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+-9KAABP3EbU-00000-00000003-00000417 Hi, everyone. My name is Andrew Skellen and I'm an instructional designer with Academic Innovations and eLearning.
+-9KAABP3EbU-00001-00000417-00000791 I would like to take a moment to welcome
+-9KAABP3EbU-00002-00000791-00001371 all of you to the Accessibility Intensive of 2018.
+-9KAABP3EbU-00003-00001371-00001746 A lot of what I do on a daily basis involves technological support on Blackboard
+-9KAABP3EbU-00004-00001746-00002082 in the creation of learning modules that bring about greater engagement for your students within your course.
+-9KAABP3EbU-00005-00002082-00002538 I'm looking forward to meeting each and every one of you this week
+-9KAABP3EbU-00006-00002538-00002892 and will continue to do everything I can to help solve any questions that you might have.
+-9KAABP3EbU-00007-00002892-00003288 So thank you again for taking time out of your busy lives this week
+-9KAABP3EbU-00008-00003288-00003818 and I hope you all enjoy this intensive.
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00000-00000011-00000509 so here we are again after a long time talking about something because I think
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00001-00000509-00001192 we are all gonna die let's get started
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00002-00001523-00001980 okay so I thought I putting together tips you know that would help people to
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00003-00001980-00002411 like stop spreading the virus being a biker which I couldn't find on YouTube
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00004-00002411-00002753 so I really thought this would be a great way to you know share information
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00005-00002753-00003257 so the first thing that I really want you guys to stop doing is to go out this
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00006-00003257-00003797 for extreme case situations where you have no choice but to go out then okay
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00007-00003797-00004155 fine but that's what these steps follow all right so please don't go out my
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00008-00004155-00004548 mom's already killing me with going out so she is giving me a very tough time
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00009-00004548-00004994 but I'm still managing it through by staying home so I guess he can do it too
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00010-00004994-00005571 so tip number one is basically never ever share your HELMET I don't know how
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00011-00005571-00005910 to emphasize this but even sharing helmet has many other issues like
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00012-00005910-00006404 dandruff and stuff like that I could be you know transmitted I mean now it's the
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00013-00006404-00006848 most highest (RIP GRAMMAR) time you could you know avoid sharing your helmet at any given
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00014-00006848-00007286 cost I mean be it getting a fine just don't give your helmet to someone be it
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00015-00007286-00007640 even your sister your brother I don't care just don't share your helmet
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00016-00007640-00008129 because that is the most highest degree of transferring this disease by you know
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00017-00008129-00008454 having it right next to your mouth I mean I don't know if it's a you know
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00018-00008454-00008907 half face helmet but still avoid sharing something that has that will or does
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00019-00008907-00009285 come in contact with your face.I think that's pretty much simple to say you
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00020-00009285-00009915 know so just follow that them too you have riding gloves those things you get
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00021-00009915-00010332 I'll leave links in the description Wear them if the most you can go out try to
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00022-00010332-00010689 wash them regularly once you go out clothes would be really good because
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00023-00010689-00011064 they don't allow any foreign sir you know surfaces to come directly in touch
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00024-00011064-00011390 with you like there are people on the road we generally like to fantasize and
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00025-00011390-00011765 you know throttle your bike and then check it out so these people would
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00026-00011765-00012075 generally have the hands that you God knows they even have the virus it would
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00027-00012075-00012414 be a very good way to stop yourself from getting infected I mean I sound like
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00028-00012414-00012806 it's a zombie apocalypse but trust me it is a very bad situation and I
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00029-00012806-00013222 everyone to be there be safe and I think this is the some there's some tips that
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00030-00013222-00013619 were not given by other people so I really emphasize on wearing Gloves if
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00031-00013619-00014015 you're going out which I do not recommend but if you still do please
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00032-00014015-00014828 follow the third one would be sanitizing your hands after a very simple touch of
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00033-00014828-00015374 your bike or your key or sanitizing in your you know your handlebar or your
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00034-00015374-00015769 handle grips with sanitizer very slowly in a fashionable and sensual way
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00035-00015828-00017208 (SEXY MUSIC)
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00036-00017262-00017725 yeah you got the sense of it OKAY? and then you sanitized the key you're biking
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00037-00017725-00018114 your key by just roughing it up to some Sanitizaaaarrrrrrrh
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00038-00018114-00018600 and then giving it a coat of cleanliness because keys can transmit diseases to
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00039-00018600-00018944 any surfaces can last up to you know have the virus and last up to three
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00040-00018944-00019568 DAYS so I recommend you clean your stuff with sanitizer the fourth point
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00041-00020112-00020440 would be like then you be at the petrol bunk or what cash go cashless use
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00042-00020464-00020941 whatever it is net banking back UPI whatever you want to use PAYTM
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00043-00020941-00021238 Phonepay I can't list everything but you get the
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00044-00021238-00021790 concept avoid touching money just send it to them and be like check your SMS
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00045-00021792-00021976 you got the money done okay I don't know how to emphasize
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00046-00022160-00022712 this a bit more but then keeping your wiser half covered while speaking to
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00047-00022712-00023160 someone is gonna be super useful I mean if you don't know what I'm referring to
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00048-00023376-00023792 over yeah I'll just show you guys so once you're in this kind of a situation
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00049-00023792-00024306 if you want to talk to someone like a police officer is approaching you you gotta be like
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00050-00024492-00024650 hi bro how are you doing this way you can minimize the amount of
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00051-00024928-00025465 direct stuff cutting and even can you see my eyes that so have this kind of a
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00052-00025465-00025825 thing you know half visor thing because it will really help you avoid
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00053-00025825-00026227 data spitting on someone's face or getting their spit on your face which
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00054-00026227-00026920 sounds very disgusting but yes it happens it is very hot and yeah just go
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00055-00026920-00027310 through this you know it's a very good way to keep yourself safe back to the
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00056-00027310-00027822 topics and all of you guys is that you DO NOT GO OUT
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00057-00027822-00028174 I started this and I'm gonna end this video with this because I think that is
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00058-00028174-00028620 the most important thing to follow my mom is screaming at you know at me every
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00059-00028620-00029062 single day what are you doing I very shirt for this video and moms like very
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00060-00029062-00029506 going breath I'm like mom making a video why are you going out and making a video
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00061-00029506-00029963 I'm like making a video in my room about the virus
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00062-00029963-00030393 did you know the gang shot on the trains and stuff I'm like yes mom I'm aware of
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00063-00030393-00030799 it but then no mom still you know on top of the roof so please stop spreading
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00064-00030799-00031180 information that is not correct on what's up and all just cross-check
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00065-00031180-00031525 your information that your spelling is very important do not spread
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00066-00031525-00032025 misinformation that's all stay safe and stay home and I love you all guys I will
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00067-00032025-00032308 bring updates on the LED helmet on the coming video so I'm back on track with
+-9Us_3ScJ6Q-00068-00032308-00033000 my channel because I have a lot of spare time to spare yeah
+-ra-tzK67R4-00000-00000153-00000313 >> And I'm really delighted that you could join us today
+-ra-tzK67R4-00001-00000313-00000637 for our book talk with Steven Radelet.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00002-00000637-00001054 I would like to acknowledge that today's event is cosponsored
+-ra-tzK67R4-00003-00001054-00001347 by the African Studies program and I know that Kelly Askew
+-ra-tzK67R4-00004-00001347-00001775 and so we are very appreciative for that cosponsorship.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00005-00001775-00001995 Today's event will be a little bit less formal
+-ra-tzK67R4-00006-00001995-00002308 than our more traditional policy talks and I know a number
+-ra-tzK67R4-00007-00002308-00002585 of you have joined us for those and we hope
+-ra-tzK67R4-00008-00002585-00002816 to continue to see you again.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00009-00002816-00003056 The book talks at the Ford School series allow us
+-ra-tzK67R4-00010-00003056-00003253 to introduce new policy research
+-ra-tzK67R4-00011-00003253-00003453 from experts who are in the field.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00012-00003453-00003786 And while it's always exciting for me to be able
+-ra-tzK67R4-00013-00003786-00004107 to introduce a book in my field, international economics,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00014-00004107-00004280 I have to say it's a special pleasure
+-ra-tzK67R4-00015-00004280-00004671 when the author is a good friend and someone who I'm very pleased
+-ra-tzK67R4-00016-00004671-00004874 to have the chance to catch up with.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00017-00004874-00005151 And so I'm really pleased to be able
+-ra-tzK67R4-00018-00005151-00005542 to celebrate the new book by Steven Radelet.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00019-00005542-00005792 So, he has just published The Great Surge:
+-ra-tzK67R4-00020-00005792-00006082 The Ascent of the Developing World.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00021-00006082-00006413 Well, Steve has spent much of his professional life working
+-ra-tzK67R4-00022-00006413-00006569 on global development issues.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00023-00006569-00006910 After graduating from university here in Michigan he served
+-ra-tzK67R4-00024-00006910-00007223 as a Peace Corps volunteer in Western Samoa.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00025-00007223-00007450 In fact, he served with his wife
+-ra-tzK67R4-00026-00007450-00007777 who is the current Peace Corps Director, Carrie,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00027-00007777-00008091 Hessler-Radelet and some of you may remember her.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00028-00008091-00008264 She came to the Ford School
+-ra-tzK67R4-00029-00008264-00008615 and devoured a policy talk here just last year.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00030-00008615-00008792 Others, in particular, some
+-ra-tzK67R4-00031-00008792-00009082 of our students might remember Jimmy Schneidewind
+-ra-tzK67R4-00032-00009082-00009312 who is a Ford School alum
+-ra-tzK67R4-00033-00009312-00009549 who also happens to be Steve's nephew.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00034-00009549-00009909 And so in keeping with family tradition, Jimmy is now working
+-ra-tzK67R4-00035-00009909-00010186 at a development organization in Tanzania
+-ra-tzK67R4-00036-00010186-00010560 and he may actually be listening to us because, of course,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00037-00010560-00010760 we're live streaming the event.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00038-00010760-00011121 Well, Steven also went on to receive first a master's
+-ra-tzK67R4-00039-00011121-00011344 and then a PhD degree in public policy.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00040-00011344-00011624 And one of the things I'm always intrigued interested
+-ra-tzK67R4-00041-00011624-00011918 in is the many ways that people use degrees
+-ra-tzK67R4-00042-00011918-00012152 in public policy in their careers.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00043-00012152-00012475 Throughout his career, his work has focused on economic growth,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00044-00012475-00012839 foreign aid, DAT, financial crises primarily in Africa
+-ra-tzK67R4-00045-00012839-00013243 and Asia, but with expertise in countries throughout the world.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00046-00013243-00013416 He's testified before congress
+-ra-tzK67R4-00047-00013416-00013610 on US foreign assistance efforts.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00048-00013610-00013897 He's advised USA ID, the state department,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00049-00013897-00014237 department of treasury on US global development agenda,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00050-00014237-00014711 and since 2005 he has also served as an economic advisor
+-ra-tzK67R4-00051-00014711-00015084 to the president of Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00052-00015084-00015295 He's currently a professor of practice
+-ra-tzK67R4-00053-00015295-00015755 at Georgetown University and has recently written several
+-ra-tzK67R4-00054-00015755-00016172 articles documenting success stories in global development.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00055-00016172-00016496 And I have to say, as someone who often sees all
+-ra-tzK67R4-00056-00016496-00016873 of the concerns, the success stories are really important
+-ra-tzK67R4-00057-00016873-00017177 and not nearly as well-known as they should be.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00058-00017177-00017370 The Great Surge explores these findings
+-ra-tzK67R4-00059-00017370-00017670 in depth challenging the common assumption that most people
+-ra-tzK67R4-00060-00017670-00017934 who live in developing countries do so in poverty
+-ra-tzK67R4-00061-00017934-00018098 or in extreme poverty.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00062-00018098-00018448 Instead, Steve's book explains how unprecedented economic,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00063-00018448-00018728 social, and political transformation is, in fact,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00064-00018728-00019022 taking hold in developing countries around the world.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00065-00019022-00019262 I look forward to hearing more about these developments.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00066-00019262-00019646 I look forward very much to reading the book.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00067-00019646-00019816 And just want to say a quick note
+-ra-tzK67R4-00068-00019816-00020150 about our format before we begin.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00069-00020150-00020457 Steve will first provide an overview of his book
+-ra-tzK67R4-00070-00020457-00020593 and some of its major points.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00071-00020593-00020810 And then he'll take questions directly from the audience.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00072-00020810-00021087 And so we won't do the more formal card, question,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00073-00021087-00021337 answer that we do for our policy talks.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00074-00021337-00021638 If you are watching online, please Tweet your questions
+-ra-tzK67R4-00075-00021638-00021905 to us using the hashtag policy talks and a member
+-ra-tzK67R4-00076-00021905-00022065 of our staff will read them
+-ra-tzK67R4-00077-00022065-00022302 to Steve during the question and answer period.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00078-00022302-00022679 So, thank you again for joining us here today
+-ra-tzK67R4-00079-00022679-00023019 and it is a great pleasure to introduce our speaker.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00080-00023019-00023153 Welcome, Steve.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00081-00023153-00023710 [ Applause ]
+-ra-tzK67R4-00082-00023710-00023803 >> Good afternoon.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00083-00023803-00023947 Thanks, everybody, for coming out.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00084-00023947-00024220 Free cookies will always get a good turnout.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00085-00024220-00024350 That's a good idea.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00086-00024350-00024731 And thanks -- thanks, Susan, for the kind introduction.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00087-00024731-00024991 Thanks to Cliff for all of his working putting this together.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00088-00024991-00025128 It's nice to see some old friends.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00089-00025128-00025515 Nice to see Dean who we first worked together a while ago.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00090-00025515-00025758 We won't say how long ago.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00091-00025758-00025912 But it's nice to be back here.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00092-00025912-00026392 I doubt that might nephew Jimmy is watching because he lives
+-ra-tzK67R4-00093-00026392-00026573 out in the middle of nowhere and he says he only gets
+-ra-tzK67R4-00094-00026573-00026896 about two hours of internet a month or so.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00095-00026896-00027300 And so I doubt he's live, but if you are, hey Jimmy.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00096-00027300-00027734 So, thanks for having me here.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00097-00027937-00028077 I'm going to give a brief overview here,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00098-00028077-00028374 just 20 minutes kind of flying at 60,000 feet,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00099-00028374-00028535 if you will, on the main topics.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00100-00028535-00028731 So I'm not going to be able to get into everything in detail,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00101-00028731-00029018 but I want to give you a flavor for what I --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00102-00029018-00029249 for what I try to do in the book here.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00103-00029249-00029476 This book is really a reaction
+-ra-tzK67R4-00104-00029476-00029939 to what I see is way too much pessimism
+-ra-tzK67R4-00105-00029939-00030226 about what's happening in most of the world.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00106-00030226-00030443 There might be reasons to be pessimistic
+-ra-tzK67R4-00107-00030443-00030570 about the United States.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00108-00030570-00030703 We won't go into that.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00109-00030703-00030980 But we do have a tendency, actually,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00110-00030980-00031321 to believe that because we have difficulties here
+-ra-tzK67R4-00111-00031321-00031684 and income inequality and stagnating economic switch,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00112-00031684-00031875 that, therefore, that must be the case
+-ra-tzK67R4-00113-00031875-00032001 in the rest of the world.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00114-00032001-00032132 And what we hear about in the press
+-ra-tzK67R4-00115-00032132-00032449 about developing countries is war, it's corruption,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00116-00032449-00032799 it's failed elections, it's stagnation, it's famine.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00117-00032799-00032939 That's what we hear about.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00118-00032939-00033303 What we don't hear about is the actually overwhelming opposite
+-ra-tzK67R4-00119-00033303-00033696 story that has been going on for the last 25 years,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00120-00033696-00033910 slowly but surely and under the radar
+-ra-tzK67R4-00121-00033910-00034244 that has been affecting hundreds of millions
+-ra-tzK67R4-00122-00034244-00034414 of people around the world.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00123-00034414-00034647 The fact is that we now live in the period
+-ra-tzK67R4-00124-00034647-00035001 of the greatest progress amongst the global poor
+-ra-tzK67R4-00125-00035001-00035195 in human history.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00126-00035195-00035572 Period. There's no other time that's even close to the amount
+-ra-tzK67R4-00127-00035572-00035795 of progress that has been occurring
+-ra-tzK67R4-00128-00035795-00036136 around the world in the last 25 years.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00129-00036136-00036496 And by progress I mean almost any dimension of progress
+-ra-tzK67R4-00130-00036496-00036646 that you care to look at.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00131-00036646-00036946 Reductions in extreme poverty, increases in income,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00132-00036946-00037230 improvements in health, improvements in education,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00133-00037230-00037647 the spread of democracy, in improvements in basic rights,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00134-00037647-00038014 the reduction in conflict so that we now live, actually,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00135-00038014-00038198 despite the newspapers,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00136-00038198-00038601 in one of the most peaceful times in world history.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00137-00038601-00039042 And so this has been happening in developing countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-00138-00039042-00039215 for more than two decades.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00139-00039215-00039449 A lot of the story is China and India.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00140-00039449-00039559 That won't surprise you.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00141-00039559-00039786 But people who do know some of the outlines
+-ra-tzK67R4-00142-00039786-00040126 of this story often assume that it is only China and India
+-ra-tzK67R4-00143-00040126-00040403 or maybe the bricks, four, five, six countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00144-00040403-00040834 This is actually happening in 60 to 70 countries around the world
+-ra-tzK67R4-00145-00040834-00041054 in most dimensions of development progress.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00146-00041054-00041344 And some of them like health, it's happening everywhere
+-ra-tzK67R4-00147-00041344-00041604 as we're about to see.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00148-00041604-00042005 So, the purpose of this book is to pull together the data
+-ra-tzK67R4-00149-00042005-00042335 to show that this is the case, to make the important point
+-ra-tzK67R4-00150-00042335-00042539 that while there has been tremendous progress,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00151-00042539-00042952 it is not everywhere and there are still huge obstacles
+-ra-tzK67R4-00152-00042952-00043129 and hundreds of millions of people
+-ra-tzK67R4-00153-00043129-00043313 that are not making great progress.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00154-00043313-00043516 So, it is not -- I am not declaring
+-ra-tzK67R4-00155-00043516-00043673 that everywhere is great.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00156-00043673-00044144 And then, in the book, to describe why I think it began
+-ra-tzK67R4-00157-00044144-00044564 to change in the mid '90s and then the last part
+-ra-tzK67R4-00158-00044564-00044804 of the book looking forward to think about whether
+-ra-tzK67R4-00159-00044804-00045078 or not this great progress can be extended.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00160-00045078-00045255 So, I'm not sure I'm going to be able to cover all of that
+-ra-tzK67R4-00161-00045255-00045558 in 20 minutes, but I'll give you a taste on it and then,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00162-00045558-00045762 depending on your questions, we can explore all
+-ra-tzK67R4-00163-00045762-00045899 of this in more detail.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00164-00045899-00046266 So what I want to do with a few slides is just show the data
+-ra-tzK67R4-00165-00046266-00046539 in a very simple form in some graphs
+-ra-tzK67R4-00166-00046539-00046756 on several dimensions of development.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00167-00046756-00046883 We're going to look at poverty.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00168-00046883-00047183 We're going to look at income numbers, look at health,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00169-00047183-00047440 education, democracy, conflict.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00170-00047440-00047660 Just a couple slides on each of those
+-ra-tzK67R4-00171-00047660-00047911 to paint the broad pictures of what's going on.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00172-00047911-00048121 So, let's start with poverty.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00173-00048121-00048374 This graph shows the number of people in the world living
+-ra-tzK67R4-00174-00048374-00048852 under a dollar a day going backwards to 1820.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00175-00048852-00049159 The best estimates that we have going back to 1820,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00176-00049159-00049442 the blue line comes from a study done by Francois Bourguignon
+-ra-tzK67R4-00177-00049442-00049569 and Christian Morrisson which was
+-ra-tzK67R4-00178-00049569-00049806 in the American Economic Review about 10 years ago
+-ra-tzK67R4-00179-00049806-00050089 where they took on the heroic task -- and I'm glad they did it
+-ra-tzK67R4-00180-00050089-00050220 and that I didn't have to --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00181-00050220-00050477 of estimating the number of people living
+-ra-tzK67R4-00182-00050477-00050834 in poverty back to 1820.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00183-00050834-00051207 And we can quibble with their numbers, but the bottom line
+-ra-tzK67R4-00184-00051207-00051631 on the number is that back in 1820 about 900,000,000
+-ra-tzK67R4-00185-00051631-00051885 out of 1,000,000,000 people in the world lived
+-ra-tzK67R4-00186-00051885-00052091 under a dollar a day in today's dollars.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00187-00052091-00052425 It was actually 1985 dollars that they did this.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00188-00052425-00052775 90% of people in the world 200 years ago lived
+-ra-tzK67R4-00189-00052775-00053076 in what we now consider extreme poverty.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00190-00053076-00053383 And the basic point is that was the norm for most people
+-ra-tzK67R4-00191-00053383-00053746 for most of human history lived in situations with poor housing,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00192-00053746-00053967 not enough food, they never went to school.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00193-00053967-00054087 They died young.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00194-00054087-00054307 Many of their children died in the first few days
+-ra-tzK67R4-00195-00054307-00054541 if not the first year of life.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00196-00054541-00055004 And, for most people, by today's standards,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00197-00055004-00055285 they lived in deep poverty.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00198-00055285-00055632 And the number of people if you -- once you see that,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00199-00055632-00055862 then you realize that from the beginning of human history,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00200-00055862-00056082 whenever you believe that is, the number of people living
+-ra-tzK67R4-00201-00056082-00056339 in extreme poverty rose alongside
+-ra-tzK67R4-00202-00056339-00056496 with global population.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00203-00056496-00056746 So, if we could extend this back, it was certainly going up
+-ra-tzK67R4-00204-00056746-00057013 and up and up from the beginning of time
+-ra-tzK67R4-00205-00057013-00057157 with perhaps some variations.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00206-00057157-00057313 That was the pattern throughout human history
+-ra-tzK67R4-00207-00057313-00057574 until after World War II where the number
+-ra-tzK67R4-00208-00057574-00057801 for the first time began to level off.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00209-00057801-00058004 The percentage, which I don't show here, was beginning
+-ra-tzK67R4-00210-00058004-00058154 to decline, of course.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00211-00058154-00058294 But the number was leveling off.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00212-00058294-00058565 It's a classic case of where no change was actually a big change
+-ra-tzK67R4-00213-00058565-00058751 for about 30 or 40 years.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00214-00058751-00059042 And then that database ends and we have a second database
+-ra-tzK67R4-00215-00059042-00059232 from Martin Ravallion and Shaohua Chen at the World Bank.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00216-00059232-00059476 This is the World Bank's database also
+-ra-tzK67R4-00217-00059476-00059676 at a dollar a day although with slightly different --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00218-00059676-00059936 a different price -- different price levels.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00219-00059936-00060203 But, for the first time in history,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00220-00060203-00060316 this number began to fall.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00221-00060316-00060697 And what's remarkable is that this number grew
+-ra-tzK67R4-00222-00060697-00061154 from the beginning of time and then, in the last 20 years,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00223-00061154-00061554 it fell by half in 20 years, which is nothing
+-ra-tzK67R4-00224-00061554-00061694 in terms of human history.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00225-00061694-00062105 And fell by over 1,000,000,000 people.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00226-00062105-00062282 So, that's the broad outlines of what has been going on.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00227-00062282-00062555 Let's look at the last 30 years with more up to date numbers.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00228-00062555-00062779 These are the most recent numbers from the World Bank.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00229-00062779-00063019 Their new poverty line, $1.90 a day.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00230-00063019-00063306 They're so new, in fact, that they came out two weeks
+-ra-tzK67R4-00231-00063306-00063453 after my book was published.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00232-00063453-00063726 It was very kind of the World Bank to wait
+-ra-tzK67R4-00233-00063726-00063837 until the book was published.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00234-00063837-00064057 So the book still has $1.25 a day poverty.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00235-00064057-00064327 Now it's $1.90 a day poverty.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00236-00064327-00064674 In 2011 prices, constant prices, but the broad outlines
+-ra-tzK67R4-00237-00064674-00064814 of the story haven't changed much.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00238-00064814-00065098 The red line uses the left axis as the number of people living
+-ra-tzK67R4-00239-00065098-00065548 under $1.90 a day in 2011 purchasing power parody prices.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00240-00065548-00065879 The blue line is the percentage on the right axis.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00241-00065879-00066109 And what you can see with the red line is that up
+-ra-tzK67R4-00242-00066109-00066419 until about 1993, there were 2,000,000,000 people
+-ra-tzK67R4-00243-00066419-00066709 in the world living under $1.90 a day.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00244-00066709-00066876 That's the end of that leveling off period
+-ra-tzK67R4-00245-00066876-00067006 that started after World War II.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00246-00067006-00067410 Between 1993 and 2012, that number fell
+-ra-tzK67R4-00247-00067410-00067554 by over 1,000,000,000.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00248-00067554-00067734 1,000,000,000 People were lifted
+-ra-tzK67R4-00249-00067734-00067954 out of extreme poverty in two decades.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00250-00067954-00068094 A billion.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00251-00068094-00068398 Neither remotely like this has ever happened in human history.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00252-00068398-00068548 Yes, China is a big part of it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00253-00068548-00068638 Of course it's a big part of it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00254-00068638-00068745 It's a big country [laughing]
+-ra-tzK67R4-00255-00068745-00068898 and there's been enormous progress.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00256-00068898-00069118 And India's a big part of it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00257-00069118-00069365 Together, they make up for about 60 --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00258-00069365-00069579 600,000,000, 60% of this drop.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00259-00069579-00069779 And it would be surprising if they didn't.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00260-00069779-00070003 But it is not just China and India.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00261-00070003-00070206 There are more than 60 developing countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-00262-00070206-00070547 in the world that have reached this historical turning point.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00263-00070547-00070753 And the rise in the number of poor have stopped --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00264-00070753-00071000 the number has stopped rising and has leveled off
+-ra-tzK67R4-00265-00071000-00071127 and has actually declined.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00266-00071127-00071538 More than 60 countries, Mozambique, Namibia, Mongolia,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00267-00071538-00071955 Sri Lanka, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00268-00071955-00072035 Yes, India.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00269-00072035-00072182 Yes, Indonesia.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00270-00072182-00072408 South Korea started earlier.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00271-00072408-00072645 Countries around the world big and small.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00272-00072645-00072752 This is beginning to happen.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00273-00072752-00072872 Not everywhere.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00274-00072872-00073022 It's not happening in Congo.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00275-00073022-00073199 It's not happening in Somalia.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00276-00073199-00073363 It's not happening in Yemen.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00277-00073363-00073543 It's not happening yet in Myanmar.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00278-00073543-00073723 It's not happening in North Korea.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00279-00073723-00073993 But 60 countries, more than 60 countries,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00280-00073993-00074277 this change has happened and more
+-ra-tzK67R4-00281-00074277-00074444 than a billion people have been lifted out of it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00282-00074444-00074674 This is one of the biggest changes in human history.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00283-00074674-00074904 Almost nobody is aware of this.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00284-00074904-00075111 There's a survey asking Americans,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00285-00075111-00075331 conducted about four years ago,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00286-00075331-00075605 asking Americans what had happened to the share --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00287-00075605-00075732 the blue line, the percentage --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00288-00075732-00075922 what had happened to the percentage of people living
+-ra-tzK67R4-00289-00075922-00076226 in extreme poverty around the world in the last 20 years.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00290-00076226-00076486 And it defined extreme poverty $1.25 according
+-ra-tzK67R4-00291-00076486-00076696 to the World Bank's numbers, it defined it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00292-00076696-00077036 Answer A, the share had doubled in the last 20 years.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00293-00077036-00077570 66% of Americans said A, the share had doubled.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00294-00077570-00077754 Which means they'd never heard of China
+-ra-tzK67R4-00295-00077754-00077964 and it's actually almost mathematically impossible
+-ra-tzK67R4-00296-00077964-00078067 for the share to have doubled.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00297-00078067-00078264 But, anyway, 66% of Americans thought
+-ra-tzK67R4-00298-00078264-00078378 that that share had doubled.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00299-00078378-00078551 Answer B, the share had remind the same.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00300-00078551-00078825 29% of Americans said that was the answer.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00301-00078825-00079028 We're at 95% of Americans.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00302-00079028-00079402 5% guessed or knew, maybe, answer C,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00303-00079402-00079572 which is that the share had fallen to half.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00304-00079572-00079796 So, this is one of the great transformations in history
+-ra-tzK67R4-00305-00079796-00080079 and people are unaware that it is happening.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00306-00080079-00080149 All right?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00307-00080149-00080273 Those are the poverty.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00308-00080273-00080460 Now people wonder, all right, incomes have now gone
+-ra-tzK67R4-00309-00080460-00080763 over $1.90 a day, fine.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00310-00080763-00080840 That's not very high.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00311-00080840-00080984 Are they $1.91?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00312-00080984-00081194 $1.95? You know?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00313-00081194-00081531 $2.00? If that's the case then maybe it isn't such a big deal.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00314-00081531-00081838 So, I looked at this and this is the number of people
+-ra-tzK67R4-00315-00081838-00082165 with incomes with consumption between different brackets.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00316-00082165-00082408 So, if you'll allow me to walk away from here for a moment.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00317-00082408-00082872 This is the number between $1.00 and $1.90 -- below $1.90 a day.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00318-00082872-00083029 These are the numbers we just looked at.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00319-00083029-00083263 So there's the drop of 1,000,000,000.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00320-00083263-00083419 This is the number of people with incomes
+-ra-tzK67R4-00321-00083419-00083696 between $1.90 and $3.00 a day.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00322-00083696-00084083 $3.00 to $5.00 and more than $5.00 a day.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00323-00084083-00084247 And the blue is in 1993.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00324-00084247-00084410 The red is in 2012.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00325-00084410-00084584 What I thought when I did these numbers --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00326-00084584-00084784 I hadn't seen anybody else do them -- I thought --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00327-00084784-00085004 I knew there would be the big drop here.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00328-00085004-00085371 I thought there'd be a big rise here in this bracket
+-ra-tzK67R4-00329-00085371-00085508 that most people were going to move
+-ra-tzK67R4-00330-00085508-00085742 to $2.00 a day or $2.50 a day.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00331-00085742-00085859 Well, there was a little increase here
+-ra-tzK67R4-00332-00085859-00086085 from 1,000,000,000 to 1.1 billion.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00333-00086085-00086426 But a much bigger rise of the number of people between $3.00
+-ra-tzK67R4-00334-00086426-00086799 and $5.00 a day, which went from 750,000,000 to 1.3 billion.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00335-00086799-00087083 The biggest rise is here with people with incomes more
+-ra-tzK67R4-00336-00087083-00087393 than $5.00 a day where the number is almost tripled
+-ra-tzK67R4-00337-00087393-00087780 from 970,000,000 to 2.7 billion.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00338-00087780-00087917 That's where the rise is.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00339-00087917-00088171 And that tells you, we can't obviously identify particular
+-ra-tzK67R4-00340-00088171-00088368 individuals, but it is clear
+-ra-tzK67R4-00341-00088368-00088641 that if people's incomes are moving not just a little
+-ra-tzK67R4-00342-00088641-00089132 but actually quite a lot along basically the entire spectrum.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00343-00089132-00089435 And throughout human history, this number of people
+-ra-tzK67R4-00344-00089435-00089873 with incomes below $1.90 a day has always been greater
+-ra-tzK67R4-00345-00089873-00090033 than this number around the world
+-ra-tzK67R4-00346-00090033-00090300 with incomes greater than $5.00 a day.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00347-00090300-00090513 About 10 years ago, it flipped and for the first time
+-ra-tzK67R4-00348-00090513-00090713 in human history, there are now far more people --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00349-00090713-00091094 there are more people with incomes greater than $5.00 a day
+-ra-tzK67R4-00350-00091094-00091301 than there are less than $1.90 a day.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00351-00091301-00091548 It's never been the case before in human history
+-ra-tzK67R4-00352-00091548-00091681 that that is the situation.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00353-00091681-00091814 But it is now.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00354-00091814-00092108 $5.00 a day may not sound like much, but the difference
+-ra-tzK67R4-00355-00092108-00092405 between $5.00 a day and $1.90 a day is huge.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00356-00092405-00092589 It means you get at least two meals a day.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00357-00092589-00092785 It means you have a tin roof on your head
+-ra-tzK67R4-00358-00092785-00093116 and probably cement block walls to keep the rats out
+-ra-tzK67R4-00359-00093116-00093219 and keep the rain out.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00360-00093219-00093359 It means your kids go to school.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00361-00093359-00093630 It means when you're sick, you actually can go see the doctor
+-ra-tzK67R4-00362-00093630-00093903 and get medicine and buy medicine for yourself.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00363-00093903-00094040 It's a huge difference.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00364-00094040-00094317 It means that you are not at risk in the next hungry season
+-ra-tzK67R4-00365-00094317-00094490 of someone in your family dying.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00366-00094490-00094697 You have a little bit of assurance
+-ra-tzK67R4-00367-00094697-00094804 that you're going to make it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00368-00094804-00094941 So that difference is huge
+-ra-tzK67R4-00369-00094941-00095098 and that's the shift that's been going on.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00370-00095098-00095205 Those are the poverty numbers.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00371-00095205-00095421 Now, switching to income.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00372-00095421-00095568 So, forget about poverty for a moment.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00373-00095568-00095738 This is average income.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00374-00095738-00096219 This is an index of GDP per capita, income per person
+-ra-tzK67R4-00375-00096219-00096586 in all developing countries in the world since 1960.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00376-00096586-00096956 And I've indexed everybody's -- each country's income to be 100
+-ra-tzK67R4-00377-00096956-00097383 in 1960 so we can see the increase in average income.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00378-00097383-00097670 There are three phases here that jump out immediately
+-ra-tzK67R4-00379-00097670-00097921 that tell us a lot about the history of development actually
+-ra-tzK67R4-00380-00097921-00098054 over the last 50 years.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00381-00098054-00098454 Between 1960 and the mid '70s, incomes rose.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00382-00098454-00098801 At -- not -- at a descent pace.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00383-00098801-00099108 But there is definitely economic growth happening
+-ra-tzK67R4-00384-00099108-00099255 in most developing countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00385-00099255-00099465 This is the period -- post-colonial period,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00386-00099465-00099622 newly independent countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00387-00099622-00099829 The world economy was doing pretty well
+-ra-tzK67R4-00388-00099829-00100213 and growth was happening in many developing countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00389-00100213-00100510 But from the mid '70s to the mid '90s, it stopped.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00390-00100510-00100803 Of course, starting with the oil price courses in the mid '70s
+-ra-tzK67R4-00391-00100803-00101057 when the whole world economy went down and every country
+-ra-tzK67R4-00392-00101057-00101277 in the world had major recession.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00393-00101277-00101618 And that ushered in the period of debt crises,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00394-00101618-00101895 macroeconomic imbalances, and no growth.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00395-00101895-00102372 For 20 years, there was zero growth in average incomes
+-ra-tzK67R4-00396-00102372-00102478 in developing countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00397-00102478-00102669 Zip, on average.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00398-00102669-00102892 Many countries were getting progress especially
+-ra-tzK67R4-00399-00102892-00103076 in East Asia, which means there are a lot of countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-00400-00103076-00103296 that were actually going the wrong way.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00401-00103296-00103530 Zero growth means that half developing countries actually
+-ra-tzK67R4-00402-00103530-00103753 had negative growth is what that really means.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00403-00103753-00103867 And that's what was happening.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00404-00103867-00103997 This was a bad period.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00405-00103997-00104410 A lot of conflict, a lot of war, a lot of dictators,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00406-00104410-00104581 the height of the cold war, which we're going
+-ra-tzK67R4-00407-00104581-00104804 to talk about a little more.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00408-00104804-00105031 No economic progress.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00409-00105031-00105291 This is the period why most people think
+-ra-tzK67R4-00410-00105291-00105535 that development progress isn't happening.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00411-00105535-00105715 Because it wasn't for 20 years.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00412-00105715-00106015 But most people are still stuck in that paradigm
+-ra-tzK67R4-00413-00106015-00106252 that there's no growth and very little progress
+-ra-tzK67R4-00414-00106252-00106342 in developing countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00415-00106342-00106482 But it ended 20 years ago.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00416-00106482-00106836 And starting in the mid '90s, we have rapid --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00417-00106836-00107150 much more rapid economic growth around developing countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-00418-00107150-00107524 so incomes have increased pretty significantly
+-ra-tzK67R4-00419-00107524-00107704 over the last two decades.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00420-00107704-00108024 Excluding China, the average income in developing countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-00421-00108024-00108398 in real terms has doubled in the last two decades.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00422-00108398-00108611 Excluding China, the average income
+-ra-tzK67R4-00423-00108611-00108828 in developing countries had doubled
+-ra-tzK67R4-00424-00108828-00109048 in the last two decades, in real terms.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00425-00109048-00109442 Again, we've never seen that kind of broad based progress.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00426-00109442-00109599 Again, is it just a few countries?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00427-00109599-00109702 No, it's not.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00428-00109702-00109913 So, now I'm counting countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00429-00109913-00110156 How many countries had growth -- how many developing countries --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00430-00110156-00110493 had growth exceeding 2% per capita
+-ra-tzK67R4-00431-00110493-00110820 in the earlier period, 1970s to 1990s?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00432-00110820-00111177 21 out of -- where I have a group of 109 countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-00433-00111177-00111337 where I have decent data.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00434-00111337-00111811 Only 21 exceeded that modest standard of 2% per capita.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00435-00111811-00112138 Now, some of you will know 2% per capita is the long-term
+-ra-tzK67R4-00436-00112138-00112365 historical growth rate of the United States.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00437-00112365-00112619 It's the world average since 1960.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00438-00112619-00112879 This is the number of countries that are doing better
+-ra-tzK67R4-00439-00112879-00112986 than the global average.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00440-00112986-00113236 And it was only 21 out of 109.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00441-00113236-00113456 More recently it's 71.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00442-00113456-00113643 Lots of countries have made this shift
+-ra-tzK67R4-00443-00113643-00113903 to at least modest economic growth.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00444-00113903-00114230 This is the number where growth is now exceeding 4% per capita.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00445-00114230-00114410 It was 10, now it's 30,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00446-00114410-00114854 30 out of 109 have exceeding 4% per capita.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00447-00114854-00115108 4% per capita is fast economic growth.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00448-00115108-00115385 It's not China, but it's fast economic growth especially
+-ra-tzK67R4-00449-00115385-00115558 if you can do it for 20 years.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00450-00115558-00115688 That's fast.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00451-00115688-00115818 How many have had negative growth?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00452-00115818-00116145 It was 51, it was half the developing countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00453-00116145-00116279 Now it's down to 10.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00454-00116279-00116406 So there are still some countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-00455-00116406-00116559 that are going to wrong way.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00456-00116559-00116643 This is Somalia.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00457-00116643-00116783 This is North Korea.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00458-00116783-00116883 This is Haiti.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00459-00116883-00117060 Unfortunately, Jamaica's in this group.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00460-00117060-00117243 The Central African Republic.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00461-00117243-00117634 We still have some pretty bad situations out there.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00462-00117634-00117810 But they are now the exception.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00463-00117810-00117991 They used to be the rule.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00464-00117991-00118174 So, that's what's going on on economic growth.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00465-00118174-00118401 People now ask about, "OK, what about income inequality?"
+-ra-tzK67R4-00466-00118401-00118595 We all know income inequality
+-ra-tzK67R4-00467-00118595-00118855 in the United States is getting worse.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00468-00118855-00118962 And we all know, therefore,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00469-00118962-00119242 that global inequality is getting worse.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00470-00119242-00119379 Right?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00471-00119515-00119649 Mmmm, not clear at all.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00472-00119649-00119899 Matter of fact, most of the evidence leans the other way
+-ra-tzK67R4-00473-00119899-00120253 that global income inequality has actually gotten better
+-ra-tzK67R4-00474-00120253-00120400 in the last 20 years.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00475-00120400-00120683 OK? Inequality's a tough thing to discuss
+-ra-tzK67R4-00476-00120683-00120853 because there are lots of different ways
+-ra-tzK67R4-00477-00120853-00120994 to think about inequality.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00478-00120994-00121251 It's actually much more complicated than poverty.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00479-00121251-00121554 Poverty we draw a line, $1.00 a day, $2.00 a day, we can argue
+-ra-tzK67R4-00480-00121554-00121764 about the income line and we count, are you above
+-ra-tzK67R4-00481-00121764-00122048 or below this absolute line.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00482-00122048-00122258 Income inequality, one of the reasons the discussions
+-ra-tzK67R4-00483-00122258-00122415 and debates on this are so complicated is
+-ra-tzK67R4-00484-00122415-00122565 that it's comparing the incomes
+-ra-tzK67R4-00485-00122565-00122755 of two different groups of people.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00486-00122755-00122906 Well, which two groups?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00487-00122906-00123116 Richest versus poorest people?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00488-00123116-00123363 The really richest versus the really poorest?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00489-00123363-00123580 Poorest countries versus richest countries?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00490-00123580-00123890 The poorest 20% to the top 20%?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00491-00123890-00124140 Lots of different measures and they're all valid.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00492-00124140-00124300 They all tell you something different.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00493-00124300-00124507 So I'm just going to look at a couple briefly.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00494-00124507-00124881 This is the Gini coefficient, which is the standard measure
+-ra-tzK67R4-00495-00124881-00125184 of income inequality measuring income inequality
+-ra-tzK67R4-00496-00125184-00125305 across countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00497-00125305-00125542 So we have 190 countries in the world.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00498-00125542-00125708 We have 190 observations.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00499-00125708-00125915 The average income in all countries in the world.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00500-00125915-00126015 So, it's not all people.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00501-00126015-00126229 It's the average income in all countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00502-00126229-00126382 And we look at that two ways.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00503-00126382-00126479 One is unweighted.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00504-00126479-00126619 Every country counts the same.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00505-00126619-00126849 Burundi counts the same as China.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00506-00126849-00127096 OK? The other is population weighted.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00507-00127096-00127196 China counts a lot.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00508-00127196-00127430 Burundi doesn't count for a whole lot.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00509-00127430-00127544 And we look at what happens.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00510-00127544-00127690 The Gini coefficient, when it goes up,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00511-00127690-00127881 inequality is getting worse.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00512-00127881-00128214 When it goes down, inequality is getting better.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00513-00128214-00128548 If you just count countries, inequality is getting worse.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00514-00128548-00128728 Which it had been doing since the beginning
+-ra-tzK67R4-00515-00128728-00128992 of the industrial revolution when the rich countries got rich
+-ra-tzK67R4-00516-00128992-00129215 and the poor countries stayed behind.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00517-00129215-00129776 Up until around 2000, and then inequality has been getting
+-ra-tzK67R4-00518-00129776-00130203 better by this measure if you count all countries the same.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00519-00130203-00130466 But that's actually I don't think the best way to do it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00520-00130466-00130743 If you weight it by population, which gets you closer
+-ra-tzK67R4-00521-00130743-00130920 to counting people,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00522-00130920-00131534 global income inequality has been improving since 1981,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00523-00131534-00131804 which is exactly when Deng Xiaoping began to open up China.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00524-00131804-00131981 So that actually should not surprise you
+-ra-tzK67R4-00525-00131981-00132105 that that's exactly what's been happening.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00526-00132105-00132262 But if you think about it for a minute,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00527-00132262-00132622 we have 2.5 billion people living in India and China
+-ra-tzK67R4-00528-00132622-00132899 where incomes have been rising quite rapid.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00529-00132899-00133162 So actually the global distribution of income,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00530-00133162-00133463 which had been widening for 200 years,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00531-00133463-00133877 actually has been shrinking a bit because largely the rise
+-ra-tzK67R4-00532-00133877-00134380 of big countries like India, China, Indonesia, Brazil,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00533-00134380-00134714 South Korea and others that are growing faster than we are and,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00534-00134714-00134961 therefore, closing the gap.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00535-00134961-00135338 If you count within country income distribution,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00536-00135338-00135562 within developing countries --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00537-00135562-00135745 I used a slightly different measure here
+-ra-tzK67R4-00538-00135745-00136125 which is the income share of the poorest 40% of the population.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00539-00136125-00136386 What's the share of the poorest 40%?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00540-00136386-00136646 It's usually around 18 or 19% of GDP.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00541-00136646-00136900 Is that share going up or down?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00542-00136900-00137110 And I have data for 80 developing countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-00543-00137110-00137410 for at least 10 years and I look at the first observation
+-ra-tzK67R4-00544-00137410-00137614 and the last observation.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00545-00137614-00137987 In 37 of those 80 countries -- developing countries --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00546-00137987-00138321 the share of income going to the poorest 40% has gone
+-ra-tzK67R4-00547-00138321-00138631 up in the last decade.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00548-00138631-00138841 In 22, it didn't change much,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00549-00138841-00139062 plus or minus one percentage point
+-ra-tzK67R4-00550-00139062-00139269 of the income share that they control.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00551-00139269-00139542 And in 21, it got worse.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00552-00139542-00139806 So I don't want to make a strong case here
+-ra-tzK67R4-00553-00139806-00140006 that global income distribution is getting better
+-ra-tzK67R4-00554-00140006-00140113 and we should all be happy.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00555-00140113-00140243 But I do want to push back
+-ra-tzK67R4-00556-00140243-00140500 against the widespread assumption
+-ra-tzK67R4-00557-00140500-00140743 that global income inequality is getting worse.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00558-00140743-00141040 It's really hard to actually back that up.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00559-00141040-00141204 It's true in some countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00560-00141204-00141391 It's getting worse in China
+-ra-tzK67R4-00561-00141391-00141641 because the coastal areas are growing faster
+-ra-tzK67R4-00562-00141641-00141778 than the rural areas.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00563-00141778-00142061 But in Brazil it's getting better.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00564-00142061-00142211 So it depends on the country and,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00565-00142211-00142452 when you count the countries, this is the pattern.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00566-00142452-00142659 I think the right way to characterize this is
+-ra-tzK67R4-00567-00142659-00142942 that the overall pattern is that there's not a clear pattern.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00568-00142942-00143192 But it is certainly not the case that you can --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00569-00143192-00143566 that you can argue that global income inequality is actually
+-ra-tzK67R4-00570-00143566-00143666 getting worse.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00571-00143666-00143766 So, that's inequality.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00572-00143766-00144020 Now, let me switch to health.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00573-00144020-00144284 This is a measure of the share of children
+-ra-tzK67R4-00574-00144284-00144480 that die before their 5th birthday.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00575-00144480-00144791 OK? In 1960, in developing countries,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00576-00144791-00145231 22% of children didn't make it to their 5th birthday.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00577-00145231-00145578 22%. And if you can imagine more than one
+-ra-tzK67R4-00578-00145578-00145905 out of five children dying before the age of five.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00579-00145905-00146052 It's really hard to comprehend.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00580-00146052-00146342 It's totally unacceptable, but that's the way the world was.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00581-00146342-00146522 And actually if you go back further in history,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00582-00146522-00146679 that number would have been higher.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00583-00146679-00146973 And frankly it would have been higher in Europe
+-ra-tzK67R4-00584-00146973-00147213 and in many other places if you go back, again,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00585-00147213-00147403 before the Industrial Revolution.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00586-00147403-00147747 That number has been falling much earlier starting right
+-ra-tzK67R4-00587-00147747-00148097 after World War II and it's now down to 5%.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00588-00148097-00148304 So now we're down to one out of 20 children
+-ra-tzK67R4-00589-00148304-00148488 that die before their 5th birthday, which is still,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00590-00148488-00148658 frankly, unacceptable.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00591-00148658-00148841 But it's a whole lot better than 22%.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00592-00148841-00149168 And that drop from 22 to five means that 17
+-ra-tzK67R4-00593-00149168-00149582 out of every 100 kids that are born today live
+-ra-tzK67R4-00594-00149582-00149769 that would have died just two generations ago.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00595-00149769-00149943 17 out of every 100.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00596-00149943-00150069 And they're living longer.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00597-00150069-00150240 They're living healthier, as we're going to see.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00598-00150240-00150390 They're getting into school.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00599-00150390-00150620 And poverty rates are falling.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00600-00150620-00150853 This, again, I think -- I think actually this is one
+-ra-tzK67R4-00601-00150853-00151144 of the greatest achievements in human history right here.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00602-00151144-00151251 Nobody knows about it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00603-00151251-00151517 But it's happening everywhere.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00604-00151517-00151661 I mentioned on the poverty numbers
+-ra-tzK67R4-00605-00151661-00151814 and on the income numbers, it's happened --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00606-00151814-00152211 those improvements are happening in most countries, but not all.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00607-00152211-00152405 This is quite different for two reasons.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00608-00152405-00152579 First of all, the change started earlier.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00609-00152579-00152956 And, second, it is universal.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00610-00152956-00153119 Not almost universal.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00611-00153119-00153319 It is universal.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00612-00153319-00153700 The share of children that die before their 5th birthday has
+-ra-tzK67R4-00613-00153700-00154203 fallen in every single country in the world since 1980.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00614-00154203-00154340 Period.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00615-00154340-00154624 Every single country in the world.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00616-00154624-00154761 In the United States.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00617-00154761-00154918 In North Korea.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00618-00154918-00155108 In the Central African Republic.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00619-00155108-00155331 In Haiti. Every country in the world.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00620-00155331-00155485 In Afghanistan.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00621-00155485-00155732 Every country in the world, this has fallen.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00622-00155732-00156062 I don't know of any socioeconomic indicator
+-ra-tzK67R4-00623-00156062-00156309 that has moved in the right direction
+-ra-tzK67R4-00624-00156309-00156476 for every country in the world ever.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00625-00156476-00156556 I don't know.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00626-00156556-00156753 But this has.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00627-00156753-00156863 So, it's a big deal.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00628-00156863-00157060 It has a lot to do with child immunizations.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00629-00157060-00157260 Has a lot to do with antidiarrheal treatment.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00630-00157260-00157527 It has a lot to do with the spread of knowledge
+-ra-tzK67R4-00631-00157527-00157870 around germ -- around germs.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00632-00157870-00158111 It has a lot to do with educating girls, as we're going
+-ra-tzK67R4-00633-00158111-00158251 to see in a few minutes.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00634-00158251-00158534 But this is a huge achievement that we see all over the place.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00635-00158534-00158948 A lot of people look at this and say, "Well --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00636-00158948-00159122 and they whisper -- this is fine.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00637-00159122-00159255 It's really nice these kids live.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00638-00159255-00159469 But doesn't this just mean we're going
+-ra-tzK67R4-00639-00159469-00159679 to have more people in the world?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00640-00159679-00159909 And they're all going to be stuck in poverty.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00641-00159909-00160016 I don't want to say that,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00642-00160016-00160246 but maybe this isn't such a good think."
+-ra-tzK67R4-00643-00160246-00160456 Wrong. This is a really good thing.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00644-00160456-00160847 Why? Because actually this is one of the most powerful drivers
+-ra-tzK67R4-00645-00160847-00161080 for reducing population growth.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00646-00161080-00161291 What happens when fewer children die?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00647-00161291-00161718 Yes, at first population rises because more kids are living.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00648-00161718-00161931 Within a generation, parents are smart.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00649-00161931-00162188 They figure this out and they start having fewer kids.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00650-00162188-00162338 A lot fewer kids.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00651-00162338-00162485 This is one of the biggest drivers
+-ra-tzK67R4-00652-00162485-00162625 for reducing fertility rates.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00653-00162625-00162829 And we see in country after country after country
+-ra-tzK67R4-00654-00162829-00163146 within a generation fertility rates drop
+-ra-tzK67R4-00655-00163146-00163349 and population growth rates drop.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00656-00163349-00163693 That's why, in the late 1960s, global fertility rates started
+-ra-tzK67R4-00657-00163693-00163983 to drop and why global population growth has been
+-ra-tzK67R4-00658-00163983-00164260 slowing since the late '60s.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00659-00164260-00164637 And so this is one of the most important forces behind slowing
+-ra-tzK67R4-00660-00164637-00164971 population growth that we hope, if it continues,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00661-00164971-00165371 will eventually lead to global population growth finally
+-ra-tzK67R4-00662-00165371-00165511 stopping within the next century.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00663-00165511-00165665 We hope. But that's a different story.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00664-00165665-00166149 But this is a powerful thing to reduce population pressures.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00665-00166149-00166349 Life expectancy, another measure of health.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00666-00166349-00166603 It's gone up from 50 years to 65 years.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00667-00166603-00166733 People are living much longer.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00668-00166733-00166936 This is life expectancy contingent
+-ra-tzK67R4-00669-00166936-00167113 on making it to age five.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00670-00167113-00167410 These improvements in health are not just kids.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00671-00167410-00167827 Malaria deaths have fallen by half in the last 15 years.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00672-00167827-00168024 Malaria is the biggest killer in sub-Saharan African.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00673-00168024-00168328 Malaria deaths have fallen by half in the last 15 years.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00674-00168328-00168651 Tuberculosis infections are down by 1/3.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00675-00168651-00168785 We wiped out small pox.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00676-00168785-00169062 We've almost wiped out polio.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00677-00169062-00169589 HIV/AIDS deaths are down by 1/3 since 2005.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00678-00169589-00169963 HIV/AIDS deaths, globally, are down by 1/3 since 2005.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00679-00169963-00170149 How many people knew that?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00680-00170149-00170506 How do we not know this?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00681-00170506-00170800 And nothing about you.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00682-00170800-00170960 This is -- we've been fighting HIV/AIDS,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00683-00170960-00171120 we hear all the bad stories and a couple
+-ra-tzK67R4-00684-00171120-00171351 of people maybe have sort of heard about this.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00685-00171351-00171574 We don't get these stories out there
+-ra-tzK67R4-00686-00171574-00171761 where HIV/AIDS deaths are actually
+-ra-tzK67R4-00687-00171761-00171988 down by 1/3 in just 10 years.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00688-00171988-00172205 So health is much better.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00689-00172205-00172322 Switching to education.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00690-00172322-00172522 This is the average number of years
+-ra-tzK67R4-00691-00172522-00172785 of schooling amongst adults.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00692-00172785-00172926 So put aside kids.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00693-00172926-00173253 Ask adults, "How many years of schooling did you have?"
+-ra-tzK67R4-00694-00173253-00173656 And this data comes from Bob Barro at Harvard
+-ra-tzK67R4-00695-00173656-00173920 and Jong-Wha Lee who's a Korean -- Korea University.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00696-00173920-00174524 In the 1970s, the average adult had 3.5 years of schooling.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00697-00174524-00174874 Now they're up to seven, which is still not enough,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00698-00174874-00175275 but it's twice as much schooling for hundreds of millions
+-ra-tzK67R4-00699-00175275-00175458 of people around the world.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00700-00175458-00175682 The blue brass are for men.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00701-00175682-00175878 The red are for women.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00702-00175878-00176099 And you can see the gap between men and women,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00703-00176099-00176326 but you can also see that that gap is closing.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00704-00176326-00176803 And there's still a gap, but the gap is much -- much smaller.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00705-00176803-00176993 So, this is not enough education.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00706-00176993-00177310 There are big questions about the quality of education.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00707-00177310-00177577 But, far more people have at least a basic education.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00708-00177577-00177847 This is 1970, 3.5 years.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00709-00177847-00178101 If we went back earlier in time into the colonial period,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00710-00178101-00178301 of course, it would have been much, much less.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00711-00178301-00178464 So a generation later,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00712-00178464-00178808 people are at least getting a primary school education
+-ra-tzK67R4-00713-00178808-00179018 and more and more it's girls.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00714-00179018-00179142 So, looking at girls.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00715-00179142-00179489 This is the girls' primary school completion rate
+-ra-tzK67R4-00716-00179489-00179599 for all developing countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00717-00179599-00179842 What percentage of girls, today's girls,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00718-00179842-00180043 are completing primary school?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00719-00180043-00180263 It was 60% back in the '70s.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00720-00180263-00180423 It's now 90%.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00721-00180423-00180713 90% of girls are now getting through primary school.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00722-00180713-00180974 That is a huge, huge change.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00723-00180974-00181244 And it is absolutely transformative
+-ra-tzK67R4-00724-00181244-00181557 because what this means, when we educate a girl, we know,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00725-00181557-00181848 first of all, those girls, when they become women,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00726-00181848-00182275 have more income -- economic opportunities themselves.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00727-00182275-00182485 We know that they get married later.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00728-00182485-00182705 They have fewer children.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00729-00182705-00183142 Their children go to school and have more education.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00730-00183142-00183296 Their children are healthier
+-ra-tzK67R4-00731-00183296-00183566 and their children have higher income opportunities.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00732-00183566-00183880 This is an intergenerational transformation process
+-ra-tzK67R4-00733-00183880-00184177 and it is one of the most important dynamics under way
+-ra-tzK67R4-00734-00184177-00184260 in developing countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00735-00184260-00184344 It's not everywhere.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00736-00184344-00184457 There are still many countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-00737-00184457-00184671 that do not give girls the opportunities.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00738-00184671-00184801 But many of them do.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00739-00184801-00184924 And when people ask me whether
+-ra-tzK67R4-00740-00184924-00185141 or not this transformation can continue,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00741-00185141-00185331 this is one reason why I think it can.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00742-00185331-00185775 Because this has impacts across -- across generations.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00743-00185775-00186009 So that's what's going on in education.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00744-00186009-00186115 Here's democracy.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00745-00186115-00186436 Democracy is spreading like never before.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00746-00186436-00186699 Or at least it was up until a few years ago.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00747-00186699-00187053 And I'll talk about that in a minute.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00748-00187053-00187340 Lots of controversy about how to measure democracy
+-ra-tzK67R4-00749-00187340-00187523 and I can talk more about that if you'd like me to.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00750-00187523-00187657 I use two different measures.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00751-00187657-00187951 One is a Freedom House rights based measure.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00752-00187951-00188131 Another is put together by the University of Maryland.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00753-00188131-00188481 It's called the Polity IV index which looks electoral quality
+-ra-tzK67R4-00754-00188481-00188798 and other institutional aspects of democracy.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00755-00188798-00188958 And, by my book, you have to meet both --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00756-00188958-00189168 a country has to meet both standards for me
+-ra-tzK67R4-00757-00189168-00189345 to count them as a democracy.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00758-00189345-00189756 And my numbers mirror lots of other measures out there
+-ra-tzK67R4-00759-00189756-00189906 in terms of numbers of democracies.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00760-00189906-00190340 In the mid '70s, only 12 developing countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-00761-00190340-00190667 out of the 109 that I'm tracking were democracies.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00762-00190667-00190803 Democracy was very rare.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00763-00190803-00191054 India, Costa Rica, a couple of other countries, Botswana,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00764-00191054-00191187 a couple of other countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00765-00191187-00191688 But it was very, very rare and dictatorship was the norm.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00766-00191688-00191904 Today, there are almost 60.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00767-00191904-00192325 More than half of developing countries are now democracies.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00768-00192325-00192565 And, again, I don't mean they just held an election.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00769-00192565-00192852 I actually mean they meet basic standards of --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00770-00192852-00193166 on freedom of rights, of political liberties,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00771-00193166-00193403 of electoral quality, of constraints
+-ra-tzK67R4-00772-00193403-00193766 on executive power, of rule of law.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00773-00193766-00193886 They're not perfect,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00774-00193886-00194163 but something big has changed not just in India,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00775-00194163-00194360 which has been a democracy for a long time.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00776-00194360-00194557 But, again, in South Africa after apartheid,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00777-00194557-00195131 in Mongolia next to China, in Indonesia, in Brazil.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00778-00195131-00195375 Think of Latin America 20 years ago.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00779-00195375-00195662 It was all run by a bunch of generals and dictators,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00780-00195662-00195932 everywhere expect Costa Rica.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00781-00195932-00196085 Now, think of where they are now.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00782-00196085-00196379 They're all democracies except Venezuela.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00783-00196379-00196586 Haiti is still a bit of a mess.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00784-00196586-00196819 Cuba, who knows what's going to happen?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00785-00196819-00197106 But the rest of them, the generals are gone.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00786-00197106-00197230 The generals who --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00787-00197230-00197503 from Argentina that invaded the Falklands are gone.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00788-00197503-00197804 And all the conflict with it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00789-00197804-00197910 And this has been happening
+-ra-tzK67R4-00790-00197910-00198164 in developing countries around the world.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00791-00198164-00198351 And, again, this is the reason why I think a lot
+-ra-tzK67R4-00792-00198351-00198641 of this progress can be sustained.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00793-00198641-00198805 So we can talk more about democracy.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00794-00198805-00199125 Hand in hand with democracies, there's much less conflict.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00795-00199125-00199335 This is a measure of the number of civil wars
+-ra-tzK67R4-00796-00199335-00199475 in developing countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00797-00199475-00199689 In the 1980s, at any given time,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00798-00199689-00199869 there were a dozen civil wars going
+-ra-tzK67R4-00799-00199869-00200013 on in developing countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00800-00200013-00200146 Now, it's about six.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00801-00200146-00200286 It's gone up a little bit.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00802-00200286-00200717 This is Syria and the Central African Republic.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00803-00200717-00201014 And I don't want to minimize those wars for a minute.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00804-00201014-00201287 They're terrible tragedies.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00805-00201287-00201584 But the amount of conflict today is far less
+-ra-tzK67R4-00806-00201584-00201794 than it's ever been in human history.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00807-00201794-00202128 Steven Pinker at Harvard has written an entire book
+-ra-tzK67R4-00808-00202128-00202355 on this called The Better Angels of Our Nature.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00809-00202355-00202532 It's a great book on the history of violence
+-ra-tzK67R4-00810-00202532-00202642 and conflict around the world.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00811-00202642-00202835 But think back, again, to the 1980s.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00812-00202835-00203102 Every country in Central America was at war.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00813-00203102-00203289 Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00814-00203289-00203586 all of Southern Africa was at war around the end of apartheid
+-ra-tzK67R4-00815-00203586-00203967 from what is now Zimbabwe to obviously South Africa
+-ra-tzK67R4-00816-00203967-00204177 to Mozambique, to what is now Namibia.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00817-00204177-00204397 We had Cuban troops in Namibia financed
+-ra-tzK67R4-00818-00204397-00204761 by the Soviet Union fighting with a group called Swapo,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00819-00204761-00205218 fighting against white South African troops financed by us
+-ra-tzK67R4-00820-00205218-00205398 in what is now almost comical.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00821-00205398-00205531 But that was common.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00822-00205531-00205792 Southeast Asia, the aftermath of Vietnam, the aftermath
+-ra-tzK67R4-00823-00205792-00205985 of the killing fields in Cambodia.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00824-00205985-00206272 Indonesia had invaded East Timor.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00825-00206272-00206449 It's over.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00826-00206449-00206602 It's over.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00827-00206602-00206996 In Asia today we have conflict in Afghanistan and the conflict
+-ra-tzK67R4-00828-00206996-00207303 in Ukraine, but otherwise there is no war going on in Asia,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00829-00207303-00207477 which is actually remarkable.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00830-00207477-00207724 There is no war going on in Latin America,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00831-00207724-00207884 which is actually remarkable.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00832-00207884-00207971 There's a lot of violence.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00833-00207971-00208101 There's a lot of crime.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00834-00208101-00208231 It's not all over.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00835-00208231-00208431 But there is far less war.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00836-00208431-00208765 This counts the number of battle deaths, which is down even more,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00837-00208765-00209075 75% fewer people are dying in war.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00838-00209075-00209585 It was over 200,000 people were dying a year in war.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00839-00209585-00209812 And now we're down to below 50,000.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00840-00209812-00210042 And, again, I don't want to minimize that for a minute,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00841-00210042-00210390 but there's far less war than there ever has been.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00842-00210390-00210667 Last slide.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00843-00210667-00210933 And I want to go back to income and make the point, again,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00844-00210933-00211150 that this is not everywhere.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00845-00211150-00211374 The middle line here is the line we showed before
+-ra-tzK67R4-00846-00211374-00211601 of average income leveling off
+-ra-tzK67R4-00847-00211601-00211881 and then doubling in the last 20 years.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00848-00211881-00212225 And I took those 109 countries and I took the 25
+-ra-tzK67R4-00849-00212225-00212455 with the fastest growth rates since 1960
+-ra-tzK67R4-00850-00212455-00212719 and the 25 developing countries with the slowest growth rates
+-ra-tzK67R4-00851-00212719-00212929 to show one measure of the variation
+-ra-tzK67R4-00852-00212929-00213182 of growth rates around this line.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00853-00213182-00213469 The 25 fastest growing countries, income has increased
+-ra-tzK67R4-00854-00213469-00213920 by almost a factor of six since 1960.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00855-00213920-00214260 And those countries in Korea and in Taiwan and in Indonesia
+-ra-tzK67R4-00856-00214260-00214687 and in China, today's adults have incomes more
+-ra-tzK67R4-00857-00214687-00214947 than five times higher than their grandparents.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00858-00214947-00215231 Five times higher than their grandparents in real terms
+-ra-tzK67R4-00859-00215231-00215415 for hundreds of millions of people.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00860-00215415-00215848 But, at the same time, there are 25 developing countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-00861-00215848-00216259 in which incomes today are the same as they were in 1960.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00862-00216259-00216479 And one of the great puzzles of development is that we live
+-ra-tzK67R4-00863-00216479-00216886 in a world where we see the greatest progress ever
+-ra-tzK67R4-00864-00216886-00217193 juxtaposed against a couple of dozen countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-00865-00217193-00217420 where there's still basically no progress at all.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00866-00217420-00217550 And why is that?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00867-00217550-00217794 And what can we learn from the rapid growing countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-00868-00217794-00217940 that could help the slow growing countries?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00869-00217940-00218144 It's one of the great puzzles of development.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00870-00218144-00218411 But the good news is that this number of countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-00871-00218411-00218661 that have been stagnating is shrinking.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00872-00218661-00218948 It's far fewer than it was in the past two decades.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00873-00218948-00219425 So we're far from success, but we've come a long way.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00874-00219425-00219756 Let me just take two -- a minute to talk
+-ra-tzK67R4-00875-00219756-00219956 about why I think this happened and then I want to stop
+-ra-tzK67R4-00876-00219956-00220303 and we can talk about the future and your questions.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00877-00220303-00220596 Most of this changed in the early 1990s.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00878-00220596-00220683 Not all of it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00879-00220683-00220837 The health stuff started earlier.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00880-00220837-00221124 But it's striking that the poverty numbers fell,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00881-00221124-00221494 the income numbers fell, the education numbers took off,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00882-00221494-00221784 the democracy numbers took off all in the 1990s.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00883-00221784-00222038 And that gives a big clue as to what happened to bring
+-ra-tzK67R4-00884-00222038-00222178 about the great surge.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00885-00222178-00222352 And I think there are several factors at play.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00886-00222352-00222522 One was the end of the Cold War.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00887-00222522-00222662 There's no question in my mind.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00888-00222662-00222929 And with that the emergence of China, which was actually part
+-ra-tzK67R4-00889-00222929-00223129 of the end of communism, the beginning
+-ra-tzK67R4-00890-00223129-00223242 of the end of communism really.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00891-00223242-00223449 And the end of the Cold War.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00892-00223449-00223743 And with the end of the Cold War, we stopped supporting a lot
+-ra-tzK67R4-00893-00223743-00224027 of nasty dictators and so did the Soviet Union and a lot
+-ra-tzK67R4-00894-00224027-00224487 of those dictators fell from the Duvaliers to Marcos to Mobutu
+-ra-tzK67R4-00895-00224487-00224711 and many others around the world fell.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00896-00224711-00224974 Sometimes they were replaced by new dictators.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00897-00224974-00225305 But more often than not, they were replaced by new leaders
+-ra-tzK67R4-00898-00225305-00225708 that were actually interested in democracy and basic rights
+-ra-tzK67R4-00899-00225708-00225915 and holding the executive accountable
+-ra-tzK67R4-00900-00225915-00226169 and having some modicum of development progress.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00901-00226169-00226592 So there was a big change in political systems at that time.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00902-00226592-00226733 It also reduced war.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00903-00226733-00227113 All of those wars I mentioned were proxy wars for the Cold War
+-ra-tzK67R4-00904-00227113-00227533 in Central America, in Southern Africa, in Southeast Asia.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00905-00227533-00227734 That was all a Cold War with us going to war
+-ra-tzK67R4-00906-00227734-00227950 with the Soviet Unions through some puppets.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00907-00227950-00228378 When Cold War ended, conflict fell dramatically
+-ra-tzK67R4-00908-00228378-00228538 and that opened the opportunities
+-ra-tzK67R4-00909-00228538-00228725 for much more development progress.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00910-00228725-00228975 So a big part of this story is the end of the Cold War
+-ra-tzK67R4-00911-00228975-00229215 and with it a move towards market capitalism.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00912-00229215-00229569 Not free markets, but much more toward market capitalism
+-ra-tzK67R4-00913-00229569-00229682 and democracy.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00914-00229682-00230039 And then the other big force was globalization
+-ra-tzK67R4-00915-00230039-00230483 that opened huge trade opportunities, financial flows,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00916-00230483-00230910 the exchange of ideas, and other forms of global integration,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00917-00230910-00231090 which were highly disruptive.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00918-00231090-00231210 Some people lost.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00919-00231210-00231397 There's no question about that.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00920-00231397-00231524 But hundreds of millions
+-ra-tzK67R4-00921-00231524-00231728 of people gained new job opportunities,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00922-00231728-00232075 new financial opportunities, new ideas, and new knowledge.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00923-00232075-00232281 And perhaps the most important part
+-ra-tzK67R4-00924-00232281-00232615 of that global integration was technology.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00925-00232615-00232882 From cell phones to the internet
+-ra-tzK67R4-00926-00232882-00233146 to better seed varieties to vaccines.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00927-00233146-00233326 I actually think the best example
+-ra-tzK67R4-00928-00233326-00233740 of globalization working really well is vaccines for children.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00929-00233740-00234000 You cannot get a vaccine to a kid --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00930-00234000-00234354 from a plant in Indiana to somebody --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00931-00234354-00234714 to a kid in Northern Mozambique without global integration,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00932-00234714-00235021 without private companies working with the United Nations,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00933-00235021-00235264 working with aid agencies, working with local governments,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00934-00235264-00235471 working with the community health worker who actually --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00935-00235471-00235728 and the mother who actually brings their kids.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00936-00235728-00235968 And you need all those pieces together to work.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00937-00235968-00236165 So, some parts of global integration have worked
+-ra-tzK67R4-00938-00236165-00236299 quite well.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00939-00236299-00236566 And a big part of that has been the transfer of technology
+-ra-tzK67R4-00940-00236566-00236753 from rich countries to poor.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00941-00236753-00237153 So, those are some of the forces behind what's going on.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00942-00237153-00237280 I'd be happy to talk about whether
+-ra-tzK67R4-00943-00237280-00237453 or not I think this will continue.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00944-00237453-00237673 I think it's an open question.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00945-00237673-00237787 It might and it might not.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00946-00237787-00238031 I think it's a matter of choice that we make.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00947-00238031-00238151 Not a matter of fate.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00948-00238151-00238464 But I'm happy to talk about that as we go along.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00949-00238464-00238568 But I've talked enough.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00950-00238568-00238748 So let me stop there and open it
+-ra-tzK67R4-00951-00238748-00239048 up for any questions that you might have.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00952-00239048-00239722 [ Applause ]
+-ra-tzK67R4-00953-00239722-00239942 Dean. Jump right in.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00954-00239942-00240369 >> You're probably a very person to address this.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00955-00240369-00240833 What role do you think foreign aid, aid agencies,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00956-00240833-00241224 most bilateral aid agencies play to this story?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00957-00241224-00241648 I think, you know, my gut feeling is that you're right.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00958-00241648-00241791 That it's about institutions.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00959-00241791-00242211 That it's about democracy, reductions in civil conflict,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00960-00242211-00242555 but what about the aid industry?
+-ra-tzK67R4-00961-00242555-00242862 >> Great. So you notice that I didn't mention aid.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00962-00242862-00243036 And this is not a book about aid.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00963-00243036-00243269 And partly I got sick and tired of everybody who talks
+-ra-tzK67R4-00964-00243269-00243536 about development, equating it with aid.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00965-00243536-00243660 And Dean did not do that.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00966-00243660-00243826 He actually made that separation.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00967-00243826-00244023 But too much of the debate about aid
+-ra-tzK67R4-00968-00244023-00244207 from my very good friends Jeffrey Sachs
+-ra-tzK67R4-00969-00244207-00244517 and Billy Strule [assumed spelling] and others end
+-ra-tzK67R4-00970-00244517-00244947 up equating development with aid and that's a big mistake.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00971-00244947-00245081 I do have a full chapter on aid.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00972-00245081-00245541 It's chapter nine on purpose to put it later in the book.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00973-00245541-00245695 Here's the bottom line and --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00974-00245695-00246015 of what I believe from my own experience and what I believe
+-ra-tzK67R4-00975-00246015-00246229 that the research evidence points to is
+-ra-tzK67R4-00976-00246229-00246472 that foreign aid has been a secondary --
+-ra-tzK67R4-00977-00246472-00246793 has had a secondary impact and a modest positive impact
+-ra-tzK67R4-00978-00246793-00246939 on this development progress.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00979-00246939-00247346 So it is nowhere near the major driver for growth.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00980-00247346-00247447 Institutions are.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00981-00247447-00247583 Choices around democracy.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00982-00247583-00247784 Choices around economic policy,
+-ra-tzK67R4-00983-00247784-00248194 and the world economic system are much more powerful.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00984-00248194-00248498 The transfer of technology is much more powerful.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00985-00248498-00248608 But aid can help that.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00986-00248608-00248748 I talked about vaccines.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00987-00248748-00248998 That doesn't happen without aid agencies.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00988-00248998-00249412 To aid is not the most powerful force.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00989-00249412-00249676 But it is also not the disaster that many writers
+-ra-tzK67R4-00990-00249676-00249849 like to paint it out to be.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00991-00249849-00250063 Yes, there's lots of failed aid programs.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00992-00250063-00250440 Yes, the money is not used particularly effectively.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00993-00250440-00250640 But here's where the research basically comes out.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00994-00250640-00251037 There's not much question that this huge improvement in health
+-ra-tzK67R4-00995-00251037-00251274 that I showed happened in large part
+-ra-tzK67R4-00996-00251274-00251417 because of foreign aid programs.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00997-00251417-00251604 And that's why it happened so much earlier.
+-ra-tzK67R4-00998-00251604-00251898 We do not eradicate small pox without foreign aid programs
+-ra-tzK67R4-00999-00251898-00252108 and within UN agencies at the fore.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01000-00252108-00252268 We've almost eradicated polio
+-ra-tzK67R4-01001-00252268-00252445 and it's aid agencies that are doing it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01002-00252445-00252665 Those immunizations that I talked about,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01003-00252665-00252829 aid is not the only thing happening there,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01004-00252829-00252962 but it's a big part of it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01005-00252962-00253322 Those reductions in death from malaria and tuberculosis
+-ra-tzK67R4-01006-00253322-00253626 and HIV/AIDS are happening in large part because of aid funds.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01007-00253626-00253890 So there's not much doubt actually on the health side.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01008-00253890-00254033 There's more to the health story,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01009-00254033-00254237 but that's where aid has had the biggest impact.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01010-00254237-00254514 It's also had a pretty big impact on agriculture.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01011-00254514-00254771 The green revolution, of course.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01012-00254771-00255084 New seed varieties and other forms of agriculture.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01013-00255084-00255331 On economic growth, the evidence particular
+-ra-tzK67R4-01014-00255331-00255438 in the last five years --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01015-00255438-00255601 there's a lot of variation in the research.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01016-00255601-00255998 I read maybe all of it or more than anyone should read
+-ra-tzK67R4-01017-00255998-00256279 in their lifetime on this.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01018-00256279-00256406 But most of the research
+-ra-tzK67R4-01019-00256406-00256666 in the last five years is finding a modest positive
+-ra-tzK67R4-01020-00256666-00256869 relationship between aid and growth,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01021-00256869-00257250 around one percentage point of adding --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01022-00257250-00257697 adding one percentage point to growth rates from aid flows
+-ra-tzK67R4-01023-00257697-00257817 with a lot of variation.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01024-00257817-00258101 But that's the statistically significant result.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01025-00258101-00258621 And it seems to be a stronger relationship post-1995.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01026-00258621-00259015 And there's five or six very recent studies that show that.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01027-00259015-00259275 So that's -- that's basically where I come out.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01028-00259275-00259602 It's not the biggest driver, but it does help
+-ra-tzK67R4-01029-00259602-00259746 in some circumstances.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01030-00259746-00259892 Yes?
+-ra-tzK67R4-01031-00259892-00260186 >> So, you've painted a very vivid picture of improvements
+-ra-tzK67R4-01032-00260186-00260453 in the developing world.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01033-00260453-00260566 >> Yeah.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01034-00260566-00260813 >> In everything from health care to education
+-ra-tzK67R4-01035-00260813-00261054 to income, environment, wealth.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01036-00261054-00261414 So, it's fair to say that the developing world is catching up?
