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+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00000-00000119-00000327 okay so here's the second video in our
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00001-00000328-00000503 chapter seven sequence
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00002-00000504-00000582 um
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00003-00000583-00000759 this one is going to be actually looking
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00004-00000760-00001039 at how the normal distribution works so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00005-00001040-00001183 we already talked a little bit about how
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00006-00001184-00001327 the standard normal
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00007-00001328-00001503 is the one where the mean is zero and
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00008-00001504-00001695 the standard deviation is one and we're
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00009-00001696-00001895 going to do this because arithmetically
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00010-00001896-00002055 that makes everything in that formula
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00011-00002056-00002191 cancel and if i go back to the slide
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00012-00002192-00002326 from a little bit ago
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00013-00002327-00002542 where the formula was kind of crazy if
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00014-00002543-00002742 we don't have sigma sigma's one that
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00015-00002743-00002958 cancels if it's right here that's going
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00016-00002959-00003231 to be a 2 if we get rid of mu being 0
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00017-00003232-00003519 then cancel cancel cancel and all the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00018-00003520-00003759 nice things look nice again so that's
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00019-00003760-00003959 why we're going to do it and in the old
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00020-00003960-00004135 days again we used it because you had a
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00021-00004136-00004359 table in the back of your book and you
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00022-00004360-00004502 didn't want to have to have one for
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00023-00004503-00004727 every single standard deviation and mean
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00024-00004728-00004879 combination
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00025-00004880-00004975 so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00026-00004976-00005159 um the way the table works is that it
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00027-00005160-00005351 always gives them numbers that are less
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00028-00005352-00005502 than so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00029-00005503-00005663 if you think about it like that it
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00030-00005664-00005847 always gives you that one
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00031-00005848-00006022 now you might say gosh that's the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00032-00006023-00006159 backwards from what i want how am i
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00033-00006160-00006334 going to get it to be
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00034-00006335-00006510 greater than and you just take 1 minus
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00035-00006511-00006687 that because we know
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00036-00006688-00006823 that
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00037-00006823-00006975 we can do the complement like we did
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00038-00006976-00007151 back in chapter 5.
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00039-00007152-00007334 okay so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00040-00007336-00007455 once you get the hang of it it's
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00041-00007456-00007583 actually pretty easy and again we're not
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00042-00007584-00007670 going to use the table we're going to
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00043-00007672-00007846 use the spreadsheet to calculate that
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00044-00007847-00008006 here's what the table looks like she
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00045-00008008-00008119 actually stretched it a little bit so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00046-00008120-00008295 it's a little hard to read but the idea
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00047-00008296-00008446 is if i said hey what's the probability
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00048-00008447-00008574 that it's less than
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00049-00008575-00008727 mean of zero we'll meet in the zero
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00050-00008728-00008863 smack in the middle so that's going to
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00051-00008864-00009023 be 50 percent
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00052-00009024-00009191 and if we get to one standard deviation
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00053-00009192-00009423 it's going to be 84 percent and the two
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00054-00009424-00009703 standard deviations is going to be 97.7
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00055-00009704-00009831 remember that two and a half percent
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00056-00009832-00010006 that we talked about back at the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00057-00010007-00010199 empirical rural bay way back
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00058-00010200-00010327 in chapter
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00059-00010328-00010542 whatever that was chapter three
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00060-00010543-00010695 okay and of course there's a negative
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00061-00010696-00010871 side to it as well because the numbers
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00062-00010872-00011095 can be negative or positive and you can
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00063-00011096-00011319 see that right about three and a half is
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00064-00011320-00011503 where the probability starts to be so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00065-00011504-00011710 low that it just becomes really really
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00066-00011711-00011935 unlikely that that thing happens so when
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00067-00011936-00012087 we say that the normal distribution goes
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00068-00012088-00012287 off to infinity that's true
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00069-00012288-00012535 but infinity is like four because by the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00070-00012536-00012670 time you get to three and a half in
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00071-00012671-00012807 either direction plus three and a half
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00072-00012808-00013015 or minus three and a half the values are
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00073-00013016-00013166 so low that we can start to say well
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00074-00013168-00013422 it's statistically impossible even if in
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00075-00013423-00013583 practice it isn't
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00076-00013584-00013727 in quality control we sometimes talk
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00077-00013728-00013983 about six sigma quality and the idea six
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00078-00013984-00014143 sigma quality is that your six standard
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00079-00014144-00014335 deviations away from the mean the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00080-00014336-00014566 product would still work and so if you
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00081-00014568-00014766 do that what that means is quality is so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00082-00014768-00014911 good we don't have to worry about it
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00083-00014912-00015119 even a little bit and so six sigma was
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00084-00015119-00015383 sort of this theoretical perfect quality
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00085-00015384-00015519 that we would think about the three and
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00086-00015519-00015647 a half is actually pretty good because
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00087-00015647-00015758 that would be
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00088-00015759-00015943 uh three per thousand so if you're
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00089-00015944-00016055 worried about throwing away three of
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00090-00016056-00016183 your products per thousand on the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00091-00016184-00016311 assembly line floor that's actually
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00092-00016312-00016630 pretty good for most things
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00093-00016631-00016830 all right so um here we are we're gonna
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00094-00016831-00016967 do this and again i'm going to do this
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00095-00016968-00017103 actually in a
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00096-00017104-00017279 spreadsheet
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00097-00017280-00017535 instead of
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00098-00017536-00017743 doing it here and my first advice is
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00099-00017744-00017911 that you should always draw a picture so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00100-00017912-00018143 whenever you're doing it draw a picture
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00101-00018144-00018303 this first question asks you what's the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00102-00018304-00018447 probability that we have a z-score less
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00103-00018448-00018727 than minus 1.67 and if you think about
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00104-00018728-00018919 zero is always in the middle
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00105-00018920-00019239 and minus one minus 1.67 is somewhere
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00106-00019240-00019422 over here
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00107-00019423-00019591 and then you can do that the command
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00108-00019592-00019743 that we're going to use is called norm's
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00109-00019744-00019943 dist and the s in the middle stands for
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00110-00019944-00020086 the standard normal distribution and
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00111-00020087-00020255 what that tells you is the mean is 0 and
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00112-00020256-00020407 the standard deviation is 1. we'll learn
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00113-00020408-00020558 the other command here
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00114-00020559-00020743 in just a little bit
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00115-00020744-00021047 and
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00116-00021048-00021222 if we want to actually get the value to
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00117-00021223-00021455 the left of a normal distribution
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00118-00021456-00021655 we use just norm's disk of that
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00119-00021656-00021830 probability so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00120-00021831-00022007 we just put in here of that value i'm
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00121-00022008-00022214 sorry not the probability norms
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00122-00022215-00022367 dist
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00123-00022368-00022586 of
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00124-00022587-00022758 1.67
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00125-00022759-00022958 and it calculates and it gives you 95.
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00126-00022959-00023311 so that tells us 95 of the data is 1.67
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00127-00023312-00023591 standard deviations
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00128-00023592-00023878 is below 1.67 standard deviations above
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00129-00023879-00024127 the mean so that gives us a really handy
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00130-00024128-00024319 way to do that if we wanted to go the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00131-00024320-00024447 other direction and i said hey what's
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00132-00024448-00024591 the probability that the value is to the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00133-00024592-00024863 right we just take one minus that so if
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00134-00024864-00025007 i said what's the probability is greater
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00135-00025008-00025222 than 1.67 well then i draw my little
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00136-00025223-00025662 chart here again where's my drawing
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00137-00025663-00025927 so you're like this oops it's this thick
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00138-00025927-00026118 line
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00139-00026119-00026443 so if we say here it is
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00140-00026444-00026687 1.67 above the mean
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00141-00026688-00026862 scribble that in that's when we did up
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00142-00026863-00027358 here
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00143-00027360-00027670 but now we want to do 1.67 and we want
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00144-00027672-00027831 to go to the right of that so that's the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00145-00027832-00028087 probability that it's greater than 1.67
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00146-00028088-00028270 and again i'm not very good at drawing
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00147-00028272-00028558 it but in practice it's just 1 minus
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00148-00028560-00028890 that same calculation we did before
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00149-00028891-00029199 1.67 so there's not a second command to
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00150-00029200-00029327 go greater than or less than or an
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00151-00029327-00029574 option you just do one minus that and of
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00152-00029575-00029662 course
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00153-00029663-00029862 that number is 1 minus that number so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00154-00029863-00030223 you can see they add up to 1.
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00155-00030224-00030455 okay so that's pretty cool
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00156-00030456-00030711 and oops i didn't clear up my drawings
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00157-00030712-00030887 the trickier one is
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00158-00030888-00031167 we want to find what's the value between
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00159-00031168-00031335 one number and another number so if we
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00160-00031336-00031470 said what's the probability of being
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00161-00031472-00031662 between 0.96
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00162-00031663-00031855 and 2.33 let me go back here to my
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00163-00031856-00032039 doodle page right and again i'm going to
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00164-00032039-00032423 draw it again
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00165-00032424-00033279 let me first copy them
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00166-00033280-00033446 between those two values so we're going
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00167-00033447-00033935 to draw it
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00168-00033936-00034215 so 2.33 is way over here
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00169-00034216-00034318 and
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00170-00034319-00034615 0.393 is right here well so what we want
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00171-00034616-00034879 is the value in here
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00172-00034880-00035031 but what we're really going to calculate
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00173-00035032-00035190 are two things first we're going to find
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00174-00035191-00035495 the value
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00175-00035496-00035823 of this larger number
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00176-00035824-00036102 which is going to include all this extra
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00177-00036103-00036335 and then we're going to subtract off
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00178-00036336-00036535 that extra
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00179-00036536-00036774 and my bad drawing notwithstanding
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00180-00036775-00037046 we're just going to calculate this
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00181-00037047-00037246 two different times
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00182-00037247-00037446 so notationally we would say that's
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00183-00037447-00037559 going to be
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00184-00037560-00037774 the distance of the two
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00185-00037775-00037935 the difference of the two so we just say
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00186-00037936-00038062 norms
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00187-00038063-00038215 dist b
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00188-00038216-00038399 minus norms
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00189-00038400-00038502 this
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00190-00038503-00039127 a
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00191-00039128-00039279 and that would give us the value again
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00192-00039280-00039751 between some
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00193-00039752-00039935 value of a
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00194-00039936-00040095 and some value
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00195-00040096-00040343 of b
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00196-00040344-00040662 okay so we break the problem up
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00197-00040663-00041246 into two pieces
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00198-00041247-00041407 so another way to think about that is
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00199-00041408-00041502 we're going to do it just like here like
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00200-00041503-00041711 i did with the picture that first value
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00201-00041712-00041895 the probability that z is between those
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00202-00041896-00042055 two values is going to be equal to the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00203-00042056-00042223 probability that z is less than the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00204-00042224-00042351 bigger number
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00205-00042352-00042495 minus the probability of z is less than
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00206-00042496-00042687 the smaller number so we can go ahead
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00207-00042688-00042887 and calculate that and again i did these
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00208-00042888-00043158 before like a cooking show so this one
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00209-00043159-00043327 is norms
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00210-00043328-00043415 dist
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00211-00043416-00043727 2.33
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00212-00043728-00044023 and then for the second one
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00213-00044024-00044223 we just calculate that it's 0.82 and
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00214-00044224-00044335 then we just subtract because
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00215-00044336-00044511 subtraction is awesome
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00216-00044512-00044695 and you can either do that as a simple
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00217-00044696-00044895 subtraction or you can put the double
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00218-00044896-00045046 formula in
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00219-00045047-00045151 as we
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00220-00045152-00045279 uh
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00221-00045280-00045439 do that so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00222-00045440-00045551 um
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00223-00045552-00045767 however we are going to make it work
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00224-00045768-00045879 this idea that we're just going to
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00225-00045880-00046095 calculate the numbers by the way if we
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00226-00046096-00046367 were using the table we would just take
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00227-00046368-00046558 2.33 and we would look it up on the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00228-00046559-00046679 table and i'm going to hold this up
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00229-00046680-00046879 really close to you so that you can see
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00230-00046880-00047211 that 2.33 is in fact
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00231-00047212-00047527 0.9901 on the table
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00232-00047528-00047702 and we just subtract it that way if you
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00233-00047703-00047823 ever have to use the table because
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00234-00047824-00047927 you're
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00235-00047928-00048062 trying to do the old-fashioned way
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00236-00048063-00048190 that's okay and it's actually pretty
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00237-00048191-00048295 easy
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00238-00048296-00048535 to use
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00239-00048536-00048735 okay so let me clear off my drawings
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00240-00048736-00048918 here we can see her better drawing so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00241-00048919-00049055 the proportion
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00242-00049056-00049135 is
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00243-00049136-00049343 less than 1.67
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00244-00049344-00049535 we just look it up on the table
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00245-00049536-00049751 and then we draw it again and again my
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00246-00049752-00050030 advice is to always always always
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00247-00050031-00050279 draw it
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00248-00050280-00050574 okay we could also go backwards and say
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00249-00050575-00050735 what's the probability
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00250-00050736-00050839 that
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00251-00050840-00051030 what z-score would we need to get 20
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00252-00051031-00051230 percent
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00253-00051232-00051438 and if we go ahead and do that so we go
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00254-00051439-00051975 ahead and do that
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00255-00051976-00052270 so that's the same as finding the 20th
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00256-00052271-00052854 percentile
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00257-00052855-00053282 and we can easily answer that as norms
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00258-00053283-00053463 in
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00259-00053464-00053726 then we just put in our value 0.2
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00260-00053727-00053887 and if we do that the number is less
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00261-00053888-00054087 than 0 or it's negative because we know
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00262-00054088-00054263 0 is right at the mean that's the 50th
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00263-00054264-00054511 percentile
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00264-00054512-00054726 and we can figure it out and it turns
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00265-00054727-00054942 out it's about 85
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00266-00054944-00055079 now we could be even snazzier and we
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00267-00055079-00055287 could put the value over here
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00268-00055288-00055494 for the 20th percentile and then just go
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00269-00055495-00055735 ahead and put this into the command
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00270-00055736-00055887 like that instead of doing it we just
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00271-00055888-00056063 put this
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00272-00056064-00056263 value here and we get that same number
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00273-00056264-00056391 but now we can just go ahead and play
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00274-00056391-00056526 with it so if i say what's the median
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00275-00056527-00056719 you'd say that's at zero the 80th
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00276-00056720-00056871 percentile is going to be the plus
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00277-00056872-00057030 version of that
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00278-00057032-00057230 uh
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00279-00057232-00057799 95 whatever 1.645
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00280-00057800-00057903 and so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00281-00057904-00058150 with this norms inf command
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00282-00058151-00058999 we can
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00283-00059000-00059182 do the same thing but in the backwards
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00284-00059183-00059415 direction and so that's kind of snazzy
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00285-00059416-00059766 to be able to do
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00286-00059767-00059926 so again here she has some questions to
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00287-00059927-00060079 walk through so what's the problem
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00288-00060079-00060230 what's the z-score that corresponds to
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00289-00060232-00060526 the 50th percentile the 30th percentile
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00290-00060527-00060806 and so on 20 above it we'll have a 1
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00291-00060807-00061030 minus that the middle 60th is going to
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00292-00061032-00061159 be a little bit harder but not really
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00293-00061160-00061366 that hard all right we can go ahead and
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00294-00061367-00061559 figure that all out
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00295-00061560-00061894 um with those calculations
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00296-00061895-00062166 now of course real things don't have a
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00297-00062167-00062375 mean and standard deviation that's equal
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00298-00062376-00062454 to
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00299-00062455-00062759 0 and 1. so we need a little bit fancier
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00300-00062760-00062991 command to do
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00301-00062991-00063191 the more general normal and we're just
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00302-00063191-00063375 going to use the fact that
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00303-00063376-00063679 this calculation lets us convert any
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00304-00063679-00063966 factor so if we subtract the mean
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00305-00063967-00064191 from a distribution that's just going to
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00306-00064191-00064366 slide it back and forth right you
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00307-00064367-00064559 remember this is again from pre-calc
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00308-00064560-00064726 that if you subtract a number from a
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00309-00064727-00064942 function it just scooches it up and down
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00310-00064944-00065159 the number line the standard deviation
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00311-00065160-00065366 is on the bottom of the fraction and you
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00312-00065367-00065647 remember if you multiply or divide
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00313-00065648-00065863 a function that's going to stretch or
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00314-00065864-00066135 spread it out so the mean scooches it up
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00315-00066136-00066343 and down the number line the standard
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00316-00066344-00066582 deviation squishes it if it's small or
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00317-00066583-00066703 stretches it
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00318-00066704-00066926 if it's big and again calculation wise
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00319-00066927-00067191 that can be kind of a pain we can do the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00320-00067192-00067367 same thing backwards just by working
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00321-00067368-00067575 with the formula backwards and reverse
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00322-00067576-00067719 standardizing
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00323-00067720-00068006 you can think of it that way so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00324-00068007-00068175 if someone has a blood pressure on
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00325-00068176-00068423 average of mean of 20 120 and a standard
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00326-00068424-00068567 deviation of 10
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00327-00068568-00068679 we could do
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00328-00068680-00068838 that same calculation that we did before
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00329-00068839-00069055 so what proportion of people have blood
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00330-00069056-00069294 pressure readings less than 135
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00331-00069295-00069487 millimeters
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00332-00069488-00069687 in the measurement so we can actually do
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00333-00069688-00069967 this one by eye we can say well gosh
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00334-00069968-00070326 135 is 15 bigger than 120
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00335-00070327-00070671 and if we divide it by 10 that's 1.5 so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00336-00070672-00070879 that's 1.5 standard deviations above the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00337-00070880-00071159 mean so we've standardized that value so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00338-00071160-00071382 calculation wise we can get it to that
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00339-00071383-00071535 same formula
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00340-00071536-00071662 and work through it that way and again
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00341-00071663-00071855 she has the nice pictures here remember
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00342-00071856-00072126 the slides are in the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00343-00072127-00072271 blackboard so you can get these and go
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00344-00072272-00072462 through these a lot slower if you'd like
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00345-00072463-00072606 or zoom in and see
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00346-00072607-00072894 the little numbers that she has there
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00347-00072895-00073087 on our doodle page though
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00348-00073088-00073438 um let me just make a new
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00349-00073439-00073662 little tab here so if we say
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00350-00073663-00073959 um the mean
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00351-00073960-00074238 is equal to 120
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00352-00074239-00074431 and the standard deviation is equal to
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00353-00074432-00074735 10.
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00354-00074736-00074871 then if i say well what's the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00355-00074872-00075015 probability
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00356-00075016-00075223 that x is less
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00357-00075224-00075399 than 135
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00358-00075400-00075638 we can now use either we could do
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00359-00075639-00076150 algebra and just say well 135 minus 120
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00360-00076151-00076326 put that in parenthesis
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00361-00076327-00076606 135 minus 120
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00362-00076607-00076887 divided by 10 gives us a value of 1.5
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00363-00076888-00077047 and then we could use that norm's disk
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00364-00077048-00077367 command we used before or we can use the
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00365-00077368-00077671 norm disk command
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00366-00077672-00077775 um
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00367-00077776-00077982 and it takes a value
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00368-00077983-00078135 and then it asks you to put in the mean
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00369-00078136-00078279 and the standard deviation so you just
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00370-00078280-00078431 enter it in so here i'm going to do that
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00371-00078432-00078511 now
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00372-00078512-00078799 norm dist
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00373-00078800-00078959 then you put in the mean
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00374-00078960-00079111 and the standard deviation so in our
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00375-00079112-00079382 case it's 120
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00376-00079383-00079543 and then 10 and then you always put this
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00377-00079544-00079831 little one in here and so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00378-00079832-00080071 we can find that value 135 is the value
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00379-00080072-00080247 we're interested in 120
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00380-00080248-00080479 and 10
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00381-00080480-00080815 and boom 93 of people have
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00382-00080816-00080919 um
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00383-00080920-00081238 a blood pressure below 135.
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00384-00081239-00081487 okay so again normdist is the command
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00385-00081488-00081647 it's uh takes a little bit of getting
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00386-00081648-00081791 used to
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00387-00081792-00081967 but it's actually pretty straightforward
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00388-00081968-00082238 to use um sometimes it wants you to put
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00389-00082239-00082367 in a cumulative thing and if you do that
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00390-00082368-00082735 just make that a one that's a little
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00391-00082736-00083111 thing that we have there
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00392-00083112-00083335 okay and that's called normdist and
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00393-00083336-00083743 there's also norm.dist
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00394-00083744-00083871 which does the same thing that's a
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00395-00083872-00084038 little bit different
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00396-00084039-00084167 version it's one of those things they do
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00397-00084168-00084303 to be consistent with other things so
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00398-00084304-00084662 either normdist or norm.dist
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00399-00084663-00084887 and again you put in x mean standard
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00400-00084888-00085159 deviation and it calculates it for you
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00401-00085160-00085975 again if you want to be greater than
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00402-00085976-00086087 you don't do any kind of fancy
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00403-00086088-00086279 calculation you just do one minus norm
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00404-00086280-00086750 disk
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00405-00086751-00086911 still put an x mean and the standard
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00406-00086912-00087079 deviation right this is another place
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00407-00087080-00087199 we're putting the numbers at the top
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00408-00087200-00087391 with the dollar signs you can
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00409-00087392-00087567 kind of cheat and just enter in those
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00410-00087568-00087735 numbers once and then
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00411-00087736-00087911 get it from there but you can go on
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00412-00087912-00088006 through
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00413-00088007-00088318 and calculate it from there
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00414-00088319-00088518 all right notationally we use this
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00415-00088519-00088718 notation of z alpha
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00416-00088719-00088967 to do the to the right of so instead of
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00417-00088968-00089175 being the to the left of like we've done
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00418-00089176-00089518 by the default we say z alpha is 1.28
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00419-00089519-00089647 and for right now that's just a little
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00420-00089648-00089823 vocabulary word you're learning but
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00421-00089824-00089935 later on we're going to use that to
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00422-00089936-00090182 calculate some of the fancier
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00423-00090183-00090335 things that we do
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00424-00090336-00090455 so okay
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00425-00090456-00090631 7.3 is coming up next and that's going
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00426-00090632-00090887 to be a pretty short video that i will
+SgsBxIwL5Yg-00427-00090888-00091263 start here in just a second
+Sjc1xVKUgC0-00000-00000420-00000752 foreign
+Sjc1xVKUgC0-00002-00006576-00007502 thank you
+Sjc1xVKUgC0-00003-00007503-00007984 [Music]
+Sjc1xVKUgC0-00005-00013085-00014149 [Music]
+Sjc1xVKUgC0-00006-00014150-00015880 thank you
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+Sjc1xVKUgC0-00009-00019587-00021713 [Music]
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+Sjc1xVKUgC0-00033-00051371-00052726 yeah okay
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+Sjc1xVKUgC0-00035-00052917-00054671 [Music]
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+Sjc1xVKUgC0-00051-00110996-00113723 [Music]
+Sjc1xVKUgC0-00053-00118374-00118674 foreign
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00000-00000281-00001075 the main stories about witches is it
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00001-00001076-00001474 true what they say
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00002-00001475-00001700 elves are the original sorceress of the
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00003-00001701-00002005 continent when humans a monster's
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00004-00002007-00002339 arrival else taught humans had to cut
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00005-00002340-00002840 chaos at the magic and the humans looked
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00006-00002841-00003098 at them
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00007-00003099-00003386 chaos is the most dangerous thing in
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00008-00003386-00003667 this world
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00009-00003668-00003833 without control
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00010-00003834-00004364 chaos will kill you so that's all like
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00011-00004365-00004498 this to you
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00012-00004499-00004763 monsters are managed it's all it needs
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00013-00004764-00005099 to me something out there weights
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00014-00005100-00005593 this child will be extraordinary
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00015-00005594-00005888 Jennifer imagine the most powerful woman
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00016-00005889-00006184 in the world
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00017-00006185-00007202 do you have what it takes
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00018-00007203-00007505 you can't outrun destiny just because
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00019-00007506-00008460 you're terrified of it it's coming
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00020-00008461-00008902 I can't do this without you
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00021-00008903-00009316 no matter what you choose
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00022-00009317-00010161 we'll come out bloody
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00023-00010162-00010470 you
+SkOxXCjHdEc-00024-00010471-00010776 [Music]
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00001-00004284-00004522 do
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00003-00008484-00008785 do
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+ToBB0O7pyjo-00005-00009884-00010251 so
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+ToBB0O7pyjo-00011-00022484-00022783 so
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+ToBB0O7pyjo-00014-00025284-00025558 so
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+ToBB0O7pyjo-00016-00026870-00028083 [Music]
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00017-00028083-00028264 so
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+ToBB0O7pyjo-00019-00030561-00032886 [Music]
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+ToBB0O7pyjo-00025-00039730-00040250 [Music]
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+ToBB0O7pyjo-00028-00042084-00042557 so
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00030-00045985-00046283 [Music]
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00031-00046284-00046629 like
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00032-00046630-00047015 [Music]
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00033-00047016-00047106 listen
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00034-00047107-00047671 [Music]
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00035-00047672-00047905 what's up
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00036-00047906-00049671 [Music]
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00037-00049672-00050610 what's up
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00039-00055008-00056271 what's up
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00040-00056272-00057482 [Music]
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00041-00057483-00057598 do
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00042-00057599-00060413 [Music]
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00043-00060414-00062642 [Music]
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+ToBB0O7pyjo-00045-00064013-00064482 [Music]
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00046-00064483-00065774 hmm
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00049-00074283-00074603 oh
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00050-00074604-00077082 [Music]
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00051-00077083-00078643 foreign hmm
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00053-00082683-00083118 foreign
+ToBB0O7pyjo-00055-00086936-00087144 you
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00000-00000000-00001057 [Music]
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00001-00001058-00001532 last healthy and done it's frightening
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00002-00001533-00001780 sad it's it's wonderful to have the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00003-00001782-00002120 chance to listen and observe and
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00004-00002121-00002500 question and learn from the eight
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00005-00002501-00002758 amazing presentations we heard this
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00006-00002759-00003050 morning I know that I stand between you
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00007-00003051-00003311 and the announcement of the results so I
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00008-00003311-00003842 don't want to over extend my welcome but
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00009-00003843-00004267 I wanted to just speak a bit about
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00010-00004268-00004559 you'll see that that even the title data
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00011-00004560-00004879 science for all mirrors some of the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00012-00004880-00005135 impulses in this case from from Hill at
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00013-00005136-00005504 a time that are motivating you and I
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00014-00005505-00005759 wanted to give you a taste of what the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00015-00005760-00006143 future might bring for you as you unfold
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00016-00006144-00006619 this new and I'll suggest Democratic
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00017-00006620-00007003 spirit in bringing data data literacy
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00018-00007004-00007484 and data science to students across the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00019-00007484-00007712 whole shul and across the universities
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00020-00007713-00007898 the fossil children and all of the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00021-00007898-00008234 institutions represented here there is
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00022-00008235-00008603 no Royal Road to data literacy or data
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00023-00008604-00008974 science in the universities around the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00024-00008975-00009245 world today and that is right that is
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00025-00009246-00009442 that is the way it should be because
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00026-00009443-00009992 there is no single right way to do to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00027-00009993-00010208 take on the task in front of all of us
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00028-00010209-00010489 to meet the societal and the individual
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00029-00010490-00010730 needs for understanding and orientation
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00030-00010731-00011246 and competence in appropriating and
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00031-00011247-00011528 using and deploying data in all of the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00032-00011529-00011824 different realms where our students need
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00033-00011825-00012235 to have that from us I'll be reflecting
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00034-00012236-00012578 on our experience at Berkeley as a way
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00035-00012579-00012785 for opening up some ways of thinking
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00036-00012786-00013121 that may be useful for you and for
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00037-00013122-00013255 others in this area
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00038-00013256-00013492 not because Berkeley has the right way
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00039-00013493-00013661 to do it but because Berkeley has
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00040-00013662-00014053 invested very extensively hard and fast
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00041-00014054-00014344 in this area and I want to give you a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00042-00014345-00014689 sense of the both the excitement that
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00043-00014690-00015028 goes with this area and the challenges
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00044-00015029-00015256 that come with it at the institutional
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00045-00015257-00015472 level and the promise for
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00046-00015473-00015674 democratization the theme we'll come
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00047-00015675-00016087 back to of making data literacy and data
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00048-00016088-00016508 science as desired available to students
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00049-00016509-00016834 at every level so at Berkeley I want to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00050-00016835-00017150 give you a sense of the things that
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00051-00017151-00017434 we've been experiencing in part by
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00052-00017435-00017725 showing you the first day of class this
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00053-00017726-00018112 fall in our foundations of data science
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00054-00018113-00018611 class 1600 students this semester wanted
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00055-00018612-00018964 to take a class that we call data 8 we
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00056-00018965-00019342 only had seats for 1300 because we are
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00057-00019343-00019580 limited by classroom space because we
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00058-00019581-00019925 are limited by the ability to field the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00059-00019926-00020321 the student instructors who do much of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00060-00020322-00020786 the teaching for this class this data
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00061-00020787-00021028 eighth class foundations of data science
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00062-00021029-00021322 is the beginning of a program that is
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00063-00021323-00021658 meant to transform student experience
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00064-00021659-00021899 across the university eventually we hope
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00065-00021900-00022205 reaching the entire spectrum of all
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00066-00022206-00022525 fields and all the entire student body
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00067-00022526-00022883 if 1600 students is what we can do in a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00068-00022884-00023180 semester that roughly gets us to a third
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00069-00023181-00023653 of Berkeley's of studium cohort we want
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00070-00023654-00023905 to be able to take it to all of them and
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00071-00023906-00024109 yet without making it a requirement
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00072-00024110-00024383 without making it something imposed on
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00073-00024384-00024536 the students but something that they
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00074-00024537-00024821 desire and seek out for themselves and
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00075-00024822-00025142 want to bring to bear starting from
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00076-00025143-00025349 their own interest so evident in the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00077-00025350-00025597 fact that they will crowd into this is
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00078-00025598-00025849 not even a lecture hall on campus this
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00079-00025850-00026264 this is the concert hall where we meet
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00080-00026264-00026555 for the first week of class until we
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00081-00026556-00026636 switch in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00082-00026637-00026968 to a more let's say it's essentially a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00083-00026969-00027410 combination of a MOOC and an in present
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00084-00027411-00027656 in presence reading because the students
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00085-00027657-00027937 at some point say I get much more out of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00086-00027938-00028264 coming to the laboratories and doing the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00087-00028266-00028543 work in smaller groups then in these
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00088-00028544-00029042 massive massive meetings together so I'm
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00089-00029043-00029255 going to start from this experience of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00090-00029256-00029533 the students who come to this class
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00091-00029535-00029843 because they love it because they tell
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00092-00029844-00030098 each other on on the public bus outside
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00093-00030099-00030283 of the classroom
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00094-00030285-00030551 you must take data aid you don't know
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00095-00030552-00030827 why yet but you must take it they the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00096-00030827-00031142 viral sensation of his class has drawn
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00097-00031143-00031754 into data science the the sense of its
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00098-00031755-00032057 availability to and its power for
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00099-00032058-00032275 students all across the spectrum and
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00100-00032276-00032568 then I'll open up some of the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00101-00032569-00032792 surrounding parts of the program that
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00102-00032793-00033077 we've built around this starting point
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00103-00033078-00033421 and speak about the transformation of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00104-00033422-00033712 curricula in every part of the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00105-00033713-00033944 university that is made possible by
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00106-00033945-00034199 having a common basis in data literacy
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00107-00034200-00034556 and a foundation that many many
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00108-00034557-00035021 different programs can build on so
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00109-00035022-00035440 Berkeley four years ago gave itself a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00110-00035441-00035726 charge gave itself I mean coming from
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00111-00035727-00035987 the faculty moving up to the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00112-00035988-00036227 administration and coming back down to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00113-00036228-00036554 the faculty to rethink at a fundamental
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00114-00036555-00036871 level what every educated person must
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00115-00036872-00037108 know about quantitative reasoning in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00116-00037109-00037427 this modern era how to effectively
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00117-00037428-00037610 understand process and interpret
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00118-00037611-00037915 information to inform decisions in their
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00119-00037916-00038243 professional and personal lives and as
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00120-00038244-00038393 citizens in the world in the 21st
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00121-00038394-00038807 century the data science education Rapid
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00122-00038808-00039074 Action team as it was called was given
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00123-00039075-00039404 this charge in the summer of 2014 to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00124-00039405-00039860 imagine what a curriculum might be that
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00125-00039861-00040011 would bring not only the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00126-00040012-00040329 basics of data literacy to as many
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00127-00040330-00040689 students as we could plausibly reach but
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00128-00040690-00040896 also provide the foundation for building
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00129-00040897-00041162 on top of it an entire set of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00130-00041163-00041412 opportunities for students to advance
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00131-00041413-00041742 further whether they wanted to become as
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00132-00041743-00041946 we say in the u.s. majors in data
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00133-00041947-00042354 science or to carry the learnings that
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00134-00042355-00042618 they gained at this introductory level
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00135-00042619-00042893 into every other pathway of study
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00136-00042894-00043179 whether it be in physics or
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00137-00043180-00043487 environmental science or the humanities
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00138-00043488-00043740 this was the charge that was given to a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00139-00043741-00043943 faculty team that I had the honor to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00140-00043944-00044309 co-lead as mentioned I'm a historian
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00141-00044310-00044685 historian of science and technology my
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00142-00044686-00044883 original training was in theoretical
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00143-00044884-00045218 physics and I spend much of my time now
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00144-00045219-00045564 at Berkeley coordinating and translating
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00145-00045565-00045765 and explaining to people across the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00146-00045766-00046121 university how their mutual needs can be
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00147-00046122-00046452 met by working together because an
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00148-00046453-00046698 effort of this scale of data literacy as
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00149-00046699-00046983 you're all considering it only happens
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00150-00046984-00047385 is a collective project it needs strong
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00151-00047386-00047595 coordination and collaboration across
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00152-00047596-00047790 disciplines and it also needs the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00153-00047791-00048057 willingness to stay with your colleagues
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00154-00048058-00048330 and work with them through the difficult
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00155-00048331-00048690 questions what is actually essential for
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00156-00048691-00049014 our students what if we disagree where
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00157-00049015-00049515 do we find common ground so to say a bit
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00158-00049516-00049718 more first of all about the foundations
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00159-00049719-00049937 of data science and data eighth class
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00160-00049938-00050246 this is a course that is offered to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00161-00050247-00050529 students of every part of the university
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00162-00050530-00050805 with no prerequisites other than
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00163-00050806-00051146 admission to Berkeley no calculus no
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00164-00051147-00051419 linear algebra no previous computing
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00165-00051420-00051767 experience we require what we call high
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00166-00051769-00052229 school algebra and the course is a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00167-00052230-00052662 standard for unit offering taught in the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00168-00052663-00052878 largest lecture hall on campus plus
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00169-00052879-00053306 roughly 40 student laboratories with 25
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00170-00053307-00053379 to 30
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00171-00053379-00053694 students in each it is jointly taught
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00172-00053695-00053891 between computer science and statistics
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00173-00053892-00054374 and is designed to pull students in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00174-00054375-00054735 through working with data that they can
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00175-00054736-00055044 care about this being Berkeley we choose
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00176-00055045-00055306 many examples from the world of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00177-00055307-00055613 environment and society and politics in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00178-00055614-00055913 order to grab students from every part
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00179-00055914-00056154 of the disciplinary spectrum because
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00180-00056154-00056357 even technical students care about the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00181-00056358-00056604 world around them and being able to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00182-00056604-00057041 speak about poverty or income inequality
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00183-00057042-00057459 or access to safe drinking water is
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00184-00057460-00057675 something that attracts and draws in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00185-00057676-00058041 students from every area in order to do
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00186-00058041-00058301 this with the ambitions that we have
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00187-00058302-00058572 we've had to invest very heavily in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00188-00058573-00058832 building a computational platform that
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00189-00058833-00059094 we hope will make it possible for others
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00190-00059095-00059480 to also teach at this scale all of the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00191-00059482-00059726 materials are online and in order to be
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00192-00059727-00060032 able to serve 1300 students in a lecture
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00193-00060033-00060297 hall at one time all computing in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00194-00060298-00060573 Jupiter notebooks on their laptops or
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00195-00060574-00060810 even their smartphones we've had to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00196-00060811-00061038 build up an underlying infrastructure
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00197-00061039-00061278 but those of you who are in the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00198-00061279-00061491 informatics field you might find
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00199-00061491-00061803 interesting on its own we've made this
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00200-00061804-00062109 available now on the EDX platform as a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00201-00062110-00062562 MOOC for free we will be opening it up
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00202-00062563-00062976 for self-paced groups to make use of in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00203-00062977-00063261 other universities starting roughly in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00204-00063262-00063680 in January and in the EDX offering that
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00205-00063682-00063968 we did over the summer as a kind of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00206-00063969-00064301 pilot German German representatives
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00207-00064302-00064635 German students were in the top ten in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00208-00064636-00064965 the groups that registered their their
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00209-00064966-00065187 national origins all of your students
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00210-00065188-00065546 are probably exposed to data aid already
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00211-00065547-00065900 we're particularly proud that the gender
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00212-00065901-00066072 distribution in this class roughly
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00213-00066073-00066257 matches that of the University as a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00214-00066258-00066506 whole the one place where it may not
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00215-00066507-00066735 match is in fact that probably more than
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00216-00066736-00066936 one percent of our students represent
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00217-00066937-00067278 and self-identify as not binary and
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00218-00067279-00067629 gender so the the sort of breath of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00219-00067630-00067928 student interest is represented on
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00220-00067929-00068300 demographics also on majors areas of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00221-00068301-00068703 study technical and non-technical majors
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00222-00068704-00069147 here at the same time so imagine what it
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00223-00069148-00069441 might be like in your own institution to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00224-00069442-00069681 be realizing the dreams that you have of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00225-00069682-00069950 reaching out to students at such a broad
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00226-00069951-00070144 range and knowing that it's possible
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00227-00070145-00070428 it's not necessary to do it the Berkeley
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00228-00070429-00070854 way but it is possible to have the kinds
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00229-00070855-00071049 of ambitions that are represented among
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00230-00071050-00071375 the proposals here to reach out to areas
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00231-00071376-00071594 that are not data intensive at present
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00232-00071595-00071800 but you know will be in the future
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00233-00071801-00072080 making it possible for students to gain
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00234-00072081-00072393 experience working on real-world
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00235-00072394-00072615 problems that engage them working with
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00236-00072616-00072924 actual datasets knowing that it can be
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00237-00072925-00073215 done without having extraordinary
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00238-00073216-00073605 previous preparation but investing in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00239-00073606-00073856 the teaching infrastructure and the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00240-00073857-00074163 willingness of your of your faculty to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00241-00074164-00074648 guide it now alongside of data eight
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00242-00074649-00075063 whose details as a introduction to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00243-00075064-00075257 computational inferential thinking you
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00244-00075258-00075701 can find in its textbook we also have
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00245-00075702-00076001 developed a set of courses that go
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00246-00076002-00076301 around it that reflect in fact this this
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00247-00076302-00076506 tension the spawning that some of you
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00248-00076507-00076809 have articulated about data literacy
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00249-00076810-00077088 being anchored in particular disciplines
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00250-00077089-00077406 particularly ins versus being provided
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00251-00077407-00077859 as a common platform so if you accept
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00252-00077860-00078129 that students come in without a previous
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00253-00078130-00078423 desire to study this subject in fact may
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00254-00078424-00078743 have prejudices against it to start and
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00255-00078744-00079074 then understand the value of giving them
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00256-00079075-00079350 both hands-on experience and a deep
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00257-00079351-00079680 conceptual foundation what happens to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00258-00079681-00079860 statistics when it's merged with
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00259-00079861-00079971 computing
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00260-00079972-00080199 what happens to computing when it's
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00261-00080200-00080543 taught through real-world problems then
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00262-00080544-00080807 you can see the attraction of developing
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00263-00080808-00081068 courses around it that leverage it and
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00264-00081069-00081384 connect to it in Berkeley we tried doing
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00265-00081385-00081551 this at the same level with no
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00266-00081552-00081780 prerequisites as the foundations of data
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00267-00081781-00082037 science with what we've called connector
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00268-00082038-00082343 courses which are classes that are
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00269-00082344-00082601 offered by faculty in domains across
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00270-00082602-00082991 campus from cognitive science to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00271-00082992-00083399 geography to legal studies to molecular
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00272-00083400-00083818 and cell biology where faculty have
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00273-00083819-00084090 invested their own time in developing
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00274-00084091-00084435 classes that connect to the Foundation's
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00275-00084436-00084818 course I see these same impulses in what
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00276-00084819-00085041 each of you have put forward as your
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00277-00085042-00085268 proposals and I find that so inspiring
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00278-00085269-00085605 the chance to bring other participants
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00279-00085606-00085896 in other disciplines and make them part
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00280-00085897-00086217 of your project it's been stunning to me
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00281-00086218-00086555 that roughly 30 new courses in the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00282-00086556-00086768 connector area have been developed in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00283-00086769-00086950 the three years that we've been at this
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00284-00086951-00087348 none of it provided by any institutional
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00285-00087349-00087690 resources but by faculty knowing that
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00286-00087691-00087942 this was the most important new course
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00287-00087943-00088185 that they could develop both for their
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00288-00088186-00088406 students and out of their own interest
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00289-00088407-00088712 to learn how to try to teach in this new
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00290-00088713-00089006 data saturated era the molecular and
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00291-00089007-00089259 cell biology connector on immunotherapy
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00292-00089260-00089529 of cancer was developed by an
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00293-00089530-00089750 extraordinary distinguished molecular
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00294-00089751-00089985 biology who had never done data before
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00295-00089986-00090269 and he used the opportunity of working
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00296-00090270-00090554 in this program to took it take his
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00297-00090555-00090765 sabbatical and develop a new course that
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00298-00090766-00091272 would give him value as well now
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00299-00091273-00091481 building on this foundation we're about
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00300-00091482-00091838 to offer what we'll were almost afraid
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00301-00091839-00092054 to say will become one of the largest
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00302-00092055-00092342 undergraduate programs of study at the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00303-00092343-00092591 University just from the very start
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00304-00092592-00092862 we're developing a data science major
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00305-00092863-00093176 that we intend will prepare students to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00306-00093177-00093276 go on
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00307-00093277-00093476 in the different disciplines of science
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00308-00093477-00093771 that will become data-driven as well as
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00309-00093772-00093999 go out into the real world with data
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00310-00094000-00094242 analytic skills where they'll be able to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00311-00094243-00094551 combine technical skills in computing
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00312-00094552-00094844 and statistics and mathematics with a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00313-00094845-00095187 broad anchoring in a particular area of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00314-00095188-00095663 study as well as a deep deep setting in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00315-00095664-00095944 the human context and the ethics of data
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00316-00095945-00096294 so to give a sense of the appeal of the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00317-00096295-00096594 domain emphases the particular areas of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00318-00096595-00096840 study I've just listed a few of these
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00319-00096841-00097094 here from neuroscience to cognition to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00320-00097095-00097476 ecology much of the attraction into this
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00321-00097477-00097842 major is its ability to provide value
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00322-00097843-00098190 for so many other domains of study the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00323-00098191-00098328 students don't want to learn data
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00324-00098329-00098616 science for its own sake they want to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00325-00098617-00098775 put it to work on problems that they
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00326-00098776-00099021 care about understanding the human brain
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00327-00099022-00099561 or improving fisheries quality we are
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00328-00099562-00099723 also developing a whole set of new
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00329-00099724-00100017 courses on the ethics of data and more
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00330-00100018-00100244 broadly its contextualization in the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00331-00100245-00100500 society that we're now living in as its
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00332-00100501-00100807 being data fide these are coming from
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00333-00100808-00101037 humanists and social scientists all
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00334-00101038-00101241 across campus in the school of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00335-00101242-00101496 information or you see down in the left
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00336-00101497-00101688 a history course it happens to be the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00337-00101689-00101994 one I co teach now where you take the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00338-00101995-00102234 perspective of a historian of 20th
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00339-00102235-00102573 century physics trained during the era
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00340-00102574-00102854 of the Cold War and its experience with
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00341-00102855-00103106 the good and the evil that science can
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00342-00103107-00103416 advance intentionally or not bringing it
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00343-00103417-00103784 to bear on this data fire world and
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00344-00103785-00104057 finally I wanted to see the thought with
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00345-00104058-00104546 you that even outside a formal regular
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00346-00104547-00104792 structured curriculum there are so many
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00347-00104793-00105270 opportunities to use the opportunity to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00348-00105271-00105485 use the possibilities opened up by data
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00349-00105486-00105798 in existing courses as your students
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00350-00105799-00106010 come through with the data literacy that
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00351-00106011-00106245 you intend to provide them
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00352-00106246-00106583 imagine what they can do in transforming
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00353-00106584-00107001 curricula in other fields of study this
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00354-00107002-00107274 has been an area in which our students
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00355-00107275-00107517 have led the way rather than our
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00356-00107518-00107772 professors because in domains from
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00357-00107773-00108078 rhetoric to English to psychology we
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00358-00108079-00108282 find that even Berkeley professors don't
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00359-00108283-00108642 have the data analytic skills that this
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00360-00108643-00108959 new world of data-driven scholarship is
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00361-00108960-00109233 going to require and so we found
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00362-00109233-00109482 students are willing to go in and work
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00363-00109483-00109806 hand in hand on a peer basis with a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00364-00109807-00110079 distinguished faculty in order to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00365-00110080-00110441 transform classes across the university
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00366-00110442-00110730 so some of these examples bring us back
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00367-00110731-00111114 to the theme of democratization because
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00368-00111115-00111426 the power of data to make difference in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00369-00111427-00111750 the social world comes as much from its
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00370-00111751-00111975 embedding all across the curricula in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00371-00111976-00112254 classes like a standard junior level
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00372-00112255-00112524 sociology course on social inequality
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00373-00112525-00112839 where students now whether they intend
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00374-00112840-00113172 to study data science or not can bring
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00375-00113173-00113448 the experience of working in data
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00376-00113449-00113826 science areas and tools into the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00377-00113827-00114042 existing classes and the existing
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00378-00114043-00114306 projects that they find compelling to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00379-00114307-00114675 themselves looking at Geographic
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00380-00114676-00115008 dispersions of income or understanding
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00381-00115008-00115356 how poverty relates to other socio
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00382-00115357-00115905 non-sex socio economic factors so all of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00383-00115906-00116148 this work is done by it's essentially a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00384-00116149-00116433 start up so much at Berkeley starts from
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00385-00116433-00116679 the bottom up like I'm seeing in many of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00386-00116680-00116997 your institutions it starts from faculty
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00387-00116998-00117279 and students coming together to do
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00388-00117280-00117659 something at scale in a way that brings
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00389-00117660-00117965 the experience of data literacy and
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00390-00117966-00118233 building on top of it of data science
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00391-00118233-00118578 all across the curriculum this has been
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00392-00118579-00118783 one of the most exciting things I've
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00393-00118784-00119106 experienced at UC Berkeley I've put four
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00394-00119107-00119364 years of my life into it together with
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00395-00119365-00119569 this great team of collaborators
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00396-00119570-00119830 and just like so many of your
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00397-00119831-00120016 initiatives are coming both from the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00398-00120017-00120295 bottom up and the top down we're seeing
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00399-00120296-00120532 that that is the strategy to build
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00400-00120533-00120724 something that both reaches across the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00401-00120725-00121283 university and can persist and stabilize
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00402-00121284-00121648 so I'm happy to answer questions about
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00403-00121649-00122053 this particular instantiation of data
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00404-00122054-00122332 literacy the Berkeley version has been
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00405-00122333-00122665 data science for all but of course you
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00406-00122666-00122932 need not do it that way it's just an
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00407-00122933-00123220 example of the kind of institutional
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00408-00123221-00123481 innovation and experimentation that I
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00409-00123482-00123763 see this program being being opened up
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00410-00123764-00124003 that you're going to be part of and I
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00411-00124004-00124192 hope that we can continue to be helpful
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00412-00124193-00124393 to the shift of abondoned the Hines next
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00413-00124394-00124705 door Jeff stone as you go further so
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00414-00124706-00125656 thank you very much
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00415-00125657-00126197 thank you very much miss Carson we now
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00416-00126198-00126559 have time for some questions and I think
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00417-00126560-00126797 that the link is very important as a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00418-00126798-00127078 link a service Tish Susie yes sir
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00419-00127079-00127513 momento para usted - the Frog is anagon
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00420-00127514-00127951 Stevie Allah the curse has data 8 yep by
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00421-00127952-00128174 Marilyn Allen Kwasniewski inhabit it's a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00422-00128175-00128393 Latin artists Kazim spiders Oh Kahuna
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00423-00128394-00128851 does not say what's with the eight pure
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00424-00128852-00129226 chance we went back and forth should it
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00425-00129227-00129533 be called data ten which is what eight
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00426-00129533-00129988 in octal or data eight because that was
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00427-00129989-00130319 the one number that no existing course
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00428-00130320-00130714 had claimed across the curriculum so
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00429-00130715-00130850 sheer chance and then once you've got
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00430-00130851-00131077 the eight theme then you run with it and
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00431-00131078-00131423 you do 88 and 188 all right okay so it's
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00432-00131424-00131728 just it's just an administrative thing
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00433-00131729-00131882 that's all it is okay
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00434-00131883-00131989 fair enough you can give it some
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00435-00131990-00132293 significance and time yeah I mean it is
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00436-00132294-00132691 the the the sign of infinity so in a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00437-00132692-00132964 sense it's really beautiful I'll take
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00438-00132965-00133156 that back and use it thank you
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00439-00133157-00133733 okay one thing that came to my mind um
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00440-00133734-00133973 this is really significant what you did
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00441-00133974-00134287 and whenever you change something in a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00442-00134288-00134566 system normally there are people against
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00443-00134567-00134762 it because when whenever you you you
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00444-00134763-00134938 have significant changes some people
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00445-00134939-00135112 feel threatened how did you deal with
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00446-00135113-00135182 that
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00447-00135183-00135646 no no one's felt threatened by this
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00448-00135647-00135959 partly it's been successful by
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00449-00135960-00136252 leveraging existing needs across campus
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00450-00136253-00136639 so roughly 25 majors across campus
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00451-00136640-00136929 require statistics of their students and
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00452-00136930-00137239 we have 23 of them saying this is a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00453-00137240-00137573 better statistics class so we'll build
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00454-00137574-00137843 it into our curricula I think the thing
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00455-00137844-00138028 that is somewhat more threatening is
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00456-00138029-00138296 that it is computer science taking over
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00457-00138297-00138736 the world this is one of four classes of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00458-00138737-00138907 introductory computer science
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00459-00138908-00139203 Berkeley that have more than 1200
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00460-00139204-00139534 students every semester and so one of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00461-00139535-00139713 the things that has been challenging for
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00462-00139714-00139911 the rest of the university to come to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00463-00139912-00140214 grips with is the huge demand that
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00464-00140215-00140560 students across the university have to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00465-00140561-00140860 take computer science which goes along
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00466-00140861-00141153 with they're not taking other things so
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00467-00141154-00141426 we've done a lot of work to try to not
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00468-00141427-00141687 have this seem like the hegemonic rule
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00469-00141688-00141919 of computer science that may be one
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00470-00141920-00142173 reason why you have a historian leading
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00471-00142174-00142428 the program but the sense that data
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00472-00142429-00142710 literacy and data science is for all is
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00473-00142711-00143091 something that lets other other fields
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00474-00143092-00143322 other other areas of the university buy
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00475-00143323-00143557 in because they get to coach shape it
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00476-00143558-00144060 mm-hmm okay we had while we had the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00477-00144061-00144225 discussion here while you were making
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00478-00144226-00144740 the choice of which universities will be
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00479-00144741-00145140 will receive the funding the question
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00480-00145141-00145437 came up if if it's not already too late
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00481-00145438-00145713 to start teaching data literacy at
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00482-00145714-00145878 university level I mean it's obviously
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00483-00145879-00146083 better than nothing but that this is
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00484-00146084-00146274 such a basic skill that it should rather
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00485-00146275-00146502 be taught in school would you agree to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00486-00146503-00146908 that I do believe that is correct that
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00487-00146909-00147224 by the time students get to university
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00488-00147225-00147516 their sense of their futures has already
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00489-00147517-00147738 partly been shaped by living in a world
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00490-00147739-00148023 full of data and to be able to accompany
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00491-00148024-00148290 of them through especially I think their
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00492-00148291-00148468 high school years that forgive me had
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00493-00148469-00148696 them how exactly I translate that into
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00494-00148697-00149001 high school years that would be good Naz
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00495-00149002-00149463 kuna yala when they're already making
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00496-00149464-00149682 choices to guide their own futures
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00497-00149683-00150208 before they've settled on a life path in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00498-00150209-00150409 our case at Berkeley the other thing
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00499-00150410-00150741 that's very important to us is to bring
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00500-00150742-00151069 data eight to the California community
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00501-00151070-00151381 colleges because roughly a third of
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00502-00151382-00151597 Berkeley graduates don't start as
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00503-00151598-00151878 freshmen at Berkeley they come through
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00504-00151879-00152201 we would say Neelix relic
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00505-00152202-00152565 entry point from starting two years in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00506-00152566-00152787 local colleges and we want to make sure
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00507-00152788-00153138 that opportunities to engage in data
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00508-00153139-00153349 literacy and data science are available
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00509-00153350-00153631 all the way across the spectrum not only
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00510-00153632-00153856 at elite universities such as Berkeley
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00511-00153857-00154018 yeah that's great
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00512-00154019-00154287 so this doesn't mean that I'm always a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00513-00154288-00154669 proponent of open of open educational
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00514-00154670-00155064 resources so is so did you put your
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00515-00155065-00155482 materials and an open license or is it
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00516-00155483-00155632 just anybody can use it but it's the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00517-00155633-00155991 proprietary anybody can use it we have
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00518-00155992-00156387 concerns about making it making the data
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00519-00156388-00156696 eight textbook available for people to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00520-00156697-00156948 completely rewrite on their own terms
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00521-00156949-00157227 because one thing that you can see about
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00522-00157228-00157491 data science and data literacy is if you
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00523-00157492-00157585 do it badly
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00524-00157586-00157899 you can create huge havoc in the world
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00525-00157900-00158151 mm-hmm so we've tried to walk a line
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00526-00158152-00158439 between making it openly available and
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00527-00158440-00158766 saying please or the alternative would
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00528-00158767-00158988 be to say and please go and rewrite it
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00529-00158989-00159181 yourself we're trying to keep a little
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00530-00159182-00159513 bit of control there okay fair enough we
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00531-00159514-00159724 have we have a lot of questions in by
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00532-00159725-00160029 now so the question that got the most
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00533-00160030-00160236 votes and I'm just reading it out loud
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00534-00160237-00160519 right now is I'd imagine that one reason
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00535-00160520-00160713 that students are so excited about this
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00536-00160714-00160986 would be the no prior skills required
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00537-00160987-00161286 for a methods course does that limit the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00538-00161287-00161497 kind of depth possible to explore the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00539-00161498-00161833 subjects it definitely does and that's a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00540-00161834-00162358 deliberate choice that this is not the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00541-00162359-00162571 course after which you should go out and
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00542-00162572-00162891 pretend to be a data scientist it is the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00543-00162892-00163118 thing that is supposed to draw you in
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00544-00163119-00163370 and make you engage that's a term we've
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00545-00163371-00163628 heard so many times today and then
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00546-00163629-00163874 encourage you to go on and do more so
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00547-00163875-00164230 it's a very very closely pared down
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00548-00164231-00164582 introductory course with very few
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00549-00164583-00164915 equations because the concepts
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00550-00164916-00165146 underneath are what we want the students
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00551-00165147-00165431 to gain I think we can put two of the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00552-00165432-00165782 next questions together which is the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00553-00165783-00165998 size of the support team but and but
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00554-00165999-00166226 also the size of the budget that was
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00555-00166227-00166520 needed to pull this project off if I
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00556-00166521-00166994 might quote the only thing that scales
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00557-00166995-00167243 with the size of students were serving
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00558-00167244-00167476 in the class is the students themselves
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00559-00167477-00167840 so almost all of the teaching assistants
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00560-00167841-00168125 for this class are undergraduates as
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00561-00168126-00168515 well sophomores juniors and seniors who
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00562-00168516-00168781 have taken classes that follow on this
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00563-00168782-00169112 so the size of the teaching staff for
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00564-00169113-00169411 the class is one or two professors plus
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00565-00169412-00169952 150 or 200 student teaching staff and so
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00566-00169953-00170225 you this is Berkeley computer science
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00567-00170226-00170456 right you-you-you come up with a
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00568-00170457-00170669 hierarchical pyramidal structure that
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00569-00170670-00170876 allows you to design from the top and
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00570-00170877-00171089 implement at the bottom and so we've
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00571-00171090-00171359 taken that structure over not just into
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00572-00171360-00171578 the teaching of the data eight course
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00573-00171579-00171776 but the actual building up of the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00574-00171777-00172088 division of data Sciences as for the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00575-00172089-00172373 cost of it the cost of running the the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00576-00172374-00172586 course is significant but of course
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00577-00172587-00172730 that's what universities are set up to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00578-00172731-00173108 do so that's that's simply what it is I
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00579-00173109-00173351 have this one last question that I would
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00580-00173352-00173549 like to ask you because I know that
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00581-00173550-00173882 time's up but if somebody is in the
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00582-00173883-00174062 audience here and and they're very
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00583-00174063-00174362 impressed with what you said how could
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00584-00174363-00174710 they use your work to make to make
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00585-00174711-00174932 something similar happen in Germany how
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00586-00174933-00175169 can they build on what you do and how
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00587-00175170-00175463 can they take it to Germany we would be
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00588-00175464-00175709 delighted to be helpful as best we know
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00589-00175710-00175751 how
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00590-00175752-00175964 so we're building up an external
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00591-00175965-00176222 outreach team right now we started with
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00592-00176223-00176391 external outreach to
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00593-00176392-00176652 American universities and we would love
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00594-00176653-00176961 to find ways to partner with you so I
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00595-00176962-00177348 think right now the the only approach I
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00596-00177349-00177635 can suggest to send me an email
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00597-00177636-00177873 we don't have it streamlined yet and I
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00598-00177874-00178056 will forward it on to our external
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00599-00178057-00178317 outreach Tim thank you very much mr.
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00600-00178318-00178512 Carson the big applause please was not
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00601-00178513-00178755 lasting for kasnia
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00602-00178756-00179051 [Applause]
+T0sZk0KqP9M-00603-00179052-00179598 [Music]
+T0RPYhVneR8-00000-00000068-00001270 [Music]
+T0RPYhVneR8-00001-00001271-00001571 thank you
+T21wV4f5qlA-00000-00000117-00001942 [Music]
+T21wV4f5qlA-00001-00001943-00002342 hi i'm joe altiri inventor and ceo of
+T21wV4f5qlA-00002-00002343-00002591 flexscreen and i want to address the
+T21wV4f5qlA-00003-00002592-00002823 extremely important issue of children
+T21wV4f5qlA-00004-00002824-00003063 and window safety
+T21wV4f5qlA-00005-00003064-00003286 flex screen is very active on social
+T21wV4f5qlA-00006-00003288-00003503 media and some of our posts and videos
+T21wV4f5qlA-00007-00003504-00003743 have gone viral
+T21wV4f5qlA-00008-00003744-00003919 but because we're different from regular
+T21wV4f5qlA-00009-00003920-00004167 screens and flex screen is so
+T21wV4f5qlA-00010-00004168-00004399 uncomplicated for adults to install and
+T21wV4f5qlA-00011-00004400-00004511 remove
+T21wV4f5qlA-00012-00004512-00004775 one of the top comments we get over and
+T21wV4f5qlA-00013-00004776-00005063 over again is people expressing concern
+T21wV4f5qlA-00014-00005064-00005359 that a child or a pet could push our
+T21wV4f5qlA-00015-00005360-00005615 screens out and fall
+T21wV4f5qlA-00016-00005616-00005838 these comments are extremely concerning
+T21wV4f5qlA-00017-00005839-00006102 to me because they imply that these
+T21wV4f5qlA-00018-00006103-00006311 people believe that other types of
+T21wV4f5qlA-00019-00006312-00006695 screens will keep their kids safe
+T21wV4f5qlA-00020-00006695-00007031 this is from the national safety council
+T21wV4f5qlA-00021-00007031-00007334 don't rely on window screens to prevent
+T21wV4f5qlA-00022-00007336-00007591 kids or pets from falling
+T21wV4f5qlA-00023-00007592-00007783 window or sliding door screens are
+T21wV4f5qlA-00024-00007784-00008055 designed to keep pests out
+T21wV4f5qlA-00025-00008056-00008295 not kids in
+T21wV4f5qlA-00026-00008296-00008519 the leading pediatric hospital in the
+T21wV4f5qlA-00027-00008520-00008791 country puts it this way
+T21wV4f5qlA-00028-00008792-00008919 beware
+T21wV4f5qlA-00029-00008920-00009206 window screens may give you a false
+T21wV4f5qlA-00030-00009207-00009519 sense of security but they do not
+T21wV4f5qlA-00031-00009520-00009742 prevent falls
+T21wV4f5qlA-00032-00009743-00009967 and this from the consumer product
+T21wV4f5qlA-00033-00009968-00010151 safety commission
+T21wV4f5qlA-00034-00010152-00010446 never depend on screens to keep children
+T21wV4f5qlA-00035-00010447-00010719 from falling out of windows
+T21wV4f5qlA-00036-00010720-00011055 the list of warnings goes on and on and
+T21wV4f5qlA-00037-00011056-00011319 even the very expensive metal mesh
+T21wV4f5qlA-00038-00011320-00011670 screens do not offer any guarantee of
+T21wV4f5qlA-00039-00011671-00011967 safety because virtually any screen can
+T21wV4f5qlA-00040-00011968-00012270 be pushed out with the force of a child
+T21wV4f5qlA-00041-00012271-00012470 leaning against it
+T21wV4f5qlA-00042-00012471-00012759 so the bottom line is this
+T21wV4f5qlA-00043-00012760-00013102 window screens are made to keep bugs out
+T21wV4f5qlA-00044-00013103-00013327 and let fresh air in
+T21wV4f5qlA-00045-00013328-00013630 they are not security devices and you
+T21wV4f5qlA-00046-00013631-00013935 should never ever rely on a window
+T21wV4f5qlA-00047-00013936-00014327 screen any window screen to keep your
+T21wV4f5qlA-00048-00014328-00014591 child safe
+T21wV4f5qlA-00049-00014591-00014855 but we all like to open our windows and
+T21wV4f5qlA-00050-00014856-00015071 countless studies have been done on the
+T21wV4f5qlA-00051-00015072-00015358 many health benefits of fresh air
+T21wV4f5qlA-00052-00015359-00015630 keeping your family safe is obviously
+T21wV4f5qlA-00053-00015631-00015855 the most important thing
+T21wV4f5qlA-00054-00015856-00016103 so how can we do both
+T21wV4f5qlA-00055-00016104-00016407 one of the best and safest ways to vent
+T21wV4f5qlA-00056-00016408-00016647 fresh air into your home
+T21wV4f5qlA-00057-00016648-00016927 and keep children and pets safe
+T21wV4f5qlA-00058-00016928-00017191 is to have double hung windows with full
+T21wV4f5qlA-00059-00017192-00017575 screens and only open the top portion of
+T21wV4f5qlA-00060-00017576-00017719 the window
+T21wV4f5qlA-00061-00017720-00017967 now if this isn't an option for you here
+T21wV4f5qlA-00062-00017968-00018175 are some great tips from the consumer
+T21wV4f5qlA-00063-00018176-00018486 product safety commission number one
+T21wV4f5qlA-00064-00018487-00018807 avoid placing furniture or any objects
+T21wV4f5qlA-00065-00018808-00019103 kids or pets can climb on near open
+T21wV4f5qlA-00066-00019104-00019230 windows
+T21wV4f5qlA-00067-00019231-00019343 number two
+T21wV4f5qlA-00068-00019344-00019639 install window guards or stops designed
+T21wV4f5qlA-00069-00019640-00019911 to limit windows from opening more than
+T21wV4f5qlA-00070-00019912-00020071 four inches
+T21wV4f5qlA-00071-00020072-00020207 number three
+T21wV4f5qlA-00072-00020208-00020511 always instruct kids on the dangers of
+T21wV4f5qlA-00073-00020512-00020727 open windows
+T21wV4f5qlA-00074-00020728-00020863 number four
+T21wV4f5qlA-00075-00020864-00021167 shrubs soft edging or other appropriate
+T21wV4f5qlA-00076-00021168-00021439 landscaping around the outside can help
+T21wV4f5qlA-00077-00021440-00021886 blunt the impact if a fall occurs
+T21wV4f5qlA-00078-00021887-00022150 we at flexscreen want you and your
+T21wV4f5qlA-00079-00022151-00022399 family to enjoy the benefits of fresh
+T21wV4f5qlA-00080-00022400-00022791 air safely and we urge you to exercise
+T21wV4f5qlA-00081-00022792-00023111 extreme caution with children around
+T21wV4f5qlA-00082-00023112-00023399 open windows no matter what type of
+T21wV4f5qlA-00083-00023400-00023583 screen you have
+T21wV4f5qlA-00084-00023584-00024145 thank you for listening and be safe
+T21wV4f5qlA-00085-00024146-00025022 [Music]
+T21wV4f5qlA-00086-00025023-00025231 you
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00000-00000021-00000316 we are jumping to chapter 7 that wasn't
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00001-00000317-00000532 a mistake if you like it fits better in
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00002-00000533-00000728 the curriculum if we're talking about
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00003-00000729-00000998 you know graphing one line in Chapter
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00004-00000999-00001199 three now we're gonna be looking at a
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00005-00001200-00001512 system so if I'm graphing two or more
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00006-00001513-00001726 we've seen the case when they're
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00007-00001727-00002002 parallel and when we don't have any
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00008-00002003-00002183 solutions when they're parallel and if
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00009-00002184-00002339 they're perpendicular what happens with
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00010-00002340-00002659 their slopes so in the other cases when
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00011-00002660-00002837 that's not happening and even when that
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00012-00002838-00003058 is happening we still need to be able to
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00013-00003059-00003286 discuss all of the solutions so we're
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00014-00003288-00003488 gonna be solved with solving systems of
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00015-00003489-00003770 equations in two variables so still
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00016-00003771-00004022 dealing with a coordinate plane so many
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00017-00004022-00004235 problems can be solved more easily by
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00018-00004236-00004499 translating to two equations in two
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00019-00004500-00004999 variables the following is such a system
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00020-00005000-00005765 system of equations so two equations two
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00021-00005766-00005942 unknowns so you want to solve where are
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00022-00005943-00006247 they both satisfied at the exact same
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00023-00006248-00006605 time so that first example the little
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00024-00006606-00006895 brackets always mean a system in this
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00025-00006897-00007358 class if you see that notation that's
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00026-00007359-00007520 just what it means if there aren't any
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00027-00007520-00007745 words and you just see that bracket with
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00028-00007745-00007964 two equations we're solving that system
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00029-00007965-00008189 so that first system that's given we
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00030-00008190-00008480 have two lines and we're looking for a
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00031-00008481-00008723 solution so a solution of a system of
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00032-00008724-00009020 two equations is an ordered pair since
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00033-00009021-00009364 we have both an X and a y that makes
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00034-00009365-00009824 both equations true both equations true
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00035-00009825-00010241 at the exact same time so that system
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00036-00010242-00010448 that first one that's given we have
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00037-00010449-00010766 graphed there and they are intersecting
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00038-00010767-00011113 at one point b35 so we want to just
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00039-00011114-00011303 double check make sure that the picture
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00040-00011304-00011552 is accurate and that P is actually a
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00041-00011553-00011810 solution to both of those equations at
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00042-00011811-00012158 the same time so it doesn't matter which
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00043-00012159-00012473 one we start with in the system P has to
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00044-00012474-00012808 satisfy both of these at the exact same
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00045-00012809-00013024 time so P is
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00046-00013025-00013222 five we want to prove that this is
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00047-00013223-00013511 actually a solution to the system so
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00048-00013512-00013829 let's plug it into the first three plus
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00049-00013830-00014201 five is that really equal to eight yes
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00050-00014202-00014510 first one is satisfied and for the
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00051-00014511-00014872 second two times three minus five is
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00052-00014873-00015188 that really equal to one so I've got six
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00053-00015188-00015455 minus five yes that one is satisfied as
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00054-00015456-00015883 well so we know that yappi is a solution
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00055-00015884-00016193 to the system satisfies both of them at
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00056-00016194-00016472 the exact same time tells us the point
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00057-00016473-00016802 where they're intersecting so we could
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00058-00016803-00017018 have more systems where we don't have a
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00059-00017019-00017339 picture and we have to prove or tell
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00060-00017340-00017549 that it's not a solution to the system
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00061-00017550-00017750 at some point so that's what we're going
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00062-00017751-00017842 to look at next
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00063-00017843-00018200 so we want to determine whether one two
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00064-00018201-00018737 is a solution to the system y equals x
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00065-00018738-00019200 plus 1 to X plus y is equal to four so
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00066-00019201-00019481 is this point where those two lines are
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00067-00019482-00019781 intersecting so let's see is it a
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00068-00019782-00019937 solution I'm going to try into the first
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00069-00019938-00020375 equation so 2 is y one is X that one's
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00070-00020376-00020722 satisfied 2 plus another 2 does that
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00071-00020723-00021164 equal 4 yes so I know that 1 2 is a
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00072-00021165-00021778 solution that's where it's intersecting
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00073-00021779-00022214 okay if we don't have specified x and y
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00074-00022215-00022394 like we're used to again it goes
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00075-00022395-00022606 alphabetically so when were determining
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00076-00022607-00023069 that second is negative 3 2 a solution
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00077-00023070-00023446 to the system with P's and Q's
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00078-00023447-00023797 so which one comes first in the alphabet
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00079-00023798-00024412 is what we assign for the variable so P
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00080-00024413-00024719 it comes before Q so our ordered pair
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00081-00024720-00024989 looks like this P is the first
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00082-00024990-00025162 coordinate Q is the second
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00083-00025163-00025586 so let's plug them in and see so P is
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00084-00025587-00025708 the first coordinate so I'm not gonna
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00085-00025710-00026053 have minus 3 plus 2 is that equal to
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00086-00026054-00026262 minus 1
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00087-00026263-00026599 yes and we also want to check in to the
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00088-00026600-00026767 second equation because it has to
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00089-00026768-00027108 satisfy both at the exact same time if
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00090-00027109-00027468 it's a solution to the system so Q is 2
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00091-00027469-00027945 and P is -3 we're asking is that really
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00092-00027946-00028524 equal to 4 so I've got negative 9 plus 2
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00093-00028525-00028917 that's not equal to 4 so what does that
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00094-00028918-00029167 tell me about this point it's not a
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00095-00029168-00029455 solution it does lie on the first line
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00096-00029456-00029796 because it did satisfy that equation but
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00097-00029797-00030024 it's not lying on the second so if I
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00098-00030025-00030189 have my two lines that are intersecting
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00099-00030190-00030555 at this point you know my first line
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00100-00030556-00030855 maybe it's this one and that point is
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00101-00030856-00031074 satisfied somewhere here but it's not
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00102-00031075-00031224 satisfying the second one because it's
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00103-00031225-00031360 not touching that at all
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00104-00031361-00032037 so in this case not a solution and we
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00105-00032038-00032190 have a good idea of what the picture is
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00106-00032191-00032301 going to look like they might be
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00107-00032302-00032542 intersecting and there is a point that's
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00108-00032543-00032689 satisfying the one line it's not
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00109-00032689-00032968 satisfied in the other so go ahead and
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00110-00032969-00033142 take those two tries determine whether
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00111-00033143-00033393 each point is a solution to those given
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00112-00033394-00033621 systems all right so as we are plugging
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00113-00033622-00033811 in these points into the different
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00114-00033812-00034099 equations of the system what happened is
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00115-00034100-00034476 this a solution to this system so x and
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00116-00034477-00034686 y are given to us so it's easy to figure
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00117-00034687-00034924 out which coordinate belongs to which
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00118-00034925-00035487 variable 2 is 4 X minus 3 is 4 y is that
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00119-00035488-00035880 really true so I'm looking at 8 minus 6
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00120-00035881-00036255 gives me 2 that one was satisfied and 2
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00121-00036256-00036771 times 2 minus 3 is that equal to 1 what
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00122-00036772-00037286 minus 3 is y yes so this was a solution
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00123-00037287-00037701 to the system satisfies both lines at
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00124-00037702-00037939 the exact same time it's where they're
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00125-00037940-00038193 intersecting for the second one we have
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00126-00038194-00038599 a and B alphabetically a comes first so
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00127-00038600-00038808 that's what our coordinate pairs are
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00128-00038809-00039063 looking like so as we plug these in is
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00129-00039064-00039322 this one satisfied
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00130-00039323-00039698 first one is true 40 divided by 2 is 20
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00131-00039699-00040043 and we want to look at the second line
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00132-00040044-00040526 as well 40 minus 20 is that equal to 60
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00133-00040527-00040969 it is not so this was not a solution to
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00134-00040970-00041339 the system lies on one of the lines
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00135-00041340-00041757 doesn't lie on the other so we're going
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00136-00041758-00042071 to look at solving systems graphically
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00137-00042072-00042368 in these cases we're disproving yes or
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00138-00042369-00042611 no is it a solution but if we're just
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00139-00042612-00042782 given the lines how can we figure out
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00140-00042783-00043052 where that's happening so we're gonna
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00141-00043053-00043214 look at graphing first since we're
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00142-00043215-00043487 comfortable with that from chapter 3 so
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00143-00043488-00043870 we're solving a system of two equations
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00144-00043871-00044330 by graphing we graph both equations find
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00145-00044331-00044549 the coordinates of their intersection if
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00146-00044550-00044861 they exist if they do if they're not
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00147-00044862-00045068 intersecting what kind of lines do we
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00148-00045069-00045281 have things that are parallel to each
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00149-00045282-00045629 other so we'll see that case as well so
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00150-00045630-00045826 the first one I want to solve the system
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00151-00045827-00046454 X plus y equals 6 and x equals y plus 2
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00152-00046455-00046664 there's a lot of different ways that we
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00153-00046665-00046976 can go about graphing these we can solve
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00154-00046977-00047279 for the y equals MX plus B form we can
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00155-00047280-00047483 plug in for the intercepts it doesn't
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00156-00047484-00047780 really matter but I'm gonna label the
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00157-00047781-00048170 first one y one the second one y two
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00158-00048171-00048386 just so we can talk about the different
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00159-00048387-00048593 equations without having to say the
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00160-00048594-00048926 equation X plus y equals 6 I think I'm
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00161-00048927-00049121 gonna go ahead and solve for y so we can
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00162-00049122-00049592 graph these so the first one to get Y on
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00163-00049593-00049922 its own what do we need to do subtract X
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00164-00049923-00050229 from both sides over there for the
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00165-00050230-00050699 second one I need to do what I want why
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00166-00050700-00050960 on its own I need to subtract 2 so Y is
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00167-00050961-00051302 X minus 2 so we can go ahead and graph
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00168-00051303-00051482 those and with these new labels we can
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00169-00051483-00051683 draw them in the same plane and throw
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00170-00051684-00051944 that easy label on it so the first one
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00171-00051945-00052509 it has y intercept through 0 6 1 2 3 4 5
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00172-00052510-00052751 6 from there and move according to my
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00173-00052752-00053361 slope down 1 over 1 down 1 over 1 okay
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00174-00053362-00053774 or we could go up one back 1 make sure
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00175-00053775-00054036 it's not very accurate but you get the
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00176-00054037-00054309 idea it's linear this is what it's
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00177-00054310-00054367 looking like
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00178-00054368-00054938 so that was y1 and this second one where
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00179-00054939-00055260 is its y-intercept happening at 0 minus
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00180-00055261-00055493 2 and from there we move according to
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00181-00055494-00056092 the slope up 1 over 1 up 1 over 1 okay
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00182-00056093-00056412 so with your coordinates coordinate
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00183-00056413-00056715 planes the grids get out a straight edge
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00184-00056716-00056962 so we want the most accurate
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00185-00056963-00057137 representation of these lines as
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00186-00057138-00057500 possible so where are they intercepting
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00187-00057501-00057881 at what point so I'm looking at 1 2 3 4
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00188-00057882-00058475 up to 4 2 is that a solution to this
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00189-00058476-00058838 system okay so if our picture was off
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00190-00058839-00059040 and you weren't quite convinced that it
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00191-00059041-00059340 was exactly at 4 2 how could you show
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00192-00059341-00059610 that this intersection is the solution
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00193-00059611-00059859 to the system plug it into both of them
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00194-00059860-00060159 show that it actually works and it's
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00195-00060160-00060581 true so we'll do that into y1 whichever
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00196-00060582-00060830 form doesn't matter but I'm trying to
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00197-00060831-00061157 see if 4 2 is a solution so it's 2
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00198-00061158-00061649 really equal to negative 4 plus 6 yep
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00199-00061650-00062063 and for the second one is to really
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00200-00062064-00062361 equal to 4 minus 2 yes
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00201-00062362-00062606 so both of them are satisfied at the
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00202-00062607-00062951 exact same time 4 2 is a solution that's
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00203-00062952-00063446 where they're intersecting so y1 and y2
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00204-00063447-00064079 intersect at 4 2 we proved it
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00205-00064080-00064454 graphically we showed it algebraically
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00206-00064454-00064651 all right
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00207-00064652-00065072 next another system I'm just gonna cut
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00208-00065073-00065390 it off so we don't get confused X is
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00209-00065391-00065840 equal to 2 y is equal to minus 3 test
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00210-00065841-00066209 your skills with graphing those vertical
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00211-00066210-00066517 and horizontal lines so again I'm gonna
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00212-00066518-00066724 give them some labels so I could be lazy
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00213-00066725-00067063 when I draw the pictures but what are we
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00214-00067064-00067478 looking at for that first line X is
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00215-00067479-00067837 equal to 2 so we have an x coordinate
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00216-00067838-00068137 it's going to have to have you know an x
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00217-00068138-00068509 intercept which means we're intersecting
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00218-00068510-00068798 the x axis so we're talking about a
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00219-00068799-00069151 vertical vertical line at 2 so we'll go
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00220-00069152-00069667 ahead and draw that in my first one at 2
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00221-00069668-00070230 y1 and the second one then is gonna be
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00222-00070231-00070657 horizontal at -3 because we have a
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00223-00070658-00070967 y-intercept and my pictures are not very
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00224-00070968-00071303 good pretend they're straight and where
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00225-00071304-00071690 are they intersecting so what's our our
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00226-00071691-00072106 x coordinate here to and what's our y
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00227-00072107-00072440 coordinate minus 3 comes straight
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00228-00072441-00072785 forward from the system and again we can
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00229-00072786-00073024 check by plugging it in in the first
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00230-00073025-00073336 equation is 2 equal to 2 yeah and the
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00231-00073337-00073606 second is minus 3 equal to minus 3 yeah
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00232-00073607-00073910 so those cases are super simple as long
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00233-00073911-00074155 as you get the orientation of the lines
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00234-00074156-00074536 correct all right one for you go ahead
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00235-00074537-00074926 and solve the system by graphing so
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00236-00074927-00075161 where is that proposed solution we want
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00237-00075162-00075294 to figure out where are they
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00238-00075295-00075643 intersecting and my axis is blue so I'm
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00239-00075644-00076040 gonna put that one away so we have to
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00240-00076041-00076243 get Y in its own well there's just one
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00241-00076244-00076784 round to go to be able to graph y1 so
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00242-00076785-00076928 what did you have to do if you went this
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00243-00076929-00077161 route I want Y on its own I need to
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00244-00077162-00077453 subtract 2x from both sides you could go
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00245-00077454-00077607 ahead and graph that now
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00246-00077608-00078069 and why - we want to do the same so we
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00247-00078070-00078457 need to subtract 8 from both sides
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00248-00078458-00079317 divided by 2 so Y is 1/2 X minus 4 so
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00249-00079318-00079526 once we have them in that form we can go
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00250-00079527-00079719 ahead and graph pretty easily it could
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00251-00079720-00079959 have also solved for the intercepts that
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00252-00079960-00080081 would get you there as well
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00253-00080082-00080547 so first line we have a y-intercept at 0
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00254-00080548-00080823 1 and from there I move according to my
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00255-00080824-00081435 slope down 2 over 1 down 2 over 1 or up
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00256-00081436-00081554 to back 1
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00257-00081555-00081930 it's always that rise over run so this
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00258-00081931-00082425 is my first line and the second one went
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00259-00082426-00082791 through the y-intercept 0 1 2 3 4
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00260-00082792-00083181 from there I go up 1 over 2 hey that's
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00261-00083182-00084003 nice up 1 over 2 so where was that
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00262-00084004-00084306 solution where is that occurring act so
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00263-00084307-00084768 at the intersection 2 minus 1 2 3 2
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00264-00084769-00085610 minus 3 is our solution
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00265-00085611-00085848 and again if you thought your picture
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00266-00085849-00085995 was a little bit off if you're drawn
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00267-00085996-00086256 without grits like I am how can we prove
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00268-00086257-00086508 that that is they solution plug it back
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00269-00086509-00086808 into both or in the original they're all
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00270-00086809-00087150 equivalent to be sure that it satisfies
+T3hnn-zm7H8-00271-00087151-00087537 both at the exact same time
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00000-00000140-00000428 kaien on is a regional Visayan language
