECssU1LXc-00390-00084368-00084559 know and with different time
+FCECssU1LXc-00391-00084560-00084711 points marked on it and you see like the
+FCECssU1LXc-00392-00084712-00084871 origin of people
+FCECssU1LXc-00393-00084872-00085199 humanity is just this tiny little blip
+FCECssU1LXc-00394-00085200-00085431 um of all of the life and previous life
+FCECssU1LXc-00395-00085432-00085575 on the planet and i just think there's
+FCECssU1LXc-00396-00085576-00085599 just
+FCECssU1LXc-00397-00085600-00085879 nothing we can do like that's going to
+FCECssU1LXc-00398-00085880-00085943 change
+FCECssU1LXc-00399-00085944-00086247 you know the the process of life in any
+FCECssU1LXc-00400-00086248-00086431 way there were six extinctions
+FCECssU1LXc-00401-00086432-00086582 along that you know they were in the
+FCECssU1LXc-00402-00086583-00086735 sixth one there were five extinctions
+FCECssU1LXc-00403-00086736-00086838 along that path
+FCECssU1LXc-00404-00086839-00087094 and still life thrived even then if you
+FCECssU1LXc-00405-00087095-00087223 think about like the first mass
+FCECssU1LXc-00406-00087224-00087326 extinction
+FCECssU1LXc-00407-00087327-00087591 is what produced oxygen so nothing that
+FCECssU1LXc-00408-00087592-00087791 is alive today would be alive
+FCECssU1LXc-00409-00087792-00087982 unless the first mass extinction had
+FCECssU1LXc-00410-00087983-00088111 happened i mean nothing that
+FCECssU1LXc-00411-00088112-00088431 breathes oxygen yeah and so i think in a
+FCECssU1LXc-00412-00088432-00088487 million
+FCECssU1LXc-00413-00088488-00088806 500 million years whatever
+FCECssU1LXc-00414-00088807-00089103 the animals and plants that will exist
+FCECssU1LXc-00415-00089104-00089359 will exist
+FCECssU1LXc-00416-00089360-00089623 because of the transformations that
+FCECssU1LXc-00417-00089624-00089750 civilization has
+FCECssU1LXc-00418-00089751-00089959 impacted on the planet because of the
+FCECssU1LXc-00419-00089960-00090087 impacts that we've made
+FCECssU1LXc-00420-00090088-00090326 and so you know regardless of the
+FCECssU1LXc-00421-00090327-00090535 extinctions that we're causing today
+FCECssU1LXc-00422-00090536-00090775 there will be life thriving in a million
+FCECssU1LXc-00423-00090776-00090959 two million whatever years
+FCECssU1LXc-00424-00090960-00091311 that are stoked to be alive and will
+FCECssU1LXc-00425-00091312-00091543 in a sense and will be happy that
+FCECssU1LXc-00426-00091544-00091662 civilization
+FCECssU1LXc-00427-00091663-00091855 had the impact that it had that provided
+FCECssU1LXc-00428-00091856-00092055 the context for those things to
+FCECssU1LXc-00429-00092056-00092732 thrive in a different world right
+FCECssU1LXc-00430-00092733-00093661 [Music]
+FCECssU1LXc-00431-00093662-00093875 [Applause]
+FCECssU1LXc-00432-00093876-00094215 [Music]
+FCECssU1LXc-00433-00094216-00094424 you
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00000-00000152-00000303 mbo2
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00001-00000304-00000591 day oh three friday the 11th
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00002-00000592-00000734 about eight o'clock
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00003-00000735-00001039 i may have overdone it yesterday
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00004-00001040-00001247 i was zapped
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00005-00001248-00001399 anyway
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00006-00001400-00001607 breakfast is over there then on to the
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00007-00001607-00001991 lord high constable of england
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00008-00001992-00002407 fully coffeed and bacon rolled up
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00009-00002408-00002695 and now
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00010-00002696-00002863 actually i might do the apple up there
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00011-00002864-00003286 to
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00012-00003288-00003751 of england
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00013-00003752-00003895 there we are
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00014-00003896-00004111 wait house for
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00015-00004112-00004283 and it's
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00016-00004284-00004654 up it's a really nice day
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00017-00004655-00005135 if somewhat still chilly
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00018-00005136-00005447 so i had
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00019-00005448-00005631 10 on the card
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00020-00005632-00005975 and a third is 183
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00021-00005976-00006143 but the guy topped it up for me oh
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00022-00006144-00006327 perfect ten six percent off the whole
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00023-00006328-00006389 bike
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00024-00006390-00006623 [Music]
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00025-00006623-00006926 and there seems to be new wifi
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00026-00006927-00007567 [Music]
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00027-00007568-00007791 that
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00028-00007792-00008063 is very solid must be first place
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00029-00008064-00008335 again
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00030-00008336-00008423 so
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00031-00008424-00008663 this is the session ipa
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00032-00008664-00008999 at 4.5 percent call by volume
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00033-00009000-00009231 it's quite naughty actually multi-nose
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00034-00009232-00009487 multi-body
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00035-00009488-00009639 it's a bit thin
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00036-00009640-00009878 i give it 3.1 last time
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00037-00009879-00010327 and going all the way up to 3.2
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00038-00010328-00010678 sectionable
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00039-00010679-00010878 this is their session a
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00040-00010879-00011205 3.7
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00041-00011206-00012710 [Music]
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00042-00012711-00013022 it's fruity
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00043-00013023-00013279 it's hoppy
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00044-00013280-00013471 it's tasty there's a little bit too cold
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00045-00013472-00013807 on the cupboard
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00046-00013808-00014140 so this is
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00047-00014141-00015200 [Music]
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00048-00015201-00015471 [Music]
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00049-00015472-00016247 so
+FDFIbvmiF3u-00050-00016247-00016580 it was today
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00000-00000213-00000782 [Music]
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00001-00000783-00001503 [Music]
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00002-00001504-00001695 notification and give me love only it
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00003-00001696-00001910 means so much to me and support me in
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00004-00001911-00002142 instagram tweeting to me twitter and
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00005-00002143-00002383 instagram means so much to me coming
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00006-00002384-00002615 back when you enjoy the house of the
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00007-00002616-00002807 raising sun
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00008-00002808-00002918 sun
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00009-00002919-00003095 yes so my name is emily from argentina
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00010-00003096-00003270 north africa between morocco and tunisia
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00011-00003271-00003479 the reaction music video i i love that
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00012-00003479-00003927 and i am i have like so long time do
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00013-00003928-00004343 this yes so let's start with three two
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00014-00004344-00005264 one it is coming right now let's start
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00015-00005265-00006183 [Music]
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00016-00006184-00007417 um
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00017-00007418-00008510 [Music]
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00018-00008511-00009179 i know
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00019-00009180-00010991 [Music]
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00020-00010992-00011098 oh
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00021-00011099-00012174 [Music]
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00022-00012175-00013209 [Music]
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00023-00013210-00014272 [Music]
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00024-00014272-00014318 [Applause]
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00025-00014319-00014599 [Music]
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00026-00014600-00014824 um
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00027-00014825-00016030 [Music]
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00028-00016031-00016158 wow
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00029-00016159-00016486 oh my god
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00030-00016487-00016594 wow
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00031-00016595-00017039 angelina jordan yo yo yo
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00032-00017040-00017327 this is amazing yo
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00033-00017328-00017455 i love
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00034-00017456-00017783 that so much oh my god
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00035-00017784-00018055 if you love my face my reaction
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00036-00018056-00018230 everything here smash the button
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00037-00018231-00018407 subscribe to notification and i'll see
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00038-00018408-00018599 you next video inshaallah thank you for
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00039-00018600-00018935 watching and peace love assalamu alaikum
+FIHB38xIDNQ-00040-00018936-00019184 everyone
+FITdbiEyok0-00000-00000024-00000303 volume super greens fuses 31 organic
+FITdbiEyok0-00001-00000304-00000543 fruits veggies and herbal extracts and
+FITdbiEyok0-00002-00000544-00000799 with powerful probiotics prebiotics and
+FITdbiEyok0-00003-00000800-00001047 digestive enzymes make volume super
+FITdbiEyok0-00004-00001048-00001524 greens the ultimate gut shake
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00000-00000000-00000064 [Music]
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00001-00000065-00000098 foreign
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00002-00000099-00001228 [Music]
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00003-00001229-00001960 [Music]
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00004-00001961-00003925 [Music]
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00005-00003926-00004839 [Music]
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00006-00004840-00005417 [Music]
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00007-00005418-00005687 foreign
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00008-00005688-00006608 [Music]
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00009-00006609-00007025 [Music]
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00010-00007026-00007331 okay
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00011-00007333-00009533 [Music]
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00012-00009534-00009689 [Music]
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00013-00009690-00009992 foreign
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00014-00009993-00010961 [Music]
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00015-00010962-00013007 [Music]
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00016-00013008-00014104 foreign
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00017-00014105-00014297 [Music]
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00018-00014297-00015459 foreign
+FJk8UgQ5g7E-00020-00018685-00019388 [Music]
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00000-00000298-00000667 hello again let us assume the following
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00001-00000668-00001018 scenario we have digitized the content
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00002-00001019-00001357 of a learning unit our content delivery
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00003-00001358-00001684 principles are digital and our students
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00004-00001685-00001903 can apply their individual content
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00005-00001904-00002263 acquisition strategies is such a
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00006-00002264-00002569 scenario compatible with the classical
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00007-00002570-00002752 approach of teaching and learning where
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00008-00002753-00002980 content delivery and content acquisition
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00009-00002981-00003315 take place in class and additional tasks
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00010-00003317-00003490 our class external and follow the first
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00011-00003490-00003868 phase of content delivery surely it is
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00012-00003869-00004408 not once your content is digital it must
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00013-00004409-00004717 be removed from the classroom or do you
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00014-00004718-00004909 want to show your own videos in class or
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00015-00004910-00005113 boss students with a mere repetition of
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00016-00005114-00005563 a digital units content I don't but what
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00017-00005564-00005788 do we now do inside the classroom
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00018-00005789-00005997 especially in a classroom that is now
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00019-00005998-00006202 free from the content that is available
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00020-00006203-00006577 in a digital format of course we could
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00021-00006578-00006864 get rid of the classroom altogether in
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00022-00006865-00007080 such a scenario however we have to take
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00023-00007081-00007369 care that the additional material is
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00024-00007370-00007689 digital - and that all additional
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00025-00007690-00007927 activities are fully automatic unless
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00026-00007928-00008145 you have the time to coach each student
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00027-00008146-00008519 of your class individually such
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00028-00008520-00008880 completely online scenarios however are
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00029-00008881-00009114 only marginal to our curricular
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00030-00009115-00009627 activities for several reasons we
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00031-00009628-00009930 believe that the classroom is the
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00032-00009931-00010062 central location
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00033-00010063-00010459 for social interaction we also believe
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00034-00010460-00010770 that today a good human teacher can be
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00035-00010771-00011026 of enormous help to students much more
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00036-00011027-00011305 than digital scenarios of information
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00037-00011306-00011630 exchange and we believe that
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00038-00011631-00011898 well-organized in-class activities are
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00039-00011899-00012177 beneficial to all facets of the learning
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00040-00012178-00012684 process but what exactly shall we now do
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00041-00012685-00013200 in class the answer is simple shift the
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00042-00013201-00013553 activities again and practice in class
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00043-00013554-00014069 well and this is what it looks like in
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00044-00014069-00014483 fact that was 2013 a time when we had to
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00045-00014484-00014692 use the 20th century lecture hall
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00046-00014693-00014936 architecture with its long and narrow
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00047-00014937-00015211 rows an architecture that heavily
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00048-00015212-00015455 restricts interaction between more than
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00049-00015456-00015863 just a handful of participants so really
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00050-00015863-00016163 the logical consequence of digital
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00051-00016163-00016541 content on campus is a shift learning
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00052-00016542-00016847 activity scenario which at university
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00053-00016848-00017083 level is referred to as inverted
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00054-00017084-00017558 classroom today our inverted classroom
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00055-00017559-00017794 scenario has changed several aspects of
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00056-00017795-00018100 teaching and learning from my the
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00057-00018101-00018341 teachers perspective it has realized
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00058-00018342-00018769 what you can call free your lecture for
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00059-00018770-00018997 example my preparation for a unit is now
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00060-00018998-00019297 basically an examination of my own
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00061-00019298-00019667 digital material yes I have to watch my
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00062-00019668-00019916 own videos before each in class session
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00063-00019917-00020333 and my teaching is no longer the old
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00064-00020334-00020647 lecture style format but a permanent
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00065-00020648-00021068 interaction with my students and at the
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00066-00021069-00021331 end of a lecture well I shouldn't call
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00067-00021332-00021449 it lecture anymore
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00068-00021450-00021728 I feel more satisfaction than ever
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00069-00021729-00022090 before I do not stand in front of a
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00070-00022091-00022343 silent crowd but I communicate with
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00071-00022344-00022636 several dozens of my students I walk
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00072-00022637-00022903 around I help where possible I discuss
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00073-00022904-00023275 problems and from time to time i well i
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00074-00023276-00023644 still summarize our own findings for the
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00075-00023645-00024008 whole class this shift of teaching and
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00076-00024009-00024214 learning activities has shown to be
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00077-00024215-00024553 highly efficient in first long-term
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00078-00024554-00024800 studies we have found that those
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00079-00024801-00025111 students who attend our optional in
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00080-00025112-00025375 class meetings yes in class attendance
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00081-00025376-00025712 is optional a German universities well
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00082-00025713-00026099 we found that those who come yield
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00083-00026100-00026504 better results than those who do not so
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00084-00026505-00026879 in summary the digitization
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00085-00026880-00027121 of a learning unit not only enabled
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00086-00027122-00027314 students to apply their own rhythm and
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00087-00027314-00027602 their individual learning strategies but
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00088-00027602-00027914 it also involves and from my point of
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00089-00027914-00028174 view necessitates new teaching and
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00090-00028175-00028448 learning concepts that superbly realize
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00091-00028449-00028783 allison king's prediction from 1993 from
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00092-00028784-00029130 sage on the stage to guide on the side
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00093-00029131-00029483 and i can tell you it's great being a
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00094-00029483-00029792 guide on the side rather than a sage on
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00095-00029793-00030211 stage i hope that i could illustrate the
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00096-00030212-00030404 great freedom that i have been
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00097-00030405-00030749 experiencing as a teacher an important
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00098-00030750-00031055 benefit of the digitisation of teaching
+FJn_RLzbJvQ-00099-00031056-00031562 and learning thanks for your attention
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00000-00000026-00000371 beer in Mexico has a long history while
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00001-00000372-00000590 Mesoamerican cultures knew of fermented
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00002-00000591-00000811 alcoholic beverages including a corn
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00003-00000813-00000991 beer long before the Spanish conquest
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00004-00000992-00001247 European style beer brewed with barley
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00005-00001248-00001418 was introduced with the Spanish soon
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00006-00001419-00001621 after heir nan Cortez's arrival
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00007-00001622-00001862 production of this beer here was limited
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00008-00001863-00002035 during the colonial period due to the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00009-00002036-00002204 lack of materials and severe
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00010-00002205-00002392 restrictions and taxes placed on the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00011-00002393-00002677 product by Spanish authorities after the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00012-00002678-00002858 Mexican War of Independence these
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00013-00002859-00003023 restrictions disappeared and the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00014-00003024-00003202 industry was permitted to develop
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00015-00003203-00003422 furthermore the arrival of German
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00016-00003422-00003608 immigrants in the short-lived Empire of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00017-00003609-00003809 Austrian Maximilian the first in the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00018-00003810-00004013 19th century provided the impetus for
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00019-00004014-00004222 the opening of many breweries in various
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00020-00004223-00004544 parts of the country by 1918 there were
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00021-00004545-00004799 36 brewing companies but over the 20th
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00022-00004800-00005045 century the industry consolidated until
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00023-00005046-00005225 today only two corporations
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00024-00005226-00005518 grupo modelo and FEM se control 90% of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00025-00005519-00005797 the Mexican beer market this industry is
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00026-00005798-00005984 one of the most prevalent in the country
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00027-00005985-00006163 with over sixty three percent of the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00028-00006164-00006378 population buying one brand or another
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00029-00006379-00006659 beer is also a major export for the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00030-00006659-00006830 country with most going to the United
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00031-00006831-00007091 States but is available in over 150
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00032-00007092-00007721 countries worldwide
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00033-00007722-00008216 topic history
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00034-00008217-00008556 you
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00035-00008557-00009264 topic sixteenth-century to 19th century
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00036-00009265-00009513 prior to the Spanish conquest there had
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00037-00009514-00009699 been fermented alcoholic beverages in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00038-00009700-00010002 Mexico the best known of these is pulk
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00039-00010003-00010188 which is the fermented SAP of the maguey
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00040-00010189-00010494 or agave plant more similar to beer as a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00041-00010495-00010713 lesser-known beverage called tes Quino
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00042-00010714-00010922 or is ki8 brewed by various cultures
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00043-00010923-00011187 this is made from fermented corn and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00044-00011188-00011400 creates light amber colored liquid which
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00045-00011401-00011676 is whisked before drinking tes Quino can
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00046-00011677-00011892 still be found in Mexico today mostly
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00047-00011893-00012120 homemade in the north and west of Mexico
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00048-00012121-00012336 in states such as Chihuahua Sonora and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00049-00012337-00012639 colima among the Tarahumara 's the drink
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00050-00012640-00012894 is used for rituals a similar beverage
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00051-00012894-00013172 called posle is made in oaxaca Chiapas
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00052-00013174-00013388 and Tabasco with corn and cocoa beans
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00053-00013390-00013596 beer brewed with grains such as barley
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00054-00013597-00013818 was produced in small quantities by air
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00055-00013819-00014037 non Cortes soldiers but it was limited
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00056-00014038-00014288 due to the lack of supplies the first
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00057-00014290-00014427 official concession to brew
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00058-00014428-00014616 european-style beer was granted to
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00059-00014616-00015099 alfonso de haro in 1543 or 1540 for its
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00060-00015100-00015312 exact location as unknown but it is
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00061-00015313-00015459 thought to have been located in the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00062-00015460-00015651 south of Mexico City where Metro
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00063-00015652-00015866 portalis is today or in a Mecca Mecca
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00064-00015868-00016191 Mexico State Carreras brewery struggled
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00065-00016191-00016371 during its first years as alcohol
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00066-00016372-00016557 consumption was highly regulated by
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00067-00016558-00016734 authorities and the new brew had to
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00068-00016735-00016974 compete with native beverages it was
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00069-00016975-00017160 also more expensive due to the lack of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00070-00017161-00017418 ingredients however the beverage caught
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00071-00017419-00017589 on as it was drunk by colonial
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00072-00017590-00017781 authorities leading others to want it as
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00073-00017782-00018033 well Herrera worked to expand his
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00074-00018034-00018216 brewery in the land on which weed and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00075-00018217-00018494 barley were raised in the long run
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00076-00018495-00018708 Guerrero's brewery did not survive and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00077-00018709-00018843 the production of european-style
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00078-00018844-00019065 beverages such as beer and wine were
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00079-00019066-00019266 heavily taxed and heavily regulated by
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00080-00019267-00019515 Spain to protect home markets the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00081-00019516-00019697 purpose of this was to make Colonials
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00082-00019698-00019953 import these products from Europe while
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00083-00019954-00020157 the policy mostly worked beer brewing
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00084-00020158-00020397 never entirely ceased in the years just
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00085-00020398-00020640 before independence beer consumption was
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00086-00020641-00020871 becoming established in Mexico leading
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00087-00020872-00021030 to disputes over the rights to produce
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00088-00021031-00021342 it Englishmen Gillan's and Myron Miguel
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00089-00021343-00021582 Ramos Arizpe and Justino to ahlian all
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00090-00021583-00021792 claimed exclusive rights to produce beer
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00091-00021793-00022083 in Mexico after the end of the war the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00092-00022084-00022287 beer produced by the Italian brewery was
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00093-00022288-00022455 the most popular
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00094-00022456-00022675 after the war colonial restrictions were
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00095-00022676-00022855 gone and the industry was allowed to
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00096-00022856-00023280 develop starting in the 1820s in 1845 a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00097-00023281-00023497 barley beer flavored with pile and jello
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00098-00023498-00023670 was introduced with the names of pilla
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00099-00023671-00023880 Seca and lichen delaria by swiss
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00100-00023881-00024075 bernhard bull guard and bavarian
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00101-00024076-00024306 federico Hertzog the industry truly
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00102-00024307-00024489 began to develop in the latter half of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00103-00024490-00024714 the 19th century due to an influx of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00104-00024715-00024900 German immigrants to Mexico and the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00105-00024901-00025131 short-lived second Mexican Empire headed
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00106-00025132-00025320 by Emperor Maximilian the first of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00107-00025321-00025509 Mexico of the House of Habsburg an
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00108-00025510-00025783 austro-german deck ruling family the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00109-00025783-00025987 emperor had his own Brewer who produced
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00110-00025988-00026287 Vienna style dark beers this influence
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00111-00026288-00026482 can be seen in two popular brands of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00112-00026483-00026818 Negra Modelo and Dos Equis an bar from
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00113-00026819-00027082 the mid 19th to the early 20th century a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00114-00027083-00027286 large number of breweries were opened in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00115-00027287-00027546 various regions of the country some of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00116-00027547-00027771 these include the service area Toluca Y
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00117-00027772-00028032 Mexico by Swiss Agustin Marin des in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00118-00028033-00028393 1865 surveys Surya Cruz Blanca in Mexico
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00119-00028394-00028726 City by Emil dirt in 1869 which produced
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00120-00028727-00028971 the first lager the San Diego brewery by
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00121-00028972-00029220 Carlos Fred and Bayon in 1860 the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00122-00029222-00029452 service area you katika by Jose ponch
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00123-00029452-00029758 Solis in mérida in 1869 with German
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00124-00029758-00029970 equipment and a German Brewer the grand
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00125-00029972-00030312 serve a serie de San Luis in 1882 in San
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00126-00030313-00030589 Luis Potosi by Hosea Mota Hague we and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00127-00030589-00030808 Wong foo yo a French Brewer who imported
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00128-00030808-00030949 equipment from Paris
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00129-00030950-00031170 the fábrica de cerveza Y hielo in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00130-00031172-00031462 Monterrey in 1886 the severe serie P
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00131-00031463-00031729 azeemi in Monterrey in 1889 the survey
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00132-00031730-00032107 Surya Estrella by Wong e orner in 1890
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00133-00032108-00032389 the cervecería guillermo haas y Campania
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00134-00032389-00032643 in orizaba by Henry Mandi William Hoss
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00135-00032644-00032899 Kuno van Alton and Adolph bird which
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00136-00032900-00033102 started production at fifteen thousand
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00137-00033103-00033301 bottles daily and would later change its
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00138-00033302-00033511 name to serve a serie Moctezuma the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00139-00033512-00033783 cervecería chihuahua by juan terrazas in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00140-00033784-00034062 chihuahua in 1896 the survey serie
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00141-00034063-00034330 sonora by George Bruni dr. Albert Hofer
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00142-00034331-00034620 and Jakob shul in 1896 the cervecería
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00143-00034621-00034918 del Pacifico by Jorge Clawson German
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00144-00034919-00035193 Evers in Emilio Philippi in 1900 the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00145-00035194-00035395 establishment of a railroad system in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00146-00035396-00035560 Mexico at the end of the nineteenth
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00147-00035561-00035770 century allowed the import of machinery
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00148-00035771-00035811 in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00149-00035812-00035979 from the United States but it also
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00150-00035980-00036177 forced Mexican breweries to compete
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00151-00036178-00036369 against US beer which began to be
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00152-00036370-00036696 distributed in the country by 1890 the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00153-00036697-00036907 first substantial industrial brewing
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00154-00036908-00037083 facility in the country was built in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00155-00037084-00037289 Monterrey by severe serie Cuauhtemoc
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00156-00037290-00037569 four years later another large brewery
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00157-00037570-00038342 cervecería Moctezuma began in orizaba
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00158-00038343-00038877 topic 20th century
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00159-00038878-00039234 by 1918 there were 36 beer producers in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00160-00039235-00039534 Mexico prohibition in the United States
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00161-00039535-00039792 during the 1920s helped the Mexican beer
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00162-00039793-00039987 industry with Americans crossing the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00163-00039988-00040239 border to drink this spurred breweries
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00164-00040240-00040434 along the border such as Mexicali
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00165-00040435-00040638 brewery in the Aztec Brewing Company
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00166-00040639-00040965 both in Baja California beer became big
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00167-00040966-00041235 business by the early 20th century by
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00168-00041236-00041514 1925 despite the strong preference still
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00169-00041515-00041658 for pulk in the center of the country
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00170-00041659-00041928 Mexico was producing 50,000 litres of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00171-00041929-00042198 beer per year to promote their product
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00172-00042199-00042411 further European immigrant beer brewers
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00173-00042412-00042609 in the first part of the 20th century
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00174-00042610-00042795 campaigned against native drinks such as
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00175-00042796-00042858 Punk
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00176-00042859-00043086 they claimed such drinks were produced
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00177-00043087-00043320 by unsanitary methods including the use
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00178-00043321-00043512 of feces as a fermenting agent and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00179-00043513-00043800 promoted B res rigorously hygienic and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00180-00043801-00044037 modern the strategy proved successful
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00181-00044038-00044292 with pulp now generally looked down upon
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00182-00044293-00044523 and imbibed by relatively few people
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00183-00044524-00044745 with Mexican brewed beer ubiquitous and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00184-00044746-00044874 extremely popular
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00185-00044875-00045069 however competition soon forced the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00186-00045070-00045342 consolidation of the industry cervecería
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00187-00045343-00045582 cuauhtémoc in Monterrey first went
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00188-00045583-00045729 national when it bought the Takada
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00189-00045730-00046080 brewery cervecería Toluca became service
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00190-00046081-00046368 area Modelo in 1925 and soon began
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00191-00046369-00046640 buying smaller competitors during the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00192-00046641-00046848 rest of the 20th century larger
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00193-00046849-00047028 companies bought out smaller companies
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00194-00047029-00047226 assuming their brands until only two
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00195-00047227-00047463 major producers were left service area
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00196-00047464-00047643 Modelo or grupo modelo
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00197-00047644-00047820 and service area cuauhtémoc Moctezuma
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00198-00047821-00048140 owned by fam saw many smaller breweries
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00199-00048141-00048420 such as service area Mexicali opened in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00200-00048421-00048621 1920 which were not bought by these
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00201-00048622-00048906 giants were forced to close most of the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00202-00048907-00049110 brand's known today we're creations made
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00203-00049111-00049284 by the smaller breweries of the past
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00204-00049285-00049455 that were absorbed into the stock of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00205-00049456-00049632 these two giants who distribute these
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00206-00049633-00049929 products in both Mexico and abroad these
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00207-00049930-00050235 producers have 17 plants located in 11
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00208-00050236-00050484 states with a capacity of 46 million
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00209-00050485-00050718 hectoliters annually and support 92
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00210-00050719-00050927 centers of barley production in Mexico
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00211-00050928-00051266 the industry employs 90,000 people and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00212-00051267-00051474 800,000 jobs are related to it
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00213-00051475-00051549 indirectly
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00214-00051550-00051825 the Mexican beer industry is one of the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00215-00051826-00052119 economies most prolific with 63% of the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00216-00052120-00052263 domestic population can
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00217-00052264-00052440 assuming one or more of the brands and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00218-00052441-00052686 Mexico ranks third in global exports of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00219-00052687-00053054 beer in 2004 exports of beer were valued
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00220-00053055-00053391 at 1.2 billion dollars domestic sales
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00221-00053391-00053990 were six billion dollars
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00222-00053991-00054549 topic 21st century
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00223-00054550-00054895 Mexico displaced Holland in 2003 as the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00224-00054896-00055135 worldwide exporter in beer sales selling
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00225-00055136-00055471 1.3 9 million tons with sales primarily
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00226-00055472-00055779 to the US continuing to increase grupo
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00227-00055780-00055980 modelo and femme secend more than 80
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00228-00055982-00056182 percent of their exports to the United
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00229-00056183-00056259 States
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00230-00056260-00056521 Mexico's growth is coming largely at the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00231-00056522-00056800 expense of US brands the two main
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00232-00056801-00057042 Mexican producers reported increases in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00233-00057044-00057310 export volume of 42 percent and twenty
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00234-00057311-00057583 point five percent in 2006 compared to
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00235-00057584-00057792 less than 5% for anheuser-busch and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00236-00057794-00058090 Molson kurz in the same year Mexican
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00237-00058091-00058276 beer has done so well in the United
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00238-00058277-00058453 States that Miller sab tried selling
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00239-00058454-00058675 citrus and salt flavored Miller chill
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00240-00058676-00058882 and anheuser-busch attempted Bud Light
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00241-00058883-00059134 Lime the best known and best-selling
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00242-00059135-00059350 Mexican beer in the United States by far
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00243-00059351-00059623 as corona produced by grupo modelo and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00244-00059624-00059914 distributed by anheuser-busch FEM se
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00245-00059915-00060112 entered the US market later but has
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00246-00060113-00060301 paired with Dutch Enterprise Heineken
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00247-00060302-00060555 USA to promote and distribute its brands
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00248-00060557-00060871 especially Dos Equis in Tecate some
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00249-00060872-00061120 Mexican beers such as modelo is special
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00250-00061121-00061357 in Negra Modelo are available in limited
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00251-00061358-00061564 quantities on tap in cities such as New
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00252-00061565-00062242 York Houston and Phoenix
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00253-00062244-00062891 topic the major breweries and brands
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00254-00062891-00063191 in Mexico beer is primarily produced by
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00255-00063191-00063382 two large conglomerates cervecería
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00256-00063383-00063682 Modelo grupo modelo and survey Surya
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00257-00063683-00063991 cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Samsa cervecería
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00258-00063992-00064340 Modelo was founded in 1925 in Mexico
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00259-00064341-00064387 City
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00260-00064388-00064597 with its first two brands Modelo and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00261-00064598-00064813 corona exporting eight million bottles a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00262-00064814-00065113 year to various countries first exports
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00263-00065114-00065303 to the United States were realized as
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00264-00065304-00065650 early as 1933 the first of the company's
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00265-00065651-00065875 many acquisitions was the service area
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00266-00065876-00066146 Toluca y mexico absorbing its Victoria
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00267-00066147-00066499 and Pilsener brands in 1935 Modelo
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00268-00066500-00066718 continued buying smaller local breweries
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00269-00066719-00066856 in various parts of the country
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00270-00066857-00067111 absorbing most of the brands produced in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00271-00067112-00067329 making many of them available nationwide
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00272-00067330-00067606 starting in the 1980s the enterprise
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00273-00067607-00067891 began new businesses such as AI nama x
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00274-00067892-00068090 which produces malt which led to the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00275-00068091-00068372 name change to grupo modelo during the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00276-00068373-00068611 same period the company began exports of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00277-00068612-00068779 Corona beer to the United States
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00278-00068780-00069007 becoming the second most embody imported
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00279-00069008-00069337 beer there by 1986 exports to other
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00280-00069338-00069560 countries followed and Corona became the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00281-00069561-00069760 number one premium imported beer in the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00282-00069761-00070117 United States in 1997 half of Grupo
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00283-00070118-00070303 Modelo stock is owned by anheuser-busch
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00284-00070304-00070561 the beer brewing division of FEM so was
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00285-00070562-00070756 created when this entity bought serve a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00286-00070757-00070999 serie cuauhtémoc Moctezuma which itself
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00287-00071000-00071240 was created when service area Cuauhtemoc
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00288-00071241-00071524 bought service area Moctezuma cervecería
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00289-00071525-00071851 cuauhtémoc was founded in 1890 by Issyk
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00290-00071852-00072112 garza Jose Maguire Joseph M Schneider
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00291-00072113-00072331 and Francisco sada selling their first
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00292-00072332-00072688 beer Carta Blanca service area QD Mok
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00293-00072689-00072884 grew in size in Monterrey and like
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00294-00072885-00073132 service area Modelo went national as it
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00295-00073133-00073315 began to buy smaller breweries in other
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00296-00073316-00073522 parts of the country absorbing many of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00297-00073523-00073669 the local brands and making them
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00298-00073670-00073903 available nationally the biggest
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00299-00073904-00074101 acquisition was that of service area
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00300-00074102-00074371 Moctezuma in orizaba in the 1980s
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00301-00074372-00074668 cervecería Moctezuma started out as the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00302-00074669-00074911 service area guillermo Hass y Campania
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00303-00074912-00075197 in 1893 and eventually changed its name
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00304-00075198-00075487 to service area Moctezuma it was a major
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00305-00075488-00075724 producer of beer since the early 20th
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00306-00075725-00075892 century and was one of the largest
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00307-00075893-00076078 brewing companies in the world with the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00308-00076079-00076224 merger of the two but the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00309-00076225-00076460 company controls over 12 brand names
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00310-00076461-00076698 temps about the combined breweries to
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00311-00076699-00076893 add to its other businesses such as
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00312-00076894-00077202 bottling and packaging enterprises femsa
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00313-00077203-00077409 x' brands today include Tecate
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00314-00077410-00077688 Saul Dos Equis Carta Blanca superior
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00315-00077689-00078051 Indio and Bohemia grupo modelo brands
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00316-00078052-00078281 include Corona Corona Light Negra Modelo
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00317-00078282-00078456 Modelo is special
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00318-00078457-00078738 Victoria Estrella Lyon montejo and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00319-00078739-00079032 Pacifica most of these beers are lagers
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00320-00079033-00079251 brewed in large industrial plants and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00321-00079252-00079518 made with minimal malt except for some
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00322-00079519-00079791 dark beers such as Dos Equis mbar Leon
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00323-00079792-00080070 negra Negra Modelo and nochebuena which
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00324-00080071-00080286 are Vienna style beers almost all beer
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00325-00080287-00080598 produced in Mexico as Pilsner beers with
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00326-00080599-00080799 top fermentation had been produced in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00327-00080800-00081063 Mexico the survey Surya Toluca was
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00328-00081064-00081384 founded in 1865 by a Swiss especially to
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00329-00081385-00081546 produce this type of beer but the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00330-00081547-00081741 introduction of bohemian style beers
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00331-00081742-00081930 through the giant brewery Cuauhtemoc
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00332-00081931-00082184 would define Mexican beer as Pilsner
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00333-00082185-00082440 globally one of the best-known Mexican
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00334-00082441-00082641 beers is Corona which is the flagship
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00335-00082642-00082935 beer of Grupo Modelo Corona is the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00336-00082936-00083172 best-selling beer produced by Mexico and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00337-00083173-00083379 the best-selling non domestic beer in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00338-00083380-00083706 both the US UK and Australia it is one
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00339-00083707-00083901 of the five most consumed beers in the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00340-00083902-00084126 world available in more than 150
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00341-00084127-00084441 countries it is a lager and was created
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00342-00084442-00084707 in 1925 to celebrate survey serie
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00343-00084708-00085002 Modelo's 10th anniversary Corona is
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00344-00085003-00085221 light straw in color and has a very mild
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00345-00085222-00085425 flavor with little hop bitterness and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00346-00085426-00085757 4.6 percent alcohol by volume it is
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00347-00085758-00085926 produced by eight facilities with a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00348-00085927-00086193 total of 4.6 billion litres per year
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00349-00086194-00086514 capacity Corona beer is available in a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00350-00086515-00086763 variety of bottled presentations ranging
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00351-00086764-00087042 from the 250 ml and Paletta labeled core
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00352-00087043-00087237 Anita and just referred as the core dito
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00353-00087238-00087543 little quarter up to the 940 ml Corona
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00354-00087544-00087741 familiar known as the keg wama sea
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00355-00087742-00088035 turtle or Ballena whale unlike most
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00356-00088036-00088239 beers Corona is bottled in a clear
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00357-00088240-00088449 bottle increasing the opportunity for
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00358-00088450-00088644 spoilage from sunlight which can affect
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00359-00088645-00088902 the hop oils in the beer a draft version
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00360-00088903-00089181 also exists as disc and Corona in some
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00361-00089182-00089454 markets the oldest and most traditional
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00362-00089455-00089595 Pilsner in Mex
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00363-00089596-00089838 Bohemia which has a significant hops
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00364-00089839-00090021 flavor and is quite dense given its
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00365-00090022-00090270 clarity Bohemia has reached the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00366-00090271-00090447 respected distinction of being one of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00367-00090448-00090705 the finest beers of the world the name
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00368-00090706-00090888 comes from the Bohemia region in the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00369-00090889-00091095 Czech Republic that is known for beer it
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00370-00091096-00091356 is one of the longest aged products from
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00371-00091357-00091578 cervecería cuauhtémoc and is the only
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00372-00091579-00091869 one to use Lepus Tyrian hops there is a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00373-00091870-00092067 dark version of this brand which is a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00374-00092068-00092403 vienna style beer in 2009 the company
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00375-00092404-00092616 introduced a wheat version of this beer
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00376-00092617-00092817 called Bohemia bytes and made with wheat
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00377-00092818-00093024 Mount Hood hops coriander and orange
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00378-00093025-00093285 peel it is the first wheat beer to be
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00379-00093286-00093462 produced by a major beer company in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00380-00093463-00093804 Mexico Dos Equis was first brewed in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00381-00093805-00094032 Mexico by the German brewer Wilhelm Haas
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00382-00094033-00094392 in 1897 the original name of the beer
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00383-00094393-00094773 was siglo XX 20th century with the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00384-00094774-00094977 double x standing for the number 20 and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00385-00094978-00095142 it commemorated the arrival of that
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00386-00095143-00095430 century the original version as the Dos
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00387-00095431-00095694 Equis Ambar a vienna style dark beer
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00388-00095695-00095973 this was serve a serie moctezuma's best
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00389-00095974-00096290 selling beer in the 1940s and 1950s
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00390-00096291-00096516 demand for the beer has researched
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00391-00096517-00096747 especially in the United States where it
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00392-00096748-00096927 is now the best selling imported dark
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00393-00096928-00097209 beer the clear version of this brand is
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00394-00097210-00097431 a lager derived from the am bar saw was
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00395-00097432-00097749 introduced in the 1890s as El Sol the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00396-00097750-00097938 name came from a ray of sunshine that
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00397-00097939-00098138 fell on a pop while preparing the mash
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00398-00098139-00098373 after being off the market for many
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00399-00098374-00098588 years this brand was reintroduced in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00400-00098589-00098853 1993 and is now exported to Latin
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00401-00098854-00099177 America Europe Asia and Australia it is
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00402-00099178-00099366 a very light colored beer with little
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00403-00099367-00099573 hops flavor and considered to be a beer
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00404-00099574-00099711 for the young people in the working
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00405-00099712-00099996 class Saul is known for its sexy
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00406-00099997-00100233 advertising Saul comes in a number of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00407-00100234-00100521 varieties salt - as a stronger flavored
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00408-00100522-00100758 beer so Lee Mon and sau have lime and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00409-00100759-00100959 salt flavours already added and there is
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00410-00100960-00101199 a Saul sorrow a non-alcoholic beer in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00411-00101200-00101394 regular and lime and salt versions
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00412-00101395-00101619 Tecate was originally brewed by serve a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00413-00101620-00101847 Surya Tecate and named after the city of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00414-00101848-00102186 Tecate Baja California the local brewery
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00415-00102187-00102507 was bought by qot Mok Moctezuma in 1955
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00416-00102508-00102761 it was the first beer to be canned in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00417-00102763-00102999 Mexico with Tecate Light launched in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00418-00103000-00103343 Texaco in 1992 Takata is one of the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00419-00103344-00103559 best-known brands in Mexico due to its
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00420-00103560-00103757 patronage of sports teams and sporting
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00421-00103758-00104091 events Noche Buena literally good night
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00422-00104092-00104280 referring to Christmas Eve as the good
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00423-00104281-00104475 night is generally only available around
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00424-00104476-00104744 Christmas many people wait for this
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00425-00104745-00104946 beers availability each year between the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00426-00104947-00105231 months of October and December Noche
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00427-00105232-00105450 Buena as a strong flavored dark beer
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00428-00105451-00105681 named after the poinsettias or Noche
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00429-00105682-00105884 Buena in Spanish which decorates the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00430-00105885-00106089 beers bottles and cartons Carta Blanca
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00431-00106090-00106320 was service area cutie marks first
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00432-00106321-00106596 premium beer first marketed in 1890 and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00433-00106597-00106872 is technically a pilsner the name means
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00434-00106873-00107172 white card in Spanish which at the time
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00435-00107173-00107417 was given to people as a sign of respect
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00436-00107418-00107664 Carta Blanca was successful when it
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00437-00107665-00107889 debuted at Chicago's Columbian Expo of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00438-00107890-00108225 1893 since then the beer has won a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00439-00108226-00108456 number of other awards Negra Modelo is
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00440-00108457-00108672 one of survey serie Modelo's original
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00441-00108673-00108879 beers and was first sold as a draft in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00442-00108880-00109194 1926 while it has been classed as a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00443-00109195-00109425 vienna style beer the company's website
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00444-00109426-00109629 now classifies it as a munich Dunkel
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00445-00109630-00110043 dark Pacifico a mexican pilsner beer
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00446-00110044-00110322 originally brewed in Mazatlan Sinaloa is
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00447-00110323-00110565 named after the Pacific Ocean the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00448-00110566-00110721 picture on the bottle as the deer
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00449-00110722-00110877 islands off the coast of mazatlán
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00450-00110878-00111195 surrounded by a life-saver Pacifico is
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00451-00111196-00111423 Modelo's best selling beer in Northwest
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00452-00111424-00111608 Mexico and it is exported to the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00453-00111609-00111831 Southwest us a light version of this
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00454-00111832-00112128 beer was launched in 2008 Estrella star
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00455-00112129-00112341 was originally brewed by survey Surya
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00456-00112342-00112545 Estrella of Guadalajara at the end of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00457-00112546-00112833 the 19th century this brewery was bought
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00458-00112833-00113169 by grupo modelo in 1954 the beer is
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00459-00113170-00113391 still brewed only in Guadalajara and as
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00460-00113392-00113609 a regional brand mostly sold in holistic
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00461-00113610-00113907 and other areas in western Mexico India
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00462-00113908-00114102 was originally named Qod mocked by
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00463-00114103-00114366 survey Surya Cuauhtemoc however
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00464-00114367-00114597 consumers soon began to refer to it as
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00465-00114598-00114873 Indian for the image of an Indian on
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00466-00114874-00115058 what was originally a clay bottle now
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00467-00115059-00115338 glass the beer still has an image of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00468-00115339-00115551 cutie mark on the label Modelo as
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00469-00115552-00115779 special as grupo modelo second brand
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00470-00115780-00115968 after Corona and was first brewed in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00471-00115969-00116322 1925 it is a pilsner style beer that is
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00472-00116323-00116397 available
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00473-00116398-00116781 in both bottle and cans since 1966 it is
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00474-00116782-00117008 second in popularity in Mexico and the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00475-00117009-00117252 company's third best seller in the USA a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00476-00117253-00117531 light version called Modelo light has
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00477-00117532-00117935 been available since 1994 superior made
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00478-00117936-00118176 by cutie mark Moctezuma was as the name
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00479-00118177-00118361 suggests originally brewed to be a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00480-00118363-00118661 premium beer recently interest in this
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00481-00118663-00118863 beer has reappeared and it received a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00482-00118864-00119040 gold medal at the Monde selection in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00483-00119041-00119325 Brussels Belgium the design of the label
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00484-00119326-00119516 has not changed in the 50 years this
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00485-00119517-00119739 brand has been available Victoria was
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00486-00119740-00119976 first brewed by cervecería Toluca why
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00487-00119977-00120278 Mexico starting in 1865 but Modelo
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00488-00120279-00120450 acquired the brand when they bought this
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00489-00120451-00120774 company in 1935 it is sold in bottles
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00490-00120775-00121107 both the standard 325 milliliters in the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00491-00121108-00121436 large 950 milliliters the beer is a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00492-00121438-00121644 vienna style but as an amber color and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00493-00121645-00121808 lighter than the other vienna beers
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00494-00121809-00122076 brewed in Mexico Leon and Montejo brands
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00495-00122077-00122244 were originally brewed in Merida Yucatan
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00496-00122245-00122475 by the survey serie you katika
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00497-00122476-00122847 which was bought by Modelo in 1979 Leon
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00498-00122848-00123039 does a Munich style dark beer which was
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00499-00123040-00123222 initially brewed at the beginning of the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00500-00123223-00123410 20th century in the southeast of the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00501-00123411-00123710 country montejo was first introduced in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00502-00123711-00124002 1960 to celebrate the 60th anniversary
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00503-00124003-00124257 of the Yucatec of brewery this brewery
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00504-00124258-00124575 was bought by grupo modelo in 1979 and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00505-00124576-00124733 the packaging was changed to the current
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00506-00124734-00125409 one in 1999
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00507-00125410-00126051 topic microbreweries in Mexico
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00508-00126052-00126271 microbrews are a new and still rare
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00509-00126272-00126538 phenomenon in Mexico especially compared
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00510-00126539-00126748 to countries such as the US Canada and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00511-00126749-00126946 those in Europe but they do exist
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00512-00126947-00127240 the first was established in the 1990s
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00513-00127241-00127470 in Mazatlan and called peeps why Jose
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00514-00127471-00127659 later in the decade
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00515-00127660-00127894 others such as survey serious an inhale
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00516-00127895-00128109 and survey Surya Santa Fe beer factory
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00517-00128110-00128299 appeared in Mexico City
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00518-00128300-00128542 more recently group of Mexican
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00519-00128543-00128791 businessmen introduced a beer called 10
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00520-00128792-00129082 morado which is named in honour of Diego
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00521-00129083-00129316 Maradona this beer is the first as a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00522-00129317-00129510 series dedicated to various football
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00523-00129511-00129718 soccer legends and teams which the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00524-00129719-00129817 enterprise called
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00525-00129818-00130138 La Liga service era the beer league the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00526-00130139-00130348 beer was introduced at the - festival de
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00527-00130349-00130573 cerveza de Guadalajara and according to
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00528-00130574-00130836 its producers us light with body and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00529-00130838-00131008 with a flavor similar to the most
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00530-00131008-00131356 premium beers of Argentina Maradona 's
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00531-00131357-00131548 face does not appear on the label only
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00532-00131549-00131779 the word morado and the number 10 with a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00533-00131780-00131961 background of blue and white stripes
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00534-00131962-00132208 this same group created the company
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00535-00132209-00132451 survey serie revolución with beers
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00536-00132452-00132697 dedicated to Che Guevara machiavel oh
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00537-00132698-00133339 and Emiliano Zapata
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00538-00133340-00134016 topic beer drinking habits in Mexico
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00539-00134017-00134247 Mexican beer is distinctive for its
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00540-00134248-00134448 lager like properties being generally
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00541-00134449-00134634 light bodied with a mild taste and is
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00542-00134635-00134904 meant to be consumed cold most beer is
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00543-00134905-00135201 sold in 325 millilitres bottles called
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00544-00135202-00135522 medias in the popular slang with certain
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00545-00135523-00135726 brands such as Tecate and Modelo
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00546-00135727-00136071 especial often sold in cans in Mexico
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00547-00136072-00136296 most bottled beer is sold in returnable
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00548-00136297-00136494 bottles the deposit for which can be
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00549-00136495-00136701 almost the price of the beer itself but
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00550-00136702-00136878 certain brands such as Corona and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00551-00136879-00137124 Victoria are available in large bottles
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00552-00137125-00137589 of 925 or 940 millilitres the slang term
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00553-00137590-00137823 for these as koalas sea turtles or in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00554-00137824-00138069 some parts like Mazatlan by anus whales
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00555-00138070-00138291 but usually referring to the Pacifico
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00556-00138292-00138546 brand this type of bottle was first
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00557-00138547-00138828 introduced in Mexico in 1960 along with
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00558-00138829-00139056 the six-pack often referred to in Mexico
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00559-00139057-00139422 as a six very little beer in Mexico has
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00560-00139423-00139770 served on tap in Mexico beer is commonly
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00561-00139771-00140091 served with lime juice a beer cocktail
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00562-00140092-00140283 called a michelada consists of light
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00563-00140284-00140541 beer with lime juice salt and sometimes
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00564-00140542-00140760 chili powder Worcestershire sauce soy
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00565-00140761-00141018 sauce or tomato juice as with a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00566-00141019-00141225 margarita the salt is generally placed
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00567-00141226-00141474 on the rim of glass a less common
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00568-00141475-00141657 version of the drink adds Clamato
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00569-00141658-00141972 clamped tomato juice the name michelada
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00570-00141973-00142197 comes from the phrase meat Jayla helada
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00571-00142198-00142557 my beer ice-cold in many places also are
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00572-00142558-00142767 found variants which include shrimp or
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00573-00142768-00143001 seafood pineapple and so on while many
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00574-00143002-00143175 trends in the United States have become
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00575-00143176-00143447 popular in Mexico beer on tap has not
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00576-00143448-00143676 another trend that has not proven
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00577-00143677-00143877 successful in Mexico as that of Light
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00578-00143878-00143927 beer
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00579-00143928-00144162 despite Corona Light being the best
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00580-00144163-00144339 selling imported Light beer in the
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00581-00144340-00144570 United States sales of Corona Light in
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00582-00144571-00144831 Mexico have been dismal grupo modelo
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00583-00144832-00145044 introduced the product after having
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00584-00145045-00145269 success with exports the beer was
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00585-00145270-00145452 introduced with television ads and
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00586-00145453-00145662 featured in two-for-one specials at many
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00587-00145663-00145727 bars
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00588-00145728-00145980 however Light beer is generally not
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00589-00145981-00146196 favored in Mexico with the exception of
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00590-00146197-00146469 Tecate Lite in the north with poor sales
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00591-00146470-00146706 Corona Light is rarely found in Mexico
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00592-00146707-00146994 other than a few select places a recent
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00593-00146995-00147201 trend amongst young adults has created a
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00594-00147202-00147409 niche for light beers and most
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00595-00147410-00147661 tip bars usually stock at least one
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00596-00147662-00147835 brand of light beer but this is not
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00597-00147836-00148144 common outside of large cities
+FLlGjQcuoAA-00598-00148145-00148519 equals equals see also
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00000-00000053-00000302 the Hellenistic period covers the period
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00001-00000303-00000503 of Mediterranean history between the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00002-00000504-00000758 death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00003-00000759-00001001 and the emergence of the Roman Empire as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00004-00001002-00001199 signified by the Battle of Actium in 31
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00005-00001200-00001450 BC in the subsequent conquest of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00006-00001451-00001727 Ptolemaic Egypt the following year the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00007-00001728-00001973 ancient Greek word Hellas Hellas Ellis
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00008-00001973-00002174 is the original word for Greece from
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00009-00002175-00002366 which the word Hellenistic was derived
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00010-00002367-00002588 at this time Greek cultural influence
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00011-00002589-00002774 and power was at its peak in Europe
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00012-00002775-00002947 North Africa and Western Asia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00013-00002948-00003208 experiencing prosperity and progress in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00014-00003209-00003463 the arts exploration literature theatre
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00015-00003464-00003697 architecture music mathematics
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00016-00003698-00003995 philosophy and science it is often
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00017-00003996-00004184 considered a period of transition
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00018-00004185-00004352 sometimes even of decadence or
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00019-00004353-00004504 degeneration compared to the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00020-00004505-00004687 enlightenment of the Greek classical era
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00021-00004688-00004978 the Hellenistic period saw the rise of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00022-00004979-00005216 new comedy Alexandrian poetry the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00023-00005217-00005366 Septuagint and the philosophies of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00024-00005367-00005689 stoicism and Epicureanism Greek science
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00025-00005690-00005843 was advanced by the works of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00026-00005844-00006028 mathematician Euclid and the polymath
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00027-00006029-00006341 Archimedes the religious sphere expanded
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00028-00006342-00006547 to include new gods such as the Greco
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00029-00006548-00006794 Egyptian Serapis Eastern deities such as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00030-00006795-00007022 Addison Cybele and a syncretism between
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00031-00007023-00007208 Hellenistic culture and Buddhism in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00032-00007209-00007511 bacteria and Northwest India after
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00033-00007512-00007706 Alexander the Great's invasion of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00034-00007706-00007970 Achaemenid Empire in 330 BC in its
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00035-00007970-00008162 disintegration shortly after the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00036-00008163-00008351 Hellenistic kingdoms were established
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00037-00008352-00008549 throughout Southwest Asia Seleucid
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00038-00008550-00008774 Empire kingdom of Pergamon north east
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00039-00008775-00009008 africa Ptolemaic Kingdom and South Asia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00040-00009009-00009218 greco-bactrian kingdom indo-greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00041-00009219-00009482 kingdom the Hellenistic period was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00042-00009483-00009668 characterized by a new wave of Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00043-00009669-00009878 colonization which established Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00044-00009879-00010081 cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00045-00010082-00010346 this resulted in the export of Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00046-00010347-00010544 culture and language to these new realms
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00047-00010545-00010764 spanning as far as modern-day india
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00048-00010765-00011033 equally however these new kingdoms were
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00049-00011034-00011216 influenced by the indigenous cultures
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00050-00011217-00011405 adopting local practices where
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00051-00011406-00011674 beneficial necessary or convenient
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00052-00011675-00011912 Hellenistic culture thus represents a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00053-00011913-00012101 fusion of the ancient Greek world with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00054-00012102-00012278 that of the Near East Middle East and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00055-00012279-00012571 Southwest Asia this mixture gave rise to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00056-00012572-00012833 a common attic based Greek dialect known
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00057-00012834-00013006 as coin Greek which became the lingua
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00058-00013007-00013237 franca through the Hellenistic world
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00059-00013238-00013491 scholars and historians are divided as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00060-00013493-00013657 to what event signals the end of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00061-00013658-00013944 Hellenistic era the Hellenistic period
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00062-00013946-00014091 may be seemed to end either with the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00063-00014093-00014293 final conquest of the Greek heartlands
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00064-00014294-00014608 by Rome in 146 BC following the Aegean
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00065-00014609-00014769 war with the final defeat of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00066-00014771-00014935 Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00067-00014936-00015205 Actium in 31 BC or even the move by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00068-00015206-00015406 Roman Emperor Constantine the great of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00069-00015407-00015580 the capital of the Roman Empire to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00070-00015581-00015936 Constantinople in 330 ad Hellenistic is
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00071-00015937-00016246 distinguished from Hellenic in that the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00072-00016247-00016453 first encompasses the entire sphere of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00073-00016454-00016669 direct ancient Greek influence while the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00074-00016670-00017180 latter refers to Greece itself
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00075-00017181-00017653 topic etymology
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00076-00017654-00017899 the word originated from the German term
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00077-00017900-00018100 Helenus dish from ancient Greek colonies
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00078-00018101-00018349 days hella nice days one who uses the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00079-00018350-00018681 Greek language from Helles pelos Greece
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00080-00018682-00019242 as if Pell inist plus I see
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00081-00019243-00019569 hellenistic is a modern word in a 19th
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00082-00019570-00019761 century concept the idea of a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00083-00019762-00019956 Hellenistic period did not exist in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00084-00019957-00020223 ancient Greece although words related
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00085-00020224-00020542 inform or meaning eg Helenus ancient
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00086-00020543-00020730 Greek telling these days hella nice days
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00087-00020731-00020922 have been attested since ancient times
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00088-00020923-00021169 it was johann gustav droysen in the mid
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00089-00021170-00021411 19th century who in his classic work
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00090-00021412-00021616 Ashish today Helen isthmus history of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00091-00021617-00021828 Hellenism coined the term Hellenistic to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00092-00021829-00022011 refer to and define the period when
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00093-00022012-00022189 Greek culture spread in the non Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00094-00022190-00022403 world after Alexander's conquest
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00095-00022404-00022650 following droysen Hellenistic and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00096-00022651-00022959 related terms eg Hellenism have been
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00097-00022960-00023178 widely used in various contexts a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00098-00023179-00023386 notable such uses in culture and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00099-00023387-00023559 Anarkali by Matthew Arnold where
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00100-00023560-00023769 hellenism is used in contrast with hee
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00101-00023770-00023964 Bray ISM the major issue with the term
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00102-00023965-00024172 Hellenistic lies in its convenience as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00103-00024173-00024364 the spread of Greek culture was not the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00104-00024365-00024543 generalized phenomenon that the term
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00105-00024544-00024817 implies some areas of the conquered
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00106-00024818-00024978 world were more affected by Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00107-00024979-00025222 influences than others the term
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00108-00025223-00025447 Hellenistic also implies that the Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00109-00025448-00025642 populations were of majority in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00110-00025643-00025833 areas in which they settled but in many
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00111-00025834-00026052 cases the Greek settlers were actually
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00112-00026053-00026187 the minority among the native
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00113-00026188-00026485 populations the Greek population and the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00114-00026486-00026710 native population did not always mix the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00115-00026711-00026836 Greeks moved and brought their own
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00116-00026837-00027061 culture but interaction did not always
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00117-00027062-00027451 occur
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00118-00027452-00027908 topic sources
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00119-00027910-00028158 while a few fragments exist there is no
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00120-00028158-00028368 complete surviving historical work which
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00121-00028369-00028533 dates to the hundred years following
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00122-00028533-00028797 Alexander's death the works of the major
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00123-00028798-00029027 Hellenistic historians Hieronymous of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00124-00029029-00029217 cardia who worked under Alexander
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00125-00029218-00029436 Antigonus the first and other successors
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00126-00029437-00029658 do rish of Samos and full arches which
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00127-00029658-00029852 were used by surviving sources are all
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00128-00029854-00030123 lost the earliest and most credible
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00129-00030124-00030314 surviving source for the Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00130-00030316-00030651 period is Polybius of megalopolis C 202
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00131-00030652-00030900 118 a statesman of the Achaean League
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00132-00030901-00031208 until 168 BC when he was forced to go to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00133-00031210-00031461 Rome as a hostage his histories
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00134-00031462-00031670 eventually grew to a length of 40 books
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00135-00031672-00032157 covering the years 220 to 167 BC the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00136-00032158-00032373 most important source after polybius as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00137-00032374-00032541 Diodorus Siculus who wrote his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00138-00032542-00032811 bibliotheca historica between 60 and 30
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00139-00032812-00033063 bc and reproduced some important earlier
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00140-00033064-00033264 sources such as Hieronymous but his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00141-00033265-00033456 account of the Hellenistic period breaks
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00142-00033457-00033704 off after the battle of ipsus 301
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00143-00033705-00033909 another important source
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00144-00033910-00034296 Plutarch's C 50 C 120 parallel lives
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00145-00034297-00034506 although more preoccupied with issues of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00146-00034507-00034731 personal character and morality outlines
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00147-00034732-00034914 the history of important Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00148-00034915-00035238 figures a paean of Alexandria late 1st
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00149-00035239-00035586 century AD before 165 wrote a history of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00150-00035587-00035745 the Roman Empire that includes
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00151-00035746-00035975 information of some Hellenistic kingdoms
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00152-00035976-00036288 other sources include Justin's 2nd
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00153-00036289-00036555 century ad epitome of Pompey's drogas
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00154-00036556-00036759 his story i Philip a see in a summary of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00155-00036760-00037005 Aryans events after Alexander by fotios
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00156-00037006-00037320 I of Constantinople lesser supplementary
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00157-00037321-00037566 sources include Kirsch's rufus pisani
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00158-00037567-00037803 'as Pliny and the byzantine encyclopedia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00159-00037804-00038073 Vasudha in the field of philosophy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00160-00038074-00038322 Diogenes lardy is's lives and opinions
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00161-00038323-00038496 of eminent philosophers as the main
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00162-00038497-00038700 source works such as cicero's de natura
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00163-00038701-00038895 de orem also provides some further
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00164-00038896-00039111 detail of philosophical schools in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00165-00039112-00039517 Hellenistic period
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00166-00039518-00040030 topic background
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00167-00040031-00040258 ancient Greece had traditionally been a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00168-00040259-00040423 fractious collection of fiercely
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00169-00040424-00040685 independent city-states after the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00170-00040686-00041104 Peloponnesian War 431 to 404 BC Greece
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00171-00041105-00041305 had fallen under a Spartan hegemony in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00172-00041306-00041495 which Sparta was preeminent but not
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00173-00041496-00041764 all-powerful Spartan hegemony was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00174-00041765-00041954 succeeded by a Theban one after the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00175-00041955-00042262 battle of leuctra 371 BC but after the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00176-00042263-00042589 Battle of Mantinea 362 BC all of Greece
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00177-00042590-00042779 was so weakened that no one state could
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00178-00042780-00043030 claim preeminence it was against this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00179-00043031-00043255 backdrop that the ascendancy of Macedon
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00180-00043256-00043543 began under king philip ii Macedon was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00181-00043544-00043717 located at the periphery of the Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00182-00043718-00043888 world and although its royal family
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00183-00043889-00044092 claimed Greek descent the Macedonians
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00184-00044093-00044260 themselves were looked down upon as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00185-00044261-00044460 semi-barbaric by the rest of the Greeks
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00186-00044461-00044792 however Macedon had a relatively strong
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00187-00044793-00044992 and centralized government and compared
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00188-00044993-00045199 to most Greek states directly controlled
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00189-00045200-00045560 a large area philip ii was a strong and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00190-00045561-00045745 expansionist king and he took every
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00191-00045746-00045952 opportunity to expand macedonian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00192-00045953-00046382 territory in 352 bc he and expecially in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00193-00046383-00046732 magnesia in 338 BC Philip defeated a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00194-00046733-00046945 combined Theban and Athenian army at the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00195-00046946-00047129 Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00196-00047130-00047411 desultory conflict in the aftermath
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00197-00047412-00047563 Philip formed the League of Corinth
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00198-00047564-00047755 effectively bringing the majority of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00199-00047756-00048007 Greece under his direct sway he was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00200-00048008-00048196 elected hegemony of the league and a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00201-00048197-00048358 campaign against the Achaemenid Empire
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00202-00048359-00048673 of Persia was planned however while this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00203-00048674-00048886 campaign was in its early stages he was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00204-00048887-00049168 assassinated succeeding his father
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00205-00049169-00049385 Alexander took over the Persian War
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00206-00049386-00049612 himself during a decade of campaigning
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00207-00049613-00049823 Alexander conquered the whole Persian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00208-00049824-00050026 Empire overthrowing the Persian King
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00209-00050027-00050302 Darius the third the conquered lands
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00210-00050303-00050563 included Asia Minor Assyria the Levant
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00211-00050564-00050887 Egypt Mesopotamia media Persia and parts
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00212-00050888-00051124 of modern-day Afghanistan Pakistan and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00213-00051125-00051394 the steppes of Central Asia the years of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00214-00051395-00051575 constant campaigning had taken their
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00215-00051576-00051937 toll however an Alexander died in 323 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00216-00051938-00052237 after his death the huge territories
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00217-00052238-00052444 Alexander had conquered became subject
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00218-00052445-00052612 to a strong Greek influence
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00219-00052613-00052811 hellenization for the next two or three
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00220-00052812-00053026 centuries until the rise of Rome in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00221-00053027-00053254 West and a parthia in the east
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00222-00053255-00053453 as the Greek and Levantine cultures
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00223-00053454-00053615 mingled the development of a hybrid
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00224-00053616-00053858 Hellenistic culture began and persisted
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00225-00053859-00054059 even when isolated from the main centres
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00226-00054060-00054241 of Greek culture for instance in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00227-00054242-00054526 greco-bactrian kingdom it can be argued
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00228-00054527-00054704 that some of the changes across the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00229-00054704-00054920 Macedonian Empire after Alexander's
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00230-00054921-00055097 conquests and during the rule of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00231-00055098-00055250 diadochi would have occurred without the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00232-00055251-00055529 influence of Greek rule as mentioned by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00233-00055529-00055778 Peter Green numerous factors of conquest
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00234-00055779-00055901 have been merged under the term
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00235-00055902-00056182 Hellenistic period specific areas
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00236-00056183-00056411 conquered by Alexander's invading army
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00237-00056412-00056648 including Egypt in areas of Asia Minor
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00238-00056649-00056941 in Mesopotamia fell willingly to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00239-00056942-00057166 conquest and viewed Alexander as more of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00240-00057167-00057374 a liberator than a conqueror in addition
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00241-00057375-00057524 much of the area conquered would
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00242-00057525-00057689 continue to be ruled by the diadochi
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00243-00057690-00057954 Alexander's generals and successors
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00244-00057955-00058207 initially the whole empire was divided
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00245-00058208-00058426 among them however some territories were
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00246-00058427-00058649 lost relatively quickly or only remained
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00247-00058650-00058904 nominally under Macedonian rule after
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00248-00058904-00059171 200 years only much reduced in rather
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00249-00059172-00059363 degenerate States remained until the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00250-00059364-00059879 conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt by Rome
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00251-00059879-00060365 topic the diadochi
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00252-00060366-00060650 when Alexander the Great died the 10th
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00253-00060651-00060962 of June 323 BC he left behind a huge
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00254-00060963-00061149 Empire which was composed of many
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00255-00061150-00061337 essentially autonomous territories
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00256-00061338-00061599 called satrapies without a chosen
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00257-00061600-00061787 successor there were immediate disputes
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00258-00061788-00061953 among his generals as to who should be
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00259-00061954-00062225 king of Macedon these generals became
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00260-00062226-00062462 known as the diadochi Greek dyadic Oh
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00261-00062463-00062904 idiot Okoye meaning successors Meleager
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00262-00062904-00063074 and the infantry supported the candidacy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00263-00063075-00063332 of Alexander's half-brother Philip are
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00264-00063333-00063380 hideous
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00265-00063381-00063566 while predict is the leading cavalry
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00266-00063567-00063753 commander supported waiting until the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00267-00063754-00063976 birth of Alexander's child by Roxana
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00268-00063977-00064248 after the infantry stormed the palace of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00269-00064249-00064461 Babylon a compromise was arranged are
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00270-00064462-00064688 hideous as Philip the 3rd should become
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00271-00064689-00064848 king and should rule jointly with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00272-00064849-00065049 Roxanne his child assuming that it was a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00273-00065050-00065317 boy as it was becoming Alexander the 4th
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00274-00065318-00065576 Perdiccas himself would become Regent at
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00275-00065577-00065766 them elites of the Empire and Meleager
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00276-00065767-00066062 his lieutenant soon however Perdiccas
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00277-00066063-00066228 had Meleager and the other infantry
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00278-00066229-00066390 leaders murdered and assumed full
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00279-00066391-00066648 control the generals who had supported
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00280-00066649-00066861 Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00281-00066862-00067071 of Babylon by becoming satraps of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00282-00067072-00067209 various parts of the Empire
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00283-00067210-00067406 but predict is's position was shaky
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00284-00067407-00067680 because as Arian writes everyone was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00285-00067681-00067941 suspicious of him and he of them the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00286-00067942-00068136 first of the diadochi Wars broke out
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00287-00068137-00068271 when Perdiccas planned to marry
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00288-00068272-00068511 Alexander's sister Cleopatra and began
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00289-00068512-00068705 to question Antigonus the first Manav
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00290-00068706-00068909 Thomas leadership in Asia Minor
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00291-00068910-00069141 Antigonus fled for Greece and then
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00292-00069142-00069360 together with Antipater and craters the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00293-00069361-00069561 satrap of Silesia who had been in Greece
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00294-00069562-00069804 fighting the lamian war invaded Anatolia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00295-00069805-00070098 the rebels were supported by Lysimachus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00296-00070099-00070313 the satrap of Thrace and Ptolemy the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00297-00070314-00070568 satrap of Egypt although you means
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00298-00070569-00070826 satrap of Cappadocia defeated the rebels
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00299-00070827-00071049 in Asia Minor Perdiccas himself was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00300-00071050-00071237 murdered by his own generals Pathan
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00301-00071238-00071484 seleucus and an tagines possibly with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00302-00071485-00071703 ptolemy 8 during his invasion of Egypt
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00303-00071704-00071979 see the 21st of May to the 19th of June
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00304-00071980-00072311 3 20 BC Ptolemy came to terms with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00305-00072312-00072540 parody choises murderers making Pathan
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00306-00072541-00072759 and are hideous regents in his place but
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00307-00072760-00072921 soon these came to a new agreement with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00308-00072922-00073180 Antipater at the Treaty of tri paradises
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00309-00073181-00073430 Antipater was made regent of the empire
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00310-00073431-00073602 and the two kings were moved to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00311-00073603-00073887 macedon Antigonus remained in charge of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00312-00073888-00074109 Asia Minor Ptolemy retained Egypt
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00313-00074110-00074331 Lysimachus retained Thrace and Seleucus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00314-00074332-00074673 the first controlled babylon ii diadochi
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00315-00074674-00074850 war began following the death of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00316-00074851-00075237 Antipater in 319 bc passing over his own
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00317-00075238-00075354 son cass endure
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00318-00075355-00075555 Antipater had declared poly per shun his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00319-00075556-00075831 successor as regent cass endure rose in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00320-00075832-00076023 revolt against pali / Shan who was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00321-00076024-00076209 joined by Eumenes and was supported by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00322-00076210-00076632 Antigonus Lysimachus and Ptolemy in 317
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00323-00076633-00076887 Cassander invaded macedonia attaining
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00324-00076888-00077121 control of Macedon sentencing Olympius
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00325-00077122-00077301 to death and capturing the boy King
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00326-00077302-00077607 Alexander the 4th and his mother in Asia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00327-00077608-00077805 Eumenes was betrayed by his own men
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00328-00077806-00078015 after years of campaign and was given up
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00329-00078016-00078306 to antagonists who had him executed the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00330-00078307-00078495 3rd war of the diadochi broke out
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00331-00078496-00078645 because of the growing power and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00332-00078646-00078939 ambition of Antigonus he began removing
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00333-00078940-00079116 and appointing satraps as if he were
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00334-00079117-00079266 king and also raided the Royal
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00335-00079267-00079506 Treasury's Inuk batana Persepolis and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00336-00079507-00079808 Sousa making off with 25,000 talents
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00337-00079809-00080073 Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00338-00080074-00080292 Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00339-00080293-00080592 Lysimachus and Kasimir he then invaded
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00340-00080593-00080835 Phoenicia laid siege to tyre stormed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00341-00080836-00081135 Gaza and began building a fleet Ptolemy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00342-00081136-00081372 invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00343-00081373-00081615 son demetrius polio sets in the Battle
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00344-00081616-00081918 of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00345-00081919-00082134 to secure control of Babylonia and the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00346-00082135-00082506 eastern satrapies in 310 Cassander had
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00347-00082507-00082713 young King Alexander the 4th and his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00348-00082714-00082929 mother Roxane murdered ending the argued
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00349-00082930-00083136 dynasty which had ruled Macedon for
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00350-00083137-00083291 several centuries
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00351-00083292-00083565 Antigonus then sent his son demetrius to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00352-00083566-00083898 regain control of greece in 307 he took
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00353-00083899-00084087 athens expelling demetrius of phalerum
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00354-00084088-00084315 cass endures governor and proclaiming
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00355-00084316-00084618 the city free again demetrius now turned
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00356-00084619-00084822 his attention to ptolemy defeating his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00357-00084823-00085005 fleet at the Battle of Salaam ease and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00358-00085006-00085248 taking control of Cyprus in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00359-00085249-00085383 aftermath of this victory
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00360-00085384-00085557 Antigonus took the title of King
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00361-00085558-00085752 basileus and bestowed it on his son
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00362-00085753-00085965 demetrius paulius 'it's the rest of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00363-00085966-00086265 diadochi soon followed suit demetrius
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00364-00086266-00086481 continued his campaigns by laying siege
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00365-00086482-00086676 to rhodes and conquering most of greece
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00366-00086677-00086937 in 302 creating a league against casts
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00367-00086938-00086970 endure
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00368-00086971-00087288 macedon the decisive engagement of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00369-00087289-00087507 war came when Lysimachus invaded and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00370-00087508-00087747 overran much of western Anatolia but was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00371-00087748-00087981 soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00372-00087982-00088275 near ipsus in Phrygia seleucus arrived
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00373-00088276-00088482 in time to save Lysimachus and utterly
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00374-00088483-00088671 crushed Antigonus at the battle of ipsus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00375-00088672-00089085 in 301 BC Salukis war elephants proved
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00376-00089086-00089295 decisive Antigonus was killed and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00377-00089296-00089502 Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00378-00089503-00089649 to preserve the remnants of his rule
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00379-00089650-00089882 thereby recapturing a rebellious Athens
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00380-00089883-00090195 meanwhile Lysimachus took over Ionia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00381-00090196-00090393 Seleucus took Silesia and Ptolemy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00382-00090394-00090711 captured Cyprus after Cass endures death
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00383-00090712-00091044 in 298 BC however Demetrius who still
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00384-00091045-00091236 maintained a sizeable loyal army and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00385-00091237-00091449 fleet invaded Macedon seized the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00386-00091450-00091740 Macedonian throne 294 and conquered
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00387-00091741-00092031 Thessaly and most of central Greece 293
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00388-00092032-00092478 took 291 he was defeated in 288 BC when
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00389-00092479-00092673 Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00390-00092674-00092934 Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00391-00092935-00093093 quickly carved up the kingdom for
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00392-00093094-00093378 themselves demetrius fled to central
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00393-00093379-00093576 greece with his mercenaries and began to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00394-00093577-00093720 build support there and in the northern
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00395-00093721-00094008 Peloponnese he once again laid siege to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00396-00094009-00094224 athens after they turned on him but then
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00397-00094225-00094392 struck a treaty with the athenians in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00398-00094393-00094575 ptolemy which allowed him to cross over
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00399-00094576-00094830 to Asia Minor and wage war on Lysimachus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00400-00094831-00095040 his holdings in Ionia leaving his son
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00401-00095041-00095280 Antigonus Ganados in Greece after
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00402-00095281-00095499 initial successes he was forced to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00403-00095500-00095784 surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00404-00095785-00095912 died in captivity
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00405-00095913-00096180 Lysimachus who had seized Macedon and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00406-00096181-00096402 Thessaly for himself was forced into war
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00407-00096403-00096657 when Seleucus invaded his territories in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00408-00096658-00096858 Asia Minor and was defeated and killed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00409-00096859-00097128 in 281 BC at the Battle of Cora petyon
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00410-00097129-00097419 near Sardis Seleucus then attempted to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00411-00097420-00097593 conquer Lysimachus his European
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00412-00097594-00097839 territories in Thrace and Macedonia was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00413-00097840-00098076 assassinated by Ptolemy serrano's the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00414-00098077-00098328 Thunderbolt who had taken refuge at the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00415-00098329-00098475 Seleucid court and then had himself
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00416-00098476-00098793 acclaimed as king of Macedon Ptolemy was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00417-00098794-00099015 killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00418-00099016-00099429 in 279 his head stuck on a spear and the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00419-00099430-00099765 country fell into anarchy antagonists ii
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00420-00099766-00099986 Ganados invaded Thrace in the summer of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00421-00099987-00100407 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00422-00100408-00100659 he was quickly hailed as king of Macedon
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00423-00100660-00100911 and went on to rule for 35 years at this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00424-00100912-00101106 point the tripartite territorial
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00425-00101107-00101289 division of the Hellenistic age was in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00426-00101290-00101499 place with the main Hellenistic powers
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00427-00101500-00101715 being Macedon under Demetrius his son
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00428-00101716-00101961 Antigonus ii Ganados the Ptolemaic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00429-00101962-00102126 Kingdom under the age of Ptolemy the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00430-00102127-00102300 first and the Seleucid Empire under
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00431-00102301-00102891 Seleucus son Antiochus the first sodor
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00432-00102892-00103381 topic southern Europe
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00433-00103382-00103915 topic kingdom of a Pyrus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00434-00103916-00104184 a Pyrus was a northwestern Greek Kingdom
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00435-00104185-00104343 in the Western Balkans ruled by the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00436-00104344-00104658 Milou Shanaya City dynasty a Pyrus was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00437-00104659-00104863 an ally of Macedon during the reigns of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00438-00104864-00105298 philip ii and alexander in 281 purest
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00439-00105299-00105601 nicknamed the eagle Eidos invaded
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00440-00105602-00105786 southern Italy to aid the city-state of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00441-00105788-00106114 teruntum pahang Zin the Battle of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00442-00106115-00106321 heraclea and at the Battle of ask ulam
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00443-00106322-00106560 though victorious he was forced to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00444-00106561-00106761 retreat due to heavy losses hence the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00445-00106763-00107080 term Pyrrhic victory purists then turned
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00446-00107081-00107272 south and invaded Sicily but was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00447-00107273-00107578 unsuccessful and returned to illy after
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00448-00107579-00107881 the Battle of Benevento 275 BC Pyrrhus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00449-00107882-00108103 lost all his Italian holdings and left
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00450-00108104-00108400 for a Pyrus Pyrrhus then went to war
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00451-00108401-00108706 with Macedonia in 275 deposing
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00452-00108707-00108916 antagonists ii Ganados and briefly
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00453-00108917-00109156 ruling over Macedonia and Thessaly until
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00454-00109157-00109480 285 afterwards he invaded southern
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00455-00109481-00109693 Greece and was killed in battle against
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00456-00109694-00110089 Argos in 272 BC after the death of puris
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00457-00110090-00110455 a Pyrus remained a minor power in 233 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00458-00110456-00110695 the a acid royal family was deposed and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00459-00110696-00110872 a federal state was set up called the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00460-00110873-00111091 EPI wrote a league the league was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00461-00111092-00111241 conquered by Rome in the third
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00462-00111242-00111995 Macedonian war 171 to 168 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00463-00111996-00112488 topic kingdom of macedon
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00464-00112489-00112792 Antigonus ii a student of Zeno of CID
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00465-00112793-00112993 iam spent most of his rule defending
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00466-00112994-00113211 Macedon against a Pyrus and cementing
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00467-00113213-00113452 Macedonian power in Greece first against
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00468-00113453-00113626 the Athenians in the commodity in war
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00469-00113627-00113794 and then against the Achaean League of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00470-00113795-00114064 aratus of sook-yin under the Antigonus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00471-00114065-00114316 Macedonia was often short on funds the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00472-00114317-00114475 Pangaea mines were no longer as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00473-00114476-00114697 productive as under philip ii the wealth
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00474-00114698-00114909 from Alexander's campaigns had been used
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00475-00114910-00115090 up in the countryside pillaged by the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00476-00115091-00115357 Gallic invasion a large number of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00477-00115358-00115570 Macedonian population had also been
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00478-00115571-00115795 resettled abroad by Alexander or had
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00479-00115796-00115972 chosen to emigrate to the new eastern
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00480-00115973-00116233 Greek cities up to two-thirds of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00481-00116233-00116466 population emigrated and the Macedonian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00482-00116467-00116643 army could only count on the levy of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00483-00116644-00116941 25,000 men a significantly smaller force
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00484-00116942-00117199 than under philip ii antagonists ii
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00485-00117200-00117529 ruled until his death in 239 b see his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00486-00117530-00117895 son demetrius ii soon died in 229 bc
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00487-00117896-00118158 leaving a child philip v as king with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00488-00118159-00118318 the general antagonist dose in his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00489-00118319-00118633 regent Dosan led Macedon to victory in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00490-00118633-00118785 the war against the Spartan King
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00491-00118786-00119064 Cleomenes the third and occupied Sparta
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00492-00119065-00119368 philip v who came to power when Dosan
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00493-00119369-00119691 died in 221 BC was the last Macedonian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00494-00119692-00119851 ruler with both the talent and the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00495-00119852-00120064 opportunity to unite Greece and preserve
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00496-00120065-00120325 its independence against a cloud rising
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00497-00120326-00120591 in the West the ever increasing power of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00498-00120592-00120856 Rome he was known as the darling of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00499-00120857-00121150 Hellas under his auspices the piece of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00500-00121151-00121444 not practice 217 BC brought the latest
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00501-00121445-00121629 war between Macedon and the Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00502-00121630-00122023 leagues the social war 220 to 217 to an
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00503-00122024-00122206 end and at this time he controlled all
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00504-00122207-00122401 of Greece except Athens Rhodes in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00505-00122402-00122770 Pergamum in 215 BC Philip with his eye
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00506-00122771-00122944 on deliria formed an alliance with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00507-00122945-00123157 Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage which
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00508-00123158-00123354 led to Roman alliances with the Achaean
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00509-00123355-00123607 League Rhodes in Pergamum the first
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00510-00123608-00123913 Macedonian war broke out in 212 BC and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00511-00123914-00124300 ended inconclusively in 205 BC Philip
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00512-00124301-00124507 continued to wage war against Pergamum
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00513-00124508-00124771 and Rhodes for control of the Aegean 204
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00514-00124772-00125056 to 200 BC and ignored Roman demands for
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00515-00125057-00125254 non intervention in Greece by invading
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00516-00125255-00125605 Attica in 198 BC during the second
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00517-00125606-00125818 Macedonian war Philip was decisively
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00518-00125819-00125875 defeated
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00519-00125876-00126082 cynosure fly by the Roman proconsul
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00520-00126083-00126340 Titus quenches Flaminius in Macedon lost
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00521-00126341-00126554 all its territories in Greece proper
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00522-00126555-00126757 southern Greece was now thoroughly
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00523-00126758-00126922 brought into the Roman sphere of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00524-00126923-00127090 influence though it retained nominal
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00525-00127091-00127386 autonomy the end of Antigone Macedon
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00526-00127388-00127618 came when Philip the fifth son Perseus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00527-00127619-00127813 was defeated and captured by the Romans
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00528-00127814-00128251 in the third Macedonian war 171 to 168
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00529-00128252-00128633 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00530-00128634-00129100 topic rest of Greece
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00531-00129101-00129309 during the Hellenistic period the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00532-00129310-00129490 importance of Greece proper within the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00533-00129491-00129690 greek-speaking world declined sharply
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00534-00129691-00129960 the great centers of Hellenistic culture
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00535-00129961-00130233 were Alexandria and Antioch capitals of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00536-00130234-00130444 Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00537-00130445-00130704 respectively the conquests of Alexander
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00538-00130705-00130927 greatly widened the horizons of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00539-00130928-00131149 Greek world making the endless conflicts
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00540-00131150-00131305 between the cities which had marked the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00541-00131306-00131557 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00542-00131558-00131779 unimportant it led to a steady
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00543-00131780-00132001 emigration particularly of the young and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00544-00132002-00132205 ambitious to the new Greek empires in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00545-00132206-00132256 the east
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00546-00132257-00132532 many Greeks migrated to Alexandria
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00547-00132533-00132700 Antioch and the many other new
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00548-00132701-00132859 Hellenistic cities founded in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00549-00132860-00133087 Alexander's wake as far away as modern
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00550-00133088-00133420 Afghanistan and Pakistan independent
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00551-00133421-00133609 city-states were unable to compete with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00552-00133610-00133777 Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00553-00133778-00133978 forced to allied themselves to one of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00554-00133979-00134152 them for defense giving honors to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00555-00134153-00134329 Hellenistic rulers in return for
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00556-00134330-00134386 protection
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00557-00134387-00134653 one example is Athens which had been
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00558-00134654-00134875 decisively defeated by Antipater in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00559-00134876-00135301 lamian war 323 to 322 and had its port
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00560-00135302-00135505 in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00561-00135506-00135673 troops who supported a conservative
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00562-00135674-00135979 oligarchy after Demetrius polio Sitz
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00563-00135980-00136258 captured Athens in 307 and restored the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00564-00136259-00136468 democracy the Athenians honored him and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00565-00136469-00136672 his father Antigonus by placing gold
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00566-00136673-00136822 statues of them on the Agora and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00567-00136823-00137089 granting them the title of King Athens
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00568-00137090-00137302 later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00569-00137303-00137566 to throw off Macedonian rule eventually
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00570-00137567-00137731 setting up a religious cult for the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00571-00137732-00137911 Ptolemaic Kings and naming one of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00572-00137912-00138127 city's files in honor of Ptolemy for his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00573-00138128-00138388 aid against Macedon in spite of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00574-00138389-00138577 Ptolemaic monies and fleet's backing
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00575-00138578-00138766 their endeavors Athens and Sparta were
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00576-00138767-00138949 defeated by antagonists the second
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00577-00138950-00139353 during the commodity and war 267 to 261
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00578-00139354-00139639 Athens was then occupied by Macedonian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00579-00139640-00139917 troops and run by Macedonian officials
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00580-00139918-00140170 Sparta remained independent but it was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00581-00140171-00140377 no longer the leading military power in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00582-00140378-00140611 the Peloponnese the Spartan King
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00583-00140612-00141085 Cleomenes the third 235 to 222 BC staged
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00584-00141086-00141295 a military coup against the conservative
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00585-00141296-00141430 a force and pushed through radical
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00586-00141431-00141646 social and land reforms in order to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00587-00141647-00141808 increase the size of the shrinking
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00588-00141809-00141979 Spartan citizenry able to provide
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00589-00141980-00142189 military service and restore Spartan
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00590-00142190-00142257 power
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00591-00142258-00142489 Sparta's bid for supremacy was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00592-00142490-00142795 crushed at the Battle of Silesia 222 by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00593-00142796-00142969 the Achaean League in Macedon who
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00594-00142970-00143248 restored the power of the ax force other
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00595-00143249-00143491 city-states formed federated states in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00596-00143492-00143701 self-defense such as the a Italian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00597-00143702-00143814 league essed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00598-00143815-00144109 370 BC the Achaean League essed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00599-00144110-00144457 280 BC the Boeotian League the Northern
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00600-00144458-00144763 League Byzantium Chalcedon Heraclea
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00601-00144764-00145009 Pontic ax & TM and the Nessie Adak
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00602-00145010-00145231 League of the Cyclades these
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00603-00145232-00145408 Federation's involved a central
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00604-00145409-00145558 government which controlled foreign
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00605-00145559-00145765 policy and military affairs while
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00606-00145766-00145942 leaving most of the local governing to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00607-00145943-00146149 the city-states a system termed simple
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00608-00146150-00146404 idea in states such as the Achaean
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00609-00146405-00146617 League this also involved the admission
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00610-00146618-00146770 of other ethnic groups into the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00611-00146771-00146956 Federation with equal rights in this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00612-00146957-00147250 case non Akane's the Achaean League was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00613-00147251-00147445 able to drive out the Macedonians from
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00614-00147446-00147625 the Peloponnese and free Corinth which
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00615-00147626-00147907 duly joined the league one of the few
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00616-00147908-00148105 city-states who managed to maintain full
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00617-00148106-00148282 independence from the control of any
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00618-00148283-00148549 Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes with a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00619-00148550-00148756 skilled navy to protect its trade fleets
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00620-00148757-00148963 from pirates and an ideal strategic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00621-00148964-00149122 position covering the routes from the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00622-00149123-00149326 east into the Aegean Rhodes prospered
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00623-00149327-00149566 during the Hellenistic period it became
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00624-00149567-00149776 a center of culture and commerce its
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00625-00149777-00149974 coins were widely circulated and its
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00626-00149975-00150175 philosophical schools became one of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00627-00150176-00150421 best in the Mediterranean after holding