+-ra-tzK67R4-01037-00261414-00261614 >> Yeah. The developed world.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01038-00261614-00261754 >> But, within the developed world --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01039-00261754-00262118 and I think also then the developing world,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01040-00262118-00262395 there's increasing inequality within societies.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01041-00262395-00262605 >> Mm-hmm.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01042-00262605-00263062 >> So, yes, overall, there's greater equality on the planet.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01043-00263062-00263343 But within any given society, certainly the US --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01044-00263343-00263733 but aren't places like India also experiencing increasing
+-ra-tzK67R4-01045-00263733-00263900 internal inequality?
+-ra-tzK67R4-01046-00263900-00264200 >> So, that's what this slide is about,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01047-00264200-00264370 this distribution within countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01048-00264370-00264580 Right? And it is absolutely true
+-ra-tzK67R4-01049-00264580-00264961 in some developing countries that's what's going on.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01050-00264961-00265261 But actually somewhat surprising in the majority
+-ra-tzK67R4-01051-00265261-00265395 of developing countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-01052-00265395-00265628 within country income distribution has actually
+-ra-tzK67R4-01053-00265628-00265752 gotten better.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01054-00265752-00266092 And many of these are countries in Latin America.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01055-00266092-00266522 Brazil is the largest country where this has been --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01056-00266522-00266656 where this has been the case.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01057-00266656-00266966 El Salvador, this has been the case in the last few years
+-ra-tzK67R4-01058-00266966-00267273 and many other countries where the share of --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01059-00267273-00267400 this measures the share
+-ra-tzK67R4-01060-00267400-00267694 of income earned by the poorest 40%.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01061-00267694-00267907 But if I did the share of income of the poorest 20%
+-ra-tzK67R4-01062-00267907-00268037 or if I looked at a Gini coefficient,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01063-00268037-00268327 it would be basically the same picture.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01064-00268327-00268978 That, again, either that distribution has either improved
+-ra-tzK67R4-01065-00268978-00269162 or it hasn't changed much.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01066-00269162-00269402 In some countries it has gotten worse.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01067-00269402-00269615 And, again, I don't want to --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01068-00269615-00269796 I'm not going to make the strong claim
+-ra-tzK67R4-01069-00269796-00270133 that systematically income distribution is getting better.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01070-00270133-00270476 But I do think that you can't make the argument
+-ra-tzK67R4-01071-00270476-00270743 that systematically income distribution is getting worse
+-ra-tzK67R4-01072-00270743-00270960 in developing countries -- in some countries, yes.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01073-00270960-00271170 In some big ones, China, yes.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01074-00271170-00271424 But others -- Indonesia,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01075-00271424-00271651 it actually hasn't changed very much.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01076-00271651-00271901 In South Korea, it hasn't changed very much going back
+-ra-tzK67R4-01077-00271901-00272028 over decades.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01078-00272028-00272328 And in Brazil and Latin America, it's getting better.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01079-00272328-00272789 So, that's what the evidence -- that's the data that we have
+-ra-tzK67R4-01080-00272789-00272875 on developing countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01081-00272875-00272952 Yes?
+-ra-tzK67R4-01082-00272952-00273146 And then we'll go -- yes?
+-ra-tzK67R4-01083-00273146-00273476 >> Just curious, what is the nature and the extent
+-ra-tzK67R4-01084-00273476-00273783 of any international cooperation and the allocation
+-ra-tzK67R4-01085-00273783-00274167 and conservation of water in the obviously the impact
+-ra-tzK67R4-01086-00274167-00274630 that that will have on growth?
+-ra-tzK67R4-01087-00274630-00274907 >> Yeah. Good.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01088-00274907-00275161 So -- so, let me.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01089-00275161-00275898 To get to that, the last 1/3 of this book is about the future.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01090-00275898-00276265 And the question I ask is, "Can this progress be sustained?"
+-ra-tzK67R4-01091-00276265-00276466 And I decided not to predict the future
+-ra-tzK67R4-01092-00276466-00276693 because whatever I said would be wrong.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01093-00276693-00276796 That's for sure.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01094-00276796-00277020 So I actually lay out three scenarios
+-ra-tzK67R4-01095-00277020-00277266 that I think are all possible, actually.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01096-00277266-00277513 One is that this progress continues.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01097-00277513-00277797 Unevenly, two steps forward, one step backward.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01098-00277797-00277924 Some countries go backwards.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01099-00277924-00278074 More countries go forward.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01100-00278074-00278231 But over 20 or 30 years,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01101-00278231-00278598 we actually see continued progress along these lines.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01102-00278598-00278781 And I think that is entirely possible.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01103-00278781-00278975 And I think because of the institutional changes
+-ra-tzK67R4-01104-00278975-00279338 and the educational changes, that could happen.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01105-00279338-00279572 Commodity prices at the moment are pushing against that.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01106-00279572-00279762 But that's not a 30 year phenomenon I don't think.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01107-00279762-00279902 It's more -- it's a shorter term.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01108-00279902-00280339 Second scenario is that things get -- don't change very much.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01109-00280339-00280660 We've had this progress that basically stagnates.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01110-00280660-00280943 And a third scenario is that it actually goes backwards.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01111-00280943-00281257 OK? And poverty numbers actually start to go up.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01112-00281257-00281491 And I think this is entirely possible
+-ra-tzK67R4-01113-00281491-00281674 because of pressures on the planet.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01114-00281674-00281894 Either because of conflict, we go back to war
+-ra-tzK67R4-01115-00281894-00282158 and we can all imagine scenarios where that might happen.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01116-00282158-00282418 Or because of various pressures on the planet,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01117-00282418-00282705 increasing population, increasing resource demand,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01118-00282705-00282925 obviously climate change, and with that now,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01119-00282925-00283132 I finally get to water.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01120-00283132-00283446 If we don't address that issue, all of those issues,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01121-00283446-00283696 then we got a big problem and this can't --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01122-00283696-00283996 this kind of progress cannot be sustained.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01123-00283996-00284300 And so I think, to get there, we need to continue --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01124-00284300-00284554 among many others things and this will be a very short answer
+-ra-tzK67R4-01125-00284554-00284821 to a complicated question -- among many other things,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01126-00284821-00285238 we're going to have to invest in new technologies and resources
+-ra-tzK67R4-01127-00285238-00285608 and R and D along with building the international institutions
+-ra-tzK67R4-01128-00285608-00285915 for cooperation around climate change, obviously,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01129-00285915-00286366 both to stop it, but also to help countries mitigate it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01130-00286366-00286896 Into green energy -- into clean energy and into water.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01131-00286896-00287236 And one of the key things on water is both the management
+-ra-tzK67R4-01132-00287236-00287724 of the water we have but also things like desalinization.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01133-00287724-00288157 And if we can get the cost curves down on desalinization,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01134-00288157-00288434 which is happening -- so Singapore is doing some of this.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01135-00288434-00288551 Jordan is doing some of this.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01136-00288551-00288828 If we can get those cost curves down,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01137-00288828-00289208 that becomes a game changer in many ways at least
+-ra-tzK67R4-01138-00289208-00289369 for coastal communities.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01139-00289369-00289522 But you still need the management.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01140-00289522-00289672 So how this is going to go?
+-ra-tzK67R4-01141-00289672-00289799 I don't know.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01142-00289799-00290343 A big test -- the Indus Basin Treaty between Pakistan
+-ra-tzK67R4-01143-00290343-00290656 and India, which has been enforced for 40 years,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01144-00290656-00290867 actually ends in 2019.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01145-00290867-00291107 So, Pakistan and India are going to have to negotiate
+-ra-tzK67R4-01146-00291107-00291534 and that's just one example of many that we're going to have
+-ra-tzK67R4-01147-00291534-00291814 to get -- those negotiations are going to be right
+-ra-tzK67R4-01148-00291814-00292205 to manage the inland waters along with some technology
+-ra-tzK67R4-01149-00292205-00292331 on the coastal waters.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01150-00292331-00292612 If we don't do that, this is going to go backwards.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01151-00292612-00292942 If we do, it can progress.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01152-00292942-00293182 So, that's the short answer
+-ra-tzK67R4-01153-00293182-00293483 to a very complicated and good question.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01154-00293483-00293596 Yes?
+-ra-tzK67R4-01155-00293596-00293773 >> You had mentioned the impact of globalization.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01156-00293773-00293840 >> Yeah.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01157-00293840-00293923 >> Trade agreements.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01158-00293923-00294063 >> Yep.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01159-00294063-00294377 >> Is there an inverse relation in terms of what's been going
+-ra-tzK67R4-01160-00294377-00294944 on here versus the development -- ?
+-ra-tzK67R4-01161-00294944-00295218 >> I think I know what you mean, but I'm going to ask you
+-ra-tzK67R4-01162-00295218-00295358 to be more explicit [inaudible].
+-ra-tzK67R4-01163-00295358-00295702 >> Yeah. The income gaps that have developed here
+-ra-tzK67R4-01164-00295702-00296249 in part perhaps attributed to the outflow of [inaudible].
+-ra-tzK67R4-01165-00296249-00296329 >> Good question.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01166-00296329-00296439 And I'm glad that I have one
+-ra-tzK67R4-01167-00296439-00296582 of the world's great trade economists here
+-ra-tzK67R4-01168-00296582-00296729 to help me answer this question.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01169-00296729-00297173 Susan, that would be you since you're [inaudible].
+-ra-tzK67R4-01170-00297173-00297203 So.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01171-00297747-00298144 If -- If it is -- so, the answer is to some extent, yes.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01172-00298144-00298548 I think. However, as soon as you go down that route,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01173-00298548-00298945 you have to recognize that what that also means is
+-ra-tzK67R4-01174-00298945-00299265 that perhaps one of the reasons that our prosperity has grown
+-ra-tzK67R4-01175-00299265-00299525 so quickly over the last 200 years is perhaps we weren't
+-ra-tzK67R4-01176-00299525-00299816 creating opportunities, or we were suppressing opportunities
+-ra-tzK67R4-01177-00299816-00299929 for the rest of the world.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01178-00299929-00300206 If it is true that they now have opportunities
+-ra-tzK67R4-01179-00300206-00300576 and somehow that's making life more difficult for us,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01180-00300576-00300800 there's an uncomfortable implication
+-ra-tzK67R4-01181-00300800-00300983 about the last 200 years of history.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01182-00300983-00301130 That doesn't make it wrong.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01183-00301130-00301561 But we have to recognize both sides of this coin first of all.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01184-00301561-00301901 Second of all, I do think it is probably the case.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01185-00301901-00302071 There's a lot of debate in the trade literature,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01186-00302071-00302361 which Susan would know better than I, about the extent
+-ra-tzK67R4-01187-00302361-00302759 to which the fact that we've got stagnating wages here
+-ra-tzK67R4-01188-00302759-00302995 for middle income earners has been stagnating.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01189-00302995-00303126 How much of that is trade?
+-ra-tzK67R4-01190-00303126-00303329 How much of that is technology?
+-ra-tzK67R4-01191-00303329-00303543 And other forces at work?
+-ra-tzK67R4-01192-00303543-00303900 My sense is that, yes, competition from India
+-ra-tzK67R4-01193-00303900-00304197 and China has been part of that story.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01194-00304197-00304731 But I -- my own personal belief is that if that is true,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01195-00304731-00305088 the real problem is our poor response to that.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01196-00305088-00305251 That is, it's not so much
+-ra-tzK67R4-01197-00305251-00305381 that we're getting more competition
+-ra-tzK67R4-01198-00305381-00305535 from China and India.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01199-00305535-00305978 It is that we are not responding with better education programs,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01200-00305978-00306252 with better training programs for people who lose their jobs,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01201-00306252-00306476 we're not investing in our infrastructure.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01202-00306476-00306796 Instead of blaming rising competition,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01203-00306796-00306973 we ought to be making the investment
+-ra-tzK67R4-01204-00306973-00307243 so that we can compete in a global economy.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01205-00307243-00307570 And the reason -- one of the reasons I believe that is
+-ra-tzK67R4-01206-00307570-00307980 because when we have done that historically, it's actually ends
+-ra-tzK67R4-01207-00307980-00308244 up being good for all of us.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01208-00308244-00308591 Right? That we had similar questions
+-ra-tzK67R4-01209-00308591-00308765 with Japan and Germany.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01210-00308765-00309148 In the long run it has been very good for us that Germany
+-ra-tzK67R4-01211-00309148-00309665 and Japan have become more prosperous, stable democracies.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01212-00309665-00309912 Not just because of the trade patterns,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01213-00309912-00310209 but because they are now our allies in so many ways.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01214-00310209-00310470 And so one of the reasons why I think this is ultimately good
+-ra-tzK67R4-01215-00310470-00310753 for us, even though it puts some pressure on wages,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01216-00310753-00311167 is because if this continues and we have more and more countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-01217-00311167-00311501 that are successful in some type of democracy,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01218-00311501-00311834 some type of building effective government institutions,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01219-00311834-00312275 some economic opportunities for their next generation,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01220-00312275-00312595 these are allies that we can work
+-ra-tzK67R4-01221-00312595-00312875 with to solve our own problems of fighting terrorism,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01222-00312875-00313126 of fighting conflict, of fighting drugs,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01223-00313126-00313312 of fighting the international issues
+-ra-tzK67R4-01224-00313312-00313473 that we care deeply about.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01225-00313473-00313736 One of the best ways to at least reduce terrorism --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01226-00313736-00313840 we're never going to eliminate it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01227-00313840-00313980 It's been around forever --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01228-00313980-00314460 is to help create more effective states that can counter that.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01229-00314460-00314861 And building those effective states is part and parcel
+-ra-tzK67R4-01230-00314861-00315234 of development which is in our long-term, selfish interest.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01231-00315234-00315368 So I think it is actually good
+-ra-tzK67R4-01232-00315368-00315635 for us even though it does create this pressure on wages.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01233-00315635-00316205 But I think the right way to think about the competition
+-ra-tzK67R4-01234-00316205-00316422 from other countries and what that has done to wage --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01235-00316422-00316606 I think that highlights our own failure
+-ra-tzK67R4-01236-00316606-00316799 to respond in an effective way.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01237-00316799-00316959 But I don't know if I'm summarizing the literature.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01238-00316959-00317176 I don't know whether I want to put you on the spot
+-ra-tzK67R4-01239-00317176-00317660 for what the evidence says about the impact of competition
+-ra-tzK67R4-01240-00317660-00317884 from developing countries on our own wages.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01241-00317884-00318054 >> So I would just say two things
+-ra-tzK67R4-01242-00318054-00318334 and I would say I'm familiar with some of the literature.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01243-00318334-00318658 This has really ballooned and is quite huge.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01244-00318658-00318955 And there certainly are a range of views.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01245-00318955-00319298 >> That's why I passed the buck to you is because [laughing].
+-ra-tzK67R4-01246-00319298-00319649 >> The pieces that I would add are,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01247-00319649-00320556 first that it really depends on the who is us when you think
+-ra-tzK67R4-01248-00321177-00321711 about where the benefits are and that's I think following
+-ra-tzK67R4-01249-00321711-00322391 up on the point that you were making.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01250-00322391-00322775 There's certainly among --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01251-00322775-00323506 within the US and within the richer industrialized countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-01252-00323506-00324130 are many groups that have benefited substantially.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01253-00324130-00325037 And so how our institutions and how engagement within the US
+-ra-tzK67R4-01254-00325218-00326105 in particular mean that those gains get distributed is part
+-ra-tzK67R4-01255-00326105-00326212 of it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01256-00326212-00326492 Now, the other point that I would make is
+-ra-tzK67R4-01257-00326492-00326779 that we often are not very clear about what our [inaudible] is.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01258-00326779-00326903 So what are we comparing the outcomes we see to
+-ra-tzK67R4-01259-00326903-00327013 and often we -- if you actually unpack that --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01260-00327013-00327126 tend to be comparing them to alternatives,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01261-00327126-00327230 which actually weren't very realistic.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01262-00327230-00327306 >> Mm-hmm.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01263-00327306-00327430 >> And so, you know, it --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01264-00327430-00327557 depending on what you're comparing these outcomes to,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01265-00327557-00327680 you're view of what the alternatives might have looked
+-ra-tzK67R4-01266-00327680-00327804 like and how to assess them are very very different.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01267-00327804-00327904 There certainly are some quite realistic alternatives
+-ra-tzK67R4-01268-00327904-00328027 in which various kinds of technological
+-ra-tzK67R4-01269-00328027-00328131 and other changes occur without expansions in trade
+-ra-tzK67R4-01270-00328131-00328251 and the implications in terms of growth
+-ra-tzK67R4-01271-00328251-00328307 in the US would actually have been more concerning
+-ra-tzK67R4-01272-00328307-00328428 in some ways.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01273-00328428-00328531 And so that's kind of the second lens on, again,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01274-00328531-00328624 a very important, complicated question
+-ra-tzK67R4-01275-00328624-00328674 that doesn't have a simple answer.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01276-00328674-00328731 >> Mm-hmm.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01277-00328731-00328861 Yep. OK. Yes?
+-ra-tzK67R4-01278-00328861-00329115 >> So, you say the rise of democracies as an indicator
+-ra-tzK67R4-01279-00329115-00329318 for growth in developing world.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01280-00329318-00329645 So, my question is, in your opinion,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01281-00329645-00329869 what is the biggest factor of being a democracy
+-ra-tzK67R4-01282-00329869-00330059 that contributes to growth?
+-ra-tzK67R4-01283-00330059-00330193 >> Right. OK.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01284-00330193-00330640 So I didn't -- well, so I sited democracy as an indicator
+-ra-tzK67R4-01285-00330640-00330790 of development broadly.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01286-00330790-00330970 Not necessarily of growth.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01287-00330970-00331190 But I do believe that the two are related.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01288-00331190-00331384 It's a little hard to look at these pictures
+-ra-tzK67R4-01289-00331384-00331681 and not see the obvious correlation.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01290-00331681-00331954 And so it begs the question, "What is the relationship?"
+-ra-tzK67R4-01291-00331954-00332328 Lots of literature and debate on this.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01292-00332328-00332568 And here's where I come out on it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01293-00332568-00333076 It is absolutely true that many authoritarian governments have
+-ra-tzK67R4-01294-00333076-00333543 been quite successful in achieving decades of growth.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01295-00333543-00333833 Obviously, China and Vietnam and Rwanda
+-ra-tzK67R4-01296-00333833-00334030 and Ethiopia and Indonesia.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01297-00334030-00334434 When I lived there -- I lived in Indonesia for four years
+-ra-tzK67R4-01298-00334434-00334600 and worked in the Ministry of Finance
+-ra-tzK67R4-01299-00334600-00334904 for the Suharto government, South Korea under the general.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01300-00334904-00335051 So we have lots of examples.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01301-00335051-00335284 So it is not -- you cannot say
+-ra-tzK67R4-01302-00335284-00335748 that democracy is necessary for growth.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01303-00335748-00336182 However, in these last two decades, the majority
+-ra-tzK67R4-01304-00336182-00336466 of countries that have had sustained growth --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01305-00336466-00336712 the majority -- are democracies.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01306-00336712-00337066 OK? They are not getting the 10% growth of China,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01307-00337066-00337273 but many of them are doing quite well.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01308-00337273-00337410 And it's the majority.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01309-00337410-00337840 It is South Africa and it is India, and it is now Indonesia
+-ra-tzK67R4-01310-00337840-00338337 and it is Tanzania and it is Brazil and it is Chile
+-ra-tzK67R4-01311-00338337-00338658 and it is the Philippines and it is the majority
+-ra-tzK67R4-01312-00338658-00338801 of countries that have moved.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01313-00338801-00339075 And the thing about authoritarian governments is
+-ra-tzK67R4-01314-00339075-00339288 that some of them do quite well.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01315-00339288-00339599 If you happen to have Lee Kuan Yew from Singapore,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01316-00339599-00339719 you know, good on you.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01317-00339719-00339962 But once you go down that path, you're more likely
+-ra-tzK67R4-01318-00339962-00340386 to get Robert Mugabe who started out supposedly
+-ra-tzK67R4-01319-00340386-00340580 as a democrat and went south.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01320-00340580-00340750 And that's the more common pattern.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01321-00340750-00340960 So at least it's a risky business to go
+-ra-tzK67R4-01322-00340960-00341160 down the authoritarian regime.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01323-00341160-00341464 And China's authoritarian regime now looks pretty good.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01324-00341464-00341881 The last one didn't look so good under Mao.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01325-00341881-00342071 So, it's a risky business.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01326-00342071-00342335 And what the evidence is is that under authoritarian governments,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01327-00342335-00342645 there's much more variance in terms of growth performance.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01328-00342645-00342852 Under democracies there's much less variance,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01329-00342852-00343092 which is essentially what Amartya Sen was pointing
+-ra-tzK67R4-01330-00343092-00343359 out in his classical work that showed
+-ra-tzK67R4-01331-00343359-00343639 that there aren't any famines in democracies.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01332-00343639-00343980 Some people can contest that with a few cases depending
+-ra-tzK67R4-01333-00343980-00344210 on how you define a famine.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01334-00344210-00344350 But his point holds.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01335-00344350-00344834 So, the overall pattern has been growth on average of at least
+-ra-tzK67R4-01336-00344834-00345221 as good amongst the democracies with less variance.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01337-00345221-00345455 But then the other point which I think is really the clincher,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01338-00345455-00345695 for all of those countries that have had growth
+-ra-tzK67R4-01339-00345695-00345958 under authoritarian regimes, historically
+-ra-tzK67R4-01340-00345958-00346195 that all end at some point.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01341-00346195-00346402 We'll see what happens to China.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01342-00346402-00346692 In the last 1950s everybody was saying the Soviet growth model
+-ra-tzK67R4-01343-00346692-00346773 was the one.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01344-00346773-00346943 They were outperforming us.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01345-00346943-00347063 But it fell apart.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01346-00347063-00347233 It could not be sustained.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01347-00347233-00347503 The same thing happened under Bismarck in Germany
+-ra-tzK67R4-01348-00347503-00347904 and after the Meiji Restoration in China and many other places.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01349-00347904-00348304 We don't have any rich authoritarian countries.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01350-00348304-00348541 We have a few small oil rich countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-01351-00348541-00348755 that maybe you could define that way.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01352-00348755-00349108 But the authoritarian governments either switch
+-ra-tzK67R4-01353-00349108-00349502 to democracy as citizens demand more accountability.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01354-00349502-00349759 Or there's so much pressure as what happened
+-ra-tzK67R4-01355-00349759-00350026 in the Soviet Union that the system ultimately breaks down
+-ra-tzK67R4-01356-00350026-00350229 and they can't sustain growth and they might try
+-ra-tzK67R4-01357-00350229-00350423 to maintain authoritarian control,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01358-00350423-00350580 but growth is going to slow down.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01359-00350580-00350690 There's a huge debate.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01360-00350690-00350870 That's what happened in Indonesia.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01361-00350870-00350940 All right?
+-ra-tzK67R4-01362-00350940-00351073 They threw Suharto out.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01363-00351073-00351344 I was told, when I lived there, that Indonesians only care
+-ra-tzK67R4-01364-00351344-00351661 about economic progress, not democracy.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01365-00351661-00351948 It turned out that was what the elites wanted.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01366-00351948-00352175 When the Asian financial crisis happened
+-ra-tzK67R4-01367-00352175-00352452 and Suharto had a heart attack and the opportunity arose,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01368-00352452-00352715 it turned out that Indonesians wanted both.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01369-00352715-00352929 The world's largest Muslim country wanted
+-ra-tzK67R4-01370-00352929-00353152 to be a democracy.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01371-00353152-00353503 And last year -- well, now 2014,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01372-00353503-00353960 a furniture maker beat Suharto's son in law,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01373-00353960-00354177 Major General Prabowo --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01374-00354177-00354534 if you can picture in your mind what Major General Prabowo looks
+-ra-tzK67R4-01375-00354534-00354784 like, that's what he looks like.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01376-00354784-00355134 This is the guy who invaded East Timor.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01377-00355134-00355411 He lost in an election to a furniture maker,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01378-00355411-00355648 small businessman who had became the mayor of Jakarta
+-ra-tzK67R4-01379-00355648-00355932 and then a provincial governor and then ran for president.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01380-00355932-00356219 And if someone would have told me 20 years ago when I lived
+-ra-tzK67R4-01381-00356219-00356419 in Jakarta and worked in the Ministry of Finance
+-ra-tzK67R4-01382-00356419-00356709 that a furniture maker was going to beat Prabowo in an election,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01383-00356709-00356903 I would have told them they were crazy.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01384-00356903-00357170 But that is exactly what has happened.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01385-00357170-00357550 And so my belief and most of history shows
+-ra-tzK67R4-01386-00357550-00357860 that it is the democracies, even though they may not grow faster
+-ra-tzK67R4-01387-00357860-00358067 in the growth spurts, they are much more able
+-ra-tzK67R4-01388-00358067-00358354 to sustain it over time.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01389-00358354-00358458 So that's that.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01390-00358458-00358621 >> This is probably the last question.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01391-00358621-00358768 >> Last question.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01392-00358768-00359011 >> Unfortunately.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01393-00359011-00359402 >> So, kind of related to the democracy discussion,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01394-00359402-00359819 many Western development agencies [inaudible] have
+-ra-tzK67R4-01395-00359819-00360049 democracy requirements on their aid
+-ra-tzK67R4-01396-00360049-00360229 or in their development goals.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01397-00360229-00360650 And so I'm wondering, with countries like China
+-ra-tzK67R4-01398-00360650-00360913 and many more actors
+-ra-tzK67R4-01399-00360913-00361277 and non-western countries being involved in development,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01400-00361277-00361521 how do you see that changing especially
+-ra-tzK67R4-01401-00361521-00361657 in sub-Saharan Africa?
+-ra-tzK67R4-01402-00361657-00361798 >> Yeah. That's a good question.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01403-00361798-00362074 So, China and other countries are now being donors
+-ra-tzK67R4-01404-00362074-00362318 and they obviously have quite different conditions
+-ra-tzK67R4-01405-00362318-00362505 if any on governance.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01406-00362505-00362755 So a couple things on that.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01407-00362755-00363029 One, that's the way we were 20 years ago
+-ra-tzK67R4-01408-00363029-00363453 when we supported Marcos and Mobutu and lots of other people.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01409-00363453-00363800 So we have to be a little careful when we're critical
+-ra-tzK67R4-01410-00363800-00364100 of China having no governance conditions on their aid
+-ra-tzK67R4-01411-00364100-00364310 because we've been there.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01412-00364310-00364557 So, that's just one point.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01413-00364557-00365108 Second point is that China's aid, like lots of other aid,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01414-00365108-00365258 is quite mixed in its record.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01415-00365258-00365488 And I actually think this question ultimately depends
+-ra-tzK67R4-01416-00365488-00365798 on the receiving government.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01417-00365798-00366088 And this is a little bit simplistic but to the extent
+-ra-tzK67R4-01418-00366088-00366342 that they are a democracy themselves.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01419-00366342-00366626 And where China's aid has been coming into countries
+-ra-tzK67R4-01420-00366626-00366923 where the governments are reasonably accountable
+-ra-tzK67R4-01421-00366923-00367163 and democratic, the aid is actually helping.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01422-00367163-00367346 I mean, it's a lot of money that's building roads
+-ra-tzK67R4-01423-00367346-00367583 and it's building ports and it's building power supplies.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01424-00367583-00367894 And I've seen this in Liberia where Chinese aid has,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01425-00367894-00368134 without any question, been quite helpful
+-ra-tzK67R4-01426-00368134-00368424 in Liberia's post-war recovery and Ebola.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01427-00368424-00368598 And China was one of the first ones that came in
+-ra-tzK67R4-01428-00368598-00368855 and built an Ebola treatment unit, for example.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01429-00368855-00369088 You know, and they didn't have any conditions on governance
+-ra-tzK67R4-01430-00369088-00369405 but it didn't matter because, you know, it's a democracy.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01431-00369405-00369662 But in other countries, especially the non-democracies,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01432-00369662-00369869 where aid flows are getting smaller
+-ra-tzK67R4-01433-00369869-00370029 and they can't get private capital --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01434-00370029-00370349 again, my friend Robert Mugabe in Zimbabwe is a good example --
+-ra-tzK67R4-01435-00370349-00370536 can't get money anywhere else.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01436-00370536-00370917 It is possible that the Chinese aid flows are actually helping
+-ra-tzK67R4-01437-00370917-00371354 to support a dictator stay in power just as our money did 20
+-ra-tzK67R4-01438-00371354-00371838 or 30 years ago and sometimes probably still does.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01439-00371838-00371971 So, there are, I think,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01440-00371971-00372268 situations where Chinese aid can actually undermine good
+-ra-tzK67R4-01441-00372268-00372662 governance and sustain a government
+-ra-tzK67R4-01442-00372662-00372812 that is hurting development.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01443-00372812-00373232 But I think it's very hard to make an overall characterization
+-ra-tzK67R4-01444-00373232-00373556 on the whole given the shortage of capital and the need
+-ra-tzK67R4-01445-00373556-00373853 for investment in infrastructure in Africa and the fact
+-ra-tzK67R4-01446-00373853-00374066 that China's investing in a lot of that infrastructure.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01447-00374066-00374387 My take is that overall it's been helpful.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01448-00374387-00374670 But it, again, depends a lot on the country.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01449-00374670-00374804 That's a good question.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01450-00374804-00374981 So. All right.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01451-00374981-00375037 Thank you very much.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01452-00375037-00375151 I appreciate it.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01453-00375151-00375705 [ Applause ]
+-ra-tzK67R4-01454-00375705-00376055 >> So, Steve, both congratulations on your new book
+-ra-tzK67R4-01455-00376055-00376235 and thank you very much for sharing some
+-ra-tzK67R4-01456-00376235-00376435 of the findings with us.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01457-00376435-00376626 Thank you all for coming.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01458-00376626-00376876 We would like to continue the conversation
+-ra-tzK67R4-01459-00376876-00376989 out in the Great Hall.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01460-00376989-00377193 There are some additional refreshments and,
+-ra-tzK67R4-01461-00377193-00377416 courtesy of Nicola's Books, you have an opportunity
+-ra-tzK67R4-01462-00377416-00377667 to purchase the book and to have it personally signed.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01463-00377667-00377950 So, I hope that you will stay and join us
+-ra-tzK67R4-01464-00377950-00378090 to continue that conversation.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01465-00378090-00378204 Thanks again for being here.
+-ra-tzK67R4-01466-00378444-00378651 [ Applause ]
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00000-00000056-00000336 Hi, everyone! Thank you so much for joining us today.
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00001-00000392-00001000 My name is Monica Brown (she/her/hers pronouns), and I am the Assistant Program Manager at
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00002-00001000-00001536 Rebus Community. I am coming to you today from Redmond, Oregon on the unceded territory of the
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00003-00001536-00002007 Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs. I thank them for allowing me to live and work on this land. 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00004-00002276-00002816 And hi everybody, I’m Apurva Ashok, the Director of Open Education at The Rebus Foundation.
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00005-00002816-00003215 I lead the Rebus Community initiative and have the joy of collaborating with Monica
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00006-00003304-00004064 at work. I use she/her/hers pronouns. And today, I’m joining you from Philadelphia, on the Indigenous
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00007-00004064-00004648 territory known as “Lenapehoking,” the traditional homelands of the Lenape, also called Lenni-Lenape
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00008-00004648-00005144 or Delaware Indians. I’m grateful for the privilege to connect with you all from this land. 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00009-00005360-00005744 Today, Monica and I will tell you about a professional development pathway we created
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00010-00005744-00006288 at Rebus to support OER learners who were eager to establish themselves as OER leaders.
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00011-00006368-00006848 We wanted to create a unique opportunity and pathway for leaders to build skills that help
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00012-00006848-00007512 them beyond what is currently offered. As you know leadership can take on many different forms so
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00013-00007512-00008144 with our program we have focused on using teaching, good instruction, facilitation, and managing a
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00014-00008144-00008720 community of practice as a means to cultivate a leadership style. This session will explore
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00015-00008720-00009272 how a professional development facilitator program that was created for faculty librarians and staff
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00016-00009328-00009656 enabled emerging leaders to gain a robust set of skills
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00017-00009656-00010096 in mentoring, facilitating, guiding project management, and more. 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00018-00010464-00011144 We brought on a group of alumni/graduates from our flagship Textbook Success Program
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00019-00011144-00011608 to facilitate the course for future cohorts. To provide a brief bit of background,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00020-00011608-00012128 the Textbook Success Program is a year-long cohort experience for participants to develop
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00021-00012128-00012680 foundational knowledge about open, collaborative publishing models and apply these principles
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00022-00012680-00013352 in real-time on the OER they are creating. The program follows a weekly structure for 3 months,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00023-00013352-00013847 and then switches to a monthly cadence for the remainder of the year. Participants learn to: 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00024-00013847-00014472 Construct and maintain a robust project team, Share their work and process openly and 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00025-00014472-00014888 Become OER advocates throughout their own professional communities. 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00026-00015119-00015680 The TSP started in 2019 and as it has continued to grow, we’ve seen an increasing need and
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00027-00015680-00016119 opportunity for additional leadership growth in the form of facilitating and leading these
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00028-00016119-00016520 emerging communities of practice.  So, we wanted to create a pathway for
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00029-00016520-00016808 program graduates to continue their open education journey.
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00030-00016936-00017720 In May 2021, we began our alumni facilitator program and worked with 3 alumni to lead
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00031-00017720-00018456 the next batch of TSP participants. You’ll hear more from our facilitators Amy Minervini,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00032-00018456-00018736 Joel Gladd, and Bryan McGeary during this presentation. 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00033-00019056-00019504 The interest from our program graduates to continue their relationship-centered experience
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00034-00019504-00020088 in TSP has been very evident. Bryan, who is currently facilitating multiple TSP cohorts,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00035-00020088-00020576 explains how being a Rebus facilitator has been an essential professional development experience
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00036-00020576-00021152 for him. Quote: “Connecting with and learning from others (and hopefully helping them to learn too)
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00037-00021152-00021608 is what makes any kind of educational endeavor feel like it’s worth the time and effort.
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00038-00021664-00022096 That intangible, human element is something that is hard to quantify,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00039-00022096-00022584 and it is satisfying in a way that professional accomplishments and money can never be.”  
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00040-00022816-00023328 To give you all a sense of the human element and the different connections that crop up in TSP,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00041-00023328-00023696 we’ve pulled together some data for you from our 2 summer cohorts.
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00042-00023880-00024696 These cohorts comprise a total of 17 OER projects ranging across 15 discipline areas.
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00043-00024768-00025176 Program participants average around 25 people per cohort (49 on the slide here across
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00044-00025312-00025824 the two cohorts). They can work individually or in teams of up to 4 people.
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00045-00025927-00026504 Each cohort contains participants from a range of positions on campus: librarians, administrators,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00046-00026504-00027136 instructional designers, and/or technologists - in addition to the faculty experts or instructors. 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00047-00027264-00027920 Our facilitators need to keep all these contexts, varying levels of expertise, and project goals in
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00048-00027920-00028495 mind as they facilitate a total of 21 sessions over the year. Through these diverse cohorts,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00049-00028495-00028992 our facilitators have the opportunity to stretch their expertise by providing advice and support
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00050-00028992-00029616 for people and projects far beyond their immediate experience. With the training and support provided
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00051-00029616-00030248 by Monica, Rebus facilitators grow into their roles as mentors and guides for these cohorts. 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00052-00030527-00030968 As you may imagine, working with such a diverse group of people and projects
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00053-00030968-00031448 opens the potential to build a wide range of skills. On this slide, we’ve compiled a
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00054-00031448-00031983 few of the top skills that we see our facilitators building through this program. I'll just highlight
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00055-00031983-00032512 a couple of them for you here including:  Articulating best practices in the various
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00056-00032512-00032880 pieces of the publishing process Making connections between projects
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00057-00032880-00033224 across disciplines and stages And, of course, the management
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00058-00033224-00033472 of the many simultaneous technical components 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00059-00033568-00034104 We see a direct correlation between these skills and the workforce demands of leadership positions
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00060-00034104-00034512 in higher education. However central these skills might be, finding the opportunity to
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00061-00034512-00035184 practice them is often pretty rare. This is why the Rebus facilitation pathway is so rewarding. 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00062-00035456-00036176 Joel Gladd, another facilitator, notes in a quote here. He says, “I’m primarily an educator, but
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00063-00036176-00036704 I don’t often get the chance to manage a cohort composed of other professors and academic leaders.
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00064-00036784-00037328 This experience has helped me see what transfers from my own classroom experience and what requires
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00065-00037328-00038000 a different touch, given the context” This facilitation opportunity we’ve created
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00066-00038000-00038616 is more than your average university teaching experience. There is a different touch required
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00067-00038616-00038984 to lead a community of practice for other professionals. It’s a skill that
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00068-00038984-00039416 many educators don’t have the chance to build in most college and university environments.
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00069-00039512-00039984 We know that this experience has resonated with our facilitators, in part, because of the unique
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00070-00039984-00040784 chance to work with professionals from across the world on their open education initiatives. 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00071-00040848-00041360 Yes, even for myself, coming into this role to train and coach our facilitators has provided
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00072-00041360-00041864 me with some unique opportunities for growth. I was formerly an open education coordinator
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00073-00041864-00042448 at a mid-size public university. There were many chances to get involved in policy, administration,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00074-00042448-00043008 and of course, relationship-building across departments. And yet, I’ve found that there
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00075-00043008-00043432 wasn’t quite the chance to mentor and lead with my expertise to the extent that I’ve
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00076-00043432-00044264 been able to with our facilitators program.   So what type of further training did we conduct?
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00077-00044336-00044784 Our facilitators were already equipped with the foundational knowledge around OER, open
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00078-00044784-00045408 publishing, accessibility and inclusive design in OER when they were enrolled in our TSP. Some of
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00079-00045408-00045928 them had also completed other programs focused on copyright training or open librarianship.
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00080-00046016-00046448 We wanted to guide them around putting this knowledge into use with a community of practice,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00081-00046512-00046936 leading with care, and introducing others to these concepts.  
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00082-00047048-00047528 We put together a facilitator guide to act as a central document for facilitators to review
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00083-00047528-00048096 expectations, curriculum, and resources. Initial onboarding involved going through this guide
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00084-00048152-00048600 as well as identifying common problems they might need to address with their
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00085-00048600-00049096 groups. We also implemented a mentorship model with one-on-one training meetings
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00086-00049096-00049576 and debrief sessions to support facilitators in leveraging their strengths as they adapted to the
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00087-00049576-00049976 challenge of facilitating their virtual community of practice and teaching adult learners. This
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00088-00049976-00050432 coaching model allowed us to hone in on the areas that individual facilitators wanted to grow the
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00089-00050432-00050896 most - whether that was being able to make quick connections between participants or manage the
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00090-00050896-00051624 many technical pieces at play during a session.  Over the course of the first 12 weeks of the TSP,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00091-00051624-00052136 facilitators had 1.5 hour sessions on a weekly basis with their cohorts,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00092-00052136-00052712 enabling them to rapidly apply feedback and build great working relationships with their cohorts.
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00093-00052800-00053248 They learned the steps to successfully prepare for a session which not only includes getting
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00094-00053248-00053672 familiar with a session’s lesson plan but also staying up-to-date with project
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00095-00053672-00054079 teams and thinking ahead for what might be the next step a given team should take.  
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00096-00054255-00054944 Of course, this process had its fair share of ups and downs. As facilitator Amy Minervini puts it:
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00097-00055104-00055696 “The most challenging aspect has been navigating the technical aspects of facilitating. You have
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00098-00055696-00056400 to be a stage manager of sorts—simultaneously presenting, monitoring the chat, answering DMs,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00099-00056400-00056952 keeping an eye on time & pacing, and making sure examples are at-the-ready all while
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00100-00056952-00057384 being able to think on your feet and smile. Even though I have been teaching for over
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00101-00057384-00057776 20 years, there is extra pressure when leading a group of peers—some
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00102-00057879-00058440 who have more experience than me, many who are experts in their field, and all who are
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00103-00058440-00059167 seeking to gain something from each session.” Virtual facilitation skills take some time
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00104-00059167-00059824 to develop, but the facilitators found it harder to settle in their role as “mentor”
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00105-00059824-00060655 or “guide” — to go from being the person asking the question to the one having to answer them.  
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00106-00061136-00061567 One of the bigger insights our facilitators have had through this process
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00107-00061567-00061840 is that leadership doesn’t correlate with knowing it all up front. 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00108-00061912-00062336 Amy shares: “Over time I have become less nervous because I don’t have all
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00109-00062336-00062688 the answers. And I don’t need to. With each session under my belt,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00110-00062688-00063328 I feel more comfortable leading large groups and feel extremely privileged to play a small part in
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00111-00063328-00063800 advancing open educational resources and promoting the mighty community of open publishing.” 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00112-00063952-00064279 Part of the journey of becoming a leader involves knowing who to turn
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00113-00064279-00064728 to when you don’t know the answers yourself — be it someone on your team, in your classroom,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00114-00064728-00065224 or elsewhere — and to be constantly learning. Being honest and vulnerable with your cohort in
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00115-00065224-00065592 this manner creates an environment of shared learning, where everyone has the opportunity
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00116-00065592-00066416 to contribute as much as they learn. In our final few minutes before questions,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00117-00066416-00066896 we wanted to reflect on the impact we think this professional development program has had. 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00118-00067184-00067568 As we’ve noted previously, in putting together this program, one of the
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00119-00067568-00068144 critical needs we identified was an opportunity for OER champions to gain more hands-on experience
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00120-00068144-00068704 that builds on their existing introductory knowledge of open. By allowing them to
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00121-00068704-00069392 step into the role of teacher (and in this case, leader), we see tremendous results. 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00122-00069544-00069928 First, facilitators gain a host of skills having to do with virtual
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00123-00069928-00070416 instruction and online communities of practice. By being the “stage manager”
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00124-00070416-00070888 and alert to not only the technical details of an online classroom or forum,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00125-00070888-00071352 and also being attuned to how students are engaging in the class, our facilitators have
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00126-00071352-00071824 built a number of observation, multi-tasking, and empathetic leadership skills. 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00127-00071952-00072368 Mentoring and teaching adult students in a variety of contexts also heightened their relationship
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00128-00072368-00072880 management skills. Facilitators demonstrated responsiveness, flexibility, and an awareness
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00129-00072880-00073456 of different challenges that may impede or affect OER production. In addition to being a space where
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00130-00073456-00073904 larger developments in the field are discussed, the experience also serves as a foundation
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00131-00073904-00074384 to grow general confidence to participate actively in the space of the discipline. 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00132-00074696-00075312 Working alongside a peer network meant that facilitators had a space to be transparent
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00133-00075312-00076136 about their reflections, struggles, and successes in their journey as an emerging leader. And I’ll
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00134-00076136-00076720 say the supportive environment and mentorship model Monica provided ensured that facilitators
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00135-00076720-00077248 felt comfortable navigating their leadership role in this mock or ‘trial’ setting where
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00136-00077248-00077720 they could feel comfortable failing as much as they could feel comfortable succeeding..  
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00137-00077904-00078352 We found that our facilitators demonstrated an accelerated leadership growth,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00138-00078352-00078776 even a few months into this program, as they accumulated the skills and confidence
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00139-00078776-00079224 that would otherwise have developed over many years. Some facilitators are using
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00140-00079224-00079592 this experience to enhance their tenure and promotion dossiers/applications while others
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00141-00079592-00080056 are using this as a stepping stone for leading wide-scale OER initiatives in their regions. 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00142-00080424-00081296 Bryan shares: “I think the nature of this work directly translates to what I do in my job
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00143-00081296-00081904 [as a Learning Design & Open Education Engagement Librarian]. . .there’s that element of building
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00144-00081904-00082312 my network and raising my profile that is important to my promotion and tenure case.  
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00145-00082408-00082936 But I would say that this experience has been (and continues to be) most helpful in building
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00146-00082936-00083632 my confidence as an open education leader.” I think that the idea really of trusting people
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00147-00083632-00084240 to lead, and giving them the confidence boost they need to apply the expertise they bring to open
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00148-00084240-00085056 education - that’s really the final ingredient to any successful leadership ‘recipe.’ To end,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00149-00085056-00085872 I think we’ll just say we hope that you have seen that investing in current and future oer leaders
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00150-00085872-00086416 really ensures the longevity and sustainability of our collective work and open we certainly
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00151-00086416-00086984 have seen this to be the case and um hope that this presentation has convinced you similarly. 
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00152-00087280-00087868 Thank you for taking the time to listen to us today. We’ll note that the slide here contains
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00153-00087868-00088520 some more details about the TSP program we have mentioned, as well as contact details if you want
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00154-00088520-00089064 to get in touch. If you’re watching this session live, now is the time we’d like to turn to you for
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00155-00089064-00089544 any questions and comments. And if you’re watching the pre-recorded session in your own time,
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00156-00089544-00089984 please feel free to follow-up with us! We look forward to hearing from you. Thanks, everyone.  
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00157-00090160-00090608 And especially Bryan, Joel, and Amy for all of your hard work and for your reflections today.
+-v5Lh4kTLEU-00158-00090672-00090944 Looking forward to hearing your questions and comments!
+-v9j2QVi_A8-00000-00001021-00001271 Jetzt Kaufen!
+-vlu9FScKfE-00000-00000000-00000459 Welcome to a special episode of the Islamic Highest podcast. I'm here with my
+-vlu9FScKfE-00001-00000459-00000858 special guest Javier Rivera and I want you to introduce yourself and tell us what
+-vlu9FScKfE-00002-00000858-00001184 you're gonna do. Hey I'm Javier Rivera, I'm doing the retro ride I've been doing
+-vlu9FScKfE-00003-00001184-00001644 for a long time so what I want to do is I want to show how it's done how's the
+-vlu9FScKfE-00004-00001644-00002280 mixture and I want to make sure that you guys do it right the right way.
+-vlu9FScKfE-00005-00003000-00004476 Alright, wait before we start what's retro ride? Okay retro ride is a process to a
+-vlu9FScKfE-00006-00004476-00005064 mixture of let's call chemicals but they're really not harmful chemicals
+-vlu9FScKfE-00007-00005064-00005596 that we mix them together to apply to a plastic that is yellow and that will
+-vlu9FScKfE-00008-00005596-00006124 create a reaction with the sun that will make restore the original color what
+-vlu9FScKfE-00009-00006124-00006723 it does it takes out the bromine that it was used in in the plastics with time
+-vlu9FScKfE-00010-00006723-00007144 it that that converts to yellow because I think it loses oxygen what we're gonna
+-vlu9FScKfE-00011-00007144-00007608 do is we're gonna regenerate that oxygen to the plastic so we're gonna by that
+-vlu9FScKfE-00012-00007608-00008056 time but that way convert it to white again to the original color. Awesome and
+-vlu9FScKfE-00013-00008056-00008456 are there great ways to do it in wrong ways? Yes a lot of people that use
+-vlu9FScKfE-00014-00008456-00009100 Salonker cream that shouldn't be used because it doesn't let the
+-vlu9FScKfE-00015-00009100-00009544 sun rays to pass right away so you better go to the clear one that it would
+-vlu9FScKfE-00016-00009544-00009956 really allows it to do the sun rays to pass away and really makes a mixture and
+-vlu9FScKfE-00017-00009956-00010348 the process is good. Cool. The thing that you got to do is you got to use
+-vlu9FScKfE-00018-00010348-00010912 oxycline and some arrowroot just the arrowroot is just to make it thick so it
+-vlu9FScKfE-00019-00010912-00011608 doesn't evaporate fast so what we do is very easy we do it's gonna be one
+-vlu9FScKfE-00020-00011608-00012100 teaspoon for each hundred milliliters okay so what I'm gonna do it this doesn't
+-vlu9FScKfE-00021-00012100-00012712 have to 100 so I'm gonna it's 150 so I'm gonna do a little bit more than 150
+-vlu9FScKfE-00022-00012924-00013524 there you go and then of course instead of one teaspoon I'm gonna do two full
+-vlu9FScKfE-00023-00013524-00014256 teaspoons oh and I need the teaspoon also to make the arrowroot that also is
+-vlu9FScKfE-00024-00014256-00015204 gonna be one teaspoon and again this is just thicken it up. Is any of this dangerous or poisonous? No actually they use in
+-vlu9FScKfE-00025-00015204-00015904 hospitals they use this is for people to for ladies to dye their hair yeah so if
+-vlu9FScKfE-00026-00015904-00016260 it doesn't do anything to your hair it doesn't do anything to you what it does
+-vlu9FScKfE-00027-00016260-00016724 it it kind of burns you a little bit so if you touch it and you keep it in your
+-vlu9FScKfE-00028-00016724-00017164 hand what's gonna happen is that you're gonna get some white later okay so we
+-vlu9FScKfE-00029-00017164-00017872 oh I forgot the gloves but we use gloves is not like crucial it if it gets into
+-vlu9FScKfE-00030-00017872-00018300 your eyes it doesn't do anything to you yep it just burns a little bit you
+-vlu9FScKfE-00031-00018300-00018740 clear with water nothing happens the same with your your hands you just wash it
+-vlu9FScKfE-00032-00018740-00019232 and it will go away in a few minutes okay so nothing bad they use this in
+-vlu9FScKfE-00033-00019232-00019796 hospitals to actually clear wounds so you know that is not harmful to you so
+-vlu9FScKfE-00034-00019796-00020144 that's one of the things that people need to know this is not harmful this is
+-vlu9FScKfE-00035-00020144-00020688 just out of things that you use to clean your clothes so it's basically your
+-vlu9FScKfE-00036-00020688-00021552 cleaning and also making the Sun create a reaction so I'm gonna mix a little bit
+-vlu9FScKfE-00037-00021552-00022076 more and what's gonna happen is with the hot of the Sun is gonna begin to fall
+-vlu9FScKfE-00038-00022076-00022688 right so we're about to apply the retro ride so this is basically we're gonna
+-vlu9FScKfE-00039-00022688-00023204 paint the plastic we don't want to wrap it with anything we're just painting it
+-vlu9FScKfE-00040-00023204-00023624 with this like we're painting a wall or painting you know something just paint
+-vlu9FScKfE-00041-00023624-00024412 nicely even so we don't have any any too much in certain areas we're painting
+-vlu9FScKfE-00042-00024412-00024928 like you know you would paint a wall or something like that
+-vlu9FScKfE-00043-00024928-00025848 make sure it's even a little bit more and it will begin to form itself also take
+-vlu9FScKfE-00044-00025848-00026695 it with you so people don't get scared that it's touching his heart
+-vlu9FScKfE-00045-00026712-00027227 you can do it bare hands you just burn a little bit
+-vlu9FScKfE-00046-00027227-00027644 you can do this itself you should
+-vlu9FScKfE-00047-00028044-00028576 don't go into the into some labels this label the monetary will take it with no
+-vlu9FScKfE-00048-00028576-00028876 problem but some labels
+-vlu9FScKfE-00049-00028876-00029576 the up to logo
+-vlu9FScKfE-00050-00029576-00030204 report because you know you will eat it how do you read the logo there's a hole in the back of all the
+-vlu9FScKfE-00051-00030204-00030876 we gotta be very careful not to leave any extra at this point it doesn't matter
+-vlu9FScKfE-00052-00030876-00031460 because it's so yellow that it doesn't there's a difference between the to see
+-vlu9FScKfE-00053-00031460-00031992 it's no white and this is a platinum so this we're gonna have to check it more
+-vlu9FScKfE-00054-00031992-00032388 often this can be done
+-vlu9FScKfE-00055-00032616-00033192 and about an hour maybe we'll be done with this with a 40 with the silent care
+-vlu9FScKfE-00056-00033192-00033884 40 so again careful with the with the labels to go around it don't really
+-vlu9FScKfE-00057-00033884-00034428 touch it if you can if you touch it you can you know take it out little and
+-vlu9FScKfE-00058-00034428-00034992 you know piece of paper something also you know sometimes if you do it without
+-vlu9FScKfE-00059-00034992-00035544 cleaning it before it is not a requirement to clean it before retro
+-vlu9FScKfE-00060-00035544-00035980 writing because you know remember you're using a cleaner over here so you're
+-vlu9FScKfE-00061-00035980-00036476 you're actually cleaning it at the same time you know oxy clean it's a it's a
+-vlu9FScKfE-00062-00036476-00036796 detergent so
+-vlu9FScKfE-00063-00036896-00037448 all right all right so here we are at the end and the process is all over and
+-vlu9FScKfE-00064-00037448-00038088 how did it go it went really well it's already getting really really white like
+-vlu9FScKfE-00065-00038088-00038472 an hour more maybe two hours more and it's gonna be done everything is going
+-vlu9FScKfE-00066-00038472-00038936 really good and now that the last thing that I gotta tell you guys is that you
+-vlu9FScKfE-00067-00038936-00039416 gotta watch out these things baby sit do not just sit leave it and go you gotta
+-vlu9FScKfE-00068-00039440-00039876 come over here back check it out maybe rinse it again see how how it's going
+-vlu9FScKfE-00069-00039876-00040364 and put a new a new piece of you know a new coat are you just rinsing with water
+-vlu9FScKfE-00070-00040364-00040796 anything with water and if you're doing something like this you you don't take
+-vlu9FScKfE-00071-00040796-00041208 it out just rinse it with a you know some paper cloth or something with water
+-vlu9FScKfE-00072-00041208-00041672 yep and that's it all right well over here thank you so much for very much
+-vlu9FScKfE-00073-00041672-00041964 showing us everything and we'll have some links in the show notes to more
+-vlu9FScKfE-00074-00041964-00042264 instructions and thanks for watching
+-vNjpnVrGNu-00000-00000109-00000753 What's up, everyone.
+-vNjpnVrGNu-00001-00000753-00001973 My name is Anjuli Mack, and I'm out here in beautiful Piha, New Zealand.
+-vNjpnVrGNu-00002-00001973-00002252 And I have Preston here.
+-vNjpnVrGNu-00003-00002252-00002352 Hi.
+-vNjpnVrGNu-00004-00002352-00002657 I'm Preston Fiete, also known as Shredded Kiwi Dad on Instagram.
+-vNjpnVrGNu-00005-00002657-00003311 Anjuli is going to put me through her bodyweight workout that you can do anywhere.
+-vNjpnVrGNu-00006-00003311-00003477 No gym required.
+-vNjpnVrGNu-00010-00020120-00020220 your backyard yard, when your traveling, or at the park.
+-vNjpnVrGNu-00011-00020220-00020320 Works the whole body.
+-vNjpnVrGNu-00012-00020320-00020420 Yeah, my body is definitely feeling it.
+-vNjpnVrGNu-00013-00020420-00020520 So I'll definitely need recovery time.
+-vNjpnVrGNu-00014-00020520-00020620 Ha Ha.
+-vNjpnVrGNu-00015-00020620-00021559 But Anyway if you would like to find out more about me, you can just search Anjuli, or click
+-vNjpnVrGNu-00016-00021559-00021659 here.
+-vNjpnVrGNu-00017-00021659-00022781 Ah, If you'd like to find more about me on Instagram and if you want to see me on facebook
+-vNjpnVrGNu-00018-00022781-00024003 here as well.
+-xLRlFX7p6y-00000-00000000-00000200 Japanese soft cake
+-xLRlFX7p6y-00001-00000200-00000400 Street food 
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00000-00001543-00002210 Have I shown you lately that I love you? 
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00001-00002210-00002890 Have I shown you lately that I care?
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00002-00002890-00003240 Have I told you the right words
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00003-00003240-00003579 to tide you over till the dawn
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00004-00003579-00004866 don't you know you're the only one..?
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00005-00005340-00005556 Did I make you feel 
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00006-00005556-00005942 that you had everything you needed
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00007-00005942-00006598 Did I hold you in the way you love to be held
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00008-00006598-00006876 Did I open up the door
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00009-00006876-00007316 and let the sunlight flood into your world
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00010-00007316-00007917 and call the rain to wash away your cares
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00011-00007917-00008677 baby let me call the rain to wash away your cares
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00012-00008963-00009646 Have I shown you lately that I love you?
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00013-00009646-00010297 Have I shown you lately that I care?
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00014-00010297-00010634 Have I told you the right words
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00015-00010634-00010973 to tide you over till the dawn
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00016-00010973-00012474 Don't you know you're the only one...?
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00017-00012740-00012926 Did I make you feel
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00018-00012926-00013300 that you had everything you needed
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00019-00013300-00013954 Did I hold you in the way you love to be held
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00020-00013954-00014217 Did I open up the door
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00021-00014217-00014601 to let the sunlight flood into your world
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00022-00014601-00015175 and call the rain to wash away your cares
+--u0B28Z-LQ-00023-00015175-00015982 baby let me count the ways that I can hold your fears
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00000-00000600-00001796 EastEnders star Danny Dyer enjoyed an 'amazing' Christmas with his family following a turbulent year for the actor.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00001-00001946-00003327 The soap star spent the festive holiday back at home after wife Joanne Mas 'agreed to take him back' following rumours of rows and affairs.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00002-00003477-00004882 The couple's reconciliation appeared to be confirmed after daughter Dani tweeted a cute snap of the whole family together in the days before Christmas.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00003-00005032-00006461 21-year-old Dani then  that Christmas was the 'the best day she could wish for', perhaps signaling her parents have overcome any rumoured marriage problems.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00004-00006611-00007889 The pictures showed Danny and Joanne on a day out to fair with their kids, where Dani joked she was the 'grown up in this family'.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00005-00008039-00009237 Danny was wrapped up warm as he held onto to son Arty's hand, with daughter Sunnie and Joanne posing in front.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00006-00009387-00010777 She captioned it: 'Look at these big kids and my mum munching away on a burger greedyyyy. 'I'm the grown up in this family xx.'
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00007-00010927-00012037 In the next pic, Joanne was seen tucking into a burger while enjoying the day out with her family.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00008-00012187-00013309 Danny and Joanne appear to have loved spending Christmas together as Dani  it was an 'amazing' day.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00009-00013459-00016025 She tweeted: 'Christmas was amazing best day I could wish for. round 2 at nannies xxx' Following a tumultuous few months in which the EastEnders actor lived in a rented North London flat - for a tidy sum of £1,700 a month - speculation about the future of his marriage was rife.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00010-00016175-00017412 But it seems he managed to work his way out of the dog house and back into the family home just in time for the holidays.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00011-00017562-00018616 Earlier this month Danny was spotted returning back to his Essex home to be with his broad.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00012-00018766-00020250 In photos obtained by The Sun , the actor beams as he packs his belongings into a lorry to move his life back into the Essex family home on Sunday.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00013-00020400-00022172 The 40-year-old was seen to be loading up the removalist van with furniture and £12,000 worth of new appliances - perhaps as a peace offering to a forgiving wife and partner of 20 years.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00014-00022322-00023847 Not even a rare London snowstorm could dampen his spirits - or postpone the moving date - as a team of workmen helped the star load his worldly posessions.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00015-00023997-00025966 He'd been living in the rented flat since summer, following rows with his financial advisor wife over his lifestyle choices - including rumours of an affair with Girls Aloud star Sarah Harding in 2012 that resurfaced this year.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00016-00026116-00027766 The actor also 'suffered a meltdown' at the National Television Award's earlier this year, only days before he took a break from filming his role as Mick Carter on the soapie due to 'issues'.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00017-00027916-00029150 It comes after rumours of a reconciliation ran rife as both Danny and Joanne were spotted wearing their wedding rings.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00018-00029300-00031569 In mid-November he was photographed leaving his estate agents - now, it seems it was to give his month's notice of leaving the flat, if the dates add up properly - while in the same week Jo was spotted wearing her sparkler during a shopping trip near the family home in Essex.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00019-00031719-00033246 A source previously said the pair 'can't live without each other'. They said: 'They thought that they couldn't live with each other, but they can't live without each other either.
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00020-00033396-00035430 'Danny got a flat because it was close to the EastEnders studio and he wanted to focus on his work. But knuckling down made him realise just how much of a good thing he had with Joanne, so he's asked her to take him back and she's cautiously agreed.'
+-_-NQyt2A2Q-00021-00035580-00037712 In his autobiography, the father-of-three admitted he was totally dependent on his doting partner - who he married last year - saying: 'I still can't turn a washing machine on. Joanne is my whole world... she washes my dirty pants.'
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00000-00000589-00000967 >>Lee Anne George: Hello, I am Lee Anne George, coordinator of the SPEC Survey Program at
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00001-00000967-00001370 the Association of Research Libraries, and I would like to thank you for joining us for
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00002-00001370-00001918 this SPEC Survey Webcast. Today we will hear about the results of the survey on Affordable
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00003-00001918-00002550 Course Content and Open Educational Resources. These results have been published in SPEC
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00004-00002550-00002934 Kit 351.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00005-00002934-00003197 Before we begin, I have just a couple of announcements:
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00006-00003197-00003714 First, everyone but the presenters has been muted to cut down on background noise. So,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00007-00003714-00004134 if you are part a group today, feel free to speak among yourselves. You won’t be disturbing
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00008-00004134-00004359 the presentation.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00009-00004359-00004903 But, we do want you to join the conversation by typing questions in the chat box in the
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00010-00004903-00005403 lower left corner of your screen. We will answer as many questions as possible at the
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00011-00005403-00005988 end of the presentation. And, I will read the questions aloud before the presenters
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00012-00005988-00006629 answer them because I realize you all won’t be able to see the questions yourselves.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00013-00006629-00007128 The webcast is being recorded and we will send all the registrants the slides and a
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00014-00007128-00007584 link to the recording in the next week.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00015-00007584-00008164 Now, let me introduce today’s presenters:
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00016-00008164-00008700 Kristi Jensen is Program Development Lead for the eLearning Support Initiative at the
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00017-00008700-00009029 University of Minnesota Libraries.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00018-00009029-00009602 Joe Salem is Associate Dean for Learning, Undergraduate Services, and Commonwealth Campus
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00019-00009602-00010064 Libraries at Penn State University.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00020-00010080-00010848 Anita Walz is Open Education & Online Learning Environments Librarian at Virginia Tech Libraries.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00021-00010860-00011470 Use the hashtag ARLSPECKit351 to continue the conversation with them on Twitter.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00022-00011470-00011961 Now, let me turn the presentation over to Anita.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00023-00011961-00012697 >>Anita Walz: Good afternoon. Thanks so much for attending today. We are really excited
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00024-00012697-00013026 to share some of our observations from the survey.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00025-00013026-00014034 First, before we get started, I want to present a roadmap and some brief base definitions.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00026-00014034-00014648 In this presentation we’ll discuss why we took on this research, and survey findings
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00027-00014648-00015195 related to: institution-wide initiatives and library involvement, including the focus,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00028-00015195-00015737 origination, governance, and common functions of Affordable Course Content/Open Educational
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00029-00015737-00016197 Resource initiatives. We’ll discuss faculty incentives, tenure & promotion realities,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00030-00016197-00016772 and the types of faculty practices and library activities common in this work. Then we’ll
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00031-00016772-00017204 end with everyone’s favorite topic – the future. We are especially interested in your
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00032-00017204-00017627 questions so as Lee Anne mentioned, please post questions via the chat during and after
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00033-00017627-00018013 the presentation and we’ll address as many as we can at the end.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00034-00018013-00018662 So, very quickly, two definitions are important in this webinar: Affordable Course Content
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00035-00018662-00019220 and Open Educational Resources. We defined Affordable Course Content, or ACC
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00036-00019220-00019729 as we like to call it, as including materials that are library-licensed or available at
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00037-00019729-00020187 a low additional cost to students. While there may be cost barriers, the direct costs to
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00038-00020187-00020885 students are either zero or very low. So, that is ACC, no or low cost materials.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00039-00020885-00021364 The other term you’ll hear frequently in this presentation is OER – Open Educational
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00040-00021364-00022014 Resources. We defined OER in line with the Hewlett Foundation’s definition, as “any
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00041-00022014-00022522 type or format of content or software that is freely available and either in the public
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00042-00022522-00023309 domain or licensed with an intellectual property license that allows modification and redistribution.”
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00043-00023309-00024031 Some common examples Open Educational Resources would be, four of the six Creative Commons
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00044-00024031-00025053 licenses, those that allow modification and redistribution.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00045-00025053-00025495 Academic institutions are increasingly realizing that access to and affordability of learning
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00046-00025495-00025938 materials are problematic for students and are a contributor to students dropping, failing,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00047-00025938-00026419 or withdrawing from courses. These institutions and the libraries within them are developing
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00048-00026419-00026941 programmatic approaches to support creation, adoption, and adaptation of affordable course
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00049-00026941-00027558 content and open educational resources. We see this occurring at all levels of education,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00050-00027558-00028091 from K-12 to University. And while our research covers only ARL institutions, we want you
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00051-00028091-00028782 to know that many other institutions are actively exploring these topics as well.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00052-00028782-00029263 Regarding the SPEC survey, we wanted to know what libraries are doing. We intentionally
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00053-00029263-00029794 cast a wide net on access, affordability, and student success initiatives related to
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00054-00029794-00030198 course learning materials, including both affordable course content and OER.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00055-00030198-00030689 And, we focused on identifying collaborative campus-wide partnerships that are influential
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00056-00030689-00031102 in starting and implementing such initiatives.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00057-00031102-00031557 Let’s talk about the survey.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00058-00031557-00031997 The survey ran for 6 weeks in March & April 2016.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00059-00031997-00032499 Over half of ARL member institutions responded to the survey.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00060-00032499-00033158 Of these 46, or 70% of respondents, either have or are planning an initiative and nearly
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00061-00033158-00034091 20% plan to investigate ACC and OER initiatives in the near future.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00062-00034091-00034637 We could have looked at only purely OER approaches, but knew that some libraries, though not all,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00063-00034637-00035234 are formally leveraging library subscriptions, OER, and more, in support of student learning.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00064-00035234-00035685 So, we broadened our scope to include initiatives which utilize many types of potential course
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00065-00035685-00036256 content, including library-licensed and materials with a low-direct-cost to students. There
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00066-00036256-00036803 are various philosophical and pragmatic reasons for each approach which we won’t get into
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00067-00036803-00036903 here.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00068-00036903-00037691 We learned that 70% of respondents focus on a combination of openly licensed and library
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00069-00037691-00038307 subscribed resources. Somewhat surprising was the finding that only 26% of institution
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00070-00038307-00038928 initiatives indicated that they focus exclusively on openly licensed content.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00071-00038928-00039534 The campus-wide initiatives reported in response to the survey included open courseware initiatives,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00072-00039534-00040119 creation of digital course packs, interactive course companions, open or low-cost textbook
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00073-00040119-00040806 adoption/creation, and use of public domain, openly licensed, library subscribed materials.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00074-00040806-00041445 So, who is initiating, implementing, and leading these types of initiatives?
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00075-00041445-00042380 We are happy to say that libraries are very involved. Campus-wide ACC and OER initiatives
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00076-00042380-00042855 tend to involve multiple members of the campus community—both in their origination and
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00077-00042855-00043228 governance. We asked survey respondents to identify all of the entities that played a
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00078-00043228-00043810 part in originating their initiative, and those involved in implementing it. By far,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00079-00043810-00044424 and in both categories, libraries were the largest group. 64% of respondents indicated
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00080-00044424-00045034 that their library was involved in originating their campus-wide initiative, and 73% indicated
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00081-00045034-00045736 that the library is involved in implementing the initiative. For contrast, the second most
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00082-00045736-00046356 frequent originators and implementers were upper level administration at 38% and the
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00083-00046356-00046975 campus teaching and learning group at 36%. While not always involved, libraries are frequently
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00084-00046975-00047543 involved and were nearly twice as likely to be involved than other groups. Other members
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00085-00047543-00048150 of the campus community often involved included instructional design groups, student organizations,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00086-00048150-00048853 academic departments, and bookstores. Several respondents also mentioned collaboration among
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00087-00048853-00049428 local, state, or province-wide library consortia.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00088-00049428-00049997 Organized governance of ACC/OER initiatives appears to still be emerging, with fewer than
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00089-00049997-00050594 40% of respondents indicating that they have a standing committee, limited-term task force,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00090-00050594-00051172 or working group dedicated to the campus-wide ACC/OER initiative. For those with a governing
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00091-00051172-00052353 body, though, libraries were well represented. 89% of respondents with a governing board,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00092-00052353-00052939 governing group, indicated that the library participates in that body. And,40% of those
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00093-00052939-00053295 indicated that the library leads that governing body.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00094-00053295-00053678 Now, we’ll hear from Kristi regarding program funding.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00095-00053678-00054497 >>Kristi Jensen: Hi everyone. I add my thanks to Anita for joining us today to talk about
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00096-00054497-00055115 this topic. I'm going to talk a little bit here about what we learned about how ACC/OER
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00097-00055115-00055699 initiatives were funded. As you all probably know, academic libraries have been turning
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00098-00055699-00056207 their attention to many new areas of support on campus—data management, publishing, interdisciplinary
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00099-00056207-00056802 research, and more, and they frequently have to decide among various competing priorities
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00100-00056802-00057244 when determining how to allocate, or reallocate, funds and personnel.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00101-00057244-00057716 Despite these many competing priorities, numerous libraries have provided significant funding
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00102-00057716-00058267 to support Affordable Course Content and OER efforts, we found from the survey. Over half
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00103-00058267-00059489 of the responding institutions have utilized funds from their general operating budgets
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00104-00059489-00060179 and about a quarter used special project funds. Less than a third of responding institutions
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00105-00060179-00060749 indicated that external grants provided funding for their efforts.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00106-00060749-00061330 Once new efforts have been initiated, plans for continued support often indicate the perceived
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00107-00061330-00061939 value and impact to date. In our survey, we found out that ¾ of institutions indicated
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00108-00061939-00062432 that they have funding continuation plans in place for ACC/OER on their campus, and
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00109-00062432-00062908 it appears then that the results of these efforts are significant and valued. And this
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00110-00062908-00063461 bodes well for continued growth both at participating institutions and those that are planning to
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00111-00063461-00064104 new efforts in this area. When asked what items funding covered, the most common use
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00112-00064104-00064683 was to provide direct grants or stipends to faculty, with almost ¾, evidentially the
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00113-00064683-00065167 magic number when it comes to this area of the survey, providing incentive grant programs.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00114-00065167-00065632 Given the interest in incentive grant programs, and perhaps the perceived importance based
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00115-00065632-00066453 on this interest, we wanted to highlight more information from the survey in this area.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00116-00066453-00066998 If you harken back to our early slides that Anita presented, you will recall that 46 institutions
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00117-00066998-00068037 have or are planning an ACC/OER program. Of those, 25 institutions indicate that they
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00118-00068037-00068582 offer financial incentives as part of their program. The varying amounts might be tied
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00119-00068582-00069113 to a number of factors. If you look at the data, you will see groupings in the $200 to
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00120-00069113-00069717 $250 range. I suspect this might be related to institutional participation in the Open
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00121-00069717-00070124 Textbook Network Workshop where faculty can earn that amount for attending and then writing
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00122-00070124-00070772 a review of an open textbook. The next grouping ranges from $1000 to $1250 which would match
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00123-00070772-00071307 up with many of the incentive programs aimed at helping faculty move from a traditional,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00124-00071307-00072043 high cost textbook to other alternatives—digital course packs, open textbooks or OER content,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00125-00072043-00072618 and more. Finally, the very large grants are likely tied to the publication of open textbooks
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00126-00072618-00072718 at several institutions.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00127-00072718-00073358 The promising thing about this wide variance in funding incentives is that you can begin
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00128-00073358-00073973 small if needed and eventually move on to bigger projects as your program gains traction
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00129-00073973-00074363 or more support in your library or on your campus.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00130-00074363-00075018 One final area of note, over half of the institutions offering incentives also provide instructional
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00131-00075018-00075777 design support. This may be an expanding area for library interactions with faculty at some
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00132-00075777-00076009 institutions.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00133-00076009-00076457 And, a little bit more on faculty incentive programs. The final thing we wanted to touch
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00134-00076457-00076976 on related to faculty incentives are the type of requirements that are included with the
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00135-00076976-00077436 provision of the grants. Folks who are thinking about implementing new grant funding programs
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00136-00077436-00077991 might be interested in these requirements. Grant providers frequently had more than one
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00137-00077991-00078532 requirement but these varied widely across institutions. You can see that there is broad
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00138-00078532-00079155 interest in affordability savings data with over 60% of libraries requiring course size
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00139-00079155-00079768 and textbook cost. And, 50% requiring continued project updates.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00140-00079768-00080383 Openly licensed content, both development and use, and sharing of content as well as
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00141-00080383-00080911 assessment were other areas that demonstrate where we could expect to see additional impact
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00142-00080911-00081337 with potential downstream use as well as savings to students.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00143-00081337-00082031 And now, I'm going to hand the phone back to Anita and she’ll talk about institutional
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00144-00082031-00082181 policies and practices.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00145-00082181-00082924 >>Anita Walz: At many ARL institutions, tenure and promotion are primary faculty motivators.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00146-00082924-00083397 While several respondents indicated that selected departments look favorably on ACC/OER efforts,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00147-00083397-00084174 and that faculty could argue for OER as a form of scholarship, exactly zero respondents
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00148-00084174-00084794 indicated that adoption, adaptation, or creation of ACC/OER as a formally encouraged tenure
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00149-00084794-00085418 & promotion activity. Tenure and promotion policies do not formally encourage faculty
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00150-00085418-00086104 adoption, adaptation, or creation of ACC/OER, yet. [chuckles]
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00151-00086104-00086825 Nearly all institutions, this is another area of institutional policy, nearly all institutions
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00152-00086825-00087537 have intellectual property policies that specify ownership and rights to original work—including
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00153-00087537-00088279 research work, curriculum, learning materials created, as well as software. At times, IP
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00154-00088279-00088944 policies pose a barrier for authors of instructional material who wish to affix an open license
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00155-00088944-00089718 and share their work beyond the institution. A majority, 21 of 33 of respondents, fortunately,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00156-00089718-00090263 reported clarity regarding faculty ownership of original teaching material, which implies,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00157-00090263-00090823 for those faculty, that it may be easy to openly license or share their original learning
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00158-00090823-00091720 materials. However, other respondents described their institutional policies as “complicated,”
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00159-00091720-00092357 dependent on how heavily university resources were used; determined by class of employment;
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00160-00092357-00092808 dependent on whether the university could monetize the original works created by the
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00161-00092808-00093674 faculty; or that the curriculum resources are owned jointly or exclusively by the institution.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00162-00093674-00094265 Faculty ownership of original learning software is even more murky than policies surrounding
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00163-00094265-00094946 faculty ownership of original learning materials. So, we have a ways to go here. [chuckles]
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00164-00094946-00095442 Next, Joe is going to talk with us about current faculty ACC/OER practices.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00165-00095442-00096135 >>Joe Salem: Thank you, Anita. And thank you, I want to just join everyone else in thanking
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00166-00096135-00096506 you for participating today, especially so close to the beginning of the semester.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00167-00096506-00097343 So, this is really focused on what current faculty practices are around ACC and OER at
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00168-00097343-00097489 responding institutions.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00169-00097489-00097999 One of the benefits of ACC and OER adoption is an expansion, or a potential expansion,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00170-00097999-00098505 of the types of materials used in these courses. Although current faculty practices at responding
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00171-00098505-00098962 institutions looked pretty traditional, there is some evidence that the portfolio of resources
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00172-00098962-00099572 is expanding. The majority of faculty at responding institutions have adopted, adapted, or created
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00173-00099572-00100094 textual course content, with the textbook at the top of that list. These data make supporting
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00174-00100094-00100519 and using resources like OpenStax and the Open Textbook Network a very good way for
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00175-00100519-00101165 libraries interested in ACC and OER to get started. A majority also used library-licensed
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00176-00101165-00101377 content and multimedia.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00177-00101377-00101791 I think we were all pleasantly surprised to see that so many institutions reported that
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00178-00101791-00102235 faculty had created their own OER. The interest is there among many of our colleagues, and
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00179-00102235-00102594 this opens up the opportunity to help them share that content or to reuse the work of
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00180-00102594-00103355 others before creating their own.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00181-00103355-00103902 On assessment, at the risk of assessment shaming, which is something I think that we as a profession
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00182-00103902-00104413 in general, and people like me with assessment background in particular, often do, it was
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00183-00104413-00104834 clear from the results that assessment of these initiatives is an area of opportunity
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00184-00104834-00105325 among respondents in particular and within libraries in general. Only 17 institutions
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00185-00105325-00105836 were currently assessing their initiatives and another 19 plan to assess. The most common
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00186-00105836-00106324 metrics used among the respondents were student savings, and numbers of students using these
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00187-00106324-00106792 resources, likely reflecting the focus on access and affordability as objectives for
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00188-00106792-00106929 their initiatives.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00189-00106929-00107439 Obviously, program objectives drive assessment, so the metrics selected at libraries interested
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00190-00107439-00108072 in getting started with ACC and OER may differ. For those programs seeking to deliver pedagogical
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00191-00108072-00108671 innovation through ACC and OER adaption or creation, assessment of student learning or
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00192-00108671-00109170 user experience with the generated resources are recommended metrics. Recent studies suggest
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00193-00109170-00109642 that, overall, students in courses that use OER perform at a similar or slightly better
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00194-00109642-00110150 level than their for-fee counterparts. So, local assessment would focus more on locally
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00195-00110150-00110718 developed resources and their impact. By combining cost reduction and pedagogical innovation,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00196-00110718-00111110 these initiatives also make student retention a potential objective, so metrics aligned
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00197-00111110-00111422 with student retention may be of interest in those cases.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00198-00111422-00112479 The survey then focused on overall library support services for ACC and OER. Institutions
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00199-00112479-00113136 were asked to select all of the ACC/OER support services that they provide. As you can see,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00200-00113136-00113586 there is some variability, but a very nice suite of services available at many of the
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00201-00113586-00114110 42 institutions responding to this question. The surprise to me was the high number of
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00202-00114110-00114552 libraries providing copyright and licensing consultations. For those institutions interested
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00203-00114552-00114983 in getting started, any of these services would serve as a good starting point.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00204-00114983-00115892 So finally, with regard to the services provided around ACC and OER, we asked respondents to
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00205-00115892-00116523 indicate the staff who support ACC and OER initiatives. Respondents were asked to select
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00206-00116523-00117198 all of the departments in which ACC and OER initiatives were supported. Overall, initiatives
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00207-00117198-00117647 have not found a single home, but in some ways, these results reinforce the services
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00208-00117647-00118195 that we just discussed. The four departments indicated above make good sense with Scholarly
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00209-00118195-00118614 Communications likely providing the intellectual property and licensing and publishing services
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00210-00118614-00119093 just discussed. Depending on the institution, liaisons can be doing outreach, or serving
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00211-00119093-00119486 in consulting roles. The same can be said of Teaching and Learning, departments and
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00212-00119486-00119924 Public Services and Reference, likely helping to identify existing resources.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00213-00119924-00120417 In many ways, the multi-departmental mode within many libraries fits the model at their
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00214-00120417-00120879 institutions where the library has the opportunity to partner with many units to administer these
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00215-00120879-00120979 programs.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00216-00120979-00121404 There was great variation in the number of staff involved, likely depending on the model.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00217-00121404-00121796 At the low end of the range is the single Open Education or Scholarly Communication
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00218-00121796-00122357 Librarian and at the high end of the range is an approach to ACC and OER that is fully
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00219-00122357-00122867 embedded within the liaison or public service program. The median of 6 seems to befit that
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00220-00122867-00123149 multi-departmental model.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00221-00123149-00123868 So with that, I will transition to Kristi and she will talk a little bit more about
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00222-00123868-00124301 future library roles with ACC and OER. Thank you.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00223-00124301-00124940 >>Kristi Jensen: So finally, we want to talk a little bit about what we heard from our
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00224-00124940-00125649 respondents about the future of libraries in this area. As you might expect, Anita,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00225-00125649-00126191 Joe, and I, with our interest in this, see many areas of potential growth for libraries
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00226-00126191-00127230 going forward. Luckily, our survey respondents seemed to concur with those leanings as well.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00227-00127230-00128199 It is clear that libraries have opportunities to provide strong leadership for ACC/OER programs
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00228-00128199-00128747 and efforts. Libraries are often the sole leaders on campus but also are out and about
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00229-00128747-00129377 working on campus with a variety of partners and collaborators. ACC/OER specialists and
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00230-00129377-00129842 library liaisons can provide a voice for strong advocacy, promotion, and awareness raising
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00231-00129842-00130325 about these topics and issues. The recent Hewlett sponsored Babson report indicates
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00232-00130325-00130916 growing faculty awareness of OER but adoptions have not increased significantly. Also, tenure
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00233-00130916-00131371 and promotion systems do not typically include or value work related to teaching with affordable/open
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00234-00131371-00131866 content or publishing the same. There is definitely more work to be done in this area, as Anita
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00235-00131866-00132053 mentioned.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00236-00132053-00132488 Library participation spans both traditional roles, like discovery and systems that provide
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00237-00132488-00133038 ease of access, and new roles including publishing and hosting open textbooks or other open content.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00238-00133038-00133551 Many institutions are making use of existing systems, like institutional repositories,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00239-00133551-00134035 while others are installing and utilizing new systems, like PressBooks.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00240-00134035-00134799 Finally, OER/ACC efforts provide opportunities for libraries to continue their historic collaborative
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00241-00134799-00135298 behavior across institutions. In order to be strategic and effective, we do not want
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00242-00135298-00135830 to all be publishing the latest OER work in basic social work. Instead, we need to devise
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00243-00135830-00136286 methods for communicating and sharing information that allows us to expand the breadth and depth
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00244-00136286-00136693 of quality OER material available to our faculty.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00245-00136693-00137142 Finally, creating and sharing sustainable models for funding ACC/OER models will be
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00246-00137142-00137577 needed if we hope to continue work in this area in the future. Along with sustainable
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00247-00137577-00138013 models, robust assessment with standards that allow comparison across institutions will
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00248-00138013-00138178 be needed as well.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00249-00138178-00138621 Overall, we were pleased to see the number of libraries investing in ACC/OER efforts.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00250-00138621-00139312 We believe the survey provides a blueprint that others can modify to fit their circumstances
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00251-00139312-00140028 as they consider and implement new programs to fit the needs of their faculty and institutions.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00252-00140028-00140544 That is the end of our presentation and we welcome your question and thanks for taking
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00253-00140544-00141071 time to listen to us. We would really like to engage a little bit in conversation with
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00254-00141071-00141527 all of your and find out what your thinking about the survey and what questions you might
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00255-00141527-00141627 have.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00256-00141627-00142218 >>Lee Anne George: So, yes. Please join the conversation by typing questions in the chat
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00257-00142218-00143095 box in the lower left corner of your screen. We do have one here from Kim, who asks if
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00258-00143095-00143803 you’ve got any further breakdowns on the sources for library funds, and funds coming
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00259-00143803-00144096 from collections or IT or other sources.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00260-00144096-00144954 >>Anita Walz: So, this is Anita. Kim, thank you for your question. The survey was essentially
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00261-00144954-00145610 in two parts and the questions about funding were directed toward the institution-wide
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00262-00145610-00146325 initiative. We’re seeing sometimes funding coming from libraries, but funding sometimes
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00263-00146325-00146925 coming from the provost office or coming from other units around campus. So, we didn’t
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00264-00146925-00147790 dive deeply into how libraries themselves are funding this. Actually, Kristi, you might
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00265-00147790-00147890 have…
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00266-00147890-00148151 >>Kristi Jensen: I’m, yeah,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00267-00148151-00148482 >>Anita Walz: That might not be correct. [chuckles]
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00268-00148482-00149309 >>Kristi Jensen: Well, I agree with Anita that we were writing the survey we had to
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00269-00149309-00149959 make determinations about how much detail to go into. And, I would say that we weren’t
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00270-00149959-00150545 able to provide that level of detail in this particular survey but I do anecdotally know
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00271-00150545-00151216 that from many conversations that Anita and I and Joe have had with others that I think
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00272-00151216-00151636 that when you ask the question in the chat box you mentioned like collections or IT.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00273-00151636-00152237 I do know that some institutions have been using money from collections in order to support
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00274-00152237-00152979 these efforts and so I think when you look at the number of people involved in the departments
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00275-00152979-00153454 an where they’re coming from and you see how varied it is across the different institutions,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00276-00153454-00154000 as Joe was pointing out, I think the same thing, just anecdotally, based on what we
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00277-00154000-00154566 know from conversations with people, that the same thing would be true for where libraries
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00278-00154566-00155126 are pulling money to fund these sorts of efforts. So, that doesn’t give you an exact answer
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00279-00155126-00155716 but I do think it just varies. Its another one of those areas that varies widely. I think…
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00280-00155716-00156485 So, for reference…go ahead. Sorry. So for reference, this is question number 8, when
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00281-00156485-00156997 you have access to the full text, there's a breakdown of everything that all of the
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00282-00156997-00157734 comments and responses to that, but their not library specific institution-wide.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00283-00157734-00158310 >>Lee Anne George: And the follow-up question is: what kinds of grants are the universities
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00284-00158310-00158424 using?