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00001-00000429-00000638 spoken on the coast of Palawan and the
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00002-00000639-00000928 Cuyo islands in the philippines pionen
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00003-00000930-00001145 had been the lingua franca language used
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00004-00001146-00001328 for communication of the province of
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00005-00001329-00001547 Palawan until recently when migration
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00006-00001548-00001705 flow from Southern Tagalog region
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00007-00001706-00002032 rapidly increased 43 percent of the
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00008-00002033-00002239 total population of Palawan during the
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00009-00002240-00002504 late 1980s spoke and used kyon on as a
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00010-00002505-00002746 language later studies showed a
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00011-00002747-00002921 significant decrease in the number of
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00012-00002922-00003133 speakers due to an increase of Tagalog
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00013-00003134-00003474 speaking immigrants from Luzon
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00014-00003475-00003711 the kya non-language is classified by
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00015-00003711-00003911 the Summer Institute of linguistics as
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00016-00003913-00004083 belonging to the central philippine
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00017-00004084-00004371 western Visayan pre-and subgroup the
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00018-00004372-00004581 largest number of speakers lives in the
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00019-00004582-00004800 creo group of islands which is located
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00020-00004801-00004989 between northern Palawan and Panay
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00021-00004990-00005187 Island
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00022-00005188-00005756 simple greetings good afternoon
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00023-00005757-00006174 may it not happen good evening night may
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00024-00006175-00006781 it not a be how are you kumusta CAW
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00025-00006781-00007278 I'm fine good in you maiya da ie cow
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00026-00007279-00007755 I am just fine by the grace of God Kali
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00027-00007756-00008085 Dios made da
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00028-00008086-00008527 thank you salamat where are you going
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00029-00008528-00008819 Aiden come up again
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00030-00008820-00009044 what are you doing oh no no I'm on a
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00031-00009045-00009185 mute
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00032-00009186-00009691 oh nothing in particular ARRIRAW
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00033-00009692-00010102 please come in day in kamo
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00034-00010103-00010411 long time no see mad way Keeta ring era
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00035-00010412-00010623 Akita
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00036-00010624-00011084 common expressions
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00037-00011085-00011552 parts of the body
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00038-00011553-00011956 references
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00039-00011957-00012552 external links Cayenne on language and
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00040-00012553-00013032 culture project Cayenne on or linguistic
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00041-00013033-00013425 math of the Philippines linguistic map
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00042-00013426-00013821 of the Philippines linguistic map of the
+T3KXwZN3Ji0-00043-00013822-00014072 Philippines
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00000-00000058-00000374 classical music is art music produced or
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00001-00000375-00000566 rooted in the traditions of Western
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00002-00000567-00000762 culture including both liturgical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00003-00000763-00001148 religious and secular music while a more
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00004-00001149-00001399 precise term is also used to refer to
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00005-00001400-00001766 the period from 1750 to 1820 the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00006-00001767-00001997 Classical period this article is about
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00007-00001998-00002227 the broad span of time from before the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00008-00002228-00002513 6th century AD to the present day which
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00009-00002514-00002714 includes the Classical period and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00010-00002715-00003052 various other periods the central norms
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00011-00003053-00003229 of this tradition became codified
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00012-00003230-00003635 between 1550 and 1900 which is known as
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00013-00003636-00004388 the common practice period topic
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00014-00004389-00005031 overview European art music is largely
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00015-00005032-00005206 distinguished from many other
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00016-00005207-00005470 non-european classical and some popular
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00017-00005471-00005704 musical forms by its system of staff
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00018-00005705-00005975 notation in use since about the 11th
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00019-00005976-00006290 century Catholic monks developed the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00020-00006291-00006547 first forms of modern European musical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00021-00006548-00006812 notation in order to standardize liturgy
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00022-00006813-00007133 throughout the worldwide church Western
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00023-00007134-00007423 staff notation is used by composers to
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00024-00007425-00007619 indicate to the performer the pictures
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00025-00007620-00007939 and durations for a piece of music in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00026-00007940-00008201 contrast to most popular styles that
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00027-00008202-00008438 adopted the song strophic form or a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00028-00008439-00008714 derivation of this form classical music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00029-00008715-00008930 has been noted for its development of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00030-00008931-00009119 highly sophisticated forms of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00031-00009120-00009355 instrumental music such as the symphony
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00032-00009356-00009721 concerto fugue sonata and mixed vocal
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00033-00009722-00009962 and instrumental styles such as opera
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00034-00009963-00010049 cantata
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00035-00010050-00010435 and mass the term classical music did
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00036-00010436-00010639 not appear until the early nineteenth
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00037-00010640-00010864 century in an attempt to distinctly
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00038-00010865-00011078 canonize the period from johann
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00039-00011079-00011351 sebastian bach to ludwig van beethoven
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00040-00011352-00011678 as a golden age the earliest reference
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00041-00011679-00012023 to classical music recorded by the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00042-00012024-00012283 oxford english dictionary is from about
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00043-00012284-00012896 1829
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00044-00012897-00013612 topic timeline the major time divisions
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00045-00013613-00013913 of Western art music are as follows
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00046-00013915-00014443 ancient music period before 500 AD early
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00047-00014444-00014859 music period which includes medieval era
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00048-00014860-00015508 500 1 400 including ARS Antiqua 1172
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00049-00015509-00016246 1310 a ARS Nova 13 10 to 13 77 ARS
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00050-00016247-00016794 subtly or 1362 14 20 Renaissance era
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00051-00016795-00017284 1400 to 1600 eras common practice period
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00052-00017285-00017949 which includes Baroque era 1600 to 1750
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00053-00017950-00018507 gallant music era 1720s to 1770s
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00054-00018508-00019093 classical era 1750 to 1820 Romantic era
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00055-00019094-00019833 see 1780 to 1910 20th and 21st centuries
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00056-00019834-00020257 1901 present which includes modernist
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00057-00020258-00020659 era 1890 to 1950 that overlaps from the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00058-00020660-00020907 late nineteenth century
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00059-00020908-00021337 Impressionism 1890 to 1925 that also
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00060-00021338-00021731 overlaps from the late 19th century
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00061-00021732-00022341 Expressionism 1908 to 1925 neoclassicism
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00062-00022342-00022684 1920 to 1950 predominantly in the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00063-00022685-00023017 interwar period postmodern era
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00064-00023018-00023508 contemporary 1930 present experimental
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00065-00023509-00024428 1950 present minimalism topic
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00066-00024429-00024954 characteristics
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00067-00024955-00025176 wide range of styles in European
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00068-00025177-00025413 classical music from medieval plainchant
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00069-00025414-00025697 sung by monks to classical and romantic
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00070-00025698-00025997 symphonies for Orchestra from the 1700's
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00071-00025998-00026256 and 1800's to avant-garde atonal
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00072-00026257-00026547 compositions from the 1900s it is
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00073-00026548-00026775 difficult to list characteristics that
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00074-00026776-00026985 can be attributed to all works of that
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00075-00026986-00027297 type nonetheless a universal
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00076-00027298-00027519 characteristic of classical music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00077-00027520-00027777 written since the late 13th century is
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00078-00027777-00027960 the invariable Appliance of a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00079-00027961-00028214 standardized system of precise mental
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00080-00028216-00028461 notation which evolved into modern bar
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00081-00028462-00028827 notation after 1604 all compositions in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00082-00028827-00029124 their accurate performance another is
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00083-00029125-00029352 the creation and development of complex
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00084-00029352-00029714 pieces of solo instrumental works eg the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00085-00029716-00030054 fugue however as the first symphonies
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00086-00030055-00030239 were produced during the Classical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00087-00030241-00030468 period beginning in the mid 18th century
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00088-00030469-00030689 the symphony ensemble and the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00089-00030691-00030920 compositions became prominent features
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00090-00030922-00031720 of Classical period music topic
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00091-00031722-00032352 complexity works of classical repertoire
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00092-00032352-00032607 often exhibit complexity in their use of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00093-00032608-00032862 orchestration counterpoint harmony
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00094-00032863-00033132 musical development rhythm phrasing
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00095-00033133-00033513 texture and form whereas most popular
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00096-00033514-00033749 styles are usually written in song form
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00097-00033750-00033993 classical music is noted for its
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00098-00033994-00034199 development of highly sophisticated
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00099-00034200-00034458 instrumental musical forms like the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00100-00034459-00034836 concerto symphony and sonata classical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00101-00034837-00035055 music is also noted for its use of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00102-00035056-00035352 sophisticated vocal instrumental forms
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00103-00035353-00035733 such as opera in opera vocal soloists
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00104-00035734-00035988 and choirs perform staged dramatic works
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00105-00035989-00036150 with an orchestra providing
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00106-00036151-00036474 accompaniment longer instrumental works
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00107-00036475-00036705 are often divided into self-contained
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00108-00036706-00036948 pieces called movements often with
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00109-00036949-00037178 contrasting characters or moods
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00110-00037179-00037488 for instance symphonies written during
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00111-00037489-00037731 the Classical period are usually divided
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00112-00037732-00037977 into four movements 1 and opening
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00113-00037978-00038336 Allegro in Sonata form 2 a slow movement
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00114-00038337-00038612 three a minuet or scherzo in a triple
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00115-00038613-00038896 meter such as three quarters and for a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00116-00038897-00039230 final Allegro these movements can then
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00117-00039231-00039482 be further broken down into a hierarchy
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00118-00039483-00039746 of smaller units first sections then
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00119-00039747-00040464 periods and finally phrases
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00120-00040465-00041148 topic performance performers who have
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00121-00041149-00041410 studied classical music extensively are
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00122-00041411-00041758 said to be classically trained this
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00123-00041759-00041986 training may come from private lessons
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00124-00041987-00042205 from instrument or voice teachers or
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00125-00042206-00042393 from completion of a formal program
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00126-00042394-00042670 offered by a conservatory college or
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00127-00042671-00042942 university such as a Bachelor of Music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00128-00042943-00043201 or Master of Music degree which includes
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00129-00043202-00043518 individual lessons from professors in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00130-00043519-00044011 classical music extensive formal music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00131-00044012-00044245 education and training often two
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00132-00044246-00044643 postgraduate master's degree level is
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00133-00044644-00044908 required performance of classical music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00134-00044909-00045180 repertoire requires a proficiency in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00135-00045181-00045367 sight reading and ensemble playing
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00136-00045368-00045708 harmonic principles strongly training to
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00137-00045709-00045904 correct and adjust pictures by ear
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00138-00045905-00046207 knowledge of performance practice eg the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00139-00046208-00046452 rock ornamentation and a familiarity
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00140-00046453-00046711 with the style musical idiom expected
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00141-00046712-00047014 from a given composer or musical work eg
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00142-00047015-00047257 a Brown symphony or a Mozart concerto
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00143-00047258-00047530 the key characteristic of European
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00144-00047531-00047745 classical music that distinguishes it
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00145-00047746-00048007 from popular music and folk music is
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00146-00048008-00048199 that the repertoire tends to be written
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00147-00048200-00048454 down in musical notation creating a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00148-00048455-00048754 musical part or score this score
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00149-00048755-00048990 typically determines details of rhythm
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00150-00048991-00049215 pitch and where two or more musicians
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00151-00049216-00049482 whether singers or instrumentalists are
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00152-00049483-00049707 involved how the various parts are
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00153-00049708-00050005 coordinated the ribbon quality of the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00154-00050006-00050224 music has enabled a high level of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00155-00050225-00050445 complexity within them fugues for
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00156-00050446-00050680 instance achieve a remarkable marriage
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00157-00050681-00050889 of boldly distinctive melodic lines
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00158-00050890-00051136 weaving in counterpoint yet creating a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00159-00051137-00051460 coherent harmonic logic the use of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00160-00051461-00051720 written notation also preserves a record
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00161-00051721-00051930 of the works and enables classical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00162-00051932-00052155 musicians to perform music from many
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00163-00052157-00052542 centuries ago although classical music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00164-00052544-00052776 in the 2000s has lost most of its
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00165-00052777-00053062 tradition for musical improvisation from
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00166-00053063-00053268 the Baroque era to the Romantic era
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00167-00053269-00053485 there are examples of performers who
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00168-00053486-00053639 could improvise in the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00169-00053640-00053915 I love their era in the Baroque era
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00170-00053916-00054149 organ performers would improvise Pro
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00171-00054150-00054347 Utes keyboard performers playing
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00172-00054348-00054584 harpsichord would improvise chords from
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00173-00054585-00054773 the figured based cymbals beneath the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00174-00054774-00055010 bass notes of the Basso continuo part
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00175-00055011-00055167 and both vocal and instrumental
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00176-00055169-00055415 performers would improvise musical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00177-00055416-00055727 ornaments johann sebastian bach was
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00178-00055728-00055958 particularly noted for his complex
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00179-00055959-00056270 improvisations during the classical era
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00180-00056271-00056570 the composer performer mozart was noted
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00181-00056571-00056822 for his ability to improvise melodies in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00182-00056823-00057134 different styles during the classical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00183-00057135-00057389 era some virtuoso soloists would
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00184-00057390-00057599 improvise the cadenza sections of a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00185-00057600-00057899 concerto during the Romantic era
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00186-00057900-00058126 Beethoven would improvise at the piano
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00187-00058127-00058945 for more information see improvisation
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00188-00058946-00059270 topic instrumentation and vocal
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00189-00059271-00059894 practices the instruments currently used
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00190-00059895-00060122 in most classical music were largely
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00191-00060123-00060347 invented before the mid 19th century
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00192-00060348-00060647 often much earlier and systematized in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00193-00060648-00061030 the 18th and 19th centuries they consist
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00194-00061032-00061250 of the instruments found in an orchestra
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00195-00061251-00061472 or in a concert band together with
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00196-00061473-00061712 several other solo instruments such as
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00197-00061713-00061901 the piano harpsichord
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00198-00061902-00062189 and organ the symphony orchestra
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00199-00062190-00062432 includes members of the string woodwind
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00200-00062433-00062669 brass and percussion families of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00201-00062670-00063014 instruments the concert band consists of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00202-00063015-00063221 members of the woodwind brass and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00203-00063222-00063548 percussion families it generally has a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00204-00063549-00063797 larger variety in number of woodwind and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00205-00063798-00064028 brass instruments than the orchestra but
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00206-00064029-00064346 does not have a string section however
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00207-00064347-00064685 many concert bands use a double bass the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00208-00064686-00064889 vocal practices changed over the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00209-00064890-00065114 Classical period from the single-line
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00210-00065115-00065404 monophonic Gregorian chant done by monks
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00211-00065405-00065621 in the medieval period to the complex
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00212-00065622-00065825 polyphonic choral works of the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00213-00065826-00066080 Renaissance and subsequent periods which
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00214-00066081-00066341 used multiple independent vocal melodies
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00215-00066342-00066951 at the same time
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00216-00066952-00067654 topic history the major time divisions
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00217-00067655-00067948 of classical music up to 1900 are the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00218-00067949-00068173 early music period which includes
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00219-00068174-00068650 medieval 500 1 400 and Renaissance 1400
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00220-00068651-00068947 to 1600 eras and the common practice
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00221-00068948-00069265 period which includes the Baroque 1600
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00222-00069266-00069730 to 1750 classical 1750 to 1820 and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00223-00069731-00070207 romantic 1810 to 1910 eras the current
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00224-00070208-00070579 period encompasses the 20th century 1901
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00225-00070580-00070861 to 2000 and includes most of the early
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00226-00070862-00071242 modern musical era 1890 to 1930 the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00227-00071243-00071524 entire high modern mid 20th century and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00228-00071525-00071848 the first part of the contemporary 1945
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00229-00071849-00072214 or 1975 current or post modern musical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00230-00072215-00072703 era 1930 current the 21st century has so
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00231-00072704-00072919 far been a continuation of the same
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00232-00072920-00073153 period and the same contemporary post
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00233-00073154-00073384 modern musical era which both began
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00234-00073385-00073774 mostly in the 20th century the dates are
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00235-00073775-00074029 generalizations since the periods and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00236-00074030-00074245 eras overlap and the categories are
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00237-00074246-00074455 somewhat arbitrary to the point that
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00238-00074456-00074692 some authorities reverse terminologies
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00239-00074693-00075009 and refer to a common practice era
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00240-00075010-00075250 comprising baroque classical and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00241-00075251-00075679 Romantic periods for example the use of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00242-00075680-00075889 counterpoint and fugue which is
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00243-00075890-00076102 considered characteristic of the Baroque
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00244-00076103-00076411 era or period was continued by Haydn who
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00245-00076412-00076597 is classified as typical of the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00246-00076598-00076921 Classical era Beethoven who is often
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00247-00076922-00077158 described as a founder of the Romantic
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00248-00077159-00077419 era and Brahms who is classified as
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00249-00077420-00077665 romantic also used counterpoint and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00250-00077666-00077899 fugue but the romantic and sometimes
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00251-00077900-00078121 yearning qualities of their music define
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00252-00078122-00078493 their era the prefix neo is used to
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00253-00078494-00078865 describe a 19th 20th or 21st century
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00254-00078866-00079087 composition written in the style of an
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00255-00079088-00079306 earlier era such as classical or
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00256-00079307-00079675 romantic Stravinsky's Pulcinella for
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00257-00079676-00079948 example is a neoclassical composition
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00258-00079949-00080142 because it is stylistically
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00259-00080143-00081309 works of the Baroque era topic roots
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00260-00081310-00081690 varam 2006 suggests that the roots of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00261-00081691-00081945 Western classical music ultimately lie
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00262-00081946-00082221 in ancient Egyptian art music via chair
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00263-00082222-00082395 honor me and the ancient Egyptian
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00264-00082396-00082863 orchestra which dates to 26 95 BC the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00265-00082864-00083085 development of individual tones and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00266-00083086-00083334 scales was made by ancient Greeks such
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00267-00083335-00083573 as our stocks honest and pythagoras
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00268-00083574-00083928 pythagoras created a tuning system and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00269-00083929-00084168 helped to codify musical notation
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00270-00084169-00084435 ancient greek instruments such as the or
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00271-00084436-00084702 lowes a reed instrument and the lyre a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00272-00084703-00084924 stringed instrument similar to a small
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00273-00084925-00085131 harp eventually led to several
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00274-00085132-00085383 modern-day instruments of a classical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00275-00085384-00085695 orchestra the antecedent to the early
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00276-00085696-00085923 period was the euro of ancient music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00277-00085924-00086316 before the fall of the Roman Empire 476
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00278-00086317-00088145 ad topic early period topic medieval era
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00279-00088146-00088473 the medieval era includes music from
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00280-00088474-00088823 after the fall of Rome to about 1400
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00281-00088824-00089136 monophonic chant also called plain song
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00282-00089137-00089394 or Gregorian chant was the dominant form
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00283-00089395-00089742 until about 1100 Catholic monks
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00284-00089743-00089943 developed the first forms of modern
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00285-00089944-00090204 European musical notation in order to
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00286-00090205-00090396 standardize liturgy throughout the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00287-00090397-00090774 worldwide church polyphonic multi-voiced
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00288-00090775-00090999 music developed from monophonic chant
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00289-00091000-00091236 throughout the late Middle Ages and into
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00290-00091237-00091449 the Renaissance including the more
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00291-00091450-00091845 complex voicings of motets a number of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00292-00091846-00092103 European classical musical instruments
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00293-00092104-00092313 have roots in eastern instruments that
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00294-00092314-00092487 were adopted from the medieval Islamic
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00295-00092488-00092585 world
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00296-00092586-00092913 for example the Arabic rebab is the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00297-00092914-00093156 ancestor of all European bowed string
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00298-00093157-00093405 instruments including the lira Rebecca
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00299-00093406-00093642 and violin many of the instruments used
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00300-00093643-00093888 to perform medieval music still exist
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00301-00093889-00094082 but in different forms
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00302-00094083-00094368 medieval instruments included the flute
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00303-00094369-00094554 the recorder and plucked string
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00304-00094555-00094711 instruments like the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00305-00094712-00095020 as well early versions of the organ and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00306-00095021-00095332 fiddle or VL existed medieval
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00307-00095333-00095590 instruments in Europe had most commonly
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00308-00095591-00095854 been used singly often self accompanied
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00309-00095855-00096067 with a drone note or occasionally in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00310-00096068-00096403 parts from at least as early as the 13th
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00311-00096404-00096697 century through the 15th century there
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00312-00096698-00096889 was a division of instruments into Oh
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00313-00096890-00097195 loud shrill outdoor instruments and bass
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00314-00097196-00097561 quieter more intimate instruments during
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00315-00097562-00097801 the earlier medieval period the vocal
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00316-00097802-00098002 music from the liturgical genre
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00317-00098003-00098248 predominantly Gregorian chant was
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00318-00098249-00098521 monophonic using a single unaccompanied
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00319-00098522-00098872 vocal melody line polyphonic vocal
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00320-00098873-00099130 genres which used multiple independent
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00321-00099131-00099370 vocal melodies began to develop during
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00322-00099371-00099607 the high medieval era becoming prevalent
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00323-00099608-00100026 by the later 13th and early 14th century
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00324-00100027-00100303 notable medieval composers include
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00325-00100304-00100429 Hildegard of Bingen
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00326-00100430-00100708 Guillaume de macau Leonin paradeen
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00327-00100709-00101029 philippe de Vitry francesco Lentini and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00328-00101030-00101622 johannes ciconia
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00329-00101623-00102274 topic renaissance era the Renaissance
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00330-00102275-00102676 era was from 1400 to 1600 it was
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00331-00102677-00102858 characterized by greater use of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00332-00102859-00103120 instrumentation multiple interweaving
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00333-00103121-00103357 melodic lines and the use of the first
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00334-00103358-00103717 bass instruments social dancing became
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00335-00103718-00103963 more widespread so musical forms
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00336-00103964-00104206 appropriate to accompanying dance began
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00337-00104207-00104535 to standardize it is in this time that
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00338-00104536-00104767 the notation of music on a staff and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00339-00104768-00105028 other elements of musical notation began
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00340-00105029-00105319 to take shape this invention made
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00341-00105320-00105502 possible the separation of the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00342-00105503-00105735 composition of a piece of music from its
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00343-00105736-00105951 transmission without written music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00344-00105952-00106204 transmission was oral and subject to
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00345-00106205-00106428 change every time it was transmitted
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00346-00106429-00106738 with a musical score a work of music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00347-00106739-00106903 could be performed without the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00348-00106904-00107224 composer's presence the invention of the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00349-00107225-00107425 movable type printing press in the 15th
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00350-00107426-00107758 century had far-reaching consequences on
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00351-00107758-00107956 the preservation and transmission of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00352-00107957-00108033 music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00353-00108034-00108256 many instruments originated during the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00354-00108257-00108528 Renaissance others were variations of or
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00355-00108529-00108753 improvements upon instruments that had
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00356-00108754-00109104 existed previously some have survived to
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00357-00109105-00109209 the present day
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00358-00109210-00109414 others have disappeared only to be
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00359-00109415-00109663 recreated in order to perform music on
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00360-00109664-00109989 period instruments as in the modern day
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00361-00109990-00110248 instruments may be classified as brass
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00362-00110249-00110619 strings percussion and woodwind brass
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00363-00110620-00110841 instruments in the Renaissance were
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00364-00110842-00111049 traditionally played by professionals
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00365-00111050-00111232 who were members of guilds and they
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00366-00111233-00111459 included the slide trumpet the wooden
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00367-00111460-00111585 corner the valveless
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00368-00111586-00111852 trumpet in the sackbut stringed
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00369-00111853-00112051 instruments included the vial the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00370-00112052-00112276 rebecc-- the harp like lyre the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00371-00112277-00112527 hurdy-gurdy the lute the guitar the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00372-00112528-00112663 sidon the bandura
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00373-00112664-00112900 and the or Farion keyboard instruments
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00374-00112901-00113125 with strings included the harpsichord in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00375-00113126-00113422 the clavichord percussion instruments
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00376-00113423-00113674 include the triangle the jew's-harp the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00377-00113675-00113938 tambourine the bells the rumble pot and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00378-00113939-00114240 various kinds of drums woodwind
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00379-00114241-00114445 instruments included the double reed
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00380-00114446-00114745 Shawn an early member of the oboe family
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00381-00114746-00115000 the reed pipe the bagpipe the transverse
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00382-00115001-00115266 flute the recorder the dolls Ian and the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00383-00115267-00115608 chrome horn simple pipe organs existed
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00384-00115609-00115836 but were largely confined to churches
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00385-00115838-00116097 although there were portable varieties
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00386-00116098-00116389 printing enabled the standardization of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00387-00116390-00116602 descriptions and specifications of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00388-00116603-00116829 instruments as well as instruction in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00389-00116830-00117084 their use vocal music in the Renaissance
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00390-00117085-00117277 is noted for the flourishing of an
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00391-00117278-00117539 increasingly elaborate polyphonic style
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00392-00117540-00117850 the principal liturgical forms which
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00393-00117851-00118002 endur'd throughout the entire
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00394-00118003-00118231 Renaissance period were masses and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00395-00118232-00118458 motets with some other developments
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00396-00118459-00118720 towards the end especially as composers
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00397-00118721-00118996 of sacred music began to adopt secular
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00398-00118997-00119233 forms such as the Madrigal for their own
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00399-00119233-00119559 designs towards the end of the period
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00400-00119560-00119833 the only dramatic precursors of opera
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00401-00119833-00120088 such as mano d the Madrigal comedy and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00402-00120089-00120528 the intermedia was seen around 1597
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00403-00120529-00120793 italian composer iacopo Perry wrote
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00404-00120794-00121024 Daphna the first work to be called an
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00405-00121025-00121372 opera today he also composed Eurydice
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00406-00121373-00121416 the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00407-00121417-00121608 first opera to have survived to the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00408-00121609-00121933 present day notable Renaissance
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00409-00121933-00122194 composers include Joss Quinn des prés
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00410-00122195-00122521 Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina John
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00411-00122522-00122818 Donne staple Johanna sokham all and Adel
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00412-00122819-00123097 Asus Guillaume du Fay Jules Benoit
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00413-00123098-00123384 Thomas Tallis William Byrd Giovanni
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00414-00123385-00123723 Gabriella Carlo Gesualdo John Dowland
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00415-00123724-00123960 Jakob Obrecht Adrian will aired
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00416-00123961-00124200 Jacques Arcade alt and Qi praiano de
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00417-00124201-00125376 Rory topic common practice period the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00418-00125377-00125589 common practice period is typically
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00419-00125590-00125845 defined as the era between the formation
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00420-00125846-00126048 and the dissolution of common practice
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00421-00126049-00126384 tonality the term usually spends roughly
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00422-00126385-00126666 two and a half centuries encompassing
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00423-00126667-00126903 the baroque classical and Romantic
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00424-00126904-00128032 periods topic Baroque era the rock music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00425-00128033-00128301 is characterized by the use of complex
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00426-00128302-00128514 tonal counterpoint and the use of a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00427-00128515-00128844 Basso continuo a continuous bass line
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00428-00128845-00129174 music became more complex in comparison
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00429-00129175-00129387 with the simple songs of all previous
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00430-00129388-00129687 periods the beginnings of the Sonata
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00431-00129688-00129960 form took shape in the cans owner as did
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00432-00129961-00130183 a more formalized notion of theme and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00433-00130183-00130548 variations the tonality z' of major and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00434-00130549-00130783 minor as means for managing dissonance
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00435-00130783-00131016 and chromaticism in music took full
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00436-00131017-00131262 shape during the Baroque era keyboard
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00437-00131263-00131487 music played on the harpsichord and pipe
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00438-00131488-00131746 organ became increasingly popular and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00439-00131747-00131923 the violin family of stringed
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00440-00131924-00132153 instruments took the form generally seen
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00441-00132154-00132498 today opera is a staged musical drama
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00442-00132499-00132721 began to differentiate itself from
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00443-00132722-00132978 earlier musical and dramatic forms and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00444-00132979-00133191 vocal forms like the cantata and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00445-00133192-00133575 oratorio became more common vocalists
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00446-00133576-00133798 for the first time began adding extra
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00447-00133799-00133989 notes to the music the theories
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00448-00133990-00134218 surrounding equal temperament began to
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00449-00134219-00134463 be put in wider practice especially as
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00450-00134464-00134683 it enabled a wider range of chromatic
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00451-00134684-00134747 possible
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00452-00134748-00134996 is in hard to tune keyboard instruments
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00453-00134997-00135278 although bark did not use equal
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00454-00135279-00135488 temperament as a modern piano is
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00455-00135489-00135692 generally tuned changes in the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00456-00135693-00135896 temperaments from the main tone system
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00457-00135897-00136103 common at the time to various
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00458-00136104-00136298 temperaments that make modulation
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00459-00136299-00136541 between all keys musically acceptable
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00460-00136542-00136736 made possible barks well-tempered
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00461-00136737-00137099 clavier the rock instruments included
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00462-00137100-00137258 some instruments from the earlier
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00463-00137259-00137576 periods eg the hurdy-gurdy in recorder
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00464-00137577-00137855 and a number of new instruments eg the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00465-00137856-00138179 oboe bassoon cello contrabass and 40
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00466-00138180-00138500 piano some instruments from previous
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00467-00138501-00138782 eras fell into disuse such as the Sean
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00468-00138783-00139148 sittin racket and the wooden cornet the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00469-00139149-00139337 key baroque instruments for Strings
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00470-00139338-00139661 included the violin viola viola viola
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00471-00139662-00139997 d'amour cello contrabass lute Thea bow
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00472-00139998-00140225 which often played the Basso continuo
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00473-00140226-00140537 parts mandolin the rock guitar harp and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00474-00140538-00140659 hurdy-gurdy
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00475-00140660-00140909 woodwinds included the baroque flute
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00476-00140910-00141196 Barack Obama called her and the bassoon
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00477-00141197-00141494 brass instruments included the cornet
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00478-00141495-00141791 natural horn the rock trumpet serpent in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00479-00141792-00142085 the trombone keyboard instruments
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00480-00142086-00142307 included the clavichord the harpsichord
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00481-00142308-00142571 the pipe organ and later in the period
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00482-00142572-00142841 the 40 piano and early version of the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00483-00142842-00143177 piano percussion instruments included
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00484-00143178-00143438 the timpani snare drum tambourine and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00485-00143439-00143750 the castanets one major difference
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00486-00143751-00143972 between Baroque music and the classical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00487-00143973-00144197 era that followed it is that the types
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00488-00144198-00144449 of instruments used in baroque ensembles
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00489-00144450-00144758 were much less standardized a baroque
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00490-00144759-00144968 ensemble could include one of several
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00491-00144969-00145211 different types of keyboard instruments
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00492-00145212-00145529 eg pipe organ or harpsichord additional
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00493-00145530-00145817 stringed caudal instruments eg elude
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00494-00145818-00146027 bowed strings woodwinds and brass
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00495-00146028-00146336 instruments and an unspecified number of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00496-00146337-00146555 bass instruments performing the Basso
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00497-00146556-00146624 continuo
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00498-00146625-00147002 eg a cello contrabass viola bassoon
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00499-00147003-00147440 serpent etc vocal developments in the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00500-00147441-00147683 Baroque era included the development of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00501-00147684-00147944 opera types such as opera seria an opera
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00502-00147945-00148127 comic and related form
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00503-00148128-00148436 such as oratorios and cantatas important
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00504-00148437-00148679 composers of this era include johann
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00505-00148680-00148787 sebastian bach
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00506-00148788-00149063 antonio vivaldi george frideric handel
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00507-00149064-00149426 henry purcell claudio monteverdi barbara
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00508-00149427-00149744 stratsi Domenico Scarlatti Georg Philipp
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00509-00149745-00150050 Telemann Arcangelo Corelli Alessandro
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00510-00150051-00150119 Scarlatti
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00511-00150120-00150395 Jean Philippe primo John Baptiste Lally
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00512-00150396-00151468 and Heinrich schütz topic classical era
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00513-00151469-00151895 the term classical music has two
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00514-00151896-00152117 meanings the broader meaning includes
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00515-00152118-00152342 all Western art music from the medieval
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00516-00152343-00152621 era to the 2000s and the specific
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00517-00152622-00152875 meaning refers to the art music from the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00518-00152876-00153290 1750s to the early 1820s the era of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00519-00153291-00153605 wolfgang amadeus mozart Joseph Haydn and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00520-00153606-00153950 Ludwig van Beethoven this section is
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00521-00153951-00154307 about the specific meaning the classical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00522-00154308-00154523 era established many of the norms of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00523-00154524-00154814 composition presentation and style and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00524-00154815-00155030 was also when the piano became the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00525-00155031-00155318 predominant keyboard instrument the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00526-00155319-00155573 basic forces required from an orchestra
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00527-00155574-00155810 became somewhat standardized although
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00528-00155811-00155990 they would grow as the potential of a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00529-00155991-00156227 wider array of instruments was developed
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00530-00156228-00156545 in the following centuries chamber music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00531-00156546-00156791 grew to include ensembles with as many
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00532-00156792-00157072 as eight to ten performers for serenades
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00533-00157073-00157373 opera continued to develop with regional
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00534-00157374-00157643 styles in Italy France and German
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00535-00157644-00158012 speaking lands the opera buffa a form of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00536-00158013-00158308 comic opera rose in popularity the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00537-00158309-00158600 symphony came into its own as a musical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00538-00158601-00158849 form and the concerto was developed as a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00539-00158850-00159092 vehicle for displays of virtuoso playing
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00540-00159093-00159452 skill orchestras no longer required a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00541-00159453-00159668 harpsichord which had been part of the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00542-00159669-00159869 traditional continuo in the Baroque
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00543-00159870-00160094 style and were often led by the lead
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00544-00160095-00160330 violinist now called the concertmaster
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00545-00160331-00160628 classical era musicians continued to use
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00546-00160629-00160844 many of instruments from the Baroque era
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00547-00160845-00161144 such as the cello contrabass recorder
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00548-00161145-00161522 trombone timpani 40 piano the precursor
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00549-00161523-00161846 to the modern piano and organ while some
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00550-00161847-00162134 baroque instruments fell into disuse eg
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00551-00162135-00162371 the Thea Bowen racket many baroque
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00552-00162372-00162563 instruments were changed into the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00553-00162564-00162728 versions that are still in use today
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00554-00162729-00163031 such as the baroque violin which became
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00555-00163032-00163319 the violin the Barack Obama came the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00556-00163320-00163520 oboe and the baroque trumpet which
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00557-00163521-00163697 transitioned to the regular valve
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00558-00163698-00164027 trumpet during the Classical era the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00559-00164028-00164249 stringed instruments used in Orchestra
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00560-00164250-00164450 and chamber music such as string
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00561-00164451-00164681 quartets were standardized as the four
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00562-00164682-00164861 instruments which form the string
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00563-00164862-00165079 section of the orchestra the violin
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00564-00165080-00165464 viola cello and double bass Baroque
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00565-00165465-00165653 ii-era stringed instruments such as
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00566-00165654-00165937 fretted bowed vials were phased out
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00567-00165938-00166220 woodwinds included the Basset clarinet
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00568-00166221-00166469 Basset horn clarinet d'amour the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00569-00166470-00166706 classical clarinet the Chalam you the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00570-00166707-00167015 flute oboe and bassoon keyboard
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00571-00167016-00167240 instruments included the clavichord in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00572-00167241-00167491 the forty piano while the harpsichord
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00573-00167492-00167738 was still used in Basso continuo
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00574-00167739-00168152 accompaniment in the 1750s and 1760s it
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00575-00168153-00168332 fell out of use at the end of the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00576-00168333-00168662 century brass instruments included the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00577-00168663-00168890 buckin the offically de a replacement
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00578-00168891-00169103 for the bass serpent which was the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00579-00169104-00169325 precursor of the tuba and the natural
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00580-00169326-00169664 horn wind instruments became more
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00581-00169665-00169910 refined in the Classical era while
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00582-00169911-00170135 double reed instruments like the oboe
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00583-00170136-00170381 and bassoon became somewhat standardized
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00584-00170382-00170615 in the Baroque the clarinet family of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00585-00170616-00170882 single reeds was not widely used until
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00586-00170883-00171154 Mozart expanded its role in orchestral
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00587-00171155-00171419 chamber and concerto settings major
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00588-00171420-00171635 composers of this period include
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00589-00171636-00171908 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00590-00171909-00172169 Beethoven Joseph Haydn Christoph
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00591-00172170-00172409 Willibald Gluck Johann Christian bark
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00592-00172410-00172729 Luigi Borini Carl Philipp Emanuel bark
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00593-00172730-00173060 mutt CEO Clemente Antonio Salieri and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00594-00173061-00174141 Johanna Palma camel topic Romantic era
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00595-00174142-00174313 the music of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00596-00174314-00174544 Romantic era from roughly the first
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00597-00174545-00174796 decade of the 19th century to the early
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00598-00174797-00175072 20th century was characterized by
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00599-00175073-00175294 increased attention to an extended
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00600-00175295-00175540 melodic line as well as expressive and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00601-00175541-00175735 emotional elements paralleling
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00602-00175736-00176113 romanticism in other art forms musical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00603-00176114-00176344 forms began to break from the classical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00604-00176345-00176542 era forms even as those were being
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00605-00176543-00176797 codified with freeform pieces like
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00606-00176798-00177109 nocturnes Fantasia's and preludes being
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00607-00177110-00177331 written we're accepted ideas about the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00608-00177332-00177529 exposition and development of themes
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00609-00177530-00177856 were ignored or minimized the music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00610-00177857-00178087 became more chromatic dissonant and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00611-00178088-00178318 totally colorful with tensions with
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00612-00178319-00178549 respect to accepted norms of the older
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00613-00178550-00178809 forms about key signatures increasing
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00614-00178810-00179143 the art song or light came to maturity
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00615-00179144-00179410 in this era as did the epic scales of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00616-00179411-00179659 Grand Opera ultimately transcended by
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00617-00179660-00179938 Richard Wagner's Ring cycle in the 19th
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00618-00179939-00180205 century musical institutions emerged
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00619-00180206-00180451 from the control of wealthy patrons as
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00620-00180452-00180697 composers and musicians could construct
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00621-00180698-00180975 lives independent of the nobility
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00622-00180976-00181210 increasing interest in music by the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00623-00181211-00181396 growing middle classes throughout
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00624-00181397-00181638 Western Europe spurred the creation of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00625-00181639-00181825 organizations for the teaching
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00626-00181826-00182091 performance and preservation of music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00627-00182092-00182395 the piano which achieved its modern
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00628-00182396-00182632 construction in this era in part due to
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00629-00182633-00182926 industrial advances in metallurgy became
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00630-00182927-00183100 widely popular with the middle-class
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00631-00183101-00183370 whose demands for the instrument spurred
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00632-00183371-00183706 a large number of piano builders many
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00633-00183707-00183931 symphony orchestras date their founding
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00634-00183932-00184192 to this era some musicians and composers
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00635-00184193-00184468 were the stars of the day some like
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00636-00184469-00184668 Franz Liszt and niccolo paganini
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00637-00184669-00184981 fulfilled both roles European cultural
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00638-00184982-00185230 ideas and institutions began to follow
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00639-00185231-00185491 colonial expansion into other parts of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00640-00185492-00185746 the world there was also a rise
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00641-00185747-00186004 especially toward the end of the era of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00642-00186005-00186283 nationalism in music echoing in some
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00643-00186284-00186538 cases political sentiments of the time
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00644-00186539-00186769 as composers such as Edward Gregg
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00645-00186770-00187060 Nikolai rimsky-korsakov and Antonin
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00646-00187061-00187129 Dvorak
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00647-00187130-00187315 echoed traditional music of their
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00648-00187316-00187382 homeland
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00649-00187383-00187624 their compositions in the Romantic era
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00650-00187625-00187895 the modern piano with a more powerful
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00651-00187896-00188122 sustained tone and a wider range took
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00652-00188123-00188357 over from the more delicate sounding 40
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00653-00188358-00188693 piano in the orchestra the existing
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00654-00188694-00188918 classical instruments and sections were
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00655-00188919-00189194 retained string section woodwinds brass
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00656-00189195-00189472 and percussion but these sections were
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00657-00189473-00189668 typically expanded to make a fuller
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00658-00189669-00189775 bigger sound
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00659-00189776-00190087 for example while a baroque orchestra
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00660-00190088-00190319 may have had two double bass players a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00661-00190320-00190556 romantic orchestra could have as many as
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00662-00190557-00190888 10 as music grew more expressive the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00663-00190889-00191152 standard orchestral palate just wasn't
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00664-00191153-00191428 rich enough for many romantic composers
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00665-00191429-00191749 the family of instruments used
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00666-00191750-00192052 especially in orchestras grew a wider
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00667-00192053-00192301 array of percussion instruments began to
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00668-00192302-00192598 appear brass instruments took on larger
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00669-00192599-00192826 roles as the introduction of rotary
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00670-00192827-00193048 valves made it possible for them to play
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00671-00193049-00193378 a wider range of notes the size of the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00672-00193379-00193622 orchestra typically around 40 in the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00673-00193623-00194018 Classical era grew to be over 100 Gustav
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00674-00194019-00194338 Mahler's 1906 symphony number 8 for
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00675-00194339-00194685 example has been performed with over 150
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00676-00194686-00194976 instrumentalists and choirs of over 400
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00677-00194977-00195289 new woodwind instruments were added such
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00678-00195290-00195535 as the contra bassoon bass clarinet and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00679-00195536-00195754 piccolo and new percussion instruments
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00680-00195755-00196022 were added including xylophones snare
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00681-00196023-00196307 drums celeste --is a bell like keyboard
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00682-00196308-00196571 instrument bells and triangles large
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00683-00196572-00196837 orchestral harps and even wind machines
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00684-00196838-00197200 for sound effects saxophones appear in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00685-00197201-00197410 some scores from the late 19th century
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00686-00197411-00197752 onwards while appearing only is featured
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00687-00197753-00197993 solo instruments in some works for
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00688-00197994-00198238 example maurice ravel's orchestration of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00689-00198239-00198443 modest Masek skis pictures at an
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00690-00198444-00198634 Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff's
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00691-00198635-00198922 symphonic dances the saxophone is
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00692-00198923-00199159 included in other works such as Sergei
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00693-00199160-00199457 Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet sweeps 1 &
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00694-00199458-00199660 2 and many other works as a member of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00695-00199661-00199943 the orchestral ensemble in some
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00696-00199944-00200234 compositions such as Ravel's Bolero two
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00697-00200235-00200452 or more saxophones of different sizes
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00698-00200453-00200679 are used to create an entire
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00699-00200680-00200922 like the other sections of the orchestra
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00700-00200923-00201243 the euphonium is featured in a few late
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00701-00201244-00201471 romantic in twentieth-century works
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00702-00201472-00201845 usually playing parts marked tenor tuba
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00703-00201846-00202137 including Gustav Holst's the planets and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00704-00202138-00202500 Richard Strauss design Hilden Leoben the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00705-00202501-00202752 vogner tuba a modified member of the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00706-00202753-00203013 horn family appears in Richard Wagner's
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00707-00203014-00203244 cycled air Ring des Nibelungen and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00708-00203245-00203475 several other works by Strauss Bela
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00709-00203476-00203715 Bartok and others it has a prominent
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00710-00203716-00203952 role in Anton Bruckner symphony number
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00711-00203953-00204264 seven in E major cornets appear
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00712-00204265-00204501 regularly in nineteenth-century scores
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00713-00204502-00204750 alongside trumpets which were regarded
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00714-00204751-00205011 as less agile at least until the end of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00715-00205012-00205367 the century prominent composers of this
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00716-00205369-00205621 era include Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00717-00205623-00205971 Frederic Chopin Hector Berlioz Franz
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00718-00205971-00206187 Schubert Robert Schumann Felix
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00719-00206188-00206471 Mendelssohn Franz Liszt Giuseppe Verdi
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00720-00206473-00206741 Richard Wagner Johannes Brahms and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00721-00206742-00207114 Johann Strauss two prominent composers
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00722-00207115-00207405 of the early 20th century include Igor
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00723-00207406-00207675 Stravinsky Claude Debussy Dmitri
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00724-00207676-00207990 Shostakovich Sergei Rachmaninoff Sergei
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00725-00207991-00208292 Prokofiev Arnold Schoenberg Anton Webern
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00726-00208294-00208584 Alban Berg Cecile chairman ade Aram
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00727-00208585-00208680 Khachaturian
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00728-00208681-00208962 George Gershwin Amy Beach Edward Gregg
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00729-00208963-00209859 and Bela Bartok topic 20th and 21st
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00730-00209860-00210571 centuries
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00731-00210571-00211211 topic modernist era encompassing a wide
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00732-00211212-00211484 variety of post romantic styles
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00733-00211485-00211757 modernist classical music includes late
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00734-00211758-00212030 romantic impressionist expressionist and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00735-00212031-00212362 neoclassical styles of composition
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00736-00212363-00212783 modernism 1890 to 1930 marked an era
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00737-00212784-00213038 when many composers rejected certain
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00738-00213039-00213236 values of the common practice period
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00739-00213237-00213559 such as traditional tonality melody
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00740-00213560-00213881 instrumentation and structure the high
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00741-00213882-00214085 modern era saw the emergence of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00742-00214086-00214492 neoclassical and serial music modernism
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00743-00214494-00214691 in music is a philosophical and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00744-00214692-00214928 aesthetic stance underlying the period
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00745-00214929-00215146 of change and development in musical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00746-00215148-00215581 language that occurred from 1890 to 1932
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00747-00215582-00215819 musical movements that were dominant
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00748-00215819-00216023 during this time with the Impressionists
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00749-00216023-00216233 beginning around 1890 in the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00750-00216234-00216532 expressionist that started around 1908
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00751-00216533-00216887 it was a period of diverse reactions in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00752-00216888-00217094 challenging and reinterpreting older
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00753-00217094-00217334 categories of music innovations that
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00754-00217335-00217550 lead to new ways of organizing and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00755-00217551-00217798 approaching harmonic melodic sonic and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00756-00217800-00218075 rhythmic aspects of music and changes in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00757-00218076-00218312 aesthetic worldviews in close relation
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00758-00218313-00218548 to the larger identifiable period of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00759-00218550-00218846 modernism in the arts of the time the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00760-00218846-00219092 operative word most associated with it
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00761-00219092-00219494 is innovation its leading feature is a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00762-00219494-00219839 linguistic plurality which is to say
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00763-00219840-00220096 that no single music genre ever assumed
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00764-00220098-00220898 a dominant position topic postmodern
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00765-00220898-00221455 contemporary era postmodern
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00766-00221456-00221671 sake is a period of music that began
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00767-00221671-00222079 around 1930 it shares characteristics
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00768-00222080-00222334 with post modernist art that is art that
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00769-00222335-00222636 comes after and reacts against modernism
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00770-00222637-00222955 many instruments that in the 2010s are
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00771-00222956-00223204 associated with popular music filled
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00772-00223205-00223462 important roles in early music such as
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00773-00223463-00223714 bagpipes Thea bows for whalers
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00774-00223715-00223960 hurdy-gurdy 's hand-cranked string
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00775-00223961-00224212 instruments accordions al porns
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00776-00224213-00224551 hydrolysis Calliope x' sistrums and some
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00777-00224552-00224740 woodwind instruments such as tin
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00778-00224741-00224983 whistles pan pipes sean's and crumb
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00779-00224984-00225342 horns on the other hand instruments such
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00780-00225344-00225571 as the acoustic guitar once associated
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00781-00225571-00225829 mainly with popular music gained
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00782-00225830-00226051 prominence in classical music in the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00783-00226052-00226321 19th and 20th centuries in the form of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00784-00226321-00226630 the classical guitar and banjo while
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00785-00226631-00226831 equal temperament gradually became
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00786-00226832-00227032 accepted as the dominant musical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00787-00227033-00227229 temperament during the 19th century
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00788-00227230-00227479 different historical temperaments are
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00789-00227480-00227673 often used for music from earlier
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00790-00227675-00228010 periods for instance music of the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00791-00228011-00228238 English Renaissance is often performed
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00792-00228239-00228553 in mean tone temperament as well while
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00793-00228554-00228769 professional orchestras and pop bands
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00794-00228769-00229006 all around the world have tuned to an a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00795-00229007-00229371 fixed at 440 Hertz since the late 19th
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00796-00229373-00229609 century there was historically a great
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00797-00229610-00229858 variety in the tuning pitch as attested
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00798-00229859-00230119 to in historical pipe organs that still
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00799-00230119-00230346 exist a few authorities have claimed
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00800-00230348-00230530 high modernism as the beginning of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00801-00230531-00230935 postmodern music from about 1930 others
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00802-00230936-00231163 have more or less equated postmodern
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00803-00231164-00231450 music with thee contemporary music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00804-00231451-00231682 composed from the late 20th century
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00805-00231683-00232096 through to the early 21st century some
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00806-00232096-00232264 of the diverse movements of the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00807-00232265-00232512 postmodern contemporary era include the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00808-00232513-00232825 neo-romantic neo medieval minimalist and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00809-00232826-00233215 post minimalist contemporary classical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00810-00233216-00233431 music at the beginning of the 21st
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00811-00233432-00233632 century was often considered to include
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00812-00233633-00234166 all post-1945 musical forms a generation
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00813-00234167-00234406 later this term now properly refers to
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00814-00234407-00234676 the music of today written by composers
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00815-00234677-00234809 who are still alive
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00816-00234810-00235016 music that came into prominence in the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00817-00235017-00235363 mid 1970s it includes different
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00818-00235364-00235639 variations of modernist postmodern
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00819-00235640-00236486 neo-romantic and pluralist music topic
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00820-00236487-00237548 timeline of composers topic women in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00821-00237548-00238144 classical music almost all of the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00822-00238146-00238376 composers who are described in music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00823-00238377-00238616 textbooks on classical music and whose
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00824-00238617-00238832 works are widely performed as part of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00825-00238833-00239060 the standard concert repertoire are male
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00826-00239061-00239276 composers even though there has been a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00827-00239277-00239453 large number of women composers
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00828-00239454-00239752 throughout the classical music period
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00829-00239753-00240130 musicologist marcia Citroen has asked
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00830-00240131-00240479 w-why is music composed by women so
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00831-00240480-00240716 marginal to the standard classical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00832-00240717-00241103 repertoire citroen examines the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00833-00241104-00241352 practices and attitudes that have led to
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00834-00241353-00241628 the exclusion of women composers from
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00835-00241629-00241910 the received Canon of performed musical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00836-00241911-00242327 works she argues that in the 1800's
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00837-00242328-00242564 women composers typically wrote art
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00838-00242565-00242821 songs for performance in small recitals
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00839-00242823-00243044 rather than symphonies intended for
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00840-00243044-00243251 performance with an orchestra in a large
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00841-00243252-00243506 hall with the latter works being seen as
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00842-00243507-00243716 the most important genre for composers
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00843-00243717-00244010 since women composers did not write many
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00844-00244011-00244205 symphonies they were deemed to be not
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00845-00244206-00244733 notable as composers in the concise
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00846-00244734-00245090 Oxford history of music Clara s see
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00847-00245091-00245381 human is one of the only sick female
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00848-00245382-00245771 composers mentioned Abbey Philip states
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00849-00245771-00246146 that D during the 20th century the women
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00850-00246146-00246394 who were composing playing gained far
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00851-00246396-00246551 less attention than their male
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00852-00246552-00246926 counterparts historically major
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00853-00246927-00247178 professional orchestras have been mostly
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00854-00247179-00247427 or entirely composed of musicians who
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00855-00247428-00247736 are men some of the earliest cases of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00856-00247737-00247940 women being hired in professional
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00857-00247941-00248123 orchestras was in the position of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00858-00248125-00248463 harpist the Vienna Philharmonic for
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00859-00248464-00248679 example did not accept women to
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00860-00248680-00249012 permanent membership until 1997 far
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00861-00249013-00249219 later than the other orchestras ranked
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00862-00249219-00249459 among the world's top five by gramophone
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00863-00249460-00249861 in 2008 the last major orchestra to
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00864-00249862-00250062 appoint a woman to a permanent position
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00865-00250063-00250437 was the Berlin Philharmonic as late as
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00866-00250438-00250769 February 1996 the Vienna Philharmonic
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00867-00250769-00251096 principal flute dieter flurry told West
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00868-00251098-00251313 dutour and funk that accepting women
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00869-00251314-00251573 would be gambling with the emotional
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00870-00251575-00251880 unity emotional gush lawson height that
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00871-00251881-00252329 this organism currently has in april
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00872-00252330-00252642 1996 the orchestra's press secretary
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00873-00252642-00252923 wrote that compensating for the expected
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00874-00252925-00253244 leaves of absence of maternity leave
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00875-00253246-00253617 would be a problem in 1997 the Vienna
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00876-00253617-00253956 Philharmonic was facing protests during
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00877-00253957-00254262 a US tour by the National Organization
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00878-00254263-00254559 for Women and the International Alliance
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00879-00254560-00254948 for women in music finally after being
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00880-00254950-00255246 held up to increasing ridicule even in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00881-00255246-00255537 socially conservative Austria members of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00882-00255538-00255798 the orchestra gathered on the 28th of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00883-00255798-00256113 February 1997 in an extraordinary
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00884-00256114-00256338 meeting on the eve of their departure
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00885-00256339-00256629 and agreed to admit a woman annal elq's
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00886-00256630-00257130 as harpist as of 2013 the orchestra has
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00887-00257131-00257421 six female members one of them violinist
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00888-00257421-00257646 Albina denial / became one of the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00889-00257646-00257967 orchestras concert masters in 2008 the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00890-00257967-00258255 first woman to hold that position in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00891-00258256-00258639 2012 women still made up just 6% of the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00892-00258640-00258971 orchestra's membership VPO president
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00893-00258973-00259281 clemens Helzberg said the VPO now uses
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00894-00259282-00259538 completely screened blind auditions in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00895-00259539-00259875 2013 an article in mother jones stated
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00896-00259876-00260133 that while m NE prestigious orchestras
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00897-00260134-00260541 have significant female membership women
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00898-00260542-00260721 outnumber men in the New York
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00899-00260721-00260998 Philharmonic smile in section and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00900-00261000-00261330 several renowned ensembles including the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00901-00261331-00261471 National Symphony
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00902-00261471-00261708 castra the Detroit Symphony and the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00903-00261709-00261973 Minnesota symphony are led by women
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00904-00261975-00262371 violinists the double bass brass and
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00905-00262372-00262766 percussion sections of major orchestras
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00906-00262767-00263234 Dada's still predominantly male a 2014
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00907-00263235-00263718 BBC article stated that the introduction
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00908-00263719-00263960 of Blind Auditions where a prospective
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00909-00263961-00264207 instrumentalist performs behind a screen
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00910-00264208-00264434 so that the judging panel can exercise
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00911-00264435-00264714 no gender or racial prejudice has seen
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00912-00264715-00264900 the gender balance of traditionally
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00913-00264901-00265119 male-dominated symphony orchestras
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00914-00265120-00265980 gradually shift topic relationship to
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00915-00265981-00266804 other music traditions
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00916-00266805-00267528 topic popular music classical music has
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00917-00267529-00267783 often incorporated elements or material
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00918-00267784-00268002 from popular music of the composer's
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00919-00268003-00268109 time
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00920-00268110-00268410 examples include occasional music such
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00921-00268411-00268659 as Brahms use of student drinking songs
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00922-00268660-00268962 in his academic festival overture genres
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00923-00268963-00269205 exemplified by Kurt files the Threepenny
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00924-00269206-00269481 Opera and the influence of jazz on early
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00925-00269482-00269787 in mid-20th century composers including
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00926-00269788-00270006 Maurice Ravel exemplified by the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00927-00270007-00270381 movement entitled Blues in his sonata
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00928-00270382-00270702 for violin and piano some postmodern
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00929-00270703-00270969 minimalist and post minimalist classical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00930-00270970-00271206 composers acknowledge a debt to popular
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00931-00271207-00271473 music numerous examples show influence
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00932-00271474-00271698 in the opposite direction including
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00933-00271699-00271929 popular songs based on classical music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00934-00271930-00272211 the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00935-00272212-00272538 been put since the 1970s and the musical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00936-00272539-00272736 crossover phenomenon where classical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00937-00272737-00272973 musicians have achieved success in the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00938-00272974-00273306 popular music arena in heavy metal a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00939-00273307-00273504 number of lead guitarists playing
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00940-00273505-00273729 electric guitar including Ritchie
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00941-00273730-00273978 Blackmore and Randy Rhoads modeled their
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00942-00273979-00274215 playing styles on Baroque or classical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00943-00274216-00274251 era
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00944-00274252-00275390 instrumental music topic folk music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00945-00275391-00275679 composers of classical music have often
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00946-00275680-00275955 made use of folk music music created by
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00947-00275956-00276150 musicians who are commonly not
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00948-00276151-00276372 classically trained often from a purely
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00949-00276373-00276684 oral tradition some composers like
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00950-00276685-00277008 Dvorak and Smetana have used folk themes
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00951-00277009-00277236 to impart a nationalist flavor to their
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00952-00277237-00277488 work while others like Bartok have used
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00953-00277489-00277716 specific themes lifted whole from their
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00954-00277717-00278362 folk music origins
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00955-00278363-00279107 topic commercialization certain staples
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00956-00279108-00279317 of classical music are often used
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00957-00279318-00279569 commercially either in advertising or in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00958-00279570-00279878 movie soundtracks in television
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00959-00279879-00280145 commercials several passages have become
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00960-00280146-00280373 cliched particularly the opening of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00961-00280374-00280652 Richard Strauss also sprach zarathustra
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00962-00280653-00280976 made famous in the film 2001 a space
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00963-00280977-00281218 odyssey and the opening section o
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00964-00281219-00281528 Fortuna of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00965-00281529-00281896 other examples include thee Dies Irae
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00966-00281897-00282257 from the Verdi Requiem Edward Grieg's in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00967-00282258-00282578 the hall of the Mountain King from Peer
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00968-00282579-00282626 Gynt
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00969-00282627-00282863 the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00970-00282864-00283187 number 5 vogner's ride of the Valkyries
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00971-00283188-00283547 from die Walker rimsky-korsakov's flight
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00972-00283548-00283904 of the bumblebee and excerpts of Aaron
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00973-00283905-00284192 Copland's rodeo several works from the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00974-00284193-00284402 Golden Age of animation matched the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00975-00284403-00284720 action to classical music notable
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00976-00284721-00285011 examples are Walt Disney's Fantasia Tom
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00977-00285012-00285272 and Jerry's Johann Mouse and Warner Bros
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00978-00285273-00285592 rabbit of Seville and what's opera doc
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00979-00285593-00285890 similarly movies and television often
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00980-00285891-00286148 revert to standard cliched excerpts of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00981-00286149-00286403 classical music to convey refinement or
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00982-00286404-00286628 opulence some of the most often heard
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00983-00286629-00286883 pieces in this category include barks
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00984-00286884-00287141 cello suite number one Mozart's eine
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00985-00287142-00287288 kleine enact music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00986-00287289-00287540 Vivaldi's Four Seasons must six keys
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00987-00287541-00287795 Night on Bald Mountain as orchestrated
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00988-00287796-00288034 by rimsky-korsakov and Racine EES
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00989-00288035-00288443 William Tell Overture the same passages
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00990-00288444-00288701 are often used by telephone call centers
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00991-00288702-00288953 to induce a sense of calm in customers
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00992-00288954-00289301 waiting in a queue sean van kueh argues
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00993-00289302-00289532 that the commercialization of classical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00994-00289533-00289802 music in the early 20th century may have
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00995-00289803-00289988 harmed the music industry through
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00996-00289989-00290654 inadequate representation
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00997-00290655-00291453 topic education during the 1990s several
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00998-00291454-00291714 research papers and popular books wrote
+T3ZnTYAe91M-00999-00291715-00291978 on what came to be called the Mozart
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01000-00291979-00292260 Effect an observed temporary small
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01001-00292261-00292539 elevation of scores on certain tests as
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01002-00292540-00292808 a result of listening to Mozart's works
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01003-00292809-00293121 the approach has been popularized in a
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01004-00293122-00293361 book by Don Campbell and is based on an
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01005-00293362-00293544 experiment published in Nature
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01006-00293545-00293727 suggesting that listening to Mozart
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01007-00293728-00294030 temporarily boosted students IQ by eight
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01008-00294031-00294393 to nine points this popularized version
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01009-00294394-00294615 of the theory was expressed succinctly
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01010-00294616-00294855 by the New York Times music columnist
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01011-00294856-00295323 Alex Ross researchers have determined
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01012-00295324-00295620 that listening to Mozart actually makes
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01013-00295621-00295796 you smarter
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01014-00295797-00296106 promoters marketed CDs claimed to induce
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01015-00296107-00296361 the effect Florida passed a law
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01016-00296362-00296604 requiring toddlers in state-run schools
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01017-00296605-00296853 to listen to classical music every day
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01018-00296854-00297150 and in 1998 the governor of Georgia
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01019-00297151-00297462 budgeted 105 thousand dollars per year
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01020-00297463-00297720 to provide every child born in Georgia
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01021-00297721-00298110 with a tape or CD of classical music one
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01022-00298111-00298290 of the co-authors of the original
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01023-00298291-00298560 studies of the Mozart Effect commented I
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01024-00298561-00298866 don't think it can hurt I'm all for
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01025-00298867-00299153 exposing children to wonderful cultural
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01026-00299154-00299460 experiences but I do think the money
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01027-00299461-00299711 could be better spent on music education
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01028-00299712-00300351 programs in 1996-97 a research study was
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01029-00300352-00300597 conducted on a population of preschool
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01030-00300598-00300792 through college students in the Cherry
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01031-00300793-00301013 Creek School District in Denver Colorado
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01032-00301014-00301416 us the study showed that students who
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01033-00301417-00301608 actively listened to classical music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01034-00301609-00301863 before studying had higher academic
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01035-00301864-00302199 scores the research further indicated
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01036-00302200-00302376 that students who listened to the music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01037-00302377-00302622 prior to an examination also had
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01038-00302623-00302933 positively elevated achievement scores
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01039-00302934-00303156 students who listened to rock and roll
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01040-00303157-00303408 or country music had moderately lower
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01041-00303409-00303825 scores the study further indicated that
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01042-00303826-00304038 who used classical music during the
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01043-00304039-00304272 course of study had a significant leap
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01044-00304273-00304494 in their academic performance whereas
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01045-00304495-00304689 those who listened to other types of
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01046-00304690-00304944 music had significantly lowered academic
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01047-00304945-00305268 scores the research was conducted over
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01048-00305269-00305508 several schools within the Cherry Creek
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01049-00305509-00305709 School District and was conducted
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01050-00305710-00306030 through the University of Colorado this
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01051-00306031-00306255 study is reflective of several recent
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01052-00306256-00306582 studies ie mic Manthey and Stephen Kelly
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01053-00306583-00306809 of the University of Nebraska at Omaha
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01054-00306810-00307107 Donald a Hodges and Deborah s O'Connell
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01055-00307108-00307350 of the University of North Carolina at
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01056-00307351-00308495 Greensboro and others topic see also
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01057-00308496-00308766 list of classical and art music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01058-00308767-00309144 traditions list of classical music in
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01059-00309145-00309492 literature nation specific American
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01060-00309493-00309876 classical music Andalusia in classical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01061-00309877-00310325 music Australian classical music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01062-00310326-00310844 Canadian classical music Carnatic music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01063-00310845-00311369 French classical music Gaga ku
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01064-00311370-00311769 Hindustani classical music Indian
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01065-00311770-00312251 classical music Italian classical music
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01066-00312252-00312642 Ottoman classical music Persian
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01067-00312643-00312984 traditional music Russian classical
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01068-00312985-00313350 music classical music of the United
+T3ZnTYAe91M-01069-00313351-00313593 Kingdom
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00000-00000048-00000231 from seven o'clock monday and every
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00001-00000231-00000455 weeknight an all-new game show everyone
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00002-00000456-00000519 can play
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00003-00000520-00000703 we're all set to play family feuds
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00004-00000704-00000927 endless fun when families square off and
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00005-00000927-00001095 wreck their brains for the most popular
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00006-00001096-00001295 answers to everyday questions do we have
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00007-00001296-00001383 money out there
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00008-00001384-00001671 join rob brown when he says we surveyed
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00009-00001672-00001879 100 people their top six answers are on
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00010-00001880-00002055 the board what do men like the most what
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00011-00002056-00002207 the wives look for in a husband
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00012-00002208-00002391 what looks best on the beach you get the
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00013-00002392-00002567 answer this is a big one when you play
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00014-00002568-00002647 family view
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00015-00002648-00002863 seven o'clock monday and every weekday
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00016-00002864-00002971 only
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00017-00002972-00004295 [Music]
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00018-00004296-00004470 steven does this amazing i've been
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00019-00004471-00004670 searching for you for months
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00020-00004671-00004886 now you come to me the resistance of
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00021-00004887-00005031 being caught this ramallah
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00022-00005032-00005263 we will celebrate the final solution to
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00023-00005264-00005551 the human quest in the lizard's nest
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00024-00005552-00005822 it's about time you got here 7 30 monday
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00025-00005823-00005886 only
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00026-00005887-00006222 on three
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00027-00006223-00006651 we've got drive we've got
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00028-00006652-00007031 energy give us your all
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00029-00007031-00007400 hey
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00030-00007401-00008483 [Music]
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00031-00008484-00008872 oh
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00032-00008873-00009895 [Music]
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00033-00009896-00010071 this he's turning in his badge in
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00034-00010072-00010327 sidekicks hi deb what are you doing
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00035-00010328-00010551 underwater welding then at eight o'clock
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00036-00010552-00010759 it's comedy
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00037-00010760-00010991 i thought it might be sowing one day
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00038-00010992-00011142 this guy will get the mess what are you
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00039-00011143-00011246 doing mr kelly
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00040-00011247-00011495 underwater welding then again don't need
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00041-00011496-00011623 a sewing machine for that
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00042-00011624-00011855 it's hayden following sidekicks tuesday
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00043-00011856-00012006 only on three
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00044-00012007-00012214 dennis farino was a real life cop in
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00045-00012215-00012374 chicago this is where it happened
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00046-00012375-00012606 now he stars as lieutenant mike torillo
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00047-00012607-00012894 major crimes only living that turbulent
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00048-00012895-00013046 era we're gonna blow your socks right
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00049-00013047-00013255 off and you got it a fast cars fast
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00050-00013256-00013527 times advised women i'd love to strap
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00051-00013528-00013558 you
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00052-00013559-00013838 on and go in the dark underworld of
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00053-00013840-00013943 organized crime
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00054-00013944-00014135 lied on the stand lieutenant you didn't
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00055-00014136-00014311 tell the truth once that's not sure i
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00056-00014312-00014407 gave my right name
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00057-00014408-00014591 justice has a new name lieutenant mike
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00058-00014591-00014822 tarello ncu crime story premieres
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00059-00014823-00014886 tuesday
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00060-00014887-00015183 only on three 7 30 wednesday in dirty
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00061-00015184-00015383 dancing he told me that he wanted me to
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00062-00015384-00015430 make
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00063-00015431-00016359 uh love with
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00064-00016360-00016743 [Music]
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00065-00016744-00016935 not the ugly one there's definitely
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00066-00016936-00017094 something missing i can't believe i'm
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00067-00017095-00017158 doing this
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00068-00017159-00017511 brains i knew you'd like that thanks
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00069-00017512-00017711 dirty dancing followed by hey dad
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00070-00017712-00017839 wednesday only
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00071-00017840-00018191 on three toby runs away from summer camp
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00072-00018192-00018383 to find his parents gone joseph
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00073-00018384-00018575 please i'm sorry he's no longer with his
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00074-00018576-00018727 company where do we look first
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00075-00018728-00018958 little kid his best friend has been
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00076-00018959-00019030 murdered
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00077-00019031-00019327 life goes on and he is wanted dinner
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00078-00019328-00019383 alive
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+T3bMxTLIf2y-00080-00019648-00019847 can walk out of here
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00081-00019848-00020007 man this kid's like a moving needle in a
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00082-00020008-00020175 haystack for a moving target jason
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00083-00020176-00020335 bakeman stars in wednesday night's
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00084-00020336-00020599 premiere movie knows where they are
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00085-00020600-00020847 where's my family moving target 8 30
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00086-00020848-00021185 only on three
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00087-00021186-00022483 [Music]
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00088-00022484-00023455 boys
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00089-00023456-00023735 for the first time on television 8 30
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00090-00023736-00023807 yesterday
+T3bMxTLIf2y-00091-00023808-00024184 only on breathe
+T47pcbn1Z0A-00000-00002632-00004424 [Music]
+T47pcbn1Z0A-00001-00004425-00005416 [Music]
+T47pcbn1Z0A-00002-00005417-00005929 yeah
+T47pcbn1Z0A-00003-00005930-00007242 [Music]
+T47pcbn1Z0A-00004-00007243-00008819 [Music]
+T47pcbn1Z0A-00005-00008820-00010479 [Music]
+T47pcbn1Z0A-00006-00010480-00012236 [Music]
+T47pcbn1Z0A-00007-00012237-00013505 [Music]
+T47pcbn1Z0A-00008-00013506-00015794 [Music]
+T47pcbn1Z0A-00009-00015794-00017456 [Applause]
+T47pcbn1Z0A-00010-00017457-00018507 your yard yeah
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00000-00000560-00000749 greetings and welcome to the
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00001-00000750-00000994 introduction to astronomy one of the
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00002-00000996-00001175 things that I like to do in each of my
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00003-00001176-00001391 introductory astronomy classes is to
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00004-00001392-00001582 begin the class with the Astronomy
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00005-00001583-00001745 Picture of the Day
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00006-00001746-00002101 from the NASA website that is
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00007-00002102-00002429 apod.nasa.gov apod
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00008-00002430-00002742 and today's picture for February 3rd of
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00009-00002743-00003142 2023 well it is titled Polaris and the
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00010-00003143-00003581 trail of comet ztf so what do we see
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00011-00003582-00003851 here well here we have an image of the
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00012-00003852-00004175 northern part of the sky and off to the
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00013-00004176-00004445 left we see the location of the north
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00014-00004446-00004649 Celestial Pole
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00015-00004650-00005009 now we can see it labeled there but you
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00016-00005010-00005261 notice that the line is pointing to
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00017-00005262-00005597 nothing there is no star at the North
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00018-00005598-00005843 Celestial pole just like the North Pole
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00019-00005844-00006154 of the earth there is no specific marker
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00020-00006155-00006370 there that would tell you exactly where
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00021-00006371-00006527 the pole is
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00022-00006528-00006760 so we often in the northern hemisphere
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00023-00006761-00006977 use the star Polaris which is a little
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00024-00006978-00007241 bit above the north Celestial pole in
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00025-00007242-00007492 this image because it is a relatively
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00026-00007493-00007745 bright star about the 50th brightest
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00027-00007745-00008063 star in the sky and is located very
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00028-00008064-00008369 close to the north Celestial pole at the
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00029-00008370-00008501 current time
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00030-00008502-00008764 so we can use that as an identifier but
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00031-00008765-00008999 it's not exactly the north Celestial
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00032-00009000-00009287 Pole now the North Pole is where
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00033-00009288-00009617 everything will seem to turn around in
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00034-00009618-00009923 the sky it's kind of the axis point that
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00035-00009924-00010151 there you imagine the Earth's and pole
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00036-00010152-00010391 stretching out into the sky that would
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00037-00010392-00010606 be where it would intersect the sphere
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00038-00010607-00010913 of the stars and everything seems to
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00039-00010914-00011206 spin around that and makes Trails so if
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00040-00011207-00011405 you point a camera towards the North
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00041-00011406-00011710 Pole and leave the shutter open for an
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00042-00011711-00011969 extended period of time you would then
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00043-00011970-00012196 see that there the Stars will make
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00044-00012197-00012478 Trails the closer a star is to the North
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00045-00012479-00012851 Pole the smaller that trail will be and
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00046-00012852-00013072 if something were exactly at the North
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00047-00013073-00013427 Pole it would make no Trail at all it
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00048-00013428-00013649 would just remain there
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00049-00013650-00013883 the further away you get from the north
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00050-00013884-00014230 Celestial pole then the larger the arcs
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00051-00014231-00014453 become so this is where we get things
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00052-00014454-00014771 like circumpolar stars if you are close
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00053-00014772-00014975 enough a star close enough to the pole
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00054-00014976-00015263 that its Circle never intersects The
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00055-00015263-00015497 Horizon it will always be above the
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00056-00015497-00015755 Horizon and would therefore be a
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00057-00015756-00016049 circumpolar star now which ones those
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00058-00016050-00016327 are actually depends on your location
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00059-00016328-00016630 because where you are on Earth tells you
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00060-00016631-00016936 how high the celestial pole will be in
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00061-00016937-00017219 the sky if you're at the North Pole of
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00062-00017220-00017405 Earth the celestial pole would be
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00063-00017406-00017657 straight overhead and every Star would
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00064-00017658-00017927 be circumpolar if you were at the
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00065-00017928-00018167 Equator the north Celestial pole would
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00066-00018168-00018430 be on the horizon and no star would be
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00067-00018431-00018694 circumpolar in between you'll get
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00068-00018695-00018911 varying numbers of stars and different
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00069-00018912-00019186 Stars depending on exactly where you are
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00070-00019187-00019391 on Earth
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00071-00019392-00019613 now the other thing that we see here off
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00072-00019614-00019835 to the right labeled is the Trail of
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00073-00019836-00020339 comet ztf and that is one of the Comets
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00074-00020340-00020663 visible in the sky right now and in fact
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00075-00020664-00020944 very recently had its closest approach
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00076-00020945-00021191 to Earth and is now heading back outward
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00077-00021192-00021497 into the outer solar system it had its
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00078-00021498-00021641 closest approach to the sun in
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00079-00021642-00021989 mid-January and to Earth on the 1st of
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00080-00021990-00022228 February and now is heading back out
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00081-00022229-00022661 into the outer solar system so it became
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00082-00022662-00022925 bright enough to be seen with the naked
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00083-00022926-00023225 eye but still needed a relatively dark
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00084-00023226-00023477 sight to be able to see it
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00085-00023478-00023717 now what you may also notice is that the
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00086-00023718-00023969 comet's Arc does not seem to quite line
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00087-00023970-00024227 up with those of the stars and that's
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00088-00024228-00024485 because the comet is moving on a
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00089-00024486-00024803 different path all of the stars are very
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00090-00024804-00024977 distant and their positions do not
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00091-00024978-00025367 change drastically on even long time
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00092-00025368-00025589 frames they will remain essentially the
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00093-00025590-00025864 same a comet is an object within our
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00094-00025866-00026068 solar system and takes a different path
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00095-00026069-00026362 so it will move slightly and you can see
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00096-00026363-00026579 how it kind of cuts across a couple of
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00097-00026580-00026914 the arcs of stars here as it makes its
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00098-00026916-00027311 motion from this image taken just a few
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00099-00027312-00027743 days ago on January the 31st so that was
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00100-00027744-00028085 our picture of the day for February 3rd
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00101-00028086-00028462 of 2023 it was titled Polaris and the
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00102-00028463-00028720 trail of comet ztf
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00103-00028722-00028912 we'll be back again tomorrow for the
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00104-00028913-00029218 next picture so until then have a great
+T62g1K0Wpf0-00105-00029219-00029725 day everyone and I will see you in class
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00000-00002896-00003238 conference
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00001-00003239-00003438 i have already been listening and i know
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00002-00003439-00003615 that
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00003-00003615-00003895 you have provided lots of technical
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00004-00003896-00004079 inputs
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00005-00004079-00004175 and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00006-00004176-00004406 this is why i would like to keep things
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00007-00004407-00004695 a bit more simple giving you a bit of a
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00008-00004696-00004831 break
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00009-00004832-00005111 and focusing
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00010-00005112-00005231 mainly
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00011-00005232-00005551 on what it is all about and that is soil
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00012-00005552-00005822 but before i really start with soil now
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00013-00005823-00006022 let me give you some good news
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00014-00006023-00006295 we are many and we're not just many here
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00015-00006296-00006510 at this conference
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00016-00006511-00006710 but i and you
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00017-00006711-00006983 also are many
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00018-00006984-00007327 so the good news is that despite
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00019-00007328-00007527 this individualization that we're
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00020-00007528-00008134 experiencing in society in politics
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00021-00008136-00008310 we have
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00022-00008311-00008487 lots of
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00023-00008488-00008807 pairs inhabitants and you never learn
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00024-00008808-00008999 so the reason for this is
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00025-00009000-00009159 that
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00026-00009160-00009446 in our evolution we have always had
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00027-00009447-00009599 partners
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00028-00009600-00009967 tenants we could say who have helped us
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00029-00009968-00010295 keep up our systems our blood system
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00030-00010296-00010606 our blood flow our hormonal systems
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00031-00010607-00010846 and improving them
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00032-00010847-00011151 then also dislocating certain jobs and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00033-00011152-00011283 all these
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00034-00011284-00011551 tenants whom we cannot see but who do
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00035-00011552-00011863 exist is what we call a microbiome this
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00036-00011864-00012046 is our largest
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00037-00012047-00012151 own
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00038-00012152-00012374 system and that is in the intestines so
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00039-00012375-00012670 in the intestines we have about 90 90 of
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00040-00012671-00012871 our inhabitants are tenants and ten
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00041-00012872-00013191 percent on the skin in the hair etc
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00042-00013191-00013391 so it really is the case that we have
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00043-00013391-00013486 more
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00044-00013487-00013766 foreign inhabitants than sales of our
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00045-00013768-00013855 own
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00046-00013856-00014143 this is so interesting because
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00047-00014144-00014479 these tenants often are not taken into
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00048-00014480-00014743 account and the way we treat them also
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00049-00014744-00014966 they treat us so the more different
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00050-00014968-00015207 families we have
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00051-00015208-00015638 so starting from bacteria but also eats
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00052-00015640-00016079 fungi etc the more resilient your immune
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00053-00016080-00016415 system is and the healthier you are
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00054-00016416-00016486 so
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00055-00016487-00016719 what we know today would you have known
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00056-00016720-00016958 for about 20 or 30 years
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00057-00016959-00017294 we know about the micro microbiome which
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00058-00017295-00017694 is a hot in science
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00059-00017695-00017830 and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00060-00017831-00017983 it
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00061-00017984-00018230 provides enormous
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00062-00018231-00018575 excellent experiments and tell us how
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00063-00018576-00018871 much uh inhabitants really
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00064-00018872-00019030 impact us
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00065-00019031-00019294 not just our body but also our thinking
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00066-00019295-00019471 our character as you can see from mass
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00067-00019472-00019719 experiments we will still need to see
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00068-00019720-00019958 whether that can then directly also be
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00069-00019959-00020175 transparent for humans but we do have
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00070-00020176-00020391 very promising studies showing that
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00071-00020392-00020558 microbiome
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00072-00020559-00020711 can even
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00073-00020712-00020894 impact our
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00074-00020895-00021199 spiritual hairs our mental health and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00075-00021200-00021447 influence certain types of depression
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00076-00021448-00021583 and characters
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00077-00021584-00021678 this is
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00078-00021679-00021903 very interesting and takes me to the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00079-00021904-00022303 point that what is essential is
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00080-00022304-00022455 [Music]
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00081-00022456-00022678 to feed these
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00082-00022679-00023014 silent quite inhabitants where because
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00083-00023015-00023263 only if we provide them with a good
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00084-00023264-00023614 stable diet they all have a chance as we
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00085-00023615-00023783 have seen
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00086-00023784-00024142 indigenous people have up to 50 more
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00087-00024143-00024439 microbiome families so
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00088-00024440-00024742 families of bacteria of different
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00089-00024743-00024950 viruses then we
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00090-00024951-00025071 with our
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00091-00025072-00025494 nutrition of highly processed foods
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00092-00025495-00025743 of a limited selection