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00628-00150422-00150595 out for one year under siege by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00629-00150596-00151009 demetrius poli ersatz 305 to 304 bc the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00630-00151010-00151165 road Ian's built the Colossus of Rhodes
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00631-00151166-00151411 to commemorate their victory they
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00632-00151412-00151558 retained their independence by the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00633-00151559-00151738 maintenance of a powerful navy by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00634-00151739-00151921 maintaining a carefully neutral posture
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00635-00151922-00152107 and acting to preserve the balance of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00636-00152108-00152290 power between the major Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00637-00152291-00152503 kingdoms initially Rhodes had very close
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00638-00152504-00152761 ties with the Ptolemaic Kingdom Rhodes
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00639-00152762-00152974 later became a Roman ally against the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00640-00152975-00153196 Seleucids receiving some territory in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00641-00153197-00153367 Korea for their role in the Roman
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00642-00153368-00153847 Seleucid war 192 to 188 BC Rome
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00643-00153848-00154060 eventually turned on roads and annexed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00644-00154061-00154497 the island as a Roman province
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00645-00154498-00154977 topic Balkans
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00646-00154978-00155217 the West Balkan coast was inhabited by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00647-00155218-00155433 various illyrian tribes and kingdoms
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00648-00155434-00155628 such as the kingdom of the dal Mata and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00649-00155629-00155853 of the RDA who often engaged in piracy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00650-00155854-00156281 under Queen tudi reign 231 BC to 227 bc
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00651-00156282-00156570 further inland was the illyrian pyonium
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00652-00156571-00156776 kingdom and the tribe of the Aggron s
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00653-00156777-00157026 illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00654-00157027-00157206 were under the effects and influence of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00655-00157207-00157410 hellenization and some tribes adopted
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00656-00157411-00157602 greek becoming bilingual due to their
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00657-00157603-00157782 proximity to the greek colonies in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00658-00157783-00158085 Illyria illyrians imported weapons and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00659-00158086-00158280 armor from the ancient Greeks such as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00660-00158281-00158472 the illyrian type helmet originally a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00661-00158473-00158658 Greek type and also adopted the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00662-00158659-00158862 ornamentation of ancient Macedon on
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00663-00158863-00159024 their shields in their war belts a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00664-00159025-00159162 single one has been found
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00665-00159163-00159426 dated third century BC at modern cell je
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00666-00159427-00159666 pashed me a part of Macedon at the time
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00667-00159667-00160008 under Philip v of Macedon the ODE ricean
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00668-00160009-00160203 kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00669-00160204-00160395 under the kings of the powerful Odra sea
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00670-00160396-00160566 and tribe centered around the region of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00671-00160567-00160833 Thrace various parts of Thrace were
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00672-00160834-00161085 under Macedonian rule under philip ii of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00673-00161086-00161283 macedon Alexander the Great
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00674-00161284-00161583 Lysimachus ptolemy ii and philip v but
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00675-00161584-00161780 were also often ruled by their own kings
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00676-00161781-00162051 the Thracians and a grandest were widely
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00677-00162052-00162288 used by Alexander as Pelt ass and light
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00678-00162289-00162498 cavalry forming about one-fifth of his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00679-00162499-00162801 army the diadochi also used Thracian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00680-00162802-00162966 mercenaries in their armies and they
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00681-00162967-00163230 were also used as colonists the ODE
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00682-00163231-00163419 regimes used Greek is the language of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00683-00163420-00163683 administration and of the nobility the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00684-00163684-00163926 nobility also adopted Greek fashions in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00685-00163927-00164124 dress ornament and military equipment
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00686-00164125-00164339 spreading it to the other tribes
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00687-00164340-00164571 Thracian Kings were among the first to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00688-00164572-00164907 be Hellenized after 278 BC the Odra
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00689-00164908-00165096 seein's had a strong competitor in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00690-00165097-00165279 celtic kingdom of tile is ruled by the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00691-00165280-00165471 king's comment aureus and calves race
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00692-00165472-00165696 but in 212 BC they conquered their
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00693-00165697-00166194 enemies and destroyed their capital
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00694-00166195-00166659 topic western Mediterranean
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00695-00166660-00166891 southern Italy Magna Graecia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00696-00166892-00167062 and southeastern Sicily had been
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00697-00167063-00167224 colonized by the Greeks during the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00698-00167225-00167536 eighth century in 4th century Sicily the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00699-00167537-00167716 leading Greek city and hegemony was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00700-00167717-00168016 Syracuse during the Hellenistic period
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00701-00168017-00168229 the leading figure in Sicily was Agatha
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00702-00168230-00168679 Cleese of Syracuse 361 to 289 BC who
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00703-00168680-00168823 seized the city with an army of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00704-00168824-00169186 mercenaries in 317 BC Agatha cleese
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00705-00169187-00169378 extended his power throughout most of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00706-00169379-00169582 the Greek cities in Sicily not a long
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00707-00169583-00169786 war with the Carthaginians at one point
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00708-00169787-00170068 invading Tunisia in 310 and defeating a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00709-00170069-00170323 Carthaginian army there this was the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00710-00170324-00170521 first time a European force had invaded
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00711-00170522-00170806 the region after this war he controlled
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00712-00170807-00171010 most of Southeast Sicily and had himself
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00713-00171011-00171232 proclaimed king in imitation of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00714-00171233-00171417 Hellenistic monarchs of the east
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00715-00171418-00171799 Agatha Cleese then invaded Italy see 300
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00716-00171800-00172030 BC in defense of teruntum against the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00717-00172031-00172299 bruton's and Romans but was unsuccessful
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00718-00172300-00172582 Greeks in pre-roman Gaul were mostly
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00719-00172583-00172762 limited to the Mediterranean coasts of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00720-00172763-00173068 Provence France the first Greek colony
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00721-00173069-00173272 in the region was Masoli a' which became
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00722-00173273-00173446 one of the largest trading ports of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00723-00173447-00173698 mediterranean by the 4th century BC with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00724-00173699-00173847 6,000 inhabitants
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00725-00173848-00174127 Masoli o was also the local hegemony
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00726-00174128-00174346 controlling various coastal Greek cities
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00727-00174347-00174670 like nice and agde the coins minted in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00728-00174671-00174865 Masada had been found in all parts of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00729-00174866-00175174 Ligurian Celtic Gaul Celtic coinage was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00730-00175175-00175381 influenced by Greek designs and Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00731-00175382-00175579 letters can be found on various Celtic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00732-00175580-00175762 coins especially those of southern
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00733-00175763-00176056 France traders from Miss Aliyah ventured
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00734-00176057-00176233 inland deep into France on the rivers
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00735-00176234-00176401 Durance and Rhone and established
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00736-00176402-00176611 Overland trade routes deep into Gaul and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00737-00176612-00176848 to Switzerland and burgundy the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00738-00176849-00177025 Hellenistic period saw the Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00739-00177026-00177229 alphabet spread into southern Gulf from
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00740-00177230-00177499 Masoli a 3rd and 2nd centuries BC and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00741-00177500-00177727 according to Strabo miss Aleeah was also
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00742-00177728-00177931 a center of Education where Celts went
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00743-00177932-00178198 to learn Greek a staunch ally of Rome
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00744-00178199-00178429 Masoli retained its independence until
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00745-00178430-00178699 its sided with Pompey in 49 BC and was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00746-00178700-00179026 then taken by Caesars forces the city of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00747-00179027-00179254 Emporium modern Empress originally
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00748-00179255-00179482 founded by archaic period settlers from
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00749-00179483-00179734 fokaha and miss alia in the 6th century
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00750-00179735-00179869 BC near the village
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00751-00179870-00180076 son Marty Dumfries located on an
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00752-00180077-00180259 offshore island that forms part of La
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00753-00180260-00180544 Scala Catalonia Spain was reestablished
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00754-00180545-00180760 in the 5th century BC with a new city
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00755-00180761-00181020 Neapolis on the Iberian mainland
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00756-00181021-00181294 Emporium contained a mixed population of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00757-00181295-00181513 Greek colonists and Iberian natives and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00758-00181514-00181684 although Livie and Strabo assert that
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00759-00181685-00181864 they lived in different quarters these
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00760-00181865-00182053 two groups were eventually integrated
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00761-00182054-00182329 the city became a dominant trading hub
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00762-00182330-00182506 and center of Hellenistic civilization
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00763-00182507-00182755 in Iberia eventually siding with the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00764-00182756-00182962 Roman Republic against the Carthaginian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00765-00182963-00183256 Empire during the Second Punic War 218
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00766-00183257-00183655 to 201 BC however emporium lost its
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00767-00183656-00183931 political independence around 195 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00768-00183932-00184099 with the establishment of the Roman
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00769-00184100-00184312 province of hispania citerior and by the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00770-00184313-00184528 1st century BC had become fully
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00771-00184529-00184955 romanized in culture
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00772-00184956-00185537 topic Hellenistic Near East
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00773-00185538-00185798 the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00774-00185799-00186016 were run by an occupying imperial elite
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00775-00186017-00186239 of greco-macedonian administrators and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00776-00186240-00186443 governors propped up by a standing army
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00777-00186444-00186626 of mercenaries in a small core of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00778-00186627-00186932 greco-macedonian settlers promotion of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00779-00186933-00187136 emigration from Greece was important in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00780-00187137-00187329 the establishment of this system
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00781-00187330-00187565 Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00782-00187566-00187751 as royal estates and most of the heavy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00783-00187752-00187973 tax revenues went into the military and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00784-00187974-00188171 paramilitary forces which preserved
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00785-00188172-00188413 their rule from any kind of revolution
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00786-00188414-00188669 Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00787-00188670-00188831 expected to lead their armies on the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00788-00188832-00189023 field along with a group of privileged
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00789-00189024-00189253 aristocratic companions or friends heady
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00790-00189254-00189500 ROI filet which dined and drank with the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00791-00189501-00189710 king and acted as his Advisory Council
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00792-00189711-00189986 the monarch was also expected to serve
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00793-00189987-00190172 as a charitable patron of the people
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00794-00190173-00190346 this public philanthropy could mean
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00795-00190347-00190544 building projects and handing out gifts
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00796-00190545-00190769 but also promotion of Greek culture and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00797-00190770-00191085 religion
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00798-00191086-00191611 topic Ptolemaic Kingdom
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00799-00191612-00191884 Ptolemy's Asuma toefl axe one of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00800-00191885-00192118 seven bodyguards who served as alexander
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00801-00192119-00192304 the great's generals and deputies was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00802-00192305-00192472 appointed satrap of egypt after
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00803-00192473-00192997 Alexander's death in 323 BC in 305 BC he
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00804-00192998-00193207 declared himself King Ptolemy the first
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00805-00193208-00193552 later known as Sodor savior for his role
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00806-00193553-00193711 in helping the road Ian's during the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00807-00193712-00194011 siege of Rhodes Ptolemy built new cities
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00808-00194012-00194197 such as Ptolemy herm you in Upper Egypt
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00809-00194198-00194395 and settled his veterans throughout the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00810-00194396-00194593 country especially in the region of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00811-00194594-00194914 fiim Alexandria a major center of Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00812-00194915-00195106 culture and trade became his capital
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00813-00195107-00195418 city as Egypt's first port city it was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00814-00195419-00195565 the main grain exporter in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00815-00195566-00195826 Mediterranean the Egyptians be
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00816-00195827-00196021 grudgingly accepted the ptolemies as the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00817-00196022-00196162 successors to the Pharaohs of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00818-00196163-00196333 independent Egypt though the kingdom
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00819-00196334-00196582 went through several native revolts the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00820-00196583-00196768 ptolemies took on the traditions of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00821-00196769-00196975 Egyptian pharaohs such as marrying their
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00822-00196976-00197209 siblings ptolemy ii was the first to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00823-00197210-00197365 adopt this custom having themselves
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00824-00197366-00197563 portrayed on public monuments in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00825-00197564-00197722 egyptian style and dress and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00826-00197723-00197950 participating in egyptian religious life
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00827-00197951-00198235 the Ptolemaic ruler cult portrayed the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00828-00198236-00198436 Ptolemies as gods and temples to the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00829-00198437-00198586 Ptolemies were erected throughout the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00830-00198587-00198880 kingdom ptolemy the first even created a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00831-00198881-00199129 new god Serapis who is combination of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00832-00199130-00199414 two Egyptian gods api's and Osiris with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00833-00199415-00199693 attributes of Greek gods Ptolemaic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00834-00199694-00199876 administration was like the ancient
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00835-00199877-00200101 Egyptian bureaucracy highly centralized
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00836-00200102-00200293 and focused on squeezing as much revenue
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00837-00200294-00200506 out of the population as possible though
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00838-00200507-00200809 tariffs excise duties fines taxes and so
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00839-00200810-00201082 forth a whole class of petty officials
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00840-00201083-00201325 tax farmers clerks and overseers made
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00841-00201326-00201601 this possible the Egyptian countryside
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00842-00201602-00201805 was directly administered by this royal
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00843-00201806-00202081 bureaucracy external possessions such as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00844-00202082-00202288 cyprus and cyrene ii were run by strata
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00845-00202289-00202504 going military commanders appointed by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00846-00202505-00202842 the crown under ptolemy ii callimachus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00847-00202843-00203104 apollonius of rhodes theocritus and a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00848-00203105-00203281 host of other poets made the city of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00849-00203282-00203575 center of Hellenistic literature Ptolemy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00850-00203576-00203758 himself was eager to patronize the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00851-00203759-00203953 library scientific research and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00852-00203954-00204130 individual scholars who lived on the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00853-00204131-00204361 grounds of the library he and his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00854-00204362-00204577 successors also thought a series of wars
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00855-00204578-00204775 with the Seleucids known as the Syrian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00856-00204776-00205015 wars over the region of Kowal a Syria
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00857-00205016-00205226 Ptolemy's the fourth one the great
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00858-00205227-00205529 battle of rafia 217 BC against the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00859-00205530-00205748 Seleucids using native Egyptians trained
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00860-00205749-00206030 as failing Gita's however these Egyptian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00861-00206031-00206249 soldiers revolted eventually setting up
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00862-00206250-00206462 a native breakaway Egyptian state in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00863-00206463-00206936 debate between 205 - 180 6/5 BC severely
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00864-00206937-00207140 weakening the Ptolemaic state ptolemy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00865-00207141-00207329 family ruled Egypt until the Roman
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00866-00207330-00207656 conquest of 30 BC all the male rulers of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00867-00207657-00207850 the dynasty took the name Ptolemy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00868-00207851-00208094 Ptolemaic Queens some of whom were the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00869-00208096-00208250 sisters of their husbands were usually
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00870-00208251-00208514 called Cleopatra Arceneaux or Berenice
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00871-00208515-00208790 the most famous member of the line was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00872-00208791-00209003 the last queen Cleopatra the seventh
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00873-00209004-00209162 known for her role in the Roman
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00874-00209163-00209366 political battles between Julius Caesar
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00875-00209367-00209594 and Pompey and later between Octavian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00876-00209596-00209852 and Mark Antony her suicide at the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00877-00209853-00210032 conquest by Rome marked the end of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00878-00210033-00210200 Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00879-00210201-00210387 Hellenistic culture continued to thrive
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00880-00210388-00210540 in Egypt throughout the Roman and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00881-00210541-00210719 Byzantine periods until the Muslim
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00882-00210721-00211146 conquest
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00883-00211148-00211809 topic seleucid empire following division
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00884-00211810-00211939 of Alexander's Empire
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00885-00211940-00212146 Seleucus the first Nikkei der received
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00886-00212146-00212437 Babylonia from there he created a new
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00887-00212438-00212641 Empire which expanded to include much of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00888-00212642-00212871 Alexander's near eastern territories at
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00889-00212873-00213067 the height of its power
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00890-00213067-00213301 it included central Anatolia the Levant
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00891-00213302-00213577 Mesopotamia Persia today's Turkmenistan
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00892-00213578-00213778 premiere in parts of Pakistan
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00893-00213779-00213976 it included a diverse population
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00894-00213977-00214281 estimated at 50 to 60 million people
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00895-00214282-00214726 under Antiochus the first see 324 thirds
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00896-00214727-00215077 to 61 BC however the unwieldy Empire was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00897-00215078-00215277 already beginning to shed territories
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00898-00215278-00215515 Pergamum broke away under you means I
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00899-00215516-00215701 who defeated a Seleucid army sent
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00900-00215702-00215953 against him the kingdoms of Cappadocia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00901-00215954-00216135 Bethea Nia and pondus were all
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00902-00216136-00216340 practically independent by this time as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00903-00216341-00216609 well like the ptolemies Antiochus the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00904-00216610-00216850 first established a dynastic religious
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00905-00216851-00217075 cult deifying his father Seleucus the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00906-00217076-00217269 first Seleucus officially said to be
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00907-00217271-00217446 descended from Apollo had his own
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00908-00217448-00217723 priests and monthly sacrifices the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00909-00217723-00217917 erosion of the Empire continued under
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00910-00217919-00218133 Seleucus ii who was forced to fight a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00911-00218134-00218539 civil war 239 to 236 against his brother
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00912-00218540-00218773 Antiochus hyrax and was unable to keep
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00913-00218773-00218998 Bactria sogdiana and Parthia from
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00914-00218998-00219294 breaking away hyrax carved off most of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00915-00219296-00219523 Seleucid Anatolia for himself but was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00916-00219523-00219582 defeated
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00917-00219583-00219754 along with his Galatian allies by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00918-00219755-00219946 analyst I of Pergamon who now also
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00919-00219946-00220225 claimed kingship the vast Seleucid
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00920-00220226-00220473 Empire was like Egypt mostly dominated
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00921-00220475-00220690 by a greco-macedonian political elite
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00922-00220691-00220963 the Greek population of the cities who
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00923-00220964-00221094 formed the dominant elite were
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00924-00221096-00221298 reinforced by emigration from Greece
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00925-00221298-00221575 these cities included newly founded
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00926-00221576-00221757 colonies such as Antioch the other
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00927-00221758-00221934 cities of the Syrian Tet replace
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00928-00221935-00222169 Seleucia north of Babylon and dura
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00929-00222169-00222432 europas on the Euphrates these cities
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00930-00222433-00222637 retained traditional Greek city-state
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00931-00222638-00222889 institutions such as Assemblies councils
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00932-00222890-00223083 and elected magistrate but this was a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00933-00223084-00223264 facade for they were always controlled
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00934-00223265-00223542 by the royal Seleucid officials apart
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00935-00223544-00223698 from these cities there were also a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00936-00223700-00223884 large number of Seleucid Garrison's
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00937-00223885-00224196 Korea military colonies kdei and Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00938-00224198-00224394 villages comai which the Seleucids
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00939-00224396-00224527 planted throughout the empire
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00940-00224528-00224704 to cement their rule this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00941-00224705-00224946 greco-macedonian population which also
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00942-00224948-00225142 included the sons of settlers who had
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00943-00225142-00225316 married local women could make up a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00944-00225317-00225571 phalanx of 35,000 men out of a total
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00945-00225571-00225811 Seleucid army of 80,000 during the reign
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00946-00225812-00226078 of antiochos the third the rest of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00947-00226079-00226240 army was made up of native troops
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00948-00226241-00226573 Antiochus the third the Great conducted
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00949-00226573-00226789 several vigorous campaigns to retake all
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00950-00226790-00226998 the lost provinces of the Empire since
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00951-00227000-00227188 the death of Seleucus the first after
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00952-00227189-00227371 being defeated by Ptolemy the fourths
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00953-00227371-00227728 forces at raffia 217 Antiochus the third
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00954-00227729-00227932 led a long campaign to the east to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00955-00227933-00228096 subdue the Far Eastern breakaway
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00956-00228098-00228484 provinces 212 to 205 including Bactria
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00957-00228485-00228784 parthia arianna sogdiana GAD Rosa and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00958-00228785-00229017 dran Gianna he was successful
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00959-00229019-00229189 bringing back most of these provinces
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00960-00229190-00229398 into at least nominal vassalage and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00961-00229400-00229566 receiving tribute from their rulers
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00962-00229567-00229801 after the death of Ptolemy the fourth
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00963-00229802-00230065 204 Antiochus took advantage of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00964-00230066-00230317 weakness of Egypt to conquer coalesce in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00965-00230317-00230761 the fifth Syrian war 202 to 195 he then
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00966-00230762-00230946 began expanding his influence into
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00967-00230948-00231163 pergamene territory in Asia and crossed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00968-00231164-00231394 into Europe fortifying lysimachia on the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00969-00231394-00231571 Hellespont but his expansion into
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00970-00231571-00231802 Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00971-00231803-00232009 after a decisive defeat at the Battle of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00972-00232010-00232375 magnesia 190 BC in the Treaty of apamea
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00973-00232376-00232609 which ended the war Antiochus lost all
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00974-00232610-00232837 of his territories in Anatolia west of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00975-00232838-00233014 the Taurus and was forced to pay a large
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00976-00233015-00233353 indemnity of 15,000 talents much of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00977-00233354-00233527 eastern part of the Empire was then
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00978-00233528-00233677 conquered by the Parthians under
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00979-00233678-00233871 Mithridates the first of parthia in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00980-00233873-00234123 mid 2nd century BC yet the Seleucid
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00981-00234125-00234301 Kings continued to rule a rump state
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00982-00234302-00234481 from Syria until the invasion by the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00983-00234482-00234691 Armenian King Tigranes the Great and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00984-00234692-00234856 their ultimate overthrow by the Roman
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00985-00234857-00235283 general Pompey
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00986-00235284-00235749 topic at all at Pergamum
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00987-00235750-00235992 after the death of Lysimachus one of his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00988-00235993-00236205 officers Villa Terrace took control of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00989-00236206-00236481 the city of Pergamum in 282 bc along
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00990-00236482-00236727 with lysimachus 'as war chest of 9,000
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00991-00236728-00236919 talents and declared himself loyal to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00992-00236920-00237096 Seleucus the first while remaining de
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00993-00237097-00237405 facto independent his descendant analyst
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00994-00237406-00237624 I defeated the invading Galatians and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00995-00237625-00237827 proclaimed himself an independent king
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00996-00237828-00238350 Avila Sai 241 to 197 BC was a staunch
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00997-00238351-00238614 ally of Rome against Philip v of Macedon
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00998-00238615-00238844 during the 1st and 2nd Macedonian Wars
+FLWcirqb_Xg-00999-00238845-00239115 for his support against the Seleucids in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01000-00239116-00239409 190 BC you means - was rewarded with all
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01001-00239410-00239589 the former Seleucid domains in Asia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01002-00239590-00239904 Minor you means - turned Pergamon into a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01003-00239905-00240081 center of culture and science by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01004-00240082-00240276 establishing the library of Pergamum
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01005-00240277-00240447 which was said to be second only to the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01006-00240448-00240699 Library of Alexandria with 200,000
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01007-00240700-00240930 volumes according to Plutarch it
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01008-00240931-00241134 included a reading room and a collection
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01009-00241135-00241359 of paintings you means - also
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01010-00241360-00241530 constructed the Pergamum altar with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01011-00241531-00241749 freezes depicting the gigantic e on the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01012-00241750-00242046 acropolis of the city Pergamum was also
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01013-00242047-00242238 a center of parchment charter pergamene
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01014-00242239-00242472 a' production the Adelaide's ruled
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01015-00242473-00242694 Pergamon until analyst 3 bequeathed the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01016-00242695-00242955 kingdom to the roman republic in 133 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01017-00242956-00243475 to avoid a likely succession crisis
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01018-00243476-00243964 topic Galatia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01019-00243965-00244204 the Celts who settled in Galatia came
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01020-00244205-00244363 through Thrace under the leadership of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01021-00244364-00244810 Liat arias and Leon or EOC 270 BC they
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01022-00244811-00245014 were defeated by Seleucus the first in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01023-00245015-00245169 the Battle of the elephants but were
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01024-00245171-00245346 still able to establish a Celtic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01025-00245348-00245617 territory in central Anatolia the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01026-00245617-00245782 Galatians were well respected as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01027-00245783-00245956 warriors and were widely used as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01028-00245957-00246103 mercenaries in the armies of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01029-00246104-00246346 successor States they continued to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01030-00246346-00246523 attack neighboring kingdoms such as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01031-00246523-00246727 Bithynia and Pergamon plundering an
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01032-00246728-00246988 extracting tribute this came to an end
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01033-00246989-00247146 when they sided with the renegade
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01034-00247148-00247390 Seleucid prince Antiochus hyrax who
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01035-00247391-00247579 tried to defeat analysts the ruler of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01036-00247580-00248073 Pergamon 241 to 197 BC a duelist
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01037-00248075-00248287 severely defeated the Gauls forcing them
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01038-00248288-00248544 to confine themselves to Galatia the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01039-00248546-00248748 theme of the dying Gaul a famous statue
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01040-00248750-00248935 displayed in Pergamon remained a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01041-00248936-00249103 favorite in Hellenistic art for a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01042-00249104-00249310 generation signifying the victory of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01043-00249311-00249577 Greeks over a noble enemy in the early
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01044-00249578-00249835 second century BC the Galatians became
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01045-00249836-00250051 allies of Antiochus the Great the last
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01046-00250052-00250210 Seleucid king trying to regain
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01047-00250211-00250585 suzerainty over Asia Minor in 189 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01048-00250586-00250825 Rome sent Maius manlius vol so on an
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01049-00250826-00251125 expedition against the Galatians Galatia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01050-00251126-00251338 was henceforth dominated by Rome through
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01051-00251339-00251746 regional rulers from 189 BC onward after
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01052-00251746-00251932 their defeats by Pergamon and Rome the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01053-00251933-00252151 Galatians slowly became Hellenized and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01054-00252152-00252417 they were called Gallo gree XI by the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01055-00252419-00252648 historian Justin as well as Helen ogle
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01056-00252650-00252846 attacked ellen ogle at i by Diodorus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01057-00252848-00253029 Siculus in his bibliotheca historica
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01058-00253030-00253327 v-point 32.5 who wrote that they were
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01059-00253328-00253585 called helene o galatians because of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01060-00253586-00254055 their connection with the greeks
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01061-00254056-00254539 topic bethey Nia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01062-00254540-00254779 the Bethea nians were a Thracian people
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01063-00254780-00255016 living in Northwest Anatolia after
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01064-00255017-00255217 Alexander's conquests the region of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01065-00255217-00255391 Bithynia came under the rule of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01066-00255392-00255604 native King Baugh who defeated Cala a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01067-00255605-00255796 general of Alexander the Great and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01068-00255796-00255978 maintained the independence of Bithynia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01069-00255979-00256252 his son zippo eats I of Bithynia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01070-00256253-00256450 maintained this autonomy against
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01071-00256451-00256666 Lysimachus and Seleucus the first and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01072-00256667-00256869 assumed the title of King basileus in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01073-00256871-00257269 297 BC his son and successor Nik amides
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01074-00257269-00257512 I founded McKee media which soon rose to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01075-00257513-00257692 great prosperity and during his long
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01076-00257692-00258235 reign see 278 C - 55 BC as well as those
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01077-00258236-00258403 of his successors the kingdom of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01078-00258404-00258628 Bithynia held a considerable place among
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01079-00258629-00258916 the minor monarchies of Anatolia nickim
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01080-00258917-00259123 eaves also invited the celtic Galatians
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01081-00259123-00259344 in to Anatolia as mercenaries and they
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01082-00259346-00259548 later turned on his son cruises I who
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01083-00259550-00259816 defeated them in battle their last King
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01084-00259817-00260035 nicomedes IV was unable to maintain
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01085-00260036-00260266 himself against Mithridates the 6th of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01086-00260267-00260476 pondus and after being restored to his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01087-00260477-00260659 throne by the Roman Senate he bequeathed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01088-00260660-00260821 his kingdom by weld to the Roman
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01089-00260821-00261355 Republic 74 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01090-00261356-00261791 topic Cappadocia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01091-00261792-00262085 Cappadocia a mountainous region situated
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01092-00262086-00262253 between pontus and the Taurus Mountains
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01093-00262254-00262592 was ruled by a Persian dynasty area rugs
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01094-00262593-00263027 I 332 to 322 BC was the satrap of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01095-00263028-00263228 Cappadocia under the Persians and after
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01096-00263229-00263432 the conquests of Alexander he retained
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01097-00263433-00263735 his post after Alexander's death he was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01098-00263736-00263954 defeated by you means and crucified in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01099-00263955-00264302 322 BC but his son area rubs to managed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01100-00264303-00264473 to regain the throne and maintain his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01101-00264474-00264775 autonomy against the warring diadochi in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01102-00264776-00265133 255 bc area rugs three took the title of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01103-00265134-00265316 King and married strata niece a daughter
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01104-00265317-00265520 of Antiochus the second remaining an
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01105-00265521-00265793 ally of the Seleucid kingdom under area
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01106-00265794-00266045 rugs IV Cappadocia came into relations
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01107-00266046-00266264 with Rome first as a foe espousing the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01108-00266265-00266468 cause of Antiochus the great then as an
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01109-00266469-00266663 ally against Perseus of Macedon and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01110-00266664-00266893 finally in a war against the Seleucids
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01111-00266894-00267188 area runs v also waged war with Rome
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01112-00267189-00267398 against Arista NICUs a claimant to the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01113-00267399-00267584 throne of Pergamon and their forces were
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01114-00267585-00267905 annihilated in 130 BC this defeat
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01115-00267906-00268115 allowed pondus to invade and conquer the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01116-00268116-00268471 kingdom
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01117-00268472-00268950 topic kingdom of Pontus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01118-00268951-00269178 the kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01119-00269179-00269346 Kingdom on the southern coast of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01120-00269347-00269625 Black Sea it was founded by Mithridates
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01121-00269626-00269925 the first in 291 BC and lasted until its
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01122-00269926-00270251 conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01123-00270252-00270522 despite being ruled by a dynasty which
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01124-00270523-00270669 was a descendant of the Persian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01125-00270670-00270873 Achaemenid Empire it became Hellenized
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01126-00270874-00271065 due to the influence of the Greek cities
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01127-00271066-00271224 on the Black Sea and its neighboring
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01128-00271225-00271494 kingdoms pondok culture was a mix of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01129-00271495-00271685 Greek and Iranian elements the most
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01130-00271686-00271872 Hellenized parts of the kingdom were on
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01131-00271873-00272088 the coast populated by Greek colonies
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01132-00272089-00272307 such as trapezes Incentive the latter of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01133-00272308-00272509 which became the capital of the kingdom
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01134-00272510-00272790 epigraphic evidence also shows extensive
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01135-00272791-00272982 Hellenistic influence in the interior
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01136-00272983-00273243 during the reign of Mithradates ii
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01137-00273244-00273426 pontus was allied with the Seleucids
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01138-00273427-00273690 through dynastic marriages by the time
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01139-00273691-00273900 of Mithradates the 6th new Pater Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01140-00273901-00274083 was the official language of the kingdom
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01141-00274084-00274290 though Anatolian languages continued to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01142-00274291-00274554 be spoken the kingdom grew to its
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01143-00274555-00274791 largest extent under Mithridates the 6th
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01144-00274792-00274983 who conquered Colchis Cappadocia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01145-00274984-00275265 pavla Gonia Bithynia lesser armenia the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01146-00275266-00275472 BAS brand kingdom the Greek colonies of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01147-00275473-00275660 the toric chersonesus and for a brief
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01148-00275661-00275864 time the Roman province of Asia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01149-00275865-00276180 Mithridates vi himself of mixed Persian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01150-00276181-00276399 and Greek ancestry presented himself as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01151-00276400-00276564 the protector of the Greeks against the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01152-00276565-00276792 barbarians of Rome styling himself as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01153-00276793-00277098 King Mithridates you Pater Dionysus and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01154-00277099-00277340 as the great liberator
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01155-00277341-00277617 Mithridates also depicted himself with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01156-00277618-00277821 the anti-stall hairstyle of Alexander
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01157-00277822-00278031 and used the symbolism of Heracles from
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01158-00278032-00278196 whom the Macedonian Kings claimed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01159-00278197-00278469 descent after a long struggle with Rome
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01160-00278470-00278667 in the Mithra Dadich Wars pondus was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01161-00278668-00278859 defeated part of it was incorporated
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01162-00278860-00279048 into the Roman Republic as the province
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01163-00279049-00279243 of Bithynia while pondus eastern half
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01164-00279244-00279663 survived as a client kingdom
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01165-00279664-00280164 topic Armenia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01166-00280165-00280398 Iran today Armenia formally passed to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01167-00280399-00280548 the Empire of Alexander the Great
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01168-00280549-00280787 following his conquest of Persia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01169-00280788-00281019 Alexander appointed an Iran dead named
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01170-00281020-00281262 myth reins to govern Armenia Armenia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01171-00281263-00281442 later became a vassal state of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01172-00281443-00281637 Seleucid Empire but it maintained a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01173-00281638-00281810 considerable degree of autonomy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01174-00281811-00282104 retaining its native rulers towards the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01175-00282105-00282396 end 212 BC the country was divided into
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01176-00282397-00282581 two kingdoms greater Armenia and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01177-00282582-00282822 Arminius afine including comma G nor
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01178-00282823-00283092 Armenia Minor the kingdoms became so
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01179-00283093-00283299 independent from Seleucid control that
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01180-00283300-00283505 Antiochus the third the Great waged war
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01181-00283506-00283676 on them during his reign and replaced
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01182-00283677-00283982 their rulers after the Seleucid defeat
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01183-00283983-00284279 at the Battle of magnesia in 190 BC the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01184-00284280-00284463 kings of Safina and greater Armenia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01185-00284464-00284616 revolted and declared their independence
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01186-00284617-00284871 with art Axios becoming the first king
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01187-00284872-00285087 of the art axia dynasty of armenia in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01188-00285088-00285428 188 during the reign of the Artic seeds
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01189-00285429-00285594 armenia went through a period of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01190-00285595-00285888 colonization numismatic evidence shows
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01191-00285889-00286113 greek artistic styles in the use of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01192-00286114-00286392 greek language some coins describe the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01193-00286393-00286730 armenian kings as fill hélène's during
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01194-00286731-00287027 the reign of Tigranes the great 95 to 55
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01195-00287028-00287271 BC the kingdom of armenia reached its
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01196-00287272-00287472 greatest extent containing many greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01197-00287473-00287708 cities including the entire syrian Tetra
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01198-00287709-00288002 palace cleopatra the wife of Tigranes
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01199-00288003-00288209 the great invited greeks such as the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01200-00288210-00288387 reader antek rates and the historian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01201-00288388-00288600 metrodorus of Skepta stew the armenian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01202-00288601-00288897 court and according to Plutarch when the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01203-00288898-00289068 Roman general Luck ulis seized the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01204-00289069-00289173 Armenian capital
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01205-00289174-00289358 Tigra no chair died he found a troupe of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01206-00289359-00289542 Greek actors who had arrived to perform
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01207-00289543-00289839 plays for Tigranes Tigranes successor
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01208-00289840-00290057 art of a siddhis to even composed Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01209-00290058-00290449 tragedies himself
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01210-00290450-00290919 topic parthia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01211-00290920-00291162 parthia was a northeastern Iranian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01212-00291163-00291369 satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire which
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01213-00291370-00291566 later passed on to Alexander's Empire
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01214-00291567-00291867 under the Seleucids parthia was governed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01215-00291868-00292095 by various Greek satraps such as Nicanor
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01216-00292096-00292467 and Philip in 247 BC following the death
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01217-00292468-00292760 of Antiochus ii thios and draggers the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01218-00292761-00292974 Seleucid governor of Parthia proclaimed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01219-00292975-00293151 his independence and began minting coins
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01220-00293152-00293376 showing himself wearing a royal diadem
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01221-00293377-00293703 in claiming kingship he ruled until 238
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01222-00293704-00293933 BC when our says's the leader of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01223-00293934-00294141 parney tribe conquered parthia killing
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01224-00294142-00294321 and regress and inaugurating the Arce
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01225-00294322-00294605 acid dynasty Antiochus the third
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01226-00294606-00294785 recaptured Arce acid controlled
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01227-00294786-00295130 territory in 209 BC from our says's ii
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01228-00295131-00295452 our says's ii sued for peace and became
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01229-00295453-00295713 a vassal of the Seleucids it was not
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01230-00295714-00295903 until the reign of fray it's the first
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01231-00295904-00296357 168 to 165 BC that the arse acids would
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01232-00296358-00296475 again begin to assert their independence
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01233-00296476-00296694 during the reign of Mithradates the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01234-00296695-00296903 first of Parthia aris acid control
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01235-00296904-00297228 expanded to include Herat in 167 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01236-00297229-00297687 Babylonia in 144 BC media in 141 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01237-00297688-00298041 Persia in 139 BC in large parts of Syria
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01238-00298042-00298379 in the 110 s BC the Seleucid Parthian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01239-00298380-00298593 Wars continued as the Seleucids invaded
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01240-00298594-00298827 Mesopotamia under Antiochus the seven
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01241-00298828-00299274 cities are 138 to 129 BC but he was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01242-00299275-00299429 eventually killed by a Parthian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01243-00299430-00299667 counter-attack after the fall of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01244-00299668-00299868 Seleucid dynasty the Parthians fought
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01245-00299869-00300063 frequently against neighbouring Rome in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01246-00300064-00300484 the Roman Parthian Wars 66 BC to 217 AD
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01247-00300485-00300755 abundant traces of Hellenism continued
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01248-00300756-00300990 under the Parthian Empire the Parthians
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01249-00300991-00301194 used Greek as well as their own Parthian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01250-00301195-00301355 language the lesser than Greek as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01251-00301356-00301569 languages of administration and also
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01252-00301570-00301824 used Greek drachma cz's coinage they
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01253-00301825-00302022 enjoyed Greek Theatre and Greek art
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01254-00302023-00302258 influenced Parthian art the Parthians
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01255-00302259-00302424 continued worshiping Greek gods
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01256-00302425-00302616 syncretized together with Iranian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01257-00302617-00302868 deities their rulers established ruler
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01258-00302869-00303059 cults in the manner of Hellenistic kings
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01259-00303060-00303233 and often used Hellenistic royal
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01260-00303234-00303581 epithets
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01261-00303582-00304103 topic Nabataean Kingdom
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01262-00304104-00304340 the Nabataean kingdom was an arab state
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01263-00304341-00304559 located between the Sinai Peninsula and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01264-00304560-00304679 the Arabian Peninsula
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01265-00304680-00304952 its capital was the city of Petra an
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01266-00304953-00305150 important trading city on the incense
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01267-00305151-00305399 route the Nabataeans resisted the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01268-00305400-00305606 attacks of Antigonus and were allies of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01269-00305607-00305786 the Hasmoneans in their struggle against
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01270-00305787-00305975 the solutions but later fought against
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01271-00305976-00306239 Herod the Great the hellenization of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01272-00306240-00306428 Nabataeans occurred relatively late in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01273-00306429-00306673 comparison to the surrounding regions
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01274-00306674-00306932 Nabataean material culture does not show
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01275-00306933-00307106 any Greek influence until the reign of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01276-00307107-00307301 Verret is three philhellene in the 1st
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01277-00307302-00307643 century BC a red is captured Damascus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01278-00307644-00307844 and built the petra pool complex and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01279-00307845-00308090 gardens in the Hellenistic style though
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01280-00308091-00308276 the Nabataeans originally worshipped
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01281-00308277-00308513 their traditional gods in symbolic forms
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01282-00308514-00308711 such as stone blocks or pillars during
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01283-00308712-00308888 the Hellenistic period they began to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01284-00308889-00309098 identify their gods with Greek gods and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01285-00309099-00309245 depict them in figurative forms
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01286-00309246-00309548 influenced by Greek sculpture Nabataean
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01287-00309549-00309779 art shows Greek influences and paintings
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01288-00309780-00309950 have been found depicting Dionysian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01289-00309951-00310262 scenes they also slowly adopted Greek as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01290-00310263-00310418 a language of Commerce along with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01291-00310419-00310852 Aramaic in Arabic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01292-00310853-00311279 topic Judea
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01293-00311280-00311522 during the Hellenistic period Judea
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01294-00311523-00311708 became a frontier region between the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01295-00311709-00311954 Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01296-00311955-00312116 therefore was often the frontline of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01297-00312117-00312326 Syrian Wars changing hands several times
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01298-00312327-00312587 during these conflicts under the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01299-00312588-00312800 Hellenistic kingdoms Judea was ruled by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01300-00312801-00313004 the hereditary office of the high priest
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01301-00313005-00313283 of Israel as a Hellenistic vassal this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01302-00313284-00313463 period also saw the rise of a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01303-00313464-00313637 Hellenistic Judaism which first
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01304-00313638-00313814 developed in the Jewish Diaspora of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01305-00313815-00314051 Alexandria and Antioch and then spread
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01306-00314052-00314345 to Judea the major literary product of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01307-00314346-00314504 this cultural syncretism as the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01308-00314505-00314687 Septuagint translation of the Hebrew
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01309-00314688-00314906 Bible from Biblical Hebrew and biblical
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01310-00314907-00315182 aramaic to Koine Greek the reason for
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01311-00315183-00315386 the production of this translation seems
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01312-00315387-00315593 to be that many of the Alexandrian Jews
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01313-00315594-00315797 had lost the ability to speak Hebrew and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01314-00315798-00316136 Aramaic between 301 and 219 BC the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01315-00316137-00316355 ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01316-00316356-00316556 and Jews often found themselves working
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01317-00316557-00316787 in the Ptolemaic administration and army
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01318-00316788-00316970 which led to the rise of a Hellenized
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01319-00316971-00317228 Jewish elite class eg the Tobias the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01320-00317229-00317501 Wars of Antiochus the third brought the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01321-00317502-00317647 region into the Seleucid Empire
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01322-00317648-00317972 Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01323-00317973-00318167 the temple was repaired and provided
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01324-00318168-00318422 with money in tribute Antiochus the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01325-00318423-00318647 fourth Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01326-00318648-00318893 looted the temple in 169 BC after
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01327-00318894-00319091 disturbances in Judea during his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01328-00319092-00319355 abortive invasion of Egypt Antiochus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01329-00319356-00319571 then banned key Jewish religious rites
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01330-00319572-00319805 and traditions in Judea he may have been
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01331-00319806-00319982 attempting to Hellenized the region and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01332-00319983-00320150 unify his empire and the Jewish
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01333-00320151-00320354 resistance to this eventually led to an
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01334-00320355-00320633 escalation of violence whatever the case
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01335-00320634-00320879 tensions between Pro and anti Seleucid
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01336-00320880-00321335 Jewish factions led to the 174 to 135 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01337-00321336-00321497 Maccabean revolt of Judas Maccabeus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01338-00321498-00321722 whose victory is celebrated in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01339-00321723-00322004 Jewish festival of Hanukkah modern
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01340-00322005-00322199 interpretations see this period as a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01341-00322200-00322385 civil war between Hellenized and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01342-00322386-00322670 Orthodox forms of Judaism out of this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01343-00322671-00322874 revolt was formed an independent Jewish
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01344-00322875-00323033 Kingdom known as the Hasmonean dynasty
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01345-00323034-00323546 which lasted from 165 BC to 63 BC the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01346-00323547-00323729 Hasmonean dynasty eventually
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01347-00323730-00323921 disintegrated in a civil war which
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01348-00323922-00324203 coincided with civil wars in Rome the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01349-00324204-00324467 last Hasmonean ruler Antigonus ii
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01350-00324468-00324536 Mattathias
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01351-00324537-00324671 was captured by herod
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01352-00324672-00324998 and executed in 37 BC in spite of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01353-00324999-00325208 originally being a revolt against Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01354-00325209-00325421 overlordship the Hasmonean Kingdom and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01355-00325422-00325622 also the Herodian Kingdom which followed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01356-00325623-00325763 gradually became more and more
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01357-00325764-00326207 Hellenized from 37 BC to 4 BC Herod the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01358-00326208-00326417 Great ruled as a Jewish Roman client
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01359-00326418-00326675 King appointed by the Roman Senate he
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01360-00326676-00326882 considerably enlarged the temple see
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01361-00326883-00327058 Herod's temple making it one of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01362-00327059-00327224 largest religious structures in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01363-00327225-00327497 world the style of the enlarged temple
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01364-00327498-00327685 and other Herodian architecture shows
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01365-00327686-00327896 significant Hellenistic architectural
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01366-00327897-00328217 influence his son Herod Archelaus ruled
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01367-00328218-00328493 from 4 BC to 6 AD when he was deposed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01368-00328494-00329039 for the formation of Roman Judea
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01369-00329040-00329531 topic greco-bactrian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01370-00329532-00329783 the Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01371-00329784-00329981 breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid Empire
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01372-00329982-00330179 which because of the size of the Empire
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01373-00330180-00330407 had significant freedom from central
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01374-00330408-00330932 control between 255 to 246 BC the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01375-00330933-00331139 governor of Bactria Saud deonda and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01376-00331140-00331400 margiana most of present-day Afghanistan
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01377-00331401-00331640 1d adidas took this process to its
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01378-00331641-00331814 logical extreme and declared himself
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01379-00331815-00332174 king D odd it is - son of D adidas was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01380-00332175-00332456 overthrown in about 230 BC by euthydemus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01381-00332457-00332699 possibly the satrap of sogdiana who then
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01382-00332700-00333131 started his own dynasty in C 210 BC the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01383-00333132-00333344 greco-bactrian kingdom was invaded by a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01384-00333345-00333515 resurgent Seleucid Empire under
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01385-00333516-00333815 Antiochus the third while victorious in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01386-00333816-00333872 the field
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01387-00333873-00334097 it seems Antiochus came to realize that
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01388-00334098-00334274 there were advantages in the status quo
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01389-00334275-00334484 perhaps sensing that Bactria could not
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01390-00334485-00334676 be governed from Syria and married one
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01391-00334677-00334856 of his daughters - euthydemus his son
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01392-00334857-00335021 thus legitimizing the greco-bactrian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01393-00335022-00335294 dynasty soon afterwards the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01394-00335295-00335492 greco-bactrian kingdom seems to have
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01395-00335493-00335714 expanded possibly taking advantage of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01396-00335715-00335879 the defeat of the Parthian king our
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01397-00335880-00336227 says's ii by Antiochus according to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01398-00336228-00336455 Strabo the greco-bactrian seemed to have
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01399-00336456-00336650 had contacts with China through the Silk
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01400-00336651-00336749 Road trade routes
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01401-00336750-00337133 Strabo 1111 I Indian sources also
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01402-00337134-00337319 maintained religious contact between
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01403-00337320-00337523 Buddhist monks in the Greeks and some
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01404-00337524-00337768 greco-bactrian stood convert to Buddhism
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01405-00337769-00337991 Demetrius son and successor of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01406-00337992-00338249 euthydemus invaded northwestern India in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01407-00338250-00338489 180 BC after the destruction of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01408-00338490-00338672 Mauryan Empire there the mauryans were
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01409-00338673-00338870 probably allies of the bactrian and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01410-00338871-00339176 solutions the exact justification for
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01411-00339177-00339383 the invasion remains unclear but by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01412-00339384-00339713 about 175 BC the Greeks ruled over parts
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01413-00339714-00340001 of Northwestern India this period also
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01414-00340002-00340172 marks the beginning of the obfuscation
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01415-00340173-00340381 of greco-bactrian history
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01416-00340382-00340687 Demetrius possibly died about 180 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01417-00340688-00340904 numismatic evidence suggests the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01418-00340905-00341114 existence of several other kings shortly
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01419-00341115-00341375 thereafter it is probable that at this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01420-00341376-00341582 point the greco-bactrian kingdom split
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01421-00341583-00341792 into several semi independent regions
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01422-00341793-00341978 for some years often warring amongst
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01423-00341979-00342239 themselves Helia Cleese was the last
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01424-00342240-00342473 Greek to clearly rule Bactria his power
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01425-00342474-00342686 collapsing in the face of Central Asian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01426-00342687-00342921 tribal invasions Scythian and Yuji
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01427-00342922-00343269 by about 130 BC however Greek urban
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01428-00343270-00343482 civilization seems to have continued in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01429-00343483-00343668 Bactria after the fall of the kingdom
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01430-00343669-00343842 having a hellenizing effect on the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01431-00343843-00344028 tribes which had displaced Greek rule
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01432-00344029-00344295 the Kushan Empire which followed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01433-00344296-00344481 continued to use Greek on their coinage
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01434-00344482-00344649 and Greeks continued being influential
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01435-00344650-00345065 in the Empire
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01436-00345066-00345623 topic indo-greek kingdom
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01437-00345624-00345824 the separation of the indo-greek kingdom
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01438-00345825-00346082 from the greco-bactrian kingdom resulted
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01439-00346083-00346280 in an even more isolated position and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01440-00346281-00346432 thus the details of the indo-greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01441-00346433-00346622 kingdom are even more obscure than for
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01442-00346623-00346931 Bactria many supposed Kings in India are
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01443-00346932-00347105 known only because of coins bearing
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01444-00347106-00347345 their name the numismatic evidence
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01445-00347346-00347552 together with archeological finds and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01446-00347553-00347762 the scant historical record suggest that
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01447-00347763-00347891 the fusion of Eastern and Western
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01448-00347892-00348074 cultures reached its peak in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01449-00348075-00348382 indo-greek kingdom after Demetrius death
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01450-00348383-00348610 civil wars between Bactrian Kings in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01451-00348611-00348800 India allowed Apollo datas the first
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01452-00348801-00349217 from c180 170 fifths BC to make himself
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01453-00349218-00349415 independent as the first proper
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01454-00349416-00349592 indo-greek king who did not rule from
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01455-00349593-00349880 Bactria large numbers of his coins have
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01456-00349881-00350057 been found in India and he seems to have
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01457-00350058-00350237 reigned in Gandhara as well as Western
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01458-00350238-00350513 Punjab Apollo datas the first was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01459-00350514-00350758 succeeded by a ruled alongside ante mcus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01460-00350759-00350924 the second likely the son of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01461-00350925-00351133 bactrian King ante MCUs the first in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01462-00351134-00351575 about 155 or 165 BC he seems to have
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01463-00351576-00351779 been succeeded by the most successful of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01464-00351780-00351985 the Indo Greek kings Menander the first
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01465-00351986-00352196 Menander converted to Buddhism and seems
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01466-00352197-00352337 to have been a great patron of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01467-00352338-00352490 religion he is remembered in some
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01468-00352491-00352735 Buddhist texts as Malinda he also
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01469-00352736-00352937 expanded the kingdom further east into
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01470-00352938-00353117 punjab though these conquests were
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01471-00353118-00353387 rather ephemeral after the death of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01472-00353388-00353467 Menander
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01473-00353468-00353750 c-130 bc the kingdom appears to have
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01474-00353751-00353978 fragmented with several kings attested
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01475-00353979-00354172 contemporaneously in different regions
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01476-00354173-00354409 this inevitably weakened the Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01477-00354410-00354605 position and territory seems to have
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01478-00354606-00354962 been lost progressively around 70 BC the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01479-00354963-00355187 western regions of Iraq OSHA and parappa
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01480-00355188-00355391 mesa de were lost to tribal invasions
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01481-00355392-00355625 presumably by those tribes responsible
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01482-00355626-00355862 for the end of the bactrian kingdom the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01483-00355863-00356066 resulting in dosa theand kingdom seems
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01484-00356067-00356243 to have gradually pushed the remaining
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01485-00356244-00356432 indo-greek kingdom towards the east
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01486-00356433-00356678 the indo-greek kingdom appears to have
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01487-00356679-00356867 lingered on in western punjab until
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01488-00356868-00357122 about 10 ad at which time it was finally
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01489-00357123-00357404 ended by the Indo Scythians after
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01490-00357405-00357599 conquering the Indo Greeks the Kushan
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01491-00357600-00357827 Empire took over Greco Buddhism the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01492-00357828-00358022 Greek language Greek script Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01493-00358023-00358301 coinage and artistic styles Greeks
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01494-00358302-00358496 continued being an important part of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01495-00358497-00358767 cultural world of India for generations
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01496-00358768-00358968 the depictions of the Buddha appeared to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01497-00358969-00359139 have been influenced by Greek culture
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01498-00359140-00359340 Buddha representations in the gandara
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01499-00359341-00359535 period often showed Buddha under the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01500-00359536-00359712 protection of Heracles several
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01501-00359713-00359901 references in Indian literature praised
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01502-00359902-00360054 the knowledge of the yavanas or the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01503-00360055-00360330 Greeks the Mahabharata complements them
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01504-00360331-00360621 as the all-knowing yavanas sarvajna
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01505-00360622-00360948 yvonne de ji the yavanas O'Kane are
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01506-00360949-00361161 all-knowing the Siras are particularly
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01507-00361162-00361461 so the Malecha tsar wedded to the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01508-00361462-00361755 creations of their own fancy such as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01509-00361756-00361920 flying machines that are generally
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01510-00361921-00362286 called Vimanas the BRE Hatsumi de of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01511-00362287-00362532 mathematician Vera Hema Hera says the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01512-00362533-00362763 Greeks though impure must be honored
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01513-00362764-00362976 since they were trained in Sciences and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01514-00362977-00363232 therein excelled others
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01515-00363233-00363593 you
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01516-00363594-00363843 topic other states and Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01517-00363844-00364290 influences
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01518-00364291-00364516 Hellenistic culture was at its height of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01519-00364517-00364690 world influence in the Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01520-00364691-00364954 period hellenism or at least Phil
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01521-00364955-00365143 Hellenism reached most regions on the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01522-00365144-00365307 frontiers of the Hellenistic kingdoms
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01523-00365308-00365542 though some of these regions were not
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01524-00365543-00365755 ruled by Greeks or even Greek speaking
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01525-00365756-00365977 elites certain Hellenistic influences
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01526-00365978-00366169 can be seen in the historical record and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01527-00366170-00366424 material culture of these regions other
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01528-00366425-00366628 regions had established contact with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01529-00366629-00366832 Greek colonies before this period and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01530-00366833-00367037 simply saw a continued process of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01531-00367038-00367337 hellenization and intermixing before the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01532-00367338-00367549 Hellenistic period Greek colonies had
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01533-00367550-00367708 been established on the coast of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01534-00367709-00367966 crimina and taman peninsulas the BAS
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01535-00367967-00368179 brand kingdom was a multi-ethnic kingdom
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01536-00368180-00368383 of Greek city-states and local tribal
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01537-00368384-00368605 peoples such as the may oceans Thracians
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01538-00368606-00368837 Cree mean Scythians and Sumerians under
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01539-00368838-00369328 the spar Tosa dynasty 438 to 110 BC the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01540-00369329-00369535 sparta seeds were a Hellenized Thracian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01541-00369536-00369739 family from pan tikka p.m. the BAS
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01542-00369740-00369970 brands had long lasting trade contacts
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01543-00369971-00370147 with the Scythian peoples of the Pontic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01544-00370148-00370333 Caspian steppe and Hellenistic influence
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01545-00370334-00370549 can be seen in the city and settlements
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01546-00370550-00370735 of the Crimea such as in the Scythian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01547-00370736-00371017 Neapolis Scythian pressure on the BAS
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01548-00371018-00371233 bran kingdom under Paris aids VIII led
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01549-00371234-00371410 to its eventual vassalage under the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01550-00371411-00371605 pondok King Mithridates vi for
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01551-00371606-00372052 protection C 107 BC it later became a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01552-00372053-00372314 Roman client state other Scythians on
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01553-00372315-00372488 the steppes of Central Asia came into
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01554-00372489-00372691 contact with Hellenistic culture through
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01555-00372692-00372952 the Greeks of Bactria many city and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01556-00372953-00373150 elites purchased Greek products and some
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01557-00373151-00373429 Scythian art shows Greek influences at
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01558-00373430-00373615 least some Scythians seem to have become
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01559-00373616-00373843 Hellenized because we know of conflicts
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01560-00373844-00373988 between the elites of the Scythian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01561-00373989-00374175 kingdom over the adoption of greek ways
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01562-00374176-00374458 these hellenized Scythians were known as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01563-00374459-00374764 the young Scythians the peoples around
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01564-00374765-00375001 pondok Albia known as the khalipa t were
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01565-00375002-00375249 intermixed in Hellenized greco Scythians
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01566-00375250-00375532 the Greek colonies on the west coast of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01567-00375533-00375766 the Black Sea such as istros Thome and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01568-00375767-00375973 Cala DS traded with the Thracian get a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01569-00375974-00376262 who occupied modern-day dobra from the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01570-00376263-00376501 6th century BC on the multi-ethnic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01571-00376502-00376675 people in this region gradually
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01572-00376676-00376855 intermixed with each other creating a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01573-00376856-00377140 Greco getting populous numismatic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01574-00377141-00377332 evidence shows that Hellenic influence
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01575-00377333-00377564 penetrated further inland g'day in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01576-00377565-00377681 Wallachia and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01577-00377682-00377885 davia coin get ik tetrode Rams get
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01578-00377886-00378134 accommodations of macedonian coinage the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01579-00378135-00378311 ancient georgian kingdoms had trade
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01580-00378312-00378512 relations with the greek city-states on
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01581-00378513-00378740 the Black Sea coast such as podían Sokka
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01582-00378741-00378998 me the kingdom of Colchis which later
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01583-00378999-00379205 became a Roman client state received
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01584-00379206-00379397 Hellenistic influences from the Black
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01585-00379398-00379706 Sea Greek colonies in Arabia Bahrain
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01586-00379707-00379910 which was referred to by the Greeks as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01587-00379911-00380120 tylose the center of pearl trading when
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01588-00380121-00380291 nearchus came to discover it serving
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01589-00380292-00380534 under Alexander the Great the greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01590-00380535-00380711 admiral nearchus is believed to have
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01591-00380712-00380912 been the first of Alexander's commanders
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01592-00380913-00381167 to visit these islands it is not known
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01593-00381168-00381356 whether Bahrain was part of the Seleucid
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01594-00381357-00381554 Empire although the archaeological site
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01595-00381555-00381812 at Qalat Alba reign has been proposed as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01596-00381813-00382045 a solution base in the Persian Gulf
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01597-00382046-00382247 Alexander had planned to settle the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01598-00382248-00382436 eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01599-00382437-00382601 Greek colonists and although it is not
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01600-00382602-00382793 clear that this happened on the scale he
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01601-00382794-00383024 envisaged kylos was very much part of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01602-00383025-00383207 the Hellenized world the language of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01603-00383208-00383423 upper classes was Greek although Aramaic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01604-00383424-00383603 was in everyday use while Zeus was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01605-00383604-00383768 worshipped in the form of the Arabian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01606-00383769-00384083 Sun God shams ty Lowe's even became the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01607-00384084-00384431 site of Greek athletic contests Carthage
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01608-00384432-00384629 was a Phoenician colony on the coast of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01609-00384630-00384878 Tunisia Carthaginian culture came into
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01610-00384879-00385061 contact with the Greeks through Punic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01611-00385062-00385235 colonies in Sicily and through their
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01612-00385236-00385439 widespread Mediterranean trade network
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01613-00385440-00385691 while the Carthaginians retained their
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01614-00385692-00385862 Punic culture and language they did
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01615-00385863-00386060 adopt some Hellenistic ways one of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01616-00386061-00386204 most prominent of which was their
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01617-00386205-00386603 military practices in 550 BC Mago the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01618-00386604-00386789 first of Carthage began a series of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01619-00386790-00387035 military reforms which included copying
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01620-00387036-00387266 the army of Tamale on tyrant of Syracuse
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01621-00387267-00387548 the core of Carthage's military was the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01622-00387549-00387776 Greek style phalanx formed by citizen
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01623-00387777-00387917 hoplite spearmen who had been
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01624-00387918-00388091 conscripted into service though their
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01625-00388092-00388280 armies also included large numbers of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01626-00388281-00388547 mercenaries after their defeat in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01627-00388548-00388790 First Punic War Carthage hired a Spartan
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01628-00388791-00389021 mercenary captain Xanthippus of Carthage
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01629-00389022-00389239 to reform their military forces
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01630-00389240-00389474 Xanthippus reformed the Carthaginian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01631-00389475-00389831 military along Macedonian army lines by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01632-00389832-00390053 the second century BC the kingdom of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01633-00390054-00390269 numidia also began to see Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01634-00390270-00390416 culture influence its art and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01635-00390417-00390713 architecture the Numidian royal monument
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01636-00390714-00390929 had come to as one example of new midian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01637-00390930-00391086 Hellenized architecture
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01638-00391087-00391332 reliefs on the monument also showed the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01639-00391333-00391500 new midians had adopted greco-macedonian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01640-00391501-00391728 type armor and shields for their
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01641-00391729-00391956 soldiers Ptolemaic Egypt was the center
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01642-00391957-00392160 of Hellenistic influence in Africa and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01643-00392161-00392346 Greek colonies also thrived in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01644-00392347-00392631 region of Cyrene II Libya the kingdom of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01645-00392632-00392826 meroe was in constant contact with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01646-00392827-00392997 Ptolemaic Egypt and Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01647-00392998-00393207 influences can be seen in their art and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01648-00393208-00393456 archaeology there was a temple to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01649-00393457-00393982 Serapis the Greco Egyptian god
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01650-00393983-00394481 topic rise of Rome
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01651-00394482-00394716 widespread roman interference in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01652-00394717-00394875 Greek world was probably inevitable
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01653-00394876-00395043 given the general manner of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01654-00395044-00395304 ascendancy of the Roman Republic this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01655-00395305-00395510 Roman Greek interaction began as a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01656-00395511-00395694 consequence of the Greek city-states
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01657-00395695-00395871 located along the coast of southern
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01658-00395872-00396129 Italy Rome had come to dominate the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01659-00396130-00396315 Italian peninsula and desired the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01660-00396316-00396485 submission of the Greek cities to its
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01661-00396486-00396707 rule although they initially resisted
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01662-00396708-00396930 align themselves with Pyrrhus of Epirus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01663-00396931-00397149 and defeating the Romans at several
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01664-00397150-00397332 battles the Greek cities were unable to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01665-00397333-00397539 maintain this position and were absorbed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01666-00397540-00397668 by the Roman Republic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01667-00397669-00397941 shortly afterwards Rome became involved
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01668-00397942-00398115 in sicily fighting against the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01669-00398116-00398394 Carthaginians in the First Punic War the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01670-00398395-00398607 end result was the complete conquest of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01671-00398608-00398847 Sicily including its previously powerful
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01672-00398848-00399107 Greek cities by the Romans
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01673-00399108-00399390 Roman entanglement in the Balkans began
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01674-00399391-00399608 when Illyrian piratical raids on Roman
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01675-00399609-00399801 merchants led to invasions of Illyria
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01676-00399802-00400043 the first and second illyrian Wars
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01677-00400044-00400287 tension between Macedon and Rome
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01678-00400288-00400497 increased when the young king of Macedon
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01679-00400498-00400599 Philip v
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01680-00400600-00400752 harbored one of the chief pirates
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01681-00400753-00401004 demetrius of Pharos a former client of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01682-00401005-00401282 rome as a result in an attempt to reduce
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01683-00401283-00401520 Roman influence in the Balkans Philip
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01684-00401521-00401708 allied himself with Carthage after
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01685-00401709-00401898 Hannibal had dealt the Romans a massive
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01686-00401899-00402147 defeat at the Battle of cannae 216 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01687-00402148-00402456 during the Second Punic War forcing the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01688-00402457-00402635 Romans to fight on another front when
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01689-00402636-00402816 they were at a nadir of manpower gain
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01690-00402817-00403020 Philip the lasting enmity of the Romans
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01691-00403021-00403259 the only real result from the somewhat
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01692-00403260-00403581 insubstantial first Macedonian war 215
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01693-00403582-00403992 to 202 BC once the second Punic War had
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01694-00403993-00404183 been resolved and the Romans had begun
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01695-00404184-00404355 to regather their strength they look to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01696-00404356-00404532 reassert their influence in the Balkans
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01697-00404533-00404750 and to curb the expansion of Philip a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01698-00404751-00405024 pretext for war was provided by Philips
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01699-00405025-00405219 refusal to end his war with Italian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01700-00405220-00405433 Pergamum and Rhodes both Roman allies
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01701-00405434-00405699 the Romans also allied with the a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01702-00405700-00405891 Italian League of Greek city states
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01703-00405892-00406082 which resented Philips power thus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01704-00406083-00406347 declared war on Macedon in 200 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01705-00406348-00406644 starting the second Macedonian war this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01706-00406645-00406863 ended with a decisive Roman victory at
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01707-00406864-00407250 the Battle of cynosure fly 197 BC like
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01708-00407251-00407459 most Roman peace treaties of the period
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01709-00407460-00407667 the resultant piece of Flaminius was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01710-00407668-00407858 designed udderly to crush the power of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01711-00407859-00408080 defeated party a massive indemnity was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01712-00408081-00408275 levied Philips fleet was surrendered to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01713-00408276-00408455 Rome and Macedon was effectively
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01714-00408456-00408626 returned to its ancient boundaries
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01715-00408627-00408837 losing influence over the city-states of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01716-00408838-00409028 southern Greece and land in Thrace and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01717-00409029-00409283 Asia Minor the result was the end of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01718-00409284-00409470 Macedon as a major power in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01719-00409471-00409730 Mediterranean as a result of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01720-00409731-00409901 confusion in Greece at the end of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01721-00409902-00410112 second Macedonian war the seleucid
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01722-00410113-00410316 empire also became entangled with the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01723-00410317-00410616 Romans the Seleucid Antiochus the third
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01724-00410617-00410870 had allied with philip v of Macedon in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01725-00410871-00411153 203 BC agreeing that they should jointly
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01726-00411154-00411314 conquer the lands of the boy king of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01727-00411315-00411576 Egypt Ptolemy v after defeating Ptolemy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01728-00411577-00411776 in the 5th Syrian war Antiochus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01729-00411777-00412001 concentrated on occupying the Ptolemaic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01730-00412002-00412151 possessions in Asia Minor
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01731-00412152-00412416 however this brought Antiochus into
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01732-00412417-00412607 conflict with roads and Pergamum two
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01733-00412608-00412847 important Roman allies and began a cold
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01734-00412848-00413076 war between Rome and Antiochus not
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01735-00413077-00413243 helped by the presence of Hannibal at
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01736-00413244-00413534 the Seleucid court meanwhile in mainland
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01737-00413535-00413787 Greece the ætolians which had sided with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01738-00413788-00413999 Rome against Macedon now grew to resent
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01739-00414000-00414245 the Roman presence in Greece this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01740-00414246-00414447 presented Antiochus the third with a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01741-00414447-00414680 pretext to invade Greece and liberate it
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01742-00414681-00414870 from Roman influence thus starting the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01743-00414871-00415493 Roman Syrian war 192 to 188 BC in 191 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01744-00415494-00415718 the Romans under Manea sicilius globe
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01745-00415719-00415878 Rio routed him at Thermopylae and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01746-00415879-00416135 obliged him to withdraw to Asia during
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01747-00416136-00416316 the course of this war Roman troops
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01748-00416317-00416528 moved into Asia for the first time where
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01749-00416529-00416714 they defeated Antiochus again at the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01750-00416715-00417066 Battle of magnesia 190 BC a crippling
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01751-00417067-00417284 treaty was imposed on Antiochus with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01752-00417285-00417464 Seleucid possessions in Asia Minor
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01753-00417465-00417672 removed and given to Rhodes in Pergamum
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01754-00417672-00417882 the size of the Seleucid Navy reduced
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01755-00417883-00418218 and a massive war indemnity invoked thus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01756-00418218-00418464 in less than 20 years Rome had destroyed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01757-00418464-00418655 the power of one of the successor states
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01758-00418656-00418868 crippled another and firmly entrenched
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01759-00418869-00419114 its influence over Greece this was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01760-00419115-00419330 primarily a result of the over ambition
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01761-00419331-00419495 of the Macedonian kings and their
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01762-00419496-00419697 unintended provocation of Rome though
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01763-00419697-00419858 Rome was quick to exploit the situation
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01764-00419859-00420191 in another 20 years the Macedonian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01765-00420192-00420437 Kingdom was no more seeking to reassert
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01766-00420438-00420681 Macedonian power and Greek independence
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01767-00420682-00420906 Philip the fifth son Perseus incurred
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01768-00420907-00421097 the wrath of the Romans resulting in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01769-00421098-00421251 third Macedonian war
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01770-00421252-00421767 171 to 168 BC victorious the Romans
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01771-00421768-00421929 abolished the Macedonian Kingdom
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01772-00421930-00422160 replacing it with four puppet republics
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01773-00422160-00422372 these lasted a further 20 years before
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01774-00422374-00422618 Macedon was formally annexed as a Roman
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01775-00422620-00422897 province 146 BC after yet another
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01776-00422899-00423162 rebellion under Andrews cos Rome now
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01777-00423163-00423330 demanded that the Achaean League the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01778-00423331-00423555 last stronghold of Greek independence be
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01779-00423556-00423818 dissolved the Acadians refused and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01780-00423820-00424053 declared war on Rome most of the Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01781-00424054-00424278 cities rallied to the Achaean side even
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01782-00424279-00424439 slaves were freed to fight for Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01783-00424441-00424728 independence the Roman consul lucius
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01784-00424729-00424941 Mumia said van strum Macedonia and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01785-00424942-00425130 defeated the Greeks at Corinth which was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01786-00425131-00425517 razed to the ground in 146 BC the Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01787-00425518-00425712 Peninsula though not the islands became
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01788-00425713-00425991 a Roman protectorate Roman taxes were
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01789-00425992-00426218 imposed except in Athens and Sparta and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01790-00426220-00426405 all the cities had to accept rule by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01791-00426406-00426747 Rome's local allies the attalia dynasty
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01792-00426747-00426960 of Pergamum lasted little longer the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01793-00426960-00427029 Roman Ally
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01794-00427030-00427254 until the end its final king Attalus the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01795-00427255-00427547 third died in 133 BC without an heir and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01796-00427549-00427725 taking the alliance to its natural
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01797-00427726-00427929 conclusion willed Pergamum to the roman
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01798-00427930-00428222 republic the final greek resistance came
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01799-00428224-00428514 in 88 BC when King Mithridates of pondus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01800-00428514-00428718 rebelled against Rome captured Roman
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01801-00428718-00428925 held Anatolia and massacred up to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01802-00428926-00429185 100,000 Romans and Roman allies across
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01803-00429187-00429501 Asia Minor many Greek cities including
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01804-00429502-00429699 Athens overthrew their Roman puppet
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01805-00429700-00429849 rulers and joined him in the Mithra
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01806-00429850-00430107 Dadich Wars when he was driven out of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01807-00430108-00430260 Greece by the Roman general Lucius
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01808-00430260-00430503 Cornelius sulla the latter laid siege to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01809-00430504-00430672 Athens and razed the city
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01810-00430674-00430920 Mithridates was finally defeated by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01811-00430921-00431124 gnaeus pompeius Magnus Pompey the great
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01812-00431125-00431496 in 65 BC further ruin was brought to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01813-00431497-00431700 Greece by the Roman civil wars which
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01814-00431701-00431858 were partly fought in Greece
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01815-00431859-00432225 finally in 27 BC Augustus directly
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01816-00432226-00432420 annexed Greece to the new Roman Empire
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01817-00432421-00432684 as the province of akia the struggles
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01818-00432685-00432903 with Rome had left Greece depopulated
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01819-00432904-00433172 and demoralized nevertheless Roman rule
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01820-00433174-00433368 at least brought an end to warfare and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01821-00433368-00433538 cities such as Athens Corinth
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01822-00433539-00433772 Thessaloniki and Patras soon recovered
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01823-00433774-00433913 their prosperity
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01824-00433914-00434175 contrarily having so firmly entrenched
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01825-00434176-00434393 themselves into greek affairs the romans
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01826-00434395-00434583 now completely ignored the rapidly
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01827-00434584-00434652 disintegrate
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01828-00434653-00434877 seleucid empire perhaps because it posed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01829-00434878-00435078 no threat and left the Ptolemaic Kingdom
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01830-00435079-00435282 to decline quietly while acting as a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01831-00435283-00435483 protector of sorts and as much as to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01832-00435484-00435668 stop other powers taking Egypt over
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01833-00435670-00435852 including the famous line in the sand
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01834-00435853-00436056 incident when the Seleucid Antiochus the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01835-00436057-00436313 fourth Epiphanes tried to invade Egypt
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01836-00436314-00436575 eventually instability in the near East
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01837-00436576-00436782 resulting from the power vacuum left by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01838-00436783-00436920 the collapse of the Seleucid Empire
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01839-00436921-00437175 caused the Roman proconsul Pompey the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01840-00437176-00437379 great to abolish the Seleucid rump state
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01841-00437380-00437597 absorbing much of Syria into the Roman
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01842-00437599-00437901 Republic famously the end of Ptolemaic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01843-00437902-00438084 Egypt came as the final act in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01844-00438085-00438291 Republican civil war between the Roman
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01845-00438292-00438489 triumvir Mark Anthony and Augustus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01846-00438489-00438756 Caesar after the defeat of Anthony and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01847-00438757-00438975 his lover the last Ptolemaic monarch
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01848-00438976-00439188 Cleopatra the seventh at the Battle of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01849-00439189-00439428 Actium Augustus invaded Egypt and took
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01850-00439429-00439593 it as his own personal fiefdom
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01851-00439593-00439791 he thereby completed both the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01852-00439792-00439956 destruction of the Hellenistic kingdoms
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01853-00439957-00440166 and the Roman Republic and ended in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01854-00440167-00440635 hindsight the Hellenistic era
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01855-00440635-00441135 topic culture
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01856-00441136-00441352 in some fields Hellenistic culture
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01857-00441353-00441556 thrived particularly in its preservation
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01858-00441557-00441810 of the past the states of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01859-00441811-00442035 Hellenistic period were deeply fixated
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01860-00442036-00442197 with the past and its seemingly lost
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01861-00442198-00442462 glories the preservation of many
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01862-00442463-00442687 classical and archaic works of art and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01863-00442688-00442860 literature including the works of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01864-00442861-00443035 three great classical tragedians
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01865-00443035-00443295 Aeschylus Sophocles and Euripides are
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01866-00443296-00443433 due to the efforts of the Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01867-00443434-00443707 Greeks the Museum and Library of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01868-00443708-00443887 Alexandria was the center of this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01869-00443888-00444147 conservationists activity with the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01870-00444148-00444387 support of royal stipends Alexandrian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01871-00444388-00444616 scholars collected translated copied
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01872-00444617-00444829 classified and critiqued every book they
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01873-00444830-00445062 could find most of the great literary
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01874-00445063-00445218 figures of the Hellenistic period
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01875-00445219-00445462 studied at Alexandria and conducted
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01876-00445463-00445726 research there they were scholar poets
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01877-00445727-00445947 writing not only poetry but treatises on
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01878-00445948-00446125 homer and other archaic and classical
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01879-00446126-00446374 Greek literature Athens retained its
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01880-00446375-00446572 position as the most prestigious seat of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01881-00446572-00446764 higher education especially in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01882-00446764-00446962 domains of philosophy and rhetoric with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01883-00446963-00447183 considerable libraries and philosophical
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01884-00447184-00447462 schools Alexandria had the monumental
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01885-00447463-00447739 Museum ie Research Center and Library of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01886-00447739-00447945 Alexandria which was estimated to have
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01887-00447946-00448266 had 700 thousand volumes the city of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01888-00448267-00448497 Pergamon also had a large library and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01889-00448498-00448702 became a major center of book production
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01890-00448703-00448972 the island of rhodes had a library and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01891-00448972-00449176 also boasted a famous finishing school
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01892-00449177-00449476 for politics and diplomacy libraries
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01893-00449477-00449697 were also present in Antioch Pella and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01894-00449698-00450001 COEs Cicero was educated in Athens and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01895-00450002-00450243 Mark Antony in Rhodes Antioch was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01896-00450244-00450439 founded as a metropolis and center of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01897-00450439-00450633 Greek learning which retained its status
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01898-00450634-00450928 into the era of Christianity Seleucia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01899-00450929-00451147 replaced Babylon as the metropolis of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01900-00451147-00451429 the lower Tigris the spread of Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01901-00451430-00451600 culture and language throughout the Near
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01902-00451601-00451764 East in Asia owed much to the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01903-00451765-00451978 development of newly founded cities and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01904-00451979-00452193 deliberate colonization policies by the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01905-00452194-00452385 successor states which in turn was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01906-00452386-00452587 necessary for maintaining their military
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01907-00452588-00452895 forces settlements such as icon doom on
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01908-00452896-00453100 trade routes allowed Greek culture to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01909-00453101-00453418 mix and spread the language of philip ii
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01910-00453418-00453612 in Alexander's court and army which was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01911-00453613-00453787 made up of various Greek and non-greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01912-00453788-00454027 speaking peoples was a version of attic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01913-00454028-00454180 Greek and over time this language
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01914-00454181-00454408 developed into coin the lingua franca of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01915-00454409-00454581 the successor state
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01916-00454582-00454835 the identification of local gods with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01917-00454837-00455058 similar Greek deities a practice termed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01918-00455059-00455280 interpretation Rika stimulated the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01919-00455281-00455457 building of Greek style temples and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01920-00455458-00455634 Greek culture in the cities meant that
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01921-00455635-00455843 buildings such as gymnasia and theaters
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01922-00455845-00456120 became common many cities maintained
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01923-00456121-00456314 nominal autonomy while under the rule of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01924-00456316-00456543 the local king or satrap and often had
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01925-00456543-00456789 Greek style institutions Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01926-00456789-00457056 dedications statues architecture and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01927-00457057-00457314 inscriptions have all been found however
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01928-00457314-00457551 local cultures were not replaced and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01929-00457552-00457749 mostly went on as before but now with a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01930-00457750-00457932 new greco-macedonian or otherwise
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01931-00457933-00458205 Hellenized elite an example that shows
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01932-00458206-00458355 the spread of Greek Theatre as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01933-00458356-00458541 Plutarch's story of the death of Crassus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01934-00458542-00458730 in which his head was taken to the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01935-00458731-00458931 Parthian court and used as a prop in a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01936-00458932-00459197 performance of The Bacchae theaters have
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01937-00459199-00459441 also been found for example in Iconium
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01938-00459442-00459639 on the edge of Bactria the theater has
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01939-00459639-00459867 35 rows larger than the theatre in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01940-00459868-00460170 Babylon the spread of Greek influence
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01941-00460171-00460335 and language is also shown through
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01942-00460335-00460610 ancient Greek coinage portraits became
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01943-00460612-00460791 more realistic and the obverse of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01944-00460792-00460959 coin was often used to display a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01945-00460960-00461163 propagandistic image commemorating an
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01946-00461164-00461331 event or displaying the image of a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01947-00461332-00461580 favored God the use of Greek style
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01948-00461581-00461787 portraits and Greek language continued
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01949-00461788-00461982 under the Roman Parthian and Kushan
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01950-00461983-00462204 empires even as the use of Greek was in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01951-00462205-00462524 decline
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01952-00462525-00463118 topic hellenization and acculturation
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01953-00463119-00463380 the concept of hellenization meaning the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01954-00463381-00463578 adoption of Greek culture in non Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01955-00463579-00463802 regions has long been controversial
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01956-00463803-00464055 undoubtedly Greek influence did spread
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01957-00464056-00464229 through the Hellenistic realms but to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01958-00464230-00464372 what extent and whether this was a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01959-00464373-00464568 deliberate policy or mere cultural
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01960-00464568-00464843 diffusion have been hotly debated it
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01961-00464844-00465041 seems likely that Alexander himself
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01962-00465042-00465222 pursued policies which led to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01963-00465222-00465453 hellenization such as the foundations of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01964-00465454-00465722 new cities and Greek colonies while it
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01965-00465723-00465888 may have been a deliberate attempt to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01966-00465889-00466158 spread Greek culture or as Aryan says to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01967-00466159-00466428 civilize the natives it is more likely
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01968-00466429-00466602 that it was a series of pragmatic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01969-00466603-00466779 measures designed to aid in the rule of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01970-00466780-00467076 his enormous Empire cities and colonies
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01971-00467077-00467277 were centers of administrative control
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01972-00467278-00467454 and Macedonian power in the newly
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01973-00467455-00467772 conquered region Alexander also seems to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01974-00467772-00467925 have attempted to create a mixed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01975-00467926-00468132 greco-persian elite class as shown by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01976-00468133-00468309 the Sousa weddings and his adoption of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01977-00468310-00468504 some forms of Persian dress in court
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01978-00468505-00468762 culture he also brought Persian and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01979-00468763-00468927 other non Greek peoples into his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01980-00468928-00469122 military and even the elite cavalry
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01981-00469122-00469425 units of the companion cavalry again it
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01982-00469426-00469641 is probably better to see these policies
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01983-00469642-00469845 as a pragmatic response to the demands
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01984-00469846-00470037 of ruling a large Empire than to any
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01985-00470038-00470222 idealized attempt to bringing Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01986-00470223-00470495 culture to the barbarians this approach
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01987-00470496-00470714 was bitterly resented by the Macedonians
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01988-00470716-00470897 and discarded by most of the diadochi
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01989-00470898-00471204 after Alexander's death these policies
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01990-00471205-00471408 can also be interpreted as the result of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01991-00471409-00471635 Alexander's possible megalomania during
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01992-00471637-00471947 his later years after Alexander's death
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01993-00471948-00472293 in 323 BC the influx of Greek colonists
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01994-00472293-00472458 into the new realms continued to spread
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01995-00472459-00472731 Greek culture into Asia the founding of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01996-00472732-00472922 new cities and military colonies
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01997-00472923-00473093 continued to be a major part of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01998-00473094-00473289 successor struggle for control of any
+FLWcirqb_Xg-01999-00473289-00473499 particular region and these continued to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02000-00473500-00473745 be centers of cultural diffusion the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02001-00473746-00473901 spread of Greek culture under the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02002-00473902-00474099 successors seems mostly to have occurred
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02003-00474100-00474293 with the spreading of Greeks themselves
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02004-00474294-00474479 rather than as an active policy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02005-00474480-00474722 throughout the Hellenistic world these
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02006-00474723-00474957 greco-macedonian colonists considered
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02007-00474958-00475176 themselves by and large superior to the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02008-00475177-00475491 native barbarians and excluded most non
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02009-00475492-00475668 Greeks from the upper echelons of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02010-00475668-00475929 courtly in government life most of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02011-00475930-00476157 native population was not Hellenized had
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02012-00476158-00476372 little access to Greek culture and often
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02013-00476373-00476512 found themselves discriminate
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02014-00476513-00476745 against by their Hellenic overlords
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02015-00476746-00477004 gymnasiums and their Greek education for
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02016-00477005-00477268 example were for Greeks only Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02017-00477268-00477460 cities and colonies may have exported
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02018-00477460-00477688 Greek art and architecture as far as the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02019-00477689-00477885 Indus but these were mostly enclaves of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02020-00477887-00478087 Greek culture for the transplanted Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02021-00478088-00478354 elite the degree of influence that Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02022-00478355-00478525 culture had throughout the Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02023-00478526-00478729 kingdoms was therefore highly localized
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02024-00478730-00478947 and based mostly on a few great cities
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02025-00478949-00479268 like Alexandria and Antioch some natives
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02026-00479270-00479509 did learn Greek and adopt Greek ways but
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02027-00479510-00479692 this was mostly limited to a few local
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02028-00479693-00479863 elites who were allowed to retain their
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02029-00479864-00480064 posts by the diadochi and also to a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02030-00480064-00480271 small number of mid-level administrators
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02031-00480272-00480468 who acted as intermediaries between the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02032-00480470-00480643 Greek speaking upper class and their
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02033-00480643-00480901 subjects in the Seleucid Empire
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02034-00480902-00481120 for example this group amounted to only
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02035-00481121-00481450 2.5% of the official class Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02036-00481451-00481606 art nevertheless had a considerable
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02037-00481607-00481797 influence on the cultures that had been
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02038-00481799-00482010 affected by the Hellenistic expansion as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02039-00482010-00482220 far as the Indian subcontinent
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02040-00482221-00482476 Hellenistic influence on Indian art was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02041-00482477-00482668 broad and far-reaching and had effects
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02042-00482668-00482845 for several centuries following the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02043-00482846-00483047 forays of Alexander the Great
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02044-00483049-00483285 despite their initial reluctance the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02045-00483287-00483424 successors seemed to have later
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02046-00483425-00483628 deliberately naturalized themselves to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02047-00483629-00483808 their different regions presumably in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02048-00483809-00483982 order to help maintain control of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02049-00483983-00484276 population in the Ptolemaic Kingdom we
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02050-00484277-00484447 find some Egyptian eyes Greeks by the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02051-00484447-00484735 second century onwards in the indo-greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02052-00484735-00484945 kingdom we find Kings who were converts
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02053-00484946-00485275 to Buddhism eg Menander the Greeks in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02054-00485276-00485472 the regions therefore gradually become
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02055-00485474-00485701 localized adopting local customs as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02056-00485702-00485950 appropriate in this way hybrid
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02057-00485951-00486163 Hellenistic cultures naturally emerged
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02058-00486164-00486355 at least among the upper echelons of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02059-00486356-00486545 society
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02060-00486546-00486743 the trends of hellenization were
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02061-00486743-00486953 therefore accompanied by Greeks adopting
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02062-00486954-00487139 native ways over time but this was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02063-00487139-00487331 widely varied by place and by social
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02064-00487332-00487577 class the farther away from the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02065-00487578-00487775 Mediterranean and the lower in social
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02066-00487776-00487985 status the more likely that a colonist
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02067-00487985-00488162 was to adopt local ways while the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02068-00488163-00488351 greco-macedonian elites and royal
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02069-00488352-00488531 families usually remained thoroughly
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02070-00488532-00488708 Greek and viewed most non Greeks with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02071-00488709-00488984 disdain it was not until Cleopatra the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02072-00488985-00489191 seventh that a Ptolemaic ruler bothered
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02073-00489192-00489359 to learn the Egyptian language of their
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02074-00489360-00489780 subjects
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02075-00489781-00490174 pick religion
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02076-00490175-00490408 in the Hellenistic period there was much
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02077-00490409-00490621 continuity in Greek religion the Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02078-00490622-00490818 gods continued to be worshipped and the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02079-00490820-00491008 same rights were practiced as before