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00285-00158424-00159575 So, to my knowledge, the most common grant funding that was used were by institutions…so
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00286-00159575-00160082 again, they didn’t specify, but just based on the institutions that I’m familiar with,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00287-00160082-00160619 one of the most common grant resources was early on the OpenTextbook network grant, when
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00288-00160619-00161299 that was the model available. I’m not familiar with a lot of other grant resources that are
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00289-00161299-00161819 external to the universities that others have been able to get. It’s a question that arises
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00290-00161819-00162290 frequently. People ask where they might be able to get external funding. But, I haven’t
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00291-00162290-00163025 seen any indication that folks have been able to get that kind of external money from other
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00292-00163025-00163125 places.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00293-00163125-00163623 >>Joe Salem: The one thing I would add, it wasn’t in our results, but one emerging
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00294-00163623-00164025 area for external funding is from the Gates Foundation. This seems to be an area where
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00295-00164025-00164522 they're interested, but not at a single institution level. They seem to be really interested in
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00296-00164522-00165291 what can be done at scale and looking at multiple institutions. So, if you have the ability
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00297-00165291-00165951 to partner with institutions, especially some with peers, but with differing, maybe, student
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00298-00165951-00166684 profiles or different staffing factors. They seem to be interested in those types of programs
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00299-00166684-00166784 as well.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00300-00166784-00167325 >>Anita Walz: This is Anita again. I will say, if you're wanting to look really broadly
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00301-00167325-00167969 at lots of institutions, community colleges have benefited greatly from Department of
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00302-00167969-00168626 Labor grants and there are several foundations that are actively involved in supporting these
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00303-00168626-00169317 kinds of initiatives at two-year institutions. So, while those funds are not available for
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00304-00169317-00170167 four-years, there are good reasons why community colleges and junior colleges, two-year colleges,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00305-00170167-00170921 however you call them, are very active as well in this area.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00306-00170921-00171674 >>Lee Anne George: Karen asks, what did you find out about the appropriateness of the
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00307-00171674-00172245 current type of library resources to serve the needs of OER/ACC initiatives?
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00308-00172245-00173678 >>Anita Walz: Karen, that’s very controversial. [chuckles] There are people who are of two
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00309-00173678-00174488 minds about this. One is to really prioritize affordability and then there are some with
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00310-00174488-00175530 a strong philosophical commitment to try to not take on the cost of those things—take
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00311-00175530-00176177 on the cost of resources—but to provide open alternatives that can be edited and freely
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00312-00176177-00177177 shared without copyright restrictions. I think I would defer to Kristi and Joe, because I’m,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00313-00177177-00177658 you're more familiar with the nuts and bolts of actually using those materials. Would you
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00314-00177658-00177767 like to comment?
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00315-00177767-00178195 >>Kristi Jensen: Could you clarify what you mean by appropriateness, Karen? I’m not
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00316-00178195-00179124 sure I…is that that tension between affordable versus OER or is there…do you mean like,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00317-00179124-00179809 do libraries own content that’s appropriate for the classroom? Or is there another nuance
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00318-00179809-00180407 there? I'm not sure if I understand that part of the questions.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00319-00180407-00180997 >>Joe Salem: And if it’s the latter, whether libraries have material that’s appropriate
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00320-00180997-00181584 for the classroom, I think, we didn’t ask that specifically but if you look at the results,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00321-00181584-00182468 or responses, to the middle section, the middle section is really hard to indicate, but there’s
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00322-00182468-00183284 a section on ACC/OER resources that indicate the types of resources that faculty are using.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00323-00183284-00183855 Just after that, there are questions that are related to where the library resources
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00324-00183855-00184562 license content fit into that mix. I think varies a bit. One of the things, also, in
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00325-00184562-00185341 the supporting documents, we are looking at even the repositories that libraries might
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00326-00185341-00186150 support for OER content, either created or used at the institution. Those vary. There
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00327-00186150-00186945 are only a handful among the respondents that are focused on OER in some ways. These resources
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00328-00186945-00187734 are embedded in other subscriptions or they're parts of other programs. The repository is
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00329-00187734-00188147 a good example where there might be OER in the general institution repository are not
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00330-00188147-00188850 necessarily OER repository. And so, its not necessarily the case that there's a lot of
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00331-00188850-00189274 resources that are specifically for teaching learning or for the classroom but they are
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00332-00189274-00189781 part of overall packages or other subscriptions in general.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00333-00189781-00190492 >>Kristi Jensen: I guess I would add to what Joe’s saying by, and kind of commenting
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00334-00190492-00191192 on what Anita was saying about there being philosophical differences, so, both related
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00335-00191192-00191590 to the survey and in the work that I do on a day to day basis, there's not OER available
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00336-00191590-00192145 for every person who comes to me who’s interested in doing something more affordable for their
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00337-00192145-00192735 students. And I think that is demonstrated by what Joe was talking about—the portion
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00338-00192735-00193193 of the survey that indicates that faculty are embracing a wide variety of things that
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00339-00193193-00193766 they're vetting and choosing the things that are best for them in the classroom. Adding
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00340-00193766-00194428 on to that, again, I don’t think that the survey addresses whether or not library collections
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00341-00194428-00194855 in general have the sorts of content that work in the classroom. But, my experience
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00342-00194855-00195612 has been that it is the case that we do have a wide ranges of things that faculty are surprised
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00343-00195612-00196102 to find out about and that help them customize the content, especially when they’ve been
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00344-00196102-00196615 dissatisfied when the commercial textbook wasn’t meeting their needs.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00345-00196615-00197209 >>Joe Salem: The last think I would point out is, I think, one of the lessons from all
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00346-00197209-00197741 the work around this particular survey, and OER in general for me, is, you’d be surprised
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00347-00197741-00198302 how much is already in our collections or our resources. So, Minnesota, Kristi could
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00348-00198302-00198958 talk much more to this, but they do a really great job working with their bookstore of
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00349-00198958-00199652 generating lists of what is being adopted in the classroom, running it against current
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00350-00199652-00200280 licensing, and dropping that into the course reserves. It’s a great model that if you
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00351-00200280-00200735 can work with your bookstore to get those lists, or just get those adoption lists, or
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00352-00200735-00201239 even target that, you’d be surprised at how much your already licensing that’s being
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00353-00201239-00201756 used in the classroom and that can be pretty automatically dropped into the learning management
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00354-00201756-00201856 system.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00355-00201856-00202344 >>Kristi Jensen: Yeah, I think we had 400 courses in the spring semester that we had
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00356-00202344-00202871 a multi-user e-book for and we were not on the forefront of this either…we learned about
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00357-00202871-00203597 this from other institutions that were already doing this. But, those kind of partnerships,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00358-00203597-00204088 I think that’s another thing this survey emphasizes is the importance of the partnerships
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00359-00204088-00205065 on campus to creating successful pieces that add up to a complete program. And I think
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00360-00205065-00205704 the other thing that is kind of hopeful with regards to…when you look at the survey information,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00361-00205704-00206038 if you haven’t started work in this area, you don’t have to do everything. You can
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00362-00206038-00206414 pick and choose the things that are strategic for your institution. You don’t have to
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00363-00206414-00207164 implement things at full-scale. You don’t have to install PressBooks and be publishing
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00364-00207164-00207646 Open Textbooks that way. You can be creating Open Textbooks or modifying Open Textbooks
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00365-00207646-00207951 and then publish them via existing institutional repository.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00366-00207951-00208441 >>Anita Walz: I agree with… [talking over each other]
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00367-00208441-00208987 >>Lee Anne George: No, go ahead. I’m changing the subject.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00368-00208987-00209801 >>Anita Walz: Okay. I wanted to agree with Kristi with regard to the realities of libraries
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00369-00209801-00210525 already doing some of these things in various departments. And, one of the early challenges
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00370-00210525-00211321 we had was trying to understand how we should ask questions to flesh-out libraries who are
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00371-00211321-00211990 in a very, very early stage of thinking about affordability and we’re doing some of the
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00372-00211990-00212933 regular things—Reserves, multi-user e-books, things that are easier but might not be thought
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00373-00212933-00213463 of as an initiative. So, we really wanted to capture a lot of those and we think that’s,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00374-00213463-00214239 you know, good places to start and to start looking at what you already do and is this
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00375-00214239-00214552 something to build on.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00376-00214552-00215096 >>Lee Anne George: I was just wondering if there’s anything more you can say about
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00377-00215096-00215738 tenure promotion and ACC/OER. There seems to be some interest in that.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00378-00215738-00216471 >>Kristi Jensen: Sure. So, right now, tenure policies don’t seem to explicitly support
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00379-00216471-00217394 creation, adoption, adaptation of openly licensed resources or public domain resources. We think,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00380-00217394-00218339 we know that some faculty are getting departmental support. We know that some faculty are presenting
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00381-00218339-00219323 their work in that area as a work of scholarship. And, one of the other thoughts we had was
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00382-00219323-00220289 this is one of the major distinctions between adoption, creation, adaptation at a R1 institution
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00383-00220289-00220975 or comprehensive university versus an institution that’s much more focused on teaching. So
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00384-00220975-00221805 that’s a barrier but its also an opportunity. It will be interesting to see if there are
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00385-00221805-00222690 changes in the next few years or if we just learn to communicate with faculty about the
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00386-00222690-00223126 importance of and the value of these kinds of efforts.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00387-00223126-00223889 >>Joe Salem: So, I would add also that even though its not explicit in most of the policies
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00388-00223889-00224458 and seems to be a really significant area for opportunity, things like the faculty incentive
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00389-00224458-00225077 programs that we saw in the results, those types of programs helped because, obviously,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00390-00225077-00225833 they can be competitive, even if it’s a small grant. Really, the outcomes related
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00391-00225833-00226360 to that, the reporting, that is related to that can result in scholarship about teaching
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00392-00226360-00227163 and learning for the faculty member. So, even in adoption, if those are the goals of a program,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00393-00227163-00227725 those incentive programs are a good way of getting faculty something out of it even in
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00394-00227725-00228180 a traditional tenure and promotion environment.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00395-00228180-00229144 >>Lee Anne George: To change the topic again, Jennifer had a pretty nitty-gritty question.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00396-00229144-00229580 How do you get the books into the catalog and is it different if you have a shared catalog
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00397-00229580-00229774 with other libraries?
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00398-00229774-00230582 >>Joe Salem: So, I would just…I can't answer the catalog question, but I think, and its
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00399-00230582-00231269 in the supporting documentation, I think the University of Hawaii has an OER repository.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00400-00231269-00231688 One of the things that they're doing there is that they're using that as a kind of one-stop
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00401-00231688-00232781 shop for anyone whose using OER, even if it's not locally generated or created. And so,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00402-00232781-00233483 if it's an OpenStax textbook or anything from one of the other major services or programs
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00403-00233483-00234351 or neighboring institution, they will get it into that repository with some of the course
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00404-00234351-00234971 information so students can check there to see if their open content is available for
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00405-00234971-00235628 their courses. So, that might be a model to explore. The other thing you’ll see are
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00406-00235628-00236217 these referatories where they won’t necessarily grab a local copy of the resource because
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00407-00236217-00236635 they change, and that’s one of the benefits of OER, is that they can be updated. But,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00408-00236635-00237488 they will create stable links to whatever that resource is and will do it outside of
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00409-00237488-00237971 the cataloging because of some of the flexibility that has to be involved in some of that.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00410-00237971-00238628 >>Kristi Jensen: It is my understanding that some new MARC records have been released.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00411-00238628-00239036 Anita, do you know anything about that. I thought that Open TextBook Network was really
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00412-00239036-00239136 seeing some MARC records.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00413-00239136-00239808 >>Anita Walz: Yes, yes. They have created, through a partnership with, I believe, Colorado
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00414-00239808-00240542 State. They’ve created a number of MARC records. I assume that’s a large percentage
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00415-00240542-00241209 of the collection. So, those might be available for people if they want to get those books
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00416-00241209-00241408 into those catalogs.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00417-00241408-00241872 >>Kristi Jensen: So, on the Open Textbook library website, there is a link for our textbooks
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00418-00241872-00242527 and underneath that it says “Discovery”. And you can download the MARC record batch,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00419-00242527-00243248 which is really exciting. The other thing that I would point out, and its kind of…this
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00420-00243248-00243667 isn’t related to the survey, its related to my experience…but, a lot of the work
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00421-00243667-00244642 I’ve done with faculty related to OER involves mediation. So, discovering quality OER that
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00422-00244642-00245331 my faculty have been willing to consider requires a bit of vetting on the front in, so I’m
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00423-00245331-00245739 fine with introducing them to the Open Textbook library, because that’s a limited set that’s
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00424-00245739-00246390 been vetted. But sending them to look for OER in general can be kind of precarious,
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00425-00246390-00246846 I think. There are so many different things out there that maybe don’t meet the quality
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00426-00246846-00247511 standards of the faculty and so I would prefer to go through the material and give them things
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00427-00247511-00248252 to vet rather than have them unable to locate things that they think are worthwhile and
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00428-00248252-00248723 then becoming discouraged and thinking that there’s nothing that they would like to
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00429-00248723-00249308 consider. It’s kind of developing a negative attitude towards open educational resources.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00430-00249308-00249821 >>Anita Walz: It sort of the difference between fishing in the ocean versus a smaller pond.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00431-00249821-00249921 >>Kristi Jensen: Yeah.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00432-00249921-00250891 >>Anita Walz: The more we can encourage and direct faculty to places where more appropriate
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00433-00250891-00251484 material, more complete material is available, is really helpful. Its really easy to get
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00434-00251484-00251811 lost in trying to find what you’re looking for.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00435-00251811-00252179 >>Kristi Jensen: And, there’s quite a bit of dated materials sometimes, as well, in
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00436-00252179-00252744 some of the resources so you have to decide whether dated material is okay.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00437-00252744-00253123 >>Anita Walz: But, you can update it.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00438-00253123-00253234 >>Kristi Jensen: you can.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00439-00253234-00253334 [chuckles]
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00440-00253334-00253652 Some of it looks like 1980’s webpages, though.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00441-00253652-00253782 Yeah, yeah.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00442-00253782-00254578 >>Lee Anne George: Well, I would like to thank you all for joining us today to discuss the
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00443-00254578-00255249 results of this survey on affordable course content and open educational resources.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00444-00255249-00255835 We have recorded this presentation and all the registrants will receive the slides and a
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00445-00255835-00256690 link to the recording next week. Join me in thanking our presenters today.
+-BKCbvl_vtI-00446-00256690-00257366 I hope to see you on our next webcast.
+-JMe4EDlC58-00000-00000014-00001392 premiers with one major declaration in college right now one of the best
+-JMe4EDlC58-00001-00001392-00001947 robach african-american shows for this age is blackish and we're gonna be
+-JMe4EDlC58-00002-00001947-00002451 covering blackish and all this good glory and what the message is it brings
+-JMe4EDlC58-00003-00002451-00003026 for this generation in this week's best live streaming TV you can watch on your
+-JMe4EDlC58-00004-00003026-00003468 stream devices we're gonna do it right now if you're finding me for the first
+-JMe4EDlC58-00005-00003468-00003896 time please subscribe to my channel click that notification bill so you're
+-JMe4EDlC58-00006-00003896-00004353 down every time we drop life game videos these videos are here to help you make
+-JMe4EDlC58-00007-00004353-00005153 gains in every area of your life fitness finance streaming making money we do it
+-JMe4EDlC58-00008-00005153-00005582 all and we also talked about a couple of political topics too let's jump into
+-JMe4EDlC58-00009-00005582-00005896 this review
+-JMe4EDlC58-00010-00006754-00007202 what's good YouTube you back in the building with your old uncle Monty
+-JMe4EDlC58-00011-00007202-00007688 Python we're talking the best live streaming TVs you could watch on TV and
+-JMe4EDlC58-00012-00007688-00008210 we're covering a great great show for all ethnic groups called blackish it
+-JMe4EDlC58-00013-00008210-00008711 stars my boy Anthony Anderson and Tracee Ellis Ross who's got one of the biggest
+-JMe4EDlC58-00014-00008711-00009236 hind parts in all of Hollywood I mean haha apart so be you can sit a cup up
+-JMe4EDlC58-00015-00009236-00009683 their chicken walk and it would not fall if she started running track we're gonna
+-JMe4EDlC58-00016-00009683-00010223 cover that right now but first I got to put on my plus seven glasses of the
+-JMe4EDlC58-00017-00010223-00010640 cinema and TV sexy as hell work on skilling up this crap bringing
+-JMe4EDlC58-00018-00010640-00011042 you guys a better YouTube is paying something better to look at sponsors on
+-JMe4EDlC58-00019-00011042-00011492 this video HD IPTV offer you everything you're seeing scrolling across the
+-JMe4EDlC58-00020-00011492-00011966 screen for $14 a month they're giving you a free trial to test them out link
+-JMe4EDlC58-00021-00011966-00012392 is in the video description and also the two week diet for my fellas working on
+-JMe4EDlC58-00022-00012392-00012814 cuts for the sluts and my ladies working on the bunch for the munch check out the
+-JMe4EDlC58-00023-00012814-00013198 two week diet program and also check out the fat burn finger print I use both of
+-JMe4EDlC58-00024-00013198-00013816 those and I'm ready to get in good shape so blackish is a great show that I
+-JMe4EDlC58-00025-00013816-00014204 highly recommend if you're an African American make your white friends watch
+-JMe4EDlC58-00026-00014204-00014711 the show so they can kind of understand some of the plights that professional
+-JMe4EDlC58-00027-00014711-00015329 African Americans go through as we start trying to assimilate to having well
+-JMe4EDlC58-00028-00015329-00015788 being in the cultural situation that's not ours and having to deal with
+-JMe4EDlC58-00029-00015788-00016294 questions of being black so for those of you that miss some of those good shows
+-JMe4EDlC58-00030-00016294-00016667 that came on in the late eighties the late nineties your Fresh Prince of Bel
+-JMe4EDlC58-00031-00016667-00017323 Air's your family matters your Bill Cosby's your what's happening this has
+-JMe4EDlC58-00032-00017323-00017717 been probably the best show to replace some of those because it starts Anthony
+-JMe4EDlC58-00033-00017717-00018161 Anderson whose character is named ray his wife is Tracee Ellis Ross she's a
+-JMe4EDlC58-00034-00018161-00018680 doctor he does marketing kind of similar to my house I do marketing on YouTube my
+-JMe4EDlC58-00035-00018680-00019028 wife's a doctor and they've come into good money they live in a great
+-JMe4EDlC58-00036-00019028-00019409 neighborhood but they're always constantly wondering have they forgotten
+-JMe4EDlC58-00037-00019409-00019802 where they come from or they're always constantly having to tell their white
+-JMe4EDlC58-00038-00019802-00020198 predecessors what they deal with as successful
+-JMe4EDlC58-00039-00020198-00020529 african-americans where you pull it in this direction by people saying you're
+-JMe4EDlC58-00040-00020529-00020945 forgetting where you come from then you're pulling this direction by the
+-JMe4EDlC58-00041-00020945-00021333 majority of anglo-saxons saying you need to do this to keep growing do this to
+-JMe4EDlC58-00042-00021333-00021993 keep going up so that go through funny funny episodes where they talk about how
+-JMe4EDlC58-00043-00021993-00022566 the slave trade has hindered the black progression and they do it in a manner
+-JMe4EDlC58-00044-00022566-00023043 that's factual and funny and the people get it and I think that if you tell
+-JMe4EDlC58-00045-00023043-00023439 people about this they'll get it and they've got some kids too that are going
+-JMe4EDlC58-00046-00023439-00023817 through these same dynamics because they're going to college they've got
+-JMe4EDlC58-00047-00023817-00024219 some twins they've got two older can they just had a little baby and then
+-JMe4EDlC58-00048-00024219-00024669 you've also got great guest stars up there Laurence Fishburne plays the daddy
+-JMe4EDlC58-00049-00024669-00025242 and I'm speaking of fresh prints from fresh prints she's in the show and y'all
+-JMe4EDlC58-00050-00025242-00025913 know she's a mess and the show is very funny it is in season number five and if
+-JMe4EDlC58-00051-00025913-00026453 you want good comedy by some great actors and some seasoned actors and
+-JMe4EDlC58-00052-00026453-00026916 seeing the dye economy that a lot of African Americans have to go through and
+-JMe4EDlC58-00053-00026916-00027525 a number of situations from Halloween Thanksgiving parties you know been in
+-JMe4EDlC58-00054-00027525-00028056 situations where it can be uncomfortable for us to live I definitely recommend
+-JMe4EDlC58-00055-00028056-00028589 you watch blackish it'll make you smile it'll make you understand the plight of
+-JMe4EDlC58-00056-00028589-00029102 professional African Americans and it might give you a situation where you do
+-JMe4EDlC58-00057-00029102-00029574 more coming together in a time right now in America where we need more things to
+-JMe4EDlC58-00058-00029574-00030216 bring us together from all racial groups understanding what makes us human is
+-JMe4EDlC58-00059-00030216-00030666 something else you will get from blackish and I highly recommend that you
+-JMe4EDlC58-00060-00030666-00031112 get everybody to watch this show it is great LOB's friend of entertainment
+-JMe4EDlC58-00061-00031112-00031547 leave me some comments below have you watched blackish do you already watch it
+-JMe4EDlC58-00062-00031547-00031952 are you enjoying blackish what messages have you gotten from blackest that
+-JMe4EDlC58-00063-00031952-00032295 you've been able to go and tell the world about that helped you better Ella
+-JMe4EDlC58-00064-00032295-00032778 cute what you're going through in your walk as an African American that's gonna
+-JMe4EDlC58-00065-00032778-00033118 do it for this video don't forget to like my video comment
+-JMe4EDlC58-00066-00033118-00033784 subscribe go get yourself a life game check out blackish man very entertaining
+-JMe4EDlC58-00067-00033784-00034318 very funny good show I hope they've got a couple of more seasons in them because
+-JMe4EDlC58-00068-00034318-00034744 one of the kids is going off to college the other kid this season has graduated
+-JMe4EDlC58-00069-00034744-00035233 and he's taken our quote unquote gap year black folks ain't never know what
+-JMe4EDlC58-00070-00035233-00035694 the hell the gap give me meant but they have to explain what a gap year is
+-JMe4EDlC58-00071-00035694-00036100 because like I said they've done well for themselves and gap years is
+-JMe4EDlC58-00072-00036100-00036503 something that a lot of anglo-saxon American kids have done black kids
+-JMe4EDlC58-00073-00036503-00036871 straight from high school send your button school you go get you a good job
+-JMe4EDlC58-00074-00036871-00037378 and they cover that in this season right here and until the next sexy as hell
+-JMe4EDlC58-00075-00037378-00037772 video I'll see you
+-LmRwOLP6by-00000-00000936-00001088 hello everybody welcome back
+-LmRwOLP6by-00001-00001184-00001736 i want to say thank you so much to all of my new subscribers for who have just recently
+-LmRwOLP6by-00002-00002216-00002768 hello everybody welcome back to the firefly studio 67. today we are going to carry on
+-LmRwOLP6by-00003-00002768-00003504 with the postcard challenge from teddy treasure who's here on youtube if you haven't seen her
+-LmRwOLP6by-00004-00003504-00004192 channel check her out she's got some really really nice tutorials so this is the fourth
+-LmRwOLP6by-00005-00004192-00004960 and final week of this challenge it's been really um fun to participate in so thank you tanya for
+-LmRwOLP6by-00006-00004960-00006192 setting this up she has decided that this one is the promptus twins so um i am gonna go with
+-LmRwOLP6by-00007-00006440-00007336 these two little tim holtz paper dolls and i'm gonna say these are twin girls who
+-LmRwOLP6by-00008-00007623-00008608 their mom has decided that she wants a photo of them for autumn holding a basket of apples and
+-LmRwOLP6by-00009-00008608-00009240 they're not happy because they've been dressed the same and they've been asked to pose the same
+-LmRwOLP6by-00010-00009384-00009984 so that that's what i'm thinking um i wish they were a little bit bigger
+-LmRwOLP6by-00011-00010040-00010536 my worry is they're going to get lost in this spread but i just got to go with it i'm going
+-LmRwOLP6by-00012-00010536-00011168 to try not to overthink it again i've just pulled out a few things that i'm thinking
+-LmRwOLP6by-00013-00011168-00011840 might possibly get worked into this but uh there again there's just no telling once this gets going
+-LmRwOLP6by-00014-00011904-00012528 so first thing i'm going to do is grab in some paper i've just purchased this paper
+-LmRwOLP6by-00015-00012656-00013472 on my days off this week and this is from hobby lobby it's called joyful gathering and i don't
+-LmRwOLP6by-00016-00013472-00014152 normally buy seasonal paper but i just thought you know what i'm getting ready to start a journal
+-LmRwOLP6by-00017-00014152-00014647 and i might actually just do the whole process with you guys we'll see if i've got
+-LmRwOLP6by-00018-00014647-00015136 the confidence or not and i just thought you know what i'm going to go with it this paper
+-LmRwOLP6by-00019-00015136-00016072 set i love so so first thing i want to do i've got some music sheet and i just thought i want to get
+-LmRwOLP6by-00020-00016296-00016464 some of this paper on here
+-LmRwOLP6by-00021-00016760-00018384 so i'm actually just going to tear it and and go with it
+-LmRwOLP6by-00022-00018448-00019376 so guys bear with me today it is 100 degrees and i've got the air conditioning off so that you guys
+-LmRwOLP6by-00023-00019376-00020056 don't have to hear the hum of that but i will have to have a lot of stops within the video so
+-LmRwOLP6by-00024-00020056-00020984 i hope that i can make it smooth slowly smoo flow smoothly wow i really did jumble that one up so do
+-LmRwOLP6by-00025-00020984-00021552 bear with me on that guys all right so let me just think how i want to do this these little girls
+-LmRwOLP6by-00026-00021864-00022608 um i'm trying to figure out the which background they might stand out the the nicest on
+-LmRwOLP6by-00027-00022872-00024032 all right i'm gonna get some of this
+-LmRwOLP6by-00028-00024032-00024872 paper on them get this on i'm trying not to waste anything but i might and i might have made
+-LmRwOLP6by-00029-00024872-00025296 a little bit too much on this but i want to use these papers i just oh
+-LmRwOLP6by-00030-00025296-00025872 aren't they just fabulous actually i've decided i'm going to put this one on on this side
+-LmRwOLP6by-00031-00026088-00026544 like i said i probably have torn a bit too much paper on that but that's okay
+-LmRwOLP6by-00032-00026656-00027472 whatever scraps i got left here i can always make some altered paper clips or something like that
+-LmRwOLP6by-00033-00027936-00028456 um you're hearing daisy moving about she's probably getting a little bit uncomfortable now
+-LmRwOLP6by-00034-00028616-00028727 it's warming up
+-LmRwOLP6by-00035-00028952-00029583 she's been sleeping a lot this week but it's probably the best thing for her in this heat
+-LmRwOLP6by-00036-00029664-00029727 i'm thinking
+-LmRwOLP6by-00037-00030456-00031160 all right so what i thought is to break i kind of want to break these two patterns up
+-LmRwOLP6by-00038-00031320-00032383 so i just thought it might be nice to have just a little bit of this
+-LmRwOLP6by-00039-00033136-00033784 okay i'm going to go with that
+-LmRwOLP6by-00040-00035080-00035312 okay i'm just gonna snip this off
+-LmRwOLP6by-00041-00035976-00036584 and let's see here so i like that
+-LmRwOLP6by-00042-00037000-00037096 yep that's
+-LmRwOLP6by-00043-00037528-00037992 this is the easy part it's going to be the placement of everything else that i'm worried
+-LmRwOLP6by-00044-00037992-00038824 about but um i'm just gonna go with it have some fun and i think this will be kind of cool i'm
+-LmRwOLP6by-00045-00038824-00039528 saving all of these and i'm gonna get some weight as i've dated everything and i'm just gonna um
+-LmRwOLP6by-00046-00039720-00040088 either have them on a ring to refer back to because
+-LmRwOLP6by-00047-00040240-00040784 these are just great inspiration to go back and look on
+-LmRwOLP6by-00048-00041320-00041360 okay
+-LmRwOLP6by-00049-00041592-00042048 i love those colors of course got my teal in there all right so this
+-LmRwOLP6by-00050-00042048-00042600 was just a bit of scrap and i thought maybe to just break this up slightly
+-LmRwOLP6by-00051-00042680-00043584 but then i thought how cute to have the girls sitting on that because they're not very happy
+-LmRwOLP6by-00052-00046072-00046384 i don't know i'm just going to play around with the arrangement
+-LmRwOLP6by-00053-00046384-00046600 and see if i can get something that i like
+-LmRwOLP6by-00054-00047048-00047136 okay guys so
+-LmRwOLP6by-00055-00047384-00047816 i'm just going to
+-LmRwOLP6by-00056-00047816-00047952 play with these a bit
+-LmRwOLP6by-00057-00048552-00048640 because i really
+-LmRwOLP6by-00058-00048848-00049184 i really think these pieces can work here
+-LmRwOLP6by-00059-00052072-00053384 yep that's what i'm gonna do i'm gonna go with that all right
+-LmRwOLP6by-00060-00054320-00055200 i'm going to tuck this under and i'm really glad to have a use for this because it's um
+-LmRwOLP6by-00061-00055344-00056264 not really the colors i would normally work with well to be honest none of this tim holtz really
+-LmRwOLP6by-00062-00056688-00056888 and so it's really nice
+-LmRwOLP6by-00063-00057104-00057304 to be able to use this stuff up
+-LmRwOLP6by-00064-00057496-00058984 i'm just gonna pull that i want that to show slightly more because i want her positioned
+-LmRwOLP6by-00065-00059128-00060384 and i think this is nice because it pulls that yellow out
+-LmRwOLP6by-00066-00061616-00062136 yeah i'm very very happy with how that came out now let me see i've got a few more
+-LmRwOLP6by-00067-00062312-00062648 things here but i think it would be too busy
+-LmRwOLP6by-00068-00062816-00063184 to add any of these stickers so i'm not going to bother with those
+-LmRwOLP6by-00069-00064624-00065984 hmm
+-LmRwOLP6by-00070-00066144-00067384 today is full of possible hmm don't think that's right i'll put that one back
+-LmRwOLP6by-00071-00067544-00068784 um
+-LmRwOLP6by-00072-00069592-00070320 it's all perspective i'm gonna go with that one it's pretty random isn't it i
+-LmRwOLP6by-00073-00070320-00070976 like the gold in these um i think this will look good with everything that's going on
+-LmRwOLP6by-00074-00071520-00072168 all right i'm just going to ink the edges up guys and then we're going to say that that one is
+-LmRwOLP6by-00075-00072240-00074384 complete for week four twins very happy with that um i'm enjoying not overthinking things too much
+-LmRwOLP6by-00076-00075984-00076640 okay guys that's what i've created for the final weeks challenge
+-LmRwOLP6by-00077-00076640-00077184 i hope you've enjoyed that and i'll be back very soon take care bye bye
+-LDK1DXhrXI-00000-00000041-00000233 It was everything I had hoped for and more.
+-LDK1DXhrXI-00001-00000233-00000476 It has good features for PvP and PvE.
+-LDK1DXhrXI-00002-00000476-00000786 It has awesome graphics, especially for a mobile game.
+-LDK1DXhrXI-00003-00000786-00001078 Everything that you want in an MMORPG
+-LDK1DXhrXI-00004-00001078-00001200 So what are you waiting for?
+-LDK1DXhrXI-00005-00001200-00001306 I'll see you in-game.
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00000-00000006-00001176 away to one of these two teams but which one in the 2022 FIFA World Cup final
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00001-00001176-00002438 don't go anywhere we'll have all the action for you live next
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00002-00002438-00003000 hello and welcome to a contest of colossal meaning we find ourselves here just to the
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00003-00003000-00003743 north of the Doha City Center ahead of the 2022 World Cup final my name is Derek Ray
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00004-00003743-00004232 and with me to provide expert analysis is Stuart Robson and as you can imagine on this
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00005-00004232-00004900 occasion the atmosphere is building up nicely it's Portugal versus Argentina well what an
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00006-00004900-00005468 occasion for these two sets of players a chance to be world champions let's hope the game
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00007-00005468-00006981 matches the atmosphere it should be an absolute cracker I can't wait for this to start [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00008-00006981-00009067 foreign [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00009-00009067-00010109 [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00010-00010109-00011152 [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00011-00011152-00012195 [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00012-00012195-00013237 [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00013-00013237-00013869 the Argentina first team Emilio Martinez is the goalkeeper Lionel Messi starts with Angel
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00014-00013869-00014993 Di Maria on the flanks and leading the line lautaro Martinez thank you
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00015-00014993-00015878 [Applause] and so the battle commences
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00016-00015878-00017473 Pepe joao cancello it's with Ruben Nevis
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00017-00017473-00018547 Guerrero learn to win it back
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00018-00018547-00019562 Portugal will get the throw in [Applause] Ruben Nevis
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00019-00019562-00020040 well it's been a long and winding road to the final for Portugal it's worth remembering
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00020-00020040-00020466 that they finished second in the qualifying group they had to go through playoff matches
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00021-00020466-00021098 against turkey and North Macedonia just to get to the 2022 finals and this past month
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00022-00021098-00021597 has been challenging as well but they're here and they have a well-earned track record as
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00023-00021597-00022031 winners well you're absolutely right but I think they've got better and better as the
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00024-00022031-00022832 tournament has worn on we've got a great understanding of what's required of each player on the pick
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00025-00022832-00023197 and danger still well they can bring it out now
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00026-00023197-00023747 started the game really brightly here and they've looked dangerous oh sure they must
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00027-00023747-00024060 score
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00028-00024060-00025568 applying vigorous pressure putting his body on the line [Applause] trying to really get
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00029-00025568-00027352 at the opposition here a gift for any goalkeeper foreign
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00030-00027352-00028822 [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00031-00028822-00029339 it certainly wasn't a clean tackle and the referee has got to book him I think and a
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00032-00029339-00029763 yellow card it's going to be Stuart yeah the ref got that right it's a yellow card all
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00033-00029763-00030191 day long [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00034-00030191-00030566 [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00035-00030566-00033478 [Applause] long way at this oh brilliant technique I'm not sure about you Stewarts but I thought
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00036-00033478-00033978 that was going in well so did I but in the end it comes to nothing but what a great strike
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00037-00033978-00035066 it was it was hit so sweetly
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00038-00035066-00035752 Cristiano Ronaldo really good challenge all right
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00039-00035752-00037285 es promising attack this not a very complicated catch for the keeper [Applause] Silva
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00040-00037285-00037828 here's Ronaldo [Applause] well that's how to put in a clean tackle
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00041-00037828-00038500 baredis
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00042-00038500-00039172 [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00043-00039172-00040105 and teammates around him
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00044-00040105-00041025 referee spotted the foul but has played advantage and using his body to good effect [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00045-00041025-00041587 racing forward trying to catch them out well it looks highly promising but it came to nothing
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00046-00041587-00041687 in the end
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00047-00041687-00042278 well it's been a good last 15 minutes for Argentina they're having most of the ball
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00048-00042278-00042716 now and they're playing really well in creating chances it's surely only a matter of time
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00049-00042716-00044191 before they take the lead here [Applause] slept Sean passing [Applause] plenty of forward
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00050-00044191-00045631 momentum here but can they produce another player must take the lead here excellent block
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00051-00045631-00045731 [Applause] how to play for an Argentina throw
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00052-00045731-00045966 or the referee took note of the earlier infringement and a booking it is now
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00053-00045966-00047225 [Applause] chance to cross have Hades
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00054-00047225-00047435 [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00055-00047435-00048305 firing it towards goal and the keeper more than equal to it following on from the previous
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00056-00048305-00049015 incident he sees yellow now [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00057-00049015-00049559 foreign
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00058-00049559-00051440 [Applause] a bit short with the clearance see
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00059-00051440-00052120 and there it is the halftime whistle
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00060-00052120-00053775 [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00061-00053775-00055429 foreign
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00062-00055429-00057138 here into the second half [Applause] diesh the ball with Pepe [Applause] Ruben Nevis
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00063-00057138-00058012 and a tidy challenge [Applause] creative look about this
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00064-00058012-00058954 can he put it away oh the keeper made it look routine it was anything but a chance to nudge
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00065-00058954-00061326 in front corner kit here [Applause] and the short option preferred
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00066-00061326-00062170 [Applause] she reverted for now but it'll be another corner [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00067-00062170-00063298 and he's fired over the corner
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00068-00063298-00064976 surely well denied by The Keeper but really he only has himself to blame a concession
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00069-00064976-00065795 of a corner here [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00070-00065795-00067351 [Applause] well they fancy a short one and making the run to the inside able to get a
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00071-00067351-00068261 body in the way denied once more and No Nonsense defensive clearance [Applause] well he has
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00072-00068261-00068761 the measure of his man can they not in front [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00073-00068761-00069663 well here it is again he goes past his markers so easily with just a drop of the shoulder
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00074-00069663-00070278 but there's still plenty to do from here he hits it so well though lots of pace lots of
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00075-00070278-00070972 power and the keeper just can't react in time it's a great strike
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00076-00070972-00071417 well then 30 minutes to go then
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00077-00071417-00072021 supports here Martinez
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00078-00072021-00072223 [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00079-00072223-00073380 so they are committed to making the substitution here [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00080-00073380-00073813 taking short
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00081-00073813-00075319 he takes us on and the keeper more than equal to the task well they're trying to keep the
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00082-00075319-00075514 pressure on in the form of another corner
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00083-00075514-00075641 [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00084-00075641-00076148 shop corner it is
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00085-00076148-00076909 and a chance to level it
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00086-00076909-00078051 well you're absolutely right that's a top class save just look how he reacts
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00087-00078051-00078151 Guerrero Ronaldo
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00088-00078151-00078305 the ball with Pepe
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00089-00078305-00079606 a lot of forward thrust here from Ronaldo now what can he do [Applause] well I have
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00090-00079606-00081487 to say this is a really good goal just watch his technique here he just hits through the
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00091-00081487-00083268 back of the ball with such power and there's no stopping there
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00092-00083268-00084047 [Applause] is moving again Tim there was how it stands
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00093-00084047-00084954 and the referee is quite rightly letting it go can they keep it out and the keeper put
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00094-00084954-00085483 to the test but he comes through it well he's so sharp isn't he great first save and then
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00095-00085483-00086056 the recovery [Applause] well as you can see from the stats they've absolutely dominated
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00096-00086056-00086463 the game they've been good in possession they've created chances but they just haven't been
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00097-00086463-00086824 clinical enough in front of goal and that's the big problem but they want to get back
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00098-00086824-00087369 into the game they've got to start taking some chances firing it towards goal really
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00099-00087369-00087982 good diving stop to make sure the threat came to nothing and a retrospective yellow card
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00100-00087982-00090311 is the referee's verdict well no doubt about it that earlier challenge was a definite booking
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00101-00090311-00090572 [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00102-00090572-00090672 going short
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00103-00090672-00091513 still what to do oh is he uh not really troubling the goalkeeper at all Stuart well from that
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00104-00091513-00091707 range he should be scoring and he knows it
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00105-00091707-00092606 Martinez can he get one back oh he wasn't ruthless enough in front of goal keeper has
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00106-00092606-00093256 it now [Applause] well the conditions look pretty good for the counter attack s
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00107-00093256-00094491 to rubber stamp it once and for all
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00108-00094491-00095169 [Applause] well just look at this again the speed of counter-attack is so impressive but
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00109-00095169-00095633 the keeper should do better in his near post that's gone in far too easily that's not good
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00110-00095633-00096582 goalkeeping [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00111-00096582-00097063 well if there were any lingering doubts about the outcome surely they now have been removed
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00112-00097063-00099335 [Applause] Martinez [Applause] Messi oh good work by the keeper and they're making a change
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00113-00099335-00099850 [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00114-00099850-00100366 [Applause]
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00115-00100366-00100628 over it comes and clearing it away
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00116-00100628-00101737 [Applause] dybala well it was straight up the keeper but technically good goalkeeping
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00117-00101737-00103176 Guerrero it's with Ruben Nevis [Applause] OTA Bernardo Silva and the keeper getting
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00119-00108097-00108373 Cup for the first time well they've been Kings of Europe now they're kings of the world and
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00120-00108373-00108573 I have to say Derek they fully deserved it they were great today
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00121-00108573-00108673 [Applause] foreign [Applause] champions
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00122-00108673-00109322 and this is finally Portugal's time fully deserved best team in the world well you have
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00123-00109322-00109780 to give credit to the coach he's been excellent but so too the players and these fans it's
+-Qtsys4j_t8-00124-00109780-00109957 absolutely magnificent for them
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00000-00000814-00001044 Far from their homes in the African forests
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00001-00001068-00001340 Gorillas serve to amuse and entertain
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00002-00001564-00002005 Zoo gorillas are almost exclusively low-land gorillas from western Africa
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00003-00002068-00002494 There numbers in the wild may be as high as ten to fifteen thousand
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00004-00002522-00002910 Yet they too may reach extinction by centuries end
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00005-00003052-00003346 We are at once terrified and repelled by the horrendous beasts
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00006-00003452-00003702 Alarming
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00007-00003702-00003956 Chilling
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00008-00003956-00004206 Creepy
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00010-00008072-00008254 ☺
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00011-00008254-00008450 ☻☺
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00012-00008450-00008650 ☻☺☻
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00013-00008650-00008846 ☻☺☻☺
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00014-00008846-00009042 ☻☺☻☺☻
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00015-00009042-00009220 ☻☺☻☺☻☺
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00016-00009394-00009582 FEAR THE MONKEYS
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00017-00009666-00009866 FEAR THE MONKEYS
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00018-00009930-00010130 FEAR THE MONKEYS
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00019-00010198-00010398 FEAR THE MONKEYS
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00020-00010422-00010674 When I start cranking I'd hold it a minute and then
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00021-00010696-00010846 --oh no
+-T3eV_Vk4x0-00022-00010884-00011154 ThE mOnKeYs
+-UZ-VeNP3KM-00000-00000016-00000590 When I teach rhyme, a fun thing to do with my students is to teach them how to break up the word.
+-UZ-VeNP3KM-00001-00000590-00000864 So for example, I have the word "Cat."
+-UZ-VeNP3KM-00002-00000864-00001274 I have them put one sound on each finger, so we break up the word "Cat."
+-UZ-VeNP3KM-00003-00001274-00001478 /k/.../a/.../t/
+-UZ-VeNP3KM-00004-00001478-00001780 This is actually also called phonemic segmentation.
+-UZ-VeNP3KM-00005-00001780-00002254 It helps the kids break up the sound and see that there are three sounds in the word "Cat."
+-UZ-VeNP3KM-00006-00002254-00002600 Now, I ask them to help me make a rhyme with the word "Cat."
+-UZ-VeNP3KM-00007-00002600-00003136 So if I had /k/.../a/.../t/, all I need to do is change the beginning sound.
+-UZ-VeNP3KM-00008-00003136-00003520 I'd ask the kids for a sound. Maybe they'd give me the sound /h/.
+-UZ-VeNP3KM-00009-00003520-00003882 Now I make /h/.../a/.../t/, "Hat!"
+-UZ-VeNP3KM-00010-00003882-00004128 "Cat" and "Hat" are rhyming words.
+-UZ-VeNP3KM-00011-00004128-00004788 This is a fun way to come up with a new beginning sound to form a new word, to make words rhyme.
+-aAaFXPpSTM-00000-00000568-00001029 A NAVY F/A-18 SUPER HORNET CRASHED INTO THE ATLANTIC OCEAN JANUARY 15TH.
+-aAaFXPpSTM-00001-00001029-00001452 THE PILOT EJECTED FROM THE AIRCRAFT AND WAS SAFELY RECOVERED BY A FISHING VESSEL.
+-aAaFXPpSTM-00002-00001452-00001866 THE CRASH WAS 45 MILES OFF THE VIRGINIA BEACH COAST AND THE PILOT WAS TRANSPORTED TO SENTARA
+-aAaFXPpSTM-00003-00001866-00002245 NORFOLK GENERAL BY A NAVY MH-60 SEA HAWK HELICOPTER.
+-aAaFXPpSTM-00004-00002245-00002601 AT THE TIME OF THE ACCIDENT, THE PILOT WAS CONDUCTING A ROUTINE TRAINING MISSION.
+-aAaFXPpSTM-00005-00002601-00002939 THE CAUSE OF THE ACCIDENT IS UNDER INVESTIGATION.
+-aAaFXPpSTM-00006-00002939-00003211 THE NEW FLAME RESISTANT VARIANT COVERALLS ARE OUT.
+-aAaFXPpSTM-00007-00003211-00003621 BATAAN SAILORS WILL BE THE FIRST IN THE FLEET TO WEAR THE FRV COVERALLS WHICH ARE PROVIDED
+-aAaFXPpSTM-00008-00003621-00003779 AT NO COST TO THE SAILORS.
+-aAaFXPpSTM-00009-00003779-00004303 THE NEW COVERALLS WILL REPLACE THE NAVY WORKING UNIFORM AT SEA AND OTHER POLYESTER UNIFORMS.
+-aAaFXPpSTM-00010-00004303-00004834 NWUs WILL NO LONGER BE AUTHORIZED FOR WEAR ABOARD A SHIP, EXCEPT FOR SPECIAL EVENTS.
+-aAaFXPpSTM-00011-00004834-00005071 READ MORE ABOUT THESE STORIES AT NAVY.MIL.
+-aAaFXPpSTM-00012-00005071-00005250 FROM ALL HANDS UPDATE, THANKS FOR WATCHING.
+-btM8eoguwg-00000-00001129-00001400 Welcome to the campus library tour!
+-btM8eoguwg-00001-00001400-00001870 This video will give you a quick overview of the spaces and services found in our library,
+-btM8eoguwg-00002-00001870-00002416 where we support teaching, learning, and research at the University of Washington Bothell and
+-btM8eoguwg-00003-00002416-00002754 Cascadia College campuses.
+-btM8eoguwg-00004-00002754-00003182 The entrance to the campus library is on the Promenade, conveniently located between the
+-btM8eoguwg-00005-00003182-00003454 Cascadia and UWB buildings.
+-btM8eoguwg-00006-00003454-00003827 When you walk into the building, the library service desk is on your right.
+-btM8eoguwg-00007-00003827-00004089 If you have a question, this is the place to ask!
+-btM8eoguwg-00008-00004089-00004596 We can check out books and other library materials using your Husky Card or Cascadia student
+-btM8eoguwg-00009-00004596-00004741 ID card.
+-btM8eoguwg-00010-00004741-00005157 This includes books you can request through our online system.
+-btM8eoguwg-00011-00005157-00005610 We can also help you locate and check out materials that are for your class that have
+-btM8eoguwg-00012-00005610-00005851 been placed on course reserve.
+-btM8eoguwg-00013-00005851-00006315 We can also help you request a study room, which is located on the second or third floor
+-btM8eoguwg-00014-00006315-00006470 of the library.
+-btM8eoguwg-00015-00006470-00006981 We have tech consultants at the desk who can help students and faculty access library resources
+-btM8eoguwg-00016-00006981-00007417 online, set up their UW NetIDs, and assist with computing and printing.
+-btM8eoguwg-00017-00007417-00007895 UW Bothell and Cascadia students can also check out Windows laptops here.
+-btM8eoguwg-00018-00007895-00008262 The Campus Library is a really great place to come get help with your course assignments
+-btM8eoguwg-00019-00008262-00008477 and other research needs.
+-btM8eoguwg-00020-00008477-00008974 Librarians work closely with your instructors and faculty to help design research assignments,
+-btM8eoguwg-00021-00008974-00009456 which positions us really well to help you with things like finding and evaluate scholarly
+-btM8eoguwg-00022-00009456-00009845 resources, and defining your research topics and questions.
+-btM8eoguwg-00023-00009845-00010306 You can get help from us at the library in person or you can also get help via our online
+-btM8eoguwg-00024-00010306-00010777 chat system, which is available to you 24 hours a day, 7 days a week through our website.
+-btM8eoguwg-00025-00010777-00011083 Let’s check out the rest of the first floor.
+-btM8eoguwg-00026-00011083-00011347 Some of the library’s collections are housed on this floor.
+-btM8eoguwg-00027-00011347-00011843 You will find our Reference materials, maps, atlases, and other items here.
+-btM8eoguwg-00028-00011843-00012195 On the first floor you will also find books that are on Reserve for your classes.
+-btM8eoguwg-00029-00012195-00012638 We are happy to help you find these through our UW Libraries Search.
+-btM8eoguwg-00030-00012638-00013078 Some Reserve items are held behind the library service desk on Closed Reserve and we will
+-btM8eoguwg-00031-00013078-00013209 retrieve these for you.
+-btM8eoguwg-00032-00013209-00013684 Next to the Reserves is our media collection, which includes thousands of movies, music,
+-btM8eoguwg-00033-00013684-00013825 and video games.
+-btM8eoguwg-00034-00013825-00014156 Most of our media items check out for 7 days.
+-btM8eoguwg-00035-00014156-00014554 And if you’re tired of school-related reading, you can check out a book from Recreation Reading
+-btM8eoguwg-00036-00014554-00014856 – a collection explicitly meant for fun!
+-btM8eoguwg-00037-00014856-00015319 The first floor has a mixture of large tables and individual workspaces.
+-btM8eoguwg-00038-00015319-00015709 We ask that you be respectful of your fellow students, but group and collaborative work
+-btM8eoguwg-00039-00015709-00015820 is encouraged here!
+-btM8eoguwg-00040-00015820-00016137 Let’s head up to the second floor.
+-btM8eoguwg-00041-00016137-00016440 This floor is mainly dedicated to classroom space.
+-btM8eoguwg-00042-00016440-00016741 If your class has a library session, it will probably be here.
+-btM8eoguwg-00043-00016741-00017095 Let’s ask one of our friendly librarians about what you might learn in one of these
+-btM8eoguwg-00044-00017095-00017195 sessions.
+-btM8eoguwg-00045-00017195-00017509 When you come in with your class for a library workshop, we’re here to help you step by
+-btM8eoguwg-00046-00017509-00017749 step through the research process.
+-btM8eoguwg-00047-00017749-00018119 We design these sessions around your assignments, so we can work with you to find things like
+-btM8eoguwg-00048-00018119-00018745 articles, images, data and statistics, whatever you need for your paper or project.
+-btM8eoguwg-00049-00018745-00019134 Then, once you find those resources, we can help you figure out how to integrate them
+-btM8eoguwg-00050-00019134-00019676 into your research and, of course, work with you to cite those properly.
+-btM8eoguwg-00051-00019676-00020156 Like the first floor, the second floor is considered mixed use and group work is encouraged
+-btM8eoguwg-00052-00020156-00020443 – explore to find just the right space for you!
+-btM8eoguwg-00053-00020443-00020848 We’ll end our tour on the 3rd floor of the library.
+-btM8eoguwg-00054-00020848-00021193 You will find our regular group study rooms up here.
+-btM8eoguwg-00055-00021193-00021794 These rooms have standard media viewing equipment, white boards, and large LCD monitors you can
+-btM8eoguwg-00056-00021794-00021981 hook your laptops up to.
+-btM8eoguwg-00057-00021981-00022519 There are also several rooms that individuals can reserve for quiet study or special projects.
+-btM8eoguwg-00058-00022519-00023073 All of these spaces can be reserved online if you are a student at UW Bothell or Cascadia.
+-btM8eoguwg-00059-00023073-00023369 Most of the library’s books can be found on the third floor.
+-btM8eoguwg-00060-00023369-00023743 These are all arranged by the Library of Congress Call Number system.
+-btM8eoguwg-00061-00023743-00024198 Make sure to ask us at the library service desk if you need any assistance locating materials
+-btM8eoguwg-00062-00024198-00024598 in this library or on any of the other UW campuses.
+-btM8eoguwg-00063-00024598-00025070 We have some pretty cool collections at the campus library, including comics and graphic
+-btM8eoguwg-00064-00025070-00025822 novels, ESL materials, children’s books, video games and DVDs, and more.
+-btM8eoguwg-00065-00025822-00026291 If you’re looking for a quiet place to study, the third floor of the library is your destination!
+-btM8eoguwg-00066-00026292-00026727 The entire floor outside of the study rooms is designated quiet space.
+-btM8eoguwg-00067-00026744-00027204 This floor is also home to the Reading Room, a beautiful, quiet study space.
+-btM8eoguwg-00068-00027205-00027613 If you need a quiet place to get away, just cross over the south sky bridge and you’ve
+-btM8eoguwg-00069-00027613-00027925 arrived at one of the most picturesque spots on campus.
+-btM8eoguwg-00070-00027925-00028154 Thanks for taking the library tour!
+-btM8eoguwg-00071-00028154-00028548 We’ve covered the basics, but we have a lot more to offer and welcome you to come
+-btM8eoguwg-00072-00028548-00028808 into the library and wander around.
+-btM8eoguwg-00073-00028808-00029227 If you have any questions, please see us at the service desk, or visit our website and
+-btM8eoguwg-00074-00029227-00029327 chat with a librarian!
+-btM8eoguwg-00075-00029327-00029458 We are always happy to help.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00000-00000108-00001098 hey hey hey everyone. My name is Bernie Blume. Welcome to our very first Bitoku live. AMA - Ask
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00001-00001098-00002130 Me Anything. So glad that you're - that you guys are all here and I hope I can keep up with the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00002-00002130-00003276 live questions so I see some guys on here so hope everyone's doing fine. We have a mix here today
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00003-00003276-00003942 right so we have people that have been part of the Bitoku community for some time now. So we started
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00004-00003942-00004506 the private node sale back in July next year - last year so that's already you know more than
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00005-00004506-00005328 six months ago and we also have some new folks on board here that might not know exactly what
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00006-00005328-00006330 Bitoku is all about. So I'll do a three-minute quick intro and show you what's going on. So
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00007-00006431-00007266 let's dive into it. So here we go Bitoku is the storage layer for smart contracts and our mission
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00008-00007266-00008106 is to accelerate the world's transition towards descent decentralized control mode so away from
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00009-00008106-00008706 you know having to play by the centralized by the rules of the centralized players by building the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00010-00008706-00009384 storage layer for L1 and L2 Blockchains. So while we have the world CPU with the L1 L2 Blockchains,
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00011-00009384-00010116 we don't have a word SSD yet and we're building that one and that enables Mass adoption of crypto
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00012-00010116-00010974 and web free so I love that this is at least as large a step as it was from Bitcoin to Ethereum.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00013-00010974-00011748 So now from those L1 chains like Ethereum like Solana all the others towards storage-enabled
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00014-00011748-00012444 chains. That is a huge step. I'll just get give a little bit of slide here how huge that market
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00015-00012444-00013284 is. And we're going to have millions of storage provider nodes and all of Web3 will be powered by
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00016-00013284-00013913 a storage layer. And what's the current status of a project? We do frequent project updates right.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00017-00013913-00014658 Here on that blockchain Bernie YouTube channel. so please like and subscribe to my channel
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00018-00014813-00015732 and that would be just awesome. Andwhat do we - what else do we have here? We have
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00019-00015888-00016584 the nodes, the licenses to run validator nodes on Bitoku. They are on sale at get.bitoku.io,
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00020-00016584-00017646 all 1,400 Platinum nodes are sold and 1,271 Founders nodes have already been sold we have
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00021-00017646-00018396 raised 1.7 million, more than 1.7 million dollars through that. We're super proud of this and it's
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00022-00018396-00019188 only 29 Founders nodes still available at the current price of $1,400. So we'll get into that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00023-00019188-00019902 shortly. Rewards are being emitted on a daily basis. Every day our node owners claim their
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00024-00019902-00020628 rewards and you can see that on the blockchain and we have our minimum viable product completed.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00025-00020748-00021480 We have our first CRUD right Create Read Update and Delete functionality
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00026-00021612-00022320 already developed. Abby has done a great job there and Kevin as well and we will
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00027-00022320-00022944 open source it. So here's the big news for today. So no AMA without some news.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00028-00023100-00023940 The Dao will launch soon. Dao as you all know is the distributed autonomous organization. So
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00029-00023940-00024714 all the governance of the Bitoku project will be delegated to the Dao token holders and there will
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00030-00024714-00025476 be Dao extra airdrops when you lock your oku for some period of time and we have an early adopter-
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00031-00025476-00026370 NFT coming out and with this early adopter NFT, you can get - you can double all your airdrops
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00032-00026370-00026880 and you can double your staking rewards when you stake your oku and stake your Dao tokens
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00033-00026880-00027786 and the deadline is in order to get that early adopter NFT with all the benefits that I mentioned
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00034-00027786-00028439 that you'd have to buy your nodes before the Dao launch so anyone that doesn't have nodes
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00035-00028439-00029195 yet is new to this one there is only 29 left the at the current price and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00036-00029195-00029826 get your nodes before the Dao launch. The Dao will launch in April I don't know the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00037-00029826-00030683 exact date yet because simply we're building stuff and it's not always we can make a great
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00038-00030738-00031338 great predictions on when it's going to be there but it's going to be there real soon. We will
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00039-00031338-00032166 announce it so that deadline is going to expire soon before the Dao launch. If you get any amount
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00040-00032166-00032844 of nodes it can be just one Founder's node you double your rewards, you double your airdrops for
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00041-00032844-00033798 the rest of the the project Lifetime and that is it's just fantastic so yeah that was that was my
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00042-00033798-00034986 very quick introduction and now you know it's Q&A time so let me see what I see here uh-huh
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00043-00035130-00036000 Cheers everyone. Welcome and then guy is asking- Is there a date when the hardware specs will be
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00044-00036000-00036546 published? So that's a great question guy and we have so many people that have bought a lot of
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00045-00036546-00037254 nodes and they want to know what are the hardware specifications most probably. I'm really sorry to
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00046-00037254-00037878 say it's one of the last things that we really figure out because we're building that software
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00047-00037878-00038592 and we're making great great progress we have that CRUD functionality already but figuring out what
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00048-00038592-00039258 Hardware config we need to get the performance out of that we need. We will need to have the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00049-00039258-00039852 software all done and then do tests and have a DevNet and have a TestNet and stress test
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00050-00039852-00040578 that whole thing in order to figure out how much we need right With the validator nodes,
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00051-00040578-00041382 our goal is still not to build a second Solana right with Solana it's like you know 256 gigs
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00052-00041382-00042210 of RAM, 512 gigs of RAM we've seen with Aptos for example that it can be different right you can do
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00053-00042210-00042984 with 16 and 32 gigs of RAM You can do a great job and have great great throughput. That is
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00054-00042984-00043698 our goal. So that with like a machine a 16 or 32 gigs of RAM that would be a consumer-grade
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00055-00043698-00044484 machine right and that's the goal and we hope we can reach that but as I said it's probably the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00056-00044484-00045030 last thing that we can that we can really give good information about it it's just as it is
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00057-00045114-00046222 all right. Hi from India from Showbit and what's the next question? Three minute intro [Music]
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00058-00046560-00047346 Oh hi from Berlin. Awesome I read a nice piece of news about the city of Berlin yesterday. It
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00059-00047346-00048156 seems like uh you know with all the public baths and pools in Berlin anyone is allowed
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00060-00048156-00049032 to swim topless now whether it's women or men so that was a the piece of of news that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00061-00049032-00049686 I read about Berlin recently. So when will the rebranding be announced the rebranding?
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00062-00049878-00050244 Eane - is that how you - Lane- yay now - I'm not sure anyway
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00063-00050436-00051060 um it has already been announced but we don't have a date yet right. So that is the same thing as I
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00064-00051060-00051755 said for the other things we feel like we're almost there but all this stuff has never been
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00065-00051755-00052260 done before right and I just don't want to be in a box where I say you know it's going to be
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00066-00052260-00052794 April 8th and then and then we need a week more or two weeks more right and we've had
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00067-00052794-00053255 that with the private launch for those of you who were there in the very beginning. I hated
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00068-00053255-00053850 to do that you guys were super understanding. So big thank you for- to my community here.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00069-00054066-00054666 But you know we don't really - we want to have all the bits and pieces together and then once
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00070-00054666-00055229 we have everything and we know we can do it and we have all the technical stuff and we want to
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00071-00055229-00055872 do things together. It doesn't make sense to do the rebranding first and then and then have
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00072-00055872-00056316 the staking and then have the Dao or stuff like that we want to have all these bits and pieces
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00073-00056316-00057072 together and as you know we are rebuilding the whole rewards structure so there will be like a
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00074-00057072-00057726 traceable rewards table for everyone to see so that we can prove to everyone hey this is the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00075-00057726-00058560 exact amount of rewards that you earned. According to the light paper and we want to have that all so
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00076-00058560-00059214 it doesn't make sense for us to do the rebranding without the technological foundations that are
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00077-00059214-00060060 there and you know I feel a little bit bad about now a few months with not really launching stuff
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00078-00060060-00060624 and we want to launch it soon. We don't want to be perfect or anything but I think we need to have
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00079-00060624-00061320 that that rewards thing fixed so that everyone can see what is the real awards that have been earned
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00080-00061320-00062058 that that they have earned according to the light paper and then can trace it in the GUI
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00081-00062058-00062616 that's kind of the most important thing and we're in the very last steps there but it's always like
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00082-00062616-00063198 you do some tests and then you have a beta and we test it here internally and we just want
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00083-00063198-00063966 to have it right before we give a date out but it won't be that long out. I would say it's gonna be
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00084-00064044-00064667 in April right at the March has two weeks left we probably won't make it in March but
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00085-00064667-00065196 in April definitely and I can't tell you as at the beginning is at the end or will it even be
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00086-00065196-00065724 the beginning of May. I'm you know I'm not sure we work as fast as we can but great question.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00087-00065898-00066732 All right. Hello from Austria. How much lead time will we have to get our nodes together [Music]
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00088-00066732-00067308 to support? how much lead time will we have to get our notes together
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00089-00067434-00068202 to support? Not sure what that means maybe you can reword a little bit John. Will there be a
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00090-00068202-00068766 minimum stake required to run a validator? There won't be a minimum stake right because
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00091-00068766-00069384 the economics with our chain work like you buy the license so you're already invested
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00092-00069384-00070074 by having purchased that license right so in return there won't be a minimum stake.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00093-00070200-00070758 You already motivated economically to not lose your investment in that node
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00094-00070932-00072054 to run a validator node So if I haven't bought my nodes yet, is it still a good investment? uh Kirk
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00095-00072054-00072966 is asking. So the way we put it is the nodes are not really made as an investment and if they were
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00096-00072966-00073668 an investment they would be a security token under U.S law and we would have to apply to a
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00097-00073668-00074628 whole different a set of rules right so for us the oku tokens the rewards that come out of running a
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00098-00074628-00075564 validator their utility tokens and we primarily want people that want to run a node in order to
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00099-00075660-00076434 support that new blockchain be part of this new thing from day one and again this is going to
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00100-00076434-00077064 change the world forever everybody is talking about Web3. Elon Musk is saying well Web3 is
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00101-00077064-00077760 only marketing. It's not there yet. And he's right and how can Web3 be there how can we build Web3
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00102-00077760-00078576 equivalents of all the Web2 apps when there's no storage layer right so all the common Web2 apps
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00103-00078576-00079374 that we all love or some of us hate or whatever right the airbnbs the twitters the ebays and or
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00104-00079374-00080160 whatever of this world right they all have tons of storage and and with the current chains you
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00105-00080160-00080628 just cannot store that much data right it would cost millions or billions to do that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00106-00080628-00081096 because each and every validator would have to store it so that's where we come in with that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00107-00081096-00082002 storage layer right it's gonna be huge and and yeah so whether it's a good investment
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00108-00082002-00082638 or no you know everyone would have to decide that for themselves nothing in this video of
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00109-00082638-00083232 course is financial advice and I encourage you to discuss that among yourselves or
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00110-00083322-00084108 anything like that but you know of course I would say it's still a great time to purchase
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00111-00084108-00084756 your license to be part of this thing still very very early in to get doubled all your
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00112-00084756-00085272 eye drops to get doubled all your Dao tokens and stuff like that for the rest of your life.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00113-00085272-00086052 You know when you buy this token before the Dao launches in April and before the price goes up
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00114-00086130-00086928 we only have 29 left at this price I hope that that answers your question. All right
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00115-00087198-00087900 Ian okay oh it's just Ian okay thanks for clarifying that um
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00116-00088332-00088986 good way to get coin before the Dex launch yeah absolutely and you know I've mentioned
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00117-00088986-00089760 it so many times I think it's in everyone's interest who's part of this exciting project.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00118-00089886-00090534 Not to list it on a decks too soon right because we're still building this thing right and there
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00119-00090534-00091050 are so many exciting things there's a Dao we have the the staking facility you can stake
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00120-00091050-00091752 your Dao tokens you get and all these type of things right and you get updates at least once
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00121-00091752-00092472 a month on this YouTube channel so if you haven't done so yet like And subscribe to my channel here
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00122-00092544-00093192 and you get you know updates at least once a month and most probably more often this one is
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00123-00093192-00094104 an update as well and it's in the middle of the month so yeah so it's all still a great time and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00124-00094404-00095190 I don't think the Dex launch is something we want to bother with at this time because it
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00125-00095190-00095802 it's a distraction we would have to look at the token price the ups and downs and it's you know
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00126-00095802-00096594 we cannot\ influence everything of this as you all see every day There is market trends that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00127-00096594-00097320 that we cannot control right and then we'd have to take care of that also we'd have to take care of
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00128-00097398-00097968 giving people an incentive to buy the token right because everyone if everyone only wants to sell
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00129-00097968-00098604 because they invested in the node and then they have rewards and they want to you know cash out
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00130-00098604-00099198 a little bit then the token price will go down so we need to have the software ready so that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00131-00099198-00099882 people will actually buy the tokens to run their Web3 apps on there and stuff like that so that's
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00132-00099882-00100674 why I hope we can still delay it a little bit I under stand you know once you have that node and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00133-00100674-00101226 all that type of stuff you want to see it listed you want to see it on coin Gecko and a coin market
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00134-00101226-00102018 cap and everything I hope we all have a little bit of patience until that software is is more
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00135-00102018-00102696 advanced and we have our DevNet and our TestNet running and then it makes a lot of sense to list
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00136-00102696-00103806 these tokens I hope everyone understands that all right so uh Barry hey Bernie I lack the computer
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00137-00103806-00104508 skills to personally run the nodes but own Platinum nodes how do I participate going forward
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00138-00104609-00105335 I would say. Don't worry you don't need a ton of computer skills we will make this thing
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00139-00105402-00106320 smooth really smooth to run and you know if you think of another blockchain called Helium
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00140-00106320-00106878 the ones that make that mobile data Communications Network so many people
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00141-00106878-00107754 have their Helium minor at home and run these things and you don't have to be - with Solana
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00142-00107754-00108366 for example when we run the Solana validator you need some computer skills but also you can
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00143-00108366-00108966 get used to it real really quickly right but we will make it super super user friendly so
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00144-00109200-00110098 I believe you will be able to run that node right okay all right um how much [Music]
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00145-00110196-00110778 oh how much lead time will you give us to purchase nodes to support the chain I see some of us
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00146-00110850-00111935 leaning toward physical Hardware versus cloud so it will be a staggered process right so we
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00147-00111935-00112632 will do some DevNet first I believe most probably with the DevNet we will do it mostly in the cloud
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00148-00112806-00113406 just because you know ease of Maintenance and operations and stuff like that and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00149-00113483-00114066 ease of scaling up and scaling down and then with the TestNet let's see hope in
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00150-00114066-00114882 probably it's also going to be mostly in the cloud right for the MainNet yeah there
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00151-00115152-00115806 will be a mix and I think it probably will be mostly on premises and especially obviously the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00152-00115806-00116394 storage devices the storage provider nodes they will be all on premises right there's
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00153-00116394-00117161 no point in doing these in the cloud so I hope that that answers your question John um foreign
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00154-00117222-00118002 then Michael when will we see an announcement details about the Dao launch staking airdrops
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00155-00118002-00118806 Etc so um as soon as possible right so it's just we want to do that in April so I just announced
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00156-00118806-00119568 that right and that puts us under pressure also so don't be mad at me if it's gonna be May or
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00157-00119568-00120204 something and then as soon as we have everything ready I would say like probably two weeks before
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00158-00120204-00120900 the launch maybe three weeks before the lunch we will officially announce the date and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00159-00121092-00121998 also the name and you know the exact benefits that donors will have if they buy their node before
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00160-00121998-00122842 that Dao launch and yeah that's about that's about the time plan uh-huh [Music]
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00161-00123054-00123894 in as no nodes have sold for some time are there any concerns financially that is how
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00162-00123894-00124530 long can the project run if no nodes are selling I'm confident they will yeah you
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00163-00124530-00125298 know a burn rate is really really low and we could from the funds collected. We can
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00164-00125298-00125946 run at least another two years or so and the plan is to keep it as low as possible
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00165-00125946-00126678 to always have kind of an infinite Runway. I just hate the idea of Runway all together
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00166-00126678-00127296 there's also some cash flow coming from the other business called Antsle that we're still running
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00167-00127409-00128214 as some of you might know and we want to keep it that way right so there is absolutely no
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00168-00128214-00128850 risk right now that we run out we're not in that startup mode right and yeah that that's
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00169-00128850-00129522 how it is and obviously node sales will start again we have just been focusing now you know
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00170-00129522-00130068 after doing marketing for the private launch and then marketing for the public launch we just felt
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00171-00130068-00130770 well now is the time to focus to really focus on building the foundation of all the technology I'm
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00172-00130770-00131388 getting it all together and that's what we have been doing the last you know three-four months
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00173-00131388-00132138 and and then I believe when we come out with that one there will be no sales again right
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00174-00132138-00132252 so
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00175-00132900-00133728 what are more questions here Kirk I'm beginning to learn rust what would be some additional skills I
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00176-00133728-00134460 would need to learn to be useful well that all depends on you know are you learning Rust as
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00177-00134460-00135306 your first programming language or have you done stuff before and with Rust and especially here
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00178-00135306-00136080 when we do blockchain work right it is so close to the hardware it is close to the system it's I
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00179-00136080-00136848 think it's also called systems programming right so things like knowing how to encode integers into
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00180-00136848-00137646 binary data into you know 8-bit, 16 bits, 32, 64 bits right. How is that all encoded there?