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00093-00025744-00025943 and that that again
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00094-00025944-00026158 also is a response and does not
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00095-00026160-00026407 necessarily benefit us as a cook of
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00096-00026408-00026614 course for me it is very important to
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00097-00026616-00026983 say that it is very simple to strengthen
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00098-00026983-00027318 your own microbiome by eating
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00099-00027319-00027758 lots of different things fresh food and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00100-00027760-00028070 that we all live of what is alive so our
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00101-00028072-00028270 food needs to be
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00102-00028272-00028527 very much alive must not be processed so
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00103-00028527-00028790 that we can feed our own microbiome and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00104-00028791-00028927 then
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00105-00028927-00029270 the microbiome will feed us
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00106-00029272-00029439 what is great is that we also have
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00107-00029439-00029831 paradise which shows us the parallelism
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00108-00029832-00030167 of natural laws and that applies to us
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00109-00030168-00030351 just like for the rest of the world when
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00110-00030352-00030551 we look at our intestines and then look
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00111-00030552-00030767 at what's happening beneath our feet we
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00112-00030768-00031039 can see the same thing so super organism
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00113-00031039-00031318 which i would say is the last paradise
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00114-00031319-00031551 on earth that has not been researched
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00115-00031552-00031807 very little
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00116-00031808-00032118 and here we do have a very rich and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00117-00032119-00032283 diverse
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00118-00032283-00032631 world engaged in permanent exchange
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00119-00032632-00032951 commitment trying to produce certain
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00120-00032952-00033215 vibrations between fungi
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00121-00033216-00033335 between
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00122-00033336-00033535 single cell
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00123-00033536-00033662 creatures
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00124-00033663-00033951 warms etc
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00125-00033952-00034167 some of that you can see with your eyes
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00126-00034168-00034374 most event
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00127-00034375-00034567 but as a matter of fact we're not very
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00128-00034568-00034862 little between this interplay of this
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00129-00034863-00035087 nature this phenomenon
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00130-00035088-00035327 and just as we still know very little
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00131-00035328-00035687 about this interplay in our intestine
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00132-00035688-00035943 what happens specifically in our
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00133-00035944-00036230 intestines that is a certain restriction
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00134-00036231-00036430 through wrong diet or
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00135-00036431-00036711 excessive stress or a highly processed
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00136-00036712-00037127 food or very one-sided food it's also
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00137-00037128-00037343 happening in a soil so this variety of
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00138-00037344-00037639 the soil this huge organism that has
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00139-00037640-00037927 enveloped and evolved over
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00140-00037928-00038223 thousands of years
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00141-00038224-00038623 which takes up to 500 years to develop
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00142-00038624-00038718 a
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00143-00038719-00038935 just two centimeters
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00144-00038936-00039046 in
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00145-00039047-00039351 our sphere here has got into an
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00146-00039352-00039495 imbalance
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00147-00039496-00039711 we do believe that the soil actually is
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00148-00039712-00040087 a vessel where you can fill in all sorts
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00149-00040088-00040279 of nutrients
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00150-00040280-00040623 nitrogens calcium whatever to feed the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00151-00040624-00040855 plants that grow there and we've
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00152-00040856-00041039 completely forgotten
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00153-00041040-00041127 that
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00154-00041128-00041262 it is
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00155-00041263-00041527 not the nutrients that feed the plant
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00156-00041528-00041751 but it's actually the excrements and the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00157-00041752-00041951 variety of the soil
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00158-00041952-00042083 that then
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00159-00042084-00042399 also keeps the plants and other
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00160-00042400-00042662 inhabitants strong and healthy quite the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00161-00042663-00042902 contrary is true if you add something to
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00162-00042903-00043207 the soil without considering the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00163-00043208-00043423 complexity of this
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00164-00043424-00043558 life
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00165-00043559-00043743 it will just
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00166-00043744-00043999 dip to one side and we need to correct
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00167-00044000-00044335 these mistakes so if we add too
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00168-00044336-00044687 many nutrients too much nitrogen
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00169-00044688-00044967 the plants would go too fast but will
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00170-00044968-00045287 not have more sales the cells just
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00171-00045288-00045662 become more disruptive and would just
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00172-00045663-00045943 fall over at the first blow
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00173-00045944-00046127 and insects then can
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00174-00046128-00046423 go to the juices more easily what we
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00175-00046424-00046735 then do we just cut the plants and then
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00176-00046736-00046879 we're very much astonished when the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00177-00046880-00047095 fungi
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00178-00047096-00047230 then
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00179-00047231-00047390 penetrate
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00180-00047391-00047646 even more quickly because we do have
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00181-00047647-00047911 this uh part missing that makes it
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00182-00047912-00048158 difficult for the fungi to proceed at
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00183-00048159-00048367 the same time we have failed to
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00184-00048368-00048671 understand as yet how complex life in
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00185-00048672-00048839 the soil really is you've certainly
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00186-00048840-00049095 heard about a fungus that almost
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00187-00049096-00049262 all
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00188-00049263-00049615 trees most plants need
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00189-00049616-00049846 in order to lead a stable life and that
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00190-00049847-00050239 is macarisa this is a fungus
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00191-00050240-00050415 that
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00192-00050416-00050718 has a symbiosis with the tips of the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00193-00050719-00050990 roots and then engages in sort of an
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00194-00050991-00051238 exchange with the plants the fungus
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00195-00051239-00051542 sometimes can stretch over hundreds of
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00196-00051544-00051687 kilometers and this is sort of a
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00197-00051688-00051926 worldwide web for the individual plant
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00198-00051927-00052119 connecting the plant but then also
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00199-00052120-00052479 taking out the nutrients minerals
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00200-00052479-00052726 that they cannot manage themselves
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00201-00052727-00052935 and in return
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00202-00052936-00053038 then
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00203-00053039-00053335 passes on the sugar from photosynthesis
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00204-00053336-00053687 to the fungus so that that is a win-win
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00205-00053688-00054150 situation so life below the soil is so
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00206-00054151-00054375 complex and it's one of the last secrets
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00207-00054376-00054519 just as we don't know what's happening
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00208-00054520-00054703 in the intestine
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00209-00054704-00055007 something we do know however is that
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00210-00055008-00055359 because of evolution through mistakes
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00211-00055360-00055599 and trial and error evolution has come
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00212-00055600-00055759 to a point
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00213-00055760-00055959 where it has got into a balance where it
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00214-00055960-00056254 can achieve the best for us and the best
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00215-00056255-00056438 for life in the soil
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00216-00056439-00056750 this is a very old story and we should
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00217-00056751-00056950 make sure
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00218-00056951-00057030 that
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00219-00057032-00057142 when
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00220-00057144-00057238 we
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00221-00057239-00057582 interfere with these mechanisms what to
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00222-00057583-00057687 really do
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00223-00057688-00057991 unfortunately
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00224-00057991-00058271 we don't really know what to do most of
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00225-00058272-00058454 the time we only see the damage and then
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00226-00058455-00058759 we respond by treating the symptoms but
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00227-00058760-00059047 not correcting the courses
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00228-00059048-00059247 i do believe that this is one of the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00229-00059248-00059494 greatest problems
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00230-00059495-00059879 we just spread equal cycles into small
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00231-00059879-00060007 bits
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00232-00060008-00060311 and then we try to influence even the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00233-00060312-00060542 small bits and come up with solution but
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00234-00060544-00060759 forgetting completely that this
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00235-00060760-00060966 interference
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00236-00060967-00061247 then again causes even more damage in
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00237-00061248-00061375 the next
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00238-00061376-00061487 member
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00239-00061488-00061950 and that is the cycle of life
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00240-00061951-00062415 i'm not just a chef and i
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00241-00062416-00062638 do believe that this variety on the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00242-00062639-00062854 plates is enormously important but
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00243-00062855-00063015 unfortunately it's declining more and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00244-00063016-00063399 more as you all know we have about 92 92
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00245-00063400-00063679 to 95 percent of our foods all coming
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00246-00063679-00064015 from the soil directly or indirectly
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00247-00064016-00064087 but
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00248-00064088-00064542 we have built up a nutrition industry
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00249-00064544-00064871 that has greatly restricted this variety
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00250-00064872-00064991 of our
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00251-00064991-00065359 nutrition not just because old varieties
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00252-00065360-00065487 old
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00253-00065488-00065647 species
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00254-00065648-00065879 hardly ever
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00255-00065880-00066119 are available to the czech republic at
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00256-00066120-00066294 all and not all
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00257-00066295-00066606 anymore but also because a lot is
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00258-00066607-00066879 industrialized monopolized
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00259-00066880-00067119 leveled off
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00260-00067120-00067287 and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00261-00067288-00067582 lots of flavors
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00262-00067583-00067831 just forgotten
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00263-00067832-00068103 but as i said earlier it is imminently
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00264-00068104-00068382 important if you want to stay healthy
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00265-00068383-00068679 we need to have a varied diet but at the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00266-00068680-00068838 same time also make sure
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00267-00068839-00069111 that this variety is preserved in nature
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00268-00069112-00069343 not just on the soil but also in the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00269-00069344-00069687 soil and in our intestine
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00270-00069688-00069887 the second thing i was just going to say
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00271-00069888-00070087 is that i'm not just
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00272-00070088-00070263 a chef
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00273-00070264-00070367 and a
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00274-00070368-00070631 breeder and a farmer but also a member
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00275-00070632-00070935 of the european parliament
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00276-00070936-00071079 well
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00277-00071080-00071159 i
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00278-00071160-00071438 ended up a member pretty much without my
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00279-00071439-00071743 own ado it had never been planned but it
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00280-00071744-00072206 makes sense for me to do so
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00281-00072207-00072391 and that i accepted
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00282-00072392-00072494 this
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00283-00072495-00072599 position
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00284-00072600-00072847 and i focus on nutrition on
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00285-00072848-00073175 agriculture and in the agricultural
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00286-00073176-00073462 cancer and in on the environmental
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00287-00073463-00073575 cancer
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00288-00073576-00073894 and this is what i'm working on i try to
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00289-00073895-00074159 preserve this variety in nutrition and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00290-00074160-00074335 in agriculture which also includes
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00291-00074336-00074503 animal protection which was the use of
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00292-00074504-00074655 antibiotics
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00293-00074656-00074967 because as you can imagine
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00294-00074968-00075135 if you
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00295-00075136-00075511 take lots of antibiotics
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00296-00075512-00075759 your intestine is pretty much cleared of
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00297-00075760-00075950 all the bacteria it looks as if you had
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00298-00075951-00076303 point burnt down the rainforest and this
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00299-00076304-00076526 pretty much also happens with the soil
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00300-00076527-00076847 if you just then uh shed pesticides with
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00301-00076848-00077071 this anti uh
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00302-00077072-00077303 effect you also kill very important
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00303-00077304-00077550 microorganisms
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00304-00077551-00077806 which actually have the purpose of
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00305-00077807-00077962 keeping the soil and all the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00306-00077963-00078223 microorganisms healthy in european
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00307-00078224-00078575 parliament i'm the shadow reporter of
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00308-00078576-00078887 the farm to fork strategy
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00309-00078888-00079094 i'm not sure whether you're so familiar
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00310-00079095-00079311 with european politics but let me just
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00311-00079312-00079487 give you some explanation so that you
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00312-00079488-00079679 are not completely lost
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00313-00079680-00079959 farm to fork is a strategy
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00314-00079960-00080326 launched by the commission in 2019
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00315-00080327-00080623 which for the first time
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00316-00080624-00080935 ever in european history focuses on the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00317-00080936-00081079 entire
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00318-00081080-00081367 food chain not just farm practices but
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00319-00081368-00081831 also commerce designations emissions
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00320-00081832-00082206 animal welfare
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00321-00082207-00082606 the designation of origin etc etc
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00322-00082607-00082999 this strategy
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00323-00083000-00083255 was used by the european parliament in
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00324-00083256-00083550 the autumn of last year
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00325-00083551-00083638 to
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00326-00083639-00083967 then also put it to vote in the plenary
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00327-00083968-00084143 and one
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00328-00084144-00084447 person of every party that negotiates
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00329-00084448-00084767 this strategy and i did that in your
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00330-00084768-00085023 mental cancer for the green party first
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00331-00085024-00085206 i want to say that it's a great thing
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00332-00085207-00085382 that the commission realized you cannot
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00333-00085383-00085606 just take out one
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00334-00085607-00085823 member of the out of the chain we need
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00335-00085824-00085935 to remember
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00336-00085936-00086206 the entire circle the entire cycle and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00337-00086207-00086487 then make it more fit for the future the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00338-00086488-00086759 strategy itself has a couple of points
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00339-00086760-00087031 that refer to the soil except for those
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00340-00087032-00087303 i have just mentioned
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00341-00087304-00087599 we do recognize that soil protection is
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00342-00087600-00087799 imminently important that we need to
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00343-00087800-00087999 monitor the soil
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00344-00088000-00088126 but also
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00345-00088127-00088479 that the directive
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00346-00088480-00088855 the suit sustainable use of pesticides
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00347-00088856-00089215 needs to be revised
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00348-00089216-00089535 that 50 percent
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00349-00089536-00089711 of nutrients
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00350-00089712-00090015 are lost and that needs to be changed
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00351-00090016-00090279 that we should use 30
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00352-00090280-00091326 less of antibiotics not just in pestici
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00353-00091327-00091503 which also then
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00354-00091504-00091638 sheds
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00355-00091639-00091903 malta resistant germs into the soil
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00356-00091904-00092038 which is the next
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00357-00092039-00092271 big fear i have
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00358-00092272-00092423 but this would be
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00359-00092424-00092511 a
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00360-00092512-00092738 bigger crisis than curvature because
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00361-00092739-00093135 multi-resistant and pan-resistant germs
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00362-00093136-00093638 are making quite a headway
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00363-00093639-00093838 then also farm to forecast another
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00364-00093839-00094006 paragraph saying that we need to get
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00365-00094007-00094279 away from this dependence of
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00366-00094280-00094494 mineral fertilizers
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00367-00094495-00094823 and we also
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00368-00094824-00095126 need to restrict the use of phosphates
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00369-00095127-00095494 and nitrogens and clears the loss of
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00370-00095495-00095687 nutrients
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00371-00095688-00095831 in cycles
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00372-00095832-00096247 and also then for instance promote
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00373-00096248-00096591 the growing of legumenosus
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00374-00096592-00096838 and reward that this is all part of the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00375-00096839-00097103 strategy as is also
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00376-00097104-00097287 the promotional program
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00377-00097288-00097503 for school meals
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00378-00097504-00097599 milk
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00379-00097600-00097894 and vegetables because and and to revise
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00380-00097895-00098174 it because nowadays
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00381-00098175-00098462 of course we say that
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00382-00098463-00098799 milk uh foods and vegetables should come
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00383-00098800-00099023 fresh from the farms
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00384-00099024-00099343 and from um and should not contain any
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00385-00099344-00099606 sugars so we do have lots of potential
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00386-00099607-00099767 in farm to fork
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00387-00099768-00100031 which is also why it is the core piece
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00388-00100032-00100250 of the green deal to achieve a more
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00389-00100251-00100615 sustainable transition in agriculture
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00390-00100616-00100882 however
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00391-00100883-00101231 is is all split into individual
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00392-00101232-00101567 paragraphs and it's all negotiated
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00393-00101568-00101903 and we now have the so-called challenge
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00394-00101904-00102279 where every member of the commission is
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00395-00102280-00102502 doing the negotiations and then the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00396-00102503-00102678 european parliament takes its own
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00397-00102679-00102982 position and proceeds with negotiations
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00398-00102983-00103166 individual paragraphs that i have
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00399-00103167-00103415 mentioned
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00400-00103416-00103647 will still be negotiated during the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00401-00103648-00103799 current term of parliament but have not
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00402-00103800-00103951 yet been sir
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00403-00103952-00104278 at the same time with respect to soil
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00404-00104279-00104534 we also have a soil directive which is
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00405-00104535-00104694 imminently important because the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00406-00104695-00104847 parliament and the commission so far
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00407-00104848-00105054 have not managed to come up with a
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00408-00105055-00105399 sustainable directive
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00409-00105400-00105775 this shall happen later in 2023
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00410-00105776-00105927 it is a good thing that they want to
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00411-00105928-00106110 have one but
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00412-00106111-00106286 in my party
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00413-00106288-00106502 we are a bit concerned because of course
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00414-00106503-00106790 there's a will but we will also see a
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00415-00106791-00106983 change
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00416-00106983-00107183 will this also lead to greater soil
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00417-00107183-00107431 protection will certain agricultural
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00418-00107432-00107702 methods be changed so that we can become
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00419-00107703-00108015 more sustainable more stable
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00420-00108016-00108278 after all we know that we live of our
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00421-00108279-00108551 soil and farmers
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00422-00108552-00108751 first and foremost
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00423-00108752-00109127 need to keep the urn soils fertile
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00424-00109128-00109254 so that they will also have an
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00425-00109255-00109423 ecological future but you also know they
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00426-00109424-00109631 don't want to talk about that now
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00427-00109632-00109886 is that it's very complicated and that
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00428-00109888-00110151 today we are big players in agriculture
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00429-00110152-00110454 so it is not so easy to
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00430-00110455-00110671 do good things and i believe that this
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00431-00110672-00110910 is also due to the wrong subset system
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00432-00110911-00111119 but it is an opportunity and we need to
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00433-00111120-00111343 change something now if we want to have
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00434-00111344-00111583 a future at all
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00435-00111583-00111807 if we want to have fresh and healthy
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00436-00111808-00111895 food
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00437-00111896-00112086 that will not
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00438-00112088-00112278 then be polluted if you want to have
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00439-00112279-00112534 good water because soil of course also
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00440-00112535-00112807 has a very important role for the water
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00441-00112808-00113071 and it could make us more resilient
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00442-00113072-00113390 for weather extremes that are still
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00443-00113391-00113663 coming up a very complex topic
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00444-00113664-00113831 but
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00445-00113832-00113958 this is so
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00446-00113959-00114247 complex mentally and politically as it's
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00447-00114248-00114486 our microbiome in our intestines in our
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00448-00114488-00114823 soil we improve on understanding all
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00449-00114824-00115015 these connections but we're still far
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00450-00115016-00115215 from understanding it all this is why i
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00451-00115216-00115423 would like to advise you to orient
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00452-00115424-00115599 yourself by nature and not to believe
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00453-00115600-00115790 that we'll be the only ones that will
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00454-00115791-00116039 will remain healthy if nature is ill
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00455-00116040-00116247 which is why i so much welcome this
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00456-00116248-00116534 initiative to engage in networks
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00457-00116535-00116878 connecting people making proposals with
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00458-00116879-00117078 examples of best practices that go one
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00459-00117079-00117351 step further and also encourage us to go
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00460-00117352-00117566 on it can
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00461-00117567-00117895 we can manage it and you will manage it
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00462-00117896-00118054 and now i will be happy to answer
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00463-00118055-00118343 questions and i hope that i can answer
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00464-00118344-00119375 them
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00465-00119376-00119615 thank you very much sarah
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00466-00119616-00119766 um
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00467-00119767-00119990 for your talk and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00468-00119991-00120183 we
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00469-00120183-00121334 yeah well yes i
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00470-00121335-00121710 i don't know how to interpret that now
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00471-00121711-00124047 so i just keep waiting
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00472-00124048-00124343 i don't want to keep your board in front
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00473-00124344-00124519 of your computer and this is why i would
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00474-00124520-00124663 like to
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00475-00124664-00124927 mention an important regulation that has
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00476-00124928-00125190 just been negotiated by the commission
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00477-00125191-00125510 that is sire
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00478-00125511-00126214 we're not getting a message
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00479-00126215-00126439 i just hear that i cannot hear the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00480-00126440-00126719 motivation which makes things a bit
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00481-00126720-00126927 difficult for me
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00482-00126928-00127086 maybe you can invite me in the chat
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00483-00127088-00127478 whether i should go on or just shut up
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00484-00127479-00127671 as i've heard there are no questions so
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00485-00127672-00127758 far
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00486-00127759-00127951 which
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00487-00127952-00128143 well
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00488-00128144-00128423 now
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00489-00128424-00128654 impact the subsidy system how strong are
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00490-00128655-00128854 the digital lobbyists
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00491-00128855-00129023 when we need to say that the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00492-00129024-00129183 agricultural lobby
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00493-00129183-00129463 of course is one of the oldest in the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00494-00129464-00129790 european union and of course it has a
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00495-00129791-00129990 very strong say
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00496-00129991-00130478 for me as a native neo-politician
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00497-00130479-00130775 i must say that this causes me quite a
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00498-00130776-00130958 lot of worry because there are some
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00499-00130959-00131166 strategies where even
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00500-00131167-00131343 the european
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00501-00131344-00131495 farmers
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00502-00131496-00131751 federation then impacts
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00503-00131752-00132007 mps prepares questions
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00504-00132008-00132247 that are then asked in very specific
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00505-00132248-00132447 ways so that they can push ahead the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00506-00132448-00132711 changes or come up with a strategy to
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00507-00132712-00133023 boycott farm to fork
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00508-00133024-00133295 so that no one will vote in its favor
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00509-00133296-00133454 because european
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00510-00133455-00133639 farmers federation
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00511-00133640-00133871 does not want to have any binding
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00512-00133872-00134214 reduction girls so strategies yes we
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00513-00134215-00134383 understand we need to become more
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00514-00134384-00134527 sustainable but you don't want to have
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00515-00134528-00134647 any
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00516-00134648-00134878 consequences i don't think that this is
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00517-00134879-00135111 very good for the future and it is
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00518-00135112-00135319 short-term thinking because if we as
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00519-00135320-00135519 farmers and i am also a farmer those
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00520-00135520-00135727 conventional farmers
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00521-00135728-00136023 do not honor that we urgently need to
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00522-00136024-00136151 transform
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00523-00136152-00136487 the future that is already um knocking
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00524-00136488-00136814 on our doors and wants to come in
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00525-00136815-00137102 is just a fatal surrogate such as in
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00526-00137103-00137366 vitro meat where we then say well it's
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00527-00137367-00137559 great we no longer need any farmers
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00528-00137560-00137735 you're not going to need any animals we
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00529-00137736-00137927 don't need to predict nature because we
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00530-00137928-00138302 now have food from the 3d printer or
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00531-00138303-00138535 surrogates pretending to be meat and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00532-00138536-00138623 fish
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00533-00138624-00138839 so therefore it is simply necessary to
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00534-00138840-00139135 remember all this and change it
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00535-00139136-00139366 for the good of all all of us
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00536-00139367-00139614 subsidies of course
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00537-00139615-00139943 here we mainly refer to the cap the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00538-00139944-00140159 common agriculture policy let me give
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00539-00140160-00140423 you just one example i don't know how
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00540-00140424-00140887 well vast you are in eu politics
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00541-00140888-00141054 have you forgive me but i don't want to
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00542-00141055-00141431 leave anyone out nowadays
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00543-00141432-00141551 mainly
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00544-00141552-00141702 um the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00545-00141703-00141975 areas are subsidies so if you have a lot
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00546-00141976-00142183 you get lots of subsidies
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00547-00142184-00142399 no matter how you treat your soil no
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00548-00142400-00142671 matter how you treat your animals
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00549-00142672-00142887 and this is something you need to stop
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00550-00142888-00143095 according to the principle that
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00551-00143096-00143271 what is good needs to be rewarded and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00552-00143272-00143647 what is bad needs to be undone
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00553-00143648-00143999 at present we say well there is a lot of
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00554-00144000-00144199 negative stuff but we reward what is
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00555-00144200-00144375 less negative i believe we need to be
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00556-00144376-00144599 more radical we need to reward what is
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00557-00144600-00144687 good
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00558-00144688-00144766 and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00559-00144767-00145135 not support what is bad
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00560-00145136-00145326 and then another question
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00561-00145327-00145654 are there studies showing that you get
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00562-00145655-00145943 healthier food from healthy soils and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00563-00145944-00146087 where
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00564-00146088-00146359 i've just done a position paper the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00565-00146360-00146711 quality of food conventional versus
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00566-00146712-00146983 organic
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00567-00146984-00147295 there's a very new study on microbiomes
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00568-00147296-00147551 in and on apples and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00569-00147552-00147999 it showed
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00570-00148000-00148207 that
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00571-00148208-00148487 it is much more variable on organic
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00572-00148488-00148711 apples than in conventional apples and
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00573-00148712-00148863 that again is very important for your
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00574-00148864-00149087 own microbiome and the microbiome in
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00575-00149088-00149423 nature this is one thing but then
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00576-00149424-00149687 and you need to say
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00577-00149688-00149799 if
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00578-00149800-00150207 you
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00579-00150208-00150551 a lot of nitrogen on vegetables
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00580-00150552-00150878 of course you will have more water that
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00581-00150879-00151111 stores up and the taste and flavor will
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00582-00151112-00151535 also change and also flavor what you
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00583-00151536-00151935 feed animals with we know that even with
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00584-00151936-00152119 eggs
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00585-00152120-00152287 and so you do have
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00586-00152288-00152566 subjective parameters but you also have
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00587-00152567-00152863 clear evidence and studies
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00588-00152864-00153271 that organic milk has more omega-3
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00589-00153272-00153375 fatty
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00590-00153376-00153631 acids and so we do have
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00591-00153632-00153926 scientific studies showing that organic
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00592-00153927-00154175 food
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00593-00154176-00154590 very often provides higher quality
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00594-00154591-00154743 i'm happy to provide you with my
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00595-00154744-00155111 position paper if you wish
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00596-00155112-00155326 if just write to my office at the
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00597-00155327-00155511 european parliament
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00598-00155512-00155790 and we will then keep discussing this
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00599-00155791-00156071 further by email or whatever
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00600-00156072-00156225 so
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00601-00156226-00156631 [Music]
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00602-00156632-00156783 i need to
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00603-00156784-00157087 check what's coming next well good
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00604-00157088-00157247 it says that the session will be over in
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00605-00157248-00157375 a minute
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00606-00157376-00157590 if you have further questions please
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00607-00157591-00157951 just write to my office at the european
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00608-00157952-00158126 parliament i wish you very successful
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00609-00158127-00158351 conference thank you for listening and i
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00610-00158352-00158566 hope that i've managed to give you a bit
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00611-00158567-00158814 of a break from all the technical
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00612-00158815-00159151 details waiting for you or maybe not
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00613-00159152-00159295 and i wish you
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00614-00159296-00159383 a
+T8-5j1VVpM0-00615-00159384-00159772 good end of the week
+TsOafLCs0nU-00000-00000038-00000292 Street food is ready-to-eat food or
+TsOafLCs0nU-00001-00000293-00000526 drink sold by a hawker or vendor in a
+TsOafLCs0nU-00002-00000527-00000743 street or other public place such as at
+TsOafLCs0nU-00003-00000744-00001031 a market or fair it is often sold from a
+TsOafLCs0nU-00004-00001032-00001258 portable food booth food cart or food
+TsOafLCs0nU-00005-00001259-00001394 truck and meant for immediate
+TsOafLCs0nU-00006-00001395-00001636 consumption some Street foods are
+TsOafLCs0nU-00007-00001637-00001817 regional but many have spread beyond
+TsOafLCs0nU-00008-00001818-00002099 their region of origin most street foods
+TsOafLCs0nU-00009-00002100-00002306 are classed as both finger food and fast
+TsOafLCs0nU-00010-00002307-00002495 food and are cheaper on average than
+TsOafLCs0nU-00011-00002496-00002809 restaurant meals according to a 2007
+TsOafLCs0nU-00012-00002810-00003008 study from the Food and Agriculture
+TsOafLCs0nU-00013-00003009-00003272 Organization 2.5 billion people eat
+TsOafLCs0nU-00014-00003272-00003595 street food every day today people may
+TsOafLCs0nU-00015-00003596-00003763 purchase street food for a number of
+TsOafLCs0nU-00016-00003764-00003974 reasons such as convenience to get
+TsOafLCs0nU-00017-00003975-00004199 flavorful food for a reasonable price in
+TsOafLCs0nU-00018-00004200-00004379 a sociable setting to try ethnic
+TsOafLCs0nU-00019-00004380-00005041 cuisines or for nostalgia
+TsOafLCs0nU-00020-00005042-00005522 topic history
+TsOafLCs0nU-00021-00005523-00005809 small fried fish were a street food in
+TsOafLCs0nU-00022-00005810-00005899 ancient Greece
+TsOafLCs0nU-00023-00005900-00006106 however Theophrastus held the custom of
+TsOafLCs0nU-00024-00006107-00006393 street food in low regard evidence of a
+TsOafLCs0nU-00025-00006394-00006592 large number of street food vendors was
+TsOafLCs0nU-00026-00006593-00006759 discovered during the excavation of
+TsOafLCs0nU-00027-00006761-00007069 pompeii street food was widely consumed
+TsOafLCs0nU-00028-00007070-00007276 by poor urban residents of ancient Rome
+TsOafLCs0nU-00029-00007277-00007459 whose tenement homes did not have ovens
+TsOafLCs0nU-00030-00007459-00007543 or hearth
+TsOafLCs0nU-00031-00007544-00007801 here chick pea soup with bread and grain
+TsOafLCs0nU-00032-00007802-00008104 paste were common meals in ancient China
+TsOafLCs0nU-00033-00008105-00008310 Street food generally catered to the
+TsOafLCs0nU-00034-00008311-00008353 poor
+TsOafLCs0nU-00035-00008354-00008545 however wealthy residents would send
+TsOafLCs0nU-00036-00008546-00008743 servants to buy street food and bring it
+TsOafLCs0nU-00037-00008744-00008905 back for them to eat in their homes a
+TsOafLCs0nU-00038-00008906-00009094 travelling Florentine reported in the
+TsOafLCs0nU-00039-00009095-00009349 late 14th century that in Cairo people
+TsOafLCs0nU-00040-00009350-00009568 brought picnic cloths made of rawhide to
+TsOafLCs0nU-00041-00009569-00009727 spread on the streets and sit on while
+TsOafLCs0nU-00042-00009728-00009927 they ate their meals of lamb kebabs rice
+TsOafLCs0nU-00043-00009928-00010081 and fritters that they had purchased
+TsOafLCs0nU-00044-00010082-00010338 from street vendors in Renaissance
+TsOafLCs0nU-00045-00010339-00010549 Turkey many crossroads had vendors
+TsOafLCs0nU-00046-00010550-00010776 selling fragrant bytes of hot meat
+TsOafLCs0nU-00047-00010777-00011035 including chicken and lamb that had been
+TsOafLCs0nU-00048-00011036-00011365 spit roasted in 1502 Ottoman Turkey
+TsOafLCs0nU-00049-00011366-00011560 became the first country to legislate
+TsOafLCs0nU-00050-00011561-00011760 and standardize street food Aztec
+TsOafLCs0nU-00051-00011761-00011946 marketplaces had vendors who sold
+TsOafLCs0nU-00052-00011947-00012208 beverages such as a thali a gruel made
+TsOafLCs0nU-00053-00012209-00012508 from maize dough almost 50 types of
+TsOafLCs0nU-00054-00012509-00012703 tamales with ingredients that ranged
+TsOafLCs0nU-00055-00012704-00012910 from the meat of Turkey rabbit gopher
+TsOafLCs0nU-00056-00012911-00013144 frog and fish to fruits eggs and maize
+TsOafLCs0nU-00057-00013144-00013394 flowers as well as insects and stews
+TsOafLCs0nU-00058-00013395-00013675 Spanish colonization brought European
+TsOafLCs0nU-00059-00013676-00013872 food stocks like wheat sugarcane and
+TsOafLCs0nU-00060-00013873-00013999 livestock to Peru
+TsOafLCs0nU-00061-00014000-00014212 however most commoners continued to
+TsOafLCs0nU-00062-00014213-00014421 primarily eat their traditional diets
+TsOafLCs0nU-00063-00014422-00014647 imports were only accepted at the
+TsOafLCs0nU-00064-00014647-00014827 margins of their diet for example
+TsOafLCs0nU-00065-00014828-00015000 grilled beef hearts sold by street
+TsOafLCs0nU-00066-00015001-00015294 vendors some of limas 19th century
+TsOafLCs0nU-00067-00015295-00015559 street vendors such as arroz mo that
+TsOafLCs0nU-00068-00015560-00015888 negro sango vendor and nagua Dida are
+TsOafLCs0nU-00069-00015890-00016047 still remembered today during the
+TsOafLCs0nU-00070-00016048-00016197 American colonial period
+TsOafLCs0nU-00071-00016198-00016497 street vendors sold oysters roasted corn
+TsOafLCs0nU-00072-00016498-00016762 ears fruit and sweets at low prices to
+TsOafLCs0nU-00073-00016763-00017143 all classes oysters in particular were a
+TsOafLCs0nU-00074-00017144-00017341 cheap and popular street food until
+TsOafLCs0nU-00075-00017342-00017553 around 1910 when overfishing and
+TsOafLCs0nU-00076-00017554-00017863 pollution caused prices to rise street
+TsOafLCs0nU-00077-00017864-00018061 vendors in new york city faced a lot of
+TsOafLCs0nU-00078-00018062-00018280 opposition after previous restrictions
+TsOafLCs0nU-00079-00018281-00018535 had limited their operating hours street
+TsOafLCs0nU-00080-00018536-00018736 food vendors were completely banned in
+TsOafLCs0nU-00081-00018737-00019066 New York City by 1707 many women of
+TsOafLCs0nU-00082-00019067-00019225 African descent made their living
+TsOafLCs0nU-00083-00019226-00019444 selling street foods in America in the
+TsOafLCs0nU-00084-00019445-00019683 18th and 19th centuries with products
+TsOafLCs0nU-00085-00019684-00019891 ranging from fruit cakes and nuts in
+TsOafLCs0nU-00086-00019892-00020017 Savannah to coffee
+TsOafLCs0nU-00087-00020018-00020236 biscuits prolly pnes and other sweets in
+TsOafLCs0nU-00088-00020237-00020524 New Orleans Cracker Jack started as one
+TsOafLCs0nU-00089-00020525-00020694 of many Street food exhibits at the
+TsOafLCs0nU-00090-00020695-00020914 Columbian Exposition in the 19th century
+TsOafLCs0nU-00091-00020915-00021199 Street food vendors in Transylvania sold
+TsOafLCs0nU-00092-00021200-00021400 gingerbread nuts cream mixed with corn
+TsOafLCs0nU-00093-00021401-00021610 as well as bacon and other meat fried on
+TsOafLCs0nU-00094-00021611-00021805 top of ceramic vessels with hot coals
+TsOafLCs0nU-00095-00021806-00022119 inside french fries consisting of fried
+TsOafLCs0nU-00096-00022120-00022369 strips of potato probably originated as
+TsOafLCs0nU-00097-00022370-00022628 a street food in Paris in the 1840s
+TsOafLCs0nU-00098-00022629-00022849 street foods in Victorian London
+TsOafLCs0nU-00099-00022850-00023119 included tripe pea soup pea pods and
+TsOafLCs0nU-00100-00023120-00023155 butter
+TsOafLCs0nU-00101-00023156-00023508 welke prawns and jellied eels ramen
+TsOafLCs0nU-00102-00023509-00023736 originally brought to Japan by Chinese
+TsOafLCs0nU-00103-00023737-00024000 immigrants about 100 years ago began as
+TsOafLCs0nU-00104-00024001-00024202 a street food for laborers and students
+TsOafLCs0nU-00105-00024203-00024550 however it soon became a national dish
+TsOafLCs0nU-00106-00024551-00024828 and even acquired regional variations
+TsOafLCs0nU-00107-00024829-00025059 the street food culture of Southeast
+TsOafLCs0nU-00108-00025060-00025264 Asia today was heavily influenced by
+TsOafLCs0nU-00109-00025265-00025458 workers imported from China
+TsOafLCs0nU-00110-00025459-00025714 during the late 19th century in Thailand
+TsOafLCs0nU-00111-00025714-00025896 although Street food did not become
+TsOafLCs0nU-00112-00025897-00026109 popular among native Thai people until
+TsOafLCs0nU-00113-00026110-00026383 the early 1960s because of rapid urban
+TsOafLCs0nU-00114-00026383-00026626 population growth by the 1970s it had
+TsOafLCs0nU-00115-00026627-00026937 displaced home cooking the rise of the
+TsOafLCs0nU-00116-00026938-00027118 country's tourism industry has also
+TsOafLCs0nU-00117-00027119-00027331 contributed to the popularity of Thai
+TsOafLCs0nU-00118-00027332-00027548 Street food
+TsOafLCs0nU-00119-00027549-00027868 in Indonesia especially Java traveling
+TsOafLCs0nU-00120-00027869-00028045 food and drink vendor has a long history
+TsOafLCs0nU-00121-00028047-00028277 as they were described in temples bar
+TsOafLCs0nU-00122-00028277-00028499 reliefs dated from ninth century as well
+TsOafLCs0nU-00123-00028500-00028696 as mentioned in 14th century inscription
+TsOafLCs0nU-00124-00028697-00029002 as a line of work during colonial Dutch
+TsOafLCs0nU-00125-00029003-00029252 East Indies period circa 19th century
+TsOafLCs0nU-00126-00029252-00029462 several Street food were developed and
+TsOafLCs0nU-00127-00029463-00029683 documented including satay and dava
+TsOafLCs0nU-00128-00029684-00029957 gendell street vendors the current
+TsOafLCs0nU-00129-00029958-00030145 proliferation of Indonesia's vigorous
+TsOafLCs0nU-00130-00030147-00030329 street food culture is contributed by
+TsOafLCs0nU-00131-00030330-00030524 the massive urbanization in recent
+TsOafLCs0nU-00132-00030525-00030727 decades that has opened opportunities in
+TsOafLCs0nU-00133-00030728-00031015 food service sectors this took place in
+TsOafLCs0nU-00134-00031016-00031220 the country's rapidly expanding urban
+TsOafLCs0nU-00135-00031220-00031424 agglomerations especially in greater
+TsOafLCs0nU-00136-00031425-00032114 Jakarta bonding and Surabaya
+TsOafLCs0nU-00137-00032115-00032635 topic around the world
+TsOafLCs0nU-00138-00032636-00032885 street food vending is found all around
+TsOafLCs0nU-00139-00032886-00033062 the world but varies greatly between
+TsOafLCs0nU-00140-00033063-00033350 regions and cultures for example
+TsOafLCs0nU-00141-00033351-00033560 Dorling Kindersley describes the street
+TsOafLCs0nU-00142-00033561-00033794 food of vietnam as being fresh and
+TsOafLCs0nU-00143-00033795-00033986 lighter than many of the cuisines in the
+TsOafLCs0nU-00144-00033987-00034382 area and drawing heavily on herbs chili
+TsOafLCs0nU-00145-00034383-00034694 peppers in line while street food of
+TsOafLCs0nU-00146-00034695-00035036 Thailand us fiery end pungent with
+TsOafLCs0nU-00147-00035037-00035504 shrimp paste and fish sauce new york
+TsOafLCs0nU-00148-00035505-00035711 city's signature street food is the hot
+TsOafLCs0nU-00149-00035712-00035765 dog
+TsOafLCs0nU-00150-00035766-00035942 however new york street food also
+TsOafLCs0nU-00151-00035943-00036158 includes everything from spicy
+TsOafLCs0nU-00152-00036159-00036422 middle-eastern falafel or Jamaican jerk
+TsOafLCs0nU-00153-00036423-00036800 chicken to Belgian waffles street food
+TsOafLCs0nU-00154-00036801-00037028 in Thailand offers various selection of
+TsOafLCs0nU-00155-00037029-00037259 ready-to-eat meals snacks fruits and
+TsOafLCs0nU-00156-00037260-00037451 drinks sold by hawkers or vendors at
+TsOafLCs0nU-00157-00037452-00037646 food stalls or food carts on the street
+TsOafLCs0nU-00158-00037647-00037943 side Bangkok is often mentioned as one
+TsOafLCs0nU-00159-00037944-00038134 of the best place for street food
+TsOafLCs0nU-00160-00038135-00038396 popular Street offerings includes pad
+TsOafLCs0nU-00161-00038397-00038639 thai stir-fried rice noodle som Tam
+TsOafLCs0nU-00162-00038640-00038879 green papaya salad sour tom yum soup
+TsOafLCs0nU-00163-00038880-00039137 various selection of Thai curries -
+TsOafLCs0nU-00164-00039138-00039473 sticky rice mango Indonesian Street food
+TsOafLCs0nU-00165-00039474-00039695 as a diverse mix of local Indonesian
+TsOafLCs0nU-00166-00039696-00040027 Chinese and Dutch influences Indonesian
+TsOafLCs0nU-00167-00040028-00040238 street food often tastes rather strong
+TsOafLCs0nU-00168-00040239-00040487 and spicy a lot of street food in
+TsOafLCs0nU-00169-00040488-00040733 Indonesia are fried such as local Gorian
+TsOafLCs0nU-00170-00040734-00040958 fritters also nasi goreng and ayam
+TsOafLCs0nU-00171-00040959-00041144 goreng while back so meatball soup
+TsOafLCs0nU-00172-00041145-00041375 skewered chicken satay and gado-gado
+TsOafLCs0nU-00173-00041376-00041596 vegetable salad served in peanut sauce
+TsOafLCs0nU-00174-00041597-00041846 are also popular Indian Street food as
+TsOafLCs0nU-00175-00041847-00042115 as diverse as Indian cuisine every
+TsOafLCs0nU-00176-00042116-00042305 region has its own specialties to offer
+TsOafLCs0nU-00177-00042306-00042548 some of the more popular street food
+TsOafLCs0nU-00178-00042549-00042773 dishes are vada pav chawl Batu Rey
+TsOafLCs0nU-00179-00042774-00043217 parathas rolls BHEL Puri sev Puri gol
+TsOafLCs0nU-00180-00043218-00043493 gappa aloo tikki kebabs tandoori chicken
+TsOafLCs0nU-00181-00043494-00043829 samosa bread omelet pav bhaji and pakora
+TsOafLCs0nU-00182-00043830-00044138 in India street food is popularly known
+TsOafLCs0nU-00183-00044139-00044375 as knuckle of food there are several
+TsOafLCs0nU-00184-00044376-00044602 restaurants and qsr ours in India that
+TsOafLCs0nU-00185-00044603-00044780 have also taken their inspiration from
+TsOafLCs0nU-00186-00044781-00045015 the vibrant street food of India in
+TsOafLCs0nU-00187-00045016-00045302 Hawaii the local street food tradition
+TsOafLCs0nU-00188-00045303-00045658 of plate lunch rice macaroni salad and a
+TsOafLCs0nU-00189-00045659-00045881 portion of meat was inspired by the bent
+TsOafLCs0nU-00190-00045882-00046043 the Japanese who had been brought to
+TsOafLCs0nU-00191-00046044-00046361 Hawaii as plantation workers in Denmark
+TsOafLCs0nU-00192-00046362-00046568 sausage wagons allow passers-by to
+TsOafLCs0nU-00193-00046569-00046934 purchase sausages and hot dogs in Egypt
+TsOafLCs0nU-00194-00046935-00047132 a food sold commonly on the street is
+TsOafLCs0nU-00195-00047133-00047374 full a slow-cooked fava bean dish
+TsOafLCs0nU-00196-00047375-00047690 Mexican Street food is known as anta he
+TsOafLCs0nU-00197-00047691-00048089 does translated as little cravings which
+TsOafLCs0nU-00198-00048090-00048317 include several varieties of tacos
+TsOafLCs0nU-00199-00048318-00048572 such as tacos al pastor huaraches and
+TsOafLCs0nU-00200-00048573-00049115 other maize based foods
+TsOafLCs0nU-00201-00049116-00049786 topic cultural and economic aspects
+TsOafLCs0nU-00202-00049787-00050060 because of differences in culture social
+TsOafLCs0nU-00203-00050061-00050282 stratification and history the ways in
+TsOafLCs0nU-00204-00050283-00050479 which family street vendor enterprises
+TsOafLCs0nU-00205-00050480-00050686 are traditionally created and run vary
+TsOafLCs0nU-00206-00050687-00050851 in different areas of the world
+TsOafLCs0nU-00207-00050852-00051139 for example few women are street vendors
+TsOafLCs0nU-00208-00051140-00051349 in Bangladesh but women predominate in
+TsOafLCs0nU-00209-00051350-00051546 the trade in Nigeria and Thailand
+TsOafLCs0nU-00210-00051547-00051826 Doreen Fernandez says that Filipino
+TsOafLCs0nU-00211-00051827-00052045 cultural attitudes towards meals as one
+TsOafLCs0nU-00212-00052046-00052315 cultural factor operating in the street
+TsOafLCs0nU-00213-00052316-00052567 food phenomenon in the Philippines
+TsOafLCs0nU-00214-00052569-00052796 because eating food out in the open in
+TsOafLCs0nU-00215-00052797-00053198 the market or street or field is not at
+TsOafLCs0nU-00216-00053199-00053407 odds with the meal indoors or at home
+TsOafLCs0nU-00217-00053408-00053701 where there is no special room for
+TsOafLCs0nU-00218-00053702-00053926 dining walking on the street while
+TsOafLCs0nU-00219-00053927-00054100 eating is considered rude in some
+TsOafLCs0nU-00220-00054101-00054284 cultures such as Japan or Swahili
+TsOafLCs0nU-00221-00054285-00054491 cultures although it is acceptable for
+TsOafLCs0nU-00222-00054491-00054803 children in India Henry K Donner wrote
+TsOafLCs0nU-00223-00054804-00055042 about a marked distinction between food
+TsOafLCs0nU-00224-00055044-00055235 that could be eaten outside especially
+TsOafLCs0nU-00225-00055236-00055586 by women and the food prepared and eaten
+TsOafLCs0nU-00226-00055587-00055792 at home with some non-indian food being
+TsOafLCs0nU-00227-00055794-00056128 too strange or tied too closely to
+TsOafLCs0nU-00228-00056129-00056362 non-vegetarian preparation methods to be
+TsOafLCs0nU-00229-00056363-00056579 made at home in Tanzania's Dar es Salaam
+TsOafLCs0nU-00230-00056579-00056798 region Street food vendors produce
+TsOafLCs0nU-00231-00056799-00057018 economic benefits beyond their families
+TsOafLCs0nU-00232-00057019-00057266 because street food vendors purchase
+TsOafLCs0nU-00233-00057266-00057487 local fresh foods urban gardens and
+TsOafLCs0nU-00234-00057488-00057676 small-scale farms in the area have
+TsOafLCs0nU-00235-00057677-00057967 expanded in the United States Street
+TsOafLCs0nU-00236-00057968-00058115 food vendors are credited with
+TsOafLCs0nU-00237-00058116-00058306 supporting New York City's rapid growth
+TsOafLCs0nU-00238-00058307-00058478 by supplying meals for the city's
+TsOafLCs0nU-00239-00058479-00058748 merchants and workers proprietors of
+TsOafLCs0nU-00240-00058749-00058942 street food in the United States have
+TsOafLCs0nU-00241-00058943-00059147 had a goal of upward mobility moving
+TsOafLCs0nU-00242-00059148-00059299 from selling on the street to their own
+TsOafLCs0nU-00243-00059300-00059365 shops
+TsOafLCs0nU-00244-00059366-00059680 however in Mexico an increase in street
+TsOafLCs0nU-00245-00059681-00059849 vendors has been seen as a sign of
+TsOafLCs0nU-00246-00059850-00060076 deteriorating economic conditions in
+TsOafLCs0nU-00247-00060077-00060221 which food vending is the only
+TsOafLCs0nU-00248-00060222-00060442 employment opportunity that unskilled
+TsOafLCs0nU-00249-00060443-00060635 labor who have migrated from rural areas
+TsOafLCs0nU-00250-00060636-00060955 to urban areas are able to find in 2002
+TsOafLCs0nU-00251-00060956-00061219 coca-cola reported that China India and
+TsOafLCs0nU-00252-00061220-00061432 Nigeria were some of its fastest growing
+TsOafLCs0nU-00253-00061433-00061622 markets markets where the company's
+TsOafLCs0nU-00254-00061623-00061831 expansion efforts included training and
+TsOafLCs0nU-00255-00061832-00062005 equipping mobile street vendors to sell
+TsOafLCs0nU-00256-00062006-00062229 its products
+TsOafLCs0nU-00257-00062230-00062582 you
+TsOafLCs0nU-00258-00062583-00063134 topic Health and Safety
+TsOafLCs0nU-00259-00063135-00063395 as early as the 14th century government
+TsOafLCs0nU-00260-00063396-00063616 officials oversaw street food vendor
+TsOafLCs0nU-00261-00063617-00063890 activities with the increasing pace of
+TsOafLCs0nU-00262-00063891-00064115 globalization and tourism the safety of
+TsOafLCs0nU-00263-00064116-00064304 street food has become one of the major
+TsOafLCs0nU-00264-00064304-00064516 concerns of Public Health and a focus
+TsOafLCs0nU-00265-00064517-00064697 for governments and scientists to raise
+TsOafLCs0nU-00266-00064698-00064807 public awareness
+TsOafLCs0nU-00267-00064808-00065036 however despite concerns about
+TsOafLCs0nU-00268-00065037-00065273 contamination at street food vendors the
+TsOafLCs0nU-00269-00065274-00065471 incidence of such is low with studies
+TsOafLCs0nU-00270-00065472-00065660 showing rates comparable to restaurants
+TsOafLCs0nU-00271-00065661-00066029 in 2002 a sampling of 511 street foods
+TsOafLCs0nU-00272-00066030-00066164 in Ghana by the World Health
+TsOafLCs0nU-00273-00066165-00066353 Organization showed that most had
+TsOafLCs0nU-00274-00066354-00066545 microbial counts within the accepted
+TsOafLCs0nU-00275-00066546-00066767 limits and a different sampling of 15
+TsOafLCs0nU-00276-00066768-00066953 street foods in Calcutta showed that
+TsOafLCs0nU-00277-00066954-00067210 they were nutritionally well balanced
+TsOafLCs0nU-00278-00067211-00067535 providing roughly 200 kilocalories cow
+TsOafLCs0nU-00279-00067536-00067745 of energy per rupee of cost in the
+TsOafLCs0nU-00280-00067746-00067961 United Kingdom the Food Standards Agency
+TsOafLCs0nU-00281-00067962-00068207 provides comprehensive guidance of food
+TsOafLCs0nU-00282-00068208-00068396 safety for the vendors traders and
+TsOafLCs0nU-00283-00068397-00068563 retailers of the street food sector
+TsOafLCs0nU-00284-00068564-00068837 other effective ways of enhancing the
+TsOafLCs0nU-00285-00068838-00069047 safety of street foods include mystery
+TsOafLCs0nU-00286-00069048-00069272 shopping programs training rewarding
+TsOafLCs0nU-00287-00069273-00069521 programs to vendors regulatory governing
+TsOafLCs0nU-00288-00069522-00069710 and membership management programs and
+TsOafLCs0nU-00289-00069711-00069923 technical testing programs despite
+TsOafLCs0nU-00290-00069924-00070118 knowledge of the risk factors actual
+TsOafLCs0nU-00291-00070119-00070298 harm to consumers health has yet to be
+TsOafLCs0nU-00292-00070299-00070550 fully proven and understood due to
+TsOafLCs0nU-00293-00070551-00070754 difficulties in tracking cases and the
+TsOafLCs0nU-00294-00070755-00070928 lack of disease reporting systems
+TsOafLCs0nU-00295-00070929-00071120 follow-up studies proving actual
+TsOafLCs0nU-00296-00071121-00071273 connections between street food
+TsOafLCs0nU-00297-00071274-00071480 consumption and food borne diseases are
+TsOafLCs0nU-00298-00071481-00071759 still very few little attention has been
+TsOafLCs0nU-00299-00071760-00071951 devoted to consumers and their eating
+TsOafLCs0nU-00300-00071952-00072251 habits behaviors and awareness the fact
+TsOafLCs0nU-00301-00072252-00072467 that social and geographical origins
+TsOafLCs0nU-00302-00072468-00072629 largely determine consumers
+TsOafLCs0nU-00303-00072630-00072878 physiological adaptation and reaction to
+TsOafLCs0nU-00304-00072879-00073144 foods whether contaminated or not is
+TsOafLCs0nU-00305-00073145-00073373 neglected in the literature in the late
+TsOafLCs0nU-00306-00073374-00073622 1990s the United Nations and other
+TsOafLCs0nU-00307-00073623-00073850 organizations began to recognize that
+TsOafLCs0nU-00308-00073851-00074021 street vendors had been an underused
+TsOafLCs0nU-00309-00074022-00074240 method of delivering fortified foods to
+TsOafLCs0nU-00310-00074241-00074555 populations and in 2007 the UN Food and
+TsOafLCs0nU-00311-00074556-00074765 Agriculture Organization recommended
+TsOafLCs0nU-00312-00074766-00074954 considering methods of adding nutrients
+TsOafLCs0nU-00313-00074955-00075146 and supplements to street foods that are
+TsOafLCs0nU-00314-00075147-00075302 commonly consumed by the particular
+TsOafLCs0nU-00315-00075303-00075511 culture
+TsOafLCs0nU-00316-00075512-00075888 equals equals see also
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00000-00000365-00000640 yes I got a call that's and that from
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00001-00000641-00000804 the government from the Ministry of
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00002-00000805-00000976 Communications and they said would I be
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00003-00000977-00001297 interested in such a position there's
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00004-00001298-00001534 such a title and I didn't know what it
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00005-00001535-00001818 meant in a title it is quite a function
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00006-00001819-00001998 but yeah but we didn't know why at the
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00007-00002000-00002199 time I was I was away from Bucharest and
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00008-00002200-00002440 I received the phone call so I didn't
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00009-00002441-00002640 know what it entailed it was it wasn't
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00010-00002641-00002775 very clear to me at the time but I
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00011-00002776-00002907 suggest of course you know anything I
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00012-00002908-00003210 can do to participate what we were
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00013-00003211-00003459 trying to do is to figure out how can we
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00014-00003460-00003763 work with a large number of librarians
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00015-00003764-00003952 in many communities where right now in
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00016-00003953-00004183 over 1,500 communities in Romania to
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00017-00004184-00004585 really begin showing what the absolute
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00018-00004586-00004762 benefit of computers are once they've
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00019-00004763-00004933 met a group of people who have never
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00020-00004934-00005098 seen them before for instance with
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00021-00005099-00005287 agriculture we what we did is we piloted
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00022-00005288-00005620 with the agency for payments in
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00023-00005621-00005866 agriculture which is a government agency
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00024-00005867-00006184 and 400 libraries joined a pilot program
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00025-00006185-00006502 where farmers in those communities were
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00026-00006503-00006751 able to apply online for their farm
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00027-00006752-00007114 subsidies in their public library it's
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00028-00007115-00007372 not such a big deal when you when we
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00029-00007373-00007516 first mention it but it becomes a big
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00030-00007517-00007702 deal when we look at what happened and
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00031-00007703-00007948 what had happened is that these farmers
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00032-00007948-00008122 no longer had to leave from their small
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00033-00008123-00008406 communities go to the county capital
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00034-00008407-00008659 find out what they needed to do come
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00035-00008660-00008809 back yet everything they needed and
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00036-00008810-00009151 apply 17,000 farmers last year in this
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00037-00009152-00009396 pilot went to their local public library
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00038-00009397-00009628 applied what that did is it saved them
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00039-00009629-00010291 over 50,000 man days in travel so they
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00040-00010292-00010546 say fifty thousand days that they didn't
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00041-00010547-00010798 have to go to the county counts a county
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00042-00010799-00010999 capital find out what they needed come
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00043-00011000-00011206 back collect everything go back apply
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00044-00011207-00011419 and then come back and in some cases go
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00045-00011420-00011587 back again to make sure that they keep
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00046-00011588-00011749 receive the funding so there was a
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00047-00011750-00011964 roughly 50,000 man days in this pilot
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00048-00011965-00012210 they saved three hundred thousand euros
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00049-00012211-00012535 in gasoline it is win win win for the
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00050-00012536-00012655 government it's written for the
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00051-00012656-00012861 pharmacist win for the libraries but
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00052-00012862-00012919 they do
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00053-00012921-00013316 now put in staunton farmers women two
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00054-00013316-00013641 million people have migrated to mostly
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00055-00013643-00014003 Italy in Spain last year we were
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00056-00014004-00014272 received contact from an NGO in outside
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00057-00014274-00014594 of Milan and the big problem with the
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00058-00014594-00014741 Romanians that are leaving is that it's
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00059-00014741-00014981 normally mother's father's without their
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00060-00014982-00015215 children so many of the children are
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00061-00015216-00015368 being left back in Romania with their
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00062-00015369-00015629 grandparents with no consistent means of
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00063-00015630-00015824 communicating with their parents what we
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00064-00015825-00015994 have seen is a rise in Romania in
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00065-00015996-00016256 suicide we've seen a rise in school
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00066-00016257-00016511 dropout we have a group of mothers here
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00067-00016512-00016697 that would be interested will help them
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00068-00016698-00016913 get on skype if you could find their
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00069-00016914-00017126 kids if you can go to those communities
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00070-00017127-00017369 and bring them we said okay three days a
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00071-00017370-00017627 week for hours in those periods mothers
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00072-00017628-00017798 will be able to meet their children and
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00073-00017799-00018017 that is expanded now to a national
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00074-00018018-00018248 program where all around the country we
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00075-00018249-00018476 have libraries coupled with people now
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00076-00018477-00018671 not only in Italy but also in Spain
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00077-00018672-00018818 where they can meet and talk to their
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00078-00018819-00018986 kids three times a week and they're
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00079-00018987-00019133 doing it for free and it's you know
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00080-00019134-00019304 recreating those bonds and it's helping
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00081-00019305-00019423 kids they actually do homework online
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00082-00019424-00019727 they you know so it's it's impressive
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00083-00019728-00020102 during the pilot we found out that one
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00084-00020103-00020342 the much vast majority of communal
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00085-00020343-00020582 libraries so the communes themselves
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00086-00020583-00020681 which is the vast majority of the
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00087-00020682-00020975 country are are women roughly ninety
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00088-00020976-00021233 nine percent are women but what had
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00089-00021234-00021448 happened after that over time is that
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00090-00021449-00021797 person the librarian the woman in our
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00091-00021798-00022127 case became a gatekeeper and we noticed
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00092-00022128-00022304 that the entire community started to
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00093-00022305-00022619 change the way they looked and perceived
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00094-00022620-00022814 not only the library but the woman
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00095-00022815-00023162 because the gatekeeper was also kind in
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00096-00023163-00023396 Romania very often information also
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00097-00023397-00023726 historically is kept its power but
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00098-00023727-00023900 because they were also women they also
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00099-00023901-00024152 gave people I would say they facilitated
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00100-00024153-00024410 greater access quickly and so we're
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00101-00024411-00024557 starting to see a change in the
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00102-00024558-00024779 perception of how women are looked at
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00103-00024780-00024956 because of the fact that women are the
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00104-00024957-00025244 gatekeepers to farm subsidies to
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00105-00025245-00025478 education to health to all kinds of
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00106-00025479-00025661 other factors you know so it's it's
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00107-00025662-00025799 actually where this is one of the things
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00108-00025800-00025988 we'd like to see in the longer sort of
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00109-00025989-00026152 medium to long term what are
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00110-00026154-00026279 the general effects that it's happening
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00111-00026280-00026432 and how is that helping women in general
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00112-00026433-00026681 because of these these types of steps
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00113-00026682-00026879 that have happened they as a goalkeeper
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00114-00026880-00027419 it is indeed the quite quite effective
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00115-00027420-00027758 way of connecting ya know no one thought
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00116-00027758-00027956 about that that all of a sudden weight
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00117-00027957-00028120 in order for me to get to the next step
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00118-00028122-00028292 I have to go through this person because
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00119-00028293-00028469 I don't know how they're connecting
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00120-00028470-00028616 children with mothers that you know that
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00121-00028617-00029069 I met the new ministers and we are aware
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00122-00029070-00029281 and it's not only by the way Spain
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00123-00029282-00029585 unemployment figures for use it is
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00124-00029586-00030083 absolutely and tremendous and talking
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00125-00030083-00030364 about talking about Spain for example in
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00126-00030366-00030629 that case the minister is explaining to
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00127-00030630-00030812 me that there is a black hole we
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00128-00030813-00031250 basically threw two thousand euros into
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00129-00031251-00031538 one counting and what we said is we want
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00130-00031539-00031697 you what they actually came to us and
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00131-00031698-00031870 said we'd like to do is we have
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00132-00031872-00032057 unemployment issues we'd like to just
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00133-00032058-00032387 teach people to get online find the
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00134-00032388-00032543 major sites that offer employment
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00135-00032544-00032825 opportunities teach those people who are
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00136-00032826-00032987 looking for employment opportunities how
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00137-00032988-00033296 to write a cv have them upload those cds
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00138-00033297-00033518 and then we give them a half a day of
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00139-00033519-00033971 basic interview one-to-one training so
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00140-00033972-00034103 we said how much would it cost they set
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00141-00034104-00034268 roughly 2,000 euros we gave them two
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00142-00034269-00034436 thousand euros what they did with that
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00143-00034437-00034622 is they created the course and they
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00144-00034623-00034805 train all the librarians in the county
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00145-00034806-00034964 so they brought all the librarians there
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00146-00034965-00035213 and then they all left what was amazing
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00147-00035214-00035558 is what happened so in basically three
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00148-00035559-00035711 months because the calculation i did was
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00149-00035712-00035912 was in three months but most of it took
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00150-00035913-00036164 place in two but we'll talk in terms of
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00151-00036165-00036320 three months and three months four
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00152-00036321-00036482 hundred people were trained throughout
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00153-00036483-00036710 the county they came in they look for a
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00154-00036711-00037001 job that got some help 32 people in that
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00155-00037002-00037322 three months period got jobs they
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00156-00037323-00037526 actually got a job but what's really
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00157-00037527-00037742 amazing about this is when you what we
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00158-00037743-00037916 did is because we didn't have my means
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00159-00037917-00038156 of interviewing the 32 people we
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00160-00038157-00038357 calculated that each of those people
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00161-00038358-00038636 persons received minimum wage which is
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00162-00038637-00038801 impossible they must have gate you know
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00163-00038802-00038957 some more symptoms but we calculated
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00164-00038958-00039200 minimum wage and in that period three
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00165-00039201-00039415 month period those 32 people not only
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00166-00039416-00039503 now
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00167-00039504-00039706 back in work but they contributed over
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00168-00039707-00040016 11,000 euros back into the economy right
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00169-00040017-00040352 saving also another 5,000 euros on top
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00170-00040353-00040616 of that in the amount of unemployment
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00171-00040617-00040823 costs that cost the government so we're
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00172-00040824-00041057 talking in three months something that
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00173-00041058-00041303 costs two thousand euros to put together
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00174-00041304-00041516 actually brought back and save the
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00175-00041517-00041708 government over sixteen thousand euros
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00176-00041709-00042032 and this is a micro experiment it's not
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00177-00042033-00042182 filling the job that's always the most
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00178-00042183-00042353 important thing but you also going to
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00179-00042354-00042497 get quality you're going to get better
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00180-00042498-00042659 choices you're going to have more sick
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00181-00042660-00042923 circulation motivation yeah so we're
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00182-00042924-00043028 starting to see these things come
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00183-00043029-00043289 together that's amazing here and during
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00184-00043290-00043562 four years from now I mean my dream is
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00185-00043563-00043781 very simple is that more Romanians have
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00186-00043782-00044048 access to better services online I mean
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00187-00044049-00044375 that it's a simple idea from Romania
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00188-00044376-00044525 where fifty percent of the population is
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00189-00044526-00044777 an online we can come up to yet we can
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00190-00044778-00044939 cut that number in half in four years
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00191-00044940-00045098 there's no reason we shouldn't be able
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00192-00045099-00045392 to my concern though is is making sure
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00193-00045393-00045623 that as I take on this role this
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00194-00045624-00045863 responsibility that I don't forget about
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00195-00045864-00046214 all the other people in Romania helping
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00196-00046215-00046478 towards reaching the same goal if you
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00197-00046479-00046655 don't mind we will use you as an
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00198-00046656-00046943 extremely important example in showing
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00199-00046944-00047252 that it is on the floor that it really
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00200-00047253-00047536 happens you can easily quote unquote
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00201-00047537-00048026 implement your philosophy to Bulgaria to
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00202-00048027-00048379 other countries where this type of
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00203-00048380-00048731 issues i and i would say nearby all the
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00204-00048732-00049001 27 member states it's the same concept
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00205-00049002-00049139 whether you're in poland whether you're
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00206-00049140-00049319 in spain or you're in romania it's the
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00207-00049320-00049583 same process we go online we look at
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00208-00049584-00049817 specific sites we see what we like what
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00209-00049818-00050015 we might be able to apply for and then
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00210-00050016-00050132 there's a whole series of things that
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00211-00050133-00050324 have to follow that I mean it's not it
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00212-00050325-00050507 doesn't change you know so I think it'd
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00213-00050508-00050618 be interesting to do things like that
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00214-00050619-00050906 for taking the line that every European
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00215-00050907-00051161 should be digital and no one should be
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00216-00051162-00051440 excluded in principle there's quite a
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00217-00051441-00051967 bit to do
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00218-00051968-00053063 more of your rag Collins
+TtJH0rDuwFc-00219-00053064-00053270 you
+TvTO4CyirOA-00000-00000104-00000295 the history of the jews in mumbai
+TvTO4CyirOA-00001-00000296-00000551 previously known as bombay india began
+TvTO4CyirOA-00002-00000552-00000751 when jews started settling in bombay
+TvTO4CyirOA-00003-00000752-00000943 during the 18th century due to its
+TvTO4CyirOA-00004-00000944-00001143 economic opportunities
+TvTO4CyirOA-00005-00001144-00001383 the jewish community of bombay consisted
+TvTO4CyirOA-00006-00001384-00001535 of the remnants of three distinct
+TvTO4CyirOA-00007-00001536-00001743 communities the bene israeli jews of
+TvTO4CyirOA-00008-00001744-00001982 konkan the baghdadi jews of iraq and the
+TvTO4CyirOA-00009-00001984-00002223 cochin jews of malabar bombay is home to
+TvTO4CyirOA-00010-00002224-00002391 the majority of india's rapidly
+TvTO4CyirOA-00011-00002392-00002615 dwindling jewish population
+TvTO4CyirOA-00012-00002616-00002895 at its peak in the late 1940s the jewish
+TvTO4CyirOA-00013-00002896-00003142 population of bombay reached nearly 30
+TvTO4CyirOA-00014-00003143-00003799 000
+TvTO4CyirOA-00015-00003800-00004295 arrival in bombay
+TvTO4CyirOA-00016-00004296-00004559 the first baghdadi jew joseph sema moved
+TvTO4CyirOA-00017-00004560-00004815 to bombay from surit in 1730 and the
+TvTO4CyirOA-00018-00004816-00004975 first member of the bene israel
+TvTO4CyirOA-00019-00004976-00005127 community to move from the kankan
+TvTO4CyirOA-00020-00005128-00005318 villages south of bombay to the city
+TvTO4CyirOA-00021-00005319-00005583 arrived in 1746 part of the dewecker
+TvTO4CyirOA-00022-00005584-00005695 family
+TvTO4CyirOA-00023-00005696-00006138 in 1796 samuel ezekiel devecker
+TvTO4CyirOA-00024-00006139-00006510 1730-1797 established the gate of mercy
+TvTO4CyirOA-00025-00006511-00007078 synagogue
+TvTO4CyirOA-00026-00007079-00007646 topic present population
+TvTO4CyirOA-00027-00007647-00007903 less than 4 000 jews live in mumbai
+TvTO4CyirOA-00028-00007904-00008191 formerly known as bombay and there are
+TvTO4CyirOA-00029-00008192-00008414 eight synagogues in the city
+TvTO4CyirOA-00030-00008415-00008639 today the majority of mumbai's jews
+TvTO4CyirOA-00031-00008640-00009327 reside in israel
+TvTO4CyirOA-00032-00009328-00009774 activities
+TvTO4CyirOA-00033-00009775-00009991 the american jewish joint distribution
+TvTO4CyirOA-00034-00009992-00010214 committee runs a jewish community center
+TvTO4CyirOA-00035-00010215-00010438 and has 500 members with classes on
+TvTO4CyirOA-00036-00010439-00010695 hebrew and judaism holiday parties youth
+TvTO4CyirOA-00037-00010696-00010878 discos and clubs for children and
+TvTO4CyirOA-00038-00010879-00011006 seniors
+TvTO4CyirOA-00039-00011007-00011223 also there is an ort
+TvTO4CyirOA-00040-00011224-00011463 organization for educational resources
+TvTO4CyirOA-00041-00011464-00011623 and technological training an
+TvTO4CyirOA-00042-00011624-00011831 international jewish organization with
+TvTO4CyirOA-00043-00011832-00012038 the mandate of helping impoverished jews
+TvTO4CyirOA-00044-00012039-00012278 in which sells kosher wine chala chicken
+TvTO4CyirOA-00045-00012279-00012583 and baked goods also started in 2004 as
+TvTO4CyirOA-00046-00012584-00012822 the hasan eli foundation for jewish life
+TvTO4CyirOA-00047-00012823-00013030 in india based in thane a suburb of
+TvTO4CyirOA-00048-00013031-00013215 mumbai where many younger jewish
+TvTO4CyirOA-00049-00013216-00013422 families are moving to to teach torah
+TvTO4CyirOA-00050-00013423-00013615 hebrew and jewish law to the suburban
+TvTO4CyirOA-00051-00013616-00013751 population
+TvTO4CyirOA-00052-00013752-00013919 a sunday school is run there for
+TvTO4CyirOA-00053-00013919-00014143 children under 13 which attracts about
+TvTO4CyirOA-00054-00014144-00014407 25 students weekly in mumbai there is
+TvTO4CyirOA-00055-00014408-00014638 also the jewish founded sir jacob
+TvTO4CyirOA-00056-00014640-00014838 sassoon high school
+TvTO4CyirOA-00057-00014840-00015175 and sir eli kadouri high school
+TvTO4CyirOA-00058-00015176-00015383 today there are only a handful of jewish
+TvTO4CyirOA-00059-00015384-00015583 students left but they once had hebrew
+TvTO4CyirOA-00060-00015584-00016230 and torah classes
+TvTO4CyirOA-00061-00016231-00016855 topic terrorist attacks on mumbai
+TvTO4CyirOA-00062-00016856-00017055 until the terrorist attacks on mumbai of
+TvTO4CyirOA-00063-00017056-00017335 november 2008 the mumbai habbad house
+TvTO4CyirOA-00064-00017336-00017527 jewish outreach center was at narraman
+TvTO4CyirOA-00065-00017528-00017735 house hormus g street
+TvTO4CyirOA-00066-00017736-00017975 in the attack six jews were held hostage
+TvTO4CyirOA-00067-00017976-00018119 and murdered at the center the
+TvTO4CyirOA-00068-00018120-00018383 29-year-old rabbi gavrielle holtzberg
+TvTO4CyirOA-00069-00018384-00018686 his 28-year-old wife rivka rabbi arya
+TvTO4CyirOA-00070-00018687-00019047 leibish teitelbaum 37 benzian croman 28
+TvTO4CyirOA-00071-00019048-00019367 yochef dorpes 62 and norma schwarzblatt
+TvTO4CyirOA-00072-00019368-00019543 rabinovich 50.
+TvTO4CyirOA-00073-00019544-00019719 the parents of rivka holtzberg have
+TvTO4CyirOA-00074-00019720-00019879 announced their intention to continue
+TvTO4CyirOA-00075-00019880-00020111 habad's emissary work in mumbai although
+TvTO4CyirOA-00076-00020112-00020279 the chabad house may move to a new
+TvTO4CyirOA-00077-00020280-00020478 location in the city mostly in south
+TvTO4CyirOA-00078-00020479-00021214 mumbai near warley
+TvTO4CyirOA-00079-00021215-00021703 communal relations
+TvTO4CyirOA-00080-00021704-00021886 mumbai jews ties with their city's
+TvTO4CyirOA-00081-00021887-00022103 muslim community have historically been
+TvTO4CyirOA-00082-00022104-00022278 strong and remain so even after the
+TvTO4CyirOA-00083-00022279-00022447 mumbai attacks
+TvTO4CyirOA-00084-00022448-00022622 the two groups have been drawn together
+TvTO4CyirOA-00085-00022623-00022863 as minorities in a hindu-dominated land
+TvTO4CyirOA-00086-00022864-00023022 even by the similarities of their
+TvTO4CyirOA-00087-00023023-00023271 non-vegetarian diets of kosher and halal
+TvTO4CyirOA-00088-00023272-00023535 foods for these reasons most bene
+TvTO4CyirOA-00089-00023536-00023919 synagogues in mumbai are in muslim areas
+TvTO4CyirOA-00090-00023920-00024142 jonathan solomon chairman of the indian
+TvTO4CyirOA-00091-00024143-00024430 jewish federation said mumbai's muslim
+TvTO4CyirOA-00092-00024431-00024630 council had ordered that the nine gunmen
+TvTO4CyirOA-00093-00024631-00024822 killed should not be buried in the city
+TvTO4CyirOA-00094-00024823-00025022 a gesture which was highly appreciated
+TvTO4CyirOA-00095-00025023-00025428 by the mumbai jewish community
+TvW5yusT3jQ-00001-00005687-00007078 is
+TvW5yusT3jQ-00003-00018072-00019783 foreign
+TvW5yusT3jQ-00004-00019784-00022358 i
+TvW5yusT3jQ-00005-00022359-00022568 you
+TxvsZw4FOOQ-00000-00000135-00001982 [Music]
+TxvsZw4FOOQ-00001-00001984-00002269 do
+TxvsZw4FOOQ-00003-00008079-00008288 you
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00000-00000224-00000438 hello everyone and welcome back to
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00001-00000440-00000647 tara's favorite picture books
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00002-00000648-00000871 it's october and i've got some new books
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00003-00000872-00001150 for you we're going to start with
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00004-00001151-00001247 cat
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00005-00001248-00001399 and dog
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00006-00001400-00001910 a tale of opposites by tuluyo chordata
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00007-00001911-00002095 that's a hard one to say
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00008-00002096-00002407 and this is about cat and dog they are
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00009-00002408-00002679 not the same in fact
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00010-00002680-00002934 they are opposite
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00011-00002935-00003150 all right this is a fun book
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00012-00003151-00003359 if you have a new reader
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00013-00003360-00003654 excellent just single words here awake
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00014-00003655-00003951 asleep
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00015-00003952-00004502 slow and fast
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00016-00004503-00004720 up high and down low
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00017-00004721-00004854 [Music]
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00018-00004855-00005222 so great opposite book for your kids and
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00019-00005223-00005438 um of course if you like cats or dogs
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00020-00005439-00005583 this is a great book for them and this
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00021-00005584-00005870 is perfect for a new reader because it
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00022-00005871-00006286 does have very few words in it
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00023-00006287-00006518 next up we have
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00024-00006519-00006703 10 in a hurry
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00025-00006704-00006967 by lo cole very
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00026-00006968-00007063 fun
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00027-00007064-00007263 picture book you could start off here by
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00028-00007264-00007470 counting the different colored fish on
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00029-00007472-00007623 this page
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00030-00007623-00007959 and i think the kids love activity books
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00031-00007959-00008199 books with um flaps
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00032-00008200-00008319 and
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00033-00008320-00008510 games and puzzles and this is kind of
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00034-00008511-00008783 one of those
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00035-00008784-00009006 it's got lots
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00036-00009007-00009174 of flaps
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00037-00009175-00009463 and it has lots of rhyming words and
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00038-00009464-00009695 lots of counting so there's there's a
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00039-00009696-00009839 lot of things they can learn with this
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00040-00009840-00009959 book so
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00041-00009960-00010335 10 in a hurry again you can count these
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00042-00010336-00010606 swimming in a line
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00043-00010607-00010806 watch out pink
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00044-00010807-00011159 now there are nine
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00045-00011160-00011431 all right and so then there's rhyming
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00046-00011432-00011655 and there's counting and there's a fish
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00047-00011656-00011838 eating so then they can count how many
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00048-00011839-00011927 fish
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00049-00011928-00012110 are inside the whale
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00050-00012111-00012487 and then how many are left
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00051-00012488-00012719 and the number usually matches up with
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00052-00012720-00013015 which fish is about to be eaten
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00053-00013016-00013271 so this one is a lot of fun it's called
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00054-00013272-00013743 10 in a hurry
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00055-00013744-00013991 all right for all my little cat lovers
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00056-00013991-00014319 this is called happy cats by catherine
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00057-00014319-00014615 amari all right happy cats
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00058-00014616-00014758 hungry cats
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00059-00014759-00014927 scrappy cats
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00060-00014928-00015350 and very very happy cats
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00061-00015351-00015607 all right so another one that does not
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00062-00015608-00015855 have a ton of text in it
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00063-00015856-00015950 all right
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00064-00015951-00016199 white cat black cat
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00065-00016200-00016479 blue cat brown cat
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00066-00016480-00016783 so good descriptive words
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00067-00016784-00017239 then you could say what color is our cat
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00068-00017240-00017519 hi cat low cat
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00069-00017520-00017767 always upside down cat
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00070-00017768-00018022 that looks like my cat
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00071-00018023-00018135 so again
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00072-00018136-00018358 fun illustrations
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00073-00018359-00018550 very few words
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00074-00018551-00018799 perfect for a new reader who's looking
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00075-00018800-00019047 for words to sound out and good
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00076-00019048-00019199 vocabulary
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00077-00019200-00019639 with like hungry cats and scrappy cats
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00078-00019640-00019735 um
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00079-00019736-00019958 noisy cats
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00080-00019959-00020143 so here's another one
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00081-00020144-00020630 happy cats
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00082-00020631-00020999 all right so the next one is called
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00083-00021000-00021286 when i am bigger if this is counting
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00084-00021287-00021399 numbers
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00085-00021400-00021567 big and small
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00086-00021568-00021927 by maria a deck a maria deck sorry maria
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00087-00021928-00022055 duck
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00088-00022056-00022255 so you can look at this and talk about
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00089-00022256-00022558 the watermelon and the burgers and
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00090-00022559-00022871 maybe the muffins on there
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00091-00022872-00023294 look at all those watermelons
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00092-00023295-00023535 and this is a counting book
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00093-00023536-00023703 and it says
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00094-00023704-00024094 when i am bigger i will have nine ideas
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00095-00024095-00024358 every second
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00096-00024359-00024614 okay
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00097-00024615-00024775 and then
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00098-00024776-00024935 here's a fun one
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00099-00024936-00025247 i will have a garden with 20 vegetables
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00100-00025248-00025527 and grow onions cucumbers and pumpkins i
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00101-00025528-00025750 will also plant really big carrots and
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00102-00025751-00025887 radishes
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00103-00025888-00026143 that grow in funny shapes
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00104-00026144-00026358 i really like the illustrations on these
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00105-00026360-00026599 ones
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00106-00026600-00026862 all right there's not a ton of text
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00107-00026863-00027143 maybe one or two sentences
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00108-00027144-00027367 but again you can count
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00109-00027368-00027583 and see if there are actually
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00110-00027583-00028023 31 contraptions great vocabulary word
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00111-00028024-00028407 and that travel around the world
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00112-00028408-00028695 lots of fun things to look at
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00113-00028695-00029167 or a bubble with 39 elephants
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00114-00029168-00029358 i wonder if there are actually 39
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00115-00029360-00029535 elephants in there
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00116-00029536-00029879 or if there are 65
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00117-00029880-00030039 trees
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00118-00030039-00030231 so this is another fun
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00119-00030232-00030374 interactive book
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00120-00030375-00030574 um like i said i really enjoy and i
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00121-00030575-00030767 think kids really enjoy interactive
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00122-00030768-00031023 books
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00123-00031024-00031262 this one is a little bit silly
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00124-00031263-00031590 this is called set your alarm sloth
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00125-00031591-00031743 more advice
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00126-00031744-00032087 for troubled animals from dr glider and
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00127-00032088-00032279 this is dr clyder
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00128-00032280-00032590 it's written by jess keating
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00129-00032591-00033046 um and the illustrator is pete oswald
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00130-00033047-00033415 all right so this is our doctor
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00131-00033416-00033655 and he goes from animal to animal and
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00132-00033656-00033895 helps them out and what i like about
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00133-00033896-00034215 this book is although it's a fun story
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00134-00034216-00034511 there's also um
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00135-00034512-00034735 interesting facts in here so this is
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00136-00034736-00034895 probably going to be for a little bit
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00137-00034896-00035118 older reader or somebody that something
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00138-00035119-00035359 that you want to read to your child
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00139-00035360-00035623 it says it's another beautiful day and
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00140-00035624-00035862 my patient list is full ready to help
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00141-00035863-00036199 some animal friends away we go
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00142-00036200-00036359 so first we'll
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00143-00036360-00036551 go here to uh
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00144-00036552-00036935 mr beluga they are super cool
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00145-00036936-00037143 and
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00146-00037144-00037423 uh beluga can't see the water is too
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00147-00037424-00037783 murky and he says do i need glasses
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00148-00037784-00038118 and doctor says to helen beluga and
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00149-00038119-00038351 they're in the hudson bay canada
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00150-00038352-00038590 use your melon my magnificent mammal
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00151-00038591-00038767 friend you don't need to see your food
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00152-00038768-00039102 to find it you can hear it
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00153-00039103-00039359 and then on this side there is some
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00154-00039360-00039535 information about
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00155-00039536-00039783 echolocation
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00156-00039784-00040095 and what they eat
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00157-00040096-00040311 and how they catch their food
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00158-00040312-00040735 and other animals that use echolocation
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00159-00040736-00040895 and then some of the other animals
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00160-00040896-00041030 include
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00161-00041031-00041590 an iguana on the galapagos islands
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00162-00041591-00041918 and we have zebras in kenya
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00163-00041919-00042374 and satin bower birds in australia
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00164-00042375-00042551 and the
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00165-00042552-00042823 copies i love those the copies you can
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00166-00042824-00043062 see those at the columbus zoo
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00167-00043063-00043311 okay in africa so this might be a good
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00168-00043312-00043502 time to pull out a globe if you have one
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00169-00043503-00043727 or a map and kind of
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00170-00043728-00043990 show the different places like we have
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00171-00043991-00044118 nemo
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00172-00044119-00044374 looking clint the clown fish that looks
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00173-00044375-00044543 a lot like nemo
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00174-00044544-00044735 and they're in australia so maybe it's a
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00175-00044736-00044999 good time to pull out a map or pull it
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00176-00045000-00045295 up on the computer and show your kids
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00177-00045296-00045407 where this
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00178-00045408-00045574 animal that looks like nemo might be
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00179-00045575-00045783 found right
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00180-00045784-00046023 so there's lots of learning you could
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00181-00046024-00046118 skip
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00182-00046119-00046343 the interesting facts here and just read
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00183-00046344-00046511 the story
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00184-00046512-00046686 or you could have your kids read this
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00185-00046687-00046927 side and there are some great vocabulary
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00186-00046928-00047071 words in here again
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00187-00047072-00047286 and then you can help them read the more
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00188-00047287-00047583 informative side on or this side which
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00189-00047584-00047751 has more information
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00190-00047752-00047958 so i really love this one
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00191-00047959-00048174 set your alarm sloth
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00192-00048175-00048455 more advice for troubled animals
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00193-00048456-00049039 um from dr glider
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00194-00049040-00049255 this one's a little bit different um
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00195-00049256-00049495 it's by one of my favorite authors who i
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00196-00049496-00049695 struggle to say her last name
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00197-00049696-00049974 um this is when i see red
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00198-00049975-00050327 and it's by britta tenkentrup all right
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00199-00050328-00050455 love her books
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00200-00050456-00050751 and her illustrations this book says i
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00201-00050752-00051062 am furious i am seeing red i am filled
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00202-00051063-00051342 with rage a storm's ahead so good
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00203-00051344-00051623 rhyming words um and also a good way to
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00204-00051624-00051935 talk to your kids about being angry
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00205-00051936-00052238 and how that feels
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00206-00052239-00052591 so
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00207-00052591-00052838 good illustrations
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00208-00052839-00053071 it might be a good book for an early uh
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00209-00053072-00053215 just somebody who's just starting to
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00210-00053216-00053654 read because the font is large and not
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00211-00053655-00053887 too many hard words so i'm blinded by
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00212-00053888-00054175 fury i'm furiously mad but i can see
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00213-00054176-00054454 clearly that change is ahead
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00214-00054455-00054682 i love the great big huge
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00215-00054683-00055054 print and the illustrations of how anger
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00216-00055055-00055503 feels
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00217-00055504-00055607 and then
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00218-00055608-00055911 look at the font here
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00219-00055912-00056135 streaming and swirling and brawling and
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00220-00056136-00056671 crushing
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00221-00056672-00056982 and then we get to a nice beautiful
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00222-00056983-00057111 cloudy day
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00223-00057112-00057271 and we feel better
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00224-00057272-00057559 so that is when i see red something we
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00225-00057560-00057894 all go through right
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00226-00057895-00058335 um this one is called tomatoes for nila
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00227-00058336-00058471 and this is by
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00228-00058472-00058599 patamo
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00229-00058600-00058935 lash me who's the host of top chef
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00230-00058936-00059271 so this is one of her picture books
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00231-00059272-00059519 i think the illustrations are wonderful
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00232-00059520-00059720 it's a great story
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00233-00059721-00059887 [Music]
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00234-00059888-00060047 some of my fondest memories from
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00235-00060048-00060263 childhood are of cooking with the women
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00236-00060264-00060575 in my family it is the foundation of all
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00237-00060576-00060887 i've spent my life working on says padma
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00238-00060888-00061263 uh it is a little more um
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00239-00061264-00061623 wordy there are many more words
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00240-00061624-00061950 on each page so i would definitely say
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00241-00061951-00062206 this is for an older child
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00242-00062207-00062399 and
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00243-00062400-00062654 there's just a lot more text than you
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00244-00062655-00062871 might see in another book so the
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00245-00062872-00063079 illustrations are beautiful they are
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00246-00063079-00063350 done by somebody who has won um the cat
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00247-00063351-00063671 who is a caldecott winner
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00248-00063672-00063799 so
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00249-00063800-00063991 totally worth it even if your kids are
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00250-00063991-00064087 young
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00251-00064088-00064294 it's a great story about learning to
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00252-00064295-00064423 cook
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00253-00064424-00064703 and being with the people in your family
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00254-00064704-00064903 um but it just may be a book that you
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00255-00064904-00065126 have to read to your children because it
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00256-00065127-00065342 has like i said more text than most
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00257-00065344-00065687 picture books
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00258-00065688-00065967 and then my last picture book
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00259-00065968-00066071 is
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00260-00066072-00066359 a little bit more funny again called mr
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00261-00066360-00066550 watson's chickens
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00262-00066551-00066919 and this is by jared dapier okay
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00263-00066920-00067135 and this is a funny silly book i love
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00264-00067136-00067350 the eggs
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00265-00067351-00067463 all right
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00266-00067464-00067719 mr watson loves his chickens and his
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00267-00067720-00067999 chickens love him every morning he and
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00268-00068000-00068311 mr nelson count them one
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00269-00068312-00068438 two
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00270-00068439-00068582 three
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00271-00068583-00069006 so uh mr watson and mr nelson
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00272-00069007-00069279 live in a big city
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00273-00069280-00069519 and uh they decide
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00274-00069520-00069703 that they are going to move to the
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00275-00069704-00069943 country they have a teeny tiny yard he
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00276-00069944-00070167 keeps two dogs three cats and a handful
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00277-00070168-00070447 of chickens
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00278-00070448-00070575 okay
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00279-00070576-00070679 uh
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00280-00070680-00070823 but soon
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00281-00070824-00071038 mr watson chicken
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00282-00071039-00071399 chickens grew
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00283-00071400-00071647 and grew some more look at all those
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00284-00071648-00071791 rooms
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00285-00071792-00072006 and all those chickens it would take you
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00286-00072007-00072271 a long time to count the chickens
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00287-00072272-00072543 not a ton of text a couple of sentences
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00288-00072544-00072711 here and there
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00289-00072712-00072959 all right
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00290-00072960-00073159 um but lots
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00291-00073160-00073279 to look at
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00292-00073280-00073503 so if your kids like a lot of pictures
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00293-00073504-00073647 and they can point out all the silly
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00294-00073648-00073838 things that are happening i mean look at
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00295-00073839-00074023 these chickens here
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00296-00074024-00074367 um this is a super fun book
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00297-00074368-00074615 and it looks like they have a fair and
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00298-00074616-00074831 they take the chickens there
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00299-00074832-00075079 so this is fun lots to look at lots of
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00300-00075080-00075238 fun
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00301-00075239-00075494 and then i do have one non-fiction book
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00302-00075495-00075647 that i'd like to share
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00303-00075648-00075894 and it's called um look
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00304-00075895-00076199 what i found in the woods
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00305-00076200-00076415 we have the look a little binocular
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00306-00076416-00076662 looking shape and this is by moria
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00307-00076663-00076919 butterfield
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00308-00076920-00077082 okay
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00309-00077083-00077423 so um if you're going for a walk in the
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00310-00077424-00077655 woods this is a fun book to read before
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00311-00077656-00077743 pan
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00312-00077744-00078038 it says look i know the way we're
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00313-00078039-00078215 walking through the woods today look
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00314-00078216-00078479 what i found a curly stick that looks
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00315-00078480-00078823 like a magic wand can you also find
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00316-00078824-00079079 one signpost to show the way
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00317-00079080-00079343 two butterflies fluttering and three
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00318-00079344-00079615 bright yellow flowers
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00319-00079616-00079871 so again an interactive look
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00320-00079872-00080143 something to look for
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00321-00080144-00080279 and we can look in here for different
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00322-00080280-00080535 kinds of trees
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00323-00080536-00080823 we have different kinds of bark and the
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00324-00080824-00081182 different animals that can live in trees
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00325-00081183-00081438 again interactive because we can flip it
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00326-00081439-00081671 different ways and there's games to play
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00327-00081672-00081855 in the book
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00328-00081856-00082038 so this is my non-fiction pick of the
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00329-00082039-00082126 week
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00330-00082127-00082511 look what i found in the woods
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00331-00082512-00082735 all right those are my picks for october
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00332-00082736-00082991 i'll be back in november for some more
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00333-00082992-00083247 of tara's favorite picture books
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00334-00083248-00083431 have a great october and i'll see you
+Ty4voS3DpWo-00335-00083432-00083844 guys next month take care
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00000-00000057-00000313 butterflies are insects in the macro
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00001-00000314-00000538 lepidopteran clade row palace era from
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00002-00000539-00000722 the order Lepidoptera which also
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00003-00000723-00001064 includes moths adult butterflies have
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00004-00001065-00001307 large often brightly colored wings and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00005-00001308-00001628 conspicuous fluttering flight the group
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00006-00001629-00001847 comprises the large super family
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00007-00001848-00002066 Papillion idea which contains at least
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00008-00002067-00002342 one former group the skipper's formerly
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00009-00002343-00002687 the super family Hesperia idea and the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00010-00002688-00002927 most recent analyses suggest it also
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00011-00002928-00003182 contains the moth butterflies formerly
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00012-00003183-00003296 the super family
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00013-00003297-00003668 Hetal idea butterfly fossils date to the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00014-00003669-00003953 Paleocene which was about 56 million
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00015-00003954-00004301 years ago butterflies have the typical
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00016-00004302-00004634 four stage insect lifecycle wing adults
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00017-00004635-00004831 lay eggs on the food plant on which
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00018-00004832-00005060 their larvae known as caterpillars will
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00019-00005061-00005378 feed the caterpillars grow sometimes
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00020-00005379-00005624 very rapidly and when fully developed
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00021-00005625-00005779 pupate in a chrysalis
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00022-00005780-00006110 when metamorphosis is complete the pupal
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00023-00006111-00006374 skin splits the adult insect climbs out
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00024-00006375-00006602 and after its wings have expanded and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00025-00006603-00006914 dried it flies off some butterflies
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00026-00006915-00007171 especially in the tropics have several
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00027-00007172-00007406 generations in a year while others have
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00028-00007406-00007655 a single generation and a few in cold
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00029-00007656-00007913 locations may take several years to pass
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00030-00007914-00008164 through their entire lifecycle
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00031-00008165-00008432 butterflies are often polymorphic and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00032-00008433-00008675 many species make use of camouflage
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00033-00008676-00008918 mimicry and opposed emit ISM to evade
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00034-00008919-00009191 their predators some like the monarch
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00035-00009192-00009458 and the Painted Lady migrate over long
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00036-00009459-00009551 distances
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00037-00009552-00009806 many butterflies are attacked by
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00038-00009807-00010112 parasites or parasitoids including wasps
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00039-00010113-00010367 protozoans flies and other invertebrates
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00040-00010368-00010669 or are preyed upon by other organisms
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00041-00010670-00010955 some species are pests because in their
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00042-00010956-00011198 larval stages they can damage domestic
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00043-00011199-00011471 crops or trees other species are agents
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00044-00011472-00011792 of pollination of some plants larvae of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00045-00011793-00012085 a few butterflies eg harvesters eat
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00046-00012086-00012341 harmful insects and a few are predators
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00047-00012342-00012596 of ants while others live as mutualists
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00048-00012597-00012908 in association with ants culturally
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00049-00012909-00013162 butterflies are a popular motif in the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00050-00013163-00013846 visual and literary arts
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00051-00013847-00014390 topic etymology
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00052-00014391-00014657 the Oxford English Dictionary derives
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00053-00014658-00014866 the words straightforwardly from Old
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00054-00014868-00015068 English beautifully oak butterfly
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00055-00015069-00015326 similar names in old Dutch and old high
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00056-00015327-00015586 german show that the name is ancient a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00057-00015587-00015824 possible source of the name as the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00058-00015825-00015980 bright yellow male of the brimstone
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00059-00015981-00016241 gonna Tareq's romney another as that
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00060-00016241-00016448 butterflies were on the wing in meadows
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00061-00016449-00016628 during the spring and summer butter
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00062-00016629-00017342 season while the grass was growing
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00063-00017343-00017994 topic taxonomy and phylogeny
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00064-00017995-00018270 the earliest Lepidoptera fossils are of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00065-00018271-00018495 a small moth archaeologist Maine of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00066-00018496-00018819 Jurassic age around 190 million years
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00067-00018820-00019174 ago Mya butterflies evolved from moths
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00068-00019175-00019347 so while the butterflies are
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00069-00019348-00019605 monophyletic forming a single clade the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00070-00019606-00019914 moths are not the oldest butterflies are
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00071-00019915-00020125 from the Paleocene McClay or fir
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00072-00020126-00020430 formation of Denmark approximately 55
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00073-00020431-00020742 million years old the oldest american
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00074-00020743-00020994 butterfly as the late eocene pro dryas
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00075-00020995-00021208 persephone from the flores and fossil
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00076-00021209-00021528 beds approximately 34 million years old
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00077-00021529-00021724 traditionally butterflies have been
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00078-00021725-00021964 divided into the super family Papillion
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00079-00021965-00022200 idea excluding the smaller groups of the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00080-00022201-00022428 Hesperia tea skippers and the more moth
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00081-00022429-00022758 like hability of america phylogenetic
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00082-00022759-00022986 analysis suggests that the traditional
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00083-00022987-00023217 Papillion idea is paraphyletic with
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00084-00023218-00023442 respect to the other two groups so they
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00085-00023443-00023661 should both be included within Papillion
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00086-00023662-00023899 idea to form a single butterfly group
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00087-00023900-00024150 thereby synonymous with the clade Robles
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00088-00024151-00024696 aura
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00089-00024697-00025569 topic biology
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00090-00025570-00026143 topic general description
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00091-00026144-00026395 butterfly adults are characterized by
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00092-00026395-00026652 therefore scale covered wings which give
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00093-00026654-00026881 the Lepidoptera their name ancient Greek
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00094-00026882-00027139 Lepus Lepus scale plus Terran Terran
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00095-00027139-00027463 wing these scales give butterfly wings
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00096-00027464-00027652 their color they are pigmented with
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00097-00027652-00027835 melon ins that give them blacks and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00098-00027836-00028051 browns as well as uric acid derivatives
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00099-00028052-00028336 and flavones that give them yellows but
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00100-00028337-00028588 many of the blues greens reds and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00101-00028589-00028783 iridescent colors are created by
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00102-00028783-00029008 structural coloration produced by the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00103-00029008-00029245 micro structures of the scales and hairs
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00104-00029245-00029497 as in all insects the body is divided
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00105-00029498-00029773 into three sections the head thorax and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00106-00029774-00029842 abdomen
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00107-00029843-00030172 the thorax is composed of three segments
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00108-00030173-00030457 each with a pair of legs in most