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02080-00491009-00491230 however the socio-political changes
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02081-00491231-00491416 brought on by the conquest of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02082-00491417-00491620 Persian Empire and Greek emigration
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02083-00491621-00491806 abroad meant that change also came to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02084-00491807-00492085 religious practices this varied greatly
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02085-00492085-00492370 by location Athens Sparta and most
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02086-00492371-00492589 cities in the Greek mainland did not see
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02087-00492589-00492808 much religious change or new gods with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02088-00492809-00493000 the exception of the Egyptian Isis in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02089-00493001-00493228 Athens while the multi-ethnic Alexandria
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02090-00493229-00493426 had a very varied group of gods and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02091-00493427-00493635 religious practices including Egyptian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02092-00493637-00493909 Jewish and Greek Greek Emma Grey's
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02093-00493910-00494085 brought their Greek religion everywhere
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02094-00494087-00494263 they went even as far as India and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02095-00494264-00494584 Afghanistan non Greeks also had more
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02096-00494585-00494764 freedom to travel and trade throughout
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02097-00494764-00494962 the Mediterranean and in this period we
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02098-00494963-00495175 can see Egyptian gods such as Serapis
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02099-00495176-00495385 and the Syrian gods at our gate us and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02100-00495385-00495595 had it as well as a Jewish synagogue all
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02101-00495596-00495772 coexisting on the island of Delos
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02102-00495772-00496010 alongside classical Greek deities a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02103-00496012-00496276 common practice was to identify Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02104-00496277-00496495 gods with native gods that had similar
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02105-00496496-00496693 characteristics and this created new
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02106-00496693-00496947 fusions like Zeus Amman Aphrodite Haim a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02107-00496949-00497181 Hellenized a target us an Isis Demeter
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02108-00497182-00497443 Greek Emma Graves faced individual
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02109-00497443-00497641 religious choices they had not faced on
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02110-00497642-00497803 their home cities where the gods they
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02111-00497804-00498047 worshiped were dictated by tradition
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02112-00498049-00498280 Hellenistic monarchies were closely
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02113-00498281-00498472 associated with the religious life of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02114-00498472-00498700 the kingdoms they ruled this had already
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02115-00498701-00498922 been a feature of Macedonian kingship
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02116-00498922-00499216 which had priestly duties Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02117-00499217-00499399 Kings adopted patron deities as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02118-00499400-00499564 protectors of their house and sometimes
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02119-00499564-00499834 claimed descent from them the Seleucids
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02120-00499835-00500077 for example took on Apollo as patron the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02121-00500078-00500305 Antigonus had Heracles and the ptolemies
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02122-00500306-00500500 claimed Dionysus among others the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02123-00500501-00500749 worship of dynastic ruler cults was also
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02124-00500750-00500959 a feature of this period most notably in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02125-00500960-00501145 Egypt where the Ptolemies adopted
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02126-00501146-00501301 earlier fur onic practice and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02127-00501302-00501489 established themselves as god kings
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02128-00501489-00501789 these cults were usually associated with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02129-00501791-00501993 a specific temple in honor of the rulers
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02130-00501995-00502231 such as the Tala Maya at Alexandria and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02131-00502232-00502417 had their own festivals and theatrical
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02132-00502418-00502678 performances the setting up of ruler
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02133-00502679-00502888 cults was more based on the systematized
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02134-00502889-00503107 honors offered to the Kings sacrifice
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02135-00503108-00503443 prosky gnosis statues altars hymns which
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02136-00503443-00503560 put them on par with the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02137-00503560-00503785 God's ISO theism than on actual belief
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02138-00503785-00504012 of their divine nature according to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02139-00504013-00504235 Peter Green these cults did not produce
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02140-00504235-00504445 genuine belief of the divinity of rulers
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02141-00504446-00504703 among the Greeks and Macedonians the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02142-00504704-00504952 worship of Alexander was also popular as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02143-00504953-00505159 in the long-lived cult a terrific and of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02144-00505160-00505368 course at Alexandria where his tomb was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02145-00505369-00505714 located the Hellenistic age also saw a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02146-00505714-00505858 rise in the disillusionment with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02147-00505859-00506095 traditional religion the rise of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02148-00506096-00506289 philosophy and the sciences had removed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02149-00506290-00506437 the gods from many of their traditional
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02150-00506438-00506641 domains such as their role in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02151-00506642-00506785 movement of the heavenly bodies and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02152-00506785-00507058 natural disasters the Sophists
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02153-00507059-00507250 proclaimed the centrality of humanity
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02154-00507251-00507466 and agnosticism the belief in you Hemmer
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02155-00507467-00507660 ism the view that the gods were simply
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02156-00507661-00507891 ancient kings and heroes became popular
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02157-00507892-00508141 the popular philosopher Epicurus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02158-00508142-00508362 promoted a view of disinterested gods
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02159-00508363-00508566 living far away from the human realm in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02160-00508567-00508860 meta kasnia the apotheosis of rulers
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02161-00508861-00509068 also brought the idea of divinity down
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02162-00509068-00509284 to earth while there does seem to have
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02163-00509285-00509434 been a substantial decline in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02164-00509435-00509677 religiosity this was mostly reserved for
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02165-00509678-00509910 the educated classes magic was practiced
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02166-00509911-00510130 widely and this too was a continuation
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02167-00510131-00510385 from earlier times throughout the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02168-00510385-00510577 Hellenistic world people would consult
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02169-00510578-00510814 Oracle's and use charms and figurines to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02170-00510814-00511137 determine or to cast spells also
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02171-00511138-00511333 developed in this era was the complex
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02172-00511334-00511522 system of astrology which sought to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02173-00511522-00511675 determine a person's character and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02174-00511676-00511879 future in the movements of the Sun Moon
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02175-00511880-00512158 and planets astrology was widely
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02176-00512159-00512380 associated with the cult of Teich luck
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02177-00512381-00512593 fortune which grew in popularity during
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02178-00512593-00512983 this period
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02179-00512984-00513417 topic literature
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02180-00513418-00513672 the Hellenistic period saw the rise of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02181-00513673-00513867 new comedy the only few surviving
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02182-00513868-00514071 representative texts being those of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02183-00514072-00514515 Menander born 342 over 1 BC only one
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02184-00514516-00514752 play Disko lows survives in its entirety
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02185-00514753-00515022 the plots of this new Hellenistic comedy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02186-00515023-00515193 of manners were more domestic and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02187-00515194-00515418 formulaic stereotypical lowborn
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02188-00515419-00515625 characters such as slaves became more
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02189-00515626-00515820 important the language was colloquial
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02190-00515821-00516015 and major motifs included escapism
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02191-00516016-00516352 marriage romance and luck Tosh though no
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02192-00516353-00516589 Hellenistic tragedy remains intact they
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02193-00516589-00516750 were still widely produced during the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02194-00516751-00516933 period yet it seems that there was no
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02195-00516934-00517137 major breakthrough in style remaining
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02196-00517138-00517341 within the classical model the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02197-00517342-00517539 supplemental Hellenistic 'im a modern
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02198-00517540-00517746 collection of extant fragments contains
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02199-00517747-00518035 the fragments of 150 authors Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02200-00518035-00518227 poets now sought patronage from kings
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02201-00518228-00518460 and wrote works in their honor the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02202-00518461-00518685 scholars at the libraries in Alexandria
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02203-00518686-00518883 and Pergamon focused on the collection
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02204-00518884-00519120 cataloguing and literary criticism of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02205-00519121-00519325 classical Athenian works and ancient
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02206-00519326-00519594 Greek myths the poet critic callimachus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02207-00519595-00519831 a staunch elitist wrote him Zack waiting
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02208-00519832-00520119 ptolemy ii to Zeus and Apollo he
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02209-00520120-00520344 promoted short poetic forms such as the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02210-00520345-00520554 epigram EEP eilean and the iambic and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02211-00520555-00520812 attacked epic as base in common big book
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02212-00520813-00521067 big evil was his doctrine
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02213-00521068-00521265 he also wrote a massive catalogue of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02214-00521266-00521431 holdings of the Library of Alexandria
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02215-00521432-00521758 the famous pin aches callimachus was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02216-00521759-00521967 extremely influential in his time and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02217-00521968-00522150 also for the development of Augustine
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02218-00522151-00522447 poetry another poet Apollonius of Rhodes
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02219-00522448-00522658 attempted to revive the epic for the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02220-00522659-00522833 Hellenistic world with his argonautica
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02221-00522834-00523119 he had been a student of callimachus and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02222-00523120-00523350 later became chief librarian prostates
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02223-00523351-00523571 of the Library of Alexandria
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02224-00523572-00523812 Apollonius and callimachus spent much of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02225-00523813-00524010 their careers feuding with each other
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02226-00524010-00524287 pastoral poetry also thrived during the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02227-00524288-00524502 Hellenistic era theocritus was a major
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02228-00524503-00524806 poet who popularized the genre this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02229-00524807-00525031 period also saw the rise of the ancient
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02230-00525032-00525306 Greek novel eg daftness and Chloe in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02231-00525307-00525669 Ephesian tale around 240 BC Livius
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02232-00525670-00525891 Andronicus a Greek slave from southern
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02233-00525892-00526108 Italy translated Homer's Odyssey into
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02234-00526109-00526344 Latin Greek literature would have a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02235-00526345-00526537 dominant effect on the development of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02236-00526538-00526727 the Latin literature of the Roman
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02237-00526728-00526997 the poetry of Virgil Horace and Ovid
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02238-00526998-00527520 were all based on Hellenistic styles
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02239-00527521-00527958 topic philosophy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02240-00527959-00528177 during the Hellenistic period many
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02241-00528178-00528357 different schools of thought developed
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02242-00528358-00528612 Athens with its multiple philosophical
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02243-00528613-00528797 schools continued to remain the center
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02244-00528798-00528930 of philosophical thought
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02245-00528931-00529170 however Athens had now lost her
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02246-00529171-00529326 political freedom and Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02247-00529327-00529541 philosophy as a reflection of this new
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02248-00529542-00529766 difficult period in this political
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02249-00529767-00530025 climate Hellenistic philosophers went in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02250-00530026-00530189 search of goals such as ataraxia
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02251-00530190-00530385 undisturbed miss autarky
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02252-00530386-00530622 self-sufficiency and apatheia freedom
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02253-00530623-00530789 from suffering which would allow them to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02254-00530790-00530985 rest well being or eudaimonia out of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02255-00530986-00531233 most difficult turns of fortune this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02256-00531234-00531416 occupation with the inner life with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02257-00531417-00531585 personal inner liberty and with the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02258-00531586-00531756 pursuit of eudaimonia as what all
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02259-00531757-00531966 Hellenistic philosophical schools have
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02260-00531967-00532179 in common the Epicureans and the cynics
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02261-00532180-00532380 rejected public offices and civic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02262-00532381-00532575 service which amounted to a rejection of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02263-00532576-00532728 the polis itself the defining
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02264-00532729-00532925 institution of the Greek world
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02265-00532926-00533175 Epicurus promoted adam ism and an
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02266-00533176-00533400 asceticism based on freedom from pain as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02267-00533401-00533645 its ultimate goal cynics such as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02268-00533646-00533766 Diogenes of Sinope
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02269-00533767-00533966 rejected all material possessions and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02270-00533967-00534201 social conventions Nomos as unnatural
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02271-00534202-00534560 and useless the cyrenaic smile embraced
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02272-00534561-00534770 hedonism arguing that pleasure was the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02273-00534771-00535104 only true good stoicism founded by Zeno
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02274-00535105-00535268 obsidium taught that virtue was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02275-00535269-00535443 sufficient for eudaimonia as it would
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02276-00535444-00535581 allow one to live in accordance with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02277-00535582-00535893 nature or logos Zeno became extremely
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02278-00535894-00536118 popular the Athenians set up a gold
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02279-00536119-00536337 statue of him and Antigonus the second
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02280-00536338-00536532 Ganados invited him to the Macedonian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02281-00536533-00536789 court the philosophical schools of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02282-00536790-00537027 Aristotle the Peripatetic of the Lyceum
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02283-00537028-00537285 and Plato Platonism at the academy also
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02284-00537286-00537549 remained influential the Academy would
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02285-00537550-00537783 eventually turn to academic skepticism
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02286-00537784-00537957 under arcee's allows until it was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02287-00537958-00538316 rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon see 90
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02288-00538317-00538635 BC in favor of Neoplatonism Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02289-00538636-00538847 philosophy had a significant influence
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02290-00538848-00538989 on the Greek ruling elite
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02291-00538990-00539226 examples include Athenian statesman
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02292-00539227-00539441 demetrius of phalerum who had studied in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02293-00539442-00539618 the Lyceum the Spartan King Cleomenes
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02294-00539619-00539856 the third who is a student of the stoic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02295-00539857-00540072 Spyros of Boris Dean's and antagonists
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02296-00540073-00540237 the second who is also a well-known
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02297-00540238-00540525 stoic this can also be said of the Roman
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02298-00540526-00540722 upper classes where stoicism was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02299-00540723-00540920 dominant as seen in the meditations of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02300-00540921-00541125 the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02301-00541126-00541285 the works of Cicero
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02302-00541286-00541493 the spread of Christianity throughout
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02303-00541494-00541679 the Roman world followed by the spread
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02304-00541680-00541835 of Islam assured in the end of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02305-00541836-00541993 Hellenistic philosophy and the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02306-00541994-00542183 beginnings of medieval philosophy often
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02307-00542184-00542408 forcefully as under Justinian the first
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02308-00542409-00542579 which was dominated by the three
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02309-00542580-00542810 Abrahamic traditions Jewish philosophy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02310-00542811-00543047 Christian philosophy and early Islamic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02311-00543048-00543293 philosophy in spite of this shift
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02312-00543294-00543500 Hellenistic philosophy continued to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02313-00543501-00543643 influence these three religious
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02314-00543644-00543803 traditions and the Renaissance thought
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02315-00543804-00544225 which followed them
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02316-00544226-00544668 topic Sciences
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02317-00544669-00544900 Hellenistic culture produced seats of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02318-00544901-00545052 learning throughout the Mediterranean
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02319-00545053-00545281 Hellenistic science differed from Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02320-00545282-00545497 science in at least two ways first it
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02321-00545498-00545692 benefited from the cross fertilization
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02322-00545693-00545875 of Greek ideas with those that had
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02323-00545876-00546043 developed in the larger Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02324-00546044-00546259 world secondly to some extent it was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02325-00546260-00546430 supported by royal patrons in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02326-00546431-00546708 kingdoms founded by Alexander successors
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02327-00546709-00546937 especially important to Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02328-00546938-00547159 science was the city of Alexandria in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02329-00547160-00547348 Egypt which became a major center of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02330-00547349-00547543 scientific research in the 3rd century
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02331-00547544-00547870 BC Hellenistic scholars frequently
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02332-00547871-00548047 employed the principles developed in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02333-00548048-00548251 earlier Greek thought the application of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02334-00548252-00548446 mathematics and deliberate empirical
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02335-00548447-00548577 research in their scientific
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02336-00548578-00548818 investigations Hellenistic geometers
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02337-00548819-00549223 such as Archimedes C 287 2 1 2 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02338-00549224-00549733 Apollonius of Perga C 262 C 190 BC and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02339-00549734-00550168 Euclid C 3 2 5 2 6 5 BC whose elements
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02340-00550169-00550357 became the most important textbook in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02341-00550358-00550600 mathematics until the 19th century built
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02342-00550601-00550750 upon the work of the Hellenic era
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02343-00550751-00550851 pythagoreans
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02344-00550852-00551065 Euclid developed proofs for the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02345-00551066-00551257 Pythagorean theorem for the infinitude
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02346-00551258-00551416 of primes and worked on the five
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02347-00551417-00551731 platonic solids Eratosthenes used his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02348-00551732-00551911 knowledge of geometry to measure the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02349-00551912-00552109 circumference of the earth his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02350-00552110-00552373 calculation was remarkably accurate he
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02351-00552374-00552574 was also the first to calculate the tilt
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02352-00552575-00552724 of the Earth's axis again with
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02353-00552725-00553027 remarkable accuracy additionally he may
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02354-00553028-00553198 have accurately calculated the distance
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02355-00553199-00553387 from the earth to the Sun and invented
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02356-00553388-00553657 the leap day known as the father of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02357-00553658-00553771 geography
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02358-00553772-00554053 Eratosthenes also created the first map
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02359-00554054-00554263 of the world incorporating parallels and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02360-00554264-00554428 meridians based on the available
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02361-00554429-00554667 geographical knowledge of the era
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02362-00554668-00555088 astronomers like Hipparchus C 190 C 120
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02363-00555089-00555286 BC built upon the measurements of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02364-00555287-00555490 Babylonian astronomers before him to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02365-00555491-00555639 measure the precession of the earth
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02366-00555640-00555901 plenty reports that Hipparchus produced
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02367-00555902-00556147 the first systematic star catalog after
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02368-00556148-00556342 he observed a new star it is uncertain
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02369-00556343-00556552 whether this was a nova or a comet and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02370-00556553-00556744 wished to preserve astronomical record
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02371-00556745-00556924 of the stars so that other new stars
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02372-00556925-00557185 could be discovered it has recently been
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02373-00557186-00557383 claimed that a celestial globe based on
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02374-00557384-00557548 Hipparchus star catalog
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02375-00557549-00557740 sits atop the broad shoulders of a large
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02376-00557741-00557977 second century Roman statue known as the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02377-00557978-00558010 farm
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02378-00558011-00558346 Atlas another astronomer Aristarchus of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02379-00558347-00558606 Samos developed a heliocentric system
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02380-00558607-00558892 the level of Hellenistic achievement in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02381-00558893-00559051 astronomy and engineering is
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02382-00559052-00559219 impressively shown by the Antikythera
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02383-00559220-00559735 mechanism 150 to 100 BC it is a 37-year
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02384-00559736-00559948 mechanical computer which computed the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02385-00559949-00560140 motions of the Sun and Moon including
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02386-00560141-00560353 lunar and solar eclipses predicted on
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02387-00560354-00560545 the basis of astronomical periods
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02388-00560546-00560683 believed to have been learned from the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02389-00560684-00560977 Babylonians devices of this sort are not
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02390-00560978-00561181 found again until the 10th century when
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02391-00561182-00561352 a simpler 8 geared loonie solar
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02392-00561353-00561538 calculator incorporated into an
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02393-00561539-00561736 astrolabe was described by the Persian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02394-00561737-00562051 scholar al biruni similarly complex
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02395-00562052-00562252 devices were also developed by other
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02396-00562253-00562477 Muslim engineers and astronomers during
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02397-00562478-00562657 the Middle Ages medicine which was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02398-00562658-00562855 dominated by the Hippocratic tradition
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02399-00562856-00563080 saw new advances under prax agura's of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02400-00563081-00563287 COEs who theorized that blood traveled
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02401-00563288-00563650 through the veins Hara Philo's 335 to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02402-00563651-00563908 280 BC was the first to base his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02403-00563909-00564103 conclusions on dissection of the human
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02404-00564104-00564289 body and animal vivisection and to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02405-00564290-00564457 provide accurate descriptions of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02406-00564458-00564634 nervous system liver and other key
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02407-00564635-00564919 organs influenced by Phil anise of cos
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02408-00564920-00565237 Florida 250 a student of Hera Philo's a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02409-00565238-00565465 new medical sector merged the empiric
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02410-00565466-00565624 school which was based on strict
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02411-00565625-00565858 observation and rejected unseen causes
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02412-00565859-00566007 of the dogmatic school
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02413-00566008-00566269 bolos of mendes made developments in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02414-00566270-00566476 alchemy and Theophrastus was known for
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02415-00566477-00566773 his work in plant classification Cray to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02416-00566774-00566950 his wrote a compendium on botanic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02417-00566951-00567159 pharmacy the Library of Alexandria
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02418-00567160-00567379 included a zoo for research and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02419-00567380-00567595 Hellenistic zoologists include Archie
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02420-00567596-00567832 louse Leonidas of Byzantium Apollodorus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02421-00567833-00568170 of Alexandria and beyond of solenoid
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02422-00568171-00568357 technological developments from the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02423-00568358-00568588 Hellenistic period include cog gears
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02424-00568589-00568849 pulleys the screw Archimedes screw the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02425-00568850-00569068 screw press glassblowing hollow bronze
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02426-00569069-00569269 casting surveying instruments and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02427-00569270-00569497 odometer the pantograph the water clock
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02428-00569498-00569716 the water organ and the piston pump the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02429-00569717-00569911 interpretation of Hellenistic science
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02430-00569912-00570217 varies widely at one extreme as the view
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02431-00570218-00570373 of the English classical scholar
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02432-00570374-00570616 Cornford who believed that all the most
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02433-00570617-00570841 important and original work was done in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02434-00570842-00571296 the three centuries from 600 to 300 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02435-00571297-00571518 at the other as the view of the Italian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02436-00571519-00571713 physicist and mathematician Lucio
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02437-00571714-00571926 Rousseau who claims that scientific
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02438-00571927-00572100 method was actually born in the 3rd
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02439-00572101-00572325 century BC to be forgotten during the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02440-00572326-00572508 Roman period and only revived in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02441-00572509-00572849 Renaissance
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02442-00572850-00573398 topic military science
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02443-00573399-00573636 Hellenistic warfare was a continuation
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02444-00573637-00573858 of the military developments of iFit
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02445-00573859-00574056 gritties and philip ii of macedon
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02446-00574057-00574287 particularly his use of the Macedonian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02447-00574288-00574527 phalanx a dense formation of pikemen in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02448-00574528-00574763 conjunction with heavy companion cavalry
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02449-00574764-00574956 armies of the Hellenistic period
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02450-00574957-00575157 differed from those of the Classical
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02451-00575158-00575331 period and being largely made up of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02452-00575332-00575529 professional soldiers and also in their
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02453-00575530-00575724 greater specialization and technical
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02454-00575725-00576042 proficiency in siege warfare Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02455-00576043-00576231 armies were significantly larger than
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02456-00576232-00576417 those of classical Greece relying
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02457-00576418-00576560 increasingly on Greek mercenaries
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02458-00576561-00576837 Mustafa Roy men for pay and also on
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02459-00576838-00577041 non-greek soldiery such as Thracians
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02460-00577042-00577371 Galatians Egyptians and Iranians some
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02461-00577372-00577512 ethnic groups were known for their
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02462-00577513-00577704 martial skill in a particular mode of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02463-00577705-00577866 combat and were highly sought after
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02464-00577867-00578112 including Tarrantino cavalry Cretan
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02465-00578113-00578316 archers roadie and slingers and Thracian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02466-00578317-00578580 pel tasks this period also saw the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02467-00578581-00578781 adoption of new weapons and troop types
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02468-00578782-00578979 such as thoria furrow and the for acute
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02469-00578980-00579195 I used the oval Torrio's shield and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02470-00579196-00579360 fought with javelins and the mock Hera
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02471-00579361-00579597 sword the use of heavily armoured
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02472-00579598-00579822 cataphracts and also horse archers was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02473-00579823-00580037 adopted by the Seleucids greco-bactrian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02474-00580038-00580359 Armenians and pondus the use of war
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02475-00580360-00580617 elephants also became common Seleucus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02476-00580618-00580815 received Indian war elephants from the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02477-00580816-00581004 Mauryan Empire and used them to good
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02478-00581005-00581274 effect at the battle of ipsus he kept a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02479-00581275-00581475 corps of 500 of them at op Amaya
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02480-00581476-00581700 the ptolemies used the smaller African
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02481-00581701-00582030 elephant Hellenistic military equipment
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02482-00582031-00582195 was generally characterized by an
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02483-00582196-00582432 increase in size Hellenistic era
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02484-00582433-00582624 warships grew from the trireme to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02485-00582625-00582822 include more banks of oars and larger
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02486-00582823-00583020 numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02487-00583021-00583299 Quadra remain queen kermy the Ptolemaic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02488-00583300-00583497 tesara contras was the largest ship
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02489-00583498-00583728 constructed in antiquity new siege
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02490-00583729-00583881 engines were developed during this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02491-00583882-00584139 period an unknown engineer developed the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02492-00584140-00584442 torsion spring catapult see 360 and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02493-00584443-00584661 Dionysios of alexandria designed a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02494-00584662-00584870 repeating ballista the poly bellows
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02495-00584871-00585138 preserved examples of ball projectiles
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02496-00585139-00585486 range from 4.4 kilograms to 78 kilograms
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02497-00585487-00585906 or over 170 pounds Demetrius Poli Ursus
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02498-00585907-00586077 was notorious for the large siege
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02499-00586078-00586251 engines employed in his campaigns
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02500-00586252-00586464 especially during the twelve-month siege
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02501-00586465-00586692 of Rhodes when he had empanada thens
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02502-00586693-00586736 built
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02503-00586737-00587021 massive 160 tons siege tower named Hal
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02504-00587022-00587497 Epis filled with artillery
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02505-00587498-00587904 topic art
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02506-00587905-00588129 the term Hellenistic as a modern
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02507-00588130-00588354 invention the Hellenistic world not only
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02508-00588355-00588552 included a huge area covering the whole
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02509-00588553-00588741 of the Aegean rather than the classical
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02510-00588742-00588933 Greece focused on the police of Athens
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02511-00588934-00589205 and Sparta but also a huge time range in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02512-00589206-00589437 artistic terms this means that there is
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02513-00589438-00589647 huge variety which is often put under
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02514-00589648-00589902 the heading of Hellenistic art for
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02515-00589903-00590223 convenience Hellenistic art saw it turn
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02516-00590224-00590457 from the idealistic perfected calm and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02517-00590458-00590682 composed figures of classical Greek art
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02518-00590683-00590904 to a style dominated by realism and the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02519-00590905-00591102 depiction of emotion pathos and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02520-00591103-00591420 character ethos the motif of deceptively
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02521-00591421-00591672 realistic naturalism in art aletheia is
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02522-00591673-00591873 reflected in stories such as that of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02523-00591874-00592044 painter Zook sees who was said to have
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02524-00592045-00592236 painted grapes that seemed so real that
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02525-00592237-00592494 birds came and pecked at them the female
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02526-00592495-00592692 nude also became more popular as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02527-00592693-00592902 epitomized by the Aphrodite of seamy
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02528-00592903-00593067 toes of Praxiteles and art in general
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02529-00593068-00593340 became more erotic eg Leda and the Swan
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02530-00593341-00593661 and scope is pothos the dominant ideals
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02531-00593662-00593829 of Hellenistic art were those of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02532-00593830-00594039 sensuality and passion people of all
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02533-00594040-00594267 ages and social statuses were depicted
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02534-00594268-00594443 in the art of the Hellenistic age
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02535-00594444-00594675 artists such as Pierre IKOS chose
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02536-00594676-00594897 mundane and lower-class subjects for his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02537-00594898-00595215 paintings according to Pliny he painted
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02538-00595216-00595500 barbers shops cobblers stalls asses
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02539-00595501-00595767 eatables and similar subjects earning
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02540-00595768-00595962 for himself the name of ripe or Agra
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02541-00595963-00596289 face painter of dirt low things in these
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02542-00596290-00596484 subjects he could give consummate
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02543-00596485-00596658 pleasure selling them for more than
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02544-00596659-00596865 other artists received for their large
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02545-00596866-00597360 pictures natural history book 35.1 one -
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02546-00597361-00597630 even barbarians such as the Galatians
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02547-00597631-00597870 were depicted in heroic form prefiguring
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02548-00597871-00598049 the artistic theme of the noble savage
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02549-00598050-00598329 the image of Alexander the Great was
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02550-00598330-00598560 also an important artistic theme and all
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02551-00598561-00598764 of the diadochi had themselves depicted
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02552-00598765-00598976 imitating Alexander's youthful look a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02553-00598977-00599223 number of the best-known works of Greek
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02554-00599224-00599406 sculpture belonged to the Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02555-00599407-00599643 period including Leia Qin and his sons
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02556-00599644-00599874 venus de milo and the winged victory of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02557-00599875-00600180 samothrace developments in painting
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02558-00600181-00600414 included experiments in chiaroscuro by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02559-00600415-00600573 Zook seas and the development of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02560-00600574-00600735 landscape painting and still life
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02561-00600736-00600996 painting Greek temples built during the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02562-00600997-00601215 Hellenistic period were generally larger
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02563-00601216-00601287 than classic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02564-00601288-00601497 ones such as the temple of artemis at
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02565-00601498-00601716 ephesus the temple of artemis at Sardis
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02566-00601717-00601899 and the Temple of Apollo at didyma
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02567-00601900-00602259 rebuilt by Seleucus in 300 BC the royal
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02568-00602260-00602495 palace bazillion also came into its own
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02569-00602496-00602687 during the Hellenistic period the first
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02570-00602688-00602904 extant example being the massive 4th
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02571-00602905-00603122 century villa of casts endure at Virgina
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02572-00603123-00603399 this period also saw the first written
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02573-00603400-00603593 works of art history in the histories of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02574-00603594-00603804 de riche of Samos and Zeno crates of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02575-00603805-00604020 Athens a sculptor and a historian of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02576-00604021-00604284 sculpture and painting there has been a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02577-00604285-00604455 trend in writing the history of this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02578-00604456-00604656 period to depict Hellenistic art as a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02579-00604657-00604862 decadent style following the Golden Age
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02580-00604863-00605147 of classical Athens plenty the elder
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02581-00605148-00605334 after having described the sculpture of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02582-00605335-00605526 the Classical period says cess of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02583-00605527-00605880 attained ARS then art disappeared the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02584-00605881-00606089 18th century terms baroque and Rococo
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02585-00606090-00606306 have sometimes been applied to the art
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02586-00606307-00606597 of this complex an individual period the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02587-00606598-00606720 renewal of the historiographical
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02588-00606721-00606927 approach as well as some recent
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02589-00606928-00607134 discoveries such as the tombs of Regina
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02590-00607135-00607332 allow a better appreciation of this
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02591-00607333-00607787 periods artistic richness
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02592-00607788-00608075 topic Hellenistic period in modern
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02593-00608076-00608479 culture
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02594-00608480-00608713 the focus on the Hellenistic period over
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02595-00608714-00608905 the course of the 19th century by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02596-00608906-00609112 scholars and historians has led to an
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02597-00609113-00609322 issue common to the study of historical
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02598-00609323-00609541 periods historians see the period of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02599-00609542-00609727 focus as a mirror of the period in which
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02600-00609728-00610003 they are living many 19th century
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02601-00610004-00610204 scholars contended that the Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02602-00610205-00610417 period represented a cultural decline
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02603-00610418-00610594 from the brilliance of classical Greece
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02604-00610595-00610852 though this comparison is now seen as
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02605-00610853-00611080 unfair and meaningless it has been noted
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02606-00611081-00611275 that even commentators of the time saw
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02607-00611276-00611449 the end of a cultural era which could
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02608-00611450-00611662 not be matched again this may be
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02609-00611663-00611845 inextricably linked with the nature of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02610-00611846-00612037 government it has been noted by
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02611-00612038-00612205 Herodotus that after the establishment
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02612-00612206-00612571 of the athenian democracy that the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02613-00612572-00612754 athenians found themselves suddenly a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02614-00612755-00613066 great power not just in one field but in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02615-00613067-00613322 everything they set their minds to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02616-00613323-00613559 as subjects of a tyrant what had they
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02617-00613560-00613886 accomplished held down like slaves they
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02618-00613887-00614051 had shirked and slacked once they had
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02619-00614052-00614243 won their freedom not a citizen but he
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02620-00614244-00614387 could feel like he was laboring for
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02621-00614388-00614549 himself thus with the decline of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02622-00614550-00614744 Greek polis and the establishment of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02623-00614745-00614951 monarchical states the environment and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02624-00614952-00615140 social freedom in which to excel may
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02625-00615141-00615386 have been reduced a parallel can be
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02626-00615387-00615536 drawn with the productivity of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02627-00615537-00615695 city-states of Italy during the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02628-00615696-00615884 Renaissance and their subsequent decline
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02629-00615885-00616211 under autocratic rulers however William
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02630-00616212-00616442 would Thorpe Tarn between World War 1
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02631-00616443-00616643 and World War 2 and the heyday of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02632-00616644-00616832 League of Nations focused on the issues
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02633-00616833-00617051 of racial and cultural confrontation and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02634-00617052-00617294 the nature of colonial rule Michel
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02635-00617295-00617468 Rostov Ziff who fled the Russian
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02636-00617469-00617699 Revolution concentrated predominantly on
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02637-00617700-00617888 the rise of the capitalist bourgeoisie
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02638-00617889-00618182 in areas of Greek rule Arnaldo momiglee
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02639-00618183-00618413 ah no an Italian Jew who wrote before
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02640-00618414-00618581 and after the Second World War
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02641-00618582-00618737 studied the problem of mutual
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02642-00618738-00618914 understanding between races in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02643-00618915-00619018 conquered areas
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02644-00619019-00619280 Moses Hondas portrayed an optimistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02645-00619281-00619472 picture of synthesis of culture from the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02646-00619473-00619709 perspective of the 1950s while Frank
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02647-00619710-00619988 William wall Bank in the 1960s and 1970s
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02648-00619989-00620222 had a materialistic approach to the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02649-00620223-00620422 Hellenistic period focusing mainly on
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02650-00620423-00620771 class relations recently however pepper
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02651-00620772-00621010 ologist si priyo has concentrated
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02652-00621011-00621236 predominantly on the economic system
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02653-00621237-00621449 interactions between Kings and cities
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02654-00621450-00621650 and provides a generally pessimistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02655-00621651-00621899 view on the period Peter Green on the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02656-00621900-00622094 other hand writes from the point of view
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02657-00622095-00622358 of late 20 th century liberalism his
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02658-00622359-00622547 focus being on individualism the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02659-00622548-00622775 breakdown of convention experiments and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02660-00622776-00622970 a postmodern disillusionment with all
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02661-00622971-00623493 institutions and political processes
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02662-00623494-00624013 topic see also
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02663-00624014-00624535 topic references
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02664-00624536-00625054 topic further reading
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02665-00625055-00625325 Austin mm the Hellenistic world from
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02666-00625326-00625531 Alexander to the Roman conquest a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02667-00625532-00625693 selection of ancient sources in
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02668-00625694-00625949 translation Cambridge Cambridge
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02669-00625950-00626389 University Press 1981 buek Glen Richard
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02670-00626390-00626608 Edie the Cambridge companion to the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02671-00626609-00626854 Hellenistic world Cambridge Cambridge
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02672-00626855-00627272 University Press 2006 borm penning and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02673-00627273-00627560 Nino lorrog e EDS the polis in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02674-00627561-00627800 Hellenistic world stuttgart Franz
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02675-00627801-00628229 Steiner Verlag 2018 carry em a history
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02676-00628230-00628651 of the Greek world from 323 to 146 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02677-00628652-00629176 London Methuen 1963 Shamu françoise
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02678-00629177-00629483 Hellenistic civilization Malden MA
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02679-00629484-00629929 Blackwell pub 2003 champion Michael and
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02680-00629930-00630181 Laura O'Sullivan cultural perceptions of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02681-00630182-00630410 violence in the Hellenistic world New
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02682-00630411-00630860 York ravaged 2017 first can Andrew ed a
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02683-00630861-00631075 companion to the Hellenistic world
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02684-00631076-00631570 Hoboken Wiley 2008 Goodman Martin under
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02685-00631571-00631756 the influence Hellenism an ancient
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02686-00631757-00631954 Jewish life Biblical Archaeology review
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02687-00631955-00632479 36 number 1 2010 16 Grainger John D
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02688-00632480-00632675 great power diplomacy in the Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02689-00632676-00632852 world New York
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02690-00632853-00633304 Routledge 2017 Greene Peter Alexander to
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02691-00633305-00633524 Actium the historical evolution of the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02692-00633525-00633806 Hellenistic age Berkeley University of
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02693-00633807-00634258 California Press 1990 Crawley Yoanna the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02694-00634259-00634460 Hellenistic Peloponnese interstate
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02695-00634461-00634666 relations a narrative and analytic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02696-00634667-00635026 history from the 4th century to 146 BC
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02697-00635027-00635283 Swansea the classical press of Wales
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02698-00635284-00635752 2017 Lewis DM John Boardman and Simon
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02699-00635753-00636022 Hornblower Cambridge ancient history vol
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02700-00636023-00636395 6 the 4th century BC 2nd ed Cambridge
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02701-00636396-00636820 Cambridge University Press 1994 Rimmel
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02702-00636821-00637102 Victoria and Marcus a spur imagining
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02703-00637103-00637325 Empire political space in Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02704-00637326-00637556 and Roman literature Heidelberg
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02705-00637557-00637843 University at sphere log winter GmbH
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02706-00637844-00638055 2017
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02707-00638056-00638337 one Minh Peter the Hellenistic age first
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02708-00638338-00638627 edition Oxford Oxford University Press
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02709-00638628-00639068 2016 wall Bank FW the Hellenistic world
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02710-00639069-00639796 Cambridge Harvard University Press 1982
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02711-00639797-00640164 topic external links
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02712-00640165-00640346 you
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02713-00640347-00640575 Waterloo Institute for Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02714-00640576-00640709 studies
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02715-00640710-00640877 art of the Hellenistic age in the
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02716-00640878-00641104 Hellenistic tradition at the Met
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02717-00641105-00641324 Alexandria Center for Hellenistic
+FLWcirqb_Xg-02718-00641325-00641564 studies
+FMARmeIBcvk-00000-00000062-00000364 Manchukuo traditional chinese man joke
+FMARmeIBcvk-00001-00000365-00000647 guo pinyin man joke well Japanese man
+FMARmeIBcvk-00002-00000648-00000961 joke Guo romaji man Shikoku state of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00003-00000963-00001225 Manchuria in other axis languages
+FMARmeIBcvk-00004-00001226-00001460 Italian man chikuwa and German man
+FMARmeIBcvk-00005-00001461-00001682 chikuwa was a puppet state of the Empire
+FMARmeIBcvk-00006-00001682-00001889 of Japan in northeast China and Inner
+FMARmeIBcvk-00007-00001889-00002315 Mongolia from 1932 until 1945 it was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00008-00002316-00002591 founded as a republic but in 1934 it
+FMARmeIBcvk-00009-00002592-00002888 became a constitutional monarchy it had
+FMARmeIBcvk-00010-00002889-00003089 limited international recognition and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00011-00003090-00003313 was under the de facto control of Japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-00012-00003314-00003629 the area collectively known as Manchuria
+FMARmeIBcvk-00013-00003629-00003785 was the homeland of the Manchus
+FMARmeIBcvk-00014-00003786-00003944 including the emperors of the Qing
+FMARmeIBcvk-00015-00003945-00004313 Dynasty in 1931 the region was seized by
+FMARmeIBcvk-00016-00004314-00004547 Japan following the Mukden incident and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00017-00004548-00004751 a pro Japanese government was installed
+FMARmeIBcvk-00018-00004752-00004967 one year later with pre the last Ching
+FMARmeIBcvk-00019-00004968-00005165 Emperor as the nominal regent and later
+FMARmeIBcvk-00020-00005166-00005422 emperor man cuckoo is government was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00021-00005423-00005702 dissolved in 1945 after the surrender of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00022-00005703-00005897 Imperial Japan at the end of World War
+FMARmeIBcvk-00023-00005898-00006211 two the territories formerly claimed by
+FMARmeIBcvk-00024-00006212-00006400 the puppet state were first seized in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00025-00006401-00006595 the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00026-00006597-00006830 August 1945 and then formally
+FMARmeIBcvk-00027-00006831-00007052 transferred to Chinese administration in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00028-00007053-00007228 the following year Manchus formed a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00029-00007229-00007439 minority in Manchukuo whose largest
+FMARmeIBcvk-00030-00007440-00007691 ethnic group were Han Chinese the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00031-00007692-00007903 population of Koreans increased during
+FMARmeIBcvk-00032-00007904-00008084 the Manchukuo period and there were also
+FMARmeIBcvk-00033-00008084-00008353 Japanese Mongols wide army Russians and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00034-00008354-00008633 other minorities the Mongol regions of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00035-00008634-00008819 Western Manchukuo were ruled under a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00036-00008820-00008963 slightly different system in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00037-00008964-00009119 acknowledgment of the Mongolian
+FMARmeIBcvk-00038-00009120-00009362 traditions there the southern part of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00039-00009363-00009589 the Liang Peninsula was ruled by Japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-00040-00009590-00010271 as the Kwantung least territory
+FMARmeIBcvk-00041-00010272-00010779 topic overview
+FMARmeIBcvk-00042-00010780-00011119 you
+FMARmeIBcvk-00043-00011120-00011679 topic terminology
+FMARmeIBcvk-00044-00011680-00011971 manchuria is a transcription of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00045-00011972-00012214 Japanese reading of the Chinese word man
+FMARmeIBcvk-00046-00012215-00012481 Joe which means Manchuria which in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00047-00012482-00012703 Japanese is Manchu which in turn dates
+FMARmeIBcvk-00048-00012704-00012996 from the 19th century the name man Joe
+FMARmeIBcvk-00049-00012997-00013162 was coined and given to the urchin
+FMARmeIBcvk-00050-00013163-00013450 people by Hong Tai ji in 1635 as a new
+FMARmeIBcvk-00051-00013451-00013716 name for their ethnic group however the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00052-00013718-00014002 name Manchuria was never used by the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00053-00014003-00014227 Manchus are the Qing Dynasty itself to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00054-00014228-00014416 refer to their homeland the name itself
+FMARmeIBcvk-00055-00014416-00014619 holding imperialistic connotation
+FMARmeIBcvk-00056-00014620-00014851 according to the Japanese scholar Junko
+FMARmeIBcvk-00057-00014852-00015118 miyawaki Okada the Japanese geographer
+FMARmeIBcvk-00058-00015119-00015415 Takahashi Kaguya zu Gaucho Jing Bao was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00059-00015416-00015666 the first to use the term manjo Manchu
+FMARmeIBcvk-00060-00015668-00015940 as a place name in 1809 in the nippon
+FMARmeIBcvk-00061-00015941-00016255 heinki raikou zoo Reeb NBN hi Lu - and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00062-00016256-00016417 it was from that work where Westerners
+FMARmeIBcvk-00063-00016418-00016678 adopted the name according to Mark C
+FMARmeIBcvk-00064-00016679-00016735 Elliott
+FMARmeIBcvk-00065-00016736-00017035 Katsura gawa hoe shoe 1794 work the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00066-00017036-00017308 Hokusai Bunraku beit cha when Lu was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00067-00017309-00017547 where man Jo Manchu first appeared as a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00068-00017548-00017758 place name in two maps included in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00069-00017759-00018193 work ashes n zu and chiku honk uses ooh
+FMARmeIBcvk-00070-00018194-00018481 which were also created by Katsura gamma
+FMARmeIBcvk-00071-00018482-00018736 man jo Manchu then began to appear as a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00072-00018737-00018949 place names in more maps created by
+FMARmeIBcvk-00073-00018950-00019183 Japanese like Conde juzo takahashi
+FMARmeIBcvk-00074-00019184-00019288 Kaguya soo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00075-00019289-00019600 baba sadayoshi and yamada ren these maps
+FMARmeIBcvk-00076-00019601-00019765 were brought to Europe by Philipp von
+FMARmeIBcvk-00077-00019766-00020019 Sebold a German in Dutch service
+FMARmeIBcvk-00078-00020020-00020325 according to nakami Tatsuo Sebold was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00079-00020326-00020472 the one who brought the usage of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00080-00020473-00020665 term Manchuria to Europeans after
+FMARmeIBcvk-00081-00020666-00020863 borrowing it from the Japanese who were
+FMARmeIBcvk-00082-00020864-00021046 the first to use it in a geographic
+FMARmeIBcvk-00083-00021047-00021247 manner in the 18th century while neither
+FMARmeIBcvk-00084-00021248-00021463 the Manchu nor Chinese languages had a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00085-00021464-00021658 term in their own language equivalent to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00086-00021659-00021978 Manchuria as a geographic place name
+FMARmeIBcvk-00087-00021979-00022183 according to Bill Sewell it was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00088-00022184-00022353 Europeans who first started using
+FMARmeIBcvk-00089-00022354-00022546 Manchuria as a name to refer to the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00090-00022547-00022771 location and it is not a genuine
+FMARmeIBcvk-00091-00022772-00023097 geographic term the historian Gavin
+FMARmeIBcvk-00092-00023098-00023325 McCormack agreed with Robert HG Lee's
+FMARmeIBcvk-00093-00023326-00023563 statement that the term Manchuria or
+FMARmeIBcvk-00094-00023564-00023830 mancho as a modern creation used mainly
+FMARmeIBcvk-00095-00023831-00024150 by Westerners and Japanese with
+FMARmeIBcvk-00096-00024151-00024297 McCormick's writing that the term
+FMARmeIBcvk-00097-00024298-00024538 Manchuria is imperialistic in nature and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00098-00024539-00024811 has no precise meaning since the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00099-00024812-00024994 Japanese deliberately promoted the use
+FMARmeIBcvk-00100-00024995-00025036 of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00101-00025037-00025330 manchuria as a geographic name to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00102-00025331-00025528 promote its separation from China while
+FMARmeIBcvk-00103-00025529-00025681 they were setting up their puppet state
+FMARmeIBcvk-00104-00025682-00025975 of Manchukuo ordinary man chose largely
+FMARmeIBcvk-00105-00025976-00026181 spurned Manchukuo which claimed to be
+FMARmeIBcvk-00106-00026182-00026364 established for their cause and few
+FMARmeIBcvk-00107-00026366-00026554 Manchus were successfully employed by
+FMARmeIBcvk-00108-00026555-00026770 the Manchukuo regime in mainland China
+FMARmeIBcvk-00109-00026770-00027027 Manchukuo is known as puppet false
+FMARmeIBcvk-00110-00027029-00027343 pretend Manchukuo way man joke blow
+FMARmeIBcvk-00111-00027344-00027543 stressing the japanese influence on the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00112-00027544-00027693 state's existence and the illegitimate
+FMARmeIBcvk-00113-00027694-00028277 II of the state
+FMARmeIBcvk-00114-00028277-00028856 topic administrative divisions
+FMARmeIBcvk-00115-00028857-00029057 during its short-lived existence
+FMARmeIBcvk-00116-00029058-00029270 Manchukuo was divided into between five
+FMARmeIBcvk-00117-00029270-00029675 in 1932 and 19 in 1941 provinces one
+FMARmeIBcvk-00118-00029676-00029920 special ward of Baymen Chinese Baymen
+FMARmeIBcvk-00119-00029922-00030145 tabi IQ and two special cities which
+FMARmeIBcvk-00120-00030147-00030419 were singeing Chinese Jin Jing de ba she
+FMARmeIBcvk-00121-00030420-00030767 and Harbin Chinese ha or bent ABA each
+FMARmeIBcvk-00122-00030768-00030958 province was divided into between for
+FMARmeIBcvk-00123-00030960-00031320 Shingen dong and 24 function prefectures
+FMARmeIBcvk-00124-00031322-00031607 Bayman lasted less than three years the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00125-00031608-00031877 first of July 1933 to the first of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00126-00031877-00032156 January 1936 and Harbin was later
+FMARmeIBcvk-00127-00032157-00032456 incorporated into bingeing province long
+FMARmeIBcvk-00128-00032457-00032683 zhang also existed as a province in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00129-00032685-00032966 1932 before being divided into hey hey
+FMARmeIBcvk-00130-00032967-00033341 long john and san jung in 1934 and dong
+FMARmeIBcvk-00131-00033342-00033545 and jinjo provinces separated themselves
+FMARmeIBcvk-00132-00033546-00033776 from function while been John and John
+FMARmeIBcvk-00133-00033777-00033986 now from Jilin separated themselves in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00134-00033987-00034526 the same year
+FMARmeIBcvk-00135-00034527-00035065 topic national symbols
+FMARmeIBcvk-00136-00035066-00035323 aside from the national flag the orchid
+FMARmeIBcvk-00137-00035324-00035560 reportedly pries favorite flower became
+FMARmeIBcvk-00138-00035561-00035767 the royal flower of the country similar
+FMARmeIBcvk-00139-00035768-00036001 to the chrysanthemum in japan the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00140-00036002-00036223 sorghum flour also became a national
+FMARmeIBcvk-00141-00036224-00036529 flower by decree in April 1933 five
+FMARmeIBcvk-00142-00036530-00036832 races under one union was used as a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00143-00036833-00037394 national motto
+FMARmeIBcvk-00144-00037395-00037897 topic history
+FMARmeIBcvk-00145-00037898-00038235 you
+FMARmeIBcvk-00146-00038236-00038742 topic background
+FMARmeIBcvk-00147-00038743-00038964 the Japanese had their own motive for
+FMARmeIBcvk-00148-00038965-00039132 deliberately spreading the usage of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00149-00039133-00039390 term Manchuria the historian Norman
+FMARmeIBcvk-00150-00039391-00039729 Smith wrote that the term Manchuria is
+FMARmeIBcvk-00151-00039730-00039879 controversial
+FMARmeIBcvk-00152-00039880-00040161 professor Mary koa Sandow tammany said
+FMARmeIBcvk-00153-00040162-00040350 that she should use the term in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00154-00040351-00040611 quotation marks when referring to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00155-00040612-00040838 Manchuria Herbert Giles wrote that
+FMARmeIBcvk-00156-00040839-00041127 Manchuria was unknown to the Manchus
+FMARmeIBcvk-00157-00041128-00041313 themselves as a geographical expression
+FMARmeIBcvk-00158-00041314-00041607 in his doctoral thesis of 2012
+FMARmeIBcvk-00159-00041608-00041817 professor Chad de Garcia noted that
+FMARmeIBcvk-00160-00041818-00042117 usage of the term Manchuria was out of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00161-00042118-00042390 favor in current scholarly practice and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00162-00042391-00042711 preferred the term the Northeast the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00163-00042712-00042921 Ching dynasty which replaced the shun
+FMARmeIBcvk-00164-00042922-00043143 and Ming dynasties in China was founded
+FMARmeIBcvk-00165-00043144-00043326 by Manchus from Manchuria modern
+FMARmeIBcvk-00166-00043327-00043585 northeast China the Manchu Emperor's
+FMARmeIBcvk-00167-00043586-00043767 separated their homeland in Jilin and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00168-00043768-00043941 Heilongjiang from the Han Lee owning
+FMARmeIBcvk-00169-00043942-00044199 province with the willow palisade this
+FMARmeIBcvk-00170-00044200-00044415 ethnic division continued until the qing
+FMARmeIBcvk-00171-00044416-00044589 dynasty encouraged massive immigration
+FMARmeIBcvk-00172-00044590-00044856 of Han in the 19th century during Chuang
+FMARmeIBcvk-00173-00044857-00045039 guangdong to prevent the Russians from
+FMARmeIBcvk-00174-00045040-00045264 seizing the area from the chain after
+FMARmeIBcvk-00175-00045265-00045486 conquering the main the Ching identified
+FMARmeIBcvk-00176-00045487-00045813 their status China Zhang Guoqiang Guo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00177-00045814-00046167 central realm and referred to it as duel
+FMARmeIBcvk-00178-00046168-00046504 him by Guren in Manchu the Ching equated
+FMARmeIBcvk-00179-00046505-00046683 the lands of the ching state including
+FMARmeIBcvk-00180-00046684-00046954 present-day Manchuria shinjang Mongolia
+FMARmeIBcvk-00181-00046955-00047301 Tibet and other areas as China in both
+FMARmeIBcvk-00182-00047302-00047479 the Chinese and Manchu languages
+FMARmeIBcvk-00183-00047480-00047710 defining China as a multi-ethnic state
+FMARmeIBcvk-00184-00047711-00047937 rejecting the idea that China only meant
+FMARmeIBcvk-00185-00047938-00048160 Han areas proclaiming that both Han and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00186-00048161-00048477 non Han peoples were part of China using
+FMARmeIBcvk-00187-00048478-00048777 China to refer to the chain and official
+FMARmeIBcvk-00188-00048778-00048981 documents international treaties and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00189-00048982-00049254 foreign affairs and the Chinese language
+FMARmeIBcvk-00190-00049255-00049518 deulim vigor and eyebath referred to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00191-00049519-00049776 Chinese Manchu and Mongol languages and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00192-00049777-00050100 the term Chinese people Zhang Guo Ren
+FMARmeIBcvk-00193-00050101-00050370 Zhong Guo Ren Manchu deulim by ger and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00194-00050371-00050616 Inuyama referred to all hunt Manchus and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00195-00050617-00050886 mongol subjects of the chain the lands
+FMARmeIBcvk-00196-00050887-00051117 in Manchuria were explicitly stated by
+FMARmeIBcvk-00197-00051118-00051417 the Ching to belong to China zhang guo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00198-00051418-00051663 deulim by guren in ching edicts and in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00199-00051664-00051849 the treaty of nerchinsk during the qing
+FMARmeIBcvk-00200-00051850-00052080 dynasty the area of Manchuria was known
+FMARmeIBcvk-00201-00052081-00052135 as
+FMARmeIBcvk-00202-00052136-00052455 three eastern provinces sand Dongsheng
+FMARmeIBcvk-00203-00052456-00052771 sand dong Shang since 1683 when Jilin
+FMARmeIBcvk-00204-00052772-00052950 and Heilongjiang were separated even
+FMARmeIBcvk-00205-00052951-00053179 though it was not until 1907 that they
+FMARmeIBcvk-00206-00053179-00053436 were turned into actual provinces the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00207-00053437-00053613 area of Manchuria was then converted
+FMARmeIBcvk-00208-00053614-00053832 into three provinces by the late Qing
+FMARmeIBcvk-00209-00053833-00053994 government in 1907
+FMARmeIBcvk-00210-00053995-00054368 since then the three northeast provinces
+FMARmeIBcvk-00211-00054369-00054642 traditional chinese dongbei sansheng
+FMARmeIBcvk-00212-00054643-00054898 simplified chinese dongbei sansheng
+FMARmeIBcvk-00213-00054899-00055149 pinyin dong basin Shang was officially
+FMARmeIBcvk-00214-00055150-00055344 used by the Qing government in China to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00215-00055345-00055522 refer to this region and the post of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00216-00055523-00055735 Viceroy of three northeast provinces was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00217-00055736-00055885 established to take charge of these
+FMARmeIBcvk-00218-00055886-00056173 provinces as the power of the court in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00219-00056174-00056394 Beijing weakened many outlying areas
+FMARmeIBcvk-00220-00056395-00056611 either broke free such as kashgar or
+FMARmeIBcvk-00221-00056612-00056799 fell under the control of imperialist
+FMARmeIBcvk-00222-00056800-00057123 powers in the 19th century Imperial
+FMARmeIBcvk-00223-00057124-00057291 Russia was most interested in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00224-00057292-00057530 northern lands of the Ching Empire in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00225-00057531-00057837 1858 Russia gained control over a huge
+FMARmeIBcvk-00226-00057838-00057997 tract of land called outer manchuria
+FMARmeIBcvk-00227-00057998-00058204 thanks to the supplementary Treaty of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00228-00058204-00058416 Beijing that ended the second opium war
+FMARmeIBcvk-00229-00058417-00058716 but Russia was not satisfied and as the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00230-00058717-00058911 Ching dynasty continued to weaken they
+FMARmeIBcvk-00231-00058912-00059086 made further efforts to take control of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00232-00059087-00059367 the rest of Manchuria inner Manchuria
+FMARmeIBcvk-00233-00059368-00059572 came under strong Russian influence in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00234-00059573-00059761 the 1890s with the building of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00235-00059762-00059953 Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin
+FMARmeIBcvk-00236-00059954-00060129 to Vladivostok the far right-wing
+FMARmeIBcvk-00237-00060130-00060403 Japanese ultra nationalist Black Dragon
+FMARmeIBcvk-00238-00060404-00060571 Society supported Sun yat-sen's
+FMARmeIBcvk-00239-00060572-00060825 activities against the Manchus believing
+FMARmeIBcvk-00240-00060826-00060985 that overthrowing the Ching would help
+FMARmeIBcvk-00241-00060986-00061153 the Japanese take over the Manchu
+FMARmeIBcvk-00242-00061154-00061338 homeland and that Han Chinese would not
+FMARmeIBcvk-00243-00061339-00061609 oppose the takeover the far right wing
+FMARmeIBcvk-00244-00061610-00061824 Japanese ultra nationalist Jenny Osia
+FMARmeIBcvk-00245-00061825-00062019 leader Toyama meets uru who believed
+FMARmeIBcvk-00246-00062020-00062217 that the Japanese could easily take over
+FMARmeIBcvk-00247-00062218-00062451 Manchuria and Sun yat-sen and other ND
+FMARmeIBcvk-00248-00062452-00062647 ching revolutionaries would not resist
+FMARmeIBcvk-00249-00062648-00062838 and help the japanese take over and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00250-00062839-00062986 enlarge in the opium trade in China
+FMARmeIBcvk-00251-00062987-00063198 while the Qing was trying to destroy the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00252-00063199-00063496 opium trade the Japanese black dragons
+FMARmeIBcvk-00253-00063497-00063723 supported Sun yat-sen and anti Manchu
+FMARmeIBcvk-00254-00063724-00063946 revolutionaries until the Qin collapsed
+FMARmeIBcvk-00255-00063947-00064275 - Yama supported anti Manchu and eaching
+FMARmeIBcvk-00256-00064276-00064486 revolutionary activities including by
+FMARmeIBcvk-00257-00064487-00064692 Sun yat-sen and supported Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00258-00064693-00064986 taking over Manchuria the nd Ching Tung
+FMARmeIBcvk-00259-00064987-00065199 maengui was founded and based in exile
+FMARmeIBcvk-00260-00065200-00065382 in Japan where many anti ching
+FMARmeIBcvk-00261-00065383-00065565 revolutionaries
+FMARmeIBcvk-00262-00065566-00065787 the Japanese had been trying to unite
+FMARmeIBcvk-00263-00065788-00065973 aunty Manchu groups made out of hun
+FMARmeIBcvk-00264-00065974-00066246 people to take down the chain Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00265-00066247-00066399 were the ones who helped Sun yat-sen
+FMARmeIBcvk-00266-00066400-00066633 unite all and II Ching aunty Manchu
+FMARmeIBcvk-00267-00066634-00066831 revolutionary groups together and there
+FMARmeIBcvk-00268-00066832-00067062 were Japanese like totin Miyazaki inside
+FMARmeIBcvk-00269-00067063-00067212 of the aunty Manchu tongue monkey
+FMARmeIBcvk-00270-00067213-00067479 revolutionary alliance the Black Dragon
+FMARmeIBcvk-00271-00067480-00067710 Society hosted the tongmenghui in its
+FMARmeIBcvk-00272-00067711-00067905 first meeting the Black Dragon Society
+FMARmeIBcvk-00273-00067906-00068154 had very intimate relations with Sun
+FMARmeIBcvk-00274-00068155-00068385 yat-sen and promoted pan-asian ism and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00275-00068386-00068577 sun sometimes passed himself off as
+FMARmeIBcvk-00276-00068578-00068865 Japanese that had connections with Sun
+FMARmeIBcvk-00277-00068866-00068973 for a long time
+FMARmeIBcvk-00278-00068974-00069171 Japanese groups like the Black Dragon
+FMARmeIBcvk-00279-00069172-00069417 Society had a large impact on Sun
+FMARmeIBcvk-00280-00069418-00069669 yat-sen according to an American
+FMARmeIBcvk-00281-00069670-00069903 military historian Japanese military
+FMARmeIBcvk-00282-00069904-00070077 officers were part of the Black Dragon
+FMARmeIBcvk-00283-00070078-00070401 Society the Yakuza and Black Dragon
+FMARmeIBcvk-00284-00070402-00070644 Society helped arrange in Tokyo for Sun
+FMARmeIBcvk-00285-00070645-00070836 yat-sen to hold the first Kuomintang
+FMARmeIBcvk-00286-00070837-00071013 meetings and we're hoping to flood China
+FMARmeIBcvk-00287-00071014-00071208 with opium and overthrow the Ching and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00288-00071209-00071388 deceive Chinese into overthrowing the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00289-00071389-00071649 Ching to Japan's benefit after the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00290-00071650-00071862 Revolution was successful the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00291-00071863-00072090 black dragons started infiltrating China
+FMARmeIBcvk-00292-00072091-00072297 and spreading opium and anti-communist
+FMARmeIBcvk-00293-00072298-00072570 sentiment the black dragons pushed for
+FMARmeIBcvk-00294-00072571-00072773 the takeover of Manchuria by Japan in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00295-00072774-00073119 1932 Sun yat-sen was married to a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00296-00073120-00073735 Japanese karu Itsuki
+FMARmeIBcvk-00297-00073736-00074228 topic origins
+FMARmeIBcvk-00298-00074229-00074449 as a direct result of the russo-japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00299-00074450-00074771 war 1904 oh five Japanese influence
+FMARmeIBcvk-00300-00074772-00074996 replaced Russia's in Inner Manchuria
+FMARmeIBcvk-00301-00074997-00075278 during the war with Russia Japan had
+FMARmeIBcvk-00302-00075279-00075509 mobilized 1 million soldiers to fight in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00303-00075510-00075688 Manchuria meaning that one in eight
+FMARmeIBcvk-00304-00075689-00075896 families in Japan had a member fighting
+FMARmeIBcvk-00305-00075897-00076168 the war during the russo-japanese war
+FMARmeIBcvk-00306-00076169-00076387 the losses were heavy with Japan losing
+FMARmeIBcvk-00307-00076388-00076640 a half million dead or wounded from the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00308-00076641-00076859 time of the russian-japanese war onward
+FMARmeIBcvk-00309-00076860-00077050 many Japanese people came to have a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00310-00077051-00077305 proprietary attitude to Manchuria taking
+FMARmeIBcvk-00311-00077306-00077486 the viewpoint that a land where so much
+FMARmeIBcvk-00312-00077487-00077701 Japanese blood had been lost in some way
+FMARmeIBcvk-00313-00077702-00077812 now belong to them
+FMARmeIBcvk-00314-00077813-00078175 in 1906 Japan laid the South Manchurian
+FMARmeIBcvk-00315-00078176-00078434 railway to Port Arthur Japanese ryojun
+FMARmeIBcvk-00316-00078435-00078641 under the terms of the Treaty of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00317-00078642-00078836 Portsmouth the Kwantung army had the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00318-00078837-00079043 right to occupy southern Manchuria while
+FMARmeIBcvk-00319-00079044-00079201 the region fell into the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00320-00079202-00079450 economic sphere of influence the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00321-00079451-00079675 Japanese owned South Manchurian railroad
+FMARmeIBcvk-00322-00079676-00079900 company had a market capitalization of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00323-00079901-00080137 200 million yen making it Asia's largest
+FMARmeIBcvk-00324-00080138-00080330 corporation which went beyond just
+FMARmeIBcvk-00325-00080331-00080516 running the former Russian railroad
+FMARmeIBcvk-00326-00080517-00080707 network in southern Manchuria - owning
+FMARmeIBcvk-00327-00080708-00080990 the port's mines hotels telephone lines
+FMARmeIBcvk-00328-00080991-00081221 and sundry other businesses dominating
+FMARmeIBcvk-00329-00081222-00081485 the economy of Manchuria with the growth
+FMARmeIBcvk-00330-00081486-00081680 of the South Manchuria railroad man
+FMARmeIBcvk-00331-00081681-00081884 Tetsu company went growth in number of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00332-00081885-00082172 Japanese living in Manchuria from 16000
+FMARmeIBcvk-00333-00082173-00082680 612 Japanese civilians in 1906 to 230
+FMARmeIBcvk-00334-00082681-00083096 3749 in 1930 the majority of blue-collar
+FMARmeIBcvk-00335-00083097-00083348 employees for the man Tetsu were Chinese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00336-00083349-00083551 and the Japanese employees were mostly
+FMARmeIBcvk-00337-00083552-00083713 white-collar meaning most of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00338-00083714-00083915 Japanese living in Manchuria were middle
+FMARmeIBcvk-00339-00083916-00084094 class people who saw themselves as an
+FMARmeIBcvk-00340-00084095-00084416 elite between World War 1 in World War 2
+FMARmeIBcvk-00341-00084417-00084611 Manchuria became a political and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00342-00084612-00084793 military battleground between Russia
+FMARmeIBcvk-00343-00084794-00085132 Japan and China Japan moved into outer
+FMARmeIBcvk-00344-00085133-00085328 manchuria as a result of the chaos
+FMARmeIBcvk-00345-00085329-00085604 following the Russian Revolution of 1917
+FMARmeIBcvk-00346-00085605-00085846 a combination of Soviet military
+FMARmeIBcvk-00347-00085847-00086101 successes and American economic pressure
+FMARmeIBcvk-00348-00086102-00086299 forced the Japanese to withdraw from the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00349-00086300-00086555 area however an outer manchuria returned
+FMARmeIBcvk-00350-00086556-00086834 to Soviet control by 1925 during the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00351-00086835-00087080 warlord era in China the warlord Marshal
+FMARmeIBcvk-00352-00087081-00087299 John zulan established himself in Inner
+FMARmeIBcvk-00353-00087300-00087494 Manchuria with Japanese back
+FMARmeIBcvk-00354-00087495-00087773 later the Japanese Kwantung army found
+FMARmeIBcvk-00355-00087774-00087929 him too independent so he was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00356-00087930-00088274 assassinated in 1928 in assassinating
+FMARmeIBcvk-00357-00088275-00088583 marshal Jang the old marshal the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00358-00088584-00088775 Kwantung army generals expected
+FMARmeIBcvk-00359-00088776-00088927 Manchuria to descend into anarchy
+FMARmeIBcvk-00360-00088928-00089156 providing the pretext for seizing the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00361-00089157-00089432 region marshal Jang was killed when the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00362-00089433-00089624 bridge his train was riding a cross was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00363-00089625-00089810 blown up while three Chinese men were
+FMARmeIBcvk-00364-00089811-00090023 murdered and explosive equipment placed
+FMARmeIBcvk-00365-00090024-00090191 on their corpses to make it appear that
+FMARmeIBcvk-00366-00090192-00090365 they were the killers but the plot was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00367-00090366-00090608 foiled when Jung son Zhang Sheng de
+FMARmeIBcvk-00368-00090609-00090887 young marshal succeeded him without
+FMARmeIBcvk-00369-00090888-00091082 incident while the cabinet in Tokyo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00370-00091083-00091262 refused to send additional troops to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00371-00091263-00091538 Manchuria given that the Kwantung army
+FMARmeIBcvk-00372-00091539-00091769 had assassinated his father though young
+FMARmeIBcvk-00373-00091770-00092039 marshal who unlike his father was a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00374-00092040-00092315 chinese nationalist had strong reasons
+FMARmeIBcvk-00375-00092316-00092531 to dislike Japan's privileged position
+FMARmeIBcvk-00376-00092532-00092735 in Manchuria marshal Jang knew his
+FMARmeIBcvk-00377-00092736-00092906 forces were too weak to expel the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00378-00092907-00093104 Kwantung army but his relations with the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00379-00093105-00093302 Japanese were unfriendly right from the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00380-00093303-00093605 start after the Japanese invasion of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00381-00093606-00093902 Manchuria in 1931 Japanese militarists
+FMARmeIBcvk-00382-00093903-00094100 moved forward to separate the region
+FMARmeIBcvk-00383-00094101-00094277 from Chinese control and to create a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00384-00094278-00094553 Japanese aligned puppet state to create
+FMARmeIBcvk-00385-00094554-00094790 an air of legitimacy the last emperor of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00386-00094791-00094847 China
+FMARmeIBcvk-00387-00094848-00095024 pooey was invited to come with his
+FMARmeIBcvk-00388-00095025-00095174 followers and act as the head of state
+FMARmeIBcvk-00389-00095175-00095444 for Manchuria one of his faithful
+FMARmeIBcvk-00390-00095445-00095672 companions was Jung Xiao Shu a Ching
+FMARmeIBcvk-00391-00095673-00095813 reformist and loyalist
+FMARmeIBcvk-00392-00095814-00096200 on the 18th of February 1932 the Manchu
+FMARmeIBcvk-00393-00096201-00096479 statement chikuwa' pinyin manjo guo was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00394-00096480-00096704 proclaimed and recognized by japan on
+FMARmeIBcvk-00395-00096705-00096974 the 15th of September 1932 through the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00396-00096975-00097187 Japan Manchukuo protocol after the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00397-00097188-00097409 assassination of Japanese prime minister
+FMARmeIBcvk-00398-00097410-00097700 in a chi Tsuyoshi the city of Chang Chun
+FMARmeIBcvk-00399-00097701-00097928 renamed H sinking pinyin Shin Jane
+FMARmeIBcvk-00400-00097929-00098258 Shinji new capital became the capital of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00401-00098259-00098495 the new entity Chinese in Manchuria
+FMARmeIBcvk-00402-00098496-00098723 organized volunteer armies to oppose the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00403-00098724-00098927 Japanese in the new state required a war
+FMARmeIBcvk-00404-00098928-00099113 lasting several years to pacify the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00405-00099114-00099167 country
+FMARmeIBcvk-00406-00099168-00099377 the Japanese initially installed Priya's
+FMARmeIBcvk-00407-00099378-00099611 head of state in 1932 and two years
+FMARmeIBcvk-00408-00099612-00099761 later he was declared Emperor of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00409-00099762-00099938 Manchukuo with the aran name of kanga
+FMARmeIBcvk-00410-00099939-00100247 kong the tranquility and virtue weighed
+FMARmeIBcvk-00411-00100248-00100547 giles kang t Manchukuo thus became the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00412-00100548-00100787 great Manchurian Empire sometimes termed
+FMARmeIBcvk-00413-00100788-00100871 man shoot
+FMARmeIBcvk-00414-00100872-00101216 man Jody Guo pinyin man Jody Guo Zhang
+FMARmeIBcvk-00415-00101217-00101455 Xiao Shu served as Manchukuo spry
+FMARmeIBcvk-00416-00101456-00101753 Minister until 1935 when jang jinguk's
+FMARmeIBcvk-00417-00101754-00102017 exceeded him pooey was nothing more than
+FMARmeIBcvk-00418-00102018-00102221 a figurehead and real authority rested
+FMARmeIBcvk-00419-00102222-00102368 in the hands of the japanese military
+FMARmeIBcvk-00420-00102369-00102667 officials an imperial palace was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00421-00102668-00102865 specially built for the emperor the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00422-00102866-00103084 Manchu ministers all served as front men
+FMARmeIBcvk-00423-00103085-00103291 for their Japanese vice ministers who
+FMARmeIBcvk-00424-00103292-00103523 made all decisions in this manner Japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-00425-00103524-00103732 formally detached Manchukuo from China
+FMARmeIBcvk-00426-00103733-00104059 in the course of the 1930s with Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00427-00104060-00104281 investment and rich natural resources
+FMARmeIBcvk-00428-00104282-00104563 the area became an industrial powerhouse
+FMARmeIBcvk-00429-00104564-00104791 Manchukuo had its own issued banknotes
+FMARmeIBcvk-00430-00104792-00105052 and postage stamps several independent
+FMARmeIBcvk-00431-00105053-00105296 banks were founded as well the conquest
+FMARmeIBcvk-00432-00105297-00105476 of Manchuria proved to be extremely
+FMARmeIBcvk-00433-00105477-00105689 popular with the Japanese people who saw
+FMARmeIBcvk-00434-00105690-00105857 the conquest as providing a much-needed
+FMARmeIBcvk-00435-00105858-00106214 economic lifeline to their economy which
+FMARmeIBcvk-00436-00106215-00106364 had been badly hurt by the Great
+FMARmeIBcvk-00437-00106365-00106716 Depression the very image of a lifeline
+FMARmeIBcvk-00438-00106717-00107008 suggested that Manchuria which was rich
+FMARmeIBcvk-00439-00107009-00107278 in natural resources was essential for
+FMARmeIBcvk-00440-00107279-00107426 Japan to recover from the Great
+FMARmeIBcvk-00441-00107427-00107590 Depression which explains why the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00442-00107591-00107819 conquest was so popular at the time and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00443-00107820-00108002 later why the Japanese people were so
+FMARmeIBcvk-00444-00108003-00108160 completely hostile towards any
+FMARmeIBcvk-00445-00108161-00108436 suggestion of letting Manchuria go at
+FMARmeIBcvk-00446-00108438-00108679 the time censorship in Japan was nowhere
+FMARmeIBcvk-00447-00108680-00108896 near as stringent as it later become and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00448-00108897-00109124 the American historian Louise Jung noted
+FMARmeIBcvk-00449-00109125-00109307 had they wished it would have been
+FMARmeIBcvk-00450-00109308-00109727 possible in 1931 in 1932 for journalists
+FMARmeIBcvk-00451-00109728-00109925 and editors to express anti-war
+FMARmeIBcvk-00452-00109926-00110098 sentiments
+FMARmeIBcvk-00453-00110099-00110326 the popularity of the conquest meant
+FMARmeIBcvk-00454-00110327-00110533 that newspapers such as the Asahi which
+FMARmeIBcvk-00455-00110533-00110719 initially opposed the war swiftly
+FMARmeIBcvk-00456-00110720-00110877 changed to supporting the war as the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00457-00110878-00111165 best way of improving sales in 1935
+FMARmeIBcvk-00458-00111166-00111346 Manchukuo bought the Chinese Eastern
+FMARmeIBcvk-00459-00111347-00111995 Railway from the Soviet Union
+FMARmeIBcvk-00460-00111996-00112407 topic diplomatic recognition
+FMARmeIBcvk-00461-00112408-00112569 you
+FMARmeIBcvk-00462-00112570-00112842 China did not recognize Manchukuo but
+FMARmeIBcvk-00463-00112843-00113043 the two sides established official ties
+FMARmeIBcvk-00464-00113044-00113223 for trade communications and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00465-00113224-00113556 transportation in 1933 the League of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00466-00113557-00113745 Nations adopted the Linton report
+FMARmeIBcvk-00467-00113746-00113919 declaring that Manchuria remained
+FMARmeIBcvk-00468-00113920-00114132 rightfully part of China leading Japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-00469-00114133-00114402 to resign its membership the Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00470-00114403-00114611 case persuaded the United States to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00471-00114613-00114785 articulate the so-called Stimson
+FMARmeIBcvk-00472-00114786-00114935 doctrine under which international
+FMARmeIBcvk-00473-00114936-00115176 recognition was withheld from changes in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00474-00115177-00115356 the international system created by
+FMARmeIBcvk-00475-00115357-00115559 force of arms in spite of the league's
+FMARmeIBcvk-00476-00115560-00115704 approach the new state was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00477-00115705-00115950 diplomatically recognized by El Salvador
+FMARmeIBcvk-00478-00115951-00116238 the 3rd of March 1934 in the dominican
+FMARmeIBcvk-00479-00116239-00116577 republic 1934 costa rica the 23rd of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00480-00116578-00116883 september 1934 italy the 29th of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00481-00116883-00117225 november 1937 spain the 2nd of december
+FMARmeIBcvk-00482-00117226-00117600 1937 germany the 12th of May 1938 and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00483-00117601-00117951 Hungary the 9th of January 1939 the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00484-00117952-00118146 Soviet Union extended de facto
+FMARmeIBcvk-00485-00118147-00118443 recognition on the 23rd of March 1935
+FMARmeIBcvk-00486-00118444-00118647 but explicitly noted that this did not
+FMARmeIBcvk-00487-00118648-00118961 mean to jury recognition however upon
+FMARmeIBcvk-00488-00118963-00119186 signing the Soviet Japanese neutrality
+FMARmeIBcvk-00489-00119188-00119478 pact on the 13th of April 1941 the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00490-00119479-00119703 Soviet Union recognized Manchukuo de
+FMARmeIBcvk-00491-00119704-00119940 jure in exchange for Japan recognizing
+FMARmeIBcvk-00492-00119941-00120072 the integrity of the neighboring
+FMARmeIBcvk-00493-00120073-00120423 Mongolian People's Republic the USSR did
+FMARmeIBcvk-00494-00120424-00120624 maintain 5 consulates General in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00495-00120625-00120693 Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00496-00120694-00121008 initially although in 1936 37 these were
+FMARmeIBcvk-00497-00121008-00121235 reduced to just 2:1 in Harbin and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00498-00121236-00121524 another in Manjula Manchukuo opened
+FMARmeIBcvk-00499-00121525-00121752 consulates in Blagoveshchensk September
+FMARmeIBcvk-00500-00121753-00122135 1932 and in Cheeta February 1933 it is
+FMARmeIBcvk-00501-00122136-00122313 commonly believed that the Holy See
+FMARmeIBcvk-00502-00122314-00122502 established diplomatic relations with
+FMARmeIBcvk-00503-00122503-00122810 Manchukuo in 1934 but the Holy See never
+FMARmeIBcvk-00504-00122811-00123086 did sell this belief is partly due to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00505-00123088-00123270 the erroneous reference in Bernardo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00506-00123271-00123549 Bertolucci's 1987 film The Last Emperor
+FMARmeIBcvk-00507-00123550-00123726 that the Holy See diplomatically
+FMARmeIBcvk-00508-00123727-00124029 recognized Manchukuo bishop Augusto
+FMARmeIBcvk-00509-00124030-00124261 Ernest Pierre gaspé was appointed as
+FMARmeIBcvk-00510-00124263-00124491 representative ad tempest of the Holy
+FMARmeIBcvk-00511-00124492-00124698 See and of the Catholic missions of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00512-00124699-00124955 Manchukuo to the government of Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00513-00124956-00125256 by the congregation to propaganda fighty
+FMARmeIBcvk-00514-00125257-00125496 a purely religious body responsible for
+FMARmeIBcvk-00515-00125497-00125708 missions and not by the Secretariat of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00516-00125709-00125895 state responsible for diplomatic
+FMARmeIBcvk-00517-00125896-00125949 relation
+FMARmeIBcvk-00518-00125950-00126273 with states in the 1940s the Vatican
+FMARmeIBcvk-00519-00126274-00126432 established full diplomatic relations
+FMARmeIBcvk-00520-00126433-00126723 with Japan but it resisted Japanese and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00521-00126724-00126954 Italian pressure to recognize Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00522-00126955-00127131 and the Nanjing regime after the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00523-00127132-00127350 outbreak of World War two the state was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00524-00127351-00127590 recognized by Slovakia the 1st of June
+FMARmeIBcvk-00525-00127591-00127961 1940 Vichy France the 12th of July 1940
+FMARmeIBcvk-00526-00127963-00128223 Romania the 1st of December 1940
+FMARmeIBcvk-00527-00128224-00128547 Bulgaria the 10th of May 1941 Finland
+FMARmeIBcvk-00528-00128548-00128874 the 18th of July 1941 Denmark August
+FMARmeIBcvk-00529-00128875-00129321 1941 Croatia the 2nd of August 1941 all
+FMARmeIBcvk-00530-00129322-00129536 controlled or influenced by Japan's
+FMARmeIBcvk-00531-00129538-00129809 Allied Germany as well as by Wong Jing
+FMARmeIBcvk-00532-00129810-00130029 ways reorganized national government of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00533-00130030-00130230 the Republic of China the 30th of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00534-00130231-00130533 November 1940 Thailand the 5th of August
+FMARmeIBcvk-00535-00130533-00130938 1941 and the Philippines 1943 all under
+FMARmeIBcvk-00536-00130939-00131604 the control or influence of Japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-00537-00131605-00132226 topic World War two and aftermath
+FMARmeIBcvk-00538-00132227-00132481 before World War two the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00539-00132482-00132691 colonized Manchukuo and used it as a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00540-00132692-00132952 base from which to invade China the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00541-00132953-00133159 Manchu general Tung Lane was killed in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00542-00133160-00133357 action by the Japanese in the Battle of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00543-00133358-00133516 beeping Tianjin which marked the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00544-00133517-00133651 beginning of the second sino-japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00545-00133652-00134050 war in the summer of 1939 a border
+FMARmeIBcvk-00546-00134051-00134229 dispute between Manchukuo and the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00547-00134230-00134461 Mongolian People's Republic resulted in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00548-00134462-00134758 the Battle of kalkan gol during this
+FMARmeIBcvk-00549-00134759-00135019 battle a combined Soviet Mongolian force
+FMARmeIBcvk-00550-00135020-00135229 defeated the Japanese Kwantung Army
+FMARmeIBcvk-00551-00135230-00135469 Kanto Gun supported by limited Manchu
+FMARmeIBcvk-00552-00135470-00135757 Cohen forces on the 8th of August 1945
+FMARmeIBcvk-00553-00135758-00135979 the Soviet Union declared war on Japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-00554-00135980-00136186 in accordance with the agreement at the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00555-00136187-00136396 Yalta Conference and invaded Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00556-00136397-00136623 from outer manchuria and Outer Mongolia
+FMARmeIBcvk-00557-00136624-00136858 during the Soviet offensive the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00558-00136859-00137097 Manchukuo Imperial Army on paper a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00559-00137098-00137377 200,000 man Force performed poorly and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00560-00137378-00137557 whole units surrendered to the Soviets
+FMARmeIBcvk-00561-00137558-00137719 without firing a single shot
+FMARmeIBcvk-00562-00137720-00137916 there were even cases of armed riots and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00563-00137917-00138129 mutinies against the Japanese forces
+FMARmeIBcvk-00564-00138130-00138382 Emperor Kanda had hoped to escape to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00565-00138383-00138591 Japan to surrender to the Americans but
+FMARmeIBcvk-00566-00138592-00138769 the Soviets captured him and eventually
+FMARmeIBcvk-00567-00138770-00138961 extradited him to the communist
+FMARmeIBcvk-00568-00138962-00139108 government in China where the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00569-00139109-00139294 authorities had him imprisoned as a war
+FMARmeIBcvk-00570-00139295-00139486 criminal along with all other captured
+FMARmeIBcvk-00571-00139487-00139834 Manchukuo officials from 1945 to 1948
+FMARmeIBcvk-00572-00139835-00140077 Manchuria inner Manchuria served as a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00573-00140078-00140229 base area for the People's Liberation
+FMARmeIBcvk-00574-00140230-00140494 Army in the Chinese Civil War against
+FMARmeIBcvk-00575-00140495-00140749 the National Revolutionary Army the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00576-00140750-00140971 Chinese Communists used Manchuria as a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00577-00140972-00141141 staging ground until the final
+FMARmeIBcvk-00578-00141142-00141426 Nationalists retreat to Taiwan in 1949
+FMARmeIBcvk-00579-00141427-00141757 many Manchukuo army and Japanese Kanto
+FMARmeIBcvk-00580-00141758-00141946 GaN personnel served with the Communist
+FMARmeIBcvk-00581-00141947-00142104 troops during the Chinese Civil War
+FMARmeIBcvk-00582-00142105-00142414 against the nationalist forces most of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00583-00142415-00142654 the 1.5 million Japanese who had been
+FMARmeIBcvk-00584-00142655-00142840 left in Manchukuo at the end of World
+FMARmeIBcvk-00585-00142841-00143035 War two were sent back to their homeland
+FMARmeIBcvk-00586-00143036-00143428 in 1946 to 1948 by u.s. Navy ships in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00587-00143429-00143623 the operation now known as the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00588-00143624-00144287 repatriation from hula dal
+FMARmeIBcvk-00589-00144288-00144820 topic politics
+FMARmeIBcvk-00590-00144821-00145094 historians generally consider Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00591-00145095-00145328 a puppet state of Imperial Japan because
+FMARmeIBcvk-00592-00145329-00145508 of the Japanese military's strong
+FMARmeIBcvk-00593-00145509-00145688 presence and strict control of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00594-00145689-00145928 government administration Chinese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00595-00145929-00146144 historians generally refer to the state
+FMARmeIBcvk-00596-00146145-00146363 as whey man job while false state of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00597-00146364-00146687 Manchuria some historians see Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00598-00146688-00146873 as an effort at building a glorified
+FMARmeIBcvk-00599-00146874-00147089 Japanese state in mainland Asia that
+FMARmeIBcvk-00600-00147090-00147302 deteriorated due to the pressures of war
+FMARmeIBcvk-00601-00147303-00147491 the independence of Manchuria was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00602-00147492-00147767 proclaimed on the 18th of February 1932
+FMARmeIBcvk-00603-00147768-00148040 and it was renamed Manchukuo the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00604-00148041-00148256 Japanese military commander appointed
+FMARmeIBcvk-00605-00148257-00148496 Priya's regent rein named a Tong for the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00606-00148497-00148559 time-being
+FMARmeIBcvk-00607-00148560-00148730 stating that he would become emperor of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00608-00148731-00148922 Manchukuo but could not reign using the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00609-00148923-00149081 title of Emperor of the great Qing
+FMARmeIBcvk-00610-00149082-00149384 Empire as he once held Manchukuo was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00611-00149385-00149573 proclaimed a monarchy on the 1st of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00612-00149574-00149831 March 1934 with pre assuming the throne
+FMARmeIBcvk-00613-00149832-00150038 under the reign name of Emperor conga
+FMARmeIBcvk-00614-00150039-00150272 foo he was assisted in his executive
+FMARmeIBcvk-00615-00150273-00150554 duties by a Privy Council Chinese can he
+FMARmeIBcvk-00616-00150555-00150755 flew in a general affairs State Council
+FMARmeIBcvk-00617-00150756-00151076 Chinese Gua woo this state council was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00618-00151077-00151247 the center of political power and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00619-00151248-00151460 consisted of several cabinet ministers
+FMARmeIBcvk-00620-00151461-00151649 each assisted by a Japanese vice
+FMARmeIBcvk-00621-00151650-00151952 minister the commanding officer of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00622-00151953-00152186 Kwantung army in Manchukuo was also the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00623-00152187-00152468 Japanese ambassador to Manchukuo he
+FMARmeIBcvk-00624-00152469-00152636 functioned in a manner similar to that
+FMARmeIBcvk-00625-00152637-00152852 of a British resident officer in British
+FMARmeIBcvk-00626-00152853-00153059 overseas protectorates with the power to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00627-00153060-00153299 veto decisions by the Emperor the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00628-00153300-00153533 Kwantung army leadership placed Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00629-00153534-00153746 vice ministers in his cabinet while all
+FMARmeIBcvk-00630-00153747-00153974 Chinese advisors gradually resigned or
+FMARmeIBcvk-00631-00153975-00154234 were dismissed the Legislative Council
+FMARmeIBcvk-00632-00154235-00154520 Chinese leaf a yuan was largely a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00633-00154521-00154745 ceremonial body existing to rubber-stamp
+FMARmeIBcvk-00634-00154746-00154963 decisions issued by the State Council
+FMARmeIBcvk-00635-00154964-00155273 the only authorized political party was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00636-00155274-00155435 the government-sponsored Concordia
+FMARmeIBcvk-00637-00155436-00155651 Association although various emigres
+FMARmeIBcvk-00638-00155652-00155777 groups were permitted their own
+FMARmeIBcvk-00639-00155778-00156089 political associations the American
+FMARmeIBcvk-00640-00156090-00156320 historian Louise Jung noted that one of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00641-00156321-00156491 the most striking aspects of Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00642-00156492-00156713 was that many of the young japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00643-00156714-00156872 civil servants who went to work in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00644-00156873-00157079 Manchukuo were on the left or at least
+FMARmeIBcvk-00645-00157080-00157403 had once been in the 1920s much of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00646-00157404-00157610 younger intelligentsia in Japan had
+FMARmeIBcvk-00647-00157611-00157805 rejected their parents values and had
+FMARmeIBcvk-00648-00157806-00157979 become active in various left-wing
+FMARmeIBcvk-00649-00157980-00158063 movements
+FMARmeIBcvk-00650-00158064-00158291 starting with the peace preservation law
+FMARmeIBcvk-00651-00158292-00158554 of 1925 which made the very act of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00652-00158555-00158807 thinking about altering the koku tie a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00653-00158808-00159028 crime the government had embarked on a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00654-00159029-00159221 sustained campaign to stomp out all
+FMARmeIBcvk-00655-00159222-00159524 left-wing thought in Japan however many
+FMARmeIBcvk-00656-00159525-00159734 of the bright young university graduates
+FMARmeIBcvk-00657-00159735-00159944 active in left-wing movements in Japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-00658-00159945-00160129 were needed to serve as civil servants
+FMARmeIBcvk-00659-00160130-00160331 in Manchukuo which young noted led the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00660-00160332-00160493 Japanese state to embark upon a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00661-00160494-00160691 contradictory policy of recruiting the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00662-00160692-00160877 same people active in the movements that
+FMARmeIBcvk-00663-00160878-00161126 it was seeking to crush to room in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00664-00161127-00161321 chikuwa' which right from the start had
+FMARmeIBcvk-00665-00161322-00161546 a very Edyta ste kana me the japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00666-00161547-00161768 state needed university graduates who
+FMARmeIBcvk-00667-00161769-00161960 were fluent in Mandarin Chinese in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00668-00161961-00162233 1920s to 30s many of the university
+FMARmeIBcvk-00669-00162234-00162422 graduates in Japan who knew Mandarin
+FMARmeIBcvk-00670-00162423-00162740 were progressives involved in left-wing
+FMARmeIBcvk-00671-00162741-00162971 causes the fact that young Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00672-00162972-00163165 civil servants in Manchukuo with their
+FMARmeIBcvk-00673-00163166-00163484 degrees in economics sociology etc who
+FMARmeIBcvk-00674-00163485-00163637 had once been active in left-wing
+FMARmeIBcvk-00675-00163638-00163832 movements helps explains the decidedly
+FMARmeIBcvk-00676-00163833-00164048 leftist thrust of social and economic
+FMARmeIBcvk-00677-00164049-00164237 policies in Manchukuo with the state
+FMARmeIBcvk-00678-00164238-00164411 playing an increasingly large role in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00679-00164412-00164518 society
+FMARmeIBcvk-00680-00164519-00164738 likewise much of the debate between
+FMARmeIBcvk-00681-00164739-00164957 Japanese civil servants about the sort
+FMARmeIBcvk-00682-00164958-00165203 of social economic policies Japan should
+FMARmeIBcvk-00683-00165204-00165452 follow in Manchukuo in the 1930s was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00684-00165453-00165647 framed in Marxist terms with the civil
+FMARmeIBcvk-00685-00165648-00165853 servants arguing over whatever Manchuria
+FMARmeIBcvk-00686-00165854-00166214 prior to September 1931 had a feudal or
+FMARmeIBcvk-00687-00166215-00166574 a capitalist economy the American
+FMARmeIBcvk-00688-00166575-00166793 historian Joshua Fogle wrote about the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00689-00166794-00166949 young servants of Manchu cow
+FMARmeIBcvk-00690-00166950-00167213 tremendous debates transpired on such
+FMARmeIBcvk-00691-00167214-00167402 things as the nature of the Chinese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00692-00167403-00167629 economy and the lingua franca of these
+FMARmeIBcvk-00693-00167630-00167993 debates was always Marxism to resolve
+FMARmeIBcvk-00694-00167994-00168218 this debate various research teams of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00695-00168219-00168461 five or six young civil servants guarded
+FMARmeIBcvk-00696-00168462-00168668 by detachments from the Kwantung army of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00697-00168669-00168872 about twenty or thirty men went out to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00698-00168873-00169097 do field research in Manchukuo gathering
+FMARmeIBcvk-00699-00169098-00169271 material about the life of ordinary
+FMARmeIBcvk-00700-00169272-00169496 people to determine Manchukuo was in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00701-00169497-00169871 feudal or capitalist stage of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00702-00169872-00170156 development starting in 1936 the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00703-00170157-00170372 Manchukuo state launched five-year plans
+FMARmeIBcvk-00704-00170373-00170558 for economic development which were
+FMARmeIBcvk-00705-00170559-00170740 closely modeled after the five-year
+FMARmeIBcvk-00706-00170741-00170929 plans in the soviet union in Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00707-00170930-00171173 the japanese were creating a brand new
+FMARmeIBcvk-00708-00171174-00171379 state that was in theory independent
+FMARmeIBcvk-00709-00171380-00171482 which meant that there were
+FMARmeIBcvk-00710-00171483-00171671 no limits upon the sort of policies that
+FMARmeIBcvk-00711-00171672-00171869 the new state could carry out and many
+FMARmeIBcvk-00712-00171870-00172088 university graduates in Japan who
+FMARmeIBcvk-00713-00172089-00172264 despite being opposed to the social
+FMARmeIBcvk-00714-00172265-00172504 system that existed in Japan itself went
+FMARmeIBcvk-00715-00172505-00172697 to work in Manchukuo believing that they
+FMARmeIBcvk-00716-00172698-00172862 could carry out reforms there that might
+FMARmeIBcvk-00717-00172863-00173150 inspire similar reforms in Japan this
+FMARmeIBcvk-00718-00173151-00173326 was especially the case since it was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00719-00173327-00173522 impossible to effect any reforms in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00720-00173523-00173720 Japan itself as the very act of thinking
+FMARmeIBcvk-00721-00173721-00174050 about altering the koku tie was a crime
+FMARmeIBcvk-00722-00174051-00174248 which led many leftist japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00723-00174249-00174446 university graduates to go work in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00724-00174447-00174608 Manchukuo where they believed they could
+FMARmeIBcvk-00725-00174609-00174812 achieve the sort of social revolution
+FMARmeIBcvk-00726-00174813-00175199 that was impossible in japan by 1933 the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00727-00175200-00175400 japanese state had essentially destroyed
+FMARmeIBcvk-00728-00175401-00175607 both the japanese Socialist Party and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00729-00175608-00175823 the Japanese Communist Party via mass
+FMARmeIBcvk-00730-00175824-00176014 arrests and Tenko with both parties
+FMARmeIBcvk-00731-00176015-00176222 reduced down to mere rumps which caused
+FMARmeIBcvk-00732-00176223-00176447 many Japanese student leftists to draw
+FMARmeIBcvk-00733-00176448-00176587 the conclusion that change was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00734-00176588-00176825 impossible in Japan but still possible
+FMARmeIBcvk-00735-00176826-00177040 in Manchukuo where paradoxically the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00736-00177041-00177236 Kwantung army was sponsoring the sort of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00737-00177237-00177473 policies that were unacceptable in Japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-00738-00177474-00177725 moreover the Great Depression had made
+FMARmeIBcvk-00739-00177726-00177908 it very difficult for university
+FMARmeIBcvk-00740-00177909-00178114 graduates in Japan to find work which
+FMARmeIBcvk-00741-00178115-00178307 made the prospect of a well-paying job
+FMARmeIBcvk-00742-00178308-00178484 in Manchukuo very attractive to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00743-00178485-00178663 otherwise underemployed Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00744-00178664-00178982 university graduates in Manchukuo the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00745-00178983-00179176 Japanese state was creating an entire
+FMARmeIBcvk-00746-00179177-00179381 state anew which meant that Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00747-00179382-00179570 had a desperate need for university
+FMARmeIBcvk-00748-00179571-00179762 graduates to work in its newly founded
+FMARmeIBcvk-00749-00179763-00180037 civil service in addition the pan-asian
+FMARmeIBcvk-00750-00180038-00180277 rhetoric of Manchukuo and the prospect
+FMARmeIBcvk-00751-00180278-00180475 of japan helping ordinary people in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00752-00180476-00180647 Manchuria greatly appealed to the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00753-00180648-00180925 idealistic youth of Japan young wrote
+FMARmeIBcvk-00754-00180926-00181118 about the young Japanese people who went
+FMARmeIBcvk-00755-00181119-00181378 to work in Manchukuo the men and in some
+FMARmeIBcvk-00756-00181379-00181607 cases the women who answered the call of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00757-00181608-00181828 this land of opportunity brought with
+FMARmeIBcvk-00758-00181829-00182062 them tremendous drive and ambition in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00759-00182063-00182306 their efforts to remake their own lives
+FMARmeIBcvk-00760-00182307-00182645 they remade an empire they invested it
+FMARmeIBcvk-00761-00182646-00182861 with their preoccupations of modernity
+FMARmeIBcvk-00762-00182862-00183090 and their dreams of an utopian future
+FMARmeIBcvk-00763-00183091-00183386 they pushed it to embrace an idealist
+FMARmeIBcvk-00764-00183387-00183637 rhetoric of social reform and justified
+FMARmeIBcvk-00765-00183638-00183881 itself in terms of chinese nationalist
+FMARmeIBcvk-00766-00183882-00184136 aspiration they turned it to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00767-00184137-00184366 architectural ostentation and the heady
+FMARmeIBcvk-00768-00184367-00184694 luxury of colonial consumption they made
+FMARmeIBcvk-00769-00184695-00184882 it into a project of radical
+FMARmeIBcvk-00770-00184883-00185193 change experimentation and possibility
+FMARmeIBcvk-00771-00185194-00185502 the Kwantung army for its part tolerated
+FMARmeIBcvk-00772-00185503-00185674 the talk of social revolution in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00773-00185675-00185875 Manchukuo as the best way of gaining
+FMARmeIBcvk-00774-00185876-00186037 support from the hon majority of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00775-00186038-00186262 Manchukuo who did not want Manchuria to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00776-00186263-00186511 be severed from China even more active
+FMARmeIBcvk-00777-00186512-00186724 in going to Manchukuo were the products
+FMARmeIBcvk-00778-00186725-00187063 of Tenko changing directions a process
+FMARmeIBcvk-00779-00187064-00187234 of brainwashing by the police of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00780-00187235-00187438 left-wing activists to make them accept
+FMARmeIBcvk-00781-00187439-00187612 that the emperor was a god after all
+FMARmeIBcvk-00782-00187613-00187890 whom they were best - sir Tenko was a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00783-00187891-00188100 very successful process that turned
+FMARmeIBcvk-00784-00188101-00188287 young japanese who once been ardent
+FMARmeIBcvk-00785-00188288-00188485 liberals or leftists who rejected the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00786-00188486-00188674 idea that the emperor was a god into
+FMARmeIBcvk-00787-00188675-00188862 fanatical rightists who made up for
+FMARmeIBcvk-00788-00188863-00189046 their previous doubts about the divinity
+FMARmeIBcvk-00789-00189047-00189254 of the Emperor with militant enthusiasm
+FMARmeIBcvk-00790-00189255-00189588 110 kosha was Tachibana Shiraki who once
+FMARmeIBcvk-00791-00189589-00189804 been a marxist sinologist who after his
+FMARmeIBcvk-00792-00189805-00190002 arrest and undergoing Tenko become a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00793-00190003-00190314 fanatical right-winger Tachibana went to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00794-00190315-00190590 Manchukuo in 1932 proclaiming that the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00795-00190591-00190875 theory of the five races working
+FMARmeIBcvk-00796-00190876-00191088 together was the best solution to Asia's
+FMARmeIBcvk-00797-00191089-00191299 problems and argued in his writings that
+FMARmeIBcvk-00798-00191300-00191514 only Japan could save China from itself
+FMARmeIBcvk-00799-00191515-00191698 which was a complete change from his
+FMARmeIBcvk-00800-00191699-00191899 previous policies where he criticized
+FMARmeIBcvk-00801-00191900-00192145 Japan for exploiting China other
+FMARmeIBcvk-00802-00192146-00192402 left-wing activists like egami su a hero
+FMARmeIBcvk-00803-00192403-00192637 did not undergo Tenko but still went to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00804-00192638-00192828 work in Manchukuo believing it was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00805-00192829-00193038 possible to affect social reforms that
+FMARmeIBcvk-00806-00193039-00193333 would end up semi-feudal condition of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00807-00193334-00193527 the Chinese peasants of menchaca and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00808-00193528-00193704 that he could use the Kwantung army to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00809-00193705-00193870 affect left-wing reforms in Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00810-00193871-00194173 egami went to work in the agricultural
+FMARmeIBcvk-00811-00194174-00194473 economy desk of the Social Research Unit
+FMARmeIBcvk-00812-00194474-00194671 of the South Manchurian railroad company
+FMARmeIBcvk-00813-00194672-00194848 writing up reports about the rural
+FMARmeIBcvk-00814-00194849-00195058 economy of Manchukuo that were used by
+FMARmeIBcvk-00815-00195059-00195282 the Kwantung army in the Manchukuo state
+FMARmeIBcvk-00816-00195283-00195540 egami believed that his studies helped
+FMARmeIBcvk-00817-00195541-00195781 ordinary people citing one study he did
+FMARmeIBcvk-00818-00195782-00195973 about water use in rural manchu kueh
+FMARmeIBcvk-00819-00195974-00196147 where he noted a correlation between
+FMARmeIBcvk-00820-00196148-00196353 villages that were deprived of water in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00821-00196354-00196675 banditry the code word for anti Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00822-00196676-00196873 gorillas believing that the policy of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00823-00196874-00197086 improving water supply in villages was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00824-00197087-00197344 due to his study the outbreak of the war
+FMARmeIBcvk-00825-00197345-00197644 with China in 1937 caused the state in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00826-00197645-00197824 Manchukuo to grow even bigger as a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00827-00197825-00198157 policy of total war came in which meant
+FMARmeIBcvk-00828-00198158-00198264 there was a pressing too
+FMARmeIBcvk-00829-00198265-00198418 and for people with university degrees
+FMARmeIBcvk-00830-00198419-00198683 trained to think scientifically
+FMARmeIBcvk-00831-00198684-00198915 Fogel wrote that almost all of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00832-00198916-00199125 university graduates from japan who
+FMARmeIBcvk-00833-00199126-00199338 arrived in Manchukuo in the late 1930s
+FMARmeIBcvk-00834-00199339-00199645 were largely left-wing socialists and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00835-00199646-00199911 communists this was precisely at the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00836-00199912-00200127 time when Marxism had been all but
+FMARmeIBcvk-00837-00200128-00200400 banned in Japan when as Yamada GUI Chi
+FMARmeIBcvk-00838-00200401-00200646 put if the expression shock I social
+FMARmeIBcvk-00839-00200647-00200871 appeared in the title of a book it was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00840-00200872-00201216 usually confiscated young also noted
+FMARmeIBcvk-00841-00201217-00201445 with reference to Lord Acton's dictum
+FMARmeIBcvk-00842-00201446-00201732 that absolute power corrupts absolutely
+FMARmeIBcvk-00843-00201733-00202006 that for many of the idealistic young
+FMARmeIBcvk-00844-00202007-00202203 Japanese civil servants who believed
+FMARmeIBcvk-00845-00202204-00202422 that they could affect a revolution from
+FMARmeIBcvk-00846-00202423-00202635 above that would make the lives of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00847-00202636-00202851 ordinary people better that the absolute
+FMARmeIBcvk-00848-00202852-00203032 power that they enjoyed over millions of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00849-00203033-00203308 people went to their heads causing them
+FMARmeIBcvk-00850-00203309-00203514 to behave with abusive arrogance towards
+FMARmeIBcvk-00851-00203515-00203668 the very people that they had gone to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00852-00203669-00203934 Manchukuo to help young wrote that it
+FMARmeIBcvk-00853-00203935-00204237 was a monumental conceit of the part of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00854-00204238-00204418 the young idealist to believe that they
+FMARmeIBcvk-00855-00204419-00204614 could use the Kwantung army to achieve a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00856-00204615-00204894 revolution from above when it was the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00857-00204896-00205113 Kwantung army that was using them the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00858-00205114-00205308 ambitious plans for land reform in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00859-00205309-00205501 Manchukuo were vetoed by the Kwantung
+FMARmeIBcvk-00860-00205502-00205701 army for precisely the reason that it
+FMARmeIBcvk-00861-00205702-00205911 might inspire similar reforms in japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-00862-00205912-00206200 the landlords in Japan tended to come
+FMARmeIBcvk-00863-00206201-00206385 from families who once belonged to the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00864-00206386-00206577 samurai caste and almost all of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00865-00206578-00206763 officers in the Imperial Japanese Army
+FMARmeIBcvk-00866-00206764-00207001 came from samurai families which made
+FMARmeIBcvk-00867-00207002-00207189 the Kwantung army very hostile towards
+FMARmeIBcvk-00868-00207190-00207390 any sort of land reform which might
+FMARmeIBcvk-00869-00207391-00207561 serve as an example for Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00870-00207562-00207963 peasants in October 1941 the Soviet spy
+FMARmeIBcvk-00871-00207964-00208146 ring headed by Richard Sorge was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00872-00208148-00208351 uncovered in Tokyo which caused the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00873-00208352-00208525 authorities to become paranoid about
+FMARmeIBcvk-00874-00208526-00208719 Soviet espionage and led to new
+FMARmeIBcvk-00875-00208721-00209061 crackdown on the left in November 1941
+FMARmeIBcvk-00876-00209062-00209280 the social research unit of the South
+FMARmeIBcvk-00877-00209281-00209484 Manchurian railroad company which was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00878-00209485-00209706 well known as a hotbed of Marxism since
+FMARmeIBcvk-00879-00209707-00209946 the early 1930s was rated by the Kent
+FMARmeIBcvk-00880-00209948-00210169 Atty who arrested 50 of those working in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00881-00210169-00210490 the social research unit at least 44 of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00882-00210491-00210657 those working in the social research
+FMARmeIBcvk-00883-00210658-00210838 unit were convicted of violating the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00884-00210839-00211021 peace preservation law which made
+FMARmeIBcvk-00885-00211021-00211278 thinking about altering the koku tie a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00886-00211279-00211623 crime in 1942-43 and were given
+FMARmeIBcvk-00887-00211625-00211834 long prison sentences of whom four died
+FMARmeIBcvk-00888-00211835-00212023 due to the harsh conditions of prisons
+FMARmeIBcvk-00889-00212023-00212292 in Manchukuo as the men working in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00890-00212294-00212455 Social Research Unit had played
+FMARmeIBcvk-00891-00212456-00212629 important roles in Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00892-00212630-00212851 economic policy and were University
+FMARmeIBcvk-00893-00212852-00213028 graduates from good families the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00894-00213029-00213256 Japanese historian hata arey wrote that
+FMARmeIBcvk-00895-00213257-00213460 the Kempeitai were ordered to handle
+FMARmeIBcvk-00896-00213461-00213529 them with care
+FMARmeIBcvk-00897-00213530-00213766 meaning no torture of the sort that the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00898-00213767-00213937 khenpo tine normally employed in its
+FMARmeIBcvk-00899-00213938-00214123 investigations when the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00900-00214123-00214309 surrender was announced on the 15th of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00901-00214310-00215080 August 1945 he agreed to abdicate
+FMARmeIBcvk-00902-00215081-00215571 topic head of state
+FMARmeIBcvk-00903-00215573-00215910 you
+FMARmeIBcvk-00904-00215911-00216453 topic Prime Minister
+FMARmeIBcvk-00905-00216454-00216796 topic demographics in 1908 the number of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00906-00216796-00217023 residents was 15 million eight hundred
+FMARmeIBcvk-00907-00217025-00217225 thirty four thousand which rose to 30
+FMARmeIBcvk-00908-00217226-00217480 million in 1931 and forty three million
+FMARmeIBcvk-00909-00217481-00217771 for the Manchukuo state the population
+FMARmeIBcvk-00910-00217771-00218110 balance remained 123 men to 100 women
+FMARmeIBcvk-00911-00218111-00218383 and the total number in 1941 was 50
+FMARmeIBcvk-00912-00218384-00218646 million other statistics indicate that
+FMARmeIBcvk-00913-00218648-00218919 in Manchukuo the population rose by 18
+FMARmeIBcvk-00914-00218921-00219181 million in early 1934 the total
+FMARmeIBcvk-00915-00219182-00219430 population of Manchukuo was estimated as
+FMARmeIBcvk-00916-00219431-00219634 30 million eight hundred eighty thousand
+FMARmeIBcvk-00917-00219635-00219912 with 6.1 persons the average family and
+FMARmeIBcvk-00918-00219913-00220303 122 men for each 100 women these numbers
+FMARmeIBcvk-00919-00220304-00220555 included 29 million five hundred ten
+FMARmeIBcvk-00920-00220556-00220828 thousand Chinese 96 percent which should
+FMARmeIBcvk-00921-00220829-00221026 have included the Manchurian population
+FMARmeIBcvk-00922-00221027-00221212 five hundred ninety thousand seven
+FMARmeIBcvk-00923-00221213-00221473 hundred sixty Japanese two percent six
+FMARmeIBcvk-00924-00221473-00221653 hundred eighty thousand Koreans two
+FMARmeIBcvk-00925-00221654-00221851 percent and ninety-eight thousand four
+FMARmeIBcvk-00926-00221852-00222076 hundred thirty-one multinational state
+FMARmeIBcvk-00927-00222077-00222439 after the Russian Civil War 1917 to 1920
+FMARmeIBcvk-00928-00222440-00222621 two thousands of Russians fled to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00929-00222623-00222790 Manchuria to join the Russian community
+FMARmeIBcvk-00930-00222791-00222901 already there
+FMARmeIBcvk-00931-00222902-00223144 the Russians living in Manchuria were
+FMARmeIBcvk-00932-00223144-00223357 stateless and as whites had an ambiguous
+FMARmeIBcvk-00933-00223358-00223564 status in Manchukuo which was meant to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00934-00223565-00223780 be a pan-asian state whose official five
+FMARmeIBcvk-00935-00223781-00224046 races were the chinese mongols Manchus
+FMARmeIBcvk-00936-00224048-00224362 Koreans and Japanese at various times
+FMARmeIBcvk-00937-00224363-00224584 the Japanese suggested that the Russians
+FMARmeIBcvk-00938-00224585-00224817 might be a sixth race of Manchukuo but
+FMARmeIBcvk-00939-00224819-00225071 this was never officially declared in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00940-00225073-00225376 1936 the Manchukuo Almanac reported
+FMARmeIBcvk-00941-00225377-00225532 there were thirty three thousand five
+FMARmeIBcvk-00942-00225533-00225723 hundred ninety-two Russians living in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00943-00225725-00225921 the city of Harbin the Moscow of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00944-00225923-00226119 Orient and of whom only five thousand
+FMARmeIBcvk-00945-00226121-00226269 five hundred eighty had been granted
+FMARmeIBcvk-00946-00226271-00226537 Manchukuo citizenship Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00947-00226538-00226750 Imperialism was to a certain extent
+FMARmeIBcvk-00948-00226751-00226966 based on racism with the Japanese as the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00949-00226967-00227164 great Yamato race but there was always a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00950-00227165-00227380 certain dichotomy in Japanese thinking
+FMARmeIBcvk-00951-00227381-00227578 between an ideology based on racial
+FMARmeIBcvk-00952-00227579-00227779 differences based on bloodlines versus
+FMARmeIBcvk-00953-00227780-00228010 the idea of pan-asian ism with Japan as
+FMARmeIBcvk-00954-00228011-00228175 the natural leader of all the Asian
+FMARmeIBcvk-00955-00228176-00228508 peoples in 1940 ethnic Russians were
+FMARmeIBcvk-00956-00228509-00228696 included among the other nationalities
+FMARmeIBcvk-00957-00228698-00228871 of Manchukuo as candidates for
+FMARmeIBcvk-00958-00228871-00229090 conscription into the Manchukuo military
+FMARmeIBcvk-00959-00229091-00229317 the British writer Peter Fleming visited
+FMARmeIBcvk-00960-00229319-00229594 Manchukuo in 1935 and while riding a
+FMARmeIBcvk-00961-00229594-00229732 train through the countryside of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00962-00229733-00229810 Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-00963-00229811-00230021 a group of Japanese colonists mistook
+FMARmeIBcvk-00964-00230021-00230221 his Swiss girlfriend kini for a Russian
+FMARmeIBcvk-00965-00230223-00230506 refugee and began to beat her up it was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00966-00230507-00230714 only after Flemming was able to prove to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00967-00230715-00230888 the Japanese that his girlfriend was
+FMARmeIBcvk-00968-00230889-00231082 Swiss not Russian that the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00969-00231083-00231307 stopped and apologized saying that they
+FMARmeIBcvk-00970-00231308-00231454 would never had beaten her up if they
+FMARmeIBcvk-00971-00231455-00231652 had known she was Swiss saying that they
+FMARmeIBcvk-00972-00231653-00231832 sincerely believed she was a Russian
+FMARmeIBcvk-00973-00231833-00231942 when they assaulted her
+FMARmeIBcvk-00974-00231944-00232223 Fleming observed that in Manchukuo you
+FMARmeIBcvk-00975-00232223-00232384 can beat white Russians up till you are
+FMARmeIBcvk-00976-00232385-00232567 blue in the face because they are people
+FMARmeIBcvk-00977-00232569-00232792 without status in the world citizens of
+FMARmeIBcvk-00978-00232794-00232849 nowhere
+FMARmeIBcvk-00979-00232850-00233101 Fleming further noted that the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-00980-00233102-00233335 in Manchukuo had a strong dislike of all
+FMARmeIBcvk-00981-00233336-00233524 white people and because the Russians in
+FMARmeIBcvk-00982-00233525-00233698 Manchukuo were stateless without an
+FMARmeIBcvk-00983-00233699-00233888 embassy to issue protests if they were
+FMARmeIBcvk-00984-00233889-00234073 victimized the Japanese liked to
+FMARmeIBcvk-00985-00234074-00234362 victimize them until World War two the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00986-00234363-00234535 Japanese tended to leave alone those
+FMARmeIBcvk-00987-00234536-00234716 traveling to Manchukuo with a passport
+FMARmeIBcvk-00988-00234717-00234877 as they did not like to deal with
+FMARmeIBcvk-00989-00234878-00235091 protests from embassies in Tokyo about
+FMARmeIBcvk-00990-00235092-00235342 the mistreatment of their citizens the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00991-00235344-00235546 Kwantung army operated a secret
+FMARmeIBcvk-00992-00235548-00235780 biological chemical warfare unit based
+FMARmeIBcvk-00993-00235781-00236114 in pin Fang unit 731 that performed
+FMARmeIBcvk-00994-00236115-00236326 gruesome experiments on people involving
+FMARmeIBcvk-00995-00236327-00236537 much visser ation of the subjects to see
+FMARmeIBcvk-00996-00236538-00236714 the effects of chemicals and germs on
+FMARmeIBcvk-00997-00236715-00237025 the human body in the late 1930s the
+FMARmeIBcvk-00998-00237026-00237346 doctors of unit 731 demanded more white
+FMARmeIBcvk-00999-00237348-00237577 subjects to experiment upon in order to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01000-00237578-00237740 test the efficiency the strains of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01001-00237741-00237883 anthrax and plague that they were
+FMARmeIBcvk-01002-00237884-00238069 developing leading to a great many of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01003-00238071-00238187 the Russians living in Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01004-00238188-00238439 becoming the unwilling human guinea pigs
+FMARmeIBcvk-01005-00238440-00238828 of unit 731 the Russian fascist party
+FMARmeIBcvk-01006-00238829-00239008 which worked with the Japanese was used
+FMARmeIBcvk-01007-00239009-00239339 to kidnap various unreliable Russians
+FMARmeIBcvk-01008-00239340-00239656 living in Manchukuo for unit 731 to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01009-00239657-00239840 experiment upon the children of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01010-00239841-00240058 Russian exiles often married Han Chinese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01011-00240059-00240250 and the resulting children were always
+FMARmeIBcvk-01012-00240251-00240607 known in Manchukuo as mixed water people
+FMARmeIBcvk-01013-00240608-00240781 who were shunned by both the Russian and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01014-00240782-00241060 Chinese communities Chinese accounts
+FMARmeIBcvk-01015-00241061-00241244 both at the time and later tended to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01016-00241244-00241439 portray the Russians living in Manchuria
+FMARmeIBcvk-01017-00241440-00241621 as all prostitutes and thieves and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01018-00241623-00241838 almost always ignored the contributions
+FMARmeIBcvk-01019-00241839-00242002 made by middle-class Russians to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01020-00242003-00242275 community life mindful of the way that
+FMARmeIBcvk-01021-00242276-00242494 Americans and most Europeans enjoyed
+FMARmeIBcvk-01022-00242494-00242698 extraterritorial rights in China at the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01023-00242699-00242869 time accounts in Chinese literature
+FMARmeIBcvk-01024-00242871-00243046 about the Russians living in Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01025-00243048-00243161 and their
+FMARmeIBcvk-01026-00243162-00243425 mixed water children often display a
+FMARmeIBcvk-01027-00243426-00243619 certain schadenfreude arre counting how
+FMARmeIBcvk-01028-00243621-00243836 the Russians in Manchukuo usually lived
+FMARmeIBcvk-01029-00243837-00244006 in poverty on the margins of Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01030-00244007-00244246 society with the local Chinese more
+FMARmeIBcvk-01031-00244248-00244538 economically successful the South Korean
+FMARmeIBcvk-01032-00244539-00244748 historian bong in Jung noted when it
+FMARmeIBcvk-01033-00244748-00244966 came to writing about the mixed water
+FMARmeIBcvk-01034-00244967-00245237 people Chinese writers tended to treat
+FMARmeIBcvk-01035-00245238-00245444 them as not entirely Chinese but on the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01036-00245444-00245615 other hand were willing to accept these
+FMARmeIBcvk-01037-00245616-00245816 people as Chinese provided that would
+FMARmeIBcvk-01038-00245817-00246008 totally embrace Chinese culture by
+FMARmeIBcvk-01039-00246009-00246188 renouncing their Russian heritage thus
+FMARmeIBcvk-01040-00246189-00246380 making chineseness as much a matter of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01041-00246381-00246598 culture as of race around the same time
+FMARmeIBcvk-01042-00246600-00246788 the Soviet Union was advocating the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01043-00246789-00247042 Siberian Jewish autonomous Oblast across
+FMARmeIBcvk-01044-00247044-00247238 the Manchukuo Soviet border some
+FMARmeIBcvk-01045-00247239-00247463 Japanese officials investigated a plan
+FMARmeIBcvk-01046-00247464-00247694 known as the fugu plan to attract Jewish
+FMARmeIBcvk-01047-00247694-00247901 refugees to Manchukuo as part of their
+FMARmeIBcvk-01048-00247902-00248090 colonization efforts which was never
+FMARmeIBcvk-01049-00248091-00248378 adopted as official policy the Jewish
+FMARmeIBcvk-01050-00248379-00248585 community in Manchukuo was not subjected
+FMARmeIBcvk-01051-00248586-00248807 to the official persecution that Jews
+FMARmeIBcvk-01052-00248808-00249035 experienced under Japan's ally Nazi
+FMARmeIBcvk-01053-00249036-00249233 Germany and Japanese authorities were
+FMARmeIBcvk-01054-00249234-00249394 involved in closing down local
+FMARmeIBcvk-01055-00249396-00249605 anti-semitic publications such as the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01056-00249606-00249923 Russian periodical Nash but however Jews
+FMARmeIBcvk-01057-00249923-00250106 in Manchukuo were victims of harassment
+FMARmeIBcvk-01058-00250107-00250346 by anti-semitic elements among the white
+FMARmeIBcvk-01059-00250346-00250586 Russian population one notable incident
+FMARmeIBcvk-01060-00250587-00250952 being the murder of Simon Kasper in 1937
+FMARmeIBcvk-01061-00250953-00251159 the far eastern Jewish council was
+FMARmeIBcvk-01062-00251160-00251363 created chaired by the Harbin Jewish
+FMARmeIBcvk-01063-00251364-00251587 community leader dr. Abraham Kaufmann
+FMARmeIBcvk-01064-00251588-00251996 between 1937 to 1939 the city of Harbin
+FMARmeIBcvk-01065-00251996-00252215 in Manchukuo was the location of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01066-00252216-00252398 conference of Jewish communities in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01067-00252398-00252481 Far East
+FMARmeIBcvk-01068-00252482-00252692 following the Russian Red Army's
+FMARmeIBcvk-01069-00252692-00252994 invasion of Manchuria in 1945 dr.