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00181-00137802-00138684 Why is it important to save storage space in many instances and all these things? That is
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00182-00138684-00139194 super useful right and I recommend anyone when they learn Rust and they don't know systems
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00183-00139194-00139902 programming right. So the ones among us that are old enough and they've done some C programming
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00184-00139902-00140478 back in the day right and even some Assembly Language or machine language as I have when I
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00185-00140478-00141576 was you know a kid I really did machine language coding. I had no assembler or anything so but for
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00186-00141576-00142098 the ones old enough we we know you know systems programming you know because we were forced to do
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00187-00142098-00142752 that with a younger generation most of the time they use high level programming languages and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00188-00142752-00143448 then with Rust you get into the world of systems programming so do that while you learn Rust as
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00189-00143448-00144228 well and but otherwise it's not a huge project right you can also learn Rust on while you go
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00190-00144228-00145014 that is it and that's how you know some of our team have done it right it's not like you'd have
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00191-00145014-00145626 to have your master's degree in Rust before you start or something like that. So hope that helps
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00192-00146022-00146742 Thomas: What is the difference between the oku token which I earned with the node at
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00193-00146742-00147384 the moment and the Dao token in the future? So with the oku token, the oku token is a pure
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00194-00147384-00148128 utility token. So it has the utility of being able to store data on the Bitoku Chain right
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00195-00148128-00149064 and that utility can be used from Web3 apps from from Solana apps or later other blockchain apps
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00196-00149160-00149916 and the oku token has strict strict Tokenomics so these are set out in the light paper. So if
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00197-00149916-00150480 you haven't read the Tokenomics in the Whitepaper, I urge you to do that so
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00198-00150480-00151518 with the oku token there will never be more than 4.01; if I'm not mistaken 4.01 billion oku tokens
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00199-00151590-00152220 and we're going to be there in 10 years. So over these 10 years these 4.0
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00200-00152220-00153264 4.015 billion okay tokens will be emitted constantly in every second the same amount
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00201-00153480-00154170 and that ensures that the oku token keeps its value right it's just like
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00202-00154170-00154746 Bitcoin there will never be more than you know I forgot two point something million
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00203-00154914-00155670 Bitcoin right and we have that fixed upper limit right and we don't have that with other cryptos
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00204-00155670-00156186 right so for example Dodgecoin there is no limit they can just you know - they can just dilute you
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00205-00156252-00156990 anytime. It's there can be more Dodge created and that dilutes the old Dodge owners
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00206-00157056-00157788 and with the oku token to protect the value and the market capitalization of the oku token right
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00207-00157788-00158538 and to protect us all against being deluded. There is that upper limit so that means the oku
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00208-00158538-00159300 token is strictly for the utility of storing the data and it will power the Web3 economy
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00209-00159354-00160170 because Web3 needs that storage layer with the Dao token it's different the Dao token is kind of a
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00210-00160224-00161094 yeah it's a governance token. So you have the opportunity to vote in you know on suggestions
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00211-00161094-00161994 on Improvement proposals for the blockchain or for you know changes to anything for timelines
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00212-00161994-00162480 for you know there could be a proposal that says let's introduce a minimum stake to run a
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00213-00162480-00163218 validator right and then we don't decide that because you guys are running those nodes and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00214-00163326-00164046 you need those Dao tokens in order to vote on these proposals and the Dao tokens are being
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00215-00164046-00164904 airdropped to the node owners and they're you know double airdrop to the node owners that got their
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00216-00164904-00165864 nodes before the Dao was launched right so for anyone new listen to this here listening to this
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00217-00165864-00166602 make sure you get at least one node it's only anyone is needed before the Dao launch that's
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00218-00166602-00167298 that's gonna happen in April right so better get your node sooner than later and then you
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00219-00167298-00168042 get double the dial tokens right then there will be the opportunity to lock up your oku tokens why
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00220-00168042-00168804 are we doing that because we want to protect the value of the oku token as for the time as long as
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00221-00168804-00169398 our MainNet is not live right so still we're still working on implementing the Bitoku blockchain
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00222-00169458-00170154 and we don't want the value of the oku token to implode you know if it's listed on a Dax before
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00223-00170328-00171126 the blockchain is completely ready right so the more oku tokens are locked up the better for the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00224-00171126-00172062 value protection and we want to reward that that lockup with some extra rewards and some extra Dao
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00225-00172062-00172950 tokens and in the Dao there will also be a council right so the Dao owners Dao token owners they will
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00226-00172950-00173574 elect a council and the council can make decisions on short notice right it's like a regular
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00227-00173574-00174306 democracy not everything will be directly decided by the people which will be the Dao token orders
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00228-00174306-00174888 right but they will elect some representatives and their representatives can make decisions on a
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00229-00174888-00175620 day-to-day basis so we are going to have that with the Dao as well I find that all super exciting and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00230-00175620-00176520 thanks Brad for all your research in that area and yeah hope that answers your question uh Thomas.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00231-00176664-00177474 Then Techie also in other chains I have also seen community members startup services that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00232-00177474-00178122 allow others to operate the nodes for you yeah absolutely so if you don't that that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00233-00178122-00178680 was in response to the question that that someone had before if you don't have the computer skills
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00234-00178680-00179478 to run the node there will definitely be service providers that do it for you right so that's yeah
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00235-00179838-00180696 I'm sure we have a resourceful bunch here that will be able to help those who ask for
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00236-00180696-00181314 it absolutely yeah we're there with Support also so if you cannot run your node on your own you
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00237-00181314-00181860 know we're always there and we're always there in the Discord so if you haven't you know joined our
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00238-00181860-00183066 Discord yet, please do so. And Kirk says yeah Rust is the first language. Rust sounds to me like it
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00239-00183066-00183804 is close to assem- yeah close to assembly closer than the high-level languages right but it is
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00240-00183804-00184500 still obviously a way to go right it is - it has lots of abstractions that are really really cool
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00241-00184500-00185070 it's a to me it's a very very nice innovation in the landscape of programming languages
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00242-00185310-00185994 and it can be as efficient as C or Assembly Language or things like that but it gives you the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00243-00185994-00186882 feeling of programming in a higher level language and you know it is undoing so many of the you know
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00244-00186882-00187854 peculiarities of C or even C++ and all these type of things. I love Rust. Okay Alan and then
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00245-00187974-00188658 Cobalt yeah that's not do Cobalt please. I actually did some professional Cobalt
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00246-00188760-00189462 when I started my career after my after graduating from University in Germany with my Master's Degree
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00247-00189462-00190146 I started my career at IBM in Germany and guess what the first program the first large project
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00248-00190146-00190782 that I got into it was really Cobalt it was called Delta Cobalt so it was like a preprocessor that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00249-00190782-00191490 was running on top of Google but have I like - I never liked it and I will never like it
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00250-00191580-00192498 so and then Ian again: do you know will we be allowed to run more than one validator
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00251-00192498-00193284 node per machine? Gala do not allow more than one per machine it is our goal to allow that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00252-00193284-00194118 right so we have some people that have a lot of nodes and it will be crazy for them to run
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00253-00194262-00194934 you know almost a data center then. The goal is to do that and you know just
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00254-00195060-00196218 being those nodes be more of an economic unit as a hardware unit and I hope we can achieve
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00255-00196218-00196860 that goal right we haven't dived into the details there yet but the goal is definitely
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00256-00196998-00197916 yes we will.We want to enable that and we want to be able to run several nodes on one piece of
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00257-00197916-00198426 hardware and we don't know how many yet will it be unlimited or will it just be up to eight or
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00258-00198426-00199086 anything like that. we still have to figure that out and right now we're focusing on you
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00259-00199086-00199722 know building National blockchain and getting the functionality up and running and one thing
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00260-00199722-00200526 is clear if someone has you know four nodes, they can earn four times the rewards than someone that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00261-00200526-00201306 has one node. That just that's a given right we don't want to take away anything from anyone.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00262-00201744-00202680 All right, will the Dao tokens be sent to our Phantom wallet automatically. That's the idea.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00263-00202680-00203394 So when I say airdrop, they will be just sent to your Phantom wallet or whatever wallet Solano
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00264-00203394-00203934 wall you're using um automatically yeah let's say that's called an airdrop it's cool stuff.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00265-00204048-00204660 So uh Fortran and Pascal yeah yeah yeah so
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00266-00204780-00205296 I feel even Rust has some similarities to Pascal as well so yeah
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00267-00205517-00206280 um Michael doing it higher rewards when I lock uh morokus yeah absolutely so it's
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00268-00206280-00207000 it's paroku right so the lockup rewards will be proportional to the amount that is being
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00269-00207000-00207600 locked up and there will be different time frames right so like one month or in three
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00270-00207600-00208506 months six months 12-24. I don't know what the what the the brackets will be um but there will
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00271-00208506-00209232 be a bunch of brackets and it's probably gonna be you know exponential right so the one that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00272-00209364-00210030 so if Alan locks it up for three months and then Bob locks it up for
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00273-00210108-00210732 12 months right that's four times the duration but probably the rewards will be like 16 times
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00274-00210732-00211380 or so right because absolutely we we'd love to encourage longer lock-ups just in order to
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00275-00211517-00212238 yeah protect the value of the oku token um all right
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00276-00212490-00213384 so sorry if I missed this storage nodes. Ah they will be sold at some point like the founders
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00277-00213384-00214134 nodes. No the storage provider nodes, they will not be permissioned. So what we have with the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00278-00214134-00214896 validator nodes they are permissioned so you'd have to have that license so that node license
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00279-00214896-00215514 in order to be able to run a validator node the storage provider nodes they will be small devices
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00280-00215514-00216323 like you know think like Raspberry Pi type devices with some hard disk connected to it and in these
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00281-00216378-00217002 um are permissionless right so anyone can just connect a storage device with some spare storage
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00282-00217002-00217704 right and and that's the idea because the storage at scale needs to be cheap right so we need to be
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00283-00217704-00218376 cheaper than storing on AWS and stuff like that right so we want anyone with you know consumer
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00284-00218376-00219282 grade small devices to dedicate their spare storage capacity on there on their hard drives to
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00285-00219282-00219942 the Bitoku chain right so nobody needs to purchase anything if you decide you want to run storage
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00286-00219942-00220662 nodes as well in addition to your validator nodes that's perfectly fine it's not needed
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00287-00220662-00221406 but you know it probably would make a lot of sense but there's no need to to purchase anything for
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00288-00221406-00222228 that other than the hardware that you maybe you already have it or maybe you buy it. All right.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00289-00222564-00223656 Felix: not so far from where I'm at right now so I'm in Vegas now you're in Utah Salt Lake City.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00290-00223656-00224346 If I remember correctly what are your marketing plans for the future feel like after the rebrand
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00291-00224346-00225036 the footprint should increase substantially. There are many projects out there with a lot
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00292-00225036-00225894 more hype and a lot less substance. Yeah you're right Felix. So we absolutely feel that you know
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00293-00225894-00226506 after this phase where we've concentrated. After the marketing phase of the two launches and then
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00294-00226506-00227069 we wanted to concentrate a little bit on building the next phase also on writing the Whitepaper by
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00295-00227069-00227621 the way which is kind of crucial right because that Whitepaper enables us to get in contact
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00296-00227621-00228480 with the real pros right and and some people from the Solana ecosystem and others right so
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00297-00228480-00229169 we're working on that one as well and you know fingers crossed we hope to have that Whitepaper
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00298-00229284-00230202 with the Dao launch also and we just wanted to work on these things before we focus too much
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00299-00230298-00231240 on the marketing and then but you know with now the Dao launch around the corner we're really
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00300-00231240-00232073 focusing on marketing. We're hiring ahead of marketing and Communications it'll be out there
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00301-00232073-00232673 on indeed and everywhere really soon so the job description is is already there we're just doing
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00302-00232673-00233778 our our last last edits and yeah happy to have everyone look at it and if it's someone from
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00303-00233778-00234606 our community or something that'd be fine and I've seen you on Twitter and stuff. Felix so thanks for
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00304-00234744-00235578 helping us there. Yeah so absolutely marketing is not like something we're not doing or so we just
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00305-00235578-00236394 wanted to have that phase here and the reason this phase was longer than we expected was the issues
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00306-00236394-00236921 some little bugs that we had with the rewards calculation in the public launch so we needed
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00307-00236921-00237636 to fix that and I wanted to have it right so if there's any issues with the rewards calculation
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00308-00237636-00238176 and any doubts is this correct or is it not correct or I should have and this guy has and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00309-00238260-00239004 that would be a catastrophe right so before we do that that marketing and all these type of things.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00310-00239004-00239754 We have to have that right and that's what we've been working on the past four months and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00311-00239754-00240228 after that, you know full speed marketing we're hiring that head of marketing and Communications.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00312-00240384-00241026 It's going to be on indeed some other platforms and we're going to be publishing it
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00313-00241134-00241596 on Discord as well and maybe I will even talk about it in one of my next videos.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00314-00241698-00242508 So all right Michael again so the oku staking is independent from running the validator node right
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00315-00242508-00243336 yeah so most probably at least there will be a Dao token staking there might be an oku staking
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00316-00243336-00244056 as well but we cannot pay the rewards in oku right because it's already set out in the light paper
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00317-00244056-00244673 how many oku's there will ever be if we kind of multiply them and and introduce some inflation.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00318-00244823-00245417 Then we won't be able to fulfill the promises anymore that are set out in the Lightpaper and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00319-00245417-00246390 you know I feel like we want to stick to that just in order to tell the world there is that maximum
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00320-00246390-00247067 supply of the oku tokens there will never be more and I think that's a big big promise that that I
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00321-00247067-00247842 want to keep you know unless the Dao token holders someday come with a proposal and say we wanted we
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00322-00247842-00248376 want to loosen that somehow and you know create more okay tokens or something that will be up to
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00323-00248376-00249192 the Dao then um but for now I would think we would leave the oku supply as it is so if there will be
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00324-00249192-00249954 an oku token staking the rewards will be in Dao tokens right or in whatever some special NFTs that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00325-00249954-00250698 we create for that or something like that hope that answers your question Michael and then Alan
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00326-00250817-00251723 has there been a policy developed concerning selling transferring the nodes no it has not
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00327-00251723-00252432 right so other than the official policy is you know nodes cannot be transferred before all
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00328-00252492-00253212 50,000 Founders nodes have been sold. So after all 50,000 Founders nodes are sold we
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00329-00253212-00253884 might make them tradable or transferable or something but until then you know
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00330-00253973-00254592 I'm not sure there might be exceptions or something and maybe maybe there will be a Dao
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00331-00254592-00255396 vote for anything for like exceptional hardship or anything like that but you know the whole chain
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00332-00255492-00256200 and the whole Tokenomics is designed. Designed in a way that we have these Tokenomics and the oku
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00333-00256200-00256962 tokens and that the actual nodes are are fixed and anyone knows that when they buy it now
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00334-00256962-00257796 the node will never be cheaper right so that is true for anyone if any one of you decides now
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00335-00257796-00258473 to get a node at whatever price it currently is right it'll never be cheaper than today
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00336-00258564-00259176 right and if we make these nodes transferable we never know there will be a market and you
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00337-00259176-00259866 know there will be two people that agree on a price and you know the oku tokens will be
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00338-00259866-00260496 marketable someday right and there will be ups and downs right and even maybe
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00339-00260496-00261036 even the Dao tokens will be listed someday and there will be ups and downs right but we want
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00340-00261036-00261882 the nodes to be very very fixed and and it's a software licenses that the Oku labs is selling
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00341-00262062-00262692 and you know the promise is you buy it now and it is the best price that there will ever be it'll
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00342-00262692-00263316 you know it'll never be available for cheaper right and that's why we want to leave it that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00343-00263316-00263976 way right and also we want people that are long-term committed to this blockchain and we are
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00344-00263976-00264738 super super excited to have all you guys on board that came in so early right and we've had so many
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00345-00264738-00265440 rewards for people being in there early and now is the time for anyone new that is listening to
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00346-00265440-00266190 to this video right now is the time where again there will be a huge, huge benefit
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00347-00266310-00267192 double Dow tokens double all airdrops all benefits if you buy your your node before the Dow launch
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00348-00267192-00268182 which will be in you know four six eight weeks or something right so yeah if you if you can
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00349-00268182-00268890 see yourself owning a node at any time do it now because number one: it'll never be cheaper on
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00350-00268890-00269856 the market and number two: you know secure these extra benefits these extra air drops right okay
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00351-00270360-00271038 so the oku staking is independent from running the validator node. Yeah that is independent has there
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00352-00271038-00271482 been a policy developed concerning selling transferring the nodes oh that was what I
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00353-00271482-00272166 was just answering Michael is it still possible to get an affiliate link for bitoku absolutely
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00354-00272316-00272964 I really want to try to get more people excited for Bitoku. It is super simple. it's
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00355-00272964-00274248 called get.bitoku.io/setup and this setup will set up that affiliate link for
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00356-00274248-00274974 you right there's a protective fee of once all but you get you know anyone that buys a
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00357-00274974-00275442 note through your affiliate link will get five percent more rewards for the rest of
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00358-00275442-00276198 the time and you will get these five percent as well so it's a 10 total in additional rewards
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00359-00276318-00277074 through that affiliate link and get.bitoku.io setup and you can get your affiliate link there.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00360-00277260-00277908 Okay Oliver is it possible to change the wallet address to the node store
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00361-00277908-00278574 to my nodes afterwards? I would like to secure the address via The Ledger.
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00362-00278664-00279240 Yeah that's a great question Oliver it's a great question. Right? Now
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00363-00279528-00280494 it's not possible so if you did it without without The Ledger you know I I see the need there
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00364-00280602-00281130 you know right now you know I start thinking when you ask that question right but it's
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00365-00281130-00281706 probably tough to implement it'll be a project on our end and I want to focus our resources on
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00366-00281706-00282276 actually building the chain and you know going live with DevNet and test that everything right
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00367-00282276-00282996 it is unfortunate you know it's unfortunate I completely agree it should be possible
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00368-00283200-00283854 but I'm afraid you know we won't just won't have the capacity to implement that at least
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00369-00283854-00284580 for the next 12 months or so yeah sorry about that and then Michael are the oku tokens more
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00370-00284580-00285318 safe when I transfer them to my Phantom wallet or is it better to leave them in the node store
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00371-00285384-00286104 or doesn't matter that's a great question and we've had a lot of this discussion on
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00372-00286194-00287232 um on our Discord also it's probably there is no yes or no answer to that. It's more of an opinion
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00373-00287232-00288252 thing or what or who do you trust more right um so if you have them in your node store account right
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00374-00288492-00289338 how could they get lost right when you they are probably probably quite safe there right
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00375-00289338-00289950 it you know it what would happen is someone would have to get the private keys of the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00376-00290418-00291192 deployment keys of the node store program. I don't think that'll happen anytime soon because you know
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00377-00291192-00292080 I own those keys and I have you know good Key Management procedures and everything for that if
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00378-00292080-00292764 they're in your Phantom wallets and the fan wall is not a hardware wallet right then there might
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00379-00292764-00293448 be a few more risks I would assume but on the other hand if you put them in your family and the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00380-00293448-00294018 Phantom wallet is linked to your Ledger Hardware wallet then probably that's also super safe
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00381-00294222-00294900 um yeah I would say you know do either one of those leave them in the node store account or
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00382-00294900-00295788 claim them and put them on a ledger wallet those are the two you know really safe things to do okay
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00383-00295998-00296226 uh-huh and then
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00384-00296436-00297168 Alan my transfer question was for legal tax rules as opposed to the investment
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00385-00297444-00298236 I am in this for the long term awesome yeah great to hear and Thomas I have missed the info about
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00386-00298320-00299436 the Dow NFT can you please repeat it yeah so anyone so we're going to do the the Dao launch
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00387-00299436-00300174 right the Dao launch is gonna happen sometime in April hopefully right so though you know
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00388-00300174-00300744 I I just repeat it you know I want to give the the exact date when we know we have everything
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00389-00300900-00301434 we have our [__] together with with the technology and everything right you know
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00390-00301434-00302124 it's an estimate like for for April right it might be early may maybe it's even March right we don't
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00391-00302124-00302922 know so but sometime around that time frame we're going to launch the Dao the distributed
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00392-00302922-00303486 autonomous organization and there will be a few other things launched with it right there will
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00393-00303486-00304032 be a staking facility there will be a lock-up facility so you can lock up your oku tokens for
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00394-00304032-00304746 additional rewards the Dow tokens will be airdropped to your wallet if you own nodes
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00395-00304860-00305778 and anyone that has owned their nodes before the dial launch they will get all these air drops and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00396-00305778-00306516 all these lockup rewards doubled for the rest of their lives right so that is a huge huge incentive
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00397-00306516-00307302 for anyone that doesn't have nodes yet to get them before the Dao launch because then you know
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00398-00307302-00308154 everything's gonna be doubled so um yeah that was it and otherwise you know this is a live stream
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00399-00308232-00309006 um I'm here live um but as as always on YouTube they will just record it so after the live stream
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00400-00309006-00309570 ends it'll be there on YouTube so you can watch it again and see everything about the dial launch
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00401-00309684-00310446 uh-huh best option for now is to transfer the rewards to The Ledger address and the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00402-00310446-00311154 nodes will stay associated with the original address you know sounds great my last question
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00403-00311346-00312048 apart from spreading the word is there anything else we can do to support the project
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00404-00312180-00312924 thanks for a great AMA session spreading the word is fantastic right I mean that's
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00405-00312924-00313398 what we all can do if there's anyone who wants to help in you know testing
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00406-00313398-00313938 out some stuff and we already had some some community members that helped us with with
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00407-00313938-00314472 beta testing some stuff or things like that you know just reach out to us on the Discord
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00408-00314622-00315264 and and we can also you know always use some people that that can try out some stuff early
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00409-00315498-00316128 that's what you can help but you know help spreading the word and hopefully you know
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00410-00316128-00316896 having it in some places where it can be picked up by people that have huge megaphones right so
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00411-00316896-00317586 if you can post it somewhere where you know we have some probability that someone will
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00412-00317586-00318288 pick it up from the press or some of these you know a blockchain crypto oriented news
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00413-00318288-00319122 services that are out there or you know in Anatolia the Solana founder and you know
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00414-00319314-00320334 if you can post it somewhere there that would be um just fantastic. That's really you know where
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00415-00320334-00321450 where you know the community can help and and obviously also with the with the affiliate program
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00416-00321450-00322038 right and helping getting people on board and getting you node owners important stuff like that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00417-00322140-00323196 all right man it's been almost an hour I don't see any any more questions here now um uh Ian is just
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00418-00323280-00324036 writing something I don't want to shout too loud too soon as I'm enjoying more okay
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00419-00324420-00325548 foreign okay hmm and Barry presumably you want an influx of new node owners before the April Dow
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00420-00325548-00326496 launch absolutely um do you have some plan for this going back to investment Mastery or other
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00421-00326496-00327354 tubers with hundreds of thousands of followers you know what we're just growing the community so
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00422-00327522-00328356 in the beginning with the private sale and and the public sale we did some some advertising some
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00423-00328356-00328914 Facebook advertising to get some people signed up for email list and then through the emails get
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00424-00328914-00329622 them into the Discord and then give them some targeted videos and stuff like that that has
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00425-00329622-00330582 worked great the the YouTube influencer marketing has not worked all that great for us. It's quite
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00426-00330582-00331260 an investment and it's tough to find YouTube channels that are so focused on what we are doing
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00427-00331422-00331866 that it really works. With that influencer stuff but you know it might in the future
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00428-00331866-00332982 we might find better channels there, but you know betting on on on some advertising and then
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00429-00333096-00333630 um yeah also advertising this this YouTube channel the uh the Blockchain Bernie Channel
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00430-00333744-00334560 um which you know also gets new people um into the game right so about half of the the viewers here
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00431-00334560-00335196 in the Blockchain Bernie channel are new people uh so we're growing our community Through the YouTube
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00432-00335196-00335844 as well and right now it's still quite small um but you always have that hockey stick effect right
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00433-00335844-00336462 so we're we're sticking with that YouTube channel and at some point, it'll just go up because the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00434-00336462-00336990 YouTube algorithm um shows it to more people we might also advertise the YouTube channel
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00435-00337098-00338016 to grow it more so there is a lot of instruments in in our marketing tool Suite that that we can
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00436-00338016-00338640 use to to grow the community and we just you know have haven't been focusing on that because we also
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00437-00338640-00339228 thought like we need to have some more of that technical stuff going um just in order to have
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00438-00339228-00339864 a new marketing round. I just don't want to market the same thing with no progress over and over and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00439-00339864-00340470 over again and I'm a technical founder by the way so I programmed the very first version of node
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00440-00340470-00341478 store all by my own and I worked closely with uh with Abby to to get the MVP going for um for the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00441-00341478-00342372 actual uh storage SDK that that he has built so I'm a technical founder and I hope through that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00442-00342504-00343092 um through that job posting and and hiring that we're doing right now that we can complete our
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00443-00343092-00343656 team on the marketing front and have some more management power also on the market you know we
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00444-00343656-00344430 have some doing power and some very experienced uh uh marketing guys on the team and Jennifer you're
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00445-00344430-00345024 probably watching she's doing just an awesome job with you know anything marketing support and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00446-00345024-00345762 stuff like that and and even graphical design and things like that and we have Pubudu and we have
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00447-00345762-00346380 Chris and probably they are all here today and we have Brad and you know but we need someone in
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00448-00346380-00346974 the management team right that that that feels that this thing is their baby together with me
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00449-00346974-00347814 as a technical co-founder right and and yeah we are we're just starting to to reach out to
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00450-00347814-00348516 the community there and I'm I'm super hopeful to find someone either locally here in Las Vegas or
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00451-00348516-00349086 anywhere else in the U.S or anywhere else in the world for that matter right the important thing is
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00452-00349188-00349932 um to have someone that that can do the job and and and you know has has a Fame inside and and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00453-00349932-00350946 passion to to get this baby going and um so expect more stuff and more horsepower on the marketing
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00454-00350946-00352206 side from us um really soon all right and Abby is here any alternative on USDC how high are you on
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00455-00352266-00352998 algorithmic stable coins so personally I mean it's a personal question for me thanks for that Abby
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00456-00353094-00353928 um I am a big big believer in USDC it is still you know the most transparent um stable coin that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00457-00353928-00354516 I've seen out there I personally don't believe that much in algorithmic stable coins because
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00458-00354612-00355146 well first of all we've seen it with Luna and and the other thing is you need the reserves
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00459-00355146-00355776 right and you need transparency about the reserves right and USDC has a hundred percent reserves and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00460-00355776-00356412 they are the only ones that have that and are 100 transparent about it and are 100 controlled
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00461-00356412-00356970 by the US government right so if it would be my money I wouldn't put it anywhere else into
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00462-00356970-00357606 any other stable coin then USDC and even with USDC I wouldn't leave you know larger amounts
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00463-00357606-00358362 in there for you know weeks and months or years or so right I would just use USDC to transact uh
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00464-00358362-00358992 and do some stuff and then boom then I'm out again and and then rather invested into because because
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00465-00358992-00359706 USDC has no upside potential right it cannot suddenly be 500 right so the only thing I'm
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00466-00359706-00360270 left with is the risk right so uh with stable coins I want to minimize the risk the risk is
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00467-00360270-00361002 with any stable coin out there from my personal opinion the lowest risk is in USDC has been like
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00468-00361002-00361668 that and will be like that in the future and and with algorithmic stable coins you know we don't
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00469-00361668-00362382 know do they have the Reserves maybe yeah maybe there is one with 100 reserves but until they
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00470-00362382-00363048 will be at 40 billion dollars or so of reserves that usdc has with some with some algorithmic one
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00471-00363114-00363744 maybe right but right now it's it's not there and also with the algorithmic ones I'm I'm not
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00472-00363744-00364356 sure if they can trade fast enough right you have you have an algorithm and then someone tries to
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00473-00364356-00365004 to break the algorithm with you know his own algorithm and and he might be faster or have
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00474-00365004-00365628 more CPU power or whatever so I don't know I I just like the idea of having a hundred percent
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00475-00365628-00366414 reserves and uh and having these transparent and controlled by the government and that's my stable
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00476-00366414-00367290 coin and if others see it differently maybe right but to me it's just uscc all right so
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00477-00367626-00368166 um I got Ansel Nano after seeing a Facebook ad I got notice of bitoku
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00478-00368166-00369084 after that the Nano currently runs uh free search node uh storage node
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00479-00369084-00370050 and SC Prime no fun working with it oh great to hear okay thank you uh-huh and
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00480-00370242-00370878 what do we have here when does betoku preferred Club start yeah that's also a great question
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00481-00370878-00371778 Robert um we'll hope to do it together with um with uh with the Dow launch but on the other hand
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00482-00371928-00372684 um yeah I'd probably probably just a little bit after the dial launch because the the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00483-00372684-00373206 preferred Club still requires a little bit of thought from our end on how to really
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00484-00373206-00373782 set it up on the marketing side so maybe we'll need some input from from the new
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00485-00374022-00374526 um from the new marketing uh management yeah
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00486-00374742-00375678 yeah so unfortunately you know no clear clear date there yet but um it's it's high on the list
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00487-00375678-00376140 right so even it comes with the Dow launch or it comes a few weeks after I would say
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00488-00376302-00377010 okay all right so now we're over one hour I would say uh thanks very much for all that
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00489-00377010-00377670 interest here it was great um engaging with you I think um it was definitely a
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00490-00377670-00378342 great experience so we want to do that a little bit more often yeah maybe not every month but
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00491-00378342-00378834 maybe every other month or stuff like that just let me know in the comments even though there's
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00492-00378984-00379770 um there's the the live chat here I think there's still comments um below the video um so
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00493-00379824-00380430 please leave me uh in the comments what what your priorities are uh for the the
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00494-00380430-00381132 new features that we're building and uh anything else that that might have not have been discussed
+-bQi_Hegp2A-00495-00381132-00381996 to the end in this video alrighty so thanks guys for watching and um catch you later bye
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00000-00000608-00000861 Hey Marines, Lance Corporal Mellizza Bonjoc here.
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00001-00000884-00001028 Marines with 2nd Marine Division,
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00002-00001028-00001230 tested the Commandant's new vision in the Corps
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00003-00001254-00001492 during the largest exercise since the Cold War.
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00004-00001514-00001726 The exercise focuses on staying ahead
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00005-00001728-00002054 of the growing military prowess of China and Russia,
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00006-00002084-00002352 and took place at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00007-00002352-00002603 Twentynine Palms in California's Mojave Desert.
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00008-00002603-00002861 While based in North Carolina, the 2nd Marine Division
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00009-00002861-00003093 squared off against locally-based troops
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00010-00003093-00003300 in the 7th and 4th Marine Regiments,
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00011-00003300-00003635 along with British Royal Marines, 40 Commando Battle Group,
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00012-00003635-00003824 and the Royal Canadian Air Force's
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00013-00003824-00004086 408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron.
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00014-00004100-00004412 Commandant of the Marine Corps General David H. Berger said,
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00015-00004412-00004720 "The imperative is to train in all warfighting domains,
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00016-00004720-00004859 understanding what we look like
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00017-00004860-00005014 in the electromagnetic spectrum,
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00018-00005014-00005354 and evolve our noise, light, and warfighting disciplines
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00019-00005354-00005524 that will make us successful in battle."
+-gy0NqWkcqA-00020-00005524-00005697 And that's your "Marine Minute."
+-lswfm968PE-00000-00000863-00001210 Hi guys.
+-lswfm968PE-00001-00001210-00001686 Nice to see you again.
+-lswfm968PE-00002-00001686-00002011 I prepared my presentation
+-lswfm968PE-00003-00002011-00002365 I am not sure it will be good or not
+-lswfm968PE-00004-00002365-00002739 because of this, I will read.
+-lswfm968PE-00005-00002739-00003193 My..subject? my title is
+-lswfm968PE-00006-00003193-00003628 A problem of Zoo
+-lswfm968PE-00007-00003628-00004291 just..the first page is this.
+-lswfm968PE-00008-00004291-00004619 What comes to your mind when you think about zoo?
+-lswfm968PE-00009-00004619-00004931 your childhood?
+-lswfm968PE-00010-00004931-00005239 or picnic? like that? 
+-lswfm968PE-00011-00005239-00005704 Nowadays, I associate zoo with cruel place.
+-lswfm968PE-00012-00005704-00006060 Because of the news, I think you guys already know about this news.
+-lswfm968PE-00013-00006060-00006366 Two months ago, a zoo keeper
+-lswfm968PE-00014-00006366-00006736 lost his life by two lions their cage
+-lswfm968PE-00015-00006736-00007113 Many people were shocked by the news,
+-lswfm968PE-00016-00007113-00007634 but it already happened two years ago. 
+-lswfm968PE-00017-00007634-00008280 And this happened in other countries around the world as well.
+-lswfm968PE-00018-00008284-00008510 Are you scared of animals now?
+-lswfm968PE-00019-00008510-00009010 Of course,
+-lswfm968PE-00020-00009010-00009140 However, have  you ever thought of
+-lswfm968PE-00021-00009140-00009446 human beings in animals' situation?
+-lswfm968PE-00022-00009446-00009779 Put yourselves in their shoses
+-lswfm968PE-00023-00009779-00010079 for a moment.
+-lswfm968PE-00024-00010079-00010435 If people could be in their shoes,
+-lswfm968PE-00025-00010435-00010900 they would know how cruel human beings can be to animals.
+-lswfm968PE-00026-00010900-00011546 A special program of KBS called 환경스페셜(Environment Special)
+-lswfm968PE-00027-00011546-00011920 in 2002, with zoo
+-lswfm968PE-00028-00011920-00012305 whose title is 동물원으로부터의 SOS (SOS calling from Zoos).
+-lswfm968PE-00029-00012305-00012638 The broadcasting team 
+-lswfm968PE-00030-00012638-00012994 has been shooting a film for
+-lswfm968PE-00031-00012994-00013361 100 days at the Seoul Grand Park Zoo
+-lswfm968PE-00032-00013361-00013735 서울대공원 in 과천(GwaCheon)
+-lswfm968PE-00034-00014213-00014829 So, animals are in trouble such as
+-lswfm968PE-00044-00017992-00018220 Do you think it is just in the past? 
+-lswfm968PE-00045-00018220-00018620 Let's see one more situation two years ago. 
+-lswfm968PE-00046-00018620-00018800 yeh..
+-lswfm968PE-00047-00018800-00019830 It was a forum which subject is Present status and problems of Korean zoos.
+-lswfm968PE-00048-00019830-00020250 Their environment looks the same as that of 10 years ago.
+-lswfm968PE-00049-00020250-00020459 It's not just a problem of zoo.
+-lswfm968PE-00050-00020459-00021500 A tiger named ‘크레인’ was kicked out of the Seoul Grand Park zoo because he is ugly. 
+-lswfm968PE-00051-00021500-00022240 Therefore, he had been neglected for years at a zoo which went bankrupt.
+-lswfm968PE-00052-00022245-00023010 Now, we’d better reconsider the matter and what is the purpose of a zoo.
+-lswfm968PE-00053-00023015-00023650 Zoo serve as a place to watch many animals for educational purposes.
+-lswfm968PE-00054-00023650-00024017 But it demands of animals enormous sacrifices. 
+-lswfm968PE-00055-00024017-00024600 Is it right that someone’s sacrifice is required for education? 
+-lswfm968PE-00056-00024600-00024950 I think that is absurd and unfair. 
+-lswfm968PE-00057-00024950-00025170 We are only one of the animals 
+-lswfm968PE-00058-00025170-00025384 and we are all precious and important lives. 
+-lswfm968PE-00059-00025384-00025826 engagement last will me he loves
+-lswfm968PE-00060-00025826-00026182 Thus we shouldn’t have zoos at all.
+-lswfm968PE-00061-00026182-00026327 that's it.
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00000-00000056-00000416 We’re here at Nestlé’s headquarters in Switzerland, home to the largest water
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00001-00000416-00000848 bottler in the world. Nestlé has spent decades buying up access to public water
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00002-00000848-00001280 across the world to turn our most precious public resource into a private commodity.
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00003-00001280-00001672 Paying next to nothing in royalties, Nestlé makes billions of dollars a year
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00004-00001672-00002072 selling our water, leaving citizens to manage its legacy of plastic trash.
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00005-00002136-00002664 In communities across North America, the pattern repeats itself: Nestlé enters a local town
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00006-00002664-00003112 promising lots of local jobs and the highest sustainability and environmental standards to
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00007-00003112-00003584 its water bottling operations. Over time the surrounding communities see a trail of broken
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00008-00003584-00004112 promises, ecological damage and a struggle to regain access to their dwindling water sources.
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00009-00004176-00004696 Nestlé is now seeking a final pay-off: selling off its North American bottled water brands
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00010-00004696-00005320 to the tune of $5 billion. Yet despite this sale, Nestlé continues to fight for extensions and
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00011-00005320-00005872 expansions to its water permits across an entire continent in an effort to package a profitable
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00012-00005872-00006264 business venture for the next corporation. While Nestlé continues pumping water,
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00013-00006264-00006776 North America finds itself in the grips of one of the worst wildfire seasons ever recorded,
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00014-00006776-00007344 historic droughts and a global pandemic -- all doubling down on the need for access to safe,
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00015-00007344-00007936 clean water owned by and for the people. We’re here on behalf of communities across
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00016-00007936-00008408 North American disenfranchised by Nestlé’s bottling activities that have been organizing
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00017-00008408-00008928 to regain control of their water sources. We’re here to tell Nestlé: Our Water is Not For Sale!
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00018-00008928-00008940 As forest fires, droughts and a pandemic underscore the critical importance of access
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00019-00008940-00008954 to water, we stand here in solidarity with of communities across North America that have been
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00020-00008954-00009016 impacted by your water bottling operations with a message -- Our Water is not for Sale! We urge
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00021-00009016-00009472 Nestlé to return to public control the following bottling sites as part of the sale of their bottled
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00022-00009472-00009728 water portfolio: Arrowhead Complex,
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00023-00009728-00010288 San Bernardino National Forest, California Ruby Mountain Springs, Chaffee County, Colorado
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00024-00010288-00010752 White Pine Springs Evart, Michigan Ginnie Springs, High Springs, Florida
+_o1-S7sxw6u-00025-00010752-00011384 Aberfoyle Springs, Wellington County, Ontario Evergreen Springs, in Fryeburg, Maine
+_1soXaalhmU-00000-00000016-00000256 today i am live on um
+_1soXaalhmU-00001-00000424-00001448 my different pages on my different social media platforms and i'm really just coming on to test um
+_1soXaalhmU-00002-00001448-00002168 some of what i've invested in in terms of going live i've not planned this life and i have no
+_1soXaalhmU-00003-00002168-00002984 babysitting support at the moment so my kids might come popping in any minute right now um
+_1soXaalhmU-00004-00004104-00004928 okay so i'm really just coming on here to talk to you about two tips my top two tips on how
+_1soXaalhmU-00005-00004928-00005616 to charge your worth and um just as you guys are joining me if you're watching on replay please um
+_1soXaalhmU-00006-00005616-00006104 like skip the video until two minutes and then you can continue watching and if you're watching
+_1soXaalhmU-00007-00006104-00006720 me live please do say hi and i'm literally sitting behind my cake cupboard i've got my cake stuff in
+_1soXaalhmU-00008-00006720-00007240 here it's a little bit messy i'd like to do a video when i'm like sorting out this cupboard
+_1soXaalhmU-00009-00007240-00007848 i definitely like to do a video but i'm literally sitting in front of my cake cabinet where i stole
+_1soXaalhmU-00010-00007848-00008512 my cake stuff all right so as i mentioned if you're joining me live please say hi i really
+_1soXaalhmU-00011-00008512-00009128 love i'm interacting with you guys i love getting to know you and it's really just nice you know if
+_1soXaalhmU-00012-00009128-00009760 you're talking live then people say hi it really feels a little bit lonely and i know many of you
+_1soXaalhmU-00013-00009760-00010504 guys will catch this on replay okay so let's get into the two tips on how to charge your worth okay
+_1soXaalhmU-00014-00010568-00011320 i've got these two top tips on how you can charge your words i know escape makers um you know there
+_1soXaalhmU-00015-00011320-00011792 are a lot of challenges around charging your world and my little one is here right now he's crying
+_1soXaalhmU-00016-00012040-00012856 please do bear with me as i mentioned this was not blind okay so i know you know that um as
+_1soXaalhmU-00017-00012856-00013447 cake makers we have trouble charging our worth we are always like you know having trouble charging
+_1soXaalhmU-00018-00013447-00014119 our worth we are having trouble announcing that price tag on our cakes we're having trouble when
+_1soXaalhmU-00019-00014119-00014728 it comes to just you know mentioning what it is that our cake will cost and i would like to
+_1soXaalhmU-00020-00014728-00015224 give you my top two tips when it comes to charging your worth the first one is to know your cake cost
+_1soXaalhmU-00021-00015368-00016128 many times we want to find out what you know we want to charge but it really doesn't start at
+_1soXaalhmU-00022-00016128-00016744 um you know finding out what it is that your cake would cost at the end of the day it's about
+_1soXaalhmU-00023-00016744-00017392 understanding the costs right and the true value of your work if you don't understand the cost of
+_1soXaalhmU-00024-00017392-00017936 your cakes if you don't understand how much it has cost you to produce your cakes if you don't
+_1soXaalhmU-00025-00017936-00018576 understand the production costs then it will be difficult for you to even mention or put on
+_1soXaalhmU-00026-00018576-00019152 that final price tag on your baked goods right so i want to encourage you to really understand
+_1soXaalhmU-00027-00019208-00019872 your cake costs and this include not just your ingredients not just your cake supplies
+_1soXaalhmU-00028-00019928-00020272 but what is the production cost like what is what is the electric
+_1soXaalhmU-00029-00020272-00020960 electricity cost how much did it cost you to you know get your cake supplies maybe you had courier
+_1soXaalhmU-00030-00020960-00021584 fees and so forth how much did that cost you maybe you have delivery fees how much did that cost you
+_1soXaalhmU-00031-00021584-00021984 maybe you have other fees insurance fees maybe of marketing fees or costs
+_1soXaalhmU-00032-00022048-00022488 how much is that because you are running a business you're not running a charity
+_1soXaalhmU-00033-00022488-00022968 show you're running a business so you need to understand what your business costs are okay
+_1soXaalhmU-00034-00023352-00023824 you need to understand what your business costs are and only when you understand what your
+_1soXaalhmU-00035-00023824-00024392 business costs and that's when you can literally start working out the price of your cakes okay
+_1soXaalhmU-00036-00024392-00024752 so i like to call it the overall cost of production you need to understand
+_1soXaalhmU-00037-00024752-00025248 the overall cost of production if you're having trouble understanding your cost of production
+_1soXaalhmU-00038-00025248-00025832 don't worry in the description to this video i've got my cake pricing guide and my cake
+_1soXaalhmU-00039-00025832-00026392 pricing guide is literally a step by step i've like laid it out step by step for you
+_1soXaalhmU-00040-00026392-00026968 i've put out a template for you so you can just go there and um you know try to see
+_1soXaalhmU-00041-00026968-00027672 what cost you have i try to explain what it's all about i also have a training um if you want
+_1soXaalhmU-00042-00027672-00028200 to buy this training it's it's called my cake pricing cake costing training if you want to buy
+_1soXaalhmU-00043-00028200-00028800 this training just give me a shout out send me a dm let me know in the comments below and i'll
+_1soXaalhmU-00044-00028800-00029304 tell you exactly how you can lay your hands on that training it goes for a really nice price
+_1soXaalhmU-00045-00029448-00029856 so what's happening at the end of the day is that if you don't know your costs you won't be
+_1soXaalhmU-00046-00029856-00030248 able to price your cakes and even if you do price your cakes you will end up with this thing where
+_1soXaalhmU-00047-00030248-00030632 you're not getting paid you're not covering your costs and basically you're working for
+_1soXaalhmU-00048-00030632-00031295 your client my second tip on charging your worth is to know what one hour of your time is worth
+_1soXaalhmU-00049-00031383-00032072 you need to like charging for your worth is not just about you know the ingredients that
+_1soXaalhmU-00050-00032072-00032552 supplies the costs that go into your or the cost of production but it also has to do with
+_1soXaalhmU-00051-00032648-00033128 what you are worth as a cake maker i know that we have different skill sets we have different skill
+_1soXaalhmU-00052-00033128-00033752 levels and as we grow in our businesses our skill set also grows and so your cake pricing will not
+_1soXaalhmU-00053-00033752-00034424 be the same through out okay your quick pricing will not be this uh same throughout so you'll
+_1soXaalhmU-00054-00034424-00034904 notice that if you're in the skate business your prices will change over time and you will even
+_1soXaalhmU-00055-00034904-00035632 end up increasing your prices over time so i want you to you know um you know know what one hour of
+_1soXaalhmU-00056-00035632-00036304 your time is worth and the worth of your time is basically determined by your skill level so what
+_1soXaalhmU-00057-00036304-00037000 is your skill level right now and what does it i mean even if you know you are not the best cake
+_1soXaalhmU-00058-00037000-00037512 decorator out there you are actually spending some time you know let me just have this little one go
+_1soXaalhmU-00059-00037512-00038408 to daddy because the second ninja is here this is this is baby number two he is three years old
+_1soXaalhmU-00060-00038408-00039144 and this one here is baby number last he's number three and this one here is baby number one
+_1soXaalhmU-00061-00039464-00040784 okay just hold on
+_1soXaalhmU-00062-00040976-00041600 okay so um that is what i wanted to tell you today um know what one of your time is worth
+_1soXaalhmU-00063-00041600-00042320 and then i also want you to know the cost of your product cost and that is it for me today
+_1soXaalhmU-00064-00042320-00042856 was really just me popping up this life is not planned like i didn't plan for babysitting i
+_1soXaalhmU-00065-00042856-00043216 literally just wanted to come on and test the software that i have and i was like
+_1soXaalhmU-00066-00043216-00043560 what are we gonna i'm not gonna talk about and i thought okay this is something that you guys
+_1soXaalhmU-00067-00043560-00044120 are always asking for in my community so please do check the description of this video i've got
+_1soXaalhmU-00068-00044120-00044624 links to some of my free content and some of my downloads that i've
+_1soXaalhmU-00069-00044624-00045352 created for bakers and i hope you enjoy it i'll see you in the next one bye for now
+_4_j-EviyFI-00000-00000814-00000944 (Moderator:) I'll introduce you.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00001-00000958-00001066 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) Thank you.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00002-00001348-00001891 (Moderator:) So, our next talk is an interesting use case, with a multi-camera instant replay with slow
+_4_j-EviyFI-00003-00001891-00002086 motion called Futatabi.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00004-00002086-00002358 Please welcome Steinar.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00005-00002715-00002815 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) Thank you.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00006-00002815-00003059 So, I have two great passions in life, at least at the [current] time.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00007-00003059-00003459 One of them is programming, and the other one is the sport known as ultimate frisbee.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00008-00003459-00003804 When I tell people, well, frisbee, and they're like “well, how can you play anything with
+_4_j-EviyFI-00009-00003804-00003904 a frisbee?”.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00010-00003904-00004109 And I try to explain to them that, well, you throw to your team mate, you want to get inside
+_4_j-EviyFI-00011-00004109-00004337 the goal, and they go, like, “what?”.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00012-00004337-00004476 And I try to show them a video.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00013-00004476-00004928 The problem is, when I moved back to Norway, where I live now, and started playing tournaments,
+_4_j-EviyFI-00014-00004928-00005229 the stream basically looked like this.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00015-00005229-00005553 And it's pretty much impossible to see anything, right.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00016-00005553-00005894 You can see, sort of, the players, but there's supposed to be a goal line here, and good
+_4_j-EviyFI-00017-00005894-00006368 luck seeing anything, but it's supposed to be around here somewhere, but it's all smudged out.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00018-00006390-00006566 It ran on Windows, on Xsplit.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00019-00006567-00006704 It managed to get a full 15 fps.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00020-00006704-00006804 Sometimes.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00021-00006804-00007050 The virus scanner would take one core.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00022-00007050-00007434 And it's really, really hard to explain a sport to someone when you can't even see “are
+_4_j-EviyFI-00023-00007434-00007728 they in or out?”, when the point is to throw inside the zone.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00024-00007728-00007972 So, we thought, “can we do better than this with free software?”.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00025-00007972-00008514 And it's not an obvious answer; I've never heard of sports productions being done with
+_4_j-EviyFI-00026-00008514-00008614 free software before.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00027-00008614-00008903 We thought, okay, we'll give it a shot.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00028-00008903-00009432 This is Nageru, my live video mixer, which I presented here, actually in this very room
+_4_j-EviyFI-00029-00009432-00009564 three years ago.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00030-00009564-00009996 It's grown a lot since then, so if you tried 1.0 three years ago, maybe give it a shot
+_4_j-EviyFI-00031-00009996-00010150 now; there's a lot of new features.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00032-00010150-00010863 So I'm going to do a very quick rundown first of what our stream is looking like.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00033-00010863-00011072 This is a standard ultimate field; indoors, 40x20.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00034-00011072-00011524 We play in handball fields in Norway; in all other countries, it's outside.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00035-00011524-00011843 You can see there's not a lot of room, so we are pretty cramped where we can put our
+_4_j-EviyFI-00036-00011843-00012039 cameras.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00037-00012039-00012168 First of all, we have camera 1.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00038-00012168-00012584 Camera 1 is your standard, wide-angle, let's look at the entire field thing that you will
+_4_j-EviyFI-00039-00012584-00012813 see in any normal sports thing.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00040-00012813-00013477 We try to be very sparse on manpower, so camera 1 there is run by the producer.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00041-00013477-00013904 He's tilting it with his left hand, he's operating Nageru with his right hand.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00042-00013904-00014263 He's also doing audio mixing, he's also doing graphics.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00043-00014263-00014672 It's a fairly busy position, but it's a lot of fun.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00044-00014672-00014824 There's also camera 2.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00045-00014824-00015012 Camera 2 is a detail cam, right.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00046-00015012-00015296 It just basically “follow the guy with the disc”.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00047-00015296-00015612 It's a bit more zoomed in, it's nice for these detail shots.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00048-00015612-00016163 Most of the time, think maybe 85% of the time, you want to be in camera 1.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00049-00016163-00016483 Maybe 10% of the time, you want to be in camera 2.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00050-00016483-00016590 And then we have 3 and 4.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00051-00016590-00016851 3 and 4 are what we call beauty shots.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00052-00016851-00017361 They're GoPros, actually, perched high, high above each of the two goal zones, so you can
+_4_j-EviyFI-00053-00017361-00017503 see the end zone, more or less.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00054-00017503-00017832 It would be nice to have them even wider, actually.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00055-00017832-00018340 These GoPros are low-power enough that we can actually just run them on power banks.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00056-00018340-00018802 We don't run power to these, we just put up a power bank, put them on a very, very cheap
+_4_j-EviyFI-00057-00018802-00019336 and high extender, and we run the SDI converter and GoPro on these power banks that last maybe
+_4_j-EviyFI-00058-00019336-00019450 like 18 hours.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00059-00019450-00019978 And if this sounds like a lot of equipment, maybe it is, but almost all of it is either
+_4_j-EviyFI-00060-00019978-00020498 bought second-hand on eBay, or borrowed or otherwise… so it's not an expensive production
+_4_j-EviyFI-00061-00020498-00021039 by any means, at least not compared to traditional broadcast.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00062-00021039-00021548 So after all of this, it looks basically like this.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00063-00021548-00021915 You can actually now see the goal line—it's up here.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00064-00021915-00022120 There's HTML5 graphics here; this is embedded Chromium.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00065-00022120-00022573 And… was it in or out?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00066-00022573-00022673 Who knows?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00067-00022673-00023036 Right, 70,000 lines of code later, and I still don't know whether I'm in or out.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00068-00023036-00023306 For the record, I was in.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00069-00023306-00023494 We looked at it later.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00070-00023494-00024087 But it became clearly, painfully obvious that we needed some form of instant replay.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00071-00024087-00024494 We wanted to be able to see shots again, we wanted to to be able to see shots from a different
+_4_j-EviyFI-00072-00024494-00024790 angle, like camera 2 instead of camera 1 or the likes.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00073-00024790-00025160 And we wanted to be able to see it in slow motion.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00074-00025160-00025280 So we went online, and looked.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00075-00025280-00025766 “OK, we need a box to do this, what can you get?”
+_4_j-EviyFI-00076-00025766-00025963 This is the EVS XT3.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00077-00025963-00026444 This is pretty much the standard thing in broadcast; if you look any major sports event,
+_4_j-EviyFI-00078-00026444-00026810 they will either have an XT3, or they will have many of them.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00079-00026810-00027422 Unfortunately, it's as you can see here, the price is £99,000, and this is a bargain.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00080-00027422-00027686 You also need to pay £30 in shipping.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00081-00027686-00027908 Maybe you can get that waived.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00082-00027908-00028550 And to make it even worse, the seller is currently on vacation, so you can't even buy it.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00083-00028550-00029088 Now, there are cheaper options, but they're all generally in the 10,000 Euro range.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00084-00029088-00029585 And that is essentially, like, a Windows box with some software and a video card.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00085-00029585-00030054 So, we thought, OK, let's try making our own.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00086-00030054-00030402 And this is of course where Futatabi comes into the action.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00087-00030402-00030800 The first u is silent, because it's a Japanese word.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00088-00030800-00031282 Basically, we try to get all the frames, from all the cameras, from Nageru over IP.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00089-00031282-00031477 We store them, and we want to play them back.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00090-00031477-00031731 When you do this, you have a frame server.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00091-00031731-00031922 Now, there are a few problems, of course.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00092-00031922-00032237 Uncompressed video—we just talked about it on 10gig.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00093-00032237-00032337 It's fairly voluminous.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00094-00032337-00032587 You can maybe do it over the network, but storing it?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00095-00032587-00032943 And when you want to store all of it—when you want to store twelve hours of uncompressed
+_4_j-EviyFI-00096-00032943-00033140 video—it's not going to fly.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00097-00033140-00033494 So we are doing MJPEG compression.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00098-00033494-00033650 You would think, OK, why do you want JPEG?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00099-00033650-00033862 JPEG is, like, an 80s format.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00100-00033862-00034152 But it's very, very performant, and it's actually pretty good.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00101-00034152-00034706 In fact, on recent CPUs, from Skylake and up, you actually have a hardware JPEG encoder.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00102-00034706-00035175 Instead of using four cores to do [DNxHD] or whatever, you can just send it directly
+_4_j-EviyFI-00103-00035175-00035759 to the Intel GPU, send it over the network, store it here, and then you have some sort
+_4_j-EviyFI-00104-00035759-00036323 of UI, which we will be looking at later, to pick out for instance this segment here
+_4_j-EviyFI-00105-00036323-00036423 and play it back.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00106-00036423-00036726 And then, when you play back these unmodified frames, you can just echo the MJPEG back.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00107-00036726-00036869 You don't even need to decode or reencode.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00108-00036869-00037419 So you get maximum quality, and you don't get any sort of CPU usage.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00109-00037419-00037649 But we also wanted slow motion.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00110-00037649-00038000 And that begs the question, well, we have the unmodified frames here.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00111-00038000-00038449 We want to slow down by 2x, but what do we do with these ones in the middle?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00112-00038449-00038906 Now, the obvious first choice, of course, is just to repeat frames.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00113-00038906-00039283 Repeat them twice, three times, four times, how many times you need to slow down.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00114-00039283-00039538 And that looks like this.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00115-00039538-00039950 It's very, very choppy, and it's not really something you want to show to people.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00116-00039950-00040321 Now, I will say, though, that I deliberately picked a very, very hard sample.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00117-00040321-00040777 There are two reasons for this: a) It's a lot more fun to reason about things that go
+_4_j-EviyFI-00118-00040777-00040955 wrong than things that go right.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00119-00040955-00041141 I mean, the easy cases, who cares, right?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00120-00041141-00041459 The other one is that when you're having a talk like this, these effects can be really
+_4_j-EviyFI-00121-00041459-00041559 subtle.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00122-00041559-00041841 It can be very hard to see things when they just fly by once.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00123-00041841-00041987 So I want to exaggerate a bit.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00124-00041987-00042400 Now, I'm playing this, there's a lot of motion, we're doing 4x slowdown instead of 2x slowdown,
+_4_j-EviyFI-00125-00042400-00042587 this kind of thing.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00126-00042587-00042743 So it's just to make things clearer.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00127-00042743-00043146 So, OK, so repeating frames is maybe not the best.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00128-00043146-00043559 What about fading frames?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00129-00043559-00043712 It's not really a lot better, right?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00130-00043712-00043982 It's still pretty choppy.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00131-00043982-00044307 So we need to do something even better than this.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00132-00044307-00044755 Here I've taken two neighboring frames and overlaid them so you can see, sort of: We
+_4_j-EviyFI-00133-00044755-00045144 have a frame A, we have a frame B, and we want to find something in the middle.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00134-00045144-00045508 And obviously, what happened in this frame [was], you have the disc here on the first
+_4_j-EviyFI-00135-00045508-00045765 one, you have the disc here [on the second one]: It moved a bit.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00136-00045765-00046021 His leg here moved from the right to the left.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00137-00046021-00046177 And so on.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00138-00046177-00046730 So somehow these intermediate frames in the middle, or 20% between, or 80% between or
+_4_j-EviyFI-00139-00046730-00047019 what have you, it has to do somehow with motion.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00140-00047019-00047119 Right?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00141-00047119-00047721 If we can estimate the motion, like this, maybe we can try to synthesize in-between
+_4_j-EviyFI-00142-00047721-00047849 frames.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00143-00047849-00048061 So this brings us to the idea of optical flow.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00144-00048061-00048493 Optical flow is basically a model that says: “Well, all pixels came from somewhere.”
+_4_j-EviyFI-00145-00048493-00049072 Here, we have made an estimate; again, it's… what you will see first of all, of course,
+_4_j-EviyFI-00146-00049072-00049336 is all these little arrows pointing up and to the right, and that's because the camera
+_4_j-EviyFI-00147-00049336-00049690 moved down and to the left in between these frames.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00148-00049690-00050049 But it's also picked up that the disc here is moving to the right, sort of.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00149-00050049-00050228 It's picked up that the player is moving to the left.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00150-00050228-00050485 There are slightly different arrows here.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00151-00050485-00050585 And so on.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00152-00050585-00051304 So if we can take these arrows, our flow field, and somehow invert and halve it—which is
+_4_j-EviyFI-00153-00051304-00051725 much harder than it looks like—then we can maybe get an idea for not “where did the
+_4_j-EviyFI-00154-00051725-00052217 pixel go”, which is not that useful, but more “where do we want to sample it from”.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00155-00052217-00052657 So, this part is actually non-trivial, but we're not going to talk about it, we're just
+_4_j-EviyFI-00156-00052657-00053114 going to talk about estimating the flow field instead, which is a very difficult problem
+_4_j-EviyFI-00157-00053114-00053407 in its own right.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00158-00053407-00053764 There are more than 200 papers dealing with optical flow.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00159-00053764-00054007 I read maybe 20–30 of them.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00160-00054007-00054600 There are these rating lists… there's new papers coming out really every week.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00161-00054600-00054904 Between the time where I—there are these rating lists for who can make the best flow
+_4_j-EviyFI-00162-00054904-00055594 with the best algorithm on standardized tests, and between me writing this talk and now,
+_4_j-EviyFI-00163-00055594-00056041 I think the top list has changed three times or something.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00164-00056041-00056266 But most people don't care about realtime.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00165-00056266-00056764 We need to be able to synthesize these in-between frames basically 60 times a second, or at
+_4_j-EviyFI-00166-00056764-00057166 least 30 times a second, if we can keep every original frame.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00167-00057166-00057304 So this paper here caught my eye.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00168-00057304-00057945 It's from 2016, and it says the magical words “300 to 600 Hertz”, or frames per second.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00169-00057945-00058392 Now, of course, it isn't really 300 frames per second, it's more like 10, because they
+_4_j-EviyFI-00170-00058392-00058985 exclude a lot of preprocessing, they run in low resolution, and of course, their numbers
+_4_j-EviyFI-00171-00058985-00059238 are on the lowest quality presets, which isn't really good.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00172-00059238-00059441 But I thought, OK, maybe I can use it.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00173-00059441-00059626 They have reference code.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00174-00059626-00060129 It's sort of unclearly licensed; it says GPLv3 in some places, it says “for personal use
+_4_j-EviyFI-00175-00060129-00060267 only” other places.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00176-00060267-00060586 So I ended up reimplementing it, not the least because I wanted it on the GPU.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00177-00060586-00061182 My hope was that, well, OK, if they can do 10 Hz on the CPU, maybe I can do 60 Hz on
+_4_j-EviyFI-00178-00061182-00061446 the GPU; let's try.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00179-00061446-00061937 I'm going to give a very, very high-level overview of how this algorithm works.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00180-00061937-00062304 If you want the full details, you can probably read the paper, but it's fairly dense.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00181-00062304-00062547 So we start off with a motion search.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00182-00062547-00062777 We start on low resolution, as you might see.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00183-00062777-00063505 We split the image into multiple overlapping 12x12 pixel blocks, and then we go look in
+_4_j-EviyFI-00184-00063505-00063919 the other picture if we can find something that looks like it.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00185-00063919-00064258 We start here in the middle, as you can see, like, the blue square, and then we have these
+_4_j-EviyFI-00186-00064258-00064658 squares here that show the algorithm consecutively homing in.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00187-00064658-00065063 Now, if you do video compression, you'll already know motion search, but this is motion search
+_4_j-EviyFI-00188-00065063-00065195 with a different goal.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00189-00065195-00065530 This is not motion search just to find the most efficient motion vector, this is for
+_4_j-EviyFI-00190-00065530-00065748 finding real motion.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00191-00065748-00066185 And we also care a lot about the subpixel position—we don't want to stop at half-pixel
+_4_j-EviyFI-00192-00066185-00066305 or quarter-pixel.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00193-00066305-00066483 So this is a gradient descent search.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00194-00066483-00067064 We start at zero, and then we try to figure out, OK, which way, which direction am I going,
+_4_j-EviyFI-00195-00067064-00067195 and eventually hopefully converge.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00196-00067195-00067682 This works fine as long as we don't need to have motion that spans, like, many, many pixels.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00197-00067682-00068168 In this case, it's one and a half pixel, because we reduced the resolution.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00198-00068168-00068576 So after this, we have… oh, by the way, I've now colored it blue for a reason, because
+_4_j-EviyFI-00199-00068576-00069099 when we have a million arrows, it's very hard to see which way are they all pointing.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00200-00069099-00069483 So instead of showing them as arrows, we use a fairly standard representation where the
+_4_j-EviyFI-00201-00069483-00070114 hue is which direction is it going, which is the angle, and the lightness is how strong
+_4_j-EviyFI-00202-00070114-00070214 it is.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00203-00070214-00070557 So that gives us now a bunch of little squares.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00204-00070557-00071135 This is a sparse flow field for each and every motion block, and they're overlapping.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00205-00071135-00071511 First of all, we need to get up to the resolution of the image, or at least this level.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00206-00071511-00072056 So we do a process called densification, where we blend between all of these motion vectors,
+_4_j-EviyFI-00207-00072056-00072474 or hypotheses, based on how good they were for the single pixel.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00208-00072474-00073085 Right now, it looks sort of messy, so we have a separate step called variational refinement,
+_4_j-EviyFI-00209-00073085-00073439 which is—unfortunately, I don't have time to talk about this, this is like, two hours.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00210-00073439-00073930 But essentially, it sets up a huge nonlinear differential equation, which we solve on the
+_4_j-EviyFI-00211-00073930-00074127 GPU numerically.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00212-00074127-00074589 It's not a smooth—it does some sort of edge-preserving smoothing, but it does a lot of other things.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00213-00074589-00074784 At this point, we have a flow field.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00214-00074784-00075281 We could have scaled it up and used for our algorithm, but instead, we now go to the next
+_4_j-EviyFI-00215-00075281-00075755 resolution; we now use the double resolution, and we use this flow field here as input for
+_4_j-EviyFI-00216-00075755-00075994 the motion search algorithm.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00217-00075994-00076425 So again, remember, I said the motion search works well when it only has to move a little.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00218-00076425-00077019 Well, now it has to move only a little because it already had a pretty good estimate.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00219-00077019-00077613 So this is our new motion search… our new densification… our new variational refinement.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00220-00077613-00077899 We go one step up in resolution again.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00221-00077899-00078533 Motion search… and now you can see things like, the disc is show here, the people are
+_4_j-EviyFI-00222-00078533-00078701 in the background.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00223-00078701-00079104 Densification… variational refinement.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00224-00079104-00079355 All in all, this is about 200 passes on the GPU.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00225-00079355-00079673 It really gets a lot to do, but it loves parallel work.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00226-00079673-00079905 And of course, you can see—it's not perfect.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00227-00079905-00080158 So, how good is it?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00228-00080158-00080405 And for this, we have standardized benchmarks, thankfully.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00229-00080405-00080639 This is the MPI-Sintel benchmark.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00230-00080639-00081035 I think a lot of you will know the Sintel movie from the Blender Foundation.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00231-00081035-00081737 Someone's re-rendered it with optical flow data.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00232-00081737-00082169 So this is our ground truth; since it's a render, we know exactly where every pixel
+_4_j-EviyFI-00233-00082169-00082336 is going.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00234-00082336-00082572 And these are our estimates on four different quality levels.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00235-00082572-00082971 You have, like, quality level 1, 2, 3 and 4 from the paper.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00236-00082971-00083412 They vary in what resolution do we stop on, how many motion search iterations are we running,
+_4_j-EviyFI-00237-00083412-00083542 all these kinds of things.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00238-00083542-00084037 And you see that as we're getting down here, we have this EPE, which is the endpoint error,
+_4_j-EviyFI-00239-00084037-00084479 which is how much did the flow miss compared to the reference.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00240-00084479-00084967 It's going down, at least until we reach, like, quality 3, quality 4 here.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00241-00084967-00085147 And then, of course, it takes longer and longer.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00242-00085147-00085823 Now, these times here, I'm quoting 6 milliseconds on RTX 2070.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00243-00085823-00086435 This is estimating forward flow from A to B, estimating backward flow from B to A, computing
+_4_j-EviyFI-00244-00086435-00086893 the in-between flow, like the half-way flow between them, and doing the actual interpolation.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00245-00086893-00087627 So even at 1080p, we're at, like, 12.9 milliseconds, and that's under our 16 millisecond target.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00246-00087627-00087936 Compared to the CPU implementation, it's more than an order of magnitude faster—depends
+_4_j-EviyFI-00247-00087936-00088582 a bit on your settings and your GPU, of course—and it's a few percent better in terms of endpoint
+_4_j-EviyFI-00248-00088582-00088682 error.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00249-00088682-00088822 Now, you can see it's still not perfect.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00250-00088822-00088973 It's still far from perfect.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00251-00088973-00089073 But does it matter?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00252-00089073-00089724 So, we can now try taking these two frames up here and see, just interpolate very, very
+_4_j-EviyFI-00253-00089724-00089824 smoothly between them.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00254-00089824-00090224 And the result looks like this.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00255-00090224-00090324 These are just two frames.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00256-00090324-00090535 Let's just look it again.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00257-00090535-00090695 You can see there are some issues.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00258-00090695-00091023 In here, for instance, you can see it has problems with occlusion.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00259-00091023-00091330 But it did get the sword right.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00260-00091330-00091580 The background motion here is hardly even visible.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00261-00091580-00092224 And remember, this is, like, 50x slowdown, so this is fairly good.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00262-00092224-00092559 Let's look at the original sample again, now with this algorithm.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00263-00092559-00092910 It's not so bad, right?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00264-00092910-00093289 There are some artifacts, especially if you know what to look for, but again, this is
+_4_j-EviyFI-00265-00093289-00093597 a hard sample.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00266-00093597-00093805 It's time for the demo effect!
+_4_j-EviyFI-00267-00093805-00094223 And I'm going to try to show the UI as best as I can.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00268-00094223-00094637 Now, of course my laptop isn't really fast enough for this, because it doesn't have a
+_4_j-EviyFI-00269-00094637-00094737 nice GPU.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00270-00094737-00095008 But I took some test data in low resolution.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00271-00095008-00095427 You can see here; this is real data I'm giving out as part of this, twelve hours of real
+_4_j-EviyFI-00272-00095427-00095888 multi-camera data, because it turns out it's really, really hard to find online actual
+_4_j-EviyFI-00273-00095888-00096041 multi-camera data.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00274-00096041-00096555 So, the way this works, we have—I've been moving some buttons around, by the way, for
+_4_j-EviyFI-00275-00096555-00096894 the demo, just because it's hard to see anything at the bottom.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00276-00096894-00097032 So we have a clip list.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00277-00097032-00097362 Normally, I would use the keyboard for this, but since it's easier to see what's happening
+_4_j-EviyFI-00278-00097362-00097843 with the mouse, I can click “Cue in”, and when I'm happy—when they've been doing
+_4_j-EviyFI-00279-00097843-00098088 something interesting—I can press “Cue out”.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00280-00098088-00098188 Now I have a clip.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00281-00098188-00098435 This is just an [interval] in time.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00282-00098435-00098582 I can preview it up here.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00283-00098582-00098775 Maybe I want to have camera 2.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00284-00098775-00099450 OK, maybe I wasn't completely happy about the start, so I can scroll it here.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00285-00099450-00100173 If I want to, I have this little DJ controller here, which is much, much nicer to work with.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00286-00100173-00100473 It's basically super-cheap; I think this is like a hundred Euro.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00287-00100473-00100976 If you want to buy a professional remote, it's something like 1000–2000 Euros.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00288-00100976-00101461 And once I have my clips, I can queue them up.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00289-00101461-00101980 Queue… maybe queue it from both cameras… and now I can play it back.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00290-00101980-00102405 OK, maybe the first wasn't so interesting, but it will fade nicely over to the second
+_4_j-EviyFI-00291-00102405-00102585 one.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00292-00102585-00102788 At least once it's done; it was sort of long.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00293-00102788-00103369 I can edit these while I'm running, if I feel it's… yeah.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00294-00103369-00103766 So it will play it out on the TCP socket, it will go nicely back [to Nageru], hopefully
+_4_j-EviyFI-00295-00103766-00103968 in reasonably good quality.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00296-00103968-00104434 If you want to be really fancy, you can turn off the speed lock here, and you can pull
+_4_j-EviyFI-00297-00104434-00104895 this little slider to ramp it down to very low speed.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00298-00104895-00105242 Let me just play it again.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00299-00105242-00106002 Here, and this… wooo, very dramatic.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00300-00106002-00106157 So I guess that's basically the demo.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00301-00106157-00106627 We have, like, MIDI control over these things here, we have of course undo.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00302-00106627-00106986 There's a full manual if you want to go look at it.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00303-00106986-00107158 So that's basically it.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00304-00107158-00107867 Now, while I'm taking questions—I think maybe I have… yeah, five minutes for questions—I'm
+_4_j-EviyFI-00305-00107867-00108529 just going to play here some real-world… this is actual stuff from the last event we
+_4_j-EviyFI-00306-00108529-00108629 did.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00307-00108629-00109133 So this is an actual replay operator doing actual mistakes in real time.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00308-00109133-00109448 This is pretty much what you can expect in 2x.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00309-00109448-00109979 So, any questions?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00310-00109979-00110156 Yes.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00311-00110156-00110350 Wait for the microphone, please.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00312-00110350-00110865 Oh, they have to change batteries.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00313-00110865-00110965 (Moderator:)
+_4_j-EviyFI-00314-00110965-00111294 So, where are you?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00315-00111294-00111466 [inaudible] Thanks.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00316-00111466-00111638 (Person A:)
+_4_j-EviyFI-00317-00111638-00112129 Was the output of the application [inaudible] SDI, or is it a stream, or?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00318-00112229-00112503 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) So, I don't think the microphone is working, but I'll just repeat it: If the output is SDI.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00319-00112603-00112703 No, the output is a stream.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00320-00112703-00113217 It's a standard HTTP stream in a Matroska container, echoing back frames.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00321-00113217-00113638 Half of them are the MJPEG originals—I try very hard to sort of lock in to the original
+_4_j-EviyFI-00322-00113638-00113965 frames when I can—and half of them are the synthesized frames.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00323-00113965-00114065 There… I would probably add SDI output if I needed it.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00324-00114439-00114578 It's not hard to do.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00325-00114578-00114890 But generally, the entire idea is that you have this Nageru, and you have a separate
+_4_j-EviyFI-00326-00114890-00115422 Futatabi operator, and it just goes in there anyway, so why would I want SDI?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00327-00115422-00115633 But it's most certainly doable.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00328-00115785-00115885 (Person B:) Hi.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00329-00115885-00116292 Do you happen to have an API for the image interpolation?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00330-00116466-00116566 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) It's a class.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00331-00116566-00116666 It's a C++ class.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00332-00116666-00117069 It's fairly well contained; you give it two raw frames, and it gives you back another
+_4_j-EviyFI-00333-00117069-00117310 frame, in the form of a texture on the GPU.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00334-00117310-00117455 So it's certainly reusable; it's GPLv3.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00335-00117555-00117655 (Person B:) Mmhmm.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00336-00117655-00117755 Would a readback kill it?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00337-00117855-00117955 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) It's… I do readback.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00338-00118055-00118155 I do readback for the JPEG.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00339-00118255-00118355 (Person B:) Right.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00340-00118455-00118555 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) But I'm doing asynchronous readback, which is of course important when you're doing GPU.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00341-00118655-00118755 (Person B:) Mmhmm.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00342-00118855-00118955 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) But it's certainly possible.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00343-00118955-00119055 (Person B:)
+_4_j-EviyFI-00344-00119055-00119155 OK.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00345-00119155-00119255 Cool.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00346-00119255-00119374 Might ask you about it.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00347-00119474-00119591 (Moderator:) Other questions?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00348-00119591-00119735 Yup. [inaudible]
+_4_j-EviyFI-00349-00119879-00120510 (Person C:) Did you have to do anything special for camera synchronization between the four cameras,
+_4_j-EviyFI-00350-00120510-00120808 or are you just ingesting four SDI feeds and…
+_4_j-EviyFI-00351-00120908-00121008 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) I'm just running four SDI feeds.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00352-00121008-00121328 Now, this is a low-budget thing, like I said, and we don't have any clock synchronization,
+_4_j-EviyFI-00353-00121328-00121765 because a clock synchronizer would be, like, a master clock would be, like, 500 Euros anyway.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00354-00121765-00122116 And our cameras are HDMI in the first place; we just convert them to SDI.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00355-00122116-00122253 So we are doing some…
+_4_j-EviyFI-00356-00122253-00122598 Nageru has internal frame queues for all four cameras.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00357-00122598-00123220 It's trying fairly hard to keep these queues [short], as much as it can without risking
+_4_j-EviyFI-00358-00123220-00123358 too much frame drop.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00359-00123358-00123739 So essentially, they're like a frame or two or three from each other.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00360-00123739-00123905 It's not perfect, but I don't see any…
+_4_j-EviyFI-00361-00123905-00124005 (Person C:) That's good enough.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00362-00124105-00124205 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) I can't see any visible difference between them.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00363-00124339-00124520 (Person C:) Thank you.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00364-00124700-00124800 (Moderator:) Other questions?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00365-00124970-00125070 Yes.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00366-00125070-00125240 (Person D:) The previous talk was about GPU optimization, and since in OpenCV, I think there is a
+_4_j-EviyFI-00367-00126572-00126853 modular function to perform GPU-optimized optical flow.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00368-00126853-00127035 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) I think it's actually the same algorithm.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00369-00127158-00127258 (Person D:) Ah, okay.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00370-00127358-00127458 I…
+_4_j-EviyFI-00371-00127458-00127558 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) But I didn't think it was GPU-optimized?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00372-00127658-00127758 (Person D:) I think there is one, but it may be in the contrib.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00373-00128008-00128108 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) OK, maybe.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00374-00128208-00128308 I haven't actually looked in OpenCV per se.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00375-00128408-00128508 (Person D:) OK.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00376-00128508-00128658 I was wondering, how does it compare to this [inaudible].