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00109-00030458-00030682 families of butterfly the antennae are
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00110-00030683-00030913 clubbed unlike those of moths which may
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00111-00030914-00031183 be thread-like or feathery the long
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00112-00031183-00031417 proboscis can be coiled when not in use
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00113-00031418-00031681 for sipping nectar from flowers nearly
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00114-00031682-00031876 all butterflies are diurnal have
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00115-00031877-00032095 relatively bright colors and hold their
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00116-00032095-00032323 wings vertically above their bodies when
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00117-00032324-00032542 at rest unlike the majority of moths
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00118-00032543-00032806 which fly by night are often cryptically
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00119-00032807-00033052 colored well camouflaged and either hold
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00120-00033053-00033274 their wings flat touching the surface on
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00121-00033275-00033499 which the moth is standing or fold them
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00122-00033500-00033790 closely over their bodies some day
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00123-00033791-00034012 flying moths such as the hummingbird
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00124-00034013-00034326 hawkmoth are exceptions to these rules
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00125-00034327-00034600 butterfly larvae caterpillars have a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00126-00034601-00034828 hard sclera tyst head with strong
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00127-00034829-00035035 mandibles used for cutting their food
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00128-00035036-00035329 most often leaves they have cylindrical
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00129-00035330-00035593 bodies with ten segments to the abdomen
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00130-00035594-00035812 generally with short pro legs on
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00131-00035813-00036070 segments three to six and ten the three
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00132-00036071-00036298 pairs of true legs on the thorax have
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00133-00036299-00036586 five segments each many are well
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00134-00036587-00036832 camouflaged others are aposematic with
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00135-00036833-00037048 bright colors and bristle eep rejections
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00136-00037049-00037309 containing toxic chemicals obtained from
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00137-00037310-00037615 their food plants the pupa or chrysalis
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00138-00037616-00037873 unlike that of moths is not wrapped in a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00139-00037874-00038122 cocoon many butterflies are sexually
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00140-00038123-00038485 dimorphic most butterflies have the ZW
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00141-00038486-00038743 sex determination system where females
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00142-00038744-00039046 are the hetero gametic sex ZW and males
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00143-00039047-00039718 homo gametic ZZ
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00144-00039719-00040330 topic distribution and migration
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00145-00040331-00040564 butterflies are distributed worldwide
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00146-00040565-00040895 except Antarctica totalling some 18,000
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00147-00040896-00041499 500 species of these 775 Arnie Arctic
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00148-00041500-00042202 7700 neotropical 1575 paly Arctic 3650
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00149-00042203-00042545 afro tropical and 4,800 are distributed
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00150-00042546-00042748 across the combined oriental and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00151-00042749-00043108 Australian Oceania regions the monarch
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00152-00043109-00043351 butterfly as native to the Americas but
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00153-00043352-00043610 in the 19th century or before spread
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00154-00043611-00043826 across the world and is now found in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00155-00043827-00044068 Australia New Zealand other parts of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00156-00044069-00044419 Oceania and the Iberian Peninsula it is
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00157-00044420-00044668 not clear how it dispersed adults may
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00158-00044669-00044893 have been blown by the wind or larvae or
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00159-00044894-00045092 pupae may have been accidentally
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00160-00045093-00045326 transported by humans but the presence
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00161-00045327-00045523 of suitable host plants in their new
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00162-00045524-00045736 environment was a necessity for their
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00163-00045737-00046021 successful establishment many
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00164-00046022-00046249 butterflies such as the Painted Lady
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00165-00046250-00046532 monarch and several de nen migrate for
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00166-00046533-00046855 long distances these migrations take
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00167-00046856-00047101 place over a number of generations and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00168-00047102-00047332 no single individual completes the whole
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00169-00047333-00047392 trip
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00170-00047393-00047704 the eastern north american population of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00171-00047705-00047926 monarchs can travel thousands of miles
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00172-00047927-00048173 southwest to overwintering sites in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00173-00048174-00048499 Mexico there is a reverse migration in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00174-00048500-00048727 the spring it has recently been shown
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00175-00048728-00048988 that the British Painted Lady undertakes
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00176-00048989-00049282 a 9,000 mile round-trip in a series of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00177-00049283-00049462 steps by up to six successive
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00178-00049463-00049723 generations from tropical Africa to the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00179-00049724-00049993 Arctic Circle almost double the length
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00180-00049994-00050239 of the famous migrations undertaken by
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00181-00050240-00050527 monarch spectacular large-scale
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00182-00050528-00050776 migrations associated with the monsoon
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00183-00050777-00051121 are seen in peninsular India migrations
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00184-00051122-00051313 have been studied in more recent times
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00185-00051314-00051625 using wing tags and also using stable
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00186-00051626-00051883 hydrogen isotopes butterflies navigate
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00187-00051884-00052149 using a time-compensated sun compass
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00188-00052150-00052399 they can see polarized light and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00189-00052400-00052610 therefore orient even in cloudy
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00190-00052611-00052937 conditions the polarized light near the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00191-00052938-00053153 ultraviolet spectrum appears to be
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00192-00053154-00053462 particularly important many migratory
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00193-00053463-00053729 butterflies live in semi-arid area
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00194-00053729-00054007 we're breeding seasons are short the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00195-00054008-00054244 life histories of their host plants also
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00196-00054245-00054889 influence butterfly behavior
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00197-00054890-00055402 topic lifecycle
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00198-00055403-00055657 butterflies in their adult stage can
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00199-00055658-00055842 live from a week to nearly a year
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00200-00055844-00056140 depending on the species many species
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00201-00056141-00056386 have long larval life stages while
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00202-00056387-00056620 others can remain dormant in their pupal
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00203-00056621-00056827 or egg stages and thereby survive
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00204-00056828-00057136 winters the Melissa arctic owen ace
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00205-00057137-00057202 melissa
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00206-00057203-00057455 / winters twice as a caterpillar
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00207-00057457-00057724 butterflies may have one or more broods
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00208-00057725-00058009 per year the number of generations per
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00209-00058010-00058240 year varies from temperate to tropical
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00210-00058241-00058483 regions with tropical regions showing a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00211-00058484-00058837 trend towards multi volton ISM courtship
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00212-00058838-00059055 is often aerial and often involves
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00213-00059057-00059344 pheromones butterflies then land on the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00214-00059345-00059677 ground or on a perch to mate population
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00215-00059678-00059908 takes place tail to tail and may last
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00216-00059909-00060187 from minutes to hours simple
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00217-00060188-00060415 photoreceptor cells located at the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00218-00060416-00060610 genitals are important for this and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00219-00060611-00060930 other adult behaviors the male passes a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00220-00060932-00061162 spermatophore to the female to reduce
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00221-00061163-00061414 sperm competition he may cover her with
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00222-00061415-00061660 his scent or in some species such as the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00223-00061661-00061921 Apollo's Parnassus plugs her genital
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00224-00061922-00062149 opening to prevent her from mating again
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00225-00062150-00062386 the vast majority of butterflies have a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00226-00062387-00062614 four stage life cycle egg larva
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00227-00062615-00062914 caterpillar pupa chrysalis and a mego
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00228-00062915-00063298 adult in the genera coleus Arabia you
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00229-00063299-00063555 Chloe and Parnassus a small number of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00230-00063557-00063802 species are known that reproduced semi
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00231-00063803-00064051 parthenogenetic li when the female dies
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00232-00064052-00064315 a partially developed larva emerges from
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00233-00064316-00064854 her abdomen
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00234-00064854-00065287 topic egg
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00235-00065288-00065550 butterfly eggs are protected by a hard
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00236-00065551-00065769 ridged outer layer of shell called the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00237-00065770-00066040 Quarian this is lined with a thin
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00238-00066041-00066255 coating of wax which prevents the egg
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00239-00066256-00066499 from drying out before the larva has had
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00240-00066500-00066823 time to fully develop each egg contains
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00241-00066824-00067062 a number of tiny funnel shaped openings
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00242-00067063-00067332 at one end called micropiles the purpose
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00243-00067333-00067546 of these holes as to allow sperm to
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00244-00067547-00067837 enter and fertilize the egg butterfly
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00245-00067838-00068062 eggs vary greatly in size and shape
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00246-00068063-00068347 between species but are usually upright
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00247-00068348-00068676 and finally sculptured some species lay
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00248-00068677-00068955 eggs singly others in batches many
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00249-00068956-00069282 females produce between 100 and 200 eggs
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00250-00069283-00069535 butterfly eggs are fixed to a leaf with
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00251-00069536-00069780 a special glue which hardens rapidly as
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00252-00069781-00070080 it hardens it contracts deforming the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00253-00070081-00070384 shape of the egg this glue is easily
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00254-00070385-00070599 seen surrounding the base of every egg
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00255-00070600-00070897 forming a meniscus the nature of the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00256-00070898-00071116 glue has been little researched but in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00257-00071117-00071388 the case of PRS Brassica it begins as a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00258-00071389-00071599 pale yellow granular secretion
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00259-00071600-00071935 containing acidophilic proteins this is
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00260-00071936-00072160 viscous and darkens when exposed to air
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00261-00072161-00072417 becoming a water insoluble rubbery
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00262-00072418-00072672 material which soon sets solid
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00263-00072673-00072930 butterflies in the genus a Gothamist
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00264-00072931-00073228 their eggs to a leaf instead the newly
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00265-00073229-00073443 laid eggs fall to the base of the plant
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00266-00073444-00073672 eggs are almost invariably laid on
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00267-00073673-00074019 plants each species of butterfly has its
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00268-00074020-00074224 own host plant range and while some
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00269-00074225-00074457 species of butterfly are restricted to
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00270-00074458-00074700 just one species of plant others use a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00271-00074701-00074959 range of plant species often including
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00272-00074960-00075255 members of a common family in some
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00273-00075256-00075487 species such as the great spangled
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00274-00075488-00075732 fritillary the eggs are deposited close
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00275-00075733-00076032 to but not on the food plant this most
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00276-00076033-00076267 likely happens when the egg overwinters
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00277-00076268-00076486 before hatching and where the host plant
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00278-00076487-00076762 loses its leaves in winter as do violets
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00279-00076763-00077013 in this example the egg stage lasts a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00280-00077014-00077256 few weeks in most butterflies but eggs
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00281-00077257-00077491 laid close to winter especially in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00282-00077492-00077716 temperate regions go through a diapause
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00283-00077717-00077992 resting stage and the hatching may take
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00284-00077993-00078306 place only in spring some temperate
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00285-00078307-00078501 region butterflies such as the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00286-00078502-00078665 Camberwell beauty lay there
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00287-00078666-00078832 eggs in the spring and have them hatch
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00288-00078833-00079382 in the summer
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00289-00079383-00079909 topic catapillar larvae
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00290-00079910-00080212 butterfly larvae or caterpillars consume
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00291-00080213-00080443 plant leaves and spend practically all
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00292-00080444-00080641 of their time searching for an eating
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00293-00080642-00080707 food
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00294-00080708-00080932 although most caterpillars are
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00295-00080933-00081190 herbivorous a few species are predators
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00296-00081191-00081421 spell Giuseppe's eats scale insects
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00297-00081422-00081628 while lysine aids such as levira
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00298-00081629-00081865 brazilís armored macaw Ellis eating ant
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00299-00081866-00082234 larvae some larvae especially those of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00300-00082235-00082537 the lysine 84 mutual associations with
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00301-00082538-00082822 ants they communicate with the ants
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00302-00082823-00083044 using vibrations that are transmitted
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00303-00083045-00083224 through the substrate as well as using
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00304-00083225-00083563 chemical signals the ants provides some
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00305-00083564-00083779 degree of protection to these larvae and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00306-00083780-00084042 they in turn gather honeydew secretions
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00307-00084043-00084388 large blue finger Assyrian caterpillars
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00308-00084389-00084604 trick Mir mecha ants into taking them
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00309-00084605-00084814 back to the ant colony where they feed
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00310-00084815-00084991 on the ant eggs and larvae in a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00311-00084992-00085218 parasitic relationship
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00312-00085219-00085461 caterpillars mature through a series of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00313-00085462-00085720 developmental stages known as in stars
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00314-00085721-00085993 near the end of each stage the larva
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00315-00085994-00086233 undergoes a process called a pollicis
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00316-00086234-00086458 mediated by the release of a series of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00317-00086459-00086589 neuro hormones
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00318-00086590-00086887 during this phase the cuticle a tough
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00319-00086888-00087127 outer layer made of a mixture of chitin
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00320-00087128-00087358 and specialized proteins is released
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00321-00087359-00087571 from the softer epidermis beneath and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00322-00087572-00087787 the epidermis begins to form a new
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00323-00087788-00088090 cuticle at the end of each instar the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00324-00088091-00088345 larva moulds the old cuticle splits and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00325-00088346-00088528 the new cuticle expands rapidly
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00326-00088529-00088788 hardening and developing pigment
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00327-00088789-00089038 development of butterfly wing patterns
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00328-00089039-00089355 begins by the last larval in star
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00329-00089356-00089596 caterpillars have short antennae and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00330-00089597-00089875 several simple eyes the mouth parts are
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00331-00089876-00090067 adapted for chewing with powerful
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00332-00090068-00090286 mandibles and a pair of maxilla each
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00333-00090287-00090619 with a segmented palp adjoining these as
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00334-00090620-00090859 the labium hypopharynx which houses a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00335-00090860-00091063 tubular spinneret which is able to
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00336-00091064-00091402 extrude silk caterpillars such as those
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00337-00091403-00091684 in the genus cal pods family Hesperia t
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00338-00091685-00091921 have a specialized tracheal system on
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00339-00091922-00092098 the eighth segment that function as a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00340-00092099-00092398 primitive lung butterfly caterpillars
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00341-00092399-00092620 have three pairs of true legs on the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00342-00092621-00092869 thoracic segments and up to six pairs of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00343-00092870-00093079 prolegs arising from the abdominal
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00344-00093080-00093187 segments
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00345-00093188-00093418 these pro leagues have rings of tiny
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00346-00093419-00093642 hooks called crochets that are engaged
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00347-00093643-00093871 hydrostatically and help the caterpillar
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00348-00093872-00094176 grip the substrate the epidermis bears
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00349-00094177-00094417 Tufts of set a the position and number
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00350-00094418-00094671 of which help in identifying the species
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00351-00094672-00094974 there is also decoration in the form of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00352-00094975-00095259 hares wart like protuberances horn like
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00353-00095260-00095637 protuberances and spines internally most
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00354-00095638-00095860 of the body cavity has taken up by the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00355-00095861-00096091 gut but there may also be large silk
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00356-00096092-00096343 glands and special glands which secrete
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00357-00096344-00096667 distasteful or toxic substances the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00358-00096668-00096880 developing wings are present in later
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00359-00096881-00097113 stage in stars and the gonads start
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00360-00097114-00097751 development in the egg stage
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00361-00097752-00098202 topic Koopa
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00362-00098203-00098487 when the larva is fully grown hormones
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00363-00098488-00098730 such as Pro thoracic Oh tropic hormone
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00364-00098731-00099114 ptth are produced at this point the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00365-00099115-00099429 larva stops feeding and begins wandering
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00366-00099430-00099714 in the quest for a suitable piu patient
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00367-00099715-00099951 site often the underside of a leaf or
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00368-00099952-00100266 other concealed location there it spins
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00369-00100267-00100512 a button of silk which it uses to fasten
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00370-00100513-00100734 its body to the surface and molds for a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00371-00100735-00101067 final time while some caterpillars spin
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00372-00101068-00101280 a cocoon to protect the pupae most
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00373-00101281-00101619 species do not the naked pupae often
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00374-00101620-00101748 known as a chrysalis
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00375-00101749-00101949 usually hangs head down from the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00376-00101950-00102204 cremaster a spiny pad at the posterior
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00377-00102205-00102465 end but in some species a silken girdle
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00378-00102466-00102680 may be spun to keep the pupae in a head
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00379-00102681-00102951 up position most of the tissues and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00380-00102952-00103160 cells of the larvae are broken down
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00381-00103161-00103392 inside the pupae as the Constituent
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00382-00103393-00103713 material as rebuilt into the omega the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00383-00103714-00103947 structure of the transforming insect as
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00384-00103948-00104175 visible from the exterior with the wings
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00385-00104176-00104421 folded flat on the ventral surface and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00386-00104422-00104628 the two halves of the proboscis with the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00387-00104629-00104834 antennae and the legs between them the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00388-00104835-00105042 pupal transformation into a butterfly
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00389-00105043-00105273 through metamorphosis has held great
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00390-00105274-00105594 appeal to mankind to transform from the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00391-00105595-00105831 miniature wings visible on the outside
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00392-00105832-00106085 of the pupa into large structures usable
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00393-00106086-00106344 for flight the pupal wings undergo rapid
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00394-00106345-00106551 mitosis and absorb a great deal of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00395-00106552-00106653 nutrients
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00396-00106654-00106977 if one wing is surgically removed early
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00397-00106978-00107229 on the other three will grow to a larger
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00398-00107230-00107544 size in the pupae the wing forms a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00399-00107545-00107745 structure that becomes compressed from
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00400-00107746-00107984 top to bottom and pleated from proximal
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00401-00107985-00108213 to distal ends as it grows so that it
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00402-00108214-00108434 can rapidly be unfolded to its full
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00403-00108435-00108557 adult size
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00404-00108558-00108822 several boundaries seen in the adult
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00405-00108823-00109038 color pattern are marked by changes in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00406-00109039-00109211 the expression of particular
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00407-00109213-00109938 transcription factors in the early pupa
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00408-00109939-00110385 topic adult
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00409-00110386-00110656 the reproductive stage of the insect as
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00410-00110657-00110958 the winged adult or a Mego the surface
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00411-00110959-00111193 of both butterflies and moths is covered
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00412-00111194-00111414 by scales each of which is an outgrowth
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00413-00111415-00111739 from a single epidermal cell the head is
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00414-00111740-00111964 small and dominated by the two large
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00415-00111965-00112096 compound eyes
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00416-00112097-00112314 these are capable of distinguishing
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00417-00112315-00112618 flower shapes or motion but cannot view
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00418-00112619-00112959 distant objects clearly color perception
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00419-00112960-00113208 as good especially in some species in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00420-00113209-00113514 the blue violet range the antennae are
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00421-00113515-00113719 composed of many segments and have
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00422-00113720-00113797 clubbed tips
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00423-00113798-00114009 unlike moths that have tapering or
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00424-00114010-00114285 feathery antennae the sensory receptors
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00425-00114286-00114540 are concentrated in the tips and can
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00426-00114541-00114898 detect odors taste receptors are located
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00427-00114899-00115126 on the palps and on the feet the mouth
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00428-00115127-00115329 parts are adapted to sucking and the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00429-00115330-00115602 mandibles are usually reduced in size or
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00430-00115603-00115929 absent the first maxilla are elongated
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00431-00115930-00116194 into a tubular proboscis which is curled
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00432-00116195-00116413 up at rest and expanded when needed to
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00433-00116414-00116743 feed the first and second maxilla bear
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00434-00116744-00117018 helps which function as sensory organs
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00435-00117019-00117351 some species have a reduced proboscis or
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00436-00117352-00117574 maxillary palps and do not feed as
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00437-00117575-00117844 adults many Heliconius butterflies also
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00438-00117845-00118120 use their proboscis to feed on pollen in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00439-00118121-00118404 these species only 20% of the amino
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00440-00118405-00118665 acids used in reproduction come from
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00441-00118666-00118866 larval feeding which allow them to
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00442-00118867-00119103 develop more quickly as caterpillars and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00443-00119104-00119334 gives them a longer lifespan of several
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00444-00119335-00119538 months as adults the thorax of the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00445-00119539-00119848 butterfly as devoted to locomotion each
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00446-00119849-00120100 of the three thoracic segments has two
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00447-00120101-00120145 legs
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00448-00120146-00120354 among them phalates the first pair is
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00449-00120355-00120583 reduced and the insects walk on four
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00450-00120583-00120891 legs the second and third segments of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00451-00120892-00121156 the thorax bear the wings the leading
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00452-00121157-00121369 edges of the four wings have thick veins
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00453-00121370-00121566 to strengthen them and the hind wings
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00454-00121567-00121771 are smaller and more rounded and have
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00455-00121772-00122064 fewer stiffening veins the four wings
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00456-00122065-00122241 and hind wings are not hooked together
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00457-00122242-00122508 as they are in moths but are coordinated
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00458-00122509-00122668 by the friction of their overlapping
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00459-00122669-00123009 parts the front two segments have a pair
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00460-00123010-00123181 of spiracles which are used in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00461-00123182-00123459 respiration the abdomen consists of ten
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00462-00123460-00123658 segments and contains the gut and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00463-00123658-00123804 genital organ
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00464-00123805-00124062 the front eight segments have spiracles
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00465-00124063-00124299 and the terminal segment is modified for
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00466-00124300-00124575 reproduction the male has a pair of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00467-00124576-00124800 clasping organs attached to a ring
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00468-00124801-00125020 structure and during copulation a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00469-00125021-00125241 tubular structure as extruded and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00470-00125242-00125516 inserted into the female's vagina a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00471-00125517-00125775 spermatophore is deposited in the female
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00472-00125776-00125995 following which the sperm make their way
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00473-00125996-00126204 to a seminal receptacle where they are
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00474-00126205-00126552 stored for later use in both sexes the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00475-00126553-00126711 genitalia are adorned with various
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00476-00126712-00127045 spines teeth scales and bristles which
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00477-00127046-00127266 act to prevent the butterfly from mating
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00478-00127267-00127536 with an insect of another species after
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00479-00127537-00127791 it emerges from its pupal stage a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00480-00127792-00128049 butterfly cannot fly until the wings are
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00481-00128050-00128379 unfolded a newly emerged butterfly needs
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00482-00128380-00128610 to spend some time inflating its wings
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00483-00128611-00128799 with hemolymph and letting them dry
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00484-00128800-00129019 during which time it is extremely
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00485-00129020-00129653 vulnerable to predators
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00486-00129654-00130154 topic behavior
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00487-00130155-00130424 butterflies feed primarily on nectar
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00488-00130425-00130664 from flowers some also derive
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00489-00130665-00130940 nourishment from pollen tree sap rotting
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00490-00130941-00131213 fruit dung decaying flesh and dissolved
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00491-00131214-00131540 minerals in wet sand or dirt butterflies
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00492-00131541-00131762 are important as pollinators for some
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00493-00131763-00132071 species of plants in general they do not
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00494-00132072-00132323 carry as much pollen load as bees but
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00495-00132324-00132515 they are capable of moving pollen over
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00496-00132516-00132881 greater distances flower constancy has
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00497-00132882-00133091 been observed for at least one species
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00498-00133092-00133367 of butterfly adult butterflies consume
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00499-00133368-00133571 only liquids ingested through the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00500-00133572-00133874 proboscis they sip water from damp
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00501-00133875-00134093 patches for hydration and feed on nectar
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00502-00134094-00134342 from flowers from which they obtain
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00503-00134343-00134585 sugars for energy and sodium and other
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00504-00134586-00134921 minerals vital for reproduction several
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00505-00134922-00135164 species of butterflies need more sodium
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00506-00135165-00135386 than that provided by nectar and are
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00507-00135387-00135584 attracted by sodium in salt
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00508-00135585-00135830 they sometimes land on people attracted
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00509-00135831-00136106 by the salt in human sweat some
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00510-00136107-00136346 butterflies also visit dung rotting
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00511-00136347-00136580 fruit or carcasses to obtain minerals
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00512-00136581-00136937 and nutrients in many species this mud
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00513-00136938-00137159 puddle in behavior as restricted to the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00514-00137160-00137366 males and studies have suggested that
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00515-00137367-00137606 the nutrients collected may be provided
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00516-00137607-00137789 as a nuptial gift along with the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00517-00137790-00138005 spermatophore during mating in Hill
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00518-00138006-00138236 topping males of some species seek
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00519-00138237-00138446 hilltops and ridge tops which they
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00520-00138447-00138776 patrol in search for females since it
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00521-00138777-00139010 usually occurs in species with low
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00522-00139011-00139256 population density it is assumed these
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00523-00139257-00139478 landscape points are used as meeting
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00524-00139479-00139721 places to find mates butterflies use
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00525-00139722-00139940 their antennae to sense the air for wind
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00526-00139941-00140264 and sense the antennae come in various
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00527-00140265-00140498 shapes and colors the hiss periods have
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00528-00140499-00140714 a pointed angle or hook to the antennae
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00529-00140715-00140942 while most other families show knobbed
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00530-00140943-00141266 Antony the antennae are richly covered
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00531-00141267-00141500 with sensory organs known as sin Sallee
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00532-00141501-00141731 a butterfly's sense of taste is
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00533-00141732-00141965 coordinated by chemo receptors on the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00534-00141966-00142259 tarsi or feet which work only on contact
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00535-00142260-00142451 and are used to determine whether an
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00536-00142452-00142649 egg-laying insects offspring will be
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00537-00142650-00142886 able to feed on a leaf before eggs are
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00538-00142887-00143213 laid on it many butterflies use chemical
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00539-00143214-00143477 signals pheromones some have specialized
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00540-00143478-00143549 sense
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00541-00143550-00143792 Gayle's andrew Konya or other structures
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00542-00143793-00144173 kirmada or hair pencils in the dinna d
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00543-00144174-00144425 vision as well developed in butterflies
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00544-00144426-00144656 and most species are sensitive to the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00545-00144657-00144998 ultraviolet spectrum many species show
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00546-00144999-00145280 sexual dimorphism in the patterns of UV
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00547-00145281-00145592 reflective patches color vision may be
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00548-00145593-00145841 widespread but has been demonstrated in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00549-00145842-00146186 only a few species some butterflies have
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00550-00146187-00146423 organs of hearing and some species makes
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00551-00146424-00146777 tributary and clicking sounds many
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00552-00146778-00146975 species of butterfly maintain
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00553-00146976-00147197 territories and actively chase other
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00554-00147198-00147449 species or individuals that may stray
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00555-00147450-00147761 into them some species will bask or
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00556-00147762-00148016 perch on chosen perches the flight
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00557-00148017-00148214 styles of butterflies are often
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00558-00148215-00148415 characteristic and some species have
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00559-00148416-00148745 courtship flight displays butterflies
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00560-00148746-00148979 can only fly when their temperature as
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00561-00148980-00149306 above 27 degrees Celsius 81 degrees
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00562-00149307-00149531 Fahrenheit when it is cool they can
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00563-00149532-00149735 position themselves to expose the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00564-00149736-00149933 underside of the wings to the sunlight
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00565-00149934-00150206 to heat themselves up if their body
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00566-00150207-00150482 temperature reaches 40 degrees Celsius
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00567-00150483-00150740 104 degrees Fahrenheit they can
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00568-00150741-00150947 orientate themselves with the folded
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00569-00150948-00151274 wings edgewise to the Sun basking is an
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00570-00151275-00151481 activity which is more common in the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00571-00151482-00151778 cooler hours of the morning some species
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00572-00151779-00152051 have evolved dark wing basis to help in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00573-00152052-00152219 gathering more heat and this is
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00574-00152220-00152501 especially evident in alpine forms as in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00575-00152502-00152756 many other insects the lift generated by
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00576-00152757-00152927 butterflies as more than can be
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00577-00152928-00153140 accounted for by steady-state non
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00578-00153141-00153494 transitory aerodynamics studies using
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00579-00153495-00153566 Vanessa
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00580-00153567-00153797 Atalanta in a wind tunnel show that they
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00581-00153798-00154034 use a wide variety of aerodynamic
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00582-00154035-00154331 mechanisms to generate force these
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00583-00154332-00154598 include weight capture vortices at the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00584-00154599-00154835 wing edge rotational mechanisms and the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00585-00154836-00155125 Weiss foe clap and fling mechanism
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00586-00155126-00155396 butterflies are able to change from one
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00587-00155397-00156004 mode to another rapidly
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00588-00156005-00156827 topic ecology
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00589-00156828-00157149 topic parasitoids predators and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00590-00157150-00157558 pathogens
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00591-00157559-00157759 butterflies are threatened in their
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00592-00157760-00158020 early stages by parasitoids and in all
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00593-00158021-00158175 stages by predators
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00594-00158176-00158426 diseases and environmental factors
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00595-00158427-00158731 Bracken it and other parasitic wasps lay
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00596-00158732-00158925 their eggs in Lepidoptera and eggs or
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00597-00158926-00159162 larvae and the wasps parasitoid larvae
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00598-00159163-00159421 devour their hosts usually pew paiting
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00599-00159422-00159677 inside or outside the desiccated husk
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00600-00159678-00159997 most wasps are very specific about their
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00601-00159998-00160236 host species and some have been used as
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00602-00160237-00160495 biological controls of pest butterflies
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00603-00160496-00160800 like the large white butterfly when the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00604-00160801-00161023 small cabbage white was accidentally
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00605-00161024-00161238 introduced to new zealand it had no
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00606-00161239-00161581 natural enemies in order to control it
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00607-00161582-00161826 some pupae that had been parasitized by
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00608-00161827-00162133 a Chelsea Deardon and natural control
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00609-00162134-00162448 was thus regained some flies lay their
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00610-00162449-00162675 eggs on the outside of caterpillars and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00611-00162676-00162895 the newly hatched fly larvae bore their
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00612-00162896-00163081 way through the skin and feed in a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00613-00163082-00163287 similar way to the parasitoid wasp
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00614-00163288-00163611 larvae predators of butterflies include
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00615-00163612-00163854 ants spiders wasps and birds
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00616-00163855-00164088 caterpillars are also affected by a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00617-00164089-00164310 range of bacterial viral and fungal
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00618-00164311-00164598 diseases and only a small percentage of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00619-00164599-00164799 the butterfly eggs laid ever reach
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00620-00164800-00165046 adulthood the bacterium bacillus
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00621-00165047-00165348 thuringiensis has been used in sprays to
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00622-00165349-00165525 reduce damage to crops by the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00623-00165526-00165697 caterpillars of the large white
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00624-00165698-00165907 butterfly and the entomo pathogenic
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00625-00165908-00166173 fungus Bavaria boss IANA has proved
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00626-00166174-00166817 effective for the same purpose
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00627-00166818-00167379 topic endangered species
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00628-00167380-00167628 Queen Alexandra's bird wing is the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00629-00167629-00167871 largest butterfly in the world the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00630-00167872-00168105 species is endangered and as one of only
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00631-00168106-00168384 three three insects the other two being
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00632-00168385-00168600 butterflies as well to be listed on
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00633-00168601-00168834 Appendix I of cites making international
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00634-00168835-00169128 trade illegal black grass dart butterfly
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00635-00169129-00169386 OC body stays night Orem is a butterfly
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00636-00169387-00169701 of the family Hesperia T it is endemic
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00637-00169702-00170015 to New South Wales it has a very limited
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00638-00170016-00170663 distribution in the bomb bay area
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00639-00170664-00171151 topic defenses
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00640-00171152-00171373 butterflies protect themselves from
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00641-00171374-00171778 predators by a variety of means chemical
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00642-00171779-00171997 defenses are widespread and are mostly
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00643-00171998-00172261 based on chemicals of plant origin in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00644-00172262-00172603 many cases the plants themselves evolved
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00645-00172604-00172822 these toxic substances as protection
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00646-00172823-00173119 against herbivores butterflies have
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00647-00173120-00173353 evolved mechanisms to sequester these
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00648-00173354-00173587 plan toxins and use them instead in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00649-00173588-00173839 their own defense these defense
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00650-00173840-00174064 mechanisms are effective only if they
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00651-00174065-00174301 are well advertised this has led to the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00652-00174302-00174454 evolution of bright colors in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00653-00174455-00174835 unpalatable butterflies aposematism this
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00654-00174836-00175039 signal is commonly mimicked by other
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00655-00175040-00175338 butterflies usually only females a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00656-00175339-00175858 batesian mimicry tection of that species
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00657-00175859-00176166 opposed emit ISM the common Mormon of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00658-00176167-00176422 India has female morphs which imitate
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00659-00176423-00176674 the unpalatable red bodied swallowtails
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00660-00176675-00176964 the common rose and the crimson rose
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00661-00176965-00177235 mullerian mimicry occurs when aposematic
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00662-00177236-00177490 species evolved to resemble each other
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00663-00177491-00177751 presumably to reduce predator sampling
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00664-00177752-00177988 rates Heliconius butterflies from the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00665-00177989-00178336 Americas are a good example camouflage
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00666-00178337-00178627 is found in many butterflies some like
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00667-00178628-00178840 the oak leaf butterfly and autumn leaf
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00668-00178841-00179151 are remarkable imitations of leaves as
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00669-00179152-00179434 caterpillars many defend themselves by
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00670-00179435-00179650 freezing and appearing like sticks or
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00671-00179651-00179916 branches others have died Matic
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00672-00179917-00180157 behaviors such as rearing up and waving
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00673-00180158-00180340 their front ends which are marked with
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00674-00180341-00180649 eye spots as if they were snakes some
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00675-00180650-00180868 poppy Leonid caterpillars such as the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00676-00180869-00181126 giant Swallowtail papilio Crispin tez
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00677-00181127-00181360 resemble bird droppings so as to be
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00678-00181361-00181636 passed over by predators some
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00679-00181637-00181854 caterpillars have hairs and bristle East
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00680-00181855-00182071 ruptures that provide protection while
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00681-00182072-00182281 others are gregarious and form dense
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00682-00182282-00182616 aggregations some species armored mica
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00683-00182617-00182899 files forming mutualistic associations
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00684-00182900-00183144 with ants and gaining their protection
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00685-00183145-00183439 behavioral defenses include perching and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00686-00183440-00183661 angling the wings to reduce shadow and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00687-00183662-00183985 avoid being conspicuous some female
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00688-00183986-00184225 nymphalidae flies guard their eggs from
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00689-00184226-00184517 parasitoid wasps the lycée nnedi have a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00690-00184518-00184733 all said consisting of ice spots and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00691-00184734-00184985 small tales false antenna to deflect
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00692-00184986-00185207 attack from the more vital head region
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00693-00185208-00185525 these may also cause ambush predators
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00694-00185526-00185738 such as spiders to approach from the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00695-00185739-00185969 wrong end enabling the butterflies to
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00696-00185970-00186293 detect attacks promptly many butterflies
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00697-00186294-00186533 have eye spots on the wings these two
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00698-00186534-00186737 may deflect attacks or may serve to
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00699-00186738-00187028 attract mates auditory defences can also
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00700-00187029-00187232 be used which in the case of the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00701-00187233-00187466 grizzled skipper refers to vibrations
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00702-00187467-00187673 generated by the butterfly upon
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00703-00187674-00187877 expanding its wings in an attempt to
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00704-00187878-00188096 communicate with ant predators many
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00705-00188097-00188354 tropical butterflies have seasonal forms
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00706-00188355-00188651 for dry and wet seasons these are
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00707-00188652-00188903 switched by the hormone Ekta zone the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00708-00188904-00189128 dry season forms are usually more
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00709-00189129-00189323 cryptic perhaps offering better
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00710-00189324-00189592 camouflage when vegetation as scarce
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00711-00189593-00189932 dark colors in wet season forms may help
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00712-00189933-00190190 to absorb solar radiation butterflies
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00713-00190191-00190433 without defences such as toxins or
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00714-00190434-00190625 mimicry protect themselves through a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00715-00190626-00190793 flight that is more bumpy and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00716-00190794-00191060 unpredictable than in other species it
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00717-00191061-00191321 is assumed this behavior makes it more
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00718-00191322-00191522 difficult for predators to catch them
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00719-00191523-00191765 and is caused by the turbulence created
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00720-00191766-00191978 by the small whirlpools formed by the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00721-00191979-00192611 wings during flight
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00722-00192612-00193494 topic in culture
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00723-00193495-00194081 topic in art and literature
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00724-00194082-00194380 butterflies have appeared in art from
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00725-00194381-00194771 3,500 years ago in ancient Egypt in the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00726-00194772-00195050 ancient Mesoamerican city of Teotihuacan
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00727-00195051-00195266 the brilliantly colored image of the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00728-00195267-00195497 butterfly was carved into many temples
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00729-00195498-00195743 buildings jewelry and emblazoned on
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00730-00195744-00196034 incense burners the butterfly was
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00731-00196035-00196238 sometimes depicted with the maw of a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00732-00196239-00196481 Jaguar and some species were considered
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00733-00196482-00196712 to be the reincarnations of the souls of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00734-00196713-00197042 dead warriors the close association of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00735-00197043-00197246 butterflies with fire and warfare
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00736-00197247-00197458 persisted into the Aztec civilization
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00737-00197459-00197738 evidence of similar Jaguar butterfly
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00738-00197739-00197999 images has been found among the zapotec
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00739-00198000-00198251 and Maya civilizations butterflies are
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00740-00198252-00198461 widely used in objects of art and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00741-00198462-00198728 jewelry mounted in frames embedded in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00742-00198729-00198995 resin displayed in bottles laminated in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00743-00198996-00199193 paper and used in some mixed-media
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00744-00199194-00199538 artworks and furnishings the Norwegian
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00745-00199539-00199784 naturalist keelson vet compiled a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00746-00199785-00199970 photographic butterfly alphabet
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00747-00199971-00200201 containing all 26 letters and the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00748-00200202-00200438 numerals 0 to 9 from the wings of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00749-00200439-00200548 butterflies
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00750-00200549-00200822 Sir John Tenniel drew a famous
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00751-00200823-00201011 illustration of Alice meeting a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00752-00201012-00201248 caterpillar for Lewis Carroll's Alice in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00753-00201249-00201698 Wonderland C 1865 the caterpillar is
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00754-00201699-00201920 seated on a toadstool and is smoking a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00755-00201921-00202148 hookah the image can be read as showing
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00756-00202149-00202367 either the four legs of the larva or as
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00757-00202368-00202598 suggesting a face with protruding nose
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00758-00202599-00202937 and chin Eric Carles children's book The
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00759-00202938-00203162 Very Hungry Caterpillar portrays the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00760-00203163-00203381 larva as an extraordinarily hungry
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00761-00203382-00203621 animal while also teaching children how
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00762-00203622-00203816 to count to five and the days of the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00763-00203817-00204053 week one of the most popular and most
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00764-00204054-00204338 often recorded songs by Sweden's 18th
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00765-00204339-00204437 century bard
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00766-00204438-00204806 Karl Michael bellman is erm VIN GAD sins
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00767-00204807-00205144 pajega the butterfly wing does seen in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00768-00205146-00205190 Haga
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00769-00205191-00205403 one of his Fredman songs Madame
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00770-00205404-00205727 Butterfly as a 1904 opera by Giacomo
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00771-00205728-00205985 Puccini about a romantic young Japanese
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00772-00205986-00206219 bride who is deserted by her American
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00773-00206219-00206419 officer husband soon after they are
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00774-00206421-00206716 married it was based on John Luther
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00775-00206717-00207500 Long's short story written in 1898
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00776-00207501-00208130 topic in mythology and folklore
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00777-00208131-00208409 according to Lafcadio Hearn a butterfly
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00778-00208410-00208607 was seen in Japan as the personification
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00779-00208608-00208853 of a person's soul whether they be
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00780-00208854-00209173 living dying or already dead one
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00781-00209175-00209414 Japanese superstition says that if a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00782-00209415-00209617 butterfly enters your guest room and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00783-00209619-00209842 perches behind the bamboo screen the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00784-00209844-00210056 person whom you most loved is coming to
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00785-00210057-00210377 see you large numbers of butterflies are
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00786-00210378-00210673 viewed as bad omens when Tyra Noma
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00787-00210675-00210908 Cecotto was secretly preparing for his
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00788-00210909-00211178 famous revolt there appeared in Kyoto so
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00789-00211179-00211394 vast a swarm of butterflies that the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00790-00211394-00211616 people were frightened thinking the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00791-00211617-00211826 apparition to be a portent of coming
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00792-00211827-00212150 evil deed arose encyclopédie sights
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00793-00212151-00212384 butterflies as a symbol for the soul a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00794-00212385-00212636 Roman sculpture depicts a butterfly
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00795-00212637-00212810 exiting the mouth of a dead man
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00796-00212811-00213044 representing the Roman belief that the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00797-00213044-00213317 soul leaves through the mouth in line
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00798-00213317-00213550 with this the ancient Greek word for
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00799-00213551-00213892 butterfly is psyche psyche which
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00800-00213894-00214300 primarily means soul or mind
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00801-00214301-00214586 according to Mircea Eliade ii some of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00802-00214587-00214823 the Nagas of mana pour claim ancestry
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00803-00214823-00215090 from a butterfly in some cultures
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00804-00215091-00215354 butterflies symbolize rebirth the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00805-00215355-00215519 butterfly as a symbol of being
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00806-00215519-00215690 transgender because of the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00807-00215691-00215876 transformation from caterpillar to
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00808-00215877-00216179 winged adult in the English county of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00809-00216180-00216398 Devon people once hurried to kill the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00810-00216398-00216614 first butterfly of the year to avoid a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00811-00216615-00216923 year of bad luck in the Philippines a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00812-00216923-00217175 lingering black butterfly or moth in the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00813-00217176-00217364 house has taken to mean a death in the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00814-00217365-00217685 family several American states have
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00815-00217686-00218348 chosen an official state butterfly
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00816-00218348-00219030 topic collecting recording and rearing
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00817-00219031-00219267 collecting butterflies was once a
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00818-00219268-00219516 popular hobby it has now largely been
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00819-00219517-00219768 replaced by photography recording and
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00820-00219769-00219993 rearing butterflies for release into the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00821-00219994-00220278 wild the zoological illustrator
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00822-00220279-00220530 Frederick William frohawk succeeded in
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00823-00220531-00220752 rearing all the butterfly species found
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00824-00220753-00221014 in Britain at a rate of four per year to
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00825-00221015-00221239 enable him to draw every stage of each
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00826-00221240-00221553 species he published the results in the
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00827-00221554-00221815 folio sized handbook the natural history
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00828-00221816-00222579 of British butterflies in 1924
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00829-00222580-00222959 topic in technology
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00830-00222960-00223130 you
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00831-00223131-00223388 study of the structural coloration of
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00832-00223389-00223562 the wing scales of swallowtail
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00833-00223563-00223739 butterflies has led to the development
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00834-00223740-00223994 of more efficient light emitting diodes
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00835-00223994-00224246 and as inspiring nanotechnology research
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00836-00224246-00224504 to produce paints that do not use toxic
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00837-00224505-00224708 pigments and the development of new
+TCpRBSRIhrI-00838-00224709-00224957 display technologies
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00000-00000024-00000231 do you want to know what's going on in
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00001-00000231-00000471 the real estate market and our prices
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00002-00000472-00000649 going down what's happening
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00003-00000650-00000759 [Music]
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00004-00000760-00001068 stay tuned
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00005-00001069-00001710 [Music]
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00006-00001711-00001910 welcome to stepping to the valley with
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00007-00001911-00002142 katrina dew at the three-step realty
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00008-00002143-00002350 group in today's episode we're going to
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00009-00002351-00002534 be talking about our tracy monthly
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00010-00002535-00002742 market update in real estate and what's
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00011-00002743-00003102 going on it is currently september 7th
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00012-00003103-00003535 at 8 15 a.m and we have 105 single
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00013-00003536-00003751 family homes for sale on the market
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00014-00003752-00003967 right now the number of homes that we
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00015-00003968-00004254 have is up from previous months so we're
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00016-00004255-00004447 seeing more inventory as you'll hear us
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00017-00004448-00004702 realtors say coming on the market
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00018-00004703-00004827 we have
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00019-00004828-00005215 137 homes pending or homes where sellers
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00020-00005216-00005415 have accepted buyers offers they're in
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00021-00005416-00005551 escrow
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00022-00005552-00005711 remember when you have a lot more
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00023-00005712-00005911 pending than you have active where are
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00024-00005912-00006006 we in
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00025-00006007-00006286 a seller's market yes we are still in a
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00026-00006287-00006431 seller's market we're going to talk more
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00027-00006431-00006598 about that in a little bit
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00028-00006600-00006839 what happened last month in august
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00029-00006840-00007214 last month we sold 96 homes the average
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00030-00007215-00007514 sold price of those 96 homes was
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00031-00007515-00007727 732 000
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00032-00007728-00007942 you know that's actually
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00033-00007943-00008423 down from the previous month 3.95
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00034-00008424-00008742 but if you look at it year over year
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00035-00008743-00008974 it's up 29
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00036-00008975-00009255 from august of 2020.
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00037-00009256-00009583 how about the whole year 2021 as a whole
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00038-00009584-00009759 versus 2020.
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00039-00009760-00010159 we are up 26.88
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00040-00010160-00010278 from
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00041-00010279-00010583 last year 2020 on an average sold price
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00042-00010584-00010710 and we are
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00043-00010711-00010863 we still have one quarter left of the
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00044-00010864-00011071 month of the year right
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00045-00011072-00011142 but
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00046-00011143-00011391 let's go back and look about at the
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00047-00011392-00011631 month over month right because
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00048-00011632-00011927 okay so like i said remember we're down
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00049-00011928-00012151 3.95
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00050-00012152-00012383 from august from the previous month
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00051-00012384-00012606 so what does that mean if you're down
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00052-00012607-00012759 does that mean that we've already
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00053-00012760-00013055 reached the peak of that crazy crazy hot
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00054-00013056-00013238 sellers market we were in
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00055-00013240-00013494 are we adjusting are we normalizing now
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00056-00013495-00013679 maybe we already have adjusted and
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00057-00013680-00013991 normalized so from what i've been seeing
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00058-00013991-00014166 i don't believe that we are in that
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00059-00014168-00014383 crazy crazy hot sellers market anymore i
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00060-00014384-00014551 believe we are in the normal seller's
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00061-00014552-00014822 market but let's not just look at tracy
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00062-00014823-00015030 manteca well manteca
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00063-00015031-00015311 august is up 3.5 percent
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00064-00015312-00015558 lathrop was down point zero nine percent
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00065-00015559-00015943 stockton stockton's up 13.54
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00066-00015944-00016199 now if you think about geographically
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00067-00016200-00016383 people buying homes and tracy are
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00068-00016384-00016543 looking for homes to buy in tracy if
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00069-00016544-00016735 they can't afford tracy they're getting
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00070-00016736-00016919 pushed where
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00071-00016920-00017119 manteca if they can't afford manteca
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00072-00017120-00017367 they're getting pushed where stockton or
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00073-00017368-00017735 even modesto modesto was up 1.34
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00074-00017736-00017886 from the previous month
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00075-00017887-00018127 but what if we go more over the altima
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00076-00018128-00018367 mountain house is down just over half a
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00077-00018368-00018594 percent livermore is down
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00078-00018595-00018783 1.51
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00079-00018784-00019103 fremont is down 4.08
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00080-00019104-00019391 but pleasanton was up 9.7 in dublin up
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00081-00019392-00019647 4.76
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00082-00019648-00019767 so
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00083-00019768-00020071 are we on that cusp are we adjusting or
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00084-00020072-00020263 have we already adjusted to that normal
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00085-00020264-00020430 seller's market based on the
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00086-00020431-00020575 fluctuations and if you look at
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00087-00020576-00020830 geographically of how people get pushed
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00088-00020831-00020975 into different cities because they can't
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00089-00020976-00021158 afford that particular main city they
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00090-00021159-00021335 want to be in anymore you're going to
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00091-00021336-00021486 see that we are
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00092-00021487-00021814 in that cusp of adjusting
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00093-00021815-00022078 for our whole like geographical area but
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00094-00022079-00022207 if we're just looking at tracy because
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00095-00022208-00022367 that's what we're talking about
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00096-00022368-00022558 from everything that i'm seeing both
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00097-00022559-00022911 with my clients my my peers clients
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00098-00022912-00023199 as a listing agent and a buyer's agent i
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00099-00023200-00023471 do believe that we have hit the normal
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00100-00023472-00023694 seller's market now here's another hint
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00101-00023695-00023927 why because we have more people selling
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00102-00023928-00024158 their homes and buying a home contingent
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00103-00024159-00024327 upon being able to sell their home which
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00104-00024328-00024647 we didn't have a few months ago
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00105-00024648-00024855 so if you're thinking about selling your
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00106-00024856-00025014 home
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00107-00025015-00025214 give us a call we would love to help
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00108-00025215-00025463 walk you through how to still get you
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00109-00025464-00025774 absolute top dollar for your home
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00110-00025775-00025927 and in the meantime
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00111-00025927-00026102 we have a new video out for you every
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00112-00026104-00026358 friday subscribe to our youtube channel
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00113-00026360-00026643 see you next friday
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00114-00026644-00027373 [Music]
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00115-00027374-00027518 [Music]
+TCvIFUdJKDI-00116-00027519-00027727 you
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00000-00000587-00000867 hello I'm Greg Sanders sales manager of
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00001-00000868-00001037 Chandler select here in Madison as
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00002-00001038-00001268 summer winds down and we start to head
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00003-00001269-00001467 into fall and winter the first thing on
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00004-00001468-00001710 most people's mind is snow and if you're
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00005-00001711-00001842 going to be driving in that snow you
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00006-00001843-00001992 really need full wheel drive or
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00007-00001993-00002211 all-wheel drive here at Chandler select
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00008-00002212-00002352 we've got a great selection of
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00009-00002353-00002565 four-wheel-drive trucks and SUVs and
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00010-00002566-00002766 something people don't think about are
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00011-00002767-00002967 all wheel drive cars we've got a great
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00012-00002968-00003185 selection of those too so if you're
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00013-00003186-00003347 worried about getting around this winter
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00014-00003348-00003570 in the snow come by Chandler select and
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00015-00003571-00003722 check out our selection of full wheel
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00016-00003723-00003933 drive and all-wheel drive vehicles this
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00017-00003934-00004143 is Chandler select on Madison's hilltop
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00018-00004144-00004374 at 585 East clifty drive in front of
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00019-00004375-00004593 kroger or visit our website at Chandler
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00020-00004594-00004812 select com thanks for checking out our
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00021-00004813-00005292 vehicles and have a great day
+TEMCC1uKoYA-00022-00005293-00005499 you
+TFfJ9qE619E-00000-00001551-00001710 are you alive
+TFfJ9qE619E-00001-00001711-00001910 or just breathing
+TFfJ9qE619E-00002-00001911-00002134 cause i've been living life right like i
+TFfJ9qE619E-00003-00002135-00002588 could just die any minute
+TFjIyXYQ_xM-00000-00000000-00000171 fish looks angry
+TFjIyXYQ_xM-00001-00000172-00000383 [Laughter]
+TFjIyXYQ_xM-00002-00000384-00001075 he is he is look at it look at this face
+TFjIyXYQ_xM-00003-00001076-00001788 [Laughter]
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00000-00000032-00000286 so how can st solutions help you
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00001-00000287-00000519 implement your plc applications in your
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00002-00000520-00000839 factory well let's check out our demo to
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00003-00000840-00000950 find out
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00004-00000951-00001166 it is based on our evaluation board
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00005-00001167-00001399 which lets you connect 12 industrial
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00006-00001400-00001623 input and 12 industrial outputs at the
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00007-00001623-00001934 same time typically industrial plc is
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00008-00001935-00002231 characterized by three things its io
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00009-00002232-00002526 management the connectivity and the user
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00010-00002527-00002767 interface or the hmi
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00011-00002768-00002999 for the purpose of the demo we have on
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00012-00003000-00003254 the top side four commercial industrial
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00013-00003255-00003519 devices connected as inputs and the
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00014-00003520-00003751 other four on the bottom side connected
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00015-00003752-00003959 as industrial outputs
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00016-00003960-00004270 this could be for example a conductor or
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00017-00004271-00004519 a proximity sensor as inputs
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00018-00004520-00004767 and an electro valve or a fan as
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00019-00004768-00005015 industrial output any industrial input
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00020-00005016-00005263 running at 24 volt
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00021-00005264-00005615 or a common 4 to 20 milliamp sensor can
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00022-00005616-00005927 be managed by our clt family of input
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00023-00005928-00006238 current limiters they are very flexible
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00024-00006239-00006542 supporting type one two and three input
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00025-00006543-00006814 characteristics even with self-powered
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00026-00006815-00007046 devices with independent channels
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00027-00007047-00007351 they're on the top right side
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00028-00007352-00007606 they can manage up to eight channels at
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00029-00007608-00007942 the same time endeavor spi interface for
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00030-00007943-00008174 mcu communication
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00031-00008175-00008446 the outputs are managed by two devices
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00032-00008447-00008710 running in industrial operating range
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00033-00008711-00008967 for example here we have our eight
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00034-00008968-00009303 channel iso a2 zero zero aq
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00035-00009304-00009551 a device embedding four kilowatt
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00036-00009552-00009814 galvanic isolation to separate the power
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00037-00009815-00010087 from the logic side which typically
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00038-00010088-00010383 contributes to the operator safety
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00039-00010384-00010599 the interface to the microcontroller is
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00040-00010600-00010855 given once again through spi
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00041-00010856-00011191 and they see as many smart features like
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00042-00011192-00011463 over temperature oil voltage and over
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00043-00011464-00011719 current diagnostics and the selective
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00044-00011720-00011991 law disconnection if some something is
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00045-00011992-00012278 going wrong on a specific channel
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00046-00012279-00012567 the second device is a low side quad
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00047-00012568-00012822 channel capable to manage loads
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00048-00012823-00013094 connected to the ground and it also
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00049-00013095-00013366 embeds similar smart features as the
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00050-00013368-00013511 previous one
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00051-00013512-00013822 the hmi interface is quite intuitive
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00052-00013823-00014047 all inputs and outputs are managed
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00053-00014047-00014247 through the matrix that you see on the
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00054-00014247-00014407 display
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00055-00014408-00014719 for example i can make the input one the
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00056-00014719-00015022 conductor driving the electro valve or
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00057-00015023-00015358 the alarm by doing this setting and so
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00058-00015359-00015630 on whatever combination i want all of
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00059-00015631-00016055 that is developed around our stm32f7
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00060-00016056-00016430 mcu and with our touch gfx software
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00061-00016431-00016694 framework for stm32
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00062-00016695-00016935 for more information please go on our
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00063-00016936-00017207 website st.com
+TGUCmyd3ZB4-00064-00017208-00017531 thank you
+THTNvPr-wIA-00000-00000148-00000854 [Music]
+THTNvPr-wIA-00001-00000855-00001143 russia and china agree over new reality
+THTNvPr-wIA-00002-00001144-00001254 kremlin
+THTNvPr-wIA-00003-00001255-00001462 the so-called golden billion can't
+THTNvPr-wIA-00004-00001463-00001726 dictate terms to other countries anymore
+THTNvPr-wIA-00005-00001727-00001942 dmitry peskov says
+THTNvPr-wIA-00006-00001943-00002199 russia and china share the understanding
+THTNvPr-wIA-00007-00002200-00002415 that even a polar world has become
+THTNvPr-wIA-00008-00002416-00002663 impossible and that a new reality is
+THTNvPr-wIA-00009-00002664-00002950 coming kremlin spokesman dmitry peskov
+THTNvPr-wIA-00010-00002951-00003063 has said
+THTNvPr-wIA-00011-00003064-00003335 we believe in unison with our chinese
+THTNvPr-wIA-00012-00003336-00003559 comrades that the existence of a una
+THTNvPr-wIA-00013-00003560-00003847 polar world is impossible peskov told
+THTNvPr-wIA-00014-00003847-00004127 journalists on tuesday moscow and
+THTNvPr-wIA-00015-00004128-00004399 beijing agree that it's an impossible
+THTNvPr-wIA-00016-00004400-00004631 situation when the so-called golden
+THTNvPr-wIA-00017-00004632-00004847 billion is claiming the right to invent
+THTNvPr-wIA-00018-00004848-00005095 rules in economy in politics and the
+THTNvPr-wIA-00019-00005096-00005302 right to impose its will on other
+THTNvPr-wIA-00020-00005303-00005479 countries he noted
+THTNvPr-wIA-00021-00005480-00005679 in the russian speaking world the term
+THTNvPr-wIA-00022-00005680-00005879 golden billion often refers to the
+THTNvPr-wIA-00023-00005880-00006143 wealthy populations of the us eu and
+THTNvPr-wIA-00024-00006144-00006422 other western nations the foundation of
+THTNvPr-wIA-00025-00006423-00006663 the unipolar system has started to
+THTNvPr-wIA-00026-00006664-00006975 seriously creak and wobble a new reality
+THTNvPr-wIA-00027-00006976-00007198 is emerging the kremlin spokesman
+THTNvPr-wIA-00028-00007200-00007495 pointed out peskov echoed the words of
+THTNvPr-wIA-00029-00007495-00007742 russian president vladimir putin who
+THTNvPr-wIA-00030-00007743-00007959 said in late august that the obsolete
+THTNvPr-wIA-00031-00007959-00008223 una polar model is being superseded by a
+THTNvPr-wIA-00032-00008224-00008463 new world order based on the fundamental
+THTNvPr-wIA-00033-00008464-00008751 principles of justice equality and the
+THTNvPr-wIA-00034-00008752-00008951 recognition of the right of each nation
+THTNvPr-wIA-00035-00008952-00009135 and state to its sovereign path of
+THTNvPr-wIA-00036-00009136-00009255 development
+THTNvPr-wIA-00037-00009256-00009478 according to the russian leader strong
+THTNvPr-wIA-00038-00009479-00009710 political and economic centers acting as
+THTNvPr-wIA-00039-00009711-00009951 a driving force of this irreversible
+THTNvPr-wIA-00040-00009952-00010039 process
+THTNvPr-wIA-00041-00010040-00010246 are being shaped in the asia-pacific
+THTNvPr-wIA-00042-00010247-00010335 region
+THTNvPr-wIA-00043-00010336-00010567 putin and his chinese counterpart xi
+THTNvPr-wIA-00044-00010568-00010783 jinping are expected to hold a meeting
+THTNvPr-wIA-00045-00010784-00010991 later this week on the sidelines of the
+THTNvPr-wIA-00046-00010992-00011287 shanghai cooperation organization sco
+THTNvPr-wIA-00047-00011288-00011487 summit and uzbekistan
+THTNvPr-wIA-00048-00011488-00011735 it's going to be zis first trip outside
+THTNvPr-wIA-00049-00011736-00011999 china since the outbreak of the covet 19
+THTNvPr-wIA-00050-00012000-00012270 pandemic when asked about the upcoming
+THTNvPr-wIA-00051-00012271-00012535 talks on monday white house spokeswoman
+THTNvPr-wIA-00052-00012536-00012791 carrie and jean-pierre reminded that the
+THTNvPr-wIA-00053-00012792-00013071 u.s has made clear our concerns about
+THTNvPr-wIA-00054-00013072-00013286 the depth of china's alignment and ties
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+THTNvPr-wIA-00056-00013559-00013799 war of aggression in ukraine
+THTNvPr-wIA-00057-00013800-00014071 back in june putin and zai described
+THTNvPr-wIA-00058-00014072-00014319 relations between russia and china as
+THTNvPr-wIA-00059-00014319-00014566 being at an unprecedentedly high level
+THTNvPr-wIA-00060-00014568-00014799 and are constantly improving according
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+THTNvPr-wIA-00062-00014936-00015111 beijing refused to join the
+THTNvPr-wIA-00063-00015112-00015311 international sanctions imposed on
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+THTNvPr-wIA-00066-00015695-00015935 instead the two countries boosted
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+THTNvPr-wIA-00068-00016151-00016366 becoming the top supplier of oil to
+THTNvPr-wIA-00069-00016368-00017639 china among other things
+THTNvPr-wIA-00070-00017640-00017848 you
+TL3TecIEdZy-00000-00000000-00000214 healing the impact of childhood abuse as
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+TL3TecIEdZy-00002-00000495-00000709 were physically or sexually abused as a
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+TL3TecIEdZy-00004-00000926-00001150 confused vulnerable and somewhat chaotic
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+TL3TecIEdZy-00009-00002127-00002315 generalized feeling that you are somehow
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+TL3TecIEdZy-00063-00013769-00013940 at this point
+TL3TecIEdZy-00064-00013941-00014144 trauma touch therapy TM can be
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+TL3TecIEdZy-00067-00014532-00014732 relationship with yourself changes as
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+TL3TecIEdZy-00092-00019823-00020003 may experience increased levels of
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+TL56b93Yef4-00000-00000000-00000292 welcome to our web workshop towards
+TL56b93Yef4-00001-00000293-00000569 exemplary course design design process
+TL56b93Yef4-00002-00000570-00000825 and implementation and today our
+TL56b93Yef4-00003-00000826-00001136 presenter yung unit will discuss
+TL56b93Yef4-00004-00001137-00001366 exemplary core design process that they
+TL56b93Yef4-00005-00001367-00001525 adopted in the School of Applied
+TL56b93Yef4-00006-00001526-00001805 leadership but before we begin our
+TL56b93Yef4-00007-00001805-00002072 session let's go with house rules very
+TL56b93Yef4-00008-00002073-00002333 quickly do you participate in our
+TL56b93Yef4-00009-00002334-00002710 interactive discussions you can use chat
+TL56b93Yef4-00010-00002711-00003005 and type your questions and comments in
+TL56b93Yef4-00011-00003006-00003295 the chat box or you could turn on your
+TL56b93Yef4-00012-00003296-00003527 microphones and speak we actually prefer
+TL56b93Yef4-00013-00003528-00003731 you to speak because we love hearing
+TL56b93Yef4-00014-00003732-00004001 your voices in the whole and goal of our
+TL56b93Yef4-00015-00004002-00004354 CSI web web workshops is to create a
+TL56b93Yef4-00016-00004355-00004586 community of practice so if you do have
+TL56b93Yef4-00017-00004587-00004936 a microphone please turn them on and
+TL56b93Yef4-00018-00004937-00005218 then we will be able to hear you but
+TL56b93Yef4-00019-00005219-00005393 then when you're not when you're not
+TL56b93Yef4-00020-00005394-00005675 speaking please keep your mics muted so
+TL56b93Yef4-00021-00005676-00005961 that we don't get that background noise
+TL56b93Yef4-00022-00005962-00006425 if you have any technical difficulties
+TL56b93Yef4-00023-00006426-00006626 you're in this session please type in
+TL56b93Yef4-00024-00006627-00006839 the chat we have several moderators in
+TL56b93Yef4-00025-00006840-00007091 this room and we'll help you get back in
+TL56b93Yef4-00026-00007092-00007453 collaborate and now I would like to
+TL56b93Yef4-00027-00007454-00008012 introduce our presenter Yan Liu Yan is
+TL56b93Yef4-00028-00008013-00008185 an assistant professor in the School of
+TL56b93Yef4-00029-00008186-00008402 Applied leadership and he is also an
+TL56b93Yef4-00030-00008403-00008570 associate program director for the
+TL56b93Yef4-00031-00008571-00008837 master's program in adult education at
+TL56b93Yef4-00032-00008838-00009098 City University of Seattle Young
+TL56b93Yef4-00033-00009099-00009292 received his PhD in international
+TL56b93Yef4-00034-00009293-00009530 relations from the department of
+TL56b93Yef4-00035-00009531-00009739 political science at the University of
+TL56b93Yef4-00036-00009740-00009842 British Columbia
+TL56b93Yef4-00037-00009843-00010196 when Coover Yan is deeply involved in
+TL56b93Yef4-00038-00010197-00010355 scholarship of teaching and learning
+TL56b93Yef4-00039-00010356-00010621 research projects he writes for the
+TL56b93Yef4-00040-00010622-00011033 ivory tower an international relations
+TL56b93Yef4-00041-00011034-00011314 blog and he's also found in member of
+TL56b93Yef4-00042-00011315-00011594 ilk made which is a social network site
+TL56b93Yef4-00043-00011595-00011860 for political science scholars journal
+TL56b93Yef4-00044-00011861-00012083 journalists and practitioners and we
+TL56b93Yef4-00045-00012084-00012401 will also have Whitney Boswell he'll
+TL56b93Yef4-00046-00012402-00012758 pinion was with the session so together
+TL56b93Yef4-00047-00012759-00012965 they will be talking about the design
+TL56b93Yef4-00048-00012966-00013274 process for exemplary courses and
+TL56b93Yef4-00049-00013275-00013332 without
+TL56b93Yef4-00050-00013333-00013574 duyan and whitney please take it away
+TL56b93Yef4-00051-00013575-00013938 good morning everyone I hope you all had
+TL56b93Yef4-00052-00013938-00014271 a restful weekend and you're ready to
+TL56b93Yef4-00053-00014272-00014628 talk exemplar course design process and
+TL56b93Yef4-00054-00014629-00015188 implementation I welcome you to not down
+TL56b93Yef4-00055-00015190-00015426 any questions that you may have anything
+TL56b93Yef4-00056-00015427-00015744 that it's context specific to your to
+TL56b93Yef4-00057-00015744-00016026 the work involved in in relation to
+TL56b93Yef4-00058-00016027-00016413 designing exemplary courses I'm just as
+TL56b93Yef4-00059-00016414-00016688 a way to provide you an overview with
+TL56b93Yef4-00060-00016689-00017076 today's webinar what you will be
+TL56b93Yef4-00061-00017077-00017409 introduced to is a process that we
+TL56b93Yef4-00062-00017410-00017541 implemented in School of Applied
+TL56b93Yef4-00063-00017542-00017712 leadership both in the doctoral and
+TL56b93Yef4-00064-00017713-00018207 master's program and this example we
+TL56b93Yef4-00065-00018208-00018465 need mindfulness based on best practice
+TL56b93Yef4-00066-00018466-00018711 standards research instructional design
+TL56b93Yef4-00067-00018712-00018942 principles that we developed in the
+TL56b93Yef4-00068-00018943-00019290 School of Applied leadership and I want
+TL56b93Yef4-00069-00019291-00019464 to really emphasize that everything that
+TL56b93Yef4-00070-00019465-00019875 we've done is in order to Center and
+TL56b93Yef4-00071-00019876-00020133 promote student learning and success so
+TL56b93Yef4-00072-00020134-00020422 everything we've been thinking about is
+TL56b93Yef4-00073-00020423-00020691 what does this do for our students and
+TL56b93Yef4-00074-00020692-00021087 how can we support a learner and this
+TL56b93Yef4-00075-00021088-00021422 entire example you redesign is also one
+TL56b93Yef4-00076-00021423-00021647 that is understood and delivered for
+TL56b93Yef4-00077-00021648-00021954 continuous quality improvement nothing
+TL56b93Yef4-00078-00021955-00022044 is ever perfect
+TL56b93Yef4-00079-00022045-00022317 no course ever will be but it's about
+TL56b93Yef4-00080-00022318-00022659 being able to implement stay nimble we
+TL56b93Yef4-00081-00022660-00023019 design in any type of program that you
+TL56b93Yef4-00082-00023020-00023522 may work in I hope that term this is the
+TL56b93Yef4-00083-00023523-00023847 anticipation here that this session will
+TL56b93Yef4-00084-00023848-00024050 inform a collaborative iterative and
+TL56b93Yef4-00085-00024051-00024290 peer review process at CityU
+TL56b93Yef4-00086-00024291-00024531 really when it comes to exam the core
+TL56b93Yef4-00087-00024532-00024813 design it's dependent on many actors
+TL56b93Yef4-00088-00024814-00024999 whether it's the subject matter experts
+TL56b93Yef4-00089-00025000-00025344 whether it's the e-learning team and the
+TL56b93Yef4-00090-00025345-00025593 library and others who are involved in
+TL56b93Yef4-00091-00025594-00025875 really creating these types of courses
+TL56b93Yef4-00092-00025876-00026177 so it's very much on this group as a
+TL56b93Yef4-00093-00026178-00026583 team method now
+TL56b93Yef4-00094-00026585-00026881 as I just mentioned at least jot down
+TL56b93Yef4-00095-00026882-00027076 any notes any challenges and
+TL56b93Yef4-00096-00027077-00027250 opportunities for seeing your own
+TL56b93Yef4-00097-00027251-00027430 context as we move through this
+TL56b93Yef4-00098-00027431-00027775 presentation and we'll be able to
+TL56b93Yef4-00099-00027776-00027982 discuss these either at the end but feel
+TL56b93Yef4-00100-00027983-00028356 free to field your questions at any time
+TL56b93Yef4-00101-00028357-00028843 now this first step and that I am the
+TL56b93Yef4-00102-00028844-00029052 talker when I started to here last year
+TL56b93Yef4-00103-00029054-00029514 was a thorough course review and for
+TL56b93Yef4-00104-00029516-00029866 that I research the exemplary standards
+TL56b93Yef4-00105-00029867-00030148 rubrics that are available and they're
+TL56b93Yef4-00106-00030149-00030379 all that I will introduce you to that
+TL56b93Yef4-00107-00030380-00030681 our exemplar standards are based on and
+TL56b93Yef4-00108-00030682-00031002 also research best practices of design
+TL56b93Yef4-00109-00031004-00031258 principles how do you design look and
+TL56b93Yef4-00110-00031258-00031480 feel the consistency within the course
+TL56b93Yef4-00111-00031481-00031891 shell to make them example you in this
+TL56b93Yef4-00112-00031892-00032077 research that led to step two which is
+TL56b93Yef4-00113-00032077-00032368 to report and recommend on my course
+TL56b93Yef4-00114-00032369-00032731 review and which leads to step three and
+TL56b93Yef4-00115-00032732-00033016 that is to build out short term medium
+TL56b93Yef4-00116-00033017-00033343 and long term deliverables different
+TL56b93Yef4-00117-00033344-00033511 courses and programs are different
+TL56b93Yef4-00118-00033512-00033912 stages to thinking about a manageable
+TL56b93Yef4-00119-00033913-00034207 process of implementing those short-term
+TL56b93Yef4-00120-00034208-00034483 changes that you can do and then moving
+TL56b93Yef4-00121-00034484-00034603 into the medium and long term
+TL56b93Yef4-00122-00034604-00034867 deliverables as well so this is the way
+TL56b93Yef4-00123-00034868-00035032 that this presentation is ultimately
+TL56b93Yef4-00124-00035033-00035395 structured following these steps that
+TL56b93Yef4-00125-00035396-00035497 I've just outlined
+TL56b93Yef4-00126-00035498-00035731 now when it comes to the exemplary
+TL56b93Yef4-00127-00035732-00035965 standards there are two industry
+TL56b93Yef4-00128-00035966-00036183 standards that we really based our
+TL56b93Yef4-00129-00036184-00036487 review on and then also filtered into
+TL56b93Yef4-00130-00036488-00036814 the construction and the formulation of
+TL56b93Yef4-00131-00036815-00037111 cityu example a standards and those are
+TL56b93Yef4-00132-00037112-00037308 on the one in the quality matters
+TL56b93Yef4-00133-00037309-00037606 exemplar reviews those are based on
+TL56b93Yef4-00134-00037607-00037861 eight general standards which
+TL56b93Yef4-00135-00037862-00038104 forty-three specific sub standards of
+TL56b93Yef4-00136-00038105-00038485 which 21 are considered essential and in
+TL56b93Yef4-00137-00038486-00038818 the rubrics they're weighted from 0.5 to
+TL56b93Yef4-00138-00038819-00039172 3 points and the other one is the
+TL56b93Yef4-00139-00039173-00039471 blackboard exemplary standard they have
+TL56b93Yef4-00140-00039472-00039742 four major areas 17 sub categories
+TL56b93Yef4-00141-00039743-00039962 numeric scores from exemplary
+TL56b93Yef4-00142-00039963-00040292 non evident feel free to explore those
+TL56b93Yef4-00143-00040293-00040547 those can be found easily online by
+TL56b93Yef4-00144-00040548-00040814 searching you the quality matters of
+TL56b93Yef4-00145-00040815-00041135 blackboard example your rubrics now one
+TL56b93Yef4-00146-00041136-00041333 thing that's very interesting in
+TL56b93Yef4-00147-00041334-00041618 relation to these to industry standards
+TL56b93Yef4-00148-00041619-00041930 it said there's considerable synergy
+TL56b93Yef4-00149-00041931-00042266 between them that is they all focus on
+TL56b93Yef4-00150-00042267-00042458 learning objectives and alignment and
+TL56b93Yef4-00151-00042459-00042752 assessments and they all focus on
+TL56b93Yef4-00152-00042753-00042929 formative and summative assessment they
+TL56b93Yef4-00153-00042930-00043184 all focusing on issues such as Universal
+TL56b93Yef4-00154-00043185-00043556 Design and accessibility however there's
+TL56b93Yef4-00155-00043557-00043679 also some differences
+TL56b93Yef4-00156-00043680-00044003 quality matters is traditional more
+TL56b93Yef4-00157-00044004-00044231 learning theory focused that is it has a
+TL56b93Yef4-00158-00044232-00044486 more pedagogy background and andragogy
+TL56b93Yef4-00159-00044487-00044816 background to what an exemplar course
+TL56b93Yef4-00160-00044817-00045212 looks like while blackboard which is the
+TL56b93Yef4-00161-00045213-00045464 platform itself has a bit more of a
+TL56b93Yef4-00162-00045465-00045701 technology focus so it's focusing a
+TL56b93Yef4-00163-00045702-00045926 little bit more on the wealth that bells
+TL56b93Yef4-00164-00045927-00046160 and whistles if you will of what an
+TL56b93Yef4-00165-00046161-00046406 example a blackboard shell could look
+TL56b93Yef4-00166-00046407-00046742 like again feel free to explore this
+TL56b93Yef4-00167-00046743-00047056 online there are some great examples of
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+TL56b93Yef4-00180-00050544-00050741 also one that Whitney will introduce you
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+TL56b93Yef4-00198-00055470-00056257 need to take it from you so I'm gonna
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+TL56b93Yef4-00426-00121201-00121317 want me to go over the facilitation
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+TL56b93Yef4-00428-00121603-00122043 I think okay thank you Whitney we mixed
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+TL56b93Yef4-00430-00122358-00122607 I walk through this and but the
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+TL56b93Yef4-00452-00128188-00128568 that I wanted to discuss today are first
+TL56b93Yef4-00453-00128569-00128942 one is consistency then content delivery
+TL56b93Yef4-00454-00128943-00129213 learning objectives active learning
+TL56b93Yef4-00455-00129214-00129420 which relates to both the formative and
+TL56b93Yef4-00456-00129421-00129642 summative assessments as well as
+TL56b93Yef4-00457-00129643-00129939 assessments more generally and then the
+TL56b93Yef4-00458-00129940-00130191 last piece student information resources
+TL56b93Yef4-00459-00130192-00130419 and something that Whitney has just
+TL56b93Yef4-00460-00130420-00130701 outlined we now have and fully updated
+TL56b93Yef4-00461-00130702-00131031 and consistent course information and
+TL56b93Yef4-00462-00131032-00131208 resource tab on the left-hand navigation
+TL56b93Yef4-00463-00131209-00131457 bar and all the blackboard course shells
+TL56b93Yef4-00464-00131458-00131616 so that's really something that's
+TL56b93Yef4-00465-00131617-00131940 already been globally implemented across
+TL56b93Yef4-00466-00131941-00132276 sitting you but this actually this is
+TL56b93Yef4-00467-00132277-00132504 how this kind of came about this process
+TL56b93Yef4-00468-00132505-00133008 now when it comes to the first piece one
+TL56b93Yef4-00469-00133009-00133206 of the recommendations I've made is that
+TL56b93Yef4-00470-00133207-00133252 when
+TL56b93Yef4-00471-00133253-00133657 comes to content consistency SP students
+TL56b93Yef4-00472-00133658-00133999 do really recognize good quality in a
+TL56b93Yef4-00473-00134000-00134308 course shell and course design it also
+TL56b93Yef4-00474-00134309-00134530 results in more considered content and
+TL56b93Yef4-00475-00134531-00134785 effective delivery now I don't know how
+TL56b93Yef4-00476-00134786-00135055 many of you read New York Times but the
+TL56b93Yef4-00477-00135056-00135235 New York Times so you get it on a Sunday
+TL56b93Yef4-00478-00135236-00135484 you know where the sports page pages are
+TL56b93Yef4-00479-00135485-00135745 you know where the weather report is you
+TL56b93Yef4-00480-00135746-00135991 know the font and the style of the
+TL56b93Yef4-00481-00135992-00136198 newspaper that is the type of
+TL56b93Yef4-00482-00136199-00136429 consistency that you also want to see in
+TL56b93Yef4-00483-00136430-00136762 a course shell and so in relation to
+TL56b93Yef4-00484-00136763-00137026 that my recommendation was to use what's
+TL56b93Yef4-00485-00137027-00137287 called the rule of three in text design
+TL56b93Yef4-00486-00137288-00137626 and that is you know ASA you know that
+TL56b93Yef4-00487-00137627-00137812 it's not something that's certainly that
+TL56b93Yef4-00488-00137813-00138025 and I know Whitney has something to say
+TL56b93Yef4-00489-00138026-00138415 about that but for us it meant that we
+TL56b93Yef4-00490-00138416-00138649 wanted to justify all the text use only
+TL56b93Yef4-00491-00138650-00139090 Arial have a heading that's a twenty two
+TL56b93Yef4-00492-00139091-00139386 font have the main text at 14 font and
+TL56b93Yef4-00493-00139387-00139681 anything it's decorative is bold in an
+TL56b93Yef4-00494-00139682-00140038 italics and 16 no additional colors
+TL56b93Yef4-00495-00140039-00140410 that's also UDL consideration so
+TL56b93Yef4-00496-00140411-00140686 Universal Design for people who are not
+TL56b93Yef4-00497-00140687-00140925 or have difficulty distinguishing
+TL56b93Yef4-00498-00140926-00141310 various colors but it also really gets
+TL56b93Yef4-00499-00141311-00141553 distracting to a student if they work
+TL56b93Yef4-00500-00141554-00141724 through a course shell and it's yellow
+TL56b93Yef4-00501-00141725-00141901 in there and there's like a bright green
+TL56b93Yef4-00502-00141902-00142258 and a pink maybe so getting rid of
+TL56b93Yef4-00503-00142259-00142606 colors only using black having the same
+TL56b93Yef4-00504-00142607-00142867 type of font throughout the call well
+TL56b93Yef4-00505-00142868-00143077 whether it's in the announcements or in
+TL56b93Yef4-00506-00143078-00143284 the course modules or in the faculty
+TL56b93Yef4-00507-00143285-00143506 information so really you have this
+TL56b93Yef4-00508-00143507-00143872 consistency and this was a medium-term
+TL56b93Yef4-00509-00143873-00144157 deliverable for within the school of
+TL56b93Yef4-00510-00144158-00144391 leadership and it resulted in a style
+TL56b93Yef4-00511-00144392-00144853 guide with which includes a number of
+TL56b93Yef4-00512-00144854-00145159 icons that I've been using from non
+TL56b93Yef4-00513-00145160-00145495 project I encourage all of you to take a
+TL56b93Yef4-00514-00145496-00145828 look at non project is a free website
+TL56b93Yef4-00515-00145829-00146203 where you can download various icons you
+TL56b93Yef4-00516-00146204-00146411 can use in your courses
+TL56b93Yef4-00517-00146412-00146801 and but it also resulted in how to think
+TL56b93Yef4-00518-00146802-00147029 about okay what is the size of pictures
+TL56b93Yef4-00519-00147030-00147215 what is the size of vdeos that are
+TL56b93Yef4-00520-00147216-00147485 embedded in the shell so that they all
+TL56b93Yef4-00521-00147486-00147836 are consistently sized consists embedded
+TL56b93Yef4-00522-00147837-00148079 in the same manner with the same type of
+TL56b93Yef4-00523-00148080-00148235 description with the same type of
+TL56b93Yef4-00524-00148236-00148577 titling and so forth so this was the
+TL56b93Yef4-00525-00148578-00148790 first recommendation related to
+TL56b93Yef4-00526-00148791-00149189 consistency now the second one is
+TL56b93Yef4-00527-00149190-00149552 related to thinking about how to
+TL56b93Yef4-00528-00149553-00149780 actually deliver the content in an in a
+TL56b93Yef4-00529-00149781-00150049 particular course and one of the
+TL56b93Yef4-00530-00150050-00150269 recommendations I made was to make it
+TL56b93Yef4-00531-00150270-00150464 available in both manner but manageable
+TL56b93Yef4-00532-00150465-00150770 logical sequence segments and this is
+TL56b93Yef4-00533-00150771-00150941 now something you find in the examples
+TL56b93Yef4-00534-00150942-00151148 peridot we talked about chunking the
+TL56b93Yef4-00535-00151149-00151448 contact content that is making small
+TL56b93Yef4-00536-00151449-00151643 pieces available through the student
+TL56b93Yef4-00537-00151644-00151984 throughout a module but also that those
+TL56b93Yef4-00538-00151985-00152291 various resources and readings and
+TL56b93Yef4-00539-00152292-00152642 videos work up to various assessments so
+TL56b93Yef4-00540-00152643-00152951 that they're logically consistent and
+TL56b93Yef4-00541-00152952-00153299 what we what what I recommended is
+TL56b93Yef4-00542-00153300-00153590 modules is where the action is so all of
+TL56b93Yef4-00543-00153591-00153788 the courses now in the masses of added
+TL56b93Yef4-00544-00153789-00154103 education and the doctoral program and
+TL56b93Yef4-00545-00154104-00154352 the school of leadership now have
+TL56b93Yef4-00546-00154353-00154661 modules instead of folders folders the
+TL56b93Yef4-00547-00154662-00154892 problem with this is that you end up
+TL56b93Yef4-00548-00154893-00155138 having to dig really deeply into them to
+TL56b93Yef4-00549-00155139-00155393 get to the content once everything is
+TL56b93Yef4-00550-00155394-00155588 organized in a module the student can
+TL56b93Yef4-00551-00155589-00155948 scroll through the course material from
+TL56b93Yef4-00552-00155949-00156149 start to finish it's a lot more
+TL56b93Yef4-00553-00156150-00156629 accessible this way so this kind of
+TL56b93Yef4-00554-00156630-00156815 chunking approach and minimizing the
+TL56b93Yef4-00555-00156816-00157052 tabs and clicks was really was really
+TL56b93Yef4-00556-00157053-00157463 important here and also to actually
+TL56b93Yef4-00557-00157464-00157760 provide within the modules who thinks to
+TL56b93Yef4-00558-00157761-00157970 the discussion boards and other types of
+TL56b93Yef4-00559-00157971-00158168 learning management system into action
+TL56b93Yef4-00560-00158169-00158408 features so instead of students having
+TL56b93Yef4-00561-00158409-00158672 to click out the module outside of the
+TL56b93Yef4-00562-00158673-00158888 module to get to a discussion board to
+TL56b93Yef4-00563-00158889-00159113 get to Vicky or a journal you actually
+TL56b93Yef4-00564-00159114-00159410 link that into the module itself so
+TL56b93Yef4-00565-00159411-00159695 students can easily move through the
+TL56b93Yef4-00566-00159696-00159758 learning
+TL56b93Yef4-00567-00159759-00160076 yes so this was more belong to him
+TL56b93Yef4-00568-00160077-00160315 deliverable in it now within a year in
+TL56b93Yef4-00569-00160316-00160631 and this has been largely achieved in
+TL56b93Yef4-00570-00160632-00160886 terms of restructuring the content in
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+TL56b93Yef4-00572-00161214-00161833 away from the folder approach now
+TL56b93Yef4-00573-00161834-00162131 perhaps the most important piece to any
+TL56b93Yef4-00574-00162132-00162398 exemplary course are the learning
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+TL56b93Yef4-00576-00162777-00162923 as a reminder what is the learning
+TL56b93Yef4-00577-00162924-00163090 objective the learning objective is a
+TL56b93Yef4-00578-00163091-00163351 short statement that answers this one
+TL56b93Yef4-00579-00163352-00163556 big question there that says who does
+TL56b93Yef4-00580-00163557-00163859 what and how well it should be
+TL56b93Yef4-00581-00163860-00164108 student-centered by the end of this
+TL56b93Yef4-00582-00164109-00164420 module students will be able to do and I
+TL56b93Yef4-00583-00164421-00164660 know it sounds repetitive but it's
+TL56b93Yef4-00584-00164661-00164839 really critical that it doesn't say I
+TL56b93Yef4-00585-00164840-00165200 will teach you today so instead of
+TL56b93Yef4-00586-00165201-00165437 making it instructor centered learning
+TL56b93Yef4-00587-00165438-00165584 learning objectives into a
+TL56b93Yef4-00588-00165585-00165911 student-centered formulation is really
+TL56b93Yef4-00589-00165912-00166165 critical and the other piece is that
+TL56b93Yef4-00590-00166166-00166574 it's measurable now that means that you
+TL56b93Yef4-00591-00166575-00166763 want to be specific enough so the
+TL56b93Yef4-00592-00166764-00167026 student actually knows by what means I
+TL56b93Yef4-00593-00167027-00167231 am I going to achieve this learning
+TL56b93Yef4-00594-00167232-00167527 objective so by the end of this learn by
+TL56b93Yef4-00595-00167528-00167687 the end of this module you will be able
+TL56b93Yef4-00596-00167688-00168181 to recognize three aspects of Theory X
+TL56b93Yef4-00597-00168182-00168490 three aspects that's measurable the
+TL56b93Yef4-00598-00168491-00168626 student knows okay there are three
+TL56b93Yef4-00599-00168627-00168884 things I somehow need to figure out here
+TL56b93Yef4-00600-00168885-00169181 so really making making that connection
+TL56b93Yef4-00601-00169182-00169351 in the learning objectives is really
+TL56b93Yef4-00602-00169352-00169670 important another way you can think
+TL56b93Yef4-00603-00169671-00169895 about lateral learning objectives and
+TL56b93Yef4-00604-00169896-00170093 there are many resources available and
+TL56b93Yef4-00605-00170094-00170404 I'm of course happy to provide any
+TL56b93Yef4-00606-00170405-00170629 feedback and suggestions as well is to
+TL56b93Yef4-00607-00170630-00170866 think of a learning objective as an ABC
+TL56b93Yef4-00608-00170867-00171035 the audience the behavior and the
+TL56b93Yef4-00609-00171036-00171248 condition so who's my audience to
+TL56b93Yef4-00610-00171249-00171434 students so what's the behavior that I'm
+TL56b93Yef4-00611-00171435-00171848 we asking the students to exhibit and by
+TL56b93Yef4-00612-00171849-00172124 what condition is this via an exam is
+TL56b93Yef4-00613-00172125-00172451 this wire a short a short discussion
+TL56b93Yef4-00614-00172452-00172816 board by what by what condition is this
+TL56b93Yef4-00615-00172817-00173038 student to achieve is this intended
+TL56b93Yef4-00616-00173039-00173153 behavior
+TL56b93Yef4-00617-00173154-00173528 so the recommendation once again writing
+TL56b93Yef4-00618-00173529-00173741 a Student Center students will be able
+TL56b93Yef4-00619-00173742-00174029 to as specifying the measurement piece
+TL56b93Yef4-00620-00174030-00174194 is really important in making those
+TL56b93Yef4-00621-00174195-00174380 learning objectives a bit more tighter
+TL56b93Yef4-00622-00174381-00174809 on that on that front and the last one
+TL56b93Yef4-00623-00174810-00175046 was to rank all the learning objectives
+TL56b93Yef4-00624-00175047-00175340 according to Bloom's taxonomy so to
+TL56b93Yef4-00625-00175341-00175583 really show the student the progression
+TL56b93Yef4-00626-00175584-00175850 of their learning so if you start with
+TL56b93Yef4-00627-00175851-00176042 the knowledge piece on the bottom of the
+TL56b93Yef4-00628-00176043-00176246 remembering piece then that should be
+TL56b93Yef4-00629-00176247-00176519 the first learning objective it then may
+TL56b93Yef4-00630-00176520-00176708 be followed by an evaluation learning
+TL56b93Yef4-00631-00176709-00177005 objective or one that's that's geared
+TL56b93Yef4-00632-00177006-00177272 towards its synthesis or analysis so
+TL56b93Yef4-00633-00177273-00177491 really real ordering and ranking those
+TL56b93Yef4-00634-00177492-00177889 learning objectives was another
+TL56b93Yef4-00635-00177890-00178196 deliverable here of revising all the
+TL56b93Yef4-00636-00178197-00178646 learning objectives in the courses now
+TL56b93Yef4-00637-00178647-00178817 this is something that I care deeply
+TL56b93Yef4-00638-00178818-00179075 about and this is the active learning
+TL56b93Yef4-00639-00179076-00179264 piece through student to student
+TL56b93Yef4-00640-00179265-00179630 interaction I think the research is
+TL56b93Yef4-00641-00179631-00179939 substantial that we learn by
+TL56b93Yef4-00642-00179940-00180350 collaborating we forget if we are told
+TL56b93Yef4-00643-00180351-00180671 what to think to know so helping
+TL56b93Yef4-00644-00180672-00180863 students working with one another and
+TL56b93Yef4-00645-00180864-00181142 also being a facilitator of learning as
+TL56b93Yef4-00646-00181143-00181424 well as being an instructor and in a
+TL56b93Yef4-00647-00181425-00181709 subject matter expert I think is the
+TL56b93Yef4-00648-00181710-00181952 fine balance that that needs to be
+TL56b93Yef4-00649-00181953-00182153 struck here but there's something we can
+TL56b93Yef4-00650-00182154-00182495 do in the courses themselves to help
+TL56b93Yef4-00651-00182496-00182798 with that and the key piece here is that
+TL56b93Yef4-00652-00182799-00183203 we want to have variation in the type of
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+TL56b93Yef4-00655-00183726-00183989 really motivates the learners motivates
+TL56b93Yef4-00656-00183990-00184205 their curiosity and motivates to
+TL56b93Yef4-00657-00184206-00184430 motivate them to take ownership over the
+TL56b93Yef4-00658-00184431-00184811 learning and really that is also related
+TL56b93Yef4-00659-00184812-00185018 to thinking about the role of the
+TL56b93Yef4-00660-00185019-00185279 instructor earth as both a lecturer and
+TL56b93Yef4-00661-00185280-00185375 a facilitator
+TL56b93Yef4-00662-00185376-00185627 now here the recommendation was to
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+TL56b93Yef4-00665-00186039-00186428 now fatigue alert if you have to write a
+TL56b93Yef4-00666-00186429-00186542 discussion board every
+TL56b93Yef4-00667-00186543-00186872 week on a reading and you do that for
+TL56b93Yef4-00668-00186873-00187280 ten weeks it gets really boring it gets
+TL56b93Yef4-00669-00187281-00187553 boring for the students it gets boring
+TL56b93Yef4-00670-00187554-00187973 for the instructor so about ways you can
+TL56b93Yef4-00671-00187974-00188210 mix it up instead of having ten
+TL56b93Yef4-00672-00188211-00188441 discussion boards can you have a wiki
+TL56b93Yef4-00673-00188442-00188810 entry on weeks mean can you ask them to
+TL56b93Yef4-00674-00188811-00189038 create a short video response instead of
+TL56b93Yef4-00675-00189039-00189314 a discussion board response there are
+TL56b93Yef4-00676-00189315-00189551 there are various ways in which we can
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+TL56b93Yef4-00678-00189873-00190142 boards that have often currently in the
+TL56b93Yef4-00679-00190143-00190463 null core shells students can create all
+TL56b93Yef4-00680-00190464-00190730 sorts of learning materials that help
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+TL56b93Yef4-00683-00191163-00191339 they're that they're familiarizing
+TL56b93Yef4-00684-00191340-00191558 themselves with which includes any type
+TL56b93Yef4-00685-00191559-00191747 of artifact the student generated
+TL56b93Yef4-00686-00191748-00192026 questions having peer review moments
+TL56b93Yef4-00687-00192027-00192382 having mickey's small group work etc and
+TL56b93Yef4-00688-00192383-00192743 one of it said we are now doing in the
+TL56b93Yef4-00689-00192744-00193022 school of leadership is to require at
+TL56b93Yef4-00690-00193023-00193211 least to collaborate sessions to build
+TL56b93Yef4-00691-00193212-00193565 student report and typically they are
+TL56b93Yef4-00692-00193566-00193742 placed in the beginning of the course
+TL56b93Yef4-00693-00193743-00194000 and at the end at the middle or near
+TL56b93Yef4-00694-00194001-00194138 towards the end when students are
+TL56b93Yef4-00695-00194139-00194528 writing their papers affording such a
+TL56b93Yef4-00696-00194529-00194786 space for a collaborate session reeling
+TL56b93Yef4-00697-00194787-00194999 makes a difference because it helps
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+TL56b93Yef4-00699-00195285-00195590 experience a bit more accessible in
+TL56b93Yef4-00700-00195591-00195785 terms of getting to know each other but
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+TL56b93Yef4-00703-00196383-00196586 one here is also a long-term deliverable
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+TL56b93Yef4-00706-00197558-00197936 relatedly to active learning is the
+TL56b93Yef4-00707-00197937-00198215 notion of opportunities for formative
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+TL56b93Yef4-00709-00198588-00198818 earlier those are the type of informal
+TL56b93Yef4-00710-00198819-00199046 non graded assessment strategies that
+TL56b93Yef4-00711-00199047-00199292 help both the students to assess where
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+TL56b93Yef4-00713-00199479-00199718 to be able to understand Emma on the
+TL56b93Yef4-00714-00199719-00199877 right track is there still something
+TL56b93Yef4-00715-00199878-00199925 that I
+TL56b93Yef4-00716-00199926-00200339 need to that I need to figure out in
+TL56b93Yef4-00717-00200340-00200561 terms of deepening my knowledge on a
+TL56b93Yef4-00718-00200562-00200756 certain aspect but it's also really
+TL56b93Yef4-00719-00200757-00200918 important for the lecturer because it
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+TL56b93Yef4-00721-00201291-00201598 individual students are in their own
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+TL56b93Yef4-00723-00201915-00202247 students now when it comes to
+TL56b93Yef4-00724-00202248-00202400 recommendations for formative
+TL56b93Yef4-00725-00202401-00202933 assessments really it it was outed in
+TL56b93Yef4-00726-00202934-00203321 the suggestion to stratify the current
+TL56b93Yef4-00727-00203322-00203615 focus on summative assessments include
+TL56b93Yef4-00728-00203616-00203834 more formal formative assessment
+TL56b93Yef4-00729-00203835-00204059 strategies that would build up to a
+TL56b93Yef4-00730-00204060-00204319 summer summative assessment strategy now
+TL56b93Yef4-00731-00204320-00204667 let's say you have a paper due on week 4
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+TL56b93Yef4-00733-00205155-00205379 include formative assessments would be
+TL56b93Yef4-00734-00205380-00205610 to in a week to ask students to provide
+TL56b93Yef4-00735-00205611-00205877 an outline for the paper they get some
+TL56b93Yef4-00736-00205878-00206228 feedback which is low stake which may or
+TL56b93Yef4-00737-00206229-00206569 may not have a small grade but writing
+TL56b93Yef4-00738-00206571-00206839 the outline in week two and perhaps in
+TL56b93Yef4-00739-00206840-00207250 week 3 or week for identifying some some
+TL56b93Yef4-00740-00207251-00207466 resources that they would like to use in
+TL56b93Yef4-00741-00207467-00207653 that paper those are the type of
+TL56b93Yef4-00742-00207654-00207884 formative assessments that can then lead
+TL56b93Yef4-00743-00207885-00208202 up to that formal paper that is Q in
+TL56b93Yef4-00744-00208203-00208615 week 4 and really here the idea is to
+TL56b93Yef4-00745-00208616-00208877 think about okay what are my summative
+TL56b93Yef4-00746-00208878-00209105 assessments and how can I break them up
+TL56b93Yef4-00747-00209106-00209287 and how can I include those four most
+TL56b93Yef4-00748-00209288-00209528 formative assessment moments earlier on
+TL56b93Yef4-00749-00209529-00210017 in the course now I see that there's a
+TL56b93Yef4-00750-00210017-00210317 couple that's coming flying in here so
+TL56b93Yef4-00751-00210317-00210506 if you don't mind I'll just go through
+TL56b93Yef4-00752-00210507-00210698 their presentation down then we answer
+TL56b93Yef4-00753-00210698-00211342 those at the end of my presentation so
+TL56b93Yef4-00754-00211344-00211498 I'm not going to spend that much time on
+TL56b93Yef4-00755-00211500-00211676 this piece here this is about the schema
+TL56b93Yef4-00756-00211677-00211894 information resource this has already
+TL56b93Yef4-00757-00211896-00212167 been done it's complete this is now on
+TL56b93Yef4-00758-00212169-00212321 all the blackboard course shells if you
+TL56b93Yef4-00759-00212321-00212555 go in there you can see this new and
+TL56b93Yef4-00760-00212556-00212801 updated course information and the one
+TL56b93Yef4-00761-00212802-00213083 note here is you may want to include
+TL56b93Yef4-00762-00213084-00213298 with a specific information on your
+TL56b93Yef4-00763-00213300-00213356 particular
+TL56b93Yef4-00764-00213357-00213667 programs whether its particular policies
+TL56b93Yef4-00765-00213669-00213983 whether its particular expectations that
+TL56b93Yef4-00766-00213984-00214262 you have within your program so review
+TL56b93Yef4-00767-00214263-00214546 that section and see whether there is a
+TL56b93Yef4-00768-00214548-00214835 need for you to add anything that's
+TL56b93Yef4-00769-00214836-00215066 program specific one of the things that
+TL56b93Yef4-00770-00215067-00215279 we for instance did is we created videos
+TL56b93Yef4-00771-00215280-00215465 for all the programs and the kind of
+TL56b93Yef4-00772-00215466-00215657 overall structure to help students
+TL56b93Yef4-00773-00215658-00215909 understand what courses are available
+TL56b93Yef4-00774-00215910-00216185 how they hang together and so that's
+TL56b93Yef4-00775-00216186-00216404 kind of a holla to release was how to
+TL56b93Yef4-00776-00216405-00217121 succeed in the program now as you can
+TL56b93Yef4-00777-00217121-00217442 see here these are just a couple of
+TL56b93Yef4-00778-00217442-00217751 screenshots and then highlight all those
+TL56b93Yef4-00779-00217752-00218071 pieces that I just discussed on the
+TL56b93Yef4-00780-00218073-00218498 left-hand side you can see that we have
+TL56b93Yef4-00781-00218498-00218761 this new consistent look and feel with
+TL56b93Yef4-00782-00218762-00219067 with you with you can see the various
+TL56b93Yef4-00783-00219069-00219371 font sizes but we also included a course
+TL56b93Yef4-00784-00219371-00219646 banner which now exists in all the
+TL56b93Yef4-00785-00219648-00219866 courses and on the right-hand side you
+TL56b93Yef4-00786-00219867-00220112 see inside you see that overview of the
+TL56b93Yef4-00787-00220113-00220436 module page where we are giving students
+TL56b93Yef4-00788-00220437-00220717 a clear overview of the course outcome
+TL56b93Yef4-00789-00220719-00220886 the learning objectives which are
+TL56b93Yef4-00790-00220887-00221246 written in in a student-centered way in
+TL56b93Yef4-00791-00221246-00221576 which are organized by the Bloom's
+TL56b93Yef4-00792-00221577-00221980 taxonomy so demonstrate reflect analyze
+TL56b93Yef4-00793-00221981-00222271 take appraise synthesize so you're kind
+TL56b93Yef4-00794-00222273-00222554 of walking the student through this and
+TL56b93Yef4-00795-00222555-00222788 here's the only exception in terms of
+TL56b93Yef4-00796-00222789-00223169 coloring a due date so when the paper is
+TL56b93Yef4-00797-00223169-00223517 due we include that in red so that that
+TL56b93Yef4-00798-00223517-00223676 kind of just really pops out for
+TL56b93Yef4-00799-00223677-00224012 students this is the new course
+TL56b93Yef4-00800-00224013-00224287 information tab that's how it looks now
+TL56b93Yef4-00801-00224288-00224537 it is here in this program and school
+TL56b93Yef4-00802-00224538-00224726 information area that you may or may not
+TL56b93Yef4-00803-00224727-00224996 want to include any other type of
+TL56b93Yef4-00804-00224996-00225209 information you have that's program
+TL56b93Yef4-00805-00225210-00225871 specific and that concludes my
+TL56b93Yef4-00806-00225873-00226115 presentation so I'm looking forward to
+TL56b93Yef4-00807-00226116-00226369 answering your questions let me have a
+TL56b93Yef4-00808-00226371-00226723 look we're quick one
+TL56b93Yef4-00809-00226723-00227108 scheduled meeting okay question from Liz
+TL56b93Yef4-00810-00227109-00227358 although I love the idea of interactive
+TL56b93Yef4-00811-00227359-00227523 sessions many courses have students
+TL56b93Yef4-00812-00227525-00227794 spread across multiple time zones what
+TL56b93Yef4-00813-00227794-00227923 are your thoughts about requiring
+TL56b93Yef4-00814-00227923-00228112 participation when students might in the
+TL56b93Yef4-00815-00228113-00228355 middle of the night or at work of course
+TL56b93Yef4-00816-00228356-00228519 this is something that you need to
+TL56b93Yef4-00817-00228521-00228796 negotiate with your students make a
+TL56b93Yef4-00818-00228796-00229003 whole lot of sense to my mind the
+TL56b93Yef4-00819-00229004-00229192 schedule collaborate session if you have
+TL56b93Yef4-00820-00229192-00229378 half the student body in a different
+TL56b93Yef4-00821-00229379-00229714 time zone nonetheless I think is really
+TL56b93Yef4-00822-00229715-00229942 useful to schedule them scheduled
+TL56b93Yef4-00823-00229942-00230148 collaborate session you can also record
+TL56b93Yef4-00824-00230150-00230428 them or you can have an opportunity
+TL56b93Yef4-00825-00230429-00230629 where you work with students one-on-one
+TL56b93Yef4-00826-00230630-00230980 in a Skype session if that if that can
+TL56b93Yef4-00827-00230981-00231271 kind of bridge that difficulty with
+TL56b93Yef4-00828-00231271-00231607 arranging a good time but I fully
+TL56b93Yef4-00829-00231608-00231783 understand the difficulty and the
+TL56b93Yef4-00830-00231784-00232041 organizing body
+TL56b93Yef4-00831-00232042-00232516 did that answer your question Liz okay
+TL56b93Yef4-00832-00232517-00232678 but it's definitely something I have
+TL56b93Yef4-00833-00232679-00232987 encountered myself where I had to end up
+TL56b93Yef4-00834-00232988-00233232 doing a couple of Skype calls so with
+TL56b93Yef4-00835-00233233-00233532 students who were not on the on our time
+TL56b93Yef4-00836-00233533-00234035 zone are there any other questions in
+TL56b93Yef4-00837-00234036-00234294 the room from the people were sitting
+TL56b93Yef4-00838-00234294-00234879 where Marge and Kathleen you as well
+TL56b93Yef4-00839-00234880-00235341 thank you okay you're welcome
+TL56b93Yef4-00840-00235342-00235600 when courses are mixed mode rather than
+TL56b93Yef4-00841-00235601-00235864 hundred percent online programs work to
+TL56b93Yef4-00842-00235865-00236148 it except yes Ellen I think wonderful
+TL56b93Yef4-00843-00236150-00236467 question I think regardless of delivery
+TL56b93Yef4-00844-00236467-00236846 modality an example course design goes
+TL56b93Yef4-00845-00236848-00237273 is true for in in classroom as well as
+TL56b93Yef4-00846-00237275-00237585 an online presence of course you're not
+TL56b93Yef4-00847-00237586-00237744 going to have to worry about the font
+TL56b93Yef4-00848-00237746-00237889 size that you're writing on the flip
+TL56b93Yef4-00849-00237890-00238182 chart but again you want to be readable
+TL56b93Yef4-00850-00238183-00238354 you want to make sure that your students
+TL56b93Yef4-00851-00238355-00238513 are getting the same type of information
+TL56b93Yef4-00852-00238514-00238882 and just as an example one of the
+TL56b93Yef4-00853-00238883-00239092 practices that I have always followed is
+TL56b93Yef4-00854-00239092-00239307 at the beginning of each class I'm
+TL56b93Yef4-00855-00239308-00239479 writing up and learning objective for
+TL56b93Yef4-00856-00239480-00239721 this class on the board for students to
+TL56b93Yef4-00857-00239723-00240019 see and that is just something that I
+TL56b93Yef4-00858-00240019-00240094 think is very
+TL56b93Yef4-00859-00240096-00240380 important and so a lot of these
+TL56b93Yef4-00860-00240381-00240551 practices which we're implementing
+TL56b93Yef4-00861-00240552-00240887 online I think are necessarily
+TL56b93Yef4-00862-00240888-00241214 transferable to the to the in-class
+TL56b93Yef4-00863-00241215-00242071 classroom as well I will add that the
+TL56b93Yef4-00864-00242073-00242348 mix mode and incline blackboard shell is
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+TL56b93Yef4-00866-00242485-00242794 necessarily a lot of times the mix mode
+TL56b93Yef4-00867-00242796-00243200 is going to kind of its gonna show that
+TL56b93Yef4-00868-00243201-00243409 you know this week there's not much in
+TL56b93Yef4-00869-00243410-00243623 there because it is in class if there's
+TL56b93Yef4-00870-00243623-00243844 still some structure there but then the
+TL56b93Yef4-00871-00243846-00244190 next week is basically fully like an
+TL56b93Yef4-00872-00244191-00244571 online class that module and that would
+TL56b93Yef4-00873-00244571-00244769 kind of go back and forth because it is
+TL56b93Yef4-00874-00244769-00245078 in class and then online in different
+TL56b93Yef4-00875-00245079-00245419 ways and then the in-person class would
+TL56b93Yef4-00876-00245421-00245692 also necessarily look different but it
+TL56b93Yef4-00877-00245694-00245888 would still have a good structure give
+TL56b93Yef4-00878-00245889-00246101 students what they need to know before
+TL56b93Yef4-00879-00246102-00246385 and after class you know what they need
+TL56b93Yef4-00880-00246386-00246646 to do before class and kind of give them
+TL56b93Yef4-00881-00246646-00247209 that structure and I've chatted with
+TL56b93Yef4-00882-00247210-00247589 Joyce about this and creating a look and
+TL56b93Yef4-00883-00247590-00247841 feel going forward for City U which we
+TL56b93Yef4-00884-00247842-00248173 haven't quite nailed down yet and of
+TL56b93Yef4-00885-00248175-00248359 course fun in class when we want to have
+TL56b93Yef4-00886-00248360-00248617 lessons and they're available but
+TL56b93Yef4-00887-00248617-00248860 overall I just wanted to let all of you
+TL56b93Yef4-00888-00248861-00249109 know that I'm available if you have any
+TL56b93Yef4-00889-00249110-00249371 specific questions or if you just want
+TL56b93Yef4-00890-00249371-00249682 to talk shop and figure this out in your
+TL56b93Yef4-00891-00249683-00250033 various roles and I really appreciate
+TL56b93Yef4-00892-00250034-00250415 you coming on today and I'm going to
+TL56b93Yef4-00893-00250416-00250771 hand it back over to a Catarina Thank
+TL56b93Yef4-00894-00250773-00251023 You Jana and Whitney and thank you
+TL56b93Yef4-00895-00251025-00251201 everyone for your questions and comments
+TL56b93Yef4-00896-00251202-00251573 in the chat and I have very quick a
+TL56b93Yef4-00897-00251573-00251819 couple of very quick announcements we'll
+TL56b93Yef4-00898-00251819-00252050 have one more webinar this quarter and
+TL56b93Yef4-00899-00252051-00252365 as you can see on the slide the topic is
+TL56b93Yef4-00900-00252366-00252684 about videos and recording videos and
+TL56b93Yef4-00901-00252685-00253052 our presenter Joel Domingo will share
+TL56b93Yef4-00902-00253053-00253280 his strategies and he'll talk about how
+TL56b93Yef4-00903-00253281-00253488 he records
+TL56b93Yef4-00904-00253489-00253979 quality videos and as you all know we
+TL56b93Yef4-00905-00253980-00254316 will have our city you faculty develop
+TL56b93Yef4-00906-00254317-00254606 conference in March and this time the
+TL56b93Yef4-00907-00254607-00254909 conference will be fully online we have
+TL56b93Yef4-00908-00254910-00255226 a lot of faculty from all over the u.s.