+FMARmeIBcvk-01070-00252996-00253163 Kaufman and several other Jewish
+FMARmeIBcvk-01071-00253164-00253340 community leaders were arrested by the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01072-00253341-00253532 Soviets and charged with anti-soviet
+FMARmeIBcvk-01073-00253533-00253736 activities resulting in Kaufman's
+FMARmeIBcvk-01074-00253737-00253925 imprisonment for 10 years in a Soviet
+FMARmeIBcvk-01075-00253926-00254138 labor camp the Japanese who Etta Kai
+FMARmeIBcvk-01076-00254139-00254360 Asuka labeled all 30 million people in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01077-00254361-00254687 Manchuria as Manchus including Han
+FMARmeIBcvk-01078-00254688-00254894 Chinese despite the fact that most of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01079-00254894-00255071 them were not ethnic Manchu and the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01080-00255071-00255373 Japanese written great Manchukuo built
+FMARmeIBcvk-01081-00255375-00255554 upon Weta's argument to claim that all
+FMARmeIBcvk-01082-00255555-00255919 30 million Manchus in Manchukuo had the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01083-00255921-00256091 right to independence to justify
+FMARmeIBcvk-01084-00256092-00256454 splitting Manchukuo from china in 1942
+FMARmeIBcvk-01085-00256455-00256510 the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01086-00256511-00256735 he's written ten year history of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01087-00256736-00257017 construction of Manchukuo attempted to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01088-00257019-00257216 emphasize the right of ethnic Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01089-00257217-00257380 to the land of Manchukuo while
+FMARmeIBcvk-01090-00257381-00257573 attempting to delegitimize the Manchus
+FMARmeIBcvk-01091-00257573-00257773 claim to Manchukuo as their native land
+FMARmeIBcvk-01092-00257774-00257959 noting that most Manchus moved out
+FMARmeIBcvk-01093-00257960-00258109 during the ching period and only
+FMARmeIBcvk-01094-00258110-00258680 returned later
+FMARmeIBcvk-01095-00258681-00259285 topic population of main cities
+FMARmeIBcvk-01096-00259286-00259987 Nia Wong 119,000 or 180,000 871 in 1940
+FMARmeIBcvk-01097-00259988-00260470 Mukden 339 thousand or 1 million 135
+FMARmeIBcvk-01098-00260471-00260757 thousand eight hundred one in 1940
+FMARmeIBcvk-01099-00260758-00261103 chinjung 126 thousand or five hundred
+FMARmeIBcvk-01100-00261104-00261346 forty-four thousand two hundred two in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01101-00261347-00261737 1940 Harbin four hundred five thousand
+FMARmeIBcvk-01102-00261738-00262378 or 660 1948 in 1940 and on ninety two
+FMARmeIBcvk-01103-00262379-00262565 thousand or three hundred fifteen
+FMARmeIBcvk-01104-00262566-00262881 thousand two hundred forty two in 1940
+FMARmeIBcvk-01105-00262882-00263646 Kirin 119 thousand or 170 3624 in 1940
+FMARmeIBcvk-01106-00263647-00264183 CCR 75,000 in 1940 source bill Edwin G
+FMARmeIBcvk-01107-00264184-00264676 1945 the 1940 census of Manchuria the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01108-00264677-00264914 Far Eastern quarterly four three two
+FMARmeIBcvk-01109-00264915-00265204 hundred forty three joy ten point two
+FMARmeIBcvk-01110-00265205-00265432 three zero seven two million forty nine
+FMARmeIBcvk-01111-00265433-00265822 thousand five hundred fifteen JSTOR two
+FMARmeIBcvk-01112-00265823-00266023 million forty nine thousand five hundred
+FMARmeIBcvk-01113-00266024-00266578 fifteen
+FMARmeIBcvk-01114-00266579-00267143 topic Japanese population
+FMARmeIBcvk-01115-00267144-00267548 in 1931 - - there were 100,000 Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01116-00267549-00267889 farmers other sources mentioned 590,000
+FMARmeIBcvk-01117-00267890-00268258 760 Japanese inhabitants other figures
+FMARmeIBcvk-01118-00268259-00268453 for Manchukuo speak of a Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01119-00268454-00268790 population 240,000 strong later growing
+FMARmeIBcvk-01120-00268791-00269167 to 837 thousand in chinjung they made up
+FMARmeIBcvk-01121-00269168-00269533 25% of the population accordingly to the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01122-00269534-00269792 census of 1936 of the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01123-00269793-00270109 population of manchu KO 22% were civil
+FMARmeIBcvk-01124-00270110-00270341 servants and their families 18% were
+FMARmeIBcvk-01125-00270342-00270502 working for the south Manchurian
+FMARmeIBcvk-01126-00270503-00270757 railroad company 25% had come to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01127-00270758-00270968 Manchukuo to establish a business and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01128-00270969-00271298 21% had come to work in industry the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01129-00271299-00271466 Japanese working in the fields of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01130-00271467-00271664 transportation the government and in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01131-00271665-00271826 business tended to be middle-class
+FMARmeIBcvk-01132-00271827-00272059 white-collar people such as executives
+FMARmeIBcvk-01133-00272060-00272264 engineers and managers and those
+FMARmeIBcvk-01134-00272265-00272474 Japanese who working in Manchukuo as
+FMARmeIBcvk-01135-00272475-00272653 blue collar employees tended to be
+FMARmeIBcvk-01136-00272654-00273031 skilled workers in 1934 it was reported
+FMARmeIBcvk-01137-00273032-00273218 that a Japanese carpenter working in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01138-00273219-00273427 Manchukuo with its growing economy could
+FMARmeIBcvk-01139-00273428-00273614 earn twice as much as he could in Japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-01140-00273615-00273859 with its gleaming modernist office
+FMARmeIBcvk-01141-00273860-00274067 buildings state-of-the-art transport
+FMARmeIBcvk-01142-00274068-00274271 networks like the famous Asia Express
+FMARmeIBcvk-01143-00274272-00274475 railroad line and modern infrastructure
+FMARmeIBcvk-01144-00274476-00274678 that was going up all over Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01145-00274679-00274922 Japan's newest colony become a popular
+FMARmeIBcvk-01146-00274923-00275107 tourist destination for middle-class
+FMARmeIBcvk-01147-00275108-00275390 Japanese who wanted to see the brave new
+FMARmeIBcvk-01148-00275391-00275659 empire that was going up in the mainland
+FMARmeIBcvk-01149-00275660-00275888 of Asia the Japanese government had
+FMARmeIBcvk-01150-00275889-00276095 official plans projecting the emigration
+FMARmeIBcvk-01151-00276096-00276320 of 5 million Japanese to Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01152-00276321-00276832 between 1936 and 1956 between 1938 and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01153-00276833-00277087 1940 - a batch of young farmers of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01154-00277088-00277360 200,000 arrived in Manchukuo joining
+FMARmeIBcvk-01155-00277361-00277643 this group after 1936 were 20,000
+FMARmeIBcvk-01156-00277644-00277889 complete families of the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01157-00277890-00278123 settlers in Manchukuo almost half came
+FMARmeIBcvk-01158-00278124-00278383 from the rural areas of Kyushu when
+FMARmeIBcvk-01159-00278384-00278615 Japan lost sea and air control of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01160-00278616-00278942 Yellow Sea in 1943 44 this migration
+FMARmeIBcvk-01161-00278943-00279130 stopped when the Red Army invaded
+FMARmeIBcvk-01162-00279131-00279454 Manchukuo they captured 850,000 Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01163-00279455-00279703 settlers with the exception of some
+FMARmeIBcvk-01164-00279704-00279893 civil servants and soldiers these were
+FMARmeIBcvk-01165-00279894-00280309 repatriated to Japan in 1946 - 7 many
+FMARmeIBcvk-01166-00280310-00280541 japanese orphans in china were left by
+FMARmeIBcvk-01167-00280542-00280721 Hinde in the confusion by the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01168-00280722-00280906 government and were adopted by Chinese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01169-00280907-00281216 families many however integrated well
+FMARmeIBcvk-01170-00281217-00281546 into Chinese society in the 1980s Japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-01171-00281547-00281792 began to organize a repatriation program
+FMARmeIBcvk-01172-00281793-00281996 for them but not all chose to go back to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01173-00281997-00282221 Japan the majority of Japanese left
+FMARmeIBcvk-01174-00282222-00282403 behind in China were women and these
+FMARmeIBcvk-01175-00282404-00282617 Japanese women mostly married Chinese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01176-00282618-00282863 men and became known as stranded war
+FMARmeIBcvk-01177-00282864-00282938 wives
+FMARmeIBcvk-01178-00282939-00283175 Xander you Fujin because they had
+FMARmeIBcvk-01179-00283176-00283391 children fathered by Chinese men the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01180-00283392-00283577 Japanese women were not allowed to bring
+FMARmeIBcvk-01181-00283578-00283745 their Chinese families back with them to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01182-00283746-00284053 Japan so most of them stayed Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01183-00284054-00284257 law allowed children fathered only by
+FMARmeIBcvk-01184-00284258-00284967 Japanese to become Japanese citizens
+FMARmeIBcvk-01185-00284968-00285598 topic genocide of ethnic minorities
+FMARmeIBcvk-01186-00285599-00285874 the Japanese performed bacterial
+FMARmeIBcvk-01187-00285875-00286147 experiments on the origin and forced
+FMARmeIBcvk-01188-00286148-00286324 opium on them which led to death and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01189-00286325-00286513 their population declining until only
+FMARmeIBcvk-01190-00286514-00286789 1000 remained the Japanese been
+FMARmeIBcvk-01191-00286790-00286981 dora-chan from communicating with other
+FMARmeIBcvk-01192-00286982-00287149 ethnicities and forced them to hunt
+FMARmeIBcvk-01193-00287150-00287299 animals for them in exchange for
+FMARmeIBcvk-01194-00287300-00287484 starvation rations and unsuitable
+FMARmeIBcvk-01195-00287485-00287658 clothing which let them die from the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01196-00287659-00287965 weather the Japanese also forced orochon
+FMARmeIBcvk-01197-00287966-00288280 adults older than 18 to take opium after
+FMARmeIBcvk-01198-00288281-00288481 two Japanese troops were killed in Ala
+FMARmeIBcvk-01199-00288482-00288694 he by an origin hunter the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01200-00288695-00288885 poisoned forty origin to death
+FMARmeIBcvk-01201-00288886-00289162 the Japanese forced orochon to fight for
+FMARmeIBcvk-01202-00289163-00289318 them in the war which led to a massive
+FMARmeIBcvk-01203-00289319-00289564 population decrease of orochon people
+FMARmeIBcvk-01204-00289565-00289897 between 1931 and 1945 the Hudgens
+FMARmeIBcvk-01205-00289898-00290235 population declined by 80% or 90% due to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01206-00290236-00290457 heavy opium use and deaths from Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01207-00290458-00290641 cruelty such as slave labor and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01208-00290642-00291319 relocation by the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01209-00291320-00291815 topic legal system
+FMARmeIBcvk-01210-00291816-00292095 through Manchukuo itself was a product
+FMARmeIBcvk-01211-00292096-00292259 of illegality with the League of Nations
+FMARmeIBcvk-01212-00292260-00292446 ruling that Japan had broken
+FMARmeIBcvk-01213-00292447-00292671 international law by seizing Manchuria
+FMARmeIBcvk-01214-00292672-00292896 the Japanese invested much effort into
+FMARmeIBcvk-01215-00292897-00293067 giving Manchukuo a legal system
+FMARmeIBcvk-01216-00293068-00293238 believing that this was the fastest way
+FMARmeIBcvk-01217-00293239-00293412 for international recognition of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01218-00293413-00293697 Manchukuo a particular problem for the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01219-00293698-00293919 Japanese was that Manchukuo was always
+FMARmeIBcvk-01220-00293920-00294110 presented as a new type of state a
+FMARmeIBcvk-01221-00294111-00294351 multi-ethnic pan-asian state comprising
+FMARmeIBcvk-01222-00294352-00294594 Japanese Koreans Manchus Mongols and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01223-00294595-00294795 Chinese to mark the birth of the new
+FMARmeIBcvk-01224-00294796-00295065 order in Asia typical of the rhetoric
+FMARmeIBcvk-01225-00295066-00295248 surrounding Manchu Oh was always
+FMARmeIBcvk-01226-00295249-00295446 portrayed as the birth of a glorious new
+FMARmeIBcvk-01227-00295447-00295628 civilization was the press release
+FMARmeIBcvk-01228-00295629-00295818 issued by the Japanese information
+FMARmeIBcvk-01229-00295819-00296046 service on the 1st of March 1932
+FMARmeIBcvk-01230-00296047-00296301 announcing the glorious advent of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01231-00296302-00296558 Manchukuo with the eyes of the world
+FMARmeIBcvk-01232-00296559-00296814 turned on it proclaimed that the birth
+FMARmeIBcvk-01233-00296815-00297063 of Manchukuo was an ethical event of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01234-00297064-00297276 far-reaching consequences in world
+FMARmeIBcvk-01235-00297277-00297503 history marking the birth of a new era
+FMARmeIBcvk-01236-00297504-00297750 in government racial relations and other
+FMARmeIBcvk-01237-00297751-00298071 affairs of general interest never in The
+FMARmeIBcvk-01238-00298072-00298283 Chronicles of the human race was any
+FMARmeIBcvk-01239-00298284-00298521 state born with such high ideals and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01240-00298522-00298754 never has any state accomplished so much
+FMARmeIBcvk-01241-00298755-00298985 in such a brief space of its existence
+FMARmeIBcvk-01242-00298986-00299306 as Manchukuo the Japanese went out of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01243-00299307-00299427 their way to try to ensure that
+FMARmeIBcvk-01244-00299428-00299609 Manchukuo was the embodiment of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01245-00299610-00299804 modernity in all of its aspects as
+FMARmeIBcvk-01246-00299805-00299991 Manchukuo was intended to prove to the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01247-00299992-00300153 world what the Asian peoples could
+FMARmeIBcvk-01248-00300154-00300390 accomplish if they work together man
+FMARmeIBcvk-01249-00300391-00300594 cuckoo is legal system was based upon
+FMARmeIBcvk-01250-00300595-00300903 the organic law of 1932 which featured a
+FMARmeIBcvk-01251-00300904-00301128 12 article human rights protection law
+FMARmeIBcvk-01252-00301129-00301368 in a supposedly independent judiciary to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01253-00301369-00301682 enforce the law the official ideology of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01254-00301683-00301940 Manchukuo was the Wang Dao King Li Wei
+FMARmeIBcvk-01255-00301941-00302193 devised by a former Mandarin under the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01256-00302194-00302364 chain turned Prime Minister of Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01257-00302365-00302603 Zhang Xiao Shu calling for an ordered
+FMARmeIBcvk-01258-00302604-00302778 Confucian society that would promote
+FMARmeIBcvk-01259-00302779-00302978 justice and harmony that was build at
+FMARmeIBcvk-01260-00302979-00303131 the time as the beginning of a new era
+FMARmeIBcvk-01261-00303132-00303426 in world history the purpose of the law
+FMARmeIBcvk-01262-00303427-00303648 in Manchukuo was not the protection of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01263-00303649-00303822 the rights of the individual as the Wang
+FMARmeIBcvk-01264-00303823-00304055 Tao i D ology was expressly hostile
+FMARmeIBcvk-01265-00304056-00304269 towards individualism which was seen as
+FMARmeIBcvk-01266-00304270-00304484 a decadent Western concept inimical to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01267-00304485-00304665 Asia but rather the interests of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01268-00304666-00304839 state by ensuring that subjects
+FMARmeIBcvk-01269-00304840-00305043 fulfilled their duties to the Emperor
+FMARmeIBcvk-01270-00305044-00305258 the Wang Bao favored the collective over
+FMARmeIBcvk-01271-00305259-00305445 the individual as the Wang now called
+FMARmeIBcvk-01272-00305446-00305598 for all people to put the needs of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01273-00305599-00305874 society ahead of their own needs Jung
+FMARmeIBcvk-01274-00305875-00306080 together with the Japanese legal scholar
+FMARmeIBcvk-01275-00306081-00306291 Ishwara kanji in a joint statement
+FMARmeIBcvk-01276-00306292-00306522 attacked the Western legal tradition for
+FMARmeIBcvk-01277-00306523-00306693 promoting individualism which they
+FMARmeIBcvk-01278-00306694-00306894 claimed led to selfishness greed and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01279-00306895-00307077 materialism and argued that the Wang
+FMARmeIBcvk-01280-00307078-00307218 doll with its disregard for the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01281-00307219-00307425 individual was a morally superior system
+FMARmeIBcvk-01282-00307426-00307719 the seemingly idealistic human rights
+FMARmeIBcvk-01283-00307720-00307962 protection law counterbalance the rights
+FMARmeIBcvk-01284-00307963-00308206 of the subjects with their
+FMARmeIBcvk-01285-00308207-00308453 responsibilities to the state with a
+FMARmeIBcvk-01286-00308454-00308660 greater emphasis on the latter just as
+FMARmeIBcvk-01287-00308661-00308906 was the case in Japan the Wang Dao
+FMARmeIBcvk-01288-00308907-00309093 promoted Confucian morality and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01289-00309094-00309315 spirituality which was seen as coming
+FMARmeIBcvk-01290-00309316-00309498 down from the Emperor Puyi and as such
+FMARmeIBcvk-01291-00309499-00309696 the legal system existed to serve the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01292-00309697-00309854 needs of the state headed by Emperor
+FMARmeIBcvk-01293-00309855-00310052 Puyi who could change the laws as he saw
+FMARmeIBcvk-01294-00310053-00310338 fit in this regard it is noteworthy that
+FMARmeIBcvk-01295-00310339-00310551 Legislative Yuan had only the power of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01296-00310552-00310727 assisting the emperor with making laws
+FMARmeIBcvk-01297-00310728-00310950 being endowed with far less powers than
+FMARmeIBcvk-01298-00310951-00311156 even the imperial diet in Japan hat
+FMARmeIBcvk-01299-00311157-00311340 which had the power to reject or approve
+FMARmeIBcvk-01300-00311341-00311664 laws it was often suggested at the time
+FMARmeIBcvk-01301-00311665-00311834 that the Legislative Yuan of Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01302-00311835-00312087 was a model for the Imperial diet in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01303-00312088-00312351 Japan an idea Hirohito the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01304-00312352-00312564 Emperor was sympathetic to but never
+FMARmeIBcvk-01305-00312565-00312857 took up Hirohito in the end preferred
+FMARmeIBcvk-01306-00312858-00313062 the Meiji Constitution passed by his
+FMARmeIBcvk-01307-00313063-00313310 grandfather in 1889 as it gave the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01308-00313311-00313529 Emperor of Japan ultimate power while at
+FMARmeIBcvk-01309-00313530-00313676 the same time the fiction of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01310-00313677-00313869 imperial diet together with a prime
+FMARmeIBcvk-01311-00313870-00314088 minister and his cabinet governing Japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-01312-00314089-00314282 gave the Emperor a scapegoat when things
+FMARmeIBcvk-01313-00314283-00314493 went wrong initially the judges who had
+FMARmeIBcvk-01314-00314494-00314691 served the jeong's were retained but in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01315-00314692-00314991 1934 the judicial law college headed by
+FMARmeIBcvk-01316-00314992-00315219 the Japanese judge Furuta masa Taek was
+FMARmeIBcvk-01317-00315220-00315428 opened in Changchun to be replaced by a
+FMARmeIBcvk-01318-00315429-00315798 larger law university in 1937 right from
+FMARmeIBcvk-01319-00315799-00315980 the start the new applicants vastly
+FMARmeIBcvk-01320-00315981-00316167 exceeded the number of openings as the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01321-00316168-00316368 first class of the Law College numbered
+FMARmeIBcvk-01322-00316369-00316722 only 100 but 1210 students had applied
+FMARmeIBcvk-01323-00316723-00316985 the legal system that the students were
+FMARmeIBcvk-01324-00316986-00317172 trained was closely modeled after the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01325-00317173-00317370 Japanese legal system which in its turn
+FMARmeIBcvk-01326-00317371-00317544 was modeled after the French legal
+FMARmeIBcvk-01327-00317545-00317684 system but there were a number of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01328-00317685-00317891 particularity --zz unique to Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01329-00317892-00318117 law students were trained to write
+FMARmeIBcvk-01330-00318118-00318363 essays on such topics as the theory of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01331-00318364-00318420 the harm
+FMARmeIBcvk-01332-00318421-00318725 any of the five races of Manchukuo the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01333-00318726-00319031 political theory of the kingly way
+FMARmeIBcvk-01334-00319032-00319302 practical differences between consular
+FMARmeIBcvk-01335-00319303-00319572 jurisdiction and extraterritoriality and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01336-00319573-00319893 how best to realize the governance of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01337-00319894-00320193 the kingly way the Japanese professors
+FMARmeIBcvk-01338-00320194-00320613 were astonished by the enthusiasm which
+FMARmeIBcvk-01339-00320614-00320787 the students wrote their essays on these
+FMARmeIBcvk-01340-00320788-00320982 subjects as the students expressed the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01341-00320983-00321153 hope that the Hwang doll was a uniquely
+FMARmeIBcvk-01342-00321154-00321339 Asian solution to the problems of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01343-00321340-00321509 modern world and that Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01344-00321510-00321669 represented nothing less than the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01345-00321670-00321867 beginning of a new civilization that
+FMARmeIBcvk-01346-00321868-00322071 would lead to a utopian society in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01347-00322072-00322149 near future
+FMARmeIBcvk-01348-00322150-00322385 the Japanese professors were greatly
+FMARmeIBcvk-01349-00322386-00322607 impressed with the Confucian idealism of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01350-00322608-00322755 their students but noted that their
+FMARmeIBcvk-01351-00322756-00322962 students all used stock phrases to the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01352-00322963-00323135 extent it was hard to tell their essays
+FMARmeIBcvk-01353-00323136-00323388 apart cited examples of wise judges from
+FMARmeIBcvk-01354-00323389-00323601 ancient China while ignoring more recent
+FMARmeIBcvk-01355-00323602-00323772 legal developments and were long on
+FMARmeIBcvk-01356-00323773-00323973 expressing idealistic statements about
+FMARmeIBcvk-01357-00323974-00324105 how the Hwang dal would lead to a
+FMARmeIBcvk-01358-00324106-00324306 perfect society but were short on how
+FMARmeIBcvk-01359-00324307-00324495 explaining just how this was to be done
+FMARmeIBcvk-01360-00324496-00324717 in practice an example of the extent of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01361-00324718-00324930 Japanese influence on the legal system
+FMARmeIBcvk-01362-00324931-00325131 of Manchukuo was that every issue of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01363-00325132-00325365 Manchukuo legal advisory journal always
+FMARmeIBcvk-01364-00325366-00325551 contained a summary of the most recent
+FMARmeIBcvk-01365-00325552-00325743 rulings by the Supreme Court of Japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-01366-00325744-00325953 and the reasons why the Japanese Supreme
+FMARmeIBcvk-01367-00325954-00326207 Court had ruled in these cases however
+FMARmeIBcvk-01368-00326208-00326408 there were some differences between the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01369-00326409-00326675 Manchukuo and Japanese legal systems in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01370-00326676-00326952 Japan itself corporal punishment had
+FMARmeIBcvk-01371-00326953-00327126 been abolished as part of the successful
+FMARmeIBcvk-01372-00327127-00327273 effort to end the extraterritorial
+FMARmeIBcvk-01373-00327274-00327495 rights enjoyed by citizens of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01374-00327496-00327675 Western powers but retained for the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01375-00327676-00327910 japanese colonies of Korea and Taiwan
+FMARmeIBcvk-01376-00327911-00328200 however corporal punishment especially
+FMARmeIBcvk-01377-00328201-00328365 flogging was a major part of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01378-00328366-00328581 Manchukuo legal system with judges being
+FMARmeIBcvk-01379-00328582-00328791 very much inclined to impose floggings
+FMARmeIBcvk-01380-00328792-00329009 on low-income Chinese men convicted of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01381-00329010-00329214 minor offenses that would normally merit
+FMARmeIBcvk-01382-00329215-00329424 only a fine or a short prison sentence
+FMARmeIBcvk-01383-00329425-00329714 in Japan writing in a legal journal in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01384-00329715-00329925 1936 Ohno Jitsu Oh
+FMARmeIBcvk-01385-00329926-00330122 a Japanese judge serving in Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01386-00330123-00330375 regretted having to impose floggings as
+FMARmeIBcvk-01387-00330376-00330576 a punishment for relatively minor crimes
+FMARmeIBcvk-01388-00330577-00330762 but argued that it was necessary of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01389-00330763-00331005 Manchukuo is 30 million people more than
+FMARmeIBcvk-01390-00331006-00331182 half are ignorant and completely
+FMARmeIBcvk-01391-00331183-00331464 illiterate barbarians who are too poor
+FMARmeIBcvk-01392-00331465-00331617 to pay fines and too numerous to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01393-00331618-00331743 imprison
+FMARmeIBcvk-01394-00331744-00331989 in Taiwan and Korea Japanese law was
+FMARmeIBcvk-01395-00331990-00332214 supreme but judges in both colonies had
+FMARmeIBcvk-01396-00332215-00332550 to respect local customs in regards to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01397-00332551-00332847 family law in case of Manchukuo a place
+FMARmeIBcvk-01398-00332848-00333075 with a hon majority but those ideology
+FMARmeIBcvk-01399-00333076-00333396 proclaimed the five races of Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01400-00333397-00333690 Chinese Koreans Manchus and Mongols is
+FMARmeIBcvk-01401-00333691-00333905 all equal this led in effect to several
+FMARmeIBcvk-01402-00333906-00334180 family laws for each of the five races
+FMARmeIBcvk-01403-00334181-00334545 respecting their local customs plus the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01404-00334546-00334749 Russian and way Muslim minorities the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01405-00334750-00334955 Manchukuo police had the power to arrest
+FMARmeIBcvk-01406-00334956-00335172 without charge anyone who was engaged in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01407-00335173-00335384 the vaguely defined crime of undermining
+FMARmeIBcvk-01408-00335385-00335676 the state Manchukuo had an extensive
+FMARmeIBcvk-01409-00335677-00335885 system of courts at four levels staffed
+FMARmeIBcvk-01410-00335886-00336056 by a mixture of Chinese and Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01411-00336057-00336375 judges all of the courts had both to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01412-00336376-00336600 Japanese and to chinese judges with the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01413-00336601-00336806 chinese serving as the nominal superior
+FMARmeIBcvk-01414-00336807-00336993 judges and the japanese the junior
+FMARmeIBcvk-01415-00336994-00337188 judges but in practice the japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01416-00337189-00337382 judges were the masters and the chinese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01417-00337383-00337665 judges Puppets despite the claims that
+FMARmeIBcvk-01418-00337666-00337851 the legal system of Manchukuo was a
+FMARmeIBcvk-01419-00337852-00338055 great improvement over the legal system
+FMARmeIBcvk-01420-00338056-00338280 presided over by marshal Jong Shui Liang
+FMARmeIBcvk-01421-00338281-00338544 the young marshal the courts in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01422-00338545-00338778 Manchukuo were inefficient and slow and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01423-00338779-00338957 ignored by the authorities whenever it
+FMARmeIBcvk-01424-00338958-00339246 suited them in Asia the rule of law and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01425-00339247-00339438 an advanced legal system are commonly
+FMARmeIBcvk-01426-00339439-00339702 seen as one of the marks of civilization
+FMARmeIBcvk-01427-00339703-00339930 which is why the chaotic and corrupt
+FMARmeIBcvk-01428-00339931-00340152 legal system run by marshal Jang was
+FMARmeIBcvk-01429-00340153-00340358 denigrated so much by the Japanese in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01430-00340359-00340643 Manchukuo media in the early 1930s
+FMARmeIBcvk-01431-00340644-00340910 Manchukuo attracted much legal talent
+FMARmeIBcvk-01432-00340911-00341097 from Japan as Japanese pan-asian
+FMARmeIBcvk-01433-00341098-00341319 idealist went to Manchuria with the goal
+FMARmeIBcvk-01434-00341320-00341520 of establishing a world-class legal
+FMARmeIBcvk-01435-00341521-00341787 system as the Kwantung army had the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01436-00341788-00342005 ultimate power in Manchukuo the best
+FMARmeIBcvk-01437-00342006-00342219 Japanese judges by the late 1930s
+FMARmeIBcvk-01438-00342220-00342465 preferred not to go to Manchukuo where
+FMARmeIBcvk-01439-00342466-00342624 their decisions could be constantly
+FMARmeIBcvk-01440-00342625-00342806 second-guessed and instead only the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01441-00342807-00343103 second-rate judges went to Manchukuo by
+FMARmeIBcvk-01442-00343104-00343385 1937 the Japanese judges and lawyers in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01443-00343386-00343578 Manchukuo were either disillusioned
+FMARmeIBcvk-01444-00343579-00343788 pan-asian idealists or more commonly
+FMARmeIBcvk-01445-00343789-00344022 cynical opportunists and mediocre hacks
+FMARmeIBcvk-01446-00344023-00344187 who lacked the talent to get ahead in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01447-00344188-00344505 Japan by contrast the best of the ethnic
+FMARmeIBcvk-01448-00344506-00344691 Chinese law schools graduates in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01449-00344692-00344882 Manchukuo chose to work as part of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01450-00344883-00345105 Manchukuo judicial system suggest
+FMARmeIBcvk-01451-00345106-00345324 many middle-class Chinese families were
+FMARmeIBcvk-01452-00345325-00345549 prepared to accept Manchukuo starting
+FMARmeIBcvk-01453-00345550-00345801 with the religions law of May 1938 a
+FMARmeIBcvk-01454-00345802-00346017 cult of Emperor worship closely modeled
+FMARmeIBcvk-01455-00346018-00346236 after the Imperial cult in Japan where
+FMARmeIBcvk-01456-00346237-00346413 Hirohito was worshipped as a living God
+FMARmeIBcvk-01457-00346414-00346734 began in Manchukuo just as in Japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-01458-00346735-00346944 school children began their classes by
+FMARmeIBcvk-01459-00346945-00347070 praying to a portrait of the Emperor
+FMARmeIBcvk-01460-00347071-00347271 while imperial Reis crypts in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01461-00347272-00347502 Imperial regalia becomes sacred relics
+FMARmeIBcvk-01462-00347503-00347700 imbued with magical powers by being
+FMARmeIBcvk-01463-00347701-00347973 associated with the god emperor as the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01464-00347974-00348138 Emperor Puyi was considered to be a
+FMARmeIBcvk-01465-00348139-00348357 living God his will could not be limited
+FMARmeIBcvk-01466-00348358-00348549 by any law and the purpose of the law
+FMARmeIBcvk-01467-00348550-00348750 was starkly reduced down to serving the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01468-00348751-00348885 will of the emperor rather than
+FMARmeIBcvk-01469-00348886-00349197 upholding values and rules as in Japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-01470-00349198-00349425 the idea governing the legal philosophy
+FMARmeIBcvk-01471-00349426-00349593 in Manchukuo was the emperor was a
+FMARmeIBcvk-01472-00349594-00349815 living God who was responsible to no one
+FMARmeIBcvk-01473-00349816-00349995 and who delegated some of his powers
+FMARmeIBcvk-01474-00349996-00350154 down to mere human beings who had the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01475-00350155-00350325 duty of obeying the will of the God
+FMARmeIBcvk-01476-00350326-00350628 Emperor's in Japan and Manchukuo the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01477-00350629-00350802 actions of the god emperors were always
+FMARmeIBcvk-01478-00350803-00351021 just in moral because gods could never
+FMARmeIBcvk-01479-00351022-00351195 do wrong rather than because the god
+FMARmeIBcvk-01480-00351196-00351390 emperors were acting to uphold moral
+FMARmeIBcvk-01481-00351391-00351615 values that existed a priori and again
+FMARmeIBcvk-01482-00351616-00351906 following the Japanese system in 1937 a
+FMARmeIBcvk-01483-00351907-00352164 new category of thoughtcrime was
+FMARmeIBcvk-01484-00352165-00352329 introduced declaring that certain
+FMARmeIBcvk-01485-00352330-00352476 thoughts were now illegal and those
+FMARmeIBcvk-01486-00352477-00352632 thinking these forbidden thoughts were
+FMARmeIBcvk-01487-00352633-00352911 thought criminals people were thus
+FMARmeIBcvk-01488-00352912-00353097 convicted not for their actions but
+FMARmeIBcvk-01489-00353098-00353349 merely for their thoughts after the war
+FMARmeIBcvk-01490-00353350-00353654 with China began in July 1937 and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01491-00353655-00353948 emergency law was declared in Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01492-00353949-00354183 placing it under a type of martial law
+FMARmeIBcvk-01493-00354184-00354396 that suspended the theoretical civil
+FMARmeIBcvk-01494-00354397-00354579 liberties that existed up to that point
+FMARmeIBcvk-01495-00354580-00354810 ordered the mobilisation of society for
+FMARmeIBcvk-01496-00354811-00354996 total war and increased the tempo of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01497-00354997-00355137 repression with the lon
+FMARmeIBcvk-01498-00355138-00355401 thought crimes being merely the most
+FMARmeIBcvk-01499-00355402-00355740 dramatic example in April 1938 a new
+FMARmeIBcvk-01500-00355741-00355941 type of special security courts were
+FMARmeIBcvk-01501-00355942-00356121 created for those charged with the five
+FMARmeIBcvk-01502-00356122-00356457 types of thought crime on the 26th of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01503-00356458-00356760 August 1941 a new security law ruled
+FMARmeIBcvk-01504-00356761-00356925 that those tried before the special
+FMARmeIBcvk-01505-00356926-00357099 security courts had no right of appeal
+FMARmeIBcvk-01506-00357100-00357414 or to a defense lawyer one special
+FMARmeIBcvk-01507-00357415-00357729 security court in jinjo between 1942 to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01508-00357730-00358101 45 sentenced about 1,700 people to death
+FMARmeIBcvk-01509-00358102-00358350 in another 2600 for life imprisonment
+FMARmeIBcvk-01510-00358351-00358440 for
+FMARmeIBcvk-01511-00358441-00358722 thought crimes a figure that appears to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01512-00358723-00358944 be typical of the special courts the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01513-00358945-00359166 police frequently used torture to obtain
+FMARmeIBcvk-01514-00359167-00359331 confessions and those tried in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01515-00359332-00359529 special security courts had no right to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01516-00359530-00359714 examine the evidence against them
+FMARmeIBcvk-01517-00359715-00360015 starting in 1943 the number of those
+FMARmeIBcvk-01518-00360016-00360219 tried and convicted by the courts rose
+FMARmeIBcvk-01519-00360220-00360387 drastically though the number of death
+FMARmeIBcvk-01520-00360388-00360672 sentences remains stable the rise in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01521-00360673-00360840 number of convictions was due to the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01522-00360841-00361029 need for slave labor for the factories
+FMARmeIBcvk-01523-00361030-00361182 and mines of Manchukuo as the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01524-00361183-00361386 traditional supplies of slave labor from
+FMARmeIBcvk-01525-00361387-00361584 northern China were disturbed by world
+FMARmeIBcvk-01526-00361585-00361803 war ii as most of those convicted were
+FMARmeIBcvk-01527-00361804-00361962 sentenced to work in the factories and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01528-00361963-00362253 mines the American historian Thomas
+FMARmeIBcvk-01529-00362254-00362496 David Dubois wrote the legal system of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01530-00362497-00362712 Manchukuo went through two phrases the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01531-00362713-00363081 first lasting from 1931 to 1937 when the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01532-00363082-00363249 Japanese wanted to show the world a
+FMARmeIBcvk-01533-00363250-00363459 state with an ultra-modern legal system
+FMARmeIBcvk-01534-00363460-00363621 that was meant to be a shining tribute
+FMARmeIBcvk-01535-00363622-00363771 to Asians working together in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01536-00363772-00364038 Brotherhood and the second from 1937 to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01537-00364039-00364311 1945 when the legal system become more
+FMARmeIBcvk-01538-00364312-00364461 of a tool for the totalitarian
+FMARmeIBcvk-01539-00364462-00365207 mobilization of society for total war
+FMARmeIBcvk-01540-00365208-00365728 topic economy
+FMARmeIBcvk-01541-00365729-00365969 Manchukuo experienced rapid economic
+FMARmeIBcvk-01542-00365970-00366191 growth and progress in its social
+FMARmeIBcvk-01543-00366192-00366494 systems during the 1920s the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01544-00366495-00366671 army under the influence of the ware
+FMARmeIBcvk-01545-00366672-00366869 stock defense state theories popular
+FMARmeIBcvk-01546-00366870-00367022 with the Reich's Faire had started to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01547-00367023-00367187 advocate their own version of the ware
+FMARmeIBcvk-01548-00367188-00367460 stock the totalitarian national defense
+FMARmeIBcvk-01549-00367461-00367700 state which would mobilize an entire
+FMARmeIBcvk-01550-00367701-00367895 society for war in peacetime an
+FMARmeIBcvk-01551-00367896-00368098 additional influence on the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01552-00368099-00368437 total war school who tended to be very
+FMARmeIBcvk-01553-00368438-00368660 anti-capitalist was the first five-year
+FMARmeIBcvk-01554-00368661-00368864 plan in the Soviet Union which provided
+FMARmeIBcvk-01555-00368865-00369080 an example of rapid industrial growth
+FMARmeIBcvk-01556-00369081-00369341 achieved without capitalism at least
+FMARmeIBcvk-01557-00369342-00369551 part of the reason why the Kwantung army
+FMARmeIBcvk-01558-00369552-00369833 seized Manchuria in 1931 was to use it
+FMARmeIBcvk-01559-00369834-00370004 as in laboratory for creating an
+FMARmeIBcvk-01560-00370005-00370181 economic system geared towards the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01561-00370182-00370469 national defense state colonial
+FMARmeIBcvk-01562-00370470-00370691 Manchuria offered up possibilities for
+FMARmeIBcvk-01563-00370692-00370862 the army carrying out drastic economic
+FMARmeIBcvk-01564-00370863-00371108 changes that were not possible in Japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-01565-00371109-00371381 from the beginning the army intended to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01566-00371382-00371567 turn Manchukuo into the industrial
+FMARmeIBcvk-01567-00371568-00371753 heartland of the empire and starting in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01568-00371754-00372038 1932 the army sponsored a policy of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01569-00372039-00372227 forced industrialization that was
+FMARmeIBcvk-01570-00372228-00372422 closely modeled after the five-year plan
+FMARmeIBcvk-01571-00372423-00372713 in the soviet union reflecting a dislike
+FMARmeIBcvk-01572-00372714-00372956 of capitalism the ZBOX who were excluded
+FMARmeIBcvk-01573-00372957-00373133 from Manchukuo and all of the heavy
+FMARmeIBcvk-01574-00373134-00373325 industrial factories were built and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01575-00373326-00373688 owned by army owned corporations in 1935
+FMARmeIBcvk-01576-00373689-00373898 there was a change when the reformed
+FMARmeIBcvk-01577-00373899-00374213 bureaucrat nobusuke Kishi was appointed
+FMARmeIBcvk-01578-00374214-00374384 deputy minister of industrial
+FMARmeIBcvk-01579-00374385-00374450 development
+FMARmeIBcvk-01580-00374451-00374672 kishi persuaded the army to allow the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01581-00374673-00374839 say Batsuit to invest in Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01582-00374840-00375074 arguing that having the state carry out
+FMARmeIBcvk-01583-00375075-00375251 the entire industrialization of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01584-00375252-00375472 Manchukuo was costing too much money
+FMARmeIBcvk-01585-00375473-00375755 kishi pioneered an edited system where
+FMARmeIBcvk-01586-00375756-00375959 bureaucrats such as himself developed
+FMARmeIBcvk-01587-00375960-00376184 economic plans which thus a bats who had
+FMARmeIBcvk-01588-00376185-00376288 to then carry out
+FMARmeIBcvk-01589-00376289-00376556 kishi succeeded in marshaling private
+FMARmeIBcvk-01590-00376557-00376739 capital in a very strongly state
+FMARmeIBcvk-01591-00376740-00376961 directed economy to achieve his goal of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01592-00376962-00377180 vastly increased industrial production
+FMARmeIBcvk-01593-00377181-00377357 while at the same time displaying utter
+FMARmeIBcvk-01594-00377358-00377549 indifference to the exploited chinese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01595-00377550-00377777 workers toiling in Manchukuo factories
+FMARmeIBcvk-01596-00377778-00377987 the American historian Mark Driscoll
+FMARmeIBcvk-01597-00377988-00378197 described kishi system as a neck rope
+FMARmeIBcvk-01598-00378198-00378350 oolitic 'el system where the Chinese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01599-00378351-00378524 workers were literally treated as
+FMARmeIBcvk-01600-00378525-00378704 dehumanized cogs within a vast
+FMARmeIBcvk-01601-00378705-00378959 industrial machine the system that
+FMARmeIBcvk-01602-00378960-00379118 quisha pioneered in mentor
+FMARmeIBcvk-01603-00379119-00379298 of a state guided economy where
+FMARmeIBcvk-01604-00379299-00379496 corporations made their investments on
+FMARmeIBcvk-01605-00379497-00379679 government orders later served as the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01606-00379680-00379994 model for Japan's post-1945 development
+FMARmeIBcvk-01607-00379995-00380198 albeit not with same level of brutal
+FMARmeIBcvk-01608-00380199-00380471 exploitation as in Manchukuo by the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01609-00380472-00380768 1930s Manchukuo z' industrial system was
+FMARmeIBcvk-01610-00380769-00380948 among the most advanced making it one of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01611-00380949-00381164 the industrial powerhouses in the region
+FMARmeIBcvk-01612-00381165-00381433 man cuckoo is steel production exceeded
+FMARmeIBcvk-01613-00381434-00381701 Japan's in the late 1930s many
+FMARmeIBcvk-01614-00381702-00381923 Manchurian cities were modernized during
+FMARmeIBcvk-01615-00381924-00382166 the Manchukuo era however much of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01616-00382167-00382403 country's economy was often subordinated
+FMARmeIBcvk-01617-00382404-00382606 to Japanese interests and during the war
+FMARmeIBcvk-01618-00382607-00382823 raw material flowed into Japan to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01619-00382824-00382969 support the war effort
+FMARmeIBcvk-01620-00382970-00383180 traditional lands were taken and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01621-00383181-00383396 redistributed to Japanese farmers with
+FMARmeIBcvk-01622-00383397-00383630 local farmers relocated and forced into
+FMARmeIBcvk-01623-00383631-00383816 collective farming units over smaller
+FMARmeIBcvk-01624-00383817-00384417 areas of land
+FMARmeIBcvk-01625-00384418-00384937 topic transport
+FMARmeIBcvk-01626-00384938-00385158 the Japanese built an efficient and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01627-00385159-00385353 impressive railway system that still
+FMARmeIBcvk-01628-00385354-00385615 functions well today known as the South
+FMARmeIBcvk-01629-00385616-00385843 Manchuria railway our man Tatsu this
+FMARmeIBcvk-01630-00385844-00386034 large corporation came to own large
+FMARmeIBcvk-01631-00386035-00386245 stakes in many industrial projects
+FMARmeIBcvk-01632-00386246-00386457 throughout the region man Tetsu
+FMARmeIBcvk-01633-00386458-00386593 personnel were active in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01634-00386594-00386821 pacification of occupied China during
+FMARmeIBcvk-01635-00386822-00387145 World War two however most railway lines
+FMARmeIBcvk-01636-00387146-00387364 in Manchukuo were owned by the Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01637-00387365-00387517 National Railway which though
+FMARmeIBcvk-01638-00387518-00387718 theoretically independent was managed
+FMARmeIBcvk-01639-00387719-00388429 and operated entirely by man Tetsu
+FMARmeIBcvk-01640-00388430-00388956 topic military
+FMARmeIBcvk-01641-00388957-00389214 the Manchukuo imperial army was the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01642-00389215-00389382 ground component of the empire of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01643-00389383-00389622 Manchukuo zarm forces and consisted of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01644-00389623-00389880 as many as 170 thousand to two hundred
+FMARmeIBcvk-01645-00389881-00390089 twenty thousand troops at its peak in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01646-00390090-00390378 1945 by some estimates having formally
+FMARmeIBcvk-01647-00390379-00390546 been established by the army and navy
+FMARmeIBcvk-01648-00390547-00390933 act of the 15th of April 1932 the force
+FMARmeIBcvk-01649-00390934-00391146 included members of all the major ethnic
+FMARmeIBcvk-01650-00391147-00391341 groups of Manchukuo which were trained
+FMARmeIBcvk-01651-00391342-00391536 and led by Japanese instructors and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01652-00391537-00391818 advisors despite the numerous attempts
+FMARmeIBcvk-01653-00391819-00392016 by the Japanese to improve the combat
+FMARmeIBcvk-01654-00392017-00392229 capability of the Imperial Army and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01655-00392230-00392403 instill a Manchu keo and patriotic
+FMARmeIBcvk-01656-00392404-00392625 spirit among its troops the majority of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01657-00392626-00392847 its units were regarded as unreliable by
+FMARmeIBcvk-01658-00392848-00393147 Japanese officers their main role was to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01659-00393148-00393318 fight nationalist and communist
+FMARmeIBcvk-01660-00393319-00393516 insurgents that continued to resist the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01661-00393517-00393723 Japanese occupation of northeastern
+FMARmeIBcvk-01662-00393724-00393927 China and occasionally the Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01663-00393928-00394167 imperial army took part in operations
+FMARmeIBcvk-01664-00394168-00394314 against the Chinese National
+FMARmeIBcvk-01665-00394315-00394524 Revolutionary Army and the Soviet Red
+FMARmeIBcvk-01666-00394525-00394758 Army usually in support of the Imperial
+FMARmeIBcvk-01667-00394759-00395055 Japanese Army initially its members were
+FMARmeIBcvk-01668-00395056-00395301 former soldiers of marshal Jang shuang's
+FMARmeIBcvk-01669-00395302-00395496 warlord army who had surrendered to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01670-00395497-00395697 Japan during the Japanese invasion of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01671-00395698-00395775 Manchuria
+FMARmeIBcvk-01672-00395776-00396003 but since the young marshals former
+FMARmeIBcvk-01673-00396004-00396201 troops were largely not loyal to the new
+FMARmeIBcvk-01674-00396202-00396396 regime and performed poorly against
+FMARmeIBcvk-01675-00396397-00396555 partisans the new government of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01676-00396556-00396759 Manchukuo took efforts to recruit and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01677-00396760-00397221 later draft new soldiers in 1934 a law
+FMARmeIBcvk-01678-00397222-00397413 was passed stating that only those that
+FMARmeIBcvk-01679-00397414-00397557 had been trained by the government of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01680-00397558-00397830 Manchukuo could serve as officers the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01681-00397831-00398064 military supplies requisition law of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01682-00398065-00398376 13th of May 1937 allowed Japanese and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01683-00398377-00398583 Manchukuo authorities to draft forced
+FMARmeIBcvk-01684-00398584-00398844 laborers the actual calling up of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01685-00398845-00399053 conscripted army did not begin until
+FMARmeIBcvk-01686-00399054-00399345 1940 at which point all use received a
+FMARmeIBcvk-01687-00399346-00399570 physical and 10% were to be selected for
+FMARmeIBcvk-01688-00399571-00399999 service between 1938 and 1940 several
+FMARmeIBcvk-01689-00400000-00400212 military academies were established to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01690-00400213-00400383 provide a new officer corps for the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01691-00400384-00400596 Imperial Army including a specific
+FMARmeIBcvk-01692-00400597-00400896 school for ethnic Mongols after fighting
+FMARmeIBcvk-01693-00400897-00401094 against insurgents during the early to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01694-00401095-00401388 mid 1930s the Manchukuo imperial army
+FMARmeIBcvk-01695-00401389-00401577 played mainly a supporting role during
+FMARmeIBcvk-01696-00401578-00401784 the actions in Inner Mongolia against
+FMARmeIBcvk-01697-00401785-00402024 Chinese forces with news reports stating
+FMARmeIBcvk-01698-00402025-00402159 that some manchu queueing units
+FMARmeIBcvk-01699-00402160-00402324 performed fairly well
+FMARmeIBcvk-01700-00402325-00402540 later it fought against the Soviet Red
+FMARmeIBcvk-01701-00402541-00402759 Army during the Soviet Japanese border
+FMARmeIBcvk-01702-00402760-00403038 conflicts a skirmish between Manchu
+FMARmeIBcvk-01703-00403039-00403317 Cohen and Mongolian cavalry in May 1939
+FMARmeIBcvk-01704-00403318-00403527 escalated as both sides brought in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01705-00403528-00403725 reinforcements and began the Battle of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01706-00403726-00404019 Kalkan gol although they did not perform
+FMARmeIBcvk-01707-00404020-00404250 well in the battle overall the japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01708-00404251-00404430 considered their actions decent enough
+FMARmeIBcvk-01709-00404431-00404616 to warrant expansion of the Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01710-00404617-00404925 army throughout the 1940s the only
+FMARmeIBcvk-01711-00404926-00405111 action it saw was against communist
+FMARmeIBcvk-01712-00405112-00405300 guerrilla fighters and other insurgents
+FMARmeIBcvk-01713-00405301-00405477 although the Japanese chose to rely only
+FMARmeIBcvk-01714-00405478-00405651 on the more elite units while the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01715-00405652-00405831 majority were used for garrison and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01716-00405832-00406119 security duty although Japan took the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01717-00406120-00406284 effort of equipping the Manchu killing
+FMARmeIBcvk-01718-00406285-00406494 forces with some artillery in addition
+FMARmeIBcvk-01719-00406495-00406665 to the wide variety it had inherited
+FMARmeIBcvk-01720-00406666-00406881 from Jiang Shui Liang's army along with
+FMARmeIBcvk-01721-00406882-00407076 some elderly tankettes and armored cars
+FMARmeIBcvk-01722-00407077-00407307 the cavalry was the Imperial Army's most
+FMARmeIBcvk-01723-00407308-00407589 effective and developed branch this was
+FMARmeIBcvk-01724-00407590-00407808 the force that was confronted by 76
+FMARmeIBcvk-01725-00407809-00407997 battle-hardened red army divisions
+FMARmeIBcvk-01726-00407998-00408186 transferred from the European front in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01727-00408187-00408429 August 1945 during the Soviet invasion
+FMARmeIBcvk-01728-00408430-00408747 of Manchuria the cavalry branch saw the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01729-00408748-00408936 most action against the Red Army
+FMARmeIBcvk-01730-00408937-00409086 but the Manchukuo army and their
+FMARmeIBcvk-01731-00409087-00409314 depleted Japanese Kwantung army allies
+FMARmeIBcvk-01732-00409315-00409524 were quickly swept aside by the Soviet
+FMARmeIBcvk-01733-00409525-00409764 offensive while some units remained
+FMARmeIBcvk-01734-00409764-00409971 loyal to their Japanese allies and put
+FMARmeIBcvk-01735-00409972-00410172 up a resistance many mutiny against
+FMARmeIBcvk-01736-00410172-00410346 their Japanese advisers while others
+FMARmeIBcvk-01737-00410347-00410564 simply melted away into the countryside
+FMARmeIBcvk-01738-00410566-00410822 many of these Manchukuo army troops
+FMARmeIBcvk-01739-00410824-00411012 would later join the Communists since
+FMARmeIBcvk-01740-00411013-00411197 the Chinese nationalists would execute
+FMARmeIBcvk-01741-00411199-00411420 former collaborators with Japan which
+FMARmeIBcvk-01742-00411421-00411597 became an important source of manpower
+FMARmeIBcvk-01743-00411597-00411809 and equipment for the Communists in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01744-00411810-00412085 region the other two branches the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01745-00412087-00412307 Manchukuo Imperial Air Force and the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01746-00412308-00412524 Manchukuo Imperial Navy were small and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01747-00412525-00412778 underdeveloped largely existing as token
+FMARmeIBcvk-01748-00412779-00412953 forces to give legitimacy to the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01749-00412954-00413210 Manchukuo regime an air force was
+FMARmeIBcvk-01750-00413212-00413528 established in February 1937 with 30 men
+FMARmeIBcvk-01751-00413529-00413739 selected from the Manchukuo Imperial
+FMARmeIBcvk-01752-00413739-00413918 Army who were trained at the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01753-00413920-00414171 Kwantung army aircraft arsenal in Harbin
+FMARmeIBcvk-01754-00414172-00414366 initially the Kwantung army did not
+FMARmeIBcvk-01755-00414367-00414551 trust the Manchu Cohen's enough to train
+FMARmeIBcvk-01756-00414552-00414822 a native air force for them the Imperial
+FMARmeIBcvk-01757-00414822-00414996 Air Force's predecessor was the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01758-00414997-00415214 Manchukuo air transport company later
+FMARmeIBcvk-01759-00415216-00415385 renamed the minshuku and national
+FMARmeIBcvk-01760-00415387-00415626 Airways a paramilitary air line formed
+FMARmeIBcvk-01761-00415627-00415697 in nineteen
+FMARmeIBcvk-01762-00415699-00415896 which undertook transport and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01763-00415897-00416079 reconnaissance missions for the Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01764-00416080-00416376 military the first air unit was based in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01765-00416377-00416592 H sinking Changchun and equipped with
+FMARmeIBcvk-01766-00416593-00416892 just one new port Dulwich NID 29 and was
+FMARmeIBcvk-01767-00416893-00417122 later expanded with Nakajima army type
+FMARmeIBcvk-01768-00417124-00417420 91 fighters and Kawasaki type 88 light
+FMARmeIBcvk-01769-00417421-00417668 bombers two more air units were
+FMARmeIBcvk-01770-00417670-00417843 established but they suffered a setback
+FMARmeIBcvk-01771-00417843-00418097 when 100 pilots took their aircraft and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01772-00418099-00418296 defected to insurgents after murdering
+FMARmeIBcvk-01773-00418297-00418530 their Japanese instructors nonetheless
+FMARmeIBcvk-01774-00418531-00418763 three fighter squadrons were formed in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01775-00418764-00419037 1942 from the first batch of Cadets
+FMARmeIBcvk-01776-00419038-00419280 being equipped with Nakajima key 27
+FMARmeIBcvk-01777-00419281-00419496 fighters in addition to tachi Kawa key
+FMARmeIBcvk-01778-00419497-00419735 minus nines and touchy colwich e55
+FMARmeIBcvk-01779-00419737-00419958 trainers along with some Mitsubishi key
+FMARmeIBcvk-01780-00419959-00420363 57 transports in 1945 because of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01781-00420364-00420558 American bombing raids they were issued
+FMARmeIBcvk-01782-00420559-00420807 with nakajima ki-43 fighters to have a
+FMARmeIBcvk-01783-00420808-00421038 better chance of intercepting b-29
+FMARmeIBcvk-01784-00421039-00421353 Superfortresses some pilots saw action
+FMARmeIBcvk-01785-00421354-00421530 against the American bombers and at
+FMARmeIBcvk-01786-00421531-00421857 least one key 27 pilot down to b-29 by
+FMARmeIBcvk-01787-00421858-00422064 ramming his plane into it in a kamikaze
+FMARmeIBcvk-01788-00422064-00422346 attack the air force practically ceased
+FMARmeIBcvk-01789-00422347-00422550 to exist by the Soviet invasion but
+FMARmeIBcvk-01790-00422551-00422754 there were isolated instances of manchu
+FMARmeIBcvk-01791-00422755-00422966 killin planes attacking soviet forces
+FMARmeIBcvk-01792-00422967-00423297 the imperial navy of Manchukuo existed
+FMARmeIBcvk-01793-00423297-00423513 mainly as a small river flotilla and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01794-00423514-00423726 consisted mainly of small gunboats and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01795-00423727-00423966 patrol boats both captured chinese ships
+FMARmeIBcvk-01796-00423967-00424245 and some japanese additions the elderly
+FMARmeIBcvk-01797-00424246-00424472 japanese destroyer kashi was lent to the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01798-00424474-00424839 manchu Cohen fleet from 1937 to 1942 as
+FMARmeIBcvk-01799-00424839-00425010 the highway before returning to the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01800-00425010-00425307 Imperial Japanese Navy these ships were
+FMARmeIBcvk-01801-00425308-00425541 mostly crewed by Japanese in addition to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01802-00425542-00425727 those several special units that
+FMARmeIBcvk-01803-00425728-00425892 functioned outside of the main command
+FMARmeIBcvk-01804-00425893-00426117 structure of the military also existed
+FMARmeIBcvk-01805-00426118-00426414 the Manchukuo Imperial Guard was formed
+FMARmeIBcvk-01806-00426414-00426621 out of soldiers of ethnic men to dissent
+FMARmeIBcvk-01807-00426622-00426777 charged with the protection of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01808-00426778-00426981 kangta Emperor Puyi and senior officials
+FMARmeIBcvk-01809-00426982-00427235 as well as to function as an honor guard
+FMARmeIBcvk-01810-00427235-00427512 despite this it took part in combat and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01811-00427513-00427691 was considered to be an effective unit
+FMARmeIBcvk-01812-00427692-00428022 throughout the 1930s a Mongolian
+FMARmeIBcvk-01813-00428022-00428318 Independence Army was established out of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01814-00428320-00428574 about 6,000 ethnic Mongolian recruits
+FMARmeIBcvk-01815-00428575-00428763 and fought its own war against bandits
+FMARmeIBcvk-01816-00428764-00429081 with some success it was expanded in 90
+FMARmeIBcvk-01817-00429082-00429327 38 but merged with the regular Imperial
+FMARmeIBcvk-01818-00429328-00429477 Army in 1940
+FMARmeIBcvk-01819-00429478-00429642 although Mongol units continued to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01820-00429643-00429954 perform well a special Korean detachment
+FMARmeIBcvk-01821-00429955-00430200 was formed in 1937 on the personal
+FMARmeIBcvk-01822-00430201-00430392 initiative of a businessman of Korean
+FMARmeIBcvk-01823-00430393-00430632 descent the unit was small but
+FMARmeIBcvk-01824-00430633-00430842 distinguished itself in combat against
+FMARmeIBcvk-01825-00430843-00431018 communist guerrillas and was noted by
+FMARmeIBcvk-01826-00431020-00431187 the Japanese for its martial spirit
+FMARmeIBcvk-01827-00431188-00431418 becoming one of the few puppet units to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01828-00431418-00431571 earn the respect of its Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01829-00431572-00432122 superiors
+FMARmeIBcvk-01830-00432123-00432722 topic war crimes in Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01831-00432722-00432995 according to a joint study by historians
+FMARmeIBcvk-01832-00432996-00433310 Joe fund Jew mitsuyoshi Hamada Toru Kubo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01833-00433310-00433553 and Mark PD more than 10 million Chinese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01834-00433554-00433766 civilians were mobilized by the Kwantung
+FMARmeIBcvk-01835-00433767-00434003 army for slave labor in Manchukuo under
+FMARmeIBcvk-01836-00434004-00434174 the supervision of the KOA in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01837-00434175-00434378 Chinese slave laborers often suffered
+FMARmeIBcvk-01838-00434379-00434564 illness due to high-intensity manual
+FMARmeIBcvk-01839-00434564-00434825 labor some badly ill workers were
+FMARmeIBcvk-01840-00434826-00435026 directly pushed into mass graves in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01841-00435027-00435176 order to avoid the Medical Expenditure
+FMARmeIBcvk-01842-00435177-00435374 and the world's most serious mind
+FMARmeIBcvk-01843-00435375-00435584 disaster at been she who call uri
+FMARmeIBcvk-01844-00435585-00435902 happened in Manchukuo bacteriological
+FMARmeIBcvk-01845-00435903-00436145 weapons were experimented on humans by
+FMARmeIBcvk-01846-00436146-00436439 the infamous unit 731 located near
+FMARmeIBcvk-01847-00436439-00436789 Harbin in Banyan key from 1932 to 1936
+FMARmeIBcvk-01848-00436791-00437189 into pink fen until 1945 victims mostly
+FMARmeIBcvk-01849-00437189-00437384 Chinese Russians and Koreans were
+FMARmeIBcvk-01850-00437385-00437582 subjected to vivisection sometimes
+FMARmeIBcvk-01851-00437583-00438162 without anesthesia
+FMARmeIBcvk-01852-00438163-00438687 topic drug trafficking
+FMARmeIBcvk-01853-00438688-00439039 in 2007 an article by Reiji Yoshida in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01854-00439039-00439243 the Japan Times argued that Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01855-00439243-00439450 investments in Manchukuo were partly
+FMARmeIBcvk-01856-00439451-00439726 financed by selling drugs according to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01857-00439727-00439954 the article a document found by Yoshida
+FMARmeIBcvk-01858-00439955-00440134 shows that the coen was directly
+FMARmeIBcvk-01859-00440135-00440350 implicated in providing funds to drug
+FMARmeIBcvk-01860-00440351-00440547 dealers in China for the benefit of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01861-00440548-00440772 puppet government of Manchukuo Nanjing
+FMARmeIBcvk-01862-00440773-00441070 and Mongolia this document corroborates
+FMARmeIBcvk-01863-00441071-00441295 evidence analyzed earlier by the Tokyo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01864-00441296-00441618 tribunal which stated that Japan's real
+FMARmeIBcvk-01865-00441619-00441837 purpose in engaging in drug traffic was
+FMARmeIBcvk-01866-00441838-00441985 far more sinister than even the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01867-00441985-00442260 debauchery of Chinese people Japan
+FMARmeIBcvk-01868-00442261-00442474 having signed and ratified the opium
+FMARmeIBcvk-01869-00442475-00442657 conventions was bound not to engage in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01870-00442658-00442837 drug traffic but she found in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01871-00442838-00443016 alleged but false independence of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01872-00443017-00443083 Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01873-00443084-00443289 a convenient opportunity to carry on the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01874-00443290-00443485 worldwide drug traffic and cast the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01875-00443485-00443926 guilt upon that puppet state in 1937 it
+FMARmeIBcvk-01876-00443927-00444076 was pointed out in the league of nations
+FMARmeIBcvk-01877-00444077-00444301 that ninety percent of all illicit white
+FMARmeIBcvk-01878-00444302-00444478 drugs in the world were of Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01879-00444479-00445110 origin
+FMARmeIBcvk-01880-00445110-00445700 topic society and culture
+FMARmeIBcvk-01881-00445701-00446053 you
+FMARmeIBcvk-01882-00446054-00446558 topic education
+FMARmeIBcvk-01883-00446559-00446795 Manchukuo developed an efficient public
+FMARmeIBcvk-01884-00446796-00447018 education system the government
+FMARmeIBcvk-01885-00447018-00447222 established many schools in technical
+FMARmeIBcvk-01886-00447222-00447458 colleges twelve thousand primary schools
+FMARmeIBcvk-01887-00447459-00447691 in Manchukuo two hundred middle schools
+FMARmeIBcvk-01888-00447692-00447954 140 normal schools for preparing
+FMARmeIBcvk-01889-00447955-00448133 teachers and fifty technical and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01890-00448134-00448427 professional schools in total the system
+FMARmeIBcvk-01891-00448428-00448620 had six hundred thousand children and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01892-00448621-00448812 young pupils and twenty-five thousand
+FMARmeIBcvk-01893-00448813-00449097 teachers local Chinese children and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01894-00449097-00449297 Japanese children usually attended
+FMARmeIBcvk-01895-00449298-00449475 different schools and the ones who did
+FMARmeIBcvk-01896-00449476-00449631 attend the same school were segregated
+FMARmeIBcvk-01897-00449632-00449879 by ethnicity with the Japanese students
+FMARmeIBcvk-01898-00449880-00450045 assigned to better equipped classes
+FMARmeIBcvk-01899-00450046-00450254 Confucius's teachings also played an
+FMARmeIBcvk-01900-00450255-00450489 important role in Manchukuo school
+FMARmeIBcvk-01901-00450489-00450797 education in rural areas students were
+FMARmeIBcvk-01902-00450798-00450995 trained to practice modern agricultural
+FMARmeIBcvk-01903-00450996-00451204 techniques to improve production
+FMARmeIBcvk-01904-00451205-00451449 education focused on practical work
+FMARmeIBcvk-01905-00451450-00451662 training for boys and domestic work for
+FMARmeIBcvk-01906-00451663-00451860 girls all based on obedience to the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01907-00451860-00452172 kingly way and stressing loyalty to the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01908-00452172-00452372 Emperor the regime used numerous
+FMARmeIBcvk-01909-00452373-00452637 festivals sport events and ceremonies to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01910-00452638-00452933 foster loyalty of citizens eventually
+FMARmeIBcvk-01911-00452934-00453158 Japanese became the official language in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01912-00453159-00453312 addition to the Chinese taught in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01913-00453313-00453902 Manchukuo schools
+FMARmeIBcvk-01914-00453903-00454354 topic film
+FMARmeIBcvk-01915-00454355-00454595 the photographic division part of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01916-00454596-00454781 public relations section of the South
+FMARmeIBcvk-01917-00454782-00455077 Manchurian railway was created in 1928
+FMARmeIBcvk-01918-00455078-00455297 to produce short documentary films about
+FMARmeIBcvk-01919-00455297-00455687 Manchuria to Japanese audiences in 1937
+FMARmeIBcvk-01920-00455688-00455918 the Manchukuo film association was
+FMARmeIBcvk-01921-00455918-00456083 established by the government in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01922-00456084-00456308 south Manchurian railway in a studio in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01923-00456309-00456551 Jilin province it was founded by
+FMARmeIBcvk-01924-00456552-00456812 masahiko Amma Kazu who also helped the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01925-00456813-00457060 career of Yoshiko Otaka also known as
+FMARmeIBcvk-01926-00457061-00457327 Rika Ron he also tried to ensure that
+FMARmeIBcvk-01927-00457328-00457516 Manchukuo would have its own industry
+FMARmeIBcvk-01928-00457517-00457670 and would be catering mainly to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01929-00457671-00457943 Manchurian audiences the films for the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01930-00457943-00458185 most part usually promote pro Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-01931-00458186-00458518 and pro Japanese views general amicus
+FMARmeIBcvk-01932-00458519-00458849 who shot various documentaries showing
+FMARmeIBcvk-01933-00458850-00459052 carefully choreographed scenes worthy of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01934-00459053-00459229 Hollywood of the Emperor Puyi in his
+FMARmeIBcvk-01935-00459230-00459458 capital of H sinking modern Changchun
+FMARmeIBcvk-01936-00459459-00459668 being cheered by thousands of subjects
+FMARmeIBcvk-01937-00459668-00459833 and reviewing his troops marching in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01938-00459834-00459974 parades that were intended to help
+FMARmeIBcvk-01939-00459975-00460252 legitimize Manchukuo independence after
+FMARmeIBcvk-01940-00460253-00460481 world war ii the archives and the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01941-00460482-00460672 equipment of the association were used
+FMARmeIBcvk-01942-00460673-00460858 by the Chang Chun film studio of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01943-00460859-00461493 People's Republic of China
+FMARmeIBcvk-01944-00461493-00461962 topic dress
+FMARmeIBcvk-01945-00461963-00462187 the Chong Shan and the qipao both
+FMARmeIBcvk-01946-00462188-00462383 derived from traditional Manchu dress
+FMARmeIBcvk-01947-00462384-00462581 were considered national dresses in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01948-00462582-00462745 Manchukuo in a meeting with the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01949-00462746-00462970 Concordia Association the organizers
+FMARmeIBcvk-01950-00462971-00463139 devised what was termed Concordia
+FMARmeIBcvk-01951-00463139-00463550 costume or the Killa fugu in 1936 even
+FMARmeIBcvk-01952-00463551-00463816 Japanese such as masahiko amico su and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01953-00463817-00464105 kanji Ishwara adopted it it was gray and
+FMARmeIBcvk-01954-00464106-00464258 a civilian eyes diversion of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01955-00464259-00464545 Imperial Japanese Army uniform it was
+FMARmeIBcvk-01956-00464546-00464737 similar to the national clothes Co
+FMARmeIBcvk-01957-00464738-00464960 command fuku worn by Japanese civilians
+FMARmeIBcvk-01958-00464960-00465166 in World War two as well as the Jong
+FMARmeIBcvk-01959-00465167-00465445 Sean suit a pin of either a man chikuwa
+FMARmeIBcvk-01960-00465446-00465697 flag or a five-pointed five colored star
+FMARmeIBcvk-01961-00465698-00465895 with the Manchukuo national colours were
+FMARmeIBcvk-01962-00465896-00466154 worn on the collars court dress
+FMARmeIBcvk-01963-00466155-00466382 resembled those of Meiji era Japan at
+FMARmeIBcvk-01964-00466383-00466872 that time
+FMARmeIBcvk-01965-00466872-00467341 topic sport
+FMARmeIBcvk-01966-00467342-00467545 the Manchukuo National Physical
+FMARmeIBcvk-01967-00467546-00467818 Education Association was established in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01968-00467819-00468160 1932 to promote sport Manchukuo also had
+FMARmeIBcvk-01969-00468162-00468368 a national football team and football
+FMARmeIBcvk-01970-00468368-00468563 was considered the country's de facto
+FMARmeIBcvk-01971-00468564-00468752 national sport the Football Association
+FMARmeIBcvk-01972-00468753-00468974 of Manchukuo was formed around it
+FMARmeIBcvk-01973-00468975-00469210 Manchukuo hosted and participated in
+FMARmeIBcvk-01974-00469212-00469422 baseball matches with Japanese teams
+FMARmeIBcvk-01975-00469423-00469639 some of the games of the Intercity
+FMARmeIBcvk-01976-00469640-00469816 baseball tournament were held in the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01977-00469817-00469993 country and played with local teams
+FMARmeIBcvk-01978-00469994-00470270 Manchukuo was to compete in the 1932
+FMARmeIBcvk-01979-00470271-00470464 Summer Olympic Games but one of the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01980-00470465-00470597 athletes who intended to represent
+FMARmeIBcvk-01981-00470597-00470858 Manchukuo Luo Chun Chun refused to join
+FMARmeIBcvk-01982-00470859-00471068 the team and instead joined as the first
+FMARmeIBcvk-01983-00471068-00471260 Chinese representative in the Olympics
+FMARmeIBcvk-01984-00471260-00471493 there were attempts by Japanese
+FMARmeIBcvk-01985-00471494-00471704 authorities to let Manchukuo joined the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01986-00471705-00471953 1936 games but the Olympic Committee
+FMARmeIBcvk-01987-00471954-00472135 persisted in the policy of not allowing
+FMARmeIBcvk-01988-00472137-00472322 an unrecognized state to join the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01989-00472322-00472616 Olympics Manchukuo had a chance to
+FMARmeIBcvk-01990-00472617-00472891 participate in the planned 1940 Helsinki
+FMARmeIBcvk-01991-00472892-00473108 Olympics but the onset of World War two
+FMARmeIBcvk-01992-00473109-00473785 prevented the games from taking place
+FMARmeIBcvk-01993-00473787-00474393 topic stamps and postal history
+FMARmeIBcvk-01994-00474393-00474664 Manchukuo issued postage stamps from the
+FMARmeIBcvk-01995-00474664-00474960 28th of july 1932 until it's dissolution
+FMARmeIBcvk-01996-00474961-00475158 following the surrender of the Empire of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01997-00475159-00475558 Japan in August 1945 the last issue of
+FMARmeIBcvk-01998-00475559-00476359 Manchukuo was on the 2nd of May 1945
+FMARmeIBcvk-01999-00476360-00476942 topic in popular culture
+FMARmeIBcvk-02000-00476943-00477193 in masaki kobayashi she's the human
+FMARmeIBcvk-02001-00477195-00477547 condition 1959 Kaji the main protagonist
+FMARmeIBcvk-02002-00477549-00477760 is a labor supervisor assigned to a
+FMARmeIBcvk-02003-00477762-00477941 workforce consisting of Chinese
+FMARmeIBcvk-02004-00477942-00478168 prisoners in a large mining operation in
+FMARmeIBcvk-02005-00478170-00478414 Japanese colonized Manchuria Bernardo
+FMARmeIBcvk-02006-00478416-00478697 Bertolucci's 1987 film The Last Emperor
+FMARmeIBcvk-02007-00478697-00478850 presented a portrait of Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-02008-00478851-00479042 through the memories of Emperor Puyi
+FMARmeIBcvk-02009-00479043-00479264 during his days as a political prisoner
+FMARmeIBcvk-02010-00479264-00479497 in the People's Republic of China Haruki
+FMARmeIBcvk-02011-00479499-00479795 Murakami's 1995 novel the windup bird
+FMARmeIBcvk-02012-00479796-00479999 chronicle deals greatly with Manchukuo
+FMARmeIBcvk-02013-00480000-00480146 through the character of lieutenant
+FMARmeIBcvk-02014-00480147-00480446 Mamiya Mamiya recalls in person and in
+FMARmeIBcvk-02015-00480447-00480659 correspondence his time as an officer in
+FMARmeIBcvk-02016-00480660-00480947 the Kwantung army in Manchukuo while the
+FMARmeIBcvk-02017-00480947-00481093 period covered in these recollections
+FMARmeIBcvk-02018-00481095-00481360 extends over many years the focus is on
+FMARmeIBcvk-02019-00481362-00481559 the final year of the war and the Soviet
+FMARmeIBcvk-02020-00481560-00481810 invasion of Manchuria the 2008 South
+FMARmeIBcvk-02021-00481812-00482014 Korean Western the good the bad the
+FMARmeIBcvk-02022-00482016-00482210 weird is set in the desert wilderness of
+FMARmeIBcvk-02023-00482210-00482855 1930s Manchuria
+FMARmeIBcvk-02024-00482856-00483391 topic see also
+FMARmeIBcvk-02025-00483392-00483746 equals equals nodes
+FOemebH_4Zg-00000-00000000-00000488 I remember building my first like
+FOemebH_4Zg-00001-00000488-00000686 geocities website there was something
+FOemebH_4Zg-00002-00000687-00000928 about like building that and you like
+FOemebH_4Zg-00003-00000930-00001073 showing it to people in me like hey this
+FOemebH_4Zg-00004-00001074-00001258 is think i'm like i made i remember
+FOemebH_4Zg-00005-00001259-00001445 creating like silly little apps that
+FOemebH_4Zg-00006-00001446-00001636 would would do things like just like
+FOemebH_4Zg-00007-00001637-00001834 have a cat face that wouldn't me out you
+FOemebH_4Zg-00008-00001835-00001973 and I were you like picked on it when I
+FOemebH_4Zg-00009-00001973-00002143 was a kid I used to love mechanical toys
+FOemebH_4Zg-00010-00002144-00002339 because it was easy to pull them apart
+FOemebH_4Zg-00011-00002340-00002546 and see how they worked but I started
+FOemebH_4Zg-00012-00002547-00002813 work on the web I felt that again i felt
+FOemebH_4Zg-00013-00002814-00002966 like i was able to open it up and see
+FOemebH_4Zg-00014-00002967-00003191 how it worked what i love about the web
+FOemebH_4Zg-00015-00003192-00003440 is how quickly it's changing and how i
+FOemebH_4Zg-00016-00003440-00003668 get to be sitting on the leading edge of
+FOemebH_4Zg-00017-00003669-00003827 it i reckon the one thing I love the
+FOemebH_4Zg-00018-00003828-00004079 most about the web is the fact that
+FOemebH_4Zg-00019-00004079-00004490 anybody can put up a site anyone can
+FOemebH_4Zg-00020-00004491-00004766 just pick up a tutorial I'm within like
+FOemebH_4Zg-00021-00004767-00004927 10 minutes they've got a website
+FOemebH_4Zg-00022-00004928-00005165 something visible on the screen having
+FOemebH_4Zg-00023-00005166-00005300 the ability to talk to someone it's on a
+FOemebH_4Zg-00024-00005301-00005408 completely different part of the world
+FOemebH_4Zg-00025-00005409-00005567 having them like contribute to your
+FOemebH_4Zg-00026-00005568-00005726 project being able to just imagine
+FOemebH_4Zg-00027-00005727-00005959 something and build it it can also be
+FOemebH_4Zg-00028-00005960-00006134 frustrating because sometimes there are
+FOemebH_4Zg-00029-00006135-00006326 tools and things like that that you want
+FOemebH_4Zg-00030-00006327-00006584 to use that's maybe aren't available yet
+FOemebH_4Zg-00031-00006584-00006716 you can sort of see them off there in
+FOemebH_4Zg-00032-00006717-00006859 the future right maybe one browser
+FOemebH_4Zg-00033-00006861-00007003 implements them but not all the other
+FOemebH_4Zg-00034-00007004-00007184 ones the real frustrating experience
+FOemebH_4Zg-00035-00007184-00007337 about the web is anything that gets in
+FOemebH_4Zg-00036-00007338-00007599 the way of content it's this massive
+FOemebH_4Zg-00037-00007600-00007937 inconsistent area of api's and
+FOemebH_4Zg-00038-00007938-00008177 technologies everything has a catch like
+FOemebH_4Zg-00039-00008178-00008369 if you want service workers you need TLS
+FOemebH_4Zg-00040-00008370-00008630 if you want push that's fine but you
+FOemebH_4Zg-00041-00008631-00008798 kind of payload if you want payload you
+FOemebH_4Zg-00042-00008799-00008989 have to encrypt it when a website says
+FOemebH_4Zg-00043-00008990-00009164 hey do you want to go and download our
+FOemebH_4Zg-00044-00009165-00009377 native app that's such a bad experience
+FOemebH_4Zg-00045-00009378-00009548 because I'm already there I'm already
+FOemebH_4Zg-00046-00009549-00009752 asking you for the content it would be
+FOemebH_4Zg-00047-00009753-00009956 like going into a shop and having the
+FOemebH_4Zg-00048-00009957-00010160 thing like a kit kat in your hand and
+FOemebH_4Zg-00049-00010161-00010370 you go to the checkout and they say hey
+FOemebH_4Zg-00050-00010371-00010510 would you like to go to a shop in
+FOemebH_4Zg-00051-00010511-00010817 Norwich like no no I'm at this shop now
+FOemebH_4Zg-00052-00010818-00010949 when I think about the future of the web
+FOemebH_4Zg-00053-00010950-00011174 it's always about that promise and it's
+FOemebH_4Zg-00054-00011175-00011366 not being fulfilled yet the idea that
+FOemebH_4Zg-00055-00011367-00011549 everybody on the planet can communicate
+FOemebH_4Zg-00056-00011550-00011788 the next billion users people that are
+FOemebH_4Zg-00057-00011789-00011924 in other parts of the world that maybe
+FOemebH_4Zg-00058-00011925-00012119 don't have as good network connectivity
+FOemebH_4Zg-00059-00012120-00012403 is we do making things faster making
+FOemebH_4Zg-00060-00012404-00012581 things more accessible these are really
+FOemebH_4Zg-00061-00012582-00012710 important challenges that we're facing
+FOemebH_4Zg-00062-00012711-00012949 chipping away at some of the all
+FOemebH_4Zg-00063-00012950-00013147 preconceived notions we try and listen
+FOemebH_4Zg-00064-00013148-00013358 we try and drive conversations
+FOemebH_4Zg-00065-00013359-00013571 I just makes my day I'd love to see more
+FOemebH_4Zg-00066-00013572-00013730 people doing that like just empowering
+FOemebH_4Zg-00067-00013731-00013922 other people to build awesome stuff
+FOemebH_4Zg-00068-00013922-00014096 we're going to be able to build apps
+FOemebH_4Zg-00069-00014097-00014294 that we've never even dreamed of before
+FOemebH_4Zg-00070-00014294-00014543 I think it's cool to be living through
+FOemebH_4Zg-00071-00014544-00014753 this period in time right now I think
+FOemebH_4Zg-00072-00014754-00014936 generations will look back and be like
+FOemebH_4Zg-00073-00014937-00015113 wow that's like an inflection point for
+FOemebH_4Zg-00074-00015113-00015266 Humanity and suddenly communication
+FOemebH_4Zg-00075-00015266-00015653 became global and instead
+FRT4kAS0nmo-00000-00000121-00002526 [Music]
+FRT4kAS0nmo-00001-00002527-00003496 [Music]
+FRT4kAS0nmo-00002-00003497-00003719 [Music]
+FRT4kAS0nmo-00003-00003720-00003999 so
+FRT4kAS0nmo-00004-00004000-00006015 [Music]
+FRT4kAS0nmo-00005-00006016-00006223 you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00000-00000033-00001028 [Music]
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00001-00001029-00001551 [Applause]
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00002-00001552-00001834 welcome to more quotes on introduction
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00003-00001835-00002129 to proto genomics while it is not very
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00004-00002130-00002380 difficult to generate big datasets
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00005-00002381-00002699 currently using mass spectrometry or NGS
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00006-00002700-00003029 platforms but data storage data
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00007-00003030-00003286 processing data analysis is not very
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00008-00003288-00003622 easy and in this light cloud computing
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00009-00003623-00003935 has provided some hope in which V big
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00010-00003936-00004250 data can be handled in this light the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00011-00004251-00004511 last lecture dr. money has given you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00012-00004512-00004820 introduction about firecloud from the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00013-00004821-00005072 last lecture it was clear that firecloud
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00014-00005073-00005438 allows users to set up the data analysis
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00015-00005439-00005795 using customized workflows across
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00016-00005796-00006031 multiple hardware platforms it also
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00017-00006032-00006334 allows the users to use several paths
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00018-00006335-00006628 for running the pipeline which includes
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00019-00006629-00006970 they direct invocation using command
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00020-00006972-00007189 line or through any other pipeline
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00021-00007190-00007484 service today dr. money is going to give
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00022-00007484-00007778 you a demonstrations for using fire
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00023-00007779-00008078 cloud and in which way you can analyze
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00024-00008079-00008310 your data even it's very big dataset
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00025-00008311-00008653 using this platform so let us welcome
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00026-00008654-00008927 dr. money for today's demonstration
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00027-00008928-00009174 session
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00028-00009175-00009699 [Music]
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00029-00009700-00010097 so if you close type firecloud dot o-r-g
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00030-00010098-00010470 it will go to the homepage site which
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00031-00010471-00010662 kind of shows the same picture that I've
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00032-00010663-00010932 showed you four times but it'll also
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00033-00010933-00011283 have these others so if you want to
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00034-00011284-00011529 start using firecloud you click on use
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00035-00011530-00011778 firecloud but I want to point out the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00036-00011779-00011973 other things that they that are on the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00037-00011974-00012180 page so there is a user guide so if you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00038-00012181-00012579 click on that it will give you a lot of
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00039-00012580-00012753 information on how to use firecloud
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00040-00012754-00012947 there is also a user guide for widdle
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00041-00012949-00013344 which you can access separately and so a
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00042-00013344-00013578 lot of documentation has been reasonably
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00043-00013579-00013847 well written for this there is a blog
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00044-00013849-00014172 that announces new updates or when the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00045-00014172-00014334 system is not working or there are
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00046-00014335-00014490 maintenance and things like that the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00047-00014491-00014663 blog has like updates that you can
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00048-00014665-00014922 follow but the cool thing is the forum
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00049-00014922-00015159 so the people who actually created
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00050-00015160-00015351 firecloud and who are working on all the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00051-00015352-00015572 algorithms respond to questions if you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00052-00015574-00015786 have any so you go to the forum I think
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00053-00015787-00016008 to use the forum you have to log in so
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00054-00016009-00016158 you have to create a user ID and login
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00055-00016159-00016506 but once you login you you can see what
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00056-00016507-00016746 others have asked and what responses you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00057-00016747-00016944 have and like David was saying yesterday
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00058-00016945-00017136 a lot of the questions that you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00059-00017137-00017297 encounter when you start using it
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00060-00017298-00017469 somebody has already encountered and
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00061-00017470-00017661 then there will be an answer that you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00062-00017662-00017964 can quickly you look up but if there
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00063-00017965-00018150 isn't and your question is unique to
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00064-00018151-00018291 your problem and you are you're
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00065-00018292-00018516 encountering some bug that you need to
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00066-00018517-00018834 have them fix then you can post on the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00067-00018835-00019032 forum and then somebody will respond
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00068-00019033-00019388 usually within a few hours
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00069-00019389-00019677 well maybe here it might be half a day
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00070-00019678-00019844 because when you post now they are all
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00071-00019845-00020199 sleeping so and so when you click on use
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00072-00020200-00020511 firecloud it goes into the it goes to
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00073-00020512-00020744 the firecloud main page there's a portal
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00074-00020745-00020925 page if you type were taught five
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00075-00020926-00021093 o'clock dot o-r-g you would end up at
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00076-00021094-00021350 this page directly and so you can see
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00077-00021351-00021714 you have to login to use it you can use
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00078-00021715-00021930 your Google ID to login I think mine is
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00079-00021931-00022413 already set up so it just went in and I
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00080-00022414-00022605 think you have to use only a Google ID
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00081-00022606-00022708 to login I don't
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00082-00022709-00022855 you can use anything else so the main
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00083-00022856-00023317 page looks like this and if you read the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00084-00023318-00023563 top red bar that comes up as a warning
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00085-00023564-00023860 for me it's saying my NIH controlled
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00086-00023861-00024258 access data permission has expired so
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00087-00024259-00024597 controlled access data has the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00088-00024598-00024952 identifiable data with genomic snips
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00089-00024953-00025174 that I just mentioned previously in
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00090-00025175-00025342 order to access that data you need
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00091-00025343-00025519 special permission from the NIH so you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00092-00025520-00025756 have to say why do I want access to it
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00093-00025757-00025969 and what project am I going to use that
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00094-00025970-00026206 data for and so you have to apply and
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00095-00026207-00026449 then they'll look at your application
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00096-00026450-00026694 and say okay you are now authorized to
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00097-00026695-00027124 access this data so when I click on this
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00098-00027125-00027343 relink it'll take me to a login page
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00099-00027344-00027615 where if I log in correctly it knows I
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00100-00027616-00027850 am authorized and then it will enable me
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00101-00027851-00028227 to access those data but after a month
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00102-00028228-00028531 the authorization will expire and you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00103-00028532-00028750 have to reauthorize yourself in fartole
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00104-00028751-00029005 the NIH authorization is usually valid
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00105-00029006-00029277 for a year so this is the kind of
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00106-00029278-00029449 security I was talking about if you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00107-00029450-00029731 downloaded the data to your Institute
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00108-00029732-00029962 then your Institute is responsible for
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00109-00029963-00030181 making sure that people who access the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00110-00030182-00030477 data are authorized to access it but
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00111-00030478-00030706 here firecloud implements a uniform
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00112-00030707-00030868 process for everybody and you don't have
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00113-00030869-00031158 to worry about it now and then you can
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00114-00031159-00031620 see three main tabs here one says so one
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00115-00031622-00031930 says workspaces the other says data
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00116-00031931-00032179 library and the third one says method
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00117-00032180-00032455 repository so our workspace is where you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00118-00032456-00032650 are doing your analysis so it has a set
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00119-00032651-00032968 of methods it has your data and it has
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00120-00032969-00033175 your configuration for the methods what
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00121-00033176-00033364 our inputs you want to give for your
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00122-00033365-00033661 methods the data library has publicly
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00123-00033662-00033862 available data so the CP tag data is
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00124-00033863-00034129 available the genomics TCGA data is
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00125-00034130-00034342 available all those data are available
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00126-00034343-00034507 in the data library and you can use it
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00127-00034508-00034768 for your analysis or you can just look
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00128-00034769-00035020 at it or you can download it but if you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00129-00035021-00035170 have to download it I think you need an
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00130-00035171-00035502 account because it costs money and then
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00131-00035503-00035680 finally there is the method repository
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00132-00035681-00035917 which has methods that everybody has
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00133-00035918-00036085 written so some methods are
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00134-00036086-00036315 public then you can see those some
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00135-00036316-00036580 methods are shared so the method author
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00136-00036581-00036795 will say okay you can look at it and
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00137-00036796-00036930 they'll give you permission and you can
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00138-00036931-00037114 look at it and some methods are private
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00139-00037115-00037339 only the authors can see and whoever
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00140-00037340-00037521 writes the method can control what the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00141-00037522-00037789 access privileges are for that method so
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00142-00037790-00037980 if it's the method you're still testing
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00143-00037981-00038190 and you're not sure what's very well you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00144-00038191-00038410 would most likely keep it private but
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00145-00038411-00038599 then once it's been tested and you are
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00146-00038600-00038820 using it in a project in your group then
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00147-00038821-00039049 people in your group might be might have
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00148-00039050-00039301 access to that method and ultimately
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00149-00039302-00039517 when your paper is released you make it
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00150-00039518-00039771 public so you can change the access
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00151-00039772-00039982 anytime and you can control who has
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00152-00039983-00040436 access to methods you have written so
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00153-00040437-00040783 I'll pick a workspace and we can take a
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00154-00040784-00041418 look at it so so you see there is this
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00155-00041419-00041733 workspace that's called CP tak PG DAC
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00156-00041734-00041952 production pipeline so that is our
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00157-00041953-00042258 collection of pipelines for the protea
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00158-00042259-00042651 genomic data analysis all the CP tak
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00159-00042652-00042876 projects for which we do pro do genomics
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00160-00042877-00043179 and you can see that it says restricted
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00161-00043180-00043439 that's because only people at the broad
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00162-00043440-00043705 currently have access to it so if you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00163-00043706-00044073 click on that this is the summary page
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00164-00044074-00044323 so that it says summary this is the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00165-00044324-00044574 summary page for that workspace so you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00166-00044575-00044936 can see the workspace has data it has
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00167-00044937-00045207 analysis it has notebooks does method
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00168-00045208-00045424 configurations and when a process is
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00169-00045425-00045574 running you can monitor what is
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00170-00045575-00045936 happening to it and here on the left
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00171-00045937-00046324 side it says that the last process run
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00172-00046325-00046545 has completed successfully which is
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00173-00046546-00046723 green if it didn't complete successfully
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00174-00046724-00046977 you will have a red triangle and the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00175-00046978-00047193 whole thing will be red you can share
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00176-00047194-00047505 the workspace with others you can edit
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00177-00047506-00047724 it you can make a copy of it and
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00178-00047725-00047976 experiment with it if you want or you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00179-00047977-00048205 can just delete it or let's say you have
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00180-00048206-00048370 published your paper and you don't want
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00181-00048371-00048580 any changes made to this workspace you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00182-00048581-00048786 can lock it so if you lock it nothing
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00183-00048787-00048924 can be changed in the workspace but
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00184-00048925-00049123 people can copy it and do stuff with it
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00185-00049124-00049339 and then
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00186-00049340-00049674 says who has access who owns it who are
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00187-00049675-00049876 authorized users so this is all
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00188-00049877-00050233 basically access related stuff and then
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00189-00050234-00050581 here it's showing me how much it cost to
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00190-00050582-00051121 run it so you can see I think this one
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00191-00051122-00051325 has no data in it so there is no monthly
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00192-00051326-00051579 cost if you had data files stored then
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00193-00051580-00051882 they will be charging you some a fee for
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00194-00051883-00052077 storing the data on a continual basis
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00195-00052078-00052495 and then so this is the billing detail
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00196-00052496-00052629 if you click on this it will show you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00197-00052630-00053071 how much how much you have used in the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00198-00053072-00053316 last what our time time frame for
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00199-00053317-00053505 storage compute you can get a lot of
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00200-00053507-00053866 details there but the thing I wanted to
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00201-00053866-00054069 point out is the Google bucket so every
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00202-00054070-00054291 workspace has a Google bucket associated
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00203-00054292-00054484 with it and this is the address of the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00204-00054485-00054669 Google Google bucket associated with
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00205-00054670-00054951 this workspace so if I click on it
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00206-00054952-00055648 actually fine so accessing a bucket is
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00207-00055649-00055903 again based on permissions you have to
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00208-00055904-00056130 have the permissions to access the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00209-00056132-00056914 bucket so this is your bucket so
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00210-00056915-00057066 basically it's saying there are no
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00211-00057067-00057385 objects in this bucket so because this
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00212-00057386-00057630 is a workspace we set up to just store
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00213-00057632-00057838 methods so that when we need to do a
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00214-00057839-00058080 real analysis we copy the methods from
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00215-00058082-00058297 here into a new workspace put the data
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00216-00058298-00058504 in the new workspace and do it because
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00217-00058504-00058678 every time you get different data or
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00218-00058679-00058888 slightly modified data so you have
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00219-00058889-00059047 breast cancer you need breast cancer
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00220-00059048-00059260 data you made some changes you have new
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00221-00059261-00059461 version of breast cancer data you want
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00222-00059462-00059679 to apply it to ovarian cancer you have
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00223-00059680-00059923 ovarian cancer data so usually the data
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00224-00059924-00060207 changes and with that the settings used
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00225-00060208-00060499 to run the methods also change and so we
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00226-00060500-00060712 keep the methods in this workspace and
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00227-00060713-00060969 then copy it to a new workspace to apply
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00228-00060970-00061285 it so before going to over actual
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00229-00061286-00061540 analysis workspace I want to point out
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00230-00061541-00061830 the methods that we have so here are the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00231-00061832-00061899 math
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00232-00061900-00062395 so each line here is one pipe line so
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00233-00062396-00062872 you can see there is a main pipe line so
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00234-00062873-00063112 this is the basic pipeline that runs a
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00235-00063113-00063523 lot of Pro do genomic analysis and these
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00236-00063524-00063855 are all the inputs to that many of them
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00237-00063857-00064015 are optional and don't have to specify
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00238-00064016-00064237 anything but some of them you have to
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00239-00064238-00064491 specify as input so like the input data
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00240-00064492-00064696 set for example without that you can't
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00241-00064697-00064915 run an analysis so things like that you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00242-00064916-00065593 have to specify and here the snapshot is
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00243-00065594-00065896 the version of that method if you made a
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00244-00065897-00066115 modification and you uploaded the method
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00245-00066116-00066451 again the snapshot will change to 6 so
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00246-00066452-00066670 it will keep track of all the changes
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00247-00066671-00066886 you have made and you can revert back to
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00248-00066887-00067171 all old methods if you want to so let's
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00249-00067172-00067351 say you have made some change and then
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00250-00067352-00067516 you realize that was that actually
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00251-00067517-00067708 introduced a bug and you don't want to
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00252-00067709-00067882 use that snapshot you can go back to an
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00253-00067883-00068215 older one and when you click on the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00254-00068216-00068497 there is this thing called middle and if
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00255-00068498-00068671 you click on expand it will show you the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00256-00068672-00069253 actual workflow for that pipeline so you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00257-00069254-00069484 can see there is a task called PG dak
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00258-00069485-00069721 Association it has some inputs and
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00259-00069722-00070045 outputs then there is another task
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00260-00070046-00070474 called CNA correlation report CNA copy
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00261-00070475-00070941 number analysis consensus clustering
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00262-00070942-00071271 this is for like harmonizing data
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00263-00071272-00071743 normalizing mass spec data then a report
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00264-00071744-00072154 for that so basically all the tests that
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00265-00072155-00072450 you would need in order to start with
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00266-00072451-00072741 pre-processed genomics data and
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00267-00072742-00073006 pre-process proteomics data and then do
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00268-00073007-00073275 like a proto genomic analysis
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00269-00073276-00073480 replicating a lot of things that was
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00270-00073481-00073708 reported in the breast cancer nature
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00271-00073709-00074008 paper are included in this pipeline so
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00272-00074009-00074239 I'll actually show you sign and then so
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00273-00074240-00074416 these are all the task descriptions and
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00274-00074417-00074731 at the end of it is the workflow so you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00275-00074732-00074998 can see it says workflow main pipeline
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00276-00074999-00075219 those are all the inputs some
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00277-00075220-00075369 them are optional but others are
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00278-00075370-00075687 required and then here you say you start
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00279-00075688-00076017 by parsing the spectrum table the output
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00280-00076018-00076285 of that goes into normalization output
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00281-00076286-00076575 of that goes into report creation and so
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00282-00076576-00076986 on so you just go in sequence in for how
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00283-00076987-00077248 the the workflow goes if there is no
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00284-00077249-00077582 dependence you can execute them in power
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00285-00077583-00078103 okay so and the method repository has
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00286-00078104-00078306 all the methods that we have generated
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00287-00078307-00078496 available so these are all the pipelines
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00288-00078497-00078709 and workflows so there is outlier
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00289-00078710-00078942 analysis from David Fenner and Kelly
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00290-00078943-00079191 Ruggles lab that is available here this
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00291-00079192-00079434 is the main pipeline this is the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00292-00079435-00079707 connectivity map analysis that was also
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00293-00079708-00079962 reported in the paper and there are many
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00294-00079963-00080422 others so I think Karstens PDM GSE a is
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00295-00080423-00080811 also somewhere here maybe on the next
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00296-00080812-00081531 page yeah ss GSE a so all the methods
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00297-00081532-00081906 are here and you can use any of them in
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00298-00081907-00082147 you can so this is the method repository
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00299-00082148-00082350 when you create your workspace you can
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00300-00082351-00082644 import any methods you want and then put
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00301-00082645-00082909 your data there and and and apply the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00302-00082910-00083248 methods to that data so let's look at
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00303-00083249-00083398 one workspace where we have actually
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00304-00083399-00083892 done an analysis so I'll do the so this
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00305-00083893-00084119 is the new breast cancer data which is
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00306-00084120-00084421 we call the prospective data set and you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00307-00084422-00084721 see how version 2 version 1 was had some
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00308-00084722-00084960 differences and now we updated it so now
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00309-00084961-00085228 here if I go to so you can also see that
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00310-00085229-00085824 I ran 20 ran this many 20 pipelines in
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00311-00085825-00086079 this workspace two of them aborted due
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00312-00086080-00086278 to problems 18 of them we're done
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00313-00086279-00086478 they're finished if I go to the Google
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00314-00086479-00086757 bucket so now you can see there are a
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00315-00086758-00086916 lot of folders in the bucket
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00316-00086917-00087444 and when you run a pipeline the output
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00317-00087445-00087612 is written in a bucket that is named
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00318-00087613-00087918 like this so this is like a long set of
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00319-00087919-00088111 hexadecimal characters so that you don't
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00320-00088112-00088350 have like the same file for directory
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00321-00088351-00088484 name or folder name
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00322-00088485-00088729 so it creates a unique name every time
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00323-00088730-00088984 with some long set of but you don't have
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00324-00088985-00089152 to keep track of it it'll automatically
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00325-00089153-00089434 know which folder was used for which
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00326-00089435-00089893 task and then copy the right output to
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00327-00089894-00090134 where it needs to go so but it will
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00328-00090135-00090388 write all the outputs to the bucket that
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00329-00090389-00090637 you have for the table for the workspace
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00330-00090638-00090955 but the important thing to notice this
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00331-00090956-00091237 thing called input here so that's where
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00332-00091238-00091438 all the input data is so if I click on
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00333-00091439-00091627 that it will show what input data I have
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00334-00091628-00092071 so I have RNA seek data I have a seat
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00335-00092072-00092737 alone fosco proteome proteome I have
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00336-00092738-00093071 some groups that I want to look at for a
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00337-00093072-00093253 look for enrichment when I do my
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00338-00093254-00093673 clustering this is for the connectivity
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00339-00093674-00093946 map analysis this is the copy number
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00340-00093947-00094219 data and then if you want to change some
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00341-00094220-00094393 of the configurations of the pipeline
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00342-00094394-00094576 there is a configuration file you can
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00343-00094577-00094813 use the experiment design file is the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00344-00094814-00094984 most important one which associate
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00345-00094985-00095338 samples with various annotations for the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00346-00095339-00095728 samples and also says which TMP run had
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00347-00095729-00096055 a specific sample in which channel and
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00348-00096056-00096313 so this is basically all the data that
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00349-00096314-00096640 you would need as input is here and in
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00350-00096641-00096988 your workspace you would in the method
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00351-00096989-00097259 configurations because this is one that
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00352-00097260-00097435 we are using for actual analysis the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00353-00097436-00097621 methods will be configured so if you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00354-00097622-00098076 look at the proteome analysis pipeline
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00355-00098077-00098428 you can see the optional method
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00356-00098429-00098755 things are not filled in but if you look
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00357-00098756-00099160 at so look at this analysis directory so
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00358-00099161-00099400 this actually points to data in the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00359-00099401-00099526 metadata table
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00360-00099527-00099760 so when it says this dot whatever I
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00361-00099761-00099916 think it's getting cut off because the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00362-00099917-00100222 resolution is too low but you can see
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00363-00100223-00100396 that many of these are filled in with
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00364-00100397-00100738 values and wares so some of them are
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00365-00100739-00101149 actual numbers are strings like like
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00366-00101150-00101410 this one for example is a string but
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00367-00101411-00101760 many of them start with this so
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00368-00101761-00102090 those are obtained from a metadata table
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00369-00102091-00102504 that kind of says for the protium what
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00370-00102505-00102888 are my input datasets and what are my
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00371-00102889-00103128 input files that I need to use for the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00372-00103129-00103332 phosphoprotein the table will specify
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00373-00103333-00103590 what input files I need to use so for
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00374-00103591-00103733 each of these you will have like a
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00375-00103734-00103958 specification of inputs and when you run
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00376-00103959-00104166 the method it will ask you ok which
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00377-00104167-00104388 participant should I use the proteome
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00378-00104389-00104598 phosphoprotein which one and when you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00379-00104599-00104748 pick proteome it will get the right
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00380-00104749-00104943 inputs it'll do the proteome analysis
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00381-00104944-00105284 and the output will be also in one of
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00382-00105285-00105768 these files I think so there is a there
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00383-00105769-00105972 is an output table that is written out
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00384-00105973-00106259 somewhere here or you can look at go to
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00385-00106260-00106401 monitor it will show you all the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00386-00106402-00106701 analyses that have been run so this one
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00387-00106702-00106929 for example was a proteome analysis that
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00388-00106930-00107172 we did if we look at it it will tell you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00389-00107173-00107309 what all happened in the proteome
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00390-00107310-00107613 analysis so this was the proteome
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00391-00107614-00107820 analysis it will tell you what the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00392-00107821-00108109 inputs are so all the files and
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00393-00108110-00108375 parameters that were used as input it
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00394-00108376-00108536 will tell you what the outputs are so
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00395-00108538-00108792 there is one output file which is like a
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00396-00108793-00109008 zip file that has all the outputs from
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00397-00109008-00109275 the various tasks that were run but
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00398-00109276-00109467 there are also reports that that you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00399-00109468-00109704 have that will show you in in on a
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00400-00109705-00109941 webpage many times in an interactive web
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00401-00109942-00110157 page on some of the results that were
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00402-00110158-00110418 obtained and then these are all the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00403-00110419-00110877 tasks that were run is it's in it's not
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00404-00110878-00111114 in the order they were run but these
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00405-00111115-00111363 were all the tasks that were run and you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00406-00111364-00111669 can also see the timing so it will show
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00407-00111670-00112010 you which tasks were run when so you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00408-00112011-00112263 started off by doing the parsing the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00409-00112264-00112608 spectral table normalizing and then
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00410-00112608-00112770 doing the normalization report
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00411-00112771-00113067 rna-protein correlation and so forth and
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00412-00113068-00113340 you can see how long each one takes the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00413-00113341-00113547 Association analysis takes the longest
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00414-00113548-00113802 and after that you do consensus
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00415-00113803-00114018 clustering and then you are done so it
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00416-00114019-00114218 gives you a visual picture of how the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00417-00114219-00114708 entire flow was executed and the data
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00418-00114708-00115005 library basically has various data sets
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00419-00115006-00115081 I won't
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00420-00115082-00115279 to that now so you can you can see that
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00421-00115280-00115489 there's a lot of data that you can use
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00422-00115490-00115792 from there I think that's kind of all I
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00423-00115793-00116014 wanted to show
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00424-00116015-00117485 [Music]
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00425-00117486-00117808 in today's demonstration session you are
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00426-00117809-00118098 given the concepts that in which way
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00427-00118099-00118511 fire cloud could use three main tabs The
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00428-00118512-00118857 Verge spaces data library and Method
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00429-00118858-00119264 repository the workspaces let the user
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00430-00119265-00119579 create their own pipeline the data
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00431-00119580-00119888 library contains publicly available data
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00432-00119889-00120236 that can be also used by the user the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00433-00120237-00120341 method repository
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00434-00120342-00120672 it contains the methods used by
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00435-00120673-00120938 different users these methods are also
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00436-00120939-00121226 available for any user using cloud
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00437-00121227-00121460 computing platforms mostly have
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00438-00121461-00121685 submitted a job the user can now
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00439-00121686-00121994 visualize the various steps involved
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00440-00121995-00122298 including the input files and the output
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00441-00122299-00122528 files I hope it at least gives you the
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00442-00122529-00122873 glimpse of in which way the big data can
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00443-00122874-00123079 be handled using cloud computing
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00444-00123080-00123443 platforms some of these shown tools and
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00445-00123444-00123798 platform currently are not available for
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00446-00123799-00124064 the public usage but hopefully broad
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00447-00124065-00124199 institute will make it available online
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00448-00124200-00124523 in some time at least you should be
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00449-00124524-00124808 aware that these are the good resources
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00450-00124809-00125033 in which way you can analyze the data
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00451-00125034-00125518 using cloud computing thank you
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00452-00125519-00127033 [Music]
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00453-00127033-00127366 [Applause]
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00454-00127367-00127518 [Music]
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00455-00127519-00128477 [Applause]
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00456-00128478-00129048 [Applause]
+FS9QjlHEZWM-00457-00129049-00129572 [Music]
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00000-00000024-00000295 as a powerful guardian deity furo mio
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00001-00000296-00000455 stands firm and immovable
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00002-00000456-00000655 it protects your spirit in buddhism and
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00003-00000656-00000871 a significant symbol of the samurai
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00004-00000872-00001023 wielding the sword in his right hand to
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00005-00001024-00001207 cut through ignorance a rope in his left
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00006-00001208-00001383 hand to bind malevolent forces
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00007-00001384-00001574 and sitting before a wall of flame to
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00008-00001575-00001767 purify and burn away evil
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00009-00001768-00001991 furo mio serves as the foundation for
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00010-00001992-00002071 furushin
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00011-00002072-00002255 the hardest and most coveted mental
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00012-00002256-00003286 state of the martial arts
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00013-00003288-00003511 today's video caps off a series of five
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00014-00003511-00003670 episodes that explore the four
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00015-00003671-00003879 main mental states of zen and how they
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00016-00003879-00004038 are applied and achieved in the martial
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00017-00004039-00004086 arts
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00018-00004087-00004270 we previously covered choshan which is
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00019-00004271-00004463 the beginner's mind and looked at how it
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00020-00004464-00004695 seeks to achieve the ability to cast out
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00021-00004696-00004927 preconceived notions or assumptions and
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00022-00004928-00005102 opening one's mind to new knowledge
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00023-00005103-00005295 and taking on the role of a beginner
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00024-00005296-00005454 regardless of how much experience one
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00025-00005455-00005567 already has
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00026-00005568-00005799 by always being receptive to learning we
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00027-00005800-00005991 are always growing and improving
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00028-00005992-00006231 motion is the empty mind in which we are
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00029-00006232-00006367 ready to focus and face
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00030-00006368-00006591 a challenge free of outside distractions
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00031-00006592-00006710 ready to act
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00032-00006711-00006895 in the martial arts it is the ability to
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00033-00006895-00007087 read a situation and apply a technique
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00034-00007088-00007246 without having to consciously think
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00035-00007247-00007303 about it
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00036-00007304-00007510 and free of distraction it is an analogy
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00037-00007511-00007606 of still water
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00038-00007608-00007751 we can see a clear reflection of the
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00039-00007752-00007983 moon as long as the water or the mind
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00040-00007984-00008263 is still but if a stone or distraction
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00041-00008264-00008446 breaks the surface and causes ripples we
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00042-00008447-00008567 lose that clarity
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00043-00008568-00008759 with zanshin we achieve complete
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00044-00008760-00008927 awareness of not only the situation
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00045-00008928-00009046 presented in front of us
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00046-00009047-00009303 but also everything unfolding around us
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00047-00009304-00009351 meaning
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00048-00009352-00009606 remaining mind zanshin keeps us focused
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00049-00009607-00009831 not only during a situation or action
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00050-00009832-00010103 but before and after as well the follow
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00051-00010104-00010271 through in readiness is often just as
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00052-00010272-00010414 important as the act itself
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00053-00010415-00010567 and dropping that awareness is when we
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00054-00010568-00010791 make ourselves vulnerable furushin
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00055-00010792-00010999 is the fourth state and translates to
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00056-00011000-00011159 immovable mind
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00057-00011160-00011303 when a student or practitioner has
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00058-00011304-00011495 achieved foodoxin they have achieved a
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00059-00011496-00011687 state of the highest level of incredible
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00060-00011688-00011774 focus
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00061-00011775-00011999 there is confidence in place of fear and
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00062-00012000-00012159 the mind continues its path towards
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00063-00012160-00012263 achieving its goals
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00064-00012264-00012470 without being affected by external
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00065-00012471-00012591 influences
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00066-00012592-00012807 now this is obviously way easier said
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00067-00012808-00013030 than done and it may require a lifetime
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00068-00013031-00013263 of focus and training to achieve it
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00069-00013263-00013422 it definitely has a place in the martial
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00070-00013423-00013638 arts especially traditional arts that
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00071-00013640-00013838 take on training as a lifestyle
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00072-00013840-00013999 it often plays a role in helping the
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00073-00014000-00014158 student retain their focus through
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00074-00014159-00014391 environmental obstacles such as the cold
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00075-00014391-00014503 or harsh weather
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00076-00014504-00014711 tune out background noise as well as
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00077-00014712-00014911 remain undistracted and confident during
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00078-00014912-00015127 a conflict or self-defense situation
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00079-00015128-00015350 the concept boils down to nothing is
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00080-00015351-00015494 going to stop you from your determined
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00081-00015495-00015566 objective
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00082-00015568-00015686 whether it be to defend yourself
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00083-00015687-00015879 physically or another life goal
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00084-00015880-00016127 you are immovable the root concept of
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00085-00016128-00016199 foodoshin
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00086-00016200-00016415 actually stems from buddhist mythology
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00087-00016416-00016679 furumyo is a guardian deity in buddhism
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00088-00016680-00016879 and represents a protector spirit from
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00089-00016880-00017015 bad luck and challenges
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00090-00017016-00017175 and there are many rituals dedicated to
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00091-00017176-00017327 him there is a great little video on
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00092-00017328-00017535 youtube that quickly gives an overview
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00093-00017536-00017735 and it's by the asian art museum channel
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00094-00017736-00017871 and i've provided a link to that in the
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00095-00017872-00017958 description below
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00096-00017959-00018167 futo mio is often portrayed in the form
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00097-00018168-00018367 of a frightening opposing figure
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00098-00018368-00018599 sitting before a wall of intense flames
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00099-00018600-00018791 that represent a purifying energy
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00100-00018792-00019039 to rid the evils of the world in his
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00101-00019040-00019199 right hand he wields a sword
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00102-00019200-00019399 to cut away ignorance and delusion and
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00103-00019400-00019567 the rope in his left hand is used to
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00104-00019568-00019750 reign in bad intentions and violent
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00105-00019751-00019807 actions
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00106-00019808-00020014 the image and mythology of foodomio was
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00107-00020015-00020207 often popular among the samurai who
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00108-00020208-00020430 often adore themselves with his image as
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00109-00020431-00020535 shown in an example
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00110-00020536-00020727 from the asian art museum video so the
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00111-00020728-00020927 concept of furushin has arisen from this
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00112-00020928-00021007 inspiration
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00113-00021008-00021239 as a state of mind of perfect focus
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00114-00021240-00021311 awareness
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00115-00021312-00021503 and being immovable from your path to
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00116-00021504-00021639 your objective
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00117-00021640-00021830 the concept of foodoshin and this level
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00118-00021831-00022030 of focus is present in a lot of japanese
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00119-00022031-00022119 martial arts
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00120-00022120-00022278 but it's interesting to see other
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00121-00022279-00022471 related perspectives for example
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00122-00022472-00022727 in kendo there's the concept of shikai
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00123-00022728-00022783 or the
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00124-00022784-00022991 four prohibitions sometimes you'll hear
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00125-00022992-00023143 this referred to as the four sicknesses
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00126-00023144-00023247 of the mind
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00127-00023248-00023463 the four sicknesses can cloud your
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00128-00023464-00023599 judgment distract you
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00129-00023600-00023807 or cause you to make mistakes these four
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00130-00023808-00023950 sicknesses are described as
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00131-00023951-00024350 surprise fear doubt and confusion
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00132-00024351-00024527 surprise can cause you to stop or
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00133-00024528-00024735 hesitate in essence it briefly pauses
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00134-00024736-00024814 time for you
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00135-00024815-00025007 it may cause you to break composure hold
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00136-00025008-00025191 your breath or distract your focus
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00137-00025192-00025358 falling to surprise can result in a
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00138-00025359-00025527 devastating window of opportunity for
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00139-00025528-00025606 your opponent
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00140-00025607-00025814 fear quite literally makes you afraid of
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00141-00025816-00025911 your opponent
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00142-00025912-00026087 it can cloud your perception and make
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00143-00026088-00026239 your opponent appear larger and more
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00144-00026239-00026383 dangerous than they may be
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00145-00026383-00026583 and it may also cause hesitation in your
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00146-00026583-00026758 action which can affect your ability to
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00147-00026760-00026918 move freely or spontaneously
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00148-00026919-00027190 doubt is a natural stem from fear if you
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00149-00027191-00027358 are afraid of your opponent then you may
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00150-00027360-00027535 begin to doubt your abilities
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00151-00027536-00027783 you can become indecisive and lose your
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00152-00027783-00028070 ability to make calm and logical choices
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00153-00028072-00028287 and finally confusion will completely
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00154-00028288-00028423 disturb your composure
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00155-00028424-00028655 and ability to act accordingly you may
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00156-00028656-00028774 become disoriented
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00157-00028775-00028967 lose total focus on your opponent and
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00158-00028968-00029214 lose the ability to read their actions
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00159-00029216-00029431 you hesitate and lose orientation and as
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00160-00029432-00029583 a result your opponent will be able to
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00161-00029583-00029783 move faster and more accurately than you
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00162-00029783-00029990 so what does that mean for your mind to
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00163-00029991-00030127 be immovable
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00164-00030127-00030343 i actually found a blog by the budo bum
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00165-00030344-00030511 that offered a great perspective and a
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00166-00030512-00030702 great way to process the concept
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00167-00030703-00030862 i have included the link to that blog in
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00168-00030863-00031023 the description it's definitely worth
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00169-00031024-00031079 the read
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00170-00031080-00031302 but to paraphrase his point he talks
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00171-00031303-00031470 about the mind being immovable
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00172-00031472-00031702 in a way that it is not caught by a
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00173-00031703-00031783 distraction
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00174-00031783-00031943 there is an expression that you know
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00175-00031944-00032079 something catches our attention which
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00176-00032080-00032231 generally means that we stop what we're
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00177-00032232-00032390 doing or thinking about and suddenly
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00178-00032391-00032558 focus on new information
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00179-00032560-00032735 there's a difference in seeing being
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00180-00032736-00032887 aware of something and
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00181-00032888-00033079 having our attention captured by it he
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00182-00033080-00033246 cited a quote from a buddhist monk that
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00183-00033247-00033415 encapsulates this idea perfectly
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00184-00033416-00033679 when the eye is not set on any one leaf
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00185-00033680-00033839 and you face the tree with nothing at
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00186-00033840-00033943 all in mind
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00187-00033944-00034111 any number of leaves are visible to the
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00188-00034112-00034279 eye without limit but
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00189-00034280-00034487 if a single leaf holds the eye it will
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00190-00034488-00034662 be as if the remaining leaves were not
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00191-00034663-00034718 there
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00192-00034719-00034911 he goes on to elaborate how this concept
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00193-00034912-00035151 may apply in a combat situation
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00194-00035152-00035335 you can see something your opponent does
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00195-00035336-00035495 but you're not trapped by it
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00196-00035496-00035711 if she moves her sword you see movement
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00197-00035712-00035862 but you don't get caught by it and miss
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00198-00035863-00036007 how she changes her footwork
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00199-00036008-00036174 you see her move to her left but you
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00200-00036175-00036335 don't become fixated on trying to figure
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00201-00036336-00036471 out what that move means
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00202-00036472-00036655 you accept it and you move on your
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00203-00036656-00036846 opponent cannot catch your mind and fix
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00204-00036847-00036959 it in one place
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00205-00036960-00037246 your opponent cannot move your mind so
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00206-00037247-00037430 exactly how do we achieve foodoshin in
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00207-00037431-00037527 our lives
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00208-00037528-00037687 it certainly isn't an overnight process
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00209-00037688-00037823 and it takes a lot of discipline and
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00210-00037824-00037902 structure
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00211-00037903-00038143 and patience to achieve far too often
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00212-00038144-00038335 people tend to set ambitious goals
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00213-00038336-00038543 with great intentions but sometimes we
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00214-00038544-00038711 write a check that their willpower can't
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00215-00038712-00038790 cash
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00216-00038791-00038990 tell me if this scenario sounds familiar
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00217-00038991-00039167 new year's eve tomorrow i'm going to
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00218-00039168-00039311 start my resolution i'm going to hit the
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00219-00039312-00039343 gym
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00220-00039344-00039567 five days a week well that first week
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00221-00039568-00039727 you probably go three to four times and
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00222-00039728-00039767 figure
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00223-00039768-00039999 that's a good start the next week maybe
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00224-00040000-00040143 you go two times because you know it was
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00225-00040144-00040246 a busy week
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00226-00040247-00040423 and then maybe you're sore and you need
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00227-00040424-00040646 to rest or you're tired or distracted
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00228-00040647-00040702 with work
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00229-00040703-00040927 and you'll go next week it's a slippery
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00230-00040928-00041135 slope and one that far too many people
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00231-00041136-00041367 myself included get trapped in the key
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00232-00041368-00041527 to beginning the path towards achieving
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00233-00041528-00041607 footage in
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00234-00041608-00041862 is to start really small habits have to
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00235-00041863-00041999 be developed over time
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00236-00042000-00042167 they don't just happen because we will
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00237-00042168-00042390 them to be start with smaller
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00238-00042391-00042567 less ambitious goals and when they
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00239-00042568-00042767 become habit slowly increase them
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00240-00042768-00042958 so instead of committing to five days a
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00241-00042959-00043071 week maybe pick
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00242-00043072-00043295 one day and schedule that in and focus
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00243-00043296-00043471 on going to that one regularly
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00244-00043472-00043671 or maybe set the goal of doing 10
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00245-00043672-00043815 push-ups in the morning
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00246-00043816-00044007 over time as it becomes routine you can
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00247-00044008-00044199 add more and increase the effort
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00248-00044200-00044343 there's actually a really cool phone app
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00249-00044344-00044567 that i like it's called seven weeks
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00250-00044568-00044767 and basically you enter a small task
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00251-00044768-00044918 that you want to make a habit
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00252-00044919-00045118 you schedule it in every day and you do
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00253-00045119-00045287 the task and you check that day off and
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00254-00045288-00045367 the idea is
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00255-00045368-00045551 after seven weeks of consistently doing
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00256-00045552-00045767 this task it should now be fairly easy
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00257-00045768-00045895 to implement into your routine and
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00258-00045896-00045983 become a habit
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00259-00045984-00046174 we can't force focus or commitment just
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00260-00046175-00046358 because we want it it's a lifestyle
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00261-00046359-00046407 effort
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00262-00046408-00046558 but one that is absolutely worth
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00263-00046559-00046758 striving for because if we can find ways
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00264-00046759-00046911 to increase our focus and become
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00265-00046912-00047046 more resilient and resistant to
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00266-00047047-00047223 distractions or anything that will
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00267-00047224-00047407 catch our minds the more successful
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00268-00047408-00047543 we're going to be
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00269-00047544-00047702 it's easier said than done but when we
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00270-00047703-00047990 become immovable nothing can stop us
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00271-00047991-00048215 so that concludes our series on the four
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00272-00048216-00048351 zen states of mind
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00273-00048352-00048486 if you haven't seen the others you can
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00274-00048487-00048574 find them in the links in the
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00275-00048575-00048695 description below
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00276-00048696-00048879 now sometimes you'll find references to
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00277-00048880-00049086 the five states of mind or the five
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00278-00049087-00049143 spirits
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00279-00049144-00049351 especially present in the keto the fifth
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00280-00049352-00049543 spirit is sentient which means
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00281-00049544-00049799 purified spirit it's a point in which a
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00282-00049800-00049871 person has
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00283-00049872-00050062 transcended past the four main states of
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00284-00050063-00050223 mind and reached a point that could be
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00285-00050224-00050374 considered pure enlightenment
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00286-00050375-00050502 perhaps we'll cover that in the future
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00287-00050503-00050735 topic but for now we have work to do and
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00288-00050736-00050918 regardless of what art you train in
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00289-00050919-00051062 the four states of mind can have a
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00290-00051063-00051514 positive impact on our training and
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00291-00051515-00051882 [Music]
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00292-00051883-00052473 success
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00293-00052474-00053366 [Music]
+FSRBrD4dhuI-00294-00053367-00053576 you
+FWE17ifamTI-00000-00000032-00000335 our text today comes from 2nd timothy
+FWE17ifamTI-00001-00000336-00000574 chapter 2 verse 20.