+_4_j-EviyFI-00377-00128758-00128858 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) Yeah, no, I don't…
+_4_j-EviyFI-00378-00128858-00129140 I mean, the problem is, of course, again, every week there's something new; if I had
+_4_j-EviyFI-00379-00129140-00129753 this talk in five years, I'm fairly certain I would stand here and talk about neural networks.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00380-00129753-00130148 It's coming full-speed now; I think everything state-of-the art quality-wise is approaching
+_4_j-EviyFI-00381-00130148-00130271 neural networks.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00382-00130271-00130725 But it's still, I mean… the best things are 150 milliseconds, and that's just too
+_4_j-EviyFI-00383-00130725-00130908 much for me.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00384-00130908-00131146 So I just had to pick something, right.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00385-00131146-00131475 Eventually, in a future version, maybe I'll be switching.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00386-00131475-00131600 I don't know.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00387-00131600-00132023 I'm not bound to this specific algorithm, even though I used literally a month to decode
+_4_j-EviyFI-00388-00132023-00132511 the variational refinement in the paper, with all those strange tensor notations and typos
+_4_j-EviyFI-00389-00132511-00132611 and stuff.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00390-00132611-00132746 (Person D:) OK.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00391-00132846-00132973 Thank you.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00392-00132973-00133124 (Person E:) Hey.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00393-00133224-00133427 Nice talk, thanks.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00394-00133427-00133691 You mentioned some artifacts that appear in the frame interpolation.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00395-00133691-00134137 I just wanted to ask if you could describe some of those, and if any of those artifacts
+_4_j-EviyFI-00396-00134137-00134435 are located at the edge of the frame.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00397-00134535-00134865 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) I love that you didn't see them, because they're playing now, and there should be
+_4_j-EviyFI-00398-00134865-00134965 artifacts everywhere.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00399-00134965-00135251 Generally, edges are not a big problem.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00400-00135251-00135482 The really hard part is occlusion.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00401-00135482-00135842 When you have an object that moves right and the background is moving left, or the other
+_4_j-EviyFI-00402-00135842-00136396 way around, and a) the optical flow assumption really breaks down, because, well, things
+_4_j-EviyFI-00403-00136396-00136920 didn't come from… it always assumes that things move from A to B, but if it just came
+_4_j-EviyFI-00404-00136920-00137401 from behind something, it didn't come from anywhere, so it really breaks down.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00405-00137401-00137850 Motion blur—any kind of blur—will also give you a problem, because now, your pixel
+_4_j-EviyFI-00406-00137850-00138145 doesn't go one place, because half of the pixel is the background and half of the pixel
+_4_j-EviyFI-00407-00138145-00138466 is the foreground, and they move in different ways.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00408-00138466-00139379 I think, if I go all the way back here, you can maybe see some of these issues, but except
+_4_j-EviyFI-00409-00139379-00139479 that…
+_4_j-EviyFI-00410-00139479-00140403 I don't think going backwards in OpenOffice with video is very easy.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00411-00140403-00141341 I think maybe… yeah, if you look at when he's moving his arm, very… vertically down.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00412-00141341-00141907 So look for the place where he does, like, basically this.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00413-00141907-00142007 And that's where you see it.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00414-00142007-00142205 It sort of gets broken up.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00415-00142205-00142522 But again, this is 4x; in 2x, it's very hard to see.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00416-00142522-00142911 But I was also surprised that edges don't actually matter.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00417-00142911-00143165 Unlike the original paper, I don't pad with black.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00418-00143165-00143755 I pad with the edge, because that's what the natural thing for the GPU is, and maybe that
+_4_j-EviyFI-00419-00143755-00143855 helps a bit.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00420-00143855-00143955 (Person E:) Okay.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00421-00144055-00144155 Thanks.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00422-00144155-00144255 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) We have one more minute for questions.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00423-00144440-00144641 If anything.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00425-00144842-00145145 (Moderator:) Two minutes, even.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00426-00145145-00145246 Yeah.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00427-00145584-00146044 (Person F:) Really impressive. For you, is this the end, is it good enough?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00428-00146044-00146524 Or do you want to look at the newer papers for this, or are there other things you want
+_4_j-EviyFI-00429-00146524-00146754 to build into this software next?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00430-00146898-00147481 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) First of all, I want to use it, even more than we've already been doing.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00431-00147481-00147847 Certainly, I'm open to adding new and more fancy algorithms.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00432-00147847-00147947 I doubt I'll be…
+_4_j-EviyFI-00433-00147947-00148409 I mean, I used to every week just reload this Middlebury rating list over and over again;
+_4_j-EviyFI-00434-00148409-00148847 I don't think I'll be doing that, because it takes a lot of time.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00435-00148847-00149116 I think basically there will be features.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00436-00149116-00149690 There's a lot of things that I want to do, especially in terms of MIDI control, in terms
+_4_j-EviyFI-00437-00149690-00149806 of UI.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00438-00149806-00150479 I want to be able to support more of these XT3 workflows, for instance, I mean… a lot
+_4_j-EviyFI-00439-00150479-00150990 of slow motion is very bound to how an EVS works, but it is a very efficient workflow,
+_4_j-EviyFI-00440-00150990-00151241 and everything needs to go by the second.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00441-00151241-00151639 Every time I can shave off, like, half a second of the UI by making something simpler, that's
+_4_j-EviyFI-00442-00151639-00151754 really the way I want to go.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00443-00151754-00152088 For instance, I did cue-in and cue-out; I talked to a slow motion operator the other
+_4_j-EviyFI-00444-00152088-00152255 day, and he said, well, they never do cue-out.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00445-00152255-00152840 They just set cue-in, start playing, and then just abort it manually, because then you don't
+_4_j-EviyFI-00446-00152840-00153033 need to wait for the clip to happen.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00447-00153033-00153380 So, I think maybe the UI department is first of all.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00448-00153380-00153772 But yeah, I would love to have users and see their feedback.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00449-00153772-00154198 Also, by the way, read the manual; I've spent a fair amount of time trying to explain how
+_4_j-EviyFI-00450-00154198-00154646 the slowmo works from an operator's point, how do you want to work with the producer,
+_4_j-EviyFI-00451-00154646-00154862 this kind of thing.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00452-00154862-00154962 (Moderator:) Last question?
+_4_j-EviyFI-00453-00155284-00155384 No.
+_4_j-EviyFI-00454-00155400-00155590 (Steinar H. Gunderson:) No. I think there's nothing left. OK. Thank you!
+_4_j-EviyFI-00455-00155600-00155700 (Moderator:) Thank you, Steinar.
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00000-00000938-00001040 Hello to the world~
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00001-00001040-00001202 hello hola gracias
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00002-00001300-00001350 como estas
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00003-00001458-00002092 we came a soccer field to react to today's MV which is related to Soccer
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00004-00002092-00002432 this is near my house but this is first time i've been here and this is pretty nice
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00005-00002448-00002734 it is. less people out here. so good
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00006-00002816-00003112 and as you know, we started this video with that hammer dance lol
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00007-00003140-00004029 even though we were not good at dancing, hope you guys laugh with that lol
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00008-00004029-00004178 i'm exhausted
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00009-00004202-00004358 I think we're old af
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00010-00004358-00004498 can't hold my breathing
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00011-00004498-00004686 so hot today tho, can i open this button?
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00012-00004686-00004832 or would it be too sexy????
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00013-00004832-00004952 lol no , it'd be just nasty
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00014-00004952-00005048 lol then i keep it
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00015-00005048-00005162 hold this a sec please
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00016-00005218-00005554 can you introduce today's MV?
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00017-00005554-00005994 the reason why we're in a soccer field and i'm wearing this uniform is
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00018-00005994-00006078 do you know who it is???
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00019-00006096-00006220 let me show you
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00020-00006278-00006392 oh it's Heinze
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00021-00006431-00006590 he's a legendary full back
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00022-00006616-00006952 it's too small cuz you're much bigger than when you're in middle school
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00023-00006959-00007090 you got fat lol
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00024-00007152-00007566 lol anyway today's MV is about soccer
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00025-00007638-00008058 the artist is Jay Park and Gray
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00026-00008058-00008188 Jay Park and Gray
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00027-00008200-00008452 the song's name is 'El Tornado'
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00028-00008452-00008648 what does it mean?
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00029-00008724-00008838 I only know about tornado
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00030-00008844-00008978 yeah i don't know what 'El' stands for
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00031-00009028-00009116 It's not English
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00032-00009134-00009404 I heard this is made for a theme song of a video game
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00033-00009406-00009718 yeah the reason why i like this song is i'm a player of FIFA online 3
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00034-00009718-00009938 and FIFA online 4 will be released very soon
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00035-00009938-00010084 it's the theme song of FIFA online 4
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00036-00010188-00010612 so you mean it's the collaboration of FIFA online and AOMG
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00037-00010620-00011056 yeah , you can see FIFA online letters at the very first of this video
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00038-00011058-00011464 the game will be released very soon
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00039-00011512-00011902 as a player of FIFA online 3, I'm so expecting that game
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00040-00011962-00012720 as we've watched previous video of Jay parks collaborated with NIKE 'Run It'
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00041-00012742-00013678 I think he's the best artist going so well with kinda sporty sound
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00042-00013678-00013810 and also like Gray
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00043-00013838-00014606 aight let's start to react to this song quickly
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00044-00014606-00014716 vapormax~
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00045-00014752-00014986 let's say Lit action
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00046-00015750-00015950 looks like Nike ad
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00047-00017534-00017734 wow. he's just spitting fucking fireeeee
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00048-00017802-00017992 damn fire
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00049-00018020-00018148 he's just killing from the first
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00050-00018166-00018860 I remember that he used to rap with his sweet voice, but now he's rapping with such stable tone
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00051-00018862-00019182 and relax and chill vibe but still tight tho
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00052-00019204-00019316 it's just cool af
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00053-00019328-00019412 it is
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00054-00019412-00019952 it's so finessing like when Hueng Min Son scoring
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00055-00019962-00020226 I couldn't get every lyrics but
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00056-00020270-00020772 generally he's saying nobody can't stop him and he just keep going and hustling
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00057-00020772-00020968 then let's keep going
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00058-00022496-00022572 just crazy
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00059-00023270-00023442 I understood the lyrics little bit
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00060-00023484-00024044 he's saying even if the haters hate him, he just can't stop and will keep going
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00061-00024064-00024292 the interesting part is
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00062-00024326-00024490 I heard he mentioned Tikitaka
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00063-00024490-00024820 the soccer word Tickitaka like passing many times
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00064-00024876-00025246 like that, I think he's saying he will keep it cooling
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00065-00025252-00025726 actually I don't get lyrics much but this flow is just too hype
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00066-00025756-00025874 just too cool
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00067-00025916-00026288 if you don't know it's FIFA online ad, you'd think it's NIke ad
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00068-00026438-00026770 it just stimulating the sport instinct inside of me
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00069-00026770-00026908 i could run fast for it if I got ball
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00070-00026908-00027072 i think I could be Hueng Min Son
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00071-00029212-00029377 the hook just came out
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00072-00029377-00029508 I love this hook
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00073-00029638-00030138 and the hook also keep saying that never can't stop them like tornado
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00074-00030152-00030406 and they will be smashing out like tornado
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00075-00030438-00030727 that's what it's all about
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00076-00030727-00031054 I know Gray always write such nice hooks
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00077-00031094-00031316 this time also crazy
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00078-00031316-00031504 I like this combination
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00079-00031522-00031994 Gray killed at the hook and Jay's running crazy all the time
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00080-00031994-00032132 like Son, Hueng Min
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00081-00032200-00032400 lol Son, Hueng-min
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00082-00033598-00033722 he's handsome tho
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00083-00033894-00034184 every members of H1gher Music and AOMG is too handsome
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00084-00035118-00035318 damn who is this guy?
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00085-00035410-00035550 'crazy like bing bing'
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00086-00035568-00035668 he's an alien
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00087-00035706-00035858 how could he rap so tight like this
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00088-00035858-00035992 damn fucking fire
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00089-00036000-00036372 I think he's not a general level
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00090-00036506-00036752 we ranked him as the No. 1 in Korea and no doubt with it
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00091-00036752-00036836 for real
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00092-00036836-00037092 I'd say it again the No.1 Rapper in Korea is Jay
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00093-00037134-00037334 it's an official
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00094-00037334-00037518 lol let's keep it going
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00095-00041898-00042002 god damn
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00096-00042080-00042234 swagged out
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00097-00042400-00042538 look at those cars
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00098-00042900-00043356 who else can make an ad song in such this kinda high quality
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00099-00043408-00043732 even if it wasn't just an ad,
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00100-00043732-00043894 I'd keep digging it
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00101-00043894-00044000 I'm loving it
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00102-00044000-00044120 this is such an regular album quality
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00103-00044120-00044234 it is
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00104-00044370-00044570 this couldn't be told as an ad
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00105-00044604-00044788 unbelievable
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00106-00044828-00044966 let's keep going
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00107-00045926-00046338 we reacted to 'El Tornado' by Jay Park, Gray
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00108-00046406-00046554 you know what it is
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00109-00046554-00046696 we told you
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00110-00046710-00047218 the Number one hiphop artist in Korea is Jay Park in da building
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00111-00047444-00047560 this is insane
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00112-00047614-00048120 and i'm gonna let you know what the lyrics means briefly for foreign listeners
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00113-00048142-00048980 the lyrics mean like even if the hater hate them, they will keep doing their own and never stop them and will be smashing like Tornado
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00114-00049030-00049296 one word to describe is that if there's any obstacle on their way, they'll be penetrating it
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00115-00049300-00049728 like they'll be trying hard and keep moving forward
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00116-00049728-00049980 that's what it is
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00117-00050012-00050448 and the rap is so cool and speedy, it made me feel like i'm watching Premier League soccer match
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00118-00050448-00050592 like a match with a speed
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00119-00050598-00050926 even though, Son, Hueng-min is not good as much as he usually do lol
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00120-00050938-00051234 and one thing i respect AOMG musicians is
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00121-00051234-00051350 they're all handsome and
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00122-00051350-00051520 and make such cool songs and
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00123-00051520-00051690 nowadays, all members got such body shapes
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00124-00051690-00051800 including Loco
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00125-00051998-00052198 I think we need to work out
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00126-00052250-00052520 hope you can open that button very soon
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00127-00052526-00053004 lol I will. I'm so happy that i could react to this kinda such a cool song
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00128-00053044-00053928 if you're having a hard time, just listen to this song and get a good vibe from this song like tornado
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00129-00053928-00054167 let me show you the field here
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00130-00054341-00054470 Argentina!
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00131-00054555-00054784 Buenos Ai.... Adios??
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00132-00054784-00054904 Adios!
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00133-00054952-00055232 okay I think this is all for today
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00134-00055238-00055567 we'll be back with another reaction videos
+_9Y_9BYobXY-00135-00055586-00055786 Let's say LIT action
+_sAeTP0Z5By-00000-00000019-00000857 A refugee is somebody who fits the definition of a refugee.
+_sAeTP0Z5By-00001-00000857-00001474 So somebody who has left their country who fears being persecuted for one of the five
+_sAeTP0Z5By-00002-00001474-00001904 reasons that is in the refugee convention if they were returned to their country.
+_sAeTP0Z5By-00003-00001904-00002600 Now an asylums seeker is somebody who could be a refugee but whose claim has not yet been
+_sAeTP0Z5By-00004-00002600-00003286 considered by a government of a state party to the refugee convention, or by the UNHCR
+_sAeTP0Z5By-00005-00003286-00003421 in Hong Kong.
+_sAeTP0Z5By-00006-00003421-00003939 So as soon as somebody leaves their country of origin and they fear persecution and they
+_sAeTP0Z5By-00007-00003939-00004453 fit that definition, then they are a refugee, whether or not they have actually been told
+_sAeTP0Z5By-00008-00004453-00005071 by anybody or any official process that they are a refugee.
+_sAeTP0Z5By-00009-00005071-00005660 But some asylum seekers may not be refugees, so after their claim is determined and it
+_sAeTP0Z5By-00010-00005660-00006091 is determined that they don’t fit the definition, and they actually don’t fit the definition
+_sAeTP0Z5By-00011-00006091-00006573 of a refugee, than their not refugees, and then they’re no longer asylum seekers either
+_sAeTP0Z5By-00012-00006573-00006748 once their claim has been finalized.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00000-00000098-00000143 Claude Rubinson: alright.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00001-00000246-00000303 Claude Rubinson: So yours.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00002-00000474-00001554 proctor: So i'm proctor as Claude said i'm been to a number of these it got pulled in with the odd and the previous organizer didn't need to.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00003-00001604-00002505 proctor: come in and visit about the functional gimmickry podcast I do and i've just popped back and forth sharing some stuff before and just tried to join up when I can.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00004-00002559-00003660 proctor: i'm up here in North Texas dfw metroplex not too far, and hopefully i'll be able to make it down to Houston one day and visit with you all in person again.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00005-00004083-00004179 proctor: That being said.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00006-00004287-00004767 proctor: We did something at work and the last year we were having some.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00007-00004875-00006249 proctor: We run closure and we were on closure on node js, so there is lots of javascript world and promises and stuff in that and we're actually run it on land because because we run it on linda's so.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00008-00006420-00007634 proctor: Andrew and one of the managers at this time, at the time, Chris we started having these discussions and we're like we got it to be able to open source a interceptor library.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00009-00007692-00008628 proctor: But just into that it was let's put a talk together and just share it and it's up to us because they're interesting idea that I don't think it's light enough.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00010-00009552-00009669 proctor: Your screen first.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00011-00009876-00010095 proctor: Take over all screen.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00012-00011496-00011562 proctor: and
+_ts898ZwxaI-00013-00011877-00012801 proctor: Now, do you see the presentation my give the right screen on it Okay, so this is introduction to interceptors, as I said, we started doing this.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00014-00012849-00014685 proctor: This is a pattern that's in the closure community, and I was digging in because we found pattern was there, except not quite hooked up so found a couple of tutorials about what they were looked at the code base read the code, one of the nice things about closure is.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00015-00014822-00015603 proctor: it's open source and the fact that you can actually dig in and see all the libraries, that you want to use, even if you might not be contributing contributing to them.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00016-00015651-00016322 proctor: And it's common things just to jump in so one to share the idea because it recommend it feels familiar.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00017-00016404-00017277 proctor: from other things i've seen in the functional programming language and I wanted, especially with this group, knowing more people with static typing based off F sharp and some of the ml stuff.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00018-00017415-00018048 proctor: want to put it out there and kind of see what the static typing world equivalent would be so.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00019-00018192-00018366 proctor: functional programmers what do we love.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00020-00018573-00019353 proctor: We love drawing the lines between data calculation and actions as Eric Coleman talks about I know he was here as a group with his book rocking simplicity.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00021-00019467-00021189 proctor: But essentially drawing those lines between here's the thing that's pure here's just data, and we can manipulate data as much as we want and then who's all our side effects will stuff Where does this go through, and being able to draw lines delineate those and not have those.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00022-00021390-00022827 proctor: All mixed together and in the internal because, as you talked about all your actions pollute everything else, so you have an action in the middle that actually gets contaminated with everything else and and it's hard to test that and isolate things.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00023-00022968-00024354 proctor: The other thing we love is data oriented programming and I know I caught, it was trying to get you on it, then I don't know if you ever got your Honda thing to to coordinate because, with a time schedule, if you did a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00024-00024480-00024810 proctor: did a lunch ish meeting for your Jonathan or not, but.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00025-00024936-00025020 Claude Rubinson: that's someone else.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00026-00025059-00025092 Okay.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00027-00025266-00026220 proctor: But again it's data data is first class data is distinct from the code we try and go generic data structures everything static and immutable when we can get away with it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00028-00026295-00027363 proctor: We even like our functions that data because functional programming verse functions our program functions our data we can pass them around as much so, when we can isolate things as data and treat things as data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00029-00027552-00027777 proctor: We love that we love that as much as we can.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00030-00028083-00028386 proctor: Calculations we can transform data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00031-00028512-00029601 proctor: it's pure it's Compostable we can fix things together how many times do we use this operator here is a threading operator enclosure but it's the.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00032-00029670-00030363 proctor: pipe pipe greater than an F sharp the pipe operator and bash and you know scripting.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00033-00030447-00031427 proctor: Being able to stitch these together through a common interface and flow that data or just even calling compose on functions, is something we all love doing and we try and do.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00034-00031527-00033066 proctor: It gets messy his actions yeah one shot to do it right, because if you don't you have your other side effects that you can't necessarily undo easily because they may have gotten out of scope you don't necessarily have great.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00035-00033195-00034566 proctor: Visibility into your pipeline of when do I do when do I undo something if I get to this point, do I pass along some sort of state that says, I need to roll back or undo something that I did previously.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00036-00034737-00035643 proctor: But they're also the end goal we wouldn't be doing anything if we didn't actually have the X actions in there, so they are needed it's just trying to.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00037-00035706-00037155 proctor: tame them and keep the pieces that make things easy and pure and manageable aside and separate from the messy things that are dangerous to do and affect the outside world and potentially have.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00038-00037224-00037917 proctor: consequences, but those are the consequences we generally want it's just, we need to make sure we don't mess up how we do those.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00039-00038115-00039069 proctor: So data transformed transformation, simple and easy in the closure sense it makes it very small very focused, you know exactly what you're doing.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00040-00039201-00039915 proctor: And you can just say hey i've got this other thing here, I can pull this together, I can reuse these functions and just propose these functions together.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00041-00039975-00040902 proctor: We all talk about mapreduce filter those data transformation stuff and how we just kind of stitch them together and merge them together, because there are building basic building blocks.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00042-00041172-00042381 proctor: Until it's not we get the world of exceptions 400 errors 500 errors timeouts we didn't kick out for timeouts we left that connection to the http or whatever open we never actually.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00043-00042489-00043428 proctor: Put a timeout on this, so now we're hanging for 30 minutes and we don't know why because we didn't actually do the timeout we have infinite loops we have duplicate message, since.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00044-00043530-00044775 proctor: These are all the things that make it hard that gets our Code into the dumpster fire that we all hate trying to put out, especially if you if you get it, not from your little trash can fire into the dumpster fire, because you haven't caught it in time.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00045-00044994-00045090 proctor: we've solved this stuff.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00046-00045294-00045399 proctor: We got try catch.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00047-00045546-00045801 proctor: We got try catch finally hey we can do this stuff.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00048-00045921-00046827 proctor: it's all from except it's not because all those problems we can handle become an extra pain when they're asynchronous.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00049-00046971-00048480 proctor: Now you have your asynchronous resource handling that you have to do, because that except you got thrown was on a different thread and you're now awaiting a result from somewhere that finished in a different space and time continuum than the code you're currently running.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00050-00048666-00049605 proctor: So how do you do that well there's certain patterns, we have with open a different languages have file like you take you open a file.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00051-00049653-00050427 proctor: Or you open some kind of open up close double thing you pass something that gets opened to a block with a Lambda.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00052-00050505-00051291 proctor: or a block or proc or whatever your language calls it in a lot of cases like Ruby even has this stuff in Python has this where it's like hey you give me something.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00053-00051345-00052266 proctor: I mean I run it in a in what we call a function or Lambda that's nested and we will handle the return value and cleaning up those resources.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00054-00052311-00052923 proctor: When that thing fails, even if an exception happens you've got promise catch you got promise finally.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00055-00052991-00054228 proctor: These last three are three familiar with closure, there is a couple of things with core a sync which is there closer go routine kinds of stuff so motor goes go routines continuation style past CSP stuff.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00056-00054479-00055260 proctor: But you've got error channels you got error returns you got pipelines with air handlers so hey that's great we've got their solved again.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00057-00055362-00055899 proctor: And we've got him solve for asynchronous errors, except What about the finally.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00058-00056121-00057542 proctor: So it's finally for non blocking asynchronous calls trying to a Finally on something that went off asynchronous you're going to get a call back or promise or future of whatever kind of thing that happens in.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00059-00057591-00058848 proctor: If nothing aired now you have to have some sort of global mutable state that you have to keep track of everything you fire off and then collect everything back once those things things if you've ever.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00060-00058944-00060198 proctor: off file processes node and tried to do a map kind of thing and no to land had this number of years ago we had translation files that were being processed node you have to know how many things you catch send off.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00061-00060317-00061485 proctor: wait for the callback out those callbacks accumulate you've set off you send off 10 files to process, you get a week sure you get 10 callbacks before you before you can finish and return otherwise your job might not be done.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00062-00061653-00062079 proctor: So how do you do a Finally, you have to put some state somewhere.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00063-00062160-00063312 proctor: And usually that winds up being global mutable state and if you're not careful, you step on each other with multiple requests, because you don't make it at least thread local global mutable state it's true global mutable state.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00064-00063510-00063999 proctor: So enter interceptors This is where we found this helps with our phone.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00065-00064212-00066084 proctor: Where you might have seen if you're familiar with closure and there's pedestal there's refrain for the ui kind of a react ish inspired i'm inspired to turn or an odd react That gives you interceptors in the ui there is safari which does another kind of stuff.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00066-00066207-00066672 proctor: Eric norman's will add a blog post about here's interceptors and starting from.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00067-00066774-00067701 proctor: Building interceptors from ground one Lambda island another closure thing, so this is the thing that's coming go gone in the closure Community there's various adaptations.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00068-00067806-00068421 proctor: I think looking in their slack channel, they have a interceptors sub channel for that and.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00069-00068610-00069807 proctor: I think they have about seven or eight libraries that people have done at various points for trying to address these bombs so it's a common it's a common pattern in closure or it's a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00070-00069978-00070671 proctor: it's a familiar pattern enclosure at least it's not uncommon to see but I haven't really noticed anything else, like them.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00071-00070734-00071841 proctor: In any other language i've encountered, which is why one of the reasons I want to share it and put the idea out there because it's a really interesting approach to how you handle this stuff, especially as functional programmers.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00072-00072048-00073857 proctor: So what they are, essentially, most of it boil every implementation pretty much boils down to it's a set of three functions usually done as a map within enter a leaf and an arrow function and each of those functions takes a context and returns, the context.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00073-00073980-00074067 proctor: and
+_ts898ZwxaI-00074-00074286-00074328 proctor: One of.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00075-00074538-00076398 proctor: Their control flow there aren't lead dependency injection frameworks, because you put things on a context, so you hydrate your data, you can do some system setup you can put in different dependencies stick it in the context and your context it flows through all these interceptors.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00076-00076500-00077730 proctor: it's a processing definition, you can say hey here's a chain of interceptors that are going to go through, and now you kind of see a same way, you have your right operator your pipeline operator that you do.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00077-00077823-00079020 proctor: you've got a processing definition it's going to go run through these discrete steps, maybe there's some branching in there later based off some other things, but you can kind of you start to see a here's how your system flow goes.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00078-00079197-00079884 proctor: Really oriented programming, most of us here, I think, for the people who have been here is familiar with railway oriented programming.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00079-00079929-00080634 proctor: talked about from Scott pollution, I think i've heard other people reference it at these talks, but scovell ocean F sharp for fun and profit.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00080-00080700-00081423 proctor: As opposed to about real way or in a program where you design things, and this is using the either Mon ad or a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00081-00081519-00082752 proctor: result Mon ad or a various kind of thing, even promises are do the same kind of thing it's like i'm going to do this, this this this this This, then, then then then then and promise js promise world.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00082-00082812-00083658 proctor: And then I have my catch that handles my errors when I go off off the Nice back so I set up my nice path and I go off and I have have handlers for the Nice.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00083-00083784-00084435 proctor: there's a little bit of state mode add in there, too, because what you your context almost trying to sort of looks like a statement.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00084-00084528-00086028 proctor: Because you do your state you create a statement and you do, and maybe even a free mode add i'm less familiar with free mode ads, but you have this thing that flows through your mobile APP transformations and they happen in the state gets accumulated.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00085-00086244-00087060 proctor: haskell has resource tea and conduit i've seen high level glimpses of the brief descriptions trying to sound like that idea in haskell.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00086-00087159-00088380 proctor: there's a little bit of aspect oriented programming in there with some of the stuff you can do because everything's just data and out i've got some demos, I can show you some stuff at the end, but because it's data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00087-00088506-00088899 proctor: And we have functions that manipulate data and we treat everything as data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00088-00089001-00089886 proctor: We can modify that data in the middle of a pipeline in a transformation that's a little more advanced but it starts to give you some aspect oriented kind of stuff that you can start to say.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00089-00089928-00091041 proctor: here's my basic definition, but i've also got things that can transform that data and add add extra stuff to it and then our threading a pipeline Nice.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00090-00091143-00091737 proctor: So, again we're all familiar with pipelines and threads and composition so it's kind of like that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00091-00091899-00092058 proctor: So conceptually how do they work.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00092-00092160-00092814 proctor: Their threading macros but instead of just running forward through the pipe operator, they also turn around and run backwards.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00093-00092913-00094698 proctor: So, once you get to the end of the pipe it then that's through your entire chain, and then it will turn around and run through your leaf chain or your error chain and let you have things that run backwards to have a success case an error case handling and.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00094-00094809-00095352 proctor: clean up your resources as well, so you open up a database, you can have an interceptor that manages your database connections.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00095-00095397-00095880 proctor: You can have that and it gets turned around, and if you need to do, clean up, you can put something on a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00096-00095946-00096735 proctor: On a leave exit kind of thing or an error, it says, if I come back through this route, take care of my resource cleanup.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00097-00096798-00097548 proctor: So it's not just a you run forward through this you run forward through this and then you run backwards, giving everything that ran before.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00098-00097620-00098121 proctor: A way to clean back up after itself it's very similar to the middle where concept and a lot of.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00099-00098193-00098979 proctor: web frameworks, where you have a response handler you have a request handler and you have a response handler the catch is you have requested response.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00100-00099033-00099831 proctor: What interceptor is kind of add on or the error handling path as well, so you're putting things through and you're coming back out to get a result at the end.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00101-00099957-00100851 proctor: So you have your success case you have your error case handling you can do potentially early termination there's a couple different ways, you can do that if you're familiar with.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00102-00100914-00101793 proctor: poser you can kind of think transducers where you have like a reduced or you can because the data, you can just change your pipeline in the middle be like I fit this condition.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00103-00101868-00102324 proctor: i'm done don't do anything else just start returning through the pipeline and give me a chance to clean up after myself.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00104-00102420-00103413 proctor: And the other thing they do is they help unify synchronous and asynchronous handling so by returning your context you can either return your context in a lot of cases and a lot of the patterns.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00105-00103491-00104181 proctor: You can either return that context as your data object, as your map or you can return that in your future.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00106-00104313-00105158 proctor: of whatever it is it's a promise it's a future whatever it is, however, you do your asynchronous world in your language you can return that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00107-00105207-00105795 proctor: And then the execute or will then a week that for you, before it moves on to the next part and start to feed that through.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00108-00105843-00106374 proctor: So you write your Code as individual stages stitch them together as if they were all synchronous.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00109-00106433-00107793 proctor: And then, if you have asynchronous bits in there, the execution of that pipeline chain will handle that for you, so it handles your asynchronous and synchronous processing, so you don't necessarily have to pollute a bunch of pure functions.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00110-00107901-00108483 proctor: That look like oh if you're in javascript world and we use javascript because that's probably what most people are familiar with.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00111-00108594-00109677 proctor: At least is you've got your promises i've got if I have a promise, if I have a pure function that I need to do on that data, I still need to wrap that in a then.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00112-00109758-00110574 proctor: And do that, after if I get a promise back, I have to then unreal box, the promise or the result or the either mode ad or things like that I unbox that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00113-00110625-00112269 proctor: Do a map on that function of that and then transform that going through that as well, so I start to get contaminated once you get into asynchronous world, this allows you to hide that away because the execution takes care of it for you not they did a definition.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00114-00112656-00113118 proctor: So I kind of covered it already, but how do they work as a high level they run forward calling enter.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00115-00113159-00113823 proctor: function, the enter function on all interceptors if it's not there, we treated it as identity it doesn't transform the context.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00116-00113861-00114888 proctor: The enter function if it does you think of the entry function as just another function that takes it again, it takes a context which is a map does a transformation on it and returns it back to you.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00117-00115032-00115245 proctor: And then it either returns it back to you in a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00118-00115365-00116553 proctor: asynchronous mechanism like, if you like, a future or or something or just as the data and then it goes through after goes to the whole chain, it will go through.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00119-00116628-00117243 proctor: It builds up a stack of everything is called it before so as you have a queue of things to work.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00120-00117291-00117897 proctor: As it runs through that Q it starts to put it on a stack of things that you're going to go back and revisit and say hey.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00121-00117939-00118460 proctor: Do any of these have a leaf function, so if I got through this completely fine i'm going to call it the leaf function.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00122-00118545-00119448 proctor: This is my chance to clean up resources if I get into an error case, if something throws an error it jumps tracks and starts to run it through an error case in this.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00123-00119510-00120900 proctor: And if the air is resolved it usually jumps back to the lead, because, like hey I handled this error i'm not going to proceed any further, but i'm out of bad state, and I can go back into a nice leaf half because i've handled the air.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00124-00121095-00122106 proctor: So you call leave on the remaining interceptors again errors or data, you have your air as a data piece as well, so you can expect that error you treat that error as data as well.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00125-00122181-00123249 proctor: Because you had the exception, you have the error it gets added to the context, and you can inspect it, you can look at that without consuming it without dirtying it, they say, do I have this Am I Is this something I can do.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00126-00123315-00124353 proctor: Usually, if you try and catch something you're like Oh, I tried I catch I got to make sure I read through so I don't swallow, in this case, because the air is data, you can just be like.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00127-00124476-00125391 proctor: error and that's not something I can handle ignore just just return the context and otherwise I do my usual thing, so you don't actually have to worry about like.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00128-00125457-00126363 proctor: Did I accidentally swallow it did I read throw and now i'm did I read through when I should have read should I did I rapped when I should have thrown.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00129-00126405-00127608 proctor: By going to contaminate my stack trace on this air based off how I handled it you don't need to worry about that because it's just data and an Arc in the case of the library i'll DEMO that we did was.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00130-00127764-00128735 proctor: If you don't do it, you just leave it there, if you handle it you take that air off the context and say look yeah Eric no error on the context I cleaned it up so nobody else needs to know about this error.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00131-00128786-00129405 proctor: And then it's just data as well, so we, the goal is that this is all stuff is like it's data everything.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00132-00129480-00130608 proctor: it's kind of beyond the data oriented programming that jonathan's book is about that I referenced in the beginning, where this is like data driven program so we start to drive everything as data as well.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00133-00130833-00131880 proctor: So this is from pedestal, this is one of their doctor, this is, this is a image off their document so you take the context map, you have a bunch of interceptor leads get put on.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00134-00131949-00133128 proctor: It goes through all the entertains you now get a new context map back that gets fed back through the lead change and you get a new result back, that is your context map.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00135-00133347-00134184 proctor: Does my highlight cursor show up for your clock up okay yeah so we start with this map again this map is immutable.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00136-00134271-00135648 proctor: Because we love immutable data we don't actually modify the map, we need to make a copy of the map, this is immutable persistent data structure, so the context map comes here we have the original map we modify and enter.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00137-00135738-00136719 proctor: It gets a new map there's a new copy here that flows through this and it goes through each stage and this down here is the same thing it's just joining the routing that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00138-00136770-00137832 proctor: Now we go find anything any leaves that are there and we returned back and we get our context map back out, and as I said, if this thing return something asynchronous here.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00139-00137940-00138780 proctor: The execute or will sit wait and block on that for you and this interceptor doesn't have to do it, it just takes the context map as data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00140-00139035-00139863 proctor: I like to think about deadwood sandwiches because that diagram is too neat for code that we write in them in the modern world and they're usually Nice and messy so.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00141-00139962-00140943 proctor: The way I make a sandwich is I throw a bunch of stuff on and it's not evenly balanced it's nice it's not spread out I may be missing tomatoes on one side, I may be missing Pickles on another.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00142-00141117-00141831 proctor: So I use the metaphor of a Dag would sandwich and be also because I have kids and younger kids at that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00143-00141912-00142467 proctor: I pictured a caterpillar eat through that sandwich so you have that you have that exceptionally hungry caterpillar.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00144-00142530-00143076 proctor: that's very voracious in it, each through in some cases there may not actually be anything on entertainer.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00145-00143127-00144036 proctor: It goes through keeps going through you may have a bunch of places where there's nothing on one side of that so it's this way, all the way down goes over starts eating its way back up.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00146-00144186-00144882 proctor: And the other metaphors if that kind of starts to eat get indigestion it jumps to the outside and start nibbling the crust.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00147-00144987-00145815 proctor: The to really abuse the metaphor, and try it takes a little bit some nibbles until it gets good and you're either going to have a caterpillar that's.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00148-00145857-00146556 proctor: represented in you know that this this academy you like I got this back there's an error on it tells me exactly what went wrong where.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00149-00146631-00147669 proctor: And I see so a lot of the history or by the time I got it my context map is turned into a beautiful butterfly from that basic article that I had because we went through that data transformation.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00150-00148035-00149289 proctor: When Mike you not need them synchronous you can get away with the threading macro transducer COMP whatever just a regular map than haskell or some of these other languages that compose themselves.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00151-00149343-00150897 proctor: That gives you the ability to run through this run through your sequence one time because it's a it's a Funk door so composes and the language takes care of it for you, so if a synchronous you really don't need this there's no air there's no resource planner.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00152-00151029-00151836 proctor: You don't really like doesn't give you a lot of stuff you can just take advantage of your basic pipeline reading operator your basic pipe operator compose AC.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00153-00151941-00153195 proctor: If you have no resource planner if everything you're doing is just a sink, and you can kind of just do promise them and you don't have to worry about like well I initialize the database query or I also opened up riotous or I tried to send something else off.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00154-00153468-00154371 proctor: In one case at work, I put a interceptor in and one of the benefits of why we did this was to decouple it from a request response model that a bunch of things happen, but.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00155-00154479-00154620 proctor: We had to we had a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00156-00154932-00155571 proctor: reconciled reconciler so last jobs, so we have transaction so miss transaction we go and find miss transactions.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00157-00155682-00156807 proctor: So it has to go through that land, it looks at the database march those things as caught as being detected says Okay, yes, we found them and then we'll go drop a message in the sq sq.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00158-00156918-00158085 proctor: The catch is what we did, is that sql message may fail, so we can work things out success in the database sql goes down we can't publish ask us we get an error back.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00159-00158232-00159234 proctor: What I did was by having the interceptor is it allowed me to do a little bit of a retry for the sql but doing some other advanced stuff that I did, but also just if I get an error back.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00160-00159321-00160542 proctor: In my in my error handler I essentially rollback that transaction by marking it as undetected so I go through optimistically market as detected after it goes through.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00161-00160638-00161931 proctor: And hits an sql sq and that message call that call it a published to a message is success, I consider good, but if there's an error that I need to account for it comes through and pulls it back in.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00162-00162033-00162663 proctor: So that's one of the things when you have asynchronous but you also have resource cleanup that you kind of need to tie together.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00163-00162729-00163158 proctor: It helps with that, but if you just go through and it's asynchronous.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00164-00163233-00164319 proctor: And then everything else is just a bunch of asynchronous stuff and you don't really care about the handlers and you just got one nested like Oh, at the end this thing failed sorry I can show you a 500 error or something and I don't really need do any.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00165-00164490-00164577 proctor: don't necessarily need.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00166-00164715-00165609 proctor: You don't need dynamic execution past you don't need phased error handling where things are happening at different places and other handling may throw error and like.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00167-00165735-00167052 proctor: i've got a promise catch that promise catch can throw an error and now what happens to that thing, and how does that affect the chain and and handle that and, again, as I mentioned we'd have no nested resource cleanup which was that example of the.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00168-00167247-00168318 proctor: transaction across multiple databases, if you will, so I got to mark this in one database I got to make sure it happens in both, and if they both don't happen i've got a handle cleaning that up one way or another.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00169-00168687-00169689 proctor: So you think it so The goal is, we think of the computation pipeline is data our control flow is Dana what we outline is here's the data definition of our control.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00170-00169788-00170379 proctor: And again it's just data it's all data we could you can see realize it because data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00171-00170424-00171108 proctor: So if you want to debug you can see here like we've done this on some of the one of the languages, I had some enhanced debugging I turned on that says.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00172-00171171-00172413 proctor: At every step if you turn this on go add a dump of that context, and you can see everything that has gone through so far, everything that thinks it's going to go through at this point and a bunch of different stuff it's data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00173-00172521-00173133 proctor: If you did it right, you could potentially have all that encapsulated serialized out pick back up.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00174-00173274-00173973 proctor: and actually try and run it on the computer because it's just data if you do your serialization and your context of execution right.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00175-00174066-00174819 proctor: Okay, how you would how you go affects things like database connections if you're doing something like that it takes some stuff but if it's just some basic transformations.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00176-00174945-00175485 proctor: This pipeline is data, and if it fails along the way, if you can capture that where it fails.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00177-00175653-00176541 proctor: And if something goes wrong, you get that data back and it kind of gives you your time time traveling debugger you see with LM that I know Richard feldman that's talked about some of these best groups.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00178-00176625-00177972 proctor: and various other things that you can go and even react and redux if you do is like redux sagas you can start to capture these things is like this is old data, and I can go back and forth and look at the transformation of the data through these various steps.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00179-00178158-00178353 proctor: At the computation again because it's data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00180-00178530-00178680 proctor: same way, you can think of as calm.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00181-00178821-00179019 proctor: You can think of it as i'll fold L of apply.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00182-00179124-00179532 proctor: So it's a reduce and instead of a list of.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00183-00179637-00181158 proctor: items in a list of numbers, I wanted to some together and take a starting value and I reduce over each one of those items, but I apply that function to that data get a new output and that gets fed into the next one.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00184-00181311-00183138 proctor: Because it's and we think about as as its discrete stages it's computation for if it's not fancy You can write a promise chain, you can write a fold, if you want to as a reduce instead of doing a map, or whatever you could do a map a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00185-00183261-00184194 proctor: map map map map map you could write that as a reduced where you're reducing function is map against the list of the functions, you want.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00186-00184386-00185034 proctor: it's generalist manipulation, this is defined as a sequence, you can cut the cut nate pipelines, if you have one pipeline here.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00187-00185139-00186405 proctor: This is your pipeline yeah have another pipeline, you can put them together what a common pattern is is you have baseline set up pipelines, if I handle http request i've got a pipeline that's my base.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00188-00186540-00187530 proctor: pipeline for like my base initialize or get things started get things hydrated at the base functionality and then, in my specific handler i've got a pipeline for my specific handler.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00189-00187578-00188403 proctor: So, because their data I can compose these things together, I can take things out I can filter I can reduce I can drop if they're not explicit.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00190-00188556-00189948 proctor: One of the other nice things That to me is the locality of processing because we define each interceptor as a map and it's got an enter leave and an error or it's got some combination of all three of those things.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00191-00190164-00190992 proctor: You see your enter buyer leaf, you see your enter by your error your error handling your and your cleanup and your resource cleanup.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00192-00191070-00192336 proctor: If you do resource openings are all together, you don't have it at the top of your file for setting up a global variable that's live somewhere, you can put it somewhere else.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00193-00192456-00193692 proctor: Your your initialization rights to that variable in a different file your leave gets put in it's moved in refactor to somewhere else you don't realize where these things are because we outline this data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00194-00193815-00195105 proctor: you've got a locality in your code in your mind of the things that go together this interceptor here is the stuff bundled together that says here's how I do my setup here's how I do my tear down and here's I do my error handling.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00195-00195243-00195393 proctor: And those are all bundled together.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00196-00195696-00196092 proctor: The other catch that's Nice because it's data and the context map is data is.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00197-00196203-00197040 proctor: I can put something on the context map I don't have to stick it in global mutable state, I can use the context map as my state Mon ad.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00198-00197082-00197640 proctor: And for request for a processing pipeline, I can stick my database resource in there.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00199-00197712-00198963 proctor: into the context, on my enter and let the leave and the error pick that out from the context and have that carried a wrap around through the execution, with it, and it can kind of just sneak that into a map because.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00200-00199080-00199842 proctor: back to the data oriented programming they're open maps you look up at the things you need and you don't filter them down.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00201-00199932-00201273 proctor: To only the things you want you say hey if somebody else look at something in here that's great I don't care, I only need these three fields I pull things out that I know about I operate on that and I faqs that I know about anything else that's in there.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00202-00201387-00202017 proctor: It doesn't matter, so I can have I can have something that puts them the database connection or database.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00203-00202077-00203076 proctor: connection pool with the database connection that says Okay, by the time I get to resource cleaned up i'm going to read give that connection back to the connection pool and it gets handled.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00204-00203145-00203784 proctor: And I see it, it all goes together, so if i'm looking at this thing i'm like wait your plants you've got an entry here that pulls the resource.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00205-00203844-00204660 proctor: where's your cleanup why don't you cleaning this up you're opening a file here you're passing that file through to be processed because it's too big.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00206-00204780-00205992 proctor: To actually open and uses data so you're passing the handler but why don't you have your handler clean up here, you see those things grouped together in the code in mind and it kind of puts that is ooh you missed this point.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00207-00206219-00206892 proctor: But it is data so and because of these things order does matter, there are some things that can be moved around, but if you're doing setup.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00208-00206948-00207705 proctor: You can't you have to have your database connection pool initialized and set up and hydrated.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00209-00207741-00208377 proctor: Before you actually try using it's not like you can just start Willy nilly, and the COMP but, again, you can't do that in your standard.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00210-00208431-00209298 proctor: threading pipeline composition either it's these things flow through in a way, and I expect he's here in one spot they better have been set up in another spot.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00211-00209546-00210561 proctor: But it's also the computations so that's the computation that's the processing definitions in it's also the computation state is data and so it's just a map.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00212-00210698-00211254 proctor: it's all just a map it's an open hash table we don't care about refining and constricting these types, that we want.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00213-00211401-00212136 proctor: These are known keys, we have a canonical data location, I put my database in there, I can say hey my database is going in this place.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00214-00212184-00212931 proctor: If I need to get a user and hydrating user for request because we're going to do some user after i've authenticated that user and if we need to know who that user is.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00215-00213033-00214742 proctor: I can hydrate that user and then let the other places beat pull that user that they need to access if they need to access it as data now because I put it in an own place with a canonical key that says, this is my current user, this is my session user, and this is.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00216-00214902-00215712 proctor: However, you need to so you can hydrate the data and in a lot of cases, you can hydrate by product as, by default, I can set things up in a prod mode.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00217-00215862-00217344 proctor: But because of data, I can swap out that interceptor in a execution context or only take part, the second half of the chain that after the database is set up, I can put a shim in there, that will give me a fake database connection or fake database.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00218-00217608-00218586 proctor: for local connection versus the product connection or how do some other setup its data I can do an update into a map I can put a new value in at a key because I know where that key is.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00219-00218634-00219402 proctor: So I can swap out implementations if I want I can kind of use it as a dependency injection framework, because if this user.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00220-00219521-00220233 proctor: Is there in this known key it doesn't matter if I get that user from a database that users it from read from a file on my system.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00221-00220269-00221246 proctor: it's just a dumb down user that's specific specified as the test or just test data or just even a basic double with just the things I need I can swap that stuff in.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00222-00221454-00222687 proctor: And then the functions, I can put functions in there, I can partially apply functions or give a rapper function that gives me a test implementation that gives me an interface and in prod it can be a real thing.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00223-00222840-00223815 proctor: But because functions or data I can put functions in under keys to that those functions can be hooked at a later time hey you need to go look up, but you need to go update.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00224-00223884-00224739 proctor: This transaction, you need to go send an SMS message, how do I send an SMS message I don't know I just have an sql message send function.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00225-00224798-00225546 proctor: That takes a message in a format that I need and that goes on, as a key that can be hydrated up in any different number of ways.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00226-00225606-00226401 proctor: And it can be hydrated up once at the system level and then just put in on the bootstrapping of this or in the test it's like a test i'm just gonna.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00227-00226473-00227967 proctor: I might bootstrap that high I might bootstrap the normal one and before I use my test i'm just going to update the context map myself with what I need to do before it gets us and so it's just data, then that's one of those things that's that's also nice about this that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00228-00228105-00228729 proctor: I want to share and see how other people think about this thing and what what the variants on this are in other languages.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00229-00228906-00229266 Claude Rubinson: Sorry i'm my own ignorance, what do you mean by hydrating.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00230-00229346-00230316 proctor: uh if you have a user and you need to get that user from the database, or you need to go get that user from somewhere else, if you have something that you have to load up or.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00231-00230433-00230655 proctor: you've got like I I give you a user ID.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00232-00230763-00231405 proctor: How do I get that data right or in your case when you're doing some of your sociology you may have you giant csv.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00233-00231492-00232244 proctor: That you actually read from when you're you're going to run your when you're running everything for your real data, but you might hydrate a subset of just like.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00234-00232341-00232929 proctor: here's a couple of hundred euros that i'm going to hydrate for testing that I want to just like I want to test this small little function.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00235-00232989-00234300 proctor: I can hydrate the data in different manners and that's kind of like i've got this abstract concept of data, but how do I get that really populated or give me something that can give me a fully populated thing when I need it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00236-00234402-00234879 proctor: and be able to open that up and that's kind of what the idea of hydrating data is it's.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00237-00234966-00236211 proctor: You think of that is that spiritual that future science fiction food like here's your little pea and you'd like drop your little drops of water and all of a sudden is like here's your master data that you really want, but how you get that from.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00238-00236348-00237528 proctor: gets to be extracted because all I care is I just know i'm going to look in the key under this map and it's going to be there and I don't care how it got there, I know, by the time I need to use it it's there.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00239-00237717-00237821 Claude Rubinson: cool all right, thank you.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00240-00237998-00238155 proctor: i'm going to stop presenting real quick.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00241-00238155-00238398 proctor: Because my God I forgot to turn.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00242-00238646-00239169 proctor: box off or ios off and it i'm afraid, it might be making your screen dark too.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00243-00239598-00239679 Was.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00244-00240138-00240369 proctor: Taking the blue outside making sure it's.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00245-00240603-00240657 proctor: I don't want to.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00246-00241292-00241602 proctor: So tips for defining them keep them small and focused.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00247-00241713-00242661 proctor: You execute a thing you fetch your thing you do your action that's distinct from the computation of either using that thing or computing data that will help you get that thing later.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00248-00242769-00242811 proctor: So.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00249-00242931-00244209 proctor: It allows you to keep your again your data, separate from your calculations, separate from your actions, if I need to do something I can treat my action as data, and I can hydrate.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00250-00244290-00244890 proctor: In a way, and it doesn't it's attracted to me because that that's just a function, I can call because that's data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00251-00245046-00245367 proctor: Nick if you have namespace keywords that's even better.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00252-00245553-00246978 proctor: But you can often keywords namespace just means like hey I can stick something under my like database namespace for this context map and kind of hide it away that it doesn't exist, and you don't even think about it, because you're in your own little nice playground world.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00253-00247217-00247946 proctor: One case of this is the interceptor libraries and a lot of case use namespace keywords for their key words that they use because.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00254-00248073-00248532 proctor: The execution of that interceptor chain, as I mentioned there's a Q and a stack.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00255-00248676-00249462 proctor: That gets kind of managed and visualize there's actually a Q and a SEC put on the context that you can see, so you can see what the execution cute is.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00256-00249498-00250125 proctor: That still yet to be run and the context stack that you've built up of things that are going to be go through when you return.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00257-00250223-00250752 proctor: So the namespace keys kind of like helping you to like put that away so you don't get collisions of that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00258-00250817-00251994 proctor: But as long as you know, this thing is where it's going to go, and you know, like it's always going to be found in this spot those are one of the things so you know you add it to an old place are you looking to no place for your data if you need it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00259-00252216-00252858 proctor: You use them for management of resources at our sets up the resource believe in the error cleans it up.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00260-00253029-00253683 proctor: And then you can actually, as I mentioned before that's locality and code locality and, mind you see your cleanup and your tear down.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00261-00253725-00254640 proctor: Right together near the setup it's not like sometimes if you've written test you're like here's my setup here's all my tests and then here's my tear down, and if you do it that way you realize.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00262-00254691-00255879 proctor: Oh, I forgot to tear down resources because it's not right it's like usually people trying to put their setup and teardown right by each other, so they see that i've got the setup I need to make sure I do the teardown and don't forget it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00263-00256065-00257115 proctor: In your context, thanks to read local it may be global, but you try and treat it as thread local and if you're going to use your shared resources, you want to think of them as.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00264-00257241-00257883 proctor: As thread local so you don't have it so it's like if you have a database connection pool that's not thread local.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00265-00257969-00259182 proctor: But you want to think about like as I use the database connection pool that is global mutable state, but I want that to be looked like as thread local so maybe I wrap it in my enter.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00266-00259329-00260273 proctor: So I can have stuff that knows how to tear it down, so it looks like it's local in this context, or it looks like it's local to everybody else that they just have a database.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00267-00260273-00260631 proctor: connection, instead of having to worry about the global view.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00268-00260805-00261023 proctor: And then, because their maps for your interceptors.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00269-00261162-00261528 proctor: At an inky usually interceptors are open Napster open records.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00270-00261630-00262695 proctor: So it's helpful just to add an MP, so when you're looking at things you can actually see details about what that map is and that what that map has a PC name it's like oh i'm at this phase of the processing pipeline.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00271-00262854-00263940 proctor: A So this was the library, we made, we made it patreon, as I mentioned, it turns your beautiful mutable ugly caterpillar a mutable state into a beautiful butterfly of execution.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00272-00264192-00265791 proctor: Why did we do this, as I mentioned at guaranteed rate when we were looking at this we're on Lambda Lambda stone and we're on sql Lambda is that that gets triggered so and a lot of cases they're not actually operating on a request response model.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00273-00266031-00267402 proctor: pedestal interceptors need the whole pedestal setup so far he uses a request response model again we're Q driven we're on js we're ingest node js world because we're using closure script for this.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00274-00267552-00268947 proctor: Their niche pattern, I wanted to put another, and we want kind of wanted to talk about and I see Chris joined Chris was our manager at the time we kind of get gave feedback, as we were doing this we talked about that and Andrew Chris and I were talking about this were like.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00275-00269199-00269646 proctor: This is something that's not as well known as it seems like it's useful.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00276-00269697-00270900 proctor: And there's a couple of variations, but we wanted to kind of give another thing and just kind of restart that conversation in the cute clothes your community and just see a variation on it and just see what things would be good, because.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00277-00271011-00271440 proctor: week we when we were talking about this, we stole different ideas.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00278-00271515-00272931 proctor: And it's a weird hodgepodge of ideas from pedestal and safari and some of these other posts, and I recommend were I mentioned earlier in the thing so it's like here's another take on it, maybe this is good, maybe this is bad here's just here's another approach to try.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00279-00273090-00273612 proctor: And we wanted a small core with some of these other things like oh you're going to get this logging library you're going to get this.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00280-00273687-00274938 proctor: We wanted to try and create as much of that stuff as add on bolt on as you would do so you can add your logging functions to the context you can add your Lager to the context, so we don't bake in opinions about how this works.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00281-00275229-00276309 proctor: So this was just the features, we took it away from the direct question responsible bottle if you're familiar with closure these report so channels and there's a bunch of other things that are there.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00282-00276411-00276669 proctor: If you're familiar with closure, we have the reduce.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00283-00276834-00277515 proctor: So enclosure, and again I would love to find out how many other languages do this closure has a concept of reduced.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00284-00277578-00278853 proctor: So if you're doing a reduction through reduce or transducers you can call reduced and give a reduced value and it knows that I may have 100 items to run through.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00285-00278922-00280209 proctor: But if, by the time I get to six I decide i'm done, I can return a already reduced value, and it will stop processing of that redux that reduce and that reduction pipeline, so if there's numbers one through 100.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00286-00280353-00281490 proctor: And I get to six, in many cases where i've seen reduces you have to have a check yourself in each one of those reducing functions, I say okay i'm still gonna run seven through 100.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00287-00281550-00282282 proctor: But i've got to check and see Do I need to actually do anything bowser has this idea of reduced, which is nice and I love to see other languages.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00288-00282381-00283938 proctor: If they've done it, but you can say hey this is reduced i'm telling you i'm done so, if you get if you have more stuff to do doesn't matter don't worry i'm done there's nothing to do here, so we kind of took that pattern as well, and then they're just maps.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00289-00284274-00284370 proctor: implications.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00290-00284550-00285249 proctor: call things that may blow your mind and some feet, these are the foot guns bazookas live grenades if.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00291-00285423-00285687 proctor: If you're aware of it and you're cautious enough.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00292-00285816-00286395 proctor: You got your runtime path it's data, you can go in and, if you look at your context.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00293-00286461-00287145 proctor: I can actually go through and decide i'm going to add more stuff or i'm going to go take if I have names on these things I can go.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00294-00287217-00288726 proctor: Take my take my cue modify my queue by going finding things with this name or go take these things out of the queue take it update the queue continue on and i've got just dynamically change my execution strategy.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00295-00288867-00289989 proctor: You can do aspect oriented style I have like i've got an example i'll show you in the DEMO where you turn on in his debugging it will take everything in the queue after that and enter leave.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00296-00290076-00290613 proctor: A new interceptor that just does debugging and prints out that Q and prints out the context, at that point.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00297-00290736-00291462 proctor: Because it says i'm going to take your original one and in between each of these i'm going to enter leave another interceptor that does logging for you.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00298-00291648-00291828 proctor: branching I get to a spot.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00299-00291945-00292251 proctor: And interceptor may decide it's it's terminated.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00300-00292464-00293127 proctor: You, this is my default workflow but now I for cough and that interceptor may decide hey I once i've got to the state which route do I take.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00301-00293184-00293874 proctor: I go and I can go add more or remove more interceptors dynamically based off where I am.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00302-00293931-00295125 proctor: i've come to a fork in the road I code up to that fork and then that that point of the fort it makes a decision that says now now i'm going to tell tell you at this point whether I need to go left or right on the fourth again.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00303-00295245-00295413 proctor: Advanced stuff because it's all data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00304-00295581-00296082 proctor: That it gets you but, again, you can, if you're not careful, you can take your foot off.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00305-00296172-00297525 proctor: A nested context because we decoupled this from request response you can have interceptor execution running inside of interceptor execution, you can create yourself a new context data, maybe you pluck out some of the existing keys that you already had.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00306-00297684-00299247 proctor: same way, you can forecast promises or futures, you can do hey i've got this context data go run some other contexts and then i'll collect those results out pull out from some appropriate keys and stick those in and then continue on so you can kind of do a fork join if you want to.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00307-00299397-00300846 proctor: and conditions systems, this is one of my favorites just because it's so out there and it's so much of a list idea if you're familiar with common list you don't have exceptions in a lot of cases, you have a condition system.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00308-00300951-00301074 proctor: So what happens is.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00309-00301203-00301824 proctor: You can plug in errors and if you've seen a common list there's examples floating out there of like the common list debugger.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00310-00301872-00303210 proctor: When you get an error by default common list it throws you into a debugger window, it says hey I get this, what do you want to do, you can actually go in common list you can go retains your code and you can actually restart from a previous spot and go to retry execution.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00311-00303312-00304152 proctor: You because you're processing Q is data i've got some examples I met in the library.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00312-00304254-00305856 proctor: might be able to get to them where hey if I get I could actually implement a http failure and implement a circuit breaker or exponential back off by modifying the queue and doing manual re tries by trying.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00313-00306006-00307050 proctor: by modifying the execution path so many times by raising some extra stuff up a signal, because I have access to the whole stack whole history and execution context.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00314-00307140-00308331 proctor: You can start to implement something that looks like a condition signal we can raise a condition, you know we're signal is something to respond to and have something that handles and changes your execution flow dynamically at runtime.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00315-00308490-00309261 proctor: uh I do have a DEMO i'm not sure where we are on time, Claude how much we want to give them to the DEMO.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00316-00309324-00309498 Claude Rubinson: If we have any questions first I think we're.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00317-00309666-00310278 Claude Rubinson: I think yeah maybe that would be a good chance for if there are any pressing questions, right now, but I want to see the DEMO.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00318-00310494-00310599 Claude Rubinson: Anybody have any questions.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00319-00310704-00311529 Chris Bremer: I did have a question, maybe it will be answered by the DEMO but but maybe I could ask it and he can address it in the DEMO so what.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00320-00311622-00312684 Chris Bremer: What stops you from basically having each interceptor basically taking the enter function and the lead function.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00321-00312741-00314619 Chris Bremer: And just breaking it into two interceptions right and then and then just having one interceptor has the old enter and it has identity for leave and the other interceptor has they didn't eat for enter and then then leave what what problem does that solve in a sense, so it makes sense.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00322-00314775-00315027 proctor: There is nothing that prevents you from doing that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00323-00315132-00315996 proctor: If that's how you decide that it makes sense to organize the code, it may make sense to do that, so there may be some generic error handling, but at a certain point.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00324-00316116-00316650 proctor: Some of that idea is like hey if i've got a database setup or if i've got file handlers that i'm doing.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00325-00316782-00317097 proctor: Not just fetching from a database, but if I have something that I need a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00326-00317292-00318588 proctor: Like it's kind of that idea of putting them together locally conceptually as well right, so I can see, in my mind kind of the way at where I got I kind of touched on this was.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00327-00318804-00320268 proctor: At least the way I like to structure tests, when I write test, if I have setup and teardown I like to put the setup and teardown together instead of separate them off because I like that locality in there and that presence in there together.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00328-00320397-00321738 proctor: So if if that's something you're you like, it makes sense to bundle them up and create them as a single piece of process also may be helpful if you're wanting to reuse it, because then you just add that one interceptor.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00329-00321849-00322632 proctor: And that interceptor if it's shared across different parts of a code base or different handlers like if you need a hydrate a user kind of thing.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00330-00322872-00323190 proctor: And you need to close out something to that can be reused.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00331-00323454-00324063 proctor: ad hoc be like that can be reused ad hoc as is instead of having to make sure you get both pieces.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00332-00324114-00324204 proctor: into your pipeline.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00333-00324279-00325062 Chris Bremer: yeah I guess my my mental model of middleware is is like a queue right it's like first in first out right it's starting to do.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00334-00325149-00326331 Chris Bremer: You know, construction, one does it search into maybe you jump out of the pipeline or something like that and i'm trying to i'm trying to get a sense for what what advantages, you have by treating things like a stack like if it's.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00335-00326400-00326883 proctor: Well it's a little bit of both because then some number of middle where you have a request handler and a response handler right.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00336-00326958-00326988 sure.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00337-00327411-00327453 Chris Cyrus: The biggest.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00338-00327531-00328584 Chris Cyrus: Good I would say the biggest difference, I have experienced transitioning from middleware to the interceptor chain model is.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00339-00328707-00328803 Chris Cyrus: The.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00340-00328929-00329475 Chris Cyrus: Composition that you get at runtime so that dynamic composition bullet point that the.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00341-00329493-00329574 Chris Cyrus: proctor mentioned.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00342-00329604-00329865 Chris Cyrus: Is it, it is.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00343-00330012-00330669 Chris Cyrus: game changing once you get comfortable with it so with middleware, at least in the language is where i've used.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00344-00330669-00330684 It.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00345-00330789-00331179 Chris Cyrus: The composition is static it's a closure in fact.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00346-00331281-00332022 Chris Cyrus: Right, so one piece of middleware it's closing over another piece of middleware is closing over another piece of middleware and the net result of that is one function.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00347-00332082-00333240 Chris Cyrus: That is static Lee at that point it's static Lee constructed and you can't when you when you're halfway through that stack of middleware you can't change it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00348-00333369-00334065 Chris Cyrus: At best you can change directions and start coming out if you throw an exception, but you can't say I want to add something.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00349-00334146-00334794 Chris Cyrus: In between these two pieces of middleware when you're a third of the way through the middle where that's just that's.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00350-00334830-00335847 Chris Cyrus: that's not something that middleware that i've worked with allows because it is a closure it's a single function, and in fact it the debugging can be challenging with middleware because.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00351-00335895-00337395 Chris Cyrus: The closing over of a named function becomes somewhat obscured and cost in stack traces sometimes but with interceptors you have an actual data structure, a queue.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00352-00337542-00337587 Chris Cyrus: Of.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00353-00337707-00337992 Chris Cyrus: The next interceptor handle.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00354-00338112-00339321 Chris Cyrus: And it's not just your language that says this function is calling this function there's a there's an interceptor processing engine that says Well, this is the next thing on the queue.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00355-00339450-00340341 Chris Cyrus: And i'm going to run it next and, therefore, you have the ability to change that queue and have the interceptor processor engine change what it's going to do.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00356-00340512-00340995 Chris Cyrus: Again it's the dynamic nature of interceptors where you can modify the queue.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00357-00341142-00341256 Chris Cyrus: Of what's coming next.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00358-00341301-00341607 Chris Bremer: You really are using the stack property.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00359-00341646-00342945 Chris Bremer: Yes, stack something you can push something on the stack and then immediately gets popped off so you're not like you push something onto a Q, when I think of the queue, I think, to look at first in first out kind of keep them just.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00360-00342963-00342990 Right.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00361-00343197-00343869 Chris Bremer: You can only push it out to the end of the queue and you get issues with termination of the termination of the process right.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00362-00343881-00344028 Chris Cyrus: Right so yeah the queue is.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00363-00344109-00344484 Chris Cyrus: it's immutable but because you're returning a new context.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00364-00344610-00345387 Chris Cyrus: You can return a new queue that is the same as the previous queue but with something new added on to the end, or it it's actually.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00365-00345648-00346368 Chris Cyrus: A vector in a lot of implementations so you could intercept interleaved like a debugger between every interceptor.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00366-00346413-00347106 Chris Cyrus: So you go you go from a queue of 12 remaining interceptors to a queue of 24 remaining interceptors.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00367-00347175-00348996 Chris Cyrus: And the debugger interceptor that gets injected between each one prints out the context to a console or something like that yeah it's very, very malleable it's not a static you that you can't touch and it's been predefined it's it's a cue that you could modify it's.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00368-00349134-00350259 Chris Cyrus: The sequence of remaining interceptors or and I posted this in the chat a good example that I bumped into here recently working with interceptors is a model that says.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00369-00350406-00351336 Chris Cyrus: we're going to run through a chain of interceptors to process an inbound http request and we're going to the very last.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00370-00351453-00351660 Chris Cyrus: interceptor on that chain is a router.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00371-00351840-00352680 Chris Cyrus: And when the router detects that you've hit a route that is in fact a graph que El route it is going to stick a whole bunch of new interceptors on the end of the queue.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00372-00352803-00353217 Chris Cyrus: That weren't there, initially, because it was conditional based on the route that was hit.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00373-00353268-00353985 Chris Cyrus: going to stick a whole bunch more interceptors on the queue that can process the graph que El request parse it decide which resolve or to run.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00374-00354057-00355101 Chris Cyrus: Which resolves portal to run that kind of thing so it's and it's that that example could probably be taken a lot further to do like incremental routing you had a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00375-00355248-00356394 Chris Cyrus: Very hierarchical routing system, you can have one interceptor that POPs off the first segment in the route and put some interceptors on the chain to deal with all the sub routes underneath that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00376-00356499-00356994 Chris Cyrus: that's the dynamic nature of interceptors is very different from middleware.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00377-00357327-00357627 proctor: And it's both a Q and a stack so.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00378-00357648-00358179 proctor: Right in the lot of the execute, as you have your queue of things that you're going to work for you also have your stack of things.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00379-00358320-00358977 proctor: And that's where some of this aspect oriented programming stuff comes in that i've that I can see if I can get to demonstrate was.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00380-00359100-00359433 proctor: You can put a interceptor on there and then, in my.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00381-00359481-00359526 proctor: kind of.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00382-00359616-00360066 proctor: condition system aspect oriented side was I put an interception that doesn't have an enter.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00383-00360078-00360168 proctor: Exit or leave.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00384-00360189-00360726 proctor: But it has another little piece of metadata piece of data on that map.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00385-00360831-00361548 proctor: that's talking about signal that because i've got my whole stack trace as a snapshot to have everything.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00386-00361638-00362736 proctor: Well, my execution stack i've got my execution Hugh of things i'm going i'm doing forward but i've also can see my whole execution stack of everything i've already executed.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00387-00362808-00363648 proctor: So I can actually go consume that stack and pump myself up that stack without actually consuming it because that's an immutable data structure to.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00388-00363693-00364674 proctor: that's a persistent data structure, so I can keep looking at my staff walking up that stack consume the stack without actually consuming my execution stuff because I.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00389-00364737-00365403 proctor: just create new copies every time I pop something off that execution stack as long as I don't rewrite it back onto the context.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00390-00365505-00366504 proctor: I can run through that hundreds of times and consume it 100 times, if I need a game looking through a bunch of scenarios and i've got that as a data structure to.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00391-00367578-00367716 proctor: Can you see their terminal.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00392-00367935-00367962 proctor: Okay.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00393-00368397-00368694 proctor: Are there any other questions people might have before I get into the DEMO.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00394-00368763-00369009 proctor: and feel free to stop me in the DEMO too.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00395-00369117-00369213 proctor: If you have other stuff.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00396-00369366-00370359 Michael: Well i'm wondering, is it fair to characterize the interceptor pattern is basically a custom implementation of that call mechanism that allows you to just basically.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00397-00370581-00370809 Michael: Just to modify what's gonna be called next or.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00398-00370914-00371658 Michael: As opposed to what you're what Chris was saying earlier about middleware being where you define it once and static Lee.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00399-00371811-00372147 Michael: Define what's going to be called next from from the from the beginning.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00400-00372774-00373998 Chris Cyrus: I thought of it that way, before I don't know if that if proctor shares that is a good characterization but i've definitely thought of it as a dispatch mechanism for like a general processor, a logical processor.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00401-00374322-00374358 proctor: yeah.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00402-00374379-00375138 proctor: And I think it depends on the implementation and how because a lot of them try and handle both sink and a sink.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00403-00375216-00376146 proctor: So there's that aspect, but you could cut that you could cut that aspect often if everything was just created always as AC world or you knew, you were never going to get into zinc world.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00404-00376278-00377169 proctor: Like you know if you knew you're in one world you could cut that part out completely because hey I never have to deal with asynchronous stuff so I could actually treat it as that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00405-00377238-00378330 proctor: And I talked with again talking with Chris talking with Andrew at one point, and just Andrew brought it up again when I was just running things by him with this was like again is your data definition.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00406-00378423-00379233 proctor: of execution flow, there are things where you can actually like here's an execution graph that I want to do kind of like a workflow state state machine.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00407-00379425-00379989 proctor: That you could essentially treat a state machine and try and rewrite that as an interceptor chain to if you.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00408-00379989-00380049 A Jones: wanted in.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00409-00380070-00380412 proctor: In a way, now again you gain advantage of the.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00410-00380577-00381231 proctor: You don't necessarily get a bunch of the advantage of the cleanup stuff that is part of what's appealing to the interceptors to me as well.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00411-00381330-00382815 proctor: of just having that locality, but that's a personal thing of being able to see resource clean up in in a sink world be tied mentally so I can see like hey we did this, we didn't do we didn't do this, we didn't do the cleanup part of it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00412-00383064-00383145 proctor: But yeah I think.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00413-00383259-00383475 proctor: That is one big primary aspect I don't.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00414-00383658-00384543 proctor: You could probably do an interceptor with just that I was, I think conduit is something similar from the haskell world but i'm not too familiar, but it sounds.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00415-00384723-00385689 proctor: It feels like that's almost a similar kind of thing or I was like is it almost like a free Mona to but i'm not i'm kind of iffy on some of the free mode and kind of stuff to.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00416-00385812-00386442 Chris Cyrus: Anybody ever used fourth macros there's some analogies I think in there as well, especially if you.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00417-00386589-00387366 Chris Cyrus: Know it's like a there are some aspects that remind me of a virtual machine with a with a program counter.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00418-00387453-00388620 Chris Cyrus: The points you know the queue is the next instruction but it's obviously an entire interceptor, not a single instruction and you have the ability to modify the program as it's running.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00419-00388983-00389175 Michael: For forth was coming to mind when.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00420-00389574-00389829 A Jones: I think one big piece, too, is the fact that, like.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00421-00389964-00390588 A Jones: Some of the flexibility of it is difficult to really wrap your head around till you start playing around with them.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00422-00390843-00390909 A Jones: Because.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00423-00391080-00391731 A Jones: Like there's certain aspects of it, whereas you think about it purely from the standpoint of only knowing or being familiar with.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00424-00391869-00392418 A Jones: middleware and closure like closing around functions like Chris cyrus's mentioning.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00425-00392760-00393777 A Jones: It is very similar, but the flexibility that you gained by decoupling those pieces out and treat it as the execution of like a sequence.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00426-00393999-00394986 A Jones: It it's one of those mind bending things were once you start to grasp it and wrap your head around is I go wow, this is actually pretty simple but really powerful.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00427-00396441-00396969 proctor: So here is I showed a little bit of this a couple months ago when.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00428-00397140-00397971 proctor: We are at a user group, and they were talking at the end miss this code may look vaguely for Americans this word is showing off with the conversation about a rebel.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00429-00398127-00398646 proctor: When we were talking about the rebels versus baby rebels and how okay well I has a nice rebel thing too so.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00430-00398754-00398958 proctor: This isn't an interceptor so def.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00431-00399111-00400473 proctor: def is closures for defining something so define one X and it's a map it's got name, these are just keywords so it's got a keyword for the name and then enter as a function, it takes the context and just.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00432-00400584-00401316 proctor: takes that context associates, which is the sense of the ad to with key number one in the back.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00433-00401481-00402240 proctor: So I can define that interceptor and then what I just do is I just this is my interceptor chain, right here.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00434-00402360-00402927 proctor: It is just one interceptor that is the one I X and I can call execute at all I call execute on it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00435-00403311-00404595 proctor: And I get the result back so go is the asynchronous go is closers go routines csv continuation style processing mechanism similar to go if you've looked at go.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00436-00404703-00405780 proctor: So goes it, you can also think of go like a sink, and this as the tape which is kind of like an awake in the modern javascript.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00437-00405912-00406200 proctor: how's the font Bernie to load up at all.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00438-00406275-00406344 Chris Cyrus: looks good to me.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00439-00406614-00406785 proctor: Okay, I tried to get a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00440-00406791-00406992 Claude Rubinson: Little tiny, for me, but I can I can.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00441-00407007-00407082 Claude Rubinson: I can squint.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00442-00407610-00407640 proctor: Better.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00443-00407979-00408063 Chris Cyrus: Did you change anything.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00444-00408150-00408195 proctor: POPs it up.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00445-00408639-00409425 proctor: yeah so to me it's a Fort I got a 4k monitor so i'm just like it's always hard to tell what the right font sizes for everybody.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00446-00409548-00410151 proctor: So here's another one double number, so this one does update of that value, so it looks in the key number.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00447-00410268-00410580 proctor: And we'll just take whatever value it gets out of that and just doubles it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00448-00410817-00411195 proctor: Define that thing and then here's This is my new interceptor Jane.