+TL56b93Yef4-00909-00255227-00255680 in Canada Europe and Asia and this is a
+TL56b93Yef4-00910-00255681-00255888 great opportunity for everyone to
+TL56b93Yef4-00911-00255889-00256398 participate in the conference so that we
+TL56b93Yef4-00912-00256398-00256726 will have two dates on Wednesday March
+TL56b93Yef4-00913-00256727-00257294 21st from 12 to 2 p.m. and on Thursday
+TL56b93Yef4-00914-00257296-00257862 March 22nd in the evening from 6 to 8 so
+TL56b93Yef4-00915-00257863-00258053 again this is a great opportunity for
+TL56b93Yef4-00916-00258054-00258227 everyone living in different time zones
+TL56b93Yef4-00917-00258228-00258650 to participate and both days will be a
+TL56b93Yef4-00918-00258651-00258723 repeat
+TL56b93Yef4-00919-00258723-00259021 so the sessions will be nearly identical
+TL56b93Yef4-00920-00259023-00259421 so if you miss Conference on Wednesday
+TL56b93Yef4-00921-00259423-00259676 you can always attempt on Thursday and
+TL56b93Yef4-00922-00259677-00259992 you will hear the same presentations we
+TL56b93Yef4-00923-00259992-00260187 are currently working on the schedule
+TL56b93Yef4-00924-00260188-00260351 for the conference there will be
+TL56b93Yef4-00925-00260352-00260640 approximately 12 different presentations
+TL56b93Yef4-00926-00260641-00261002 so what lots to choose from and we will
+TL56b93Yef4-00927-00261003-00261175 post the conference on the faculty
+TL56b93Yef4-00928-00261176-00261396 conference schedule on the faculty
+TL56b93Yef4-00929-00261396-00261799 development site along with the link to
+TL56b93Yef4-00930-00261800-00262139 registration link to the conference
+TL56b93Yef4-00931-00262140-00262697 Eventbrite soon sometime mid February
+TL56b93Yef4-00932-00262698-00263183 and that is all for today again Yun and
+TL56b93Yef4-00933-00263184-00263394 Whitney thank you very much for a
+TL56b93Yef4-00934-00263395-00263654 wonderful presentation and thank you
+TL56b93Yef4-00935-00263655-00263930 everyone for coming and for your
+TL56b93Yef4-00936-00263931-00264179 questions
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00000-00000064-00000318 we divide reasoning into two main
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00001-00000319-00000487 categories
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00002-00000488-00000751 the first of which is called deductive
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00003-00000752-00000862 reasoning
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00004-00000863-00001447 now what is deductive reasoning
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00005-00001448-00001695 well we're already familiar with
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00006-00001696-00001975 mathematical reasoning
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00007-00001976-00002326 where we start with a bunch of premises
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00008-00002327-00002495 about numbers
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00009-00002496-00003047 and then we use the rules of algebra
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00010-00003048-00003279 to make conclusions that are also about
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00011-00003279-00003447 numbers
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00012-00003447-00003647 that mathematical reasoning is a
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00013-00003647-00003751 specialized
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00014-00003752-00004215 type of deductive reasoning
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00015-00004216-00004422 in deductive reasoning our premises
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00016-00004423-00004695 include some general rules
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00017-00004696-00004983 and the conclusion is a special case of
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00018-00004984-00005191 one of those general rules or maybe just
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00019-00005192-00005399 a piece of a complex statement that's
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00020-00005400-00005718 included among the premises
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00021-00005719-00006031 so in deductive reasoning
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00022-00006032-00006334 the key way to recognize it is that we
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00023-00006335-00006454 are reasoning
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00024-00006455-00006975 from the general to the specific
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00025-00006976-00007151 in mathematical reasoning then we
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00026-00007152-00007319 usually just fold in the rules of
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00027-00007320-00007567 algebra as some extra premises
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00028-00007568-00007878 that we're not going to mention because
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00029-00007879-00008103 everybody who's doing algebra already
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00030-00008104-00008310 agrees on all of those rules so we don't
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00031-00008311-00008542 need to say it
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00032-00008543-00008807 okay let's see an example of deductive
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00033-00008808-00008991 reasoning that is not an example of
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00034-00008992-00009342 mathematical reasoning
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00035-00009343-00009687 so here's an argument
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00036-00009688-00010087 if it rains on saturday i do the laundry
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00037-00010088-00010527 this saturday it rained therefore
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00038-00010528-00010871 i did the laundry
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00039-00010872-00011214 so the conclusion cued with the word
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00040-00011215-00011438 therefore in this argument
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00041-00011439-00011838 is i did the laundry
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00042-00011839-00012038 and not stated as part of the sentence
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00043-00012039-00012414 but included in the conclusion
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00044-00012415-00012735 i did the laundry this saturday right
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00045-00012736-00012807 that's
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00046-00012808-00013399 implied by the rest of the uh argument
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00047-00013400-00013783 what were the premises well we have this
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00048-00013784-00013838 kind of
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00049-00013840-00014207 complicated premise if it rains on
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00050-00014208-00014551 saturday i do the laundry
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00051-00014552-00014758 so that's kind of a more complicated
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00052-00014759-00015038 statement
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00053-00015040-00015255 and the other premise we have is that in
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00054-00015256-00015566 fact this saturday it did rain
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00055-00015568-00015903 so how do i recognize that this is a
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00056-00015904-00016135 deductive argument
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00057-00016136-00016607 well the first premise here
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00058-00016608-00016919 gives a general rule about what it is
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00059-00016920-00017150 that i do on saturdays
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00060-00017151-00017463 if it rains i do the laundry
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00061-00017464-00017767 and then the conclusion is based on that
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00062-00017768-00017935 general rule
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00063-00017936-00018167 so i have a general rule about what i do
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00064-00018168-00018367 on saturdays
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00065-00018368-00018591 and my conclusion is about what i do on
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00066-00018592-00018822 a specific saturday
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00067-00018823-00019039 so i've reasoned from a general rule i
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00068-00019040-00019503 had a general rule in my premises
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00069-00019504-00019758 to a fact about what i do on a specific
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00070-00019759-00019935 saturday
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00071-00019936-00020127 that's how i recognize this as a
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00072-00020128-00020294 deductive argument
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00073-00020295-00020786 i have a general rule a specific
+TNQWQRPVnY0-00074-00020787-00021087 conclusion
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00000-00000026-00000320 fresh water biology is the scientific
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00001-00000321-00000494 biological study of freshwater
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00002-00000495-00000727 ecosystems and as a branch of limnology
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00003-00000728-00000983 this field seeks to understand the
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00004-00000984-00001141 relationships between living organisms
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00005-00001142-00001408 in their physical environment these
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00006-00001409-00001627 physical environments may include rivers
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00007-00001628-00001918 lakes streams or wetlands this
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00008-00001919-00002114 discipline is also widely used in
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00009-00002115-00002306 industrial processes to make use of
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00010-00002307-00002537 biological processes such as sewage
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00011-00002538-00002809 treatment and water purification water
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00012-00002810-00003056 flow is an essential aspect to species
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00013-00003057-00003247 distribution and influence when and
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00014-00003248-00003406 where species interact in freshwater
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00015-00003407-00003634 environments in the UK the freshwater
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00016-00003635-00003878 Biological Association is based near
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00017-00003879-00004220 windermere in Cumbria freshwater biology
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00018-00004221-00004409 is also being used to study the effects
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00019-00004410-00004601 of climate change and increased human
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00020-00004602-00005141 use
+Tp5O8aXeKU0-00021-00005142-00006197 topic see also limnology marine biology
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00000-00000003-00000248 in politics centrism the center British
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00001-00000249-00000455 Canadian Australian English or the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00002-00000456-00000671 center American Philippine English is a
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00003-00000672-00000911 political outlook or specific position
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00004-00000911-00001115 that involves acceptance or support of a
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00005-00001116-00001300 balance of a degree of social equality
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00006-00001301-00001537 and a degree of social hierarchy while
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00007-00001538-00001723 opposing political changes which would
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00008-00001725-00001951 result in a significant shift of society
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00009-00001952-00002132 either strongly to the left or the right
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00010-00002133-00002366 center left and center-right politics
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00011-00002367-00002588 both involve a general association with
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00012-00002589-00002783 centrism combined with leaning somewhat
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00013-00002784-00002917 to their respective sides of the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00014-00002918-00003206 spectrum various political ideologies
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00015-00003207-00003406 such as Christian democracy can be
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00016-00003407-00003719 classified as centrist topic usage by
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00017-00003720-00003920 political parties by country topic
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00018-00003921-00004109 Australia there have been centrists in
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00019-00004110-00004286 both sides of politics who serve
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00020-00004287-00004466 alongside the various factions within
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00021-00004467-00004651 the liberal and labor parties in
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00022-00004652-00004874 addition there are a number of smaller
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00023-00004875-00005069 groups that have formed in response to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00024-00005070-00005227 the bipartisan system who uphold
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00025-00005228-00005567 centrist ideals South Australian senator
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00026-00005568-00005726 Nick Xenophon had launched his own
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00027-00005727-00005936 centrist political party called the Nick
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00028-00005937-00006256 Xenophon team and XT in 2014 renamed
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00029-00006257-00006553 Center Alliance in 2018 the Palmer
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00030-00006554-00006791 United Party has been suggested as being
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00031-00006792-00006995 a centrist party as well but the party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00032-00006995-00007198 itself does not make such formal claims
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00033-00007200-00007478 of being politically centrist topic
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00034-00007479-00007681 Belgium the traditional centrist party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00035-00007683-00007873 of Flanders was the people's Union which
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00036-00007875-00008087 embraced social liberalism and aimed to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00037-00008088-00008270 represent Dutch speaking Belgians who
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00038-00008271-00008420 felt culturally suppressed by
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00039-00008421-00008498 francophones
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00040-00008499-00008756 the new Flemish alliance is the largest
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00041-00008757-00009053 in since 2009 the only extant successor
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00042-00009054-00009335 of that party it is however primarily
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00043-00009336-00009524 composed of the right wing of the former
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00044-00009525-00009710 people's Union and has adopted a more
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00045-00009711-00009938 liberal conservative ideology in recent
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00046-00009939-00010228 years among french-speaking Belgians the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00047-00010229-00010438 humanist Democratic Center is a center
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00048-00010439-00010606 right or centre party as it is
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00049-00010607-00010802 considerably less conservative than its
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00050-00010803-00011012 Flemish counterpart Christian Democratic
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00051-00011013-00011299 and Flemish another party in the centre
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00052-00011300-00011488 of the political spectrum as the liberal
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00053-00011489-00011744 reformist movement topic Brazil
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00054-00011745-00011974 Brazilian politics have lots of centrist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00055-00011975-00012134 political parties and one of the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00056-00012135-00012323 greatest examples is the Brazilian
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00057-00012324-00012569 Democratic Movement MDB which is the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00058-00012570-00012841 largest political party in Brazil the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00059-00012842-00013085 Brazilian social democracy party is also
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00060-00013086-00013301 another example of centrist party in
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00061-00013302-00013366 Brazilian
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00062-00013368-00013522 politics though it was supported by
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00063-00013523-00013766 right-wing political parties from 2000
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00064-00013766-00014236 to 2006 2010 and 2014 elections topic
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00065-00014237-00014366 Canada throughout modern history
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00066-00014366-00014575 Canadian governments at the federal
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00067-00014576-00014731 level have governed from a moderate
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00068-00014732-00015028 centrist political position Canada has
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00069-00015029-00015214 been dominated by the Liberal Party of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00070-00015215-00015419 Canada who have traditionally positioned
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00071-00015419-00015599 themselves as being more moderate and
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00072-00015600-00015736 centrist than the center-right
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00073-00015737-00015925 Conservative Party of Canada and the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00074-00015926-00016120 more left-wing new democratic party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00075-00016121-00016270 putting them somewhere between the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00076-00016271-00016609 center and centre left in the late 1970s
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00077-00016610-00016796 Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00078-00016797-00016994 claimed that his Liberal Party of Canada
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00079-00016995-00017297 adhered to the radical center far right
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00080-00017298-00017494 and far left politics have never been a
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00081-00017495-00017730 prominent force in Canadian society
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00082-00017731-00018025 topic croatia croatian People's Party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00083-00018026-00018230 Liberal Democrats and People's Party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00084-00018231-00018436 reformists may be considered as centrist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00085-00018437-00018761 parties agrarian Croatian peasant party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00086-00018762-00018950 during last year's became moderate and
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00087-00018951-00019147 centrist having been center-right in the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00088-00019148-00019478 past topic Czech Republic Czech Republic
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00089-00019479-00019700 has two main centrist political parties
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00090-00019701-00019967 liberal ano yes and Christian Democratic
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00091-00019968-00020143 Christian and Democratic Union
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00092-00020144-00020673 Czechoslovak People's Party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00093-00020674-00021152 topic Estonia
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00094-00021153-00021594 topic France
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00095-00021595-00021841 France has a tradition of parties that
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00096-00021842-00022129 call themselves centrist day and the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00097-00022130-00022318 most notable centrist party is la
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00098-00022319-00022507 république and marquis founded by a
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00099-00022508-00022696 manual macron who was elected as
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00100-00022697-00023062 president of france in May 2017 another
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00101-00023063-00023254 party is the democratic movement of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00102-00023255-00023638 Francois bauru founded in 2007 however
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00103-00023639-00023844 the centrist parties often oppose the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00104-00023845-00024052 left-wing parties such as socialists and
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00105-00024053-00024280 left-front it often support the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00106-00024281-00024466 center-right Gollust parties and have
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00107-00024467-00024658 joined several coalition's governed by
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00108-00024659-00024859 presidents Jacques Chirac and Nicolas
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00109-00024860-00025205 Sarkozy
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00110-00025206-00025850 topic Germany centuries miss as a term
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00111-00025851-00026047 only known to experts as it is easily
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00112-00026048-00026306 confused with zentral isthmus centralism
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00113-00026307-00026512 the opposite to decentralisation
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00114-00026513-00026789 federalism so the usual term in german
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00115-00026789-00026983 for the political center centrism is
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00116-00026985-00027212 pala dish midi literally political
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00117-00027213-00027614 middle or political center historically
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00118-00027614-00027818 the german party with the most purely
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00119-00027819-00028025 centrist nature among german parties to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00120-00028026-00028135 have had current or historical
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00121-00028136-00028376 parliamentary representations was most
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00122-00028377-00028556 likely the social Liberal German
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00123-00028557-00028762 Democratic Party of the Weimar Republic
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00124-00028763-00029192 1918 to 1933 there existed during the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00125-00029193-00029414 Weimar Republic and again after the Nazi
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00126-00029414-00029624 period as interim a party of German
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00127-00029625-00029957 Catholics founded in 1870 it was called
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00128-00029958-00030139 centre party not for being a proper
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00129-00030141-00030352 centrist party but because it United
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00130-00030354-00030533 left-wing and right-wing Catholics
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00131-00030533-00030739 because it was the first German party to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00132-00030741-00030938 be a Volks part a catch-all party and
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00133-00030939-00031136 because his elected representatives sat
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00134-00031137-00031301 between the Liberals the left of the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00135-00031302-00031487 time and the Conservatives the right of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00136-00031488-00031745 the time however it was distinctly
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00137-00031745-00031927 right-wing conservative in that it was
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00138-00031929-00032135 not neutral on religious issues such as
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00139-00032136-00032357 on secular education being markedly
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00140-00032358-00032525 against more liberal and modernist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00141-00032526-00032840 positions the main successor of zentrum
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00142-00032841-00033035 after the return of democracy to West
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00143-00033036-00033335 Germany in 1945 the Christian Democratic
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00144-00033336-00033479 Union has throughout its history
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00145-00033480-00033719 alternated between describing itself is
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00146-00033720-00033905 right-wing or centrist and sitting on
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00147-00033906-00034088 the right wing with the free democratic
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00148-00034089-00034271 party in its social liberal moment
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00149-00034272-00034442 sitting at its left in the centre and
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00150-00034443-00034610 themselves sitting at the center with
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00151-00034611-00034850 the FDP in its classical liberal moments
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00152-00034851-00035009 sitting at its right in the right wing
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00153-00035010-00035255 the representatives of the Social
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00154-00035256-00035435 Democratic Party of Germany although
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00155-00035436-00035675 they have since the 1990s many times
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00156-00035676-00035915 referred to themselves as the new middle
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00157-00035916-00036149 under influence of the Third Way of the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00158-00036150-00036332 time feel less at ease in describing
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00159-00036333-00036496 their party as centrist due to their
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00160-00036497-00036824 history and socialist identity Alliance
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00161-00036825-00037130 90 the greens was founded in 1993 as a
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00162-00037131-00037355 merger from the East German alliance 90
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00163-00037356-00037556 a group of centrist transversal 'lest
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00164-00037557-00037739 civil rights activists and the West
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00165-00037740-00038045 German greens the latter was a coalition
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00166-00038046-00038279 of various unorthodox left politicians
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00167-00038280-00038518 and more liberal realists
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00168-00038519-00038788 this Bundestag party also hesitates in
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00169-00038789-00038971 using the term center although it does
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00170-00038972-00039166 distance itself as well from the tag of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00171-00039167-00039349 left which identifies it for the moment
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00172-00039350-00039592 as a transversal is party the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00173-00039593-00039811 transversal estrade raishin of the party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00174-00039812-00040018 in its position in the Bundestag between
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00175-00040019-00040201 the Social Democrats and the Christian
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00176-00040202-00040438 Democrats while the FDP has its seats at
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00177-00040439-00040588 the right of the Christian Democrats
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00178-00040589-00040798 also points somewhat to the Greens being
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00179-00040799-00041086 a more or less centrist party in the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00180-00041087-00041278 state Parliament's of specific German
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00181-00041279-00041452 states there are other specifically
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00182-00041453-00041593 regional parties which could be
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00183-00041594-00041728 identified as centrist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00184-00041729-00042010 the South Schleswig voter federation of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00185-00042011-00042220 the Danish and Frisian minorities in the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00186-00042221-00042388 state of schleswig-holstein has
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00187-00042389-00042589 currently a centrist political position
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00188-00042590-00042757 although in the past the party usually
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00189-00042758-00043006 leaned to the left in the German
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00190-00043007-00043327 presidential elections of 2009 2010 and
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00191-00043328-00043552 2012 it supported the candidates of the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00192-00043553-00043770 Social Democrats and the Greens in
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00193-00043771-00044062 Bavaria the free voters party present at
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00194-00044063-00044242 the state parliament may also be seen as
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00195-00044243-00044625 a centrist party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00196-00044626-00045093 topic Greece
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00197-00045094-00045318 in Greece centrism has its roots to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00198-00045319-00045498 centrist politician and founder of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00199-00045499-00045662 agricultural and labour party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00200-00045663-00046074 Alexandra's poppin astaizu in 1961
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00201-00046075-00046293 Giorgos Papandreou created along with
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00202-00046294-00046497 other political leaders the coalition
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00203-00046498-00046770 party of Centre Union five parties were
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00204-00046771-00046962 merged liberal party progressive
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00205-00046963-00047199 agricultural Democratic Union national
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00206-00047200-00047412 progressive Centre Union popular social
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00207-00047413-00047625 party into one with strong centrist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00208-00047626-00047814 agenda opposed equally to right-wing
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00209-00047815-00048012 party of national radical union and
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00210-00048013-00048207 left-wing party of United Democratic
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00211-00048208-00048495 Left the center union party was the last
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00212-00048496-00048693 Venice illest party to hold power in
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00213-00048694-00048981 Greece the party nominally continued to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00214-00048982-00049296 exist until 1977 after the Hunta it was
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00215-00049297-00049479 known as the center Union new forces
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00216-00049480-00049656 when its successor union of the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00217-00049657-00049943 Democratic Center edik party was created
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00218-00049944-00050193 union of centrists was created by
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00219-00050194-00050457 vassilis Leventis in 1992 under the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00220-00050458-00050735 title union of centrists and ecologists
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00221-00050736-00050976 though the name was changed shortly
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00222-00050977-00051225 after the union of centrists claims to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00223-00051226-00051432 be the ideological continuation of the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00224-00051433-00051720 old party center union the party strives
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00225-00051721-00051975 to become the political continuance of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00226-00051976-00052214 the centrist expression in greece
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00227-00052215-00052430 Leventis aimed to become part of the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00228-00052432-00052608 venice Ellis legacy of some great
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00229-00052609-00052785 politicians of the past such as
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00230-00052786-00052991 Eleftherios Venizelos and George
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00231-00052992-00053295 Papandreou senior however the party's
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00232-00053296-00053502 total influence had been marginal until
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00233-00053503-00053604 2015
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00234-00053604-00053904 with 1.7 9% of the total votes in the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00235-00053904-00054198 Greek legislative election January 2015
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00236-00054199-00054375 being its highest achievement before
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00237-00054376-00054534 finally making its way to the Greek
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00238-00054535-00054917 parliament in September 2015 with 3.4 3%
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00239-00054919-00055083 of the total votes and nine members
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00240-00055084-00055404 elected
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00241-00055405-00055865 topic India
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00242-00055866-00056144 in India actor turned politician Kamal
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00243-00056145-00056357 Haasan has launched a party named makkal
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00244-00056358-00056554 needy Maya meaning people's center for
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00245-00056555-00056804 justice he claims that the party's
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00246-00056804-00056992 ideology is centrism as the name
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00247-00056994-00057179 suggests and looks to focus on the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00248-00057179-00057452 politics of the state Tamil Nadu as a
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00249-00057453-00057686 self-proclaimed rationalist he claims to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00250-00057687-00057911 usher in a scientific rational centrist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00251-00057912-00058082 outlook to seek analyze and solve
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00252-00058083-00058295 various issues instead of falling for
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00253-00058296-00058499 the binary polarizing political trap
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00254-00058500-00058685 which the right wing and left wing tend
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00255-00058686-00058990 to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00256-00058991-00059464 topic Ireland
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00257-00059465-00059728 in the Republic of Ireland both two main
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00258-00059729-00059935 political parties Fianna fáil and Fine
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00259-00059936-00060157 Gael claim the political center ground
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00260-00060158-00060349 but seem to lean to the center-right and
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00261-00060350-00060496 be mostly made up of center-right
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00262-00060497-00060745 members the two parties have shared
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00263-00060746-00060949 broadly similar policies in the past
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00264-00060950-00061120 with their primary division being
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00265-00061121-00061291 perceived as being steeped in Irish
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00266-00061291-00061600 Civil War politics Fine Gael is aligned
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00267-00061601-00061783 to Christian Democratic parties in
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00268-00061784-00061936 Europe via its membership of the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00269-00061937-00062152 European People's Party and is described
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00270-00062153-00062338 internationally as center-right by the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00271-00062339-00062425 likes of Reuters
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00272-00062426-00062722 the consensus and analysis seems to be
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00273-00062723-00062926 that Fianna fáil is mostly centrist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00274-00062927-00063148 expanding to the center-right space and
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00275-00063149-00063349 that Fine Gael is mostly centre rightist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00276-00063350-00063838 expanding also to the centre space
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00277-00063839-00064322 topic Netherlands
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00278-00064323-00064571 in the Netherlands for moderate centrist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00279-00064572-00064733 to center-right parties have sent
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00280-00064734-00064916 members into the third ruta cabinet
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00281-00064916-00065222 since 2017 from them the Christian
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00282-00065223-00065483 Democratic appeal CDA and the people's
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00283-00065484-00065774 party for freedom and democracy VVD tend
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00284-00065775-00065951 to be center-right whilst the social
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00285-00065952-00066275 Liberal Democrat 66 d66 are more
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00286-00066276-00066545 centrist the Protestant Christian Union
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00287-00066546-00066770 as a small Christian Democratic Party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00288-00066771-00066980 that has transversal is positions less
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00289-00066981-00067195 typical in European centrist parties
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00290-00067196-00067469 whilst it is left-leaning on issues such
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00291-00067470-00067649 as immigration welfare in the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00292-00067650-00067844 environment it is more conservative on
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00293-00067845-00068033 social issues such as drugs in
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00294-00068034-00068297 euthanasia they have participated in
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00295-00068298-00068453 several coalition's due to their
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00296-00068454-00068753 moderate centrist politics livable
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00297-00068754-00068942 Netherlands was originally a centrist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00298-00068943-00069140 political movement of local grassroot
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00299-00069141-00069344 parties with an anti-establishment touch
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00300-00069345-00069725 similar to early d66 however the party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00301-00069726-00069980 entered in 2002 national parliament with
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00302-00069981-00070187 a right-wing populist program based on
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00303-00070188-00070376 security and immigration as the major
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00304-00070377-00070637 issues in the 1980s and 90s there were
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00305-00070638-00070970 two self-described centre parties the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00306-00070971-00071156 centre party and the centre Democrats
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00307-00071157-00071333 who at some point were represented in
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00308-00071334-00071417 Dutch parliament
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00309-00071418-00071672 however these parties were considered as
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00310-00071673-00071843 far-right in the case of the centre
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00311-00071844-00072059 Democrats or even extreme right in the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00312-00072060-00072215 case of the centre party in their
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00313-00072216-00072458 opinion about foreign immigration both
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00314-00072459-00072719 parties denied being racist or extremist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00315-00072720-00072950 in character the party slogan of the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00316-00072951-00073307 centre party was ni et rekts and iet
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00317-00073308-00073688 links neither rightist nor leftist and
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00318-00073689-00073892 in some respect could be seen as a
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00319-00073893-00074066 centrist or more correctly third
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00320-00074067-00074279 position party since it borrowed ideas
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00321-00074280-00074471 from the political far-right a tough
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00322-00074472-00074654 stand on immigration combined with
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00323-00074655-00074813 typical racial prejudice and the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00324-00074814-00075035 political left mixed economy green
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00325-00075036-00075311 politics however both of these two
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00326-00075312-00075500 parties didn't really have a coherent
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00327-00075501-00075716 ideology they were basically one issue
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00328-00075717-00075899 parties focused on what they perceived
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00329-00075900-00076100 as mass immigration from non European
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00330-00076101-00076433 countries
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00331-00076434-00076956 topic Nordic countries
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00332-00076957-00077178 in most of the Nordic countries there
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00333-00077179-00077454 are Nordic agrarian parties these share
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00334-00077455-00077649 in addition to the centrist position on
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00335-00077650-00077859 the socio-economic left/right scale a
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00336-00077860-00078222 clear separate ideology this position is
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00337-00078223-00078387 centered on decentralisation a
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00338-00078388-00078555 commitment to small business and
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00339-00078556-00078834 environmental protection centrists have
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00340-00078835-00078987 aligned themselves with the liberal
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00341-00078988-00079173 international and European Liberal
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00342-00079174-00079467 Democrat and Reform Party historically
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00343-00079468-00079641 all of these parties were farmers
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00344-00079642-00079826 parties committed to maintaining rural
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00345-00079827-00080180 life in the 1960s these parties broaden
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00346-00080181-00080351 their scope to include non farmer
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00347-00080352-00080517 related issues and renamed themselves
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00348-00080518-00080807 centre party neither the centre
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00349-00080808-00080957 Democrats a now-defunct
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00350-00080958-00081174 centrist political party nor the liberal
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00351-00081175-00081393 Alliance a political party founded as a
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00352-00081394-00081612 centrist social Liberal Party but that
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00353-00081613-00081830 now is a classical liberal party both of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00354-00081831-00081990 Denmark are rooted in centrist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00355-00081991-00082397 agrarianism
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00356-00082398-00082827 topic Pakistan
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00357-00082828-00083182 Pakistan tehreek-e-insaf PTI founded by
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00358-00083183-00083383 Imran Khan claims to be a centrist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00359-00083384-00083644 political party following the general
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00360-00083645-00083803 election of 2013
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00361-00083804-00083989 PTI emerged as the second largest
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00362-00083990-00084241 political party in Pakistan by number of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00363-00084242-00084493 votes in July 2018
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00364-00084494-00084727 it won the general elections of Pakistan
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00365-00084728-00084976 and Imran Khan its chairman became Prime
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00366-00084977-00085307 Minister
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00367-00085308-00085859 topic Palestinian Authority
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00368-00085860-00086093 the third way as a small centrist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00369-00086094-00086306 Palestinian political party active in
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00370-00086307-00086639 Palestinian politics founded on the 16th
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00371-00086640-00086891 of December 2005 the party is led by
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00372-00086892-00087242 Salam Fayyad and Hainan Ashrawi in the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00373-00087243-00087584 January 2006 PLC elections it received
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00374-00087585-00087836 2.4 one percent of the popular vote and
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00375-00087837-00088208 1/2 of the council's 132 seats the party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00376-00088209-00088454 presents itself as an alternative to the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00377-00088455-00088933 two-party system of Hamas and Fatah
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00378-00088934-00089373 topic Poland
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00379-00089374-00089776 Civic Platform pio ruling in 2007 to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00380-00089777-00089875 2015
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00381-00089876-00090136 began in 2001 as a liberal conservative
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00382-00090137-00090325 party but later under the leadership of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00383-00090326-00090541 Donald Tusk turned into typical centrist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00384-00090542-00090730 in order to attract left leading liberal
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00385-00090731-00091033 voters depending on the context it is
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00386-00091034-00091231 described as either Christian Democratic
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00387-00091232-00091429 it is a member of European People's
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00388-00091430-00091675 Party conservative liberal or social
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00389-00091676-00091966 it's pragmatism technocracy and lack of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00390-00091967-00092128 ideology have been nevertheless
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00391-00092129-00092359 criticized and currently under the new
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00392-00092360-00092578 leader Jo Stena it is returning to the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00393-00092579-00092875 right other political groups like Polish
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00394-00092876-00093133 People's Party PSL may be described as
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00395-00093134-00093367 centrist - in Poland national moral
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00396-00093368-00093577 right-wing law and justice as social
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00397-00093578-00093772 conservative usually at the same time
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00398-00093773-00093991 economical left in favor protectionism
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00399-00093992-00094344 policies
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00400-00094345-00094843 topic South Korea
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00401-00094844-00095047 there are barren Marais party Democratic
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00402-00095048-00095326 peace party and evergreen Korea party in
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00403-00095327-00095473 the centrist political parties
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00404-00095474-00095696 advocating centrism in South Korea
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00405-00095697-00095869 though these parties are dissidents from
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00406-00095870-00096061 the two mainstream parties the Liberal
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00407-00096062-00096187 Democratic Party and conservative
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00408-00096188-00096559 Liberty Korea party the beroun party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00409-00096560-00096890 insists on centrist conservatism and is
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00410-00096891-00097222 close to liberal conservatism Democratic
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00411-00097223-00097415 Party does not have the insist centrism
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00412-00097416-00097726 ideology it implies an ideology similar
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00413-00097727-00097922 to the social liberalism that the u.s.
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00414-00097923-00098209 Democratic Party is proposing however
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00415-00098210-00098416 compared to the u.s. Democrats the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00416-00098417-00098603 Democratic Party is progressive on
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00417-00098604-00098809 economic justice but conservative on
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00418-00098810-00099180 social issues
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00419-00099181-00099645 topic Spain
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00420-00099646-00099885 the only National Party that defends
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00421-00099886-00100104 itself as a centrist party as citizens
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00422-00100105-00100284 whose platform has been increasingly
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00423-00100285-00100473 perceived as right-wing by the Spanish
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00424-00100474-00100607 citizens as the Centro de
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00425-00100608-00100838 investigaciones sociological surveys
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00426-00100839-00101157 show in April 20 18 ciudadano is
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00427-00101158-00101454 obtained a 677 when ranging political
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00428-00101455-00101643 parties from 1 to 10 where 1 was
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00429-00101644-00101850 farthest left and 10 its equivalent in
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00430-00101851-00102096 the right it first entered the cortes
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00431-00102097-00102506 generales in 2015 in Catalonia where the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00432-00102507-00102741 party was born many people even consider
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00433-00102742-00102915 it as an extreme right-wing party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00434-00102916-00103164 considering its fierce opposition to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00435-00103165-00103460 nationalism not even the media agree on
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00436-00103461-00103658 its place in several newspapers from
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00437-00103659-00103863 different ideologies manifest that
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00438-00103864-00104033 citizens as either left or right
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00439-00104034-00104204 depending on their political line
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00440-00104205-00104480 regardless of subjective opinions the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00441-00104481-00104705 truth is that ciudadano has always tried
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00442-00104706-00104868 to reach agreements with the National
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00443-00104869-00105078 Party which according to several opinion
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00444-00105079-00105311 polls Spanish voters most traditionally
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00445-00105313-00105461 considered to be the closest to the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00446-00105463-00105734 center union progress in democracy you
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00447-00105735-00106079 PYD this popular perception was pointed
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00448-00106080-00106326 out by you PYD which positions itself
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00449-00106327-00106557 simultaneously on the political center
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00450-00106558-00106758 and cross sectional ISM thus embracing
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00451-00106758-00106983 ideas across the political spectrum you
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00452-00106983-00107216 PYD has lost a great deal of its voters
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00453-00107217-00107429 Takeda da knows the latter counting with
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00454-00107430-00107640 32 representatives in the Spanish
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00455-00107641-00107907 Congress in the last election electors
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00456-00107908-00108081 also consider a centrists the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00457-00108082-00108273 convergence and union coalition from
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00458-00108274-00108471 Catalonia and the Basque Nationalist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00459-00108472-00108641 Party from the Spanish Basque Country
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00460-00108642-00108843 although these two usually consider
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00461-00108844-00109352 themselves as right centrist parties
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00462-00109353-00109800 topic Switzerland
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00463-00109801-00110046 in Switzerland the political center in
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00464-00110047-00110283 German de MIDI in French bless centre
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00465-00110283-00110528 Italian Hill Centro is traditionally
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00466-00110529-00110751 occupied by the so-called bourgeois
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00467-00110752-00111090 parties FDP the Liberals center-right
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00468-00111091-00111308 the Christian Democratic People's Party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00469-00111309-00111471 center-to-center right and the much
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00470-00111472-00111678 smaller evangelical People's Party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00471-00111679-00111969 center-to-center left recently some new
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00472-00111970-00112136 parties were founded who claimed to be
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00473-00112138-00112299 part of the political center the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00474-00112300-00112470 conservative Democratic Party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00475-00112471-00112665 center-to-center right a split from the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00476-00112666-00112896 right-wing populist Swiss People's Party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00477-00112897-00113094 as a self-styled center party and is
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00478-00113095-00113277 widely conceived to be a party of the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00479-00113278-00113483 political center as is shown in a recent
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00480-00113484-00113697 study and the Green Liberal Party Center
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00481-00113698-00114006 a split from the leftist Green Party the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00482-00114007-00114233 Social Democratic Party is considered to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00483-00114234-00114390 be more to the left than to the centre
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00484-00114391-00114576 in Switzerland the centrist parties tend
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00485-00114577-00114753 to cooperate closely in Canton
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00486-00114754-00115217 Parliament's and municipal councils
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00487-00115218-00115728 topic united kingdom
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00488-00115729-00116052 in the 1970s the traditionally socialist
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00489-00116053-00116220 Labour Party moved further to the left
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00490-00116221-00116448 causing discomfort to MPs who saw
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00491-00116449-00116628 themselves as belonging to the party's
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00492-00116629-00116955 social democratic tendency on the 25th
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00493-00116956-00117255 of January 1981 leading figures from the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00494-00117256-00117489 Labour Party Roy Jenkins David Owen
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00495-00117490-00117717 Shirley Williams and Bill Rogers known
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00496-00117718-00117905 collectively as the Gang of Four
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00497-00117906-00118136 launched the Council for social
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00498-00118138-00118356 democracy which later became the Social
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00499-00118357-00118518 Democratic Party in March after
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00500-00118519-00118725 outlining their policies in what became
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00501-00118726-00118985 known as the Limehouse declaration the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00502-00118986-00119277 Gang of Four were centrists who had
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00503-00119278-00119457 defected from the Labour Party due to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00504-00119458-00119616 what they perceived to be the influence
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00505-00119617-00119820 of the militant tendency in the hard
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00506-00119821-00120096 left within the party after waning
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00507-00120097-00120351 electoral success the SDP merged with
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00508-00120352-00120606 the Liberal Party in 1988 to create the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00509-00120607-00120900 centrist Liberal Democrats in the late
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00510-00120901-00121143 1990s labour under the leadership of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00511-00121144-00121323 Tony Blair began to move towards a
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00512-00121324-00121524 centrist third way policy platform
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00513-00121525-00121788 creating the new labor movement the new
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00514-00121789-00121980 New Labour era is seen as ending when
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00515-00121981-00122190 Blair's successor Gordon Brown lost the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00516-00122191-00122386 2010 election to the Conservatives
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00517-00122388-00122688 Brown's successor as leader Ed Miliband
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00518-00122689-00122904 moved the party slightly to the left of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00519-00122905-00123201 New Labour era position Miliband set out
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00520-00123202-00123444 his stall to redefine the political
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00521-00123445-00123705 Center with pundits declaring New Labour
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00522-00123706-00124029 dead the blue labour movement launched
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00523-00124030-00124266 in 2009 attempted to cultivate a new
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00524-00124267-00124452 path for labour centrism that would
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00525-00124453-00124596 appeal to socially conservative
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00526-00124597-00124808 working-class periods and was a mild
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00527-00124809-00125001 influence on labor during Miliband's
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00528-00125002-00125244 tenure the party later moved decisively
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00529-00125245-00125493 to the left when the socialist Jeremy
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00530-00125494-00125786 Corbyn became leader in 2015 as a result
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00531-00125788-00125973 of the introduction of a one member one
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00532-00125974-00126129 vote system under Miliband
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00533-00126130-00126489 in March 2011 Nick Clegg the then leader
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00534-00126490-00126683 of the Liberal Democrats and Deputy
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00535-00126684-00126833 Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00536-00126834-00127056 stated that he believed that his party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00537-00127057-00127203 belonged to the radical center
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00538-00127204-00127422 mentioning John Maynard Keynes William
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00539-00127423-00127653 Beveridge Joe Griffin David Lloyd George
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00540-00127654-00127872 and John Stuart Mill as examples of the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00541-00127873-00128064 radical center that preceded the Liberal
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00542-00128065-00128382 Democrats establishment in 1988 he
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00543-00128383-00128607 pointed to liberalism as an ideology of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00544-00128608-00128783 people and described the political
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00545-00128784-00128973 spectrum and his party's position as
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00546-00128974-00129071 follows
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00547-00129072-00129340 the left an obsession with the state for
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00548-00129341-00129593 the right a worship of the market but as
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00549-00129594-00129804 liberals we place our faith in people
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00550-00129805-00130084 people with power and opportunity in
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00551-00130085-00130159 their hands
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00552-00130160-00130394 our opponents tried to divide us with
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00553-00130395-00130618 their outdated labels of left and right
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00554-00130619-00130864 but we are not on the left and we are
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00555-00130865-00131156 not on the right we have our own label
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00556-00131157-00131414 liberal we are liberals and we own the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00557-00131415-00131618 freehold to the center ground of British
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00558-00131619-00131989 politics our politics is the politics of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00559-00131990-00132240 the radical Center
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00560-00132241-00132519 in the 2000s David Cameron also moved
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00561-00132520-00132687 the Conservative Party towards the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00562-00132688-00132897 center allowing his party to be elected
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00563-00132898-00133083 in 2010 in a coalition with the Liberal
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00564-00133084-00133428 Democrats in the 2015 election the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00565-00133429-00133620 Conservatives gained a majority and the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00566-00133621-00133797 Liberal Democrats lost most of their
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00567-00133798-00134049 seats they regained a small number of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00568-00134050-00134264 seats in the 2017 election
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00569-00134265-00134532 Cameron's successor Theresa May used
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00570-00134533-00134736 left-wing rhetoric on her appointment as
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00571-00134737-00134925 Prime Minister stating her wish to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00572-00134926-00135141 tackle social inequality and adopted
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00573-00135142-00135339 some of Idi Miliband's policies for
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00574-00135340-00135560 example on regulating energy companies
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00575-00135561-00135930 however the party's 2017 manifesto was
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00576-00135931-00136098 seen as sharp break from the centre
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00577-00136099-00136305 ground appealing to traditionally Tory
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00578-00136306-00136503 Heartland issues in the aftermath of the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00579-00136504-00136716 UK's brexit referendum including a
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00580-00136717-00137028 promise to restore foxhunting following
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00581-00137029-00137268 the brexit referendum politics in the UK
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00582-00137269-00137409 was seen as having reverted to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00583-00137410-00137681 traditionally polarized left and right
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00584-00137682-00138024 politics for the 2017 election the group
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00585-00138025-00138204 more United was set up in the vein of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00586-00138205-00138426 the u.s. super PAC model to support
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00587-00138427-00138609 candidates from multiple parties who
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00588-00138610-00138762 meet its values it gave support
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00589-00138763-00139035 primarily to labour and Lib Dem MPs as
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00590-00139036-00139371 well as one conservative in April 20 18
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00591-00139372-00139581 amid the observer newspaper reported
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00592-00139582-00139794 that a group set up by Simon Franks had
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00593-00139795-00140013 amassed 50 million pounds to start a new
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00594-00140014-00140211 centrist political party in the UK to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00595-00140212-00140403 field candidates at the next general
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00596-00140404-00140658 election it has reportedly been named
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00597-00140659-00141108 United for change
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00598-00141109-00141578 topic United States
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00599-00141579-00141814 independent candidate H Ross Perot
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00600-00141815-00142093 garnered nearly 19% of the popular vote
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00601-00142094-00142426 in the 1992 presidential election his
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00602-00142427-00142735 get under the hood campaign focusing on
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00603-00142736-00142924 balancing the budget has been one of the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00604-00142925-00143152 most successful centrist efforts in US
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00605-00143153-00143326 history but he did not carry a single
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00606-00143327-00143604 state in the electoral college he went
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00607-00143605-00143785 on to form the Reform Party and run a
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00608-00143786-00144040 second time in the 1996 presidential
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00609-00144041-00144406 election with less success a late 201
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00610-00144407-00144610 one Gallup poll of Americans attitudes
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00611-00144611-00144864 towards government reported that 17
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00612-00144865-00145132 percent expressed conservative views 22
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00613-00145133-00145387 percent expressed libertarian views 20
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00614-00145388-00145663 percent expressed communitarian views 17
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00615-00145664-00145924 percent expressed centrist views and 24
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00616-00145925-00146089 percent expressed liberal views
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00617-00146090-00146340 Americans elect a coalition of American
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00618-00146341-00146560 centrists funded by wealthy donors such
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00619-00146561-00146752 as business magnate Michael Bloomberg
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00620-00146753-00146959 former junk bond trader Peter Ackerman
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00621-00146960-00147214 and hedge fund manager John H Burbank
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00622-00147215-00147496 three launched an effort in mid-2011 to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00623-00147497-00147799 create a national virtual primary that
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00624-00147800-00147954 would challenge the current two-party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00625-00147955-00148179 system the group aims to nominate a
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00626-00148180-00148372 presidential ticket of centrists with
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00627-00148373-00148578 names that would be on ballots in all 50
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00628-00148579-00148881 states the group banks on broad cultural
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00629-00148882-00149056 dissatisfaction with the partisan
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00630-00149057-00149368 gridlock in Washington DC the Christian
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00631-00149369-00149581 Science Monitor has stated that the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00632-00149582-00149812 political climate couldn't be riper for
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00633-00149813-00150106 a serious third party alternative such
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00634-00150107-00150283 as their effort but the hurdles
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00635-00150284-00150591 Americans elect faces are daunting to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00636-00150592-00150772 get on ballots journalist and political
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00637-00150773-00151057 commentator EJ Dionne wrote in his book
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00638-00151058-00151288 why Americans hate politics published on
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00639-00151289-00151495 the eve of the 1992 presidential
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00640-00151496-00151684 election that he believes American
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00641-00151685-00151882 voters are looking for a new political
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00642-00151883-00152182 center that inter mixes liberal
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00643-00152183-00152608 instincts and conservative values he
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00644-00152609-00152797 labeled people in this center position
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00645-00152798-00153141 as tolerant traditionalists he described
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00646-00153142-00153358 them as believers in conventional social
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00647-00153359-00153571 morals that ensure family stability as
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00648-00153572-00153748 tolerant within reason to those who
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00649-00153749-00153891 challenge those morals and as
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00650-00153892-00154084 pragmatically supportive of government
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00651-00154085-00154249 intervention in spheres such as
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00652-00154250-00154486 education child care in health care as
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00653-00154487-00154699 long as budgets are balanced Washington
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00654-00154700-00154897 political journalist Linda Killian wrote
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00655-00154898-00154933 in her
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00656-00154934-00155179 2012 book the swing vote that Americans
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00657-00155180-00155350 are frustrated with Congress and its
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00658-00155351-00155557 dysfunction and inability to do its job
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00659-00155558-00155824 a growing number of Americans are not
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00660-00155825-00156025 satisfied with the political process
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00661-00156026-00156187 because a number of factors such as
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00662-00156188-00156409 influx of money into politics and the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00663-00156410-00156577 influence of special interests in
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00664-00156578-00156895 lobbyists the book classifies four types
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00665-00156896-00157159 of independent voters including NPR
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00666-00157160-00157600 Republicans America first Democrats the
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00667-00157601-00157951 Facebook generation and Starbucks moms
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00668-00157952-00158212 and dads who were big determinants of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00669-00158213-00158431 swing votes in the 2012 presidential
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00670-00158432-00158716 election political columnist and author
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00671-00158717-00158976 John Avlon wrote in his 2005 book
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00672-00158977-00159226 independent nation that centrism is not
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00673-00159227-00159430 a matter of compromise or reading polls
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00674-00159431-00159637 rather it's an antidote to the politics
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00675-00159638-00159925 of divisive 'no sprin supposition to
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00676-00159926-00160147 political extremes centrists in the two
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00677-00160148-00160348 major u.s. political parties are often
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00678-00160349-00160564 found in the New Democrat coalition and
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00679-00160565-00160759 the Blue Dog Coalition of the Democratic
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00680-00160760-00160942 Party and the Republican Main Street
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00681-00160943-00161148 partnership of the Republican Party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00682-00161149-00161416 outside of the two major parties some
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00683-00161417-00161602 centrists inhabit the Libertarian Party
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00684-00161603-00161866 and independent candidacy movements such
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00685-00161867-00162058 as the centrist project co-founded by
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00686-00162059-00162446 Charles Whelan
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00687-00162447-00162971 topic see also
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00688-00162972-00163479 topic footnotes
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00689-00163480-00163995 topic further reading
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00690-00163996-00164315 David s Brown moderates the vital center
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00691-00164316-00164513 of American politics from the founding
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00692-00164514-00164891 to today Chapel Hill NC University of
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00693-00164892-00165029 North Carolina press
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00694-00165030-00165496 2016
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00695-00165497-00166054 topic external links
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00696-00166055-00166289 quotations related to centrism at
+TpfGAWgV0n4-00697-00166290-00166520 wikiquote
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00000-00000701-00001250 hello everybody this is week 17 of the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00001-00001251-00001639 enm 2020 course looks like we have a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00002-00001641-00001889 pretty small instructor team today it's
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00003-00001889-00002417 just Marlon and me Mona sends her her
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00004-00002418-00002723 regrets she had a doctoral dissertation
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00005-00002724-00003029 defense to attend so I guess that's a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00006-00003030-00003310 pretty good excuse
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00007-00003311-00004111 let's see where we are in the course is
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00008-00004112-00004456 this week we had an overview of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00009-00004457-00004718 algorithms and then a bit of a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00010-00004719-00004991 commentary on algorithm choice the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00011-00004992-00005332 overview was from Janet Franklin and the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00012-00005333-00005588 commentary from me sorry about that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00013-00005589-00006172 and for next week we will have an
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00014-00006173-00006472 introduction to Mac sent from Corey
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00015-00006473-00007270 marrow and then we'll jump into other
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00016-00007270-00007738 other algorithms and other platforms so
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00017-00007739-00007988 essentially today we start answering
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00018-00007989-00008708 questions about I didn't share my screen
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00019-00008709-00009070 today look nope that was pretty dumb
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00020-00009071-00009473 wasn't it there we go today we started
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00021-00009474-00009983 answering questions about algorithms and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00022-00009984-00010159 choice of algorithms so these are the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00023-00010160-00010327 questions you guys have been asking all
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00024-00010328-00010699 along and we've been careful to not
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00025-00010700-00011462 answer so you know Marlon you say we
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00026-00011463-00011738 need to eat something fun I'll start off
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00027-00011739-00012059 with this one is there any chance that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00028-00012060-00012277 in the future we are going to have a new
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00029-00012278-00012556 algorithm for enm which will be better
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00030-00012557-00012812 under all circumstances or is it simply
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00031-00012813-00013419 not possible good interesting question
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00032-00013420-00013683 no free lunch theorem which I talked
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00033-00013684-00014184 about in my talk says no which is to say
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00034-00014185-00014775 each algorithm has strengths and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00035-00014776-00015119 weaknesses and each algorithm has
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00036-00015120-00015387 situations where it's going to do better
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00037-00015388-00015850 or worse and the no free lunch or no
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00038-00015851-00016177 silver bullet idea is exactly that that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00039-00016178-00016477 that because the challenges are
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00040-00016478-00016989 different from one species to another or
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00041-00016990-00017224 one landscape or one environmental space
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00042-00017225-00017674 to another they're literally the the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00043-00017675-00017937 challenges are so distinct that there
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00044-00017938-00018178 shouldn't be the Silver Bullet
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00045-00018179-00018403 essentially the the algorithm that does
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00046-00018404-00018475 everything
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00047-00018476-00018978 ideally now for a long time like maybe
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00048-00018979-00019378 the first 10 or 15 years of this modern
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00049-00019379-00019861 era of distributional ecology people
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00050-00019862-00020439 were producing new algorithms and kind
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00051-00020440-00020677 of actively throwing new ideas out there
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00052-00020678-00020950 let's try a genetic algorithm let's try
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00053-00020951-00021072 maximum entropy
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00054-00021073-00021915 let's try ensembles etc etc and that was
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00055-00021916-00022194 that gave us the diversity of algorithms
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00056-00022195-00022518 that we have now but it also kind of led
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00057-00022519-00022836 to this plethora of search of solutions
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00058-00022837-00023142 that I think can be pretty confusing to
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00059-00023143-00023609 somebody new in the field then that that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00060-00023610-00024258 fad has has largely stopped now and so
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00061-00024259-00024540 now what you're seeing in many cases
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00062-00024541-00024999 like the koe nm platform that Marlon
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00063-00025000-00025296 will talk about later in the course now
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00064-00025297-00025564 what you're seeing is more how can we
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00065-00025565-00025824 take some of these very good ideas of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00066-00025825-00026262 algorithms and make them better and so
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00067-00026263-00026683 Dan Warren brought in the idea of icky
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00068-00026683-00027132 icky statistics and and model selection
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00069-00027133-00027471 to the maximum entropy world and then
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00070-00027472-00027846 Marlon's kayui and M brought in more
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00071-00027847-00028251 refined model selection criteria and to
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00072-00028252-00028518 the same question and so I think we're
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00073-00028519-00028726 making each one of these better but that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00074-00028727-00028977 probably doesn't remove the no free
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00075-00028978-00029295 lunch idea that different classes of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00076-00029296-00029664 algorithms will probably do better in
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00077-00029665-00029995 different classes of situations now the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00078-00029995-00030240 one thing where I think we can do
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00079-00030241-00030537 qualitatively better actually I'll throw
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00080-00030538-00030910 out two and this is not so much in the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00081-00030911-00031180 sense of a new algorithm as in the sense
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00082-00031181-00031468 of a better framework for doing what
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00083-00031469-00031812 we're doing is later in the course
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00084-00031813-00032098 you're gonna hear from que tengan luff
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00085-00032099-00032556 talking about time-specific modeling and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00086-00032557-00033057 this is essentially saying why in god's
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00087-00033058-00033739 name are we are we using average
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00088-00033740-00033840 conditions
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00089-00033841-00034312 at a site so this isn't so much changing
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00090-00034313-00034510 the algorithm but changing the whole
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00091-00034511-00034902 data flow protocol and essentially we're
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00092-00034903-00035245 saying that a species exists at a place
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00093-00035246-00035707 at a point in time and that point in
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00094-00035708-00036018 time is associated with specific
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00095-00036019-00036387 environmental conditions you know here
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00096-00036388-00036726 in Kansas where I am summer and winter
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00097-00036727-00036927 are like the difference between the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00098-00036928-00037389 Arctic and the tropical rainforest or in
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00099-00037390-00037735 Ecuador where where Marlins from the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00100-00037736-00038032 difference might be rainy season versus
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00101-00038033-00038443 dry season but conditions are not
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00102-00038444-00038662 constant through the year or through
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00103-00038663-00039099 time or across a century so that's one
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00104-00039100-00039339 thing that I think makes a a qualitative
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00105-00039340-00039514 difference and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00106-00039515-00039868 another which we'll hear about also is
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00107-00039869-00040237 coming from Laura Jimenez and orcas Oh
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00108-00040238-00040513 Marone and this I think is really an
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00109-00040514-00040867 interesting one because we talked about
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00110-00040868-00041104 wanting to estimate the fundamental
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00111-00041105-00041608 niche and yet we estimate things that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00112-00041609-00041854 don't look much like fundamental niches
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00113-00041855-00042097 if you look at the ribs response
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00114-00042098-00042535 surfaces permitted by a gam or by maksim
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00115-00042536-00042930 or by GARP they are not necessarily
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00116-00042931-00043369 convex in environmental space but
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00117-00043370-00043570 there's very very good reason to think
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00118-00043571-00044167 that physiological responses are you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00119-00044168-00044431 know motile in environmental space and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00120-00044432-00044836 that means that multivariate niches
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00121-00044837-00045418 should probably be convex so I think we
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00122-00045419-00045814 have the possibility of improving what
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00123-00045815-00046480 we do qualitatively by means of better
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00124-00046481-00046768 conceptual frameworks and better
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00125-00046769-00046990 thinking that connects the conceptual
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00126-00046991-00047356 framework with what we do when we press
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00127-00047357-00047632 the button and calibrate our model but I
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00128-00047633-00047824 don't think that there is you know one
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00129-00047825-00048043 model to rule one algorithm to rule them
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00130-00048044-00048547 all okay
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00131-00048548-00048934 marlyn any questions you like
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00132-00048935-00049924 I can just keep going here's one after
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00133-00049925-00050170 this overview I understand that the ugly
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00134-00050171-00050491 algorithms are interesting to know
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00135-00050492-00050755 because of their relevance I'm thinking
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00136-00050756-00050956 that the question is at the historical
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00137-00050957-00051214 beginnings of niche modeling but are not
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00138-00051215-00051700 recommended to use well if you noticed
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00139-00051701-00052002 the no silver bullet paper that I
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00140-00052003-00052392 presented in that same talk some of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00141-00052394-00052805 those ugly algorithms ended up being in
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00142-00052807-00053233 some cases for some species the best
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00143-00053234-00053659 algorithm for that particular task so I
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00144-00053660-00053991 would not discard them the ELA that all
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00145-00053992-00054574 paper was a significant step forward at
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00146-00054575-00055260 its time but the the model evaluations
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00147-00055261-00056079 were not done ideally given what we know
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00148-00056080-00056425 and think these days you know fourteen
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00149-00056426-00057112 years later the no free lunch no silver
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00150-00057113-00057448 bullet thinking would move us
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00151-00057449-00057789 significantly away from that idea of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00152-00057790-00058123 average performance being an indication
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00153-00058124-00058522 of which model to use if you instead
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00154-00058523-00058960 look for which is best right now for
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00155-00058961-00059241 this circumstance for that species for
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00156-00059242-00059458 that particular environmental space I
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00157-00059459-00059670 don't think you're going to use average
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00158-00059671-00060112 performance as an indicator rather what
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00159-00060113-00060444 you're gonna do is you're going to
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00160-00060445-00060811 present some tests to the different
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00161-00060812-00061266 modeling algorithms and see which one
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00162-00061267-00061546 performs the best in that test for that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00163-00061547-00061951 species for those environments etc etc
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00164-00061952-00062165 and use that algorithm or those
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00165-00062166-00062429 algorithms and not the others which is
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00166-00062429-00062761 to say which algorithms are ugly or good
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00167-00062762-00063166 or bad depends on the species and the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00168-00063167-00064790 environmental characteristics so here's
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00169-00064791-00064991 one to think about Marlon you just speak
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00170-00064991-00065205 up when you see a question you want to I
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00171-00065206-00065581 I have I have a like a comment on what
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00172-00065582-00065872 you say and what I said go for it it's a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00173-00065873-00066211 it depends also on your question if
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00174-00066212-00066349 you're interested in the ecological
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00175-00066350-00066625 niche or if you're interested more in
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00176-00066626-00066815 the distribution of a species in a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00177-00066816-00067267 certain area it also like that's why you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00178-00067268-00067525 need to know what each algorithm is
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00179-00067526-00067817 doing because they have different
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00180-00067818-00068153 characteristics and they characterize
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00181-00068154-00068380 environments suitable or unsuitable
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00182-00068381-00068706 differently for example random forests
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00183-00068707-00069446 they are very good classifiers but when
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00184-00069447-00069611 you see those predictions in the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00185-00069612-00069973 momentum space you may have a scatter
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00186-00069974-00070351 high levels of suitability and no
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00187-00070352-00070629 suitability in between those sometimes
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00188-00070630-00070924 and that that's not good for an
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00189-00070925-00071250 ecological niche model but for a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00190-00071251-00071516 classification of environments that the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00191-00071517-00071861 species is using it is a good not
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00192-00071862-00072335 afforda and that comment would lead to a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00193-00072336-00072754 further comment which is that you will
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00194-00072755-00073201 hear about efforts to you know model
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00195-00073202-00073716 every species in a fauna or a flora or
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00196-00073717-00074009 collect and store ecological niche
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00197-00074010-00074479 models for future use and and this idea
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00198-00074480-00074785 pops up over and over and over again I
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00199-00074786-00075112 think it's a bad idea precisely for what
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00200-00075113-00075328 Marlin just pointed out
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00201-00075329-00075723 which is that a niche model isn't a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00202-00075724-00076234 thing a niche model is a whole class of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00203-00076235-00076618 things that can be tuned for you know
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00204-00076619-00077113 predicting distributions or or defining
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00205-00077114-00077416 the limiting ecological niches they
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00206-00077417-00077659 could be for prediction or they could be
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00207-00077660-00078097 for explanation they could for whatever
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00208-00078098-00078421 purposes I pointed this out years ago on
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00209-00078422-00078685 in a little paper in biodiversity
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00210-00078686-00079012 informatics where I pointed out that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00211-00079013-00079261 these uses of the models are so
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00212-00079262-00079573 different that they may lead us to very
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00213-00079574-00080014 very different choices about which kind
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00214-00080015-00080311 of technique to apply to a particular
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00215-00080312-00080692 situation I'll put that paper up on the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00216-00080693-00081241 the course site but my point is that I
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00217-00081242-00081841 don't think it is ever or at least often
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00218-00081842-00082318 a good idea to reuse and recycle niche
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00219-00082319-00082987 models I think most of the time we can
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00220-00082988-00083232 think that running a new niche model
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00221-00083233-00083593 that is exactly sculpted to the purpose
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00222-00083594-00083925 at hand that may be much better than
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00223-00083926-00084331 reusing something and avoid lots of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00224-00084332-00084688 noise and lots of you know crap that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00225-00084689-00085210 otherwise sneaks into our our model
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00226-00085211-00085947 outputs and results and such yep so
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00227-00085948-00086230 here's a question just what is the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00228-00086231-00086497 advantageous the advantage of the method
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00229-00086498-00086929 of of linear regression methods and so
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00230-00086930-00087088 you know that's that's interesting you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00231-00087089-00087289 know general linear models have been
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00232-00087290-00087781 used in niche modeling for quite some
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00233-00087782-00088195 time and they're still used at least in
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00234-00088196-00088419 combination with other
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00235-00088420-00088881 other algorithms or other other response
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00236-00088882-00089148 types for example in some of the the our
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00237-00089149-00089434 packages we'll be hearing about you have
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00238-00089435-00089910 a linear model dimension to the the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00239-00089911-00090476 modeling so what are the advantages
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00240-00090477-00090991 wonder a clear one is that there exists
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00241-00090992-00091510 exact akai iki statistics for those
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00242-00091511-00092067 models as you will find out in coming
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00243-00092068-00093024 weeks the AIC framework for form accent
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00244-00093025-00093478 for example is improvised it's useful
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00245-00093479-00093762 but it's not exact and it's not complete
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00246-00093763-00094062 and you have those for for more
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00247-00094063-00094530 traditional methods like like general
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00248-00094531-00095166 linear models but you're also
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00249-00095167-00095526 constrained by the type of response that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00250-00095527-00096085 those models can fit and so you have to
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00251-00096086-00096322 be very cognizant of the fact that if
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00252-00096323-00096697 you have a complicated response or
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00253-00096698-00097494 perhaps say a limited set of of negative
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00254-00097495-00097755 data that may create some really serious
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00255-00097756-00098209 biases in the contrast between presences
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00256-00098210-00098365 and in this case would be pseudo
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00257-00098366-00098763 absences you may have some serious
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00258-00098764-00099225 problems with with the kind of response
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00259-00099226-00099498 surface that linear methods get are
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00260-00099499-00099721 going to give you any thoughts on that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00261-00099722-00100210 market Marlon yeah yeah you're right one
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00262-00100211-00100437 of the things that I like from this kind
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00263-00100438-00100773 of models is the well people really
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00264-00100774-00101226 needs to understand them to to tune them
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00265-00101227-00101602 better like for example adding quadratic
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00266-00101603-00101833 responses or lenient linear and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00267-00101834-00102175 quadratic product responses and so on
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00268-00102176-00102463 like the ones that you can add and it's
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00269-00102464-00102715 interesting when you try to do so
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00270-00102716-00102925 because you're gonna have to find
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00271-00102926-00103297 information what they imply and for the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00272-00103298-00103669 model and that'll like actually you're
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00273-00103670-00103978 doing what Matson is trying to do when
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00274-00103979-00104334 it's calibrating a model and that lets
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00275-00104335-00104665 you lead you to learn from your own
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00276-00104666-00104944 exercise and I like that as well and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00277-00104945-00105238 they do produce good responses you have
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00278-00105239-00105475 to be aware that you have to select the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00279-00105476-00105745 correct family of models and all that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00280-00105746-00106030 but all of that is interesting it's a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00281-00106031-00106279 good exercise I think if people can
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00282-00106280-00106507 start working with it it's it's an
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00283-00106508-00106999 advantage because it has the iaa AC
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00284-00107000-00107283 matrix and also because you learn from
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00285-00107284-00108178 your exercises they have a question here
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00286-00108179-00108820 yeah go ahead is two one seven nine two
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00287-00108821-00109704 one says yep is it worse
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00288-00109705-00110025 have higher bias or higher variance when
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00289-00110026-00110296 building models good question it is a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00290-00110297-00110640 good question well imagine you are
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00291-00110641-00111033 shooting to a target and I think that's
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00292-00111034-00111327 the classic example of accuracy and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00293-00111328-00111612 precision that's exactly what these two
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00294-00111613-00111943 things are represent if you have higher
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00295-00111944-00112509 bias you may be shooting towards areas
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00296-00112510-00112708 that are not close to the center of the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00297-00112708-00112998 target so your response is gonna be
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00298-00112999-00113298 different than the actual answer in that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00299-00113299-00113533 represents uncertainty in your
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00300-00113533-00113802 predictions all those biases and that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00301-00113803-00114033 makes your ends are not exact because
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00302-00114034-00114307 they are not representing the phenomenon
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00303-00114308-00114714 you want and baron's represents
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00304-00114715-00115048 precision because you can shoot always
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00305-00115049-00115273 to the same point and that's gonna make
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00306-00115274-00115614 you very precise but you can should very
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00307-00115615-00116020 spread around an area but always close
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00308-00116021-00116436 to the same answer and that's going to
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00309-00116437-00116808 make your your precision lower but and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00310-00116809-00117007 also that's going to involve in the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00311-00117008-00117295 model that's going to represent a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00312-00117296-00117718 barrier more variable model so those are
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00313-00117719-00118197 kind of different things if you can get
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00314-00118198-00118458 high variance but close to the right
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00315-00118459-00118621 answer
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00316-00118622-00118908 it's good you can represent the variance
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00317-00118908-00119235 but it's very complicated to see how
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00318-00119236-00119671 uncertain or how non accurate your
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00319-00119672-00119913 models are because those biases come
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00320-00119914-00120148 from the data and those are the ones
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00321-00120149-00120486 that lead you towards fake responses or
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00322-00120487-00120786 not that not the actual responses we
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00323-00120787-00121006 have a lot of those biases there they're
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00324-00121007-00121311 actually very difficult to measure in in
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00325-00121312-00121593 the thing is in this modeling world
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00326-00121594-00122001 there are some efforts but I think like
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00327-00122002-00122368 that's what we can do if they imagine
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00328-00122369-00122596 that your coordinates for example they
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00329-00122597-00122877 are not they don't have enough accuracy
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00330-00122878-00123203 in the number of decimals you're using
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00331-00123204-00123508 sometimes they are you reference
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00332-00123508-00123834 description of localities they are not
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00333-00123835-00124079 in the place where they should be
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00334-00124080-00124274 especially in highly heterogeneous
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00335-00124275-00124618 environments there'll be more it's going
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00336-00124619-00124827 to be more complicated to get the right
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00337-00124828-00125025 environments that you actually sample
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00338-00125026-00125486 and we have also biases in the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00339-00125487-00125956 environmental variables we have so we we
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00340-00125957-00126228 have problems and all the data cleaning
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00341-00126229-00126600 steps that I think people already talked
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00342-00126601-00126708 about in this course
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00343-00126709-00127021 and all the curation of your data is
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00344-00127022-00127638 gonna help you to have less bias in with
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00345-00127639-00128087 with that probably better accuracy but
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00346-00128088-00128395 behrens doesn't depend on that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00347-00128396-00128769 necessarily it may depend on the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00348-00128770-00128961 environmental scenario where you were
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00349-00128962-00129488 modeling in your area it also depends
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00350-00129489-00129781 you can add variants to a model like
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00351-00129782-00130006 doing replicates of sampling and stuff
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00352-00130007-00130275 like that and that's not that if
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00353-00130276-00130566 whenever you show like hey if you show
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00354-00130567-00130822 the variance of your responses of your
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00355-00130823-00131274 prediction stats that's not bad having a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00356-00131275-00131592 but a really biased set of data that's
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00357-00131593-00131958 more dangerous I guess I interpreted the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00358-00131959-00132156 question there's more would you prefer
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00359-00132157-00132489 that your final models be biased or just
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00360-00132490-00132948 uncertain and I think I think it comes
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00361-00132949-00133287 down to the same answer which is you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00362-00133288-00133815 know bias is a consistent deviation to a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00363-00133816-00134433 an incorrect solution whereas variance
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00364-00134434-00134718 or you know or uncertainty or lack of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00365-00134719-00135132 precision is simply that you don't get
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00366-00135133-00135513 always right on the right answer but
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00367-00135514-00135789 you're focused around the right answer
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00368-00135790-00136071 and I think very clearly I'd much rather
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00369-00136072-00136488 deal with higher variance than bias in
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00370-00136489-00136905 fact in in the kayuu group we've been
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00371-00136906-00137169 dealing with these questions literally
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00372-00137170-00137517 these days where we're trying to model a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00373-00137518-00137880 species that's distributed across East
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00374-00137881-00138234 Asia lots of points like more than a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00375-00138235-00138540 thousand lots of points available and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00376-00138541-00138825 when you start weeding them down you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00377-00138826-00139026 know you put in a distance filter and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00378-00139027-00139350 you come you come way down but if you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00379-00139351-00139635 look at what's left after a distance
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00380-00139636-00139896 filter of them 30 kilometers or 50
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00381-00139897-00140286 kilometers you see that there's a lot of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00382-00140287-00140703 bias towards coastal environments and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00383-00140704-00141090 insular environments and that's kind of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00384-00141091-00141499 that is going to bias our niche estimate
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00385-00141500-00141930 and so my solution to that which wasn't
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00386-00141931-00142384 universally appreciated my solution to
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00387-00142385-00142798 that was to downsample essentially throw
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00388-00142799-00143254 away data from those coastal and insular
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00389-00143255-00143635 and peninsular situations to the point
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00390-00143636-00143958 that we have a more balanced data set
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00391-00143959-00144475 well it took us down to 18 usable points
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00392-00144476-00144979 and clearly building models with just 18
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00393-00144980-00145309 points for species with a pretty broad
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00394-00145310-00145627 distribution that is very clearly going
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00395-00145628-00146035 to introduce a lot of uncertainty a lot
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00396-00146036-00146488 of height you know a lot of variance but
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00397-00146489-00146692 hopefully it will be more centered on
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00398-00146693-00146986 the truth than had we allowed some
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00399-00146987-00147292 countries to have 20 or 30 fold more
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00400-00147293-00147670 points than other countries with
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00401-00147671-00147988 different environmental situations so
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00402-00147989-00148243 yeah go with go with the higher variance
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00403-00148244-00148417 and avoid the higher bias
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00404-00148418-00149137 I had one up here that I was wanting to
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00405-00149138-00149613 get to there we go
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00406-00149614-00150027 so here's an interesting question if I'm
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00407-00150028-00150306 modeling with a set of algorithms how
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00408-00150307-00150576 can I determine whether the consensus of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00409-00150577-00150921 the results of those algorithms is a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00410-00150922-00151218 better approximation to the result of a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00411-00151219-00151830 particular algorithm so as with the you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00412-00151831-00152196 the everything else in my world it's a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00413-00152197-00152613 matter of testing with data so if you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00414-00152614-00152976 have the luxury of an independent data
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00415-00152977-00153441 set use it and if you have I don't know
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00416-00153442-00153690 two hundred points and half of them are
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00417-00153691-00154035 from museum specimens and half of them
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00418-00154036-00154389 are from I naturalist don't necessarily
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00419-00154390-00154659 use all of them to calibrate one master
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00420-00154660-00155079 model better use use one of them to
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00421-00155080-00155420 calibrate a model and use the other two
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00422-00155421-00155802 to test the model and that will give you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00423-00155803-00156375 a rigorous test of whether the consensus
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00424-00156376-00156657 is the best view or the individual
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00425-00156658-00157053 algorithm outputs if you don't have
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00426-00157054-00157512 independent datasets then you're you're
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00427-00157513-00157743 limited to this idea of sub setting
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00428-00157744-00157866 we're going to talk about all of this
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00429-00157867-00158139 later but you're limited to this idea of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00430-00158140-00158547 sub setting your data and that has its
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00431-00158548-00158742 limitations we'll talk about that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00432-00158743-00159197 we talked about it a little bit already
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00433-00159198-00159579 but essentially you should be very
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00434-00159580-00159954 strategic in picking and identifying
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00435-00159955-00160407 subsets for evaluation so as to avoid
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00436-00160408-00160812 getting essentially fooled by some of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00437-00160813-00161418 these these biasing factors and and you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00438-00161419-00161715 know essentially the the data speak for
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00439-00161716-00161784 themselves
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00440-00161785-00162174 if the consensus is better or an
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00441-00162175-00162522 individual algorithm is better at
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00442-00162523-00162814 predicting and anticipating
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00443-00162815-00163093 independent or semi independent data set
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00444-00163094-00163378 then there's your answer
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00445-00163379-00163696 I'll point you towards the work of gang
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00446-00163697-00164059 ping Joo I'll put a paper up on the on
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00447-00164060-00164302 the course site where he's done quite a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00448-00164303-00164755 bit of comparing these two things the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00449-00164756-00165124 the individual algorithm outputs with
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00450-00165125-00165442 the consensus outputs so check out the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00451-00165443-00166030 course site for that yeah a little like
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00452-00166031-00166510 just real quick recommend the pay
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00453-00166511-00166669 attention to you're questioning what the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00454-00166670-00166954 algorithms do then you reduce the set of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00455-00166955-00167143 models that the set of algorithms that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00456-00167144-00167374 are useful to your question that's a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00457-00167375-00167992 first step and then you can also like
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00458-00167993-00168534 think about how how consensus are done
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00459-00168535-00168994 probably not all model not all
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00460-00168995-00169282 algorithms are like easy to make a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00461-00169283-00169876 consensus for and also think that given
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00462-00169877-00170110 that not all our greens using this use
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00463-00170111-00170404 the same input data or use it the same
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00464-00170405-00170773 way the metrics for evaluating them are
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00465-00170774-00171067 different so be aware of those things
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00466-00171068-00171358 that are important before thinking that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00467-00171359-00171646 and consensus model of different
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00468-00171647-00171799 algorithms is going to be better than
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00469-00171800-00172243 one or two that you pick based on how
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00470-00172244-00172495 you're managing you're in research or
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00471-00172496-00172894 your question okay so Veron is always
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00472-00172895-00173245 pointing out that these different
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00473-00173246-00173739 algorithms actually estimate different
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00474-00173740-00173998 entities different objects different
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00475-00173999-00174424 kinds of probabilities until when we do
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00476-00174425-00174901 a consensus of different things like you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00477-00174902-00175230 know what is the probability that the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00478-00175231-00175477 environment is suitable if the species
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00479-00175478-00175789 gets there or what is the probability
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00480-00175790-00176013 that the species is there
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00481-00176014-00176571 etc etc if we're combining things that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00482-00176572-00176886 conceptually are different we really are
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00483-00176887-00177195 combining apples and oranges and we're
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00484-00177196-00177363 getting out something that's kind of a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00485-00177364-00177678 weird amalgam of things that are that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00486-00177679-00178227 are actually not combining so here's a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00487-00178228-00178391 question that just brings back some
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00488-00178392-00178737 nostalgia how effective is GARP species
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00489-00178738-00178983 distribution modeling compared to other
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00490-00178984-00179436 such models like Max n well you know
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00491-00179437-00179808 GARP was one of the very early machine
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00492-00179809-00180027 learning approaches to these questions
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00493-00180028-00180501 and in that sense it was one of the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00494-00180502-00180815 first ones that many people were using I
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00495-00180816-00181250 certainly used it a lot back in the past
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00496-00181251-00181761 GARP the the desktop version no longer
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00497-00181762-00182156 functions on almost all modern computers
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00498-00182157-00182433 because it hasn't been supported in a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00499-00182434-00182796 couple of decades but GARP is still
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00500-00182797-00183090 available via the open modeler platform
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00501-00183091-00183329 which i think still functions on most
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00502-00183330-00183956 platforms so it's there it's available
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00503-00183957-00184257 it has not been maintained it has not
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00504-00184258-00184497 been updated but many of the things that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00505-00184498-00184766 that GARP did were work perfectly
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00506-00184767-00185115 reasonable and perfectly useful and then
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00507-00185116-00185436 I would just throw it back to the the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00508-00185437-00185928 users in our class which is to say think
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00509-00185929-00186372 about silver bullets Maxim is a very
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00510-00186373-00186585 good very usable very effective
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00511-00186586-00186927 algorithm and will be the best algorithm
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00512-00186928-00187158 under some circumstances but not all
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00513-00187159-00187434 circumstances and GARP will probably end