+FWE17ifamTI-00002-00000575-00000759 starting in verse 20.
+FWE17ifamTI-00003-00000760-00000919 as you turn in your bibles i will
+FWE17ifamTI-00004-00000919-00001143 provide some context
+FWE17ifamTI-00005-00001144-00001358 paul is in a roman prison and he says in
+FWE17ifamTI-00006-00001359-00001550 chapter 4 verse 6
+FWE17ifamTI-00007-00001551-00001918 the time of my departure has come
+FWE17ifamTI-00008-00001919-00002263 so paul writes as a dying man
+FWE17ifamTI-00009-00002264-00002526 to a spiritual son
+FWE17ifamTI-00010-00002527-00002767 he encourages timothy to mature to
+FWE17ifamTI-00011-00002768-00003118 correct false teachers and to preach the
+FWE17ifamTI-00012-00003119-00003254 word
+FWE17ifamTI-00013-00003255-00003511 although paul writes specifically to
+FWE17ifamTI-00014-00003511-00003759 timothy he writes with a broader
+FWE17ifamTI-00015-00003760-00004127 audience in mind look at chapter 2 verse
+FWE17ifamTI-00016-00004128-00004415 2. paul says what you have heard from me
+FWE17ifamTI-00017-00004416-00004663 in the presence of many witnesses
+FWE17ifamTI-00018-00004664-00004951 entrust to faithful men who will be able
+FWE17ifamTI-00019-00004952-00005206 to teach others also
+FWE17ifamTI-00020-00005207-00005527 so paul expects timothy
+FWE17ifamTI-00021-00005528-00005686 to share these things with others who
+FWE17ifamTI-00022-00005687-00005838 will in turn
+FWE17ifamTI-00023-00005839-00006047 share these things with others these
+FWE17ifamTI-00024-00006048-00006183 things without
+FWE17ifamTI-00025-00006184-00006399 these things with others
+FWE17ifamTI-00026-00006400-00006710 he even says in chapter 3 verse 16 all
+FWE17ifamTI-00027-00006711-00006942 scripture is god breathed
+FWE17ifamTI-00028-00006943-00007191 and profitable for teaching for reproof
+FWE17ifamTI-00029-00007192-00007334 for correction for training in
+FWE17ifamTI-00030-00007336-00007567 righteousness that the man of god may be
+FWE17ifamTI-00031-00007568-00007678 complete
+FWE17ifamTI-00032-00007679-00007942 equipped for every good work
+FWE17ifamTI-00033-00007943-00008142 so everything we learn here has
+FWE17ifamTI-00034-00008143-00008271 relevance
+FWE17ifamTI-00035-00008272-00008439 and application
+FWE17ifamTI-00036-00008440-00008695 to your life even if you are not
+FWE17ifamTI-00037-00008696-00008951 in timothy's shoes
+FWE17ifamTI-00038-00008952-00009287 timothy had to deal with false teachers
+FWE17ifamTI-00039-00009288-00009431 in ephesus
+FWE17ifamTI-00040-00009432-00009606 he also had to pastor those who were
+FWE17ifamTI-00041-00009607-00009919 under the influence of false teachers
+FWE17ifamTI-00042-00009920-00010063 how christians
+FWE17ifamTI-00043-00010064-00010335 responded to this situation was a test
+FWE17ifamTI-00044-00010336-00010623 of courage and kindness
+FWE17ifamTI-00045-00010624-00011038 starting in verse 20 let's read
+FWE17ifamTI-00046-00011039-00011246 now in a great house there are not only
+FWE17ifamTI-00047-00011247-00011463 vessels of gold and silver but also of
+FWE17ifamTI-00048-00011464-00011751 wood and clay some for honorable use
+FWE17ifamTI-00049-00011752-00011967 some for dishonorable therefore if
+FWE17ifamTI-00050-00011968-00012159 anyone cleanses himself
+FWE17ifamTI-00051-00012160-00012374 from what is dishonorable he will be a
+FWE17ifamTI-00052-00012375-00012470 vessel
+FWE17ifamTI-00053-00012471-00012655 for honorable use
+FWE17ifamTI-00054-00012656-00012879 set apart as holy useful to the master
+FWE17ifamTI-00055-00012880-00013030 of the house
+FWE17ifamTI-00056-00013031-00013415 ready for every good work
+FWE17ifamTI-00057-00013416-00013615 the great house
+FWE17ifamTI-00058-00013616-00013758 in verse 20
+FWE17ifamTI-00059-00013759-00013951 is the same as god's
+FWE17ifamTI-00060-00013952-00014158 firm foundation you see that phrase in
+FWE17ifamTI-00061-00014159-00014343 verse 19
+FWE17ifamTI-00062-00014344-00014566 which is the church
+FWE17ifamTI-00063-00014568-00014719 of god
+FWE17ifamTI-00064-00014719-00014911 we know this because of a parallel
+FWE17ifamTI-00065-00014912-00015022 passage
+FWE17ifamTI-00066-00015023-00015286 in first timothy 3 15 where paul speaks
+FWE17ifamTI-00067-00015287-00015647 of quote the household of god which is
+FWE17ifamTI-00068-00015647-00015886 the church of the living god
+FWE17ifamTI-00069-00015887-00016327 a pillar and buttress of the truth
+FWE17ifamTI-00070-00016328-00016622 the master that we are to serve
+FWE17ifamTI-00071-00016623-00016855 that we are to be useful to is none
+FWE17ifamTI-00072-00016856-00017143 other than the lord jesus christ
+FWE17ifamTI-00073-00017144-00017383 paul uses the term vessel
+FWE17ifamTI-00074-00017384-00017575 elsewhere in different ways but in this
+FWE17ifamTI-00075-00017576-00017863 context he has an eye on the teachers of
+FWE17ifamTI-00076-00017864-00018158 the church although as i noted
+FWE17ifamTI-00077-00018159-00018455 the general principles here apply to all
+FWE17ifamTI-00078-00018456-00018686 christians
+FWE17ifamTI-00079-00018687-00018886 there are different kinds of vessels in
+FWE17ifamTI-00080-00018887-00019014 your house
+FWE17ifamTI-00081-00019015-00019350 some for noble use some for menial use
+FWE17ifamTI-00082-00019351-00019494 some clean
+FWE17ifamTI-00083-00019495-00019719 others unclean you probably have a stack
+FWE17ifamTI-00084-00019720-00020071 of nice clean dishes
+FWE17ifamTI-00085-00020072-00020311 plates at home which if
+FWE17ifamTI-00086-00020312-00020463 you had a guest come over you'd serve
+FWE17ifamTI-00087-00020464-00020663 them dinner with this
+FWE17ifamTI-00088-00020664-00020919 but you probably also have some of you a
+FWE17ifamTI-00089-00020920-00021214 week old sippy cup with milk in it
+FWE17ifamTI-00090-00021215-00021927 underneath a couch that you can't find
+FWE17ifamTI-00091-00021928-00022086 yeah when you have kids dishes find
+FWE17ifamTI-00092-00022087-00022422 their way all around the house and
+FWE17ifamTI-00093-00022423-00022711 perhaps you have a sink of dirty dishes
+FWE17ifamTI-00094-00022712-00022871 some items you bring out for special
+FWE17ifamTI-00095-00022872-00022975 occasions
+FWE17ifamTI-00096-00022976-00023247 others you use for more base things like
+FWE17ifamTI-00097-00023248-00023455 storing trash
+FWE17ifamTI-00098-00023456-00023655 some commentators think
+FWE17ifamTI-00099-00023656-00024014 that the vessels here refer to healthy
+FWE17ifamTI-00100-00024015-00024358 and unhealthy believers others think
+FWE17ifamTI-00101-00024359-00024463 that they
+FWE17ifamTI-00102-00024464-00024775 refer to true and false
+FWE17ifamTI-00103-00024776-00025007 teachers
+FWE17ifamTI-00104-00025008-00025191 paul is hopeful
+FWE17ifamTI-00105-00025192-00025463 that even the unclean vessels can be
+FWE17ifamTI-00106-00025464-00025702 cleansed
+FWE17ifamTI-00107-00025704-00025943 and they are all in the great house the
+FWE17ifamTI-00108-00025944-00026087 church
+FWE17ifamTI-00109-00026088-00026279 so i take these to be at least inclusive
+FWE17ifamTI-00110-00026280-00026407 of healthy
+FWE17ifamTI-00111-00026408-00026631 and unhealthy believers either way the
+FWE17ifamTI-00112-00026632-00026958 illustration of being cleansed for noble
+FWE17ifamTI-00113-00026960-00027246 use is applicable to all of us
+FWE17ifamTI-00114-00027247-00027535 some vessels are submissive and obedient
+FWE17ifamTI-00115-00027536-00027727 and useful to the master
+FWE17ifamTI-00116-00027727-00027855 others not
+FWE17ifamTI-00117-00027856-00028118 some are available and ready and zealous
+FWE17ifamTI-00118-00028119-00028295 while others are
+FWE17ifamTI-00119-00028295-00028607 out of commission and unusable
+FWE17ifamTI-00120-00028608-00028902 jesus said you are the salt
+FWE17ifamTI-00121-00028904-00029079 of the earth
+FWE17ifamTI-00122-00029080-00029446 he said you are the light of the world
+FWE17ifamTI-00123-00029447-00029695 we christians we don't want to lose our
+FWE17ifamTI-00124-00029695-00029846 saltiness
+FWE17ifamTI-00125-00029847-00030087 we don't want our lights to be dimmed or
+FWE17ifamTI-00126-00030088-00030383 covered we want more fire
+FWE17ifamTI-00127-00030383-00030518 more zeal
+FWE17ifamTI-00128-00030519-00030846 more readiness more effectiveness
+FWE17ifamTI-00129-00030847-00031095 we want to say jesus sign me up i want
+FWE17ifamTI-00130-00031095-00031407 my life to count i don't want to waste
+FWE17ifamTI-00131-00031408-00031655 my life
+FWE17ifamTI-00132-00031656-00031935 we'll give an account
+FWE17ifamTI-00133-00031936-00032102 and we want to hear
+FWE17ifamTI-00134-00032103-00032455 well done good and faithful servant so
+FWE17ifamTI-00135-00032456-00032790 we want to be clean and ready and sharp
+FWE17ifamTI-00136-00032791-00033071 and available but not everybody in the
+FWE17ifamTI-00137-00033072-00033174 church
+FWE17ifamTI-00138-00033175-00033439 is ready for service
+FWE17ifamTI-00139-00033440-00033751 some genuine believers are effectively
+FWE17ifamTI-00140-00033752-00033974 benched
+FWE17ifamTI-00141-00033975-00034223 but paul is hopeful he is redemptive you
+FWE17ifamTI-00142-00034224-00034607 are not a lost cause look at verse 21
+FWE17ifamTI-00143-00034608-00034807 what should a person do
+FWE17ifamTI-00144-00034808-00035143 to be a vessel for honorable use
+FWE17ifamTI-00145-00035144-00035343 to cleanse himself from what is
+FWE17ifamTI-00146-00035344-00035518 dishonorable
+FWE17ifamTI-00147-00035519-00035774 how can we do this i want to answer this
+FWE17ifamTI-00148-00035775-00036111 in five ways from the text
+FWE17ifamTI-00149-00036112-00036407 the first way is to pursue christian
+FWE17ifamTI-00150-00036408-00036671 virtue with per with pure hearted
+FWE17ifamTI-00151-00036672-00036879 believers so for the note takers out
+FWE17ifamTI-00152-00036880-00037174 there number one pursue christian virtue
+FWE17ifamTI-00153-00037175-00037423 with pure hearted believers look at
+FWE17ifamTI-00154-00037424-00037799 verse 22 so flee youthful passions and
+FWE17ifamTI-00155-00037800-00038151 pursue righteousness faith love and
+FWE17ifamTI-00156-00038152-00038343 peace along with those
+FWE17ifamTI-00157-00038344-00038759 who call on the lord from a pure heart
+FWE17ifamTI-00158-00038760-00039199 youthful passions are strong
+FWE17ifamTI-00159-00039200-00039551 disorderly desires associated with
+FWE17ifamTI-00160-00039552-00039727 immaturity they come from
+FWE17ifamTI-00161-00039728-00040007 self-indulgence selfish ambition and
+FWE17ifamTI-00162-00040008-00040143 arrogance
+FWE17ifamTI-00163-00040144-00040487 to flee them is to completely shun them
+FWE17ifamTI-00164-00040488-00040671 you have bound up
+FWE17ifamTI-00165-00040672-00040902 within your flesh
+FWE17ifamTI-00166-00040903-00041087 carnal desires
+FWE17ifamTI-00167-00041088-00041343 that you need to run away from as fast
+FWE17ifamTI-00168-00041344-00041590 as you can paul even says in romans 8
+FWE17ifamTI-00169-00041591-00042015 put to death the deeds of the flesh
+FWE17ifamTI-00170-00042016-00042083 the
+FWE17ifamTI-00171-00042084-00042246 alternative
+FWE17ifamTI-00172-00042247-00042462 to these youthful desires is to be in
+FWE17ifamTI-00173-00042463-00042630 hot pursuit
+FWE17ifamTI-00174-00042631-00042799 of something else
+FWE17ifamTI-00175-00042800-00043030 pursue here means to go hard after
+FWE17ifamTI-00176-00043031-00043343 something and paul would have us strain
+FWE17ifamTI-00177-00043344-00043543 with eagerness
+FWE17ifamTI-00178-00043544-00043718 after real
+FWE17ifamTI-00179-00043719-00043823 moral
+FWE17ifamTI-00180-00043824-00043958 change
+FWE17ifamTI-00181-00043959-00044190 righteousness
+FWE17ifamTI-00182-00044191-00044351 faith
+FWE17ifamTI-00183-00044352-00044590 love and peace that we would have an
+FWE17ifamTI-00184-00044591-00044823 interior purity
+FWE17ifamTI-00185-00044824-00045102 and holiness and childlike trust and
+FWE17ifamTI-00186-00045103-00045335 supernatural confidence in the promises
+FWE17ifamTI-00187-00045336-00045446 of god
+FWE17ifamTI-00188-00045447-00045630 and a love for our neighbors and even
+FWE17ifamTI-00189-00045631-00045895 for our our enemies and a special
+FWE17ifamTI-00190-00045896-00046143 affection for fellow believers and an
+FWE17ifamTI-00191-00046144-00046479 inner settled peace that seeks unity and
+FWE17ifamTI-00192-00046480-00046767 fellowship and harmony but how
+FWE17ifamTI-00193-00046768-00047079 how look at verse 22 again
+FWE17ifamTI-00194-00047080-00047158 with
+FWE17ifamTI-00195-00047159-00047462 those who call on the lord
+FWE17ifamTI-00196-00047463-00047735 from a pure heart now you might be
+FWE17ifamTI-00197-00047736-00048007 asking how on earth can i know whether
+FWE17ifamTI-00198-00048008-00048215 or not someone else
+FWE17ifamTI-00199-00048216-00048486 has a pure heart only god can judge
+FWE17ifamTI-00200-00048487-00048655 right
+FWE17ifamTI-00201-00048656-00048886 yes only god can judge
+FWE17ifamTI-00202-00048887-00049111 like god can judge
+FWE17ifamTI-00203-00049112-00049367 only god knows the heart like
+FWE17ifamTI-00204-00049368-00049630 god knows the heart
+FWE17ifamTI-00205-00049631-00049879 but jesus did say
+FWE17ifamTI-00206-00049880-00050151 by your by their fruits you shall know
+FWE17ifamTI-00207-00050152-00050374 them
+FWE17ifamTI-00208-00050375-00050535 in the book of first john
+FWE17ifamTI-00209-00050536-00050783 we're taught that we can know
+FWE17ifamTI-00210-00050784-00051007 who is born again
+FWE17ifamTI-00211-00051008-00051223 by their confession
+FWE17ifamTI-00212-00051224-00051463 by their obedience
+FWE17ifamTI-00213-00051464-00051702 and by their love
+FWE17ifamTI-00214-00051703-00051926 even if this is a fallible knowledge it
+FWE17ifamTI-00215-00051927-00052199 is an actionable knowledge
+FWE17ifamTI-00216-00052200-00052414 an immediate application here is to
+FWE17ifamTI-00217-00052415-00052582 attach yourself
+FWE17ifamTI-00218-00052583-00052830 to a local church of which you can say
+FWE17ifamTI-00219-00052832-00053087 in good conscience that the whole of
+FWE17ifamTI-00220-00053088-00053199 them
+FWE17ifamTI-00221-00053200-00053438 worship the lord jesus christ from a
+FWE17ifamTI-00222-00053439-00053599 pure heart it's the kind of church that
+FWE17ifamTI-00223-00053600-00053766 when you hear the world say
+FWE17ifamTI-00224-00053767-00053975 christians are disingenuous they're
+FWE17ifamTI-00225-00053976-00054223 fundamentally hypocritical that you can
+FWE17ifamTI-00226-00054224-00054430 say not my local church
+FWE17ifamTI-00227-00054432-00054663 these people love the lord jesus christ
+FWE17ifamTI-00228-00054664-00055103 with a pure and genuine heart
+FWE17ifamTI-00229-00055104-00055294 you can say with david from the psalms
+FWE17ifamTI-00230-00055295-00055519 as for the saints in the land
+FWE17ifamTI-00231-00055520-00055766 they are the excellent ones in whom is
+FWE17ifamTI-00232-00055767-00056063 all my delight
+FWE17ifamTI-00233-00056064-00056359 christians only have three options
+FWE17ifamTI-00234-00056360-00056454 we can
+FWE17ifamTI-00235-00056455-00056671 find a local church with pure-hearted
+FWE17ifamTI-00236-00056672-00056807 believers
+FWE17ifamTI-00237-00056808-00057150 or if you're qualified you can plant one
+FWE17ifamTI-00238-00057151-00057566 or you can move
+FWE17ifamTI-00239-00057567-00057775 we move for jobs
+FWE17ifamTI-00240-00057776-00058063 why wouldn't we move if we needed to to
+FWE17ifamTI-00241-00058064-00058326 be attached to a pure-hearted
+FWE17ifamTI-00242-00058327-00058559 local church
+FWE17ifamTI-00243-00058560-00058759 another application is to work hard at
+FWE17ifamTI-00244-00058760-00059007 making relationships with pure hearted
+FWE17ifamTI-00245-00059008-00059119 believers
+FWE17ifamTI-00246-00059120-00059359 step out take the initiative make some
+FWE17ifamTI-00247-00059360-00059671 friends don't let your personality here
+FWE17ifamTI-00248-00059672-00059879 be an excuse
+FWE17ifamTI-00249-00059879-00060087 the church cannot hold your hand the
+FWE17ifamTI-00250-00060088-00060287 whole way
+FWE17ifamTI-00251-00060288-00060550 but it does provide some helpful
+FWE17ifamTI-00252-00060551-00060863 on-ramps i like that term on-ramps my
+FWE17ifamTI-00253-00060864-00061135 friend rich taught me that term
+FWE17ifamTI-00254-00061136-00061342 refers to the kinds of hosted or
+FWE17ifamTI-00255-00061344-00061623 organized events that the church
+FWE17ifamTI-00256-00061624-00061863 puts on for you to
+FWE17ifamTI-00257-00061864-00061991 create relationships with other
+FWE17ifamTI-00258-00061991-00062142 believers
+FWE17ifamTI-00259-00062144-00062382 we have a saturday morning men's
+FWE17ifamTI-00260-00062383-00062606 ministry here at faith community church
+FWE17ifamTI-00261-00062607-00062863 we have the ladies sip and chat
+FWE17ifamTI-00262-00062864-00063063 we have small groups and if you're not
+FWE17ifamTI-00263-00063064-00063311 in a small group i encourage you to
+FWE17ifamTI-00264-00063312-00063511 email the elders knock on their door
+FWE17ifamTI-00265-00063512-00063750 twice thrice if you need to be the
+FWE17ifamTI-00266-00063751-00063966 persistent widow do what you need to do
+FWE17ifamTI-00267-00063967-00064094 to find
+FWE17ifamTI-00268-00064095-00064254 a small group i know we're trying to
+FWE17ifamTI-00269-00064255-00064559 create more of them for you
+FWE17ifamTI-00270-00064560-00064799 we also in the church have some informal
+FWE17ifamTI-00271-00064800-00064975 texting groups i'm not sure if you know
+FWE17ifamTI-00272-00064976-00065206 that one of the first things i did
+FWE17ifamTI-00273-00065207-00065406 when i came to faith community church
+FWE17ifamTI-00274-00065407-00065631 was join an ad hoc
+FWE17ifamTI-00275-00065632-00065887 informal texting group with a few other
+FWE17ifamTI-00276-00065888-00066150 men so that we could keep each other
+FWE17ifamTI-00277-00066151-00066263 accountable
+FWE17ifamTI-00278-00066264-00066438 confess our sins
+FWE17ifamTI-00279-00066439-00066631 encourage each other with the gospel you
+FWE17ifamTI-00280-00066632-00066735 don't need
+FWE17ifamTI-00281-00066736-00066950 any organization to do that just find a
+FWE17ifamTI-00282-00066951-00067023 few
+FWE17ifamTI-00283-00067024-00067199 friends in christ and start asking each
+FWE17ifamTI-00284-00067200-00067503 other how can i pray for you
+FWE17ifamTI-00285-00067504-00067694 and start texting each other
+FWE17ifamTI-00286-00067695-00067831 throughout the week
+FWE17ifamTI-00287-00067832-00068103 prayer requests and encouragement
+FWE17ifamTI-00288-00068104-00068375 supposed to pursue christian virtue with
+FWE17ifamTI-00289-00068376-00068455 other
+FWE17ifamTI-00290-00068456-00068750 pure hearted believers
+FWE17ifamTI-00291-00068751-00068871 men
+FWE17ifamTI-00292-00068872-00069094 find your squad
+FWE17ifamTI-00293-00069095-00069406 you cannot be friends with a hundred men
+FWE17ifamTI-00294-00069407-00069687 but you can find a few men to lean on
+FWE17ifamTI-00295-00069688-00069975 who will stimulate and inspire and stir
+FWE17ifamTI-00296-00069976-00070071 you up
+FWE17ifamTI-00297-00070072-00070382 to love and good works and faithfulness
+FWE17ifamTI-00298-00070383-00070726 a lot of the christian life is taught
+FWE17ifamTI-00299-00070727-00070950 and a lot of the christian life is
+FWE17ifamTI-00300-00070951-00071223 caught
+FWE17ifamTI-00301-00071224-00071543 find pure hearted believers that will be
+FWE17ifamTI-00302-00071544-00071799 a good influence on you pastors by the
+FWE17ifamTI-00303-00071800-00072047 way need this too
+FWE17ifamTI-00304-00072048-00072311 but if you isolate yourself if you
+FWE17ifamTI-00305-00072312-00072662 sequester yourself from the life
+FWE17ifamTI-00306-00072663-00072823 of the body of the church and
+FWE17ifamTI-00307-00072824-00072982 relationships with pure-hearted
+FWE17ifamTI-00308-00072983-00073126 believers you
+FWE17ifamTI-00309-00073127-00073215 will
+FWE17ifamTI-00310-00073216-00073526 atrophy you will be like a coal
+FWE17ifamTI-00311-00073527-00073919 taken out of the fire
+FWE17ifamTI-00312-00073920-00074094 your light
+FWE17ifamTI-00313-00074095-00074287 will dim
+FWE17ifamTI-00314-00074288-00074438 you will grow cold
+FWE17ifamTI-00315-00074439-00074662 you will lose your saltiness
+FWE17ifamTI-00316-00074663-00074935 you will become an unclean vessel you
+FWE17ifamTI-00317-00074936-00075150 will not be useful then
+FWE17ifamTI-00318-00075151-00075399 to the master and you will not be ready
+FWE17ifamTI-00319-00075400-00075487 for
+FWE17ifamTI-00320-00075488-00075726 every good work
+FWE17ifamTI-00321-00075727-00076047 the second way we are to be cleansed
+FWE17ifamTI-00322-00076048-00076238 is to avoid
+FWE17ifamTI-00323-00076239-00076599 foolish controversies so number two
+FWE17ifamTI-00324-00076600-00076855 avoid foolish controversies look at
+FWE17ifamTI-00325-00076856-00077038 verse 23
+FWE17ifamTI-00326-00077039-00077279 have nothing to do with foolish
+FWE17ifamTI-00327-00077280-00077503 ignorant controversies you know that
+FWE17ifamTI-00328-00077504-00077615 they breed
+FWE17ifamTI-00329-00077616-00077838 quarrels
+FWE17ifamTI-00330-00077839-00078062 the word for controversy here can be
+FWE17ifamTI-00331-00078063-00078175 rendered
+FWE17ifamTI-00332-00078176-00078350 investigation
+FWE17ifamTI-00333-00078351-00078494 discussion
+FWE17ifamTI-00334-00078495-00078759 debate or speculation
+FWE17ifamTI-00335-00078760-00079015 a controversy can be foolish
+FWE17ifamTI-00336-00079016-00079303 when it lacks substance or meaningful
+FWE17ifamTI-00337-00079304-00079438 content
+FWE17ifamTI-00338-00079439-00079662 it is reduced to vain words and
+FWE17ifamTI-00339-00079663-00079862 meaningless verbiage
+FWE17ifamTI-00340-00079863-00080071 paul mentioned earlier in chapter 2 a
+FWE17ifamTI-00341-00080072-00080294 quarrel about words
+FWE17ifamTI-00342-00080295-00080519 why quarrel about words
+FWE17ifamTI-00343-00080520-00080862 when the words cease to be meaningful
+FWE17ifamTI-00344-00080863-00081087 paul says in chapter 2
+FWE17ifamTI-00345-00081088-00081406 verse 14 that such a quarrel quote does
+FWE17ifamTI-00346-00081407-00081543 no good
+FWE17ifamTI-00347-00081544-00081918 but it ruins the hearers
+FWE17ifamTI-00348-00081919-00082182 it puts a sour taste in someone's mouth
+FWE17ifamTI-00349-00082183-00082375 or even having an important
+FWE17ifamTI-00350-00082376-00082655 or difficult conversation
+FWE17ifamTI-00351-00082656-00082847 and paul says that this kind of
+FWE17ifamTI-00352-00082848-00083031 irreverent babble
+FWE17ifamTI-00353-00083032-00083238 leads people into more and more
+FWE17ifamTI-00354-00083239-00083543 ungodliness he says their talk will
+FWE17ifamTI-00355-00083544-00083871 spread like gangrene
+FWE17ifamTI-00356-00083872-00084167 it's like an awful bacterial infection
+FWE17ifamTI-00357-00084168-00084494 that spreads and destroys people
+FWE17ifamTI-00358-00084495-00084750 other times a controversy can be foolish
+FWE17ifamTI-00359-00084751-00084935 because of the person
+FWE17ifamTI-00360-00084936-00085126 that you're speaking to
+FWE17ifamTI-00361-00085127-00085279 is conceited
+FWE17ifamTI-00362-00085280-00085615 or stubbornly ignorant proverbs 18 2
+FWE17ifamTI-00363-00085616-00085950 describes a fool who takes no pleasure
+FWE17ifamTI-00364-00085951-00086199 in understanding but only in expressing
+FWE17ifamTI-00365-00086200-00086399 his opinion
+FWE17ifamTI-00366-00086400-00086599 paul describes a typical false teacher
+FWE17ifamTI-00367-00086600-00086911 in 1st timothy 6 verse 4 he is puffed up
+FWE17ifamTI-00368-00086912-00087175 with conceit and understands nothing
+FWE17ifamTI-00369-00087176-00087359 he has an unhealthy
+FWE17ifamTI-00370-00087360-00087662 craving for controversy
+FWE17ifamTI-00371-00087663-00087903 and a and for quarrels
+FWE17ifamTI-00372-00087904-00088087 about words
+FWE17ifamTI-00373-00088088-00088255 such controversies
+FWE17ifamTI-00374-00088256-00088503 are like a greenhouse which easily
+FWE17ifamTI-00375-00088504-00088638 produce quote
+FWE17ifamTI-00376-00088639-00088767 envy
+FWE17ifamTI-00377-00088768-00088894 dissension
+FWE17ifamTI-00378-00088895-00089111 slander
+FWE17ifamTI-00379-00089112-00089367 evil suspicions
+FWE17ifamTI-00380-00089368-00089567 wow the bible gives us
+FWE17ifamTI-00381-00089568-00089926 such a great vocabulary for virtue and
+FWE17ifamTI-00382-00089927-00090199 vice does it not the world's vocabulary
+FWE17ifamTI-00383-00090200-00090503 is so inadequate and so pitiful we ought
+FWE17ifamTI-00384-00090504-00090759 to just absorb as much as we can from
+FWE17ifamTI-00385-00090760-00091015 say the book of proverbs and the rest of
+FWE17ifamTI-00386-00091016-00091326 scripture to give us a rich vocabulary
+FWE17ifamTI-00387-00091327-00091543 for seeing the world
+FWE17ifamTI-00388-00091544-00091782 so he says evil suspicions and a
+FWE17ifamTI-00389-00091783-00092023 constant friction among people who are
+FWE17ifamTI-00390-00092024-00092206 deprived and mind
+FWE17ifamTI-00391-00092207-00092423 depraved in mind and deprived of the
+FWE17ifamTI-00392-00092424-00092726 truth it sure sounds like paul has been
+FWE17ifamTI-00393-00092727-00092887 put through the ringer
+FWE17ifamTI-00394-00092888-00093215 with some very divisive people
+FWE17ifamTI-00395-00093216-00093526 paul gives a protocol for dealing with
+FWE17ifamTI-00396-00093527-00093782 divisive people in titus 3 verse 10. he
+FWE17ifamTI-00397-00093783-00094055 says as for a person who stirs up
+FWE17ifamTI-00398-00094056-00094255 division after warning him once and then
+FWE17ifamTI-00399-00094256-00094623 twice have nothing more to do with him
+FWE17ifamTI-00400-00094624-00094894 these people are not worth it
+FWE17ifamTI-00401-00094895-00095103 remember what jesus said he said do not
+FWE17ifamTI-00402-00095104-00095399 give to dogs what is holy and do not
+FWE17ifamTI-00403-00095400-00095694 throw your pearls before swine
+FWE17ifamTI-00404-00095695-00096023 or they will trample them underfoot
+FWE17ifamTI-00405-00096024-00096303 and turn to attack you
+FWE17ifamTI-00406-00096304-00096599 so learn to identify
+FWE17ifamTI-00407-00096600-00096743 swine
+FWE17ifamTI-00408-00096744-00097023 if you look down at chapter 3 verse 2
+FWE17ifamTI-00409-00097024-00097231 paul speaks of those who are
+FWE17ifamTI-00410-00097232-00097415 proud
+FWE17ifamTI-00411-00097416-00097559 arrogant
+FWE17ifamTI-00412-00097560-00097838 abusive he goes on slanderous
+FWE17ifamTI-00413-00097839-00098118 without self-control
+FWE17ifamTI-00414-00098119-00098255 brutal
+FWE17ifamTI-00415-00098256-00098431 not loving good
+FWE17ifamTI-00416-00098432-00098791 treacherous reckless swollen with deceit
+FWE17ifamTI-00417-00098792-00098950 sorry conceit
+FWE17ifamTI-00418-00098951-00099438 he says later avoid such people
+FWE17ifamTI-00419-00099439-00099567 other times the content of the
+FWE17ifamTI-00420-00099568-00099838 controversy is meaningful and important
+FWE17ifamTI-00421-00099839-00100071 it's worth having but it's not worth
+FWE17ifamTI-00422-00100072-00100326 having now
+FWE17ifamTI-00423-00100327-00100511 this might be because of doctrinal
+FWE17ifamTI-00424-00100512-00100703 triage
+FWE17ifamTI-00425-00100704-00100967 this refers to a hierarchy of doctrines
+FWE17ifamTI-00426-00100968-00101287 some matter more some matter less
+FWE17ifamTI-00427-00101288-00101606 keep the main thing the main thing there
+FWE17ifamTI-00428-00101607-00101823 is a time and place
+FWE17ifamTI-00429-00101824-00101999 for addressing each
+FWE17ifamTI-00430-00102000-00102247 important issue
+FWE17ifamTI-00431-00102248-00102606 but we don't want to quarrel about hot
+FWE17ifamTI-00432-00102607-00102918 topics when there is a more underlying
+FWE17ifamTI-00433-00102919-00103047 fundamental
+FWE17ifamTI-00434-00103048-00103230 first order issue
+FWE17ifamTI-00435-00103231-00103558 that needs to be addressed
+FWE17ifamTI-00436-00103559-00103790 as an example maybe we should avoid
+FWE17ifamTI-00437-00103791-00104015 quarreling with family or friends about
+FWE17ifamTI-00438-00104016-00104151 hot topics
+FWE17ifamTI-00439-00104152-00104334 like vaccines
+FWE17ifamTI-00440-00104335-00104518 or masks
+FWE17ifamTI-00441-00104519-00104782 or a divisive politician
+FWE17ifamTI-00442-00104783-00104975 if we can have a more
+FWE17ifamTI-00443-00104976-00105383 needed conversation about the gospel
+FWE17ifamTI-00444-00105383-00105590 learn to say
+FWE17ifamTI-00445-00105591-00105710 no
+FWE17ifamTI-00446-00105711-00106039 some arguments are not worth having
+FWE17ifamTI-00447-00106040-00106263 don't be drawn into them like a moth to
+FWE17ifamTI-00448-00106264-00106519 the flame there is a youthful
+FWE17ifamTI-00449-00106520-00106695 immature desire
+FWE17ifamTI-00450-00106696-00107054 in the flesh that loves controversy
+FWE17ifamTI-00451-00107055-00107447 also love learn to overlook
+FWE17ifamTI-00452-00107448-00107695 the foolish opinions of those
+FWE17ifamTI-00453-00107696-00107902 you love
+FWE17ifamTI-00454-00107903-00108078 peter says
+FWE17ifamTI-00455-00108079-00108407 love covers a multitude of sins
+FWE17ifamTI-00456-00108408-00108671 proverbs 10 12 hatred stirs up strife
+FWE17ifamTI-00457-00108672-00109078 but love covers all offenses treasure
+FWE17ifamTI-00458-00109079-00109327 your relationships and don't
+FWE17ifamTI-00459-00109328-00109599 burn bridges by needless
+FWE17ifamTI-00460-00109600-00109775 quarreling
+FWE17ifamTI-00461-00109776-00110015 this principle of overlooking
+FWE17ifamTI-00462-00110016-00110239 foolish positions is really helpful in
+FWE17ifamTI-00463-00110240-00110407 evangelism
+FWE17ifamTI-00464-00110408-00110599 i've been on the street before and we're
+FWE17ifamTI-00465-00110600-00110815 listening to a believer sorry to an
+FWE17ifamTI-00466-00110816-00111127 unbeliever speak for a few minutes and
+FWE17ifamTI-00467-00111128-00111310 you hear him say
+FWE17ifamTI-00468-00111311-00111399 three
+FWE17ifamTI-00469-00111400-00111478 four
+FWE17ifamTI-00470-00111479-00111686 five things that are awful that need to
+FWE17ifamTI-00471-00111688-00111966 be corrected and perhaps there's a new
+FWE17ifamTI-00472-00111967-00112215 believer there who's shadowing the
+FWE17ifamTI-00473-00112216-00112431 evangelism and is there learning how
+FWE17ifamTI-00474-00112432-00112534 things
+FWE17ifamTI-00475-00112535-00112623 run
+FWE17ifamTI-00476-00112624-00112758 and this
+FWE17ifamTI-00477-00112759-00112943 newcomer
+FWE17ifamTI-00478-00112944-00113175 hears this unbeliever say five different
+FWE17ifamTI-00479-00113176-00113439 things and he wants to jump in and and
+FWE17ifamTI-00480-00113440-00113599 correct every single one of them and he
+FWE17ifamTI-00481-00113600-00113790 listens to the evangelist
+FWE17ifamTI-00482-00113791-00113990 just listen
+FWE17ifamTI-00483-00113991-00114383 and he picks one thing and he slowly and
+FWE17ifamTI-00484-00114383-00114678 kindly engages the most important issues
+FWE17ifamTI-00485-00114679-00114943 and he lets four other issues just
+FWE17ifamTI-00486-00114944-00115054 slide
+FWE17ifamTI-00487-00115055-00115351 because he's not inclined to quarrel
+FWE17ifamTI-00488-00115352-00115639 he's trying to patiently and kindly
+FWE17ifamTI-00489-00115640-00115783 teach
+FWE17ifamTI-00490-00115783-00116078 also learn to receive a brother there's
+FWE17ifamTI-00491-00116079-00116223 a
+FWE17ifamTI-00492-00116224-00116495 passage in romans 14 verse 1 where paul
+FWE17ifamTI-00493-00116496-00116575 says
+FWE17ifamTI-00494-00116576-00116863 as for the one who is weak in faith
+FWE17ifamTI-00495-00116864-00117151 welcome him but not to quarrel
+FWE17ifamTI-00496-00117152-00117447 over opinions the context is
+FWE17ifamTI-00497-00117448-00117686 a dispute about whether
+FWE17ifamTI-00498-00117688-00117775 meat
+FWE17ifamTI-00499-00117776-00117966 that had been sacrificed to idols and
+FWE17ifamTI-00500-00117967-00118231 then sold in the marketplace could be
+FWE17ifamTI-00501-00118232-00118510 purchased and eaten
+FWE17ifamTI-00502-00118511-00118734 some genuine believers who loved the
+FWE17ifamTI-00503-00118735-00118966 lord had a super big problem with this
+FWE17ifamTI-00504-00118967-00119271 and paul explains you can eat the meat
+FWE17ifamTI-00505-00119272-00119527 receive it in thanksgiving
+FWE17ifamTI-00506-00119528-00119663 don't don't be bothered in your
+FWE17ifamTI-00507-00119664-00119919 conscience about this but if you have a
+FWE17ifamTI-00508-00119920-00120110 brother who has a super big problem with
+FWE17ifamTI-00509-00120111-00120247 this
+FWE17ifamTI-00510-00120248-00120527 don't mock them don't don't needlessly
+FWE17ifamTI-00511-00120528-00120678 offend them
+FWE17ifamTI-00512-00120679-00121095 accommodate them receive them
+FWE17ifamTI-00513-00121096-00121295 paul says welcome such a brother but
+FWE17ifamTI-00514-00121296-00121534 don't set up a trap for him
+FWE17ifamTI-00515-00121535-00121847 to have a debate and humiliate him for
+FWE17ifamTI-00516-00121848-00122151 having a foolish or weak
+FWE17ifamTI-00517-00122152-00122310 opinion
+FWE17ifamTI-00518-00122311-00122599 learn to delay having some conversations
+FWE17ifamTI-00519-00122600-00122783 maybe say hey brother i don't think
+FWE17ifamTI-00520-00122783-00122943 we're in a good place
+FWE17ifamTI-00521-00122944-00123158 to have this conversation
+FWE17ifamTI-00522-00123159-00123351 why don't we sleep on it let's do some
+FWE17ifamTI-00523-00123352-00123495 more reading
+FWE17ifamTI-00524-00123496-00123647 and then maybe let's talk about it in a
+FWE17ifamTI-00525-00123648-00123799 few weeks
+FWE17ifamTI-00526-00123800-00124054 we don't need to permanently shelve this
+FWE17ifamTI-00527-00124055-00124214 it's an important issue we should talk
+FWE17ifamTI-00528-00124215-00124431 about it but maybe we're not in the best
+FWE17ifamTI-00529-00124432-00124639 place maybe we should do some more
+FWE17ifamTI-00530-00124640-00124919 preparation we can delay it for the sake
+FWE17ifamTI-00531-00124920-00125110 of peace
+FWE17ifamTI-00532-00125111-00125271 and prayer
+FWE17ifamTI-00533-00125272-00125495 and insist on boundaries
+FWE17ifamTI-00534-00125496-00125727 in conflict
+FWE17ifamTI-00535-00125728-00126014 christians should excel in courteous and
+FWE17ifamTI-00536-00126015-00126278 kind conflict resolution
+FWE17ifamTI-00537-00126279-00126599 bitterness steamrolling screaming
+FWE17ifamTI-00538-00126600-00126958 fits of rage rudeness or abusive speech
+FWE17ifamTI-00539-00126959-00127127 should be completely
+FWE17ifamTI-00540-00127128-00127414 off the table say i love you and i
+FWE17ifamTI-00541-00127415-00127614 refuse to have this conversation if
+FWE17ifamTI-00542-00127615-00127902 we're not both going to exercise
+FWE17ifamTI-00543-00127903-00128247 basic courtesies i don't want to quarrel
+FWE17ifamTI-00544-00128248-00128375 with you
+FWE17ifamTI-00545-00128376-00128671 by the way isn't it a blessing to find a
+FWE17ifamTI-00546-00128672-00128831 friend in christ
+FWE17ifamTI-00547-00128832-00129207 who you can hash issues out with
+FWE17ifamTI-00548-00129208-00129439 while maintaining warmth and christian
+FWE17ifamTI-00549-00129440-00129623 camaraderie
+FWE17ifamTI-00550-00129624-00129839 some of my best friends in life we have
+FWE17ifamTI-00551-00129840-00129983 been able to hash out all sorts of
+FWE17ifamTI-00552-00129983-00130078 issues
+FWE17ifamTI-00553-00130079-00130543 and maintain sweet friendship
+FWE17ifamTI-00554-00130544-00130734 the third way we can be cleansed and
+FWE17ifamTI-00555-00130735-00130983 ready for every good work and useful to
+FWE17ifamTI-00556-00130983-00131278 the master is to teach
+FWE17ifamTI-00557-00131279-00131454 our opponents
+FWE17ifamTI-00558-00131455-00131654 with patience and kindness so number
+FWE17ifamTI-00559-00131655-00131751 three
+FWE17ifamTI-00560-00131752-00131919 teach
+FWE17ifamTI-00561-00131920-00132047 opponents
+FWE17ifamTI-00562-00132048-00132287 with patience and kindness look at verse
+FWE17ifamTI-00563-00132288-00132519 24 with me and the lord's servant must
+FWE17ifamTI-00564-00132520-00132807 not be quarrelsome but kind to everyone
+FWE17ifamTI-00565-00132808-00133063 able to teach patiently enduring evil
+FWE17ifamTI-00566-00133064-00133447 correcting his opponents with gentleness
+FWE17ifamTI-00567-00133448-00133678 the lord's servant
+FWE17ifamTI-00568-00133679-00133911 here refers to timothy and other
+FWE17ifamTI-00569-00133912-00134190 teachers of the church
+FWE17ifamTI-00570-00134191-00134431 to be quarrelsome means to be given over
+FWE17ifamTI-00571-00134432-00134566 to
+FWE17ifamTI-00572-00134567-00134775 heated disputes
+FWE17ifamTI-00573-00134776-00134959 to be kind
+FWE17ifamTI-00574-00134960-00135183 means to be mild
+FWE17ifamTI-00575-00135184-00135287 paul
+FWE17ifamTI-00576-00135288-00135487 uses this same word in first
+FWE17ifamTI-00577-00135488-00135719 thessalonians 2 7
+FWE17ifamTI-00578-00135720-00135943 excuse me
+FWE17ifamTI-00579-00135944-00136143 he says but we were gentle among you
+FWE17ifamTI-00580-00136144-00136319 same greek word
+FWE17ifamTI-00581-00136320-00136575 like a nursing mother
+FWE17ifamTI-00582-00136576-00136935 taking care of her own children
+FWE17ifamTI-00583-00136936-00137135 that the lord's servant must be
+FWE17ifamTI-00584-00137136-00137359 able to teach reminds us
+FWE17ifamTI-00585-00137360-00137583 again that paul is speaking especially
+FWE17ifamTI-00586-00137584-00137671 to
+FWE17ifamTI-00587-00137672-00137911 pastors of the church
+FWE17ifamTI-00588-00137912-00138159 to be able to teach if you remember is a
+FWE17ifamTI-00589-00138160-00138463 requirement of an overseer given in
+FWE17ifamTI-00590-00138464-00138687 first timothy 3. so
+FWE17ifamTI-00591-00138688-00138983 not of it not all of us are in ministry
+FWE17ifamTI-00592-00138984-00139254 and not every context is appropriate for
+FWE17ifamTI-00593-00139255-00139639 every christian to teach in but again
+FWE17ifamTI-00594-00139640-00139854 every christian can apply
+FWE17ifamTI-00595-00139855-00140063 the code of conduct that we're learning
+FWE17ifamTI-00596-00140064-00140247 from paul here
+FWE17ifamTI-00597-00140248-00140463 look at the phrase
+FWE17ifamTI-00598-00140464-00140671 patiently enduring
+FWE17ifamTI-00599-00140672-00140799 evil
+FWE17ifamTI-00600-00140800-00141135 this comes from a single greek word
+FWE17ifamTI-00601-00141136-00141335 and it can be translated
+FWE17ifamTI-00602-00141336-00141743 bearing evil without resentment
+FWE17ifamTI-00603-00141744-00142023 john stop describes it as
+FWE17ifamTI-00604-00142024-00142351 forbearing other people's unkindness
+FWE17ifamTI-00605-00142352-00142623 patient toward their foolishness and
+FWE17ifamTI-00606-00142624-00143071 tolerant of their foibles
+FWE17ifamTI-00607-00143072-00143295 and then look at the word gentle or
+FWE17ifamTI-00608-00143296-00143590 gentleness to be gentle
+FWE17ifamTI-00609-00143591-00143878 means to show humility and courtesy it
+FWE17ifamTI-00610-00143879-00143975 is to be
+FWE17ifamTI-00611-00143976-00144126 considerate
+FWE17ifamTI-00612-00144127-00144359 and meek
+FWE17ifamTI-00613-00144360-00144719 i love this passage verses 24 and 25 and
+FWE17ifamTI-00614-00144720-00144839 i love
+FWE17ifamTI-00615-00144840-00145183 to apply it to evangelism there's two
+FWE17ifamTI-00616-00145184-00145271 main
+FWE17ifamTI-00617-00145272-00145687 temptations when experiencing the stress
+FWE17ifamTI-00618-00145688-00145839 of opposition
+FWE17ifamTI-00619-00145840-00145951 that comes
+FWE17ifamTI-00620-00145952-00146254 from teaching the truth about the gospel
+FWE17ifamTI-00621-00146255-00146566 it's to either become uncharitable
+FWE17ifamTI-00622-00146567-00146663 or
+FWE17ifamTI-00623-00146664-00146895 cowardly
+FWE17ifamTI-00624-00146896-00147183 with respect to being
+FWE17ifamTI-00625-00147184-00147526 there is a kind of wretched urgency
+FWE17ifamTI-00626-00147527-00147847 that an evangelist or a teacher
+FWE17ifamTI-00627-00147848-00148031 can rationalize
+FWE17ifamTI-00628-00148032-00148311 it goes like this
+FWE17ifamTI-00629-00148312-00148575 you're rejected you're mocked you're
+FWE17ifamTI-00630-00148576-00148831 dismissed and you think
+FWE17ifamTI-00631-00148832-00149143 what i have to share is so important and
+FWE17ifamTI-00632-00149144-00149535 the stakes for receiving this is so high
+FWE17ifamTI-00633-00149536-00149935 that i can go beyond christian dignity
+FWE17ifamTI-00634-00149936-00150183 that i could become impatient and rude
+FWE17ifamTI-00635-00150184-00150487 and belligerent and unkind
+FWE17ifamTI-00636-00150488-00150726 to my shame i have done this before and
+FWE17ifamTI-00637-00150727-00150919 i have had to receive
+FWE17ifamTI-00638-00150920-00151254 forgiveness from the lord jesus christ
+FWE17ifamTI-00639-00151255-00151526 paul will not have
+FWE17ifamTI-00640-00151527-00151759 any of this caustic
+FWE17ifamTI-00641-00151760-00151990 discourtesy
+FWE17ifamTI-00642-00151991-00152343 instead a christian is to maintain
+FWE17ifamTI-00643-00152344-00152575 his composure
+FWE17ifamTI-00644-00152576-00152966 and to act with dignity and patience and
+FWE17ifamTI-00645-00152967-00153199 kindness
+FWE17ifamTI-00646-00153200-00153559 the other temptation is to be a coward
+FWE17ifamTI-00647-00153560-00153807 this is certainly the more culturally
+FWE17ifamTI-00648-00153808-00154014 respectable sin
+FWE17ifamTI-00649-00154015-00154263 it reasons like this hey if i share the
+FWE17ifamTI-00650-00154264-00154543 truth if i teach if i even correct my
+FWE17ifamTI-00651-00154544-00154783 opponent i'm going to suffer and there
+FWE17ifamTI-00652-00154784-00154943 will be tension
+FWE17ifamTI-00653-00154944-00155166 and the fallout
+FWE17ifamTI-00654-00155167-00155407 and the risk is so great
+FWE17ifamTI-00655-00155408-00155678 that i choose instead to be
+FWE17ifamTI-00656-00155679-00155807 silent
+FWE17ifamTI-00657-00155808-00155951 and this person
+FWE17ifamTI-00658-00155952-00156102 reasons
+FWE17ifamTI-00659-00156103-00156319 since being silent will remove the
+FWE17ifamTI-00660-00156320-00156471 tension
+FWE17ifamTI-00661-00156472-00156687 i can call my silence
+FWE17ifamTI-00662-00156688-00156831 kindness
+FWE17ifamTI-00663-00156832-00157078 i've seen this in utah where people
+FWE17ifamTI-00664-00157079-00157431 instead of doing evangelism
+FWE17ifamTI-00665-00157432-00157614 they choose instead of
+FWE17ifamTI-00666-00157615-00157807 ecumenical
+FWE17ifamTI-00667-00157808-00158047 mutual interfaith comparative religious
+FWE17ifamTI-00668-00158048-00158254 dialogue where you say let's just both
+FWE17ifamTI-00669-00158255-00158407 learn from each other we'll both be
+FWE17ifamTI-00670-00158408-00158639 better off from it you share your
+FWE17ifamTI-00671-00158640-00158759 perspective
+FWE17ifamTI-00672-00158760-00158975 i'll share my perspective you see where
+FWE17ifamTI-00673-00158976-00159151 i'm going with that
+FWE17ifamTI-00674-00159152-00159335 it's different from evangelism it's
+FWE17ifamTI-00675-00159336-00159559 different from teaching and correcting
+FWE17ifamTI-00676-00159560-00159726 and asserting and declaring and
+FWE17ifamTI-00677-00159727-00159902 proclaiming
+FWE17ifamTI-00678-00159903-00160239 it loses that the quasi-ecumenical
+FWE17ifamTI-00679-00160240-00160343 mutual
+FWE17ifamTI-00680-00160344-00160519 interfaith dialogue where you're just
+FWE17ifamTI-00681-00160520-00160678 sharing opinions
+FWE17ifamTI-00682-00160679-00160935 it releases the tension
+FWE17ifamTI-00683-00160936-00161175 but it stops being faithful
+FWE17ifamTI-00684-00161176-00161535 to the kind of content you have to share
+FWE17ifamTI-00685-00161536-00161695 the authority
+FWE17ifamTI-00686-00161696-00161951 to which we appeal
+FWE17ifamTI-00687-00161952-00162135 is not fitting
+FWE17ifamTI-00688-00162136-00162351 for a mode of speech
+FWE17ifamTI-00689-00162352-00162463 that
+FWE17ifamTI-00690-00162464-00162566 treats
+FWE17ifamTI-00691-00162567-00162839 your religion like a mere
+FWE17ifamTI-00692-00162840-00162966 perspective
+FWE17ifamTI-00693-00162967-00163519 or viewpoint
+FWE17ifamTI-00694-00163520-00163783 paul says in second corinthians 4 verse
+FWE17ifamTI-00695-00163784-00164063 2 we refuse to practice cunning or to
+FWE17ifamTI-00696-00164064-00164383 tamper with god's word but by open
+FWE17ifamTI-00697-00164384-00164726 statement of the truth we would commend
+FWE17ifamTI-00698-00164727-00164975 ourselves to everyone's conscience in
+FWE17ifamTI-00699-00164976-00165247 the sight of god so paul's mode of
+FWE17ifamTI-00700-00165248-00165375 speech
+FWE17ifamTI-00701-00165376-00165438 is
+FWE17ifamTI-00702-00165439-00165543 open
+FWE17ifamTI-00703-00165544-00165743 statement of the truth it's
+FWE17ifamTI-00704-00165744-00166014 straightforward this is why i don't like
+FWE17ifamTI-00705-00166015-00166207 stealth evangelism
+FWE17ifamTI-00706-00166208-00166526 i don't like to be crafty i don't like
+FWE17ifamTI-00707-00166527-00166847 to trick people into hearing the gospel
+FWE17ifamTI-00708-00166848-00167119 i don't like to weave it in like a car
+FWE17ifamTI-00709-00167120-00167407 salesman i want to be direct
+FWE17ifamTI-00710-00167408-00167775 and i want to go after the conscience
+FWE17ifamTI-00711-00167776-00167935 sharing the gospel
+FWE17ifamTI-00712-00167936-00168207 presses the conscience preaching does
+FWE17ifamTI-00713-00168208-00168454 this too it presses you to make a
+FWE17ifamTI-00714-00168455-00168631 decision
+FWE17ifamTI-00715-00168632-00168926 it forces upon you this reality that i
+FWE17ifamTI-00716-00168927-00169143 must decide
+FWE17ifamTI-00717-00169144-00169238 now
+FWE17ifamTI-00718-00169239-00169575 whether to receive the word of god as
+FWE17ifamTI-00719-00169576-00169887 the word of god
+FWE17ifamTI-00720-00169888-00170238 paul would not have us fall off either
+FWE17ifamTI-00721-00170239-00170447 side of the horse
+FWE17ifamTI-00722-00170448-00170678 christian teachers are to be persistent
+FWE17ifamTI-00723-00170679-00170807 in teaching
+FWE17ifamTI-00724-00170808-00171102 and correcting with kindness
+FWE17ifamTI-00725-00171103-00171254 and patience
+FWE17ifamTI-00726-00171255-00171423 fully aware of the unpleasant
+FWE17ifamTI-00727-00171424-00171638 consequences
+FWE17ifamTI-00728-00171639-00172054 scott swain writes
+FWE17ifamTI-00729-00172055-00172335 patience is not quietism
+FWE17ifamTI-00730-00172336-00172590 it is a mode of action necessary
+FWE17ifamTI-00731-00172591-00172871 for playing the long game in the face
+FWE17ifamTI-00732-00172872-00173078 of opposition
+FWE17ifamTI-00733-00173079-00173190 christians
+FWE17ifamTI-00734-00173191-00173495 play the long game we want our patience
+FWE17ifamTI-00735-00173496-00173695 and kindness in teaching
+FWE17ifamTI-00736-00173696-00173878 and correcting
+FWE17ifamTI-00737-00173879-00174878 to outlast the opposition
+FWE17ifamTI-00738-00174879-00175111 notice also that paul
+FWE17ifamTI-00739-00175112-00175414 assumes pushback
+FWE17ifamTI-00740-00175415-00175711 even when you're being kind and gentle
+FWE17ifamTI-00741-00175712-00175919 you will get pushback
+FWE17ifamTI-00742-00175920-00176159 being kind and gentle
+FWE17ifamTI-00743-00176160-00176247 won't
+FWE17ifamTI-00744-00176248-00176566 necessarily fix the problem of others
+FWE17ifamTI-00745-00176567-00176799 mistreating you
+FWE17ifamTI-00746-00176800-00176983 paul says in chapter 4 verse 5 to
+FWE17ifamTI-00747-00176984-00177087 timothy
+FWE17ifamTI-00748-00177088-00177319 always be sober minded
+FWE17ifamTI-00749-00177320-00177599 endure suffering
+FWE17ifamTI-00750-00177600-00177871 do the work of an evangelist
+FWE17ifamTI-00751-00177872-00178111 fulfill your ministry
+FWE17ifamTI-00752-00178112-00178319 also these opponents
+FWE17ifamTI-00753-00178320-00178575 they won't necessarily
+FWE17ifamTI-00754-00178576-00178711 always
+FWE17ifamTI-00755-00178712-00178831 feel
+FWE17ifamTI-00756-00178832-00179054 loved by you
+FWE17ifamTI-00757-00179055-00179214 john piper writes
+FWE17ifamTI-00758-00179215-00179502 true love pursues a person's lasting
+FWE17ifamTI-00759-00179503-00179751 good but the one loved may not care
+FWE17ifamTI-00760-00179752-00179902 about the good
+FWE17ifamTI-00761-00179903-00179990 thus
+FWE17ifamTI-00762-00179991-00180183 love may feel
+FWE17ifamTI-00763-00180184-00180343 unloving
+FWE17ifamTI-00764-00180344-00180519 also note here that
+FWE17ifamTI-00765-00180520-00180831 the teaching in view here is not just
+FWE17ifamTI-00766-00180832-00181199 positive look at verse 25
+FWE17ifamTI-00767-00181200-00181423 correcting his opponents
+FWE17ifamTI-00768-00181424-00181647 with gentleness
+FWE17ifamTI-00769-00181648-00181975 this teaching is corrective when
+FWE17ifamTI-00770-00181976-00182214 necessary paul writes in chapter 4 verse
+FWE17ifamTI-00771-00182215-00182302 2
+FWE17ifamTI-00772-00182303-00182502 preach the word
+FWE17ifamTI-00773-00182503-00182959 be ready in season and out of season
+FWE17ifamTI-00774-00182960-00183135 reprove
+FWE17ifamTI-00775-00183136-00183454 rebuke and exhort with complete patience
+FWE17ifamTI-00776-00183455-00183671 and teaching
+FWE17ifamTI-00777-00183672-00183983 also note here that paul speaks of real
+FWE17ifamTI-00778-00183984-00184231 opponents i wonder if that kind of
+FWE17ifamTI-00779-00184232-00184526 language bothers you
+FWE17ifamTI-00780-00184527-00184719 consider romans 9
+FWE17ifamTI-00781-00184720-00185007 paul speaks of his kinsmen his fellow
+FWE17ifamTI-00782-00185008-00185359 jews he says he has great sorrow
+FWE17ifamTI-00783-00185360-00185695 and unceasing anguish for his fellow
+FWE17ifamTI-00784-00185696-00185975 jews he wishes he could take their place
+FWE17ifamTI-00785-00185976-00186214 he's distraught over the fact that they
+FWE17ifamTI-00786-00186215-00186575 have rejected the messiah and he loves
+FWE17ifamTI-00787-00186576-00186743 his fellow jews
+FWE17ifamTI-00788-00186744-00186975 he loves them and he says in romans 11
+FWE17ifamTI-00789-00186976-00187143 that they are
+FWE17ifamTI-00790-00187144-00187471 enemies of the gospel
+FWE17ifamTI-00791-00187472-00187671 jesus did not teach
+FWE17ifamTI-00792-00187672-00187895 have no enemies
+FWE17ifamTI-00793-00187896-00188087 jesus said
+FWE17ifamTI-00794-00188088-00188295 love your enemies
+FWE17ifamTI-00795-00188296-00188511 and we do that by patiently correcting
+FWE17ifamTI-00796-00188512-00188638 and teaching
+FWE17ifamTI-00797-00188639-00188878 with kindness
+FWE17ifamTI-00798-00188879-00189135 the fourth way that you can become a
+FWE17ifamTI-00799-00189136-00189319 clean vessel
+FWE17ifamTI-00800-00189320-00189631 is to consider the plight of your
+FWE17ifamTI-00801-00189632-00189902 opponent so number four consider
+FWE17ifamTI-00802-00189903-00190143 the plight of your opponents
+FWE17ifamTI-00803-00190144-00190375 look at verse 25
+FWE17ifamTI-00804-00190376-00190647 god may perhaps grant them repentance
+FWE17ifamTI-00805-00190648-00190902 leading to a knowledge of the truth
+FWE17ifamTI-00806-00190903-00191087 and they may come to their senses and
+FWE17ifamTI-00807-00191088-00191350 escape from the snare of the devil
+FWE17ifamTI-00808-00191351-00191663 after being captured by him to do his
+FWE17ifamTI-00809-00191664-00191831 will
+FWE17ifamTI-00810-00191832-00192238 some commentators see the opponents
+FWE17ifamTI-00811-00192239-00192471 as wayward christians who need
+FWE17ifamTI-00812-00192472-00192687 correction
+FWE17ifamTI-00813-00192688-00192863 but i look at the strength
+FWE17ifamTI-00814-00192864-00193102 of paul's language here
+FWE17ifamTI-00815-00193103-00193214 and i
+FWE17ifamTI-00816-00193215-00193366 see these people
+FWE17ifamTI-00817-00193367-00193495 as needing
+FWE17ifamTI-00818-00193496-00193735 salvation
+FWE17ifamTI-00819-00193736-00194007 paul says our opponents are
+FWE17ifamTI-00820-00194008-00194175 unrepentant
+FWE17ifamTI-00821-00194176-00194359 at heart there is a
+FWE17ifamTI-00822-00194360-00194526 resistance
+FWE17ifamTI-00823-00194527-00194783 they refuse to turn their hearts there's
+FWE17ifamTI-00824-00194784-00194999 an obstinacy here
+FWE17ifamTI-00825-00195000-00195214 paul says our opponents are
+FWE17ifamTI-00826-00195215-00195487 spiritually ignorant
+FWE17ifamTI-00827-00195488-00195671 this ignorance comes from a lack of
+FWE17ifamTI-00828-00195672-00195911 repentance and if they repented this
+FWE17ifamTI-00829-00195912-00196207 would result in a knowledge of the truth
+FWE17ifamTI-00830-00196208-00196478 paul says in ephesians 4 verse 18 they
+FWE17ifamTI-00831-00196479-00196702 are darkened in their understanding
+FWE17ifamTI-00832-00196703-00196950 alienated from the life of god because
+FWE17ifamTI-00833-00196951-00197054 of the
+FWE17ifamTI-00834-00197055-00197263 ignorance that is in them
+FWE17ifamTI-00835-00197264-00197526 due to the hardness of their heart
+FWE17ifamTI-00836-00197527-00197654 so this is not
+FWE17ifamTI-00837-00197655-00197975 merely an intellectual issue
+FWE17ifamTI-00838-00197976-00198199 there are very intelligent people who
+FWE17ifamTI-00839-00198200-00198390 reject the gospel because of the
+FWE17ifamTI-00840-00198391-00198607 hardness of their heart
+FWE17ifamTI-00841-00198608-00198871 oh how many conversations i've had with
+FWE17ifamTI-00842-00198872-00199199 very educated phd
+FWE17ifamTI-00843-00199200-00199343 people
+FWE17ifamTI-00844-00199344-00199638 who for some strange reason
+FWE17ifamTI-00845-00199639-00199743 can't
+FWE17ifamTI-00846-00199744-00199950 grasp a
+FWE17ifamTI-00847-00199951-00200054 simple
+FWE17ifamTI-00848-00200055-00200359 concept like grace
+FWE17ifamTI-00849-00200360-00200502 unmerited
+FWE17ifamTI-00850-00200503-00200623 unearned
+FWE17ifamTI-00851-00200624-00200799 freely received
+FWE17ifamTI-00852-00200800-00200926 grace
+FWE17ifamTI-00853-00200927-00201190 total and immediate forgiveness and it's
+FWE17ifamTI-00854-00201191-00201311 like
+FWE17ifamTI-00855-00201312-00201495 it's just not happening
+FWE17ifamTI-00856-00201496-00201647 and they've been to school longer than i
+FWE17ifamTI-00857-00201648-00201990 have and they they're smarter than i am
+FWE17ifamTI-00858-00201991-00202247 our opponents paul says are also beside
+FWE17ifamTI-00859-00202248-00202607 themselves they're trapped by the devil
+FWE17ifamTI-00860-00202608-00202847 john stott describes them as
+FWE17ifamTI-00861-00202848-00203007 doped
+FWE17ifamTI-00862-00203008-00203278 spiritually inebriated satan has
+FWE17ifamTI-00863-00203279-00203575 intoxicated them they are under
+FWE17ifamTI-00864-00203576-00203887 borrowing language from ephesians 2.
+FWE17ifamTI-00865-00203888-00204271 under the prince of the power of the air
+FWE17ifamTI-00866-00204272-00204543 the spirit that is now at work
+FWE17ifamTI-00867-00204544-00204838 in the sons of disobedience
+FWE17ifamTI-00868-00204839-00204919 this
+FWE17ifamTI-00869-00204919-00205103 should provoke
+FWE17ifamTI-00870-00205104-00205423 compassion and prayer
+FWE17ifamTI-00871-00205423-00205646 lord please have mercy
+FWE17ifamTI-00872-00205648-00205846 on our neighbors they're not thinking
+FWE17ifamTI-00873-00205848-00206062 straight they can't see
+FWE17ifamTI-00874-00206063-00206286 satan has put them in a spiritual
+FWE17ifamTI-00875-00206287-00206423 stooper
+FWE17ifamTI-00876-00206423-00206710 my friend rob says you wouldn't beat up
+FWE17ifamTI-00877-00206711-00206958 a physically blind person
+FWE17ifamTI-00878-00206959-00207238 why would we be unkind to a spiritually
+FWE17ifamTI-00879-00207239-00207519 blind person
+FWE17ifamTI-00880-00207519-00207838 the fifth and final way to be cleansed
+FWE17ifamTI-00881-00207839-00208182 to be a vessel for honorable use
+FWE17ifamTI-00882-00208183-00208510 is to trust in god's sovereign grace
+FWE17ifamTI-00883-00208511-00208710 look at verse 25 again
+FWE17ifamTI-00884-00208711-00208879 so number five
+FWE17ifamTI-00885-00208880-00209246 trust in god's sovereign grace verse 25
+FWE17ifamTI-00886-00209248-00209455 god may perhaps
+FWE17ifamTI-00887-00209456-00209775 grant them repentance
+FWE17ifamTI-00888-00209776-00209982 there is both an optimism
+FWE17ifamTI-00889-00209983-00210415 and a contentment here
+FWE17ifamTI-00890-00210416-00210703 god loves to use his people
+FWE17ifamTI-00891-00210704-00210910 as a means of bringing others to
+FWE17ifamTI-00892-00210911-00211110 repentance
+FWE17ifamTI-00893-00211111-00211431 this kind of optimism fuels
+FWE17ifamTI-00894-00211432-00211694 christians in evangelism and ministry
+FWE17ifamTI-00895-00211696-00211991 god loves to save sinners he loves to
+FWE17ifamTI-00896-00211992-00212246 use his word and his people
+FWE17ifamTI-00897-00212248-00212455 there's a kind of subtext
+FWE17ifamTI-00898-00212456-00212671 to every evangelistic encounter it's
+FWE17ifamTI-00899-00212671-00213110 like so you're saying there's a chance
+FWE17ifamTI-00900-00213111-00213327 god can save anyone
+FWE17ifamTI-00901-00213328-00213558 and when he appoints someone to eternal
+FWE17ifamTI-00902-00213559-00213839 life they believe
+FWE17ifamTI-00903-00213840-00214127 in acts 13 48 luke writes when the
+FWE17ifamTI-00904-00214128-00214446 gentiles heard this the gospel
+FWE17ifamTI-00905-00214448-00214687 they began rejoicing and glorifying the
+FWE17ifamTI-00906-00214688-00214982 word of the lord and as many as were
+FWE17ifamTI-00907-00214983-00215239 appointed to eternal life
+FWE17ifamTI-00908-00215240-00215431 believed
+FWE17ifamTI-00909-00215432-00215694 i had a mormon acquaintance in utah
+FWE17ifamTI-00910-00215696-00215855 named courtney
+FWE17ifamTI-00911-00215856-00216023 who once wrote
+FWE17ifamTI-00912-00216023-00216110 quote
+FWE17ifamTI-00913-00216111-00216287 i never understood why the people who
+FWE17ifamTI-00914-00216288-00216575 seem to be most vocal about evangelism
+FWE17ifamTI-00915-00216576-00216791 also seem to be more likely to believe
+FWE17ifamTI-00916-00216792-00217110 that god elects certain people to find
+FWE17ifamTI-00917-00217111-00217310 the truth
+FWE17ifamTI-00918-00217311-00217655 this was certainly the case in utah
+FWE17ifamTI-00919-00217656-00218023 the brothers that love to do evangelism
+FWE17ifamTI-00920-00218023-00218231 are in my experience
+FWE17ifamTI-00921-00218232-00218463 overwhelmingly
+FWE17ifamTI-00922-00218464-00218639 believers in god's
+FWE17ifamTI-00923-00218640-00218903 sovereign grace you might call them
+FWE17ifamTI-00924-00218904-00219151 calvinists today although we don't
+FWE17ifamTI-00925-00219152-00219382 really identify that position
+FWE17ifamTI-00926-00219383-00219727 by a person
+FWE17ifamTI-00927-00219728-00219882 they are
+FWE17ifamTI-00928-00219883-00220134 reformed evangelistic
+FWE17ifamTI-00929-00220135-00220431 energizer bunnies
+FWE17ifamTI-00930-00220432-00220719 they keep going and going and going they
+FWE17ifamTI-00931-00220719-00220863 patiently
+FWE17ifamTI-00932-00220864-00221182 teach and correct with kindness
+FWE17ifamTI-00933-00221183-00221439 if god can breathe life
+FWE17ifamTI-00934-00221440-00221734 into a valley of dry bones
+FWE17ifamTI-00935-00221735-00222046 surely he can bring growth out of utah's
+FWE17ifamTI-00936-00222048-00222142 dry
+FWE17ifamTI-00937-00222144-00222423 desert soil
+FWE17ifamTI-00938-00222423-00222703 let god's election of sinners unto
+FWE17ifamTI-00939-00222704-00223031 salvation fuel you
+FWE17ifamTI-00940-00223032-00223391 he uses his preached word to accomplish
+FWE17ifamTI-00941-00223392-00223582 miracles of rebirth
+FWE17ifamTI-00942-00223583-00223791 penetrating hard
+FWE17ifamTI-00943-00223792-00224182 resistant hearts god will glorify
+FWE17ifamTI-00944-00224183-00224310 himself
+FWE17ifamTI-00945-00224311-00224703 in this calling people to himself
+FWE17ifamTI-00946-00224704-00224967 who cannot boast of their calling
+FWE17ifamTI-00947-00224967-00225151 they can't brag
+FWE17ifamTI-00948-00225152-00225455 god they can only say god did this to me
+FWE17ifamTI-00949-00225456-00225798 this was god's gift to me
+FWE17ifamTI-00950-00225800-00226175 paul says in chapter 2 verse 10 i endure
+FWE17ifamTI-00951-00226176-00226439 everything for the sake of the
+FWE17ifamTI-00952-00226440-00226551 elect
+FWE17ifamTI-00953-00226552-00226894 that they may also obtain the salvation
+FWE17ifamTI-00954-00226896-00227134 that is in christ jesus with eternal
+FWE17ifamTI-00955-00227135-00227303 glory
+FWE17ifamTI-00956-00227304-00227567 there is also here a contentment
+FWE17ifamTI-00957-00227567-00227910 and a peace and a submission this
+FWE17ifamTI-00958-00227911-00228031 doesn't
+FWE17ifamTI-00959-00228032-00228358 ultimately depend on you
+FWE17ifamTI-00960-00228359-00228663 god can do what he wants
+FWE17ifamTI-00961-00228664-00228894 i heard it once said sometimes you just
+FWE17ifamTI-00962-00228896-00229215 have to let god be god
+FWE17ifamTI-00963-00229216-00229519 if god wants to grant repentance he will
+FWE17ifamTI-00964-00229519-00229703 grant repentance
+FWE17ifamTI-00965-00229704-00229871 this reminds me of what jesus said in
+FWE17ifamTI-00966-00229871-00229967 john
+FWE17ifamTI-00967-00229967-00230071 6
+FWE17ifamTI-00968-00230071-00230182 54
+FWE17ifamTI-00969-00230183-00230431 no one can come to me
+FWE17ifamTI-00970-00230432-00230806 unless it is granted him by the father
+FWE17ifamTI-00971-00230807-00231094 because god is sovereign in granting
+FWE17ifamTI-00972-00231096-00231367 repentance you can
+FWE17ifamTI-00973-00231367-00231663 toil you can work hard
+FWE17ifamTI-00974-00231664-00231991 in evangelism and ministry and conflict
+FWE17ifamTI-00975-00231992-00232294 resolution and admonishment struggling
+FWE17ifamTI-00976-00232296-00232615 with all the energy that christ
+FWE17ifamTI-00977-00232616-00232831 powerfully works within you and then you
+FWE17ifamTI-00978-00232832-00233110 could sleep like a baby
+FWE17ifamTI-00979-00233111-00233423 brothers you are not a lost cause
+FWE17ifamTI-00980-00233423-00233703 if you are an unclean vessel
+FWE17ifamTI-00981-00233704-00234006 repent be forgiven and be cleansed from
+FWE17ifamTI-00982-00234007-00234191 what is dishonorable
+FWE17ifamTI-00983-00234192-00234471 in review there are five ways that you
+FWE17ifamTI-00984-00234471-00234631 can be cleansed
+FWE17ifamTI-00985-00234632-00234887 as a vessel to be useful to the lord
+FWE17ifamTI-00986-00234888-00235103 jesus christ let's review number one
+FWE17ifamTI-00987-00235104-00235206 pursue
+FWE17ifamTI-00988-00235207-00235503 christian virtue with pure-hearted
+FWE17ifamTI-00989-00235504-00235663 believers
+FWE17ifamTI-00990-00235664-00235879 number two avoid
+FWE17ifamTI-00991-00235880-00236087 foolish controversies
+FWE17ifamTI-00992-00236088-00236415 three teach and correct opponents with
+FWE17ifamTI-00993-00236416-00236646 kindness and patience
+FWE17ifamTI-00994-00236648-00236871 number four consider the plight of your
+FWE17ifamTI-00995-00236871-00237015 opponents
+FWE17ifamTI-00996-00237016-00237175 and number five
+FWE17ifamTI-00997-00237176-00237406 trust in god's
+FWE17ifamTI-00998-00237407-00237671 sovereign grace
+FWE17ifamTI-00999-00237671-00237958 perhaps you are a visitor here today
+FWE17ifamTI-01000-00237959-00238087 and you don't
+FWE17ifamTI-01001-00238088-00238351 know the lord jesus christ
+FWE17ifamTI-01002-00238352-00238598 well i have some bad news for you
+FWE17ifamTI-01003-00238600-00238863 and i have some good news for you
+FWE17ifamTI-01004-00238864-00239151 you are a sinner
+FWE17ifamTI-01005-00239152-00239382 your problem is not that you are a good
+FWE17ifamTI-01006-00239383-00239527 person
+FWE17ifamTI-01007-00239528-00239727 who occasionally does
+FWE17ifamTI-01008-00239728-00239919 bad things
+FWE17ifamTI-01009-00239919-00240006 no
+FWE17ifamTI-01010-00240007-00240231 you are a bad person
+FWE17ifamTI-01011-00240232-00240455 who does bad things
+FWE17ifamTI-01012-00240456-00240679 you have violated your conscience and
+FWE17ifamTI-01013-00240680-00240975 you have violated god's law
+FWE17ifamTI-01014-00240976-00241287 jesus says whoever sins
+FWE17ifamTI-01015-00241288-00241655 is a slave to sin
+FWE17ifamTI-01016-00241656-00242015 you deserve god's punishment
+FWE17ifamTI-01017-00242016-00242119 but
+FWE17ifamTI-01018-00242119-00242255 god
+FWE17ifamTI-01019-00242256-00242598 loved the world in this way he sent his
+FWE17ifamTI-01020-00242600-00242815 only begotten son
+FWE17ifamTI-01021-00242816-00243110 so that those who believe in him
+FWE17ifamTI-01022-00243111-00243479 will not perish but have eternal life
+FWE17ifamTI-01023-00243480-00243734 jesus is god in the flesh
+FWE17ifamTI-01024-00243735-00244039 he lived a perfect life and he went on
+FWE17ifamTI-01025-00244040-00244479 purpose to jerusalem to die on a cross
+FWE17ifamTI-01026-00244480-00244758 though jesus was without sin
+FWE17ifamTI-01027-00244759-00245175 he was crucified like a criminal
+FWE17ifamTI-01028-00245176-00245606 jesus died for sinners like you
+FWE17ifamTI-01029-00245607-00245903 isaiah says all we like sheep have gone
+FWE17ifamTI-01030-00245904-00246015 astray
+FWE17ifamTI-01031-00246016-00246263 we have turned everyone to his own way
+FWE17ifamTI-01032-00246264-00246487 and the lord has laid on him the
+FWE17ifamTI-01033-00246488-00246791 iniquity of a soul
+FWE17ifamTI-01034-00246792-00247023 jesus was buried in a tomb and three
+FWE17ifamTI-01035-00247023-00247455 days later he rose from the dead he
+FWE17ifamTI-01036-00247456-00247767 busted out of that tomb and he walked
+FWE17ifamTI-01037-00247767-00248055 and he talked and he ate fish and he
+FWE17ifamTI-01038-00248056-00248239 appeared to the disciples and he
+FWE17ifamTI-01039-00248240-00248639 ascended to heaven he's alive
+FWE17ifamTI-01040-00248640-00248910 someday he will return to judge the
+FWE17ifamTI-01041-00248911-00249119 living and the dead
+FWE17ifamTI-01042-00249119-00249439 his grace is immediately available to
+FWE17ifamTI-01043-00249440-00249775 you it is not far off it is immediately
+FWE17ifamTI-01044-00249776-00250063 available to you jesus offers all of
+FWE17ifamTI-01045-00250064-00250382 himself to you and he commands you to
+FWE17ifamTI-01046-00250383-00250719 repent and to believe
+FWE17ifamTI-01047-00250719-00250951 if you confess with your mouth that
+FWE17ifamTI-01048-00250952-00251215 jesus is lord and believe in your heart
+FWE17ifamTI-01049-00251216-00251519 that god raised him from the dead you
+FWE17ifamTI-01050-00251519-00251806 will be saved everyone who believes in
+FWE17ifamTI-01051-00251807-00252079 him will not be put to shame
+FWE17ifamTI-01052-00252080-00252334 call upon the lord jesus christ and you
+FWE17ifamTI-01053-00252335-00252503 will be saved
+FWE17ifamTI-01054-00252504-00252758 i will now pray and we will have a
+FWE17ifamTI-01055-00252759-00253239 moment of silent reflection
+FWE17ifamTI-01056-00253240-00253430 father in heaven thank you for your word
+FWE17ifamTI-01057-00253431-00253903 and thank you for your grace
+FWE17ifamTI-01058-00253904-00254158 please bless my brothers and sisters to
+FWE17ifamTI-01059-00254159-00254503 be clean vessels
+FWE17ifamTI-01060-00254504-00254710 sanctified
+FWE17ifamTI-01061-00254711-00254951 zealous for good works
+FWE17ifamTI-01062-00254952-00255167 ready and available and useful to the
+FWE17ifamTI-01063-00255167-00255351 master
+FWE17ifamTI-01064-00255352-00255527 father we love your word and we love
+FWE17ifamTI-01065-00255528-00255846 your son
+FWE17ifamTI-01066-00255848-00256158 thank you for the gift of salvation
+FWE17ifamTI-01067-00256159-00256351 and thank you for the privilege
+FWE17ifamTI-01068-00256352-00256503 of serving you
+FWE17ifamTI-01069-00256504-00256907 in the name of jesus christ
+FYj48idYjn4-00000-00000008-00000182 hey guys what's going on it's your girl
+FYj48idYjn4-00001-00000183-00000471 here welcome back to a brand new video
+FYj48idYjn4-00002-00000472-00000774 today's video before i even get there on
+FYj48idYjn4-00003-00000775-00000958 today's video i just want to say i i'm
+FYj48idYjn4-00004-00000959-00001127 not doing this video for attention
+FYj48idYjn4-00005-00001128-00001335 in any way please know that i'm doing
+FYj48idYjn4-00006-00001336-00001519 this because i want to raise awareness
+FYj48idYjn4-00007-00001520-00001702 i'm doing this because i want to
+FYj48idYjn4-00008-00001703-00001926 help other people who's also in the same
+FYj48idYjn4-00009-00001927-00002095 situation as what i am
+FYj48idYjn4-00010-00002096-00002407 i'm doing this to show people that
+FYj48idYjn4-00011-00002408-00002710 it's it's not normal but it's
+FYj48idYjn4-00012-00002711-00002910 okay you've probably read the title
+FYj48idYjn4-00013-00002911-00003031 you've probably read the thumbnail
+FYj48idYjn4-00014-00003032-00003191 that's why you've clicked on this video
+FYj48idYjn4-00015-00003192-00003367 so if you are new to my channel then
+FYj48idYjn4-00016-00003368-00003590 welcome and i hope you enjoy
+FYj48idYjn4-00017-00003592-00003806 i i don't even know where to start i
+FYj48idYjn4-00018-00003807-00003927 really don't know where to start this
+FYj48idYjn4-00019-00003928-00003999 video
+FYj48idYjn4-00020-00004000-00004222 it's hard for me to make um i've asked
+FYj48idYjn4-00021-00004223-00004399 dan's permission to make this video as
+FYj48idYjn4-00022-00004400-00004591 well and he has said go for it
+FYj48idYjn4-00023-00004592-00004911 but i struggle with infertility and i
+FYj48idYjn4-00024-00004912-00005102 want to just share my story
+FYj48idYjn4-00025-00005103-00005391 i want to share my experience so far or
+FYj48idYjn4-00026-00005392-00005551 other people can look at this and say
+FYj48idYjn4-00027-00005552-00005638 you know what
+FYj48idYjn4-00028-00005639-00005870 she's going through it i go through it
+FYj48idYjn4-00029-00005871-00006095 it it's not something that can be
+FYj48idYjn4-00030-00006096-00006302 hidden away it's something that i like
+FYj48idYjn4-00031-00006303-00006503 to hide away don't get me wrong i hide
+FYj48idYjn4-00032-00006504-00006639 it away if someone
+FYj48idYjn4-00033-00006640-00006870 you know if someone says something to me
+FYj48idYjn4-00034-00006872-00007070 i put on a brave face and i just accept
+FYj48idYjn4-00035-00007072-00007103 it
+FYj48idYjn4-00036-00007104-00007319 but it's something that definitely needs
+FYj48idYjn4-00037-00007320-00007423 to be spoken about
+FYj48idYjn4-00038-00007423-00007623 i'm nervous like i'm really nervous
+FYj48idYjn4-00039-00007623-00007742 making this video
+FYj48idYjn4-00040-00007743-00007974 and i'm really i really really just
+FYj48idYjn4-00041-00007975-00008151 don't know how to go about it
+FYj48idYjn4-00042-00008152-00008374 so i'm going to take you back to the
+FYj48idYjn4-00043-00008375-00008559 time of like 16
+FYj48idYjn4-00044-00008560-00008759 years of age when me and dan got
+FYj48idYjn4-00045-00008760-00008951 together we've been together now for
+FYj48idYjn4-00046-00008952-00009119 almost nine years this year that's a
+FYj48idYjn4-00047-00009120-00009199 hell of a long
+FYj48idYjn4-00048-00009200-00009671 time and we have not been trying
+FYj48idYjn4-00049-00009672-00009895 but we have been we like we haven't been
+FYj48idYjn4-00050-00009896-00010119 careful okay for all our relationship we
+FYj48idYjn4-00051-00010120-00010271 have never been careful
+FYj48idYjn4-00052-00010272-00010478 and from such an early year age we
+FYj48idYjn4-00053-00010479-00010614 realized that something
+FYj48idYjn4-00054-00010615-00010783 isn't going right you know something is
+FYj48idYjn4-00055-00010784-00011014 off we should have been pregnant by now
+FYj48idYjn4-00056-00011015-00011159 someone should have caught so
+FYj48idYjn4-00057-00011160-00011327 our suspicions were high when we were
+FYj48idYjn4-00058-00011328-00011487 young when we were like you know when we
+FYj48idYjn4-00059-00011488-00011663 just got together but we didn't bring it
+FYj48idYjn4-00060-00011664-00011799 up we didn't speak about it
+FYj48idYjn4-00061-00011800-00011974 it was just something that okay maybe
+FYj48idYjn4-00062-00011975-00012119 it's not the right time
+FYj48idYjn4-00063-00012120-00012383 it wasn't until i hit the age of like 18
+FYj48idYjn4-00064-00012384-00012623 that's when we realized that actually it
+FYj48idYjn4-00065-00012624-00012846 it might be a problem uh we didn't
+FYj48idYjn4-00066-00012847-00012999 accept it we didn't want to accept it
+FYj48idYjn4-00067-00013000-00013111 you know you're not going to want to
+FYj48idYjn4-00068-00013112-00013255 accept something like that definitely at
+FYj48idYjn4-00069-00013256-00013351 a young age
+FYj48idYjn4-00070-00013352-00013575 we we avoided it we didn't go to the
+FYj48idYjn4-00071-00013576-00013838 doctors we avoided the whole situation
+FYj48idYjn4-00072-00013840-00014119 and it wasn't until i turned 21 when i
+FYj48idYjn4-00073-00014119-00014266 was officially diagnosed with
+FYj48idYjn4-00074-00014268-00014407 endometriosis
+FYj48idYjn4-00075-00014408-00014711 that it become real so when i
+FYj48idYjn4-00076-00014712-00015007 turned 18 and it got too much it just
+FYj48idYjn4-00077-00015008-00015215 got way too much i went to the doctors
+FYj48idYjn4-00078-00015216-00015335 and i spoke to them
+FYj48idYjn4-00079-00015336-00015479 and they put me on medication for my
+FYj48idYjn4-00080-00015480-00015663 period to try and stop it they told me
+FYj48idYjn4-00081-00015663-00015871 to go on you know all this
+FYj48idYjn4-00082-00015872-00016127 contraception stuff and i i've refused i
+FYj48idYjn4-00083-00016128-00016271 told him i don't want to go on it you
+FYj48idYjn4-00084-00016272-00016335 know i
+FYj48idYjn4-00085-00016336-00016519 i want i i don't agree with putting
+FYj48idYjn4-00086-00016520-00016671 stuff into my body that shouldn't be
+FYj48idYjn4-00087-00016672-00016735 there
+FYj48idYjn4-00088-00016736-00017071 so i i refuse to take any of that but
+FYj48idYjn4-00089-00017072-00017335 when i was 21 i had an operation on my
+FYj48idYjn4-00090-00017336-00017486 25th i got diagnosed
+FYj48idYjn4-00091-00017487-00017855 with endometriosis which is a basically
+FYj48idYjn4-00092-00017856-00018143 a growth and a webbing of your andromeda
+FYj48idYjn4-00093-00018144-00018247 andro
+FYj48idYjn4-00094-00018248-00018439 lining basically you're lining up your
+FYj48idYjn4-00095-00018440-00018727 uterus when you shred off a period sorry
+FYj48idYjn4-00096-00018728-00018950 guys i do apologize this is kind of
+FYj48idYjn4-00097-00018951-00019055 gruesome for you
+FYj48idYjn4-00098-00019056-00019350 for you if you're not used to it but um
+FYj48idYjn4-00099-00019351-00019550 it's a shredding of your uterus
+FYj48idYjn4-00100-00019551-00019830 when you have your period and instead of
+FYj48idYjn4-00101-00019831-00020014 it shredding out of you
+FYj48idYjn4-00102-00020015-00020247 it decides to go off and grow elsewhere
+FYj48idYjn4-00103-00020248-00020463 and web up inside of your body which
+FYj48idYjn4-00104-00020464-00020630 causes extreme pain
+FYj48idYjn4-00105-00020631-00020807 which can cause a lot of problems
+FYj48idYjn4-00106-00020808-00021007 basically you are internal bleeding like
+FYj48idYjn4-00107-00021008-00021247 it is a hard friggin roller coaster to
+FYj48idYjn4-00108-00021248-00021414 go through endometriosis
+FYj48idYjn4-00109-00021415-00021694 and you like get if you feel like
+FYj48idYjn4-00110-00021695-00021822 something is wrong
+FYj48idYjn4-00111-00021823-00021983 and you feel like you're having pain
+FYj48idYjn4-00112-00021984-00022167 inside which shouldn't be there during
+FYj48idYjn4-00113-00022168-00022375 the period or even during the month
+FYj48idYjn4-00114-00022376-00022607 during sex anything go to the doctors
+FYj48idYjn4-00115-00022608-00022735 and speak to them because
+FYj48idYjn4-00116-00022736-00022999 honest to god it is not normal it is not
+FYj48idYjn4-00117-00023000-00023094 normal to have
+FYj48idYjn4-00118-00023095-00023391 chronic pains during a period okay or
+FYj48idYjn4-00119-00023392-00023542 during sex or anything
+FYj48idYjn4-00120-00023543-00023686 go to the doctors and speak to them and
+FYj48idYjn4-00121-00023687-00023878 i had that operation and
+FYj48idYjn4-00122-00023879-00024047 they told me that they found a little
+FYj48idYjn4-00123-00024048-00024191 bit of endometriosis
+FYj48idYjn4-00124-00024192-00024342 they also told me i'm suffering with
+FYj48idYjn4-00125-00024343-00024494 polycystic ovaries
+FYj48idYjn4-00126-00024495-00024711 so two of them combined together they
+FYj48idYjn4-00127-00024712-00024863 told me that i'm gonna struggle
+FYj48idYjn4-00128-00024864-00025071 conceiving i'm going to struggle
+FYj48idYjn4-00129-00025072-00025383 having a child of my own naturally and i
+FYj48idYjn4-00130-00025384-00025478 knew that anyway
+FYj48idYjn4-00131-00025479-00025767 i i as i said we've been non-careful
+FYj48idYjn4-00132-00025768-00025974 since the age of 16. i knew something
+FYj48idYjn4-00133-00025975-00026102 was going to go wrong
+FYj48idYjn4-00134-00026104-00026246 but it was nice to have an official
+FYj48idYjn4-00135-00026247-00026431 diagnosis to understand
+FYj48idYjn4-00136-00026432-00026727 what could be causing the problem dan
+FYj48idYjn4-00137-00026727-00026799 has been tested
+FYj48idYjn4-00138-00026800-00027079 he's perfectly fine and unfortunately
+FYj48idYjn4-00139-00027080-00027302 it's down to me and it's a mental game
+FYj48idYjn4-00140-00027304-00027470 you're constantly worrying you're
+FYj48idYjn4-00141-00027472-00027567 constantly
+FYj48idYjn4-00142-00027568-00027751 stressing you're constantly fearing the
+FYj48idYjn4-00143-00027752-00027911 worst you're constantly feeling
+FYj48idYjn4-00144-00027912-00028214 you know you're mentally exhausted about
+FYj48idYjn4-00145-00028216-00028311 this problem
+FYj48idYjn4-00146-00028312-00028511 it doesn't just drain you physically it
+FYj48idYjn4-00147-00028512-00028623 drains you mentally
+FYj48idYjn4-00148-00028624-00028839 back and forth the gynecologist we go
+FYj48idYjn4-00149-00028839-00028958 guys i've had many of
+FYj48idYjn4-00150-00028960-00029118 many of appointments with them they told
+FYj48idYjn4-00151-00029119-00029287 me i could have another operation if i
+FYj48idYjn4-00152-00029288-00029439 want but they don't want to do that
+FYj48idYjn4-00153-00029439-00029614 because it can cause um
+FYj48idYjn4-00154-00029616-00029823 scarring on your uterus which can cause
+FYj48idYjn4-00155-00029824-00029935 infertility as well
+FYj48idYjn4-00156-00029936-00030151 so there's so much around it that can
+FYj48idYjn4-00157-00030152-00030270 cause the infertility and the
+FYj48idYjn4-00158-00030272-00030358 infertility
+FYj48idYjn4-00159-00030360-00030567 is something that absolutely destroys
+FYj48idYjn4-00160-00030568-00030670 you mentally
+FYj48idYjn4-00161-00030672-00030855 yes it's something that you just have to
+FYj48idYjn4-00162-00030856-00031055 get on with you have no choice but to
+FYj48idYjn4-00163-00031056-00031214 get on with it and accept it
+FYj48idYjn4-00164-00031216-00031423 but it is something that drains you
+FYj48idYjn4-00165-00031424-00031639 mentally and physically like
+FYj48idYjn4-00166-00031639-00031862 that's a female's purpose in in life is
+FYj48idYjn4-00167-00031863-00032118 to produce and if you can't do it then
+FYj48idYjn4-00168-00032119-00032311 you feel useless you try to do
+FYj48idYjn4-00169-00032312-00032470 everything possible
+FYj48idYjn4-00170-00032472-00032862 to help you conceive i've i've tried so
+FYj48idYjn4-00171-00032863-00032999 many different things i've just
+FYj48idYjn4-00172-00033000-00033239 finished doing i've just finished off a
+FYj48idYjn4-00173-00033240-00033415 tablet that the doctors prescribed to me
+FYj48idYjn4-00174-00033416-00033543 my gynecologist described
+FYj48idYjn4-00175-00033544-00033871 me oklahoma for short um and that one
+FYj48idYjn4-00176-00033872-00034262 messed me up big time like mentally
+FYj48idYjn4-00177-00034263-00034535 i literally i was exhausted from it i
+FYj48idYjn4-00178-00034536-00034711 was mentally drained from it
+FYj48idYjn4-00179-00034712-00035023 my hormones were so high everything just
+FYj48idYjn4-00180-00035024-00035255 felt so confused it was horrible it was
+FYj48idYjn4-00181-00035256-00035415 the worst experience of my life
+FYj48idYjn4-00182-00035416-00035630 i was on them for six months but it was
+FYj48idYjn4-00183-00035631-00035774 the it was it was that
+FYj48idYjn4-00184-00035775-00036039 want and that desire to become a mother
+FYj48idYjn4-00185-00036040-00036111 that
+FYj48idYjn4-00186-00036112-00036335 made me get through them six months it
+FYj48idYjn4-00187-00036336-00036415 didn't work
+FYj48idYjn4-00188-00036416-00036671 they they didn't work for me and it it
+FYj48idYjn4-00189-00036672-00036862 really really really upsets me
+FYj48idYjn4-00190-00036863-00037151 because so many people have had good
+FYj48idYjn4-00191-00037152-00037367 stories off clomid before i even
+FYj48idYjn4-00192-00037368-00037535 got prescribed them i was looking
+FYj48idYjn4-00193-00037536-00037695 forward to getting prescribed them just
+FYj48idYjn4-00194-00037696-00037855 in case there was a chance of him
+FYj48idYjn4-00195-00037856-00037959 working and
+FYj48idYjn4-00196-00037960-00038159 unfortunately they didn't and i got a
+FYj48idYjn4-00197-00038160-00038295 lump in my throat right now even
+FYj48idYjn4-00198-00038296-00038479 speaking about it because
+FYj48idYjn4-00199-00038480-00038783 i i was so excited to
+FYj48idYjn4-00200-00038784-00038983 you know possibly they did work possibly
+FYj48idYjn4-00201-00038984-00039143 they was gonna work i was too excited
+FYj48idYjn4-00202-00039144-00039255 for that
+FYj48idYjn4-00203-00039256-00039567 but they didn't my next step is i i
+FYj48idYjn4-00204-00039568-00039727 really don't know what my next step is i
+FYj48idYjn4-00205-00039728-00039839 have a consult
+FYj48idYjn4-00206-00039840-00040071 i have a appointment my gynecologist
+FYj48idYjn4-00207-00040072-00040183 next month
+FYj48idYjn4-00208-00040184-00040399 um to go over the next step but i think
+FYj48idYjn4-00209-00040400-00040502 he's either gonna
+FYj48idYjn4-00210-00040503-00040679 ask me to go in for another operation
+FYj48idYjn4-00211-00040680-00040895 because of the pain is still there
+FYj48idYjn4-00212-00040896-00041079 um and obviously just to make sure they
+FYj48idYjn4-00213-00041080-00041230 haven't missed anything but i
+FYj48idYjn4-00214-00041231-00041479 think the next step is another tablet
+FYj48idYjn4-00215-00041480-00041639 and then he's gonna offer me
+FYj48idYjn4-00216-00041640-00041887 ivf and if i have to adopt i will adopt
+FYj48idYjn4-00217-00041888-00042095 i have no problem at all adopted
+FYj48idYjn4-00218-00042096-00042399 but that want to become a mum is a is is
+FYj48idYjn4-00219-00042400-00042646 a crave it it hurts you deep down
+FYj48idYjn4-00220-00042647-00042774 i don't even know why i'm doing this
+FYj48idYjn4-00221-00042775-00043023 video but i guess i just want to make
+FYj48idYjn4-00222-00043024-00043135 people aware that
+FYj48idYjn4-00223-00043136-00043471 it's it's something a lot of people
+FYj48idYjn4-00224-00043472-00043687 struggle with they don't speak about it
+FYj48idYjn4-00225-00043688-00043783 i don't speak about
+FYj48idYjn4-00226-00043784-00043983 it if someone mentions that they're
+FYj48idYjn4-00227-00043984-00044174 pregnant or they're trying for a baby or
+FYj48idYjn4-00228-00044175-00044318 you know this kind of thing then
+FYj48idYjn4-00229-00044319-00044446 i put on a brave face and say
+FYj48idYjn4-00230-00044447-00044662 congratulations like i i don't
+FYj48idYjn4-00231-00044663-00044839 i'm not one of these people to be
+FYj48idYjn4-00232-00044840-00045079 jealous no way am i jealous i've had a
+FYj48idYjn4-00233-00045080-00045158 friend
+FYj48idYjn4-00234-00045159-00045335 who was scared to tell me that she was
+FYj48idYjn4-00235-00045336-00045567 pregnant just in case how i reacted
+FYj48idYjn4-00236-00045568-00045767 i'm not that person i will i will be
+FYj48idYjn4-00237-00045768-00045918 there for you when you have your child i
+FYj48idYjn4-00238-00045919-00046118 will love your child like an auntie
+FYj48idYjn4-00239-00046119-00046351 i am not i'm i'm not that person there
+FYj48idYjn4-00240-00046352-00046446 are people like it
+FYj48idYjn4-00241-00046447-00046751 who can have kids and who who hate
+FYj48idYjn4-00242-00046752-00046967 other people who have kids but i i'm not
+FYj48idYjn4-00243-00046968-00047079 me that's not me
+FYj48idYjn4-00244-00047080-00047230 no one should be afraid to tell me
+FYj48idYjn4-00245-00047231-00047407 anything when it comes to them
+FYj48idYjn4-00246-00047408-00047602 having kids like well done
+FYj48idYjn4-00247-00047603-00047758 congratulations like
+FYj48idYjn4-00248-00047759-00047927 that's all i can say i'm not going to
+FYj48idYjn4-00249-00047928-00048055 judge you i'm not going to hate you i'm
+FYj48idYjn4-00250-00048056-00048167 not going to say
+FYj48idYjn4-00251-00048168-00048399 oh you know you shouldn't have kids
+FYj48idYjn4-00252-00048400-00048567 because i can't have kids like there's
+FYj48idYjn4-00253-00048568-00048599 no
+FYj48idYjn4-00254-00048600-00048790 there's none of that that's not me it's
+FYj48idYjn4-00255-00048791-00048999 a struggle mentally
+FYj48idYjn4-00256-00049000-00049318 physically exhausting everything but i
+FYj48idYjn4-00257-00049319-00049646 i i guess what i'm trying to say is that
+FYj48idYjn4-00258-00049647-00049879 if your friend struggles with
+FYj48idYjn4-00259-00049880-00050055 infertility or your wife or your
+FYj48idYjn4-00260-00050056-00050230 girlfriend of your aunt or your cousin
+FYj48idYjn4-00261-00050231-00050262 or
+FYj48idYjn4-00262-00050263-00050486 anyone anyone that you know struggles
+FYj48idYjn4-00263-00050487-00050623 with infertility
+FYj48idYjn4-00264-00050624-00050830 just don't tell them that oh their time
+FYj48idYjn4-00265-00050831-00050983 will come or don't tell them
+FYj48idYjn4-00266-00050984-00051127 oh you know it'll happen when they'll
+FYj48idYjn4-00267-00051128-00051326 happen or the timing's got to be right
+FYj48idYjn4-00268-00051327-00051454 and all this kind of stuff don't tell
+FYj48idYjn4-00269-00051455-00051566 them that guys because
+FYj48idYjn4-00270-00051567-00051719 that's not true that's not true there's
+FYj48idYjn4-00271-00051720-00051919 people out there who is that kids
+FYj48idYjn4-00272-00051920-00052119 at their lowest of life it's all about
+FYj48idYjn4-00273-00052120-00052279 how your body produces things if your
+FYj48idYjn4-00274-00052279-00052454 hormones are in balance if anything
+FYj48idYjn4-00275-00052455-00052607 inside your body is unbalanced then
+FYj48idYjn4-00276-00052608-00052719 you're not gonna you know
+FYj48idYjn4-00277-00052720-00052999 you're gonna struggle and you just don't
+FYj48idYjn4-00278-00053000-00053175 tell someone it really triggers me when
+FYj48idYjn4-00279-00053176-00053303 someone turns rather say
+FYj48idYjn4-00280-00053304-00053511 says to me like oh the timing's gonna be
+FYj48idYjn4-00281-00053512-00053623 right no no no
+FYj48idYjn4-00282-00053624-00053838 no the timing has not got to be right
+FYj48idYjn4-00283-00053839-00053982 there's nothing to do with timing it's
+FYj48idYjn4-00284-00053983-00054054 to do with
+FYj48idYjn4-00285-00054055-00054319 how my body is responding to everything
+FYj48idYjn4-00286-00054320-00054423 people think that
+FYj48idYjn4-00287-00054424-00054591 it's it's easy people think oh you can't
+FYj48idYjn4-00288-00054591-00054750 have kids you just accept it no you
+FYj48idYjn4-00289-00054751-00054966 don't you don't not accept it you do not
+FYj48idYjn4-00290-00054967-00055047 every month
+FYj48idYjn4-00291-00055048-00055319 every single month and i'll do it now at
+FYj48idYjn4-00292-00055320-00055415 this today
+FYj48idYjn4-00293-00055416-00055654 today this every single month yesterday
+FYj48idYjn4-00294-00055655-00055759 today
+FYj48idYjn4-00295-00055760-00055894 as soon as you start coming to your
+FYj48idYjn4-00296-00055895-00056071 period as soon as your period is due as
+FYj48idYjn4-00297-00056072-00056238 soon as you're one day later one
+FYj48idYjn4-00298-00056239-00056463 an hour late or you know you've spent
+FYj48idYjn4-00299-00056464-00056607 all day wondering where your period is
+FYj48idYjn4-00300-00056608-00056711 and it comes in the night
+FYj48idYjn4-00301-00056712-00056871 every single day leading up to that
+FYj48idYjn4-00302-00056872-00057038 period you psychologically think that
+FYj48idYjn4-00303-00057039-00057311 you're having symptoms of a pregnancy
+FYj48idYjn4-00304-00057312-00057519 you you want to go out and get a test
+FYj48idYjn4-00305-00057520-00057726 then mother nature turns up and
+FYj48idYjn4-00306-00057727-00057911 you repeat the cycle every month you
+FYj48idYjn4-00307-00057912-00058030 keep holding that hope
+FYj48idYjn4-00308-00058032-00058254 every month every single month you hold
+FYj48idYjn4-00309-00058255-00058407 that little bit of hope
+FYj48idYjn4-00310-00058408-00058575 you change little things you do
+FYj48idYjn4-00311-00058576-00058726 different things you try different
+FYj48idYjn4-00312-00058727-00058807 things
+FYj48idYjn4-00313-00058808-00059007 in that hope that one day you'll work
+FYj48idYjn4-00314-00059008-00059126 it's hard
+FYj48idYjn4-00315-00059127-00059447 it's really hard and i just want people
+FYj48idYjn4-00316-00059448-00059487 to
+FYj48idYjn4-00317-00059488-00059679 understand that if you're going through
+FYj48idYjn4-00318-00059679-00059823 this i'm here i'll
+FYj48idYjn4-00319-00059824-00060030 i'll answer any questions that you want
+FYj48idYjn4-00320-00060032-00060191 i will honestly answer any questions
+FYj48idYjn4-00321-00060191-00060294 that you want
+FYj48idYjn4-00322-00060295-00060463 infertility is definitely something that
+FYj48idYjn4-00323-00060464-00060623 needs to be spoken about
+FYj48idYjn4-00324-00060624-00060742 definitely something that needs to be
+FYj48idYjn4-00325-00060744-00060942 brought up in school lessons like when i
+FYj48idYjn4-00326-00060944-00061038 was in school
+FYj48idYjn4-00327-00061039-00061279 we had sex education we had you know the
+FYj48idYjn4-00328-00061279-00061463 puberty talk and stuff like that but we
+FYj48idYjn4-00329-00061464-00061623 never really spoke about things that
+FYj48idYjn4-00330-00061624-00061735 could go wrong
+FYj48idYjn4-00331-00061736-00061942 we never we never we never got lumped
+FYj48idYjn4-00332-00061944-00062159 about like endoritosis and pcos and
+FYj48idYjn4-00333-00062160-00062326 stuff like that and infertility
+FYj48idYjn4-00334-00062327-00062503 ever i guess yeah they don't want to
+FYj48idYjn4-00335-00062504-00062703 encourage like young pregnancy and stuff
+FYj48idYjn4-00336-00062704-00062815 like that but
+FYj48idYjn4-00337-00062816-00063071 if you're if you're going through your
+FYj48idYjn4-00338-00063072-00063119 period
+FYj48idYjn4-00339-00063120-00063342 you're at a young age or in them lessons
+FYj48idYjn4-00340-00063344-00063519 and you're in pain or you're having
+FYj48idYjn4-00341-00063520-00063671 problems you're having difficulties
+FYj48idYjn4-00342-00063672-00063766 during
+FYj48idYjn4-00343-00063767-00064006 your periods then it needs to be talked
+FYj48idYjn4-00344-00064007-00064142 about it needs to go you need to go to
+FYj48idYjn4-00345-00064144-00064294 the doctors you know it needs to be
+FYj48idYjn4-00346-00064295-00064463 understood in another sense
+FYj48idYjn4-00347-00064464-00064742 i've kind of welcomed infertility into
+FYj48idYjn4-00348-00064744-00064799 my life
+FYj48idYjn4-00349-00064800-00065103 yeah i don't want to accept it but i'm
+FYj48idYjn4-00350-00065104-00065342 open around and you know making everyone
+FYj48idYjn4-00351-00065344-00065494 feel sorry for me or feeling sorry for
+FYj48idYjn4-00352-00065495-00065647 myself i'm not that person i'm gonna
+FYj48idYjn4-00353-00065648-00065855 walk around and raise awareness for it
+FYj48idYjn4-00354-00065856-00066087 i'm gonna walk around and tell people
+FYj48idYjn4-00355-00066088-00066206 it's not you know
+FYj48idYjn4-00356-00066207-00066511 i understand it's it's not normal
+FYj48idYjn4-00357-00066512-00066743 it's really not normal but it needs to
+FYj48idYjn4-00358-00066744-00066823 be accepted
+FYj48idYjn4-00359-00066824-00066999 it needs to be accepted in a normal way
+FYj48idYjn4-00360-00067000-00067182 because it's a struggle that
+FYj48idYjn4-00361-00067183-00067423 happens it causes mental illness it
+FYj48idYjn4-00362-00067424-00067487 causes
+FYj48idYjn4-00363-00067488-00067775 everything guys it just happens if you
+FYj48idYjn4-00364-00067776-00067903 guys enjoy this video
+FYj48idYjn4-00365-00067904-00068055 i want to start bringing you guys on the
+FYj48idYjn4-00366-00068056-00068255 journey with me just so that i can look
+FYj48idYjn4-00367-00068256-00068399 back on it and i might even do it if you
+FYj48idYjn4-00368-00068400-00068567 guys don't want to see it because
+FYj48idYjn4-00369-00068568-00068750 i want to i want to look back on this
+FYj48idYjn4-00370-00068751-00068919 journey one day and be like
+FYj48idYjn4-00371-00068920-00069111 that is exactly every everything i went
+FYj48idYjn4-00372-00069112-00069350 through was worth it in the end
+FYj48idYjn4-00373-00069351-00069582 whether i finally get pregnant or
+FYj48idYjn4-00374-00069583-00069799 whether i adopt or whether i end up
+FYj48idYjn4-00375-00069800-00069926 foster caring
+FYj48idYjn4-00376-00069927-00070119 you know even if i end up with a dog my
+FYj48idYjn4-00377-00070120-00070294 whole life i want to look back
+FYj48idYjn4-00378-00070295-00070463 on this journey one day and think wow
+FYj48idYjn4-00379-00070464-00070655 like i was strong i was brave and i was
+FYj48idYjn4-00380-00070656-00070806 amazing to get through it
+FYj48idYjn4-00381-00070807-00071038 back on and you know think jesus girl
+FYj48idYjn4-00382-00071039-00071159 you done it like
+FYj48idYjn4-00383-00071160-00071399 i've known people not personally but i
+FYj48idYjn4-00384-00071400-00071559 hear the people who
+FYj48idYjn4-00385-00071560-00071791 struggle with infiltrate infertility and
+FYj48idYjn4-00386-00071792-00071967 end their life because of it it's
+FYj48idYjn4-00387-00071968-00072206 it's it's a real problem that can
+FYj48idYjn4-00388-00072207-00072279 mentally
+FYj48idYjn4-00389-00072280-00072591 exhaust you not only that like dan
+FYj48idYjn4-00390-00072592-00072823 he's been amazing for it all one of my
+FYj48idYjn4-00391-00072824-00073023 biggest fears when i found out that i
+FYj48idYjn4-00392-00073024-00073191 could struggle getting pregnant was the
+FYj48idYjn4-00393-00073192-00073359 fact that it might run him off
+FYj48idYjn4-00394-00073360-00073543 he's amazing with kids okay he's got
+FYj48idYjn4-00395-00073544-00073791 younger siblings and he's amazing
+FYj48idYjn4-00396-00073792-00073982 i've always seen him with younger kids
+FYj48idYjn4-00397-00073983-00074215 or my nieces and he's amazing he is
+FYj48idYjn4-00398-00074216-00074447 perfect to be a dad it really really
+FYj48idYjn4-00399-00074448-00074671 really kills me inside knowing that
+FYj48idYjn4-00400-00074672-00074975 i it frustrates me it frustrates me
+FYj48idYjn4-00401-00074976-00075126 knowing that i might never be able to
+FYj48idYjn4-00402-00075127-00075279 make him a dad of his own
+FYj48idYjn4-00403-00075280-00075615 and he accepts it he he's there by my
+FYj48idYjn4-00404-00075616-00075662 side
+FYj48idYjn4-00405-00075663-00075847 he's there on every single appointment
+FYj48idYjn4-00406-00075848-00076079 i'm at he's i asked him if i could have
+FYj48idYjn4-00407-00076080-00076199 permission to speak about this my
+FYj48idYjn4-00408-00076200-00076335 channel and he said yeah go for it
+FYj48idYjn4-00409-00076336-00076503 people need to be aware of this
+FYj48idYjn4-00410-00076504-00076719 he is absolutely amazing so is his
+FYj48idYjn4-00411-00076720-00076879 family so my family
+FYj48idYjn4-00412-00076880-00077135 all our families understand what we go
+FYj48idYjn4-00413-00077136-00077326 through they're there for us they
+FYj48idYjn4-00414-00077327-00077591 they understand they are there for every
+FYj48idYjn4-00415-00077592-00077735 step of the way
+FYj48idYjn4-00416-00077736-00077903 my friends my close friends are there
+FYj48idYjn4-00417-00077904-00078094 for me you know it's something that
+FYj48idYjn4-00418-00078095-00078279 people are there for you with
+FYj48idYjn4-00419-00078280-00078511 but unless they really understand it
+FYj48idYjn4-00420-00078512-00078606 they fully
+FYj48idYjn4-00421-00078607-00078935 just don't understand it i don't know i
+FYj48idYjn4-00422-00078936-00079119 i hope you enjoy this little journey
+FYj48idYjn4-00423-00079120-00079255 that i'm going to take you on and
+FYj48idYjn4-00424-00079256-00079326 hopefully
+FYj48idYjn4-00425-00079327-00079511 hopefully by the end of it we'll have a
+FYj48idYjn4-00426-00079512-00079662 little baby out of it like
+FYj48idYjn4-00427-00079663-00079919 that's my main goal i guess is to won't
+FYj48idYjn4-00428-00079920-00080015 get through this journey
+FYj48idYjn4-00429-00080016-00080255 and show off a little mini me but even
+FYj48idYjn4-00430-00080256-00080471 if i don't guys then one day
+FYj48idYjn4-00431-00080472-00080671 once my life is sorted and once i'm
+FYj48idYjn4-00432-00080672-00080782 settled down
+FYj48idYjn4-00433-00080783-00080999 then we will think about adopting but
+FYj48idYjn4-00434-00081000-00081150 for now it's
+FYj48idYjn4-00435-00081151-00081359 hold our breath and fingers crossed and
+FYj48idYjn4-00436-00081360-00081503 hope for the best i guess
+FYj48idYjn4-00437-00081504-00081719 hopefully the next treatment will do us
+FYj48idYjn4-00438-00081720-00081911 a little bit better than the last
+FYj48idYjn4-00439-00081912-00082150 and hopefully we can start achieving
+FYj48idYjn4-00440-00082151-00082294 some goals with
+FYj48idYjn4-00441-00082295-00082567 my womb we'll get there we'll get there
+FYj48idYjn4-00442-00082568-00082726 i i'm a friend in my womb
+FYj48idYjn4-00443-00082727-00082903 i try to be as nice to it as i possibly
+FYj48idYjn4-00444-00082904-00083079 can even though it's a [__] to me
+FYj48idYjn4-00445-00083080-00083206 i love every single one of you be
+FYj48idYjn4-00446-00083207-00083399 yourself be beautiful even though you go
+FYj48idYjn4-00447-00083400-00083526 even if you're going through struggles
+FYj48idYjn4-00448-00083527-00083599 like
+FYj48idYjn4-00449-00083600-00083871 myself just keep going just just keep
+FYj48idYjn4-00450-00083872-00083918 going
+FYj48idYjn4-00451-00083919-00084215 trust me in the end it is worth it guys
+FYj48idYjn4-00452-00084216-00084375 i love every single one of you it's been
+FYj48idYjn4-00453-00084376-00084431 your girl
+FYj48idYjn4-00454-00084432-00085735 i'm out of here peace bye guys
+FYj48idYjn4-00455-00085736-00085944 you
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00000-00000016-00000787 wow
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00001-00000788-00002394 [Music]
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00002-00002395-00002942 [Music]
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00003-00002943-00003183 uh
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00004-00003184-00005038 [Music]
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00005-00005039-00005909 [Music]
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00006-00005910-00007839 [Music]
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00007-00007840-00009015 so
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00008-00009016-00009919 [Music]
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00009-00009920-00010219 uh
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00010-00010220-00011659 [Music]
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00011-00011660-00012087 [Music]
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00012-00012088-00012530 oh
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00013-00012531-00013113 [Music]
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00014-00013115-00014203 [Music]
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00015-00014204-00014399 [Music]
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00016-00014400-00014597 road
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00017-00014597-00015221 [Music]
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00018-00015222-00015866 [Music]
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00019-00015868-00016639 [Music]
+FYOcLV19e6Y-00020-00016640-00016848 you
+FZKR4cLFRiY-00000-00000017-00000054 thank you
+FZKR4cLFRiY-00001-00000055-00002798 [Music]
+FZM0H70da3u-00000-00000054-00001666 [Music]
+FZM0H70da3u-00001-00001667-00002544 [Music]
+FZM0H70da3u-00002-00002545-00003073 [Music]
+FZM0H70da3u-00003-00003074-00003222 thank you
+FZM0H70da3u-00004-00003224-00003990 [Music]
+FZM0H70da3u-00005-00003992-00004291 thank you
+FZM0H70da3u-00006-00004292-00006701 [Music]
+FZM0H70da3u-00007-00006702-00006968 thank you
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00000-00000079-00000214 okay in this video we're going to look
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00001-00000215-00000366 at a different way of interacting with
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00002-00000367-00000567 the readings from the accelerometer
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00003-00000568-00000782 um so i've just gone through pretty much
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00004-00000783-00000919 what we've done last couple of videos
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00005-00000919-00001039 i've got the sense hat
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00006-00001040-00001174 i've imported the material i've
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00007-00001175-00001335 initialized the sense out i've cleared
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00008-00001336-00001358 it
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00009-00001359-00001558 i've defined the red color to make life
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00010-00001559-00001718 bit easier and i'm getting the
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00011-00001719-00001871 acceleration values
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00012-00001872-00002134 and i'm then splitting those amongst the
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00013-00002135-00002183 x
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00014-00002184-00002518 y and z values so what we're going to do
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00015-00002519-00002742 from here is we're now going to change
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00016-00002743-00002883 the actual
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00017-00002884-00003286 values back there back over here
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00018-00003288-00003711 thank you we're going to change it so
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00019-00003711-00003790 the x
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00020-00003792-00004175 y and z values are absolute values
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00021-00004176-00004327 so at the moment they can be negative
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00022-00004328-00004511 one or one we just want
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00023-00004512-00004751 to measure how much g-force they're
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00024-00004752-00004902 experiencing
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00025-00004903-00005406 so in this case if i use the abs
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00026-00005407-00005822 function which is built into the main
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00027-00005823-00006191 library of python then it's basically
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00028-00006192-00006431 just going to sit there and convert like
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00029-00006431-00006598 a negative one to one
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00030-00006600-00006855 um all this negative two will become two
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00031-00006856-00007006 right so what i'm trying to do is to
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00032-00007008-00007063 pick up
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00033-00007064-00007383 whether or not the um whether or not
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00034-00007384-00007623 the this being moved the actual sunset
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00035-00007623-00007759 has been moved
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00036-00007759-00007959 so i wanted to react if it actually gets
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00037-00007959-00008095 a value
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00038-00008095-00008431 above one in any of the axises
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00039-00008432-00008742 so to do that i'm going to say if x
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00040-00008743-00009095 is greater than 1 um or
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00041-00009096-00009414 y is greater than 1 or
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00042-00009415-00009671 z is greater than 1. remember the or
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00043-00009672-00009774 statement is
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00044-00009775-00010078 if any of these are true then
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00045-00010079-00010278 this condition will be true and we'll go
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00046-00010279-00010383 into
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00047-00010384-00010519 the next little bit of the command here
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00048-00010520-00010838 so what we're going to do is say sense
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00049-00010839-00011206 show letter
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00050-00011207-00011351 and i'm just going to show an
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00051-00011352-00011623 exclamation mark
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00052-00011624-00011959 and i want that to be red
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00053-00011960-00012270 okay so if any of those values are
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00054-00012271-00012695 above um above
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00055-00012696-00012927 one so therefore it's been moved it's
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00056-00012928-00013007 been shaken
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00057-00013008-00013215 then it's going to put that on there and
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00058-00013216-00013319 then i'm going to say
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00059-00013319-00013655 else otherwise
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00060-00013656-00014083 i just want this the screen to be
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00061-00014084-00014527 clear
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00062-00014528-00014783 so let's see so we want you to pause
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00063-00014784-00014919 that speculate and see if you can
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00064-00014919-00015063 predict what's going to happen
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00065-00015063-00015327 and then come back and we'll run it okay
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00066-00015328-00015415 so now you're back
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00067-00015416-00015591 let's have a look let's run it and see
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00068-00015591-00015855 what's happening
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00069-00015856-00016111 at the moment not much is happening but
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00070-00016112-00016271 if i
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00071-00016272-00016471 shake this around oh look that move
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00072-00016472-00016599 because it's picking up that it's
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00073-00016600-00016694 getting
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00074-00016695-00017015 a reading above one
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00075-00017016-00017271 in one of the accesses so there we've
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00076-00017272-00017430 got a little process we're just picking
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00077-00017431-00017558 up movement a little program which
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00078-00017559-00017711 picking up movement there
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00079-00017712-00017886 um and reacting to it so that's how you
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00080-00017887-00018022 can use the accelerometer
+Fa0Ef0jkXPk-00081-00018023-00018472 to pick up movement
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00000-00000063-00001311 [Music]
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00001-00001312-00001415 go quick there's another one in the
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00002-00001416-00001503 distance i can see
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00003-00001504-00001734 i got you it's coming it got beat i got
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00004-00001735-00001807 there's two
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00005-00001807-00002175 come on there's three
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00006-00002176-00002558 oh my god it really killed me oh no
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00007-00002559-00002718 our backpacks are going to be here and
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00008-00002719-00002895 bach has the do thing
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00009-00002896-00003286 oh no we need the duke collector
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00010-00003288-00003551 holy shit are you dead casey yeah i'm
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00011-00003552-00003695 dead
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00012-00003696-00003919 all right we have one choice we have to
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00013-00003920-00004263 go back we have to get the dew collector
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00014-00004264-00004438 dude they're everywhere there's like 50
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00015-00004439-00004599 of them it doesn't matter
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00016-00004600-00004783 we need it well the thing that i wonder
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00017-00004784-00004911 if it sucks is i'm not going to have
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00018-00004912-00005038 weapons now
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00019-00005039-00005359 yeah i wonder if this connects to it
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00020-00005360-00005583 maybe we can find it out in a different
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00021-00005584-00005854 entrance oh i think i found one buck
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00022-00005855-00006159 yeah this is definitely one oh you think
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00023-00006160-00006334 all these are like
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00024-00006335-00006646 yeah they gotta be
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00025-00006647-00006895 oh yeah probably oh let's see if this
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00026-00006895-00006975 sleeps down
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00027-00006976-00007310 it's this way oh my god so
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00028-00007311-00007414 how the fuck do you see what you're
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00029-00007415-00007742 showing so dark i can see
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00030-00007743-00008031 i can't see anything i see your name
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00031-00008031-00008278 follow it i can see a little it's like
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00032-00008279-00008495 oh that did not take us there took us to
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00033-00008496-00008767 these wood stumps
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00034-00008768-00009119 i hear something spider yep
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00035-00009120-00009639 oh yeah it's coming right towards me
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00036-00009640-00009806 fuck this oh there's another spider
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00037-00009807-00010959 right here
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00038-00010960-00011087 [Music]
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00039-00011088-00011655 no max
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00040-00011656-00012199 i think we need to go rescue him
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00041-00012200-00012367 he said he is falling but you can't get
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00042-00012368-00012527 up i got some bad news
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00043-00012528-00012871 no they're all going to be big help me
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00044-00012872-00013415 coming
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00045-00013416-00013663 get me i have a rock the spider is
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00046-00013663-00015503 literally guarding you right now
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00047-00015504-00015615 make a distraction i'm gonna throw a
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00048-00015616-00015911 rock at it you ready all right
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00049-00015912-00016486 hey you guys let's go for me
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00050-00016487-00018007 oh you got me fuck
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00051-00018008-00018471 here we go oh there's full damage
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00052-00018472-00018855 yep so don't jump
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00053-00018856-00019335 you did all right no damage
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00054-00019336-00019575 you braced his fall it's only 65
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00055-00019576-00019839 centimeters away do you remember what
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00056-00019840-00019967 fork we took
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00057-00019968-00020430 yep this fork
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00058-00020431-00020743 really nope on fork but i think it's
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00059-00020744-00020911 connecting
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00060-00020912-00021071 and you just gotta follow the egg last
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00061-00021072-00021255 time you said that we found some stumps
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00062-00021256-00021455 and a spider
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00063-00021456-00021678 oh yeah we gotta get our backpacks
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00064-00021679-00021863 that's where the weapons are at
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00065-00021864-00022127 all right should we just leave it won't
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00066-00022128-00024591 let me pick this up there we go
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00067-00024592-00025030 come back and fight with us
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00068-00025031-00025375 jesus you gotta fight
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00069-00025376-00025575 i don't have anything equipped you don't
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00070-00025576-00025727 have a rock
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00071-00025727-00025967 i didn't get your backpack yes but i
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00072-00025968-00026087 didn't have time to
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00073-00026088-00026423 go through it here's here's my thought
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00074-00026424-00026574 my thought is i'm running straight there
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00075-00026575-00026767 got my shit running back
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00076-00026768-00027095 well yes but if we get attacked you and
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00077-00027095-00027414 i stay behind
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00078-00027416-00027774 that's what i did i would turn back to
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00079-00027775-00027814 help
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00080-00027816-00028007 bach and i looked over at you and you
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00081-00028008-00028246 were crouching away you told me
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00082-00028247-00028846 i said run and were you running
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00083-00028847-00029102 are you sneaking around right now it's
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00084-00029104-00029367 so fucking dark
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00085-00029368-00029511 i think they're right through here do
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00086-00029512-00029974 you guys have rocks equipped at least
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00087-00029975-00030799 oh okay
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00088-00030800-00031279 oh fuck
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00089-00031280-00032127 okay casey
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00090-00032127-00032367 you guys gotta grab a rock yeah i got
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00091-00032368-00032583 one
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00092-00032583-00032735 i'm going to town on these guys i need
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00093-00032736-00032990 you guys here
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00094-00032991-00033279 all right no whacking with it casey
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00095-00033280-00033839 where are you
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00096-00033840-00034231 another rock
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00097-00034232-00034695 fuck casey what are you doing
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00098-00034696-00035062 hello what are you doing
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00099-00035063-00035479 i'm right here no you're not
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00100-00035480-00035799 i'm dead fuck up there's like no way to
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00101-00035800-00037255 kill these things with the rocks there's
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00102-00037256-00037671 we were we were all three right there
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00103-00037672-00038007 did you have your step by
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00104-00038008-00038262 no all right well this is what i would
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00105-00038263-00038343 suggest
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00106-00038344-00038662 fuck run in get his stuff run we did we
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00107-00038663-00038799 get the ants
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00108-00038800-00039046 i need some help again that's what i've
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00109-00039047-00039215 been that's what i've done
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00110-00039216-00039599 three of the last three times
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00111-00039600-00039990 why are you rushing in focus no i'm not
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00112-00039991-00040127 i was right there you guys were right
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00113-00040128-00040295 behind me i said let's sneak in as soon
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00114-00040296-00040423 as i turn that corner they started
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00115-00040424-00040559 charging me
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00116-00040560-00040751 you guys were right next to me you don't
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00117-00040752-00041007 need weapons here's the thing
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00118-00041008-00041199 we need box backpack right that's what's
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00119-00041200-00041280 important
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00120-00041281-00041423 [Music]
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00121-00041424-00041679 so lock runs first gets it turns around
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00122-00041680-00041743 runs
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00123-00041744-00041951 we fight the ends all right let's see
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00124-00041952-00042102 what happens when bach runs in there
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00125-00042103-00042239 first as
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00126-00042240-00042343 the person we're supposed to be
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00127-00042344-00042662 protecting i think we should run i think
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00128-00042663-00042815 we should run in there and run past
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00129-00042816-00042974 them and lure them deeper and then back
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00130-00042975-00043135 and grab his backpack
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00131-00043136-00043318 because they'll follow us okay we can do
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00132-00043319-00043799 that i'm down with that
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00133-00043800-00044135 glass
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00134-00044136-00044662 do you ever rock back i do not
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00135-00044663-00044830 we should all at least have a rock when
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00136-00044831-00045039 we go for it rocks all over the ground
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00137-00045040-00045743 right here like right
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00138-00045744-00046087 get ready
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00139-00046088-00046262 so casey and i are gonna just run as
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00140-00046263-00046686 deep as we can
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00141-00046687-00047095 um i'm on top of one of i'm on top of
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00142-00047096-00047174 one of them
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00143-00047175-00047311 yeah we have to just look around and
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00144-00047312-00047479 find each other's bags
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00145-00047480-00047646 back there forever i'm gonna get mine
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00146-00047647-00047990 real quick our diamonds big no stealing
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00147-00047991-00048351 that at least this backpack has uh
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00148-00048352-00048655 whoops all right i got my spear
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00149-00048656-00048799 there's more backpacks in front of me
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00150-00048800-00049062 box right here
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00151-00049063-00049423 maybe maybe we're good okay
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00152-00049424-00049607 should i just run back the way we can
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00153-00049608-00049774 yeah yeah is everybody good i'm happy
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00154-00049775-00049886 with what i have
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00155-00049887-00050295 i got all my shit fine i got my stuff
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00156-00050296-00050790 they don't know web
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00157-00050791-00051238 oh let's get it wait what's behind it
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00158-00051239-00051494 uh oh that's that's it's a spider let's
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00159-00051495-00051542 go it's
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00160-00051544-00051830 sleeping it's sleeping oh yeah it is huh
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00161-00051832-00052119 casey come here
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00162-00052120-00052511 oh
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00163-00052512-00052742 i don't think he's is he sleeping is he
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00164-00052744-00052830 snoring
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00165-00052832-00052982 i think there's two spiders on top of
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00166-00052983-00053287 each other
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00167-00053288-00053423 oh one of them's awake one of those
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00168-00053424-00053615 awake okay
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00169-00053616-00054423 i'm moving
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00170-00054424-00054838 oh i just got a bunch of spiders so
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00171-00054839-00056891 there's more oh fuck it's jesus
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00172-00056892-00057582 [Music]
+FbOhmTlLJiE-00173-00057583-00057791 you
+FcY4gwgFZTI-00000-00000056-00000698 [Music]
+FcY4gwgFZTI-00001-00000699-00001491 [Music]
+FcY4gwgFZTI-00002-00001492-00001627 foreign
+FcY4gwgFZTI-00003-00001628-00004283 [Music]
+FcY4gwgFZTI-00005-00009884-00012683 foreign
+FcY4gwgFZTI-00006-00012684-00015007 foreign
+FcY4gwgFZTI-00007-00015008-00015704 thank you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00000-00000048-00000238 okay so what i would like to do is i
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00001-00000239-00000463 would like to introduce our department
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00002-00000463-00000743 introduce what we do and then obviously
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00003-00000744-00000991 focus on the main program that hopefully
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00004-00000992-00001319 you came for and that's our ba languages
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00005-00001320-00001623 and cultures with a focus on asia africa
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00006-00001623-00001830 and the middle east
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00007-00001832-00002039 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00008-00002039-00002318 i hope that some of you uh already know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00009-00002319-00002534 something about swarovski is a very
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00010-00002535-00002791 unique institution it's the only
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00011-00002792-00003007 university in the uk that actually
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00012-00003008-00003279 specializes in the study of asia africa
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00013-00003279-00003486 and the middle east and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00014-00003488-00003711 our department the school of languages
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00015-00003711-00004079 conscious and linguistics is the older
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00016-00004079-00004454 department which actually has
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00017-00004455-00004679 comprehensive coverage of the languages
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00018-00004680-00004847 and cultures
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00019-00004848-00005079 of these regions
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00020-00005080-00005231 so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00021-00005232-00005518 of course you know we are
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00022-00005519-00005806 teaching but also researching uh some of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00023-00005807-00005911 the most
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00024-00005912-00006063 dynamic
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00025-00006064-00006486 and also diverse regions in the world uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00026-00006487-00006742 you know asia africa middle east uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00027-00006743-00006942 regions which are fascinating you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00028-00006943-00007310 mix of cultures languages religions
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00029-00007311-00007542 traditions but at the same time it's a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00030-00007543-00007767 very modern upcoming sort of area you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00031-00007768-00007967 know it's very dynamic a very
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00032-00007968-00008199 fast-changing
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00033-00008200-00008383 part of the world
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00034-00008384-00008510 and it's
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00035-00008511-00008791 these regions are playing increasingly a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00036-00008792-00009071 very sort of important and strategic
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00037-00009072-00009431 role in global affairs and in a global
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00038-00009432-00009710 society um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00039-00009711-00009863 so uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00040-00009864-00010110 the basic philosophy behind what we do