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00449-00411300-00411635 proctor: Is one with the double number and I X is just.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00450-00411912-00411987 proctor: interceptor.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00451-00412116-00413052 proctor: shorthand there is a couple of ways people talk about enclosure there's things like transducers and other kinds of things I get this like to let our.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00452-00413100-00414126 proctor: Little two letter acronym abbreviation for this thing, so I actually was just kind of the our way of saying this thing isn't interceptor so.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00453-00414647-00416154 proctor: So we just have that as a convention and then what you see here, this is the result, so you can see here is, we have the Q us empty, and we have the stack the stack is empty and we get back the number two because we started with something that just put one in and then this doubled it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00454-00416510-00417135 proctor: i've got a trace function, so this one just says hey make trace like i'm in make trace interceptor.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00455-00417312-00417968 proctor: For an error message leave message and an error and it just doesn't printing out and returns, the context and undone.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00456-00418080-00418263 proctor: So I can't because this is data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00457-00418364-00418722 proctor: I can have a make trace interceptor.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00458-00418847-00419574 proctor: With a entering message of entering leaving messages leaving leaving and an error message of aired with a giant emoji X red X.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00459-00419742-00420450 proctor: And I have that interceptor I make a sequence of that interceptor by calling repeat, so this is a lazy and terminating sequence.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00460-00420572-00420678 proctor: Of that interceptor.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00461-00420818-00421254 proctor: I now have my standard interceptor chain one double.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00462-00421359-00421968 proctor: I can enter, because this is just data I have these two different generally I have these two different interceptor sequences.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00463-00422189-00422946 proctor: ones in infinite sequence once the sequence of three I can enter leave those two So if I were just to do this if I were to just run this part.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00464-00423153-00424359 proctor: There we go I ran the whole thing, so I can see, I have my MIC trace interceptor I have my one interceptor I make trace I my double I my matrix my double so i'm now able to enter leave these things through.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00465-00424472-00425145 proctor: Because it's just data, so I got my default interceptor chain here that's what I want to do, and I can just say hey.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00466-00425259-00425789 proctor: If data going to go into the sequence before I even do anything and I executed.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00467-00425972-00426414 proctor: So I can execute it and if we go here.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00468-00426666-00427131 proctor: it's a very here's the here's the opposite so make trace entering.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00469-00427239-00428451 proctor: here's the queue and we can take you so it's got one is make trace IX double number they please double number, and then I can see the stack i've already executed one make trace your I see my stack.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00470-00428568-00428685 proctor: They can see that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00471-00428838-00429600 proctor: here's another one and I go through and it's i'll double number they trace double number of mixed race and I can see here's my stack.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00472-00429735-00429918 proctor: And I can see what my stack looks like.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00473-00430022-00431229 proctor: let's make trace one make trace I now have a number on there, and I can go through, and I can start to see again this output is the context and that context is data and that's why I said.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00474-00431364-00431613 proctor: Because it's just data if you have the right thing.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00475-00431747-00431949 proctor: You could potentially hydrate this back in.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00476-00432072-00432318 proctor: Then you'd have to pull it out and update the.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00477-00432471-00434064 proctor: You have to have a hydration piece to do it to hydrate something else within that like a hydrate interceptor that took an existing sequence and would take things on but you could actually manipulate month this because it is data, and then we get to the point where the queues empty.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00478-00434178-00435462 proctor: And then you see the tax code is getting smaller and we start popping things off the stack and we can see as well at this point we get the stack is empty and here's the number four because we doubled at what we took one unreadable the place.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00479-00435684-00436062 proctor: So starts to, because these are all interceptors.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00480-00436185-00436385 proctor: Ah, more complex tracing stuff.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00481-00436910-00438756 proctor: i've got some describe interceptor so if it's got a name uses the name, otherwise it just uses the interceptor and prints it out, I create a new queue of the pretty pretty five versions, I will go predefined keys, I can do some context stuff I give a new car, so I can prettify the context.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00482-00438942-00440747 proctor: So, instead of having the real context and i'm messing with real context i've got the context i've got the Q i've got the stack i've got everything else, I can go much this for printing not worry about continuing real stack and just do some data manipulation on the interceptor itself.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00483-00440982-00441084 proctor: and get that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00484-00441185-00441272 proctor: Are we in debug mode.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00485-00441474-00441780 proctor: Sure we're in debug mode, so I can do something like what very soon.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00486-00441930-00442364 proctor: If we're in debug mode we're going to enter leave the trace interceptor otherwise.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00487-00442482-00442632 proctor: it's just the interceptor chain that we get in.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00488-00442764-00443532 proctor: So I can kind of hide this thing it's a here's my interceptor chain, I can turn on the tracing and I can execute it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00489-00443655-00445182 proctor: So now because i've Given all these things name the predefined version says a here's the names of these things in the queue here's the names of them in the stack and I don't see everything else, and you can start to see the stages of where they are also.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00490-00446085-00446277 proctor: I can redefine debug to be false.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00491-00446439-00447030 proctor: And I do with tracing and I drop all that tracing because the bugs out on so it actually just only ever.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00492-00447243-00447771 proctor: It gives me just the original sequence and doesn't doesn't modify that sequence.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00493-00448812-00450110 proctor: And then, this is just showing that these work that it works for asynchronous stuff so in this case go returns a channel, which is the abstraction of asynchronous computation that we use.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00494-00450237-00450564 proctor: And so I can do, one with some asynchronous doubling.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00495-00450666-00451118 proctor: And it works for asynchronous stuff and I can make synchronous and asynchronous.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00496-00451293-00451470 proctor: Just a different way of.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00497-00451641-00453197 proctor: If you remember go, this is just enclosure money should go returns a channel by itself, but you could also just return it another channel So if you have a channel it'd be like creating a new promise versus added resolving an existing promise.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00498-00453330-00453764 proctor: So you can create a promise I can return that promise and let something asynchronously go put something in.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00499-00453918-00454452 proctor: So I can do some other racing another version of asynchronous wearing the number.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00500-00454635-00455427 proctor: And so I can do a couple variations have a bunch of basic processing where i'm doubling squaring doubling its wearing and get things.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00501-00455747-00456192 proctor: This is the renewed is this is the early exit, this is what I talked about so there is a function called reduced.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00502-00456309-00456497 proctor: enclosure that will stop.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00503-00456627-00457638 proctor: A stop a reduce function in the middle of that pipeline, so we could that based off Eric norman's kind of blog post on.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00504-00457788-00458334 proctor: interceptors and said I actually like that idea, so we can actually put an interceptor and it could decide.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00505-00458400-00458907 proctor: i'm at a point where i'm done just tell them i'm done instead of actually like having to go modify the chain myself.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00506-00459003-00459891 proctor: So it gives a kind of an easy way to in a safer way of saying, instead of you, having to modify the queue and go clear everything out on the queue and make sure you do that right.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00507-00460010-00460350 proctor: just call reduced and you don't have to worry about that you will just stop execution for you.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00508-00460493-00461151 proctor: So here we can say with tracing this one and reduced, and then we had double square double Square.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00509-00461318-00461571 proctor: And if I run that we can see.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00510-00461682-00461958 proctor: it's just one and I turned off people.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00511-00462576-00462663 proctor: You both vector.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00512-00463551-00463917 proctor: yeah, so this is my whole pipeline, so if we look at the retracing you can see.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00513-00464091-00464243 proctor: there's a bunch of interceptors there.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00514-00464352-00464535 proctor: But all I did when it executed.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00515-00464703-00464805 proctor: Was.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00516-00464913-00465789 proctor: At all these interceptors in hit enter it wasn't reduced and then set up now i'm going back and i'm hitting stage leave so i'm done there's nothing else to do here.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00517-00466179-00467510 proctor: Just some example of error handling So if I have just have generic error handling which I may do for web requests or something else I may need to catch errors and then look at those errors and turn those into a 500.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00518-00467718-00467910 proctor: Because this is it's the generic error.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00519-00468024-00468531 proctor: So you can have an error handler that has an error that just again this one just throws.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00520-00468750-00468966 proctor: And you can see that if we don't do any error handling.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00521-00469074-00469472 proctor: We get back and we're off the stack and we get the error, so we have the error in the.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00522-00469581-00470093 proctor: The and then you can see that hey here's the stack trace oh noes.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00523-00471114-00471399 Chris Cyrus: So that's an illustration that stack trace of.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00524-00471630-00471909 Chris Cyrus: A surprise if you're used to middleware.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00525-00472035-00472212 Chris Cyrus: Is that the stack trace.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00526-00472322-00473157 Chris Cyrus: isn't just your name interceptors it's also the interceptor chain execution engines stack trace mixed in there.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00527-00473310-00473529 Chris Cyrus: That could be a little disconcerting to see that but.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00528-00473634-00473754 Chris Cyrus: it's a small price to pay.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00529-00473796-00474093 proctor: ya I hear the patreon enter right age.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00530-00474138-00474162 yeah.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00531-00474399-00474642 proctor: What will you say oh good Chris.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00532-00474675-00474972 Chris Cyrus: I was gonna say it's it it's an artifact of having.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00533-00475143-00475322 Chris Cyrus: An explicit external.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00534-00475460-00475572 Chris Cyrus: Execution engine.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00535-00475692-00476025 Chris Cyrus: Instead of just simple composition of functions.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00536-00476484-00477426 proctor: where you can see, is here, we had error right right before and we had the queue but we never actually did anything else because the next thing that happened was the stage of error.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00537-00477546-00478143 proctor: So as soon as we hit that error read just a board and we get out and we continue will walk up that path.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00538-00478563-00479829 proctor: Then we have, so this is what i'm saying is, in this case, it may be hey we're going to return we don't want to throw an exception, we want to return a 500 error to a user if we get a 500 error.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00539-00479972-00480756 proctor: We have a default error handler that says hey handling the error it's done return firefox like put a 500 response on the content.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00540-00480903-00481884 proctor: But by signaling that we've resolved it, we need to remove the air from the context as well, so that's our signal so by having this error on.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00541-00481950-00483441 proctor: The context, as I mentioned before, it allows anything who doesn't handle it or anything, who could potentially handle an hour inspect that error, because they have the error in the context date that errors now data and they can expect it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00542-00483560-00484227 proctor: So this one will resolve it and take it away and signify that I have handled it by removing it from it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00543-00484467-00484692 proctor: So we add the resolving error handler first.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00544-00485691-00486750 proctor: Oh, here we add that, first, because it needs to go in and essentially be one of the last things on the stack as it executes if we through the Air For if we had the error before.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00545-00486876-00487656 proctor: We throw the error, with nothing pushed onto the stack that knows how to handle it so we put it on the queue at the very beginning, we have our resolving error handler.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00546-00487821-00488793 proctor: And then we can say hey here, it is, and then we get our output of henley air, and now we see we back into leave so we've handled the error and we float back through the libra.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00547-00489218-00489789 proctor: So this one was things like hey, this is a resource, we have an error handler.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00548-00489951-00490602 proctor: And again, this one doesn't actually resolve any this one doesn't resolve the errors, but it has some resource cleanup to do so.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00549-00490664-00491628 proctor: By taking out things we're going to put a db connection in the context, when we come through the error path, and this should be this should also be an.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00550-00491688-00492606 proctor: Leave but just to show the reference we don't know how to air the handle, but we need to clean up, we made a mess we got to clean up after ourselves with the db so we don't leave that connection.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00551-00493092-00493139 proctor: So.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00552-00493308-00493364 proctor: cleanup.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00553-00493514-00493685 proctor: So this is our finally style cleanup.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00554-00493797-00494355 proctor: We open a dd but and then this is the this is yeah, this is the one that does both, so this is a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00555-00494508-00495722 proctor: list pattern let overlander let FN lets us define a function cleanup that is scoped and only visible to this, so this is just like saying hey we've got a cleanup function.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00556-00495834-00496803 proctor: We want to use the same cleanup function that are leaving our air, we can define it via closure, so this is like defining a closure that would return that function as well.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00557-00497013-00498231 proctor: So our cleanup does it's clean up pick up put away anybody with young kids will probably pick up on that, but then we dissociate the context, and we do that same thing for both air and.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00558-00498537-00498828 proctor: This one they don't have to resolve it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00559-00498939-00499053 proctor: They could do something else.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00560-00499247-00499343 proctor: So on error.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00561-00499472-00500339 proctor: we're going to turn this thing from a if it's one we're going to turn it into this into the string oh honey, otherwise we're going to string of Phi that value of one.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00562-00500550-00500910 proctor: So again, it doesn't have to angel I could do whatever you need to do on an error handling.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00563-00501039-00501471 proctor: So we have we have a tray stuff we have.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00564-00501588-00502188 proctor: One, we have a resource clean up one that we're transforming one and we do throw an error.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00565-00502842-00503091 proctor: If we go up here a little bit long.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00566-00503214-00503742 proctor: But we can see, we have our enter we open a db connection we have the db connection on the context now.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00567-00503889-00504033 proctor: already be connection.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00568-00504306-00504471 proctor: We get to we get to our air.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00569-00504621-00505010 proctor: How we throw the air, the air is so throws.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00570-00505188-00506556 proctor: we're gonna hear oh noes got her number is still as one because it's logging we're not handling the air but we're going to transform it so returning that number from the value one to the string one.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00571-00506672-00507909 proctor: And then we go through, and still has the database connection and this thing doesn't have to doesn't know how to handle it, but it remove it remove that db connection from the context not.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00572-00508193-00508260 proctor: A.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00573-00508425-00508551 proctor: Any questions at this point.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00574-00508653-00508758 proctor: I think that's.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00575-00508878-00508959 Chris Cyrus: That was a fire hose.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00576-00509010-00509634 proctor: yeah, this is a fire hose i'll pause here, because most of this stuff is showing synchronous and asynchronous.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00577-00509853-00509952 proctor: Up until about here.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00578-00510066-00510360 A Jones: yeah a lot of those other ones could be summed up with the.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00579-00510468-00511068 A Jones: The statement that it allows you to enter leave synchronous and asynchronous operations.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00580-00511266-00511482 proctor: This one here is one.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00581-00511638-00512304 proctor: Of if the Member comes in and that's even we're done reduced no more processing.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00582-00512412-00513102 proctor: So we're going to take the context and we're going to make the context to reduce, otherwise we did the context, so this is our way of.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00583-00513225-00513314 proctor: Doing exit early.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00584-00513837-00514104 proctor: So numbers to we're done when even.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00585-00514146-00514218 proctor: it's done.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00586-00514374-00514535 proctor: If the number comes in, as three.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00587-00514788-00515199 proctor: it's not done, not even so, we double it again and we get 18.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00588-00515355-00515700 proctor: So this is our way of essentially early exits.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00589-00515960-00517797 proctor: So we still have more so, this done when even we still have more interceptors later in that execution chain but we here by returning a reduced context say i'm in this is my way of signaling to the execute or that stop start returning we're done processing this thing.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00590-00517995-00518280 proctor: But it's also not an error, so we just finished our work.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00591-00518397-00518988 proctor: The opposite is, we can do things like ensure even if we get to a point where it's even.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00592-00519258-00520110 proctor: Then we just add the context, if it is not even we're going to add some more interceptors on, and this is what Chris was talking about with.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00593-00520185-00521672 proctor: Like the graph ul route hinder if we get to this point, and this condition matches if this path, otherwise go add 123 by three more interceptions to process to the chain.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00594-00521832-00523425 proctor: So we are running in the middle of this execution pipeline and we are now adding more work to be done because we realized I got to this point, and this number is not even or, this is a special kind of handler that we need to invoke so we can now modify this queue.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00595-00523566-00523622 proctor: In flight.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00596-00524103-00524592 Claude Rubinson: Okay i've got the few questions I don't know then i'll ask them all, but.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00597-00524694-00525522 Claude Rubinson: One just on the reduced, how do you know that you have a reduced context versus a non reduced context.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00598-00525606-00525948 proctor: A reduced, though there is a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00599-00526455-00526986 proctor: there's a predicate that pose your has have reduced, and you can do.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00600-00527673-00528210 proctor: So if you give it a reduced, you can give a it's it's a little wrapper function.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00601-00528312-00529506 proctor: kind of monastic saying hey isn't seeing reduced and reduced, and so I can just give it a reduced value and it knows how to box it up, and I can just check is this thing reduced or not.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00602-00529830-00530286 Claude Rubinson: So it's not a flag added to the map it's.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00603-00530490-00530934 proctor: it's a function, you call on that context, so you return a reduced context.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00604-00531198-00531225 Claude Rubinson: Okay.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00605-00531348-00531393 proctor: So it's.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00606-00531528-00531702 Chris Cyrus: Like metadata on the context.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00607-00531906-00532824 A Jones: yeah one tip like a really common spot you might see that is if you're running a reduce operation like map filter reduce that sort of reduce operation.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00608-00532878-00534114 A Jones: i'm calling reduced after a certain point in the reducing function will add Meta data, like in a sense, Meta data to the values in play.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00609-00534159-00535479 A Jones: Or, like the collection in play to say okay i'm done stop it, and then the reduce function itself will recognize that you've gotten to that point because of that, like quote unquote metadata flag.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00610-00535791-00535821 Claude Rubinson: Okay.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00611-00536004-00536382 Claude Rubinson: I mean this is depending upon closures dynamic typing.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00612-00536619-00536799 proctor: think there may be other ways.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00613-00536910-00537693 proctor: That there's like maybe there is a reduced Mon add kind of thing that things could fit in that knows how to stop doing it because.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00614-00540480-00540966 proctor: So if I got the cyber range of one to 10,000 I can reduce over that range.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00615-00541080-00541191 proctor: If my exes even.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00616-00541395-00541785 proctor: I can reduce my IQ I returned to reduce the queue.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00617-00541899-00542757 proctor: Otherwise, I can just do my normal processing, so I can hit a point where like i'm done and it knows how to early terminate and watch the steps so if you.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00618-00543957-00544083 proctor: might have gotten them.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00619-00544326-00544425 proctor: As i'm live coding.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00620-00544530-00544698 proctor: not be surprised by mixed up.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00621-00545331-00545631 proctor: I get yeah so my acute I got them backwards, but.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00622-00545772-00546930 proctor: 1233 so I went three steps through and got a four instead of going through the full 10,000 items on that thing so it's a way to kind of give you an early.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00623-00547053-00547503 proctor: signal signal and early termination and no further work needs to be done.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00624-00547671-00547716 So that's.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00625-00548310-00549015 A Jones: What it's actually doing underneath when you look at the internals of closure is it's creating like a new.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00626-00549219-00549891 A Jones: Java class have reduced with that value in there, as the value for that reduced class.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00627-00550080-00551067 A Jones: So, in a sense, it's still using some sort of sort of like type of manipulation underneath but on the surface, all you really see is the reduced or the reduce.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00628-00551349-00551616 Chris Cyrus: The rapper yeah yeah detectable.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00629-00551616-00551712 Claude Rubinson: Right yeah that's how.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00630-00551715-00551874 Claude Rubinson: yeah that's yeah Thank you.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00631-00551892-00552111 A Jones: i'll put a link to the underlying source code.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00632-00552264-00552330 proctor: that's kind of like.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00633-00552336-00552570 proctor: That you could it could potentially be like a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00634-00552891-00553431 proctor: Maybe Mon add but, like a reduced Mona where it's like oh just the value or a reduced of this like.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00635-00553476-00553806 proctor: Right, this one or reduced the one kind of thing and then you know.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00636-00553824-00553887 proctor: That it's there.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00637-00554079-00554982 proctor: If you were going to try and adopted in the type role and, like every map function kind of be able to understand that when you're running over that kind of thing too.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00638-00555084-00555576 proctor: But yes that's that's a pre done thing enclosure, and so the idea of reduced was like.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00639-00555774-00556488 proctor: You can start once you get to intermediate closure, you might have a counter to reduced so it's like take advantage of that idea that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00640-00556590-00558297 proctor: Reduced i'm fully reduced there's no other work because you kind of think of this as a, as I mentioned, you can almost think of the chain as a reduce over the steps of enter and so by going over those things you can kind of think of it that way and be like oh.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00641-00558411-00558534 proctor: there's no more work to be done.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00642-00558666-00559230 proctor: i'm reduced i'm done start to leave process to do my cleanup and resource allocation and things like that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00643-00559305-00559851 Chris Cyrus: it's worth emphasizing again if didn't pick up from Procter say it earlier, they were reduced is really.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00644-00559959-00560307 Chris Cyrus: it's a shorthand for clearing out the queue.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00645-00560424-00560511 Chris Cyrus: which you could also do.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00646-00560613-00561093 Chris Cyrus: Right there's no functional difference and signaling reduced versus.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00647-00561198-00561276 Chris Cyrus: emptying the queue.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00648-00561495-00561657 A Jones: yeah To that end, like.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00649-00561696-00562848 A Jones: The equivalent for just dropping the end of the key would be like drop rest or drop second or drop cutter whatever operation you prefer.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00650-00563028-00563307 proctor: The only the only benefit of reduced is.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00651-00563439-00564168 proctor: It means you can get a little bit further without without having to get everybody to understand human population and.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00652-00564270-00564966 proctor: and potentially screw up the queue so it's a way of kind of easing you into the idea that, like oh it's early termination.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00653-00565089-00565371 proctor: But now you want to early termination now, you also have to understand.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00654-00565503-00566046 proctor: How do I clear out a cube properly and not screw myself up and shoot myself in the foot because i'm not quite there yet so.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00655-00566094-00567387 proctor: That was one of the reasons of adding reduced, but it's yeah it's just more of like I could just associate into the interceptor and it an empty essentially persistent queue.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00656-00567576-00567726 proctor: Which is the type under the covers but.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00657-00567735-00568032 Chris Cyrus: Can you live code us an interceptor that does that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00658-00568170-00568980 Chris Cyrus: Instead of using reduced so instead of that line right there on 330 that returns a reduced context by using reduced.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00659-00569094-00569127 Chris Cyrus: It.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00660-00569382-00569739 Chris Cyrus: Sorry, it empties the cue this up online 330 can you change that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00661-00570099-00570204 proctor: yeah I was rewriting it so you.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00662-00570210-00570303 can have them side by side.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00663-00571095-00571269 proctor: Then, that would be.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00664-00572286-00572424 proctor: should be the same.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00665-00572598-00572682 A Jones: shy air key.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00666-00572727-00572892 Chris Cyrus: Right, I would have thought you wanted sorry.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00667-00573009-00573048 proctor: run out.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00668-00573336-00573588 Chris Cyrus: And do why just social instead of empty it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00669-00573732-00574356 proctor: A good work either way well, the reason I wouldn't associate it could also be.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00670-00574428-00574644 Chris Cyrus: that's Neil punting enclosure yeah.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00671-00574713-00574905 proctor: uh it would also be if I.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00672-00574962-00575049 Chris Cyrus: update to empty.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00673-00575136-00575415 proctor: So it would need to be a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00674-00575532-00575622 Chris Cyrus: update to empty.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00675-00575664-00575871 proctor: It was a persistent queue under the covers.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00676-00575904-00576093 Chris Cyrus: that's right, you can empty persistent cute.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00677-00576258-00576507 proctor: Oh, the function empty sorry.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00678-00576525-00576570 Chris Cyrus: Yes, yeah.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00679-00576588-00576690 A Jones: Yes, so yeah.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00680-00577404-00577677 proctor: But yeah there's a couple different ways, you could actually set it to a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00681-00577758-00578841 proctor: New persistent queue object, or you get up empty and things like that so yeah these these two here are the equivalent of what reduced does under the covers.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00682-00579423-00579462 proctor: It was.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00683-00579477-00580014 proctor: It was kind of the on ramp for our team of being new to interceptors that decided to add reduced in.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00684-00580116-00580419 proctor: yeah it's just saying okay nope it's there's nothing there.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00685-00580719-00580761 proctor: hi john.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00686-00580884-00580944 proctor: I didn't catch him.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00687-00581166-00582012 Chris Cyrus: In the closure context that reduced concept is shared with a fairly fairly popular transducers idea, so that I could see how that could pay off yeah.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00688-00582078-00583059 A Jones: yeah we spent a lot of time back and forth trying to figure out what's the path to least friction from an understanding standpoint.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00689-00583266-00584262 proctor: There was also the benefit of if they are reduced, and they get it supposed to reduce here and helps them to understand transducers and other things because it's a common pleasure idea.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00690-00584448-00584667 proctor: yeah do you see the analyst Claude what else you got.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00691-00584991-00585213 Claude Rubinson: to know this was that was really helpful um.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00692-00585375-00586452 Claude Rubinson: So in I found it useful, once you distinguish this is fairly early on between the interceptor in the interceptor chain and i'm but i'm trying to understand.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00693-00586593-00587238 Claude Rubinson: where's the function that's defining the interceptor chain is it the go, or is it the execute or is it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00694-00587244-00587526 proctor: Is it is just this vector this list.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00695-00587625-00587796 Claude Rubinson: it's literally just the list.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00696-00587820-00588054 A Jones: Well it's just a vector of.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00697-00588060-00588441 proctor: In this case is the seat it's it's now this sequence.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00698-00588549-00589158 proctor: Here, because it's essentially the arguments are execute and an.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00699-00589167-00589347 proctor: optional initial context map.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00700-00589407-00589752 proctor: So we can start our context map with number three in it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00701-00589911-00590682 proctor: And then the sequence of interceptors we want, in this case it's this interceptor chain here.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00702-00590793-00591402 proctor: enter low of interleaved with the trace interceptor that gives us our interceptor chain.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00703-00591528-00591684 Chris Cyrus: yeah so that's a chain of six.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00704-00591687-00592902 Claude Rubinson: Inner inner leave is creating a new interceptor chain that that has the repeat trace interest interceptor in between each of those.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00705-00592932-00592986 yep.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00706-00593094-00593388 Claude Rubinson: Okay, and then what's.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00707-00593583-00594501 Claude Rubinson: And so execute with it is is execute function on what's actually executing the interceptor chain.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00708-00594564-00594681 proctor: That function.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00709-00594741-00595212 Claude Rubinson: That is the execute function so that's the one it it understands.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00710-00595251-00595749 Claude Rubinson: What to do with the enter leave an error.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00711-00596109-00596172 Claude Rubinson: functions.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00712-00596205-00596355 proctor: yep so.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00713-00596379-00596667 Claude Rubinson: it's passing one to the next to the next to the next.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00714-00596673-00596889 proctor: yeah so here's our base interceptors.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00715-00597003-00597693 proctor: And then we have these three our base interceptors and then our interceptor chain now we've taken.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00716-00597801-00598557 proctor: This interceptor sequence, which is an infinite sequence of trace interceptors and interleaved it with.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00717-00598581-00598677 proctor: A base interceptors.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00718-00598989-00599418 Chris Cyrus: that's just closure sequence manipulation to build up the sequence that execute needs.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00719-00599631-00599850 A Jones: And that's a really important point here.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00720-00599856-00600216 A Jones: The fact that like because this is.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00721-00600345-00601119 A Jones: defined in terms of standard closure data structures, like sequences or this sense of vector the underneath it's really just a sequence.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00722-00601236-00601881 A Jones: hash maps like keywords those sorts of things, all of the standard data manipulation tools still apply.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00723-00602022-00602463 A Jones: So you can manipulate that data, just like you would normally manipulate other data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00724-00602562-00603168 Claude Rubinson: Then, that that was one of the points made when we had the presentation on data oriented programming.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00725-00603306-00603804 Claude Rubinson: With it same just using standard closure functions.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00726-00603822-00604002 proctor: And maps and yeah.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00727-00604056-00604182 Chris Cyrus: what's the what's the quote.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00728-00604257-00604407 Chris Cyrus: proctor better to have.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00729-00604563-00605277 proctor: 100 100 functions that can operate on one piece of data, then and functions that can operate on 10 different types of data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00730-00605313-00605496 A Jones: Right Helen peerless yeah.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00731-00605508-00605598 Chris Cyrus: that's it it's part of.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00732-00605745-00606162 Claude Rubinson: It Okay, and then what's the go function that's just.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00733-00606237-00607269 proctor: that's the asynchronous mechanism for channels continuation passing style if you're a javascript world think of this as like modern javascript javascript.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00734-00607356-00607407 proctor: The X.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00735-00607467-00607791 proctor: And above think of this as.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00736-00607974-00608301 proctor: A sink in javascript and this piece.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00737-00608526-00608565 Chris Cyrus: await.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00738-00608847-00608997 proctor: yep and.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00739-00609363-00609597 proctor: Is the equivalent of a one.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00740-00609765-00610128 Claude Rubinson: Okay, so all the all the smarts are in the execute function.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00741-00610275-00610431 Claude Rubinson: yep yep okay.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00742-00610593-00611283 proctor: So it allows you that's what that meant that it was kind of the goal was the context is data, the context is just the map.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00743-00611418-00612138 proctor: The execution chain it's just a sequence that will turn into stuff that will turn into a queue for you.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00744-00612288-00612996 proctor: The executable turn into a queue so it can do easy operations of like pop efficiently and things like that, but then it's just like hey.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00745-00613089-00614253 proctor: it's just data, you can manipulate both you get the benefits of the mapping just data and an open and eXtensible map as they talked about in that data oriented programming.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00746-00614352-00614790 proctor: And it kind of goes beyond data oriented programming, because when I was asking johansson about it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00747-00614841-00615618 proctor: This is almost even data driven which he distinguishes as well because it's like nope you're sending this whole up thing up as a piece of data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00748-00615702-00617436 proctor: which you define and then something else will run it entirely so what you're being able to do is define your execution flow as data, and then the execute here is the piece that knows how to do that manipulate it's kind of like it'd be like, if you define the state machine.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00749-00617517-00617661 proctor: And routers as well.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00750-00617697-00617790 proctor: or a router.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00751-00618108-00619305 Claude Rubinson: Right Okay, and then, then the execute function that's what stepping through it takes each one of those interceptor functions says i'm going to run enter enter enter enter if I.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00752-00619380-00619980 Claude Rubinson: i'm going to check periodically for an error if I get through all that i'm going to do the leaf leaf leaf leaf leaf.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00753-00620106-00620907 proctor: yep and i'm going to do the awaiting if you return me something ASAP so i'm going to look at your result is this result reduced.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00754-00621045-00621273 proctor: pool or even is this result.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00755-00621288-00621588 Chris Cyrus: Is this release a result you mean the returned context.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00756-00621618-00623067 proctor: Yes, the return context is the return value the return context and it's not necessarily the context, because it could be wrapped in a channel is this thing a future of some sort is this an asynchronous promise in this case, if they go channel.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00757-00623184-00624177 proctor: Is this thing a channel okay good stuff out of that channel pluck it out of that chain, if what now i've got the actual context that was embedded in that channel so essentially.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00758-00624315-00624555 proctor: In type in static type world.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00759-00624816-00625494 proctor: isn't a future in I have to pluck out of the future, and then I can look at that context and say is this context.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00760-00625542-00627372 proctor: have an error on it okay it's got an error exit is this context marked as a reduced value OK now go to leave is this cost otherwise i've got the context now go on to the next enter if there is another enter in the queue otherwise start processing believe chain.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00761-00627549-00628836 Claude Rubinson: Okay okay yeah and then so that's why you can either leave like the logging because it just takes the context it shoves it to its log and then it passes it Okay, I think I actually understand this now.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00762-00628881-00629214 proctor: And it's hard and it's attracting between like I can return you.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00763-00629370-00630033 proctor: Some I can return to a future Mona or I can just go context or I can just return you a context.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00764-00630129-00630675 proctor: And you don't have to worry about because all your interceptor knows and you're interested, you can decide which it needs to return.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00765-00630750-00631872 proctor: But you always get in just the context and the execute or will do that unwrapping for you and feed that through appropriately and stack it appropriately, if needed, so.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00766-00631992-00633234 proctor: It it that's what i'm that's where the uniformity of Is this the future is this the future of context Okay, which is or is this a future of error and an exception, which means I need to put in.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00767-00633381-00634701 proctor: Because i'd also checks to see did you actually raise an exception, or do you have an exception in your future and that's how it knows that says oh you actually got an exception, let me take that exception put it on the context and now stop running back to the airport.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00768-00634860-00635046 proctor: Because it's a future of context or future of.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00769-00635046-00635376 proctor: error or an error or a cod exception kind of thing.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00770-00635568-00636042 proctor: And so it hides that away from you and you could just think in terms of your data pipeline that you need to do.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00771-00636153-00636288 proctor: And let it worry about.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00772-00636408-00636600 proctor: The execution of that as well.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00773-00636804-00637737 A Jones: In a sense, like to extend that a little, in a sense, what it's doing is it's taking and create that execute like that core executed.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00774-00637794-00639216 A Jones: it's taking and creating like a standard interface for the glue code that you would normally need and would normally be required for each and every single one of those kind of workflow steps and then with that, like.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00775-00639318-00640605 A Jones: You can like because it's abstracted away that in that fashion you've defined that standard interface, you can take all that responsibility of the glue code consolidate it into a single abstract location.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00776-00641031-00641139 A Jones: Chris has his hand up.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00777-00641340-00641652 Chris Cyrus: yeah i'm just curious this isn't.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00778-00641829-00642846 Chris Cyrus: Almost an implementation detail in the specifics of closure, but when you return an asynchronous thing.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00779-00643020-00643374 Chris Cyrus: How does that asynchronous process signal.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00780-00643524-00643851 Chris Cyrus: That you need to you need to switch over to the.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00781-00643971-00644025 Chris Cyrus: error.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00782-00644175-00644289 Chris Cyrus: Processing model.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00783-00644682-00645585 Chris Cyrus: The I mean, obviously, if it returns a map that looks like the context that's going to be a context, but how does it say something went wrong.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00784-00645798-00646629 proctor: Essentially, it does a pipe check on it, if it's in javascript world that looks at the isn't a json or otherwise, it looks at Is this a throttle.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00785-00646704-00646788 proctor: And Joanne.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00786-00646827-00647520 Chris Cyrus: So you actually return a rarefied exception you don't throw the exception, obviously it's a say, well, throwing it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00787-00647577-00647928 proctor: yeah if you're in synchronous mode, it will catch the exception for you.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00788-00647955-00648153 Chris Cyrus: Right i'm thinking of asynchronous in particular.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00789-00648165-00649071 proctor: yeah if you're an AC mode, then you return the exception itself, instead of throwing it you just return Okay, no.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00790-00649125-00649155 Okay.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00791-00649419-00649758 proctor: So, essentially in not in type system world.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00792-00649857-00650556 proctor: You would either return your future of your context, or if you caught an exception, you would do a try catch in your.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00793-00650709-00651588 proctor: function that takes the context in, and if you caught instead of returning a future of context you to return a future of the exception.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00794-00651801-00652302 Chris Cyrus: Did you consider or do you also support if the.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00795-00652404-00652713 Chris Cyrus: In the case of a channel it closes with out returning anything.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00796-00652860-00653028 proctor: No, I did not account for that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00797-00653367-00653454 proctor: That may work to.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00798-00653562-00653760 proctor: The problem with returning a channel if without.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00799-00653910-00654873 proctor: posey getting an error if you don't get anything, it may actually there that isn't exception, but the problem is, you lose what that exception would be because you have no data on.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00800-00654876-00654996 Chris Cyrus: yeah it's awfully vague.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00801-00655146-00655374 proctor: For that, so the idea and the goal is to.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00802-00655554-00656223 proctor: Put the exception on the Channel and we'll look at the look on that result and if it's an exception results that we got off the Channel.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00803-00656364-00657759 proctor: that's easy when I may have accounted for Nils are empty channel closes but I don't remember, but I think that was a lower key priority case because you're like you don't actually get much data from that so.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00804-00657771-00658188 Chris Cyrus: No, but it does save you the mildly artificial i'm going to.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00805-00658293-00658806 Chris Cyrus: i've encountered an exceptional condition that's not an exception, but let me turn it into an exception.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00806-00658833-00659346 Chris Cyrus: yeah but that's not really that much work and I I see I see your point.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00807-00659460-00659847 Chris Cyrus: Closing channel is relatively devoid of context.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00808-00660060-00660120 proctor: Literally.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00809-00660216-00660444 Chris Cyrus: yeah it's funny how that worked out.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00810-00660594-00660687 A Jones: You nerd.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00811-00660804-00660936 Chris Cyrus: I swear it wasn't on purpose.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00812-00661419-00661449 Chris Cyrus: So.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00813-00661467-00662124 Chris Bremer: I kind of had a another question um so kind of just wrap my head around the be interleaved concept, so I mean.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00814-00662187-00662826 Chris Bremer: Is this maybe the right mental model if I were to transport this over to like an object oriented setting, for example.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00815-00662916-00664065 Chris Bremer: You might have a function for me i'm sorry, you might have a class that has a constructor and has a function called invoke right like this is how a lot of middle tier her middle where little where's your setup.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00816-00664281-00664491 Chris Bremer: And then, basically, the idea is that you would inject.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00817-00664695-00665466 Chris Bremer: The next class in your in your middleware setup into the constructor of the of the current.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00818-00665556-00667224 Chris Bremer: class and so essentially what you do is you call the constructor of the current class and then it by default calls the next instructor so and it says the constructor is the enter and the instructor the constructors for the change from one class to the next and then invoke.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00819-00667332-00668358 Chris Bremer: would be the lead function and once that class calls invoke effectively it gets disposed it would it would go away and so, then.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00820-00668445-00669345 Chris Bremer: As you call the chain of constructor as you go through the can you call sort of the entire function through the constructors once everything is constructed you call.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00821-00669429-00670194 Chris Bremer: invoke at the bottom of the stack and you move back to the top of the stack I mean is that kind of like mean I think this method actually just looking at this.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00822-00670305-00671070 Chris Bremer: i've worked with systems that looks sort of like that, and this is much more attractive because you can sort of listings out as a simple array.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00823-00671148-00672294 Chris Bremer: And it seems like a lot easier to interleaved things, whereas it's very challenging to introduce things in that kind of perspective, but I mean is that sort of what the approach that you're kind of trying to model with this or.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00824-00672348-00672618 Chris Bremer: an analogy in the object oriented world.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00825-00672663-00672942 proctor: A better analogy, and the object oriented world might be.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00826-00673137-00673404 proctor: And it's against everything you would do in.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00827-00673506-00673647 proctor: An object oriented world but.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00828-00673752-00674385 proctor: enter if you're going to do that if you're going to you to take your analogy of your enter where it takes the next item, as the constructor.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00829-00674520-00674763 proctor: It would be your care down then.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00830-00674967-00675114 proctor: You have a teardown function.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00831-00675216-00676353 proctor: You have your disposable function that would be your lead or your air handler and then that would that would essentially super backup that way to right.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00832-00676449-00676695 Chris Cyrus: Now multiple inheritance in this vibratory.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00833-00676728-00677304 Chris Cyrus: Language that you're thinking of because it's so you could have a inherit from.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00834-00677319-00677844 Chris Cyrus: yeah and intercept our class that defines and enter and leave an arrow function.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00835-00677901-00678057 proctor: I wasn't telling you that metal but.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00836-00678108-00678756 Chris Bremer: I was thinking of using like the constructor as the enter basically because that's created as soon as a class is created, and then.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00837-00678885-00679611 Chris Bremer: One constructor then calls the next constructor and the constructor can have side effects and can can change the model.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00838-00679746-00679806 Chris Bremer: And then.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00839-00680010-00680220 Chris Bremer: Once all the constructors have been created.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00840-00680361-00680478 Chris Bremer: The constructor the.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00841-00680661-00681231 Chris Bremer: Last guy calls and invoke and basically disposes of itself, I mean I don't know i'm just trying to think like.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00842-00681504-00681573 Chris Bremer: How.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00843-00681675-00682893 Chris Bremer: If it's if it's sort of maybe a simpler way to do it without sort of recreating the interceptor pattern, but I don't think it's as pretty as this, so I think it's a pretty cool little framework that that this.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00844-00682923-00683385 proctor: Well that's where it's like maybe if you took advantage of things that were disposable or like.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00845-00683430-00683619 proctor: yeah with c++ where you had your.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00846-00683673-00684084 proctor: deconstructor or Java and I think I had your disposable so.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00847-00684153-00685578 proctor: Essentially that's your tear down through your class and if all you had was just set up a tip just constructor and tear it down and did all your side effects in there and never worried about exceptions that might be your enter and leave in a weird kind of squinty thing.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00848-00685680-00686157 proctor: I some of this is also the reason ice this almost response think.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00849-00686286-00686640 proctor: makes me think of common list with their.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00850-00686775-00687108 proctor: Their inheritance, a common list, where you have your before after around.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00851-00687264-00687441 proctor: And this feels like your before and.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00852-00687441-00689295 proctor: After where you can say hey here's this thing I but i've got a before and after change that gets populated through this and I can do logic in there and then that inheritance goes through if you're talking about a common list object system object inheritance, with a before after.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00853-00689421-00689817 proctor: And you don't have the round, but your interceptor itself.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00854-00689979-00690318 proctor: represent each each the before and after of that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00855-00690888-00691146 A Jones: You might be able to pull something genki.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00856-00691146-00691293 A Jones: off by like.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00857-00691515-00691875 A Jones: Using like a constructor and and like it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00858-00692013-00694296 A Jones: Destroy for like each class then use like a visitor pattern to go over like a series of of classes that have been like instantiated but then, unlike the initial pass over the to construct everything passing in a common data set that's like.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00859-00694416-00696342 A Jones: not directly like isolated within the class itself and then, once that's once you've done that on all the enters like execute all the disposes all of the like destroys on like a second visitor pattern pass.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00860-00696654-00696876 A Jones: me that would be kind of weird but.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00861-00697083-00697137 A Jones: My work.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00862-00697692-00697785 Claude Rubinson: Is there any.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00863-00697893-00699483 Claude Rubinson: So we've got these three functions enter leave an error is that exhaustive, is there any reason that one would maybe want to have four functions I don't know what the fourth the fourth function would be but i'm just.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00864-00699492-00699621 Claude Rubinson: wondering, is that the.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00865-00699651-00699768 Claude Rubinson: Correct number.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00866-00699972-00700443 A Jones: that's probably the most standard standard number, it is something that we did discuss quite a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00867-00700443-00702501 A Jones: bit The other possibility would be kind of like an around function in the aspect oriented style the proctor was mentioning so like anytime that around thing like anytime that interceptor gets hit there's like a function that's executed around the the life that specific.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00868-00702624-00702855 A Jones: Execution I don't know if that makes any sense.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00869-00702858-00703371 proctor: yeah there was an idea of doing that, with like a yield to the next interceptor kind of thing but.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00870-00703515-00703932 proctor: The other thing where this is what i'm talking about where because it's maps.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00871-00704109-00705861 proctor: I can put whatever I want in it, so this is the condition system so i've got a retry http interceptor that has a key of http request failed, and what it does, is it says okay partial retry request three so i've got.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00872-00706047-00706086 proctor: I can.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00873-00706377-00706449 proctor: go in here.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00874-00706557-00706716 proctor: So this is a simple signal thing.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00875-00706908-00707712 proctor: It takes the stack off the context, and this is doing a loop so for comprehension so for every interceptor.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00876-00707823-00707994 proctor: And it's this is really loop recur.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00877-00708222-00708579 proctor: So it unrolls it so without doing recursion so if we have an interceptor.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00878-00708714-00709989 proctor: And if that interceptor has a signal we got a signal variable if that signal, he is in that map get the function out of that so if we have a function with that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00879-00710136-00711861 proctor: That use it, then we can apply that function with the context and the rest of the arms and otherwise we so we can walk up a stack because we have to stop we can walk up the stack look for.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00880-00712029-00712227 proctor: Look, for that actual item.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00881-00712713-00712746 proctor: Right.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00882-00713157-00713718 proctor: So I have a recurrent, so this is just a helper that will take the stack take the current as a queue.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00883-00713838-00713916 proctor: and add.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00884-00714036-00714531 proctor: The existing queue and peek into the stack and put that does and pop that item off the stack.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00885-00714630-00715269 proctor: So, because i'm going to retry it I don't want to keep adding it to my stack, I just wanted like retry this thing three times, and if it keeps failing.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00886-00715353-00716826 proctor: Whatever the current thing is don't keep adding a clean up like if you have that leave if you retry it five times don't do the leaf five times just do that leave once so it will pop off the stack and remember the stack.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00887-00716964-00717156 proctor: And then update the queue and update the stack.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00888-00717270-00717780 proctor: With that item so here I got a one I got the double.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00889-00718113-00718332 proctor: And then, this was just tested through the Q current.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00890-00718491-00719097 proctor: So if I do this, it would evaluate it and just make sure the stack make sure the queue in the stack right.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00891-00719592-00719742 proctor: This was some fake requests.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00892-00720324-00721317 proctor: So status is a 200 to 200 to 200 or 500 so it's my fake http requests I possibly some URL and the status is going to come back as.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00893-00721431-00721488 proctor: One of those.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00894-00721665-00722358 proctor: was my status between within that was that in 200 range and i'm glossing over this quite a bit, but.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00895-00722559-00722721 proctor: We can see retry request.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00896-00722913-00723228 proctor: So this will say hey what's the Max retry account.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00897-00723402-00723744 proctor: So in this case i'm going to like later on you'll see all set it up as three so.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00898-00723864-00724485 proctor: 333 times faith, the context and then here's the question here's a response, and you can do stuff.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00899-00724593-00724713 proctor: So we get the URL from it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00900-00724857-00725535 proctor: Again, this is another thing of like putting it in a map so here's my name space keyword for my condition system.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00901-00725685-00726909 proctor: request your tries with this URL i've got deeply nested map of here's my request three tries with this given URL how many times have I counted this thing how about in terms of it we tried it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00902-00727194-00727698 proctor: And if they retry counts, too many we get too many failures and then few a fake timeout.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00903-00727848-00727899 proctor: And so it's.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00904-00728007-00728472 proctor: incremental back off so we're going to timeout or incremental back off if we fail.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00905-00728643-00728952 proctor: And so what we do is, I have a http request failed.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00906-00729072-00729306 proctor: That has that retire cost for three times.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00907-00729498-00729675 proctor: And, here is my request in or suffer.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00908-00729795-00730209 proctor: So i'm going to try get the request get the response.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00909-00730317-00730809 proctor: If the response was not a success i'm doing i'm going to do a simple single.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00910-00730962-00731769 proctor: This thing is the thing that will walk up that stack and see if there's anything on that set execution stack that will match that signal.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00911-00731874-00732165 proctor: So go signal http request failed.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00912-00732393-00733200 proctor: And it will look at the stack of execution and say hey was there anything with this key was there any interceptor with this key http request failed.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00913-00733380-00733752 proctor: And if there is it's going to get the context they're crossing the response.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00914-00733977-00734118 proctor: And then we can get the response back.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00915-00734235-00734379 proctor: And so.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00916-00734505-00734904 proctor: This is just saying hey if i'm rescued multiple times it only gets one runs.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00917-00736398-00737550 proctor: we're going to fade type so in retry request, so we get a response status of 500 we're in the retry retrace they times out and then it's So if I run this number times that would work, the first time.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00918-00738216-00738378 proctor: When backed off again.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00919-00738717-00738828 proctor: And then there's some real.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00920-00739074-00739440 proctor: There are some weird inherited stuff you can get you where you can drive keywords.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00921-00739623-00740712 proctor: I can redraw I can derive a bunch of keywords so potter fan is derived from animal dog is very dry dry for mammal it's also derived from quarter Fred.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00922-00740811-00741699 proctor: Sporting breed of dog beagles the sporting breed got to find a sense of beagle and applying aces the pilot and so if we evaluate all of these.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00923-00742377-00743244 proctor: We again get a derivation hierarchy of like flying ace and we can see how the flag is derived from various things.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00924-00743358-00743427 proctor: dog.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00925-00743610-00743673 proctor: eagle.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00926-00743787-00744603 proctor: And then there was like an advanced handle a singer, so this is where it's like you can get really goofy because that stack is just data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00927-00744738-00745116 proctor: I can walk I can go get a derivation hierarchy for that signal.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00928-00745242-00746661 proctor: And if it's if it's the flying ace 12345678 items for each one of those eight items I can go consume the stack look for that key and the interceptor stack.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00929-00746811-00747624 proctor: So walk up the stack eight times without actually like running my stack trace by traversing that stack eight times looking for each one of those keywords.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00930-00747723-00748779 proctor: from least specific to more specific kind of thing and find those keywords and say hey can I find this thing, and if I do invoke that function.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00931-00748926-00749808 proctor: So this is just digging, this is what pure foot gun stuff if you're not careful, but it shows you the fact that, because this is all just data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00932-00749889-00750765 proctor: I can go I have like if you get an exception you can't walk your stack trace to figure out your context of your exception, and like how was, I called what do I need to do.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00933-00750870-00751815 proctor: The somebody else up higher know how to handle this for me to continue this allows that to kind of signal that idea, because I can go consume my stack.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00934-00751875-00753402 proctor: Without actually consuming it and inspect it and look at it, because it is just data and be able to get that so that's where I was like this is kind of aspect oriented condition system stuff that's again advanced foot gun, but when you start to see things as just pure data.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00935-00753603-00753843 proctor: It becomes really interesting what you can start to get away with.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00936-00754158-00754545 proctor: And just to point out to your question cloud like I put an interceptor on.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00937-00754650-00754701 proctor: That.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00938-00754899-00754989 proctor: doesn't have an enter.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00939-00755115-00755256 proctor: It just got to retry request.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00940-00755400-00755841 proctor: And I could signal a http request failed.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00941-00755991-00756207 proctor: your eyes, a retry request.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00942-00756321-00756813 proctor: And so I can signal an http request failed, but I can also drive a sql message publish.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00943-00756963-00757488 proctor: failed, and I could try that and it can try that logic again and review that sql message publishers something else.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00944-00757596-00758340 proctor: But i've got a interceptor because it's just data, and I can stick, another key in there and take advantage of that without needing it.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00945-00759552-00759774 proctor: And before more people leave I put a.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00946-00759882-00760743 proctor: drop the note in or 40% off the morning book So if you hadn't yet God rocking simplicity or data oriented programming.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00947-00760914-00761292 proctor: hoggy Curry 20 I have from my podcast which is 40% off of that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00948-00761412-00761883 proctor: You can look in the chat and take advantage of that discount as well if you haven't gotten those books yet.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00949-00762378-00763401 proctor: But now that I touched on that any other questions I don't know if that I don't know if that's what you were alluding to Claude but just another thing because that interceptors and open map.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00950-00763530-00764169 proctor: I can put stuff on, there is no enter, there is no leave they get treated as identity i'm just stash and stuff off there in the stack.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00951-00764232-00765633 proctor: That I can then go back and later look at and again the execute or itself doesn't care about it, but something else can go back and look at that and go inspect there and find it if it wants to.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00952-00766962-00766983 Claude Rubinson: Right.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00953-00767115-00767991 Claude Rubinson: Thank you so much for this, this was really interesting um any other questions before I stop the recording and we can keep talking after that but.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00954-00768309-00769680 proctor: Mine is, if you all come across this and other lands, let me know because I want to see who's done something else, like this and, again, as I mentioned, maybe something with haskell and something with that with.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00955-00769848-00770268 proctor: What it was it the resource T and something else.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00956-00770475-00770856 proctor: But i'm like I don't even know that as well, because I haven't looked too deep into that one.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00957-00771024-00771738 proctor: conduit but yeah if you all come across something i'm curious to see if any other language has done something similar or just.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00958-00771810-00772926 proctor: Even if it's not as completely open map kind of stuff as it is, but like here's a record that kind of passes through and you build this out, I just be kind of like the geek in me wants to know.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00959-00773055-00773538 proctor: Where else is pattern has been applied, or if this is just something slowly niche to closure.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00960-00774501-00774642 Claude Rubinson: Okay, well, we will do that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00961-00774771-00774819 Claude Rubinson: on that.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00962-00774942-00775584 Claude Rubinson: note, I want to thank you so much, this was really interesting and I am going to stop the recording.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00963-00775686-00775854 Claude Rubinson: Once I can figure out where it is.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00964-00775872-00776871 proctor: Well, thank you to Chris and Andrew for piping in because they were developing it with me so they were i'm glad they were able to get help shed some other perspectives on this as well.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00965-00776946-00777030 Claude Rubinson: yeah Thank you.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00966-00777042-00777099 A Jones: No worries.
+_ts898ZwxaI-00967-00777354-00777423 Chris Cyrus: glad to be here.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00000-00001100-00001800 Entertainment Recap: Here's a look at the top newsmakers of the week
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00001-00001900-00003300 Entertainment Recap: Here's a look at the top newsmakers of the week A lot can happen in a week! Here are the top news-makers of this week from the entertainment world:.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00002-00003400-00005400 Share: A lot can happen in a week! Here are the top news-makers of this week from the entertainment world: Priyanka Chopra rumoured to be engaged to Nick Jonas, walks out of 'Bharat' This was perhaps the most startling news of the week.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00003-00005500-00006700 Actress Priyanka Chopra walked out of Bharat and the same was confirmed by the director on July 27, 2018, in a tweet.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00004-00006800-00007600 However, soon after this, reports regarding PeeCee's engagement started doing rounds.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00005-00007700-00008500 Rumour mills are still rife that PeeCee got engaged to Nick on her birthday, which was last week.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00006-00008600-00010200 Janhvi and Ishaan on the Filmfare cover for the first time Bollywood's latest on-screen sweethearts, Janhvi Kapoor and Ishaan Khatter are riding high on the success of their debut film 'Dhadak'.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00007-00010300-00011000 The movie has received a thumbs up from the audience as well the critics.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00008-00011100-00012600 Janhvi and Ishaan also graced the cover of Filmfare magazine this week and the result was absolutely magical! 'Dhadak' producer Karan Johar took to Instagram to share the cover.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00009-00012700-00014800 This is the first time that Jahnvi and Ishaan have appeared on Filmfare cover. Sanjay Dutt's Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3 movie release Sanjay Dutt's 'Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster 3' released on July 27 and received mixed reviews.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00010-00014900-00015600 The movie also stars Jimmy Shergill, Chitrangada and Mahi Gill.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00011-00015700-00016400 The movie is directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00012-00016500-00017700 New song from Akshay Kumar's 'Gold' released A brand new song titled 'Ghar Layenge Gold' from Akshay Kumar's upcoming film Gold was unveiled.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00013-00017800-00018700 The song sung by Daler Mehndi is penned and composed Javed Akhtar and Sachin-Jigar respectively.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00014-00018800-00020000 Rajkummar Rao, Shraddha Kapoor's 'Stree' trailer out The trailer of upcoming horror-comedy 'Stree' was released and it became quite popular.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00015-00020100-00021300 The movie stars Rajkummar Rao and Shraddha Kapoor in lead roles and with such an amazing trailer, the excitement for the film has reached new heights.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00016-00021400-00022700 Salman Khan's first look from 'Bharat' revealed The director of the film 'Bharat', Ali Abbas Zafar unvieled the first look of superstar Salman Khan in the film.
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00017-00022800-00023500 A silhouette image of the superstar was released with a caption that read: “Ring of fire ..
+_tuDlv-qI4Q-00018-00023600-00024300 & Bharat @BeingSalmanKhan. Eid 2019”.
+_tSgBAYaIUU-00000-00000336-00001206 hello from Adventure rules on the ROM X Theory with fused energy
+_tSgBAYaIUU-00001-00001386-00002250 energy that is fused can be fused into a capsule and refused to a
+_tSgBAYaIUU-00002-00002250-00003012 capsule which if you confuse and Achieve to a caption be confused energy into a diode
+_tSgBAYaIUU-00003-00003144-00004272 she confused energy to a diode do a need specific materials such as the laptop of a power supply or
+_tSgBAYaIUU-00004-00004272-00005046 a desktop of power supply no wonder would you use power supplies or batteries within a cell phone
+_tSgBAYaIUU-00005-00005154-00005892 or messy again desktop or laptop now or even some other things that we have
+_tSgBAYaIUU-00006-00005988-00007344 issued on the markets such as what I'll say uh an Xfinity box or a Xbox or a Nintendo set or a
+_tSgBAYaIUU-00007-00007481-00008328 uh let's see things that use power supplies you'll no longer need it it's the process a
+_tSgBAYaIUU-00008-00008436-00009426 we refused energy particle within a diode now how would you do that simple set of information that
+_tSgBAYaIUU-00009-00009426-00010092 I have been explaining which I can control off of my next video and express it to you I tried
+_tSgBAYaIUU-00010-00010092-00010800 to keep my videos down to a minimum of two minutes therefore not taking up space within your mind I
+_tSgBAYaIUU-00011-00010800-00011412 would like some of your inputs and some of your likes up on my channel please be able to do so
+_tSgBAYaIUU-00012-00011412-00012144 I very much appreciate it and I'll tell you more about the diode energy fuse mechanism device like
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00000-00000104-00000528 good morning guys hope you're having yourself a wonderful beautiful amazing day today it's
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00001-00000528-00001040 thursday i just got up changed not too long ago had some breakfast and now we are heading
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00002-00001040-00001512 to another city it's called cherryville uh so i think it's about 45 minutes to an hour
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00003-00001512-00002023 away we're going to hop in the car now and head there and shawl we'll take you guys with us so
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00004-00002096-00003440 let's head to cherryland all right guys we tried to come to go to another city that's called
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00005-00003440-00004032 cherryville we drove all the way here and there's nothing here so we just stopped by a gas station
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00006-00004264-00004936 we're going to grab maybe some snacks and hit the road so this store also has a little bit of
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00007-00004936-00005472 a picnic area at the back which is really nice so that's where the convenience shop is and then here
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00008-00005472-00006360 they have like picnic tables some more chairs over there and also they have an area for the dogs like
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00009-00006360-00007048 if people want to i guess take their dogs to run around through this course i see they have like
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00010-00007144-00007959 some pipe that the dust can run through and then jump over these you know what not and again lots
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00011-00007959-00008768 of mountains and hills around this area too so it's a dog ran just uh taking a little bit of
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00012-00008864-00009664 a break until we find our next destination because cherryville let us down we drove about like 45
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00013-00009664-00010088 minutes to an hour thinking this place is going to be nice because in the pictures it showed that
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00014-00010088-00010584 there's lots of stores and stuff but i'm guessing that like all the stores are like separate from
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00015-00010584-00010960 each other far away so if you want to go to a library you have to go here if you have to go to
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00016-00010960-00011480 a museum it's over there i guess they don't really have like a downtown course so i'm gonna take a
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00017-00011480-00012784 10-15 minute break and then head out of here and we'll take we'll see you guys in the next city
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00018-00014152-00014184 oh
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00019-00024872-00025232 finally we made it to another city another park we're here in the city
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00020-00025320-00026160 of salmon arm and there's a lake small little lake with a water fountain in the middle
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00021-00026264-00026872 so we're just going to go walk around and check it out uh we'll take you guys with us
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00022-00026872-00027392 if you see the surrounding area it's really nice let me just show you guys look there's
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00023-00027448-00029583 mounts these areas also surrounded by mountains so let's head out and check it out
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00024-00032424-00032888 like my hair net guys check this out beautiful i'm actually just here go partying
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00025-00032888-00033568 so we're waiting watching the videos and then we're gonna head there but unfortunately i
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00026-00033568-00033968 can't take my camera so i have to leave the camera here but i'll show you guys the track
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00027-00034328-00034880 that's the track it's pretty big here the parts cool thing is they have doubles too
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00028-00034880-00035568 so you can put a baby in one card i guess i'll come back when we're done
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00029-00035856-00036368 just finished the go-kart it was fun we were the only ones there then they also have like mini golf
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00030-00036440-00037040 and it's really really small like a small track i think somebody just basically runs it from their
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00031-00037040-00037720 house um we were the only people there riding the golf course cars and then there's other two people
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00032-00037720-00038440 that are still there playing mini golf so it's nice you know it's quiet at least you don't have
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00033-00038440-00039384 to worry about social distancing or anything which is uh not too bad so now i think off to maybe uh
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00034-00039448-00040192 i don't know we uh heading back to uh vernon yeah you want to see the beach with the beach
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00035-00040320-00041000 yeah there's a beach here but i think uh probably at this time of the year the beach is going to be
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00036-00041056-00041696 full so it's not uh i think it's not a good idea but uh we'll find out and we'll take you guys so
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00037-00041696-00042208 we'll see you next time hamdulillah guys just got back home we didn't end up going anywhere
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00038-00042208-00042792 else just because it was getting late and uh we decided to just come back to the hotel room it's
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00039-00042792-00043400 around 8 40 now and i'm gonna call it the night relax and start working on the reaction video so
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00040-00043400-00043784 thank you very much guys for watching this vlog i hope you guys have yourself a wonderful day
+_wO7TF2-v6o-00041-00043784-00044376 take care yourself and your family and inshallah i'll see you guys in the next video take care
+_yHt7lU_22o-00000-00000490-00001162 As I did with the whole class and then I have to pair them.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00001-00001162-00002078 Each pair have their own packet which has syllables, letters, and cards.  I would instruct them to empty their plastic.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00002-00002112-00002924 You must properly put your syllables and check if you can clearly see them.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00003-00002924-00003638 I'm about to start, where do we start?
+_yHt7lU_22o-00004-00003678-00003922 Sometimes I have my picture.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00005-00003922-00004888 I would say let's look at the picture, what is happening here?  Children would say 'usana.'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00006-00004964-00005320 A bottle and milk. What is the baby doing?
+_yHt7lU_22o-00007-00005374-00005876 Others would say a baby is drinking milk or feeding on the bottle.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00008-00005876-00006306 A baby is drinking milk and I would say okay.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00009-00006306-00006928 Let's start with the easiest one, a baby is drinking milk and I put this on the board.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00010-00007172-00007868 A baby is drinking milk,  now we are taking words, 'u-sa-na.'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00011-00008084-00008392 'u-sa-na' (a baby).
+_yHt7lU_22o-00012-00008696-00008868 is drinking
+_yHt7lU_22o-00013-00009356-00009512 milk (ubisi).
+_yHt7lU_22o-00014-00009726-00010364 Let's all say together, a baby is drinking milk, we've created our sentence.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00015-00010390-00010642 A baby is drinking milk.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00016-00010642-00011568 Now it's your turn to create words, you'll create each word using syllables.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00017-00011568-00011784 Now, I will remove these words from the board.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00018-00011956-00012334 We said a baby is drinking milk.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00019-00012334-00012520 Now I will go to their desks.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00020-00012520-00013118 On the desk they have cards,  we said a baby is drinking milk.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00021-00013118-00013769 Now you must work in pairs and create the word 'usana.'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00022-00013769-00014506 They would say 'u-sa' using the syllables and they will create words using the syllables.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00023-00014506-00015402 What am I doing in the meantime? I'm going around the class checking if they have created, 'usana!'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00024-00015402-00015644 Have you properly created the word?
+_yHt7lU_22o-00025-00015644-00016141 Really! Let's continue 'lusela' you can continue guys then I walk around the class.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00026-00016141-00016726 Others will grab cards from each other but I must make sure that they can work well together.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00027-00016726-00017224 As they get used in working in pairs it's a must for them to work well together.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00028-00017224-00017932 Then I continue until we create 'u-bi-si,' 'usana' (baby) 'ubisi.'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00029-00017932-00018196 All those who have done must raise their hands, they will raise their hands.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00030-00018196-00019094 I go and check their words, read the words you have created 'usana lusela ubisi.'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00031-00019150-00019376 Wait a minute, let me show you some important thing.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00032-00019376-00019718 Because they can put the cards improperly.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00033-00019718-00019984 Then you'll notice that their words are upside down.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00034-00019984-00020416 I would make sure that I draw a line at the bottom of each card.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00035-00020460-00020668 This line will always be on the bottom of the card.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00036-00020668-00021376 It quickly helps them to minimize mistakes in creating words.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00037-00021376-00021782 Children know that they should put all of the cards with the line on the bottom.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00038-00021782-00022650 If I have children who do not understand all of this what do I do, when I'm going to do it and what I'm using?
+_yHt7lU_22o-00039-00022650-00023238 Firstly, I look which children who are struggling to create these words?
+_yHt7lU_22o-00040-00023238-00023934 It means that I must work together with them in their small group on the mat.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00041-00023934-00024116 Which things I would collect?
+_yHt7lU_22o-00042-00024116-00024526 I like them to see the real things.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00043-00024526-00024860 For example, there is 'itoti' (tin) what is this? 'ubisi' (milk).
+_yHt7lU_22o-00044-00024988-00025132 We start with small words.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00045-00025132-00025783 Let's look at what I have, if you don't use it at home, you can find it anywhere, 'ikama' (comb).
+_yHt7lU_22o-00046-00025874-00026712 So I have this thing, what are they suppose to do here? They look at this, I have this then they will put it down.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00047-00026806-00027622 I put my comb here, what is this? 'ikama' what? 'i-ka-ma.'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00048-00027622-00027900 Each child has a card.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00049-00027900-00028458 We take this, we are going to write 'i-ka-ma' let's look at this.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00050-00028614-00029114 How to write it? We check, which are these letters? We have go further down.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00051-00029114-00029456 We look into the letter, they must look at  how the letter goes?
+_yHt7lU_22o-00052-00029595-00030958 'i-ka-ma' they will write 'i-ka-ma.' They write in these small boxes.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00053-00030958-00031558 It's good to put plastic on it so that you can erase the word and use it with another group.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00054-00031558-00032362 They all have written the word 'ikama' read 'i-ka-ma.'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00055-00032362-00033326 They would know 'ma' goes together with 'm' and 'a' when they are reading it. That's what I do with a small group on the mat.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00056-00033326-00033930 Let us look at what I do with children that are struggling on blending and segmenting the words.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00057-00033930-00034386 Firstly, you will create the word 'ipapa' (porridge)  'ipapa.'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00058-00034386-00034744 - 'ipapa' (porridge). - 'ipapa' (porridge).
+_yHt7lU_22o-00059-00034890-00035636 No, you need to share and you will be creating the word 'edamini' (in a dam).
+_yHt7lU_22o-00060-00035702-00036312 - 'e!' - You have already found the 'e' let's put it here.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00061-00036378-00036972 'e' let's put it here.  'edamini.'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00062-00037288-00037562 - Read it, do not guess it. - 'eda'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00063-00037562-00037916 - Where is the 'da?' - 'eda'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00064-00037916-00038575 Here is an 'e' I want you to show me 'da.' What's the first sound in 'da?'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00065-00038714-00038764 'da'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00066-00038830-00039222 - It's 'e.' - What's the first sound that you find in 'da?'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00067-00039222-00039476 - It's 'e' - No, in 'da' 'da.'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00068-00039572-00039892 - What is it? - It's 'i'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00069-00039892-00040339 - No, it starts with 'd', there is 'd' here. Let's look here - That starts with 'd.'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00070-00040340-00041176 Let's look here and try to find 'd.' Very good.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00071-00041250-00041902 'e-da-mi' We are looking for 'mi' now.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00072-00041902-00042148 Very good! 'mi'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00073-00042262-00042620 'mi' 'mi'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00074-00042720-00043292 - 'e-da-mi' - Wow! You are so clever. What is this? 'ni'.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00075-00043292-00043630 - 'ni'. - Let's read it again, let's go.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00076-00043630-00044108 - 'e-da-mi-ni.' - No, let's read it faster.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00077-00044108-00044332 - 'edamini.' - Come again.
+_yHt7lU_22o-00078-00044332-00044834 - 'edamini!' - No, do not be so loud, now let's create the word 'usana.'
+_yHt7lU_22o-00079-00044834-00045268 - 'usana.' - Yes!
+_yHt7lU_22o-00080-00045396-00045680 What are we creating here, let's see?
+_yHt7lU_22o-00081-00045884-00046306 - 'baleka' (run). - 'baleka' (run).
+_yHt7lU_22o-00082-00046306-00046508 You took all the words.
+_-Qo991qloU-00000-00000000-00000417 That's right I'm about to lounge it up at Burger Lounge here in the fountains
+_-Qo991qloU-00001-00000417-00000830 in Roseville. I'm trying to find the best burger in Roseville. Does anyone know
+_-Qo991qloU-00002-00000830-00001140 where that is? Might be this place. Let's go check it out.
+_-Qo991qloU-00003-00002200-00002830 Paleo has never looked so good. They have a nice little lounge area here
+_-Qo991qloU-00004-00002846-00003356 with a great view of the actual fountains. This place is named The
+_-Qo991qloU-00005-00003356-00004170 Fountains in Roseville and there are the actual fountains. The inside nice little
+_-Qo991qloU-00006-00004170-00004750 area to sit, little Burger Lounge action. Check out this menu.
+_-Qo991qloU-00007-00004994-00005550 Coke straight out of a bottle, brilliant! Who wants a Shirley Temple?
+_-Qo991qloU-00008-00005556-00006070 They're amazing Hibiscus Lemonade they use real hibiscus
+_-Qo991qloU-00009-00006070-00006670 flowers in there to season it, add some lemonade delicious. And then they have a
+_-Qo991qloU-00010-00006670-00007145 little lavender mint lemonade.Hello, Lavender Flowers!
+_-Qo991qloU-00011-00007259-00008159 So this is the Alaskan Cod Sandwich look at that piece of fish on there. Oh money so I do a half and
+_-Qo991qloU-00012-00008161-00008590 half fries and onion ring. The onion rings are great they're ranch is
+_-Qo991qloU-00013-00008590-00009238 probably top 3 ranch dressings I've ever had in my life. Super good. Boom creamy
+_-Qo991qloU-00014-00009238-00009910 garlic ranch. Little Catsup, BBQ, and a Thousand Island
+_-Qo991qloU-00015-00009910-00010564 Actually the pickles are really salty and so it has a very salty flavor.
+_-Qo991qloU-00016-00010812-00011190 I don't dislike it but if you like pickles you're really gonna love the Thousand Island.
+_-Qo991qloU-00017-00011252-00012084 Clean bathrooms and dance music. That's right, that's me dancing. So this
+_-Qo991qloU-00018-00012085-00012786 place is delicious it's about $12 to $16 for a meal. So it's not the cheapest
+_-Qo991qloU-00019-00012786-00013288 place around. The burgers are grass-fed the flavors are delicious there onion
+_-Qo991qloU-00020-00013288-00013768 rings are super good. This is definitely a place that I come to often because I
+_-Qo991qloU-00021-00013768-00014218 love the flavors. I'll pay a couple extra bucks for a great burger so this gets
+_-Qo991qloU-00022-00014218-00014709 the BLT stamp of approval. If you want to get connected with the products/services
+_-Qo991qloU-00023-00014709-00015199 experiences and restaurants in the Rocklin and Roseville area, please like
+_-Qo991qloU-00024-00015199-00015691 my channel subscribe so you don't miss out on any future videos and I also have
+_-Qo991qloU-00025-00015691-00016069 something called BLTsBest.com That's where you can go to see all the
+_-Qo991qloU-00026-00016069-00016486 videos there's a search function you can find the restaurants the parks and all
+_-Qo991qloU-00027-00016486-00016810 the things to do in the area. This is Brandon Leon your Rocklin and Roseville
+_-Qo991qloU-00028-00016810-00018126 Real Estate Expert and we'll see you soon.
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00000-00000010-00000286 AND IS BEING HELD ON $40,000
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00001-00000286-00000293 AND IS BEING HELD ON $40,000  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00002-00000293-00000383 AND IS BEING HELD ON $40,000 BAIL.
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00003-00000383-00000390 AND IS BEING HELD ON $40,000 BAIL.  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00004-00000390-00000460 AND IS BEING HELD ON $40,000 BAIL. >> DENNIS: MEMBERS OF THE RED
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00005-00000460-00000467 BAIL. >> DENNIS: MEMBERS OF THE RED  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00006-00000467-00000617 BAIL. >> DENNIS: MEMBERS OF THE RED LAKE TRIBAL COUNCIL HELD A
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00007-00000617-00000623 >> DENNIS: MEMBERS OF THE RED LAKE TRIBAL COUNCIL HELD A  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00008-00000623-00000750 >> DENNIS: MEMBERS OF THE RED LAKE TRIBAL COUNCIL HELD A CLOSED DOOR MEETING TO DISCUSS
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00009-00000750-00000757 LAKE TRIBAL COUNCIL HELD A CLOSED DOOR MEETING TO DISCUSS  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00010-00000757-00000964 LAKE TRIBAL COUNCIL HELD A CLOSED DOOR MEETING TO DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE TERMS OF BANISHMENT
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00011-00000964-00000970 CLOSED DOOR MEETING TO DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE TERMS OF BANISHMENT  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00012-00000970-00001111 CLOSED DOOR MEETING TO DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE TERMS OF BANISHMENT FOR MEMBERS FACING DRUG
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00013-00001111-00001117 THE POSSIBLE TERMS OF BANISHMENT FOR MEMBERS FACING DRUG  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00014-00001117-00001184 THE POSSIBLE TERMS OF BANISHMENT FOR MEMBERS FACING DRUG OFFENSES.
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00015-00001184-00001191 FOR MEMBERS FACING DRUG OFFENSES.  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00016-00001191-00001264 FOR MEMBERS FACING DRUG OFFENSES. LEADERS FROM OTHER AGENCIES THAT
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00017-00001264-00001271 OFFENSES. LEADERS FROM OTHER AGENCIES THAT  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00018-00001271-00001448 OFFENSES. LEADERS FROM OTHER AGENCIES THAT COULD BE INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00019-00001448-00001454 LEADERS FROM OTHER AGENCIES THAT COULD BE INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00020-00001454-00001598 LEADERS FROM OTHER AGENCIES THAT COULD BE INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS ATTENDED THE MEETING.
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00021-00001598-00001604 COULD BE INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS ATTENDED THE MEETING.  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00022-00001604-00001755 COULD BE INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS ATTENDED THE MEETING. THE DISCUSSION COMES AFTER THE
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00023-00001755-00001761 ATTENDED THE MEETING. THE DISCUSSION COMES AFTER THE  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00024-00001761-00001915 ATTENDED THE MEETING. THE DISCUSSION COMES AFTER THE COUNCIL DECLARED A STATE OF
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00025-00001915-00001921 THE DISCUSSION COMES AFTER THE COUNCIL DECLARED A STATE OF  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00026-00001921-00002095 THE DISCUSSION COMES AFTER THE COUNCIL DECLARED A STATE OF EMERGENCY OVER THE DRUG EPIDEMIC
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00027-00002095-00002102 COUNCIL DECLARED A STATE OF EMERGENCY OVER THE DRUG EPIDEMIC  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00028-00002102-00002195 COUNCIL DECLARED A STATE OF EMERGENCY OVER THE DRUG EPIDEMIC LAST MONTH.
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00029-00002195-00002202 EMERGENCY OVER THE DRUG EPIDEMIC LAST MONTH.  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00030-00002202-00002469 EMERGENCY OVER THE DRUG EPIDEMIC LAST MONTH. PART OF THE DOCUMENT DISCUSSED
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00031-00002469-00002475 LAST MONTH. PART OF THE DOCUMENT DISCUSSED  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00032-00002475-00002605 LAST MONTH. PART OF THE DOCUMENT DISCUSSED TODAY INCLUDED SUMMONING
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00033-00002605-00002612 PART OF THE DOCUMENT DISCUSSED TODAY INCLUDED SUMMONING  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00034-00002612-00002716 PART OF THE DOCUMENT DISCUSSED TODAY INCLUDED SUMMONING NOTICES, THE SCOPE OF CRIMES
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00035-00002716-00002722 TODAY INCLUDED SUMMONING NOTICES, THE SCOPE OF CRIMES  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00036-00002722-00002999 TODAY INCLUDED SUMMONING NOTICES, THE SCOPE OF CRIMES UNDER THE RESOLUTION AND LENGTH
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00037-00002999-00003006 NOTICES, THE SCOPE OF CRIMES UNDER THE RESOLUTION AND LENGTH  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00038-00003006-00003306 NOTICES, THE SCOPE OF CRIMES UNDER THE RESOLUTION AND LENGTH OF BANISHMENT.
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00039-00003306-00003313 UNDER THE RESOLUTION AND LENGTH OF BANISHMENT.  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00040-00003313-00003493 UNDER THE RESOLUTION AND LENGTH OF BANISHMENT. >> NEED SOME MORE CHANGES.
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00041-00003493-00003500 OF BANISHMENT. >> NEED SOME MORE CHANGES.  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00042-00003500-00003686 OF BANISHMENT. >> NEED SOME MORE CHANGES. AND ONCE THAT'S DONE, IT WILL BE
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00043-00003686-00003693 >> NEED SOME MORE CHANGES. AND ONCE THAT'S DONE, IT WILL BE  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00044-00003693-00003930 >> NEED SOME MORE CHANGES. AND ONCE THAT'S DONE, IT WILL BE PRESENTED FOR APPROVAL.
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00045-00003930-00003937 AND ONCE THAT'S DONE, IT WILL BE PRESENTED FOR APPROVAL.  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00046-00003937-00004040 AND ONCE THAT'S DONE, IT WILL BE PRESENTED FOR APPROVAL. >> DENNIS: CHAIRMAN SEKI WOULD
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00047-00004040-00004047 PRESENTED FOR APPROVAL. >> DENNIS: CHAIRMAN SEKI WOULD  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00048-00004047-00004334 PRESENTED FOR APPROVAL. >> DENNIS: CHAIRMAN SEKI WOULD NOT CONFIRM THE DETAILS OF THE
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00049-00004334-00004340 >> DENNIS: CHAIRMAN SEKI WOULD NOT CONFIRM THE DETAILS OF THE  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00050-00004340-00004541 >> DENNIS: CHAIRMAN SEKI WOULD NOT CONFIRM THE DETAILS OF THE MEETING AND OTHER MEMBERS SAY
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00051-00004541-00004547 NOT CONFIRM THE DETAILS OF THE MEETING AND OTHER MEMBERS SAY  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00052-00004547-00004664 NOT CONFIRM THE DETAILS OF THE MEETING AND OTHER MEMBERS SAY THEY WERE ADVISED BY LEGAL
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00053-00004664-00004671 MEETING AND OTHER MEMBERS SAY THEY WERE ADVISED BY LEGAL  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00054-00004671-00004761 MEETING AND OTHER MEMBERS SAY THEY WERE ADVISED BY LEGAL SERVICES NOT TO TALK ABOUT IT.
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00055-00004761-00004768 THEY WERE ADVISED BY LEGAL SERVICES NOT TO TALK ABOUT IT.  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00056-00004768-00004884 THEY WERE ADVISED BY LEGAL SERVICES NOT TO TALK ABOUT IT. A REPRESENTATIVE FROM LEGAL
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00057-00004884-00004891 SERVICES NOT TO TALK ABOUT IT. A REPRESENTATIVE FROM LEGAL  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00058-00004891-00005021 SERVICES NOT TO TALK ABOUT IT. A REPRESENTATIVE FROM LEGAL SERVICES SAID THAT BANISHMENT
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00059-00005021-00005028 A REPRESENTATIVE FROM LEGAL SERVICES SAID THAT BANISHMENT  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00060-00005028-00005158 A REPRESENTATIVE FROM LEGAL SERVICES SAID THAT BANISHMENT FROM THE TRIBE WOULD NOT BE
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00061-00005158-00005165 SERVICES SAID THAT BANISHMENT FROM THE TRIBE WOULD NOT BE  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00062-00005165-00005382 SERVICES SAID THAT BANISHMENT FROM THE TRIBE WOULD NOT BE PERMANENT WITH A WAY TO REGAIN
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00063-00005382-00005388 FROM THE TRIBE WOULD NOT BE PERMANENT WITH A WAY TO REGAIN  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00064-00005388-00005455 FROM THE TRIBE WOULD NOT BE PERMANENT WITH A WAY TO REGAIN MEMBERSHIP.