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00514-00187435-00187653 up being the best algorithm available
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00515-00187654-00188157 under some circumstances also so you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00516-00188158-00188376 know again I just don't believe that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00517-00188377-00188847 there is one best algorithm or that one
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00518-00188848-00190307 algorithm is always better than another
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00519-00190308-00190749 here's one to look at how can we
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00520-00190750-00190887 identify the advantages and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00521-00190888-00191244 disadvantages of each algorithm in order
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00522-00191245-00191583 to select the appropriate one well as
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00523-00191584-00192018 Marlon pointed out to you some of the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00524-00192019-00192360 answer to this question is look at the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00525-00192361-00192687 characteristics of the algorithm for
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00526-00192688-00193110 example is the output continuous or is
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00527-00193111-00193764 the output binary or discrete or is the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00528-00193765-00194277 response surface complex or simple and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00529-00194278-00194570 so there there are some clear
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00530-00194571-00195009 characteristics that we may want to
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00531-00195010-00195402 prefer or to avoid depending on what our
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00532-00195403-00195897 question is and then you know the other
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00533-00195898-00196443 point of view is no silver bullets pick
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00534-00196444-00196899 out a bunch of algorithms and challenge
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00535-00196900-00197238 them with some test and see which one
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00536-00197239-00197685 performs best use that algorithm or that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00537-00197686-00197934 small set of algorithms that perform
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00538-00197935-00198657 best I'm just at the look at your data
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00539-00198658-00199083 some algorithms require to have absences
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00540-00199084-00199344 do you have do you really have absences
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00541-00199345-00199577 that that's an important question to ask
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00542-00199578-00199923 there are some there are some tools very
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00543-00199924-00200142 useful tools that allowed you to explore
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00544-00200143-00200598 different algorithms but picked up ones
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00545-00200599-00200740 that the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00546-00200741-00201055 the algorithms in that trying that you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00547-00201056-00201346 actually have data for if you don't have
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00548-00201347-00201670 a census if all your your non-presence
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00549-00201671-00202015 environment is only something that you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00550-00202016-00202192 want to see if it's similar or not
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00551-00202193-00202444 similar to your occurrences because
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00552-00202445-00202699 that's what that's what your data allows
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00553-00202700-00203061 you to do then just use those ones
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00554-00203062-00203416 because assuming something random from
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00555-00203417-00203659 the background is absence it's an
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00556-00203660-00203992 important assumption it's a huge deal in
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00557-00203993-00204295 your models it certainly been done
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00558-00204296-00204703 frequently there'd be dozens or hundreds
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00559-00204704-00205012 of papers in the literature that have
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00560-00205013-00205215 used what's called pseudo absence data
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00561-00205216-00205923 as a proxy for absence data probably
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00562-00205923-00206362 formally we should not do that but it
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00563-00206363-00207184 has been done carmen asks can algorithm
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00564-00207185-00207484 selection be taxon dependent like one
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00565-00207485-00207658 better for insects and one better for
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00566-00207659-00207982 birds i was it more dependent on the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00567-00207983-00208266 type of data presences present pseudo
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00568-00208267-00208735 absence presence absence I think my
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00569-00208736-00209142 answer Carmen would be yes which is to
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00570-00209144-00209769 say I think certainly there are
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00571-00209771-00209908 algorithms that are going to be better
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00572-00209909-00210331 for certain data types but also there
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00573-00210332-00210481 are probably algorithms that are better
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00574-00210482-00210798 for highly mobile species like birds
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00575-00210800-00211117 that probably tend to be more Hutchins
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00576-00211117-00211515 Sounion that's a huge generalization to
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00577-00211516-00211909 me just it comes back to independent
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00578-00211910-00212383 testing and essentially allow the data
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00579-00212384-00213392 and the results to speak for themselves
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00580-00213394-00214338 [Music]
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00581-00214339-00214563 this is an interest
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00582-00214564-00214896 because we are getting very similar
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00583-00214896-00215423 questions you know I'm trying to pick
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00584-00215425-00215876 different ones being complicated yeah
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00585-00215877-00216751 there's the okay so
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00586-00216752-00217098 to develop robust predictive models then
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00587-00217100-00217381 why would we care if an algorithm has
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00588-00217382-00217675 high bias and why would we want to
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00589-00217676-00217951 reduce that bias when robust by
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00590-00217952-00218217 definition means having good results
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00591-00218219-00218498 even if the assumptions are violated
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00592-00218500-00218992 well bias if we're talking about bias in
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00593-00218992-00219439 the outputs then they're not going to be
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00594-00219440-00219979 robust or predictive right a biased
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00595-00219980-00220333 result is one that deviates from the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00596-00220334-00220848 right answer now if we're talking about
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00597-00220850-00221176 violating assumptions like what Marlin
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00598-00221177-00221491 said about absence data versus pseudo
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00599-00221492-00221785 absence data or some assumption of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00600-00221786-00222102 normality or some some assumption of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00601-00222103-00222366 orthogonality of environmental
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00602-00222367-00222973 dimensions well remember why those those
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00603-00222973-00223273 strictures or those cautions are out
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00604-00223273-00223531 there in the literature they're there
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00605-00223532-00223902 because it is known that those
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00606-00223903-00224491 algorithms don't function properly when
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00607-00224492-00224758 those assumptions those particular
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00608-00224759-00225121 assumptions are violated so yeah you can
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00609-00225121-00225342 use them and you know you could come
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00610-00225344-00225573 back to what I've said about 20 times
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00611-00225575-00225958 this this session already which is let
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00612-00225959-00226271 the data and independent evaluation
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00613-00226273-00226681 speak for themselves but you're kind of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00614-00226682-00226869 setting yourself set yourselves up for
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00615-00226871-00227379 failure if you deliberately blatantly
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00616-00227380-00227892 accept using an algorithm when it's it's
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00617-00227892-00228748 assumptions are violated
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00618-00228748-00229019 yeah there is no robust model if your
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00619-00229019-00229241 data is garbage you're gonna get that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00620-00229242-00229664 wish it's the principle of any anything
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00621-00229665-00230407 like in the modeling world of everything
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00622-00230408-00230644 here's one related to that if an
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00623-00230646-00230906 algorithm has strong assumptions will it
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00624-00230907-00231191 have strong biases as well not
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00625-00231192-00231701 necessarily think about the assumptions
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00626-00231702-00232369 as a set of entry requirements if your
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00627-00232371-00232634 data are let's say normally distributed
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00628-00232635-00232894 and your environmental data are
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00629-00232896-00233225 orthogonal then you're able to use this
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00630-00233226-00233531 algorithm and then this algorithm is
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00631-00233532-00234017 appropriate but if those assumptions are
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00632-00234017-00234392 violated then the usual phrase is caveat
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00633-00234392-00234836 emptor let the buyer beware okay it's
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00634-00234837-00235123 your problem if you opt to use an
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00635-00235125-00235346 algorithm under circumstances where
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00636-00235346-00235709 you've been told this algorithm doesn't
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00637-00235710-00236925 work as well there is wine
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00638-00236926-00237896 161 when working with many species can I
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00639-00237898-00238089 use different algorithms for each
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00640-00238090-00238392 species or is it better to use the best
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00641-00238392-00238706 average the best model on average
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00642-00238707-00238911 considering all the species that I'm
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00643-00238912-00239651 working with good question again I mean
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00644-00239652-00239979 it depends on your question on your
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00645-00239980-00240186 question in terms of what you what do
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00646-00240187-00240423 you want to model probably it's better
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00647-00240423-00240687 to predefine your algorithm or
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00648-00240688-00241302 algorithms that you want to try but
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00649-00241303-00241626 averaging model outputs from different
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00650-00241627-00241701 algorithms
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00651-00241702-00241898 again it's risking not all algorithms
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00652-00241898-00242426 produce the same kind of prediction so I
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00653-00242427-00242561 [Music]
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00654-00242562-00242948 don't know probably binarization of both
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00655-00242948-00243221 products of the different or the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00656-00243223-00243600 different model modeling algorithms and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00657-00243601-00243917 then sum them and see where do you get
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00658-00243919-00244217 the most coincidence or something like
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00659-00244219-00244446 that can give you a better like
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00660-00244446-00244829 consensus but averaging Maxim in
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00661-00244830-00245163 ellipsoids that ellipsoids output for
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00662-00245164-00245511 example I mean even if Maxine is
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00663-00245512-00245771 parameter is so you can have convex
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00664-00245773-00245973 shapes that's not always the answer you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00665-00245973-00246606 you get so it's risky and it's working
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00666-00246607-00246869 with many species that's that's a lot
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00667-00246871-00247306 more complicated and pro
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00668-00247307-00247819 keeping it simple will work better and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00669-00247819-00248121 probably some of the species maybe are
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00670-00248123-00248386 not easy to model and some of the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00671-00248387-00248617 species you're not gonna be able to
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00672-00248617-00248836 model it because of the bank
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00673-00248837-00249016 configurations and all that like there
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00674-00249017-00249205 will Asian species and none of the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00675-00249206-00249480 algorithms is gonna give you a good
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00676-00249481-00249604 answer
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00677-00249605-00250111 a good prediction I think you've got a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00678-00250112-00250371 as Marlon said you've got to think about
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00679-00250371-00250755 what are your goals
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00680-00250756-00251200 certainly averaging different response
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00681-00251201-00251590 types so you know again like Marlon said
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00682-00251591-00251884 an ellipsoid and uh and AM accent or
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00683-00251885-00252082 something like that it's a pretty bad
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00684-00252083-00252484 idea but I think binarized or your
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00685-00252485-00252901 threshold in your models by some uniform
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00686-00252902-00253129 criterion may be a much better approach
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00687-00253130-00253464 and then those can be combined
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00688-00253465-00253848 afterwards which is to say once they're
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00689-00253850-00254185 thresholded and once they're binary then
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00690-00254186-00254398 it's probably much more robust to
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00691-00254398-00255013 combine them I think you could build
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00692-00255014-00255439 arguments either way depending on the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00693-00255440-00255880 the needs of your study if you if you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00694-00255881-00256051 were looking for something that's I
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00695-00256052-00256294 don't know based on probabilities or
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00696-00256294-00256642 something like some of the place
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00697-00256642-00257019 prioritization of applications do then
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00698-00257019-00257404 probably using one output of one
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00699-00257405-00257737 algorithm is the best approach but if
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00700-00257738-00258013 you're looking for kind of a best
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00701-00258014-00258327 distributional estimate for each species
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00702-00258328-00258730 then using some sort of thresholded no
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00703-00258731-00258919 silver bullet approach is probably
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00704-00258919-00259186 better that's a tough question yeah it
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00705-00259187-00259552 is so is MaxEnt the only algorithm that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00706-00259553-00259729 can be used with presence only data
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00707-00259730-00260223 definitely not one of the very earliest
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00708-00260223-00260594 niche modeling approaches was by Oakland
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00709-00260594-00260983 and that is certainly presents only and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00710-00260984-00261296 then there's a whole class of algorithms
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00711-00261296-00261598 based on distances so essentially in
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00712-00261600-00262019 environmental space how close similar or
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00713-00262019-00262577 far different is every pixel in the map
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00714-00262578-00262949 from a site of known presence and that
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00715-00262950-00263410 also is certainly presents only data so
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00716-00263411-00263784 you have some options
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00717-00263785-00264106 max n is probably the most sophisticated
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00718-00264107-00264380 of them certainly the most popular of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00719-00264381-00265170 them but you have a bunch of options
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00720-00265171-00266244 you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00721-00266245-00266656 here's an interesting question I think
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00722-00266657-00267070 the answer is is no but basically the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00723-00267071-00267361 question is when using a UC to evaluate
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00724-00267362-00267784 models max out looks like the best but
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00725-00267785-00268524 Kappa or TSS it's not as dominant so
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00726-00268525-00268765 we've got a lot to talk about about
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00727-00268766-00269029 model evaluation but I think this is
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00728-00269030-00269359 kind of a false correlation that you're
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00729-00269360-00269937 picking up on the basic answer is that a
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00730-00269938-00270775 UC Kappa and TSS all weight presences
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00731-00270776-00271204 and absences equally in in this
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00732-00271205-00271882 statistic and we know that almost always
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00733-00271883-00272185 we don't have absence data well we don't
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00734-00272186-00272521 have absence data and our trustable and
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00735-00272522-00273007 usable and robust and so right away we
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00736-00273008-00273403 have this big problem with how do we
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00737-00273404-00273793 fill in the absent side of the a UC or
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00738-00273794-00274450 Kappa or TSS and that's not an easy
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00739-00274451-00275191 question it basically comes down to at
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00740-00275192-00275428 least in my view we shouldn't be using
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00741-00275429-00275827 those techniques except in situations
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00742-00275828-00276121 where we do have absence data and that's
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00743-00276122-00276448 why in those two papers that I talked
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00744-00276449-00276853 about the South had all paper and the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00745-00276854-00277174 Chow and all paper those were based on
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00746-00277175-00277552 virtual species and so we knew presence
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00747-00277553-00277876 of suitable conditions versus absence of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00748-00277877-00278422 suitable conditions in most empirical
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00749-00278423-00278665 studies that you're going to do you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00750-00278666-00279064 don't have the absence data and even if
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00751-00279065-00279402 you say well I know that these 50 sites
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00752-00279403-00279799 the species wasn't there well okay but
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00753-00279800-00280087 look at the band diagram a species can
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00754-00280088-00280651 be not there because of a which is yes
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00755-00280652-00281005 the grinnellian niche or that you know
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00756-00281006-00281194 what a niche model should be telling you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00757-00281195-00281446 but also it could not be there because
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00758-00281447-00281845 of M dispersal limitation or because of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00759-00281846-00282274 B Beinecke interactions so you have to
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00760-00282275-00282540 know quite a bit about your absence data
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00761-00282541-00283033 before you could use it and so we'll
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00762-00283034-00283288 talk about alternatives like like
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00763-00283289-00283690 partial rock for example but it really
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00764-00283691-00283879 comes down to the fact that we don't
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00765-00283880-00284227 have a good way of dealing with our
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00766-00284228-00284701 absence of absence information and this
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00767-00284702-00284962 it's a very hard question as well
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00768-00284963-00285235 there's a lot of people that do have
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00769-00285236-00285748 absence data and even though you have to
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00770-00285749-00286102 think about it because imagine how
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00771-00286103-00286621 complex landscape can be and I mean if
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00772-00286622-00286930 you have gone to the field you may have
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00773-00286931-00287194 seen environments that are very similar
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00774-00287195-00287533 or probably even the same in the same
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00775-00287534-00287911 square kilometer but because of so soil
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00776-00287912-00288333 difference or for like the same
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00777-00288334-00288586 vegetation cover difference you have
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00778-00288587-00288870 absence and presence in the same pixel
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00779-00288871-00289177 so you if you train your model which
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00780-00289178-00289465 only uses pixel size that does not have
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00781-00289466-00289783 that precision and does not consider
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00782-00289784-00290107 soils or land cover because that's
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00783-00290108-00290275 generally not a good idea
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00784-00290276-00290661 meaning some up in most of applications
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00785-00290662-00291043 at broad level then you're gonna be
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00786-00291044-00291366 saying to the model okay this pixel is
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00787-00291367-00291652 suitable but it's also unknown suitable
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00788-00291653-00291832 based on your presence and absence data
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00789-00291833-00292206 and of course there is ways in which
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00790-00292207-00292489 different algorithms manage that kind of
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00791-00292490-00292678 information but
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00792-00292679-00293020 think about it first and think about the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00793-00293021-00293335 quality of your data and again the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00794-00293336-00293542 precision not a precision but the
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00795-00293543-00293719 resolution of your environmental
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00796-00293720-00293965 variables the scenario in which you're
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00797-00293966-00294457 working its modeling niches is not just
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00798-00294458-00294775 grabbing bioclimatic variables in your
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00799-00294776-00295033 data from giveth and put it into an
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00800-00295034-00295350 algorithm it requires a certain
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00801-00295351-00295750 reasoning in thinking about what you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00802-00295751-00296287 want in what you have yeah I mean you
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00803-00296288-00296587 can use soil data in there but it's
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00804-00296588-00296788 gonna be at a different spatial
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00805-00296789-00297072 resolution than climate data for example
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00806-00297073-00297616 yeah sure it's hard yeah one last
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00807-00297617-00297700 question
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00808-00297701-00297988 very quick for modeling marine species
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00809-00297989-00298243 is there some kind of specification as
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00810-00298244-00298807 to the algorithms to be used no marine
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00811-00298808-00299089 species can have broad niches or narrow
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00812-00299090-00299511 niches they can be in very heterogeneous
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00813-00299512-00299778 situations or very homogeneous
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00814-00299779-00300130 situations they can be and well
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00815-00300131-00300372 represented or poorly represented
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00816-00300373-00300694 sectors of environmental space that's
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00817-00300695-00300958 good that's what's gonna define what
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00818-00300959-00301297 algorithm is best for a species I'm
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00819-00301298-00301600 afraid I've gotta close off this session
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00820-00301601-00301885 because I have to teach at 10 L at 10
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00821-00301886-00302236 o'clock so Marlon thanks very much for
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00822-00302237-00302407 joining me it would have been very
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00823-00302408-00302941 lonely if you hadn't and everybody have
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00824-00302942-00303223 a good weekend and check out the videos
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00825-00303224-00303610 to be put up on Monday thanks a lot take
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00826-00303611-00303709 care everybody
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00827-00303710-00303805 my
+TOdMmNBwUZ4-00828-00303806-00304450 [Music]
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00000-00096738-00097061 uh driven digital single Market in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00001-00097062-00097367 Africa so I kindly proposed that you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00002-00097368-00097600 wait five minutes to have have more
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00003-00097601-00097853 participants and will start within five
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00004-00097854-00098176 minutes thank you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00005-00098177-00098488 also to enable online speakers to be
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00006-00098489-00098656 connected since we have on-site
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00007-00098657-00098911 panelists and also we have three
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00008-00098912-00099238 panelists that will join us virtually so
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00009-00099239-00099461 with this we will start within five
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00011-00117509-00117736 morning I think we should start because
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00012-00117738-00118084 we are we have only one hour and also we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00013-00118085-00118277 are aware that most of our panelists
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00014-00118278-00118631 they have other sessions so I my name is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00015-00118632-00118858 suhaila amazus I am Senior policy
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00016-00118859-00119128 officer from the African Union Mission
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00017-00119129-00119466 we are organizing this session
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00018-00119467-00119831 on digital trade and data governance
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00019-00119832-00120293 with support of our partner giz we have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00020-00120294-00120604 today uh seven panelists high-level
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00021-00120605-00120851 panelists that will share their
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00022-00120852-00121216 perspectives and thoughts on how Africa
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00023-00121217-00121504 can work towards
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00024-00121505-00121757 enhancing digital trade and also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00025-00121758-00122047 facilitating cross-border digital trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00026-00122048-00122536 so I uh from the AUC side we have made
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00027-00122538-00122747 some progress this last years we have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00028-00122748-00122999 developed the digital transformation
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00029-00123000-00123210 strategy for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00030-00123211-00123773 2022 2020 2030 that has as the main
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00031-00123774-00123989 objective is to achieve this digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00032-00123990-00124258 single Market in Africa and this in line
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00033-00124259-00124589 with agenda 2063 development and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00034-00124590-00124793 integration agenda we have also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00035-00124794-00125093 developed last year a data policy
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00036-00125094-00125465 framework and also an entire operability
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00037-00125466-00125854 framework for digital ID that aim to to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00038-00125855-00126197 to strengthen our capacities in managing
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00039-00126198-00126493 our data and also facilitating
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00040-00126494-00126821 movement of people and goods across the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00041-00126822-00127127 continent at present who are working in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00042-00127128-00127349 with collaboration with all regional
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00043-00127350-00127558 organizations and in close collaboration
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00044-00127559-00127889 with uneca for development of an
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00045-00127890-00128123 harmonization strategy to create an
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00046-00128124-00128302 enabling environment for the creation of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00047-00128303-00128602 digital single Market in Africa so as I
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00048-00128603-00128897 mentioned we have today seven panelists
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00049-00128898-00129102 we have with us
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00050-00129103-00129460 I will follow the alphabetic order so we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00051-00129461-00129821 have Dr iffy Ogo online
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00052-00129822-00130043 is connected she is a regional
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00053-00130044-00130301 coordination specialist for the African
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00054-00130302-00130607 Continental free trade area we have Mr
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00055-00130608-00130864 John Paul Adam who is director for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00056-00130865-00131063 technology climate change and natural
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00057-00131064-00131393 resources from the uneca we have Mr John
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00058-00131394-00131621 omo who is the Secretary General of the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00059-00131622-00131854 African telecommunications Union we have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00060-00131855-00132257 Mr Kenneth mohangi who is lecturer at
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00061-00132258-00132635 the University of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00062-00132636-00133066 Uganda and we have with us Mr Daniel
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00063-00133067-00133440 morenzi who is a principal information
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00064-00133441-00133787 officer at East Africa community from
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00065-00133788-00134207 the FDB we have Mr samatar elmi who is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00066-00134208-00134459 Chief specialist on Africa development
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00067-00134460-00134904 on ICT last but not the least we have Mr
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00068-00134905-00135233 talc Moore chidide who is a digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00069-00135234-00135647 trade expert from the AFC criteria so I
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00070-00135648-00135814 think we have we aim to have and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00071-00135815-00136073 interactive sessions so we will give our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00072-00136074-00136331 panelists the opportunity to respond to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00073-00136332-00136552 one question within five minute maximum
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00074-00136553-00136799 and we'll have the opportunity to take
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00075-00136800-00137075 questions and comments from the floor so
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00076-00137076-00137321 it we aim to open the discussion about
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00077-00137322-00137687 what needs to be done in Africa in order
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00078-00137688-00138040 to really to to come up with agreements
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00079-00138041-00138281 with consensus with a common approach on
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00080-00138282-00138587 how to regulate and to to manage across
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00081-00138588-00138961 border data flow to enable the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00082-00138962-00139193 intra-africa digital trade so the first
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00083-00139194-00139457 question will be addressed to Mr John
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00084-00139458-00139745 Paul Adam who is director within UNCA
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00085-00139746-00140266 our host today so Mr Adam the fcfta is a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00086-00140267-00140531 high has a high ambition trade agreement
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00087-00140532-00140825 for Africa with Comprehensive scope that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00088-00140826-00141125 includes critical areas such as digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00089-00141126-00141431 economy and digital trade from your
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00090-00141432-00141701 perspective what are maybe the key
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00091-00141702-00142001 policy intervention and actions that we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00092-00142002-00142259 need to take at Continental level in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00093-00142260-00142552 order to boost and enable intra-africa
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00094-00142553-00142804 digital trade Mr Adam you have five
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00095-00142805-00143278 minutes
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00096-00143279-00143554 thank you so much soya and good morning
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00097-00143555-00143689 to everyone
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00098-00143690-00144047 I'm first of all thank you so much for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00099-00144048-00144281 involving the economic commission for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00100-00144282-00144504 Africa in this very important discussion
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00101-00144505-00144778 and I'd like to also recognize and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00102-00144779-00145066 congratulate the African Union for the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00103-00145067-00145289 exemplary partnership and for the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00104-00145290-00145661 leadership being displayed in particular
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00105-00145662-00145990 we we know that the template in terms of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00106-00145991-00146297 policies for implementation of the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00107-00146298-00146549 African Continental free trade area is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00108-00146550-00146723 the African Union digital transformation
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00109-00146724-00146851 strategy
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00110-00146852-00147340 adopted in 2020 because digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00111-00147341-00147569 transformation is the tool that will
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00112-00147570-00147923 allow the acceleration of the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00113-00147924-00148085 implementation of the sustainable
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00114-00148086-00148264 development goals business as usual is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00115-00148265-00148390 not an option
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00116-00148391-00148540 now
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00117-00148541-00148816 we what we think what we need to do in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00118-00148817-00149045 the context particularly of the AFC FTA
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00119-00149046-00149275 is to be able to translate
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00120-00149276-00149695 the promise of the AFC FTA in into
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00121-00149696-00149909 concrete actions
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00122-00149910-00150125 and I think we are still at the stage
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00123-00150126-00150389 where there is perhaps a gap between the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00124-00150390-00150593 promise the percept the the potential
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00125-00150594-00150899 and the and the actual implementation
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00126-00150900-00151181 but I I would like to start by saying we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00127-00151182-00151343 should never waste a good crisis and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00128-00151344-00151487 unfortunately we have too many crises
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00129-00151488-00151840 right now we have we have the covid-19
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00130-00151841-00152009 pandemic which many African countries
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00131-00152010-00152207 are still recovering from we have the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00132-00152208-00152357 food and energy crisis which is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00133-00152358-00152621 associated with the war in Ukraine and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00134-00152622-00152807 we have the continuation of the climate
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00135-00152808-00152999 crisis which is costing African
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00136-00153000-00153233 countries five of GDP
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00137-00153234-00153497 so all of these issues mean that we have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00138-00153498-00153869 to change the the the model of uh the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00139-00153870-00154019 economic model and I think digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00140-00154020-00154235 technologies will be key to that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00141-00154236-00154457 the covid-19 pandemic has actually shown
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00142-00154458-00154901 that uh in Africa despite some of the uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00143-00154902-00155099 challenges there has been a positive
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00144-00155100-00155411 response in a survey that ECA conducted
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00145-00155412-00155807 in 2021 we saw that 65 percent of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00146-00155808-00156004 companies that responded to the survey
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00147-00156005-00156209 had said that they had accelerated their
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00148-00156210-00156378 digital transition
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00149-00156379-00156647 in response to the implications of the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00150-00156648-00156959 crisis in 2021 there was also a record
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00151-00156960-00157175 year for investment in Africa Tech
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00152-00157176-00157564 startups 2.15 billion US dollars
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00153-00157565-00157937 some cynics may say this is despite the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00154-00157938-00158143 roles of governments and institutions
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00155-00158144-00158452 but it shows that the direction of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00156-00158453-00158561 travel
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00157-00158562-00158885 and in terms of the focus of where we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00158-00158886-00159233 need to address efforts certainly the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00159-00159234-00159490 policy challenges within the AFC FTA
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00160-00159491-00159766 need to be addressed and there are a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00161-00159767-00160252 number of uh a number of uh regulatory
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00162-00160253-00160489 challenges that we must we must address
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00163-00160490-00160726 first of all we need to address the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00164-00160727-00160921 issue of infrastructure and connectivity
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00165-00160922-00161219 we need to also address the issue of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00166-00161220-00161447 electronic transactions and payment
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00167-00161448-00161909 systems we need to also address all
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00168-00161910-00162149 potential barriers that exist for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00169-00162150-00162461 digitally enabled services
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00170-00162462-00162790 again the survey that ECA undertook
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00171-00162791-00163013 showed that there are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00172-00163014-00163307 there are relatively
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00173-00163308-00163523 um there are not so many restrictions
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00174-00163524-00163895 that we might think in Africa but but
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00175-00163896-00164189 and I stress this is overall but we are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00176-00164190-00164459 hampered by the lack of connectivity and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00177-00164460-00164681 we are hampered back of certainty
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00178-00164682-00164897 sometimes even countries that may have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00179-00164898-00165052 relatively good internet connectivity
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00180-00165053-00165340 fall into the Trap of internet shutdowns
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00181-00165341-00165635 and these cost our economies enormously
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00182-00165636-00165995 and we need to and we are hopeful that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00183-00165996-00166411 through the AFC FTA we can adopt
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00184-00166412-00166775 strategies that can really incentivize
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00185-00166776-00166949 the continued investment in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00186-00166950-00167152 harmonization of the regulatory
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00187-00167153-00167585 environment across the the continent
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00188-00167586-00167873 um we expect that if we properly achieve
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00189-00167874-00168125 the implementation of a digital protocol
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00190-00168126-00168431 under the AFC FTA this will further
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00191-00168432-00168713 strengthen the ability for us to achieve
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00192-00168714-00168964 trade integration full integration
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00193-00168965-00169235 within the continent and it will also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00194-00169236-00169589 particularly empower the opportunity for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00195-00169590-00169889 medium small and small and micro small
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00196-00169890-00170116 and medium Enterprises to be able to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00197-00170117-00170531 have access to wider set of of partners
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00198-00170532-00170759 for for trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00199-00170760-00171119 uh we um a couple of other just to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00200-00171120-00171340 conclude I think a couple of initiatives
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00201-00171341-00171623 that ECA are leading and working with
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00202-00171624-00171923 Partners to deliver which can reinforce
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00203-00171924-00172102 the implementation of a digital protocol
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00204-00172103-00172313 under the AFC FTA
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00205-00172314-00172540 um firstly one of the pillars for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00206-00172541-00172709 digital transformation is cyber security
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00207-00172710-00172997 it is one which has been under
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00208-00172998-00173302 um under uh estimated in the past
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00209-00173303-00173585 notably only 14 countries have ratified
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00210-00173586-00173878 the malaba protocol for the moment but
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00211-00173879-00174035 we hope that very soon we hope this year
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00212-00174036-00174202 we will have number 15 which will bring
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00213-00174203-00174454 the protocol into false but more
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00214-00174455-00174576 critically
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00215-00174577-00174916 the countries need to be able to to have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00216-00174917-00175147 a very clear
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00217-00175148-00175447 implementation of cyber security
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00218-00175448-00175751 aspects because trade depends on the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00219-00175752-00176033 security of your uh of your internet
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00220-00176034-00176338 system and we can't deliver that if we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00221-00176339-00176621 are constantly at risk of hacks or if a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00222-00176622-00176890 user data is compromised uh or if people
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00223-00176891-00177154 do not trust to put their personal data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00224-00177155-00177323 or their financial information into
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00225-00177324-00177676 these systems one of the building blocks
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00226-00177677-00177904 for this is a model law which we will be
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00227-00177905-00178078 discussing this afternoon sorry maybe
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00228-00178079-00178211 you couldn't confirm is it this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00229-00178212-00178333 afternoon or tomorrow
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00230-00178334-00178619 at 3 P.M we'll be presenting the model
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00231-00178620-00178931 law on cyber security so that's one
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00232-00178932-00179335 respect the second area is around the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00233-00179336-00179735 facilitation of digital trade through
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00234-00179736-00180035 digital platforms the ECA helped develop
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00235-00180036-00180202 the Africa trade exchange which is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00236-00180203-00180509 currently operated by African bank and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00237-00180510-00180754 this allows a platform to facilitate
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00238-00180755-00181133 access of of African companies to trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00239-00181134-00181457 their goods on in the digital space and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00240-00181458-00181595 including where necessary to have access
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00241-00181596-00181799 to trade Finance because one of the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00242-00181800-00182009 issues maybe and we have seen this in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00243-00182010-00182188 countries like Ethiopia looking to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00244-00182189-00182423 export coffee they've discovered huge
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00245-00182424-00182728 demand on internet platforms but often
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00246-00182729-00182897 they have they don't have the immediate
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00247-00182898-00183095 resources to invest in the additional
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00248-00183096-00183281 production that is needed and so the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00249-00183282-00183497 link between digital platforms and then
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00250-00183498-00183959 financing mechanisms is is key and the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00251-00183960-00184169 other area the third area that I will I
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00252-00184170-00184361 will touch on is artificial intelligence
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00253-00184362-00184613 uh and this involves ensuring that there
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00254-00184614-00184775 is appropriately appropriate regulatory
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00255-00184776-00184961 Frameworks in different countries and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00256-00184962-00185188 that there is capacity for research and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00257-00185189-00185357 the application of artificial
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00258-00185358-00185621 intelligence in for example uh the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00259-00185622-00185854 context of trade and we have the African
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00260-00185855-00185987 Regional Center on artificial
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00261-00185988-00186143 intelligence which was launched in the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00262-00186144-00186437 Republic of Congo earlier this year and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00263-00186438-00186611 which has created a network of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00264-00186612-00186814 universities and Academia around
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00265-00186815-00186976 research and artificial intelligence
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00266-00186977-00187288 with trade as one of the priority areas
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00267-00187289-00187583 I will stop there for now but I think
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00268-00187584-00187961 that the the harmonization of work that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00269-00187962-00188201 is being done among different African
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00270-00188202-00188543 countries to really deliver on a digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00271-00188544-00188807 trade protocol within the fcfta is one
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00272-00188808-00188993 of the priority actions towards actually
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00273-00188994-00189197 changing the economic model on the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00274-00189198-00189652 African continent thank you so much
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00275-00189653-00189928 thank you very much Mr Adam for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00276-00189929-00190169 highlighting the conditions that we need
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00277-00190170-00190504 to to meet in order to enable digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00278-00190505-00190854 trade in Africa we agree that we need to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00279-00190855-00191152 to narrow or to close the digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00280-00191153-00191483 connectivity Gap and also to to put in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00281-00191484-00191740 place the digital platforms that will
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00282-00191741-00191951 facilitate the payment and also the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00283-00191952-00192275 cross border electronic transactions Now
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00284-00192276-00192569 we move to our second speaker Mr John
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00285-00192570-00192821 omo Secretary General of the African
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00286-00192822-00192988 telecommunications Union
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00287-00192989-00193301 so from your perspective how political
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00288-00193302-00193463 leadership can foster digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00289-00193464-00193714 transformation in Africa and also how
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00290-00193715-00194009 can we enable data to flow within
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00291-00194010-00194273 countries across countries and also how
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00292-00194274-00194543 we can take advantage of the data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00293-00194544-00194851 Revolution to build our digital economy
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00294-00194852-00195143 thank you very much soila thank you very
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00295-00195144-00195252 much
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00296-00195253-00195563 the African Union and the ECA for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00297-00195564-00195863 putting this together I also want to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00298-00195864-00196252 thank fellow panel panelists suddenly JP
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00299-00196253-00196601 has taken quite a bit of wind of our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00300-00196602-00196864 sale in terms of some of the challenges
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00301-00196865-00197035 that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00302-00197036-00197345 characterize data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00303-00197346-00197843 for development in Africa but I I see
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00304-00197844-00198131 the role of political leadership in the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00305-00198132-00198373 pursuit of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00306-00198374-00198563 digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00307-00198564-00198857 well data governance in in three phases
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00308-00198858-00199104 or three levels one
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00309-00199105-00199469 is at the level of governments
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00310-00199470-00199723 uh the level of governments
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00311-00199724-00200075 the level of our regional in rather
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00312-00200076-00200387 sub-regular economic blocks and suddenly
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00313-00200388-00200525 at the level
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00314-00200526-00200926 of uh of the Continental Continental
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00315-00200927-00201197 level and uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00316-00201198-00201359 whatever the level
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00317-00201360-00201749 there needs to be quite a clear message
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00318-00201750-00201869 to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00319-00201870-00202259 the politicians and and indeed each and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00320-00202260-00202397 every one of us because we are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00321-00202398-00202661 politicians and political leaders in our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00322-00202662-00202828 own rights in our companies in our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00323-00202829-00203087 organizations in our families we are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00324-00203088-00203404 leaders we are politicians and so it's
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00325-00203405-00203699 it starts with us at the family level at
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00326-00203700-00203933 the organizations where we work before
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00327-00203934-00204304 we expand it to our communities at the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00328-00204305-00204533 national level at the sub-regional level
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00329-00204534-00204808 and and certainly at the Continental
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00330-00204809-00205140 level I think the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00331-00205141-00205366 certain data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00332-00205367-00205601 of the student characteristics of data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00333-00205602-00205986 that requires political involvement is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00334-00205987-00206279 captured in the four v's of data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00335-00206280-00206544 the four v's of data which is volume
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00336-00206546-00206957 velocity variety and veracity Big Data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00337-00206958-00207251 volumes big data sets that are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00338-00207252-00207562 mind-boggling and certainly require that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00339-00207563-00207844 political players get into this space
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00340-00207846-00208103 and and and ensure leaders leadership
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00341-00208104-00208534 velocity in terms of the periodicity of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00342-00208535-00208823 change uh certainly there are so many
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00343-00208823-00209057 changes in in the data that we are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00344-00209058-00209158 dealing with
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00345-00209159-00209507 uh there's so much variety whether in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00346-00209508-00209723 the form of what I'm saying which is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00347-00209723-00209975 data in the form of text messages you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00348-00209976-00210160 are sending or those that are writing on
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00349-00210161-00210389 their notebooks uh certainly sending
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00350-00210390-00210707 emails or pictures about this event and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00351-00210708-00210971 so forth and and suddenly the veracity
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00352-00210971-00211127 we need to ensure that the information
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00353-00211128-00211373 that is out there is one that is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00354-00211373-00211751 verifiable and and and and so uh all
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00355-00211752-00212044 this then requires a certain level of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00356-00212046-00212308 leadership to ensure that there is an
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00357-00212309-00212663 organized way of management of our data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00358-00212664-00212927 and and suddenly that requires technical
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00359-00212928-00213298 skills and and what I see is that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00360-00213300-00213598 uh perhaps we are addressing the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00361-00213600-00213982 political leadership here but much of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00362-00213983-00214163 the information is resident with us
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00363-00214164-00214360 those in this room and those that are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00364-00214361-00214619 listening I'm sure some of our politic
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00365-00214619-00214882 political leaders are listening but we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00366-00214883-00215092 seem to be preaching so much to the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00367-00215094-00215248 converted
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00368-00215250-00215551 I don't know whether you get that sense
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00369-00215552-00215932 as opposed to taking the message to our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00370-00215933-00216144 politicians the political leaders
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00371-00216146-00216539 because I see quite an asymmetry between
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00372-00216540-00216892 the knowledge that is available amongst
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00373-00216894-00217181 the technical people in terms of the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00374-00217182-00217403 value of data and the knowledge that is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00375-00217404-00217660 resident with the political class and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00376-00217661-00217906 leadership in terms of appreciating the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00377-00217907-00218153 value of data and ensuring then that we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00378-00218154-00218410 have robust systems for data management
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00379-00218411-00218692 and I think we need then to not just
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00380-00218694-00218827 upskill
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00381-00218828-00219221 uh and which I see as necessary in most
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00382-00219221-00219467 of our African jurisdictions in terms of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00383-00219467-00219748 technical skills but also you know imbue
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00384-00219750-00220048 uh that our political Leaders with the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00385-00220050-00220403 necessary knowledge that data is indeed
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00386-00220404-00220655 important and big data sets are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00387-00220656-00220896 important for the management of national
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00388-00220898-00221146 communal and and Regional and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00389-00221148-00221441 inter-regional uh economic systems and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00390-00221442-00221723 indeed our lives I think as as I
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00391-00221723-00222058 mentioned JP has indicated as mentioned
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00392-00222059-00222334 certain characteristics of data uh in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00393-00222335-00222810 Africa but I I see 12 from 19 20 20 20
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00394-00222811-00223032 2012 to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00395-00223033-00223237 late last year
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00396-00223238-00223613 an increase from 12 to 28 African
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00397-00223614-00223853 countries having one form of data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00398-00223854-00224092 legislation or the other
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00399-00224094-00224567 uh of those that I analyzed those data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00400-00224567-00224819 legislations tend to me to emphasize
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00401-00224819-00225173 more on fostering safeguards in G data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00402-00225173-00225419 protection and privacy and let's focus
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00403-00225419-00225689 on data enablers which is on you know
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00404-00225690-00226063 portability localization for example and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00405-00226064-00226342 implementation then remains a challenge
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00406-00226344-00226505 in quite a lot of our jurisdictions
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00407-00226506-00226817 especially at the national level most of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00408-00226817-00227201 our data legislation is nascent with the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00409-00227202-00227392 institutional Frameworks that are fairly
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00410-00227394-00227842 uh you know young and so there are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00411-00227844-00228017 certain jurisdictions I mean
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00412-00228017-00228221 institutional challenges in terms of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00413-00228221-00228534 capacity in terms of resource allocation
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00414-00228535-00228905 on two organizations that are that are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00415-00228906-00229192 in charge of data management in our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00416-00229194-00229408 respective countries the other
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00417-00229409-00229763 characteristics that I that I see is is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00418-00229764-00229973 of course at the Continental level as
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00419-00229973-00230284 well as mentioned a lot of initiatives
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00420-00230285-00230555 you know at the level of the African
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00421-00230556-00230884 Union at the level of ECA which which is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00422-00230885-00231148 indeed great but I think we need to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00423-00231150-00231442 translate this at the national and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00424-00231444-00231605 sub-regional level quite a lot of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00425-00231606-00231844 efforts are already being undertaken at
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00426-00231846-00232006 the sub-regional level at the political
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00427-00232007-00232265 leadership which is a great thing
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00428-00232266-00232727 uh and so what what I see is is the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00429-00232728-00232871 political leadership at the national
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00430-00232871-00233129 level you know bringing down what is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00431-00233130-00233405 already agreed at the Continental uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00432-00233406-00233653 level in terms of national legislation
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00433-00233654-00234017 and it's it's it's great that we are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00434-00234017-00234401 just one short one County shy of uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00435-00234402-00234694 bringing the malabo convention into into
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00436-00234696-00234953 Force but I think we we have lost quite
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00437-00234954-00235282 a bit of time since that convention was
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00438-00235283-00235637 negotiated and with data management time
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00439-00235638-00235817 is is not on our side and our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00440-00235817-00236092 politicians need to acknowledge that the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00441-00236094-00236584 more we delay in you know actualizing uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00442-00236585-00236873 pieces of legislation are policies the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00443-00236873-00237071 more those pieces of legislation and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00444-00237071-00237317 policies become irrelevant because as
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00445-00237317-00237569 I've mentioned uh the one common thing
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00446-00237569-00237832 about data is its velocity it's
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00447-00237833-00238103 constantly changing and so whatever
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00448-00238104-00238498 framework legislation or uh policies
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00449-00238500-00238655 that we have need to be constantly
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00450-00238656-00238853 reviewed and the more we keep them in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00451-00238854-00239075 abeyance in terms of implementing them
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00452-00239076-00239405 the more I see ourselves lagging lagging
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00453-00239406-00239794 behind indeed in all our data indices uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00454-00239796-00240073 Africa lags behind all the other regions
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00455-00240073-00240431 in terms of robust data management
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00456-00240432-00240706 Frameworks
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00457-00240707-00241084 now what politicians can then do uh is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00458-00241085-00241306 is certainly anchored in some of these
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00459-00241307-00241565 kind of statistics of data management in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00460-00241566-00241751 the African continent create policies
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00461-00241752-00242003 and regulations at the national level to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00462-00242004-00242213 promote digital transformation we've
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00463-00242214-00242419 seen quite a bit of that I've said that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00464-00242419-00242677 from 2012 to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00465-00242678-00242941 late last year
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00466-00242942-00243298 upwards of 28 countries have one form or
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00467-00243300-00243467 developed one form of data legislation
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00468-00243467-00243653 or the other which is a great thing but
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00469-00243654-00243839 we need to see more of that in the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00470-00243840-00244181 countries that are have not adopted a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00471-00244182-00244463 setting of these policies or legislation
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00472-00244464-00244732 respond and keep Pace with advances in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00473-00244733-00244955 technology and that is where I see quite
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00474-00244956-00245242 asymmetry as I've mentioned I think the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00475-00245244-00245453 political class unfortunately uh and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00476-00245454-00245758 then this this this needs to be said the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00477-00245759-00246046 political class in Africa especially at
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00478-00246048-00246455 the national level have not uh quite uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00479-00246456-00246767 appreciated the value of that and we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00480-00246767-00246977 need to drive this message to the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00481-00246978-00247187 political class so that we they know
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00482-00247188-00247523 that without data without accurate data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00483-00247523-00247787 you can't do much even as a at the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00484-00247788-00247991 national level so I think that message
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00485-00247992-00248201 needs to be driven so that the asymmetry
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00486-00248202-00248429 that exists between the technical people
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00487-00248430-00248777 in terms of knowledge uh in on the value
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00488-00248778-00248998 of data and that of politicians is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00489-00249000-00249346 narrowed uh one of course is the power
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00490-00249348-00249641 politicians to use Grassroots networks
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00491-00249642-00249958 to enchant skills transfer which is as
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00492-00249959-00250210 I've mentioned this is another area that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00493-00250211-00250565 that is is is common in Africa in terms
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00494-00250566-00250877 of skills development and I think most
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00495-00250878-00251051 of our politicians especially at the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00496-00251052-00251279 national level have Grassroots networks
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00497-00251280-00251503 and we need to bring everyone on board
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00498-00251504-00251765 in terms of the value of data whether
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00499-00251766-00252071 personal data or organizational data I
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00500-00252071-00252310 think in the entire ecosystem I'm
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00501-00252311-00252544 finishing in the entire ecosystem there
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00502-00252546-00252767 are various players that we need to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00503-00252767-00253037 recognize there may be government the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00504-00253038-00253217 private sector certainly plays an
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00505-00253217-00253439 increasingly important role in data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00506-00253440-00253708 management in Africa the partners from
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00507-00253709-00253848 various countries
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00508-00253850-00254123 and regions and and we just need to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00509-00254123-00254371 recognize that there's not a single
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00510-00254371-00254723 organization or individual whether
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00511-00254723-00254963 politicians or government of the Civil
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00512-00254964-00255184 Society or the private sector that has a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00513-00255185-00255460 monopoly of knowledge over this or
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00514-00255461-00255592 jurisdiction
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00515-00255594-00255844 so that we bring everyone in the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00516-00255846-00256134 ecosystem together for purposes of of of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00517-00256135-00256505 data management and that clearly is is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00518-00256506-00256777 the role of of politicians and certainly
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00519-00256778-00256973 institutionalizing structures that we've
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00520-00256973-00257171 agreed on for purposes of data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00521-00257171-00257369 management the other thing that I think
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00522-00257369-00257656 we we need to tell the politicians is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00523-00257657-00257951 that I see and this needs to be said I
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00524-00257952-00258179 see a lot of institutional overlaps and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00525-00258180-00258491 jurisdictions jurisdictional conflicts
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00526-00258492-00258755 in terms of the partnership engagements
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00527-00258756-00259217 in Africa and so I I I think uh the U.N
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00528-00259217-00259505 needs to listen to this and JP I I hope
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00529-00259506-00259751 this message gets across that our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00530-00259752-00259937 politician political class needs to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00531-00259938-00260225 realize that the partners that engage in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00532-00260226-00260405 various forms of data management in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00533-00260406-00260656 Africa are great
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00534-00260657-00260891 but each and every partner comes with an
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00535-00260892-00261173 agenda and so we need to bring all this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00536-00261173-00261641 agenda into a single uh scheme where it
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00537-00261642-00261965 is the interest of Africa at heart and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00538-00261966-00262163 not so much of the interest of the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00539-00262164-00262439 partners that seek to support data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00540-00262440-00262595 development in Africa thank you very
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00541-00262596-00262805 much for listening to me there's so much
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00542-00262806-00262949 to be said about this I don't think
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00543-00262950-00263237 there's one single answer but that's the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00544-00263238-00263395 reason we are here to take questions
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00545-00263396-00263705 comments and and to engage in this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00546-00263706-00264047 dialogue thank you very much
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00547-00264048-00264107 foreign
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00548-00264108-00264497 [Applause]
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00549-00264498-00264713 for highlighting the importance of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00550-00264714-00265001 upskillings at different levels from the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00551-00265002-00265253 technical levels to decision makers and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00552-00265254-00265534 also the need to create a platform for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00553-00265535-00265787 military stakeholder discussions and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00554-00265788-00266071 conversation and also as organizations
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00555-00266072-00266501 we need to strengthen our cooperation to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00556-00266502-00266723 highlight our priorities to ensure
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00557-00266724-00266897 complementarity between the different
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00558-00266898-00267208 initiatives and I fully agree with you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00559-00267209-00267449 that we need to create a link between
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00560-00267450-00267634 the technical community the decision
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00561-00267635-00267953 makers and also the the diplomats or the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00562-00267954-00268151 Foreign Affairs because they are the one
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00563-00268152-00268463 who voice the interest of the countries
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00564-00268464-00268679 at International level taking into
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00565-00268680-00268913 account the ongoing discussions with
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00566-00268914-00269201 World Trade Organization and also the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00567-00269202-00269393 discussions about global digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00568-00269394-00269656 cooperation the data governance I think
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00569-00269657-00269921 we need to build our individual and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00570-00269922-00270191 Collective capacity and Rising awareness
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00571-00270192-00270455 is key in this process Now we move to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00572-00270456-00270682 concrete each example we have with us
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00573-00270683-00271079 from East Africa community Mr Daniel
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00574-00271080-00271325 Morenci he will share with us the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00575-00271326-00271577 progress and also what the key aspects
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00576-00271578-00271877 that are being addressed by this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00577-00271878-00272063 community for developing their common
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00578-00272064-00272356 digital Market Mr moranzi can you please
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00579-00272357-00272627 make it in five minutes yeah thank you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00580-00272628-00272825 so much uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00581-00272826-00273047 for the interest of the time I had to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00582-00273048-00273329 put up the PowerPoint first rights to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00583-00273330-00273658 explain what the ESC does and we first
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00584-00273659-00273899 of all want to thank the the opportunity
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00585-00273900-00274055 to have given to the east African
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00586-00274056-00274387 Community to Showcase what we are needed
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00587-00274388-00274817 on the Move yeah so on our case as the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00588-00274818-00275093 East African Community allow me to share
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00589-00275094-00275489 with you our vision and the agenda for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00590-00275490-00275753 our single digital Market that is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00591-00275754-00276065 driving the forces of our single
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00592-00276066-00276256 integration on our single digital market
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00593-00276257-00276521 for those that you are in Connect Africa
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00594-00276522-00276893 Summit some 2018 I think this was the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00595-00276894-00277091 study that we did and we had to take
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00596-00277092-00277282 care that how should East African
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00597-00277283-00277517 Community be number one in moving for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00598-00277518-00277823 the single digital market and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00599-00277824-00278195 we have taken four pillars for uh our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00600-00278196-00278387 single digital market and this is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00601-00278388-00278699 anchored on the whole work that uh Jean
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00602-00278700-00278921 poro talked about almost talked about
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00603-00278922-00279191 and what the African Union have done on
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00604-00279192-00279395 our side we have considered the four
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00605-00279396-00279682 cases on the side of the debt online
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00606-00279683-00279905 data connection and the data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00607-00279906-00280139 connectivity then the connectivity by
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00608-00280140-00280456 itself then enabling environments and I
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00609-00280457-00280655 would just take you through where we are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00610-00280656-00280895 as the ESC and the key indicators that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00611-00280896-00281123 are driving this so when you look at
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00612-00281124-00281387 this pyramid that we have done it shows
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00613-00281388-00281597 what do we need to do or what are we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00614-00281598-00281873 doing in in to ensure that we are moving
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00615-00281874-00282203 faster to now uh achieve our single
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00616-00282204-00282473 digital Market as we have done as you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00617-00282474-00282695 are aware East African Community we have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00618-00282696-00282941 uh for protocol I mean for the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00619-00282942-00283151 integration agendas commonly Market
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00620-00283152-00283475 protocol Customs Union uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00621-00283476-00283727 political Federation and monetary Union
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00622-00283728-00283937 so under the common market protocol
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00623-00283938-00284171 that's where even you find this single
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00624-00284172-00284321 digital Market because there is free
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00625-00284322-00284525 movement of people free movement of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00626-00284526-00284806 goods free movement of services so on
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00627-00284807-00285184 the single online Market as the Peter
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00628-00285185-00285473 that would now Drive our integration and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00629-00285474-00285760 quickly achieve our agenda that we need
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00630-00285761-00286019 as the ESC we found that there are some
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00631-00286020-00286360 promo uh key pillars that we need to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00632-00286361-00286619 tackle there is the digital ID you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00634-00292235-00292565 has already been handling our Barker
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00635-00292566-00292793 payments with the central banks so the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00636-00292794-00292960 next move we are now looking at the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00637-00292961-00293230 integrating the retail payment which is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00638-00293231-00293441 now the study that is undergoing
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00639-00293442-00293705 supported by JZ we thank you for that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00640-00293706-00293875 and the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00641-00293876-00294149 Consultants service I mean the report is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00642-00294150-00294413 being handled so the purpose is now to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00643-00294414-00294593 ensure that all components of the work
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00644-00294594-00294875 for cross-border are removed so on the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00645-00294876-00295030 other side there is the consumer
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00646-00295031-00295247 protection so we found out that you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00647-00295248-00295427 cannot do the single digital Market
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00648-00295428-00295637 online without the consumer protection
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00649-00295638-00295930 on the side of the ESC we have the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00650-00295931-00296117 competition Authority that has already
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00651-00296118-00296429 been established as an institution and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00652-00296430-00296584 it's already working with the national
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00653-00296585-00296915 competition of authorities in a manner
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00654-00296916-00297179 that makes us now to have the things
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00655-00297180-00297473 regulated the logistics party because we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00656-00297474-00297658 want now to look at the trade across
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00657-00297659-00297880 under movement of goods are going on
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00658-00297881-00298187 then now the harmonization is ongoing
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00659-00298188-00298403 and we are now working on that so in the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00660-00298404-00298715 single data market now the key enable us
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00661-00298716-00299105 as JP has talked about there's the data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00662-00299106-00299405 protection and data a privacy this one
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00663-00299406-00299734 we have taken the Continental framework
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00664-00299735-00299932 and now we are anchoring it and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00665-00299933-00300119 domesticating it to the regional level
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00666-00300120-00300358 when we reviewed the region National
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00667-00300359-00300623 Data privacy and protection laws we are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00668-00300624-00300832 really working in isolation they don't
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00669-00300833-00301108 support the data movement across the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00670-00301109-00301343 border so that's why the region has now
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00671-00301344-00301510 come up with this and we are fully
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00672-00301511-00301775 supported by World Bank the regional
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00673-00301776-00301967 data previous and protection framework
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00674-00301968-00302243 is being finalized under the we are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00675-00302244-00302441 anchoring onto the the Continental
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00676-00302442-00302705 framework so on the other side of the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00677-00302706-00302921 cyber security which as mentioned as a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00678-00302922-00303191 major chatting the regional River now we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00679-00303192-00303551 have taken uh a step of ensuring that we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00680-00303552-00303973 now establish a regional sat or original
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00681-00303974-00304258 cyber security framework so this one is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00682-00304259-00304510 being now coordinated at the regional
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00683-00304511-00304667 River to ensure that we are able to work
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00684-00304668-00304858 together you know now if people are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00685-00304859-00305069 moving goods are moving money is moving
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00686-00305070-00305353 as you're aware setting up the original
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00687-00305354-00305639 Central Bank soon the countries have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00688-00305640-00305903 submitted the expression of Interest so
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00689-00305904-00306058 we require to now have a regional
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00690-00306059-00306275 collaboration on the cyber security and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00691-00306276-00306497 now the regional framework is on on
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00692-00306498-00306808 where going so we are looking at also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00693-00306809-00307073 the infrastructure and we are working
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00694-00307074-00307354 together on the detail on the retail
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00695-00307355-00307582 side and the whole side to ensure that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00696-00307583-00307841 that connectivity is Affordable so this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00697-00307842-00308051 we have already worked with Africa
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00698-00308052-00308203 Development Bank and the other
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00699-00308204-00308417 stakeholders to ensure that we support
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00700-00308418-00308645 the national level and they also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00701-00308646-00308927 establish more internet exchange points
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00702-00308928-00309149 so that the work was well on the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00703-00309150-00309443 enabling environments the digital skills
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00704-00309444-00309629 has been identified as a major Gap
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00705-00309630-00309989 through the works with the JZ again who
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00706-00309990-00310163 have established a project for digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00707-00310164-00310432 skills and this one has already been out
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00708-00310433-00310703 according with the private sector uh you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00709-00310704-00310919 know we do have now the 50 million women
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00710-00310920-00311158 who have the women in the platforms this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00711-00311159-00311429 associations now supporting to be
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00712-00311430-00311675 enabled onto the digital skills and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00713-00311676-00311927 other environments that Innovation with
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00714-00311928-00312137 the Innovation hubs within our national
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00715-00312138-00312479 so at the regional level last week but
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00716-00312480-00312682 when we did the first Innovation week
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00717-00312683-00312958 that was done in Uganda as a regional
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00718-00312959-00313237 platform that brings all the Innovations
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00719-00313238-00313565 within our context so this is in one way
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00720-00313566-00313793 that for us to achieve the single
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00721-00313794-00313967 digital Market or those enabling
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00722-00313968-00314206 environments have to move so on the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00723-00314207-00314404 payment side that has always been talked
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00724-00314405-00314663 about and what is our Approach at the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00725-00314664-00314806 regional level
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00726-00314807-00315119 uh our approach it's just that the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00727-00315120-00315406 screen is the translation is hiding the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00728-00315407-00315706 sum of the key things we have now done
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00729-00315707-00316043 in a manner that our architecture we now
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00730-00316044-00316234 know at the national level that there is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00731-00316235-00316456 now the national sewage there is the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00732-00316457-00316673 integration that is happening but when
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00733-00316674-00316865 you move within our region from one
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00734-00316866-00317099 country to another you find it is still
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00735-00317100-00317425 a major Gap whereby transacting with kcb
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00736-00317426-00317765 ATM to equity to another there is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00737-00317766-00318004 another big fee that is going on so the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00738-00318005-00318208 regional River we have seen that when we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00739-00318209-00318430 harmonize and establish now the kid
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00740-00318431-00318641 Regional switch because now we have the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00741-00318642-00318875 national switches to communicate we are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00742-00318876-00319156 able to now bring the mnos that the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00743-00319157-00319432 interface of the mnos with our national
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00744-00319433-00319654 switches and the regional switch to move
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00745-00319655-00319906 uh for your information we are cutting
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00746-00319907-00320147 out the study for data roaming and the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00747-00320148-00320417 regional data roaming is on the way uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00748-00320418-00320579 we are looking on the way that we can
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00749-00320580-00320771 now enable the regional data roaming and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00750-00320772-00320953 the cross
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00751-00320954-00321251 so these are all the components that we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00752-00321252-00321503 find that can enable the digital trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00753-00321504-00321719 we are talking about we did not forget
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00754-00321720-00321917 about the money rendering you know it's
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00755-00321918-00322193 another big challenge that if you look
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00756-00322194-00322391 on the architecture that you have done
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00757-00322392-00322699 we have the counter the uh sorry sorry
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00758-00322700-00323015 uh on this there is the ant fraud body
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00759-00323016-00323279 of the National Banks central banks the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00760-00323280-00323495 way the credit bureaus so this is the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00761-00323496-00323699 whole ecosystem that the architects of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00762-00323700-00323908 the East African Community we have come
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00763-00323909-00324167 up with and that they are implementation
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00764-00324168-00324391 level central banks have already
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00765-00324392-00324623 collaborating because we have already
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00766-00324624-00324856 now established a central bank platform
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00767-00324857-00325079 and they are now collaborating to bring
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00768-00325080-00325301 to any bus to bring the retail payments
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00769-00325302-00325589 of the commercial Banks so this is the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00770-00325590-00325823 way the regional we are moving and we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00771-00325824-00326075 believe that once we have completed this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00772-00326076-00326345 we can share the experience with our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00773-00326346-00326656 colleagues lastly we are looking at the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00774-00326657-00326908 this is our proposed unified payment
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00775-00326909-00327317 interface we know very well the digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00776-00327318-00327569 gaps that John Paul has mentioned almost
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00777-00327570-00327808 mentioned there and the others keep on
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00778-00327809-00328097 talking we know that our colleagues not
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00779-00328098-00328271 all of them are on the smartphones they
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00780-00328272-00328384 are those who are still on the future
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00781-00328385-00328703 phones ussd and the rest so the platform
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00782-00328704-00328954 of our unified payment which we are now
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00783-00328955-00329171 building up and we are now working with
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00784-00329172-00329458 our central banks and the commercial
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00785-00329459-00329741 Banks and also the third party players
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00786-00329742-00329999 is to come up with the inside payment uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00787-00330000-00330239 interface which we found that the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00788-00330240-00330545 successful implementation happened in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00789-00330546-00330779 India and I think in Brazil and we are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00790-00330780-00331091 anchoring on this so briefly colleagues
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00791-00331092-00331247 this is the journey the East African
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00792-00331248-00331534 Community we have taken and I wanted to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00793-00331535-00331741 say that we have already
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00794-00331742-00332147 secured defense to now remove the uh the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00795-00332148-00332363 uh the police challenges that we had
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00796-00332364-00332579 today we are now working on to the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00797-00332580-00332753 digital signature that has already been
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00798-00332754-00332993 a major Challenge on two implementations
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00799-00332994-00333208 to be now harmonized at the regional
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00800-00333209-00333491 level and also the the regional data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00801-00333492-00333677 protection and previously that was the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00802-00333678-00333982 another bottleneck but I just wanted to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00803-00333983-00334132 let you know that this is where we are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00804-00334133-00334343 as the East African Community and we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00805-00334344-00334595 have taken into consideration that the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00806-00334596-00334810 region has to communicate with the rest
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00807-00334811-00335104 of Africa and the Beyond and we also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00808-00335105-00335339 know very well that we have the EPA and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00809-00335340-00335506 the other conversions that we are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00810-00335507-00335753 trading Beyond Africa So within our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00811-00335754-00335963 ecosystem we are taking it in that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00812-00335964-00336275 direction and we we are happy to share
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00813-00336276-00336580 more uh due to the time constraint allow
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00814-00336581-00336730 me to stop from here I would welcome
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00815-00336731-00336977 more questions and engagements during
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00816-00336978-00337397 the tea break thank you so much
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00817-00337398-00337723 foreign
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00818-00337724-00338021 for this update we are really happy to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00819-00338022-00338339 see the progress that is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00820-00338340-00338627 been made in East Africa and as you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00821-00338628-00338837 mentioned it will be really interesting
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00822-00338838-00339149 to share with other regions and also to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00823-00339150-00339430 see how we can build on the work of East
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00824-00339431-00339610 Africa to come up with a continental
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00825-00339611-00339832 approach for the digital single market
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00826-00339833-00340115 now we have another speaker online I
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00827-00340116-00340475 don't know if Mr samatar is connected
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00828-00340476-00340804 to update us on another initiative that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00829-00340805-00341069 is a concrete initiative which will
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00830-00341070-00341380 start next year it is about build uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00831-00341381-00341651 development of digital single Market uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00832-00341652-00341945 Mr samatar maybe a few words maybe in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00833-00341946-00342154 five minutes or less if you can just
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00834-00342155-00342508 update us on this initiative between the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00835-00342509-00342701 African Union commission with support of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00836-00342702-00342941 the African Development Bank and how
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00837-00342942-00343169 this initiative will contribute to the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00838-00343170-00343397 development of digital Market in Africa
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00839-00343398-00343565 thank you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00840-00343566-00344567 uh thank you very much
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00841-00344568-00344837 we hear you very well and we see you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00842-00344838-00345349 also it's okay you can proceed
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00843-00345350-00345569 panelists and as well as to the other
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00844-00345570-00345893 participants I would like to say a few
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00845-00345894-00346169 words on the projects uh Upstream
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00846-00346170-00346354 project for digital Market development
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00847-00346355-00346703 in Africa that has been approved last
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00848-00346704-00346949 September by the board of directors of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00849-00346950-00347303 the bank first of all uh I would like to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00850-00347304-00347501 say that it's important actually to note
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00851-00347502-00347795 that the setting up of a digital single
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00852-00347796-00348004 Market in Africa is a long-term process
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00853-00348005-00348365 on which we must all work for its
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00854-00348366-00348827 achievement by 2030 based on the sdgs
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00855-00348828-00349180 second I think it's essential to note
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00856-00349181-00349421 that it's not enough to work at Country
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00857-00349422-00349721 level only to provide Solutions and we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00858-00349722-00349954 do that through the numerous National
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00859-00349955-00350158 Regional and Multinational projects
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00860-00350159-00350399 funded by the bank but it's also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00861-00350400-00350610 important actually to address the issues
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00862-00350611-00350891 hampering the generalization of Digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00863-00350892-00351191 Services accessing in the continent in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00864-00351192-00351425 order to concretize uh the digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00865-00351426-00351558 single Market
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00866-00351559-00351815 admittedly these actions remain
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00867-00351816-00352127 fundamental to prepare the ground for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00868-00352128-00352403 the setting up of an African digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00869-00352404-00352717 single Market step by step uh I think
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00870-00352718-00353153 however it's crucial also to address the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00871-00353154-00353441 supernational issues in collaboration
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00872-00353442-00353741 with various economic communities as
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00873-00353742-00353993 well as the African Union Commission in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00874-00353994-00354317 order to ensure the overall consistency
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00875-00354318-00354634 of the action that has to be undertaken
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00876-00354635-00354869 uh in addition I think it's also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00877-00354870-00355177 important to draw lessons from the past
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00878-00355178-00355553 by avoiding absolutely to have the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00879-00355554-00355877 market as the only Horizon here and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00880-00355878-00356195 forgetting the central role and needs of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00881-00356196-00356410 African population in the digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00882-00356411-00356645 transformation agenda of our continent
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00883-00356646-00356884 therefore it's important to equalize
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00884-00356885-00357239 jobs uh Innovations entrepreneurship
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00885-00357240-00357545 opportunities from north to south and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00886-00357546-00357791 from east to west on the continent and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00887-00357792-00358145 this is also requires among others the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00888-00358146-00358469 implementation of all laws regulation
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00889-00358470-00358763 policies and strategies that are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00890-00358764-00359134 necessary to guarantee the protection of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00891-00359135-00359465 personal data and the promotion of cyber
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00892-00359466-00359680 security and the reliability of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00893-00359681-00359934 electronic transactions having said that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00894-00359935-00360247 the African as I said the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00895-00360248-00360515 previously the African development Banks
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00896-00360516-00360808 board of directors have approved has
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00897-00360809-00361139 approved actually a grant of 7 million
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00898-00361140-00361404 units of accounts which is equivalent
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00899-00361405-00361632 error to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00900-00361633-00362045 9.77 million U.S last September for the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00901-00362046-00362321 first phase of the Upstream project for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00902-00362322-00362608 digital Market development in Africa the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00903-00362609-00362806 grant has has been the grant agreement
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00904-00362807-00363065 has been signed actually two weeks ago
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00905-00363066-00363401 between AUC and FDB and the project
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00906-00363402-00363832 kickoff is planned on January 2023 in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00907-00363833-00364180 Addis actually this project supports the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00908-00364181-00364499 AUC implementation digital economy
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00909-00364500-00364817 project to enhance Continental single
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00910-00364818-00365027 digital market and this is the subject
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00911-00365028-00365332 of this session today it's also it will
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00912-00365333-00365573 also support the implementation of the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00913-00365574-00365939 African Continental free trade area and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00914-00365940-00366221 the digital transformation strategy for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00915-00366222-00366593 Africa actually the details are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00916-00366594-00366971 available uh online on this project but
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00917-00366972-00367277 what I would say here it it will
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00918-00367278-00367415 contribute actually to the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00919-00367416-00367806 implementation of digital enables namely
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00920-00367807-00368153 universal access to a Broadband
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00921-00368154-00368423 infrastructure Sovereign African Cloud
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00922-00368424-00368687 African digital Market e-com Mass
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00923-00368688-00368908 digital trade promotion so all these
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00924-00368909-00369149 actions and activities will be actually
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00925-00369150-00369439 uh funded through through this project
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00926-00369440-00369839 uh and more broadly it will help to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00927-00369840-00370121 create a conducive ecosystem for for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00928-00370122-00370480 digital trust skills and we will also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00929-00370481-00370782 help in the setting up of an African
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00930-00370783-00371123 experts networks on digital development
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00931-00371124-00371543 uh uh in in general so that's uh what I
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00932-00371544-00371825 would like to say on this project that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00933-00371826-00372173 is going to be launched in January in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00934-00372174-00372569 Addis so we would be pleased if you also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00935-00372570-00372893 can attend that meeting that will will
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00936-00372894-00373349 will be happening in in January uh next
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00937-00373350-00373847 next year thank you very much
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00938-00373848-00374165 us this information about this relevant
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00939-00374166-00374410 project that will help to develop
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00940-00374411-00374693 Continental digital economy and also to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00941-00374694-00374932 as you mentioned create the right
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00942-00374933-00375227 conducive ecosystem and enabling
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00943-00375228-00375473 environment that will Foster the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00944-00375474-00375767 development of data-driven economy and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00945-00375768-00376115 applications so we as you mentioned this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00946-00376116-00376325 Pro this project is in line with the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00947-00376326-00376577 fcfta priorities and also the digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00948-00376578-00376841 transformation strategy we have with us
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00949-00376842-00377273 speaker from the fcfts secretaria Mr
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00950-00377274-00377608 shididi he will update us on the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00951-00377609-00377993 protocols on the protocols of the on the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00952-00377994-00378323 digital trade and e-commerce we will we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00953-00378324-00378551 have this it was highlighted by previous
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00954-00378552-00378784 speakers that the second phase of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00955-00378785-00379049 negotiations of safety is on digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00956-00379050-00379354 trade and e-commerce so Mr CDD what is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00957-00379355-00379654 the status and how this will will
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00958-00379655-00379841 contribute to the establishment of this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00959-00379842-00380237 digital Market in Africa
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00960-00380238-00380453 thank you very much
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00961-00380454-00380765 good morning to everyone first of all
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00962-00380766-00380980 I'd like to thank the organizers for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00963-00380981-00381251 inviting the fcfda Secretariat
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00964-00381252-00381521 to be part of this discussion
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00965-00381522-00381695 um today
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00966-00381696-00381893 you might have not seen me on the poster
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00967-00381894-00382241 but I'm here now
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00968-00382242-00382432 um
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00969-00382433-00382639 let me just give you a brief background
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00970-00382640-00382978 on the fcfta it has been mentioned by
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00971-00382979-00383173 the previous speakers
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00972-00383174-00383477 so the African Continental free trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00973-00383478-00383777 area is a very ambitious project which
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00974-00383778-00384071 is trying to establish a single
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00975-00384072-00384365 Market single Continental Market between
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00976-00384366-00384653 and among all the 55 member states of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00977-00384654-00384875 the African Union and the agreement
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00978-00384876-00385115 establishing this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00979-00385116-00385367 um ambitious projects
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00980-00385368-00385606 is quite comprehensive it covers over
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00981-00385607-00385919 all range of issues uh trade related
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00982-00385920-00386141 issues initially it covered trading
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00983-00386142-00386404 Goods trading Services investment
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00984-00386405-00386632 intellectual property rights and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00985-00386633-00386873 competition policy and then at a later
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00986-00386874-00387149 stage e-commerce which is now digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00987-00387150-00387478 trade was also added and more recently
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00988-00387479-00387701 women and youth into it so these would
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00989-00387702-00388037 be protocols but for the sake of time I
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00990-00388038-00388241 will focus on the negotiation the update
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00991-00388242-00388571 on the protocol on digital trade so in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00992-00388572-00388834 February 2020 the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00993-00388835-00389051 African Union Assembly heads of state
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00994-00389052-00389321 and government decided that let's
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00995-00389322-00389651 include a protocol on e-commerce within
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00996-00389652-00389825 the framework of the African Continental
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00997-00389826-00389980 free trade area
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00998-00389981-00390239 and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-00999-00390240-00390628 um in May 2021 the kinds of ministers
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01000-00390629-00390839 responsible for trade decided okay let's
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01001-00390840-00391151 change these e-commerce to digital trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01002-00391152-00391337 which is more appropriate to what we are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01003-00391338-00391510 trying to achieve in the African
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01004-00391511-00391756 continuity or free trade area so this is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01005-00391757-00391949 how now it moved so they are not
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01006-00391950-00392177 protocols they are not two protocols one
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01007-00392178-00392387 on digital trade one on e-commerce it's
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01008-00392388-00392747 one protocol which is digital trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01009-00392748-00392951 um I think I I have to get that clear so
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01010-00392952-00393203 that there is no uh confusion
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01011-00393204-00393430 so the formal negotiations haven't
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01012-00393431-00393689 really started but it doesn't mean that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01013-00393690-00393923 there was no work that was done
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01014-00393924-00394289 um from that time or when the assembly