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00041-00010111-00010383 is based on the fact that we uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00042-00010384-00010799 approach these uh regions um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00043-00010800-00010895 from
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00044-00010896-00011206 their own perspective and we base our uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00045-00011207-00011455 teaching and research on the knowledge
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00046-00011456-00011646 of language so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00047-00011647-00011878 really we believe that obviously
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00048-00011879-00012046 knowing the language
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00049-00012047-00012174 is the best way
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00050-00012175-00012455 the deepest way how you can engage
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00051-00012456-00012751 engage with different cultures
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00052-00012752-00012991 so all of our programs
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00053-00012991-00013455 incorporate a study of language
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00054-00013456-00013791 i will
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00055-00013791-00013894 walk
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00056-00013895-00014103 to the next slide and i have also
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00057-00014104-00014399 noticed that uh another colleague
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00058-00014400-00014903 has joined us and that's
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00059-00014904-00015158 our south asianist so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00060-00015159-00015479 if you are interested in the south asian
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00061-00015480-00015671 part of this
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00062-00015672-00015799 degree then
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00063-00015800-00016007 uh obviously please ask questions and we
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00064-00016008-00016175 will be able to you know give you a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00065-00016176-00016543 little bit more insight
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00066-00016544-00016894 so uh broadly speaking we we
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00067-00016895-00017327 focus on the study of languages cultures
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00068-00017328-00017607 film or screen studies
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00069-00017608-00017686 we
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00070-00017687-00017903 engage with issues of gender
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00071-00017904-00018183 decolonization all these issues
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00072-00018184-00018422 form a very important part of our
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00073-00018423-00018575 curriculum
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00074-00018576-00018807 but as i have said at the heart of our
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00075-00018808-00019158 programs is the study of languages
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00076-00019159-00019367 we have a very
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00077-00019368-00019494 broad range of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00078-00019495-00019735 languages we teach
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00079-00019736-00019943 i think i can find
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00080-00019944-00020247 slightly more detailed list
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00081-00020248-00020447 this is you know an example of the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00082-00020448-00020711 languages which we currently teach but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00083-00020712-00020958 we actually have an expertise in many
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00084-00020959-00021167 other languages
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00085-00021168-00021247 so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00086-00021248-00021463 some of the languages are taught every
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00087-00021464-00021822 year some languages are sort of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00088-00021823-00022078 taught maybe post for one year and then
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00089-00022079-00022391 uh you know the following year so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00090-00022392-00022607 again depending on which language you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00091-00022608-00022927 you are interested in
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00092-00022928-00023175 that would be the sort of focus of your
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00093-00023176-00023671 degree
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00094-00023672-00023935 but we also
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00095-00023936-00024199 feel very very passionately about is the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00096-00024200-00024407 fact that we provide our students with
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00097-00024408-00024727 an experience in in the country so they
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00098-00024728-00024863 can actually
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00099-00024864-00025063 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00100-00025064-00025383 study in the region they can improve
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00101-00025384-00025622 their linguistic skills but also it's
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00102-00025623-00025822 the fact that they are able to immerse
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00103-00025823-00026078 themselves in the culture of that
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00104-00026079-00026439 particular region uh et cetera so uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00105-00026439-00026670 typically we sent our students for a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00106-00026672-00026862 year abroad
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00107-00026863-00027023 i will explain the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00108-00027024-00027207 proper structure of the program a little
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00109-00027208-00027511 bit later on and during that
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00110-00027512-00027695 year approach you obviously study the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00111-00027695-00027958 language but also you usually work on
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00112-00027960-00028255 some sort of independent study project
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00113-00028256-00028583 uh and uh you know you are encouraged
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00114-00028583-00028862 obviously get involved in the sort of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00115-00028863-00029079 really everyday life
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00116-00029080-00029367 of the country in which you are living
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00117-00029368-00029511 you are
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00118-00029512-00029702 attending uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00119-00029704-00030014 courses you know with
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00120-00030016-00030374 local students in many cases uh so it's
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00121-00030375-00030543 a great opportunity and this is
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00122-00030544-00030727 obviously the main
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00123-00030727-00031039 part within the degree when
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00124-00031039-00031270 you are really you know testing
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00125-00031272-00031502 your language skills and you are really
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00126-00031503-00031758 improving uh your language skills and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00127-00031760-00032214 hopefully very fast
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00128-00032216-00032446 everything we do in our department
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00129-00032447-00032614 all
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00130-00032616-00032823 aspects
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00131-00032824-00033135 and disciplines and things we teach
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00132-00033136-00033351 are obviously based on
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00133-00033352-00033574 our academic research
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00134-00033575-00033767 we have
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00135-00033768-00034039 very experienced academics researchers
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00136-00034040-00034183 scholars
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00137-00034184-00034399 who cover in the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00138-00034400-00034751 research broadcast topics and things and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00139-00034752-00035039 this research then informs our
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00140-00035040-00035246 teaching the modules
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00141-00035247-00035535 and the modules that you can
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00142-00035536-00035927 attend and as a basic main very
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00143-00035928-00036287 important resource we have a very well
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00144-00036288-00036390 stocked
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00145-00036391-00036759 library um which is one of the uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00146-00036760-00036895 national
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00147-00036896-00037190 research libraries so uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00148-00037191-00037479 if you have a chance to actually come to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00149-00037480-00037751 campus please feel free to you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00150-00037752-00038079 visit the library uh we
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00151-00038080-00038279 have very unique collections especially
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00152-00038280-00038399 in the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00153-00038400-00038590 regional languages
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00154-00038591-00038918 we have you know archives and uh special
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00155-00038919-00039455 manuscripts collection so um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00156-00039456-00039727 resources that are also available to our
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00157-00039728-00039999 students
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00158-00040000-00040271 okay so that's just simply by way of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00159-00040272-00040487 introduction um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00160-00040488-00040662 but then maybe slightly more
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00161-00040663-00041039 specifically about our main degree so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00162-00041040-00041383 it's called va languages and cultures
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00163-00041384-00041655 and it's a degree which is now
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00164-00041656-00041879 structured as part of our guided
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00165-00041880-00042143 curriculum which essentially means that
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00166-00042144-00042343 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00167-00042344-00042574 in year one uh the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00168-00042575-00042807 program is stuck structured in a guided
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00169-00042808-00043143 way so you have a limited um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00170-00043144-00043415 choice in what you can do uh you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00171-00043416-00043623 the the curriculum is slightly more
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00172-00043624-00043951 fixed even though there are some some
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00173-00043952-00044095 you know options
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00174-00044096-00044399 in here too then uh your options of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00175-00044400-00044718 freedom to show you choose the modules
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00176-00044719-00044895 that you are interested in is slightly
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00177-00044896-00045127 increasing and then obviously in year
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00178-00045128-00045271 three
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00179-00045272-00045343 you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00180-00045344-00045471 have
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00181-00045472-00045695 a little bit more uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00182-00045696-00045830 option yet
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00183-00045831-00045943 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00184-00045944-00046167 the year three is obviously the sort of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00185-00046168-00046502 culmination of the degree and in most
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00186-00046503-00046727 cases the students
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00187-00046728-00046990 are working on the undergraduate
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00188-00046991-00047239 dissertation or independent study
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00189-00047240-00047351 project
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00190-00047352-00047567 which usually means that you can
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00191-00047568-00047839 select the topic that interests you and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00192-00047840-00048118 you sort of draw on all everything that
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00193-00048119-00048351 you have learned in the previous
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00194-00048352-00048511 uh years
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00195-00048512-00048790 and you work independently during a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00196-00048791-00049135 really in-depth research of that topic
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00197-00049136-00049390 and we present that in a very
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00198-00049391-00049695 you know scholarly academic uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00199-00049696-00049983 project
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00200-00049984-00050302 all our uh uh this particular degree but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00201-00050303-00050702 all our degrees in the department uh um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00202-00050703-00050895 have a three year option without a year
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00203-00050896-00051167 abroad or a four-year option which
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00204-00051168-00051390 includes the year ago
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00205-00051391-00051607 although you might actually enroll on a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00206-00051608-00051838 three-year option which is relatively
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00207-00051839-00051950 easy to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00208-00051951-00052207 later on if you decide that she wants to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00209-00052208-00052454 take video abroad and transfer the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00210-00052455-00052735 four-year option and vice versa if for
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00211-00052736-00052911 any reason
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00212-00052912-00053054 you don't want to go
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00213-00053055-00053159 abroad
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00214-00053160-00053966 you can transfer to a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00215-00053967-00054071 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00216-00054072-00054287 please uh i'm going to ask my colleagues
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00217-00054288-00054535 perhaps you know they can come in and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00218-00054536-00054982 you know just um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00219-00054983-00055230 what i have forgotten or just expand on
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00220-00055232-00055535 some of the issues
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00221-00055536-00055615 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00222-00055616-00055791 yeah i don't i don't have anything to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00223-00055791-00055926 add at the minute just to say that i've
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00224-00055927-00056223 been looking at the chat and um quite a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00225-00056224-00056359 few people
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00226-00056360-00056703 interested in korean japanese
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00227-00056704-00056919 and or korean japanese and other
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00228-00056920-00057150 languages so i wonder if donna you can
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00229-00057151-00057311 say something about the options for
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00230-00057312-00057482 combining
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00231-00057483-00057687 languages yes
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00232-00057688-00057975 yes obviously we are uh uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00233-00057976-00058215 in this department we we have a separate
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00234-00058216-00058382 department which is called the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00235-00058383-00058719 department of east uh asian languages
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00236-00058720-00058847 and cultures
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00237-00058848-00059150 uh which rio specializes in the study of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00238-00059151-00059511 japanese korean and chinese
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00239-00059512-00059742 um obviously within the programs we
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00240-00059744-00060038 offer here uh we you can also you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00241-00060039-00060359 uh study some some of the east asian
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00242-00060360-00060550 languages but uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00243-00060551-00060726 that's not essentially the whole
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00244-00060727-00061063 department uh we have uh postgraduate
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00245-00061064-00061263 programs central basically incorporating
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00246-00061264-00061430 east asian languages but on the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00247-00061432-00061599 undergraduate brother
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00248-00061600-00061726 uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00249-00061727-00061991 it's mainly uh you know languages of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00250-00061991-00062287 southeast asia south asia africa and the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00251-00062288-00062599 middle east so my language obviously is
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00252-00062600-00062694 arabic
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00253-00062695-00063006 uh from the uh middle eastern side but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00254-00063007-00063254 then the answer to each persian
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00255-00063255-00063342 on the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00256-00063344-00063575 south asian side we teach
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00257-00063576-00063775 hindi or
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00258-00063776-00063950 bengali
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00259-00063951-00064150 but we also have extensions in some of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00260-00064151-00064438 the other languages and on the african
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00261-00064439-00064671 side we teach swahili which is our
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00262-00064672-00064926 biggest african language but we also
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00263-00064927-00065126 offer yeruba
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00264-00065127-00065223 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00265-00065224-00065391 and to some extent in the past
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00266-00065391-00065655 definitely we have somali uh which we
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00267-00065656-00065943 hope that we will be able to reintroduce
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00268-00065944-00066215 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00269-00066216-00066431 so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00270-00066432-00066775 perhaps here naresh could you could you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00271-00066776-00067006 say something about the south asia part
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00272-00067007-00067326 of this program
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00273-00067327-00067479 hi everyone yes
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00274-00067480-00067782 um i've put my contact details in the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00275-00067783-00068023 chat and also i've mentioned the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00276-00068024-00068311 south asia languages that we offer
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00277-00068312-00068599 so the languages that run every year are
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00278-00068600-00068847 hindi urdu and sanskrit
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00279-00068848-00069071 and then sometimes we offer prakrit
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00280-00069072-00069311 punjabi and bengali as well
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00281-00069312-00069494 if you're interested in doing the year
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00282-00069495-00069599 abroad
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00283-00069600-00069687 which
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00284-00069688-00069806 would be in the third year of your
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00285-00069807-00070094 degree then it's usually to do hindi or
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00286-00070095-00070303 sanskrit and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00287-00070304-00070526 that can be a really significant part of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00288-00070527-00070863 the study experience going and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00289-00070864-00071031 you know spending the year at the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00290-00071032-00071247 academic year in india learning the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00291-00071248-00071399 language being immersed in the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00292-00071400-00071631 environment but also participating in
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00293-00071632-00071903 other culture related activities whilst
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00294-00071904-00072031 you're out there
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00295-00072032-00072375 so i would um strongly con recommend
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00296-00072376-00072694 considering the four-year option
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00297-00072695-00072831 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00298-00072832-00072975 having said that if you think it's too
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00299-00072976-00073311 much to commit to a four-year degree
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00300-00073312-00073567 then um i believe um donna you could
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00301-00073568-00073799 correct me if if i'm wrong that for some
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00302-00073800-00074079 languages we have a summer abroad
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00303-00074080-00074238 option as well
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00304-00074239-00074543 where you can spend um sort of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00305-00074544-00074823 eight to 12 weeks in an immersion
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00306-00074824-00075126 environment and um really building on
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00307-00075127-00075326 the language that you've learned whilst
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00308-00075327-00075735 you've been in classes in london
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00309-00075736-00076062 what else can i tell you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00310-00076063-00076438 i think that's about it yeah you know um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00311-00076439-00076606 my email address is in there if you have
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00312-00076607-00076911 any specific questions drop me an email
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00313-00076912-00077175 i'd be happy to to reply or you know set
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00314-00077176-00077343 up an online meeting
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00315-00077344-00077631 to talk about options
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00316-00077632-00077767 thank you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00317-00077768-00077999 yes just to uh uh as you can see
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00318-00078000-00078391 hopefully you can see i have uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00319-00078392-00078503 you know uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00320-00078504-00078726 shared with you a list of uh some of the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00321-00078727-00078999 destinations where our students travel
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00322-00079000-00079191 to when they are going for their year
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00323-00079192-00079406 abroad
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00324-00079407-00079623 sometimes we are now
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00325-00079624-00079799 exploring the possibilities and they are
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00326-00079800-00079935 increasingly
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00327-00079936-00080126 allowing students to perhaps you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00328-00080127-00080294 split the abroad between two
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00329-00080295-00080550 destinations uh for example for the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00330-00080551-00080838 southeast asia year abroad it is now
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00331-00080839-00081079 possible to spend you know one time say
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00332-00081080-00081343 in vietnam and another one in indonesia
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00333-00081344-00081559 because we we do have students who
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00334-00081560-00081831 obviously actually are real linguists
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00335-00081832-00081982 and and have a great passion for
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00336-00081983-00082215 languages and they study more than one
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00337-00082216-00082367 uh language so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00338-00082368-00082462 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00339-00082463-00082679 what normally happens in year one you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00340-00082680-00082967 have to study one language
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00341-00082968-00083231 and then in year two
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00342-00083232-00083591 should you find it too difficult and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00343-00083592-00083847 you can't hope that we allow you to drop
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00344-00083848-00084038 the language but then on the other hand
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00345-00084039-00084271 there are actually students who really
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00346-00084272-00084382 want to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00347-00084383-00084615 study language in depth and therefore
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00348-00084616-00084838 they take on
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00349-00084839-00085062 the two intermediate level and then
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00350-00085063-00085318 they'll go abroad for a more advanced
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00351-00085319-00085559 study of the language
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00352-00085560-00085735 so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00353-00085736-00085918 you know there are there is a certain
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00354-00085919-00086175 flexibility within the program uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00355-00086176-00086494 allowing you to explore um the countries
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00356-00086495-00086623 we are studying
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00357-00086624-00086918 obviously last two years because of the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00358-00086919-00087175 covet and the pandemic you know our
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00359-00087176-00087367 abroad program has been somewhat
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00360-00087368-00087671 disrupted but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00361-00087672-00087918 some students are now already again
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00362-00087919-00088055 abroad
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00363-00088056-00088223 some students
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00364-00088224-00088335 did
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00365-00088336-00088638 sort of online um distance learning
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00366-00088639-00088767 version
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00367-00088768-00089079 uh but we obviously hope that we will be
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00368-00089080-00089406 able to reinstate all of our you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00369-00089407-00089655 programs from the following session
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00370-00089656-00089879 which is obviously when you would be
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00371-00089880-00090423 easily acquired
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00372-00090424-00090591 talking about the language i also just
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00373-00090592-00090815 wanted to emphasize that
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00374-00090816-00090959 we have really
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00375-00090960-00091335 huge expertise in the teaching and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00376-00091336-00091503 research into
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00377-00091504-00091662 asian african and middle eastern
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00378-00091663-00091799 languages
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00379-00091800-00092071 many of our colleagues wrote
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00380-00092072-00092350 you know language textbooks or grammars
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00381-00092351-00092662 descriptive grammars linguistic studies
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00382-00092663-00092887 and i have just you know uh picked up
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00383-00092888-00093006 some which are
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00384-00093007-00093279 sort of commercial books that came out
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00385-00093280-00093462 of this expertise
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00386-00093463-00093774 um but to be also um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00387-00093775-00093974 the principle that all students have
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00388-00093975-00094279 access to a native speaker so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00389-00094280-00094655 normally our classes would be taught
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00390-00094656-00094767 by
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00391-00094768-00095079 maybe non-native speaker but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00392-00095080-00095382 expert in the particular language but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00393-00095383-00095647 in that case we will always also have a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00394-00095648-00095999 native speaker so that um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00395-00096000-00096143 can practice the language the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00396-00096144-00096287 conversation
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00397-00096288-00096518 uh classes are always done by the native
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00398-00096519-00096711 speaker
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00399-00096712-00096967 so you um get a lot of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00400-00096968-00097215 opportunities to just learn and practice
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00401-00097216-00097462 the language
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00402-00097463-00097871 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00403-00097872-00098199 i will
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00404-00098200-00098479 think we have oh yeah this is this is my
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00405-00098480-00098574 main
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00406-00098575-00098759 uh part which i
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00407-00098760-00099015 have not yet emphasized so be a language
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00408-00099016-00099223 is unconscious you can study as a single
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00409-00099224-00099423 subject degree
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00410-00099424-00099518 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00411-00099519-00099831 or you can obviously uh study it as a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00412-00099832-00100038 challenge degree program which means
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00413-00100039-00100262 that you would combine the languages and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00414-00100263-00100406 conscious part
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00415-00100407-00100759 uh with a discipline
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00416-00100760-00101031 and you can essentially combine it with
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00417-00101032-00101255 all the various disciplines taught
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00418-00101256-00101406 around source
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00419-00101407-00101599 you have some examples that development
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00420-00101600-00101935 studies economics history history of art
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00421-00101936-00102287 law linguistics music politics
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00422-00102288-00102606 anthropology right philosophies etc
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00423-00102607-00102847 we also allow a combination of the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00424-00102848-00103158 languages and cultures with our
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00425-00103159-00103342 arabic program
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00426-00103343-00103502 we have a separate aerobic studies
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00427-00103503-00103823 program but if you want just you know a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00428-00103824-00104047 little bit of this sort of arabic
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00429-00104048-00104310 language then you can combine it with a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00430-00104311-00104575 languages and cultures
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00431-00104576-00104710 normally what would happen is that
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00432-00104711-00104934 really the program if you do the joint
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00433-00104935-00105375 uh program uh your credits uh would be
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00434-00105376-00105734 sort of split evenly uh between the two
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00435-00105735-00105975 uh subjects of the languages and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00436-00105976-00106327 cultures and then the discipline
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00437-00106328-00106543 obviously there are certain synergies
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00438-00106544-00106719 because in your
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00439-00106720-00106990 perhaps independent study projects or in
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00440-00106991-00107158 some of your essays you can actually
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00441-00107159-00107375 combine these two sort of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00442-00107376-00107743 parts of your degree together uh and uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00443-00107744-00107871 you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00444-00107872-00108078 produce a very very very
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00445-00108079-00108310 interdisciplinary
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00446-00108311-00108566 research or study of a particular
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00447-00108567-00108815 subject
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00448-00108816-00109047 um i will perhaps later on talk about
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00449-00109048-00109286 you know some of the uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00450-00109288-00109615 career destinations our students um end
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00451-00109616-00109807 up always but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00452-00109808-00110086 i think perhaps now uh i would head over
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00453-00110088-00110302 to my doctor
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00454-00110303-00110486 so that she can just give you some sort
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00455-00110488-00110831 of insights into some of the modules or
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00456-00110832-00111015 fields and uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00457-00111016-00111199 issues that you actually
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00458-00111200-00111351 address in our
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00459-00111352-00111510 program
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00460-00111511-00111678 um nourish do you want to say something
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00461-00111679-00111895 sorry um i just wanted to say that i
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00462-00111896-00112166 have to head off so um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00463-00112167-00112454 good to meet you all please do get in
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00464-00112455-00112702 touch if you have any queries any
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00465-00112703-00112934 questions about south asia related
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00466-00112935-00113271 languages or studies um good
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00467-00113272-00113543 thanks and um see you later
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00468-00113544-00113790 donna malaika thank you thank you for
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00469-00113791-00113983 joining us thank you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00470-00113983-00114063 so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00471-00114064-00114286 much so donna i wonder can you make me a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00472-00114288-00114543 co-host so i can change the slides or
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00473-00114544-00114807 can you change the slides for me
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00474-00114808-00114999 this is your first ride or do you want
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00475-00115000-00115358 to start over you know do it for me okay
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00476-00115359-00115590 i am trying to make you co-host but you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00477-00115591-00115719 know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00478-00115720-00115951 my screen is slightly obscured at the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00479-00115952-00116166 moment so i can't see everything
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00480-00116167-00117702 unfortunately oh yeah
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00481-00117703-00117958 that's fine um yeah so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00482-00117959-00118215 uh yeah so so um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00483-00118216-00118351 so as donna said i'm just going to be
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00484-00118352-00118647 talking um for 10 15 minutes or so about
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00485-00118648-00118799 to just give you an idea of what sort of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00486-00118800-00118934 things we do
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00487-00118935-00119319 um in uh the classes on the ba languages
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00488-00119320-00119575 and cultures and to try to connect to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00489-00119576-00119799 some of the big questions that you that
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00490-00119800-00120015 psoas is really invested in and that you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00491-00120016-00120127 will be
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00492-00120128-00120439 trying to answer uh while you are um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00493-00120440-00120710 while you are here if you come here so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00494-00120711-00120934 one of the you as i'm sure you know one
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00495-00120935-00121247 of the big sort of strands um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00496-00121248-00121510 of inquiry at soas is this question of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00497-00121511-00121671 decolonizing
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00498-00121672-00121902 the curriculum the university of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00499-00121903-00122127 knowledge as a whole
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00500-00122128-00122375 and um and and this is something that's
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00501-00122376-00122639 really threaded through a lot of things
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00502-00122640-00122814 that we do
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00503-00122815-00122975 so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00504-00122976-00123271 you probably know uh the history of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00505-00123272-00123551 psoas but it was set up very much as a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00506-00123552-00123831 colonial institution for training uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00507-00123832-00124158 those um officials who who went on to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00508-00124159-00124351 administer the the british empire so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00509-00124352-00124590 obviously that's a very problematic
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00510-00124591-00124727 history
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00511-00124728-00124910 and i i
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00512-00124911-00124999 and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00513-00125000-00125199 what we have done at so us is that we
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00514-00125200-00125502 that we do recognize that and we have
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00515-00125503-00125671 and lots of people at the institution
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00516-00125672-00125871 have been thinking about it um and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00517-00125872-00126078 thinking about and clearly you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00518-00126079-00126327 times are very different now uh and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00519-00126328-00126566 things are done extremely differently
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00520-00126567-00126807 but what we do um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00521-00126808-00127054 then and now is this as astana said a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00522-00127055-00127263 real emphasis on
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00523-00127264-00127454 language acquisition that was really at
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00524-00127455-00127743 the core of what so us was founded
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00525-00127744-00128034 uh when soas was founded or you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00526-00128035-00128199 1917
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00527-00128200-00128286 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00528-00128288-00128486 if i got that right um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00529-00128488-00128639 and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00530-00128640-00128863 so that was you know language
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00531-00128864-00129043 acquisition really
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00532-00129044-00129231 understanding
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00533-00129232-00129510 other cultures other peoples was was
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00534-00129511-00129702 essential to source and it's essential
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00535-00129703-00129934 so us now so now our questions and the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00536-00129935-00130158 reasons that we want to do that are
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00537-00130159-00130454 different also you know who are we now
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00538-00130455-00130663 well if you come to to so us you'll see
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00539-00130664-00130886 it it's extremely diverse in in all
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00540-00130888-00131078 kinds of ways and i mean that's really
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00541-00131079-00131190 one of its
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00542-00131191-00131439 great strengths as an institution
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00543-00131440-00131559 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00544-00131560-00131727 but the question of how do we understand
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00545-00131728-00132014 the rest of the world on its own terms
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00546-00132015-00132239 from their own perspective as astana
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00547-00132240-00132431 mentioned earlier so this is
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00548-00132432-00132766 a key question and one that i think
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00549-00132767-00133014 we can get to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00550-00133015-00133135 we can
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00551-00133136-00133263 one of the ways that we can try to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00552-00133264-00133502 answer it is by looking at literature
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00553-00133503-00133727 produced you know in the rest of the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00554-00133728-00134047 world and really engaging in a in a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00555-00134048-00134559 detailed uh informed um way with it and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00556-00134560-00134783 i think it i wanted to to put up a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00557-00134784-00135087 picture of jurassic because as many of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00558-00135088-00135407 you may know he was awarded the nobel
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00559-00135408-00135663 prize for literature just last week i
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00560-00135664-00135775 think
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00561-00135776-00136039 and he is a um he writes in english and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00562-00136040-00136302 he's been in the uk for a long time but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00563-00136303-00136678 he is of um tanzanian origin and from
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00564-00136679-00136927 from specifically from from zanzibar
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00565-00136928-00137047 and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00566-00137048-00137283 lots of his work engages with these
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00567-00137284-00137511 questions uh you know the big questions
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00568-00137512-00137654 of our time
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00569-00137655-00137814 decolonization and broad terms but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00570-00137815-00138078 refugee experience migration
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00571-00138079-00138375 uh alienation and and things like that
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00572-00138376-00138471 and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00573-00138472-00138695 i re i was really um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00574-00138696-00138895 happy to discover that one of our our
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00575-00138896-00139039 lecturers and and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00576-00139040-00139278 um srcl and languages cultures and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00577-00139279-00139511 linguistics that's dr eida vaianes
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00578-00139512-00139735 who teaches swahili um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00579-00139736-00140007 of course the language of east africa uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00580-00140008-00140111 she is
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00581-00140112-00140335 you know long before the nobel prize she
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00582-00140336-00140607 has been working on a translation of uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00583-00140608-00140902 one of the razak gruner's novels um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00584-00140903-00141214 from english into swahili so you know i
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00585-00141215-00141414 thought that's such a nice
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00586-00141415-00141559 um so as
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00587-00141560-00141799 slcl project
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00588-00141800-00142031 we have always been interested in this
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00589-00142032-00142247 stuff you know before the nobel prize
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00590-00142248-00142399 before everyone started talking about
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00591-00142400-00142623 decolonization we were interested in it
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00592-00142624-00142783 and we're still interested in it and we
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00593-00142784-00143078 and if you come here we will give you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00594-00143079-00143311 that linguistic cultural grounding to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00595-00143312-00143607 really um engage in a meaningful way
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00596-00143608-00143726 with with
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00597-00143727-00144014 with works like uh like garners but lots
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00598-00144015-00144231 and lots of others uh as well
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00599-00144232-00144454 um okay so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00600-00144455-00144671 uh donna could you change this slide
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00601-00144672-00144902 next brilliant thank you so i wanted to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00602-00144903-00145143 talk to you about a module that i'm
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00603-00145144-00145295 teaching and this is running for the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00604-00145296-00145471 first time this year so i'm co-teaching
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00605-00145472-00145575 it with a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00606-00145576-00145871 colleague dr anjaria
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00607-00145872-00146078 who works on turkish
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00608-00146079-00146319 and so this is a core module for the ba
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00609-00146320-00146478 languages and cultures and it happens in
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00610-00146479-00146678 the second year and it's called
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00611-00146679-00146878 understanding texts
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00612-00146879-00147126 and the pro the idea of this module is
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00613-00147127-00147495 really to give students of a grounding
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00614-00147496-00147575 in
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00615-00147576-00147839 textual interpretation
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00616-00147840-00148063 and this could be text of all kinds it
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00617-00148064-00148223 could be literary text which is the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00618-00148224-00148559 focus of the first part of the module
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00619-00148560-00148999 also you know criticism analytical texts
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00620-00149000-00149095 and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00621-00149096-00149359 how do you make meaning out of it how do
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00622-00149360-00149711 you understand what is going on in it um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00623-00149712-00149911 and so some people some students have
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00624-00149912-00150039 have done something like this may
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00625-00150040-00150190 probably have done english literature a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00626-00150191-00150407 level but we find that a lot of students
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00627-00150408-00150502 haven't
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00628-00150503-00150823 so it is you know it's partly to develop
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00629-00150824-00151063 the kind of analytical skills that you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00630-00151064-00151271 need throughout the degree
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00631-00151272-00151599 and also which are really useful
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00632-00151600-00151775 uh in professional life afterwards you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00633-00151776-00152023 know you will always need to know how to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00634-00152024-00152231 read something carefully
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00635-00152232-00152383 understand it
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00636-00152384-00152607 figure out what's going on in it
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00637-00152608-00152878 and express your opinion your reasoned
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00638-00152879-00153143 opinion in writing and orally these are
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00639-00153144-00153326 these are skills that will serve you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00640-00153327-00153543 throughout your degree as psoas and and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00641-00153544-00153807 throughout your life so partly the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00642-00153808-00154159 module is is designed to inculcate that
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00643-00154160-00154414 and it's also to think about text
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00644-00154415-00154614 literary production
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00645-00154615-00154719 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00646-00154720-00154951 in a non-eurocentric
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00647-00154952-00155287 uh frame so um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00648-00155288-00155399 you know but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00649-00155400-00155566 and in a way that most people probably
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00650-00155567-00155814 haven't had the opportunity to do before
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00651-00155815-00156007 they come to university so if you did
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00652-00156008-00156199 literature at school depending on where
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00653-00156200-00156335 you studied
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00654-00156336-00156463 what country you studied in you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00655-00156464-00156647 it's going to be english literature or
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00656-00156648-00156823 it's going to be the um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00657-00156824-00156990 the national literature of your country
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00658-00156991-00157263 of origin so what we try to do is open
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00659-00157264-00157423 it up a bit more
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00660-00157424-00157775 uh read literature in a bigger frame
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00661-00157776-00157926 and of course
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00662-00157927-00158143 you know strategies of interpretation
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00663-00158144-00158359 ways of reading are going to be very
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00664-00158360-00158551 very different from one context to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00665-00158552-00158663 another
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00666-00158664-00158959 and another i think key sort of so as
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00667-00158960-00159223 for lcl principle is
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00668-00159224-00159343 that
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00669-00159344-00159495 rather than just flattening it all out
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00670-00159496-00159654 and say we read all these things in the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00671-00159655-00159871 same way you know we assess
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00672-00159872-00160135 literary value in the same way
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00673-00160136-00160319 what we really want to stress is you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00674-00160320-00160543 need to understand the values of the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00675-00160544-00160790 culture their aesthetic values say
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00676-00160791-00161063 what a poem is good in the language that
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00677-00161064-00161359 i study in malay for these reasons
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00678-00161360-00161607 those aren't the s same as the reasons a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00679-00161608-00161814 poem is good in english
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00680-00161815-00162119 um and so you need to know both of those
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00681-00162120-00162319 things and to sort of put them in in
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00682-00162320-00162599 dialogue with each other
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00683-00162600-00162854 we also look in this module a little bit
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00684-00162855-00163078 at oral literature
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00685-00163079-00163335 so stuff that's not produced in writing
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00686-00163336-00163551 and this is something that
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00687-00163552-00163775 you know exists in lots and lots of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00688-00163776-00163990 cultures around the world but tends but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00689-00163991-00164166 we tend not to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00690-00164167-00164399 um study very much you know or come
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00691-00164400-00164687 across very much in in
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00692-00164688-00164766 our
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00693-00164767-00165126 daily life in the modern west um but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00694-00165127-00165335 it's really useful and it's a good
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00695-00165336-00165583 challenge to our normal conceptions of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00696-00165584-00165751 literature textual interpretation to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00697-00165752-00166102 look at that material as well
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00698-00166103-00166447 we look at questions of translation so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00699-00166448-00166607 how do you if you read something in
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00700-00166608-00166854 translation can you interpret it in the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00701-00166855-00167119 same way as if you had access to the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00702-00167120-00167359 original now we would love you all to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00703-00167360-00167607 learn a language and to learn it to an
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00704-00167608-00167783 advanced level
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00705-00167784-00167999 and then you won't have the barrier of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00706-00168000-00168151 translation
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00707-00168152-00168487 but none of us can learn every language
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00708-00168488-00168783 uh so one of the things we and there is
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00709-00168784-00169014 great value still in reading things in
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00710-00169015-00169278 translation of course
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00711-00169279-00169447 but thinking about the issues around
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00712-00169448-00169535 that
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00713-00169536-00169838 um so one of the things uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00714-00169839-00169990 that's quite interesting for me teaching
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00715-00169991-00170159 this course uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00716-00170160-00170278 and and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00717-00170279-00170487 seeing uh what's the kind of questions
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00718-00170488-00170663 that my students are asking
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00719-00170664-00170959 um and of course it's we're very much
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00720-00170960-00171038 trying
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00721-00171039-00171190 you know in all of our courses i think
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00722-00171191-00171351 to to have
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00723-00171352-00171583 the lectures and the tutorials to be
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00724-00171584-00171838 interactive people you know i want to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00725-00171839-00172047 hear from my students and not just them
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00726-00172048-00172254 hearing from me and i want them to talk
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00727-00172255-00172399 to each other because a lot of learning
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00728-00172400-00172566 takes place between
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00729-00172567-00172687 students
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00730-00172688-00172775 so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00731-00172776-00173087 one of my students is slightly
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00732-00173088-00173278 skeptical i think about what's the point
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00733-00173279-00173559 of reading literature what you know it's
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00734-00173560-00173847 just a novel it's just a story
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00735-00173848-00174014 that's all very well and good but what
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00736-00174015-00174190 what's the point of that so i'm gonna
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00737-00174191-00174383 try and and suggest
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00738-00174384-00174719 uh one or one reason why uh literature
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00739-00174720-00174935 is good now i'm gonna use an example of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00740-00174936-00175023 why
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00741-00175024-00175231 why we can learn something worthwhile
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00742-00175232-00175326 from it
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00743-00175327-00175743 um i'm going to um show you um so donna
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00744-00175744-00176031 could we go to the next slide please
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00745-00176032-00176143 thank you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00746-00176144-00176271 yeah
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00747-00176272-00176495 yeah that's great so this is the novel
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00748-00176496-00176751 that we we are reading in this module
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00749-00176752-00176902 understanding text
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00750-00176903-00177183 um and it's a really uh interesting one
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00751-00177184-00177519 uh by uh zimbabwe an author um published
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00752-00177520-00177719 sorry originally came out in 1988 and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00753-00177720-00178159 this is the opening um paragraph and so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00754-00178160-00178399 this is nervous conditions by uh sidsi
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00755-00178400-00178671 dangaramga
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00756-00178672-00178814 really because i think it's a good it's
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00757-00178815-00179007 a really good opening paragraph so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00758-00179008-00179278 i was not sorry when my brother died
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00759-00179279-00179526 nor am i apologizing for my callousness
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00760-00179527-00179814 as you may define it my lack of feeling
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00761-00179815-00180007 for it's not that at all
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00762-00180008-00180231 i feel many things these days
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00763-00180232-00180414 much more than i was able to feel in the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00764-00180415-00180575 days when i was young and my brother
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00765-00180576-00180831 died and there are reasons for this more
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00766-00180832-00181151 than the mere consequences of age
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00767-00181152-00181343 therefore i shall not apologize but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00768-00181344-00181519 begin by recalling the facts as i
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00769-00181520-00181663 remember them that led up to my
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00770-00181664-00181783 brother's death
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00771-00181784-00181966 the events that put me in a position to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00772-00181967-00182190 write this account
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00773-00182191-00182319 though the events of my brother's
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00774-00182320-00182502 passing and the events of my story
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00775-00182503-00182719 cannot be separated
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00776-00182720-00182975 my story is not after all about death
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00777-00182976-00183231 but about my escape and the cheers about
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00778-00183232-00183471 my mother's and my guru's entrapment and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00779-00183472-00183663 about nyasha's rebellion
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00780-00183664-00183919 nyasha far-minded and isolated my
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00781-00183920-00184071 uncle's daughter
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00782-00184072-00184295 whose rebellion may not in the end have
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00783-00184296-00184519 been successful
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00784-00184520-00184854 so we spent a whole uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00785-00184855-00185175 tutorial hour looking at this opening
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00786-00185176-00185326 paragraph
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00787-00185327-00185599 and just this opening paragraph
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00788-00185600-00185854 because what i'm trying to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00789-00185855-00186302 get students to do is close reading
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00790-00186303-00186414 so a lot of the time you know you've a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00791-00186415-00186511 lot of you know when you come to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00792-00186512-00186671 university you have a lot to read and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00793-00186672-00186878 people skim
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00794-00186879-00187047 you have to do that to some extent for
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00795-00187048-00187223 some purposes but sometimes we really
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00796-00187224-00187366 need to focus
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00797-00187367-00187575 and one of the things that i want to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00798-00187576-00187711 emphasize is
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00799-00187712-00187878 you can get a lot
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00800-00187879-00188135 if you concentrate uh on this one
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00801-00188136-00188359 paragraph so here we have a very
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00802-00188360-00188535 arresting first sentence a very
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00803-00188536-00188711 challenging first sentence i wasn't i
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00804-00188712-00189047 was not sorry when my brother died and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00805-00189048-00189207 so critics have pointed out this but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00806-00189208-00189423 it's very obvious right this is a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00807-00189424-00189526 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00808-00189527-00189863 a sentence a defiant sentence um and not
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00809-00189864-00190219 the kind of one that you would expect
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00810-00190220-00190447 stereotypically from
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00811-00190448-00190807 a woman from the global south right
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00812-00190808-00190902 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00813-00190903-00191159 so he and we we are already told from
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00814-00191160-00191383 that very first sentence the very
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00815-00191384-00191550 opening paragraph
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00816-00191551-00191911 that we are in the presence of a uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00817-00191912-00192247 a particular consciousness someone who
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00818-00192248-00192519 is able to articulate for herself
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00819-00192520-00192799 someone who is um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00820-00192800-00192990 yes who is so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00821-00192991-00193295 secure in in that sense of identity that
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00822-00193296-00193607 she says i know what you might think of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00823-00193608-00193695 me
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00824-00193696-00193935 my callousness as you may define it my
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00825-00193936-00194159 lack of feeling but this isn't
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00826-00194160-00194359 the story when you hear my story which
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00827-00194360-00194583 is the whole novel uh you will
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00828-00194584-00194711 understand
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00829-00194712-00194871 differently
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00830-00194872-00195095 so a very self-possessed
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00831-00195096-00195223 voice
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00832-00195224-00195478 but already and again just in this
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00833-00195479-00195719 opening paragraph we are told
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00834-00195720-00195950 you know there's a lot at stake
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00835-00195951-00196119 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00836-00196120-00196383 and we and it emerges that the brothers
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00837-00196384-00196654 death put me in a position to write this
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00838-00196655-00196911 account so it is the because the brother
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00839-00196912-00197078 was sent to school
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00840-00197079-00197263 so because the brother was a boy he was
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00841-00197264-00197438 sent to school
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00842-00197439-00197623 because the narrator was a girl she was
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00843-00197624-00197863 not sent to school when the brother died
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00844-00197864-00198023 it became possible for her to go to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00845-00198024-00198383 school therefore becoming literate and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00846-00198384-00198583 uh i am in a position to write this
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00847-00198584-00198863 account so we are told so you know how
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00848-00198864-00199087 is it that this book is in your hands
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00849-00199088-00199311 because my brother died and this kind of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00850-00199312-00199543 recognition of the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00851-00199544-00199783 not guilt exactly but she has she knows
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00852-00199784-00200095 she has profited from her um brother's
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00853-00200096-00200238 death
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00854-00200239-00200463 so i won't want to sort of replicate
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00855-00200464-00200607 what we did in the class but i hope that
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00856-00200608-00200750 this gives you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00857-00200751-00200983 a sort of sense of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00858-00200984-00201111 how
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00859-00201112-00201350 reading literature and really reading it
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00860-00201351-00201647 with attention and focus
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00861-00201648-00201743 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00862-00201744-00201975 and as literature you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00863-00201976-00202263 can really be rewarding and help us to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00864-00202264-00202502 answer these big questions these big
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00865-00202503-00202719 sort of global questions because the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00866-00202720-00203014 first step is not to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00867-00203015-00203271 read it as anthropology or to read it as
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00868-00203272-00203526 data about
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00869-00203527-00203823 the lives of others but when you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00870-00203824-00204023 treat it as a work of literature a work
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00871-00204024-00204150 of art like
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00872-00204151-00204399 uh like any other novel
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00873-00204400-00204663 then we can get
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00874-00204664-00205006 we can speak on the same level right we
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00875-00205007-00205310 can and then we can really learn about
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00876-00205311-00205390 uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00877-00205391-00205527 this other
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00878-00205528-00205719 uh consciousness is other way of living
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00879-00205719-00205982 this other cultural context
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00880-00205983-00206127 so that's what i think you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00881-00206128-00206358 literature can help us to do
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00882-00206359-00206590 um and that's one of the ways that we
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00883-00206591-00206823 can maybe start to build a sort of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00884-00206823-00207062 different um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00885-00207063-00207351 world if that's not too much of a a big
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00886-00207352-00207446 claim
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00887-00207448-00207558 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00888-00207559-00207710 but you think we can go to the next
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00889-00207711-00208006 slide donna please yeah so but that this
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00890-00208007-00208310 is a picture from one of my um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00891-00208311-00208542 so my areas of southeast asia this is a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00892-00208544-00208886 girl illustration from the early 30s of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00893-00208887-00209182 an into neo-javanese um woman uh going
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00894-00209183-00209566 to the library and and um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00895-00209567-00209782 reading books so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00896-00209783-00210127 and just to you know think about the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00897-00210128-00210358 it's just as an illustration of the kind
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00898-00210359-00210671 of cultural different cultural contexts
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00899-00210671-00210887 different historical contexts
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00900-00210888-00211142 um which we can or we all of which we
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00901-00211144-00211391 can access in some way through reading
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00902-00211392-00211567 these works of literature if we are
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00903-00211567-00211710 willing to do
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00904-00211711-00211839 the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00905-00211840-00212110 you know certain amount of um learning
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00906-00212111-00212287 about the history about the context and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00907-00212288-00212534 ideally also about the language then
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00908-00212535-00212831 lots of things uh will open up to us
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00909-00212832-00213151 just like um to the to the narrator of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00910-00213152-00213367 of the novel i just um we just talked
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00911-00213367-00213639 about and just like to the the reader um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00912-00213640-00213742 pictured
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00913-00213744-00213831 here
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00914-00213832-00214158 um i think that's the end of my slides
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00915-00214159-00214398 um yeah so i could hand it over back to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00916-00214400-00214567 donna to talk about the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00917-00214567-00214815 careers aspect
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00918-00214816-00214998 thank you very much that was really
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00919-00215000-00215255 fascinating and i hope that you have all
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00920-00215256-00215534 feel now so motivated that you will go
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00921-00215535-00215694 and look up this
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00922-00215696-00215871 book and read it
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00923-00215871-00216263 because i will definitely do it um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00924-00216264-00216551 i am very much aware of the time uh we
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00925-00216552-00216782 have you know around
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00926-00216783-00217110 well only about 12 15 minutes and i
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00927-00217111-00217279 obviously want to leave some time for
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00928-00217280-00217406 your questions
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00929-00217407-00217510 so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00930-00217511-00217727 really uh the most of this question we
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00931-00217728-00217910 get asked by students is you know what
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00932-00217911-00218158 do our students actually end up doing by
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00933-00218159-00218439 studying the languages and cultures want
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00934-00218440-00218710 to embrace you know the study of asia
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00935-00218711-00218927 africa and the middle east what sort of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00936-00218928-00219103 practical
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00937-00219104-00219287 benefits these
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00938-00219288-00219582 degrees actually have um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00939-00219583-00219758 it would be very difficult for me to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00940-00219759-00219882 give you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00941-00219883-00220239 uh image of a typical student we we have
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00942-00220240-00220558 really a very very different students
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00943-00220559-00220719 who uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00944-00220719-00220942 draw on different aspects of this degree
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00945-00220944-00221167 program so obviously there are students
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00946-00221167-00221455 whose main interest is the language
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00947-00221456-00221623 and therefore their careers would
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00948-00221623-00221879 actually then rely on their knowledge of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00949-00221880-00222031 the language so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00950-00222032-00222303 obviously uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00951-00222304-00222519 professions such as you know bad
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00952-00222519-00222879 likeness translators perhaps editors
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00953-00222880-00223182 but also teachers
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00954-00223183-00223358 but then there are students who
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00955-00223359-00223591 obviously perhaps draw more on some of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00956-00223592-00223815 the cultural
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00957-00223816-00224119 aspects of the degree
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00958-00224119-00224398 quite a few of our students um in the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00959-00224400-00224734 past uh ended up working either
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00960-00224735-00224934 in the foreign office for the homework
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00961-00224935-00225103 is the civil service
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00962-00225104-00225482 uh diplomats etc
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00963-00225483-00225734 journalism uh publishing and in modern
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00964-00225735-00225934 times we have actually several students
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00965-00225935-00226023 who are
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00966-00226023-00226439 um sort of independent um advisors uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00967-00226440-00226631 they have their blogs so they have their
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00968-00226632-00226758 sort of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00969-00226759-00227094 small agencies working as advisor
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00970-00227096-00227231 advisors
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00971-00227232-00227558 to westerners perhaps positioned in the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00972-00227559-00227703 region but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00973-00227704-00227998 you know advising
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00974-00228000-00228294 quite a lot of our students
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00975-00228296-00228687 end up working for various ngos or
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00976-00228688-00228887 charity organizations and that's
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00977-00228888-00229087 actually also often
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00978-00229088-00229358 um the source of students who come to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00979-00229359-00229534 our department because they might have
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00980-00229535-00229655 actually
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00981-00229656-00229975 during their agape uh going to uh the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00982-00229976-00230231 region and they would have been involved
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00983-00230232-00230382 and they don't want to actually
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00984-00230383-00230582 formalize their knowledge of the region
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00985-00230583-00230910 by having a proper university education
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00986-00230911-00231055 and grounding
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00987-00231056-00231271 grounding
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00988-00231271-00231623 um but obviously you know just uh any of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00989-00231623-00231839 the jobs that require this sort of you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00990-00231840-00232158 know um understanding of the culture you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00991-00232159-00232482 know were fighting in
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00992-00232483-00232782 museums museum curators we had few of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00993-00232783-00233006 our alumni who actually worked in the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00994-00233007-00233287 british museum in charge of the regional
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00995-00233288-00233431 collections
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00996-00233432-00233751 librarians etc
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00997-00233752-00234046 but obviously some students actually end
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00998-00234048-00234303 up in the slightly non-academic uh part
+FcbwXkl2QI8-00999-00234304-00234398 of the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01000-00234400-00234606 careers market and they actually go to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01001-00234607-00234815 business um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01002-00234816-00235023 even though we don't really focus
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01003-00235023-00235246 predominantly on some sort of you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01004-00235248-00235398 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01005-00235400-00235655 economic political issues obviously
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01006-00235656-00236006 within the study of culture etc we
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01007-00236007-00236310 cannot not to touch on
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01008-00236311-00236575 sort of politicality historical reality
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01009-00236576-00236982 etc and uh you know the this knowledge
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01010-00236983-00237063 is
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01011-00237064-00237375 very much uh useful even in the sort of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01012-00237376-00237527 corporate world
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01013-00237528-00237782 and i just want to give you an example
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01014-00237783-00237934 for example i have a student who did
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01015-00237935-00238182 vietnamese and he did the full degree so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01016-00238183-00238342 he very much focused on vietnamese
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01017-00238344-00238558 culture within his literature and he
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01018-00238559-00238839 then went and he was recruited by a very
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01019-00238840-00239142 famous global um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01020-00239144-00239446 coconut company uh very difficult very
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01021-00239448-00239742 sort of difficult to get into and he was
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01022-00239744-00240006 telling me how uh most of his interview
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01023-00240007-00240255 the final interview before he was
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01024-00240256-00240471 offered the job he actually spent the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01025-00240471-00240630 interview discussing the vietnamese
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01026-00240631-00240846 novel and i just want to sort of show
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01027-00240848-00241063 you that you know obviously you learn a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01028-00241064-00241279 set of skills obviously transferable
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01029-00241280-00241479 skills which come from the fact that you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01030-00241480-00241679 are reading engaging with the text you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01031-00241680-00242055 are writing essays you are writing um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01032-00242056-00242255 presentations you are talking to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01033-00242256-00242542 students you are
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01034-00242544-00242758 skilled in presenting your argument or
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01035-00242759-00242998 discussing uh your points of view with
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01036-00243000-00243287 other students so all these skills are
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01037-00243288-00243503 very practical and very transferable and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01038-00243504-00243782 that could be used in essentially any
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01039-00243783-00244158 type of uh job beyond the obvious so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01040-00244159-00244439 actually to have um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01041-00244440-00244679 a degree such as this which to some
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01042-00244680-00244967 extent is slightly more specialized
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01043-00244967-00245198 um that's something which usually makes
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01044-00245200-00245463 you stand out in the job market uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01045-00245464-00245591 uh you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01046-00245592-00245791 very many um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01047-00245792-00246006 agencies and companies actually
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01048-00246007-00246198 impressed when they see that you went
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01049-00246200-00246471 beyond the obvious and that you went for
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01050-00246471-00246830 some language which is um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01051-00246831-00247063 brightly or wrongly perhaps perceived as
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01052-00247064-00247287 more uh complicated
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01053-00247288-00247494 uh etc
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01054-00247496-00247806 and i mustn't forget those who students
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01055-00247807-00248094 obviously are much more
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01056-00248096-00248358 interested in an academic career perhaps
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01057-00248359-00248575 so there are uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01058-00248576-00248775 students who obviously then go for a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01059-00248776-00248958 postgraduate study
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01060-00248959-00249246 very often uh either continue again
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01061-00249248-00249479 within the sort of regional area studies
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01062-00249480-00249671 but very often they can go to a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01063-00249671-00249903 completely different uh you know uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01064-00249904-00250230 study so they sort of create a uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01065-00250231-00250463 extra level of knowledge to complement
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01066-00250464-00250663 the undergraduate degree
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01067-00250664-00250894 uh and some of those will continue to do
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01068-00250896-00251167 the uh research degrees or
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01069-00251167-00251334 phd
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01070-00251335-00251455 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01071-00251456-00251694 so it's it's actually a really
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01072-00251696-00251942 great mixture and you know sometimes we
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01073-00251944-00252151 are really fascinated by
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01074-00252152-00252334 hearing back from our students and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01075-00252335-00252615 learning what they do
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01076-00252616-00252919 so because of the time i think i will
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01077-00252919-00253103 sort of stop i will stop sharing the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01078-00253104-00253279 screen because at the moment i can't
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01079-00253280-00253575 actually read your questions in the chat
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01080-00253576-00253830 and please if anybody wants to ask by
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01081-00253831-00253934 simply
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01082-00253935-00254167 then you can obviously raise your hand
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01083-00254167-00254367 and just ask the question and we will
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01084-00254367-00254798 try to answer otherwise i will you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01085-00254800-00254927 need to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01086-00254928-00255239 look through the the questions and see
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01087-00255240-00255406 if we have
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01088-00255407-00255903 answered or not
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01089-00255904-00256191 anybody wants to ask please uh just uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01090-00256192-00256494 yes there's a question here um from
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01091-00256496-00256606 theon
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01092-00256607-00256791 if i pronounce that right um are there
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01093-00256792-00256982 any opportunities to learn languages
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01094-00256983-00257175 outside of your degree
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01095-00257176-00257406 extra so extracurricular and i'm not
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01096-00257407-00257567 quite sure what the language center or
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01097-00257567-00257655 what the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01098-00257656-00257887 policy
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01099-00257888-00258158 uh well first of all uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01100-00258159-00258382 we all all students as to us can take a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01101-00258383-00258663 language as their open options so even
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01102-00258664-00258798 those students who would not be
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01103-00258800-00259158 registered on a language uh degree
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01104-00259159-00259391 they could study language and quite a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01105-00259392-00259598 few of our students obviously
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01106-00259600-00259710 do that
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01107-00259711-00259830 now um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01108-00259831-00259951 we used to have something called
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01109-00259952-00260127 language entitlement program which
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01110-00260128-00260406 actually allowed students to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01111-00260407-00260663 uh attend some of the uh language
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01112-00260664-00260934 courses that are uh taught um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01113-00260935-00261127 in the language center
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01114-00261128-00261455 uh aside from our sort of academic uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01115-00261456-00261646 departments we also have a language
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01116-00261648-00261863 center which is basically really a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01117-00261864-00262127 language tuition provider
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01118-00262128-00262391 to general public and most of the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01119-00262392-00262639 courses that obviously are taught in the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01120-00262640-00263006 evening as evening courses
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01121-00263007-00263430 so i think that's one opportunity but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01122-00263431-00263615 at the moment i'm not sure whether
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01123-00263616-00263871 students can actually attend these
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01124-00263872-00264167 modules free of charge i think you would
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01125-00264168-00264527 be definitely given a discount but um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01126-00264528-00264743 i think that that would
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01127-00264744-00265143 be paid having said that um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01128-00265144-00265358 if you already have some basic knowledge
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01129-00265359-00265558 and you want to perhaps improve there
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01130-00265559-00265799 are a lot of student societies and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01131-00265800-00266071 exchanges and you can find you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01132-00266072-00266327 somebody a source is a very sort of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01133-00266328-00266519 international institution
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01134-00266520-00266751 we have students from all over the world
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01135-00266752-00267023 uh speaking so many different languages
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01136-00267024-00267287 so many of our students perhaps you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01137-00267288-00267687 uh paired up with a fellow student and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01138-00267688-00267871 maybe they help them
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01139-00267872-00268119 with improving their english while
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01140-00268120-00268399 the student from vietnam helps them with
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01141-00268400-00268534 vietnamese
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01142-00268535-00268767 etc
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01143-00268768-00268895 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01144-00268896-00269071 i'm sorry i i really can't read the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01145-00269072-00269263 questions right yeah
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01146-00269264-00269479 i can read it i don't there was a lot of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01147-00269480-00269710 discussion about the japanese uh side of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01148-00269711-00269887 things which penny has very kindly
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01149-00269888-00270079 answered
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01150-00270080-00270527 i don't think
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01151-00270528-00270751 um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01152-00270752-00270982 i guess i would add to to to what donna
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01153-00270983-00271119 just said that if you know if you are
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01154-00271120-00271263 thinking of doing a language then i
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01155-00271264-00271447 really encourage you to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01156-00271448-00271743 have it be part of your degree because
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01157-00271744-00271903 although you know there's so many things
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01158-00271904-00272079 to study and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01159-00272080-00272310 the temptation is all audit or i'll take
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01160-00272311-00272423 it
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01161-00272424-00272719 when you do you're going to be so busy
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01162-00272720-00272879 um and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01163-00272880-00272982 it
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01164-00272983-00273182 so if you really want to you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01165-00273183-00273391 progress in a language and do that i
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01166-00273392-00273623 really encourage you to put it in to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01167-00273624-00273855 your degree so that you're going to get
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01168-00273856-00274087 the most possible out of it um the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01169-00274088-00274271 question about is there a japanese
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01170-00274272-00274663 society penny do you want to answer
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01171-00274664-00274927 yeah there is the japan society where uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01172-00274928-00275071 you can pop in
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01173-00275072-00275263 and there will be people who are
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01174-00275264-00275487 actually from japan that you can talk to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01175-00275488-00275639 in japanese
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01176-00275640-00275734 uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01177-00275735-00275999 so don't be afraid if you feel you like
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01178-00276000-00276223 you can't because you can even just sit
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01179-00276224-00276399 there and listen in on it
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01180-00276400-00276591 and i was hearing from my colleague
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01181-00276592-00276863 who's now doing a phd in japanese
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01182-00276864-00277110 studies um she said that some people
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01183-00277111-00277279 from like honda
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01184-00277280-00277510 the car company came over into the japan
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01185-00277511-00277663 society just to talk because they were
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01186-00277664-00277871 like hi i'm lonely no one speaks
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01187-00277872-00278030 japanese at the office so i thought i'd
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01188-00278031-00278143 stop by
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01189-00278144-00278295 so you can meet all kinds of people
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01190-00278296-00278567 there
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01191-00278568-00278839 thank you i think this would be
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01192-00278840-00279015 similar to any of the regions you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01193-00279016-00279167 which africa and the middle east because
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01194-00279168-00279510 we have uh regional centers uh that uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01195-00279511-00279719 organize um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01196-00279720-00280055 seminars so you can attend uh you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01197-00280056-00280271 wide range of activities if you are
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01198-00280272-00280551 interested in a particular uh country or
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01199-00280552-00280823 language etc of course sources
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01200-00280824-00281071 positioned at the heart of london you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01201-00281072-00281263 know in the bloomsbury behind the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01202-00281264-00281471 british museum very close to the british
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01203-00281472-00281847 library very osteopathic society and any
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01204-00281848-00282063 of these sort of
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01205-00282064-00282319 famous institutions so uh you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01206-00282320-00282558 there's a lot um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01207-00282559-00282799 of activities but you can actually
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01208-00282800-00283063 outside so ourselves you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01209-00283064-00283671 expand your knowledge and get involved
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01210-00283672-00284230 so anyway any more questions
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01211-00284231-00284430 let's see
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01212-00284431-00284639 uh so fiona again i'm interested in
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01213-00284640-00284927 studying japanese korean or arabic any
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01214-00284928-00285295 tips on how to choose which one
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01215-00285296-00285479 this is a very very tricky question
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01216-00285480-00285710 isn't it uh obviously that depends on
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01217-00285711-00286054 your set of personal interests
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01218-00286055-00286247 you are spanning you know different
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01219-00286248-00286430 different areas
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01220-00286431-00286734 different cultures um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01221-00286735-00286999 i can speak about the arabic our arabic
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01222-00287000-00287327 program is supposedly quite quite
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01223-00287328-00287430 broad
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01224-00287431-00287647 we have a number of arabic modules at
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01225-00287648-00287927 all levels and we have also a very
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01226-00287928-00288175 intensive arabic studies program but
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01227-00288176-00288495 also we have a slightly less intensive
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01228-00288496-00288663 for those who want to learn just the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01229-00288664-00288887 basics of the arabic language without
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01230-00288888-00289039 obviously
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01231-00289040-00289415 becoming completely fluent or
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01232-00289416-00289654 so the full
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01233-00289655-00289887 intact arabic studies program obviously
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01234-00289888-00290047 you study
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01235-00290048-00290487 you spend many hours a week dedicated to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01236-00290488-00290782 the study of arabic language while for
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01237-00290783-00291023 the non-intensive
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01238-00291024-00291263 version you would probably have four
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01239-00291264-00291527 hours as is the case for most of our
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01240-00291528-00291791 languages we usually have four hours a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01241-00291792-00292110 week or two in registration
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01242-00292111-00292358 but otherwise i really don't feel really
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01243-00292359-00292606 sufficiently i don't know you to advise
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01244-00292607-00292863 you um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01245-00292864-00293139 on your choice
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01246-00293140-00293334 [Music]
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01247-00293335-00293591 so any anything
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01248-00293592-00293847 so before before perhaps we we close
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01249-00293848-00294079 this session uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01250-00294080-00294175 just to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01251-00294176-00294334 say that um
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01252-00294335-00294591 obviously you have all this information
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01253-00294592-00294830 on our website so if you go to the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01254-00294831-00295079 school or sarah school of languages and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01255-00295080-00295279 cultures and linguistics
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01256-00295280-00295503 more specifically if you find vba
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01257-00295504-00295751 languages and coaches program you will
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01258-00295752-00296095 find a more detailed structure you will
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01259-00296096-00296239 see actually the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01260-00296240-00296487 modules that you can take the options
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01261-00296488-00296687 that are available to you throughout the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01262-00296688-00296839 degree program
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01263-00296840-00297063 and most importantly you have the name
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01264-00297064-00297247 of the convener which is doctored by
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01265-00297248-00297543 mata who couldn't be here today but uh
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01266-00297544-00297719 you have this email address there as
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01267-00297720-00298047 well so uh you can email him but you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01268-00298048-00298463 know you can email anybody me
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01269-00298464-00298687 but any of our colleagues
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01270-00298688-00298871 because if you are interested in a
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01271-00298872-00299143 specific language specific region then
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01272-00299144-00299327 it's very easy on our website we have
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01273-00299328-00299406 all
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01274-00299407-00299647 members of staff listed with the email
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01275-00299648-00299943 addresses and their specialism so if you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01276-00299944-00300151 want to actually know more about arabic
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01277-00300152-00300406 classes or swahili classes then you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01278-00300407-00300599 you can email directly and all
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01279-00300600-00300806 colleagues are very happy to you know
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01280-00300807-00301151 engage in conversation and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01281-00301152-00301271 give you more
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01282-00301272-00301447 yeah and just to add to
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01283-00301448-00301639 i i think if you look at the psoas
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01284-00301640-00301839 youtube channel i know last year during
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01285-00301840-00302023 lockdown most of the language teachers
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01286-00302024-00302271 did like a language taster thing
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01287-00302272-00302630 um so you could have a look on their and
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01288-00302631-00302799 so if you really are choosing completely
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01289-00302800-00303071 blind between arabic korean whatever you
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01290-00303072-00303319 know have a look um and see how you feel
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01291-00303320-00303615 about the different language tasters
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01292-00303616-00303847 yes all our email addresses are
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01293-00303848-00304063 obviously on the website but if you want
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01294-00304064-00304406 more specifically mine is the vh4 we
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01295-00304407-00304606 usually use the initials for our email
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01296-00304607-00304727 addresses
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01297-00304728-00304927 uh so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01298-00304928-00305377 it's the h4s at source dot ac dot uk