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00065-00005455-00005462 PERMANENT WITH A WAY TO REGAIN MEMBERSHIP.  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00066-00005462-00005572 PERMANENT WITH A WAY TO REGAIN MEMBERSHIP. SEKI SAYS THERE WILL BE A VOTE
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00067-00005572-00005578 MEMBERSHIP. SEKI SAYS THERE WILL BE A VOTE  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00068-00005578-00005829 MEMBERSHIP. SEKI SAYS THERE WILL BE A VOTE ON THE RESOLUTION DURING NEXT
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00069-00005829-00005835 SEKI SAYS THERE WILL BE A VOTE ON THE RESOLUTION DURING NEXT  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00070-00005835-00006046 SEKI SAYS THERE WILL BE A VOTE ON THE RESOLUTION DURING NEXT WEEK'S COUNCIL MEETING.
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00071-00006046-00006052 ON THE RESOLUTION DURING NEXT WEEK'S COUNCIL MEETING.  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00072-00006052-00006209 ON THE RESOLUTION DURING NEXT WEEK'S COUNCIL MEETING. >> I'M NOT GOING TO MAKE NO
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00073-00006209-00006216 WEEK'S COUNCIL MEETING. >> I'M NOT GOING TO MAKE NO  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00074-00006216-00006352 WEEK'S COUNCIL MEETING. >> I'M NOT GOING TO MAKE NO COMMENTS UNTIL IT'S APPROVED.
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00075-00006352-00006359 >> I'M NOT GOING TO MAKE NO COMMENTS UNTIL IT'S APPROVED.  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00076-00006359-00006473 >> I'M NOT GOING TO MAKE NO COMMENTS UNTIL IT'S APPROVED. I'M MAKING THAT CLEAR.
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00077-00006473-00006479 COMMENTS UNTIL IT'S APPROVED. I'M MAKING THAT CLEAR.  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00078-00006479-00006576 COMMENTS UNTIL IT'S APPROVED. I'M MAKING THAT CLEAR. HOW MANY MORE TIMES I HAVE TO
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00079-00006576-00006583 I'M MAKING THAT CLEAR. HOW MANY MORE TIMES I HAVE TO  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00080-00006583-00006763 I'M MAKING THAT CLEAR. HOW MANY MORE TIMES I HAVE TO SAY THAT TO YOU GUYS?
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00081-00006763-00006770 HOW MANY MORE TIMES I HAVE TO SAY THAT TO YOU GUYS?  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00082-00006770-00007060 HOW MANY MORE TIMES I HAVE TO SAY THAT TO YOU GUYS? NOTHING HAS BEEN APPROVED YET,
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00083-00007060-00007067 SAY THAT TO YOU GUYS? NOTHING HAS BEEN APPROVED YET,  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00084-00007067-00007247 SAY THAT TO YOU GUYS? NOTHING HAS BEEN APPROVED YET, SO GET THIS CAMERA OFF MY FACE.
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00085-00007247-00007253 NOTHING HAS BEEN APPROVED YET, SO GET THIS CAMERA OFF MY FACE.  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00086-00007253-00007410 NOTHING HAS BEEN APPROVED YET, SO GET THIS CAMERA OFF MY FACE. >> DENNIS: IF THE RESOLUTION IS
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00087-00007410-00007417 SO GET THIS CAMERA OFF MY FACE. >> DENNIS: IF THE RESOLUTION IS  
+__sHxlkJZ_Q-00088-00007417-00007537 SO GET THIS CAMERA OFF MY FACE. >> DENNIS: IF THE RESOLUTION IS APPROVED, SEKI SAYS THE TERMS OF
+__esJk7wkBQ-00000-00000720-00001109 Sadhguru: Today is the equinox
+__esJk7wkBQ-00001-00001256-00002051 All of you know what it means in terms of the celestial equator.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00002-00002051-00002988 That is an imaginary line drawn above the earth’s equator which is also an imaginary line
+__esJk7wkBQ-00003-00002988-00003991 dividing this planet into northern and southern hemispheres
+__esJk7wkBQ-00004-00003991-00005442 or that point where the magnetic field of the northern pole and the southern pole alter in different ways.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00005-00005442-00005670 the different fields of energy,
+__esJk7wkBQ-00006-00005670-00005877 how they behave in the northern hemisphere
+__esJk7wkBQ-00007-00005877-00006447 and just crossing over the equator, how they behave, is entirely different.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00008-00006447-00006798 So on this day
+__esJk7wkBQ-00009-00006798-00007290 this celestial equator is in perfect alignment with the sun.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00010-00007290-00008072 That means all the influences upon the planet are at an equilibrium.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00011-00008072-00008691 The significance of equinox for the human being is
+__esJk7wkBQ-00012-00008691-00009534 on this day the masculine and the feminine is it an even keel.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00013-00009534-00010068 In the yogic tradition this day is seen as a day
+__esJk7wkBQ-00014-00010068-00010677 when one has the best possibility of transcending
+__esJk7wkBQ-00015-00010677-00011215 the limitations and the compulsions of one’s physical longings.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00016-00011316-00012084 Transcending the lustful compulsions within the human body,
+__esJk7wkBQ-00017-00012084-00012648 the possibility of that is at its best on this day.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00018-00012648-00012968 Shiva sat as an ardhanari.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00019-00012968-00013714 That is, he was half woman and half man because both are even today.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00020-00013714-00014182 this is the day when women are on equal keel with the male .
+__esJk7wkBQ-00021-00014182-00014813 Other days I mean they’re dominant
+__esJk7wkBQ-00022-00014813-00015230 It's a level playing field within our own system
+__esJk7wkBQ-00023-00015474-00016264 and whether socially, economically or otherwise
+__esJk7wkBQ-00024-00016264-00016871 the only thing that we can provide is a level-playing field for everybody.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00025-00016871-00017228 You cannot make people equal,
+__esJk7wkBQ-00026-00017228-00017500 it's never going to work
+__esJk7wkBQ-00027-00017500-00017955 but you can provide an equal opportunity.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00028-00017955-00018536 An equal opportunity simply means a level-playing field.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00029-00018536-00019433 Traditionally it is considered as a day that is free of prejudice.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00030-00019433-00020149 Why it is considered as a day that is free of prejudice prejudice is
+__esJk7wkBQ-00031-00020149-00020740 prejudice essentially arises in our minds
+__esJk7wkBQ-00032-00020740-00021190 because we are overly identified with something.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00033-00021190-00022106 We’re here coming down to a very basic aspect of being masculine or feminine.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00034-00022106-00022574 If you’re too identified with being masculine you will have a masculine prejudice;
+__esJk7wkBQ-00035-00022574-00023091 if you’re too identified being feminine you will have a feminine prejudice.
+__esJk7wkBQ-00036-00023091-00023657 So equinox is a day to bring balance to this,
+__esJk7wkBQ-00037-00023657-00023951 to not be identified with this or that,
+__esJk7wkBQ-00038-00023951-00024217 not even being a man or a woman,
+__esJk7wkBQ-00039-00024217-00024554 not even being human or another creature
+__esJk7wkBQ-00040-00024554-00024764 just to sit here and throb.
+__MrPRqthKI-00000-00000082-00000622 Scenario 01 - Preparation for Practice
+__MrPRqthKI-00001-00002092-00002410 Okay. That's in relation to your upcoming practice placements.
+__MrPRqthKI-00002-00002484-00002574 Are there any questions?
+__MrPRqthKI-00003-00002610-00002682 No...
+__MrPRqthKI-00004-00002716-00003082 My details are above should you have any issues during your placement.
+__MrPRqthKI-00005-00003444-00003846 Julie arrives at her practice placement
+__MrPRqthKI-00006-00005194-00005320 Hi. I'm Julie.
+__MrPRqthKI-00007-00005360-00005476 I'm starting here today.
+__MrPRqthKI-00008-00005532-00005674 Hi Julie.
+__MrPRqthKI-00009-00005674-00005748 Hi.
+__MrPRqthKI-00010-00005776-00005866 I'm Jeanette.
+__MrPRqthKI-00011-00005914-00006000 Good to see you.
+__MrPRqthKI-00012-00006040-00006336 I'm a staff nurse on this ward and I'm a practice-based teacher
+__MrPRqthKI-00013-00006336-00006628 so I'll be looking after my patients and I'll be working with you.
+__MrPRqthKI-00014-00006650-00006714 How are you?
+__MrPRqthKI-00015-00006754-00006972 Fine thanks. I'm looking forward to starting this placement.
+__MrPRqthKI-00016-00007009-00007272 Great. Have you ever been on a ward like this before?
+__MrPRqthKI-00017-00007304-00007492 No, I've never been on a ward like this before but I
+__MrPRqthKI-00018-00007492-00007806 have been on...other placements before.
+__MrPRqthKI-00019-00008042-00008144 Hello, Mr Brady.
+__MrPRqthKI-00020-00008170-00008262 Are you OK?
+__MrPRqthKI-00021-00011130-00011230 Sorry Julie.
+__MrPRqthKI-00022-00011278-00011372 Sure. No problem.
+__MrPRqthKI-00023-00011400-00011600 Let's go into the office. It's quieter in there.
+__MrPRqthKI-00024-00011626-00011676 Okay.
+__MrPRqthKI-00025-00011676-00011746 It's just this way.
+__MrPRqthKI-00026-00012194-00012346 Now Julie. Where were we?
+__MrPRqthKI-00027-00012422-00012496 Ah yes.
+__MrPRqthKI-00028-00012548-00012650 Welcome once again.
+__MrPRqthKI-00029-00012670-00012732 Thanks.
+__MrPRqthKI-00030-00012818-00012974 So. Do you know about the ward?
+__MrPRqthKI-00031-00012974-00013334 The kind of patients we have and type of conditions you're likely to see?
+__MrPRqthKI-00032-00013362-00013612 I know you've been on some clinical placements before...
+__MrPRqthKI-00033-00013634-00013832 Well, I haven't been on a ward like this before.
+__MrPRqthKI-00034-00013850-00014186 This kind of specialty is new to me but I have been on several placements before this.
+__MrPRqthKI-00035-00014212-00014460 That's great. So you have some practice experience.
+__MrPRqthKI-00036-00014547-00014724 So, I think you can look after a group of patients
+__MrPRqthKI-00037-00014724-00014902 on your own with someone in the background.
+__MrPRqthKI-00038-00014941-00015022 Okay.
+__MrPRqthKI-00039-00015076-00015438 Oh, before I forget. I'm on holidays the day after tomorrow...
+__MrPRqthKI-00040-00015462-00015768 ...but my colleague Rita will be around in case you have any questions.
+__MrPRqthKI-00041-00015832-00016140 Oh. Okay. Is she my contact person then?
+__MrPRqthKI-00042-00016196-00016412 No. She's a new nurse working here.
+__MrPRqthKI-00043-00016556-00016622 Oh.
+__MrPRqthKI-00044-00016690-00016756 Okay?
+__MrPRqthKI-00045-00016800-00016904 Any questions?
+__MrPRqthKI-00046-00017050-00017100 No.
+__MrPRqthKI-00047-00017130-00017182 Thanks.
+__MrPRqthKI-00048-00017616-00018014 A few days later.
+__MrPRqthKI-00049-00018206-00018298 Oh, hi Julie.
+__MrPRqthKI-00050-00018322-00018576 You wanted to meet with me. To talk to me about your
+__MrPRqthKI-00051-00018576-00018884 Practice-based teacher, Jeanette, as she's on holidays.
+__MrPRqthKI-00052-00018920-00019170 Tell me. how are things for you at the moment?
+__MrPRqthKI-00053-00019224-00019320 Well. Not great.
+__MrPRqthKI-00054-00019358-00019548 As you know, Jeanette is on holidays.
+__MrPRqthKI-00055-00019590-00019828 I've been asked to take a group of patients on my own.
+__MrPRqthKI-00056-00019862-00019998 I feel I need more support.
+__MrPRqthKI-00057-00020110-00020188 Okay...
+__MrPRqthKI-00058-00020230-00020384 ...but you do have another member of staff
+__MrPRqthKI-00059-00020384-00020500 looking out for you?
+__MrPRqthKI-00060-00020556-00020900 Yes but she's a new nurse and not my allocated contact person.
+__MrPRqthKI-00061-00020982-00021226 I have been on placements before but I've never looked
+__MrPRqthKI-00062-00021226-00021420 after the types of patients they have on this ward.
+__MrPRqthKI-00063-00021552-00021942 Okay. I can understand how you feel Julie but it is only temporary.
+__MrPRqthKI-00064-00021996-00022294 We have a lack of practice teachers on this ward at the moment
+__MrPRqthKI-00065-00022294-00022468 and Jeanette is on holidays.
+__MrPRqthKI-00066-00022528-00022782 I think you'll manage with Rita in the background...
+__MrPRqthKI-00067-00022850-00023116 ...but do ask her for feedback on your progress.
+__MrPRqthKI-00068-00023232-00023362 I'll talk with her to make sure
+__MrPRqthKI-00069-00023362-00023510 she keeps a close eye on you.
+__MrPRqthKI-00070-00023542-00023692 Jeanette is back next week.
+__MrPRqthKI-00071-00024376-00024792 Julie rings the school.
+__MrPRqthKI-00072-00026712-00026868 Pete Schuman. School of Nursing.
+__MrPRqthKI-00073-00026926-00027044 Hi Dr. Schuman.
+__MrPRqthKI-00074-00027092-00027192 This is Julie.
+__MrPRqthKI-00075-00027212-00027400 One of your students out on placement.
+__MrPRqthKI-00076-00027472-00027570 Oh, hi Julie.
+__MrPRqthKI-00077-00027588-00027638 How are you?
+__MrPRqthKI-00078-00027833-00027962 Yeah, I read your email...
+__MrPRqthKI-00079-00028158-00028272 ...tell me what's going on...
+__MrPRqthKI-00080-00028412-00028512 Produced by: Lehwaldt D., Doyle P. and eCoNNECT team
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00000-00000000-00000678 Welcome! I want to give you an overview of our course and show you some of the features in
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00001-00000678-00001194 Canvas that you may or may not be familiar with, if you haven't used Canvas very much
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00002-00001194-00001878 as a student. So notice that the home page has just one large image, and if you click on that,
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00003-00001878-00002310 it will take you to the very beginning of the course, including this video (which
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00004-00002364-00003090 you've probably already gotten to somehow). Anyway I'd like you to notice the "Next" button down at
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00005-00003090-00003696 the bottom corner of each of these pages here. That will take you through all of the pages,
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00006-00003696-00004218 all of the modules, all of the assignments, all of everything, and you can just continue to go
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00007-00004218-00004896 on through that. Now, you don't have to go in order if you don't want, because if you go over
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00008-00004896-00005634 here to the "Modules" link you'll be able to see everything that is in the course all at once.
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00009-00005688-00006114 So let's take a look at this overview here. Notice that there's an introduction,
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00010-00006186-00006894 there's really four modules with content: The Why of UDL, The What and How of UDL, UDL in the
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00011-00006894-00007470 Classroom, and then UDL in School Leadership, then there's some closing materials down here.
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00012-00007536-00008190 For each of the content modules there will be an executive summary,
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00013-00008190-00008820 so here's what you're going to learn for this particular module; there will be subsections
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00014-00008928-00009666 with the highlighted icons there, and then there will be some activities and some discussions to
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00015-00009666-00010722 participate in. Because this is Universal Design, we encourage you to use multiple means of action
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00016-00010722-00011232 and expression, and what that means is for the discussions, you're welcome to type a response,
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00017-00011232-00011970 or within Canvas you can create a video, you can just record yourself talking if you're tired of
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00018-00011970-00012414 typing for the day and you just want to talk and and have other people hear your voice, there's
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00019-00012414-00012924 ways to do that, and there's instructions in the discussions. Similarly, all of the assignments
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00020-00012924-00013608 have some kind of options for how you can submit: either your own file, or just do the work
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00021-00013608-00014268 right in Canvas, or do something different. So there's options in all of those. Additionally
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00022-00014268-00015036 in the modules there are resource pages where we have collected a lot of different articles,
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00023-00015036-00015834 videos, podcasts, etc. You're not expected to read or listen or view all of these;
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00024-00015900-00016476 the idea is that you can choose the ones that you think are going to be useful to
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00025-00016476-00016890 you or that you feel like listening to; if you're not in a place where you can listen to
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00026-00016890-00017310 something you can read it; if you don't feel like reading any more, you can just put your
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00027-00017310-00017838 headphones in and listen to the audio or the video. The idea is that you're getting the
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00028-00017838-00018444 equivalent information from all of these and you have choices in how you can access it.
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00029-00018636-00019302 There is an Immersive Reader up in the corner of each page that will simplify the page and read
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00030-00019302-00019926 it to you if you choose. All of our videos have captions and transcripts are available as well.
+_A-6UA8OK6M-00031-00019980-00020868 So that is a brief overview of this course; I'm looking forward to working through it with you.
+_C4xbplMwjc-00000-00000000-00000200 free beat 2023
+_C4xbplMwjc-00001-00000200-00000400 read below the video
+_C4xbplMwjc-00002-00000400-00000600 subscribe :D
+_C4xbplMwjc-00003-00000600-00001074 @geraldsouvenir
+_D8rXy64MHI-00000-00000003-00000378 business casual is the ultimate in-between dress code it's kind of like
+_D8rXy64MHI-00001-00000378-00000867 the Goldilocks of dress codes not too dressy not too casual but just right
+_D8rXy64MHI-00002-00000867-00001259 what's up guys I'm Brian Sakawa you're watching he spoke style and today 5
+_D8rXy64MHI-00003-00001259-00001688 business casual outfit ideas for fall
+_D8rXy64MHI-00004-00002156-00002567 one way to do business casual is to combine dressy elements with those that
+_D8rXy64MHI-00005-00002567-00002969 are more sporty or casual here I'm doing both let's take care of the dressy
+_D8rXy64MHI-00006-00002969-00003335 element first though and that is this pair of charcoal gray flannel pants
+_D8rXy64MHI-00007-00003335-00003736 absolute must for the fall closet these are part of a suit from the
+_D8rXy64MHI-00008-00003736-00004019 made-to-measure collection with Michael Andrews that we are launching in the
+_D8rXy64MHI-00009-00004019-00004547 next couple of months up top we get more sporty and casual starting with the
+_D8rXy64MHI-00010-00004547-00004961 brown gingham shirt and then instead of a blazer I threw on this black Levi's
+_D8rXy64MHI-00011-00004961-00005432 denim jacket I like to call it my blazer with an edge tie is by C Orton's turn
+_D8rXy64MHI-00012-00005432-00005933 very seasonal in a thick wool and also this beautiful rust color on my wrist as
+_D8rXy64MHI-00013-00005933-00006406 it will be in each of these looks as the Vacheron Constantin traditional and then
+_D8rXy64MHI-00014-00006406-00006784 finished off with a pair of dark brown wingtips these are the Allen Edmonds
+_D8rXy64MHI-00015-00006784-00007259 McAllister next up is a very traditional and simple approach to business casual
+_D8rXy64MHI-00016-00007259-00007763 sport coat shirt pants loafers all in the classic menswear palette of blue
+_D8rXy64MHI-00017-00007763-00008156 grey and brown so the sport coat is definitely the key piece to this look
+_D8rXy64MHI-00018-00008156-00008531 it's the garment that stands out and that is because of the wonderful Brown
+_D8rXy64MHI-00019-00008531-00009043 Glen plaid pattern really pops off the solid foundation the flannel cloth is by
+_D8rXy64MHI-00020-00009043-00009532 fox patch pockets give it a more casual feel and this is another piece that will
+_D8rXy64MHI-00021-00009532-00009971 be in the HSS michael andrews MTM collection will put a sign-up link up
+_D8rXy64MHI-00022-00009971-00010303 there at the top as well as down in the description so you can be the first to
+_D8rXy64MHI-00023-00010303-00010747 find out about it to basics for the foundation of this look of course the
+_D8rXy64MHI-00024-00010747-00011228 blue OC BD and then the charcoal flannel pants from the first look to inch cuff
+_D8rXy64MHI-00025-00011228-00011732 as always and then on my feet are these Kielty loafers with a strap by G H Bass
+_D8rXy64MHI-00026-00011732-00012194 next we have something that is sophisticated elegant and yet modern at
+_D8rXy64MHI-00027-00012194-00012602 the same time obviously everything about this outfit hinges upon the turtleneck
+_D8rXy64MHI-00028-00012602-00013055 and instead of running it untucked that I've chosen to tuck it in the turtleneck
+_D8rXy64MHI-00029-00013055-00013513 itself is by peeny parma cashmere and wool blend the pdepartment is an italian
+_D8rXy64MHI-00030-00013513-00013910 brand very similar to suits apply and I will be doing a review of them in the
+_D8rXy64MHI-00031-00013910-00014225 near future now tucking in a turtleneck is a very
+_D8rXy64MHI-00032-00014225-00014705 high-risk high-reward proposition done right I think it looks very cool very
+_D8rXy64MHI-00033-00014705-00015200 sleek very modern moving on to the pants now these are from a ring jacket suit
+_D8rXy64MHI-00034-00015200-00015838 again two-inch cuff look like this that has more of sophistication to it is
+_D8rXy64MHI-00035-00015838-00016226 always enhanced in my opinion by a pair of glasses the ones I'm wearing one of
+_D8rXy64MHI-00036-00016226-00016718 my favorite pairs are by qubits simple watch on the wrists and then keeping
+_D8rXy64MHI-00037-00016718-00017176 that casual elegant vibe going with some tassel loafers by Johnston and Murphy
+_D8rXy64MHI-00038-00017176-00017678 here we have what I would consider to be a more business casual version of the
+_D8rXy64MHI-00039-00017678-00018140 quote-unquote uniform the uniform of course being navy jacket blue or white
+_D8rXy64MHI-00040-00018140-00018617 shirt tie gray pants brown shoes so obviously we have the navy jacket this
+_D8rXy64MHI-00041-00018617-00019058 is in a hopsack fabric by michael andrews grey flannel pants also by
+_D8rXy64MHI-00042-00019058-00019541 michael andrews now let's talk about the more casual elements infused here first
+_D8rXy64MHI-00043-00019541-00019970 we have the shirt this is a denim shirt it's by Peter Millar and for business
+_D8rXy64MHI-00044-00019970-00020438 casual I think a denim shirt is a great substitution for your classic OCME Dior
+_D8rXy64MHI-00045-00020438-00020954 poplin or twill shirt just gives it a little bit of a casual edge next because
+_D8rXy64MHI-00046-00020954-00021500 the uniform is pretty much a blank slate and because this is business casual we
+_D8rXy64MHI-00047-00021500-00021815 have an opportunity to do something interesting with the time went with a
+_D8rXy64MHI-00048-00021815-00022253 houndstooth pattern here which makes it the focal point of the look and then the
+_D8rXy64MHI-00049-00022253-00022709 final casual touch are these suede lace-ups by Todd's final outfit today is
+_D8rXy64MHI-00050-00022709-00023111 a variation on a sport coat button-down trousers theme now when it comes to
+_D8rXy64MHI-00051-00023111-00023507 business casual I can't overstate the importance of having a good sport coat
+_D8rXy64MHI-00052-00023507-00023990 and having two is better than one here I've got another Michael Andrew sport
+_D8rXy64MHI-00053-00023990-00024425 coat but instead of a Glen plaid we have a gun Club check cloth is wool by
+_D8rXy64MHI-00054-00024425-00024761 Holland and sherry again patch pockets keeping it casual
+_D8rXy64MHI-00055-00024761-00025208 underneath going with another denim shirt this is a button down by Brunello
+_D8rXy64MHI-00056-00025208-00025745 Cucinelli pants are vintage YSL part of a suit that I paid about $200 for a
+_D8rXy64MHI-00057-00025745-00026173 secondhand a number of years ago and then one of the best accessories you can
+_D8rXy64MHI-00058-00026173-00026624 have for fall which is a lightweight silk scarf I think if you're not going
+_D8rXy64MHI-00059-00026624-00026989 to wear a tie that a scarf is a great way to add something extra to a look
+_D8rXy64MHI-00060-00026989-00027398 kind of finish it off and pull everything together and speaking of
+_D8rXy64MHI-00061-00027398-00027776 pulling everything together let's talk about the shoes dark burgundy tassel
+_D8rXy64MHI-00062-00027776-00028189 loafers by Johnson and Murphy so those are five outfit ideas for doing business
+_D8rXy64MHI-00063-00028189-00028610 casual this fall all outfit details as always are listed down below in the
+_D8rXy64MHI-00064-00028610-00029020 description if you want to be among the first to know about the HS s Michael
+_D8rXy64MHI-00065-00029020-00029491 Andrews MTM collection launch that link to sign up is also down there leave a
+_D8rXy64MHI-00066-00029491-00029882 comment let me know which look you like best thumbs up don't forget to subscribe
+_D8rXy64MHI-00067-00029882-00030391 and until next time thanks for watching and stay tailor
+_D8rXy64MHI-00068-00030702-00030908 you
+_DWROQjD8bE-00000-00000060-00000358 Hello and welcome to the SAP HANA Academy.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00001-00000364-00001030 You are watching the video tutorial series: What’s New for SAP HANA 2.0 SPS 01.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00002-00001038-00001458 The topic of this video tutorial is  Installation and Update.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00003-00001500-00001730 Hi, I am Denys van Kempen.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00004-00001730-00002542 HANA 2.0 SPS 01 introduces the feature that was expected by most for the initial HANA 2.0 release SPS 0:
+_DWROQjD8bE-00005-00002548-00002946 multitenancy as default operation mode.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00006-00002946-00003442 For those of you that are a bit dusty on the topic and need a reminder,
+_DWROQjD8bE-00007-00003456-00003915 here we have the different deployment types of  SAP HANA -
+_DWROQjD8bE-00008-00003915-00004340 an illustration from the Installation and Update  Guide.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00009-00004340-00005218 In HANA 1.0, typically, every SAP application had a dedicated HANA system, running on dedicated hardware.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00010-00005262-00005879 With restrictions, alternative deployment types for production were available.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00011-00005880-00006820 With the acronyms MCOD and MCOS: multiple components one system, and one database
+_DWROQjD8bE-00012-00006838-00006962 respectively,
+_DWROQjD8bE-00013-00006992-00007586 which allows you to either run two applications in a single database
+_DWROQjD8bE-00014-00007586-00008116 or run two HANA systems on the same hardware.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00015-00008117-00009012 MCOD has security implications, obviously, and MCOS requires a lot more compute power,
+_DWROQjD8bE-00016-00009012-00009512 unless you are willing to accept a considerable drop in performance.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00017-00009512-00009957 All-in-all far from ideal, hence the restrictions.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00018-00009957-00010839 So, as of SPS 9, HANA 1, November 2014, a win-win solution was provided that was both
+_DWROQjD8bE-00019-00010839-00011736 secure and made good uses of compute resources: multitenant database containers, MDC in short.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00020-00011736-00012300 Here, two or more applications are hosted by a single system yet shielded from the outside
+_DWROQjD8bE-00021-00012300-00012631 world in an isolated database container.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00022-00012631-00013261 This has been around for almost 3 years and now with HANA 2 SPS 1, the dedicated deployment
+_DWROQjD8bE-00023-00013261-00014118 mode on the left is no longer available and MDC is the default, standard operation mode.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00024-00014118-00014700 In other words, as of SPS 1, all HANA systems are multitenant.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00025-00014700-00015326 Here we have the SAP HANA lifecycle management tool, the HANA installer, if you will.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00026-00015326-00015977 Previously, there was this screen - step 4b - where you defined system properties.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00027-00015977-00016310 Select deployment type This has been removed.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00028-00016310-00016973 So, when you install an SPS 1 system it will automatically be multi-tenant.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00029-00016973-00017638 The default or initial tenant database name will be the same as the system identifier.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00030-00017676-00018418 When you upgrade a HANA 1 or HANA 2 SPS 0 single-container system, you will get this screen.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00031-00018454-00019186 You need to specify the credentials for the original database and provide a password for
+_DWROQjD8bE-00032-00019186-00019447 the SYSTEMDB system database user.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00033-00019447-00020130 What happens, in fact, is that the original database will now be flagged as a tenant and
+_DWROQjD8bE-00034-00020130-00020404 a system database is added.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00035-00020404-00020990 The original database will stay intact, same ports are used, so all of your applications
+_DWROQjD8bE-00036-00020990-00021319 and clients can connect as before.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00037-00021319-00021861 In the summary screen, we get an alert pointing to note 24 23 367.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00038-00021861-00022368 Multitenant database containers will become the standard and only operation mode
+_DWROQjD8bE-00039-00022368-00022783 and this note explains what you need to know.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00040-00022783-00023355 You will no longer be able to operate a single-container system;
+_DWROQjD8bE-00041-00023355-00024012 explains the major differences; mentions that a system database is added but
+_DWROQjD8bE-00042-00024012-00024537 the database size will stay roughly the same and performance is not impacted.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00043-00024537-00024828 The systemdb indeed is very small.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00044-00024828-00025338 It just a nameserver process hosting a rowstore database.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00045-00025338-00025870 Mentions that the upgrade is quick and no user data is changed or migrated.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00046-00025870-00026216 Again, we only add a systemdb.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00047-00026230-00026574 The original database stays the same as it was.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00048-00026575-00027151 Here as well, the tenant database name will be the SID of the single-container system.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00049-00027151-00027627 Existing applications do not need to be changed.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00050-00027652-00027842 What do you need to be aware of?
+_DWROQjD8bE-00051-00027842-00028170 Well, system operations might change a bit.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00052-00028170-00028745 You now have to make a backup of both the systemdb and any tenant database.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00053-00028745-00029280 For example, documented here in note 24 36 966 -
+_DWROQjD8bE-00054-00029280-00029932 you need to re-register your single-container HANA database in studio as it is a tenant database now.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00055-00029932-00030386 Just a small example of some operations steps you might need to change.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00056-00030454-00031170 The option to convert a single container system to a multitenant system has been removed from
+_DWROQjD8bE-00057-00031170-00031397 the resident lifecyle manager tool.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00058-00031397-00031552 This is no longer needed.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00059-00031552-00032049 Here we see version SPS 0 and SPS 1 side-by-side.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00060-00032049-00032379 All of this is documented, of course.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00061-00032379-00032936 There is a section about updating a single-container system.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00062-00032936-00033880 With an illustration of the upgrade process and the impact on configuration, security,
+_DWROQjD8bE-00063-00033880-00034092 and backup and recovery.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00064-00034092-00034732 Also, the chapter Overview of SAP HANA Tenant Databases has been moved
+_DWROQjD8bE-00065-00034732-00035186 from the Administration Guide to the  Server Installation and Update Guide.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00066-00035186-00035538 For clarity and this explains the concepts a bit.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00067-00035538-00036076 Of course, there is a playlist as well on the topic on the SAP HANA Academy:
+_DWROQjD8bE-00068-00036076-00036652 Multitenant Database Containers including an overview video for the concepts.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00069-00036652-00037272 Apart from this, the installation guide for SPS 01 is pretty much the same as for SPS 00,
+_DWROQjD8bE-00070-00037272-00037777 which, in turn, was pretty much the same as for HANA 1.0 SPS 12.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00071-00037777-00038456 In other words, installing SAP HANA server, client, or other components is nearly identical
+_DWROQjD8bE-00072-00038456-00038928 for the last couple of releases, not much change here at all.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00073-00038950-00039346 It is the same code base after all,  HANA 1.0 and HANA 2.0.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00074-00039364-00040078 So, as a quick recap, what's changed for installation and update for SAP HANA 2.0 SPS 01,
+_DWROQjD8bE-00075-00040078-00040694 Well, for those that were already working in the multitenant database container mode there isn't really any change.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00076-00040704-00041042 but for those who are still in the single-container environment
+_DWROQjD8bE-00077-00041042-00041550 there is some reading to do and you probably will have to change some of your operational processes
+_DWROQjD8bE-00078-00041620-00042286 OK. So much for Installation and Update,  What’s New for SAP HANA 2.0 SPS 01.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00079-00042342-00042686 You can find more video tutorials on our YouTube channel,
+_DWROQjD8bE-00080-00042722-00043314 If you would like to be informed about new video tutorials, please subscribe to our channel
+_DWROQjD8bE-00081-00043336-00043868 You can connect with us on LinkedIn or follow us on Twitter, as well for updates.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00082-00043884-00044292 And we also have a page on Facebook and Google+.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00083-00044306-00044934 If you are watching this video on YouTube, do not hesitate to leave your comments to the video page
+_DWROQjD8bE-00084-00044952-00045264 and, if you like, give us your vote on his video.
+_DWROQjD8bE-00085-00045264-00045444 Thank you for watching.
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00000-00001066-00001359 Hallo! Assalamu'alaikum best friend of Ayaran
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00001-00001359-00001657 nice to meet you, it's me Indar mom of Ayaran
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00002-00001657-00001947 How are you today?
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00003-00001947-00002129 i hope you enjoy making creations
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00004-00002170-00002427 on this tutorial video
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00005-00002427-00002720 i will show you how to make
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00006-00002720-00002841 saddle waist Hada Bag
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00007-00003828-00004444 i got the original pattern from mas Miko or wellknown as Miko Craft
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00008-00004474-00004742 you can check the link on my video description
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00009-00004779-00005051 i name it saddle waist because..
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00010-00005209-00005455 it actually mean to be saddle bag
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00011-00005455-00005726 but I reduce scale of the pattern
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00012-00005726-00005895 then i add side panel
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00013-00005973-00006257 so you can put it on waist
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00014-00006257-00006540 and i name it hada because
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00015-00006606-00006916 i want to fullfill my promise
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00016-00006943-00007241 to my daughter bestfriend, Naira Hada
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00017-00007628-00007823 to make her bag
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00018-00007823-00008142 well, actually i may say it's my promise to her mom
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00019-00008142-00008336 to make her waist bag
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00020-00008514-00008936 a little bit difference from the original tutorial
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00021-00008980-00009318 i used 'flip over technique' here
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00022-00009318-00009628 because i am not a big fan of 'bias tape technique'
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00023-00009646-00009848 you may say it as bag maker choice
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00024-00009878-00010197 i also made a little bit changing
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00025-00010197-00010452 on gusset
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00026-00010452-00010738 i reduce the width of the gusset
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00027-00011128-00011452 on the video i use second bag
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00028-00011452-00011716 which is have cats motive on in
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00029-00011716-00011976 already taken by its owner
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00030-00012196-00012473 i stop sewing piping on the side
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00031-00012550-00012842 but for this one which is i made first
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00032-00012842-00013098 for my daughter Yasmin
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00033-00013098-00013263 it has continues piping
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00034-00013296-00013786 i prefer the first, continues piping rather then the second one
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00035-00013786-00014358 for this tutorial, i already made it by photos
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00036-00014846-00015056 so, let's check it out
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00037-00015056-00015444 but, please  subscribe my channel before you go further
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00038-00015444-00015694 push bell button so you'll get notification
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00039-00015702-00016078 likes and comments will be appreciated much and sharing is allowed
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00040-00017684-00017996 so, these are materials  we need
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00041-00018006-00018308 synthetic leather for outer
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00042-00018308-00018604 and laminated canvas
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00043-00018604-00018794 it consist of two panels
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00044-00018888-00019163 this is how to put front n back panel
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00045-00019163-00019461 this is flap or cover
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00046-00019461-00019701 it also consist of two sheets
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00047-00019701-00019988 laminated canvas for front panel
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00048-00019988-00020190 and synthetic leather for back panel
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00049-00020504-00020968 for secure system we will use magnetic button
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00050-00020990-00021273 we put in on synthetic leather
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00051-00021273-00021531 we use small magnetic button. diameter about 1.4 cm nickle
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00052-00021997-00022240 we also need side panel
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00053-00022602-00023146 to put eyelet on it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00054-00023294-00023568 we also use eva foam
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00055-00023568-00023986 sticth around, glue eva foam, then turn over
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00056-00024416-00024716 we put it on the side of back panel.
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00057-00024768-00025248 it's about 1.5 cm from the stitch
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00058-00025280-00025570 this is label
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00059-00025637-00025926 we put it here, don't ever miss it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00060-00025926-00026227 this is gusset
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00061-00026227-00026688 we use synthetic leather for outer and canvas for inner
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00062-00026772-00027250 these are canvas panel for inner
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00063-00027326-00027615 one sheet for front part
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00064-00027615-00027890 and two sheet for back part
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00065-00027890-00028161 and this is for pocket
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00066-00028625-00028805 like this
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00067-00028872-00029388 we also need piping 2 pieces
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00068-00029388-00029647 and bias
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00069-00029647-00029996 made from synthetic leather cut 3 cm on width
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00070-00030029-00030312 and these are for accessories
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00071-00030312-00030630 2 sets of hook
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00072-00030848-00031283 webbing for long and short strap
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00073-00031374-00031671 these are eyelet
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00074-00031671-00031970 ma3016 is its code
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00075-00032988-00033404 first, what we have to do is sewing the piping and bias
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00076-00033424-00033724 put it on the center of bias
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00077-00033732-00034226 put teflon piping foot on your sewing machine
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00078-00034226-00034542 the foot is special made for home sewing machine.
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00079-00034631-00034931 not step on model.
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00080-00034932-00035271 adjust length stitch to 4
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00081-00035454-00035738 fold it over
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00082-00036178-00036938 make sure piping position beneath the curve and run along it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00083-00036958-00037078 let's sew
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00084-00038497-00038726 next we will sew
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00085-00038780-00039058 inner pocket
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00086-00039330-00039720 pin on the fabric about 1 cm from the edge
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00087-00039726-00040158 it will be the starting point and the end of sewing
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00088-00040158-00040700 put the good side of fabric together
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00089-00040870-00041254 pin it then sew it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00090-00041304-00041544 from the border we have made
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00091-00042334-00042518 done sewing
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00092-00042568-00042992 put upper inner on it.
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00093-00043070-00043506 fold over the unsewn fabric for pocket as shown
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00094-00043866-00044082 put inner on it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00095-00044180-00044454 then pin it.
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00096-00044728-00045166 we will stitch exactly start or end on the pin
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00097-00045410-00045610 stitch right and left sides
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00098-00047548-00048288 open up the seam
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00099-00048554-00049124 flip over the fabric for pocket
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00100-00049152-00049394 tidy it up
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00101-00049936-00050392 put zipper on it exactly on the center
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00102-00050422-00050562 sticth it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00103-00052116-00052560 fold over fabric for pocket
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00104-00052666-00053055 stitch all along the edges
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00105-00055286-00055552 done with pocket
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00106-00055552-00055888 what we gonna do now is
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00107-00055914-00056210 tidy the upper seam up
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00108-00056210-00056526 pin and sew it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00109-00058796-00059154 back inner with pocket is done
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00110-00059194-00059536 put inner, back and front panel together.
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00111-00059541-00059774 sew the upper side, 1 cm
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00112-00061073-00061221 now, we gonna make flap
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00113-00061296-00061700 put good sides of canvas and synthetic leather together
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00114-00061729-00062048 stitch all along the edges using 1 cm seam allowance
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00115-00062276-00062526 let the upper side unsewn
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00116-00064064-00064300 we gonna flip it over
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00117-00064300-00064541 but before go further, we should
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00118-00064541-00064785 making a small cut all along the curve
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00119-00064882-00065114 V shapes for small cutting
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00120-00065605-00065783 here we are..
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00121-00065825-00066121 i already flip it over
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00122-00066121-00066421 and put fabric clip on it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00123-00066421-00066589 make topsticth on it all along the edges
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00124-00066793-00067057 we prepare for the applique
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00125-00067352-00067665 fold a half the panel and glue
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00126-00067666-00067924 it's about 17 cm on length
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00127-00067924-00068390 mark 6.5 cm to put the magnetic button. 8 cm is length to fold over the panel
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00128-00068448-00068650 pay attention on it's position
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00129-00068966-00069289 and we put the 'male' part of the button
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00130-00069290-00069552 sticth around
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00131-00070118-00070446 here we are done stitching
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00132-00070508-00070920 put it exactly on the center of the flap
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00133-00071006-00071268 and sew it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00134-00071830-00072392 next step is sewing the flap and outer, back panel
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00135-00072656-00073330 dont forget to mark the center of the panel by making small cuts
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00136-00073426-00073723 put the flap as shown
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00137-00073723-00073982 put the good sides together
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00138-00074178-00074506 then put upper outer on it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00139-00074506-00074711 stitch it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00140-00074860-00075153 i already stitched it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00141-00075153-00075458 flip over and do topsticth on it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00142-00076908-00077192 back outer is done
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00143-00077492-00077756 joint it with the front outer
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00144-00078010-00078330 put the position as shown. good sides together
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00145-00078354-00078588 stitch 1 cm
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00146-00079218-00079502 for eyelet holder
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00147-00079704-00080104 stitch all along let the straight side unsewn
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00148-00081142-00081312 make small cuts
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00149-00081904-00082520 glue eva foam and put it on
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00150-00083242-00083332 flip it over
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00151-00083378-00083654 next step is
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00152-00083654-00083929 put the eyelet holder on back outer
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00153-00084116-00084415 1.5 cm from the stitch
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00154-00086546-00086842 sew your label and put magnetic buton as well
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00155-00086930-00087994 push the male one so we can feel the bulge
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00156-00088014-00088702 mark and cut it to put the 'female foot' inside
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00157-00089778-00090416 pay attention on how i fold over the bias
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00158-00090416-00090814 start sewing 2 cm from the joining sticth
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00159-00090828-00091308 and this is how to end the stitch of bias
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00160-00091418-00091834 fold over and put 2 cm from the joining stitch
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00161-00093635-00093938 outer with piping is ready
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00162-00094217-00094518 we put it with the inner
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00163-00095280-00095554 tidy it up
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00164-00095554-00095742 put the good side of the inner
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00165-00096207-00096520 meet the seam exactly on the point
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00166-00096565-00096888 open up the seam
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00167-00096933-00097144 pit it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00168-00097144-00097426 or clip it on
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00169-00097584-00097874 do the same for the other side
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00170-00098576-00099218 stitch all along the hole. using 1 cm seam allowance
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00171-00099467-00099754 the stitch is done
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00172-00099754-00100001 we'll gonna flip it over
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00173-00100029-00100285 but make small cuts before
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00174-00101652-00102234 flip the inner out
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00175-00103140-00103487 do top stitch on it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00176-00104122-00104558 we'll joint the gusset on
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00177-00104744-00105028 make sure the center of the curve
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00178-00105080-00105830 the length of the side is 45 cm so, the center must 22,5 cm
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00179-00106107-00106415 this is where the center of the gusset meet
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00180-00106415-00106526 mark it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00181-00106614-00106903 we can start sewing from the center
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00182-00106904-00107183 or you can put clips all along the edge
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00183-00107183-00107314 to help you before sewing
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00184-00107970-00108418 i start sewing gusset to outer
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00185-00108546-00109142 end as close as you can be to the peak of gusset
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00186-00109659-00109978 one side done
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00187-00109978-00110150 do the same to the other side
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00188-00110292-00110652 put the center as reference
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00189-00110711-00111332 start and end sewing as close as you can be to the peak of the gusset
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00190-00112058-00112348 for the unsewn peaks
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00191-00112348-00112630 do hand stitch to accomplished it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00192-00112630-00112846 use backstich
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00193-00113183-00113494 do the same process to inner
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00194-00113700-00114364 but let some part unsewn for opening
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00195-00116258-00116554 handstitch the unsewn peak
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00196-00117024-00117520 make sure the peak of outer and inner stitched together
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00197-00117722-00118000 so they become one
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00198-00120068-00120373 do the same on the other side
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00199-00120501-00120800 turn it out
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00200-00122143-00122333 tidy it up
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00201-00122699-00123025 the last is put eyelet on it
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00202-00124392-00124697 try to make your own
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00203-00124697-00124925 and stay happy while making creations
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00204-00124935-00125180 thank you for watching
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00205-00125180-00125538 see you on my next tutorial
+_HwlYnwLfGI-00206-00125538-00125723 assalamu'alaikum warohmatullahi wabarokatuh
+_HwnqPzojZE-00000-00000000-00000603 Hooman : Bean, why are you hiding there?
+_HwnqPzojZE-00001-00000603-00001003 It's not a cat cave
+_HwnqPzojZE-00002-00001069-00001503 Bean : I don't have a cat cave. Buy me one~!
+_HwnqPzojZE-00003-00001603-00002203 Hooman : There's a lot of dust, please come out~
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00000-00000000-00001430 MettaCenter.org
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00001-00001430-00002250 Non-embarrassment was an embarrassment  for us because it’s a technical term
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00002-00002250-00002640 and we meant it as such and it really – 
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00003-00002640-00003050 as such, it does not refer to  the overriding principle
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00004-00003050-00003379 which admittedly is much more important,
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00005-00003379-00003910 that the wellbeing of your opponent  and of yourself,
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00006-00003910-00004490 the wellbeing of everyone, intimately involves  the dignity of that person.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00007-00004490-00005250 And so in principled nonviolence you should  never have to invoke any kind of mechanism
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00008-00005250-00005590 that would compromise the dignity of the other.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00009-00005590-00005930 And you should never put up with a compromise  to your own dignity.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00010-00005930-00006150 But, of course, that can be a little bit different.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00011-00006150-00006580 You remember the story I told you  about somebody who was slapped by a bully
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00012-00006580-00007090 and wrote to Gandhi and said,  “I felt ashamed, I felt humiliated.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00013-00007090-00007309 What should I have done?”
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00014-00007309-00007680 And Gandhi said, “If you felt humiliated,  you should have hit him back.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00015-00007680-00007980 I don’t care how big he was.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00016-00007980-00008410 But your problem was you should not have  felt humiliated.”
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00017-00008410-00008680 So it’s a little bit subtler when it involves yourself.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00018-00008680-00009330 But nothing in nonviolence should involve  the compromise or the dignity of a person
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00019-00009330-00009480 or whatever side they’re on.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00020-00009480-00009880 That’s a big issue, of course, and I’m glad  that a lot of you remembered about it.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00021-00009880-00010260 But non-embarrassment is something much  more specific.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00022-00010260-00010590 You always want, if at all possible,  now obviously there are –
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00023-00010590-00010980 sometimes there are constraints of time  and you can’t achieve this.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00024-00010980-00011310 But you always want the opponent  to see the light.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00025-00011310-00011490 You want to talk them around.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00026-00011490-00011880 And what you’re doing,  if you take advantage of something
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00027-00011880-00012390 like the English Railroad Workers strike  or WWII or little things like that.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00028-00012390-00012810 You take advantage of the fact that  your opponent is distracted by these.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00029-00012810-00013400 You’re shifting the whole interaction from  a conversation and learning experience
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00030-00013400-00013650 to a power struggle.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00031-00013650-00014080 So you may force your opponent into a position  that’s more comfortable for you,
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00032-00014080-00014490 that you get rid of some oppression  in the short-term,
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00033-00014490-00014730 but they haven’t really changed their mind  and their thinking.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00034-00014730-00015100 So the problem is just going to come back up  at some point down the road.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00035-00015100-00015690 So that’s why non-embarrassment  is closely related to no fresh issue.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00036-00015690-00016130 That’s exactly the same point,  the same reasoning behind it.
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00037-00016130-00016820 You don’t want the fresh issue to come up  because it will, again, it will shift things
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00038-00016820-00017210 to a power struggle and you may win  in the short term,
+_pLS-8gjbLo-00039-00017210-00017800 but you will not have improved  the situation in the long haul. 
+_pb9NdxniPy-00000-00000004-00000375 Think about it.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00001-00000375-00000692 The fact that you're alive and watching this video,
+_pb9NdxniPy-00002-00000692-00001088 really is quite amazing. Every minute of every day,
+_pb9NdxniPy-00003-00001088-00001424 you're being exposed to potentially lethal chemicals.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00004-00001424-00001807 And I'm not just talking about the man-made stuff here.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00005-00001807-00002126 Oxygen water, carbon dioxide, the chemicals that are in your food...
+_pb9NdxniPy-00006-00002126-00002463 get too much at them inside you, and you have a problem.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00007-00002463-00002889 To make matters worse, our bodies are constantly making and using
+_pb9NdxniPy-00008-00002889-00003302 incredibly potent chemicals, as they go about their daily business,
+_pb9NdxniPy-00009-00003302-00003700 Our cells and organs are in a constant frenzy of activity, as
+_pb9NdxniPy-00010-00003700-00004102 vital but potentially lethal chemicals are inhaled, ingested, created,
+_pb9NdxniPy-00011-00004102-00004514 process, and eventually got rid of. Of course,
+_pb9NdxniPy-00012-00004514-00004864 this is the very essence what it is to be alive.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00013-00004864-00005246 Cut out the chemicals in the seemingly crazy-mad processes that they're part of,
+_pb9NdxniPy-00014-00005246-00005355 and you'd be, well, dead!
+_pb9NdxniPy-00015-00005355-00005655 To stay alive and thrive,
+_pb9NdxniPy-00016-00005655-00006041 our bodies pull off an incredible balancing act between making
+_pb9NdxniPy-00017-00006041-00006348 use of the stuff we breathe, and eat and are otherwise exposed to,
+_pb9NdxniPy-00018-00006348-00006761 and making sure it doesn't kill us.The trouble is,
+_pb9NdxniPy-00019-00006761-00007122 it's a balancing act that can too easily be disrupted.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00020-00007122-00007540 Too much or too little have something and the whole system begins to
+_pb9NdxniPy-00021-00007540-00007595 get out of whack!
+_pb9NdxniPy-00022-00007595-00008014 Because of this, staying healthy sometimes takes more than
+_pb9NdxniPy-00023-00008014-00008293 good intentions over what we put into our bodies,
+_pb9NdxniPy-00024-00008293-00008684 and what we don't. It depends on knowing something about the science of
+_pb9NdxniPy-00025-00008684-00008965 how substances interact with our bodies and potentially cause harm.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00026-00008965-00009365 And this is where toxicology comes in.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00027-00009365-00009849 Toxicologists study what happens to stuff when it gets into your body;
+_pb9NdxniPy-00028-00009849-00010297 where it goes, what it does, and how it leaves. They investigate the harm
+_pb9NdxniPy-00029-00010297-00010614 that can be caused when too much or too little stuff interferes with your
+_pb9NdxniPy-00030-00010614-00010679 internal balance.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00031-00010679-00011075 And they helped devise ways to avoid harm, or to fight back
+_pb9NdxniPy-00032-00011075-00011290 when things get messed up.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00033-00011290-00011600 Not to put too fine a point on it, but toxicologists
+_pb9NdxniPy-00034-00011600-00011985 are the "Sherlocks" at the Health world, using science and evidence to
+_pb9NdxniPy-00035-00011985-00012303 understand and protect our bodies, down to the very
+_pb9NdxniPy-00036-00012303-00012801 DNA that makes us what we are. Toxicologists know that we can't escape
+_pb9NdxniPy-00037-00012801-00013175 from potentially harmful chemicals. We need them to remain healthy, and to
+_pb9NdxniPy-00038-00013175-00013444 ensure the environment we live in is safe and good for us.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00039-00013444-00013888 But they also know that if enough of the wrong stuff gets to the wrong place
+_pb9NdxniPy-00040-00013888-00013991 at the wrong time,
+_pb9NdxniPy-00041-00013991-00014306 things can get messed up fast.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00042-00014306-00014659 As a result this is a powerful science,
+_pb9NdxniPy-00043-00014659-00014991 because it gives us the key to staying alive and thriving,
+_pb9NdxniPy-00044-00014991-00015341 in a world that could otherwise be an awfully dangerous place.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00045-00015341-00015700 So whether you're wondering if your shampoo is as good for your body
+_pb9NdxniPy-00046-00015700-00015859 as it is for your hair.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00047-00015859-00016188 Or you're concerned about what's in your veggie burger and fries.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00048-00016188-00016609 Or even if you're trying to work out how much chocolate a reasonable person can eat.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00049-00016609-00016926 A toxicologist might just turn out to be
+_pb9NdxniPy-00050-00016926-00017626 your best friend.
+_pb9NdxniPy-00051-00018400-00018700 Subtitles by the Amara.org community
+_O7yeexbf-c-00000-00000000-00000200 Hi guys
+_O7yeexbf-c-00001-00000200-00000400 Welcome to the STICK WAR LORD channel
+_O7yeexbf-c-00002-00000400-00000600 I hope you enjoy watching this video
+_S56cjgXJWY-00000-00000107-00000718 [music]
+_S56cjgXJWY-00001-00001299-00001591 This is EDUC 4703U,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00002-00001592-00001805 Teaching and Learning – Problem Based Learning.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00003-00001829-00002258 Title of this video clip is Constructivist Learning Environments.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00004-00002492-00002755 The Analysis Questions  for this video clip are as follows. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00005-00002757-00003077 Number one, what definition of teaching is promoted
+_S56cjgXJWY-00006-00003103-00003360 through the use of the constructivism-informed
+_S56cjgXJWY-00007-00003362-00003680 teaching, learning model as described in this clip? 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00008-00003681-00003866 Number two, what does 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00009-00003867-00004213 "expressing learners' prior conceptions" entail? 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00010-00004215-00004595 Number three, what is meant by "providing learning alternatives"
+_S56cjgXJWY-00011-00004597-00004842 and "judging alternatives?"
+_S56cjgXJWY-00012-00004843-00005050 And number four, what are the differences 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00013-00005052-00005413 between procedural and conceptual learning? 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00014-00006221-00006504 Constructivism  as a learning theory – 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00015-00006505-00006819 and I'd ask you to take a look  at session three video clips  
+_S56cjgXJWY-00016-00006820-00006991 for an introduction  to these ideas – 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00017-00007048-00007276 is not a teaching theory.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00018-00007315-00007614 This essentially means that the theory cannot be used to directly-
+_S56cjgXJWY-00019-00007672-00007977 cannot be used directly to produce processes 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00020-00007979-00008354 that will ensure the ideas that will be learned by students.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00021-00008355-00008668 Instead, the theory provides explanations of student learning
+_S56cjgXJWY-00022-00008670-00008927 that can be used  to construct environments 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00023-00008928-00009264 within which learners will have opportunities to learn, 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00024-00009266-00009475 rather than using direct teaching methods
+_S56cjgXJWY-00025-00009477-00009741 of telling the learners what they are expected to know.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00026-00009784-00010094 All of this has the impact of changing the p- teaching process 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00027-00010095-00010314 from one of conveying information,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00028-00010355-00010724 to the creation of environments within which learning can occur.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00029-00010801-00011023 The three stage model that's shown on the screen
+_S56cjgXJWY-00030-00011069-00011435 produced by Bencze in 2008, describes how learning 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00031-00011436-00011806 ca- could be promoted within such learning environments.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00032-00011808-00012226 The first stage –  expressing learners’ prior conceptions.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00033-00012227-00012719 In this stage, students are asked to record their personal hypotheses 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00034-00012721-00012875 and practical problems
+_S56cjgXJWY-00035-00012877-00013179 regarding certain practical experiences and concepts. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00036-00013271-00013591 The second stage – providing learning alternatives –
+_S56cjgXJWY-00037-00013659-00013887 the teacher arranges for students and learners 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00038-00013888-00014161 to come to understand the viewpoints of others,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00039-00014162-00014516 including those of their classmates and those of others 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00040-00014518-00014698 who are knowledgeable  in the field. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00041-00014700-00015056 This is intended to challenge the students’ prior conceptions 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00042-00015057-00015362 as expressed in expressing learners' prior conceptions,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00043-00015363-00015518 the first stage.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00044-00015520-00015750 And number three, judging alternatives –
+_S56cjgXJWY-00045-00015751-00016139 the instructor insists that the student  carry out their own scientific –
+_S56cjgXJWY-00046-00016141-00016407 that is, inductive  and deductive tests –
+_S56cjgXJWY-00047-00016409-00016870 of various alternative hypotheses and or solutions to practical problems.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00048-00016871-00017160 The teacher, facilitator  also ensures that students 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00049-00017162-00017411 have a working knowledge of appropriate methods 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00050-00017412-00017643 for study within the field.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00051-00018189-00018549 I'll be going through in this next several slides, 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00052-00018550-00018902 each of the stages of the model  that was presented – 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00053-00018903-00019138 the Bencze model, 2008.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00054-00019139-00019433 So starting with expressing learners' prior conceptions –
+_S56cjgXJWY-00055-00019434-00019718 the first stage, which must be addressed when using this model, 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00056-00019720-00020120 is to acknowledge that learners have mental constructs about concepts 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00057-00020122-00020309 that they bring along with them
+_S56cjgXJWY-00058-00020311-00020601 when they encounter new situations and ideas,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00059-00020603-00020841 even in a classroom setting.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00060-00020896-00021287 The express stage of the model  requires that the learner identify
+_S56cjgXJWY-00061-00021288-00021519 these pre-existing mental constructs,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00062-00021521-00021815 and a broad ch- range of techniques can be used,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00063-00021871-00022257 to elicit pre-conceived notions, that is, existing mental schema
+_S56cjgXJWY-00064-00022259-00022494 which will need to be adjusted by the learner 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00065-00022495-00022799 using the assimilation accommodation processes.  
+_S56cjgXJWY-00066-00022800-00023074 And these preconceived notions will need to be elicited 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00067-00023076-00023384 or pulled out of each of the learners. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00068-00023386-00023587 It's important to note that each individual 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00069-00023588-00023853 should be given the opportunity to express their understanding
+_S56cjgXJWY-00070-00023855-00024072 of the phenomenon or concept,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00071-00024073-00024375 as each will have their own particular version.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00072-00024488-00024836 Practically, this might be done by arranging a variety of situations
+_S56cjgXJWY-00073-00024838-00025042 for the learners to experience.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00074-00025044-00025395 Based on these experiences, learners express their understanding 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00075-00025437-00025665 of the phenomenon and or concept.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00076-00025666-00025975 Learners communicate their perspectives in a variety of ways, 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00077-00025977-00026334 including concept maps, stories, poems, et cetera. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00078-00026336-00026589 In addition to these other forms of response, 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00079-00026590-00026856 students are also directed to form hypotheses, 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00080-00026858-00027143 practical problems and possible solutions. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00081-00027144-00027375 This was the rationale for requiring each of you 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00082-00027376-00027694 to complete a concept map at the beginning of this course.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00083-00027986-00028272 The second stage – providing, uh, learning alternatives. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00084-00028340-00028555 This is the section of the model where alternative – 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00085-00028556-00028707 at least to the learners –
+_S56cjgXJWY-00086-00028708-00029025 understandings of the phenomenon and concepts are presented. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00087-00029026-00029316 Generally, this is done in a way that is unambiguous, 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00088-00029317-00029545 in that there is no component of this section 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00089-00029547-00029859 where the students are left to discover understandings
+_S56cjgXJWY-00090-00029861-00030178 that other, uh, that others who are knowledgeable in the field
+_S56cjgXJWY-00091-00030180-00030433 have determined or agreed upon.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00092-00030434-00030697 The information in this section is presented
+_S56cjgXJWY-00093-00030698-00030852 using a variety of methods,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00094-00030853-00031364 including worksheets, demonstrations, notes, readings, research, 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00095-00031366-00031557 and group learning activities.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00096-00031558-00031894 It is important to note  that the teacher is not to present
+_S56cjgXJWY-00097-00031895-00032268 the information in this section as the only way to understand it,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00098-00032270-00032629 but rather as what others in the field have agreed upon. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00099-00032630-00032920 Another important note that should be made at this point
+_S56cjgXJWY-00100-00032921-00033236 is that this is the information that most of society, 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00101-00033238-00033416 including learners themselves,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00102-00033418-00033666 would identify  as what needs to be known –
+_S56cjgXJWY-00103-00033668-00033960 in other words, the content of the course.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00104-00034009-00034279 This presentation  becomes a demanding task 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00105-00034281-00034552 in that the discrimination  that is required,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00106-00034553-00034955 um, is going to also require  appropriate preparation, 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00107-00034956-00035268 as many instructors  will not be experienced
+_S56cjgXJWY-00108-00035269-00035496 in this type of predic-  presentation.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00109-00035553-00035780 This section of the model also calls for the students
+_S56cjgXJWY-00110-00035781-00036159 to return to their practical problems, hypotheses, possible solutions
+_S56cjgXJWY-00111-00036160-00036413 that were elicited  in the first stage,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00112-00036414-00036695 and to modify them based on the additional information
+_S56cjgXJWY-00113-00036697-00036848 to which they have been exposed.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00114-00036850-00037136 In this course, much of this functioning of this stage
+_S56cjgXJWY-00115-00037137-00037582 is addressed through the video clips that are used to introduce the topics.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00116-00037658-00037924 The intent of this stage is to confront learners
+_S56cjgXJWY-00117-00037926-00038135 with other ways of unstan- understanding
+_S56cjgXJWY-00118-00038137-00038667 the phenomenon or concepts  and to de- deli- deliberate- [laughs]
+_S56cjgXJWY-00119-00038669-00039083 excuse me, to deliberately create cognitive dissonance 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00120-00039084-00039305 or a sense  of intellectual discomfort
+_S56cjgXJWY-00121-00039306-00039708 caused by being exposed to ideas that are conflicting. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00122-00039776-00040000 Learners will be driven as a result
+_S56cjgXJWY-00123-00040001-00040182 to reduce cognitive dissonance,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00124-00040184-00040589 by rejecting those that are deemed inappropriate for them, 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00125-00040590-00040914 assimilating some and accommodating others.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00126-00040961-00041208 In deliberately creating cognitive dissonance,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00127-00041210-00041475 it is imperative that the learners'  initial conceptions 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00128-00041523-00041825 as, uh, expressed in the expressing stage,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00129-00041826-00042168 are clearly expressed, so that the conflicting ideas 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00130-00042169-00042403 are clear in the learners' mind.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00131-00042404-00042583 It's also important to ensure
+_S56cjgXJWY-00132-00042584-00042887 that the rejection  of alternative conceptions is minimized,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00133-00042889-00043230 and opportunities for assimilation accommodation 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00134-00043231-00043384 are maximized.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00135-00043386-00043771 One way to understand this is that ideas that will be rejected
+_S56cjgXJWY-00136-00043772-00044122 lie outside of the learner's, individual learner's 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00137-00044123-00044438 zone of proximal development,  as, uh,  
+_S56cjgXJWY-00138-00044439-00045066 determined through Lev Vygotsy's  social constructivist, um, theory  
+_S56cjgXJWY-00139-00045067-00045317 that was, uh,  described in an earlier video clip.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00140-00045319-00045719 It is therefore, it therefore becomes important for the instructor
+_S56cjgXJWY-00141-00045720-00045982 to tailor the presentation of learning alternatives 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00142-00045984-00046270 to each individual within a learning community. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00143-00046310-00046507 Unfortunately, in most learning communities 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00144-00046509-00046768 this is impossible, due to large class sizes, 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00145-00046770-00047285 due to time constraints, um, due to, to a large volume of content
+_S56cjgXJWY-00146-00047286-00047567 that needs to be covered, et cetera. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00147-00047973-00048389 As a result, um, an alternative strategy is used
+_S56cjgXJWY-00148-00048390-00048697 in the PBL methodologies within this course. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00149-00048699-00049016 This is done by having each individual identify the problems 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00150-00049017-00049262 within the contexts or situations
+_S56cjgXJWY-00151-00049264-00049652 as appropriate to their own experiences and to their own schema. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00152-00049764-00050141 Learners are encouraged to discuss all ideas in the tutorial sessions 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00153-00050142-00050460 and through the use of various communication applications 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00154-00050461-00050711 employed in this course.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00155-00050785-00051111 Finally, moving on to the third and final stage –
+_S56cjgXJWY-00156-00051112-00051289 judging alternatives.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00157-00051290-00051489 In this phase,  learners should be encouraged 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00158-00051491-00051889 to test their initial pre-conceptions,  as well as the learning alternatives 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00159-00051890-00052108 to which they were exposed during phase two.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00160-00052109-00052340 This would be done, in the context of this course,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00161-00052341-00052588 by conducting additional reading and thinking,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00162-00052590-00052825 conducting discussions with others in the course
+_S56cjgXJWY-00163-00052826-00053080 and ultimately coming to a consensual decision
+_S56cjgXJWY-00164-00053081-00053524 about the problems and the solutions under discussion with your peers.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00165-00053635-00053864 As much as is possible,  the testing process should be
+_S56cjgXJWY-00166-00053866-00054107 learner-directed and open-ended –
+_S56cjgXJWY-00167-00054108-00054454 that is, allowing for a number  of possible solutions. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00168-00054496-00054692 In terms of their occurring within this course,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00169-00054694-00054888 the processes described in this phase 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00170-00054889-00055165 will be addressed in the tutorial sessions 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00171-00055166-00055416 and in all of the activities that are conducted 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00172-00055417-00055823 using the asynchronous technologies listed earlier in the course. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00173-00056244-00056636 By interposing procedural cycles, the same format as above, 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00174-00056638-00056984 that is, um, learning, uh, expressing ideas, learning ideas
+_S56cjgXJWY-00175-00056985-00057149 and then judging ideas,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00176-00057150-00057422 it's possible to have learners work in a synchronized fashion
+_S56cjgXJWY-00177-00057423-00057698 on both concepts and processes.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00178-00057746-00058115 The conceptual cycle would concentrate on the concepts which are used 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00179-00058117-00058471 to understand events and ideas as they are encountered in the world,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00180-00058472-00058932 and this is, um,  exemplified or graphically, uh... 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00181-00058934-00059466 presented through the large circle that's in the middle of the screen.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00182-00059538-00059786 The procedural cycle would focus on skills,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00183-00059788-00060180 attitudes and habits of mind that aid in the formation of concepts,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00184-00060216-00060545 and these are diagrammed, uh, with the smaller circles 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00185-00060546-00060975 that are, um, attached to each one of the larger ideas. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00186-00060976-00061392 So the procedural thinking cycle  that is next to expressing ideas,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00187-00061393-00061611 and a separate procedural thinking ide-
+_S56cjgXJWY-00188-00061612-00061936 uh, cycle that is next to learning ideas, et cetera.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00189-00062030-00062432 The procedural cycle can be instituted for each of these phases, then, 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00190-00062433-00062833 and Bencze, 2008, states that  these could be described as follows.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00191-00062834-00063075 So, the expressing ideas  procedural cycle 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00192-00063076-00063454 would be used for developing expertise for expressing ideas. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00193-00063455-00063907 The learning ideas one would be used for developing expertise for learning ideas. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00194-00063931-00064095 And the judging ideas one
+_S56cjgXJWY-00195-00064096-00064467 would be used for developing  expertise for judging ideas.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00196-00064642-00064995 The theoretical framework for this particular video clip
+_S56cjgXJWY-00197-00065055-00065408 is the, uh, paper that we've been referencing,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00198-00065409-00065572 so Bencze, 2008,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00199-00065574-00065811 Science and Technology Pedagogical Framework,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00200-00065813-00066117 Teaching and Learning based on Constructivist Learning Principles,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00201-00066119-00066549 and I will be providing the URL that is so- shown there,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00202-00066550-00066847 uh, in the WebCT version of this course as well.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00203-00066899-00067231 And finally, the Synthesis Questions for this video clip are as follows. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00204-00067232-00067742 Number one, why can’t what and how students learned be ensured? 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00205-00067809-00068175 What is meant by learning when con- dealing with constructivist learning?
+_S56cjgXJWY-00206-00068213-00068437 And how is this fundamentally different
+_S56cjgXJWY-00207-00068438-00068659 than a typical conception of learning? 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00208-00068719-00069093 Number two, why does the Bencze model require the elicitation 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00209-00069094-00069329 of learners con-  prior conceptions? 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00210-00069330-00069709 How is this fundamentally different than typical conceptions of learning?
+_S56cjgXJWY-00211-00069710-00070002 And number three, what types of assessment tasks 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00212-00070003-00070346 would be appropriate for learning that occurs in an environment 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00213-00070347-00070593 similar to that described by this model?
+_S56cjgXJWY-00214-00070595-00070905 Would an exam at the end of the course cut it?
+_S56cjgXJWY-00215-00070906-00071086 Why or why not?
+_S56cjgXJWY-00216-00071157-00071416 And fourthly, since the model is a cycle, 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00217-00071417-00071645 or more appropriately, a series of cycles, 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00218-00071646-00071813 the judging alternatives phase
+_S56cjgXJWY-00219-00071814-00072166 must have an effect on the expressing learners' prior conceptions. 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00220-00072167-00072357 What might these effects be,
+_S56cjgXJWY-00221-00072359-00072692 and what should the learner be able to demonstrate as a result?
+_S56cjgXJWY-00222-00072739-00072994 This issue is closely tied to the completion 
+_S56cjgXJWY-00223-00072995-00073355 of the second concept map and the reflection activity
+_S56cjgXJWY-00224-00073357-00073582 as described in the outline for this course
+_S56cjgXJWY-00225-00073628-00073822 posted in WebCT.
+_S56cjgXJWY-00226-00073823-00074052 [music]
+_S56cjgXJWY-00227-00074054-00074271 captioned by inclusivemedia.ca 
+_T8XD2VFKPY-00000-00000116-00000120 Hello guys welcome to my youtube channel.
+_TneX2jRR1y-00000-00000000-00000200 Army dog center pakistan 03458966073 in case of theft robbery kidnapping murdur and other crimes incident that happened.
+_ULn5QWGREA-00000-00000000-00000592 Asalam alykum halal family welcome to the channel hope you guys are having yourself a wonderful day
+_ULn5QWGREA-00001-00000592-00001048 halal family the best family out on youtube in today's video guys we'll
+_ULn5QWGREA-00002-00001048-00001480 be reacting to some dance competition this video was suggested by brother
+_ULn5QWGREA-00003-00001480-00001807 herry faletehan thank you very much brother harry you're the best
+_ULn5QWGREA-00004-00001807-00002168 alhamdulillah i truly appreciate your love and support you've been a supporter
+_ULn5QWGREA-00005-00002168-00002576 since day one so i truly appreciate you taking the time to send me your
+_ULn5QWGREA-00006-00002576-00002904 recommendation and suggestion for those of you who are new and who happen to
+_ULn5QWGREA-00007-00002904-00003215 come across this channel and this video for the first time i'd like to take
+_ULn5QWGREA-00008-00003215-00003504 a moment and welcome you guys to the channel i upload videos every day so if
+_ULn5QWGREA-00009-00003504-00003768 you guys like the content as well as the channel and want to be part of this journey
+_ULn5QWGREA-00010-00003768-00004104 then please consider subscribing to the channel and turning notification on so
+_ULn5QWGREA-00011-00004104-00004432 you're notified when any videos uploaded stay tuned guys we'll be right back
+_ULn5QWGREA-00012-00005120-00005384 welcome back guys we're gonna get started with the video momentarily and
+_ULn5QWGREA-00013-00005384-00005688 at the end of the video i'll be sharing with you my observation and reaction
+_ULn5QWGREA-00014-00005688-00005968 so please make sure you stay until the end with that said we're going to get started with our video
+_ULn5QWGREA-00015-00012991-00013312 i'm just checking the subscriber counts guys alhamdulillah
+_ULn5QWGREA-00016-00013312-00014247 really really close to hitting 100k so i'm super excited here comes the
+_ULn5QWGREA-00017-00014247-00015584 team the team is from aceh and i believe they take the first place
+_ULn5QWGREA-00018-00019104-00019784 not only are they moving they also moving back and forth
+_ULn5QWGREA-00019-00021056-00021184 it's crazy
+_ULn5QWGREA-00020-00021504-00022584 wow
+_ULn5QWGREA-00021-00023592-00023984 sometimes I don't see the hands
+_ULn5QWGREA-00022-00027664-00028183 wow
+_ULn5QWGREA-00023-00032616-00033784 oh
+_ULn5QWGREA-00024-00034160-00035184 amazing
+_ULn5QWGREA-00025-00062032-00062608 okay i i gotta give them a clap and if you guys are able to as well that was
+_ULn5QWGREA-00026-00062664-00063288 amazing i was amazed first with their movement and how quick they're going
+_ULn5QWGREA-00027-00063344-00063848 and then they started you know i like the fact also how they were like
+_ULn5QWGREA-00028-00063848-00064167 not only moving their hands but they were moving as well so then they
+_ULn5QWGREA-00029-00064167-00064520 mixed together then they got they separated the different colors
+_ULn5QWGREA-00030-00064520-00064848 and then they pulled ropes from behind them and hold on they're like
+_ULn5QWGREA-00031-00064848-00065191 pulling it over each other over each other back and forth back and forth
+_ULn5QWGREA-00032-00065264-00065648 and then they finished they got up then you these you see they open and
+_ULn5QWGREA-00033-00065648-00066136 it has kind of like a design which is super cool i was just amazed just
+_ULn5QWGREA-00034-00066136-00066656 watching this how coordinated they were how fast they were moving
+_ULn5QWGREA-00035-00066776-00067312 and how cool it looked you know this is this is not easy i used to back in
+_ULn5QWGREA-00036-00067312-00067688 the days like breakdance so i used to like you know kind of learn some moves
+_ULn5QWGREA-00037-00067688-00068288 and memorizing a routine is super hard right because yeah you not only
+_ULn5QWGREA-00038-00068288-00068608 have to do it yourself you have to rely on other people too right because as
+_ULn5QWGREA-00039-00068608-00069112 a team you have to work together and here mashallah all of them went with
+_ULn5QWGREA-00040-00069112-00069664 each other and you know it was a long routine too like eight minutes or so
+_ULn5QWGREA-00041-00069664-00070136 and you know the pressure of the stage is quite hard too but mashallah
+_ULn5QWGREA-00042-00070136-00070536 they did really well and i'm i'm glad they took first place with that kind of
+_ULn5QWGREA-00043-00070536-00070840 performance so thank you very much guys for suggesting it if you liked it please
+_ULn5QWGREA-00044-00070840-00071160 don't forget to like comment share and subscribe if you like me to react to
+_ULn5QWGREA-00045-00071160-00071448 another video please put a comment section below as always thank you
+_ULn5QWGREA-00046-00071448-00071776 very much for all your love and support halal family because halal family is the
+_ULn5QWGREA-00047-00071776-00072160 best family out on youtube i hope you guys have yourself a wonderful day take
+_ULn5QWGREA-00048-00072160-00072984 care yourself and your family inshallah i'll see you guys tomorrow take care and wassalam
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00000-00002061-00002161 राजस्थान के श्रीगंगानगर-हनुमानगढ़ सहित आधा दर्जन जिलों
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00001-00002161-00002261 में पेयजल के रूप में जिस सतलुज नदी
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00002-00002261-00002361 के पानी का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है, उस नदी
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00003-00002361-00002461 की हालत को सुधारने के लिए नैशनल ग्रीन
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00004-00002461-00002561 ट्रिब्यूनल, केन्द्र सरकार ने बहुतेरे
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00005-00002561-00002661 प्रयास किये।
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00006-00002661-00002761 मोदी सरकार ने 12 सौ करोड़ से ज्यादा
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00007-00002761-00002861 बजट भी स्मार्ट सिटी प्रोजेक्ट के रूप
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00008-00002861-00002961 में मंजूर किया किंतु लुधियाना नगर निगम,
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00009-00002961-00003061 प्रशासन के ��धिकारियों की इच्छाशक्ति के
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00010-00003061-00003161 अभाव में यह कार्य नहीं हो पाया।
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00011-00003161-00003261 पंजाब सरकार ने मुख्य सचिव की अध्यक्षता
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00012-00003261-00003361 में एक निगरानी कमेटी का भी गठन किया ताकि
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00013-00003361-00003461 कार्य निर्बाध गति से पूर्ण किया जा
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00014-00003461-00003561 सके किंतु यह कमेटी भी उद्योगों के रसायन
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00015-00003561-00003661 को सतलुज नदी तक जाने से नहीं रोक पायी।
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00016-00003661-00003761 नैशनल ग्रीन ट्रिब्यूनल करीबन पांच सौ करोड़
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00017-00003761-00003861 रुपये सरकार पर जुर्माना लगा चुका है किंतु
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00018-00003861-00003961 नतीजा जीरो है।
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00019-00003961-00004061 इन सब हालात को देखते हुए नामधारी सतगुरु
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00020-00004061-00004161 उदयसिंह अब कमेटी के अध्यक्ष पद से
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00021-00004161-00004261 इस्तीफा देने पर विचार कर रहे हैं।
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00022-00004261-00004361 राजस्थान में स्वच्छ पेयजल को लेकर राजनीति
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00023-00004361-00004461 का एक लम्बी इतिहास नजर आ जाता है।
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00024-00004461-00004561 एक दशक से भी लम्बे समय से दूषित पेयजल
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00025-00004561-00004661 को लेकर हा-हाकार मचा हुआ है।
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00026-00004661-00004761 राजनीतिक दल के कार्यकर्ताओं ने स्वयं को समाजसेवी
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00027-00004761-00004861 के रूप में प्रदर्शित करने की कोशिशें
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00028-00004861-00004961 करते हुए इस मुद्दे पर व्यक्तिगत रूप
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00029-00004961-00005061 से लाभ, प्रतिष्ठा भी अर्जित करने की
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00030-00005061-00005161 कोशिश की।
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00031-00005161-00005261 दूषित पेयजल का मुद्दा अब इस तरह का हो गया
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00032-00005261-00005361 है, इस पर चर्चा करने का अर्थ यह हो जाता
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00033-00005361-00005461 है कि इस पर राजनीतिक या अन्य लाभ प्राप्त
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00034-00005461-00005561 करने की कोशिश की जा रही है, क्योंकि
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00035-00005561-00005661 जिन भी 'समाजसेवियोंÓ ने इस मुद्दे पर कार्य
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00036-00005661-00005761 करने का दावा किया किंतु वे कोई नतीजा
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00037-00005761-00005861 नहीं दे पाये।
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00038-00005861-00005961 प्रभावशाली प्रचारतंत्रों के माध्यम से वे अपना
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00039-00005961-00006061 नाम अवश्य लोगों की जुबां तक पहुंचाने
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00040-00006061-00006161 में कामयाब हो गये।
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00041-00006161-00006261 जिन परिवारों ने दूषित पेयजल के कारण
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00042-00006261-00006361 अपने सदस्यों को खोया, उनके जख्मों
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00043-00006361-00006461 पर मरहम लगाने का कार्य नहीं हो पाया।
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00044-00006461-00006561 भविष्य में और परिवार इस तरह का दु:ख नहीं
+_WhyQcxlUqM-00045-00006561-00006562 झेल पायें, यह भी सुनिश्चित नहीं हो पाया।
+_Xmnm0JWkn8-00000-00000072-00000774 so here's the issue. the content just keep on taking you consistently look like through it,
+_Xmnm0JWkn8-00001-00000774-00001578 especially when I get a normal video, and not just gameplay videos are affected.