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01015-00394290-00394463 decided that we have to negotiate the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01016-00394464-00394708 protocol digital a lot of work has been
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01017-00394709-00394967 done especially by the fcft Secretariat
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01018-00394968-00395237 which is the technical body of this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01019-00395238-00395434 fcfta
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01020-00395435-00395837 um project uh so the committee on
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01021-00395838-00396077 digital trade was established so this is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01022-00396078-00396413 the committee that negotiates the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01023-00396414-00396658 protocol and then they will submitted to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01024-00396659-00396803 senior trade officials kinds of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01025-00396804-00396982 ministers until it is adopted by the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01026-00396983-00397258 assembly so this Committee comprises of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01027-00397259-00397577 all these dead parties the trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01028-00397578-00397913 officials from State parties so it was
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01029-00397914-00398284 established in May 2021 and they haven't
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01030-00398285-00398441 met for their first meeting their
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01031-00398442-00398645 meeting next week from the 5th to the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01032-00398646-00398902 9th of December to Kickstart the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01033-00398903-00399089 official negotiations of the protocol on
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01034-00399090-00399323 digital trade I'll give you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01035-00399324-00399391 um
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01036-00399392-00399682 I'll go into details on what are the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01037-00399683-00399995 objectives of this meeting
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01038-00399996-00400127 um
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01039-00400128-00400415 as I say that so we have done quite a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01040-00400416-00400721 lot of work uh exploratory work and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01041-00400722-00401027 Preparatory work in preparation of the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01042-00401028-00401230 formal negotiations as the AFC FTA
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01043-00401231-00401452 Secretariat so I will briefly mention
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01044-00401453-00401656 some of the work that we have done and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01045-00401657-00401891 the negotiations are member State driven
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01046-00401892-00402052 so it's the government officials the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01047-00402053-00402310 member states that negotiates but we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01048-00402311-00402508 have also tried to ensure that the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01049-00402509-00402827 process is as inclusive as possible to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01050-00402828-00403115 include non-state actors in the process
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01051-00403116-00403337 so this is the part of the work that we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01052-00403338-00403547 have done so we have done brainstorming
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01053-00403548-00403787 sessions the technical brainstorming
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01054-00403788-00404171 sessions we add digital trade expats ICT
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01055-00404172-00404417 experts from across the continent such
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01056-00404418-00404632 that we just brainstorm with them to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01057-00404633-00404927 hear and bounce ideas on what exactly do
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01058-00404928-00405232 we need to include in this protocol and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01059-00405233-00405467 then following after following the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01060-00405468-00405706 technical brainstorming session we had a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01061-00405707-00405958 high level session where we had the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01062-00405959-00406373 industry ahead and experts digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01063-00406374-00406654 related experts across the continent to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01064-00406655-00406925 also brainstorm at a high level to see
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01065-00406926-00407147 what are the expectations and what are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01066-00407148-00407423 the key issues that we should address in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01067-00407424-00407752 this protocol on digital trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01068-00407753-00408065 um then after that we had a regional we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01069-00408066-00408269 had Regional stakeholder consultation so
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01070-00408270-00408484 now we're now dealing with businesses
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01071-00408485-00408713 Civil Society organizations and other
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01072-00408714-00408977 relevant stakeholders such that we hear
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01073-00408978-00409217 their views and their proposals and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01074-00409218-00409469 expectations of the protocol and digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01075-00409470-00409672 trade what is it that they expect what
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01076-00409673-00409864 are the issues that they want the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01077-00409866-00410218 protocol on digital trade to address
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01078-00410219-00410470 and we have come up with a report which
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01079-00410471-00410705 will be submitted for consideration to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01080-00410706-00410999 the negotiators the the committee on on
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01081-00411000-00411334 digital trade and we have also done a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01082-00411335-00411610 study on the state of so we have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01083-00411612-00411797 developed a situational analysis which
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01084-00411797-00412030 is going to be validated next week a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01085-00412031-00412259 situation analysis of digital trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01086-00412260-00412414 across the continent so we are taking
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01087-00412416-00412751 stock of um what is the state of digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01088-00412752-00413014 trade across the continent and where do
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01089-00413016-00413272 we stand in terms of the policy legal
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01090-00413273-00413422 and Regulatory framework of digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01091-00413423-00413663 trade since the protocol is going to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01092-00413664-00413957 develop a continent-wide legal and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01093-00413958-00414178 Regulatory framework for digital trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01094-00414179-00414407 that is going to govern intra-africa
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01095-00414408-00414653 digital trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01096-00414654-00414887 um so lastly the I mentioned that the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01097-00414888-00415103 committee which is responsible for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01098-00415104-00415403 negotiating this protocol is meeting for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01099-00415404-00415655 the first time next week from the 5th to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01100-00415656-00415882 the 9th of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01101-00415883-00416153 um December and the objective of this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01102-00416154-00416399 meeting is first of all to kick-start
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01103-00416400-00416578 the negotiations of the protocol on
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01104-00416579-00416770 digital trade so they have to adopt
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01105-00416771-00416987 their terms of reference they know they
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01106-00416988-00417124 have to know what are the rules of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01107-00417125-00417274 engagement what are the terms that are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01108-00417275-00417460 governing their
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01109-00417462-00417701 activities as they engage and undertake
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01110-00417702-00418066 this work of digital trade and they also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01111-00418067-00418330 need to adopt their guidelines and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01112-00418331-00418613 principles so the guiding principles
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01113-00418614-00418876 that will guide them as they negotiate
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01114-00418877-00419255 this protocol on on digital trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01115-00419256-00419441 um thirdly
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01116-00419442-00419657 they also need to define the scope from
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01117-00419658-00419903 the onstart before we start even
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01118-00419904-00420166 developing a protocol on digital trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01119-00420167-00420449 or the zero draft if I may say we need
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01120-00420450-00420737 to know the scope of this protocol so
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01121-00420738-00420959 this is something that they also need to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01122-00420960-00421085 Define
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01123-00421085-00421331 um from next week such that they decide
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01124-00421332-00421564 from the beginning uh the scope and the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01125-00421566-00421799 elements that should be included in this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01126-00421800-00422063 protocol should look like this then
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01127-00422064-00422303 moving from that we develop the protocol
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01128-00422304-00422418 and digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01129-00422419-00422843 trade so and lastly to validate the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01130-00422843-00422975 situation we have done the situation
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01131-00422976-00423214 analysis but it needs to be validated by
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01132-00423215-00423472 the committee so that they can confirm
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01133-00423473-00423845 if our results are real or our results
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01134-00423846-00423989 they really speak to the situation
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01135-00423989-00424229 across the continent let me stop here
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01136-00424230-00424463 I'll be happy to take any questions
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01137-00424464-00424672 um also get some comments thank you very
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01138-00424673-00424745 much
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01139-00424746-00425105 thank you Mr gdd it's very important to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01140-00425106-00425357 know that there is a already committee
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01141-00425358-00425557 that is set and also the negotiations
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01142-00425558-00426220 will start next week I think we we are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01143-00426221-00426539 we are all progressing at the same pace
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01144-00426539-00426803 and I think we need to create synergies
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01145-00426804-00427085 between the different initiatives and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01146-00427085-00427270 the study that is being done on the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01147-00427271-00427547 analysis of digital trade across Africa
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01148-00427547-00427853 will help to to shape these discussions
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01149-00427854-00428116 I think we have with us another speaker
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01150-00428117-00428555 from undp Mrs Effie Ogle original
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01151-00428556-00428903 coordinator she supported countries in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01152-00428904-00429245 the face first phase of coordination of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01153-00429246-00429539 negotiation of the cfta now that you are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01154-00429539-00429809 moving to the second phase as it was
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01155-00429810-00430013 mentioned by the colleague it's about
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01156-00430014-00430295 protocols on digital trade how can we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01157-00430296-00430535 prepare our countries in order to come
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01158-00430535-00430733 up with the forward-looking digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01159-00430734-00430949 trade agreement that considers
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01160-00430950-00431183 cross-border data regulations Innovation
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01161-00431184-00431614 privacy and also security issues Mrs
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01162-00431615-00431825 Effie you have the floor and we would
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01163-00431826-00432016 appreciate if you can make it within
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01164-00432017-00432275 five minutes or less thank you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01165-00432276-00432527 thank you very much and good morning and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01166-00432528-00432695 thanks to all the speakers and thank you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01167-00432696-00432887 for the invitation
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01168-00432888-00433060 um I think your question touches upon
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01169-00433062-00433403 several interconnected topics uh and as
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01170-00433404-00433583 we can see there's already a lot of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01171-00433584-00433763 movement on these issues for example
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01172-00433764-00434110 with did with the data the Mandate from
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01173-00434112-00434291 the heads of stage on the e-commerce
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01174-00434292-00434597 protocol explicitly mentions the member
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01175-00434597-00434818 states preparing to have authority over
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01176-00434819-00435191 data you've also spoken about the Au
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01177-00435192-00435401 data quality for framework which was
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01178-00435402-00435641 published a few months ago
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01179-00435642-00435803 um you see that also the member states
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01180-00435804-00436091 already have rules on these issues for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01181-00436092-00436313 example on data privacy you have about
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01182-00436314-00436505 33 of the member states that have some
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01183-00436506-00436775 kind of law on this and a lot of these
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01184-00436776-00436966 laws speak to the protection of personal
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01185-00436967-00437297 information you also find that on cyber
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01186-00437297-00437537 security there's at least 39 countries
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01187-00437538-00437777 that have some sort of rules on this and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01188-00437778-00438047 so this is all autistically that there's
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01189-00438047-00438353 indeed a starting point and then on the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01190-00438354-00438616 air CFT protocol it's important to bear
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01191-00438617-00438839 in mind that countries will typically
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01192-00438839-00439145 negotiate from from their stance of what
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01193-00439146-00439439 they what what they want to these are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01194-00439439-00439655 those things they're interested in so it
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01195-00439656-00439889 is then important to say what are the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01196-00439889-00440147 existing and what could be the eventual
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01197-00440147-00440429 Continental Frameworks on this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01198-00440430-00440705 topics we we see in some sense that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01199-00440706-00440939 there's some common interests common
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01200-00440939-00441209 purpose for example from the Malibu
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01201-00441210-00441466 protocol but the reality is that there
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01202-00441467-00441779 is variable geometry countries have the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01203-00441780-00441905 the things they're interested in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01204-00441906-00442120 countries may not all be in the same
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01205-00442121-00442372 place in terms of their capacity they
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01206-00442373-00442625 have various policy stances but overall
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01207-00442626-00442816 there is interest and and saying this is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01208-00442817-00443051 what they want to do
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01209-00443052-00443309 so in the AFC FDA e-commerce protocol
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01210-00443310-00443501 the issue is that it at the end of the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01211-00443502-00443681 day this the the approach will be
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01212-00443682-00443933 determined by the state parties but the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01213-00443934-00444089 height what I would like to highlight is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01214-00444089-00444395 that the canvas is not blank they are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01215-00444396-00444683 common interests so the issue really is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01216-00444684-00444953 how do we try to attempt to reconcile
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01217-00444954-00445259 the barriers and the Virgin stances on
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01218-00445260-00445487 these topics and so there are three main
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01219-00445488-00445733 things that one can think about one is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01220-00445734-00445991 to understand the rules that exists and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01221-00445992-00446164 then to understand the contracts the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01222-00446165-00446339 constructs and the functions of the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01223-00446339-00446525 institutions that take care of those
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01224-00446526-00446741 rules this will help to understand the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01225-00446742-00446987 incentives the drivers the purposes of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01226-00446988-00447131 the member states as they have created
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01227-00447132-00447281 in these rules because these are the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01228-00447282-00447514 rules that will inform their stances in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01229-00447515-00447731 the AFC FTA and then beyond the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01230-00447732-00447959 specificity of the how those specific
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01231-00447960-00448133 rules are you need to understand also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01232-00448134-00448457 how those rules are are linked in the in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01233-00448458-00448685 the broader architecture of the member
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01234-00448685-00449003 states and the the the two you also need
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01235-00449004-00449225 to look at the effect of the issues how
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01236-00449226-00449422 visuals realize the objectives for which
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01237-00449423-00449663 they were created and then for those of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01238-00449664-00449801 the member states that don't have rules
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01239-00449802-00450016 on these topics it's also helpful to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01240-00450017-00450203 understand why you know why have they
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01241-00450204-00450407 not done this is this the policy issue
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01242-00450408-00450760 is it an interest issue is it is it in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01243-00450762-00451025 progress why have they not contributed
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01244-00451026-00451277 in his rules also to check the effect of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01245-00451278-00451451 these rules and say what are the effects
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01246-00451452-00451666 of those rules that exist and what are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01247-00451667-00451829 the effects where there are no rules
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01248-00451830-00452057 it's good to understand the context and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01249-00452058-00452201 then finally it would be also to see
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01250-00452202-00452525 that when you have a better sense of the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01251-00452526-00452729 rules that exist have been such
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01252-00452730-00452927 secretions that take care of these rules
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01253-00452928-00453143 the effects of all these rules then you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01254-00453143-00453353 can say within the African continent
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01255-00453354-00453677 what are the the groups of issues what
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01256-00453678-00453916 are the types of things that member
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01257-00453917-00454072 states are interested in what are they
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01258-00454073-00454253 trying to address through rules what
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01259-00454254-00454516 types of rules do they deployed what
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01260-00454517-00454763 types of issues and then it might then
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01261-00454764-00454918 be a bit more straightforward to say how
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01262-00454919-00455116 can all of these things
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01263-00455117-00455477 play in the ascst and while I know we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01264-00455478-00455681 talk a lot about the AFC FJ it's
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01265-00455682-00455866 important to remember that it's a trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01266-00455867-00455993 deal
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01267-00455993-00456185 um it's and it's one of a few trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01268-00456185-00456364 trade deals on the continent and it's
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01269-00456365-00456545 also one of a few instruments on the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01270-00456546-00456772 continent to realize the Africa we want
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01271-00456773-00456935 so the area the scfj can't do a lot of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01272-00456935-00457079 things but it's also good to understand
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01273-00457080-00457360 the extent to which it can take on all
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01274-00457362-00457601 of these interesting things that we are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01275-00457602-00457768 trying to achieve but thank you very
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01276-00457769-00458170 much
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01277-00458171-00458513 the time
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01278-00458514-00458813 and also for highlighting that it is a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01279-00458814-00459059 trade agreements will be negotiations
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01280-00459060-00459443 and the countries they will seek to find
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01281-00459443-00459659 the consensus and to consult between the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01282-00459660-00460001 different aspects how to make data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01283-00460002-00460295 available accessible for Innovation how
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01284-00460296-00460547 to enable value creation and also at the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01285-00460547-00460883 same time ensure uh respect of the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01286-00460884-00461147 security sovereignty of states and also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01287-00461147-00461309 the protection of digital rights of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01288-00461310-00461537 African people we thank you for your
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01289-00461538-00461855 intervention the last one we have from
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01290-00461856-00462185 the technical community we have Mr
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01291-00462185-00462475 Kenneth
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01292-00462476-00462839 who is lecturer of University Christian
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01293-00462839-00463157 University of Uganda the question that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01294-00463158-00463601 we would ask is how to integrate data in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01295-00463602-00463949 the negotiations of the intellectual
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01296-00463950-00464279 property and competition chapters that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01297-00464280-00464489 we can set to the minimum standards and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01298-00464489-00464741 also to clarify of the statues of data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01299-00464742-00465131 as a strategic resource that to enable
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01300-00465132-00465347 us to make data available namely the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01301-00465347-00465605 non-personal data accessible to enable
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01302-00465606-00465845 and facilitate Innovation and digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01303-00465846-00466120 entrepreneurship in Africa Mr Kenneth
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01304-00466121-00466451 can you make it in within five minutes
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01305-00466452-00466714 yes of course uh good morning good
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01306-00466715-00466864 afternoon good evening from wherever you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01307-00466865-00467135 are my name is Kenneth mohanji I would
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01308-00467135-00467255 like to think that I'm the last speaker
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01309-00467256-00467410 because you needed a change of scenery
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01310-00467412-00467710 as you can see I am outside I'm calling
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01311-00467712-00467927 you from Uganda and in particular
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01312-00467928-00468095 actually having this call and speaking
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01313-00468096-00468341 to you in Ethiopia when I'm in Uganda
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01314-00468342-00468575 outside of a capital moreover I'm in a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01315-00468576-00468893 city or I mean a district called Kampala
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01316-00468893-00469097 so we called Barra which is outside of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01317-00469097-00469360 Kampala that really even if I was to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01318-00469362-00469481 start with that really highlights the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01319-00469482-00469739 importance of harmonization one not only
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01320-00469739-00469925 of our policies but also in terms of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01321-00469926-00470093 things like connectivity and data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01322-00470093-00470255 because these are things that drive our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01323-00470256-00470537 economies and especially all the all the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01324-00470538-00470747 speakers before me have spoken about the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01325-00470747-00470975 Africa Continental free trade area and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01326-00470976-00471197 its focused on trade in a data driven
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01327-00471197-00471425 economy and really we see that if you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01328-00471426-00471713 have policies within our countries that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01329-00471714-00471970 are focused on actually pushing digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01330-00471971-00472241 trade on using data leveraging data in a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01331-00472242-00472445 manner that would allow it to be able to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01332-00472446-00472709 achieve its objectives which first and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01333-00472710-00472943 foremost of course if you're looking at
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01334-00472943-00473177 the different types of data sets I think
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01335-00473178-00473333 here we're looking at more on the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01336-00473334-00473525 non-personal data which is data that is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01337-00473526-00473795 used in analytics and if you use or if
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01338-00473796-00474053 you leverage this data we've seen that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01339-00474054-00474220 in terms of service delivery in terms of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01340-00474221-00474520 in terms of improving the quality of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01341-00474521-00474725 service across the different sectors and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01342-00474726-00474899 specifically around digital trade this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01343-00474900-00475079 is something that is important and so I
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01344-00475080-00475360 think one of the key uh issues I wanted
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01345-00475362-00475522 to highlight which I which I hope will
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01346-00475523-00475720 be able to discuss this more is if we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01347-00475721-00475913 have a data driven economy is it driven
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01348-00475914-00476057 by government is it driven by the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01349-00476058-00476231 private sector I think we've seen that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01350-00476232-00476393 whenever we're looking at data overall
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01351-00476393-00476585 the data that we've spoken about is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01352-00476585-00476759 relation especially within the private
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01353-00476760-00476914 sector to entities like social media
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01354-00476915-00477160 entities but where with that data mostly
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01355-00477162-00477449 for marketing and these entities use it
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01356-00477450-00477593 to be able to improve their service
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01357-00477593-00477737 delivery and also improve their service
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01358-00477738-00477947 offering that they have but we've also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01359-00477947-00478175 seen that this data is ever more
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01360-00478176-00478439 important in in the quantity specific
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01361-00478439-00478751 value of the African countries that need
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01362-00478752-00478918 to be able to make informed decision
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01363-00478919-00479183 when creating policies I think one of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01364-00479184-00479375 the key sticky points has been around
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01365-00479376-00479681 the taxation of digital assets and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01366-00479682-00479885 really without governments utilizing or
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01367-00479885-00480101 leveraging data that's able to inform
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01368-00480102-00480322 spending habits or patterns that's able
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01369-00480323-00480760 to see uh how to tax these platforms but
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01370-00480762-00480964 Without Really Trying to stay for the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01371-00480965-00481097 nested industries that they actually
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01372-00481097-00481307 operating is something that is important
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01373-00481308-00481649 if we are to have success not only with
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01374-00481650-00481913 in a country like Uganda but also on uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01375-00481914-00482116 you know if you're looking at it in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01376-00482117-00482357 terms of our of our blocks within the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01377-00482358-00482531 region and of course as a continent as
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01378-00482532-00482770 well so outside of that really I think
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01379-00482771-00483022 we must also be able to distinguish or
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01380-00483023-00483179 see the difference between anonymized
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01381-00483180-00483413 data and personal data and I think one
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01382-00483414-00483545 of the previous speakers had already
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01383-00483546-00483760 mentioned this and this I'm happy that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01384-00483762-00483887 Africa Continental featured area
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01385-00483888-00484109 protocols actually do mention this where
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01386-00484110-00484229 we're looking at if we're going to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01387-00484230-00484481 regulate data you cannot have the same
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01388-00484482-00484703 regulations for anonymized data which is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01389-00484704-00484966 data that does not identify uh human
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01390-00484967-00485272 beings and uh you cannot regulate it the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01391-00485273-00485489 same way as deep that that that is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01392-00485489-00485639 categorized as personal data because
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01393-00485639-00485885 that one you have uh all these are the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01394-00485885-00486005 rights that are attached to it like the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01395-00486006-00486275 right privacy and so on so I think uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01396-00486276-00486497 first and foremost as well we do have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01397-00486497-00486695 South African Union convention when
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01398-00486696-00486839 cyber security and personal data
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01399-00486839-00487025 protection but we still have a few
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01400-00487026-00487295 countries within the African owned
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01401-00487296-00487463 African continent that are yet to ratify
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01402-00487464-00487679 this particular convention so I think
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01403-00487680-00487835 outside of that we also still need to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01404-00487835-00488014 have buying from every African State
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01405-00488015-00488218 especially those that are secretaries to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01406-00488219-00488549 the AFC FTA and I'm I'm glad to report
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01407-00488550-00488693 that Uganda was among the first
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01408-00488693-00488951 countries actually in Africa to have a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01409-00488952-00489143 data Protection Law in compliance with
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01410-00489143-00489359 that particular convention and now as we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01411-00489360-00489587 speak Kenya Tanzania Rwanda these are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01412-00489588-00489731 all East African countries within a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01413-00489732-00489887 regional block have also created their
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01414-00489888-00490079 own data protection laws and we can see
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01415-00490080-00490205 that now we are moving towards the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01416-00490206-00490372 harmonization of standardization of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01417-00490373-00490607 these laws and actually if if I'm now
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01418-00490608-00490757 looking at the movement of data we can
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01419-00490758-00490907 also look at the cost for the transfer
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01420-00490908-00491110 of data which is some which is a sticky
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01421-00491112-00491320 subject in many jurisdictions because if
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01422-00491321-00491681 you have or if you have a different
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01423-00491682-00491939 different systems or structures that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01424-00491939-00492077 makes it difficult to be able to have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01425-00492078-00492305 data move from one board sorry from one
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01426-00492306-00492491 country to another and I think if
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01427-00492492-00492845 looking at the that the industries where
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01428-00492846-00493031 data is most prevalent and that we need
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01429-00493032-00493168 to be able to talk about you know the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01430-00493169-00493331 previous speaker spoke about payments
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01431-00493332-00493493 we've also we've also spoken about
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01432-00493493-00493691 digital trade in particular and we see
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01433-00493692-00493918 that data is what facilitates these
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01434-00493919-00494105 these uh Industries without data I don't
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01435-00494106-00494225 think it would be possible to conclude
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01436-00494226-00494410 any of these transactions but I think
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01437-00494412-00494633 even if we have laws that is good we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01438-00494634-00494795 also need to have buying from our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01439-00494796-00494981 countries to make sure that there is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01440-00494982-00495125 also harmonization in terms of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01441-00495126-00495491 implementation because if Uganda if you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01442-00495492-00495641 have a payment company in Uganda that's
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01443-00495642-00495803 basically trying to operate in Nigeria
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01444-00495804-00495989 trying to operate in Ghana trying to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01445-00495989-00496259 operate in Ethiopia if there if you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01446-00496260-00496439 don't have data centers that are as
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01447-00496439-00496672 equipped uh to be able to store this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01448-00496673-00496810 data within those particular
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01449-00496812-00497045 jurisdictions then you'll find that we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01450-00497046-00497231 will be transacting cross model within
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01451-00497232-00497399 the African continent but you find that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01452-00497400-00497518 most of that data will be kept in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01453-00497519-00497722 servers in Europe and elsewhere and this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01454-00497723-00497885 would be such a shame because all these
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01455-00497885-00498125 still are revenues sorry are avenues for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01456-00498126-00498353 revenue for for the countries that uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01457-00498354-00498587 that where these data centers actually
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01458-00498588-00498941 localized but number two it also moves
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01459-00498942-00499060 to the principles of data protection
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01460-00499062-00499301 especially the principles of of our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01461-00499302-00499522 security of data and of localization of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01462-00499523-00499816 data so we could also borrow really from
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01463-00499817-00500009 uh jurisdictions like the European Union
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01464-00500010-00500183 like the gdpr in terms of its
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01465-00500184-00500357 implementation when things like standard
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01466-00500358-00500555 contracture closes that make it possible
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01467-00500556-00500729 for countries to be able to transfer
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01468-00500730-00500999 data across borders but in a manner that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01469-00501000-00501209 is contractual where all the parties are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01470-00501210-00501403 cognizant one of the data protection
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01471-00501404-00501695 laws as they apply number two as well
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01472-00501696-00501995 that they said certain criteria that is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01473-00501996-00502199 said that makes it that the standards
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01474-00502200-00502325 that we are that we're actually talking
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01475-00502326-00502516 about and I think in the question that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01476-00502517-00502685 you've asked it is important to have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01477-00502685-00502835 these minimum standards because that's
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01478-00502835-00503045 what then ensures that you have that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01479-00503046-00503255 harmonization and that we're all moving
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01480-00503256-00503453 together but then it's also very
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01481-00503454-00503663 important to note that as we borrow from
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01482-00503664-00503849 these other jurisdictions it's important
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01483-00503850-00504059 not to just borrow these Provisions as
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01484-00504060-00504220 they are we need to look at the context
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01485-00504221-00504418 of Africa you know things like consent
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01486-00504419-00504737 the gdpr are has uh most stringent
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01487-00504738-00504868 requirements let's say for concern
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01488-00504869-00505091 specifically around digital trade but is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01489-00505092-00505264 that practical for Africa where we're
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01490-00505265-00505451 still although we have adopted
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01491-00505452-00505660 technology we still have a huge
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01492-00505662-00505901 population that's still uh semi-electric
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01493-00505902-00506110 when it comes to the use of these tools
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01494-00506112-00506291 and so I think we need to be cognizant
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01495-00506292-00506464 of that as we regulate and as we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01496-00506465-00506753 harmonize it as well outside of that I
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01497-00506754-00506909 think one of the protocols that I'm most
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01498-00506910-00507095 excited about that has come from Africa
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01499-00507096-00507257 Continental free trade area is the one
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01500-00507258-00507425 on intellectual property as we know
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01501-00507426-00507635 intellectual property is the driver of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01502-00507635-00507839 digital trade he's the driver of trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01503-00507839-00507983 because without you to let your property
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01504-00507984-00508163 be impossible for any of these companies
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01505-00508164-00508403 to be able to trade freely knowing that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01506-00508404-00508553 their goods are going to be respected
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01507-00508554-00508691 knowing that their brands are going to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01508-00508692-00508864 be respected within the countries that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01509-00508865-00509009 they are that they are that they are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01510-00509010-00509272 that they are expanding or moving into
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01511-00509273-00509479 and so there's also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01512-00509480-00509783 there's also a need to be able to to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01513-00509784-00510029 harmonize in our intellectual property
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01514-00510030-00510209 laws as we know intellectual property is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01515-00510210-00510418 territorial is geographical in the sense
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01516-00510419-00510581 that the laws will apply within the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01517-00510582-00510743 borders of the country where a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01518-00510743-00510935 particular person is operating so if we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01519-00510935-00511114 were to go outside of those borders it
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01520-00511115-00511379 is necessary for us to also ensure that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01521-00511380-00511577 through conversions through bodies like
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01522-00511578-00511714 African Union that like Africa
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01523-00511715-00511877 Continental featured area Secretariat
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01524-00511878-00512093 were able to come up with protocols that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01525-00512093-00512327 allow a harmonization of laws where you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01526-00512328-00512566 know that you have a reprocity so wait
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01527-00512567-00512825 so where you know that you have uh uh uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01528-00512826-00513143 a way to uh to uh to make sure that if
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01529-00513143-00513347 if I have a law in Uganda that ensures
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01530-00513347-00513514 that I'll have my trademark registered
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01531-00513515-00513689 properly that that same way is going to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01532-00513689-00513881 be reciprocated in another African
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01533-00513882-00514031 country and they'll be able to get
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01534-00514032-00514433 redress in case someone uh uses uh sorry
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01535-00514434-00514637 in case someone actually tries to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01536-00514638-00514835 counterfeit my goods or uses my my
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01537-00514835-00515116 trademark in a manner that is not uh uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01538-00515117-00515399 that that I have not consented to and so
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01539-00515400-00515591 I think all those issues are very
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01540-00515592-00515735 important as we're looking at
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01541-00515735-00515920 harmonization of these laws and it's
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01542-00515921-00516070 very important as well to be able to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01543-00516071-00516262 think practically in relation to the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01544-00516263-00516443 African context and this is something
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01545-00516443-00516664 again again I'm really happy about that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01546-00516665-00516887 as we speak about Africa we have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01547-00516888-00517097 Africans actually sharing issues from
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01548-00517097-00517307 their particular jurisdictions about how
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01549-00517308-00517499 we cannot be able to push this this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01550-00517500-00517703 digital traged thing about how we can
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01551-00517704-00517931 always be able to be connected at the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01552-00517932-00518159 same level rather than us you know
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01553-00518160-00518351 having all these policies in the air but
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01554-00518352-00518549 where the implementation is actually uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01555-00518550-00518764 is actually difficult I think that's all
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01556-00518765-00519235 I have to say about that thank you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01557-00519235-00519575 thank you for emphasizing the need to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01558-00519576-00519803 bring the private sector on board and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01559-00519804-00520109 also to have informant decisions that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01560-00520110-00520547 will enable the the creation of value
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01561-00520547-00520841 from data and also with this we can be
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01562-00520842-00521087 achieved through data categorization and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01563-00521088-00521375 also setting of The adequate necessary
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01564-00521376-00521597 mechanism that will govern uh the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01565-00521597-00521753 cross-border of data across the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01566-00521754-00521957 continent I think with this we come to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01567-00521958-00522064 the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01568-00522065-00522287 end of the questions that was actually
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01569-00522288-00522568 were addressed to our panelists now the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01570-00522569-00522803 floor is open for questions
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01571-00522804-00523120 and we can take maybe five since we are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01572-00523121-00523397 out running late I think I will take
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01573-00523397-00523577 from this side and we move from this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01574-00523578-00523955 side so we have maybe I kindly invite
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01575-00523956-00524189 you to introduce yourself and if
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01576-00524189-00524375 possible to whom you address the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01577-00524376-00524549 question thank you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01578-00524550-00524795 okay thank you for the panel these days
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01579-00524796-00525035 it is a really wonderful panel and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01580-00525036-00525322 yesterday we had the also panel on the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01581-00525323-00525611 government the coast water data flow so
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01582-00525612-00525839 my question is that actually we have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01583-00525840-00526085 seen many of the FDA already you know
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01584-00526086-00526607 the CPT TV ICP so actually all those
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01585-00526608-00526931 ftas there's exceptions you know like a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01586-00526932-00527081 public interest exceptions public
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01587-00527082-00527266 policies exceptions and the National
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01588-00527267-00527495 Security exceptions so I want the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01589-00527496-00527747 weather in the Africa FDA is they also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01590-00527748-00528053 have this two exceptions but also these
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01591-00528054-00528305 two exceptions are quite bored do you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01592-00528306-00528443 have any concrete you know definition
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01593-00528444-00528731 about what just comes to as National
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01594-00528732-00528875 Security so the first question the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01595-00528876-00529031 second question is about the digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01596-00529032-00529235 trade when you talk about data trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01597-00529236-00529468 among the different African countries or
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01598-00529469-00529691 the crossbody data trade are you giving
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01599-00529692-00529895 the property right to the data how do
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01600-00529896-00530099 you trade it I mean internal data how do
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01601-00530100-00530279 you trade it do you give the property
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01602-00530280-00530518 right to the data so we can treat it
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01603-00530519-00530783 yeah my question thank you very much I
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01604-00530784-00530993 think we have an issue that we there is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01605-00530994-00531166 another session that will take place in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01606-00531167-00531268 the same room
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01607-00531269-00531557 so we do apologize maybe we take second
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01608-00531558-00531785 question from this side and I would
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01609-00531786-00532001 start with a gentlemen from and they
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01610-00532002-00532259 promised that we will uh continue this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01611-00532260-00532433 discussion in other forums that will
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01612-00532434-00532679 have opportunity to organize other
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01613-00532680-00532931 events where we will have the discussion
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01614-00532932-00533399 so we take a second question
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01615-00533400-00533662 in the house
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01616-00533663-00534029 of course okay thank you I'm Dr Muhammad
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01617-00534030-00534257 ayasin from the University of Lily in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01618-00534258-00534666 France where I'm working on a project on
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01619-00534667-00535031 global E-Business is denominated easy
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01620-00535032-00535468 Africa I have I was a former I am a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01621-00535469-00535787 former Ferris under Secretary of federal
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01622-00535788-00536207 governance in Sudan my job ended by the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01623-00536208-00536531 group data in 2021 while I was working
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01624-00536532-00536735 on digital transformation of the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01625-00536736-00536957 government system in the country by a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01626-00536958-00537203 grant from the valid Bank of 200 million
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01627-00537204-00537439 US dollars as a Pharisees stage
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01628-00537440-00537761 unfortunately this is put on hold
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01629-00537762-00538157 I have a for the sake of the time I I'm
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01630-00538158-00538337 sure I will not get an answer for this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01631-00538338-00538655 uh for this question because of the time
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01632-00538656-00538847 limit and mismanagement of the time
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01633-00538848-00539033 during the session which is unfortunate
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01634-00539034-00539257 but uh
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01635-00539258-00539741 necro uh necroma in the 60s called for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01636-00539742-00540053 Central Bank of Africa and still now we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01637-00540054-00540418 are not able to to do it with this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01638-00540419-00540599 Regional economic communities
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01639-00540600-00541162 fragmentation is a AF CTA uh a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01640-00541163-00541409 possibility to you reunify this Regional
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01641-00541410-00541691 economic community and how we can
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01642-00541692-00541961 address this challenge I I suggest to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01643-00541962-00542261 create a virtual group to continue this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01644-00542262-00542531 discussion the Secretariat can take hold
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01645-00542532-00542741 on that and we will work on it because
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01646-00542742-00542999 of the sake of the time and we cannot do
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01647-00543000-00543311 it now I have other questions also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01648-00543312-00543587 related on the scaling up of the East
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01649-00543588-00543799 African Community
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01650-00543800-00544114 experience and since it has South Sudan
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01651-00544115-00544366 as a new member and South Sudan has not
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01652-00544367-00544631 ratified the the agreement how you are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01653-00544632-00544918 going to take it on board what type of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01654-00544919-00545147 assistance and that and then I have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01655-00545148-00545333 other issue on the asymmetry between the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01656-00545334-00545668 technician and the political leaders the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01657-00545669-00545975 political leader political will how we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01658-00545976-00546220 can induce and stimulate a political
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01659-00546221-00546581 will to enhance and post the African
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01660-00546582-00546868 Continental treat not only in digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01661-00546869-00547162 but also in three movement of goods and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01662-00547163-00547564 services and make reality the uh every
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01663-00547565-00547991 Continental idea how we can make an
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01664-00547992-00548255 African unique passport for all the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01665-00548256-00548525 African not only is African Community a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01666-00548526-00548735 single passport so in African can have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01667-00548736-00548951 access and free movement to own any
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01668-00548952-00549335 country and we get rid of this this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01669-00549336-00549670 disaster of 1885 which imposed borders
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01670-00549671-00549983 on us now we we are very intelligent to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01671-00549984-00550157 keep these boards but these Sports has
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01672-00550158-00550468 no sense it could be considered as an
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01673-00550469-00550666 iterative thing but not to be a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01674-00550667-00550889 political continue to to be if you want
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01675-00550890-00551164 an African to negotiate to negotiate
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01676-00551165-00551477 negotiate agreement at a global level
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01677-00551478-00551807 they have to go as 1.3 billion person
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01678-00551808-00552137 not a single country or any of these
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01679-00552138-00552316 fragmented Regional economic communities
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01680-00552317-00552581 thank you thank you very much I don't
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01681-00552582-00552718 know I think I will give you the floor
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01682-00552719-00553061 maybe to to our panelists if they wish
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01683-00553062-00553229 to respond to two questions or maybe
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01684-00553230-00553468 just to conclude in one minute each and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01685-00553469-00553666 I propose to continue the discussion in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01686-00553667-00553912 the coffee break and as I said I promise
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01687-00553913-00554116 that we're in collaboration with all the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01688-00554117-00554297 organizations we'll continue these
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01689-00554298-00554441 discussions and will have the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01690-00554442-00554633 opportunity to organize dedicated
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01691-00554634-00554920 meeting to this so I would start maybe
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01692-00554921-00555287 from the from from the MR omo just in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01693-00555288-00555503 one minute one minute just conclude
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01694-00555504-00555899 Sunday I think the necessary the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01695-00555900-00556066 political will
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01696-00556067-00556349 at the highest levels possible in our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01697-00556350-00556457 governments
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01698-00556458-00556720 in our institutions in our regions is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01699-00556721-00557003 necessary in this regard
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01700-00557004-00557485 the asymmetry that comes is that the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01701-00557486-00557770 most of our politicians at the national
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01702-00557771-00558035 level still do not appreciate the value
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01703-00558036-00558509 of data I mean look at where you are at
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01704-00558510-00558737 the University of Lille and compare that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01705-00558738-00558947 with the National University of khatum
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01706-00558948-00559301 the level of funding for research
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01707-00559302-00559612 you can't compare and so our politicians
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01708-00559613-00559870 need to appreciate the fact that without
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01709-00559871-00560111 Research into some of these contemporary
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01710-00560112-00560393 issues you can't generate sufficient
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01711-00560394-00560668 information for decision making it
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01712-00560669-00560909 starts with us telling the politicians
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01713-00560910-00561172 that this is at the core of our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01714-00561173-00561383 development and we will not let it pass
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01715-00561384-00561701 thank you very much thank you Mr Adam
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01716-00561702-00561983 one on two words no thank you very much
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01717-00561984-00562151 I think that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01718-00562152-00562481 um building on on that previous point we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01719-00562482-00562793 should also not underestimate how far we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01720-00562794-00563351 have come I I think even around 2015 if
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01721-00563352-00563537 we had talked about achieving the AFC
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01722-00563538-00563687 FTA we would have said it not have been
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01723-00563688-00563927 possible uh we were talking at that time
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01724-00563928-00564251 of building blocks and so on and then in
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01725-00564252-00564527 2019 we have the afcf there's still a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01726-00564528-00564814 long way to go but I think that focusing
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01727-00564815-00565066 the vision of where we want to go is a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01728-00565067-00565295 very important step and the fact that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01729-00565296-00565535 the digital protocol for example is one
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01730-00565536-00565775 of the priority areas there is a working
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01731-00565776-00566170 group these are indications that there
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01732-00566171-00566309 is a commitment to move in this
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01733-00566310-00566591 direction and it is important that all
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01734-00566592-00566825 institutions try to support this process
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01735-00566826-00567185 by using evidence-based inputs to move
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01736-00567186-00567341 it forward because that is what will
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01737-00567342-00567562 drive us quickly forward I I can't
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01738-00567563-00567779 resist to talk about the debate about
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01739-00567780-00567941 central banks because this is something
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01740-00567942-00568205 which of course is but I I to say very
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01741-00568206-00568385 shortly I think it's important to have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01742-00568386-00568625 that debate in that conversation but I
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01743-00568626-00568812 would say that a lot of other
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01744-00568813-00569068 policies that need to happen
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01745-00569069-00569405 first before the idea of an African
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01746-00569406-00569579 Central Bank is going to be a reality
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01747-00569580-00569777 that does not mean not to talk about it
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01748-00569778-00569962 doesn't mean not to research it but I
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01749-00569963-00570131 think unless we can address for example
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01750-00570132-00570557 these issues of the AFC FTA the the idea
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01751-00570558-00570941 of a central bank would be not really
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01752-00570942-00571133 feasible in any case and then of course
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01753-00571134-00571433 there will be the issues of uh what kind
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01754-00571434-00571553 of instruments we want to have on that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01755-00571554-00571714 we can continue the discussion but I
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01756-00571715-00571937 would say that it is important that we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01757-00571938-00572099 deal with all of the other building
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01758-00572100-00572297 blocks to be able to allow us to have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01759-00572298-00572441 that conversation in a more meaningful
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01760-00572442-00572681 manner thank you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01761-00572682-00573112 yeah thank you so much uh on our side we
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01762-00573113-00573389 we believe in the people-driven private
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01763-00573390-00573605 sector driven so at the regional River
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01764-00573606-00573803 and also our wish at the Continental
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01765-00573804-00574109 level is to involve all stakeholders not
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01766-00574110-00574420 only the political but uh readership but
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01767-00574421-00574655 also having the private sector because
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01768-00574656-00574829 they are the consumers of these services
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01769-00574830-00575141 and also the Civil societies so at the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01770-00575142-00575303 regional Level under the Continental
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01771-00575304-00575501 River we are advocating to ensure that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01772-00575502-00575731 as we are looking at the digital
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01773-00575732-00576041 single digital Market all players are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01774-00576042-00576287 not left behind last on what you have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01775-00576288-00576485 mentioned on the east African Community
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01776-00576486-00576929 level our treaty is anchored on who has
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01777-00576930-00577168 signed so even if you have not ratified
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01778-00577169-00577468 the cfta but they already the members
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01779-00577469-00577811 for your information uh drsc has also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01780-00577812-00578081 signed on the treaty and also the next
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01781-00578082-00578411 year we expect to expand to Somalia but
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01782-00578412-00578722 as I conclude we advocate for the a
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01783-00578723-00578951 private sector to drive this single
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01784-00578952-00579155 digital Market because they are the ones
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01785-00579156-00579395 who are already knowing the gaps that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01786-00579396-00579635 the government are imposing and the gaps
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01787-00579636-00579862 that we face on the police level are
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01788-00579863-00580103 only shown when the private sector and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01789-00580104-00580318 our civil society and such a forums have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01790-00580319-00580625 igfs to continuously be given a national
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01791-00580626-00580889 region on the Continental platforms for
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01792-00580890-00581169 the better engagements thank you so much
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01793-00581170-00581579 [Music]
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01794-00581580-00581872 uh thank you very much so in conclusion
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01795-00581873-00582181 I'd say that the protagon digital trade
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01796-00582182-00582533 is poised to provide the legal and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01797-00582534-00582772 Regulatory framework that is conducive
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01798-00582773-00583012 and appropriate to address Africa's
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01799-00583013-00583253 needs but also need to bear in mind that
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01800-00583254-00583499 we are dealing with 55 countries and
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01801-00583500-00583672 countries that are different levels of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01802-00583673-00583907 development and most importantly
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01803-00583908-00584111 different levels of regulatory
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01804-00584112-00584422 capacities so the way to achieve the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01805-00584423-00584627 most especially within this Continental
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01806-00584628-00584803 wide approach
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01807-00584804-00585227 Arrangement is for us to have
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01808-00585228-00585491 um an approach that accommodates these
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01809-00585492-00585797 Regulatory flexibilities and also the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01810-00585798-00586025 implementation plan that is conditioned
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01811-00586026-00586264 on capacity building technical
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01812-00586265-00586468 assistance and also the mobilization of
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01813-00586469-00586733 resources that needs to underpin the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01814-00586734-00586907 process not only to come up with the leg
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01815-00586908-00587135 with the regulatory framework but also
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01816-00587136-00587422 to come up with technical capacity our
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01817-00587423-00587572 technical assistance capacity building
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01818-00587573-00587855 and also mobilization of resources to be
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01819-00587856-00588089 part of the process thank you
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01820-00588090-00588364 thank you all I kindly invite you to
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01821-00588365-00588670 join me in thanking our panelists the
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01822-00588671-00588941 on-site one and the virtual one mine is
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01823-00588942-00589151 just to thank you for your participation
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01824-00589152-00589385 and also I would like to present my
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01825-00589386-00589637 apologies for the organizers of the next
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01826-00589638-00589870 session so with this we come to the end
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01827-00589871-00590014 of this session thank you for your
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01828-00590015-00590209 participation
+TOye3qyJ74Y-01829-00590210-00590531 [Applause]
+TP47kR4vmuY-00000-00000007-00000316 [Music]
+TP47kR4vmuY-00001-00000317-00000738 foreign
+TP47kR4vmuY-00003-00007358-00007517 foreign
+TP47kR4vmuY-00004-00007518-00007931 foreign
+TP47kR4vmuY-00006-00011352-00011566 foreign
+TP47kR4vmuY-00007-00011567-00014507 [Music]
+TP47kR4vmuY-00008-00014508-00015237 foreign
+TP47kR4vmuY-00009-00015238-00015556 [Music]
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00000-00000130-00000349 [Music]
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00001-00000350-00000617 capturing video with your iPhone or
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00002-00000618-00000925 smartphone there's so much potential
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00003-00000926-00001303 from slow motion to normal motion or
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00004-00001304-00001455 even times
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00005-00001456-00002378 [Music]
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00006-00002379-00002727 but you need to set your phone so that
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00007-00002728-00003072 you'll be able to use all those future
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00008-00003073-00003493 that is pop in your smartphone so
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00009-00003494-00003872 [Music]
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00010-00003872-00004275 basically what I'm talking but I'll take
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00011-00004276-00004619 this code and then you know hello yeah
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00012-00004620-00005472 that is okay all right our gas phase
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00013-00005473-00005985 rule for recording into line you need to
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00014-00005986-00006456 set your phone on in flight mode so
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00015-00006456-00006963 firstly put it on the pipe then he's on
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00016-00006964-00007158 the framework so now I cannot receive
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00017-00007159-00007559 call and I cannot make call so important
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00018-00007561-00008218 [Music]
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00019-00008219-00008462 [Applause]
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00020-00008463-00008844 the mobile phone app path or future
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00021-00008845-00009177 which will help you get great quality
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00022-00009178-00009614 pro life in a quality video but for you
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00023-00009615-00009816 to be a dud level you need to set your
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00024-00009817-00010127 camera properly only need to send if you
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00025-00010128-00010287 need to set your phone companies will
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00026-00010288-00010560 you can calculate I'm using iPhone you
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00027-00010561-00010791 know smart some song or whatever from
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00028-00010792-00011034 your heart you know you can send set it
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00029-00011035-00011339 to from gonna go yeah
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00030-00011340-00011813 into my setting for the iPhone you go
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00031-00011814-00012291 into your setting and look for in the
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00032-00012292-00012723 setting you look for camera so I look
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00033-00012724-00013155 for camera I got the camera and in you
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00034-00013156-00013388 know the cameras setting you know you
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00035-00013390-00013910 have the treatment that's a treat for
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00036-00013911-00014178 most important thing that we will
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00037-00014179-00014528 consider to set our fourth one is three
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00038-00014529-00014802 I'm gonna come back to that and the
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00039-00014803-00015147 other one is to recall video we're gonna
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00040-00015147-00015399 come back to that and also recording
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00041-00015400-00016110 slo-mo track slow motion video too
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00042-00016111-00016651 and the fourth one is a former so let's
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00043-00016652-00017224 start with degree so degree yet I said
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00044-00017225-00017485 you know the three let me show you what
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00045-00017486-00017902 is that mean so if I go on I take a
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00046-00017903-00018372 picture so here please
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00047-00018373-00018868 so you see you see degree so if I put on
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00048-00018869-00019471 the video can you see those two those
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00049-00019472-00019789 two lines two vertical line and two
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00050-00019790-00020215 horizontal line and it divided this you
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00051-00020216-00020562 know you are screening into nine square
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00052-00020563-00021034 that will help you compose your image in
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00053-00021035-00021265 a which you in a way which will be very
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00054-00021266-00021574 pleasing and a high and easy for the eye
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00055-00021575-00022942 you know to capture the role is called
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00056-00022943-00023197 role of the third I'm gonna have a video
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00057-00023198-00023413 explaining what is rollin felt and how
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00058-00023414-00023863 you can use that to get so quality red
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00059-00023864-00024217 and pleasing demented for now you need
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00060-00024218-00024553 to set it up so now he said let's go
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00061-00024554-00024760 back to the city so now I'm in a city
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00062-00024761-00025108 and let's set our recording video so you
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00063-00025109-00025750 have so many potential it and then you
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00064-00025751-00026427 just recall simple HD like a 720p HD or
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00065-00026428-00026920 you can shoot in 1080p plus what is
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00066-00026920-00027108 called Full HD
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00067-00027108-00027633 majority most of the TV now they are on
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00068-00027635-00028285 full HD but that's under 4k if you want
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00069-00028286-00029047 you just set up on a 1080p full-hd my
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00070-00029048-00029905 phone I can ring I have one more
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00071-00029906-00030124 important thing here when he said you
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00072-00030125-00030382 have fun on this fly mode here
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00073-00030383-00030736 it doesn't stop : if you are connected
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00074-00030737-00030933 to the Wi-Fi so what I'm gonna do I'm
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00075-00030935-00031302 gonna disable Wi-Fi now I'm Tarek and
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00076-00031304-00031595 accountant enough right
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00077-00031597-00032386 [Music]
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00078-00032387-00032912 so now I'm going to choose which
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00079-00032913-00033215 recording quality that I need for my
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00080-00033216-00034006 videos you can choose 720p 1080p but I
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00081-00034007-00034433 prefer 4k cause of the 4k when I can
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00082-00034434-00034835 scale it I still get the quality great
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00083-00034836-00035183 quality video that I have and also I
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00084-00035184-00035711 choose 4k 60p 160 because 60 deg test
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00085-00035712-00036098 which moves image and if you film it
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00086-00036099-00036293 just normal for the nominal that if you
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00087-00036294-00036674 want its speed it up or slow it on you
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00088-00036675-00037380 still have us move rotation
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00089-00037381-00037858 next you see a lot a lot of slow-motion
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00090-00037859-00038224 footage and you can also do wrong with
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00091-00038225-00038489 your phone with the iPhone you have
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00092-00038490-00038995 great options so let's go today recall
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00093-00038996-00039270 slow-mo slow-mo or slow motion
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00094-00039271-00039864 yeah you have to for the 1080 for The
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00095-00039865-00040339 Full HD you have 120 frames per second
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00096-00040340-00041274 it means oh you have HD Full HD at 24
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00097-00041275-00041915 frames per second that is even Oh
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00098-00041916-00042174 but you know for here I just you know
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00099-00042175-00042708 you know leave it up to 120 and then
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00100-00042709-00042894 tilt in frame per second
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00101-00042895-00043761 [Music]
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00102-00043762-00044193 so now that choose the format so we have
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00103-00044194-00044490 to set high efficiency and most
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00104-00044491-00045081 compatible if you want smaller size and
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00105-00045082-00045577 you want compatible roof every thing or
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00106-00045578-00045826 if your computer slower use most
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00107-00045827-00046293 compatible but if you want no great data
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00108-00046294-00046615 in fallujah you capture choose high
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00109-00046616-00046968 efficiency and if you shooting like a 4k
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00110-00046969-00047400 at 60 like me also you know that 80 no
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00111-00047401-00047824 1080p at 240 frames per second so then
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00112-00047825-00048052 you have to choose high efficiency so me
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00113-00048053-00048437 I choose a efficient
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00114-00048438-00048725 [Music]
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00115-00048726-00049052 [Applause]
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00116-00049053-00049412 so basically that's all the setting that
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00117-00049413-00049689 need to be set here so I have everything
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00118-00049690-00050394 in order for thing so great we set the
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00119-00050395-00050781 grid you know recording video quality in
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00120-00050782-00051168 set and the speed but we recorded by Q
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00121-00051169-00051476 and a slow no slow motion so we set from
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00122-00051477-00051830 what we said everything is done so you
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00123-00051832-00052236 can see and then in the screen here that
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00124-00052237-00052632 our recording video is set to 4k 60p per
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00125-00052633-00052925 second if you choose slow motions
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00126-00052926-00053491 slow-motion Full HD 120 you know P a
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00127-00053492-00053876 second so our camera is set to recall
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00128-00053877-00054357 right video if we went to next thing for
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00129-00054358-00054846 you is to go and shoot some killer video
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00130-00054847-00055802 [Music]
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00131-00055803-00056522 [Music]
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00132-00056523-00056760 so my friend basically that's what it is
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00133-00056761-00056994 I want to show you how you can set your
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00134-00056995-00057225 phone so that you can you record correct
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00135-00057226-00057498 quality and you find it useful please
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00136-00057499-00057699 share with your friends and also like
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00137-00057700-00057885 the button if you have comments please
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00138-00057886-00058110 leave in a cone box below if you have
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00139-00058111-00058442 questions then comment box below
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00140-00058444-00058788 if you are here returning friend you're
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00141-00058789-00059004 welcome and I'm always here to see if
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00142-00059004-00059211 you are here for the place that please
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00143-00059212-00059424 subscribe so that you don't miss all the
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00144-00059425-00059769 three together you put out from me to
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00145-00059770-00060116 you is only love and peace and by then I
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00146-00060117-00060724 will see you in our next video thank you
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00147-00060725-00063479 [Music]
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00148-00063479-00064658 [Music]
+TRqb0j3X56Q-00149-00064659-00065114 [Music]
+TSvVEyPqVhY-00000-00001988-00002420 [Music]
+TSvVEyPqVhY-00005-00045425-00046199 I do that enemy enemy coming report aku
+TSvVEyPqVhY-00006-00046200-00048419 aku finish round d communica me come you
+TSvVEyPqVhY-00008-00052204-00052448 what do you market it up I wanna tell
+TSvVEyPqVhY-00009-00052449-00055191 you forgive you
+TSvVEyPqVhY-00012-00064104-00065632 [Applause]
+TSvVEyPqVhY-00013-00065633-00066575 come come
+TSvVEyPqVhY-00016-00074091-00074682 I could be learning a moodini at the
+TSvVEyPqVhY-00019-00084756-00085146 [Music]
+TSvVEyPqVhY-00020-00085147-00087944 what you say
+TSvVEyPqVhY-00021-00087945-00088151 you
+TSARVzprLdE-00000-00000209-00000524 hello America James Eggman here live
+TSARVzprLdE-00001-00000525-00000761 from Hiawatha Kansas with a little bitty
+TSARVzprLdE-00002-00000762-00001048 teeny tiny little bitty camcorder and
+TSARVzprLdE-00003-00001049-00001319 looky there there's the beautiful Sun
+TSARVzprLdE-00004-00001320-00002389 egde to start a new day it's 7:40 9 a.m.
+TSARVzprLdE-00005-00002390-00002672 if you listen closely you can even hurt
+TSARVzprLdE-00006-00002673-00003947 hear the birds chirping and the traffic
+TSARVzprLdE-00007-00003947-00004490 drives by for the early morning rush but
+TSARVzprLdE-00008-00004491-00004691 I wanted to show the Sun rising as well
+TSARVzprLdE-00009-00004692-00004970 as the Sun setting and that's a fact
+TSARVzprLdE-00010-00004971-00007018 jack
+TSARVzprLdE-00011-00007019-00007306 you can hear the birds chirping in a new
+TSARVzprLdE-00012-00007306-00008395 day a new dawn but I wanted to start his
+TSARVzprLdE-00013-00008396-00010398 day out showing you the true Sun America
+TSARVzprLdE-00014-00010399-00010666 just look at the activity ladies and
+TSARVzprLdE-00015-00010667-00011041 gentlemen that's the true son in his
+TSARVzprLdE-00016-00011042-00011329 natural state as it's been hidden from
+TSARVzprLdE-00017-00011330-00011770 you for hundreds and hundreds and
+TSARVzprLdE-00018-00011771-00011920 hundreds of years
+TSARVzprLdE-00019-00011921-00012406 it's amazing simply amazing you can eat
+TSARVzprLdE-00020-00012407-00012595 this little camcorder picks up every
+TSARVzprLdE-00021-00012596-00013179 sound birds chirping train whistling and
+TSARVzprLdE-00022-00013180-00013510 traffic driving by as it starts a new
+TSARVzprLdE-00023-00013511-00014676 day of America
+TSARVzprLdE-00024-00014677-00014984 [Music]
+TSARVzprLdE-00025-00014985-00015191 then of course I want to forewarn you
+TSARVzprLdE-00026-00015191-00015626 once again about the 5g network which
+TSARVzprLdE-00027-00015627-00015884 they're building up globally for as I
+TSARVzprLdE-00028-00015885-00017952 speak they don't care about us
+TSARVzprLdE-00029-00017953-00018159 it was so hard for me to accept the
+TSARVzprLdE-00030-00018160-00018477 truth when I seen this little bitty
+TSARVzprLdE-00031-00018478-00019510 camcorder pick up the true Sun äj--
+TSARVzprLdE-00032-00019511-00019762 even freaked me out in the beginning now
+TSARVzprLdE-00033-00019763-00020104 I'm kind of used to it I guess but there
+TSARVzprLdE-00034-00020105-00020263 you have it ladies and gentlemen the
+TSARVzprLdE-00035-00020264-00021073 true Sun as it rises from the east but
+TSARVzprLdE-00036-00021074-00021589 as it not actually rises but goes across
+TSARVzprLdE-00037-00021590-00022141 the sky of America and you can hear the
+TSARVzprLdE-00038-00022142-00022450 hustle and bustle of the traffic as they
+TSARVzprLdE-00039-00022451-00022786 scurry off to their meaningless jobs to
+TSARVzprLdE-00040-00022787-00023119 pay their meaningless bills that's what
+TSARVzprLdE-00041-00023120-00023314 kills me you spend your entire life
+TSARVzprLdE-00042-00023315-00023685 America working your ass off for what
+TSARVzprLdE-00043-00023686-00024385 for what so you can buy a house feed
+TSARVzprLdE-00044-00024386-00024580 your kids feed your family pay your
+TSARVzprLdE-00045-00024581-00025733 bills
+TSARVzprLdE-00046-00025735-00026535 Sun is so blinding but you can see the
+TSARVzprLdE-00047-00026536-00027108 jet in the distance maybe maybe not
+TSARVzprLdE-00048-00027108-00027802 maybe don't show up back to the Sun egde
+TSARVzprLdE-00049-00027804-00028589 the 5g network is a network of 5g which
+TSARVzprLdE-00050-00028591-00029064 stands for gigahertz which what they're
+TSARVzprLdE-00051-00029064-00029292 not telling you is right now we're in a
+TSARVzprLdE-00052-00029293-00029745 4G 4 gigahertz supposedly but we're
+TSARVzprLdE-00053-00029745-00030111 running about 50 to 75 gigahertz right
+TSARVzprLdE-00054-00030112-00030468 now and we're going to do a astronomical
+TSARVzprLdE-00055-00030469-00031164 jump when the 5g goes fully online that
+TSARVzprLdE-00056-00031164-00031404 means everything and it has the word
+TSARVzprLdE-00057-00031405-00031583 smart in front of it that means it's
+TSARVzprLdE-00058-00031585-00032012 evil that means is part of the 5g world
+TSARVzprLdE-00059-00032013-00032270 everything will be connected even our
+TSARVzprLdE-00060-00032272-00032720 brains I know it's difficult to believe
+TSARVzprLdE-00061-00032722-00033270 but it's a fact it's a fact jack but
+TSARVzprLdE-00062-00033271-00033483 that's what's heading our way and we're
+TSARVzprLdE-00063-00033484-00033696 talking about two to five hundred
+TSARVzprLdE-00064-00033697-00034038 gigahertz microwave you know your
+TSARVzprLdE-00065-00034039-00034295 microwave oven itself only puts out
+TSARVzprLdE-00066-00034296-00035058 maybe 1/10 of a Giga heard imagine just
+TSARVzprLdE-00067-00035059-00035385 imagine folks that the gigahertz bumps
+TSARVzprLdE-00068-00035386-00035547 up to 200 gigahertz
+TSARVzprLdE-00069-00035548-00035817 Wow you're talking about frying people
+TSARVzprLdE-00070-00035818-00036111 and people that are hypersensitive to
+TSARVzprLdE-00071-00036112-00036675 the world we live in like myself people
+TSARVzprLdE-00072-00036676-00036858 say oh you're a mind reader how do you
+TSARVzprLdE-00073-00036859-00037068 do that how do you do I'm not a mind
+TSARVzprLdE-00074-00037069-00037107 reader
+TSARVzprLdE-00075-00037108-00037413 I'm just connected see we live in a
+TSARVzprLdE-00076-00037414-00037647 wireless environment now and again ready
+TSARVzprLdE-00077-00037648-00037983 to jump it to an astronomical level
+TSARVzprLdE-00078-00037984-00038265 where everything will be connected and
+TSARVzprLdE-00079-00038266-00038460 the thought police will be coming to
+TSARVzprLdE-00080-00038461-00038884 your door as you think it so it shall be
+TSARVzprLdE-00081-00038885-00039163 and they will come a rest your ass just
+TSARVzprLdE-00082-00039164-00039427 for your thoughts that's the new world
+TSARVzprLdE-00083-00039428-00039637 we're going to live in is the world of
+TSARVzprLdE-00084-00039638-00039897 thought crimes can you imagine that
+TSARVzprLdE-00085-00039898-00040072 everything's going to change
+TSARVzprLdE-00086-00040073-00040216 everything's going to be smart
+TSARVzprLdE-00087-00040217-00040530 everything smart cities smart towns
+TSARVzprLdE-00088-00040531-00041062 smart water smart gas smart electric it
+TSARVzprLdE-00089-00041063-00041407 can be smart everything America smart
+TSARVzprLdE-00090-00041408-00041809 everything we got a little rabbit over
+TSARVzprLdE-00091-00041810-00041947 here so you can catch him before he
+TSARVzprLdE-00092-00041948-00042711 flies away any Purdy pretty bird pretty
+TSARVzprLdE-00093-00042712-00042939 bird
+TSARVzprLdE-00094-00042940-00043222 that's a that's a nice healthy Robin
+TSARVzprLdE-00095-00043223-00043767 right there ladies and gentlemen
+TSARVzprLdE-00096-00043768-00044089 beautiful bird see how connected I am to
+TSARVzprLdE-00097-00044090-00044251 the environment you normally a bird's
+TSARVzprLdE-00098-00044252-00044533 would just fly right off but that's not
+TSARVzprLdE-00099-00044534-00044782 i'm just so connected to my environments
+TSARVzprLdE-00100-00044783-00045058 unbelievable connected to the plants i'm
+TSARVzprLdE-00101-00045059-00045310 eclectic connected to the animals the
+TSARVzprLdE-00102-00045311-00045559 people that's why i find it difficult to
+TSARVzprLdE-00103-00045560-00045859 be around crowds because i'm so
+TSARVzprLdE-00104-00045860-00046042 connected to my environment and the
+TSARVzprLdE-00105-00046043-00046176 people and their thoughts
+TSARVzprLdE-00106-00046177-00046663 it's just ridiculous redonkulous anyway
+TSARVzprLdE-00107-00046664-00046861 back to the 5g it's going to be smart
+TSARVzprLdE-00108-00046862-00047152 water smart gas smart electric smart
+TSARVzprLdE-00109-00047153-00047389 cable smart this everything's going to
+TSARVzprLdE-00110-00047390-00047701 the smart and with the gonna sure in is
+TSARVzprLdE-00111-00047702-00047941 the smart cities initiative to go into
+TSARVzprLdE-00112-00047942-00048169 full swing which are out there trying to
+TSARVzprLdE-00113-00048170-00048604 bring in now and smart everything i mean
+TSARVzprLdE-00114-00048605-00048751 you name it it's going to have the word
+TSARVzprLdE-00115-00048752-00048970 smart in front of it but remember i told
+TSARVzprLdE-00116-00048971-00049246 you and you heard it here first
+TSARVzprLdE-00117-00049247-00049768 smart means stupid stupid stupid stupid
+TSARVzprLdE-00118-00049769-00051036 is Danger Danger Danger - We the People
+TSARVzprLdE-00119-00051037-00051990 beautiful Berdych see the bird sit on
+TSARVzprLdE-00120-00051991-00052464 top of the building right there but
+TSARVzprLdE-00121-00052465-00052696 that's the scary part about it see I
+TSARVzprLdE-00122-00052697-00052864 know all this in advance because I've
+TSARVzprLdE-00123-00052865-00053122 researched it thoroughly and most people
+TSARVzprLdE-00124-00053123-00053322 just don't know nothing about it
+TSARVzprLdE-00125-00053323-00053575 but it's going to be horrible I'm going
+TSARVzprLdE-00126-00053576-00053704 to tell you right now it ladies and
+TSARVzprLdE-00127-00053704-00053986 gentlemen right now down at South Africa
+TSARVzprLdE-00128-00053987-00054190 there they're getting ready to purge the
+TSARVzprLdE-00129-00054191-00054358 white farmers down there they're
+TSARVzprLdE-00130-00054359-00054555 actually murdering white farmers and
+TSARVzprLdE-00131-00054557-00054853 their families as I speak but it's not
+TSARVzprLdE-00132-00054854-00055027 talked about on the main screen media
+TSARVzprLdE-00133-00055028-00055317 because they don't want you to know what
+TSARVzprLdE-00134-00055319-00055501 was really going on in the world they
+TSARVzprLdE-00135-00055502-00055687 want you to pay attention to the little
+TSARVzprLdE-00136-00055688-00055975 kids down in Florida they still won't
+TSARVzprLdE-00137-00055976-00056113 let that go I didn't believe me they're
+TSARVzprLdE-00138-00056114-00056340 going to ride that bull until it
+TSARVzprLdE-00139-00056341-00056614 collapses and then they'll move on to
+TSARVzprLdE-00140-00056615-00056991 the next shooting and that's how it
+TSARVzprLdE-00141-00056992-00057037 works
+TSARVzprLdE-00142-00057038-00057376 they keep you occupied distracted while
+TSARVzprLdE-00143-00057377-00057594 the real evil is going on in the world
+TSARVzprLdE-00144-00057595-00057952 and that's what kills me America it's
+TSARVzprLdE-00145-00057953-00058237 horrible and the way it's going to be is
+TSARVzprLdE-00146-00058238-00058549 going to be so horrific you're going to
+TSARVzprLdE-00147-00058550-00058789 pray to God he comes back I guarantee
+TSARVzprLdE-00148-00058790-00059346 you that well you can acts 2:38 X 239
+TSARVzprLdE-00149-00059347-00059754 repent saith the Lord I guarantee you if
+TSARVzprLdE-00150-00059755-00060136 you go to acts 2:38 X 239 read it check
+TSARVzprLdE-00151-00060137-00060444 it out it might change your life forever
+TSARVzprLdE-00152-00060445-00060913 but Jesus is real God is real and this
+TSARVzprLdE-00153-00060914-00061351 son is real so just remember you've seen
+TSARVzprLdE-00154-00061352-00061590 it and heard it here first
+TSARVzprLdE-00155-00061591-00061842 James Aikman reporting live from
+TSARVzprLdE-00156-00061844-00062095 Hiawatha Kansas on this early morning I
+TSARVzprLdE-00157-00062096-00062389 got a bunch of appointments today I
+TSARVzprLdE-00158-00062390-00062691 gotta go to the store go get me some
+TSARVzprLdE-00159-00062692-00062803 Smokies
+TSARVzprLdE-00160-00062804-00063091 I'm coffee and then I come back and I
+TSARVzprLdE-00161-00063091-00063342 meet with Lisa and after I meet with
+TSARVzprLdE-00162-00063344-00063729 Lisa then I go uh see where am I going
+TSARVzprLdE-00163-00063730-00063787 I'll go
+TSARVzprLdE-00164-00063788-00064156 oh I go see I can't remember her neck
+TSARVzprLdE-00165-00064157-00064512 Julie yeah I go see Julie at one o'clock
+TSARVzprLdE-00166-00064513-00064855 so I get a fully jam-packed day ahead of
+TSARVzprLdE-00167-00064856-00065203 me and I've been up since 3:00 a.m. I'm
+TSARVzprLdE-00168-00065204-00065581 always up 24/7 it seems like I'll sleep
+TSARVzprLdE-00169-00065582-00065776 you know 20 minutes here hour there
+TSARVzprLdE-00170-00065777-00065968 maybe sometimes I'll collapse for two
+TSARVzprLdE-00171-00065969-00066292 three hours and one time but I am so
+TSARVzprLdE-00172-00066293-00066640 tapped into the world we live in that
+TSARVzprLdE-00173-00066641-00067212 sleep evades me at a major major cost
+TSARVzprLdE-00174-00067213-00067519 but you know if I if I get another 20
+TSARVzprLdE-00175-00067520-00067756 years out of my old ass I'm 55 but I'm
+TSARVzprLdE-00176-00067757-00068185 still alive and if I get another 20
+TSARVzprLdE-00177-00068186-00068382 years out of my ass I'll be doing well
+TSARVzprLdE-00178-00068383-00068731 but I hope you all have a wonderful day
+TSARVzprLdE-00179-00068732-00068986 and have a great weekend and I'll see
+TSARVzprLdE-00180-00068987-00069285 you about making another video later and
+TSARVzprLdE-00181-00069286-00069592 but I will talk to you soon but I'm
+TSARVzprLdE-00182-00069593-00069715 gonna go ahead and close this video out
+TSARVzprLdE-00183-00069716-00070186 and just remember America I love you God
+TSARVzprLdE-00184-00070187-00070800 loves you and God bless you got it
+TSARVzprLdE-00185-00070801-00071203 America I'll talk to y'all soon and I
+TSARVzprLdE-00186-00071204-00071471 will see you when I see you share this
+TSARVzprLdE-00187-00071472-00071840 video and let people know what you're
+TSARVzprLdE-00188-00071841-00072197 about to see is a truth as stunning as
+TSARVzprLdE-00189-00072198-00073007 it is this is the true Sun
+TSARVzprLdE-00190-00073008-00073566 all righty then James Heckman see what I
+TSARVzprLdE-00191-00073567-00073908 see you fight by
+TTM8dhelCeA-00000-00000010-00000329 the National Observatory of Athens Noah
+TTM8dhelCeA-00001-00000330-00000590 Greek ethnic Oh a stereoscope yo Athen
+TTM8dhelCeA-00002-00000591-00000785 on as a Research Institute in Athens
+TTM8dhelCeA-00003-00000786-00001177 Greece founded in 1842 it is the oldest
+TTM8dhelCeA-00004-00001178-00001394 Research Foundation in Greece as it was
+TTM8dhelCeA-00005-00001395-00001610 the first scientific research institute
+TTM8dhelCeA-00006-00001611-00001823 built after Greece became independent in
+TTM8dhelCeA-00007-00001823-00002066 1829 and one of the oldest research
+TTM8dhelCeA-00008-00002067-00002723 institutes in southern Europe
+TTM8dhelCeA-00009-00002724-00003221 topic history
+TTM8dhelCeA-00010-00003222-00003561 you
+TTM8dhelCeA-00011-00003561-00004227 topic 1842 foundation
+TTM8dhelCeA-00012-00004228-00004516 around 1840 the national benefactor
+TTM8dhelCeA-00013-00004517-00004786 Baron Giorgio Simas ambassador in Vienna
+TTM8dhelCeA-00014-00004787-00004959 expressed his intention to make a
+TTM8dhelCeA-00015-00004960-00005152 donation for science development in
+TTM8dhelCeA-00016-00005153-00005416 Greece he took advice from his friend
+TTM8dhelCeA-00017-00005417-00005617 the Austrian ambassador in Athens
+TTM8dhelCeA-00018-00005618-00005781 propecia Austin who knew the Greek
+TTM8dhelCeA-00019-00005782-00006016 Austrian physicist and astronomer Georg
+TTM8dhelCeA-00020-00006017-00006325 Constantin Boris Boris became the first
+TTM8dhelCeA-00021-00006326-00006538 director of Athens Observatory and was
+TTM8dhelCeA-00022-00006539-00006738 also involved in the construction of its
+TTM8dhelCeA-00023-00006739-00007284 first building
+TTM8dhelCeA-00024-00007284-00007909 topic the first building and instruments
+TTM8dhelCeA-00025-00007911-00008129 the first building known as Cena's
+TTM8dhelCeA-00026-00008130-00008303 building was based on a project
+TTM8dhelCeA-00027-00008304-00008489 presented by Edouard shall Burt and
+TTM8dhelCeA-00028-00008490-00008618 designed by the Danish architect
+TTM8dhelCeA-00029-00008619-00008822 theophil Hansen it was the first
+TTM8dhelCeA-00030-00008823-00009083 building of the later famous Hansen the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00031-00009084-00009287 cross like neoclassic building has its
+TTM8dhelCeA-00032-00009288-00009461 sides oriented toward the four
+TTM8dhelCeA-00033-00009462-00009692 directions of the horizon there is a
+TTM8dhelCeA-00034-00009693-00009908 small dome for a telescope in the center
+TTM8dhelCeA-00035-00009909-00010130 of the construction the building was
+TTM8dhelCeA-00036-00010131-00010526 completed in 1846 using the donation
+TTM8dhelCeA-00037-00010527-00010691 Boris ordered and installed the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00038-00010692-00010832 following instruments in the new
+TTM8dhelCeA-00039-00010833-00011330 building 6.2 158 millimetres f15
+TTM8dhelCeA-00040-00011331-00011753 refractor plossl 3.7 meridian circle
+TTM8dhelCeA-00041-00011754-00012080 stark Fraunhofer five small telescopes
+TTM8dhelCeA-00042-00012081-00012380 four comets chronometer z' for civil and
+TTM8dhelCeA-00043-00012381-00012680 sidereal time set of meteorological
+TTM8dhelCeA-00044-00012681-00012932 instruments the observatory of athens
+TTM8dhelCeA-00045-00012933-00013210 foundation ceremony on the 26th of june
+TTM8dhelCeA-00046-00013211-00013490 1842 the day of a solar eclipse is a
+TTM8dhelCeA-00047-00013491-00013778 magnificent official event present were
+TTM8dhelCeA-00048-00013779-00013976 the king of greece otto members of the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00049-00013977-00014144 government and of the greek church a
+TTM8dhelCeA-00050-00014144-00014399 large crowd of people fills up the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00051-00014400-00014585 vicinity of the place selected for the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00052-00014586-00014797 observatory a location on the hill of
+TTM8dhelCeA-00053-00014798-00015037 memset vicio facing the acropolis
+TTM8dhelCeA-00054-00015038-00015272 following the panegyric speech by
+TTM8dhelCeA-00055-00015272-00015506 professor boris the foundation stone is
+TTM8dhelCeA-00056-00015507-00015713 set under music sounds and candidate by
+TTM8dhelCeA-00057-00015713-00015896 a Danish frigate anchored at the port of
+TTM8dhelCeA-00058-00015897-00016429 Piraeus
+TTM8dhelCeA-00059-00016430-00016792 topic from Boris to Ioannis Papadakis
+TTM8dhelCeA-00060-00016793-00017336 and johann friedrich julius Schmidt
+TTM8dhelCeA-00061-00017337-00017680 in 1855 Boris became ill and moved back
+TTM8dhelCeA-00062-00017681-00017891 to retire in Vienna where he died on the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00063-00017892-00018338 2nd of January 1860 professor Johannes G
+TTM8dhelCeA-00064-00018339-00018602 Papadakis full professor of mathematics
+TTM8dhelCeA-00065-00018603-00018914 since the 17th of August 1854 at the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00066-00018915-00019121 University of Athens was chosen as an
+TTM8dhelCeA-00067-00019122-00019472 interim director in December 1858 the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00068-00019473-00019622 nomination for the new permanent
+TTM8dhelCeA-00069-00019623-00019850 director took place on December 4th
+TTM8dhelCeA-00070-00019851-00020044 johann friedrich julius schmidt was
+TTM8dhelCeA-00071-00020045-00020261 nominated and on the 16th of december
+TTM8dhelCeA-00072-00020262-00020461 julius schmidt became the new director
+TTM8dhelCeA-00073-00020462-00021069 of athens observatory
+TTM8dhelCeA-00074-00021070-00021608 topic 1858 to 1884 the Classical period
+TTM8dhelCeA-00075-00021609-00022089 of J Schmidt
+TTM8dhelCeA-00076-00022090-00022330 utilizing the Cena's family donation
+TTM8dhelCeA-00077-00022331-00022537 johann friedrich julius schmidt took
+TTM8dhelCeA-00078-00022538-00022708 care of the instruments repairing and
+TTM8dhelCeA-00079-00022709-00022944 maintenance soon he started to observe
+TTM8dhelCeA-00080-00022945-00023247 the Sun Moon planets comets and variable
+TTM8dhelCeA-00081-00023248-00023521 stars he enriched the observatories
+TTM8dhelCeA-00082-00023522-00023740 library with many scientific books and
+TTM8dhelCeA-00083-00023741-00023947 journals some of them were donated by
+TTM8dhelCeA-00084-00023948-00024193 other European observatories Schmidt
+TTM8dhelCeA-00085-00024194-00024415 also started the editing of publications
+TTM8dhelCeA-00086-00024416-00024718 of the observatory of Athens during the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00087-00024719-00024919 25 years of his work in the Athens
+TTM8dhelCeA-00088-00024920-00025008 observatory
+TTM8dhelCeA-00089-00025009-00025200 he performed more than 70,000
+TTM8dhelCeA-00090-00025201-00025405 observations of variable stars and
+TTM8dhelCeA-00091-00025406-00025644 discovered few periodic variables and to
+TTM8dhelCeA-00092-00025645-00025914 Novi stars most of the results were
+TTM8dhelCeA-00093-00025916-00026121 published in the journal astronomic
+TTM8dhelCeA-00094-00026122-00026449 Rickon for many years J Schmidt studied
+TTM8dhelCeA-00095-00026450-00026646 the planets Mars and Jupiter and drew
+TTM8dhelCeA-00096-00026647-00026881 the changes on their surfaces he
+TTM8dhelCeA-00097-00026882-00027114 observed the bright comet of the 1860
+TTM8dhelCeA-00098-00027116-00027277 and two years later discovered a
+TTM8dhelCeA-00099-00027277-00027577 periodic comet the clear sky allowed him
+TTM8dhelCeA-00100-00027577-00027736 to make thousands observations of
+TTM8dhelCeA-00101-00027737-00027994 meteors he also had the opportunity to
+TTM8dhelCeA-00102-00027995-00028195 observe a number of solar eclipses and
+TTM8dhelCeA-00103-00028195-00028510 many eclipses of moon the topographical
+TTM8dhelCeA-00104-00028511-00028738 chart of the Moon chapter durga burj de
+TTM8dhelCeA-00105-00028739-00028948 Mundy's published in berlin is perhaps
+TTM8dhelCeA-00106-00028949-00029269 his most brilliant work in an area of 2
+TTM8dhelCeA-00107-00029270-00029545 meters diameter consisting of 25 parts
+TTM8dhelCeA-00108-00029545-00029737 and representing the visible surface of
+TTM8dhelCeA-00109-00029738-00029940 the Moon there are drawn about 30,000
+TTM8dhelCeA-00110-00029941-00030175 craters as observed with the 158
+TTM8dhelCeA-00111-00030176-00030493 millimeters plossl telescope significant
+TTM8dhelCeA-00112-00030494-00030682 is also his study of the crater lynnie
+TTM8dhelCeA-00113-00030683-00030951 showing apparent morphological changes
+TTM8dhelCeA-00114-00030952-00031186 julius schmidt reorganized the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00115-00031187-00031345 meteorological service of the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00116-00031345-00031582 observatory of athens he performed
+TTM8dhelCeA-00117-00031583-00031792 meteorological observations in many
+TTM8dhelCeA-00118-00031793-00032017 places in greece and regularly sent data
+TTM8dhelCeA-00119-00032018-00032281 to the observatory of paris these
+TTM8dhelCeA-00120-00032282-00032449 results are presented in his work
+TTM8dhelCeA-00121-00032450-00032745 beiträge zur physical ition geography
+TTM8dhelCeA-00122-00032747-00033265 von greenland 1864 very significant was
+TTM8dhelCeA-00123-00033266-00033463 his interest in the field of seismology
+TTM8dhelCeA-00124-00033464-00033715 with the help of volunteers he recorded
+TTM8dhelCeA-00125-00033716-00033946 more than 3000 earthquakes and published
+TTM8dhelCeA-00126-00033947-00034393 his study müber earth baiban 1975 so
+TTM8dhelCeA-00127-00034394-00034552 well a few years he observed the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00128-00034553-00034790 santorini volcano since the eruption in
+TTM8dhelCeA-00129-00034791-00035077 1866 and published the study of this and
+TTM8dhelCeA-00130-00035078-00035317 of three other volcanoes Etna Vesuvius
+TTM8dhelCeA-00131-00035318-00035473 Stromboli in
+TTM8dhelCeA-00132-00035474-00035830 74 Julius Schmidt made some journeys
+TTM8dhelCeA-00133-00035831-00036037 with the aim of geographical studies and
+TTM8dhelCeA-00134-00036038-00036255 performed archaeological investigations
+TTM8dhelCeA-00135-00036256-00036884 to discover the ancient Troy
+TTM8dhelCeA-00136-00036885-00037670 topic 1884 to 1890 d Cocytus
+TTM8dhelCeA-00137-00037671-00037901 Demetrios cocytus undertook the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00138-00037902-00038099 direction of the observatory of athens
+TTM8dhelCeA-00139-00038100-00038408 in 1884 because of the financial
+TTM8dhelCeA-00140-00038409-00038624 situation of the observatory the funds
+TTM8dhelCeA-00141-00038625-00038795 of the cena's family donation were
+TTM8dhelCeA-00142-00038796-00039060 already exhausted Dimitrios cocytus had
+TTM8dhelCeA-00143-00039061-00039230 very limited possibilities for
+TTM8dhelCeA-00144-00039231-00039443 administrative and scientific activity
+TTM8dhelCeA-00145-00039444-00039729 he continued regular meridian circle
+TTM8dhelCeA-00146-00039730-00039911 observations for the purpose of time
+TTM8dhelCeA-00147-00039912-00040199 service and observed solar spots he
+TTM8dhelCeA-00148-00040200-00040337 succeeded in expanding the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00149-00040338-00040562 meteorological stations network to few
+TTM8dhelCeA-00150-00040563-00041180 places far from Athens
+TTM8dhelCeA-00151-00041181-00041665 topic 1890 to 1934 the observatory's
+TTM8dhelCeA-00152-00041666-00042127 Renaissance under D Egan itis
+TTM8dhelCeA-00153-00042128-00042292 you
+TTM8dhelCeA-00154-00042293-00042481 with a special law of the Greek
+TTM8dhelCeA-00155-00042482-00042774 parliament on June 19th 1890 the Athens
+TTM8dhelCeA-00156-00042775-00042937 Observatory became a governmental
+TTM8dhelCeA-00157-00042938-00043143 Research Center and its name was changed
+TTM8dhelCeA-00158-00043144-00043443 to National Observatory of Athens with
+TTM8dhelCeA-00159-00043444-00043654 this law Demetrios Egon itis was
+TTM8dhelCeA-00160-00043655-00043836 appointed director of the NOAA in
+TTM8dhelCeA-00161-00043837-00044074 addition to the astronomical Institute
+TTM8dhelCeA-00162-00044075-00044237 two others were created the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00163-00044238-00044407 meteorological and the seismological
+TTM8dhelCeA-00164-00044408-00044779 Institute's Egon ADIZ very first care
+TTM8dhelCeA-00165-00044780-00045031 was to find funds and donations he got a
+TTM8dhelCeA-00166-00045032-00045237 credit from the University and performed
+TTM8dhelCeA-00167-00045238-00045402 a restoration of the observatory
+TTM8dhelCeA-00168-00045403-00045585 building and of its old instruments
+TTM8dhelCeA-00169-00045586-00045846 because of the economic situation in
+TTM8dhelCeA-00170-00045847-00046039 Greece the governmental aid was very
+TTM8dhelCeA-00171-00046040-00046099 limited
+TTM8dhelCeA-00172-00046100-00046371 Egon itís organized a national committee
+TTM8dhelCeA-00173-00046372-00046540 that in a few years succeeded in
+TTM8dhelCeA-00174-00046541-00046711 collecting a considerable sum from
+TTM8dhelCeA-00175-00046712-00046954 fellow Greeks among the generous
+TTM8dhelCeA-00176-00046955-00047200 donators were D dorita's ASA gross m
+TTM8dhelCeA-00177-00047201-00047485 cordial NGOs P Stefanovich Iza Rufus
+TTM8dhelCeA-00178-00047486-00047761 came of Roma Collis ace kosis and n cry
+TTM8dhelCeA-00179-00047762-00048040 so villainous with the collected funds
+TTM8dhelCeA-00180-00048041-00048265 the physio site of the observatory was
+TTM8dhelCeA-00181-00048266-00048468 expanded a neighbouring area was bought
+TTM8dhelCeA-00182-00048469-00048745 and three new buildings were erected new
+TTM8dhelCeA-00183-00048746-00048927 instruments were ordered and installed
+TTM8dhelCeA-00184-00048928-00049221 at NOAA a 16 centimeters meridian circle
+TTM8dhelCeA-00185-00049222-00049504 and a 40 centimeters refractor another
+TTM8dhelCeA-00186-00049505-00049765 telescope a 20 centimetres reflector was
+TTM8dhelCeA-00187-00049766-00050083 donated by ki an itis Egon itís
+TTM8dhelCeA-00188-00050084-00050287 reorganized the meteorological net
+TTM8dhelCeA-00189-00050288-00050500 adding about a hundred new stations and
+TTM8dhelCeA-00190-00050501-00050808 creating a seismological service he also
+TTM8dhelCeA-00191-00050809-00051058 organized the addition of the annales de
+TTM8dhelCeA-00192-00051059-00051365 l'observatoire nacional de thines
+TTM8dhelCeA-00193-00051366-00051642 Egon itis played a significant role in
+TTM8dhelCeA-00194-00051644-00051814 the political and academic life in
+TTM8dhelCeA-00195-00051815-00052139 Greece he was Minister of Education in
+TTM8dhelCeA-00196-00052140-00052479 1917 and in 1926 and was the founder of
+TTM8dhelCeA-00197-00052480-00052822 the Academy of Athens in 1926 his
+TTM8dhelCeA-00198-00052823-00053035 contribution in accepting the world time
+TTM8dhelCeA-00199-00053036-00053226 zone system and the Gregorian style
+TTM8dhelCeA-00200-00053227-00053941 calendar in Greece was also substantial
+TTM8dhelCeA-00201-00053941-00054480 topic 1935 to 1964 the astrophysics in
+TTM8dhelCeA-00202-00054482-00054813 Noah s placket Asst
+TTM8dhelCeA-00203-00054814-00054975 you
+TTM8dhelCeA-00204-00054976-00055182 stavros placket has worked at the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00205-00055183-00055621 observatory since 1915 in 1927 s placa
+TTM8dhelCeA-00206-00055622-00055742 de s-- was promoted to assistant
+TTM8dhelCeA-00207-00055743-00056010 astronomer and in 1928 with the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00208-00056011-00056241 recommendation of professor Egon itis he
+TTM8dhelCeA-00209-00056242-00056430 continued his studies for two years in
+TTM8dhelCeA-00210-00056431-00056682 Greenwich Cambridge Paris Strasbourg and
+TTM8dhelCeA-00211-00056683-00057028 Heidelberg in 1931 he was proclaimed
+TTM8dhelCeA-00212-00057029-00057228 doctor of mathematics and was nominated
+TTM8dhelCeA-00213-00057229-00057612 regular astronomer of NOAA in 1935
+TTM8dhelCeA-00214-00057613-00057792 stavros plaque Titus was elected
+TTM8dhelCeA-00215-00057793-00057972 professor in the university of athens
+TTM8dhelCeA-00216-00057973-00058159 and at the same time was nominated
+TTM8dhelCeA-00217-00058160-00058323 supervisor of the astronomical
+TTM8dhelCeA-00218-00058324-00058623 department of NOAA in two years the NOAA
+TTM8dhelCeA-00219-00058624-00058872 changed two directors firstly professor
+TTM8dhelCeA-00220-00058873-00059091 Nicolaos críticos was nominated then
+TTM8dhelCeA-00221-00059092-00059499 elias muriel AAPIs in 1937 director of
+TTM8dhelCeA-00222-00059500-00059750 NOAA giorgos chores was nominated
+TTM8dhelCeA-00223-00059751-00059976 professor placket us was already a
+TTM8dhelCeA-00224-00059977-00060174 well-known astronomer and continued his
+TTM8dhelCeA-00225-00060175-00060346 work in the field of observational
+TTM8dhelCeA-00226-00060347-00060657 astrophysics he published many papers in
+TTM8dhelCeA-00227-00060658-00060910 famous astronomical journals well known
+TTM8dhelCeA-00228-00060911-00061116 as his work on long period variable
+TTM8dhelCeA-00229-00061117-00061293 stars in collaboration with Professor
+TTM8dhelCeA-00230-00061294-00061512 Sir Arthur Eddington which was published
+TTM8dhelCeA-00231-00061513-00061881 in 1929 Steve Rose plaquette has made
+TTM8dhelCeA-00232-00061882-00062076 many efforts to move the observations
+TTM8dhelCeA-00233-00062077-00062424 far from the city center in 1936 the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00234-00062425-00062619 beginning of the astronomical station
+TTM8dhelCeA-00235-00062620-00062886 penteli was set but World War two
+TTM8dhelCeA-00236-00062887-00063093 significantly delayed the development of
+TTM8dhelCeA-00237-00063094-00063303 the station at the end of his about a
+TTM8dhelCeA-00238-00063304-00063553 half-century active carrier in Noah he
+TTM8dhelCeA-00239-00063554-00063732 could see the results of this task the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00240-00063733-00064005 new 63 centimetres telescope in penteli
+TTM8dhelCeA-00241-00064006-00064216 used extensively by the astronomers of
+TTM8dhelCeA-00242-00064216-00064578 the Institute in 1999 the names of the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00243-00064579-00064798 four Institute's of Noah were updated as
+TTM8dhelCeA-00244-00064799-00065088 follows Institute of astronomy and
+TTM8dhelCeA-00245-00065089-00065418 astrophysics Institute for Environmental
+TTM8dhelCeA-00246-00065419-00065663 Research and sustainable development
+TTM8dhelCeA-00247-00065664-00066040 Institute of Geo dynamics Institute for
+TTM8dhelCeA-00248-00066041-00066253 space applications and remote sensing in
+TTM8dhelCeA-00249-00066254-00066513 2003 the Institute of astral particle
+TTM8dhelCeA-00250-00066514-00066565 physics
+TTM8dhelCeA-00251-00066566-00066847 néstor became the fifth Institute of
+TTM8dhelCeA-00252-00066848-00067137 Noah after a major reform in the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00253-00067138-00067338 structure of all research institutes in
+TTM8dhelCeA-00254-00067339-00067587 Greece in 2012 two of the Institute's of
+TTM8dhelCeA-00255-00067588-00067810 Noah were merged in one Nestor moved
+TTM8dhelCeA-00256-00067811-00067991 under another administrative unit
+TTM8dhelCeA-00257-00067992-00068250 currently Noah has the following three
+TTM8dhelCeA-00258-00068251-00068376 Institute's
+TTM8dhelCeA-00259-00068377-00068600 Institute for astronomy astrophysics
+TTM8dhelCeA-00260-00068601-00068942 space applications and remote sensing
+TTM8dhelCeA-00261-00068943-00069205 Institute for environmental research and
+TTM8dhelCeA-00262-00069206-00069513 sustainable development Institute of Geo
+TTM8dhelCeA-00263-00069514-00069989 dynamics
+TTM8dhelCeA-00264-00069990-00070502 topic premises
+TTM8dhelCeA-00265-00070503-00070742 the national observatory of athens
+TTM8dhelCeA-00266-00070743-00071063 operates in four locations the central
+TTM8dhelCeA-00267-00071064-00071267 premises of the national observatory of
+TTM8dhelCeA-00268-00071268-00071489 athens are situated at the historic site
+TTM8dhelCeA-00269-00071490-00071678 on top of hill of the nymphs in greek
+TTM8dhelCeA-00270-00071679-00071969 lava Stefan odyssia nymph and Hill
+TTM8dhelCeA-00271-00071970-00072158 borders with philopappos Hill and is
+TTM8dhelCeA-00272-00072159-00072323 opposite to the Acropolis and the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00273-00072324-00072581 Athenian Agora they has the central
+TTM8dhelCeA-00274-00072582-00072773 administration as well as the Institute
+TTM8dhelCeA-00275-00072774-00073130 of geo dynamics the penteli astronomical
+TTM8dhelCeA-00276-00073131-00073334 station is situated on a hill known as
+TTM8dhelCeA-00277-00073335-00073679 fufu loaf is Khufu in Greek which is
+TTM8dhelCeA-00278-00073680-00073921 located in the municipality of penteli
+TTM8dhelCeA-00279-00073922-00074279 38.0 four seven nine seven six degrees
+TTM8dhelCeA-00280-00074280-00074534 north Oh two three point eight six four
+TTM8dhelCeA-00281-00074535-00074717 four three seven degrees east
+TTM8dhelCeA-00282-00074718-00074975 thirty-eight point zero four seven nine
+TTM8dhelCeA-00283-00074976-00075242 seven six oh two three point eight six
+TTM8dhelCeA-00284-00075243-00075467 four four three seven at the northern
+TTM8dhelCeA-00285-00075468-00075728 suburbs of Athens it is best known as
+TTM8dhelCeA-00286-00075729-00075977 the site of the historic 62 point five
+TTM8dhelCeA-00287-00075978-00076190 centimeters Newell refractor which was
+TTM8dhelCeA-00288-00076191-00076439 installed there in 1959 and it is now
+TTM8dhelCeA-00289-00076440-00076724 used for public outreach the Institute
+TTM8dhelCeA-00290-00076725-00076943 for astronomy astrophysics space
+TTM8dhelCeA-00291-00076944-00077159 applications and remote sensing as well
+TTM8dhelCeA-00292-00077160-00077336 as the Institute for environmental
+TTM8dhelCeA-00293-00077337-00077534 research and sustainable development is
+TTM8dhelCeA-00294-00077535-00077719 now located in these premises
+TTM8dhelCeA-00295-00077720-00078023 the cryin Airy astronomical station was
+TTM8dhelCeA-00296-00078024-00078359 established in 1972 it is located in
+TTM8dhelCeA-00297-00078360-00078545 northern Peloponnese on the top of
+TTM8dhelCeA-00298-00078546-00078878 mountain killing 37 degrees 58 and 22
+TTM8dhelCeA-00299-00078879-00079202 degrees 37 E at an altitude of 930
+TTM8dhelCeA-00300-00079203-00079526 meters it is equipped with a 1.2 meters
+TTM8dhelCeA-00301-00079527-00079696 Cassegrain reflector telescope
+TTM8dhelCeA-00302-00079697-00080012 manufactured and installed in 1975 by
+TTM8dhelCeA-00303-00080013-00080210 the British company Grubb Parsons Co
+TTM8dhelCeA-00304-00080211-00080471 Newcastle it is one of the largest
+TTM8dhelCeA-00305-00080472-00080657 telescopes in Greece with many
+TTM8dhelCeA-00306-00080658-00080867 successful scientific observations
+TTM8dhelCeA-00307-00080868-00081089 during its long operation scientific
+TTM8dhelCeA-00308-00081090-00081467 observations started in 1975 currently
+TTM8dhelCeA-00309-00081468-00081659 the telescope is being upgraded in the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00310-00081660-00081890 framework of the ESA programme and e Li
+TTM8dhelCeA-00311-00081891-00082132 OTA which will monitor the lunar surface
+TTM8dhelCeA-00312-00082133-00082445 for impacts of meteoroids shell Mo's
+TTM8dhelCeA-00313-00082446-00082709 observatory 37 point nine eight five
+TTM8dhelCeA-00314-00082710-00082973 seven degrees north twenty-two point one
+TTM8dhelCeA-00315-00082974-00083141 nine eight three degrees east
+TTM8dhelCeA-00316-00083142-00083369 thirty-seven point nine eight five seven
+TTM8dhelCeA-00317-00083370-00083576 twenty two point one nine eight three
+TTM8dhelCeA-00318-00083577-00083804 which is the site of the era star chose
+TTM8dhelCeA-00319-00083805-00083875 to point
+TTM8dhelCeA-00320-00083876-00084065 three meters telescope operated by the
+TTM8dhelCeA-00321-00084066-00084241 Institute for astronomy astrophysics
+TTM8dhelCeA-00322-00084242-00085020 space applications and remote sensing
+TTM8dhelCeA-00323-00085021-00085599 topic the NOAA weather station
+TTM8dhelCeA-00324-00085600-00085836 the national observatory of athens
+TTM8dhelCeA-00325-00085837-00086049 handles the most antique weather station
+TTM8dhelCeA-00326-00086050-00086450 of greece which is located at this year
+TUjLL2BiQng-00000-00000008-00000238 i'm now joined at the royal society with
+TUjLL2BiQng-00001-00000239-00000407 by laura holland from the rosalind
+TUjLL2BiQng-00002-00000408-00000615 franklin institute
+TUjLL2BiQng-00003-00000616-00000950 laura tell me what do llamas have to do
+TUjLL2BiQng-00004-00000951-00001087 with viruses
+TUjLL2BiQng-00005-00001088-00001287 well that's an excellent question
+TUjLL2BiQng-00006-00001288-00001462 not an obvious pairing i think it's fair
+TUjLL2BiQng-00007-00001463-00001759 to say so we are here talking about a
+TUjLL2BiQng-00008-00001760-00001951 piece of work that has been ongoing
+TUjLL2BiQng-00009-00001952-00002191 since the early days of the pandemic um
+TUjLL2BiQng-00010-00002192-00002326 we're based at the roslyn franklin
+TUjLL2BiQng-00011-00002327-00002495 institute which is a research institute