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01299-00305378-00306103 [Music]
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01300-00306104-00306679 [Music]
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01301-00306680-00306951 feel free to email us
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01302-00306952-00307167 yeah and our next session is about
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01303-00307168-00307367 arabic and so students that who
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01304-00307368-00307591 mentioned about arabic you can attend
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01305-00307592-00307806 for our arabic session
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01306-00307807-00308103 later at 2 00 p.m and of course we need
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01307-00308104-00308391 to finish now to start that session so
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01308-00308392-00308615 thank you everyone and i will end the
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01309-00308616-00308799 meeting for now it's okay
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01310-00308800-00309071 okay thank you everybody thank you take
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01311-00309072-00309623 care bye
+FcbwXkl2QI8-01312-00309624-00309831 you
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00000-00000096-00000303 the sunda islands are a group of islands
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00001-00000304-00000463 in the malay archipelago they are
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00002-00000463-00000655 further divided into the greater sunda
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00003-00000656-00001254 islands and the lesser sunda islands
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00004-00001255-00001847 administration
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00005-00001848-00002039 the sunda islands are divided between
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00006-00002039-00002302 four countries namely brunei east timor
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00007-00002303-00002495 indonesia and malaysia
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00008-00002496-00002695 the majority of these islands fall under
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00009-00002696-00002958 the jurisdiction of indonesia borneo is
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00010-00002959-00003191 divided between brunei indonesia and
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00011-00003192-00003470 malaysia timor island is divided between
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00012-00003471-00003727 east timor and indonesia two small
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00013-00003728-00004351 islands also belong to east timor
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00014-00004352-00004959 list of islands
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00015-00004960-00005175 greater sunda islands
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00016-00005176-00005327 borneo
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00017-00005328-00005463 java
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00018-00005464-00005622 sumatra
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00019-00005623-00005999 sulawesi sunda islands from west to east
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00020-00006000-00006134 bali
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00021-00006135-00006279 lombok
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00022-00006280-00006431 sambawa
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00023-00006431-00006575 flores
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00024-00006576-00006710 sumba
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00025-00006711-00006846 timur
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00026-00006847-00007046 alor archipelago
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00027-00007047-00007263 bharat daya islands
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00028-00007264-00007719 tanambar islands
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00029-00007720-00007839 topic
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00030-00007840-00008287 wildlife
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00031-00008288-00008423 topic
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00032-00008424-00008631 these islands are host to organisms that
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00033-00008632-00008774 are different from those of the asian
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00034-00008775-00008895 mainland
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00035-00008896-00009119 fauna include the sunda clouded leopard
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00036-00009120-00009551 tiger and leopard
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00037-00009552-00010223 topic see also
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00038-00010224-00010383 banda arc
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00039-00010384-00010599 islands of indonesia
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00040-00010600-00010751 sunda arc
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00041-00010752-00010910 sundaland
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00042-00010911-00011446 sunda trench
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00043-00011447-00012359 references
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00044-00012360-00012966 external links
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00045-00012967-00013415 chisholm hugh ed 1911 sunda islands
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00046-00013416-00013799 encyclopedia britannica 26 11th ed
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00047-00013800-00014086 cambridge university press
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00048-00014087-00014303 visible earth page on the lesser sunda
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00049-00014304-00014438 islands
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00050-00014440-00014647 in english in french map of a part of
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00051-00014647-00014863 china the philippine islands the isles
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00052-00014863-00015086 of sunda the malukas the papuans is a
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00053-00015087-00015366 map from around 1760 featuring the sunda
+Fd4Hgl_Fv2y-00054-00015368-00015668 islands
+FektT0Cy9AY-00000-00000000-00000233 hello and welcome the topic of the day
+FektT0Cy9AY-00001-00000234-00000482 is New World Order was designed to fail
+FektT0Cy9AY-00002-00000483-00000698 inciting a revolt manipulating a
+FektT0Cy9AY-00003-00000699-00000965 revolution this subject may be new to
+FektT0Cy9AY-00004-00000966-00001145 many of you through my research I've
+FektT0Cy9AY-00005-00001146-00001310 come to the conclusion that this new
+FektT0Cy9AY-00006-00001311-00001547 world order totalitarian government was
+FektT0Cy9AY-00007-00001548-00001745 being set up or quite possibly was
+FektT0Cy9AY-00008-00001746-00002014 created to fail I'm going to try my best
+FektT0Cy9AY-00009-00002016-00002260 to explain to understand this video you
+FektT0Cy9AY-00010-00002261-00002372 will need to have a decent understanding
+FektT0Cy9AY-00011-00002373-00002626 of this new world order and also have
+FektT0Cy9AY-00012-00002627-00002827 basic knowledge of Alex Jones while Amy
+FektT0Cy9AY-00013-00002828-00003331 and grove in the wake up movement
+FektT0Cy9AY-00014-00003332-00003554 one question that had been on my mind
+FektT0Cy9AY-00015-00003554-00003776 for a very long time is why was the book
+FektT0Cy9AY-00016-00003777-00004031 1984 and a brave new world required
+FektT0Cy9AY-00017-00004032-00004262 reading for so many people keep in mind
+FektT0Cy9AY-00018-00004263-00004454 that both Huxley and/or well or both
+FektT0Cy9AY-00019-00004455-00004697 part of the Fabian Society these people
+FektT0Cy9AY-00020-00004698-00004820 didn't just happen to write these books
+FektT0Cy9AY-00021-00004821-00005117 just to warn or wake up the people these
+FektT0Cy9AY-00022-00005118-00005258 books were written for a specific reason
+FektT0Cy9AY-00023-00005259-00005453 and I believe was to paint a clear and
+FektT0Cy9AY-00024-00005454-00005630 definite picture of what this new world
+FektT0Cy9AY-00025-00005631-00005888 order totalitarian government is to
+FektT0Cy9AY-00026-00005889-00006209 create the ultimate boogeyman these are
+FektT0Cy9AY-00027-00006210-00006386 both very strong and powerful books that
+FektT0Cy9AY-00028-00006387-00006523 lead to a permanent vision deeply
+FektT0Cy9AY-00029-00006525-00006706 embedded into the minds of the readers I
+FektT0Cy9AY-00030-00006708-00006878 can understand hinting of what's going
+FektT0Cy9AY-00031-00006879-00007025 to happen in the future if you have that
+FektT0Cy9AY-00032-00007026-00007202 knowledge but if you have a goal of
+FektT0Cy9AY-00033-00007203-00007331 where you want to take the world the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00034-00007331-00007478 last thing you want to do is make so
+FektT0Cy9AY-00035-00007479-00007703 many people aware of it so why was this
+FektT0Cy9AY-00036-00007704-00007906 book required reading for many in school
+FektT0Cy9AY-00037-00007908-00008321 for over 40 years as time passes more
+FektT0Cy9AY-00038-00008322-00008468 and more books in movies including
+FektT0Cy9AY-00039-00008469-00008717 Fahrenheit 451 Brazil and many others
+FektT0Cy9AY-00040-00008718-00008873 clearly showing an overwhelmingly
+FektT0Cy9AY-00041-00008874-00009014 controlling government dictating
+FektT0Cy9AY-00042-00009015-00009152 everything to the mind-controlled
+FektT0Cy9AY-00043-00009153-00009424 populace a future not desired by anyone
+FektT0Cy9AY-00044-00009425-00009668 who watches it I believe that all of
+FektT0Cy9AY-00045-00009669-00009848 this is to give people a clear view of
+FektT0Cy9AY-00046-00009849-00010112 what the Orwellian State is not to help
+FektT0Cy9AY-00047-00010113-00010301 people are wit people up but to create
+FektT0Cy9AY-00048-00010302-00010511 the ultimate boogeyman to create and
+FektT0Cy9AY-00049-00010512-00010658 manipulate a rebellion when this
+FektT0Cy9AY-00050-00010659-00011222 controlling government begins to appear
+FektT0Cy9AY-00051-00011223-00011451 so now that we have this clear view of
+FektT0Cy9AY-00052-00011452-00011670 what this Orwellian State is people are
+FektT0Cy9AY-00053-00011671-00011919 later exposed to the rebellion Star Wars
+FektT0Cy9AY-00054-00011920-00012108 is just one set of movies among many
+FektT0Cy9AY-00055-00012109-00012255 books and movies but it is a perfect
+FektT0Cy9AY-00056-00012256-00012513 example with this reoccurring theme the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00057-00012514-00012844 rebels and the Empire are two main sides
+FektT0Cy9AY-00058-00012845-00013128 so before this new world order to talat
+FektT0Cy9AY-00059-00013129-00013311 Aryan government really begins to show
+FektT0Cy9AY-00060-00013312-00013521 itself people are presented with very
+FektT0Cy9AY-00061-00013522-00013743 clearly defined ideas of the dark Empire
+FektT0Cy9AY-00062-00013744-00013974 the bad guys and the light rebellion the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00063-00013975-00014477 good guys
+FektT0Cy9AY-00064-00014478-00014672 the children who have read these books
+FektT0Cy9AY-00065-00014672-00014830 in school and watch these movies have
+FektT0Cy9AY-00066-00014831-00015038 now grown up people are able to look at
+FektT0Cy9AY-00067-00015038-00015161 their government and notice more and
+FektT0Cy9AY-00068-00015162-00015344 more corruption and controls coming over
+FektT0Cy9AY-00069-00015344-00015538 them now more than ever those who have
+FektT0Cy9AY-00070-00015540-00015722 read these books about this totalitarian
+FektT0Cy9AY-00071-00015722-00015950 government have their implanted idea of
+FektT0Cy9AY-00072-00015951-00016127 exactly where it is going and do not
+FektT0Cy9AY-00073-00016128-00016403 like it and now the new world order
+FektT0Cy9AY-00074-00016404-00016597 comes into view this idea had been
+FektT0Cy9AY-00075-00016598-00016787 around for a long time but it was first
+FektT0Cy9AY-00076-00016788-00016934 strongly brought into view by Bush
+FektT0Cy9AY-00077-00016935-00017207 Senior in his September 11th 1990 speech
+FektT0Cy9AY-00078-00017208-00017429 to the Congress however it has since
+FektT0Cy9AY-00079-00017430-00017605 been brought up again and again by many
+FektT0Cy9AY-00080-00017606-00017822 people people can see more and more
+FektT0Cy9AY-00081-00017823-00017972 powers combining with various
+FektT0Cy9AY-00082-00017973-00018269 abbreviations like the UN and the EU etc
+FektT0Cy9AY-00083-00018270-00018527 on the side of the Empire's the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00084-00018528-00018743 mainstream mind frame these are the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00085-00018744-00018925 people still the masses that are what I
+FektT0Cy9AY-00086-00018926-00019067 like to think of us stuck in the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00087-00019068-00019304 mainstream mind templates these are the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00088-00019305-00019505 people of the extremely condition minds
+FektT0Cy9AY-00089-00019506-00019654 who still follow the left-right paradigm
+FektT0Cy9AY-00090-00019655-00019892 who believe that all they need to do is
+FektT0Cy9AY-00091-00019893-00020063 get the right leader or president to
+FektT0Cy9AY-00092-00020064-00020279 make everything all better keep in mind
+FektT0Cy9AY-00093-00020280-00020462 that people need to be divided adhering
+FektT0Cy9AY-00094-00020463-00020680 to the rules of divide and conquer these
+FektT0Cy9AY-00095-00020681-00020852 are the people who are oblivious to the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00096-00020853-00021083 changes going on just don't care or just
+FektT0Cy9AY-00097-00021084-00021212 can't think outside of their box
+FektT0Cy9AY-00098-00021213-00021464 realities but more importantly these are
+FektT0Cy9AY-00099-00021465-00022025 the people of the Empire
+FektT0Cy9AY-00100-00022026-00022311 in comes the alternative media largely
+FektT0Cy9AY-00101-00022312-00022515 including YouTube and alternative radio
+FektT0Cy9AY-00102-00022516-00022743 there are many in this alternative media
+FektT0Cy9AY-00103-00022744-00022962 but i'm going to mainly focus on alex
+FektT0Cy9AY-00104-00022963-00023172 jones since he has become such a leading
+FektT0Cy9AY-00105-00023173-00023376 voice of the rebels the alternative
+FektT0Cy9AY-00106-00023377-00023529 mainstream brings out a lot of
+FektT0Cy9AY-00107-00023530-00023700 information about the controlling elite
+FektT0Cy9AY-00108-00023701-00023940 and their plans don't get me wrong I am
+FektT0Cy9AY-00109-00023941-00024132 NOT defending these elite but what I am
+FektT0Cy9AY-00110-00024133-00024291 saying is that these puppeteers who
+FektT0Cy9AY-00111-00024292-00024462 control and dictate to lea lea are
+FektT0Cy9AY-00112-00024463-00024675 allowing and in fact purposely exposing
+FektT0Cy9AY-00113-00024676-00024852 at least in part who their puppets are
+FektT0Cy9AY-00114-00024853-00025068 in other words the true rulers are
+FektT0Cy9AY-00115-00025069-00025329 hanging the puppets out to dry what the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00116-00025330-00025506 alternative media doesn't explain is
+FektT0Cy9AY-00117-00025507-00025662 that the same hidden hand controlling
+FektT0Cy9AY-00118-00025663-00025827 the mainstream is also controlling the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00119-00025827-00026058 alternative mainstream as well this is
+FektT0Cy9AY-00120-00026058-00026226 why many people in the elite are being
+FektT0Cy9AY-00121-00026227-00026436 exposed by people like Alex Jones and
+FektT0Cy9AY-00122-00026437-00026724 Project Camelot Jesse Ventura etc this
+FektT0Cy9AY-00123-00026725-00026868 is why groups such as the Bilderberg
+FektT0Cy9AY-00124-00026869-00027087 Group trilateral commission and the CFR
+FektT0Cy9AY-00125-00027088-00027273 the secret societies and Bohemian Grove
+FektT0Cy9AY-00126-00027274-00027624 have gotten so much exposure on July
+FektT0Cy9AY-00127-00027625-00027873 fifteenth 2000 Alex Jones captured
+FektT0Cy9AY-00128-00027874-00028047 footage from the Bohemian Grove during
+FektT0Cy9AY-00129-00028048-00028224 one of their ceremonies he claimed that
+FektT0Cy9AY-00130-00028225-00028437 he just walked in when i saw this
+FektT0Cy9AY-00131-00028438-00028583 interview between him and david gergen
+FektT0Cy9AY-00132-00028585-00028806 something struck me as odd I'll play
+FektT0Cy9AY-00133-00028807-00029114 this clip for you David Gergen hot
+FektT0Cy9AY-00134-00029116-00029475 presidential adviser to Ford Reagan
+FektT0Cy9AY-00135-00029476-00029724 George Herbert Walker Bush and Bill
+FektT0Cy9AY-00136-00029725-00030036 Clinton we couldn't believe our luck it
+FektT0Cy9AY-00137-00030037-00030312 just so happens that David Gergen is
+FektT0Cy9AY-00138-00030313-00030531 also a prominent member of the Bohemian
+FektT0Cy9AY-00139-00030532-00030782 Grove the offshoot of skull and bones
+FektT0Cy9AY-00140-00030783-00031197 this insider of insiders a staple of the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00141-00031198-00031629 White House for 22 years got very upset
+FektT0Cy9AY-00142-00031630-00031895 and we brought up Bohemian Grove zia one
+FektT0Cy9AY-00143-00031897-00032127 last question i read a Washington Times
+FektT0Cy9AY-00144-00032127-00032373 article many years ago where you had a
+FektT0Cy9AY-00145-00032374-00032580 comment about the organization and then
+FektT0Cy9AY-00146-00032581-00032694 now it's been in the Wall Street Journal
+FektT0Cy9AY-00147-00032695-00032853 spent a lot of different newspapers and
+FektT0Cy9AY-00148-00032854-00033093 that's the Bohemian Grove and back in
+FektT0Cy9AY-00149-00033094-00033534 what was in 1996 when you joined as a
+FektT0Cy9AY-00150-00033535-00033693 Clinton advisor they were the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00151-00033694-00033852 Republicans were criticizing you Oh what
+FektT0Cy9AY-00152-00033853-00033996 about Bohemian Grove and then you
+FektT0Cy9AY-00153-00033997-00034209 calendar up and then you countered them
+FektT0Cy9AY-00154-00034210-00034338 by saying hey I don't run around in the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00155-00034339-00034503 woods nekkid what does that mean here is
+FektT0Cy9AY-00156-00034504-00034671 the before mentioned Washington Times
+FektT0Cy9AY-00157-00034672-00034775 article
+FektT0Cy9AY-00158-00034776-00034937 said I didn't run around nekkid like
+FektT0Cy9AY-00159-00034938-00035210 they do I don't I don't know what I
+FektT0Cy9AY-00160-00035211-00035372 don't know what quote you're referring
+FektT0Cy9AY-00161-00035373-00035527 to i'm not aware of any quote like that
+FektT0Cy9AY-00162-00035528-00036107 listen up i am a happy member of the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00163-00036108-00036287 aiming grow by like the folks who come
+FektT0Cy9AY-00164-00036288-00036551 there and it's really inappropriate for
+FektT0Cy9AY-00165-00036552-00036866 me to talk about a the group beyond
+FektT0Cy9AY-00166-00036867-00037076 their thang have you been there for the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00167-00037077-00037345 ceremony with the cremation of care
+FektT0Cy9AY-00168-00037346-00037601 frankly that I don't think that's
+FektT0Cy9AY-00169-00037602-00039151 something I need to talk to you about
+FektT0Cy9AY-00170-00039152-00039329 have you been there for the ceremony
+FektT0Cy9AY-00171-00039330-00039704 with the cremation of care frankly that
+FektT0Cy9AY-00172-00039705-00039893 I don't think that's something I need to
+FektT0Cy9AY-00173-00039894-00040076 talk to you about really that's right
+FektT0Cy9AY-00174-00040077-00040304 well i'm alex jones and I snuck in there
+FektT0Cy9AY-00175-00040305-00040475 in two thousand I'm the guy that blew it
+FektT0Cy9AY-00176-00040476-00040658 wide open we got the videos but on
+FektT0Cy9AY-00177-00040659-00040871 national TV well I disrespect you for
+FektT0Cy9AY-00178-00040872-00041108 that you did I do there's a lot of big
+FektT0Cy9AY-00179-00041109-00041258 public officials going in there you
+FektT0Cy9AY-00180-00041259-00041414 definitely deserve it out you took it I
+FektT0Cy9AY-00181-00041415-00041561 don't know anything about you and I
+FektT0Cy9AY-00182-00041562-00041699 don't know any about your film but if
+FektT0Cy9AY-00183-00041700-00041792 you go in there with an understanding
+FektT0Cy9AY-00184-00041793-00041930 you violated that understanding by
+FektT0Cy9AY-00185-00041931-00042071 releasing a film and I don't respect you
+FektT0Cy9AY-00186-00042072-00042404 for that really Ubik abuse I'm sorry you
+FektT0Cy9AY-00187-00042405-00042539 took an understanding when you went in
+FektT0Cy9AY-00188-00042540-00042686 there that you would not do that film
+FektT0Cy9AY-00189-00042687-00042797 and you did did you have an understand
+FektT0Cy9AY-00190-00042798-00042977 what you went in there no did you crash
+FektT0Cy9AY-00191-00042978-00043196 it yes yeah and that has no trespassing
+FektT0Cy9AY-00192-00043197-00043436 signs are two doesn't know yes oh I'm
+FektT0Cy9AY-00193-00043437-00043601 sure I'm sorry sir I've been there
+FektT0Cy9AY-00194-00043602-00043769 before I know I went circumstances are
+FektT0Cy9AY-00195-00043770-00043955 and I'm sorry you violated the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00196-00043956-00044111 understanding that it was not that was
+FektT0Cy9AY-00197-00044112-00044240 not a gentleman anything to do what
+FektT0Cy9AY-00198-00044241-00045016 about the ritual is the ritual genuinely
+FektT0Cy9AY-00199-00045017-00045278 when Alex Jones said he just walked in
+FektT0Cy9AY-00200-00045279-00045479 to Bohemian Grove Jurgen mentioned that
+FektT0Cy9AY-00201-00045480-00045680 he knew what the circumstances are you
+FektT0Cy9AY-00202-00045681-00045905 can't just walk in I believe that this
+FektT0Cy9AY-00203-00045906-00046154 man is in the correct Alex Jones didn't
+FektT0Cy9AY-00204-00046155-00046394 just walk in he was let in he was given
+FektT0Cy9AY-00205-00046395-00046559 a pass that partially exposed these
+FektT0Cy9AY-00206-00046560-00046733 people to further the agenda of those
+FektT0Cy9AY-00207-00046734-00046949 behind the lead to stronger cela defy
+FektT0Cy9AY-00208-00046950-00047216 the two sides the side of the good the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00209-00047217-00047405 rebels the truth is an unleavened truth
+FektT0Cy9AY-00210-00047406-00047603 movement the alternative media and the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00211-00047604-00047816 side of the bad the mainstream the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00212-00047817-00047990 politicians the people who appear to
+FektT0Cy9AY-00213-00047991-00048173 control the show and the mainstream
+FektT0Cy9AY-00214-00048174-00048607 media
+FektT0Cy9AY-00215-00048608-00048845 if you want to create a rebellion you
+FektT0Cy9AY-00216-00048846-00049091 have to get people mad very mad now you
+FektT0Cy9AY-00217-00049092-00049250 can't do it all at once since you need
+FektT0Cy9AY-00218-00049251-00049463 to keep the masses on your side you have
+FektT0Cy9AY-00219-00049464-00049613 to do it slowly with nothing too
+FektT0Cy9AY-00220-00049614-00049844 extravagant so you release things to the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00221-00049845-00050017 mainstream media one at a time
+FektT0Cy9AY-00222-00050018-00050225 everything that's gotten media attention
+FektT0Cy9AY-00223-00050226-00050441 is designed to do exactly this from the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00224-00050442-00050657 TSA to the oil spill to the power plant
+FektT0Cy9AY-00225-00050658-00050849 explosion in Japan to the corrupt
+FektT0Cy9AY-00226-00050850-00051017 politician showing their wieners I
+FektT0Cy9AY-00227-00051018-00051197 believe it's all designed to feel the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00228-00051198-00051371 rebellion with enough people to where it
+FektT0Cy9AY-00229-00051372-00051587 can revolt and yet keep it enough people
+FektT0Cy9AY-00230-00051588-00051790 in the Empire to be the defending force
+FektT0Cy9AY-00231-00051791-00052052 I'm going to show how far they have gone
+FektT0Cy9AY-00232-00052053-00052499 so hold on to your hats
+FektT0Cy9AY-00233-00052500-00052694 I saw this video sometime ago and didn't
+FektT0Cy9AY-00234-00052695-00052867 know what to think about it this shows a
+FektT0Cy9AY-00235-00052869-00053080 comparison to George Bush debating force
+FektT0Cy9AY-00236-00053082-00053341 2004 election to George Bush ten years
+FektT0Cy9AY-00237-00053342-00053741 prior you may find this surprising about
+FektT0Cy9AY-00238-00053741-00054014 ten years ago George Bush was a good
+FektT0Cy9AY-00239-00054015-00054341 leader listen for yourself he doesn't
+FektT0Cy9AY-00240-00054341-00054541 pause or stumble over big words or
+FektT0Cy9AY-00241-00054542-00054827 complicated sentences to answer your
+FektT0Cy9AY-00242-00054828-00055058 question what Texas ought to do is
+FektT0Cy9AY-00243-00055059-00055250 determine what the mission is at the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00244-00055251-00055475 state perspective I think that the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00245-00055476-00055658 mission and education ought to be
+FektT0Cy9AY-00246-00055659-00055844 excellence in literature math science
+FektT0Cy9AY-00247-00055845-00056111 and social science if school districts
+FektT0Cy9AY-00248-00056112-00056341 want to enrich beyond that more power to
+FektT0Cy9AY-00249-00056342-00056501 them but at the state perspective we
+FektT0Cy9AY-00250-00056502-00056786 ought to hone in on four subject matters
+FektT0Cy9AY-00251-00056787-00056990 and see if we can do it right we ought
+FektT0Cy9AY-00252-00056991-00057128 to determine the cost per pupil
+FektT0Cy9AY-00253-00057129-00057308 necessary to achieve excellence in the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00254-00057309-00057604 classroom and we ought to fund it the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00255-00057605-00057805 funding priority of the state of Texas
+FektT0Cy9AY-00256-00057807-00057967 ought to be the schoolchildren of our
+FektT0Cy9AY-00257-00057969-00058180 state and it has not been under the past
+FektT0Cy9AY-00258-00058182-00058370 four years the state's share of
+FektT0Cy9AY-00259-00058371-00058544 education has decreased to forty four
+FektT0Cy9AY-00260-00058545-00058792 percent that is why we have property
+FektT0Cy9AY-00261-00058794-00059021 taxes on the rise in nearly every single
+FektT0Cy9AY-00262-00059022-00059194 school district in the state of Texas
+FektT0Cy9AY-00263-00059195-00059477 define the mission determine the cost
+FektT0Cy9AY-00264-00059478-00059687 per pupil necessary to achieve the goal
+FektT0Cy9AY-00265-00059688-00059885 in elected governor who's willing to say
+FektT0Cy9AY-00266-00059886-00060055 that the number one funding priority of
+FektT0Cy9AY-00267-00060057-00060254 our state will be the schoolchildren of
+FektT0Cy9AY-00268-00060254-00060566 Texas that was George Bush in a debate
+FektT0Cy9AY-00269-00060566-00061007 without notes ten years ago compare that
+FektT0Cy9AY-00270-00061008-00061322 to this movie is an example actually
+FektT0Cy9AY-00271-00061323-00061862 we've increased funding for for dealing
+FektT0Cy9AY-00272-00061863-00062129 with nuclear proliferation about thirty
+FektT0Cy9AY-00273-00062129-00062246 five percent since I've been the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00274-00062247-00062591 president secondly we set up what's
+FektT0Cy9AY-00275-00062591-00062744 called the first of all I agree with the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00276-00062745-00063004 my opponent that the biggest threat
+FektT0Cy9AY-00277-00063005-00063248 facing this country is the weapons of
+FektT0Cy9AY-00278-00063249-00063374 mass destruction in the hands of a
+FektT0Cy9AY-00279-00063375-00063737 terrorist network and that's why we put
+FektT0Cy9AY-00280-00063738-00064030 proliferation as the one of the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00281-00064032-00064202 centerpieces of a multi-pronged strategy
+FektT0Cy9AY-00282-00064203-00064757 to make the country safer so how can you
+FektT0Cy9AY-00283-00064758-00064954 go from a decent speaker to a bumbling
+FektT0Cy9AY-00284-00064955-00065195 idiot what if that was exactly what Bush
+FektT0Cy9AY-00285-00065196-00065392 was supposed to be remember that
+FektT0Cy9AY-00286-00065394-00065543 presidents are not elected they are
+FektT0Cy9AY-00287-00065544-00065771 chosen the election process is to give
+FektT0Cy9AY-00288-00065772-00065894 people the illusion that they
+FektT0Cy9AY-00289-00065895-00066155 a say in what goes on in the world so
+FektT0Cy9AY-00290-00066156-00066311 why would they choose a person that is
+FektT0Cy9AY-00291-00066312-00066587 absolutely hated for eight years during
+FektT0Cy9AY-00292-00066588-00066737 those eight years you could hardly turn
+FektT0Cy9AY-00293-00066738-00066917 on the TV without seeing somebody making
+FektT0Cy9AY-00294-00066918-00067094 fun of the president for being an idiot
+FektT0Cy9AY-00295-00067095-00067322 or stupid or warmonger religious nut or
+FektT0Cy9AY-00296-00067323-00067496 whatever he was being called at a time I
+FektT0Cy9AY-00297-00067497-00067727 believe all of this was for who comes
+FektT0Cy9AY-00298-00067728-00068024 next in walks Obama here we have a
+FektT0Cy9AY-00299-00068025-00068198 person that seems unlike Bush in every
+FektT0Cy9AY-00300-00068199-00068396 way he is praised like a god and the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00301-00068397-00068576 masses of people fall in line to almost
+FektT0Cy9AY-00302-00068577-00068807 worship the man almost every news
+FektT0Cy9AY-00303-00068808-00068987 program praises him unlike anyone
+FektT0Cy9AY-00304-00068988-00069242 beforehand he speaks of doing things
+FektT0Cy9AY-00305-00069243-00069434 like anymore but speaking in vague terms
+FektT0Cy9AY-00306-00069435-00069638 so the masses of people believe you will
+FektT0Cy9AY-00307-00069639-00069860 bring them their innermost desires but
+FektT0Cy9AY-00308-00069861-00070070 nothing happens Obama doesn't fix
+FektT0Cy9AY-00309-00070071-00070301 anything only makes things worse but
+FektT0Cy9AY-00310-00070302-00070559 this was all by design it's one big
+FektT0Cy9AY-00311-00070560-00070862 setup to get people mad the higher they
+FektT0Cy9AY-00312-00070863-00071066 climb the harder they fall there is no
+FektT0Cy9AY-00313-00071067-00071219 way that could build up a man like this
+FektT0Cy9AY-00314-00071220-00071408 only to have them become one of them and
+FektT0Cy9AY-00315-00071409-00071612 not be expecting a bunch of angry people
+FektT0Cy9AY-00316-00071613-00072279 and possibly a revolt or revolution
+FektT0Cy9AY-00317-00072280-00072494 you can't do this alone who's gonna help
+FektT0Cy9AY-00318-00072495-00072681 me you so far you've all done have a
+FektT0Cy9AY-00319-00072682-00072924 bang-up job and help us fight with us
+FektT0Cy9AY-00320-00072925-00073194 fight with you or join the team be an
+FektT0Cy9AY-00321-00073195-00073371 x-man the hell do you think you are
+FektT0Cy9AY-00322-00073372-00073635 you're a mutant the whole world out
+FektT0Cy9AY-00323-00073636-00073809 there is full of people that hate and
+FektT0Cy9AY-00324-00073810-00073956 fear you and you're wasting your time
+FektT0Cy9AY-00325-00073957-00074184 trying to protect them I got better
+FektT0Cy9AY-00326-00074185-00074487 things to do you know Magneto's right
+FektT0Cy9AY-00327-00074488-00074813 there's a war coming you sure you're on
+FektT0Cy9AY-00328-00074814-00075093 the right side at least I've chosen a
+FektT0Cy9AY-00329-00075094-00075516 side so now that the people are starting
+FektT0Cy9AY-00330-00075517-00075705 to get angry and begin to distrust their
+FektT0Cy9AY-00331-00075706-00075849 government it's time to give them their
+FektT0Cy9AY-00332-00075850-00076035 controlled leaders to follow in order to
+FektT0Cy9AY-00333-00076036-00076169 take them in the direction that is
+FektT0Cy9AY-00334-00076170-00076368 appropriate there's lots of people who
+FektT0Cy9AY-00335-00076369-00076569 are out there but there's Ron Paul Mike
+FektT0Cy9AY-00336-00076570-00076773 Gravel Jesse Ventura and Glenn Beck just
+FektT0Cy9AY-00337-00076774-00077069 to name a few I'd like to show how well
+FektT0Cy9AY-00338-00077070-00077271 this is planned out we have our two main
+FektT0Cy9AY-00339-00077272-00077487 sides but it's not that easy because
+FektT0Cy9AY-00340-00077488-00077715 things are more divided than this this
+FektT0Cy9AY-00341-00077716-00077876 is where the Tea Partiers people's
+FektT0Cy9AY-00342-00077877-00078038 militia and other similar groups and
+FektT0Cy9AY-00343-00078039-00078231 movements come in all of these groups
+FektT0Cy9AY-00344-00078232-00078399 are sort of worn with each other for
+FektT0Cy9AY-00345-00078400-00078585 example the Tea Partiers do not mesh
+FektT0Cy9AY-00346-00078586-00078801 with a 911 truthers and the Alex Jones
+FektT0Cy9AY-00347-00078802-00078969 followers do not mesh with the Glenn
+FektT0Cy9AY-00348-00078970-00079287 Beck followers all the while if you
+FektT0Cy9AY-00349-00079288-00079476 watch the big Republican news you hear
+FektT0Cy9AY-00350-00079477-00079638 this whole wake up movement being called
+FektT0Cy9AY-00351-00079639-00079869 left-wing loons if you hear the fake
+FektT0Cy9AY-00352-00079870-00080046 Democratic reporting on this you usually
+FektT0Cy9AY-00353-00080047-00080207 hear the same groups being called
+FektT0Cy9AY-00354-00080208-00080517 right-wing extremists so you can now see
+FektT0Cy9AY-00355-00080518-00080718 that all these created manipulated sides
+FektT0Cy9AY-00356-00080719-00080946 are all worn with each other a classic
+FektT0Cy9AY-00357-00080947-00081306 case of dividing conquer so to sum of
+FektT0Cy9AY-00358-00081307-00081501 this video from the required reading in
+FektT0Cy9AY-00359-00081502-00081705 school and the many movies of this evil
+FektT0Cy9AY-00360-00081706-00081900 controlling government from all these
+FektT0Cy9AY-00361-00081901-00082074 controlled wake up movements in the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00362-00082075-00082263 alternative mainstream making the force
+FektT0Cy9AY-00363-00082264-00082476 against the government from all these
+FektT0Cy9AY-00364-00082477-00082617 things coming out into the mainstream
+FektT0Cy9AY-00365-00082618-00082809 that seem to be designed to make people
+FektT0Cy9AY-00366-00082810-00083081 angry from all these created movements
+FektT0Cy9AY-00367-00083082-00083298 and figureheads behind them I have come
+FektT0Cy9AY-00368-00083299-00083463 to the conclusion that this is all by
+FektT0Cy9AY-00369-00083464-00083618 design and that everything is going to
+FektT0Cy9AY-00370-00083619-00083847 plan that more and more revolts and
+FektT0Cy9AY-00371-00083848-00084048 possibly revolutions are coming and have
+FektT0Cy9AY-00372-00084049-00084315 been designed to come in addition ask
+FektT0Cy9AY-00373-00084316-00084476 yourself why is the internet been
+FektT0Cy9AY-00374-00084477-00084650 allowed to become such a big realm of
+FektT0Cy9AY-00375-00084651-00084906 information why is YouTube being allowed
+FektT0Cy9AY-00376-00084907-00085169 to bring out so much information things
+FektT0Cy9AY-00377-00085170-00085406 like this don't just happen these things
+FektT0Cy9AY-00378-00085407-00085584 were allowed to happen the question is
+FektT0Cy9AY-00379-00085585-00085674 by who and
+FektT0Cy9AY-00380-00085675-00085950 I but this is all just one part of the
+FektT0Cy9AY-00381-00085951-00086166 plan because eventually the true forces
+FektT0Cy9AY-00382-00086167-00086319 the puppeteers working behind the scenes
+FektT0Cy9AY-00383-00086320-00086577 are planning to expose themselves they
+FektT0Cy9AY-00384-00086578-00086738 said we'll get into in another video
+FektT0Cy9AY-00385-00086739-00086955 thanks for watching and I hope you have
+FektT0Cy9AY-00386-00086956-00087366 a wonderful illuminated day
+FemHL9BWBbI-00000-00000009-00000686 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00001-00000687-00001119 so
+FemHL9BWBbI-00003-00006368-00006581 so
+FemHL9BWBbI-00005-00013856-00016728 so
+FemHL9BWBbI-00007-00020528-00020670 so
+FemHL9BWBbI-00008-00020671-00021567 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00009-00021568-00024220 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00011-00030275-00031173 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00015-00054055-00054875 so
+FemHL9BWBbI-00017-00084335-00086568 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00020-00111616-00112143 so
+FemHL9BWBbI-00022-00115727-00116863 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00023-00116864-00117364 so
+FemHL9BWBbI-00024-00117365-00118469 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00025-00118470-00119838 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00027-00128040-00128538 so
+FemHL9BWBbI-00029-00135208-00136099 so
+FemHL9BWBbI-00031-00147069-00147789 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00033-00151416-00152132 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00034-00152133-00152904 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00035-00152905-00154125 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00036-00154126-00155613 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00037-00155614-00158085 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00038-00158086-00158857 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00039-00158858-00161060 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00040-00161061-00162682 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00041-00162683-00164786 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00042-00164787-00165749 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00043-00165750-00166101 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00044-00166102-00166113 [Applause]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00046-00169421-00170889 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00047-00170890-00172349 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00048-00172350-00172947 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00049-00172948-00173817 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00051-00179219-00181140 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00054-00204197-00204987 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00057-00222040-00223558 so
+FemHL9BWBbI-00058-00223559-00226294 so
+FemHL9BWBbI-00060-00231951-00233246 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00062-00243048-00243503 so
+FemHL9BWBbI-00063-00243504-00245913 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00066-00274452-00275749 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00067-00275750-00277957 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00068-00277958-00278683 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00069-00278684-00279492 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00071-00283544-00284832 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00072-00284833-00286471 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00073-00286472-00287764 so
+FemHL9BWBbI-00074-00287765-00288329 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00075-00288330-00289060 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00076-00289061-00289870 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00078-00293922-00295582 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00079-00295583-00295720 you
+FemHL9BWBbI-00080-00295721-00296723 [Applause]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00081-00296724-00299289 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00082-00299290-00300765 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00084-00309591-00310071 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00085-00310072-00310394 so
+FemHL9BWBbI-00086-00310395-00312734 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00088-00332232-00334127 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00089-00334128-00334317 so
+FemHL9BWBbI-00091-00337943-00340412 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00094-00364855-00365478 so
+FemHL9BWBbI-00095-00365479-00366982 [Music]
+FemHL9BWBbI-00096-00366983-00367192 you
+FgxhtddQvgk-00000-00000042-00000364 I know you told your friend you're not
+FgxhtddQvgk-00001-00000365-00000861 okay
+FgxhtddQvgk-00002-00000863-00001841 [Music]
+FgxhtddQvgk-00003-00001842-00002095 [Music]
+FgxhtddQvgk-00004-00002096-00002297 to cry
+FgxhtddQvgk-00005-00002298-00002639 cause you fade away
+FgxhtddQvgk-00006-00002640-00002873 yeah
+FgxhtddQvgk-00007-00002874-00003121 as you fade away
+FgxhtddQvgk-00008-00003122-00003457 yeah yeah
+FhLay-riRo8-00000-00000384-00000719 sweaty Palms
+FhLay-riRo8-00001-00000720-00001019 knots in your stomach
+FhLay-riRo8-00002-00001019-00001199 and a racing heart that seems to be
+FhLay-riRo8-00003-00001200-00001630 stuck in your throat
+FhLay-riRo8-00004-00001632-00001871 no you aren't on the battlefield
+FhLay-riRo8-00005-00001872-00002315 surrounded by enemies
+FhLay-riRo8-00006-00002316-00002537 we're speaking in public
+FhLay-riRo8-00007-00002538-00002640 or in a meeting at work
+FhLay-riRo8-00008-00002641-00002800 [Music]
+FhLay-riRo8-00009-00002801-00003065 what if I say something stupid these
+FhLay-riRo8-00010-00003066-00003222 thoughts sound the brain's alarm system
+FhLay-riRo8-00011-00003223-00003490 preparing your body for fight or flight
+FhLay-riRo8-00012-00003492-00003820 after all it's time for battle this
+FhLay-riRo8-00013-00003821-00004019 Chain Reaction makes you want to do one
+FhLay-riRo8-00014-00004020-00004338 thing run
+FhLay-riRo8-00015-00004339-00004570 but running won't help you conquer your
+FhLay-riRo8-00016-00004571-00004720 dreams so how can you make your mind
+FhLay-riRo8-00017-00004721-00004931 work for you the secret is to rewire
+FhLay-riRo8-00018-00004932-00005086 your brain
+FhLay-riRo8-00019-00005087-00005272 starts by simply noticing your emotions
+FhLay-riRo8-00020-00005273-00005483 and thoughts what if
+FhLay-riRo8-00021-00005484-00005656 and training your mind to make that
+FhLay-riRo8-00022-00005657-00005872 Chain Reaction a powerful Ally that
+FhLay-riRo8-00023-00005873-00005964 makes you feel your best
+FhLay-riRo8-00024-00005965-00006270 [Music]
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00000-00000104-00000503 farfa uk u.s canada vietnamese f listen
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00001-00000504-00000743 is a vietnamese soup consisting of broth
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00002-00000744-00000999 rice noodles called bon fa a few herbs
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00003-00001000-00001199 and meat primarily made with either beef
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00004-00001200-00001439 pho bo or chicken thigh
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00005-00001440-00001671 fuzz a popular street food in vietnam
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00006-00001672-00001823 and the specialty of a number of
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00007-00001823-00002055 restaurant chains around the world
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00008-00002056-00002302 pha originated in the early 20th century
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00009-00002303-00002518 in northern vietnam and was popularized
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00010-00002519-00002663 throughout the rest of the world by
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00011-00002664-00002918 refugees after the vietnam war
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00012-00002919-00003079 because foe's origins are poorly
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00013-00003080-00003247 documented there is significant
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00014-00003247-00003406 disagreement over the cultural
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00015-00003407-00003599 influences that led to its development
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00016-00003600-00003815 in vietnam as well as the etymology of
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00017-00003815-00003967 the word itself
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00018-00003968-00004183 the hanoi and saigon styles of pho
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00019-00004184-00004367 differ by noodle width sweetness of
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00020-00004368-00004583 broth and choice of herbs
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00021-00004584-00004831 a related noodle soup boon bo hue which
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00022-00004832-00005022 is a spicy beef noodle soup is
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00023-00005023-00005683 associated with hugh in central
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00024-00005684-00006295 vietnam topic history
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00025-00006296-00006470 though likely evolved from similar
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00026-00006472-00006663 dishes for example villagers in
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00027-00006664-00006855 vancouver say they ate fal long before
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00028-00006856-00007063 the french colonial period
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00029-00007064-00007255 the modern form of the dish emerged
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00030-00007256-00007542 between 1900 and 1907 in northern
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00031-00007543-00007791 vietnam southeast of hanoi in namdin
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00032-00007792-00007983 province then a substantial textile
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00033-00007984-00008095 market
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00034-00008095-00008310 the traditional home of pha is reputed
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00035-00008311-00008574 to be the villages of van ku and ku or
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00036-00008575-00008831 gaoku in dong xan commune nom truck
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00037-00008832-00009063 district nam din province cultural
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00038-00009064-00009255 historian and researcher trinh huang
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00039-00009256-00009455 dung believes that the popularization
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00040-00009456-00009639 and origins of the modern phu stemmed
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00041-00009640-00009783 from the intersection of several
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00042-00009784-00009991 historical and cultural factors in the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00043-00009992-00010191 early 20th century
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00044-00010192-00010391 these include the higher availability of
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00045-00010392-00010606 beef due to french demand which in turn
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00046-00010607-00010791 produced beef bones that were purchased
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00047-00010792-00010991 by chinese workers to make into a dish
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00048-00010992-00011246 similar to pha called nu-nuk fan
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00049-00011247-00011446 the demand for this dish was initially
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00050-00011447-00011614 the greatest with workers sourced from
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00051-00011615-00011831 the provinces of yunnan and guangdong
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00052-00011832-00012014 who found affinity to the dish due to
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00053-00012015-00012159 its similarities to that of their
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00054-00012160-00012391 homeland which eventually popularized
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00055-00012392-00012559 and familiarized this dish with the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00056-00012560-00012767 general population thua was originally
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00057-00012768-00012983 sold at dawn and dusk by roaming street
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00058-00012984-00013175 vendors who shouldered mobile kitchens
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00059-00013176-00013407 on carrying poles gan thu
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00060-00013408-00013615 from the pole hung two wooden cabinets
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00061-00013616-00013838 one housing a cauldron over a wood fire
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00062-00013840-00014038 the other storing noodles spices
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00063-00014040-00014255 cookware and space to prepare a bowl of
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00064-00014256-00014343 pho
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00065-00014344-00014543 the heavy gan was always shouldered by
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00066-00014544-00014735 men they kept their heads warm with
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00067-00014736-00014935 distinctive disheveled felt hats called
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00068-00014936-00015183 mufa hanoi's first two fixed fuss stands
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00069-00015184-00015383 were a vietnamese-owned cat tuang on
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00070-00015384-00015599 cowgo street and a chinese-owned stand
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00071-00015600-00015830 in front of boho tram stop
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00072-00015831-00016079 they were joined in 1918 by two more on
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00073-00016080-00016286 kwat row and dongro
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00074-00016287-00016615 around 1925 a vanku villager named van
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00075-00016616-00016903 opened the first nam din style
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00076-00016904-00017150 thus stand in hanoi ganfa declined in
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00077-00017151-00017363 number around
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00078-00017364-00017599 1936-1946 in favor of stationary
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00079-00017600-00018255 eateries
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00080-00018256-00018671 development
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00081-00018672-00018919 in the late 1920s various vendors
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00082-00018920-00019175 experimented with hung lu sesame oil
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00083-00019176-00019447 tofu and even lethocerus indicus extract
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00084-00019448-00019583 kha kwang
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00085-00019584-00019886 this fukhai luang failed to enter the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00086-00019887-00020127 mainstream thuttai served with rare beef
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00087-00020128-00020391 had been introduced by 1930.
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00088-00020392-00020678 chicken pho appeared in 1939 possibly
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00089-00020679-00020871 because beef was not sold at the markets
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00090-00020872-00021143 on mondays and fridays at the time
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00091-00021144-00021430 with the partition of vietnam in 1954
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00092-00021431-00021647 over a million people fled north vietnam
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00093-00021648-00021814 for south vietnam
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00094-00021815-00022055 phu previously unpopular in the south
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00095-00022056-00022311 suddenly took off no longer confined to
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00096-00022312-00022550 northern culinary traditions variations
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00097-00022551-00022719 in meat and broth appeared and
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00098-00022720-00022958 additional garnishes such as lime bean
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00099-00022959-00023271 sprouts cilantro go guy cinnamon basil
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00100-00023272-00023550 hung k hoison sauce tuang den and hot
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00101-00023551-00023791 chili sauce tuang oat became standard
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00102-00023792-00023886 fare
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00103-00023887-00024094 fuh fattai also began to rival fully
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00104-00024095-00024335 cooked fuchin in popularity
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00105-00024336-00024503 migrants from the north similarly
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00106-00024504-00024758 popularized ban mi sandwiches meanwhile
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00107-00024759-00024975 in north vietnam private pha restaurants
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00108-00024976-00025199 were nationalized mao dik kwak don and
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00109-00025200-00025399 began serving fun noodles made from old
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00110-00025400-00025519 rice
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00111-00025520-00025687 street vendors were forced to use
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00112-00025688-00025983 noodles made of imported potato flour
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00113-00025983-00026183 officially banned as capitalism these
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00114-00026183-00026383 vendors prized portability carrying
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00115-00026383-00026551 their wares on gan and setting out
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00116-00026552-00026807 plastic stools for customers
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00117-00026808-00027102 during the so-called subsidy period
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00118-00027104-00027302 following the vietnam war state-owned
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00119-00027304-00027455 though eateries served a meatless
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00120-00027456-00027702 variety of the dish known as pilotless
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00121-00027704-00027783 fa
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00122-00027783-00028046 thakhong noi lai in reference to the u.s
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00123-00028047-00028223 air force's unmanned reconnaissance
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00124-00028224-00028335 drones
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00125-00028336-00028558 the broth consisted of boiled water with
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00126-00028560-00028799 msg added for taste as there were often
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00127-00028800-00028990 shortages on various foodstuffs like
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00128-00028991-00029223 meat and rice during that period
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00129-00029224-00029446 bread or cold rice was often served as a
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00130-00029447-00029639 side dish leading to the present-day
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00131-00029639-00029823 practice of dipping key and pho pha
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00132-00029824-00030031 eateries were privatized as part of doi
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00133-00030032-00030135 moi
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00134-00030136-00030351 however many street vendors must still
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00135-00030352-00030527 maintain a light footprint to evade
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00136-00030527-00030718 police enforcing the street tidiness
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00137-00030719-00030918 rules that replaced the ban on private
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00138-00030919-00031558 ownership
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00139-00031560-00032007 globalization
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00140-00032008-00032199 in the aftermath of the vietnam war
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00141-00032200-00032423 vietnamese refugees brought fa to many
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00142-00032424-00032551 countries
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00143-00032552-00032774 restaurants specializing in pho appeared
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00144-00032775-00032967 in numerous asian enclaves and little
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00145-00032968-00033207 saigons such as in paris and in major
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00146-00033208-00033423 cities in the united states canada and
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00147-00033424-00033559 australia
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00148-00033560-00033799 in 1980 the first of hundreds of pha
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00149-00033800-00033999 restaurants opened in the little saigon
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00150-00034000-00034190 in orange county california in the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00151-00034191-00034383 united states pha began to enter the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00152-00034384-00034646 mainstream during the 1990s as relations
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00153-00034647-00034911 between the u.s and vietnam improved
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00154-00034912-00035111 at that time vietnamese restaurants
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00155-00035112-00035302 began opening quickly in texas and
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00156-00035303-00035527 california spreading rapidly along the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00157-00035528-00035735 gulf and west coasts as well as the east
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00158-00035736-00035959 coast and the rest of the country
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00159-00035960-00036183 during the 2000s far restaurants in the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00160-00036184-00036495 united states generated 500 million in
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00161-00036496-00036655 annual revenue according to an
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00162-00036656-00036823 unofficial estimate
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00163-00036824-00037030 can now be found in cafeterias at
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00164-00037031-00037246 many college and corporate campuses
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00165-00037247-00037487 especially on the west coast the word
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00166-00037488-00037567 pha
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00167-00037568-00037767 was added to the shorter oxford english
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00168-00037768-00038007 dictionary in 2007.
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00169-00038008-00038335 phu is listed at number 28 on world's 50
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00170-00038336-00038535 most delicious foods
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00171-00038536-00038839 compiled by cnn go in 2011. the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00172-00038840-00039102 vietnamese embassy in mexico celebrated
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00173-00039103-00039399 fa day on april 3 2016 with osaka
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00174-00039400-00039543 prefecture holding a similar
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00175-00039544-00039767 commemoration the following day
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00176-00039768-00039974 pha has been adopted by other southeast
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00177-00039975-00040262 asian cuisines including mung cuisine
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00178-00040263-00040527 it sometimes appears as fu
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00179-00040528-00041239 on menus in australia
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00180-00041240-00041783 etymology and origins
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00181-00041784-00042015 reviews of 19th and 20th century
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00182-00042016-00042207 indochinese literature have found that
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00183-00042208-00042390 pha entered the mainstream sometime in
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00184-00042391-00042567 the 1910s
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00185-00042568-00042895 pham dinho's 1827 han nom dictionary
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00186-00042896-00043135 nyat dung thwang dam includes an entry
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00187-00043136-00043351 for rice noodles traditional chinese
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00188-00043352-00043615 yusu bing vietnamese nokta bin with the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00189-00043616-00043927 definition luo pufu vietnamese la ban
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00190-00043928-00044239 fabo is b fun noodle borrowing a
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00191-00044240-00044687 character ordinarily pronounced
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00192-00044688-00044927 to refer to pha georges dumatier's
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00193-00044928-00045190 extensive 1907 account of vietnamese
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00194-00045191-00045399 cuisine omits any mention of pho while
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00195-00045400-00045590 nguyen konghon recalls its sale by
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00196-00045591-00045839 street vendors in 1913.
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00197-00045840-00046135 a 1931 dictionary is the first to define
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00198-00046136-00046430 pha as a soup from the word fan a dish
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00199-00046431-00046695 consisting of small slices of rice cake
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00200-00046696-00046902 boiled with beef
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00201-00046903-00047111 possibly the earliest english language
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00202-00047112-00047327 reference to pho was in the book recipes
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00203-00047328-00047567 of all nations edited by countess morphe
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00204-00047568-00047886 in 1935 in the book pha is described as
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00205-00047887-00048286 an anime's soup held in high esteem
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00206-00048287-00048574 made with beef a veal bone onions a bay
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00207-00048575-00048815 leaf salt and pepper and a small
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00208-00048816-00049111 teaspoon of nook mam
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00209-00049112-00049295 there are two prevailing theories on the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00210-00049296-00049527 origin of the word pha and by extension
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00211-00049528-00049679 the dish itself
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00212-00049680-00049918 as author nguyen do notes both questions
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00213-00049919-00050646 are significant to vietnamese identity
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00214-00050647-00051135 topic from french
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00215-00051136-00051326 french settlers commonly ate beef
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00216-00051327-00051526 whereas vietnamese traditionally ate
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00217-00051527-00051711 pork and chicken and used cattle as
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00218-00051712-00051870 beasts of burden
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00219-00051871-00052223 gustav hugh 1937 equates chao pha to the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00220-00052224-00052494 french bee stew pot o fu literally pod
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00221-00052495-00052638 on the fire
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00222-00052639-00052854 accordingly western sources generally
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00223-00052855-00053094 maintain that fuzz derived from poto fu
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00224-00053095-00053303 in both name and substance
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00225-00053304-00053526 however several scholars dispute this
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00226-00053527-00053726 etymology on the basis of the stark
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00227-00053727-00053966 differences between the two dishes
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00228-00053967-00054182 ironically pha in french has long been
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00229-00054183-00054407 pronounced foe rather than foe in jean
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00230-00054408-00054687 tardus letra de hanoya or roger martin
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00231-00054688-00055142 du gard 1928 a soup vendor cries fu-o
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00232-00055144-00055359 in the street many hanoians explain that
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00233-00055360-00055511 the word pha derives from french
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00234-00055512-00055719 soldiers ordering foo
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00235-00055720-00055950 fire from ganfa referring to both the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00236-00055951-00056150 steam rising from a bowl of pho and the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00237-00056151-00056375 wood fire seen glowing from a gan pho in
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00238-00056376-00056582 the evening food historian erika j
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00239-00056583-00056742 peters argues that the french have
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00240-00056744-00056950 embraced pha in a way that overlooks its
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00241-00056951-00057142 origins as a local improvisation
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00242-00057144-00057382 reinforcing an idea that the french
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00243-00057383-00057566 brought modern ingenuity to a
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00244-00057567-00057807 traditionalist vietnam
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00245-00057808-00057999 it is also sometimes assumed that the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00246-00058000-00058175 names of the varieties of pho
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00247-00058176-00058479 specifically fubo beef and fuga chicken
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00248-00058479-00058703 are also a french or even latin origin
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00249-00058704-00059071 as latin boss and gallus mean cattle and
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00250-00059072-00059335 chicken respectively but this is an
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00251-00059336-00059542 apparent coincidence as bo and ga are
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00252-00059544-00060287 native vietnamese words
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00253-00060288-00060726 from cantonese
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00254-00060727-00061071 hugh and eugen guin 1957 both define pho
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00255-00061072-00061366 by itself as an abbreviation of luke
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00256-00061367-00061679 elucidating on the 1931 dictionary guin
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00257-00061679-00061775 and la
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00258-00061776-00062063 1970 both give luke fu as a corruption
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00259-00062064-00062319 of new nuk fan chinese niu rufen
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00260-00062320-00062735 cantonese yale ngau-4 yuk 6 fan 2 cow
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00261-00062736-00063006 meat noodles which was commonly sold by
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00262-00063007-00063215 chinese immigrants in hanoi is an
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00263-00063216-00063399 allophone of elle in some northern
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00264-00063400-00063630 dialects of vietnamese
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00265-00063632-00063847 some scholars argue that phu the dish
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00266-00063848-00064103 evolved from zao trau a vietnamese dish
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00267-00064104-00064263 common in hanoi at the turn of the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00268-00064264-00064391 century
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00269-00064391-00064582 originally eaten by commoners near the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00270-00064583-00064791 red river it consisted of stir-fried
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00271-00064791-00064982 strips of water buffalo meat served in
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00272-00064983-00065223 broth atop rice vermicelli
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00273-00065224-00065567 around 1908 1909 the shipping industry
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00274-00065568-00065791 brought an influx of laborers
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00275-00065792-00066023 vietnamese and chinese cooks set up gann
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00276-00066024-00066199 to serve them zao trao but later
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00277-00066200-00066406 switched to inexpensive scraps of beef
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00278-00066407-00066599 set aside by butchers who sold to the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00279-00066600-00066711 french
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00280-00066712-00066950 chinese vendors advertised this zao beau
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00281-00066951-00067271 by crying out beef and noodles cantonese
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00282-00067272-00067550 yale now yuck fan vietnamese new nuck
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00283-00067551-00067655 fan
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00284-00067656-00067894 eventually the street cry became meat
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00285-00067895-00068015 and noodles
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00286-00068016-00068294 chinese rue fenn cantonese yale yuck fan
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00287-00068295-00068503 vietnamese nuk fan with the last
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00288-00068504-00068687 syllable elongated
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00289-00068688-00068935 nguyen noc suggests that the final
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00290-00068936-00069006 n
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00291-00069007-00069182 was eventually dropped because of the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00292-00069183-00069423 similar-sounding fan traditional chinese
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00293-00069424-00069743 fen-simplified chinese an excrement
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00294-00069744-00069959 the french author jean marquette refers
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00295-00069960-00070126 to the dish as
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00296-00070127-00070247 c foo
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00297-00070248-00070606 in his 1919 novel do village a la cita
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00298-00070607-00070806 this is likely what the vietnamese poet
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00299-00070807-00071062 tanda calls nuk fu
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00300-00071063-00071262 in dan bak
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00301-00071263-00072175 gambling written around 1915-19
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00302-00072176-00072775 topic ingredients and preparation
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00303-00072776-00072982 pho is served in a bowl with a specific
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00304-00072983-00073199 cut of flat rice noodles in clear beef
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00305-00073200-00073438 broth with thin cuts of beef steak fatty
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00306-00073439-00073687 flank lean flank brisket
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00307-00073688-00073903 variations feature slow-cooked tendon
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00308-00073904-00074206 tripe or meatballs in southern vietnam
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00309-00074207-00074382 chicken pho is made using the same
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00310-00074383-00074582 spices as beef but the broth is made
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00311-00074583-00074782 using only chicken bones and meat as
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00312-00074783-00074950 well as some internal organs of the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00313-00074951-00075094 chicken such as the heart the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00314-00075095-00075767 undeveloped eggs and the gizzard
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00315-00075768-00076238 topic noodles
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00316-00076239-00076447 the medium-width dried rice noodle that
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00317-00076448-00076671 is usually used is called bon fu but
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00318-00076672-00076831 some versions may be made with fresh
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00319-00076832-00077038 rice noodles called bon fu tui in
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00320-00077039-00077255 vietnamese or koitiao
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00321-00077256-00077447 these noodles are labelled on packaging
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00322-00077448-00077687 as bon fa tui fresh fun noodles in
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00323-00077688-00077991 vietnamese shin xian chow jo guo tiao
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00324-00077992-00078262 fresh chow joe coutive in chinese walnum
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00325-00078263-00078503 sal gugzu vietnamese rice noodle in
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00326-00078504-00078775 korean and kuata senlek thin coutive in
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00327-00078776-00079335 thai
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00328-00079336-00079782 topic broth
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00329-00079783-00079991 the broth for beef pho is generally made
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00330-00079992-00080255 by simmering beef bones oxtails flank
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00331-00080256-00080462 steak charred onion charred ginger and
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00332-00080463-00080591 spices
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00333-00080592-00080799 for a more intense flavor the bones may
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00334-00080800-00080975 still have beef on them
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00335-00080976-00081175 chicken bones also work and produce a
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00336-00081176-00081415 similar broth seasonings can include
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00337-00081416-00081615 saigon cinnamon or other kinds of
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00338-00081616-00081847 cinnamon as alternatives may use usually
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00339-00081848-00082079 in stick form sometimes in powder form
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00340-00082080-00082303 in pho restaurant franchises overseas
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00341-00082304-00082575 star anise roasted ginger roasted onion
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00342-00082576-00082799 black cardamom coriander seed fennel
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00343-00082800-00082959 seed and clove
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00344-00082960-00083191 the broth takes several hours to make
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00345-00083192-00083391 for chicken thaw only the meat and bones
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00346-00083392-00083582 of the chicken are used in place of beef
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00347-00083583-00083718 and beef bone
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00348-00083719-00083943 the remaining spices remain the same but
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00349-00083944-00084126 the charred ginger can be omitted since
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00350-00084127-00084335 its function in beef is to subdue the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00351-00084336-00084575 quite strong smell of beef
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00352-00084576-00084806 the spices often wrapped in cheesecloth
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00353-00084807-00084982 or a soaking bag to prevent them from
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00354-00084983-00085175 floating all over the pot usually
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00355-00085176-00085462 contain cloves star anise coriander seed
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00356-00085463-00085718 fennel cinnamon black cardamom ginger
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00357-00085719-00085871 and onion
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00358-00085872-00086071 careful cooks often roast ginger and
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00359-00086072-00086262 onion over an open fire for about a
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00360-00086263-00086438 minute before adding them to the stock
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00361-00086439-00086638 to bring out their full flavor
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00362-00086639-00086838 they also skim off all the impurities
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00363-00086839-00087031 that float to the top while cooking this
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00364-00087032-00087238 is the key to a clear broth
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00365-00087239-00087471 nook mam fish sauce is added toward the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00366-00087472-00087982 end
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00367-00087983-00088462 topic garnishes
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00368-00088463-00088671 vietnamese dishes are typically served
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00369-00088672-00088935 with lots of greens herbs vegetables and
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00370-00088936-00089135 various other accompaniments such as
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00371-00089136-00089375 dipping sauces hot and spicy paste such
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00372-00089376-00089582 as sriracha and a squeeze of lime or
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00373-00089583-00089782 lemon juice it may also be served with
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00374-00089783-00089935 hoisin sauce
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00375-00089936-00090118 the dish is garnished with ingredients
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00376-00090119-00090343 such as green onions white onions thai
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00377-00090344-00090543 basil not to be confused with sweet
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00378-00090544-00090791 basil fresh thai chili peppers lemon or
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00379-00090792-00091055 lime wedges bean sprouts and cilantro
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00380-00091056-00091311 coriander leaves or cilantro
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00381-00091312-00091567 fish sauce hoison sauce chili oil and
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00382-00091568-00091799 hot chili sauce such as sriracha sauce
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00383-00091800-00091999 may be added to taste as accompaniments
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00384-00092000-00092206 several ingredients not generally served
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00385-00092207-00092462 with fun may be ordered by request
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00386-00092463-00092679 extra fatty broth nook bao can be
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00387-00092680-00092838 ordered and comes with scallions to
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00388-00092839-00092959 sweeten it
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00389-00092960-00093199 a popular side dish ordered upon request
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00390-00093200-00093943 is hon dam or vinegared white onions
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00391-00093944-00094471 topic regional variants
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00392-00094472-00094679 the several regional variants of pha in
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00393-00094680-00094935 vietnam particularly divided between
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00394-00094936-00095071 northern pha
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00395-00095072-00095326 thub back and southern pha
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00396-00095327-00095550 or saigon pho
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00397-00095551-00095791 fus saigon northern pha tends to use
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00398-00095792-00095974 somewhat wider noodles and much more
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00399-00095975-00096167 green onion and garnishes offered
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00400-00096168-00096367 generally include only vinegar fish
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00401-00096368-00096567 sauce and chili sauce
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00402-00096568-00096767 on the other hand southern vietnamese
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00403-00096768-00096967 fab roth is slightly sweeter and has
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00404-00096968-00097167 bean sprouts and a greater variety of
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00405-00097168-00097311 fresh herbs
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00406-00097312-00097462 fun may be served with either fun
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00407-00097463-00097759 noodles or coutive noodles huti u
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00408-00097760-00097950 the variations in meat broth and
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00409-00097951-00098174 additional garnishes such as lime bean
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00410-00098175-00098479 sprouts go gai oringium fetidum hung k
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00411-00098480-00098726 thai asian basil and tuang den bean
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00412-00098727-00098991 sauce hoison sauce tuang oat hot chili
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00413-00098992-00099255 sauce eg sriracha sauce appear to be
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00414-00099256-00099479 innovations made by or introduced to the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00415-00099480-00099687 south international variants include
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00416-00099688-00099926 fun-made using tofu and vegetable broth
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00417-00099927-00100159 for vegetarians fushae and a larger
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00418-00100160-00100382 variety of vegetables such as carrots
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00419-00100383-00100550 and broccoli
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00420-00100551-00100735 many pha restaurants in the united
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00421-00100736-00100935 states offer oversized helpings with
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00422-00100936-00101174 names such as train pho
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00423-00101175-00101447 thuzzy lua airplane pho
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00424-00101448-00101767 fatau bay or california pho
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00425-00101768-00102047 thu ca li some restaurants offer a fa
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00426-00102048-00102206 eating challenge with prizes for
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00427-00102207-00102471 finishing as much as 10 pounds 4.5
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00428-00102472-00102734 kilograms of pho in one sitting
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00429-00102735-00102951 in some parts of the united states fresh
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00430-00102952-00103215 bonfer is not widely available
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00431-00103216-00103454 dried noodles called bon fu co are often
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00432-00103455-00103702 used instead some restaurants may serve
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00433-00103703-00103934 bon fa tui fresh fun noodles upon
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00434-00103935-00104542 request
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00435-00104543-00105102 topic notable restaurants
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00436-00105103-00105463 before 1975 famous phu shops in saigon
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00437-00105464-00105783 included phukong li futau bay fatau tui
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00438-00105783-00105943 and fabado
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00439-00105944-00106158 pasture street thaufa pasture was a
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00440-00106159-00106351 street famous for its beef pho while
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00441-00106352-00106566 heen vong street pha fahin vong was
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00442-00106567-00106758 known for its chicken pho
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00443-00106759-00106983 at fab bin american soldiers dined as
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00444-00106983-00107151 viet cong agents planned the tet
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00445-00107152-00107375 offensive just upstairs
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00446-00107376-00107615 nowadays in ho chi minh city well-known
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00447-00107616-00107854 restaurants include fawa pasteur and pha
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00448-00107855-00108110 2000 which u.s president bill clinton
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00449-00108111-00108327 visited in 2000. one of the largest
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00450-00108328-00108615 restaurant chains in vietnam is phu 24 a
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00451-00108616-00108863 subsidiary of hyland's coffee with 60
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00452-00108864-00109143 locations in vietnam and 20 abroad
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00453-00109144-00109334 the largest fuch chain in the united
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00454-00109335-00109590 states is fawa which operates over 70
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00455-00109591-00109823 locations in seven countries
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00456-00109824-00110078 a similar restaurant named thus 75
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00457-00110079-00110263 serves in the washington d.c and
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00458-00110264-00110486 philadelphia pennsylvania areas in the
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00459-00110488-00110783 united states in 2011. thiato in santa
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00460-00110783-00111047 monica california auctioned off bowls of
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00461-00111048-00111183 anchi phu
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00462-00111183-00111447 prepared with type a5 wagyu beef white
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00463-00111448-00111663 truffles foie gras broth and noodles
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00464-00111664-00111854 made of rare blue lobster meat with a
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00465-00111855-00112183 starting price of 5 000
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00466-00112183-00112390 benefited children's hospital los
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00467-00112391-00112615 angeles children's hospital of orange
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00468-00112616-00112854 county and ucsf benioff children's
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00469-00112855-00113527 hospital
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00470-00113528-00114007 related dishes
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00471-00114008-00114239 aside from pho many other vietnamese
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00472-00114240-00114454 dishes require fun noodles including
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00473-00114455-00114743 stir-fried ph fuzzo pan-fried pho pha
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00474-00114744-00114990 app chao fu spring roll thug goon and
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00475-00114991-00115183 saurfa fachua
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00476-00115183-00115415 other popular vietnamese noodle dishes
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00477-00115416-00115671 include boon ryu boon bo hue another
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00478-00115672-00115943 beef noodle soup boon cha huty u boon
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00479-00115944-00116247 tea nun and me kwang
+FlvxAIM-jLy-00480-00116248-00116583 equals equal c also
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00000-00000003-00000269 in this video I'm going to show you a
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00001-00000270-00000542 database that allows you to search for
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00002-00000543-00000815 graduate schools and scholarships it's
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00003-00000816-00000947 called the testing and education
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00004-00000948-00001354 Reference Center from the library's
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00005-00001355-00001676 homepage which is library appstate ET
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00006-00001677-00001939 you look on the right-hand side for the
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00007-00001941-00002159 blue button that says browse all
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00008-00002160-00002776 databases I'm going to navigate to the T
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00009-00002777-00003041 section and we're going to search for
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00010-00003042-00003418 testing and education Reference Center
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00011-00003419-00004220 click on it here and now you have a
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00012-00004221-00004506 resource that allows you to search for
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00013-00004507-00004711 graduate programs as well as
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00014-00004712-00004925 scholarships that you might be eligible
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00015-00004926-00005177 for so the first thing that you want to
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00016-00005178-00005588 do is click on grad school click start
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00017-00005589-00005918 and then we're actually going to do a
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00018-00005919-00006265 search for a grad school or scholarship
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00019-00006266-00006917 click Next click grad school and
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00020-00006918-00007376 scholarship search and now you notice we
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00021-00007377-00007577 have some options for searching for
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00022-00007578-00007892 graduate programs the option that I
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00023-00007893-00008128 think would be most helpful is to search
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00024-00008129-00008324 for graduate school search that's a
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00025-00008325-00008599 broad category unless you are interested
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00026-00008600-00008956 in one of these more specific aspects so
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00027-00008957-00009424 let's do a school search start now and
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00028-00009425-00009701 you have two different options for
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00029-00009702-00009946 searching you can do a detailed search
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00030-00009947-00010174 or you can actually search by a
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00031-00010175-00010517 particular name or program so if we
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00032-00010518-00010678 scroll down I'm going to show you how to
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00033-00010679-00011096 do a detailed search the first thing to
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00034-00011097-00011428 do is actually choose a subject area so
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00035-00011429-00011723 if we were looking for programs in
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00036-00011724-00012008 psychology I would choose Social
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00037-00012009-00012346 Sciences and then I can come here and
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00038-00012347-00012592 choose a graduate school program
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00039-00012593-00013027 interested in clinical psychology
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00040-00013028-00013277 and then I can choose the kind of
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00041-00013278-00013486 program that I'm interested in for
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00042-00013487-00013685 example a doctorate or a master's
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00043-00013686-00014119 program so I'm going to choose masters
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00044-00014119-00014468 then you can also choose a particular
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00045-00014469-00014719 area where you might want to be so for
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00046-00014720-00014903 example if you were looking for what the
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00047-00014904-00015224 programs were in North Carolina I can
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00048-00015225-00015566 just limit to North Carolina but if you
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00049-00015566-00015766 want to look for all schools you can
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00050-00015768-00015916 leave that blank just don't make a
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00051-00015918-00016238 selection and then what I can do is here
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00052-00016238-00016412 on the right-hand side I can see my
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00053-00016413-00016961 results here you see our results we have
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00054-00016962-00017281 two universities that offer masters
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00055-00017282-00017594 programs in clinical psychology in North
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00056-00017595-00017908 Carolina so then you can click on one
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00057-00017909-00018175 that interests you and actually look at
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00058-00018176-00018380 a little bit more detailed information
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00059-00018381-00018692 I would then encourage you if you want
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00060-00018693-00018902 to find more information about this
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00061-00018903-00019147 program that you seek out their website
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00062-00019148-00019480 and make sure you consider that their
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00063-00019481-00019643 website is the most up-to-date
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00064-00019644-00019909 information so this is a good search
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00065-00019910-00020209 tool in order to find programs but then
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00066-00020210-00020378 when you've narrowed down those that
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00067-00020379-00020609 you're interested in go to their direct
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00068-00020610-00020936 websites to look at more detail the next
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00069-00020937-00021086 thing that we're going to do is actually
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00070-00021087-00021593 go back we're actually going to search
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00071-00021594-00021977 for graduate scholarships so that was in
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00072-00021978-00022184 this list again we search for graduate
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00073-00022185-00022372 schools now we're gonna search for
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00074-00022373-00023134 scholarships start now now what you want
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00075-00023135-00023321 to do is you want to fill in information
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00076-00023322-00023621 about yourself and this is used to match
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00077-00023622-00023846 your personal information with the
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00078-00023847-00024083 criteria that scholarships have set this
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00079-00024084-00024319 is just a resource that might help you
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00080-00024320-00024455 connect with scholarships that are
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00081-00024456-00024847 available I hope you found this video
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00082-00024848-00024968 about the testing and education
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00083-00024969-00025178 Reference Center to be helpful if you
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00084-00025179-00025430 need further help don't hesitate to
+FmzZ5ob36aI-00085-00025431-00025748 contact a librarian
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00000-00000114-00001543 [Music]
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00001-00001544-00001655 thank you for coming
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00002-00001655-00001942 today i'll be talking about comfort my
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00003-00001943-00002023 people
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00004-00002023-00002191 and just remind you that i will be doing
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00005-00002192-00002375 this every single friday so please come
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00006-00002376-00002615 and join us as we do
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00007-00002616-00002879 and this today's sabbath school lesson
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00008-00002880-00003007 is mainly about
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00009-00003008-00003319 isaiah chapter 40. isaiah chapter 40
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00010-00003320-00003543 tells us many types of context
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00011-00003544-00003743 from it tells us prophecies of the
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00012-00003744-00003943 messiah it tells us it gives us a view
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00013-00003944-00004159 of god's love and it talks about how we
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00014-00004160-00004327 can prepare for it and many
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00015-00004328-00004743 other things isaiah 40 verses 1 says
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00016-00004744-00004999 comfort yes comfort my people says your
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00017-00005000-00005095 god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00018-00005096-00005351 and that's one that's just the first one
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00019-00005352-00005551 that that just explains how god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00020-00005552-00005831 is comforting us today's sabbath school
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00021-00005832-00005943 lesson is mainly
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00022-00005944-00006270 it broke up into five contexts
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00023-00006271-00006575 comfort how god can comfort us
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00024-00006576-00006831 through our troubles preparation how we
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00025-00006831-00006919 can prepare
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00026-00006920-00007270 to be saved by god's plan
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00027-00007272-00007623 and evangelism how we can tell god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00028-00007623-00007951 about god and his savior and god's plan
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00029-00007952-00008159 and preach about it so that others can
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00030-00008159-00008295 know about it too
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00031-00008296-00008631 and strength god gives us
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00032-00008632-00008807 the type of strength that god gives us
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00033-00008808-00008942 so that we will never
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00034-00008943-00009174 be able to be tired again and will
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00035-00009175-00009367 always be strong
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00036-00009368-00009614 in worship how we should worship god and
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00037-00009615-00009887 why we should worship god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00038-00009888-00010151 so as i sit there verse one tells us how
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00039-00010152-00010295 god is comforting
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00040-00010296-00010519 israel even though israel has gone
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00041-00010520-00010727 through a hard time
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00042-00010728-00011031 because isaiah as you read on chapter
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00043-00011032-00011287 40 it tells about it goes on and on
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00044-00011288-00011406 about the future
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00045-00011407-00011631 and it talks about the babylon exile
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00046-00011632-00011855 here says the babylon exile the return
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00047-00011856-00011935 of the
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00048-00011936-00012231 remnant the return of the remnant and
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00049-00012232-00012406 the coming of the messiah
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00050-00012407-00012670 that's what isaiah 40 is mainly about as
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00051-00012671-00012735 i said
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00052-00012736-00013135 earlier and even though god will pun
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00053-00013136-00013351 even though the israel people they have
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00054-00013352-00013463 been doing that god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00055-00013463-00013783 still for loves them even though even
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00056-00013784-00014007 though times that god punishes them he
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00057-00014008-00014119 still forgives them
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00058-00014119-00014391 and he comforts them and that's how god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00059-00014391-00014447 comforts
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00060-00014447-00014679 us too even though we do things wrong he
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00061-00014680-00014911 always forgives us for what we did
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00062-00014912-00015271 no matter how bad it is isaiah 40 verses
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00063-00015272-00015479 3 let's read on to verse 3 it says
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00064-00015480-00015622 the voice of one crying in the
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00065-00015623-00015847 wilderness prepare the way of the lord
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00066-00015847-00016079 make straight in the desert a highway
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00067-00016080-00016166 for our god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00068-00016168-00016455 who is this messenger who is going to
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00069-00016456-00016607 help us prepare
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00070-00016608-00016863 and how is god going to he says there in
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00071-00016864-00017071 here it says there's two voices
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00072-00017072-00017327 that explain it god is going to send a
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00073-00017328-00017519 messenger to prepare the way
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00074-00017520-00017727 for us to be saved and it's going to
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00075-00017728-00017950 tell us how to stand in the word of god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00076-00017951-00018119 so then we can stand with it
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00077-00018120-00018350 forever and we can live with it so then
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00078-00018351-00018655 we can always be strong and win victory
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00079-00018656-00018807 over sin
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00080-00018808-00019039 john the baptist he was this messenger
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00081-00019040-00019222 he was the one who prepared the way
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00082-00019223-00019455 he baptized people and he said that he
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00083-00019456-00019663 was going to prepare the way and that
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00084-00019664-00019830 he preached about god and then after
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00085-00019831-00019991 that he baptized people
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00086-00019992-00020319 the right way and if you guys know the
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00087-00020320-00020463 story
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00088-00020464-00020758 um jesus was actually baptized by john
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00089-00020759-00020919 john baptized him and if you know the
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00090-00020920-00020991 story
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00091-00020992-00021247 god says that this is my what only
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00092-00021248-00021494 begotten son and i'm very pleased
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00093-00021495-00021807 with with him and and
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00094-00021808-00022183 this is this is how this proves 100
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00095-00022184-00022503 proves that jesus is the messiah too
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00096-00022504-00022775 actually isaiah 40 vs 9 let's go to
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00097-00022776-00022935 verse 9 up to verse 9
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00098-00022936-00023239 o zion you bring good tidings get
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00099-00023240-00023527 up into the high mountain o jerusalem
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00100-00023528-00023719 you who bring good tidings
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00101-00023720-00023983 lift up your voice with strength lift it
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00102-00023984-00024022 up
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00103-00024023-00024303 be not afraid say to the cities of judah
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00104-00024304-00024447 behold your god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00105-00024448-00024750 do not be afraid even though we may seem
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00106-00024751-00024927 known to other people we can stand up
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00107-00024928-00024999 and say
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00108-00025000-00025303 i will i will be with god and i
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00109-00025304-00025639 will trust in god and he will over
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00110-00025639-00025927 help us overcome our sins and and give
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00111-00025927-00026078 us the victory
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00112-00026079-00026407 and did you know that this
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00113-00026408-00026655 according to this verse the word zion
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00114-00026656-00026767 must introduce
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00115-00026768-00027007 christ to the world and it says behold
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00116-00027008-00027102 your god god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00117-00027104-00027446 is here look at him see how powerful he
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00118-00027447-00027487 is
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00119-00027488-00027767 and how loving and caring he is and this
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00120-00027768-00027967 message is talking about
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00121-00027968-00028270 is it's introducing the coming of the
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00122-00028272-00028351 messiah
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00123-00028352-00028623 and when jesus comes he he does many
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00124-00028624-00028695 miracles
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00125-00028695-00028902 he loves people and after he dies in the
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00126-00028904-00029055 cross for us even though we don't
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00127-00029056-00029158 deserve it
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00128-00029160-00029470 we get saved and we're able to be with
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00129-00029472-00029743 christ and have the chance to be saved
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00130-00029744-00029831 again
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00131-00029832-00030079 and we should also be preaching about
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00132-00030080-00030231 him so then we can tell others so that
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00133-00030232-00030383 they could be saved too
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00134-00030383-00030679 just like mary magdalene when she after
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00135-00030680-00030823 she heard about jesus
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00136-00030824-00031143 she is risen because he is risen because
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00137-00031144-00031439 he is risen and he lives we can live too
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00138-00031439-00031558 we can overcome
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00139-00031560-00031814 death and any other things we should
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00140-00031816-00031902 follow
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00141-00031903-00032167 this just like many others who after
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00142-00032168-00032351 they heard about jesus tomb they were
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00143-00032352-00032455 they overjoyed
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00144-00032456-00032758 and they praised god he is risen
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00145-00032760-00033071 and he because he lives we can live
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00146-00033072-00033390 we don't have to be afraid anymore death
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00147-00033391-00033683 cannot chain us down to the ground
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00148-00033684-00033823 anymore
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00149-00033824-00034079 jesus came and he's the one caused by
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00150-00034080-00034174 this and he
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00151-00034175-00034479 is going to save us from our sins no
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00152-00034480-00034527 matter
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00153-00034528-00034807 what no matter how dark we are jesus
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00154-00034808-00034999 took every single person sin in the
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00155-00035000-00035046 world
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00156-00035047-00035407 and suffered for us isaiah 40
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00157-00035408-00035679 31 says but those who wait on the lord
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00158-00035680-00035830 shall renew their strength
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00159-00035831-00036087 they shall be mounted up with wings like
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00160-00036088-00036151 ego
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00161-00036152-00036430 they shall run and not be weary they
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00162-00036431-00036502 shall walk
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00163-00036503-00036799 and not faith here as we look into verse
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00164-00036800-00036943 31
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00165-00036944-00037183 god is saying that we he will give us
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00166-00037184-00037327 strength and that we will have
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00167-00037328-00037455 everlasting strength eve
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00168-00037456-00037711 we will be strong as he gives an example
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00169-00037712-00037807 of an animal like
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00170-00037808-00038095 eagles eagles are very respected and
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00171-00038096-00038135 they are
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00172-00038136-00038383 actually really have a lot of stamina
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00173-00038384-00038511 and they're really strong
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00174-00038512-00038718 we will not be weak the weak will be
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00175-00038719-00038951 strong and the poor will be rich
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00176-00038952-00039167 we god will help us through all of our
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00177-00039168-00039367 troubles this is what i'm talking about
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00178-00039368-00039399 true
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00179-00039400-00039607 strength from god this is how god is
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00180-00039608-00039790 giving his strength to us
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00181-00039791-00040102 isaac in this verse we will never be
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00182-00040103-00040439 tired when we accept him god he gives us
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00183-00040440-00040630 strength when we need it we just have to
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00184-00040631-00040702 ask him
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00185-00040703-00040935 and accept him and that's all we have to
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00186-00040936-00041183 do why don't you do that today
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00187-00041184-00041471 isaiah 40 verses 19 says the workman
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00188-00041472-00041583 molds an image
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00189-00041584-00041958 the golf smith over spreads it with gold
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00190-00041959-00042311 and the silversmith casts silver shames
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00191-00042312-00042527 what is happening here people are trying
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00192-00042528-00042711 to give offerings to
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00193-00042712-00042958 false gods how should we worship god god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00194-00042959-00043151 does not want us to worship him through
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00195-00043152-00043174 an
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00196-00043175-00043446 image just as the israelites worship god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00197-00043447-00043567 through a calf god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00198-00043568-00043839 calls images abomination is part of the
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00199-00043840-00043983 ten commandments the second two
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00200-00043984-00044055 commandment
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00201-00044056-00044390 tells us not to worship anything or any
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00202-00044391-00044823 object made by man or any image
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00203-00044824-00045046 because we have to pray to god directly
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00204-00045047-00045255 and you and that's how it is
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00205-00045256-00045415 we're not talking to when we're talking
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00206-00045416-00045599 to our friends we don't talk to our
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00207-00045600-00045646 friends
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00208-00045647-00045951 by statue and expect our friend
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00209-00045952-00046223 to be able to like us and things that
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00210-00046224-00046439 and it's it's like god that friend
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00211-00046440-00046590 thinks that we're comparing him to a
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00212-00046591-00046758 statue and we're the same thing
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00213-00046759-00047062 how would god feel if we did that the
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00214-00047063-00047174 bible is clear
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00215-00047175-00047471 of how we should not be able now we
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00216-00047472-00047615 should not be doing this
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00217-00047616-00047823 because howard think about it how would
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00218-00047824-00048135 god feel if he was treated like this
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00219-00048136-00048390 this is just give an example this is how
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00220-00048391-00048551 a human would feel and this is how god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00221-00048552-00048623 would feel
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00222-00048624-00048799 god is the one who created us and he's
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00223-00048800-00048974 this one who gives us strength
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00224-00048975-00049223 and help and sent his son to die for us
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00225-00049224-00049374 so that we could be saved
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00226-00049375-00049662 what have we done for him is this is
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00227-00049663-00049855 this the way we
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00228-00049856-00050215 give back to god god wants just wants
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00229-00050216-00050302 our love
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00230-00050303-00050527 we have we have to accept him and that's
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00231-00050528-00050695 all god really wants
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00232-00050696-00051079 idol idols are not part of god's plan
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00233-00051080-00051326 his plan is that when his son died on
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00234-00051327-00051438 that cross for us
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00235-00051439-00051782 we were able to pray with him and we
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00236-00051783-00052070 our sins are forgiven we have to repent
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00237-00052071-00052175 from your sins just like
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00238-00052176-00052454 john said repent for the kingdom of god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00239-00052455-00052542 is at hand
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00240-00052544-00052815 we have to repent and we have to accept
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00241-00052816-00053015 jesus as our lord and savior because
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00242-00053016-00053287 he is and because he lives we live as i
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00243-00053288-00053447 said earlier so
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00244-00053448-00053687 why haven't you done that today in ellen
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00245-00053688-00053879 j white's book
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00246-00053879-00054063 and it says here prophets and kings in
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00247-00054064-00054287 page 722 it says
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00248-00054288-00054511 many were the messages of comfort given
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00249-00054512-00054719 the church by the prophets of old
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00250-00054720-00055063 comfort ye comfort ye my people was
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00251-00055064-00055350 and this was based on isaiah 40 verses
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00252-00055351-00055382 1.