+TUjLL2BiQng-00012-00002496-00002631 in south oxfordshire and we're working
+TUjLL2BiQng-00013-00002632-00002887 with colleagues at reading university
+TUjLL2BiQng-00014-00002888-00003079 at reading they have a herd of research
+TUjLL2BiQng-00015-00003080-00003215 llama which again probably isn't a
+TUjLL2BiQng-00016-00003215-00003415 phrase that um many people expected to
+TUjLL2BiQng-00017-00003415-00003495 hear
+TUjLL2BiQng-00018-00003496-00003831 um and we are really interested in um a
+TUjLL2BiQng-00019-00003832-00004022 very specific type of antibody that
+TUjLL2BiQng-00020-00004023-00004191 llama produce
+TUjLL2BiQng-00021-00004192-00004606 so llama their cousins alpaca and camels
+TUjLL2BiQng-00022-00004607-00004799 all have this very special quirk of
+TUjLL2BiQng-00023-00004800-00004943 their immune system
+TUjLL2BiQng-00024-00004944-00005111 that some of their antibodies which are
+TUjLL2BiQng-00025-00005112-00005270 the molecules that your body makes in
+TUjLL2BiQng-00026-00005271-00005463 response to seeing a disease or a
+TUjLL2BiQng-00027-00005464-00005638 pathogen or something it isn't expecting
+TUjLL2BiQng-00028-00005639-00005751 to see
+TUjLL2BiQng-00029-00005752-00005886 those molecules
+TUjLL2BiQng-00030-00005887-00006070 i'll just show you this this is a human
+TUjLL2BiQng-00031-00006071-00006270 antibody okay so you can see that it's
+TUjLL2BiQng-00032-00006271-00006478 quite large it's got several components
+TUjLL2BiQng-00033-00006479-00006623 to it
+TUjLL2BiQng-00034-00006623-00006831 it's a big version the most important
+TUjLL2BiQng-00035-00006831-00007014 thing that your antibodies do is that
+TUjLL2BiQng-00036-00007015-00007214 they stick really specifically like a
+TUjLL2BiQng-00037-00007215-00007574 key in a lock to one particular target
+TUjLL2BiQng-00038-00007575-00007934 now this is human this is llama
+TUjLL2BiQng-00039-00007936-00008167 so it does the same job it sticks very
+TUjLL2BiQng-00040-00008168-00008303 specifically but you can see it's
+TUjLL2BiQng-00041-00008304-00008527 missing all of this heavy complicated
+TUjLL2BiQng-00042-00008528-00008695 machinery and it's just doing the
+TUjLL2BiQng-00043-00008696-00008903 sticking bit so we've known that lama
+TUjLL2BiQng-00044-00008904-00009199 can do this for a long time it's 1993 i
+TUjLL2BiQng-00045-00009200-00009303 think it was discovered that their
+TUjLL2BiQng-00046-00009304-00009431 immune systems work in a slightly
+TUjLL2BiQng-00047-00009432-00009559 different way
+TUjLL2BiQng-00048-00009560-00009735 but when the pandemic came around we
+TUjLL2BiQng-00049-00009736-00009839 thought okay
+TUjLL2BiQng-00050-00009840-00009967 we know how to work with these we've
+TUjLL2BiQng-00051-00009968-00010151 been using them for a long time what
+TUjLL2BiQng-00052-00010152-00010359 could we do against covert what would a
+TUjLL2BiQng-00053-00010360-00010535 what would a nanobody do against this
+TUjLL2BiQng-00054-00010536-00010838 emerging uh pandemic threat
+TUjLL2BiQng-00055-00010839-00011110 so we produced these we um injected
+TUjLL2BiQng-00056-00011111-00011246 llama at
+TUjLL2BiQng-00057-00011247-00011359 reading with
+TUjLL2BiQng-00058-00011360-00011599 and i'll use the virus now
+TUjLL2BiQng-00059-00011600-00011799 with j this is kovid so
+TUjLL2BiQng-00060-00011800-00011967 just a friendly carving you can ignore
+TUjLL2BiQng-00061-00011968-00012110 the eyes they don't have eyes in real
+TUjLL2BiQng-00062-00012111-00012351 life um you can see all the spikes we're
+TUjLL2BiQng-00063-00012352-00012567 familiar with the term spike proteins so
+TUjLL2BiQng-00064-00012568-00012879 we exposed the llama to just the spike
+TUjLL2BiQng-00065-00012880-00013127 so we didn't give the virus
+TUjLL2BiQng-00066-00013128-00013327 any live virus to the llama just in the
+TUjLL2BiQng-00067-00013328-00013486 way that the vaccines work we showed
+TUjLL2BiQng-00068-00013487-00013711 them very specifically the spike protein
+TUjLL2BiQng-00069-00013712-00013951 and that causes the llama to produce
+TUjLL2BiQng-00070-00013952-00014086 antibodies
+TUjLL2BiQng-00071-00014087-00014391 so these emerge and those antibodies
+TUjLL2BiQng-00072-00014391-00014599 stick very specifically to the spike
+TUjLL2BiQng-00073-00014600-00014703 protein
+TUjLL2BiQng-00074-00014704-00014903 and what we discovered is that they
+TUjLL2BiQng-00075-00014904-00015119 stick to it which helps the um the
+TUjLL2BiQng-00076-00015119-00015303 immune system of the llama recognize
+TUjLL2BiQng-00077-00015304-00015511 that there's a threat they also kill the
+TUjLL2BiQng-00078-00015512-00015711 virus they stop it from working because
+TUjLL2BiQng-00079-00015712-00015911 spike is how the llama is how their
+TUjLL2BiQng-00080-00015912-00016111 virus gets into the cells when it's
+TUjLL2BiQng-00081-00016112-00016263 infecting
+TUjLL2BiQng-00082-00016263-00016358 so by
+TUjLL2BiQng-00083-00016359-00016503 effectively blocking those spike
+TUjLL2BiQng-00084-00016504-00016694 proteins you block an infection and the
+TUjLL2BiQng-00085-00016695-00016847 virus dies
+TUjLL2BiQng-00086-00016848-00017215 so we had these what we then did
+TUjLL2BiQng-00087-00017216-00017367 the llamas immune system does a
+TUjLL2BiQng-00088-00017368-00017615 brilliant job of making quite strong
+TUjLL2BiQng-00089-00017616-00017799 sticking but we thought we could we
+TUjLL2BiQng-00090-00017800-00018039 could improve that so by taking it
+TUjLL2BiQng-00091-00018040-00018255 through several rounds of
+TUjLL2BiQng-00092-00018256-00018519 iteration looking at the exact sequence
+TUjLL2BiQng-00093-00018520-00018750 of the antibody we made it stick even
+TUjLL2BiQng-00094-00018751-00018991 more tightly even more strongly
+TUjLL2BiQng-00095-00018992-00019135 and what we can do with the rosalind
+TUjLL2BiQng-00096-00019136-00019294 franklin is we can use very very
+TUjLL2BiQng-00097-00019295-00019479 advanced microscopes to look at the
+TUjLL2BiQng-00098-00019480-00019703 exact atomic structure
+TUjLL2BiQng-00099-00019704-00019943 of the nanobody bound to the spike so
+TUjLL2BiQng-00100-00019944-00020183 that we can really understand okay it's
+TUjLL2BiQng-00101-00020184-00020335 sticking really well there what is that
+TUjLL2BiQng-00102-00020336-00020558 what does that mean for the amino acid
+TUjLL2BiQng-00103-00020559-00020807 sequence of the protein how can we make
+TUjLL2BiQng-00104-00020808-00020967 it stronger how can we make it better so
+TUjLL2BiQng-00105-00020968-00021103 we now have
+TUjLL2BiQng-00106-00021104-00021343 an antibody agent that is
+TUjLL2BiQng-00107-00021344-00021630 curative so it works beautifully well in
+TUjLL2BiQng-00108-00021631-00021894 animal studies um it completely cures
+TUjLL2BiQng-00109-00021895-00022150 covid in those animals
+TUjLL2BiQng-00110-00022151-00022327 they get better in a very short space of
+TUjLL2BiQng-00111-00022328-00022447 time
+TUjLL2BiQng-00112-00022448-00022703 and really excitingly you don't have to
+TUjLL2BiQng-00113-00022704-00022991 give it as a an injected therapy so you
+TUjLL2BiQng-00114-00022992-00023119 don't have to deliver it straight into
+TUjLL2BiQng-00115-00023120-00023335 the bloodstream um you can deliver it as
+TUjLL2BiQng-00116-00023336-00023614 a nasal spray so a quick sniff the
+TUjLL2BiQng-00117-00023615-00023871 nanobody goes into the bloodstream does
+TUjLL2BiQng-00118-00023872-00024055 its job mops up the virus kills the
+TUjLL2BiQng-00119-00024056-00024191 virus so
+TUjLL2BiQng-00120-00024192-00024358 really exciting obviously you can't
+TUjLL2BiQng-00121-00024359-00024494 overstate these things because it needs
+TUjLL2BiQng-00122-00024495-00024655 to get into humans next and we've got a
+TUjLL2BiQng-00123-00024656-00024799 lot of work to do
+TUjLL2BiQng-00124-00024800-00025055 um but in terms of how drugs work it's
+TUjLL2BiQng-00125-00025056-00025255 it's a good a good candidate that's
+TUjLL2BiQng-00126-00025256-00025430 really exciting so that's the next stage
+TUjLL2BiQng-00127-00025431-00025702 then is it is human clinical trials um
+TUjLL2BiQng-00128-00025704-00025870 how long would those tend to take you
+TUjLL2BiQng-00129-00025872-00026102 know when might we start that sort of
+TUjLL2BiQng-00130-00026104-00026262 thing
+TUjLL2BiQng-00131-00026263-00026470 a million dollar question isn't it so as
+TUjLL2BiQng-00132-00026472-00026670 a imaging institute so where basic
+TUjLL2BiQng-00133-00026672-00026918 research our interest in nanobodies has
+TUjLL2BiQng-00134-00026919-00027102 never been in in the therapeutic space
+TUjLL2BiQng-00135-00027104-00027214 we don't make drugs we're not a
+TUjLL2BiQng-00136-00027216-00027439 pharmaceutical company so we're
+TUjLL2BiQng-00137-00027439-00027639 partnering with um with someone else to
+TUjLL2BiQng-00138-00027639-00027814 do that next phase and we are hopeful
+TUjLL2BiQng-00139-00027816-00027990 that we'll see that um move into the
+TUjLL2BiQng-00140-00027991-00028190 next phase in the next few months but
+TUjLL2BiQng-00141-00028191-00028367 need to keep everything crossed yeah
+TUjLL2BiQng-00142-00028368-00028527 very exciting
+TUjLL2BiQng-00143-00028527-00028902 how did we first discover that llamas
+TUjLL2BiQng-00144-00028904-00029190 had this different way of immune their
+TUjLL2BiQng-00145-00029191-00029374 immune system working do you know that
+TUjLL2BiQng-00146-00029375-00029518 that is the story that i would love to
+TUjLL2BiQng-00147-00029519-00029702 know the answer to as well so they have
+TUjLL2BiQng-00148-00029704-00030007 been known about since um since 1993
+TUjLL2BiQng-00149-00030008-00030111 like i said
+TUjLL2BiQng-00150-00030112-00030214 um
+TUjLL2BiQng-00151-00030216-00030383 different camelids have different
+TUjLL2BiQng-00152-00030383-00030614 proportions so some some antibodies in
+TUjLL2BiQng-00153-00030616-00030839 the llama look a bit more like this um
+TUjLL2BiQng-00154-00030839-00031014 others are the tiny nanobodies that
+TUjLL2BiQng-00155-00031016-00031190 we're interested in they have different
+TUjLL2BiQng-00156-00031191-00031383 percentages so camels have a different
+TUjLL2BiQng-00157-00031383-00031631 percentage of nanobody to large antibody
+TUjLL2BiQng-00158-00031632-00031895 to alpaca who has a different percentage
+TUjLL2BiQng-00159-00031895-00032158 to llama we don't actually know what the
+TUjLL2BiQng-00160-00032160-00032439 evolutionary advantage of that is so we
+TUjLL2BiQng-00161-00032439-00032670 don't know why their immune systems have
+TUjLL2BiQng-00162-00032672-00032871 come up with this this solution it must
+TUjLL2BiQng-00163-00032872-00032990 be a solution to a problem because
+TUjLL2BiQng-00164-00032991-00033199 that's how evolution works um but yeah
+TUjLL2BiQng-00165-00033200-00033351 we're not sure what it is but we're very
+TUjLL2BiQng-00166-00033352-00033446 glad that they do because they're very
+TUjLL2BiQng-00167-00033447-00033639 useful so definitely so there could be
+TUjLL2BiQng-00168-00033640-00033831 lots of other animals out there whose
+TUjLL2BiQng-00169-00033832-00034079 immune systems work in in other ways
+TUjLL2BiQng-00170-00034080-00034271 like the llamas that might be out there
+TUjLL2BiQng-00171-00034272-00034383 that's something you've got you also
+TUjLL2BiQng-00172-00034384-00034751 find nanobodies in sharks but from a uh
+TUjLL2BiQng-00173-00034752-00034959 husbandry perspective i'd say llama
+TUjLL2BiQng-00174-00034960-00035118 where they're the better
+TUjLL2BiQng-00175-00035119-00035383 what dangerous yeah in south oxford
+TUjLL2BiQng-00176-00035384-00035567 absolutely
+TUjLL2BiQng-00177-00035568-00035718 fantastic so
+TUjLL2BiQng-00178-00035719-00035887 for you then in terms of the teams that
+TUjLL2BiQng-00179-00035888-00036087 you work with you're based
+TUjLL2BiQng-00180-00036088-00036255 working on the
+TUjLL2BiQng-00181-00036256-00036423 sort of molecular side of this you know
+TUjLL2BiQng-00182-00036424-00036574 they're very very zoomed in working out
+TUjLL2BiQng-00183-00036575-00036774 what what the atoms are doing inside
+TUjLL2BiQng-00184-00036775-00036999 these materials um what other types of
+TUjLL2BiQng-00185-00037000-00037190 scientists do you work with
+TUjLL2BiQng-00186-00037191-00037383 um so at the rosalind franklin institute
+TUjLL2BiQng-00187-00037384-00037662 we were we were born as a technology
+TUjLL2BiQng-00188-00037663-00037807 institute so we're there to make the
+TUjLL2BiQng-00189-00037808-00038030 next generation of microscope the next
+TUjLL2BiQng-00190-00038031-00038174 generation of tools that will help us
+TUjLL2BiQng-00191-00038175-00038430 see further into cells see see life in a
+TUjLL2BiQng-00192-00038431-00038574 new way
+TUjLL2BiQng-00193-00038575-00038799 the nanobody work actually is part of
+TUjLL2BiQng-00194-00038800-00039135 that so nanobodies are used as a tool to
+TUjLL2BiQng-00195-00039136-00039351 stabilize proteins when we're imaging
+TUjLL2BiQng-00196-00039352-00039462 them
+TUjLL2BiQng-00197-00039463-00039718 to help hold them still or that it's a
+TUjLL2BiQng-00198-00039719-00039935 general rule that the more interesting a
+TUjLL2BiQng-00199-00039936-00040159 target the harder it is to look at so
+TUjLL2BiQng-00200-00040160-00040318 that tends to be because very very
+TUjLL2BiQng-00201-00040319-00040446 interesting proteins doing really
+TUjLL2BiQng-00202-00040447-00040727 important jobs um they're often based in
+TUjLL2BiQng-00203-00040728-00040879 the membrane of the cell which means
+TUjLL2BiQng-00204-00040880-00041007 that they
+TUjLL2BiQng-00205-00041008-00041230 they have complicated moving parts so we
+TUjLL2BiQng-00206-00041231-00041399 often just need to hold them still while
+TUjLL2BiQng-00207-00041400-00041615 we uh while we image them and nanobodies
+TUjLL2BiQng-00208-00041616-00041815 were used as a tool in that
+TUjLL2BiQng-00209-00041816-00041974 but we work with all kinds of scientists
+TUjLL2BiQng-00210-00041975-00042223 we work with physicists and
+TUjLL2BiQng-00211-00042224-00042430 computer specialists to build detectors
+TUjLL2BiQng-00212-00042431-00042630 and build new microscopes we work with
+TUjLL2BiQng-00213-00042631-00042871 people like clinicians to bring us
+TUjLL2BiQng-00214-00042872-00043030 new interesting research problems to
+TUjLL2BiQng-00215-00043031-00043215 apply to our microscopes and our
+TUjLL2BiQng-00216-00043216-00043390 technologies so it is a
+TUjLL2BiQng-00217-00043391-00043567 a very interdisciplinary place to be
+TUjLL2BiQng-00218-00043568-00043911 yeah definitely and so let's hope not
+TUjLL2BiQng-00219-00043912-00044143 but maybe one day a similar type virus
+TUjLL2BiQng-00220-00044144-00044271 will come along that's different from
+TUjLL2BiQng-00221-00044272-00044495 covert and we will again science will
+TUjLL2BiQng-00222-00044496-00044630 have to come together and react to that
+TUjLL2BiQng-00223-00044631-00044839 very very quickly will your type of work
+TUjLL2BiQng-00224-00044840-00045062 be able to sort of learn from what
+TUjLL2BiQng-00225-00045063-00045279 you've done with this type of disease
+TUjLL2BiQng-00226-00045280-00045462 and in the future produce something
+TUjLL2BiQng-00227-00045463-00045623 maybe quite quickly to be able to tackle
+TUjLL2BiQng-00228-00045624-00045815 that yes so that's a really important
+TUjLL2BiQng-00229-00045816-00046071 next step for us so so the curvid work
+TUjLL2BiQng-00230-00046072-00046151 is
+TUjLL2BiQng-00231-00046152-00046479 incredibly important but it makes far
+TUjLL2BiQng-00232-00046480-00046718 more sense to pursue that as a
+TUjLL2BiQng-00233-00046719-00046902 as a pipeline that we can apply to new
+TUjLL2BiQng-00234-00046903-00047135 emerging threats to uh
+TUjLL2BiQng-00235-00047136-00047358 or even to existing viruses because it's
+TUjLL2BiQng-00236-00047359-00047535 it's really important to know that
+TUjLL2BiQng-00237-00047536-00047735 there's there's hardly any therapies
+TUjLL2BiQng-00238-00047736-00047911 against viral disease so we can
+TUjLL2BiQng-00239-00047912-00048095 vaccinate and that's a we've seen the
+TUjLL2BiQng-00240-00048096-00048343 importance of vaccination as a tool
+TUjLL2BiQng-00241-00048344-00048535 but vaccination isn't for everyone there
+TUjLL2BiQng-00242-00048536-00048727 are there will always be some groups who
+TUjLL2BiQng-00243-00048728-00048943 can't be vaccinated for medical reasons
+TUjLL2BiQng-00244-00048944-00049151 or where vaccines are hard to deliver
+TUjLL2BiQng-00245-00049152-00049335 out into communities in low and middle
+TUjLL2BiQng-00246-00049336-00049502 income countries
+TUjLL2BiQng-00247-00049503-00049790 so having a therapy that works is really
+TUjLL2BiQng-00248-00049791-00050135 important so we're we're hoping that um
+TUjLL2BiQng-00249-00050136-00050318 our nanobody tools will form part of a
+TUjLL2BiQng-00250-00050319-00050702 100 day challenge so the g7 met um after
+TUjLL2BiQng-00251-00050703-00050911 during the the carving pandemic and they
+TUjLL2BiQng-00252-00050912-00051095 set the challenge of okay for the next
+TUjLL2BiQng-00253-00051096-00051230 time this happens and it will happen
+TUjLL2BiQng-00254-00051232-00051326 again
+TUjLL2BiQng-00255-00051327-00051542 a hundred days is the target you need to
+TUjLL2BiQng-00256-00051544-00051750 get therapies and vaccines out within
+TUjLL2BiQng-00257-00051751-00052046 the first hundred days to stop pandemic
+TUjLL2BiQng-00258-00052047-00052223 situations occurring
+TUjLL2BiQng-00259-00052224-00052358 and we think tools like this could be
+TUjLL2BiQng-00260-00052359-00052542 really important in that 100 day
+TUjLL2BiQng-00261-00052544-00052735 challenge super impressive and very
+TUjLL2BiQng-00262-00052736-00052926 exciting stuff laura laura holland from
+TUjLL2BiQng-00263-00052927-00053071 the rosalind franklin institute thank
+TUjLL2BiQng-00264-00053072-00053683 you so much for joining me
+TUjLL2BiQng-00265-00053684-00053997 [Music]
+TWO1FOKwh2E-00000-00000044-00000762 [Music]
+TWO1FOKwh2E-00001-00000763-00001460 [Music]
+TWO1FOKwh2E-00002-00001461-00002323 [Music]
+TWO1FOKwh2E-00003-00002324-00003527 [Music]
+TWO1FOKwh2E-00004-00003528-00006514 do
+TWO1FOKwh2E-00005-00006515-00007506 [Music]
+TWO1FOKwh2E-00006-00007506-00009061 [Music]
+TWO1FOKwh2E-00007-00009062-00009846 [Music]
+TWO1FOKwh2E-00008-00009847-00010623 [Music]
+TWO1FOKwh2E-00009-00010624-00011360 [Music]
+TWO1FOKwh2E-00010-00011361-00012079 [Music]
+TWO1FOKwh2E-00011-00012080-00012777 [Music]
+TWO1FOKwh2E-00012-00012778-00013486 [Music]
+TWO1FOKwh2E-00013-00013487-00013695 you
+TZoNp-9dqlo-00001-00004646-00006232 [Music]
+TZoNp-9dqlo-00002-00006233-00008296 [Music]
+TZoNp-9dqlo-00003-00008297-00009887 [Music]
+TZoNp-9dqlo-00004-00009888-00010960 foreign
+TZoNp-9dqlo-00005-00010961-00011814 [Music]
+TZoNp-9dqlo-00006-00011815-00012047 from
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00000-00000057-00000344 the lungs are the primary organs of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00001-00000345-00000606 respiratory system in humans and many
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00002-00000607-00000858 other animals including a few fish and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00003-00000859-00001236 some snails in mammals and most other
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00004-00001237-00001529 vertebrates to lungs are located near
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00005-00001530-00001792 the backbone on either side of the heart
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00006-00001793-00002099 their function in the respiratory system
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00007-00002100-00002354 is to extract oxygen from the atmosphere
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00008-00002355-00002672 and transfer it into the bloodstream and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00009-00002673-00002927 to release carbon dioxide from the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00010-00002928-00003180 bloodstream into the atmosphere in a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00011-00003181-00003572 process of gas exchange respiration is
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00012-00003573-00003863 driven by different muscular systems in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00013-00003864-00004227 different species mammals reptiles and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00014-00004228-00004470 birds use their different muscles to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00015-00004471-00004800 support and foster breathing in early
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00016-00004801-00005066 tetrapods air was driven into the lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00017-00005067-00005348 by the pharyngeal muscles via buccal
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00018-00005349-00005577 pumping a mechanism still seen in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00019-00005578-00005993 amphibians in humans the main muscle of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00020-00005994-00006257 respiration that drives breathing is the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00021-00006258-00006615 diaphragm the lungs also provide air
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00022-00006616-00006848 flow that makes vocal sounds including
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00023-00006850-00007284 human speech possible humans have two
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00024-00007284-00007647 lungs a right lung and a left lung they
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00025-00007648-00007941 are situated within the for a security
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00026-00007942-00008217 of the chest the right lung is bigger
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00027-00008218-00008475 than the left which shares space in the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00028-00008476-00008790 chest with the heart the lungs together
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00029-00008791-00009195 weigh approximately 1.3 kilograms 2.9
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00030-00009196-00009516 pounds and the right is heavier the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00031-00009517-00009707 lungs are part of the lower respiratory
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00032-00009708-00009972 tract that begins at the trachea and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00033-00009973-00010167 branches into the bronchi and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00034-00010168-00010410 bronchioles and which receive air
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00035-00010411-00010755 breathed in via the conducting zone the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00036-00010756-00010989 conducting zone ends at the terminal
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00037-00010990-00011283 bronchioles these divide into the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00038-00011284-00011478 respiratory bronchioles of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00039-00011479-00011733 respiratory zone which divided into
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00040-00011734-00011982 alveolar ducts that give rise to the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00041-00011983-00012215 microscopic alveoli where gas exchange
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00042-00012216-00012546 takes place together
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00043-00012547-00012921 the lungs contain approximately 2,400
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00044-00012922-00013347 kilometers 1,500 miles of Airways and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00045-00013347-00013446 300 to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00046-00013447-00013812 500 million alveoli each lung is
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00047-00013813-00014055 enclosed within a pleural sac which
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00048-00014056-00014304 allows the inner and outer walls to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00049-00014305-00014529 slide over each other whilst breathing
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00050-00014530-00014874 takes place without much friction this
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00051-00014875-00015188 sac also divides each lung into sections
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00052-00015190-00015474 called lobes the right lung has three
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00053-00015475-00015840 lobes and the left has two the lobes are
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00054-00015841-00016082 further divided into bronchopulmonary
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00055-00016083-00016413 segments and lobules the lungs have a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00056-00016414-00016638 unique blood supply receiving
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00057-00016639-00016899 deoxygenated blood from the heart in the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00058-00016900-00017148 pulmonary circulation for the purposes
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00059-00017149-00017409 of receiving oxygen and releasing carbon
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00060-00017410-00017682 dioxide and a separate supply of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00061-00017683-00017913 oxygenated blood to the tissue of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00062-00017914-00018318 lungs in the bronchial circulation the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00063-00018319-00018573 tissue of the lungs can be affected by a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00064-00018574-00018861 number of diseases including pneumonia
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00065-00018862-00019164 and lung cancer chronic obstructive
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00066-00019165-00019416 pulmonary disease includes chronic
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00067-00019417-00019641 bronchitis and previously termed
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00068-00019642-00019938 emphysema can be related to smoking or
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00069-00019939-00020256 exposure to harmful substances such as
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00070-00020257-00020517 coal dust asbestos fibers and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00071-00020518-00020916 crystalline silica dust diseases such as
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00072-00020917-00021147 bronchitis can also affect the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00073-00021148-00021486 respiratory tract medical terms related
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00074-00021487-00021708 to the lung often begin with poor mo
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00075-00021709-00021947 from the Latin pulmonary as' of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00076-00021948-00022272 lungs as in pulmonology or with pneumo
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00077-00022273-00022697 from greek neumann long as in pneumonia
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00078-00022698-00023061 in embryonic development the lungs begin
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00079-00023062-00023277 to develop as an outpouching of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00080-00023278-00023547 foreget a tube which goes on to form the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00081-00023548-00023907 upper part of the digestive system when
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00082-00023908-00024156 the lungs are formed the fetus is held
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00083-00024157-00024450 in the fluid filled amniotic sac and so
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00084-00024451-00024783 they do not function to breathe blood is
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00085-00024784-00025041 also diverted from the lungs through the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00086-00025042-00025397 ductus arteriosus at birth however air
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00087-00025398-00025670 begins to pass through the lungs and the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00088-00025672-00025938 diversionary duct closes so that the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00089-00025939-00026258 lungs can begin to respire the lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00090-00026259-00027042 only fully develop in early childhood
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00091-00027043-00027367 topic structure of the human lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00092-00027368-00027760 [Music]
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00093-00027761-00028102 you
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00094-00028102-00028639 topic Anatomy
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00095-00028639-00028924 the lungs are located in the chest on
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00096-00028925-00029195 either side of the heart in the ribcage
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00097-00029197-00029512 they are conical in shape with a narrow
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00098-00029513-00029782 rounded apex at the top and a broad
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00099-00029783-00030052 concave base that rests on the convex
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00100-00030052-00030420 surface of the diaphragm the apex of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00101-00030422-00030652 lung extends into the root of the neck
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00102-00030652-00030907 reaching shortly above the level of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00103-00030908-00031225 sternal end of the first rib the lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00104-00031226-00031486 stretch from coast to the backbone in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00105-00031487-00031708 the ribcage to the front of the chest
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00106-00031708-00031957 and downwards from the lower part of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00107-00031958-00032283 trachea to the diaphragm the left lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00108-00032285-00032554 shares space with the heart and has an
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00109-00032555-00032790 indentation in its border called the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00110-00032791-00033010 cardiac notch of the left lung to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00111-00033011-00033321 accommodate this the front and outer
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00112-00033322-00033610 sides of the lungs face the ribs which
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00113-00033611-00033902 make light indentations on the surfaces
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00114-00033903-00034243 the medial surfaces of the lungs face
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00115-00034244-00034507 towards the center of the chest and lie
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00116-00034508-00034768 against the heart great vessels and the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00117-00034769-00035023 Carina where the trachea divides into
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00118-00035024-00035340 the two main bronchi the cardiac
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00119-00035341-00035617 impression is an indentation formed on
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00120-00035618-00035830 the surfaces of the lungs where they
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00121-00035831-00036208 rest against the heart both lungs have a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00122-00036209-00036462 central recession called the hilum at
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00123-00036463-00036649 the root of the lung where the blood
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00124-00036650-00036957 vessels and Airways pass into the lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00125-00036958-00037267 there are also bronchopulmonary lymph
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00126-00037268-00037495 nodes on the hilum the lungs are
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00127-00037496-00037837 surrounded by the pulmonary pleura the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00128-00037838-00038131 pleura two serous membranes the outer
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00129-00038132-00038427 parietal pleura lines the inner wall of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00130-00038428-00038629 the ribcage and the inner visceral
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00131-00038630-00038920 pleura directly lines the surface of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00132-00038921-00039301 lungs between the pleura is a potential
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00133-00039302-00039498 space called the pleural cavity
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00134-00039499-00039765 containing a thin layer of lubricating
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00135-00039766-00040162 pleural fluid each lung is divided into
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00136-00040163-00040420 lobes by the in foldings of the pleura
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00137-00040421-00040744 as fissures the fissures are double
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00138-00040745-00040987 folds of pleura that sectioned the lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00139-00040988-00041273 and help in their expansion
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00140-00041274-00041558 the main or primary bronchi enter the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00141-00041559-00041786 lungs at the hilum an initially branch
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00142-00041787-00042080 into secondary bronchi also known as
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00143-00042081-00042353 lobe our bronchi that supply air to each
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00144-00042354-00042689 lobe of the lung the lobe our bronchi
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00145-00042690-00043001 branch into tertiary bronchi also known
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00146-00043002-00043262 as segmental bronchi and these supply
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00147-00043263-00043475 air to the further divisions of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00148-00043476-00043757 lobes known as bronchopulmonary segments
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00149-00043758-00044108 each bronchopulmonary segment has its
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00150-00044109-00044405 own segmental bronchus an arterial
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00151-00044406-00044744 supply segments for the left and right
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00152-00044745-00045029 lung are shown in the table the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00153-00045030-00045311 segmental anatomy is useful clinically
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00154-00045312-00045599 for localizing disease processes in the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00155-00045600-00045998 lungs a segment is a discrete unit that
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00156-00045999-00046192 can be surgically removed without
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00157-00046193-00046985 seriously affecting surrounding tissue
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00158-00046986-00047524 topic right lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00159-00047525-00047821 the right lung has both more lobes and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00160-00047822-00048157 segments than the left it is divided
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00161-00048158-00048472 into three lobes an upper middle and a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00162-00048473-00048763 lower by two fishes one oblique and one
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00163-00048764-00049141 horizontal the upper horizontal fissure
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00164-00049142-00049398 separates the upper from the middle lobe
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00165-00049399-00049696 it begins in the lower oblique fissure
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00166-00049697-00049945 near the posterior border of the lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00167-00049946-00050233 and running horizontally forward cuts
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00168-00050234-00050497 the anterior border on a level with the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00169-00050498-00050707 sternal end of the fourth costal
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00170-00050708-00051019 cartilage on the mediastinal surface it
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00171-00051020-00051274 may be traced back word to the hilum the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00172-00051275-00051516 lower oblique fissure separates the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00173-00051517-00051708 lower from the middle and upper lobes
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00174-00051709-00051973 and is closely aligned with the oblique
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00175-00051974-00052252 fissure in the left lung the mediastinal
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00176-00052253-00052522 surface of the right lung is indented by
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00177-00052523-00052864 a number of nearby structures the heart
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00178-00052865-00053134 sits in an impression called the cardiac
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00179-00053135-00053410 compression above the hilum of the lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00180-00053411-00053635 is an arched groove for the azygos vein
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00181-00053636-00053929 and above this is a wide groove for the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00182-00053929-00054166 superior vena cava and right
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00183-00054166-00054441 brachiocephalic vein behind this and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00184-00054442-00054688 close to the top of the lung is a groove
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00185-00054689-00055015 for the brassy OSA phallic artery there
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00186-00055016-00055279 is a groove for the esophagus behind the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00187-00055279-00055491 hilum and the pulmonary ligament and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00188-00055492-00055732 near the lower part of the esophageal
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00189-00055733-00055936 groove is a deeper groove for the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00190-00055937-00056236 inferior vena cava before it enters the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00191-00056237-00056787 heart
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00192-00056788-00057510 topic left lung the left lung is divided
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00193-00057511-00057824 into two lobes an upper and a lower by
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00194-00057825-00058043 the oblique fissure which extends from
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00195-00058044-00058347 the costal to the mediastinal surface of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00196-00058348-00058598 the lung both above and below the hilum
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00197-00058599-00058911 the left lung unlike the right does not
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00198-00058912-00059141 have a middle lobe though it does have a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00199-00059142-00059403 homologous feature a projection of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00200-00059404-00059778 upper lobe termed the lingula it's name
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00201-00059779-00060182 means little tongue the lingula on the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00202-00060183-00060459 left serves as an anatomic parallel to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00203-00060460-00060687 the right middle lobe with both areas
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00204-00060688-00060978 being predisposed to similar infections
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00205-00060979-00061347 and anatomic complications there are two
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00206-00061348-00061616 bronchopulmonary segments of the lingula
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00207-00061617-00061919 superior and inferior the mediastinal
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00208-00061920-00062162 surface of the left lung has a large
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00209-00062163-00062453 cardiac impression where the heart sits
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00210-00062454-00062766 this is deeper and larger than that on
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00211-00062766-00062979 the right lung at which level the heart
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00212-00062979-00063254 projects to the left on the same surface
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00213-00063254-00063528 immediately above the hilum is a well
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00214-00063529-00063765 marked curved groove for the aortic arch
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00215-00063766-00063978 and the groove below it for the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00216-00063979-00064271 descending aorta the left subclavian
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00217-00064272-00064649 artery a branch of the aortic arch sits
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00218-00064650-00064874 in a groove from the arch to near the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00219-00064875-00065219 apex of the lung a shallower groove in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00220-00065220-00065450 front of the artery and near the edge of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00221-00065451-00065662 the lung lodges the left brachiocephalic
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00222-00065663-00066096 vein the esophagus may sit in a wider
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00223-00066097-00066324 shallow impression at the base of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00224-00066325-00066872 lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00225-00066873-00067444 topic micro Anatomy
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00226-00067445-00067654 the lungs are part of the lower
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00227-00067655-00067921 respiratory tract and accommodate the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00228-00067922-00068151 bronchial Airways when they branch from
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00229-00068152-00068449 the trachea the lungs include the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00230-00068450-00068680 bronchial Airways that terminate in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00231-00068681-00068971 alveoli the lung tissue in between and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00232-00068972-00069292 veins arteries nerves and lymphatic
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00233-00069293-00069637 vessels the trachea and bronchi have
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00234-00069638-00069898 plexuses of lymph capillaries in their
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00235-00069899-00070306 mucosa and submucosa the smaller bronchi
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00236-00070307-00070557 have a single layer and they're absent
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00237-00070558-00070765 in the alveoli all of the lower
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00238-00070766-00071035 respiratory tract including the trachea
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00239-00071036-00071307 bronchi and bronchioles is lined with
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00240-00071308-00071623 respiratory epithelium this is a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00241-00071624-00071896 ciliated epithelium interspersed with
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00242-00071897-00072160 goblet cells which produce mucus and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00243-00072161-00072432 Club cells with actions similar to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00244-00072433-00072768 macrophages incomplete rings of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00245-00072769-00073003 cartilage in the trachea and smaller
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00246-00073004-00073279 plates of cartilage in the bronchi keep
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00247-00073280-00073636 these Airways open bronchioles are too
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00248-00073637-00073879 narrow to support cartilage and their
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00249-00073880-00074128 walls are of smooth muscle and this is
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00250-00074129-00074406 largely absent in the narrow respiratory
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00251-00074407-00074638 bronchioles which are mainly just of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00252-00074639-00075013 epithelium the respiratory tract ends in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00253-00075014-00075331 lobules each lobule consists of a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00254-00075332-00075571 respiratory bronchial which branches
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00255-00075572-00075841 into alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00256-00075842-00076150 which in turn divided into alveoli the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00257-00076151-00076350 epithelial cells throughout the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00258-00076351-00076618 respiratory tract secrete epithelial
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00259-00076619-00076881 lining fluid elf the composition of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00260-00076882-00077088 which is tightly regulated and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00261-00077089-00077275 determines how well mucociliary
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00262-00077276-00077611 clearance works alveoli consists of two
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00263-00077612-00077880 types of alveolar cell and an alveolar
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00264-00077881-00078003 macrophages
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00265-00078004-00078343 to types of cell are known as type 1 and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00266-00078344-00078700 type 2 alveolar cells also known as numa
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00267-00078701-00079066 sites types iron to make up the walls
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00268-00079067-00079491 and alveolar septa type 1 cells provide
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00269-00079492-00079857 95% of the surface area of each alveoli
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00270-00079858-00080254 and a flat squamous and type 2 cells
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00271-00080255-00080509 generally cluster in the corners of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00272-00080510-00080827 alveoli and have a cuboidal shape
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00273-00080828-00081142 despite this cells occur in a roughly
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00274-00081143-00081529 equal ratio of 1 to 1 or 6 to 4 type 1
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00275-00081530-00081781 of squamous epithelial cells that make
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00276-00081782-00082093 up the alveolar wall structure they have
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00277-00082094-00082405 extremely thin walls that enable an easy
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00278-00082406-00082759 gas exchange these type 1 cells also
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00279-00082760-00083002 make up the alveolar scepter which
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00280-00083003-00083347 separate each alveolus the scepter
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00281-00083348-00083593 consists of an epithelial lining and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00282-00083594-00083941 associated basement membranes type 1
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00283-00083942-00084160 cells are not able to divide and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00284-00084161-00084451 consequently rely on differentiation
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00285-00084452-00084778 from type 2 cells type 2 a larger and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00286-00084779-00085027 they line the alveoli and produce and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00287-00085028-00085309 secrete epithelial lining fluid and lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00288-00085310-00085681 surfactant type 2 cells are able to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00289-00085682-00085993 divide and differentiate to type 1 cells
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00290-00085994-00086260 the alveolar macrophages have an
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00291-00086261-00086625 important immunological role they remove
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00292-00086626-00086944 substances which deposit in the alveoli
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00293-00086945-00087196 including loose red blood cells that
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00294-00087197-00087424 have been forced out from blood vessels
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00295-00087425-00087664 the lung is surrounded by a serous
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00296-00087665-00087925 membrane of visceral pleura which has an
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00297-00087926-00088123 underlying layer of loose connective
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00298-00088124-00088387 tissue attached to the substance of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00299-00088388-00088932 lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00300-00088933-00089610 topic respiratory tract the lower
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00301-00089611-00089850 respiratory tract is part of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00302-00089851-00090101 respiratory system and consists of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00303-00090102-00090338 trachea and the structures below this
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00304-00090339-00090684 including the lungs the trachea receives
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00305-00090685-00090966 air from the pharynx and travels down to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00306-00090967-00091242 a place where it splits the Carina into
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00307-00091243-00091575 a right and left bronchus these supply
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00308-00091576-00091766 air to the right and left lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00309-00091767-00092006 splitting progressively into the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00310-00092007-00092256 secondary and tertiary bronchi for the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00311-00092257-00092513 lobes of the lungs and into smaller and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00312-00092514-00092760 smaller bronchioles until they become
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00313-00092761-00093087 the respiratory bronchioles these in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00314-00093088-00093348 turn supply air through alveolar ducts
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00315-00093349-00093621 into the alveoli where the exchange of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00316-00093622-00093826 gases take place
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00317-00093827-00094134 oxygen breathed in diffuses through the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00318-00094135-00094413 walls of the alveoli into the enveloping
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00319-00094414-00094662 capillaries and into the circulation and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00320-00094663-00094962 carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00321-00094963-00095276 into the lungs to be breathed out
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00322-00095277-00095571 estimates of the total surface area of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00323-00095572-00096041 lungs vary from 50 to 75 square meters
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00324-00096042-00096462 540 to 810 square feet roughly the same
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00325-00096463-00096762 area as one side of a tennis court the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00326-00096763-00096984 bronchi in the conducting zone are
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00327-00096985-00097232 reinforced with Highland cartilage in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00328-00097233-00097554 order to hold open the Airways the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00329-00097555-00097806 bronchioles have no cartilage and are
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00330-00097807-00098160 surrounded instead by smooth muscle air
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00331-00098161-00098538 is warmed to 37 degrees Celsius 99
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00332-00098539-00098799 degrees Fahrenheit humidified and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00333-00098800-00098988 cleansed by the conducting zone
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00334-00098989-00099281 particles from the air being removed by
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00335-00099282-00099537 the cilia on the respiratory epithelium
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00336-00099538-00099801 lining the passageways pulmonary stretch
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00337-00099802-00100053 receptors in the smooth muscle of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00338-00100054-00100343 airways initiate a reflex known as the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00339-00100344-00100581 herring Brewer reflux that prevents the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00340-00100582-00100797 lungs from over inflation during
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00341-00100798-00101480 forceful inspiration
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00342-00101481-00102034 topic blood supply
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00343-00102035-00102294 the lungs have a dual blood supply
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00344-00102295-00102519 provided by a bronchial and the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00345-00102520-00102843 pulmonary circulation the bronchial
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00346-00102844-00103153 circulation supplies oxygenated blood to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00347-00103154-00103353 the Airways of the lungs through the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00348-00103354-00103626 bronchial arteries that leave the aorta
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00349-00103627-00103968 there are usually three arteries to to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00350-00103969-00104178 the left lung and one to the right and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00351-00104179-00104409 they branch alongside the bronchi and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00352-00104410-00104741 bronchioles the pulmonary circulation
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00353-00104742-00105036 carries deoxygenated blood from the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00354-00105038-00105247 heart to the lungs and returns the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00355-00105248-00105508 oxygenated blood to the heart to supply
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00356-00105508-00105643 the rest of the body
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00357-00105644-00105918 the blood volume of the lungs is about
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00358-00105919-00106351 450 milliliters on average about 9% of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00359-00106352-00106573 the total blood volume of the entire
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00360-00106574-00106953 circulatory system this quantity can
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00361-00106954-00107208 easily fluctuate from between one half
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00362-00107209-00107922 and twice the normal volume
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00363-00107923-00108481 topic nerves supply
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00364-00108482-00108759 the lungs are supplied by nerves of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00365-00108760-00109102 autonomic nervous system input from the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00366-00109103-00109375 parasympathetic nervous system occurs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00367-00109376-00109710 via the vagus nerve when stimulated by
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00368-00109711-00109959 acetylcholine this causes constriction
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00369-00109960-00110245 of the smooth muscle lining the bronchus
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00370-00110246-00110479 and bronchioles and increases the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00371-00110480-00110821 secretions from glands the lungs also
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00372-00110822-00111079 have a sympathetic tone from the repin
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00373-00111080-00111367 Efrain acting on the beta 2 receptors in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00374-00111368-00111601 the respiratory tract which causes
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00375-00111602-00111858 bronchodilation the action of breathing
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00376-00111859-00112105 takes place because of nerve signals
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00377-00112106-00112372 sent by the respiratory centers in the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00378-00112373-00112630 brainstem along the phrenic nerve to the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00379-00112631-00113217 diaphragm
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00380-00113218-00113775 topic variation
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00381-00113776-00114018 the lobes of the lung is subject to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00382-00114019-00114362 anatomical variations a horizontal
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00383-00114363-00114610 fissure was found to be incomplete in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00384-00114611-00115100 25% of right lungs or even absent in 11%
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00385-00115101-00115473 of all cases an accessory fissure was
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00386-00115474-00115908 also found in 14% and 22% of left and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00387-00115908-00116256 right lungs respectively oblique fissure
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00388-00116257-00116721 was found to be incomplete in 21% to 47%
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00389-00116722-00117416 of left lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00390-00117417-00117989 topic development
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00391-00117990-00118286 the development of the human lungs arise
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00392-00118287-00118520 from the Lehren gotcha kill groove and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00393-00118521-00118784 developed to maturity over several weeks
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00394-00118785-00118982 in the fetus and for several years
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00395-00118983-00119255 following birth the larynx trachea
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00396-00119256-00119528 bronchi and lungs that make up the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00397-00119529-00119804 respiratory tract begin to form during
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00398-00119805-00120053 the fourth week of embryogenesis from
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00399-00120054-00120299 the lung bud which appears ventrally to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00400-00120300-00120638 the caudal portion of the foreget the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00401-00120639-00120869 respiratory tract has a branching
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00402-00120870-00121190 structure like that of a tree in the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00403-00121191-00121448 embryo this structure is developed in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00404-00121449-00121685 the process of branching morphogenesis
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00405-00121686-00121934 and is generated by the repeated
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00406-00121935-00122264 splitting of the tip of the branch in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00407-00122265-00122528 the development of the lungs as in some
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00408-00122529-00122777 other organs the epithelium forms
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00409-00122778-00122990 branching tubes the lung has a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00410-00122991-00123248 left-right symmetry and each bard known
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00411-00123249-00123476 as a bronchial bard grows out as a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00412-00123477-00123704 tubular epithelium that becomes a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00413-00123705-00124046 bronchus each bronchus branches into
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00414-00124047-00124403 bronchioles the branching is a result of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00415-00124404-00124743 the tip of each tube bifurcating the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00416-00124744-00125000 branching process forms the bronchi
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00417-00125001-00125332 bronchioles and ultimately the alveoli
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00418-00125333-00125687 the four genes mostly associated with
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00419-00125688-00125943 branching morphogenesis in the lung of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00420-00125944-00126161 the intercellular signaling protein
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00421-00126162-00126488 sonic hedgehog shush fibroblast growth
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00422-00126489-00126893 factors F G F 10 and fgfr2 B and bone
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00423-00126894-00127409 morphogenetic protein B mp4 FG f10 is
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00424-00127410-00127781 seen to have the most prominent role FG
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00425-00127782-00128084 f10 is a paracrine signaling molecule
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00426-00128085-00128327 needed for epithelial branching and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00427-00128328-00128741 shoosh inhibits FG f10 the development
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00428-00128742-00128999 of the alveoli is influenced by a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00429-00129000-00129263 different mechanism whereby continued
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00430-00129264-00129509 bifurcation is stopped and the distal
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00431-00129510-00129868 tips become dilated to form the alveoli
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00432-00129869-00130196 at the end of the fourth week the lumbar
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00433-00130197-00130463 divides into two the right and left
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00434-00130464-00130739 primary bronchial buds on each side of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00435-00130740-00131054 the trachea during the fifth week the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00436-00131055-00131367 right bud branches into three secondary
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00437-00131368-00131628 kill buds and the left branches into two
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00438-00131629-00132030 secondary bronchial buds these give rise
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00439-00132031-00132291 to the lobes of the lungs three on the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00440-00132292-00132594 right and two on the left over the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00441-00132595-00132858 following week the secondary buds branch
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00442-00132859-00133131 into tertiary buds about ten on each
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00443-00133132-00133503 side from the sixth week to the 16th
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00444-00133504-00133740 week the major elements of the lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00445-00133741-00134157 appear except the alveoli from week 16
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00446-00134158-00134490 to week 26 the bronchi enlarge and lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00447-00134491-00134825 tissue becomes highly vascularized
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00448-00134826-00135126 bronchioles and alveolar ducts also
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00449-00135127-00135453 develop by week 26 the terminal
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00450-00135454-00135669 bronchioles have formed which branch
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00451-00135670-00136062 into two respiratory bronchioles during
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00452-00136063-00136374 the period covering the 26th week until
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00453-00136375-00136635 birth the important blood air barrier is
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00454-00136636-00137040 established specialized type 1 alveolar
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00455-00137041-00137283 cells where gas exchange will take place
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00456-00137284-00137610 together with the type 2 alveolar cells
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00457-00137611-00137933 that secrete pulmonary surfactant appear
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00458-00137934-00138240 the surfactant reduces the surface
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00459-00138241-00138519 tension at the air alveolar surface
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00460-00138520-00138789 which allows expansion of the alveolar
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00461-00138790-00139149 sacs the alveolar sacs contain the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00462-00139150-00139392 primitive alveoli that form at the end
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00463-00139393-00139716 of the alveolar ducts and their
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00464-00139717-00139911 appearance around the seventh month
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00465-00139912-00140127 marks the point at which limited
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00466-00140128-00140364 respiration would be possible and the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00467-00140365-00141080 premature baby could survive
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00468-00141081-00141635 topic after birth
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00469-00141636-00141928 at birth the baby's lungs are filled
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00470-00141929-00142201 with fluid secreted by the lungs and are
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00471-00142202-00142547 not inflated after birth the infant
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00472-00142548-00142825 central nervous system reacts to the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00473-00142826-00143033 sudden change in temperature and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00474-00143034-00143333 environment this triggers the first
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00475-00143334-00143606 breath within about 10 seconds after
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00476-00143607-00143950 delivery before birth the lungs are
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00477-00143951-00144253 filled with fetal lung fluid after the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00478-00144254-00144485 first breath the fluid is quickly
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00479-00144486-00144841 absorbed into the body or exhaled the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00480-00144842-00145082 resistance in the lungs blood vessels
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00481-00145083-00145310 decreases giving an increased surface
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00482-00145311-00145586 area for gas exchange and the lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00483-00145587-00145919 begin to breathe spontaneously this
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00484-00145920-00146186 accompanies other changes which result
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00485-00146187-00146425 in an increased amount of blood entering
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00486-00146426-00146693 the lung tissues at birth the lungs are
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00487-00146694-00146921 very undeveloped with only around one
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00488-00146922-00147190 sixth of the alveoli of the adult lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00489-00147191-00147557 present the alveoli continue to form
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00490-00147558-00147833 into early adulthood and their ability
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00491-00147834-00148090 to form when necessary is seen in the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00492-00148091-00148472 regeneration of the lung alveolar septa
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00493-00148473-00148733 have a double capillary network instead
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00494-00148734-00148958 of the single network of the developed
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00495-00148959-00149300 lung only after the maturation of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00496-00149301-00149537 capillary network can the lung enter a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00497-00149538-00149863 normal phase of growth following the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00498-00149864-00150149 early growth in numbers of alveoli there
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00499-00150150-00150412 is another stage of the alveoli being
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00500-00150413-00151027 enlarged
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00501-00151028-00151585 topic function
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00502-00151586-00151930 you
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00503-00151931-00152180 topic gas exchange
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00504-00152181-00152516 [Music]
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00505-00152517-00152801 the major function of the lungs is gas
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00506-00152802-00153068 exchange between the lungs and the blood
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00507-00153069-00153386 the alveolar and pulmonary capillary
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00508-00153387-00153641 gases are collaborate across the thin
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00509-00153642-00153962 blood air barrier this thin membrane
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00510-00153963-00154352 about 0.5 to 2 micrometers thick is
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00511-00154353-00154679 folded into about 300 million alveoli
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00512-00154680-00154956 providing an extremely large surface
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00513-00154957-00155314 area estimates varying between 70 and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00514-00155315-00155687 145 square meters for gas exchange to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00515-00155688-00156029 occur the lungs are not capable of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00516-00156030-00156245 expanding to breathe on their own and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00517-00156246-00156458 will only do so when there is an
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00518-00156459-00156653 increase in the volume of the thoracic
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00519-00156654-00157046 cavity this is achieved by the muscles
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00520-00157047-00157293 of respiration through the contraction
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00521-00157294-00157520 of the diaphragm and the intercostal
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00522-00157521-00157778 muscles which pull the ribcage upwards
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00523-00157779-00158108 as shown in the diagram during breathing
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00524-00158109-00158375 out the muscles relaxed returning the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00525-00158376-00158706 lungs to their resting position at this
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00526-00158707-00158951 point the lungs contain the functional
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00527-00158952-00159332 residual capacity frc of air which in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00528-00159333-00159608 the adult human has a volume of about
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00529-00159609-00160032 2.5 to 3.0 liters during heavy breathing
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00530-00160033-00160271 as in exertion a large number of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00531-00160272-00160490 accessory muscles in the neck and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00532-00160491-00160707 abdomen are recruited that during
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00533-00160708-00160933 exhalation pull the ribcage down
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00534-00160934-00161150 decreasing the volume of the thoracic
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00535-00161151-00161621 cavity the FRC is now decreased but
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00536-00161622-00161822 since the lungs cannot be emptied
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00537-00161823-00162057 completely there is still about a liter
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00538-00162058-00162410 of residual air left lung function
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00539-00162411-00162689 testing is carried out to evaluate lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00540-00162690-00163391 volumes and capacities
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00541-00163392-00163931 topic protection
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00542-00163932-00164152 the lungs possess several
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00543-00164153-00164396 characteristics which protect against
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00544-00164397-00164687 infection the respiratory tract is lined
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00545-00164688-00164912 by apathy Leah with hair like
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00546-00164913-00165152 projections called cilia that beat
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00547-00165153-00165500 rhythmically in Kari new 'kiss this nuke
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00548-00165501-00165749 axillary clearance is an important
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00549-00165750-00165931 defense system against airborne
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00550-00165932-00166280 infection the dust particles and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00551-00166281-00166526 bacteria in the inhaled air are caught
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00552-00166527-00166787 in the mucosal surface of the Airways
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00553-00166788-00167057 and are moved up towards the pharynx by
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00554-00167058-00167279 the rhythmic upward beating action of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00555-00167280-00167600 the cilia the lining of the lung also
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00556-00167601-00167891 secretes immunoglobulin a which protects
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00557-00167892-00168146 against respiratory infections goblet
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00558-00168147-00168443 cells secrete mucus which also contains
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00559-00168444-00168734 several antimicrobial compounds such as
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00560-00168735-00169051 defensins anti proteases and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00561-00169052-00169430 antioxidants a rare type of specialized
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00562-00169431-00169691 cell called a pulmonary ion a site that
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00563-00169692-00169958 is suggested may regulate mucus
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00564-00169959-00170357 viscosity has been described in addition
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00565-00170358-00170591 the lining of the lung also contains
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00566-00170592-00170915 macrophages immune cells which engulf
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00567-00170916-00171173 and destroy debris and microbes that
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00568-00171174-00171391 enter the lung in a process known as
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00569-00171392-00171698 phagocytosis and dendritic cells which
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00570-00171699-00171989 present antigens to activate components
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00571-00171990-00172220 of the adaptive immune system such as
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00572-00172221-00172424 t-cells and b-cells
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00573-00172425-00172676 the size of the respiratory tract and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00574-00172677-00172913 the flow of air also protect the lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00575-00172914-00173315 from larger particles smaller particles
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00576-00173316-00173549 deposit in the mouth and behind the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00577-00173550-00173792 mouth in the oropharynx and larger
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00578-00173793-00174026 particles are trapped in nasal hair
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00579-00174027-00174673 after inhalation
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00580-00174674-00175148 topic other
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00581-00175149-00175363 in addition to the function in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00582-00175364-00175613 respiration the lungs have a number of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00583-00175614-00175943 other functions they are involved in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00584-00175944-00176237 maintaining homeostasis helping in the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00585-00176238-00176488 regulation of blood pressure as part of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00586-00176489-00176843 the renin-angiotensin system the inner
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00587-00176844-00177082 lining of the blood vessels secretes
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00588-00177083-00177371 angiotensin converting enzyme ace an
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00589-00177372-00177654 enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00590-00177655-00178049 angiotensin I to angiotensin ii the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00591-00178050-00178235 lungs are involved in the bloods
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00592-00178236-00178526 acid-base homeostasis by expelling
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00593-00178527-00178801 carbon dioxide when breathing the lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00594-00178802-00179174 also serve a protective role several
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00595-00179175-00179452 blood-borne substances such as a few
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00596-00179453-00179766 types of prostaglandins leukotrienes
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00597-00179767-00180076 serotonin and bradykinin are excreted
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00598-00180077-00180362 through the lungs drugs and other
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00599-00180363-00180698 substances can be absorbed modified or
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00600-00180699-00181070 excreted in the lungs the lungs filter
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00601-00181071-00181319 out small blood cots from veins and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00602-00181320-00181544 prevent them from entering arteries and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00603-00181545-00181813 causing strokes the lungs also play a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00604-00181814-00182111 pivotal role in speech by providing air
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00605-00182112-00182365 and air flow for the creation of vocal
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00606-00182366-00182577 sounds and other paralanguage
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00607-00182578-00182932 communications such as sighs and gasps
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00608-00182933-00183251 new research suggests a role of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00609-00183252-00183422 lungs in the production of blood
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00610-00183423-00184055 platelets
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00611-00184056-00184734 topic gene and protein expression
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00612-00184735-00185078 about 20,000 protein coding genes are
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00613-00185079-00185427 expressed in human cells and almost 75%
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00614-00185428-00185690 of these genes are expressed in the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00615-00185691-00186077 normal lung a little less than 200 of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00616-00186078-00186282 these genes are more specifically
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00617-00186283-00186546 expressed in the lung with less than 20
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00618-00186547-00186882 genes being highly long specific the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00619-00186883-00187127 corresponding specific proteins are
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00620-00187128-00187314 expressed within different cellular
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00621-00187315-00187581 compartments such as Numa sites in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00622-00187582-00187836 alveoli and ciliated and mucous
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00623-00187837-00188054 secreting goblet cells in the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00624-00188055-00188352 respiratory mucosa the highest
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00625-00188353-00188643 expression of lung specific proteins are
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00626-00188644-00188886 different surfactant proteins such as
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00627-00188887-00189464 SFTP a1 SFTP B and SFTP C and Mattson
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00628-00189465-00189827 expressed in type 2 Numa sites other
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00629-00189828-00190122 proteins with elevated expression in the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00630-00190123-00190446 lung of the dining protein DNA h v in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00631-00190447-00190836 ciliated cells and the secreted scg b1
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00632-00190837-00191136 a1 protein in mucous secreting goblet
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00633-00191137-00191970 cells of the airway mucosa topic
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00634-00191971-00192140 clinical significance
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00635-00192141-00192512 [Music]
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00636-00192513-00192806 lungs can be affected by a variety of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00637-00192807-00193153 diseases pulmonology is the medical
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00638-00193154-00193397 speciality that deals with diseases
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00639-00193398-00193652 involving the respiratory tract and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00640-00193653-00193946 cardiothoracic surgery is the surgical
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00641-00193947-00194171 field that deals with surgery of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00642-00194172-00194440 lungs inflammatory conditions of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00643-00194441-00194651 lung tissue and pneumonia of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00644-00194652-00194897 respiratory tract or bronchitis and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00645-00194898-00195115 bronchiolitis and of the pleura
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00646-00195116-00195421 surrounding the lungs pleurisy
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00647-00195422-00195659 inflammation is usually caused by
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00648-00195660-00195998 infections due to bacteria or viruses
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00649-00195999-00196339 when the lung tissue is inflamed due to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00650-00196340-00196636 other causes it is called pneumonitis
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00651-00196637-00196994 one major cause of bacterial pneumonia
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00652-00196995-00197381 is tuberculosis chronic infections often
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00653-00197382-00197669 occur in those with immunodeficiency and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00654-00197670-00197894 can include a fungal infection by
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00655-00197895-00198143 Aspergillus fumigatus that can lead to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00656-00198144-00198496 an aspergillum afore mning in the lung a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00657-00198497-00198782 pulmonary embolism is a blood clot that
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00658-00198783-00199087 becomes lodged in the pulmonary arteries
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00659-00199088-00199654 the majority of in bowling thrombosis in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00660-00199655-00199984 the legs pulmonary emboli may be
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00661-00199985-00200210 investigated using a ventilation
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00662-00200211-00200573 perfusion scan a CT scan of the arteries
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00663-00200574-00200837 of the lung or blood tests such as the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00664-00200838-00201227 d-dimer pulmonary hypertension describes
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00665-00201228-00201446 an increased pressure at the beginning
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00666-00201447-00201689 of the pulmonary artery that has a large
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00667-00201690-00202039 number of differing causes other rarer
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00668-00202040-00202286 conditions may also affect the blood
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00669-00202287-00202472 supply of the lung such as
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00670-00202473-00202793 granulomatosis with polyangiitis which
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00671-00202794-00203029 causes inflammation of the small blood
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00672-00203030-00203314 vessels of the lungs and kidneys a lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00673-00203315-00203590 contusion is a bruise caused by chest
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00674-00203591-00203921 trauma it results in hemorrhage of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00675-00203922-00204224 alveoli causing a buildup of fluid which
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00676-00204225-00204446 can impair breathing and this can be
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00677-00204447-00204823 either mild or severe the function of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00678-00204825-00205042 the lungs can also be affected by
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00679-00205044-00205246 compression from fluid in the pleural
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00680-00205248-00205496 cavity pleural effusion or other
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00681-00205496-00205853 substances such as air pneumothorax
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00682-00205854-00206255 large hemothorax or rarer causes these
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00683-00206256-00206561 may be investigated using a chest x-ray
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00684-00206562-00206921 or CT scan and may require the insertion
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00685-00206921-00207176 of a surgical drain until the underlying
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00686-00207177-00207616 cause is identified and treated asthma
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00687-00207617-00207761 chronic bronchitis
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00688-00207762-00208015 bronchiectasis and chronic obstructive
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00689-00208016-00208337 pulmonary disease COPD are all
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00690-00208338-00208625 obstructive lung diseases characterized
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00691-00208626-00208979 by airway obstruction this limits the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00692-00208980-00209183 amount of air that is able to enter
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00693-00209184-00209462 alveoli because of constriction of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00694-00209463-00209791 bronchial tree due to information
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00695-00209792-00210067 obstructive lung diseases are often
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00696-00210069-00210319 identified because of symptoms and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00697-00210321-00210611 diagnosed with pulmonary function tests
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00698-00210612-00210983 such as spirometry many obstructive lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00699-00210984-00211232 diseases are managed by avoiding
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00700-00211233-00211508 triggers such as dust mites or smoking
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00701-00211509-00211753 with symptom control such as
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00702-00211754-00212003 bronchodilators and with suppression of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00703-00212004-00212227 inflammation such as through
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00704-00212228-00212617 corticosteroids in severe cases one
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00705-00212619-00212954 common cause of COPD and emphysema is
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00706-00212955-00213173 smoking and common causes of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00707-00213173-00213491 bronchiectasis include severe infections
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00708-00213492-00213881 and cystic fibrosis the definitive cause
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00709-00213882-00214202 of asthma is not yet known some types of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00710-00214203-00214484 chronic lung diseases are classified as
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00711-00214485-00214739 restrictive lung disease because of a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00712-00214740-00214957 restriction in the amount of lung tissue
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00713-00214958-00215344 involved in respiration these include
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00714-00215346-00215633 pulmonary fibrosis which can occur when
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00715-00215634-00215885 the lung is inflamed for a long period
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00716-00215886-00216284 of time fibrosis in the lung replaces
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00717-00216285-00216521 functioning lung tissue with fibrous
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00718-00216521-00216854 connective tissue this can be due to a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00719-00216855-00217133 large variety of occupational diseases
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00720-00217134-00217408 such as coal workers pneumoconiosis
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00721-00217409-00217721 autoimmune diseases or more rarely - a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00722-00217721-00218027 reaction to medication lung cancer can
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00723-00218028-00218282 either arise directly from lung tissue
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00724-00218283-00218525 or as a result of metastasis from
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00725-00218526-00218864 another part of the body there are two
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00726-00218865-00219167 main types of primary tumor described as
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00727-00219167-00219242 either
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00728-00219242-00219448 all cell or non small cell lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00729-00219450-00219833 carcinoma x' the major risk factor for
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00730-00219834-00220175 cancer is smoking once a cancer is
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00731-00220176-00220519 identified it is staged using scans such
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00732-00220521-00220819 as a CT scan and a sample of tissue a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00733-00220821-00221246 biopsy is taken cancers may be treated
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00734-00221246-00221521 by surgically removing the tumor
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00735-00221521-00221756 radiotherapy chemotherapy or
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00736-00221757-00221996 combinations thereof or with the aim of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00737-00221996-00222305 symptom control lung cancer screening is
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00738-00222306-00222551 being recommended in the United States
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00739-00222552-00222844 for high-risk populations congenital
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00740-00222846-00223096 disorders include cystic fibrosis
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00741-00223096-00223379 pulmonary hypoplasia an incomplete
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00742-00223380-00223621 development of the lungs congenital
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00743-00223623-00223867 diaphragmatic hernia an infant
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00744-00223869-00224141 respiratory distress syndrome caused by
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00745-00224142-00224437 a deficiency in lung surfactant an
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00746-00224438-00224810 azygos lobe is a congenital anatomical
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00747-00224811-00225023 variation which though usually without
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00748-00225023-00225319 effect can cause problems in thoracis
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00749-00225321-00225550 copic procedures a pneumothorax
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00750-00225551-00225863 collapsed lung is an abnormal collection
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00751-00225864-00226123 of air in the pleural space that causes
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00752-00226125-00226346 an uncoupling of the lung from the chest
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00753-00226346-00226715 wall the lung cannot expand against the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00754-00226716-00227071 air pressure inside the pleural space an
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00755-00227073-00227321 easy to understand example is a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00756-00227321-00227617 traumatic pneumothorax where air enters
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00757-00227619-00227861 the pleural space from outside the body
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00758-00227862-00228121 as occurs with puncture to the chest
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00759-00228123-00228530 wall similarly a scuba diver ascending
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00760-00228531-00228704 while holding the breath with their
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00761-00228705-00228985 lungs fully inflated can cause air sacs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00762-00228986-00229280 alveoli to burst and leak high-pressure
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00763-00229281-00229992 air into the pleural space
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00764-00229992-00230612 topic lung function testing
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00765-00230613-00230896 lung function testing is carried out by
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00766-00230897-00231244 evaluating a person's capacity to inhale
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00767-00231246-00231541 and exhale in different circumstances
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00768-00231542-00231901 the volume of air inhaled and exhaled by
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00769-00231902-00232174 a person at rest is the tidal volume
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00770-00232175-00232592 normally 500 to 750 milliliters the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00771-00232592-00232822 inspiratory reserve volume and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00772-00232823-00233056 expiratory reserve volume of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00773-00233057-00233302 additional amounts a person is able to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00774-00233303-00233614 forcibly inhale and exhale respectively
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00775-00233615-00233971 the sum total of forced inspiration and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00776-00233972-00234313 exploration is a person's vital capacity
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00777-00234314-00234641 not all air is expelled from the lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00778-00234642-00234896 even after a forced breath out the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00779-00234896-00235105 remainder of the air is called the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00780-00235106-00235471 residual volume together these terms are
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00781-00235472-00235747 referred to as lung volumes pulmonary
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00782-00235748-00235967 plethysmograph see used to measure
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00783-00235967-00236353 functional residual capacity functional
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00784-00236354-00236639 residual capacity cannot be measured by
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00785-00236640-00236888 tests that rely on breathing out as a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00786-00236889-00237194 person is only able to breathe a maximum
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00787-00237194-00237448 of 80 percent of the total functional
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00788-00237449-00237871 capacity the total lung capacity depends
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00789-00237872-00238132 on the person's age height weight and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00790-00238133-00238450 sex and normally ranges between four and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00791-00238451-00238867 six liters females tend to have a twenty
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00792-00238869-00239077 to twenty-five percent lower capacity
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00793-00239078-00239476 than males tall people tend to have a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00794-00239477-00239789 larger total lung capacity than shorter
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00795-00239790-00240109 people smokers have a lower capacity
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00796-00240110-00240496 than non-smokers thinner persons tend to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00797-00240497-00240859 have a larger capacity lung capacity can
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00798-00240860-00241102 be increased by physical training as
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00799-00241103-00241364 much as forty percent but the effect may
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00800-00241365-00241606 be modified by exposure to air pollution
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00801-00241607-00241900 other lung function tests include
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00802-00241901-00242203 spirometry measuring the amount valium
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00803-00242204-00242465 and flow of air that can be inhaled and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00804-00242466-00242803 exhaled the maximum volume of breath
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00805-00242804-00243079 that can be exhaled is called the vital
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00806-00243080-00243478 capacity in particular how much a person
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00807-00243479-00243764 is able to exhale in one second called
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00808-00243765-00244004 forced expiratory volume
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00809-00244005-00244292 one as a proportion of how much they are
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00810-00244293-00244718 able to exhale in total Feb this ratio
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00811-00244719-00245096 the fev1 FEV ratio is important to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00812-00245097-00245327 distinguish whether a lung disease is
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00813-00245328-00245688 restrictive or obstructive another test
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00814-00245689-00245899 is that of the lungs diffusing capacity
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00815-00245900-00246224 this is a measure of the transfer of gas
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00816-00246225-00246419 from air to the blood in the lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00817-00246420-00247044 capillaries
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00818-00247044-00247960 topic other animals
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00819-00247961-00248492 topic birds
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00820-00248492-00248782 the lungs of birds are relatively small
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00821-00248783-00249019 but are connected to eight or nine air
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00822-00249021-00249250 sacs that extend through much of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00823-00249251-00249484 body and they're in turn connected to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00824-00249485-00249792 air spaces within the bones on
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00825-00249794-00250046 inhalation air travels through the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00826-00250046-00250408 trachea of a bird into the air sacs air
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00827-00250409-00250667 then travels continuously from the air
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00828-00250667-00250921 sacs at the back through the lungs which
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00829-00250923-00251198 are relatively fixed in size to the air
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00830-00251198-00251569 sacs at the front from here the air is
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00831-00251571-00251894 exhaled these fixed sized lungs are
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00832-00251894-00252328 called circulatory lungs as distinct
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00833-00252329-00252716 from the bellows type lungs found in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00834-00252717-00252965 most other animals the lungs of birds
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00835-00252966-00253219 contain millions of tiny parallel
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00836-00253221-00253613 passages called peribronchial sacs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00837-00253614-00253894 called atria radiate from the walls of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00838-00253896-00254209 the tiny passages these like the alveoli
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00839-00254210-00254438 in other lungs at the site of gas
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00840-00254439-00254800 exchange by simple diffusion the blood
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00841-00254801-00255034 flow around the peribronchial their
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00842-00255035-00255317 atria forms a cross current process of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00843-00255317-00255571 gas exchange see diagram on the right
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00844-00255573-00255853 the air sacs which hold air do not
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00845-00255854-00256115 contribute much to gas exchange
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00846-00256116-00256369 despite being thin walled as they are
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00847-00256371-00256766 poorly vascularized the air sacs expand
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00848-00256767-00257015 and contract due to changes in the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00849-00257016-00257269 volume in the four acts and abdomen
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00850-00257269-00257581 this volume change is caused by the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00851-00257582-00257809 movement of the sternum and ribs and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00852-00257810-00258067 this movement is often synchronized with
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00853-00258069-00258228 movement of the flight muscles
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00854-00258229-00258652 peribronchial o is uni-directional a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00855-00258653-00258863 called Palio poor monic peribronchial
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00856-00258864-00259294 found in all birds some birds however
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00857-00259296-00259613 have in addition a lung structure where
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00858-00259614-00260066 the airflow in the peribronchial these
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00859-00260067-00260800 are termed neo pulmonic parabrahma key
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00860-00260801-00261354 topic reptiles
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00861-00261355-00261666 the lungs of most reptiles have a single
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00862-00261667-00261912 bronchus running down the center from
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00863-00261913-00262149 which numerous branches reach out to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00864-00262150-00262412 individual pockets throughout the lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00865-00262413-00262770 these pockets are similar to alveoli in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00866-00262771-00263010 mammals but much larger and fewer in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00867-00263011-00263091 number
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00868-00263092-00263337 these give the lung a sponge-like
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00869-00263338-00263748 texture into ATAR 'as snakes and some
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00870-00263749-00263970 lizards the lungs are simpler in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00871-00263971-00264192 structure similar to that of typical
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00872-00264193-00264495 amphibians snakes and limbless lizards
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00873-00264496-00264750 typically possess only the right lung as
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00874-00264751-00265020 a major respiratory organ the left lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00875-00265021-00265391 is greatly reduced or even absent
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00876-00265392-00265689 amphibians however have the opposite
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00877-00265690-00265971 arrangement with a major left lung and a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00878-00265972-00266220 reduced or absent right lung both
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00879-00266221-00266472 crocodilians and monitor lizards have
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00880-00266473-00266673 developed lungs similar to those of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00881-00266674-00266915 birds providing an unidirectional
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00882-00266916-00267327 airflow and even possessing air sacs the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00883-00267328-00267573 now extinct pterosaurs have seemingly
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00884-00267574-00267828 even further refined this type of lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00885-00267829-00268085 extending the air sacs into the wing
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00886-00268086-00268338 membranes and in the case of launch o
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00887-00268339-00268578 deck turds two-putt Shu era and large
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00888-00268579-00268890 darts the hind limbs reptilian lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00889-00268891-00269193 typically receive air via expansion and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00890-00269194-00269466 contraction of the ribs driven by axial
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00891-00269467-00269820 muscles and buccal pumping crocodilians
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00892-00269821-00270126 also rely on the hepatic piston method
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00893-00270127-00270366 in which the liver is pulled back by a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00894-00270367-00270642 muscle anchored to the pubic bone part
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00895-00270643-00270873 of the pelvis called the diaphragmatic
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00896-00270874-00271116 as' which in turn creates negative
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00897-00271117-00271392 pressure in the crocodiles thoracic
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00898-00271393-00271659 cavity allowing air to be moved into the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00899-00271660-00272064 lungs by Boyle's law turtles which are
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00900-00272065-00272340 unable to move their ribs instead use
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00901-00272341-00272585 the fore limbs and pectoral girdle to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00902-00272586-00273311 force air in and out of the lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00903-00273312-00273522 topic amphibians
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00904-00273523-00273871 [Music]
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00905-00273872-00274108 the lungs of most frogs and other
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00906-00274109-00274360 amphibians are simple and balloon like
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00907-00274361-00274618 with gas exchange limited to the outer
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00908-00274619-00274960 surface of the lung this is not very
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00909-00274961-00275203 efficient but amphibians have low
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00910-00275204-00275461 metabolic demands and can also quickly
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00911-00275462-00275776 dispose of carbon dioxide by diffusion
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00912-00275777-00276058 across the skin in water and supplement
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00913-00276059-00276399 their oxygen supply by the same method
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00914-00276400-00276679 amphibians employ a positive pressure
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00915-00276680-00276994 system to get air to their lungs forcing
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00916-00276995-00277231 air down into the lungs by buccal
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00917-00277232-00277543 pumping this is distinct from most
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00918-00277544-00277807 higher vertebrates who use a breathing
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00919-00277808-00278083 system driven by negative pressure where
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00920-00278084-00278350 the lungs are inflated by expanding the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00921-00278351-00278719 ribcage in buccal pumping the floor of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00922-00278720-00278935 the mouth is lowered filling the mouth
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00923-00278936-00279289 cavity with air the throat muscles then
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00924-00279290-00279529 presses the throat against the underside
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00925-00279530-00279787 of the skull forcing the air into the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00926-00279788-00279994 lungs due to the possibility of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00927-00279995-00280261 respiration across the skin combined
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00928-00280262-00280495 with small size all known lungless
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00929-00280496-00280900 tetrapods are amphibians the majority of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00930-00280901-00281107 salamander species are lungless
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00931-00281108-00281377 salamanders which respirate through the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00932-00281378-00281619 skin and tissues lining their mouths
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00933-00281620-00281974 this necessarily restrict the size all
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00934-00281975-00282214 as small and rather thread-like in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00935-00282215-00282490 appearance maximising skin surface
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00936-00282491-00282823 relative to body volume other known
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00937-00282824-00283054 lungless tetrapods are the Bornean
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00938-00283055-00283306 flat-headed frog and a traitor to honor
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00939-00283307-00283570 aisel tie akka Cillian the lungs of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00940-00283571-00283819 amphibians typically have a few narrow
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00941-00283820-00284128 internal walls scepter of soft tissue
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00942-00284129-00284404 around the outer walls increasing the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00943-00284405-00284656 respiratory surface area and giving the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00944-00284657-00284983 lung a honeycomb appearance in some
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00945-00284984-00285094 salamanders
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00946-00285095-00285340 even these are lacking and the lung has
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00947-00285341-00285715 a smooth wall in Casilla ins as in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00948-00285716-00285982 snakes only the right lung attains any
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00949-00285983-00286658 size or development
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00950-00286659-00287190 topic lungfish
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00951-00287191-00287454 the lungs of lungfish are similar to
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00952-00287455-00287715 those of amphibians with few if any
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00953-00287716-00288081 internal sceptre in the Australian lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00954-00288082-00288333 fish there is only a single lung or
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00955-00288334-00288726 beard divided into two lobes other lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00956-00288727-00289008 fish and polyp teres however have two
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00957-00289009-00289254 lungs which are located in the upper
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00958-00289255-00289464 part of the body with the connecting
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00959-00289465-00289674 duct curving around and above the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00960-00289675-00290055 esophagus the blood supply also twists
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00961-00290056-00290319 around the esophagus suggesting that the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00962-00290320-00290556 lungs originally evolved in the ventral
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00963-00290557-00291358 part of the body as in other vertebrates
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00964-00291359-00291936 topic invertebrates
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00965-00291937-00292185 some invertebrates have long like
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00966-00292186-00292386 structures that serve a similar
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00967-00292387-00292614 respiratory purposes but are not
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00968-00292615-00292884 evolutionarily related to vertebrate
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00969-00292885-00293151 lungs some arachnids
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00970-00293152-00293415 such as spiders and scorpions have
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00971-00293416-00293691 structures called booked lungs used for
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00972-00293692-00294093 atmospheric gas exchange some species of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00973-00294094-00294357 spider have four pairs of booked lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00974-00294358-00294759 but most have two pairs scorpions have
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00975-00294760-00295038 spirals on the body for the entrance of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00976-00295039-00295290 air to the booked lungs the coconut crab
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00977-00295291-00295548 is terrestrial and uses structures
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00978-00295549-00295788 called bronchus Tegel lungs to breathe
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00979-00295789-00296124 air they cannot swim and would drown in
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00980-00296125-00296409 water yet they possess a rudimentary set
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00981-00296410-00296745 of gills they can breathe on land and
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00982-00296746-00296967 hold their breath underwater the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00983-00296968-00297192 bronchus Tegel lungs are seen as a
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00984-00297193-00297465 developmental adaptive stage from water
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00985-00297466-00297753 living to enable land living or from
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00986-00297754-00297999 fish to amphibian pullman eighths are
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00987-00298000-00298266 mostly land snails and slugs that have
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00988-00298267-00298503 developed a simple lung from the mantle
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00989-00298504-00298869 cavity an externally located opening
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00990-00298870-00299115 called the pneuma stem allows air to be
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00991-00299116-00299896 taken into the mantle cavity lung
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00992-00299897-00300569 topic evolutionary origins
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00993-00300570-00300812 the lungs of today's terrestrial
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00994-00300813-00301013 vertebrates and the gas bladders of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00995-00301014-00301228 today's fish are believed to have
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00996-00301229-00301477 evolved from simple sacks as out
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00997-00301478-00301732 pocketing zuv the esophagus that allowed
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00998-00301733-00302048 early fish to gulp air under oxygen poor
+TZJOHnCHSEU-00999-00302049-00302396 conditions these out pocketing x' first
+TZJOHnCHSEU-01000-00302397-00302717 arose in the bony fish in most of the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-01001-00302718-00302980 Ray finned fish the sacs evolved into
+TZJOHnCHSEU-01002-00302981-00303224 closed-off gas bladders while a number
+TZJOHnCHSEU-01003-00303225-00303583 of carp trout herring catfish and eels
+TZJOHnCHSEU-01004-00303584-00303839 have retained the Phi system condition
+TZJOHnCHSEU-01005-00303840-00304019 with the sac being opened to the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-01006-00304020-00304426 esophagus in more basal bony fish such
+TZJOHnCHSEU-01007-00304427-00304694 as the gar but Shearer boffin and the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-01008-00304695-00304909 lobe finned fish the bladders have
+TZJOHnCHSEU-01009-00304910-00305184 evolved to primarily function as lungs
+TZJOHnCHSEU-01010-00305185-00305525 the lobe finned fish gave rise to the
+TZJOHnCHSEU-01011-00305526-00305864 land-based tetrapods thus the lungs of
+TZJOHnCHSEU-01012-00305865-00306095 vertebrates are homologous to the gas
+TZJOHnCHSEU-01013-00306096-00306547 bladders of fish but not to their gills
+TZJOHnCHSEU-01014-00306548-00306952 equals equals see also
+Tayo7CNe-6E-00000-00000012-00001235 foreign
+Tayo7CNe-6E-00001-00001236-00002968 [Music]
+Tayo7CNe-6E-00002-00002969-00003869 foreign
+Tayo7CNe-6E-00004-00007434-00008765 foreign
+Tayo7CNe-6E-00005-00008766-00010721 [Music]
+Tayo7CNe-6E-00007-00013830-00013969 foreign
+Tayo7CNe-6E-00010-00022656-00022892 foreign
+TcIvZofM-OU-00000-00000139-00000593 hold on
+TcIvZofM-OU-00001-00000594-00001378 assalamualaikum everyone
+TcIvZofM-OU-00002-00001379-00001873 yeah I will find this video yeah
+TcIvZofM-OU-00003-00001875-00002215 [Music]
+TcIvZofM-OU-00004-00002216-00002705 Crockett problems
+TcIvZofM-OU-00005-00002706-00003091 chronic problems
+TcIvZofM-OU-00006-00003092-00003672 so special
+TcIvZofM-OU-00007-00003673-00003859 inscription
+TcIvZofM-OU-00008-00003860-00004174 follow me in Instagram
+TcIvZofM-OU-00009-00004175-00005197 [Music]
+TcIvZofM-OU-00010-00005198-00005704 I love this everything I am I am yeah so
+TcIvZofM-OU-00011-00005705-00005988 happy I am so happy because I am happy
+TcIvZofM-OU-00012-00005989-00006727 so let's start with this poem
+TcIvZofM-OU-00013-00006728-00007098 problems
+TcIvZofM-OU-00014-00007100-00007469 what the heck why not start
+TcIvZofM-OU-00015-00007470-00007642 oh my God
+TcIvZofM-OU-00016-00007643-00007805 what's going on
+TcIvZofM-OU-00017-00007806-00008153 okay I would be fixing this so fast
+TcIvZofM-OU-00018-00008154-00008309 because
+TcIvZofM-OU-00019-00008310-00008453 this is not
+TcIvZofM-OU-00020-00008454-00008609 we're ready
+TcIvZofM-OU-00021-00008610-00008764 yeah
+TcIvZofM-OU-00022-00008765-00008945 now
+TcIvZofM-OU-00023-00008946-00009389 so let's start let's go with three
+TcIvZofM-OU-00024-00009390-00009551 wait no
+TcIvZofM-OU-00025-00009552-00009892 what the heck
+TcIvZofM-OU-00026-00009893-00010433 okay let's start now with three two one
+TcIvZofM-OU-00027-00010434-00010756 it's coming right now
+TcIvZofM-OU-00028-00010757-00011053 um
+TcIvZofM-OU-00029-00011054-00011471 something yourself
+TcIvZofM-OU-00030-00011472-00011693 um yes
+TcIvZofM-OU-00031-00011694-00011935 [Music]
+TcIvZofM-OU-00032-00011936-00012251 or less I'm probably already know yeah
+TcIvZofM-OU-00033-00012252-00012905 you are ready
+TcIvZofM-OU-00034-00012906-00013158 [Music]
+TcIvZofM-OU-00035-00013159-00014099 I am here
+TcIvZofM-OU-00036-00014100-00014365 now right
+TcIvZofM-OU-00037-00014366-00014933 twist to like Crockett's problem
+TcIvZofM-OU-00038-00014934-00015660 s
+TcIvZofM-OU-00039-00015661-00016486 [Music]
+TcIvZofM-OU-00040-00016487-00017583 foreign
+TcIvZofM-OU-00041-00017584-00018185 [Music]
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+TcIvZofM-OU-00043-00019314-00020568 foreign
+TcIvZofM-OU-00044-00020569-00022414 [Music]
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+TcIvZofM-OU-00046-00022638-00023886 [Music]
+TcIvZofM-OU-00047-00023887-00025235 [Music]
+TcIvZofM-OU-00048-00025236-00025547 foreign
+TcIvZofM-OU-00049-00025548-00026810 foreign
+TcIvZofM-OU-00050-00026811-00028294 [Music]
+TcIvZofM-OU-00051-00028295-00029123 [Music]
+TcIvZofM-OU-00052-00029124-00029872 foreign
+TcIvZofM-OU-00053-00029873-00032117 [Music]
+TcIvZofM-OU-00054-00032118-00033390 obviously
+TcIvZofM-OU-00055-00033391-00033985 [Music]
+TcIvZofM-OU-00056-00033986-00034349 oh my God
+TcIvZofM-OU-00057-00034350-00034451 wow
+TcIvZofM-OU-00058-00034452-00035051 [Applause]
+TcIvZofM-OU-00059-00035052-00036587 oh my God
+TcIvZofM-OU-00060-00036588-00036923 wow I love this
+TcIvZofM-OU-00061-00036924-00037343 you come in with this poem and yeah
+TcIvZofM-OU-00062-00037344-00037799 this is cool I love it yeah Diana I love
+TcIvZofM-OU-00063-00037800-00038135 it because I love you as well and we are
+TcIvZofM-OU-00064-00038136-00038218 here
+TcIvZofM-OU-00065-00038219-00038411 we are here
+TcIvZofM-OU-00066-00038412-00038668 so if you are here this will get too
+TcIvZofM-OU-00067-00038669-00038868 much
+TcIvZofM-OU-00068-00038869-00039407 follow me on Instagram and tick tock
+TcIvZofM-OU-00069-00039408-00039869 okay this word I swear assalamualaikum
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00000-00000575-00001097 foreign
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00001-00001098-00003485 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00002-00003486-00004972 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00003-00004973-00005315 with a bit of help from Me Maybe
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00004-00005316-00005681 never Overlook a little engine
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00005-00005682-00005897 well we could take you wherever you
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00006-00005898-00006281 wanna go we may have tiny track but
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00007-00006282-00006556 we'll get you there and back and hold on
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00008-00006558-00006975 to your hats we don't go slow
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00009-00006976-00007095 [Applause]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00010-00007095-00007428 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00011-00007429-00007895 [Applause]
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+TcT0rnAC3OU-00013-00008411-00008443 foreign
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00014-00008444-00008457 [Applause]
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+TcT0rnAC3OU-00016-00010897-00011977 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00017-00011978-00012985 [Applause]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00018-00012986-00013294 like me
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00019-00013295-00013549 like
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00020-00013550-00013956 us
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00021-00013957-00014808 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00022-00014809-00015434 they come true please
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00023-00015435-00016022 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00024-00016024-00016216 [Laughter]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00025-00016216-00017026 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00026-00017027-00019258 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00027-00019259-00019513 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00028-00019514-00019907 trying to do things better they both
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00029-00019908-00020556 have a difference
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00030-00020557-00021417 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00031-00021418-00021462 [Applause]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00032-00021463-00023191 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00033-00023192-00023400 causing so much
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00034-00023401-00025740 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00035-00025741-00026073 savings engines
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00036-00026074-00026958 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00037-00026960-00027520 try to do things
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00038-00027522-00030200 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00039-00030201-00030395 [Applause]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00040-00030395-00030601 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00041-00030602-00031023 they both have a difference
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00042-00031024-00032431 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00043-00032432-00032740 the engines always think they are so
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00044-00032741-00032868 clever
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00045-00032869-00033179 and so they like to bump the trucks
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00046-00033180-00033295 around
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00047-00033296-00033683 they bump them in the sightings they put
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00048-00033684-00034001 them in the yard they better be wet they
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00049-00034002-00034229 better take care they better be on their
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00050-00034230-00034391 God
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00051-00034392-00034962 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00052-00034963-00035299 he's happy and he thinks it's going fine
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00053-00035300-00035765 the trestles have to move
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00054-00035766-00038408 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00055-00038409-00038706 [Applause]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00056-00038707-00038874 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00057-00038875-00039145 look at them all the same
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00058-00039146-00039751 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00059-00039752-00040099 it's hard like Randy really high school
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00060-00040100-00040445 the Sunny's at the top and then he just
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00061-00040446-00040735 goes up
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00062-00040736-00040939 positive
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00063-00040940-00041262 because
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00064-00041263-00042207 every time Jefferson Texas
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00065-00042208-00042915 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00066-00042916-00043472 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00067-00043473-00043493 [Applause]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00068-00043494-00044065 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00069-00044066-00044281 the same
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00070-00044282-00044549 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00071-00044550-00044711 area
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00072-00044712-00045856 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00073-00045857-00047087 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00074-00047088-00047635 foreign
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00075-00047636-00048317 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00076-00048318-00048972 [Laughter]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00077-00048973-00049311 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00078-00049312-00049571 [Applause]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00079-00049572-00050257 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00080-00050258-00050501 [Laughter]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00081-00050502-00050746 foreign
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00082-00050747-00051382 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00083-00051383-00052437 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00084-00052438-00052550 [Laughter]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00085-00052551-00053063 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00086-00053064-00053407 the garages
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00087-00053408-00054298 [Laughter]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00088-00054299-00054803 [Applause]
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+TcT0rnAC3OU-00090-00054903-00055244 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00091-00055245-00055520 [Laughter]
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+TcT0rnAC3OU-00093-00055596-00055780 [Laughter]
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+TcT0rnAC3OU-00095-00056460-00056680 [Applause]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00096-00056682-00056713 [Laughter]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00097-00056714-00057454 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00098-00057455-00057941 questions
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00099-00057941-00058085 thank you
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00100-00058086-00059796 [Music]
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+TcT0rnAC3OU-00104-00060141-00060419 [Applause]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00105-00060420-00060530 sometimes
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+TcT0rnAC3OU-00138-00074827-00075153 [Applause]
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+TcT0rnAC3OU-00140-00075894-00077362 [Music]
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00141-00077363-00077501 is
+TcT0rnAC3OU-00142-00077502-00078320 [Music]
+TdicscsqP_Q-00000-00000050-00000355 pygame is a cross-platform set of Python
+TdicscsqP_Q-00001-00000356-00000605 modules designed for writing video games
+TdicscsqP_Q-00002-00000606-00000913 it includes computer graphics and sound
+TdicscsqP_Q-00003-00000914-00001099 libraries designed to be used with the
+TdicscsqP_Q-00004-00001100-00001753 Python programming language
+TdicscsqP_Q-00005-00001754-00002255 topic history
+TdicscsqP_Q-00006-00002256-00002501 pygame was originally written by Pete
+TdicscsqP_Q-00007-00002502-00002774 Jenner's to replace py SDL after its
+TdicscsqP_Q-00008-00002775-00003002 development stall it has been a
+TdicscsqP_Q-00009-00003003-00003239 community project since 2000 and has
+TdicscsqP_Q-00010-00003240-00003410 released under the open source free
+TdicscsqP_Q-00011-00003411-00003575 software GNU lesser general public
+TdicscsqP_Q-00012-00003576-00004172 license
+TdicscsqP_Q-00013-00004173-00004774 topic architecture and features
+TdicscsqP_Q-00014-00004775-00005050 pygame uses the simple directmedia layer
+TdicscsqP_Q-00015-00005051-00005299 SDL library with the intention of
+TdicscsqP_Q-00016-00005300-00005455 allowing real-time computer game
+TdicscsqP_Q-00017-00005456-00005590 development without the low-level
+TdicscsqP_Q-00018-00005591-00005764 mechanics of the c programming language
+TdicscsqP_Q-00019-00005765-00006067 in its derivatives this is based on the
+TdicscsqP_Q-00020-00006068-00006199 assumption that the most expensive
+TdicscsqP_Q-00021-00006200-00006466 functions inside games can be abstracted
+TdicscsqP_Q-00022-00006467-00006670 from the game logic making it possible
+TdicscsqP_Q-00023-00006670-00006873 to use a high-level programming language
+TdicscsqP_Q-00024-00006875-00007075 such as Python to structure the game
+TdicscsqP_Q-00025-00007076-00007306 other features that SDL doesn't have
+TdicscsqP_Q-00026-00007306-00007498 include vector math collision detection
+TdicscsqP_Q-00027-00007498-00007756 2d sprite scene graph management MIDI
+TdicscsqP_Q-00028-00007756-00008021 support camera pixel array manipulation
+TdicscsqP_Q-00029-00008022-00008287 transformations filtering advanced free
+TdicscsqP_Q-00030-00008288-00008437 type font support and drawing
+TdicscsqP_Q-00031-00008438-00008653 applications using pi game can run on
+TdicscsqP_Q-00032-00008654-00008854 android phones and tablets with the use
+TdicscsqP_Q-00033-00008855-00009171 of pi game subset for android PGS for a
+TdicscsqP_Q-00034-00009172-00009435 sound vibration keyboard and
+TdicscsqP_Q-00035-00009436-00010159 accelerometer are supported on Android
+TdicscsqP_Q-00036-00010160-00010676 topic community
+TdicscsqP_Q-00037-00010677-00010939 there is a regular competition called pi
+TdicscsqP_Q-00038-00010940-00011149 week to write games using Python and
+TdicscsqP_Q-00039-00011150-00011452 usually but not necessarily pi game the
+TdicscsqP_Q-00040-00011453-00011692 community has created many tutorials for
+TdicscsqP_Q-00041-00011693-00012212 pi game
+TdicscsqP_Q-00042-00012213-00012919 topic notable games using pi game frets
+TdicscsqP_Q-00043-00012920-00013021 on fire
+TdicscsqP_Q-00044-00013022-00013291 dangerous highschool girls in trouble
+TdicscsqP_Q-00045-00013291-00014137 save the date indicate 2013 finalists
+TdicscsqP_Q-00046-00014138-00014672 topic see also
+TdicscsqP_Q-00047-00014674-00015330 cocos2d panda 3d piglet
+TevN3OIy1Nk-00000-00000028-00000320 Benny biological station biosphere
+TevN3OIy1Nk-00001-00000321-00000580 reserve reserve a de biosphere estación
+TevN3OIy1Nk-00002-00000581-00000811 biologic Adele Benny is a protected area
+TevN3OIy1Nk-00003-00000813-00000991 in Bolivia located in the Beni
+TevN3OIy1Nk-00004-00000992-00001223 Department in the Jose Bolivian province
+TevN3OIy1Nk-00005-00001224-00001525 and yacuma province