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00253-00055383-00055591 i already talked about that earlier in
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00254-00055591-00055735 the in this today's sabbath
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00255-00055736-00056038 lesson was isaiah's commission from god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00256-00056039-00056247 and with commissions were given
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00257-00056248-00056375 wonderful visions
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00258-00056376-00056615 that have been the believers hope and
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00259-00056616-00056703 joy through
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00260-00056704-00056871 all the century that have followed
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00261-00056872-00057087 despise the men persecuted
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00262-00057088-00057375 forsaken god's children in every age
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00263-00057376-00057519 have never then less
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00264-00057520-00057854 have sustained by sure promises amen
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00265-00057855-00058094 even if we're getting persecuted jesus
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00266-00058095-00058215 says that we will die
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00267-00058216-00058550 for just in for his name we no matter
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00268-00058551-00058750 what nothing can stop us as i said
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00269-00058751-00058919 earlier death cannot stop us
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00270-00058920-00059175 we shouldn't be scared to be persecuted
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00271-00059176-00059223 to be
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00272-00059224-00059559 i to be left out and to be
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00273-00059560-00059911 laughed at even because jesus christ
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00274-00059912-00060150 actually predicted that this will happen
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00275-00060151-00060335 and we have to accept him
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00276-00060336-00060526 we it doesn't matter what other people
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00277-00060527-00060703 think even though people say that pray
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00278-00060704-00060775 for them
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00279-00060776-00060959 and tell them about jesus so that they
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00280-00060960-00061094 can be saved too
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00281-00061095-00061326 do not as they said love your enemies
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00282-00061327-00061406 what you do
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00283-00061407-00061638 when when your enemy tries to hurt you
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00284-00061639-00061806 or to laugh at you
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00285-00061807-00062038 pray for him and tell them about jesus
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00286-00062039-00062175 so that they can be saved
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00287-00062176-00062430 ask them to repent from your sins every
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00288-00062432-00062582 day on a daily basis
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00289-00062583-00062975 so that we can be saved think and guys
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00290-00062976-00063199 have you accepted jesus as your lord and
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00291-00063200-00063303 savior have you
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00292-00063304-00063494 did what john said repent for the
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00293-00063495-00063606 kingdom of god
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00294-00063607-00063894 is at hand it is at hand we are living
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00295-00063895-00064038 in the last days
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00296-00064039-00064311 and god expects us that he is waiting
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00297-00064312-00064366 for us
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00298-00064367-00064582 to accept him and that's all we need to
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00299-00064583-00064815 do what are you waiting for
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00300-00064816-00065094 accept god as your lord and savior today
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00301-00065095-00065247 thank you for god coming
+G0tMMEuFHJ0-00302-00065248-00066112 and god bless
+G1doruQOW0U-00001-00004629-00005570 [Music]
+G1doruQOW0U-00002-00005571-00007361 [Music]
+G1doruQOW0U-00003-00007362-00007913 [Music]
+G1doruQOW0U-00004-00007914-00009595 [Music]
+G1doruQOW0U-00005-00009596-00010133 [Music]
+G1doruQOW0U-00006-00010134-00010848 [Music]
+G1doruQOW0U-00007-00010849-00012034 [Music]
+G1doruQOW0U-00008-00012035-00013430 [Music]
+G3T7emXEwDE-00000-00000035-00000311 Mozambique officially the Republic of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00001-00000312-00000542 Mozambique Portuguese moçambique or
+G3T7emXEwDE-00002-00000543-00000749 república de moçambique pronounced Pooh
+G3T7emXEwDE-00003-00000750-00000961 bata lick Mews BIC is a country in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00004-00000963-00001172 Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian
+G3T7emXEwDE-00005-00001173-00001382 Ocean to the east Tanzania to the north
+G3T7emXEwDE-00006-00001383-00001586 Malawi and Zambia to the northwest
+G3T7emXEwDE-00007-00001587-00001843 Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland s
+G3T7emXEwDE-00008-00001844-00002075 Wahine and South Africa to the southwest
+G3T7emXEwDE-00009-00002076-00002335 the sovereign state is separated from
+G3T7emXEwDE-00010-00002336-00002575 the Comoros my yacht and Madagascar by
+G3T7emXEwDE-00011-00002576-00002831 the Mozambique Channel to the east the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00012-00002832-00003085 capital of Mozambique is Maputo formerly
+G3T7emXEwDE-00013-00003086-00003535 known as la renko Marcos from 1876 to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00014-00003536-00003820 1976 while Mottola is the largest city
+G3T7emXEwDE-00015-00003821-00004169 being a suburb of Maputo between the 1st
+G3T7emXEwDE-00016-00004170-00004367 and 5th centuries ad bantu-speaking
+G3T7emXEwDE-00017-00004368-00004568 peoples migrated to present-day
+G3T7emXEwDE-00018-00004569-00004806 Mozambique from farther north and west
+G3T7emXEwDE-00019-00004807-00005066 beginning in the 11th century Arab
+G3T7emXEwDE-00020-00005067-00005254 Persian and Somali merchants began
+G3T7emXEwDE-00021-00005255-00005474 settlements and establishing commercial
+G3T7emXEwDE-00022-00005475-00005668 ports along the coast contributing to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00023-00005669-00005854 the development of a distinct Swahili
+G3T7emXEwDE-00024-00005855-00006170 culture and language the voyage of Vasco
+G3T7emXEwDE-00025-00006171-00006448 da Gama in 1498 marked the arrival of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00026-00006450-00006631 the Portuguese who began a gradual
+G3T7emXEwDE-00027-00006633-00006851 process of colonization and settlement
+G3T7emXEwDE-00028-00006852-00007202 in 1505 after over 4 centuries of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00029-00007203-00007396 Portuguese rule Mozambique gained
+G3T7emXEwDE-00030-00007397-00007670 independence in 1975 becoming the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00031-00007670-00007880 People's Republic of Mozambique shortly
+G3T7emXEwDE-00032-00007881-00008128 thereafter after only 2 years of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00033-00008129-00008335 independence the country descended into
+G3T7emXEwDE-00034-00008336-00008537 an intense and protracted civil war
+G3T7emXEwDE-00035-00008538-00009046 lasting from 1977 to 1992 in 1994
+G3T7emXEwDE-00036-00009047-00009274 Mozambique held its first multi-party
+G3T7emXEwDE-00037-00009275-00009446 elections and has since remained a
+G3T7emXEwDE-00038-00009447-00009667 relatively stable presidential Republic
+G3T7emXEwDE-00039-00009668-00009869 although it still faces a low-intensity
+G3T7emXEwDE-00040-00009870-00010070 insurgency Mozambique is endowed with
+G3T7emXEwDE-00041-00010071-00010396 rich and extensive natural resources the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00042-00010397-00010601 country's economy is based largely on
+G3T7emXEwDE-00043-00010602-00010799 agriculture but industry is growing
+G3T7emXEwDE-00044-00010800-00011030 mainly food and beverages chemical
+G3T7emXEwDE-00045-00011031-00011201 manufacturing and aluminium and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00046-00011202-00011474 petroleum production the tourism sector
+G3T7emXEwDE-00047-00011475-00011746 is also expanding South Africa is
+G3T7emXEwDE-00048-00011747-00011933 Mozambique's main trading partner and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00049-00011934-00012137 source of foreign direct investment
+G3T7emXEwDE-00050-00012138-00012346 while Belgium Brazil Portugal and Spain
+G3T7emXEwDE-00051-00012347-00012533 are also among the country's most
+G3T7emXEwDE-00052-00012534-00012869 important economic partners since 2001
+G3T7emXEwDE-00053-00012869-00013157 mozambique's annual average GDP growth
+G3T7emXEwDE-00054-00013158-00013341 has been among the world
+G3T7emXEwDE-00055-00013343-00013588 however the country is still one of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00056-00013588-00013705 poorest and most underdeveloped
+G3T7emXEwDE-00057-00013706-00013938 countries in the world ranking low in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00058-00013940-00014181 GDP per capita human development
+G3T7emXEwDE-00059-00014182-00014394 measures of inequality and average life
+G3T7emXEwDE-00060-00014395-00014634 expectancy the only official language of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00061-00014635-00014824 Mozambique is Portuguese which has
+G3T7emXEwDE-00062-00014825-00015030 spoken mostly as a second language by
+G3T7emXEwDE-00063-00015031-00015309 about half the population common native
+G3T7emXEwDE-00064-00015310-00015558 languages include Makua Sena and Swahili
+G3T7emXEwDE-00065-00015559-00015874 the country's population of around 29
+G3T7emXEwDE-00066-00015875-00016075 million is composed overwhelmingly of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00067-00016076-00016347 been to people the largest religion in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00068-00016348-00016542 Mozambique is Christianity with
+G3T7emXEwDE-00069-00016543-00016755 significant minorities following Islam
+G3T7emXEwDE-00070-00016756-00016974 and African traditional religions
+G3T7emXEwDE-00071-00016975-00017200 Mozambique is a member of the United
+G3T7emXEwDE-00072-00017201-00017380 Nations the African Union the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00073-00017381-00017611 Commonwealth of Nations the organisation
+G3T7emXEwDE-00074-00017612-00017844 of the Islamic Cooperation the community
+G3T7emXEwDE-00075-00017845-00018045 of Portuguese language countries the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00076-00018046-00018211 non-aligned movement and the Southern
+G3T7emXEwDE-00077-00018212-00018411 African Development Community and is an
+G3T7emXEwDE-00078-00018412-00018849 observer at La Francophonie
+G3T7emXEwDE-00079-00018850-00019380 topic etymology
+G3T7emXEwDE-00080-00019381-00019605 the country was named moçambique by the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00081-00019606-00019764 Portuguese after the island of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00082-00019765-00020010 Mozambique derived from Musa bin b-corps
+G3T7emXEwDE-00083-00020011-00020274 Musa albacore mosa albacore Musa Ben
+G3T7emXEwDE-00084-00020275-00020538 Mbeki or Musa even malik an arab trader
+G3T7emXEwDE-00085-00020539-00020721 who first visited the island and later
+G3T7emXEwDE-00086-00020722-00020976 lived there the island town was the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00087-00020977-00021168 capital of the Portuguese colony until
+G3T7emXEwDE-00088-00021169-00021462 1898 when it was moved south to Lorenzo
+G3T7emXEwDE-00089-00021463-00021890 Marcos now Maputo
+G3T7emXEwDE-00090-00021891-00022393 topic history
+G3T7emXEwDE-00091-00022394-00022937 topic Ben - migrations
+G3T7emXEwDE-00092-00022938-00023180 between the 1st and 5th centuries ad
+G3T7emXEwDE-00093-00023181-00023447 waves of bantu-speaking people migrated
+G3T7emXEwDE-00094-00023448-00023585 from the west and north through the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00095-00023586-00023798 Zambezi River Valley and then gradually
+G3T7emXEwDE-00096-00023799-00024077 into the plateau and coastal areas they
+G3T7emXEwDE-00097-00024078-00024305 established agricultural communities or
+G3T7emXEwDE-00098-00024306-00024554 societies based on herding cattle they
+G3T7emXEwDE-00099-00024555-00024713 brought with them the technology for
+G3T7emXEwDE-00100-00024714-00025124 smelting and smithing iron
+G3T7emXEwDE-00101-00025125-00025772 topic Swahili coast from the late first
+G3T7emXEwDE-00102-00025773-00026018 millennium ad vast Indian Ocean trade
+G3T7emXEwDE-00103-00026019-00026227 networks extended as far south into
+G3T7emXEwDE-00104-00026229-00026414 Mozambique as the ancient port town of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00105-00026414-00026711 Chabot beginning in the 9th century a
+G3T7emXEwDE-00106-00026712-00026900 growing involvement in Indian Ocean
+G3T7emXEwDE-00107-00026901-00027080 trade led to the development of numerous
+G3T7emXEwDE-00108-00027081-00027329 port towns along the entire East African
+G3T7emXEwDE-00109-00027330-00027550 coast including modern-day Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-00110-00027551-00027848 largely autonomous these towns broadly
+G3T7emXEwDE-00111-00027849-00028055 participated in the incipient Swahili
+G3T7emXEwDE-00112-00028056-00028382 culture Islam was often adopted by urban
+G3T7emXEwDE-00113-00028383-00028661 elites facilitating trade in Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-00114-00028662-00028739 Sofala
+G3T7emXEwDE-00115-00028739-00028937 Angus and Mozambique Island were
+G3T7emXEwDE-00116-00028938-00029267 regional powers by the 15th century the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00117-00029268-00029447 towns traded with merchants from both
+G3T7emXEwDE-00118-00029448-00029624 the African interior in the broader
+G3T7emXEwDE-00119-00029625-00029888 Indian Ocean world particularly
+G3T7emXEwDE-00120-00029889-00030032 important were the gold and ivory
+G3T7emXEwDE-00121-00030033-00030289 Caravan routes inland states like the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00122-00030291-00030473 kingdom of Zimbabwe and kingdom of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00123-00030474-00030692 mutapa provided the coveted gold and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00124-00030693-00030875 ivory which were then exchanged up the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00125-00030876-00031090 coast to larger port cities like Kilwa
+G3T7emXEwDE-00126-00031091-00031505 and Mombasa
+G3T7emXEwDE-00127-00031506-00032200 topic Portuguese Mozambique 1498 to 1975
+G3T7emXEwDE-00128-00032201-00032525 from about 1,500 Portuguese trading
+G3T7emXEwDE-00129-00032526-00032752 posts and forts displaced the Arabic
+G3T7emXEwDE-00130-00032754-00032936 commercial and military hegemony
+G3T7emXEwDE-00131-00032937-00033140 becoming regular ports of call on the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00132-00033141-00033344 new European sea route to the east the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00133-00033345-00033562 voyage of Vasco da Gama around the Cape
+G3T7emXEwDE-00134-00033563-00033794 of Good Hope in 1498 marked the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00135-00033795-00034037 Portuguese entry into trade politics and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00136-00034038-00034307 society of the region the Portuguese
+G3T7emXEwDE-00137-00034308-00034457 gained control of the island of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00138-00034458-00034679 Mozambique in the port city of Sao Fela
+G3T7emXEwDE-00139-00034680-00034901 in the early 16th century and by the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00140-00034902-00035186 1530s small groups of Portuguese traders
+G3T7emXEwDE-00141-00035187-00035429 and prospectors seeking gold penetrated
+G3T7emXEwDE-00142-00035430-00035621 the interior regions where they set up
+G3T7emXEwDE-00143-00035622-00035828 Garrison's and trading posts at sena and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00144-00035829-00036040 tete on the river Zambezi and tried to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00145-00036041-00036224 gain exclusive control over the gold
+G3T7emXEwDE-00146-00036225-00036386 trade in the central part of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00147-00036387-00036521 Mozambique territory
+G3T7emXEwDE-00148-00036522-00036707 the Portuguese attempted to legitimize
+G3T7emXEwDE-00149-00036708-00036857 and consolidate their trade and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00150-00036858-00037007 settlement positions through the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00151-00037008-00037244 creation of prose and grants tied to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00152-00037245-00037396 their settlement and administration
+G3T7emXEwDE-00153-00037397-00037673 while prose were originally developed to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00154-00037674-00037820 be held by Portuguese through
+G3T7emXEwDE-00155-00037821-00037994 intermarriage they became African
+G3T7emXEwDE-00156-00037995-00038210 Portuguese or African Indian centres
+G3T7emXEwDE-00157-00038211-00038435 defended by large African slave armies
+G3T7emXEwDE-00158-00038436-00038729 known as Chicken de historically within
+G3T7emXEwDE-00159-00038730-00038975 mozambique there was slavery human
+G3T7emXEwDE-00160-00038976-00039176 beings were bought and sold by African
+G3T7emXEwDE-00161-00039177-00039377 tribal chiefs first to Arab Muslim
+G3T7emXEwDE-00162-00039378-00039548 traders and sent to Middle East Asia
+G3T7emXEwDE-00163-00039549-00039761 cities and plantations and later to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00164-00039762-00039974 Portuguese and other European traders as
+G3T7emXEwDE-00165-00039975-00040238 well many Mozambique enslaves were
+G3T7emXEwDE-00166-00040239-00040421 supplied by tribal chiefs who raided
+G3T7emXEwDE-00167-00040422-00040615 warring tribes and sold their captives
+G3T7emXEwDE-00168-00040616-00040740 to the preserves
+G3T7emXEwDE-00169-00040741-00041018 although Portuguese influence gradually
+G3T7emXEwDE-00170-00041019-00041234 expanded its power was limited and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00171-00041235-00041426 exercised through individual settlers
+G3T7emXEwDE-00172-00041427-00041621 and officials who were granted extensive
+G3T7emXEwDE-00173-00041622-00041887 autonomy the Portuguese were able to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00174-00041888-00042052 wrest much of the coastal trade from
+G3T7emXEwDE-00175-00042053-00042395 Arab Muslims between 1500 and 1700 but
+G3T7emXEwDE-00176-00042396-00042562 with the arab-muslim seizure of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00177-00042563-00042794 Portugal's key foothold at fort jesus on
+G3T7emXEwDE-00178-00042795-00043124 mombasa island now in kenya in 1698 the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00179-00043125-00043277 pendulum began to swing in the other
+G3T7emXEwDE-00180-00043278-00043589 direction as a result investment lagged
+G3T7emXEwDE-00181-00043590-00043777 while Lisbon devoted itself to the more
+G3T7emXEwDE-00182-00043778-00043946 lucrative trade with India and the Far
+G3T7emXEwDE-00183-00043947-00044180 East and to the colonisation of Brazil
+G3T7emXEwDE-00184-00044181-00044402 during these wars the Mazrui and Omani
+G3T7emXEwDE-00185-00044403-00044600 Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean
+G3T7emXEwDE-00186-00044601-00044825 trade forcing the Portuguese to retreat
+G3T7emXEwDE-00187-00044826-00044889 south
+G3T7emXEwDE-00188-00044890-00045129 many pros OHS had declined by the mid
+G3T7emXEwDE-00189-00045130-00045330 19th century but several of them
+G3T7emXEwDE-00190-00045331-00045624 survived during the 19th century other
+G3T7emXEwDE-00191-00045625-00045846 European powers particularly the British
+G3T7emXEwDE-00192-00045847-00046065 British South Africa company and the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00193-00046066-00046277 French Madagascar became increasingly
+G3T7emXEwDE-00194-00046278-00046502 involved in the trade and politics of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00195-00046503-00046671 the region around the Portuguese East
+G3T7emXEwDE-00196-00046672-00046912 African territories
+G3T7emXEwDE-00197-00046913-00047161 by the early 20th century the Portuguese
+G3T7emXEwDE-00198-00047162-00047389 had shifted the administration of much
+G3T7emXEwDE-00199-00047390-00047605 of Mozambique to large private companies
+G3T7emXEwDE-00200-00047606-00047830 like the Mozambique Company the Zambezia
+G3T7emXEwDE-00201-00047831-00048061 company and the Nyasa company controlled
+G3T7emXEwDE-00202-00048062-00048274 and financed mostly by British
+G3T7emXEwDE-00203-00048275-00048568 financiers such as Solomon Joel which
+G3T7emXEwDE-00204-00048569-00048742 established railroad lines to their
+G3T7emXEwDE-00205-00048743-00048940 neighboring colonies South Africa and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00206-00048941-00049192 Rhodesia although slavery had been
+G3T7emXEwDE-00207-00049193-00049402 legally abolished in Mozambique at the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00208-00049403-00049607 end of the 19th century the chartered
+G3T7emXEwDE-00209-00049608-00049837 companies enacted a forced labor policy
+G3T7emXEwDE-00210-00049838-00050140 and supplied cheap often forced African
+G3T7emXEwDE-00211-00050141-00050330 labor to the mines and plantations of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00212-00050331-00050515 the nearby British colonies in South
+G3T7emXEwDE-00213-00050516-00050804 Africa the Zambezi accompanied the most
+G3T7emXEwDE-00214-00050805-00051017 profitable chartered company took over a
+G3T7emXEwDE-00215-00051018-00051226 number of smaller preserve holdings and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00216-00051227-00051461 established military outposts to protect
+G3T7emXEwDE-00217-00051462-00051710 its property the chartered companies
+G3T7emXEwDE-00218-00051711-00051889 built roads and ports to bring their
+G3T7emXEwDE-00219-00051890-00052051 goods to market including a rail road
+G3T7emXEwDE-00220-00052052-00052270 linking present-day Zimbabwe with the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00221-00052271-00052456 Mozambique and port of Beira due to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00222-00052457-00052654 their unsatisfactory performance and the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00223-00052655-00052847 shift under the corporatist estado novo
+G3T7emXEwDE-00224-00052848-00053104 regime of Oliveira Salazar towards a
+G3T7emXEwDE-00225-00053105-00053279 stronger Portuguese control of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00226-00053279-00053518 Portuguese empires economy the company's
+G3T7emXEwDE-00227-00053519-00053687 concessions were not renewed when they
+G3T7emXEwDE-00228-00053688-00053992 ran out this was what happened in 1942
+G3T7emXEwDE-00229-00053994-00054185 with the Mozambique Company which
+G3T7emXEwDE-00230-00054186-00054353 however continued to operate in the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00231-00054354-00054560 agricultural and commercial sectors as a
+G3T7emXEwDE-00232-00054561-00054761 corporation and had already happened in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00233-00054762-00055018 1929 with the termination of the nyasa
+G3T7emXEwDE-00234-00055019-00055363 company's concession in 1951 the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00235-00055364-00055562 Portuguese overseas colonies in Africa
+G3T7emXEwDE-00236-00055563-00055811 were rebranded as overseas provinces of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00237-00055812-00056136 Portugal
+G3T7emXEwDE-00238-00056137-00056465 topic Mozambican War of Independence
+G3T7emXEwDE-00239-00056466-00057044 1964 to 1974
+G3T7emXEwDE-00240-00057045-00057338 as communist and anti colonial ideology
+G3T7emXEwDE-00241-00057339-00057509 spread out across Africa many
+G3T7emXEwDE-00242-00057510-00057695 clandestine political movements were
+G3T7emXEwDE-00243-00057696-00057896 established in support of Mozambique in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00244-00057897-00058151 Independence these movements claimed
+G3T7emXEwDE-00245-00058152-00058334 that since policies and development
+G3T7emXEwDE-00246-00058335-00058514 plans were primarily designed by the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00247-00058515-00058691 ruling authorities for the benefit of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00248-00058691-00058859 Mozambique's Portuguese population
+G3T7emXEwDE-00249-00058860-00059120 little attention was paid to Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-00250-00059121-00059315 tribal integration and the development
+G3T7emXEwDE-00251-00059316-00059501 of its native communities according to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00252-00059502-00059675 the official guerrilla statements this
+G3T7emXEwDE-00253-00059676-00059825 affected a majority of the indigenous
+G3T7emXEwDE-00254-00059826-00060004 population who suffered both
+G3T7emXEwDE-00255-00060005-00060197 state-sponsored discrimination and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00256-00060198-00060464 enormous social pressure many felt they
+G3T7emXEwDE-00257-00060465-00060665 had received too little opportunity or
+G3T7emXEwDE-00258-00060666-00060863 resources to upgrade their skills and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00259-00060864-00061022 improve their economic and social
+G3T7emXEwDE-00260-00061023-00061241 situation to a degree comparable to that
+G3T7emXEwDE-00261-00061241-00061496 of the Europeans statistically
+G3T7emXEwDE-00262-00061497-00061682 Mozambique's Portuguese whites were
+G3T7emXEwDE-00263-00061683-00061853 indeed wealthier and more skilled than
+G3T7emXEwDE-00264-00061854-00062104 the black indigenous majority as a
+G3T7emXEwDE-00265-00062105-00062305 response to the guerrilla movement the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00266-00062307-00062558 Portuguese government from the 1960s and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00267-00062559-00062842 principally the early 1970s initiated
+G3T7emXEwDE-00268-00062844-00063054 gradual changes with new socio-economic
+G3T7emXEwDE-00269-00063055-00063299 developments and egalitarian policies
+G3T7emXEwDE-00270-00063300-00063494 for all the front for the liberation of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00271-00063495-00063734 Mozambique Frelimo initiated a guerrilla
+G3T7emXEwDE-00272-00063735-00063938 campaign against Portuguese rule in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00273-00063939-00064358 September 1964 this conflict along with
+G3T7emXEwDE-00274-00064359-00064555 the two others already initiated in the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00275-00064557-00064780 other Portuguese colonies of Angola and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00276-00064782-00065015 Portuguese Guinea became part of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00277-00065016-00065327 so-called Portuguese colonial war 1961
+G3T7emXEwDE-00278-00065328-00065705 to 1974 from a military standpoint the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00279-00065706-00065888 Portuguese Regular Army maintained
+G3T7emXEwDE-00280-00065889-00066089 control of the population centers while
+G3T7emXEwDE-00281-00066090-00066254 the guerrilla forces sought to undermine
+G3T7emXEwDE-00282-00066255-00066404 their influence in rural and tribal
+G3T7emXEwDE-00283-00066405-00066716 areas in the north and west as part of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00284-00066717-00066923 their response to frelimo the Portuguese
+G3T7emXEwDE-00285-00066924-00067073 government began to pay more attention
+G3T7emXEwDE-00286-00067074-00067289 to creating favorable conditions for
+G3T7emXEwDE-00287-00067290-00067775 social development and economic growth
+G3T7emXEwDE-00288-00067776-00068410 topic independence 1975
+G3T7emXEwDE-00289-00068411-00068630 frelimo took control of the territory
+G3T7emXEwDE-00290-00068631-00068891 after 10 years of sporadic warfare as
+G3T7emXEwDE-00291-00068892-00069071 well as Portugal's own return to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00292-00069072-00069236 democracy after the fall of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00293-00069237-00069458 authoritarian estado novo regime the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00294-00069459-00069776 Carnation Revolution of April 1974 and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00295-00069777-00069994 the failed coup of the 25th of November
+G3T7emXEwDE-00296-00069995-00070457 1975 within a year most of the 250,000
+G3T7emXEwDE-00297-00070458-00070709 Portuguese in Mozambique had left some
+G3T7emXEwDE-00298-00070710-00070871 expelled by the government of the nearly
+G3T7emXEwDE-00299-00070872-00071087 independent territory some fleeing in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00300-00071088-00071315 fear and Mozambique became independent
+G3T7emXEwDE-00301-00071316-00071690 from Portugal on the 25th of June 1975 a
+G3T7emXEwDE-00302-00071691-00071942 law had been passed on the initiative of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00303-00071943-00072152 the relatively unknown Armando gave use
+G3T7emXEwDE-00304-00072153-00072335 of the frelimo party ordering the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00305-00072336-00072551 Portuguese to leave the country in 24
+G3T7emXEwDE-00306-00072552-00072842 hours with only 20 kilograms 44 pounds
+G3T7emXEwDE-00307-00072843-00073109 of luggage unable to salvage any of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00308-00073110-00073190 their assets
+G3T7emXEwDE-00309-00073191-00073331 most of them returned to Portugal
+G3T7emXEwDE-00310-00073332-00073750 panelists
+G3T7emXEwDE-00311-00073751-00074516 topic Mozambican Civil War 1977 to 1992
+G3T7emXEwDE-00312-00074517-00074719 the new government under President
+G3T7emXEwDE-00313-00074720-00074944 Samora Machel established a one-party
+G3T7emXEwDE-00314-00074945-00075143 state based on Marxist principles
+G3T7emXEwDE-00315-00075144-00075422 it received diplomatic and some military
+G3T7emXEwDE-00316-00075423-00075601 support from Cuba and the Soviet Union
+G3T7emXEwDE-00317-00075602-00075871 and proceeded to crackdown on opposition
+G3T7emXEwDE-00318-00075872-00076124 starting shortly after the independence
+G3T7emXEwDE-00319-00076125-00076397 the country was plagued from 1977 to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00320-00076398-00076681 1992 by a long and violent civil war
+G3T7emXEwDE-00321-00076682-00076865 between the opposition forces of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00322-00076866-00077072 anti-communist Mozambican national
+G3T7emXEwDE-00323-00077073-00077300 resistance Rena MO rebel militias and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00324-00077301-00077537 the Frelimo regime this conflict
+G3T7emXEwDE-00325-00077538-00077719 characterized the first decades of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00326-00077720-00077873 Mozambican independence
+G3T7emXEwDE-00327-00077874-00078031 combined with sabotage from the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00328-00078032-00078203 neighboring states of Rhodesia and South
+G3T7emXEwDE-00329-00078204-00078457 Africa ineffective policies failed
+G3T7emXEwDE-00330-00078458-00078625 central planning and the resulting
+G3T7emXEwDE-00331-00078626-00078896 economic collapse this period was also
+G3T7emXEwDE-00332-00078897-00079115 marked by the exodus of Portuguese
+G3T7emXEwDE-00333-00079116-00079337 Nationals and Mozambicans of Portuguese
+G3T7emXEwDE-00334-00079338-00079568 heritage a collapsed infrastructure lack
+G3T7emXEwDE-00335-00079569-00079793 of investment in productive assets and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00336-00079794-00080006 government nationalization of privately
+G3T7emXEwDE-00337-00080007-00080176 owned industries as well as widespread
+G3T7emXEwDE-00338-00080177-00080525 famine during most of the Civil War the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00339-00080526-00080711 Frelimo formed central government was
+G3T7emXEwDE-00340-00080712-00080915 unable to exercise effective control
+G3T7emXEwDE-00341-00080916-00081113 outside of urban areas many of which
+G3T7emXEwDE-00342-00081114-00081365 were cut off from the capital Ranallo
+G3T7emXEwDE-00343-00081366-00081641 controlled areas included up to 50% of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00344-00081642-00081863 the rural areas in several provinces and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00345-00081864-00082049 it is reported that Health Services of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00346-00082050-00082253 any kind were isolated from assistance
+G3T7emXEwDE-00347-00082254-00082513 for years in those areas the problem
+G3T7emXEwDE-00348-00082514-00082669 worsened when the government cut back
+G3T7emXEwDE-00349-00082670-00082922 spending on health care the war was
+G3T7emXEwDE-00350-00082923-00083141 marked by mass human rights violations
+G3T7emXEwDE-00351-00083142-00083318 from both sides of the conflict with
+G3T7emXEwDE-00352-00083319-00083494 Rena mo contributing to the chaos
+G3T7emXEwDE-00353-00083495-00083621 through the use of terror and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00354-00083622-00083804 indiscriminate targeting of civilians
+G3T7emXEwDE-00355-00083805-00084098 the central government executed tens of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00356-00084099-00084256 thousands of people while trying to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00357-00084257-00084404 extend its control throughout the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00358-00084405-00084586 country and sent many people to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00359-00084587-00084946 re-education camps where thousands died
+G3T7emXEwDE-00360-00084947-00085238 during the war Renato proposed a peace
+G3T7emXEwDE-00361-00085239-00085418 agreement based on the secession of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00362-00085419-00085593 ranima controlled northern and western
+G3T7emXEwDE-00363-00085594-00085817 territories as the independent republic
+G3T7emXEwDE-00364-00085818-00085910 of rambha
+G3T7emXEwDE-00365-00085911-00086129 but frelimo refused insisting on the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00366-00086130-00086303 undivided sovereignty of the entire
+G3T7emXEwDE-00367-00086304-00086551 country an estimated 1 million
+G3T7emXEwDE-00368-00086552-00086759 Mozambicans perished during the civil
+G3T7emXEwDE-00369-00086760-00087007 war 1.7 million took refuge in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00370-00087008-00087185 neighboring states and several million
+G3T7emXEwDE-00371-00087186-00087437 more were internally displaced the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00372-00087438-00087659 Frelimo regime also gave shelter and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00373-00087660-00087856 support to south african african
+G3T7emXEwDE-00374-00087857-00088048 National Congress and Zimbabwe in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00375-00088049-00088300 Zimbabwe African National Union rebel
+G3T7emXEwDE-00376-00088301-00088456 movements while the governments of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00377-00088457-00088675 Rhodesia and later South Africa at that
+G3T7emXEwDE-00378-00088676-00088903 time still apartheid backronym Oh in the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00379-00088904-00089197 Civil War on the 19th of October 1986
+G3T7emXEwDE-00380-00089198-00089410 Samora Machel was on his way back from
+G3T7emXEwDE-00381-00089411-00089617 an international meeting in Zambia in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00382-00089618-00089935 the presidential tupolev tu-134 aircraft
+G3T7emXEwDE-00383-00089936-00090118 when the plane crashed in the lebombo
+G3T7emXEwDE-00384-00090119-00090373 mountains near embassy me there were 10
+G3T7emXEwDE-00385-00090374-00090634 survivors but president Marshall and 33
+G3T7emXEwDE-00386-00090635-00090832 others died including ministers and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00387-00090833-00091006 officials of the Mozambique government
+G3T7emXEwDE-00388-00091007-00091246 the United Nations Soviet delegation
+G3T7emXEwDE-00389-00091247-00091504 issued a Minority Report contending that
+G3T7emXEwDE-00390-00091505-00091699 their expertise and experience had been
+G3T7emXEwDE-00391-00091700-00091956 undermined by the South Africans
+G3T7emXEwDE-00392-00091957-00092164 representatives of the Soviet Union
+G3T7emXEwDE-00393-00092165-00092350 advanced the theory that the plane had
+G3T7emXEwDE-00394-00092351-00092536 been intentionally diverted by a false
+G3T7emXEwDE-00395-00092537-00092749 navigational beacon signal using a
+G3T7emXEwDE-00396-00092750-00092938 technology provided by military
+G3T7emXEwDE-00397-00092939-00093127 intelligence operatives of the South
+G3T7emXEwDE-00398-00093128-00093334 African government Marshalls successor
+G3T7emXEwDE-00399-00093335-00093526 Joaquim Chisinau implemented sweeping
+G3T7emXEwDE-00400-00093527-00093772 changes in the country starting reforms
+G3T7emXEwDE-00401-00093773-00093952 such as changing from Marxism to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00402-00093953-00094159 capitalism and began peace talks with
+G3T7emXEwDE-00403-00094160-00094465 Rana mo the new constitution enacted in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00404-00094466-00094699 1990 provided for a multi-party
+G3T7emXEwDE-00405-00094700-00094930 political system market-based economy
+G3T7emXEwDE-00406-00094931-00095227 and free elections the civil war ended
+G3T7emXEwDE-00407-00095228-00095500 in October 1992 with the Rome General
+G3T7emXEwDE-00408-00095501-00095680 Peace Accords first brokered by the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00409-00095681-00095908 Christian Council of Mozambique Council
+G3T7emXEwDE-00410-00095909-00096103 of Protestant churches and then taken
+G3T7emXEwDE-00411-00096104-00096388 over by community of Sant'Egidio peace
+G3T7emXEwDE-00412-00096389-00096604 returned to Mozambique under supervision
+G3T7emXEwDE-00413-00096605-00096865 of the onu mo Z peacekeeping force of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00414-00096866-00097241 the United Nations
+G3T7emXEwDE-00415-00097242-00097933 topic Democratic era 1993 present
+G3T7emXEwDE-00416-00097934-00098266 Mozambique held elections in 1994 which
+G3T7emXEwDE-00417-00098267-00098470 were accepted by most political parties
+G3T7emXEwDE-00418-00098471-00098629 as free and fair although still
+G3T7emXEwDE-00419-00098630-00098797 contested by many Nationals and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00420-00098798-00099052 observers alike Frelimo won under
+G3T7emXEwDE-00421-00099053-00099313 Joaquim Chisinau while Rana mo led by
+G3T7emXEwDE-00422-00099314-00099529 Afonso de la cama ran is the Official
+G3T7emXEwDE-00423-00099530-00099928 Opposition in 1995 Mozambique joined the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00424-00099929-00100135 Commonwealth of Nations becoming at the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00425-00100136-00100327 time the only member nation that had
+G3T7emXEwDE-00426-00100328-00100656 never been part of the British Empire by
+G3T7emXEwDE-00427-00100657-00101017 mid-1995 over 1.7 million refugees who
+G3T7emXEwDE-00428-00101018-00101170 had sought asylum in neighboring
+G3T7emXEwDE-00429-00101171-00101350 countries had returned to Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-00430-00101351-00101539 part of the largest repatriation
+G3T7emXEwDE-00431-00101540-00101751 witnessed in sub-saharan Africa an
+G3T7emXEwDE-00432-00101752-00101977 additional four million internally
+G3T7emXEwDE-00433-00101978-00102172 displaced persons had returned to their
+G3T7emXEwDE-00434-00102173-00102483 homes in December 1999 Mozambique held
+G3T7emXEwDE-00435-00102484-00102670 elections for a second time since the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00436-00102671-00102838 civil war which were again won by
+G3T7emXEwDE-00437-00102839-00103161 Frelimo Ranallo accused Frelimo of fraud
+G3T7emXEwDE-00438-00103163-00103330 and threatened to return to civil war
+G3T7emXEwDE-00439-00103331-00103555 but back down after taking the matter to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00440-00103556-00103836 the Supreme Court and losing in early
+G3T7emXEwDE-00441-00103838-00104034 2000 a cyclone caused widespread
+G3T7emXEwDE-00442-00104035-00104275 flooding in the country killing hundreds
+G3T7emXEwDE-00443-00104276-00104435 and devastating the already precarious
+G3T7emXEwDE-00444-00104436-00104676 infrastructure there were widespread
+G3T7emXEwDE-00445-00104677-00104890 suspicions that foreign aid resources
+G3T7emXEwDE-00446-00104891-00105108 had been diverted by powerful leaders of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00447-00105109-00105430 Frelimo Carlos Cardozo a journalist
+G3T7emXEwDE-00448-00105431-00105625 investigating these allegations was
+G3T7emXEwDE-00449-00105626-00105763 murdered and his death was never
+G3T7emXEwDE-00450-00105764-00106096 satisfactorily explained indicating in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00451-00106097-00106300 2001 that he would not run for a third
+G3T7emXEwDE-00452-00106301-00106546 term Chisinau criticized leaders who
+G3T7emXEwDE-00453-00106547-00106729 stayed on longer than he had which was
+G3T7emXEwDE-00454-00106730-00106945 generally seen as a reference to Zambian
+G3T7emXEwDE-00455-00106946-00107133 president Frederick Chiluba who at the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00456-00107134-00107317 time was considering a third term and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00457-00107318-00107569 zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe then
+G3T7emXEwDE-00458-00107570-00107830 in his fourth term presidential and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00459-00107831-00108009 National Assembly elections took place
+G3T7emXEwDE-00460-00108010-00108382 on 1 to 2 December 2004 frelimo
+G3T7emXEwDE-00461-00108383-00108658 candidate Armando Gabe use' won with 64%
+G3T7emXEwDE-00462-00108658-00108889 of the popular vote while his opponent
+G3T7emXEwDE-00463-00108890-00109133 Afonso de la cama of Rena MO received
+G3T7emXEwDE-00464-00109134-00109579 32% of the popular vote Frelimo won 160
+G3T7emXEwDE-00465-00109580-00109774 seats in parliament with a coalition of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00466-00109775-00109966 rena MO and several small parties
+G3T7emXEwDE-00467-00109967-00110251 winning the 90 remaining seats Gabe user
+G3T7emXEwDE-00468-00110252-00110431 was inaugurated as the president of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00469-00110432-00110719 Mozambique on the 2nd of February 2005
+G3T7emXEwDE-00470-00110720-00110995 and served two five-year terms his
+G3T7emXEwDE-00471-00110996-00111322 successor Felipe NYU si became the four
+G3T7emXEwDE-00472-00111323-00111534 president of Mozambique on the 15th of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00473-00111535-00111702 January 2015
+G3T7emXEwDE-00474-00111703-00112063 since 2013 a low-intensity insurgency
+G3T7emXEwDE-00475-00112064-00112276 Byron amo has been occurring mainly in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00476-00112277-00112468 the country central and northern regions
+G3T7emXEwDE-00477-00112469-00112801 on the 5th of September 2014 former
+G3T7emXEwDE-00478-00112802-00112978 president gabe use' and the leader of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00479-00112979-00113178 Rena modal Akuma signed the accord on
+G3T7emXEwDE-00480-00113179-00113383 cessation of hostilities which brought
+G3T7emXEwDE-00481-00113383-00113590 the military hostilities to a halt and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00482-00113591-00113782 allowed both parties to concentrate on
+G3T7emXEwDE-00483-00113783-00113944 the general elections to be held in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00484-00113945-00114301 October 2014 however after the general
+G3T7emXEwDE-00485-00114302-00114538 elections a new political crisis emerged
+G3T7emXEwDE-00486-00114539-00114708 and the country appears to be once again
+G3T7emXEwDE-00487-00114709-00115015 on the brink of violent conflict Rena mo
+G3T7emXEwDE-00488-00115016-00115203 does not recognize the validity of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00489-00115204-00115420 election results and demands the control
+G3T7emXEwDE-00490-00115421-00115693 of six provinces nebula nyasa tete
+G3T7emXEwDE-00491-00115694-00115854 Zambezia Sofala
+G3T7emXEwDE-00492-00115855-00116034 and monica where they claim to have won
+G3T7emXEwDE-00493-00116035-00116371 a majority about 12,000 refugees are now
+G3T7emXEwDE-00494-00116372-00116707 in neighboring Malawi the UNHCR Doctors
+G3T7emXEwDE-00495-00116708-00116881 Without Borders and Human Rights Watch
+G3T7emXEwDE-00496-00116882-00117078 have reported that government forces
+G3T7emXEwDE-00497-00117079-00117256 have torched villages and carried out
+G3T7emXEwDE-00498-00117257-00117796 summary executions and sexual abuses
+G3T7emXEwDE-00499-00117797-00118375 topic geography and climate
+G3T7emXEwDE-00500-00118376-00118594 at three hundred nine thousand four
+G3T7emXEwDE-00501-00118595-00118795 hundred seventy five square miles
+G3T7emXEwDE-00502-00118796-00118954 eight hundred one thousand five hundred
+G3T7emXEwDE-00503-00118955-00119160 thirty seven square kilometers
+G3T7emXEwDE-00504-00119161-00119422 Mozambique is the world's 36th largest
+G3T7emXEwDE-00505-00119423-00119671 country it is comparable in size to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00506-00119672-00119934 Turkey Mozambique is located on the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00507-00119935-00120181 southeast coast of Africa it is bound by
+G3T7emXEwDE-00508-00120182-00120427 Swaziland to the south South Africa to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00509-00120428-00120510 the southwest
+G3T7emXEwDE-00510-00120511-00120742 Zimbabwe to the west Zambia and Malawi
+G3T7emXEwDE-00511-00120743-00120964 to the northwest Tanzania to the north
+G3T7emXEwDE-00512-00120965-00121129 in the Indian Ocean to the east
+G3T7emXEwDE-00513-00121130-00121414 Mozambique lies between latitudes ten
+G3T7emXEwDE-00514-00121415-00121615 degrees and twenty-seven degrees south
+G3T7emXEwDE-00515-00121616-00121864 and longitudes thirty degrees in 41
+G3T7emXEwDE-00516-00121865-00122194 degrees east the country is divided into
+G3T7emXEwDE-00517-00122195-00122413 two topographical regions by the Zambezi
+G3T7emXEwDE-00518-00122414-00122674 River to the north of the Zambezi River
+G3T7emXEwDE-00519-00122675-00122878 the narrow coastal strip gives way to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00520-00122879-00123181 inland hills and low plateaus rugged
+G3T7emXEwDE-00521-00123182-00123379 Highlands are further west they include
+G3T7emXEwDE-00522-00123380-00123595 the nyasa highlands nebulae or Shire
+G3T7emXEwDE-00523-00123596-00123805 Highlands an Gonia highlands Ted
+G3T7emXEwDE-00524-00123806-00123958 Highlands and the makanda plateau
+G3T7emXEwDE-00525-00123958-00124246 covered with my ombo woodlands to the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00526-00124247-00124458 south of the Zambezi River the lowlands
+G3T7emXEwDE-00527-00124459-00124603 are broader with the National and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00528-00124604-00124836 plateau and lebombo mountains located in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00529-00124838-00125113 the deep south the country is drained by
+G3T7emXEwDE-00530-00125114-00125308 five principal rivers and several
+G3T7emXEwDE-00531-00125308-00125484 smaller ones with the largest and most
+G3T7emXEwDE-00532-00125485-00125776 important the Zambezi the country has
+G3T7emXEwDE-00533-00125777-00126043 four notable Lakes Lake Nyasa or Malawi
+G3T7emXEwDE-00534-00126044-00126292 Lake Judah Lake Kihara basa and Lake
+G3T7emXEwDE-00535-00126293-00126580 Shira all in the north the major cities
+G3T7emXEwDE-00536-00126581-00126706 are Maputo Beira
+G3T7emXEwDE-00537-00126707-00127018 nebula tete koala maine chamoy au Pemba
+G3T7emXEwDE-00538-00127019-00127361 inhambane x AIX ai and lichinga
+G3T7emXEwDE-00539-00127363-00127798 geography of mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-00540-00127799-00128276 topic climate
+G3T7emXEwDE-00541-00128277-00128516 Mozambique has a tropical climate with
+G3T7emXEwDE-00542-00128517-00128771 two seasons a wet season from October to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00543-00128772-00128957 March in a dry season from April to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00544-00128958-00129230 September climatic conditions however
+G3T7emXEwDE-00545-00129231-00129524 vary depending on altitude rainfall is
+G3T7emXEwDE-00546-00129525-00129728 heavy along the coast and decreases in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00547-00129729-00129968 the north and south annual precipitation
+G3T7emXEwDE-00548-00129969-00130274 varies from 500 to 900 millimeters
+G3T7emXEwDE-00549-00130275-00130466 nineteen point seven to thirty five
+G3T7emXEwDE-00550-00130467-00130660 point four and depending on the region
+G3T7emXEwDE-00551-00130661-00130829 with an average of five hundred ninety
+G3T7emXEwDE-00552-00130830-00131225 millimeters 23.2 in cyclones are common
+G3T7emXEwDE-00553-00131226-00131402 during the wet season average
+G3T7emXEwDE-00554-00131403-00131666 temperature ranges in Maputo are from 13
+G3T7emXEwDE-00555-00131667-00131936 to 24 degrees Celsius fifty five point
+G3T7emXEwDE-00556-00131937-00132143 four to seventy five point two degrees
+G3T7emXEwDE-00557-00132144-00132440 Fahrenheit in July and from 22 to 31
+G3T7emXEwDE-00558-00132441-00132722 degrees Celsius 71 point six to eighty
+G3T7emXEwDE-00559-00132723-00132923 seven point eight degrees Fahrenheit in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00560-00132924-00133332 February
+G3T7emXEwDE-00561-00133333-00133762 topic wildlife
+G3T7emXEwDE-00562-00133763-00134056 there are known to be 740 bird species
+G3T7emXEwDE-00563-00134057-00134302 in Mozambique including 20 globally
+G3T7emXEwDE-00564-00134303-00134485 threatened species and to introduced
+G3T7emXEwDE-00565-00134486-00134719 species and over 200 mammal species
+G3T7emXEwDE-00566-00134720-00134932 endemic to Mozambique including the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00567-00134933-00135109 critically endangered seller zebra
+G3T7emXEwDE-00568-00135110-00135322 Vincent's bush squirrel and 13 other
+G3T7emXEwDE-00569-00135323-00135573 endangered or vulnerable species
+G3T7emXEwDE-00570-00135574-00135889 protected areas of Mozambique include 13
+G3T7emXEwDE-00571-00135890-00136162 forest reserves 7 national parks 6
+G3T7emXEwDE-00572-00136163-00136408 nature reserves 3 frontier conservation
+G3T7emXEwDE-00573-00136409-00136956 areas and 3 wildlife or game reserves
+G3T7emXEwDE-00574-00136957-00137472 topic politics
+G3T7emXEwDE-00575-00137473-00137664 Mozambique is a multiparty democracy
+G3T7emXEwDE-00576-00137665-00137988 under the 1990 Constitution the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00577-00137989-00138215 executive branch comprises a president
+G3T7emXEwDE-00578-00138216-00138437 Prime Minister and Council of Ministers
+G3T7emXEwDE-00579-00138438-00138675 there is a National Assembly and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00580-00138676-00138912 municipal assemblies the judiciary
+G3T7emXEwDE-00581-00138913-00139140 comprises a Supreme Court and provincial
+G3T7emXEwDE-00582-00139141-00139437 district and municipal courts suffrage
+G3T7emXEwDE-00583-00139438-00139797 is universal at 18 in the 1994 elections
+G3T7emXEwDE-00584-00139798-00140019 Joaquim Chisinau was elected president
+G3T7emXEwDE-00585-00140020-00140354 with 53% of the vote and a 250 member
+G3T7emXEwDE-00586-00140355-00140649 National Assembly was voted in with 129
+G3T7emXEwDE-00587-00140650-00140889 Liberation Front of Mozambique Frelimo
+G3T7emXEwDE-00588-00140890-00141174 deputies 112 Mozambique and national
+G3T7emXEwDE-00589-00141175-00141404 resistance Rena MO deputies and nine
+G3T7emXEwDE-00590-00141405-00141624 representatives of three smaller parties
+G3T7emXEwDE-00591-00141625-00141798 that form the Democratic Union
+G3T7emXEwDE-00592-00141799-00142166 ud since its formation in 1994 the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00593-00142167-00142359 National Assembly has made progress in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00594-00142360-00142557 becoming a body increasingly more
+G3T7emXEwDE-00595-00142558-00142869 independent of the executive by 1999
+G3T7emXEwDE-00596-00142870-00143141 more than one-half 53 percent of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00597-00143142-00143349 legislation passed originated in the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00598-00143350-00143637 assembly after some delays in 1998 the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00599-00143638-00143828 country held its first local elections
+G3T7emXEwDE-00600-00143829-00144041 to provide for local representation and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00601-00144042-00144191 some budgetary authority at the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00602-00144192-00144438 municipal level the principal opposition
+G3T7emXEwDE-00603-00144439-00144696 party Rena mo boycotted the local
+G3T7emXEwDE-00604-00144697-00144873 elections citing flaws in the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00605-00144874-00145176 registration process independent slates
+G3T7emXEwDE-00606-00145177-00145395 contested the elections and won seats in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00607-00145396-00145647 municipal assemblies turnout was very
+G3T7emXEwDE-00608-00145648-00145935 low in the aftermath of the 1998 local
+G3T7emXEwDE-00609-00145936-00146115 elections the government resolved to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00610-00146116-00146265 make more accommodations to the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00611-00146266-00146472 opposition's procedural concerns for the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00612-00146473-00146664 second round of multi-party national
+G3T7emXEwDE-00613-00146665-00146976 elections in 1999 working through the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00614-00146977-00147207 National Assembly the electoral law was
+G3T7emXEwDE-00615-00147208-00147408 rewritten and passed by consensus in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00616-00147409-00147750 December 1998 financed largely by
+G3T7emXEwDE-00617-00147751-00147969 international donors a very successful
+G3T7emXEwDE-00618-00147970-00148178 voter registration was conducted from
+G3T7emXEwDE-00619-00148179-00148485 July to September 1999 providing voter
+G3T7emXEwDE-00620-00148486-00148740 registration cards to 85% of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00621-00148741-00148950 potential electorate more than 7 million
+G3T7emXEwDE-00622-00148951-00149181 voters the second general elections were
+G3T7emXEwDE-00623-00149182-00149481 held 3 to 5 December 1999 with high
+G3T7emXEwDE-00624-00149482-00149739 voter turnout international and domestic
+G3T7emXEwDE-00625-00149740-00149961 observers agreed that the voting process
+G3T7emXEwDE-00626-00149962-00150178 was well organized and went smoothly
+G3T7emXEwDE-00627-00150179-00150432 both the opposition and observers
+G3T7emXEwDE-00628-00150433-00150618 subsequently cited flaws in the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00629-00150619-00150795 tabulation process that had they not
+G3T7emXEwDE-00630-00150796-00150854 occurred
+G3T7emXEwDE-00631-00150855-00151086 might have changed the outcome in the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00632-00151087-00151277 end however international and domestic
+G3T7emXEwDE-00633-00151278-00151494 observers concluded that the close
+G3T7emXEwDE-00634-00151495-00151683 result of the vote reflected the will of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00635-00151684-00151758 the people
+G3T7emXEwDE-00636-00151759-00151944 president Chisinau won the presidency
+G3T7emXEwDE-00637-00151945-00152148 with a margin of four percent over the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00638-00152149-00152346 Rena mo electoral Union coalition
+G3T7emXEwDE-00639-00152347-00152571 candidate Afonso de la cama and began
+G3T7emXEwDE-00640-00152572-00152831 his five-year term in January 2000
+G3T7emXEwDE-00641-00152832-00153081 frelimo increased its majority in the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00642-00153082-00153437 National Assembly with 133 out of 250
+G3T7emXEwDE-00643-00153438-00153870 seats Ranallo UE coalition won 116 seats
+G3T7emXEwDE-00644-00153871-00154059 when went independent and no third
+G3T7emXEwDE-00645-00154060-00154272 parties are represented the opposition
+G3T7emXEwDE-00646-00154273-00154470 coalition did not accept the National
+G3T7emXEwDE-00647-00154471-00154632 Election Commission's results of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00648-00154633-00154821 presidential vote and filed a formal
+G3T7emXEwDE-00649-00154822-00155087 complaint to the Supreme Court one month
+G3T7emXEwDE-00650-00155088-00155279 after the voting the court dismissed the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00651-00155280-00155486 opposition's challenge and validated the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00652-00155487-00155765 election results the opposition did not
+G3T7emXEwDE-00653-00155766-00155948 file a complaint about the results of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00654-00155949-00156147 the legislative vote the second local
+G3T7emXEwDE-00655-00156148-00156413 elections involving 33 municipalities
+G3T7emXEwDE-00656-00156414-00156662 with some 2.4 million registered voters
+G3T7emXEwDE-00657-00156663-00157016 took place in November 2003 this was the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00658-00157017-00157274 first time that frelimo Rena mo UE an
+G3T7emXEwDE-00659-00157275-00157463 independent parties competed without
+G3T7emXEwDE-00660-00157464-00157835 significant boycotts the 24% turnout was
+G3T7emXEwDE-00661-00157836-00158073 well above the 15% turnout in the first
+G3T7emXEwDE-00662-00158074-00158453 municipal elections Frelimo 128 mayoral
+G3T7emXEwDE-00663-00158454-00158666 positions and the majority in 29
+G3T7emXEwDE-00664-00158667-00158919 municipal assemblies while Rama won five
+G3T7emXEwDE-00665-00158920-00159110 mayoral positions and the majority in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00666-00159111-00159408 four municipal assemblies the voting was
+G3T7emXEwDE-00667-00159409-00159590 conducted in an orderly fashion without
+G3T7emXEwDE-00668-00159591-00159843 violent incidents however the period
+G3T7emXEwDE-00669-00159844-00160032 immediately after the elections was
+G3T7emXEwDE-00670-00160033-00160221 marked by objections about voter and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00671-00160222-00160391 candidate registration and vote
+G3T7emXEwDE-00672-00160392-00160604 tabulation as well as calls for greater
+G3T7emXEwDE-00673-00160605-00161000 transparency in May 2009 the government
+G3T7emXEwDE-00674-00161001-00161184 approved a new general elections law
+G3T7emXEwDE-00675-00161185-00161375 that contained innovations based on the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00676-00161376-00161607 experience of the 2003 municipal
+G3T7emXEwDE-00677-00161608-00161873 elections presidential and national
+G3T7emXEwDE-00678-00161874-00162116 assembly elections took place on 1 to 2
+G3T7emXEwDE-00679-00162117-00162491 December 2004 frelimo candidate Armando
+G3T7emXEwDE-00680-00162492-00162768 gave use a 1 with 64% of the popular
+G3T7emXEwDE-00681-00162769-00163076 vote his opponent Athens o de la cama of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00682-00163077-00163414 Rena MO received 32% of the popular vote
+G3T7emXEwDE-00683-00163415-00163751 Frelimo won 160 seats in parliament a
+G3T7emXEwDE-00684-00163752-00163998 coalition of Romano and several small
+G3T7emXEwDE-00685-00163999-00164241 parties won the 19 seats
+G3T7emXEwDE-00686-00164242-00164500 Armondo Gabe user was inaugurated as the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00687-00164501-00164704 president of Mozambique on the 2nd of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00688-00164705-00165070 February 2005 Ranallo and some other
+G3T7emXEwDE-00689-00165071-00165259 opposition parties made claims of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00690-00165260-00165454 election fraud and denounced the result
+G3T7emXEwDE-00691-00165455-00165685 these claims were supported by
+G3T7emXEwDE-00692-00165686-00165904 international observers among others by
+G3T7emXEwDE-00693-00165905-00166072 the European Union election observation
+G3T7emXEwDE-00694-00166073-00166300 mission to Mozambique and the Carter
+G3T7emXEwDE-00695-00166301-00166486 Center to the elections who criticized
+G3T7emXEwDE-00696-00166487-00166669 the fact that the National Electoral
+G3T7emXEwDE-00697-00166670-00166933 Commission C and E did not conduct fair
+G3T7emXEwDE-00698-00166934-00167212 and transparent elections they listed a
+G3T7emXEwDE-00699-00167213-00167368 whole range of shortcomings by the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00700-00167369-00167572 electoral authorities that benefited the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00701-00167573-00167884 ruling party Frelimo according to EU
+G3T7emXEwDE-00702-00167885-00168097 observers the elections shortcomings
+G3T7emXEwDE-00703-00168098-00168279 have probably not affected the final
+G3T7emXEwDE-00704-00168280-00168466 result in the presidential election on
+G3T7emXEwDE-00705-00168467-00168703 the other hand the observers have
+G3T7emXEwDE-00706-00168704-00168850 declared that the outcome of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00707-00168851-00169015 parliamentary election and thus the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00708-00169016-00169195 distribution of seats in the National
+G3T7emXEwDE-00709-00169196-00169360 Assembly does not reflect the will of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00710-00169361-00169582 the Mozambican people and is clearly to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00711-00169583-00169912 the disadvantage of Renato after clashes
+G3T7emXEwDE-00712-00169913-00170119 between Renato guards and the police in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00713-00170120-00170410 Mik song and gondola in April 2013 Rena
+G3T7emXEwDE-00714-00170411-00170590 Mo said it would boycott and disrupt
+G3T7emXEwDE-00715-00170591-00170929 local elections in November 2013 since
+G3T7emXEwDE-00716-00170930-00171214 the end of the civil war in 1992 about
+G3T7emXEwDE-00717-00171215-00171475 300 ranima Guards had remained armed and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00718-00171476-00171676 refused to join the National Army or the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00719-00171677-00172036 police force
+G3T7emXEwDE-00720-00172037-00172575 topic foreign relations
+G3T7emXEwDE-00721-00172576-00172782 while allegiances dating back to the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00722-00172783-00172962 liberation struggle remained relevant
+G3T7emXEwDE-00723-00172963-00173196 Mozambique's foreign policy has become
+G3T7emXEwDE-00724-00173197-00173466 increasingly pragmatic the twin pillars
+G3T7emXEwDE-00725-00173467-00173667 of Mozambique's foreign policy are
+G3T7emXEwDE-00726-00173668-00173841 maintenance of good relations with its
+G3T7emXEwDE-00727-00173842-00174036 neighbors and maintenance and expansion
+G3T7emXEwDE-00728-00174037-00174228 of ties to development partners during
+G3T7emXEwDE-00729-00174229-00174483 the 1970s in the early 1980s
+G3T7emXEwDE-00730-00174484-00174669 Mozambique's foreign policy was
+G3T7emXEwDE-00731-00174670-00174864 inextricably linked to the struggles for
+G3T7emXEwDE-00732-00174865-00175038 majority rule in Rhodesia and South
+G3T7emXEwDE-00733-00175039-00175299 Africa as well as superpower competition
+G3T7emXEwDE-00734-00175300-00175412 in the Cold War
+G3T7emXEwDE-00735-00175413-00175641 mozambique's decision to enforce UN
+G3T7emXEwDE-00736-00175642-00175848 sanctions against Rhodesia and deny that
+G3T7emXEwDE-00737-00175849-00176049 country access to the sea let Ian
+G3T7emXEwDE-00738-00176050-00176250 Smith's government to undertake overt
+G3T7emXEwDE-00739-00176251-00176471 and covert actions to oppose the country
+G3T7emXEwDE-00740-00176472-00176688 although the change of government in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00741-00176689-00176970 Zimbabwe in 1980 removed this threat the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00742-00176971-00177168 government of South Africa continued to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00743-00177169-00177486 destabilize Mozambique Mozambique also
+G3T7emXEwDE-00744-00177487-00177675 belonged to the frontline states the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00745-00177676-00177957 1984 and Kumada Accord while failing in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00746-00177958-00178167 its goal of ending South African support
+G3T7emXEwDE-00747-00178168-00178377 to Renato opened initial diplomatic
+G3T7emXEwDE-00748-00178378-00178578 contacts between the Mozambican and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00749-00178579-00178857 South African governments this process
+G3T7emXEwDE-00750-00178858-00179037 gained momentum with South Africa's
+G3T7emXEwDE-00751-00179038-00179208 elimination of apartheid which
+G3T7emXEwDE-00752-00179209-00179403 culminated in the establishment of full
+G3T7emXEwDE-00753-00179404-00179690 diplomatic relations in October 1993
+G3T7emXEwDE-00754-00179691-00179913 while relations with neighboring
+G3T7emXEwDE-00755-00179914-00180228 Zimbabwe Malawi Zambia and Tanzania show
+G3T7emXEwDE-00756-00180229-00180468 occasional strains Mozambique's ties to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00757-00180469-00180654 these countries remain strong in the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00758-00180655-00180801 years immediately following its
+G3T7emXEwDE-00759-00180802-00181014 independence Mozambique benefited from
+G3T7emXEwDE-00760-00181015-00181182 considerable assistance from some
+G3T7emXEwDE-00761-00181183-00181341 Western countries notably the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00762-00181342-00181629 Scandinavians the Soviet Union and its
+G3T7emXEwDE-00763-00181630-00181830 allies became Mozambique's primary
+G3T7emXEwDE-00764-00181831-00182010 economic military and political
+G3T7emXEwDE-00765-00182011-00182174 supporters and its foreign policy
+G3T7emXEwDE-00766-00182175-00182478 reflected this linkage this began to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00767-00182479-00182841 change in 1983 in 1984 Mozambique joined
+G3T7emXEwDE-00768-00182842-00182954 the World Bank and International
+G3T7emXEwDE-00769-00182955-00183267 Monetary Fund Western aid by the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00770-00183268-00183483 Scandinavian countries of Sweden Norway
+G3T7emXEwDE-00771-00183484-00183732 Denmark and Iceland quickly replaced
+G3T7emXEwDE-00772-00183733-00183969 Soviet support Finland and the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00773-00183970-00184137 Netherlands are becoming increasingly
+G3T7emXEwDE-00774-00184138-00184317 important sources of development
+G3T7emXEwDE-00775-00184318-00184593 assistance Italy also maintains a
+G3T7emXEwDE-00776-00184594-00184818 profile in Mozambique as a result of its
+G3T7emXEwDE-00777-00184819-00185027 key role during the peace process
+G3T7emXEwDE-00778-00185028-00185271 relations with Portugal the former
+G3T7emXEwDE-00779-00185272-00185496 colonial power continued to be important
+G3T7emXEwDE-00780-00185497-00185670 because Portuguese investors play a
+G3T7emXEwDE-00781-00185671-00185889 visible role in Mozambique's economy
+G3T7emXEwDE-00782-00185890-00185947 Bo's M
+G3T7emXEwDE-00783-00185948-00186091 because a member of the non-aligned
+G3T7emXEwDE-00784-00186092-00186259 movement and ranks among the moderate
+G3T7emXEwDE-00785-00186260-00186421 members of the African bloc in the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00786-00186422-00186592 United Nations and other international
+G3T7emXEwDE-00787-00186593-00186952 organizations Mozambique also belongs to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00788-00186953-00187117 the African Union formerly the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00789-00187118-00187330 organization of African Unity and the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00790-00187331-00187474 Southern African Development Community
+G3T7emXEwDE-00791-00187475-00187867 in 1994 the government became a full
+G3T7emXEwDE-00792-00187868-00188023 member of the organization of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00793-00188024-00188236 Islamic Conference in part to broaden
+G3T7emXEwDE-00794-00188237-00188434 its base of international support but
+G3T7emXEwDE-00795-00188435-00188623 also to please the country's sizable
+G3T7emXEwDE-00796-00188624-00188748 Muslim population
+G3T7emXEwDE-00797-00188749-00189106 similarly in 1995 Mozambique joined its
+G3T7emXEwDE-00798-00189107-00189220 Anglophone neighbours in the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00799-00189221-00189499 Commonwealth of Nations at the time it
+G3T7emXEwDE-00800-00189500-00189664 was the only nation to have joined the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00801-00189665-00189838 Commonwealth that was never part of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00802-00189839-00190096 British Empire in the same year
+G3T7emXEwDE-00803-00190097-00190303 Mozambique became a founding member and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00804-00190304-00190483 the first president of the community of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00805-00190484-00190771 Portuguese language countries cplp and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00806-00190772-00190927 maintains close ties with other
+G3T7emXEwDE-00807-00190928-00191362 Portuguese speaking countries
+G3T7emXEwDE-00808-00191363-00191931 topic administrative divisions
+G3T7emXEwDE-00809-00191932-00192181 Mozambique is divided into ten provinces
+G3T7emXEwDE-00810-00192182-00192418 provincia s-- and one capital city
+G3T7emXEwDE-00811-00192419-00192643 sedate capital with provincial status
+G3T7emXEwDE-00812-00192644-00193015 the provinces are subdivided into 100 29
+G3T7emXEwDE-00813-00193016-00193300 districts distritos the districts are
+G3T7emXEwDE-00814-00193301-00193570 further divided in 405 post dose
+G3T7emXEwDE-00815-00193571-00193879 administered Eva's administrative posts
+G3T7emXEwDE-00816-00193880-00194122 and then into localities localities the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00817-00194123-00194341 lowest geographical level of the central
+G3T7emXEwDE-00818-00194342-00194713 state administration since 1998 53
+G3T7emXEwDE-00819-00194714-00195052 mooney CBO's municipalities have been
+G3T7emXEwDE-00820-00195053-00195358 created in Mozambique the districts of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00821-00195359-00195690 Mozambique are divided into 405 post dos
+G3T7emXEwDE-00822-00195691-00195901 post dose administered Evo's
+G3T7emXEwDE-00823-00195902-00196090 administrative posts are the main
+G3T7emXEwDE-00824-00196091-00196381 subdivisions of districts this name in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00825-00196382-00196594 use during colonial times was abolished
+G3T7emXEwDE-00826-00196595-00196801 after independence and was replaced by
+G3T7emXEwDE-00827-00196802-00197146 locally dades localities however it was
+G3T7emXEwDE-00828-00197147-00197440 reestablished in 1986 administrative
+G3T7emXEwDE-00829-00197441-00197629 posts are headed by a secret Aereo's
+G3T7emXEwDE-00830-00197630-00197851 secretaries which before independence
+G3T7emXEwDE-00831-00197852-00198043 were called Chafee's de pasto post
+G3T7emXEwDE-00832-00198044-00198349 Chiefs administrative posts can be
+G3T7emXEwDE-00833-00198350-00198598 further subdivided into localities also
+G3T7emXEwDE-00834-00198599-00198997 headed by secretaries
+G3T7emXEwDE-00835-00198998-00199485 topic military
+G3T7emXEwDE-00836-00199486-00199754 Mozambique operates a small functioning
+G3T7emXEwDE-00837-00199755-00199950 military that handles all aspects of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00838-00199951-00200175 domestic national defense the Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-00839-00200176-00200609 Defence Armed Forces
+G3T7emXEwDE-00840-00200610-00201118 topic economy
+G3T7emXEwDE-00841-00201119-00201376 the official currency as the new medical
+G3T7emXEwDE-00842-00201377-00201607 as of March 2018 one United States
+G3T7emXEwDE-00843-00201608-00201886 dollar is roughly equivalent to 62 new
+G3T7emXEwDE-00844-00201887-00202108 medicals which replaced old medicals at
+G3T7emXEwDE-00845-00202109-00202345 the rate of a thousand to one the old
+G3T7emXEwDE-00846-00202346-00202540 currency was redeemable at the bank of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00847-00202541-00202876 Mozambique until the end of 2012 the US
+G3T7emXEwDE-00848-00202877-00203116 dollar South African Rand and recently
+G3T7emXEwDE-00849-00203117-00203341 the euro are also widely accepted and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00850-00203342-00203593 used in business transactions the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00851-00203594-00203869 minimum legal salary is around $60 per
+G3T7emXEwDE-00852-00203870-00204082 month Mozambique is a member of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00853-00204083-00204267 Southern African Development Community
+G3T7emXEwDE-00854-00204268-00204691 SADC the SADC free trade protocol is
+G3T7emXEwDE-00855-00204692-00204856 aimed at making the southern African
+G3T7emXEwDE-00856-00204857-00205060 region more competitive by eliminating
+G3T7emXEwDE-00857-00205061-00205323 tariffs and other trade barriers the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00858-00205325-00205548 World Bank in 2007 talked of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00859-00205550-00205777 Mozambique's blistering pace of economic
+G3T7emXEwDE-00860-00205778-00206065 growth a joint donor government study in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00861-00206066-00206373 early 2007 said Mozambique is generally
+G3T7emXEwDE-00862-00206375-00206623 considered an aid success story the IMF
+G3T7emXEwDE-00863-00206623-00206902 in early 2007 said Mozambique is a
+G3T7emXEwDE-00864-00206903-00207163 success story in sub-saharan Africa yet
+G3T7emXEwDE-00865-00207164-00207364 despite this apparent success both the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00866-00207365-00207556 World Bank and UNICEF used the word
+G3T7emXEwDE-00867-00207557-00207814 paradox to describe rising chronic child
+G3T7emXEwDE-00868-00207815-00208046 malnutrition in the face of GDP growth
+G3T7emXEwDE-00869-00208048-00208558 between 1994 and 2006 average annual GDP
+G3T7emXEwDE-00870-00208559-00208825 growth was approximately 8% however the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00871-00208826-00209002 country remains one of the poorest and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00872-00209003-00209257 most underdeveloped in the world in a
+G3T7emXEwDE-00873-00209258-00209539 2006 survey three-quarters of Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-00874-00209540-00209689 ins said that in the past five years
+G3T7emXEwDE-00875-00209690-00209911 their economic position had remained the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00876-00209912-00210310 same or become worse
+G3T7emXEwDE-00877-00210311-00210826 topic rebounding growth
+G3T7emXEwDE-00878-00210827-00211078 the resettlement of civil war refugees
+G3T7emXEwDE-00879-00211079-00211321 and successful economic reform have led
+G3T7emXEwDE-00880-00211321-00211492 to a high growth rate the country
+G3T7emXEwDE-00881-00211492-00211708 enjoyed a remarkable recovery achieving
+G3T7emXEwDE-00882-00211709-00211855 an average annual rate of economic
+G3T7emXEwDE-00883-00211856-00212155 growth of 8 percent between 1996 and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00884-00212156-00212448 2006 and between 6 to 7 percent from
+G3T7emXEwDE-00885-00212450-00212833 2006 to 2011 the devastating floods of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00886-00212834-00213160 early 2000 slowed GDP growth to 2.1
+G3T7emXEwDE-00887-00213161-00213379 percent but a full recovery was achieved
+G3T7emXEwDE-00888-00213380-00213811 in 2001 with growth of 14.8% rapid
+G3T7emXEwDE-00889-00213812-00214027 expansion in the future hinge on several
+G3T7emXEwDE-00890-00214028-00214221 major foreign investment projects
+G3T7emXEwDE-00891-00214223-00214419 continued economic reform and the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00892-00214421-00214558 revival of the agriculture
+G3T7emXEwDE-00893-00214559-00214854 transportation and tourism sectors in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00894-00214855-00215176 2013 about 80% of the population was
+G3T7emXEwDE-00895-00215177-00215386 employed in agriculture the majority of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00896-00215387-00215541 whom were engaged in small-scale
+G3T7emXEwDE-00897-00215542-00215776 subsistence farming which still suffered
+G3T7emXEwDE-00898-00215777-00215911 from inadequate infrastructure
+G3T7emXEwDE-00899-00215912-00216117 commercial networks and investment
+G3T7emXEwDE-00900-00216119-00216478 however in 2012 more than 90 percent of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00901-00216479-00216655 Mozambique's arable land was still
+G3T7emXEwDE-00902-00216656-00217039 uncultivated in 2013 a BBC article
+G3T7emXEwDE-00903-00217040-00217269 reported that starting in 2009
+G3T7emXEwDE-00904-00217271-00217446 Portuguese had been returning to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00905-00217448-00217600 Mozambique because of the growing
+G3T7emXEwDE-00906-00217601-00217792 economy in Mozambique in the poor
+G3T7emXEwDE-00907-00217792-00218319 economic situation in Portugal
+G3T7emXEwDE-00908-00218321-00218790 topic economic reforms
+G3T7emXEwDE-00909-00218791-00219131 more than 1200 mostly small state-owned
+G3T7emXEwDE-00910-00219132-00219358 enterprises have been privatized
+G3T7emXEwDE-00911-00219359-00219602 preparations for privatization and more
+G3T7emXEwDE-00912-00219603-00219794 sector liberalisation were made for the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00913-00219796-00219980 remaining parastatal enterprises
+G3T7emXEwDE-00914-00219981-00220212 including telecommunications energy
+G3T7emXEwDE-00915-00220213-00220484 ports and railways the government
+G3T7emXEwDE-00916-00220485-00220689 frequently selected a strategic foreign
+G3T7emXEwDE-00917-00220690-00220954 investor when privatizing a parastatal
+G3T7emXEwDE-00918-00220955-00221183 additionally customs duties have been
+G3T7emXEwDE-00919-00221184-00221396 reduced and customs management has been
+G3T7emXEwDE-00920-00221398-00221669 streamlined and reformed the government
+G3T7emXEwDE-00921-00221671-00221973 introduced a value-added tax in 1999 as
+G3T7emXEwDE-00922-00221973-00222167 part of its efforts to increase domestic
+G3T7emXEwDE-00923-00222169-00222546 revenues plans for 2000 304 included
+G3T7emXEwDE-00924-00222546-00222719 commercial code reform comprehensive
+G3T7emXEwDE-00925-00222721-00222969 judicial reform financial sector
+G3T7emXEwDE-00926-00222969-00223167 strengthening continued civil service
+G3T7emXEwDE-00927-00223167-00223367 reform and improved government budget
+G3T7emXEwDE-00928-00223369-00223665 audit and inspection capability further
+G3T7emXEwDE-00929-00223666-00223875 political instability resulting from
+G3T7emXEwDE-00930-00223876-00224001 flooding left thousands homeless
+G3T7emXEwDE-00931-00224002-00224492 displaced within their own country
+G3T7emXEwDE-00932-00224494-00224983 topic corruption
+G3T7emXEwDE-00933-00224984-00225230 mozambique's economy has been shaken by
+G3T7emXEwDE-00934-00225231-00225496 a number of corruption scandals in July
+G3T7emXEwDE-00935-00225498-00225719 2011 the government proposed new
+G3T7emXEwDE-00936-00225719-00225898 anti-corruption laws to criminalize
+G3T7emXEwDE-00937-00225900-00226096 embezzlement influence peddling and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00938-00226098-00226304 graft following numerous instances of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00939-00226305-00226556 the theft of public money this has been
+G3T7emXEwDE-00940-00226557-00226739 endorsed by the country's Council of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00941-00226740-00226801 Ministers
+G3T7emXEwDE-00942-00226802-00227044 Mozambique has convicted two former
+G3T7emXEwDE-00943-00227046-00227228 ministers for graft in the past two
+G3T7emXEwDE-00944-00227229-00227612 years Mozambique was ranked 116 of 178
+G3T7emXEwDE-00945-00227613-00227813 countries in anti-graft watchdog
+G3T7emXEwDE-00946-00227814-00228023 transparency international's latest
+G3T7emXEwDE-00947-00228023-00228305 index of global corruption according to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00948-00228306-00228667 a USAID report written in 2005 the scale
+G3T7emXEwDE-00949-00228669-00228890 and scope of corruption in Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-00950-00228891-00229265 are cause for alarm in March 2012 the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00951-00229266-00229448 government of the southern Mozambique in
+G3T7emXEwDE-00952-00229448-00229631 province of inhambane uncovered the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00953-00229632-00229844 misappropriation of public funds by the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00954-00229844-00230033 director of the provincial anti-drugs
+G3T7emXEwDE-00955-00230034-00230090 office
+G3T7emXEwDE-00956-00230091-00230375 Callisto Alberto Toma he was found to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00957-00230376-00230534 have colluded with the accountant in the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00958-00230535-00230789 anti drugs office recalde aguante to
+G3T7emXEwDE-00959-00230790-00231067 steal over 260,000 Mehta says between
+G3T7emXEwDE-00960-00231069-00231326 2008 and 2010 the government of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00961-00231327-00231500 Mozambique has taken steps to address
+G3T7emXEwDE-00962-00231501-00231701 the problem of corruption and some
+G3T7emXEwDE-00963-00231702-00231875 positive developments can be observed
+G3T7emXEwDE-00964-00231876-00232073 such as the passages of several new
+G3T7emXEwDE-00965-00232073-00232546 anti-corruption bills in 2012
+G3T7emXEwDE-00966-00232546-00233094 topic Natural Resources
+G3T7emXEwDE-00967-00233096-00233416 in 2012 large natural gas reserves were
+G3T7emXEwDE-00968-00233417-00233626 discovered in Mozambique revenues which
+G3T7emXEwDE-00969-00233627-00233782 have the potential to dramatically
+G3T7emXEwDE-00970-00233783-00234236 change the economy
+G3T7emXEwDE-00971-00234237-00234640 topic tourism
+G3T7emXEwDE-00972-00234641-00234901 Mozambique attracts tourists the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00973-00234902-00235126 country's natural environment wildlife
+G3T7emXEwDE-00974-00235127-00235296 and historic heritage provide
+G3T7emXEwDE-00975-00235298-00235513 opportunities for beach cultural and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00976-00235514-00235794 ecotourism Mozambique has a great
+G3T7emXEwDE-00977-00235796-00235966 potential for growth in its gross
+G3T7emXEwDE-00978-00235967-00236208 domestic product GDP although its
+G3T7emXEwDE-00979-00236209-00236421 current contribution is only five point
+G3T7emXEwDE-00980-00236423-00236634 six percent the beaches with clean water
+G3T7emXEwDE-00981-00236635-00236851 are suitable for tourism especially
+G3T7emXEwDE-00982-00236852-00237021 those that are very far from urban
+G3T7emXEwDE-00983-00237023-00237223 centers such as those in the province of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00984-00237223-00237321 Cabo Delgado
+G3T7emXEwDE-00985-00237323-00237546 especially the karrimba Islands and the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00986-00237548-00237748 province of inhambane especially the
+G3T7emXEwDE-00987-00237748-00237984 archipelago of bazaruto the country also
+G3T7emXEwDE-00988-00237985-00238201 has several national parks including
+G3T7emXEwDE-00989-00238202-00238380 Gorongosa National Park with its
+G3T7emXEwDE-00990-00238381-00238576 infrastructures rehabilitated and
+G3T7emXEwDE-00991-00238577-00238771 repopulated in certain species of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00992-00238771-00239298 animals that were already disappearing
+G3T7emXEwDE-00993-00239300-00239785 topic transport
+G3T7emXEwDE-00994-00239786-00240055 modes of transport in Mozambique include
+G3T7emXEwDE-00995-00240056-00240415 rail road water and air there are over
+G3T7emXEwDE-00996-00240416-00240658 30,000 kilometers of roads but much of
+G3T7emXEwDE-00997-00240659-00240910 the network is unpaved like its
+G3T7emXEwDE-00998-00240911-00241069 Commonwealth neighbors traffic
+G3T7emXEwDE-00999-00241069-00241330 circulates on the left there is an
+G3T7emXEwDE-01000-00241331-00241600 international airport at Maputo 21 other
+G3T7emXEwDE-01001-00241601-00241855 paved airports and over 100 air strips
+G3T7emXEwDE-01002-00241856-00242167 with unpaved runways on the Indian Ocean
+G3T7emXEwDE-01003-00242167-00242377 coast are several large seaports
+G3T7emXEwDE-01004-00242378-00242635 including the kala vera and Maputo with
+G3T7emXEwDE-01005-00242636-00242884 further ports being developed there are
+G3T7emXEwDE-01006-00242885-00243048 three thousand seven hundred fifty
+G3T7emXEwDE-01007-00243050-00243327 kilometres of navigable inland waterways
+G3T7emXEwDE-01008-00243328-00243594 there are rail links serving principal
+G3T7emXEwDE-01009-00243596-00243763 cities and connecting the country with
+G3T7emXEwDE-01010-00243764-00244111 Malawi Zimbabwe and South Africa the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01011-00244112-00244348 Mozambican railway system developed over
+G3T7emXEwDE-01012-00244348-00244510 more than a century from three different
+G3T7emXEwDE-01013-00244511-00244726 ports on the Indian Ocean that served as
+G3T7emXEwDE-01014-00244727-00244896 terminals for separate lines to the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01015-00244898-00245134 hinterland the railroads were major
+G3T7emXEwDE-01016-00245135-00245362 targets during the Mozambican Civil War
+G3T7emXEwDE-01017-00245363-00245592 were sabotage byron amo and are being
+G3T7emXEwDE-01018-00245594-00245892 rehabilitated a parastatal Authority
+G3T7emXEwDE-01019-00245894-00246082 Porto's a command hose de Faro de
+G3T7emXEwDE-01020-00246083-00246355 moçambique abbreviated CFM in English
+G3T7emXEwDE-01021-00246356-00246583 Mozambique ports and railways oversees
+G3T7emXEwDE-01022-00246584-00246790 the railway system of Mozambique and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01023-00246791-00246985 it's connected ports but management has
+G3T7emXEwDE-01024-00246986-00247246 been largely out sourced each line has
+G3T7emXEwDE-01025-00247246-00247633 its own development corridor as of 2005
+G3T7emXEwDE-01026-00247634-00247960 there were 3000 123 kilometres of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01027-00247961-00248298 railway track consisting of 2983
+G3T7emXEwDE-01028-00248300-00248680 kilometers of 1067 millimetres 3 feet 6
+G3T7emXEwDE-01029-00248681-00248881 and gauge compatible with neighbouring
+G3T7emXEwDE-01030-00248882-00249175 rail systems and a 140 kilometres line
+G3T7emXEwDE-01031-00249176-00249523 of 700 62 millimetres 2 feet 6 engaged
+G3T7emXEwDE-01032-00249523-00249802 the Gaza railway the central Bera
+G3T7emXEwDE-01033-00249803-00250000 railroad corporation route links the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01034-00250001-00250141 port of Barra to the landlocked
+G3T7emXEwDE-01035-00250142-00250363 countries of Malawi Zambia and Zimbabwe
+G3T7emXEwDE-01036-00250364-00250671 to the north of this the port of Nacala
+G3T7emXEwDE-01037-00250673-00250903 is also linked by rail to Malawi and to
+G3T7emXEwDE-01038-00250904-00251110 the South Maputo is linked to Zimbabwe
+G3T7emXEwDE-01039-00251111-00251353 in South Africa these networks
+G3T7emXEwDE-01040-00251354-00251517 interconnect only via neighboring
+G3T7emXEwDE-01041-00251519-00251752 countries a new route for coal haulage
+G3T7emXEwDE-01042-00251753-00251935 between Ted and Barra was planned to
+G3T7emXEwDE-01043-00251936-00252187 come into service by 2010 and in August
+G3T7emXEwDE-01044-00252188-00252417 2010 Mozambique and Botswana
+G3T7emXEwDE-01045-00252419-00252607 signed a Memorandum of Understanding to
+G3T7emXEwDE-01046-00252608-00252894 develop a 1,100 kilometres railway
+G3T7emXEwDE-01047-00252896-00253081 through Zimbabwe to carry coal from
+G3T7emXEwDE-01048-00253082-00253158 saralyn
+G3T7emXEwDE-01049-00253159-00253353 Botswana to a deep water port at two
+G3T7emXEwDE-01050-00253354-00253548 choba nine point in Mozambique newer
+G3T7emXEwDE-01051-00253549-00253744 rolling stock has been supplied by the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01052-00253744-00253983 Indian golden rock workshop using Center
+G3T7emXEwDE-01053-00253984-00254500 buffer couplers aar and air brakes
+G3T7emXEwDE-01054-00254501-00255071 topic water supply and sanitation
+G3T7emXEwDE-01055-00255072-00255333 water supply and sanitation in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01056-00255334-00255538 Mozambique is characterized by low
+G3T7emXEwDE-01057-00255539-00255739 levels of access to an improved water
+G3T7emXEwDE-01058-00255740-00256104 source estimated to be 51 percent in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01059-00256105-00256392 2011 low levels of access to adequate
+G3T7emXEwDE-01060-00256392-00256752 sanitation estimated to be 25 percent in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01061-00256753-00257201 2011 and mostly poor service quality in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01062-00257202-00257437 2007 the government has defined a
+G3T7emXEwDE-01063-00257438-00257699 strategy for water supply and sanitation
+G3T7emXEwDE-01064-00257700-00258033 in rural areas where 62 percent of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01065-00258034-00258327 population lives in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01066-00258328-00258510 urban areas water is supplied by
+G3T7emXEwDE-01067-00258511-00258769 informal small-scale providers and by
+G3T7emXEwDE-01068-00258771-00259155 formal providers beginning in 1998
+G3T7emXEwDE-01069-00259156-00259394 Mozambique has reformed the formal part
+G3T7emXEwDE-01070-00259396-00259698 of the urban water supply sector through
+G3T7emXEwDE-01071-00259698-00259859 the creation of an independent
+G3T7emXEwDE-01072-00259860-00260229 regulatory agency called CRA an asset
+G3T7emXEwDE-01073-00260230-00260546 holding company called ëthe ipag and a
+G3T7emXEwDE-01074-00260546-00260904 public-private partnership PPP with a
+G3T7emXEwDE-01075-00260905-00261180 company called aguas de moçambique the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01076-00261181-00261504 PPP covered those areas of the capital
+G3T7emXEwDE-01077-00261505-00261735 and of four other cities that had access
+G3T7emXEwDE-01078-00261736-00262110 to formal water supply systems however
+G3T7emXEwDE-01079-00262111-00262406 the PPP ended when the management
+G3T7emXEwDE-01080-00262407-00262662 contracts for four cities expired in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01081-00262663-00263007 2008 and when the foreign partner of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01082-00263008-00263187 company that serves the capital under a
+G3T7emXEwDE-01083-00263188-00263532 lease contract withdrew in 2010 claiming
+G3T7emXEwDE-01084-00263533-00263868 heavy losses while urban water supply
+G3T7emXEwDE-01085-00263869-00264095 has received considerable policy
+G3T7emXEwDE-01086-00264096-00264354 attention the government has no strategy
+G3T7emXEwDE-01087-00264355-00264711 for urban sanitation yet external donors
+G3T7emXEwDE-01088-00264712-00265011 financed about eighty 7.4 percent of all
+G3T7emXEwDE-01089-00265012-00265302 public investments in the sector the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01090-00265303-00265566 main donors in the water sector are the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01091-00265567-00265764 World Bank the African Development Bank
+G3T7emXEwDE-01092-00265765-00265974 Canada the Netherlands Sweden
+G3T7emXEwDE-01093-00265975-00266567 Switzerland in the United States
+G3T7emXEwDE-01094-00266568-00267097 topic demographics
+G3T7emXEwDE-01095-00267098-00267360 the north central provinces of Zambezia
+G3T7emXEwDE-01096-00267361-00267559 and nebula are the most populous with
+G3T7emXEwDE-01097-00267560-00267877 about 45% of the population the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01098-00267878-00268078 estimated four million Makua are the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01099-00268079-00268258 dominant group in the northern part of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01100-00268259-00268477 the country the Sena and Shona mostly
+G3T7emXEwDE-01101-00268478-00268659 NDA you are prominent in the Zambezi
+G3T7emXEwDE-01102-00268660-00268879 Valley and the Sangha and Schengen
+G3T7emXEwDE-01103-00268880-00269074 people dominate in southern Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-01104-00269075-00269362 other groups include makan day Yao
+G3T7emXEwDE-01105-00269363-00269641 Swahili Tonga choppy and lagoon II
+G3T7emXEwDE-01106-00269642-00269938 including Zulu been to people comprise
+G3T7emXEwDE-01107-00269939-00270145 ninety seven point eight percent of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01108-00270146-00270331 population with the rest made up of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01109-00270332-00270534 white Africans largely of Portuguese
+G3T7emXEwDE-01110-00270535-00270808 ancestry euro Africans mestiço people of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01111-00270809-00271042 mixed bantu and Portuguese ancestry and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01112-00271043-00271324 Indians roughly forty five thousand
+G3T7emXEwDE-01113-00271325-00271507 people of Indian descent reside in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01114-00271508-00271723 Mozambique during Portuguese colonial
+G3T7emXEwDE-01115-00271724-00271935 rule a large minority of people of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01116-00271936-00272149 Portuguese descent lived permanently in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01117-00272150-00272334 almost all areas of the country and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01118-00272335-00272559 Mozambicans with Portuguese blood at the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01119-00272560-00272781 time of Independence numbered about
+G3T7emXEwDE-01120-00272782-00273097 360,000 many of these left the country
+G3T7emXEwDE-01121-00273098-00273387 after independence from Portugal in 1975
+G3T7emXEwDE-01122-00273388-00273634 there are various estimates for the size
+G3T7emXEwDE-01123-00273635-00273844 of Mozambique's Chinese community
+G3T7emXEwDE-01124-00273845-00274201 ranging from 7,000 to 12,000 as of 2007
+G3T7emXEwDE-01125-00274202-00274471 according to a 2011 survey the total
+G3T7emXEwDE-01126-00274472-00274720 fertility rate was 5.9 children per
+G3T7emXEwDE-01127-00274721-00275077 woman with 6.6 in rural areas and 4.5 in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01128-00275078-00275425 urban areas
+G3T7emXEwDE-01129-00275426-00275947 topic largest cities
+G3T7emXEwDE-01130-00275948-00276446 topic languages
+G3T7emXEwDE-01131-00276447-00276663 Portuguese is the official and most
+G3T7emXEwDE-01132-00276664-00276852 widely spoken language of the nation
+G3T7emXEwDE-01133-00276853-00277074 spoken by fifty point three percent of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01134-00277075-00277365 the population most Mozambicans living
+G3T7emXEwDE-01135-00277366-00277548 in the cities speak Portuguese as their
+G3T7emXEwDE-01136-00277549-00277884 first language the Bantu group languages
+G3T7emXEwDE-01137-00277885-00278076 of Mozambique that are indigenous to the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01138-00278077-00278268 country vary greatly in their groupings
+G3T7emXEwDE-01139-00278269-00278439 and in some cases are rather poorly
+G3T7emXEwDE-01140-00278440-00278736 appreciated and documented apart from
+G3T7emXEwDE-01141-00278737-00278937 its lingua franca uses in the north of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01142-00278938-00279171 the country Swahili is spoken in a small
+G3T7emXEwDE-01143-00279172-00279387 area of the coast next to the Tanzanian
+G3T7emXEwDE-01144-00279388-00279603 border south of this towards moçambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-01145-00279604-00279855 Island Kim onee regarded as a dialect of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01146-00279856-00280161 Swahili is used immediately inland of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01147-00280162-00280359 the Swahili area makanda is used
+G3T7emXEwDE-01148-00280360-00280563 separated farther inland by a small
+G3T7emXEwDE-01149-00280564-00280662 strip of Makua
+G3T7emXEwDE-01150-00280663-00280854 speaking territory from an area where
+G3T7emXEwDE-01151-00280855-00281166 you or Chia is used makan day and yah
+G3T7emXEwDE-01152-00281167-00281364 belonged to a different group yeah being
+G3T7emXEwDE-01153-00281365-00281571 very close to the muara language of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01154-00281572-00281744 Rondo plateau area in Tanzania
+G3T7emXEwDE-01155-00281745-00281955 prepositions appear in these languages
+G3T7emXEwDE-01156-00281956-00282168 as locative prefixes prefixed to the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01157-00282169-00282333 noun and declined according to their own
+G3T7emXEwDE-01158-00282334-00282642 noun class some Nyanja is used at the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01159-00282643-00282852 coast of Lake Malawi as well as on the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01160-00282853-00283002 other side of the lake somewhat
+G3T7emXEwDE-01161-00283003-00283134 different from all of these are the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01162-00283135-00283338 languages of the immaculate group with a
+G3T7emXEwDE-01163-00283339-00283557 loss of initial K which means that many
+G3T7emXEwDE-01164-00283558-00283701 nouns begin with a vowel
+G3T7emXEwDE-01165-00283702-00284019 for example a pool ax equals rain there
+G3T7emXEwDE-01166-00284020-00284235 is immaculate proper with the related L
+G3T7emXEwDE-01167-00284236-00284469 my and each you elbow with a small Eko T
+G3T7emXEwDE-01168-00284470-00284751 speaking area at the coast in an area
+G3T7emXEwDE-01169-00284752-00284988 straddling the lower Zambezi Sena which
+G3T7emXEwDE-01170-00284989-00285204 belongs to the same group as Nyanja is
+G3T7emXEwDE-01171-00285205-00285417 spoken with areas speaking the related
+G3T7emXEwDE-01172-00285418-00285573 sin young way and kissing a further
+G3T7emXEwDE-01173-00285574-00285897 upriver a large Shona speaking area
+G3T7emXEwDE-01174-00285898-00286116 extends between the Zimbabwe border and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01175-00286117-00286329 the sea this was formerly known the NDA
+G3T7emXEwDE-01176-00286330-00286581 you variety but now uses the orthography
+G3T7emXEwDE-01177-00286582-00286796 of the standard Shona of Zimbabwe
+G3T7emXEwDE-01178-00286797-00287040 apparently similar to Shona but lacking
+G3T7emXEwDE-01179-00287041-00287202 the tone patterns of the shona language
+G3T7emXEwDE-01180-00287203-00287436 and regarded by its speakers as quite
+G3T7emXEwDE-01181-00287437-00287676 separate is Sibel also called rooooar
+G3T7emXEwDE-01182-00287677-00287892 barway used in a small area near the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01183-00287893-00288192 Zimbabwe border south of this area are
+G3T7emXEwDE-01184-00288193-00288390 languages of the sangga group which are
+G3T7emXEwDE-01185-00288391-00288726 quite different again Zitz WA or T SWA
+G3T7emXEwDE-01186-00288727-00288981 occurs at the coast in inland Z sangar
+G3T7emXEwDE-01187-00288982-00289173 Tsonga straddles the area around the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01188-00289174-00289389 Limpopo River including such local
+G3T7emXEwDE-01189-00289390-00289620 dialects as Salonga new Xin WA langu
+G3T7emXEwDE-01190-00289621-00289815 Zillah Zillah ng Wei and Xin
+G3T7emXEwDE-01191-00289816-00290097 Sanga this language area extends into
+G3T7emXEwDE-01192-00290098-00290352 neighboring South Africa still related
+G3T7emXEwDE-01193-00290353-00290568 to these but distinct argot anga and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01194-00290569-00290790 Sacco pure choppy spoken north of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01195-00290791-00291033 mouth of the Limpopo ands iron gauranga
+G3T7emXEwDE-01196-00291034-00291198 spoken in the immediate region around
+G3T7emXEwDE-01197-00291199-00291501 Maputo the languages in this group are
+G3T7emXEwDE-01198-00291502-00291729 judging by the short vocabularies very
+G3T7emXEwDE-01199-00291730-00291948 vaguely similar to zulu but obviously
+G3T7emXEwDE-01200-00291949-00292191 not in the same immediate group there
+G3T7emXEwDE-01201-00292192-00292443 are small Swasey and zulu speaking areas
+G3T7emXEwDE-01202-00292444-00292641 in mozambique immediately next to the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01203-00292642-00292910 Swaziland and kwazulu-natal borders
+G3T7emXEwDE-01204-00292911-00293205 Arabs Chinese and Indians primarily
+G3T7emXEwDE-01205-00293206-00293502 speak Portuguese and some hindi Indians
+G3T7emXEwDE-01206-00293503-00293706 from Portuguese India speak any of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01207-00293707-00293913 Portuguese Creoles of their origin aside
+G3T7emXEwDE-01208-00293914-00294385 from Portuguese as their second language
+G3T7emXEwDE-01209-00294386-00294863 topic religion
+G3T7emXEwDE-01210-00294864-00295169 the 2007 census found that Christians
+G3T7emXEwDE-01211-00295170-00295528 made up 56.1% of Mozambique's population
+G3T7emXEwDE-01212-00295529-00295745 and Muslims comprised seventeen point
+G3T7emXEwDE-01213-00295746-00296075 nine percent of the population 7.3
+G3T7emXEwDE-01214-00296076-00296264 percent of the people held other beliefs
+G3T7emXEwDE-01215-00296265-00296594 mainly animism and 18.7% had no
+G3T7emXEwDE-01216-00296595-00296704 religious beliefs
+G3T7emXEwDE-01217-00296705-00296924 a more recent government survey
+G3T7emXEwDE-01218-00296925-00297100 conducted by the demographic and health
+G3T7emXEwDE-01219-00297101-00297409 surveys program in 2015 indicated that
+G3T7emXEwDE-01220-00297410-00297596 Catholicism had increased to thirty
+G3T7emXEwDE-01221-00297597-00297748 point five percent of the population
+G3T7emXEwDE-01222-00297749-00298088 Muslims constituted 19.3%
+G3T7emXEwDE-01223-00298089-00298306 and various Protestant groups a total of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01224-00298307-00298571 44 percent the Roman Catholic Church has
+G3T7emXEwDE-01225-00298572-00298834 established twelve dioceses Beira chamoy
+G3T7emXEwDE-01226-00298835-00299147 o guru a Inhambane lichinga Maputo
+G3T7emXEwDE-01227-00299148-00299476 Nacala nebula Pemba koala main tete an
+G3T7emXEwDE-01228-00299477-00299803 ex AIX AI archdiocese herb era Maputo
+G3T7emXEwDE-01229-00299804-00300109 and nebula statistics for the diocese is
+G3T7emXEwDE-01230-00300110-00300275 range from a low five point eight
+G3T7emXEwDE-01231-00300276-00300494 percent Catholics in the population in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01232-00300495-00300703 the Diocese of chamoy ou to thirty two
+G3T7emXEwDE-01233-00300704-00300920 point five zero percent in quillo main
+G3T7emXEwDE-01234-00300921-00301126 diocese on new reo católica de
+G3T7emXEwDE-01235-00301127-00301499 moçambique 2007 the work of Methodism in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01236-00301500-00301841 Mozambique started in 1890 the Rev Dr
+G3T7emXEwDE-01237-00301842-00302074 Irwin Richards began a Methodist mission
+G3T7emXEwDE-01238-00302075-00302280 at chick you can Inhambane province
+G3T7emXEwDE-01239-00302281-00302567 igreja metod east a UNITA M moçambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-01240-00302568-00302860 the UMC in Mozambique observed the 100th
+G3T7emXEwDE-01241-00302861-00303047 anniversary of Methodist presence in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01242-00303048-00303368 Mozambique in 1990 then Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-01243-00303369-00303566 president Chisinau praised the work and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01244-00303567-00303802 role of the UMC - more than ten thousand
+G3T7emXEwDE-01245-00303803-00304084 people who attended the ceremony the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01246-00304085-00304289 United Methodist Church has tripled in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01247-00304290-00304637 size in Mozambique since 1998 there are
+G3T7emXEwDE-01248-00304638-00304909 now more than 150,000 members in more
+G3T7emXEwDE-01249-00304910-00305168 than 180 congregations of the 24
+G3T7emXEwDE-01250-00305169-00305449 districts new pastors are ordained each
+G3T7emXEwDE-01251-00305450-00305666 year new churches are chartered each
+G3T7emXEwDE-01252-00305667-00305884 year in each annual conference north and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01253-00305885-00306074 south the Church of Jesus Christ of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01254-00306075-00306296 latter-day saints LDS Church has
+G3T7emXEwDE-01255-00306297-00306457 established a growing presence in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01256-00306458-00306703 Mozambique it first began sending
+G3T7emXEwDE-01257-00306704-00306985 missionaries to Mozambique in 1999 and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01258-00306986-00307421 as of April 2015 has more than 7,000 943
+G3T7emXEwDE-01259-00307422-00307589 members the Baha'i faith has been
+G3T7emXEwDE-01260-00307590-00307777 present in Mozambique since the early
+G3T7emXEwDE-01261-00307778-00308063 1950s but did not openly identify itself
+G3T7emXEwDE-01262-00308064-00308172 in those years be
+G3T7emXEwDE-01263-00308173-00308352 of the strong influence of the Catholic
+G3T7emXEwDE-01264-00308353-00308514 Church which did not recognize it
+G3T7emXEwDE-01265-00308515-00308754 officially as a world religion the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01266-00308755-00309048 independence in 1975 saw the entrance of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01267-00309049-00309299 new pioneers in total there are about
+G3T7emXEwDE-01268-00309300-00309560 3,000 declared the highest in Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-01269-00309561-00309840 as of 2010 the Administrative Committee
+G3T7emXEwDE-01270-00309841-00310173 is located in Maputo Muslims are
+G3T7emXEwDE-01271-00310174-00310365 particularly present in the north of the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01272-00310366-00310589 country they are organized in several
+G3T7emXEwDE-01273-00310590-00310835 tariqa or Brotherhood's
+G3T7emXEwDE-01274-00310836-00311097 two national organizations also exist
+G3T7emXEwDE-01275-00311098-00311379 the conselho islamic o de moçambique and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01276-00311380-00311567 the congress o islamic o de moçambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-01277-00311568-00311838 there are also important Pakistani
+G3T7emXEwDE-01278-00311839-00312069 Indian associations as well as some Shia
+G3T7emXEwDE-01279-00312070-00312366 communities among the main protestant
+G3T7emXEwDE-01280-00312367-00312591 churches are igreja união Baptista de
+G3T7emXEwDE-01281-00312592-00312819 moçambique the assembly is de Deus the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01282-00312820-00313026 seventh-day adventists the Anglican
+G3T7emXEwDE-01283-00313027-00313248 Church of Southern Africa the igreja do
+G3T7emXEwDE-01284-00313249-00313484 have Angelo completo de Deus the igreja
+G3T7emXEwDE-01285-00313485-00313659 Mehta teesta UNITA the igreja
+G3T7emXEwDE-01286-00313660-00313842 Presbyterian a de moçambique the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01287-00313843-00314031 egregious de Cristo and the assembly
+G3T7emXEwDE-01288-00314032-00314434 Evangel ECOD de Deus
+G3T7emXEwDE-01289-00314435-00314895 topic health
+G3T7emXEwDE-01290-00314896-00315182 the fertility rate is at about 5.5
+G3T7emXEwDE-01291-00315183-00315458 births per woman public expenditure on
+G3T7emXEwDE-01292-00315459-00315774 health was at 2.7 percent of the GDP in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01293-00315775-00316034 2004 whereas private expenditure on
+G3T7emXEwDE-01294-00316035-00316269 health was at 1.3 percent in the same
+G3T7emXEwDE-01295-00316270-00316563 year health expenditure per capita was
+G3T7emXEwDE-01296-00316564-00317057 42 dollars PPP in 2004 in the early 21st
+G3T7emXEwDE-01297-00317058-00317256 century there were three physicians per
+G3T7emXEwDE-01298-00317257-00317568 100,000 people in the country infant
+G3T7emXEwDE-01299-00317569-00317862 mortality was at 100 per 1000 births in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01300-00317863-00318078 2005 after its independence from
+G3T7emXEwDE-01301-00318079-00318357 Portugal in 1975 the Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-01302-00318358-00318564 government established a primary health
+G3T7emXEwDE-01303-00318565-00318807 care system that was cited by the w-h-o
+G3T7emXEwDE-01304-00318808-00318963 as a model for other developing
+G3T7emXEwDE-01305-00318964-00319310 countries over 90% of the population had
+G3T7emXEwDE-01306-00319311-00319521 been provided with vaccinations during
+G3T7emXEwDE-01307-00319522-00319848 the period of the early 1980s around 11%
+G3T7emXEwDE-01308-00319849-00320031 of the government budget was targeted on
+G3T7emXEwDE-01309-00320032-00320331 health care the Mozambique Civil War led
+G3T7emXEwDE-01310-00320332-00320547 to a great setback in the primary health
+G3T7emXEwDE-01311-00320548-00320856 system in Mozambique the re and a MOS
+G3T7emXEwDE-01312-00320857-00321051 attack on government infrastructures
+G3T7emXEwDE-01313-00321052-00321246 included health and education systems
+G3T7emXEwDE-01314-00321247-00321635 from 1980 to 1992 the 2010 maternal
+G3T7emXEwDE-01315-00321636-00321891 mortality rate per 100,000 births for
+G3T7emXEwDE-01316-00321892-00322232 Mozambique is 550 this is compared with
+G3T7emXEwDE-01317-00322233-00322428 five hundred ninety eight point eight in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01318-00322429-00322896 2008 and 385 in 1990 the under-five
+G3T7emXEwDE-01319-00322897-00323262 mortality rate per 1000 births as 147
+G3T7emXEwDE-01320-00323263-00323424 and the neonatal mortality as a
+G3T7emXEwDE-01321-00323425-00323643 percentage of under-fives mortality as
+G3T7emXEwDE-01322-00323644-00323964 29 in Mozambique the number of midwives
+G3T7emXEwDE-01323-00323965-00324216 per 1000 live births as three and the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01324-00324217-00324396 lifetime risk of death for pregnant
+G3T7emXEwDE-01325-00324397-00324666 women 1 in 37 the official HIV
+G3T7emXEwDE-01326-00324667-00324920 prevalence in Mozambique in 2011 was
+G3T7emXEwDE-01327-00324921-00325257 11.5% of the population aged between 15
+G3T7emXEwDE-01328-00325258-00325557 and 49 years in the southern parts of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01329-00325558-00325857 Mozambique Maputo and Gaza provinces as
+G3T7emXEwDE-01330-00325858-00326112 well as the city of Maputo the official
+G3T7emXEwDE-01331-00326113-00326289 figures are more than twice as high as
+G3T7emXEwDE-01332-00326290-00326595 the national average in 2011 the health
+G3T7emXEwDE-01333-00326596-00326874 authorities estimated about 1.7 million
+G3T7emXEwDE-01334-00326875-00327149 Mozambicans were HIV positive of whom
+G3T7emXEwDE-01335-00327150-00327410 600,000 were in need of antiretroviral
+G3T7emXEwDE-01336-00327411-00327822 treatment as of December 2011 240,000
+G3T7emXEwDE-01337-00327823-00328026 were receiving such treatment increasing
+G3T7emXEwDE-01338-00328027-00328208 to four hundred sixteen thousand in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01339-00328209-00328254 March
+G3T7emXEwDE-01340-00328255-00328499 2014 according to the health authorities
+G3T7emXEwDE-01341-00328500-00328779 according to the 2011 you needs report
+G3T7emXEwDE-01342-00328780-00329028 the hiv/aids epidemic in Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-01343-00329029-00329428 seems to be leveling off
+G3T7emXEwDE-01344-00329429-00329933 topic education
+G3T7emXEwDE-01345-00329934-00330171 Portuguese is the primary language of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01346-00330172-00330342 instruction in all of the Mozambican
+G3T7emXEwDE-01347-00330343-00330636 schools all Mozambique ins are required
+G3T7emXEwDE-01348-00330637-00330819 by law to attend school through the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01349-00330820-00331056 primary level however a lot of children
+G3T7emXEwDE-01350-00331057-00331245 in Mozambique do not go to primary
+G3T7emXEwDE-01351-00331246-00331380 school because they have to work for
+G3T7emXEwDE-01352-00331381-00331584 their family's subsistence farms for a
+G3T7emXEwDE-01353-00331585-00331959 living in 2007 1 million children still
+G3T7emXEwDE-01354-00331960-00332154 did not go to school most of them from
+G3T7emXEwDE-01355-00332155-00332367 poor rural families and almost half of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01356-00332368-00332556 all teachers in Mozambique were still
+G3T7emXEwDE-01357-00332557-00332838 unqualified girls enrollment increased
+G3T7emXEwDE-01358-00332839-00333186 from 3 million in 2002 to 4.1 million in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01359-00333187-00333453 2006 while the completion rate increased
+G3T7emXEwDE-01360-00333454-00333765 from 31,000 to 90,000 which testified a
+G3T7emXEwDE-01361-00333766-00334032 very poor completion rate after grade 7
+G3T7emXEwDE-01362-00334033-00334233 pupils must take standardized national
+G3T7emXEwDE-01363-00334234-00334476 exams to enter secondary school which
+G3T7emXEwDE-01364-00334477-00334761 runs from 8th to 10th grade space in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01365-00334762-00334992 Mozambique in universities is extremely
+G3T7emXEwDE-01366-00334993-00335205 limited thus most pupils who complete
+G3T7emXEwDE-01367-00335206-00335424 pre university school do not immediately
+G3T7emXEwDE-01368-00335425-00335724 proceed on to university studies many go
+G3T7emXEwDE-01369-00335725-00335961 to work as teachers or unemployed there
+G3T7emXEwDE-01370-00335962-00336150 are also Institute's which give more
+G3T7emXEwDE-01371-00336151-00336354 vocational training specialising in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01372-00336355-00336549 agricultural technical or pedagogical
+G3T7emXEwDE-01373-00336550-00336792 studies which students may attend after
+G3T7emXEwDE-01374-00336793-00336999 grade 10 in lieu of a pre university
+G3T7emXEwDE-01375-00337000-00337281 school after independence from Portugal
+G3T7emXEwDE-01376-00337282-00337590 in 1975 a number of Mozambique and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01377-00337591-00337770 pupils continued to be admitted every
+G3T7emXEwDE-01378-00337771-00337937 year at Portuguese high schools
+G3T7emXEwDE-01379-00337938-00338118 Polytechnical institutes and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01380-00338119-00338241 universities through bilateral
+G3T7emXEwDE-01381-00338242-00338436 agreements between the Portuguese
+G3T7emXEwDE-01382-00338437-00338666 government and the Mozambican government
+G3T7emXEwDE-01383-00338667-00338967 according to 2010 estimates the literacy
+G3T7emXEwDE-01384-00338968-00339204 rate of Mozambique was 56 point one
+G3T7emXEwDE-01385-00339205-00339423 percent seventy point eight percent male
+G3T7emXEwDE-01386-00339424-00339636 and forty two point eight percent female
+G3T7emXEwDE-01387-00339637-00339966 by 2015 this had increased to fifty
+G3T7emXEwDE-01388-00339967-00340155 eight point eight percent seventy three
+G3T7emXEwDE-01389-00340156-00340359 point three percent male and forty five
+G3T7emXEwDE-01390-00340360-00340875 point four percent female
+G3T7emXEwDE-01391-00340876-00341315 topic culture
+G3T7emXEwDE-01392-00341316-00341854 topic cultural identity
+G3T7emXEwDE-01393-00341855-00342103 Mozambique was ruled by Portugal and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01394-00342104-00342250 they share a main language Portuguese
+G3T7emXEwDE-01395-00342251-00342592 and main religion Roman Catholicism but
+G3T7emXEwDE-01396-00342593-00342781 since most of the people of Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-01397-00342782-00342979 are banned twos most of the culture as
+G3T7emXEwDE-01398-00342980-00343195 native / bentos living in urban areas
+G3T7emXEwDE-01399-00343196-00343407 there is some Portuguese influence
+G3T7emXEwDE-01400-00343408-00343669 Mozambique and culture also influences
+G3T7emXEwDE-01401-00343670-00343906 the Portuguese culture Mozambique and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01402-00343907-00344200 food music movies by RTP Africa and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01403-00344201-00344380 traditions are now part of everyday life
+G3T7emXEwDE-01404-00344381-00344778 styles of Portugal
+G3T7emXEwDE-01405-00344779-00345250 topic arts
+G3T7emXEwDE-01406-00345251-00345448 the makanda are known for their wood
+G3T7emXEwDE-01407-00345449-00345640 carving and elaborate masks that are
+G3T7emXEwDE-01408-00345641-00345832 commonly used in traditional dances
+G3T7emXEwDE-01409-00345833-00346075 there are two different kinds of wood
+G3T7emXEwDE-01410-00346076-00346339 carvings shaytani evil spirits which are
+G3T7emXEwDE-01411-00346340-00346555 mostly carved in heavy ebony tall and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01412-00346556-00346744 elegantly curved with symbols and non
+G3T7emXEwDE-01413-00346745-00346984 representational faces a new JAMA which
+G3T7emXEwDE-01414-00346985-00347185 are totem type carvings which illustrate
+G3T7emXEwDE-01415-00347186-00347386 lifelike faces of people and various
+G3T7emXEwDE-01416-00347387-00347656 figures these sculptures are usually
+G3T7emXEwDE-01417-00347657-00347968 referred to as family trees because they
+G3T7emXEwDE-01418-00347969-00348295 tell stories of many generations during
+G3T7emXEwDE-01419-00348296-00348468 the last years of the colonial period
+G3T7emXEwDE-01420-00348469-00348715 Mozambican art reflected the oppression
+G3T7emXEwDE-01421-00348716-00348934 by the colonial power and became symbol
+G3T7emXEwDE-01422-00348935-00349221 of the resistance after independence in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01423-00349222-00349486 1975 the modern art came into a new
+G3T7emXEwDE-01424-00349487-00349729 phase the two best-known and most
+G3T7emXEwDE-01425-00349730-00349963 influential contemporary Mozambican
+G3T7emXEwDE-01426-00349964-00350161 artists are the painter Maulana Tana in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01427-00350162-00350368 gwenna and the sculptor Alberto chisinau
+G3T7emXEwDE-01428-00350369-00350638 a lot of the post-independence art
+G3T7emXEwDE-01429-00350639-00350935 during the 1980s and 1990s reflect the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01430-00350936-00351175 political struggle civil war suffering
+G3T7emXEwDE-01431-00351176-00351496 starvation and struggle dances are
+G3T7emXEwDE-01432-00351497-00351661 usually intricate highly developed
+G3T7emXEwDE-01433-00351662-00351892 traditions throughout Mozambique there
+G3T7emXEwDE-01434-00351893-00352084 are many different kinds of dances from
+G3T7emXEwDE-01435-00352085-00352225 tribe to tribe which are usually
+G3T7emXEwDE-01436-00352226-00352519 ritualistic in nature the chopped beef
+G3T7emXEwDE-01437-00352520-00352723 for instance act out battles dressed in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01438-00352724-00353023 animal skins the men of Makua dress in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01439-00353024-00353239 colorful outfits and masks while dancing
+G3T7emXEwDE-01440-00353240-00353436 on stilts around the village for hours
+G3T7emXEwDE-01441-00353437-00353686 groups of women in the northern part of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01442-00353687-00353884 the country perform a traditional dance
+G3T7emXEwDE-01443-00353885-00354490 called 2fo to celebrate Islamic holidays
+G3T7emXEwDE-01444-00354491-00354745 topic cuisine
+G3T7emXEwDE-01445-00354746-00354916 you
+G3T7emXEwDE-01446-00354917-00355182 with a nearly 500 year presence in the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01447-00355183-00355353 country the Portuguese have greatly
+G3T7emXEwDE-01448-00355354-00355656 influenced Mozambique's cuisine staples
+G3T7emXEwDE-01449-00355657-00355888 and crops such as cassava a starchy root
+G3T7emXEwDE-01450-00355889-00356154 of Brazilian origin and cashew nuts also
+G3T7emXEwDE-01451-00356155-00356368 a Brazilian origin though Mozambique was
+G3T7emXEwDE-01452-00356369-00356559 once the largest producer of these nuts
+G3T7emXEwDE-01453-00356560-00356866 and posi no pronounced PwC Oh Portuguese
+G3T7emXEwDE-01454-00356867-00357057 style French buns were brought in by the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01455-00357058-00357333 Portuguese the use of spices and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01456-00357334-00357531 seasonings such as bay leaves chili
+G3T7emXEwDE-01457-00357532-00357796 peppers fresh coriander garlic onions
+G3T7emXEwDE-01458-00357797-00358048 paprika red sweet peppers and wine were
+G3T7emXEwDE-01459-00358049-00358237 introduced by the Portuguese as were
+G3T7emXEwDE-01460-00358238-00358516 maize millet potatoes rice sorghum and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01461-00358517-00358801 sugar cane s patata kebab the popular in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01462-00358802-00359004 taro comp europe yuri whole chicken in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01463-00359005-00359184 piri piri sauce prego
+G3T7emXEwDE-01464-00359185-00359403 steak roll poutine pudding and RIS WAP
+G3T7emXEwDE-01465-00359404-00359580 battered shrimp are all Portuguese
+G3T7emXEwDE-01466-00359581-00359764 dishes commonly eaten in present-day
+G3T7emXEwDE-01467-00359765-00360168 Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-01468-00360169-00360599 topic media
+G3T7emXEwDE-01469-00360600-00360852 Mozambican media is heavily influenced
+G3T7emXEwDE-01470-00360853-00361017 by the government newspapers have
+G3T7emXEwDE-01471-00361018-00361242 relatively low circulation rates due to
+G3T7emXEwDE-01472-00361243-00361452 high newspaper prices and low literacy
+G3T7emXEwDE-01473-00361453-00361731 rates among the most highly circulated
+G3T7emXEwDE-01474-00361732-00361935 newspapers are state-controlled dailies
+G3T7emXEwDE-01475-00361936-00362148 such as noticias and diario de
+G3T7emXEwDE-01476-00362149-00362413 moçambique and the weekly Domingo their
+G3T7emXEwDE-01477-00362414-00362652 circulation is mostly confined to Maputo
+G3T7emXEwDE-01478-00362653-00362922 most funding and advertising revenue is
+G3T7emXEwDE-01479-00362923-00363105 given to pro-government newspapers
+G3T7emXEwDE-01480-00363106-00363381 however the number of private newspapers
+G3T7emXEwDE-01481-00363382-00363546 with critical views of the government
+G3T7emXEwDE-01482-00363547-00363742 have increased significantly in recent
+G3T7emXEwDE-01483-00363743-00363921 years radio programmes are the most
+G3T7emXEwDE-01484-00363922-00364146 influential form of media in the country
+G3T7emXEwDE-01485-00364147-00364407 due to their ease of access state-owned
+G3T7emXEwDE-01486-00364408-00364605 radio stations are more popular than
+G3T7emXEwDE-01487-00364606-00364779 privately owned media this is
+G3T7emXEwDE-01488-00364780-00364983 exemplified by the government radio
+G3T7emXEwDE-01489-00364984-00365191 station radio moçambique the most
+G3T7emXEwDE-01490-00365192-00365352 popular station in the country
+G3T7emXEwDE-01491-00365353-00365601 it was established shortly after
+G3T7emXEwDE-01492-00365602-00365802 mozambique's independence the TV
+G3T7emXEwDE-01493-00365803-00366060 stations watched by Mozambicans rs TV
+G3T7emXEwDE-01494-00366061-00366408 Tim and TV M Televisa moçambique through
+G3T7emXEwDE-01495-00366409-00366627 cable and satellite viewers can access
+G3T7emXEwDE-01496-00366628-00366870 tens of other African Asian Brazilian
+G3T7emXEwDE-01497-00366871-00367353 and European channels
+G3T7emXEwDE-01498-00367354-00367821 topic music
+G3T7emXEwDE-01499-00367822-00368052 the music of Mozambique serves many
+G3T7emXEwDE-01500-00368053-00368244 purposes ranging from religious
+G3T7emXEwDE-01501-00368245-00368462 expression to traditional ceremonies
+G3T7emXEwDE-01502-00368463-00368724 musical instruments are usually handmade
+G3T7emXEwDE-01503-00368725-00368913 some of the instruments used in
+G3T7emXEwDE-01504-00368914-00369134 Mozambique in musical expression include
+G3T7emXEwDE-01505-00369135-00369357 drums made of wood and animal skin the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01506-00369358-00369558 loop M'Baye a woodwind instrument made
+G3T7emXEwDE-01507-00369559-00369726 from animal horns or wood and the
+G3T7emXEwDE-01508-00369727-00369903 marimba which is a kind of xylophone
+G3T7emXEwDE-01509-00369904-00370116 native to mozambique and other parts of
+G3T7emXEwDE-01510-00370117-00370374 africa the marimba is a popular
+G3T7emXEwDE-01511-00370375-00370542 instrument with the choppy of the South
+G3T7emXEwDE-01512-00370543-00370728 Central Coast who are famous for their
+G3T7emXEwDE-01513-00370729-00371033 musical skill and dance some would say
+G3T7emXEwDE-01514-00371034-00371226 that Mozambique's music is similar to
+G3T7emXEwDE-01515-00371227-00371493 reggae in West Indian calypso other
+G3T7emXEwDE-01516-00371494-00371715 music types are popular in mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-01517-00371716-00371952 like mera benta qui de afrobeat and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01518-00371953-00372158 other Lucia phone music forms like fado
+G3T7emXEwDE-01519-00372159-00372643 bossa nova kizomba and samba
+G3T7emXEwDE-01520-00372644-00373185 topic national holidays
+G3T7emXEwDE-01521-00373186-00373459 topic sport
+G3T7emXEwDE-01522-00373460-00373649 you
+G3T7emXEwDE-01523-00373650-00373922 futbol Portuguese football is the most
+G3T7emXEwDE-01524-00373923-00374237 popular sport in Mozambique the national
+G3T7emXEwDE-01525-00374238-00374435 team as the Mozambique national football
+G3T7emXEwDE-01526-00374436-00374738 team roller hockey is also popular and
+G3T7emXEwDE-01527-00374739-00374909 the best results for the national team
+G3T7emXEwDE-01528-00374910-00375083 was when they came forth at the 2011
+G3T7emXEwDE-01529-00375084-00375648 firs Roller Hockey World Cup
+G3T7emXEwDE-01530-00375649-00376110 topic see also
+G3T7emXEwDE-01531-00376111-00376424 index of Mozambique related articles
+G3T7emXEwDE-01532-00376425-00376900 outline of Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-01533-00376901-00377428 topic references
+G3T7emXEwDE-01534-00377429-00377966 topic bibliography
+G3T7emXEwDE-01535-00377967-00378510 topic external links
+G3T7emXEwDE-01536-00378511-00378690 government Republic of Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-01537-00378691-00378915 official government portal general
+G3T7emXEwDE-01538-00378916-00379184 information social atlas from World Bank
+G3T7emXEwDE-01539-00379185-00379629 country profile from BBC News Mozambique
+G3T7emXEwDE-01540-00379630-00379916 the World Factbook Central Intelligence
+G3T7emXEwDE-01541-00379917-00380286 Agency Mozambique from UCB libraries
+G3T7emXEwDE-01542-00380287-00380781 govpubs Mozambique at Curley wikimedia
+G3T7emXEwDE-01543-00380782-00381084 atlas of mozambique key development
+G3T7emXEwDE-01544-00381085-00381249 forecasts for mozambique from
+G3T7emXEwDE-01545-00381250-00381450 international future store ism Niassa
+G3T7emXEwDE-01546-00381451-00381678 reserve nyasa national reserve official
+G3T7emXEwDE-01547-00381679-00381849 website healthy state of the world's
+G3T7emXEwDE-01548-00381850-00382275 midwifery mozambique country profile