+_Xmnm0JWkn8-00002-00001578-00002112 I was expecting a higher click-through rate. I think I need to pick them up a little bit
+_Xmnm0JWkn8-00003-00002112-00003138 better, and that way, I think I could make a video even higher, and this is what I could do.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00001-00001002-00001281 The next group of organisms to consider
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00002-00001281-00001663 are those which are more complex relative the group we've been discussing so
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00003-00001663-00001738 far.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00004-00001738-00002144 In each case they have well-developed physiological organs
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00005-00002144-00002547 and are in most cases sophisticated in terms of their sensory and
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00006-00002547-00003043 neural systems that allow them to have roles as herbivores, carnivores
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00007-00003043-00003350 and omnivores. In each group
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00008-00003350-00003711 just like the previous groups we've been discussing these organisms play an
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00009-00003711-00003824 important series of
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00010-00003824-00004389 roles in tropical coastal ecosystems today. Before we begin discussing the more
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00011-00004389-00004587 complex invertebrates, we need to
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00012-00004587-00005042 mention an important split which occurred in the animal kingdom
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00013-00005042-00005367 several hundreds of millions of years ago. While
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00014-00005367-00005775 all the groups we going to discuss now have well-developed organs and have similar
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00015-00005775-00005936 ways of solving problems,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00016-00005936-00006411 it appears that there were two lines of evolution  within the animal kingdom,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00017-00006411-00006720 on one hand we have molluscs,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00018-00006720-00007142 Annelids and Arthropods which share similarities in the way they develop,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00019-00007142-00007474 and in the origin of certain tissues and
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00020-00007474-00008025 other aspects of their body plan. In contrast to this we have
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00021-00008025-00008592 Echinoderms and Chordates like ourselves which develop in subtly different ways
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00022-00008592-00008953 and have different origins in terms of key tissues.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00023-00008953-00009295 The first group are known as the
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00024-00009295-00009624 protostomes, while the second group are referred to as the
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00025-00009624-00010103 deuterostomes. Well molluscs are a prominent protosome group
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00026-00010103-00010484 with tens of thousands of species found in and around tropical coastal
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00027-00010484-00010585 ecosystems.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00028-00010585-00010911 There are a range of different types of molluscs,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00029-00010911-00011299 including octopus and squids, bivalves and clams,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00030-00011299-00011615 snails and sea slugs and a range of other
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00031-00011615-00011956 often ancient creatures. Molluscs
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00032-00011956-00012460 have a open circulatory system in which blood is pumped around a large cavity in
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00033-00012460-00012536 their body
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00034-00012536-00013129 without having arteries and veins. They tend to have a sophisticated set of
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00035-00013129-00013529 sensory systems and well developed and advanced  brains in many cases,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00036-00013529-00013934 and of course octopus and squid are exemplary in this respect
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00037-00013934-00014329 with sophisticated eyes, brains and a level of intelligence
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00038-00014329-00014700 that rivals that seen in vertebrates. Now
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00039-00014703-00015079 some bivalves within the phylum Mollusca,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00040-00015079-00015536 can get extremely large and are also symbiotic with the same dinoflagellates
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00041-00015536-00015672 as corals.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00042-00015672-00016059 Annelids or segmented worms are a prominent group
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00043-00016059-00016550 on tropical coastal ecosystems. The most important group in the ocean
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00044-00016550-00016962 within the segmented or annelid worms are the polychaete worms
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00045-00016962-00017281 and they have a great variety of
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00046-00017281-00017673 different ways of deriving nutrition. Some of them
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00047-00017673-00018100 actively crawl around using fleshy parapodia hunting  small invertebrates,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00048-00018100-00018487 while others such as Christmas tree worms have complicated
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00049-00018487-00018945 appendages on their heads which they use to capture small particles
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00050-00018945-00019339 from the water floating by, and in this respect they are particle feeders.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00051-00019339-00019811 There are still other annelids which burrow and spend most of their time
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00052-00019811-00020084 collecting detritus and are important components of
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00053-00020084-00020386 mudflats, sandy beaches, and estuarine regions.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00054-00020386-00020739 The next major group of protostome invertebrates
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00055-00020739-00021056 belong to the phylum Arthropoda.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00056-00021056-00021582 The most important group of Arthropods within tropical coastal ecosystems,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00057-00021582-00022034 belongs to the sub-phylum Crustacea. Now the Crustacea include
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00058-00022034-00022412 easily recognisable organisms such as crabs,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00059-00022412-00022753 prawns, lobsters, barnacles and sand hoppers
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00060-00022753-00023076 and like the other major groups of protostome
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00061-00023076-00023415 invertebrates, crustacean species number in the thousands
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00062-00023415-00023809 and are involved in a large number of interactions with other organisms.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00063-00023809-00024128 Many crustaceans are filter feeders
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00064-00024128-00024520 while still others are herbivores feeding on algae,  and there are great many
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00065-00024520-00024798 crustaceans that are quite voracious predators.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00066-00024798-00025165 Now within any tropical coastal ecosystem
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00067-00025165-00025526 there are literally thousands and intricate and fascinating species of
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00068-00025526-00025614 crustaceans.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00069-00025614-00025992 Another group of Arthropods which are not crustaceans but are
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00070-00025992-00026377 well-known, are the sea spiders, these fascinating
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00071-00026377-00026777 and shy creatures are found every now and then around
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00072-00026777-00027287 tropical coastal ecosystems. Moving from the protostomes to the deuterostome
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00073-00027287-00027674 invertebrates, we come across the Echinoderms, which include
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00074-00027674-00028035 sea cucumbers, starfish, crinoids
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00075-00028035-00028513 and brittle stars. There are also a great variety of different roles that
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00076-00028513-00028889 Echinoderms play within tropical coastal ecosystems.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00077-00028889-00029197 Some Echinoderms such as sea cucumbers
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00078-00029197-00029533 play an important role as detrital feeders,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00079-00029533-00029836 others such as crinoids, are filter feeders
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00080-00029836-00030335 collecting particles out of the water column using their tube feet.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00081-00030335-00030783 Others are herbivores. Sea urchins for example have a powerful set of jaws,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00082-00030783-00031136 that they use to eat macro-algae or seaweeds
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00083-00031136-00031613 and can be numerous members of tropical coastal ecosystems.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00084-00031613-00032081 And still Echinoderms, such as starfish can be voracious predators.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00085-00032081-00032419 One that is particularly important on coral reefs
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00086-00032419-00032863 is the crown of thorns starfish. This starfish has caused problems
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00087-00032863-00033290 on the Indo-Pacific reef systems through its enormous appetite
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00088-00033290-00033841 for living coral tissue and its tendency to outbreak in very large numbers.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00089-00033841-00034168 The last group of organisms within the animal kingdom
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00090-00034168-00034534 that I'll talk about here are the Chordates.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00091-00034534-00035016 This is the phylum of organisms that we also belong to.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00092-00035016-00035491 The most primitive group of Chordates are the tunicates.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00093-00035491-00035891 These are sedentary organisms that sit on the bottom of the ocean and filter
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00094-00035891-00035975 the sea
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00095-00035975-00036275 around them capturing particles.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00096-00036275-00036633 They're related to other Chordates via structures that are found within
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00097-00036633-00036808 their larvae.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00098-00036808-00037209 In this respect they have pharyngeal pouches,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00099-00037209-00037708 a hollow dorsal nerve tube and a stiff rod down their back called a notochord,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00100-00037708-00038178 and these features, which relate to similar structures in vertebrate groups,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00101-00038178-00038547 pull together the Chordates. Tunicates
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00102-00038547-00038911 are often brightly coloured and are a favourite subject for
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00103-00038911-00039258 underwater photographers. One of the most prominent
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00104-00039258-00039715 sub-phylums within the phylum Chordata are the vertebrates.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00105-00039715-00040146 This group includes organisms that share the same chordate features
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00106-00040146-00040487 as well as a well-developed bony backbone and gill slits
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00107-00040487-00040856 at some time during their development. There are four
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00108-00040856-00041328 major classes of vertebrates which are found in and around tropical coastal
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00109-00041328-00041528 ecosystems
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00110-00041528-00041915 and like the other groups we've been discussing, there's no way we can do justice
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00111-00041915-00042247 to each of these important vertebrate groups.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00112-00042247-00042577 But let me introduce them here if you are interested
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00113-00042577-00042943 I recommend further reading if you want to understand these important groups
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00114-00042943-00043321 within tropical coastal ecosystems.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00115-00043321-00043633 Well fish are one of the most diverse group of vertebrates
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00116-00043633-00044077 on the planet, with over 32,000 species.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00117-00044077-00044487 Now it's estimated that around 10,000 of these species are found in the shallow
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00118-00044487-00044621 tropical waters
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00119-00044621-00044981 associated with mangroves, coral reefs and seagrass beds.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00120-00044981-00045406 With a bewildering variety of species there are fish in almost every trophic
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00121-00045406-00045778 role, some fish are particle feeders,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00122-00045778-00046118 some are herbivores while still others are scavengers
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00123-00046118-00046509 and predators. Here are just a few of the fish
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00124-00046509-00047115 you will see when you encounter tropical coastal ecosystems.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00125-00047115-00047425 We will be considering fish as important parts of
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00126-00047425-00047731 coral reef and mangrove assemblages later in lectures
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00127-00047731-00048043 by Professor Peter Mumby.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00128-00048043-00048580 Reptiles also play a prominent role within tropical coastal ecosystems,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00129-00048580-00048987 representing organisms that have re-evolved for life in the ocean,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00130-00048987-00049297 reptiles are air-breathing vertebrates which
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00131-00049297-00049711 for the most part still have to lay their eggs on dry land.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00132-00049711-00050203 While this is the case for most reptiles a few sea snake species
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00133-00050203-00050628 have solved this problem by evolving live birth at sea,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00134-00050628-00050996 hence reducing their need to ever come ashore.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00135-00050996-00051322 Locations such as Heron Island represent important
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00136-00051322-00051659 nesting grounds for marine reptiles like
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00137-00051659-00052169 sea turtles. Each year hundreds of turtles come ashore here to lay eggs
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00138-00052169-00052576 which hatch a month or so later. Seabirds are highly
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00139-00052576-00052939 visible members of tropical coastal ecosystems
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00140-00052939-00053387 which feed primarily or exclusively at sea and use coastal areas for feeding and
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00141-00053387-00053552 reproduction.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00142-00053552-00054016 Many islands are used by sea birds for reproduction given that they
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00143-00054016-00054370 have very low numbers of potential predators.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00144-00054370-00054820 Unfortunately the introduction of cats and rats in many of these areas has led to the
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00145-00054820-00055024 loss of sea bird nesting sites
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00146-00055024-00055422 on many these islands. Seabird nesting
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00147-00055422-00055866 on Heron Island has been able to continue given the careful management
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00148-00055866-00055994 of the park
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00149-00055994-00056439 especially when it comes to pests like cats and rats.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00150-00056439-00056920 Marine mammals are regular visitors to tropical coastal ecosystems.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00151-00056920-00057301 Whales, dolphins and dugongs spend significant time close to these
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00152-00057301-00057392 ecosystems
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00153-00057392-00057891 and in many cases use them for winter habitat and for reproduction.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00154-00057891-00058337 Here at Heron Island for example an annual migration of humpback whales occurs each
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00155-00058337-00058420 year
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00156-00058420-00058783 passing through the Wistari Channel just off shore.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00157-00058783-00059195 These whales spend their summers in Antarctica and migrate to the central
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00158-00059195-00059467 Great Barrier Reef when the winter comes,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00159-00059467-00059866 mating and calving of whales occurs during this annual migration to the
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00160-00059866-00060139 Great Barrier Reef.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00161-00060139-00060558 Well as with many of these groups we don't do them justice with the small
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00162-00060558-00060800 amount of time we can spend on them.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00163-00060800-00061176 Take a look now at the following diagram and see if you can
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00164-00061176-00061626 take the phylogenetic challenge. During this lecture we've moved through a very
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00165-00061626-00061950 large number organisms which would normally be the focus
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00166-00061950-00062464 of their own courses. As we discussed at the beginning of this lecture,
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00167-00062464-00062833 there are many opportunities worldwide to continue studying these different
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00168-00062833-00062963 groups.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00169-00062963-00063382 Many research stations like Heron Island also offer courses which you may
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00170-00063382-00063627 consider taking.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00171-00063627-00064013 In the next lecture we will be considering many of the organisms
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00172-00064013-00064326 that you've been introduced to today in the context
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00173-00064326-00064633 of coral reef ecosystems.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00174-00064633-00065041 Well that concludes our rather rapid march through the animals, plants and
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00175-00065041-00065507 microbes that you find associated with tropical coastal ecosystems.
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00176-00065507-00065929 In the next exercise we take a boulder from the intertidal region
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00177-00065929-00066231 of a coral reef and ask the question
+_XFW2wLqCKA-00178-00066231-00066717 how many species can we find?  I think you'll find the number quite surprising.
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00000-00000592-00001288 Hello how are you? My name is Ennio Fioramonti, I am part of the Sinergia Tango
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00001-00001288-00002251 group that offers various classes, of various types, of various teachers. Well, we saw in
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00002-00002251-00003114 the previous videos excercises about pivot and dissociation. In this video
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00003-00003114-00003982 we want to combine the pivot, the upper dissociation, that is, of the
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00004-00003982-00004582 shoulders, arms and  upper torso, and the lower
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00005-00004582-00005284 dissociation, of hips,  legs and feet.
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00006-00005284-00005851 In the previous video you've seen the part of Adriana Ba, teaching body
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00007-00005851-00006604 consciousness, exploration and expressiveness, that is, finding a creative way of exploring
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00008-00006604-00007230 the body itself and the sensations necessary to be able to dance the Tango.
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00009-00007230-00007930 In this part I am going to start with two exercises,
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00010-00007930-00008728 after that Mauro Holzmann will continue with other exercises that cover the
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00011-00008728-00009346 same theme and dedicated to individual exercises,
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00012-00009346-00010054 that is, exercises that everyone can do at home without a partner.
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00013-00010054-00010790 In the previous class on dissociation we saw one part of the movements
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00014-00010790-00011568 which were either a high or low  dissociation, this time we are going to
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00015-00011568-00012404 combine these two dissociations to create a fluid, spiral movement,
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00016-00012405-00013319 typical of the tango dance. In order to  be able to dissociate like this
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00017-00013320-00013860 we also need the pivot, therefore we do unite
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00018-00013860-00014572 the previous classes we did about pivot and dissociation,
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00019-00014572-00015251 and go a little further and see  how to organically unite
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00020-00015251-00015824 these various movements
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00021-00015824-00016525 the objective would be to atteign an understanding and a body consciousness
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00022-00016525-00017414 which help us to cover the figure of "the ocho" in a deeper way than
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00023-00017414-00018034 normally taught. This is today's challenge!
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00024-00018034-00018680 Well, let's start with  our exercises!
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00025-00018680-00019023 Welcome to the part of the exercises!
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00026-00019023-00019634 We relax our shoulders, and then we start with the upper
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00027-00019634-00020235 dissociation, we charge initially from the top
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00028-00020235-00020838 torso and shoulder girdle. We continue to relax the hip, the
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00029-00020838-00021773 knees and we perceive our axis, that goes straight from the floor through our body.
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00030-00021790-00022590 The embrace we build is round and the elbows are aligned at the same height
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00031-00022590-00023200 comfortable but wide open and we start loading to the right,
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00032-00023200-00023400 then load to the left, and after  loading we unload with the hip,
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00033-00023400-00024229 we load and then unload with the hip, this way the movements are
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00034-00024229-00024997 connected, and now with a faster pace, it's even better visible how
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00035-00024997-00025475 the movements connect. On the other side too, the movement
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00036-00025475-00026166 remains the same, you can change your feet, usually
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00037-00026166-00026916 it's easier to do those pivots  on one foot, therfore
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00038-00026916-00027633 changeing it give us the  possibility to train one foot and
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00039-00027633-00028268 the other. Now we turn  180 degrees using
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00040-00028268-00028890 a upper dissociation, lower discharge and charge,  ending the movement above
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00041-00028890-00029506 you can see that there is always a terminal part of movement above, because we load,
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00042-00029506-00030383 unload and finish aligning torso and arms to complete 180 degrees
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00043-00030383-00030730 it's easily visible
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00044-00030839-00031420 first we saw the shoulder girdle as a main motor of the
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00045-00031420-00031939 movement, now we are seeing how you can use the hips as the main motor
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00046-00031939-00032496 of the movement, take a good look at the hips now!
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00047-00032496-00033178 The hips move, load, and the arms continue to discharge.
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00048-00033178-00033804 The Movement starts from the hips and ends in the torso, arms and shoulders,
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00049-00033804-00034352 again the hips, torso,  arms and shoulders
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00050-00034399-00034914 on the other side it is the same. I give you the advice to change feet, to pivot
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00051-00034914-00035455 on the other foot, which maybe we are less used to pivot on, but even
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00052-00035455-00036165 if the exercise looks different it is the same exercise
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00053-00036168-00036908 well, now we are starting with the 180 degrees
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00054-00036908-00037588 the important thing is to see how the movement begins in the hip, we are
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00055-00037588-00038278 a turning around with torso and arms,  first uncharging, then in charging and
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00056-00038278-00038691 discharge, we discharge at the end with the hip
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00057-00038723-00039402 and there you see how these upper and lower dissociations begin to unite!
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00058-00039402-00040047 Very good! Well, we probably  experienced that these are not
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00059-00040047-00040878 easy exercises, but they are very useful because being able to do
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00060-00040878-00041478 the union of these two body parts by dissociating separately and
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00061-00041478-00041902 combining these movements like a spiral
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00062-00041902-00042433 is very important in various aspects  of the Tango Dance. These exercises
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00063-00042433-00043122 can be further refined, because you don't finish by doing the exercise
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00064-00043122-00043783 once or twice, these are exercises that need a lot of practice, the more, the better it will feel
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00065-00043783-00044169 in my body. Therfore I encourage  you to keep practicing
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00066-00044169-00044872 these individual exercises, to enhance body awareness,
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00067-00044872-00045603 elasticity during dissociation, because afterwards dancing,
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00068-00045603-00046315 will be much more fluid and organic, especially the figure of "the ocho" in this case.
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00069-00046315-00046972 I leave you then with the part of Mauro Holzmann and I hope you'll enjoy.
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00070-00046972-00047981 I say goodby and see you next time!
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00071-00047981-00048635 Well here again Mauro Holzmann, after having been able to enjoy with Ennio
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00072-00048635-00049298 and having a deeper understanding  of how to combine dissociation and
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00073-00049298-00049883 pivot, now I am going to present you two exercises in which, at the individual
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00074-00049883-00050531 level, in the first we will observe the dissociation mechanics and the
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00075-00050531-00050990 pivot combined in a traditional figure of Argentine tango as is
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00076-00050990-00051737 the "the forward ocho", in the second exercise we are going to observe how a member of
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00077-00051737-00052295 the couple can propose through  dissociationa a new direction to their
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00078-00052295-00052927 partner who will use the pivot  to reestablish that relationship
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00079-00052927-00053449 while seeking frontality  with his partner
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00080-00053449-00054032 in this new direction that was proposed through dissociation.
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00081-00054032-00054685 I hope you can take advantage of these exercises, which can be done
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00082-00054685-00055287 alone in your houses accompanied by at least one broomstick for example. Good
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00083-00055287-00055577 Thank you.
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00084-00055708-00056305 Exercise to combine dissociation and pivot in "the ocho forward".
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00085-00056305-00057118 First the pivot, then weightless projection, that's why the leg comes and goes, then the
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00086-00057118-00057429 weight transfer,
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00087-00057448-00058079 a new pivot, a new projection to return to the
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00088-00058079-00058579 original place of the exercise forming the "forward ocho".
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00089-00058579-00059257 The torso, the center of my sternum, will always be focusing on the cane
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00090-00059257-00059822 or the center of who would be my partner and with the pivot
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00091-00059822-00060659 I change the direction of my legs with my hip to design the "forward
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00092-00060659-00061309 ocho". Project, transfer weight, pivot
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00093-00061322-00062013 new projection, new transfer, complete the "forward ocho" while the torso always
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00094-00062013-00062625 keeps focusing on what in this case is a cane.
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00095-00063697-00064362 In this exercise we observe how with dissociation shows the new
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00096-00064362-00065287 direction to the partner, and with the projection and the pivot I return to
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00097-00065287-00065833 the frontality and to find the relationship again
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00098-00065833-00066392 with that partner.  I dissociate to change the direction,
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00099-00066392-00066902 project, pivot to return to  the frontal relationship.
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00100-00067191-00067692 Now to better understand the dissociation mechanics
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00101-00067692-00068342 and pivot in a couple and also to be able to observe these in the tango dance,
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00102-00068342-00069050 I am going to invite you to follow the work proposed by Maxi and Paula.
+_YhmRTpHqiQ-00103-00069050-00069392 Thank you
+_aibvc2msTU-00000-00000608-00001592 Hi
+_aibvc2msTU-00001-00005312-00005519 my all friends welcome
+_aibvc2msTU-00002-00005519-00006320 Please supporting my channel subscribe now please
+_bj8pyR0woY-00000-00000064-00000720 i have hit my ipad by accident. sorry for that, but this was because of a celebration i had
+_bj8pyR0woY-00001-00000720-00001312 when i found that all 60 of my minutes in the real time showed at least one view. this almost never
+_bj8pyR0woY-00002-00001312-00001984 happened, and it happened well, only getting 200 views per hour, so for an all six day, your channel
+_bj8pyR0woY-00003-00001984-00002640 needs to have at least 200 views per hour, with at least 98 of the minutes showing at least one
+_bj8pyR0woY-00004-00002640-00003352 view on average, because it tends to be a little irregular. if your views are less regular, it may
+_bj8pyR0woY-00005-00003352-00004176 be 300 or 400, but i just noticed that a moment ago, but then i wanted to celebrate
+_bj8pyR0woY-00006-00004176-00004872 immediately after seeing this, and posted about it a minute later, but sorry for hitting my ipad.
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00000-00001664-00002176 The London blitz started 80 years ago more or less to the day
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00001-00002176-00002527 and it was an effort by the Nazi government of Germany
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00002-00002527-00002935 to break both the morale and the industrial capacity
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00003-00002935-00003304 of Britain to make it want to just surrender
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00004-00003304-00003679 and get out of the war and Chelsea was particularly
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00005-00003679-00004000 vulnerable because of its position by the river
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00006-00004000-00004352 people knew where they were if they were flying up the river
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00007-00004352-00004744 they knew where the docks were they knew where the mainline stations were
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00008-00004744-00005055 they knew where the power plants were and all
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00009-00005055-00005600 over Chelsea we see that pattern planes flying up the river and then branching
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00010-00005600-00005928 off to find specific targets and it's why Chelsea
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00011-00005928-00006384 was so badly hit but on a personal level what i'd really
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00012-00006384-00006840 like you to remember as we walk round is how terrifying this must have been
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00013-00006840-00007208 for the residents because I know as a historian we know
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00014-00007208-00007559 from the history books that this was going to finish in around
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00015-00007559-00008000 may 1941 but night after night the terror of
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00016-00008000-00008343 hearing engines over your residence night after night
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00017-00008343-00008800 wondering if it was going to be you living with that kind of stress that's
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00018-00008800-00009175 something we understand much better the damage that that does
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00019-00009175-00009552 even if by chance your home isn't damaged your psyche
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00020-00009552-00009896 is damaged so let's bear that in mind as we track
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00021-00009896-00010392 the path of the bombers around Chelsea
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00022-00010864-00011279 V1 rockets were especially terrifying not just because they were
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00023-00011279-00011896 flying bombs they had no pilots they were fired almost at random in the
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00024-00011896-00012304 direction of london they traveled very fast and they had an
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00025-00012304-00012696 enormous explosive payload but as all Londoners
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00026-00012696-00013008 came to know what was most terrifying about them was
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00027-00013008-00013423 that you could hear them and then between four and six seconds
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00028-00013423-00013919 before they were due to land and explode they went quiet and it gave
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00029-00013919-00014272 you not nearly enough time to try and run to
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00030-00014272-00014568 safety and that's exactly what happened on the
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00031-00014568-00015023 3rd of july 1944. at 10 to 8 in the morning
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00032-00015023-00015504 almost 100 U.S service personnel were out on the street
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00033-00015504-00015936 climbing into six by six lorries that were going to take them to offices
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00034-00015936-00016472 and depots all over and around london where they were continuing to work on
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00035-00016472-00016816 the D-Day advance as it moved through northern France
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00036-00016816-00017248 towards Germany they were in bus cues effectively they
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00037-00017248-00017592 were climbing up into lorries where some of them were
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00038-00017592-00017936 already sitting packed in for the journey ahead and when
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00039-00017936-00018408 the V1 rocket hit they had no time to scramble out the
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00040-00018408-00018792 lorries themselves were thrown up into the air by the force
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00041-00018792-00019208 of the blast and everyone was killed inside the blast
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00042-00019208-00019480 itself killed everyone who was still in the
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00043-00019480-00020023 street and it remains the single greatest loss of U.S military
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00044-00020023-00020440 life on the UK mainland
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00045-00021159-00021600 I have brought you here to dove house green this is a little patch of green
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00046-00021600-00022015 just off the kings road where many people come and eat their lunch
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00047-00022015-00022448 and I hope that they notice that on the wall is a simple memorial
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00048-00022448-00023184 to the 450 residents of chelsea who lost their lives during the blitz
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00049-00023184-00023600 when you look at that very simple memorial we should also remember
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00050-00023600-00023968 that the blitz isn't over for the residents of chelsea
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00051-00023968-00024504 in may 1941 but it is going to go on for the remainder of the war
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00052-00024504-00025256 the V1s the V2s and in February 1944 bombing so hard they became known as the
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00053-00025256-00025712 little blitz just up the road from here at the corner of edith grove and the
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00054-00025712-00026016 king's road were guinness trust buildings
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00055-00026016-00026368 and in february over 60 people were killed
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00056-00026368-00026872 in their homes on one night during the little blitz
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00057-00026872-00027232 it's a striking memorial it's very small but it uses the same
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00058-00027232-00027632 font that they use on the gravestones in France
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00059-00027632-00028032 for everyone lost during the first world war and this at the end of the day is
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00060-00028032-00028375 Chelsea it's an artistic borough and they've
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00061-00028375-00028808 drawn on the Picasso image of the dove carrying an olive branch
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00062-00028808-00029480 so all in all i think this is a very Chelsea memorial
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00063-00030408-00030800 I'm standing outside the Chelsea fire station there's been a fire station here
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00064-00030800-00031200 on the kings road in chelsea for most of the 20th century
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00065-00031200-00031544 it was particularly busy and a dangerous place to work
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00066-00031544-00032152 during the blitz in 1940 and 41 and any subsequent bombing in the area the
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00067-00032152-00032536 bombs caused huge fires and it was up to the firemen
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00068-00032536-00032903 to dash out of this fire station hope that their water supply was still
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00069-00032903-00033360 connected and work sometimes all night to put out the fires
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00070-00033360-00033728 there's a memorial plaque outside the Chelsea fire station which
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00071-00033728-00034112 shows the lives of all the firemen who not only lost their lives in the
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00072-00034112-00034416 second world war but who've also paid the ultimate
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00073-00034416-00035000 sacrifice in the decades since then
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00074-00035208-00035528 so we're here at the Royal Hospital Chelsea
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00075-00035528-00035991 this is the other great masterpiece by the architect Christopher Wren
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00076-00035991-00036472 built in the 17th century after the restoration of the english monarchy
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00077-00036472-00036808 because the Royal Hospital is right on the edge of the river
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00078-00036808-00037224 it was a target that was easy to define it was a big building
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00079-00037224-00037775 it had big grounds and for any bomb aimer in a german aircraft
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00080-00037775-00038424 the the thought of such a tempting target was probably too much to bear
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00081-00038552-00038936 if the staff and in pensioners at the royal hospital at chelsea
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00082-00038936-00039416 thought that they had got off relatively lightly from the blitz that raged across
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00083-00039416-00040112 London and Chelsea from 1940 to 1941. unfortunately the events of the 16th of
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00084-00040112-00040496 April 1941 were to prove their very worst
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00085-00040496-00040936 fears at 11 o'clock at night several parachute
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00086-00040936-00041200 bombs they were called landmines at the time
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00087-00041200-00041568 but they were large bombs that exploded when they hit the ground
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00088-00041568-00042136 made direct hits at the Royal Hospital and this is an extract from a war diary
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00089-00042136-00042640 kept from a member of staff that tells of the fear and the terror
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00090-00042640-00043168 and the challenges of moving the pensioners to safety
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00091-00043168-00043584 clouds of dust filled the air debris fell within 300
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00092-00043584-00044056 radius of the infirmary and the east wing of the hospital was completely
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00093-00044056-00044496 destroyed a large crater occupying the site
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00094-00044496-00044928 the remainder of the infirmary was badly damaged the roof being removed
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00095-00044928-00045247 though luckily an air raid shelter remained intact
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00096-00045247-00045672 windows were broken all over the royal hospital
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00097-00045672-00045984 those in the bombed wing were killed outright
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00098-00045984-00046352 they included in pensioners Ratray, Jackson
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00099-00046352-00047072 Johnson, Sullivan, McGovern, Pope, Cameron and West and also Sister Taylor
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00100-00047072-00047624 Nurse Ward and Wardmaster Hutchins, Sister McMullen and Sister Nicholson who
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00101-00047624-00047949 were also sheltering under the stairs were killed
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00102-00047949-00048096 at the outset work was
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00103-00048096-00048424 hampered by a fire which quickly attained quite big
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00104-00048424-00048784 proportions and might have acted as a target
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00105-00048784-00049312 several tank pumps arrived some being sent round via the tight street entrance
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00106-00049312-00049647 the fire was got under control after about half an hour
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00107-00049647-00049991 meanwhile the removal of patients had begun
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00108-00049991-00050336 and i'm telling you this from the crater left behind
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00109-00050336-00050510 by one of those bombs
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00110-00050510-00050768 of course it isn't a crater now
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00111-00050768-00051103 we were able to use the space that had been cleared
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00112-00051103-00051615 to create today's National Army Museum where the extraordinary commemoration of
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00113-00051615-00052039 these events is taking place as part of the Chelsea History Festival
+_hVJO6MCBIQ-00114-00052039-00052479 thank you so much for joining us
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00000-00000030-00000213 Hello Earth Citizens.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00001-00000213-00000657 In this video, I will show you a ten minute routine for your fifth chakra.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00002-00000660-00001147 Your fifth chakra is located in between your collarbone where there's a dip.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00003-00001181-00001574 This area right here is your fifth chakra.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00004-00001574-00001708 So typically we say
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00005-00001708-00002068 this is the throat chakra because it encompasses the area of your throat.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00006-00002088-00002409 So it affects places like your thyroid, your voice,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00007-00002425-00002816 your fifth chakra is your gateway of self-expression.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00008-00002816-00003069 So some people might experience some blockage
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00009-00003069-00003450 or scratchiness or stuffiness in their fifth chakra.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00010-00003450-00003783 If they're always used to stuffing their words down,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00011-00003807-00004227 they're not able to in a healthy way, express what they need,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00012-00004254-00004521 express what they want, express how they feel.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00013-00004541-00004794 They tend to stuff their feelings down inside.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00014-00004794-00005038 That causes blockage in their fifth chakra.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00015-00005051-00005308 But interestingly enough, on the other hand,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00016-00005328-00005632 you know, people who are too vocal about their opinions,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00017-00005632-00005902 they're too opinionated, they talk too much.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00018-00005902-00006353 Those people also experience an imbalance in their fifth chakra as well.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00019-00006353-00006683 So some signs that you can tell if you have some blockage in your fifth
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00020-00006683-00006833 chakra is if you feel
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00021-00006833-00007267 scratchiness in your throat, if you feel like something is choking you,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00022-00007287-00007781 if you feel some kind of unexplainable stuffiness in your throat, like you can't
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00023-00007781-00008184 breathe very well or you feel like your voice is not coming out clearly.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00024-00008184-00008668 If you feel that sound is not coming out clearly from your fifth chakra.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00025-00008671-00008968 So if you experience any of these things, hopefully this ten minute
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00026-00008968-00009349 routine will help you open up some blocked energy and your fifth chakra
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00027-00009349-00009666 so that you can get energy flowing well there again.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00028-00009666-00010076 As we've been going along in this chakra series, we've been telling you the colors
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00029-00010076-00010260 of the different chakra points.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00030-00010260-00010413 In Brain Education
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00031-00010413-00010754 the colors are slightly different from what you're traditionally used to.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00032-00010777-00011431 So we say in our practice that the fifth chakra is a green color like this.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00033-00011621-00011928 So because of the fifth chakra is associated with your throat,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00034-00011955-00012265 we're going to be using our voice and breath a lot.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00035-00012288-00012699 So feel free to either lie down or stand up or sit down.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00036-00012716-00013166 If you can't sit down like this in half lotus posture, any other posture is OK
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00037-00013166-00013503 because the breath and the voice are what's going to be important.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00038-00013530-00013670 But for the purpose of this video,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00039-00013670-00013940 I'm going to show you sitting down in half lotus. All right.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00040-00013967-00014330 So sit straight with your spine,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00041-00014330-00014567 nice and stacked on top of each other.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00042-00014667-00015018 Close your eyes focus on the top of your head.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00043-00015035-00015402 Before we start, let's receive energy down our our chakra line.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00044-00015402-00015562 Focus on the top of your head.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00045-00015562-00015792 Imagine that from the sun
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00046-00015805-00016222 a pillar of light enters your body through the top of your head
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00047-00016259-00016796 and trickles down the center of your body until it reaches
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00048-00016893-00017127 the base of your spine.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00049-00017237-00017394 As you feel this energy coming
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00050-00017394-00017630 in, take a deep breath in through your nose
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00051-00017814-00018204 exhaling out through your mouth.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00052-00018485-00018708 Again, breathe in
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00053-00018708-00019012 and with a soft sigh exhale
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00054-00019012-00019299 out from your throat.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00055-00019719-00020056 One more time breathe in
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00056-00020106-00020660 and exhale out from your throat.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00057-00021167-00021374 Now open your eyes
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00058-00021374-00021718 with your fingertips and your wrists nice and relaxed
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00059-00021741-00022152 tap the dip in between your collarbone with your fingertips like this.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00060-00022295-00022615 So rather than tapping your collarbone, tap the space
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00061-00022615-00022842 in between your collarbone.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00062-00023016-00023046 Good.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00063-00023046-00023313 As you tap here, keep your jaw relaxed.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00064-00023503-00023877 Kind of like when you take a nap, you're sleeping with your jaw relaxed like that.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00065-00023927-00024080 So keep your jaw nice and relaxed.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00066-00024080-00024464 Breathe out through your mouth.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00067-00024831-00025055 Let's tap here for one minute.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00068-00025325-00025422 So first,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00069-00025422-00025799 try to breathe with kind of like a very throaty
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00070-00025799-00025912 breath, like
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00071-00026132-00026346 "HAAAAA" Like that from your throat.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00072-00026579-00026623 As if
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00073-00026623-00027050 with your throat, with your breath, you are pushing out stagnant energy
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00074-00027050-00027163 from your throat.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00075-00028395-00028458 As you do this.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00076-00028458-00028715 If you cough in the process, that's a great sign.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00077-00028985-00029169 If you don't cough that's still OK too.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00078-00029169-00029362 30 more seconds.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00079-00030276-00031674 Now two more
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00080-00031674-00031771 breaths.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00081-00032649-00032819 And stop.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00082-00032819-00033113 Sweep your neck down.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00083-00033113-00033506 Bring your hands to your knees and now let's do neck rotations.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00084-00033510-00033593 First,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00085-00033670-00033947 tuck your chin in towards your chest, feel the stretch
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00086-00033947-00034180 on the back of your neck.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00087-00034367-00034467 Gentle breathing.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00088-00034467-00034661 "Hoo..."
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00089-00034831-00034954 And now chin up.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00090-00034954-00035315 Touch gently touch your teeth together, chin up,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00091-00035388-00035742 feel the stretch on the front side of your throat.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00092-00035742-00036102 Return. Now
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00093-00036396-00036693 to the left side.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00094-00037147-00037370 Exhale out any tension you feel.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00095-00037370-00037614 "Hoo..."
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00096-00037964-00038041 Return.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00097-00038041-00038294 Now the right side.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00098-00038568-00038822 "Hoo..."
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00099-00038962-00039162 Now from here, make big circles.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00100-00039162-00039332 So you don't have to go fast.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00101-00039332-00039652 Just make sure you can really feel the full rotation of your neck
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00102-00039652-00039976 muscles, each little muscle, sinew, fiber
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00103-00040040-00040273 stretching as you move.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00104-00040290-00040720 Let's do five on each side. One.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00105-00041201-00041808 Make sure you breathe.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00106-00041808-00042192 Two. Three.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00107-00042192-00042612 Can you feel all of your neck muscles?
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00108-00043233-00043580 Four.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00109-00044304-00044571 And five.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00110-00045191-00045528 And now the other side. One.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00111-00045528-00045715 Big circles.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00112-00045715-00046189 Make sure you feel every muscle in this rotation around your neck,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00113-00046326-00046499 making your muscles
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00114-00046499-00046956 less tight, making them nice and loose will help you open up blockages there.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00115-00046956-00048051 Two. Three.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00116-00048051-00048395 Breathe out through your mouth.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00117-00048815-00049162 Four.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00118-00050073-00050346 Five.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00119-00050517-00050617 Great.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00120-00050617-00050697 Return.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00121-00050697-00051037 Now shake your head gently side to side.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00122-00051037-00051351 Side to side, loosening up your neck.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00123-00051381-00051591 Up and down.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00124-00051815-00052005 OK, return.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00125-00052005-00052382 Sometimes this might be all it takes for you to loosen up
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00126-00052382-00052836 some energy blockages in your fifth chakra because a lot of it has to do
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00127-00052836-00053053 with the tension that I'm holding in my neck.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00128-00053053-00053440 Because if your muscles here are tight, then it affects the energy flow in your
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00129-00053440-00053613 fifth chakra too. OK, all right.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00130-00053613-00053827 We're going to go back to tapping with our fingers.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00131-00053867-00054230 Now tap here and now this time, instead of just a breath,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00132-00054230-00054647 I want you to make a sound from your throat, OK?
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00133-00054664-00054801 Don't try to make a sound.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00134-00054801-00055158 Just open your mouth and let sound naturally come out like this.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00135-00055205-00055959 "Ahhhhh...." Like that.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00136-00055965-00055999 All right.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00137-00055999-00056389 OK, so this time, point your chin up a little bit to give your throat
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00138-00056389-00056559 a little bit more room..
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00139-00056559-00056956 Tap the same place and now make an "Ah" sound from your throat.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00140-00057013-00057557 Ahhhhhh,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00141-00057557-00058098 Ahhhh,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00142-00058098-00058641 Ahhhhhh.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00143-00058641-00059135 Ten, nine, eight, seven, six,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00144-00059179-00059736 five, four, three, two, one.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00145-00059736-00059906 And stop.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00146-00059906-00060036 OK, great job.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00147-00060036-00060393 Now bring your palms close together.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00148-00060510-00060827 And if you're energetically sensitive, you can probably feel
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00149-00060827-00061144 some tingling sensation in your fingers now from all the tapping.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00150-00061531-00061758 Maybe some of you might feel some heat.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00151-00061828-00062112 Maybe some of you might feel some magnetic sensation.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00152-00062158-00062482 If you're not able to feel anything, please tap your fingertips.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00153-00062722-00063046 Tap your fingertips for 30 seconds
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00154-00063046-00063366 and then stop and feel the space between your palms.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00155-00063450-00063743 For those of you who can already feel the energy in between
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00156-00063743-00064140 your palms, move your palms in a circle
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00157-00064367-00064641 and create an energy ball in your palms.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00158-00064801-00064961 We're going to create a ball of energy
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00159-00064961-00065201 and then insert it into our throat chakra.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00160-00065425-00065625 So this requires concentration.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00161-00065625-00066022 Please focus on the energy sense between your hands more than me.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00162-00066022-00066449 Just listen to my vocal guidance and focus your attention in between your palms.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00163-00066689-00066933 You can close your eyes if it helps you focus.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00164-00066933-00067320 Create an energy ball in between your palms
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00165-00067320-00067580 that we will place into our fifth chakra.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00166-00068024-00068168 Let your hands feel
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00167-00068168-00068625 the outline of the energy ball as you focus your attention there.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00168-00068625-00068958 More and more you will feel the energy growing and something
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00169-00068958-00069212 forming in between your palms.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00170-00069342-00069686 Focus on your palms
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00171-00069896-00070046 and like a snowball
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00172-00070046-00070497 as you gather your focus in your palms, the energy
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00173-00070497-00070717 in your palms also grows.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00174-00071284-00071468 If you can't feel it, that's OK.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00175-00071468-00071718 Just concentrate as much as you can.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00176-00071718-00072118 And even if it's a small energy ball, create
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00177-00072118-00072395 something that you can feel right now.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00178-00072832-00073209 Let's do a few more seconds to create the energy ball
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00179-00073209-00073573 and then we will place it into our fifth chakra for energy healing
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00180-00073797-00073920 OK. All right.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00181-00073920-00074214 So now bring your palms out like this.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00182-00074214-00074838 Imagine you're holding a green ball of energy in between your palms.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00183-00074854-00075268 And at the count of three, I want you to bring your palms to your throat
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00184-00075305-00075712 and imagine you are placing this energy ball into your throat.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00185-00075765-00075895 Are you ready?
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00186-00075915-00076316 Slowly lift it up in front of your throat.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00187-00076563-00077056 One, two, three.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00188-00077157-00077617 Imagine the green ball of energy in your throat
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00189-00077667-00077924 and now gently move your hands
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00190-00077924-00078234 around in a circle
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00191-00078505-00078728 as if energetically you are
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00192-00078832-00079252 moving all the blockage, sweeping down all the debris
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00193-00079252-00079542 all the blockage from your fifth chakra
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00194-00079746-00079946 whatever is blocking you,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00195-00079946-00080410 whatever you're holding back, whatever you're suppressing in your throat
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00196-00080487-00080834 with the energy of your palms, sweep it all away.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00197-00081081-00081104 And you
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00198-00081104-00081404 can also sweep it down to your chest.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00199-00081444-00081811 And down and out.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00200-00082645-00082862 OK, stop.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00201-00082862-00083196 Now place your palms touching your fifth
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00202-00083196-00083496 chakra, stacking your palms on top of each other.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00203-00083536-00083913 Send energy, warm energy into your throat.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00204-00084057-00084324 Imagine from your palms, warm
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00205-00084324-00084557 energy, heat, loving energy
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00206-00084644-00084951 is coming out and going into your throat.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00207-00085034-00085275 Making your throat warm,
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00208-00085275-00085528 making your throat open
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00209-00085528-00085882 and making your throat healthy.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00210-00086019-00086206 Great job.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00211-00086239-00086523 Take a deep breath and lower your hands to your knees.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00212-00086523-00086639 Breathe in
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00213-00086783-00086963 and a sigh out.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00214-00086963-00087283 "Haaaa..."
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00215-00087470-00087674 Again breathe in.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00216-00087737-00087941 Sigh out from your throat.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00217-00087951-00088324 "Haaaaaa..."
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00218-00088431-00088505 One more time.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00219-00088505-00088745 Open your eyes.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00220-00088768-00089072 Sigh out.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00221-00089302-00089439 How do you feel?
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00222-00089439-00089719 Do you feel that something in your throat is a little bit more open?
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00223-00089752-00090190 Maybe try saying "Ah, ah, ah" out loud and see if your voice comes out
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00224-00090190-00090497 more clear, more defined, and more confident.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00225-00090527-00090887 If you feel that you need to open your fifth chakra a little bit more feel free
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00226-00090887-00091297 to rewatch this video and go through the ten minute routine again at any time.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00227-00091354-00091468 You did a great job.
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00228-00091468-00091835 To experience a full one hour Brain Education based class
+_iNpZG-G9vc-00229-00091835-00092228 please visit a local Body & Brain yoga studio near you.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00000-00001530-00002046 Sri Lanka may be a small island in the Indian Ocean but that’s the only thing small about
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00001-00002046-00002146 it.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00002-00002146-00002673 The country, formerly known as Ceylon, boasts an ancient civilization, golden sandy beaches
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00003-00002673-00003114 with their swaying coconut palms, mountains, and tea plantations.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00004-00003114-00003600 While visiting the island, you’ll see colonial architecture from the days when the Portuguese,
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00005-00003600-00003817 Dutch and English ruled.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00006-00003817-00004348 You’ll also see lots of elephants, some of which participate in local festivals and,
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00007-00004348-00004689 if you’re lucky, perhaps a leopard or two at a wildlife sanctuary.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00008-00004689-00005010 Here’s a look at the best places to visit in Sri Lanka:
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00009-00006512-00006640 Number 10.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00010-00006640-00006740 Hikkaduwa
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00011-00006740-00007279 The small, seaside city of Hikkaduwa is north of Galle, along the southwest coast of Sri
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00012-00007279-00007393 Lanka.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00013-00007393-00007839 Well-trodden by tourists who are looking for a slice of sand and a chilled-out time, the
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00014-00007839-00008377 town is packed full of cheap guesthouses, tourist shops, and many cafes and restaurants.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00015-00008377-00008764 It may have lost a little of its beauty since the tourists started arriving here in the
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00016-00008764-00009400 1970’s, but if you want to spend a few days near the sea, this might be the spot for you.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00017-00014804-00014947 Number 9.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00018-00014947-00015051 Ella.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00019-00015051-00015598 Located in a beautiful setting with forest-covered hills, sweeping valleys, and picturesque tea
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00020-00015598-00015963 plantations, Ella is a lovely place to spend time.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00021-00015963-00016493 The journey by rail to Ella from Kandy is an iconic one and will take you chugging along
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00022-00016493-00016887 in a colorful carriage up through the lush, verdant hills.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00023-00016887-00017381 Ella itself may be small, but if you enjoy hiking or just relaxing in the peace and quiet
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00024-00017381-00017731 of nature, it’s definitely well worth your time.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00025-00017731-00018234 Make sure to hike to some of the nearby waterfalls and temples, as well as to the top of Ella
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00026-00018234-00018470 Rock for incredible views.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00027-00022478-00022617 Number 8.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00028-00022617-00022720 Anuradhapura.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00029-00022720-00023201 Anuradhapura is an ancient sacred city that was established around a cutting from Buddha’s
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00030-00023201-00023305 fig tree.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00031-00023305-00023848 Dating back to the third century BC, Anuradhapura was established by the founder of an order
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00032-00023848-00024003 of Buddhist nuns.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00033-00024003-00024626 This magnificent city of palaces, temples and monuments flourished for 1,300 years but
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00034-00024626-00025021 was abandoned after it was invaded in the late 10th century.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00035-00025021-00025523 Much like Peru’s Machu Picchu, locals were aware of it but not many others until it was
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00036-00025523-00025895 “discovered” by Europeans many centuries later.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00037-00025895-00026460 These fantastic ruins have since been excavated and are accessible for the public to enjoy.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00038-00026664-00026777 Number 7.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00039-00026777-00026877 Colombo
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00040-00026877-00027358 Colombo has been the commercial capital of Sri Lanka for more than 2,000 years when its
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00041-00027358-00027813 large natural harbor made it popular with ancient trades from Italy to China.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00042-00027813-00028244 It’s often referred to as the country’s capital, though the legislative capital is
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00043-00028244-00028464 located in a nearby city.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00044-00028464-00029087 Ruled over by first Portuguese and then British colonists, Colombo is a popular tourist destination.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00045-00029087-00029663 The city seamlessly mixes modern malls and skyscrapers with beautiful colonial buildings.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00046-00029663-00030127 A range of architectural styles can be found in the city, with the Murugan Hindu temple
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00047-00030127-00030350 being one of the best.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00048-00033050-00033165 Number 6.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00049-00033165-00033324 Yala National Park.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00050-00033324-00033878 Yala National Park is a wildlife sanctuary about 150 miles from Colombo.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00051-00033878-00034388 It has the highest density of leopards in the world, so chances of seeing them are very
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00052-00034388-00034488 high.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00053-00034488-00034888 Although leopards are the main attraction here, they are followed closely by elephants,
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00054-00034888-00035131 sloth bears and crocodiles.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00055-00035131-00035586 The park is divided into five blocks; some of which were zoned to hunters until Yala
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00056-00035586-00035855 became a national park in 1938.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00057-00035855-00036318 Ensure you make time to visit the very informative visitor center at the entrance of the park
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00058-00036318-00036640 for insightful displays about the area.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00059-00038744-00038872 Number 5.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00060-00038872-00038972 Mirissa
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00061-00038972-00039453 If you’re looking to holiday in a tropical paradise, Mirissa just might be the answer
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00062-00039453-00040051 to your dreams: swaying coconut palms, beautiful golden sand beaches, days spent rocking away
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00063-00040051-00040171 in a hammock.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00064-00040171-00040397 It doesn’t get much better than this.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00065-00040397-00040859 This crescent-shaped piece of paradise is famous for having the most stunning sunsets
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00066-00040859-00041077 and sunrises in Sri Lanka.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00067-00041077-00041594 There are no luxury resorts to mar the landscape, so it’s just you and the beach during the
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00068-00041594-00041694 day.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00069-00041694-00041826 The pace picks up at night.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00070-00041826-00042294 Mirissa is the largest fishing port on the south coast and is a good place to go dolphin
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00071-00042294-00042450 and whale watching.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00072-00046550-00046668 Number 4.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00073-00046668-00046793 Polonnaruwa
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00074-00046793-00047349 The second oldest kingdom in Sri Lanka, Polonnaruwa is known for the ruins of this ancient garden
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00075-00047349-00047449 city.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00076-00047449-00047791 The 12th century ruins are some of the best preserved in the country.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00077-00047791-00048288 Polonnaruwa was a place where traders of exotic goods mingled with worshippers in the many
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00078-00048288-00048388 temples.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00079-00048388-00048865 Start your tour at the Archaeological Museum, then proceed to the massive Royal Palace with
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00080-00048865-00049108 its well-preserved audience hall.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00081-00049108-00049620 The stunningly decorated Sacred Quadrangle is another must-see here.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00082-00052420-00052523 Number 3.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00083-00052523-00052623 Kandy.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00084-00052623-00053138 Kandy, the second largest city in Sri Lanka, is the gateway to the Central Highlands and
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00085-00053138-00053529 its tropical plantations that grow both tea and rubber.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00086-00053529-00053936 If you’re driving from Colombo, you’ll pass by rubber plantations on a road that
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00087-00053936-00054241 is considered one of the country’s most scenic.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00088-00054241-00054766 The last capital of the ancient kingdoms, Kandy is home to the Temple of the Tooth Relic,
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00089-00054766-00055034 one of the most sacred Buddhist temples in the world.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00090-00055034-00055499 A major, colorful festival involves taking the tooth relic around the city.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00091-00055499-00055963 Movie buffs may be interested to know Kandy was a chief location in Indiana Jones and
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00092-00055963-00056150 the Temple of Doom.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00093-00061651-00061774 Number 2.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00094-00061774-00061874 Galle.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00095-00061874-00062412 Galle’s most famous attraction is its 17th century fort built by Dutch colonists.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00096-00062412-00062858 Sitting on a promontory overlooking the Indian ocean, the fort is known for its architectural
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00097-00062858-00062958 style.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00098-00062958-00063273 Galle is considered a prime example of a fortified city.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00099-00063273-00063849 The fortress is not just another pretty place, however; today it houses courts and businesses.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00100-00063849-00064289 Galle is becoming known as an arts colony and its expat community.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00101-00064289-00064767 Other top sights include a natural harbor, Sri Lanka’s oldest lighthouse, a maritime
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00102-00064767-00065279 museum, a key Shiva temple and the Jesuit built St. Mary’s Cathedral.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00103-00070688-00070850 Number 1.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00104-00070850-00070950 Sigiriya.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00105-00070950-00071519 Wannabe archaeologists need to put Sigiriya on their list of must-see places in Sri Lanka.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00106-00071519-00072145 This ancient city is built on a steep slope, topped by a plateau almost 600 feet high.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00107-00072145-00072607 This plateau is known as Lion’s Rock as it oversees the jungles below.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00108-00072607-00073142 The ancient rock fortress dates back to the third century BC when it was a monastery.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00109-00073142-00073480 It was later turned into a royal residence.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00110-00073480-00073948 Access to the site is through staircases and rooms emanating from the lion’s mouth.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00111-00073948-00074326 You’ll also see ponds, gardens and fountains.
+_iQS7NhVHfA-00112-00074326-00074571 Locals consider the site the eighth wonder of the world.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00000-00000540-00001520 The passage that we chanted just now, the Dhamma-niyama Sutta, is usually chanted on
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00001-00001520-00002300 occasions related  to a death.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00002-00002300-00003211 It’s interesting that the really serious suttas, like this one, and the passages from
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00003-00003211-00004159 the Abhidhamma, dependent co-arising, the fire sermon, the not-self sermon are chanted
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00004-00004159-00004447 on occasions related to death.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00005-00004447-00004927 When you have a house warming or something that’s supposed to be auspicious there are
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00006-00004927-00005214 a lot of chants about happiness and blessings.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00007-00005214-00005515 Then when death comes, you have to get serious.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00008-00005515-00006362 Of course, if you only get serious when a death happens, it’s usually too late.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00009-00006362-00006851 So it’s good to be prepared, good to think about it.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00010-00006851-00007468 The Buddha has you reflect every day that you’re subject to aging, illness, and death.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00011-00007468-00007723 These things are normal.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00012-00007723-00008053 Not just you, everybody.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00013-00008053-00008228 And some days you have more reason to reflect.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00014-00008228-00008943 We had two funeral chants this afternoon, one we had known was going to happen, another
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00015-00008943-00009243 one that just came up out of nowhere.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00016-00009243-00010045 On the way back from the trip outside, we went past an accident and the car was really
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00017-00010045-00010145 badly mangled.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00018-00010145-00010354 I’d be surprised if the driver survived.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00019-00010354-00011172 And what, they say 250,000 people die every day?
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00020-00011172-00011781 So there’s plenty of occasion to think about death.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00021-00011781-00012519 And yet we tend to avoid it—because for most people they have no idea of what to do.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00022-00012519-00012813 Death is one of those big mysteries and what can you do?
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00023-00012813-00012913 You die.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00024-00012913-00013013 You just die.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00025-00013013-00013316 That’s the way a lot of people think about it.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00026-00013316-00013748 But the Buddha went out of his way to talk about death and rebirth.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00027-00013748-00014169 Death is not the end.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00028-00014169-00014559 Some people think that he picked up the teaching on rebirth from his culture and hadn’t really
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00029-00014559-00014659 thought it through.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00030-00014659-00015068 They wonder why it might be relevant to the four noble truths and the end of suffering,
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00031-00015068-00015463 and so they put it aside as something they can safely ignore.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00032-00015463-00015615 But it’s actually extremely relevant.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00033-00015615-00015896 For one thing, rebirth wasn’t universally accepted in the Buddha’s time.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00034-00015896-00016071 It was a hot issue.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00035-00016071-00016395 Some people thought that there was rebirth, other people thought there was no rebirth.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00036-00016395-00016841 And the way the question was approached centered on the issue of what a person is, such that
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00037-00016841-00016956 a person could or couldn’t be reborn.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00038-00016956-00017373 If you identify a person with something that could be annihilated, then rebirth was impossible.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00039-00017373-00017723 And even among the people who believed in rebirth, some said that there was no connection
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00040-00017723-00018184 with your karma at all, that rebirth just happened to follow some fate that was determined
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00041-00018184-00018548 by somebody else or something else.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00042-00018548-00018943 But the Buddha’s take was very different.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00043-00018943-00019387 For one thing, he never talked about what it was that took rebirth.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00044-00019387-00019592 For him, rebirth was an action.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00045-00019592-00019835 It was something you did.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00046-00019835-00020215 And most of us do it very unskillfully.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00047-00020215-00021354 As he said, birth, rebirth, is one of the prime instances of suffering.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00048-00021354-00021740 And because he taught the end of suffering, an important part of his teaching had to deal
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00049-00021740-00022112 with putting an end to rebirth.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00050-00022112-00022529 And because it is an action, it’s something that at the very least you should learn to
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00051-00022529-00022629 do skillfully.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00052-00022629-00022865 How do you develop the skill?
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00053-00022865-00023779 Fortunately it’s the same skill we’re doing right now meditating.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00054-00023779-00024080 Rebirth is done through craving and clinging.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00055-00024080-00024773 The Buddha’s image is of a fire that spreads from one house to another.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00056-00024773-00025148 And what’s the bridge between the houses?
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00057-00025148-00025394 It’s the wind.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00058-00025394-00025814 The fire clings to the wind, which sustains it and allows it to go to the next house.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00059-00025814-00026966 And so in the same way, clinging is sustained by craving as it goes to the next life.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00060-00026966-00027286 Of course, craving doesn’t appear in the mind only at the moment of death.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00061-00027286-00027422 Craving is appearing all the time.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00062-00027422-00027994 It’s causing us to suffer to a greater or lesser extent all the time.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00063-00027994-00028368 So fortunately it’s something we can deal with right here, right now.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00064-00028368-00028986 At the very least, you want to direct your desires in a skillful direction.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00065-00028986-00029706 This is why the Buddha has us employ desire to get the mind to settle down.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00066-00029706-00030337 That’s a skillful desire.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00067-00030337-00030568 The desire to find awakening is a skillful desire.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00068-00030568-00031266 The Buddha encourages these things, because the desire for awakening is the only thing
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00069-00031266-00031833 that’s going to lead to the actual awakening and the actual end of desire.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00070-00031833-00032595 There’s that image of the desire that takes you to a park.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00071-00032595-00032880 You hear that there’s a park and you want to go see it.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00072-00032880-00032980 You walk there.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00073-00032980-00033291 And when you get to the park, the desire is gone, because you’re there.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00074-00033291-00033516 You don’t need the desire any more.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00075-00033516-00033702 It’s the same way with the path.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00076-00033702-00034153 Even though the path aims at putting an end to desire, it has to use desire to get to
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00077-00034153-00034253 the goal.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00078-00034253-00034534 Once you’re there, the desire is no longer needed.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00079-00034534-00035080 So we learn how to deal with our desires and our cravings and our clingings in a skillful
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00080-00035080-00035180 way.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00081-00035180-00035937 That way, at the very least, we can manage this action of rebirth in a skillful manner,
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00082-00035937-00036333 noticing which desires are skillful and which ones are not, and learning how to let go of
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00083-00036333-00036630 the unskillful ones no matter how attractive they may be.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00084-00036630-00037731 Ajahn Suwat used to speak very frequently about how your likes are what cause suffering.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00085-00037731-00038093 Yet for most of us, that’s how we define ourselves.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00086-00038093-00038534 And that’s exactly how the Buddha says we define ourselves: by our attachments, by our
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00087-00038534-00038825 clingings and our cravings.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00088-00038825-00039581 Not only psychologically right now, but that’s how we’ll define the new identity we assume
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00089-00039581-00040112 after death, at rebirth.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00090-00040112-00040591 So because this act of self-definition is an action—and that’s how the Buddha primarily
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00091-00040591-00040966 looked at it, as an action—you want to learn how to do it skillfully.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00092-00040966-00041332 You can learn how to master it as you go through the day.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00093-00041332-00041828 If any unskillful clingings and cravings come up, you’ve got to learn how to let them
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00094-00041828-00042486 go—while you’re healthy, while you’re alert, while things are going well in the
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00095-00042486-00042586 body.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00096-00042586-00043090 Because it’s not going to be easy when things start misbehaving in the body.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00097-00043090-00043488 The liver stops functioning, or maybe your heart stops functioning, or something stops
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00098-00043488-00043588 functioning.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00099-00043588-00044225 There’s going to be pain, there’s going to be a huge sense of frustration when you
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00100-00044225-00044524 can’t do the things you used to do any more.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00101-00044524-00045243 If your mind isn’t under control, your cravings and clingings just go wild.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00102-00045243-00046046 So you’ve got to learn how to gain some control over them.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00103-00046046-00046733 This is another reason why the Buddha taught rebirth: as one of our motivations for practicing
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00104-00046733-00047036 and for being really strict with ourselves as we practice.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00105-00047036-00047574 After all, some cravings and clingings in the mind appear at first glance to be no problem
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00106-00047574-00047674 at all.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00107-00047674-00047959 They don’t seem to be affecting anybody else.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00108-00047959-00048766 We’re okay with them.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00109-00048766-00049088 But if you think about the fact that these are the things that are creating not only
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00110-00049088-00049571 your identity, but the world into which you’re going to be reborn, you realize that they’re
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00111-00049571-00049671 dangerous.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00112-00049671-00050228 It’s like tuning in to a particular radio station: Whatever’s on that frequency will
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00113-00050228-00050512 go to that frequency.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00114-00050512-00051003 Is this the kind of world you want to create?
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00115-00051003-00051379 Because our actions do have long-term consequences.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00116-00051379-00051849 This is another reason why the Buddha taught rebirth, because you’ve got to take these
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00117-00051849-00052297 possibilities into consideration when you chose to act.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00118-00052297-00052661 Every time we act it’s a gamble, a wager.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00119-00052661-00053003 We have choices as to what to do.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00120-00053003-00053366 Some of them are easy and pleasant, and others are more difficult.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00121-00053366-00053727 The question is, are the more difficult ones worth it?
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00122-00053727-00054012 What are the long-term consequences?
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00123-00054012-00054129 And how long is long term?
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00124-00054129-00054495 How far out does that go?
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00125-00054495-00054932 For a lot of people, the attitude is that as long as I can get to death, ok, that’s
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00126-00054932-00055032 it.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00127-00055032-00055194 What happens after that will just take care of itself.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00128-00055194-00055396 Actually, death doesn’t just take care of itself.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00129-00055396-00055916 We’re designing what will happen after death right now.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00130-00055916-00056148 This is part of the calculation you have to make.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00131-00056148-00056275 It is a wager.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00132-00056275-00056792 Until you’ve gained awakening there’s going to be an uncertainty.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00133-00056792-00057076 But the Buddha said it’s a wise wager to take.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00134-00057076-00058104 Because, as he noted, you can’t see all the results of actions here in this lifetime.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00135-00058104-00058516 Some people say, “Everything I’ve seen in life is enough to convince me that karma
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00136-00058516-00058616 works.”
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00137-00058616-00058716 Well, no, it’s not.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00138-00058716-00059417 You look at some people and they do all kinds of horrible unskillful things, yet they’re
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00139-00059417-00059727 still alive.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00140-00059727-00060037 They thrive.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00141-00060037-00060585 The Buddha has a long list of people who thrive because they kill, or steal, or have illicit
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00142-00060585-00060899 sex, or they lie, or they take intoxicants.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00143-00060899-00061482 They do it with the right people and they do it in the right way, so they actually get
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00144-00061482-00061904 rewarded by society one way or another.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00145-00061904-00062490 But as the Buddha said, those are only the short-term consequences.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00146-00062490-00063048 You’ve got to take the long-term consequences into consideration as well.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00147-00063048-00063852 You hear about people who take these classes where they say, “Suppose you have only one
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00148-00063852-00064264 year left to live, how would you live that final year?”
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00149-00064264-00064760 It would be good to have a class that says, “Suppose you really do get reborn?
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00150-00064760-00065335 How would you live your life differently given that assumption?”
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00151-00065335-00066295 That would be good practice, because as the Buddha said, all the enlightened ones of the
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00152-00066295-00066614 past, all the enlightened ones in the future, all the enlightened ones in the present all
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00153-00066614-00067196 confirm that, yes, rebirth is a fact.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00154-00067196-00067546 This has nothing to do with the culture of India or the culture of America or Europe
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00155-00067546-00068012 or whatever.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00156-00068012-00068747 For those of us who are not yet fully enlightened or even partly enlightened, it’s a question
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00157-00068747-00068847 mark.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00158-00068847-00069028 Can we trust them?
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00159-00069028-00069315 And the Buddha said it’s a good wager.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00160-00069315-00070009 You can’t just say, I don’t know, and leave it at that.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00161-00070009-00070483 It’s like going to a financial advisor and asking, “Where should I invest my money?
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00162-00070483-00070594 What’s going to happen with the market?”
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00163-00070594-00070986 If the financial advisor says, “I don’t know; nobody knows,” you go find another
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00164-00070986-00071266 financial advisor.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00165-00071266-00072019 Of course nobody knows in the financial world, but they have ways of interpreting how things
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00166-00072019-00072119 are going.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00167-00072119-00072825 You want to find someone who’s got a good track record.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00168-00072825-00072982 Because whatever you do with your money, it’s a wager.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00169-00072982-00073344 If you decided not to invest it, that’s a wager too: that you’ll be better off by
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00170-00073344-00073563 not investing it.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00171-00073563-00073987 And it’s the same way with out actions.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00172-00073987-00074195 You can’t just say, “Well, I don’t know whether there’s rebirth or not so I’ll
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00173-00074195-00075879 just leave it at that,” because your decision to act or not to act is a wager.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00174-00075879-00076236 When you reach stream entry, that’s when you’ll know for sure that the Buddha is
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00175-00076236-00076336 right.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00176-00076336-00076814 There is a deathless and the activities that have kept you from reaching that deathless
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00177-00076814-00077420 have been going on for a long time, not just this one lifetime.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00178-00077420-00078591 These are some of the reasons why the Buddha saw that it was important, it was very relevant
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00179-00078591-00079264 to  the practice, that we take rebirth into our
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00180-00079264-00079464 calculations every time we act.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00181-00079464-00080097 And that we make it our motivation so that we really do practice sincerely and with real
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00182-00080097-00080436 determination.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00183-00080436-00081364 Be very precise about what’s going on in the mind, because it is an action.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00184-00081364-00081775 It’s something the mind does, and tends to do very unskillfully, which is why it’s
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00185-00081775-00081989 one of the prime instances of suffering.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00186-00081989-00082407 But through the path, at the very least we can learn how to take rebirth skillfully.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00187-00082407-00082808 If we’re really skillful, we won’t have to do it anymore.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00188-00082808-00083213 So it’s not just some idea that was tacked on to the Dhamma because the Buddha wasn’t
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00189-00083213-00083330 thinking properly.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00190-00083330-00083945 There were so many issues in India at the time—lots of people had lots of different
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00191-00083945-00084603 ideas—and as we know from other issues, the Buddha was very particular about which
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00192-00084603-00084843 issues he would address and which ones he wouldn’t.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00193-00084843-00085261 There were a lot of hot issues in India in his time that he didn’t answer at all, didn’t
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00194-00085261-00085361 take a stand on at all.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00195-00085361-00085772 But this one he chose to take a stand on, in his own way.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00196-00085772-00086098 Because after all, he was teaching the end of suffering.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00197-00086098-00086198 He was teaching an action.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00198-00086198-00087204 All of his teachings are guides to action: What do we do so that we don’t have to suffer?
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00199-00087204-00087909 Even some of his more abstract teachings, like not-self, are teachings about action.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00200-00087909-00088273 Selfing is something you do: You create a sense of self.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00201-00088273-00088560 In what ways is it skillful and what ways is it just not?
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00202-00088560-00088795 When is it useful to have a sense of self?
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00203-00088795-00089293 And when is it useful to put it away, put it aside?
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00204-00089293-00090147 The same with rebirth: How can we train the mind so that we don’t have to suffer from
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00205-00090147-00090610 rebirth?—so at the very least we can handle the action of rebirth skillfully.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00206-00090610-00091757 Or even better, really skillfully, so that there’s no more birth and no more suffering.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00207-00091757-00092355 The Canon records the realizations that go through the mind of an arahant at the moment
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00208-00092355-00092455 of release.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00209-00092455-00092789 The first thing that you realize after your realization of release is that this is the
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00210-00092789-00092889 end of birth.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00211-00092889-00093102 There’s no more birth.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00212-00093102-00093460 That’s the first thing.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00213-00093460-00094450 So it’s very relevant to our practice to take it into consideration.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00214-00094450-00095602 As the Buddha said, the odds of coming back with a good rebirth are pretty slim.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00215-00095602-00096127 But if we master the skills of meditation, we don’t have to worry about those odds.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00216-00096127-00096605 We’ve got to the point where we don’t have to wager.
+_jEtm5A5HX4-00217-00096605-00096812 So always keep that in mind.
+_n-CVXLATWE-00000-00000751-00001415 Hi, I am Adebola Fabiku and I am the Interim Co-director of Access Services as well as the
+_n-CVXLATWE-00001-00001467-00002024 Head of Interlibrary Loan and Document Delivery Services at the University of Washington in Seattle.
+_n-CVXLATWE-00002-00002209-00002667 I have been in ILL for about 10 years now.
+_n-CVXLATWE-00003-00002700-00003332 I got into ILL by accident, like most people, when I was in library school.
+_n-CVXLATWE-00004-00003332-00004022 I would apply for positions and they would always place me in interlibrary loan instead of the position
+_n-CVXLATWE-00005-00004022-00004536 I applied for, and so it just seemed like it was kismet that I was supposed to be in ILL.
+_n-CVXLATWE-00006-00004536-00004928 And I'm really grateful for it because I love this field.
+_n-CVXLATWE-00007-00005052-00005636 What I wish I knew: I really wish I knew how central interlibrary loan was to the research process
+_n-CVXLATWE-00008-00005712-00006292 and that most people actually don't know what interlibrary loan is and how it works.
+_n-CVXLATWE-00009-00006292-00006766 Maybe if they knew what it was and how it worked, they would place better requests
+_n-CVXLATWE-00010-00006936-00007420 Go to the RUSA STARS website to read my full interview and see upcoming events.
+_n-CVXLATWE-00011-00007420-00007762 Thank you all for listening and have a great day!
+AodvBM-Anw0-00000-00000338-00001441 yes you can monetize this without buying. it's free for profit. 
+AodvBM-Anw0-00001-00002145-00003549 you can make profit up to 250,000 paid streams and 5000 sold units.
+AodvBM-Anw0-00002-00005024-00006409 once you hit the limits you will need to purchase a leasing or exclusive. it's not expensive thou.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00000-00000200-00000787 Alright, so I've got my faith going up. My condition around my place is good.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00001-00000812-00001351 I believe I have enough bones to do both of the rituals I want to do.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00002-00001351-00001759 Yeah. Glory Through Toil, Ritual Fast.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00003-00001800-00002105 Which when I performed these together before
+AofnE_AhxFg-00004-00002105-00002502 resulted in my faith being capped.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00005-00002502-00003445 [cultists cheering]
+AofnE_AhxFg-00006-00003600-00003907 Alright. So I have that reduction in faith there.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00007-00003907-00004200 But I don't think it's supposed to be permanent.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00008-00004241-00004400 Fasting time. [church bell gongs]
+AofnE_AhxFg-00009-00004828-00005642 [cultists wailing and gnashing]
+AofnE_AhxFg-00010-00005800-00006316 Right, so that gets us to just about the join between the actual hands and the wrists there.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00011-00006605-00006805 But the important thing is that I should be able to actually
+AofnE_AhxFg-00012-00007200-00007600 increase my faith back up.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00013-00008298-00008800 So that's... I think that helped a little bit.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00014-00008933-00009260 Oh I'm sorry, I didn't mean to interrupt you.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00015-00009260-00009558 [cultist babbling]
+AofnE_AhxFg-00016-00009600-00009840 So you have a big faith bonus there
+AofnE_AhxFg-00017-00009840-00010094 but I'm supposed to have a bonus!
+AofnE_AhxFg-00018-00010094-00010368 from completing a quest, and I don't.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00019-00010379-00010646 It just gets stuck there.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00020-00012000-00013000 I'm also supposed to get a 15 point bonus from this sermon because by folks are Devoted.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00021-00013149-00013832 And then that bumps up like that, and then immediately comes back down.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00022-00014137-00014616 Which is a real pity, because if it didn't do that
+AofnE_AhxFg-00023-00014616-00015113 I would have a much easier time just making sure everything was fixed up
+AofnE_AhxFg-00024-00015172-00015600 and leaving my followers in a decent state
+AofnE_AhxFg-00025-00015600-00015956 to go adventuring for an extended period of time.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00026-00016376-00016519 But apparently I don't get to do that.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00027-00016519-00016643 Also, who's tired?
+AofnE_AhxFg-00028-00017314-00017587 Who's tired? 
+AofnE_AhxFg-00029-00017763-00017965 You see, all my people are upset at me.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00030-00018000-00018275 They're upset at me because,
+AofnE_AhxFg-00031-00018283-00018959 I um, strengthened them with the ability to go for days with neither food nor rest
+AofnE_AhxFg-00032-00018959-00019368 and this apparently is upsetting?
+AofnE_AhxFg-00033-00019368-00019645 Now if this is an intentional feature, then by all means
+AofnE_AhxFg-00034-00019645-00020000 but I don't get the impression that it is, unfortunately.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00035-00020175-00020600 The impression that I've gotten is that this is an unintended bug
+AofnE_AhxFg-00036-00020628-00021031 rather than a cleverly designed
+AofnE_AhxFg-00037-00021039-00021582 interaction which might make sense because I'm like pushing my people too hard.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00038-00021582-00021723 But um.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00039-00021723-00022100 Like, I would expect there to be some indication.
+AofnE_AhxFg-00040-00022186-00022589 I would expect the game to tell me something about it if that was the case.
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00000-00000003-00000536 Good morning, John. Last week I was in Amsterdam and as usual when I go someplace that is not my home, I'm struck
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00001-00000537-00001059 by all of the little differences like all the bikes and the trains and the trams where in my town
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00002-00001059-00001292 almost everybody gets around by car. It's easy to
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00003-00001298-00001462 say that this is a question of circumstance
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00004-00001462-00001618 and of course it is.
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00005-00001618-00002174 In Amsterdam, it's dense the roads are old and narrow and the country is flat and isn't covered in snow
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00006-00002174-00002402 half the year, like it is here in Montana but it's
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00007-00002402-00002526 also a question of choice.
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00008-00002526-00003245 Individuals making decisions in establishing and following norms. In Amsterdam, even if it's faster to take a bus, even if it's raining and gross, people
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00009-00003246-00003914 still bike because that's what you do, and since so many people do ,everything is built for bikes and trams and trains.
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00010-00003914-00004476 While I imagine trying to find parking would be a miserable terrible disaster. I don't actually know though, how these
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00011-00004476-00005150 norms get established. I imagine that they are things that just fit, things that simply make sense to the people
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00012-00005150-00005536 who have come together to make a place. Norms that, make them feel good and
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00013-00005536-00006246 valued and healthy and satisfied. The blending of story into place, into groups that's the thing that I thought a lot
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00014-00006246-00006923 about this year at Vidcon EU because it's also the story of online communities which is what Vidcon ultimately is about. At
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00015-00006923-00007008 Vidcon EU this year
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00016-00007008-00007418 We weren't able to have a fan component for a bunch of reasons that I'll put on the screen right now if you're curious.
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00017-00007434-00007823 But it was still able to be that kind of cultural exploration, we get a chance to ask
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00018-00007823-00008358 where our ideas come from what stories, we are telling to ourselves and to each other and whether they're
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00019-00008358-00008777 good stories. Having the community there I think makes that even better which is why I came
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00020-00008778-00009386 away, from Vidcon EU so excited for Anaheim and Australia later this year. I'm working on what I think are
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00021-00009386-00009968 some pretty, good speeches for those Vidcon's about defining success and some of the strategies that I find really work
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00022-00009968-00010292 when trying to figure out what kind of content is going to get attention
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00023-00010293-00010649 and be successful but, also not be bad for the people watching it. I'm excited about
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00024-00010650-00010850 My panels and also to do an old-school
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00025-00010870-00011336 acoustic set to close out the whole event in Anaheim. I guess being a founder has its
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00026-00011338-00011946 advantages. I'm really proud of Vidcon. Proud of people, who take their stories seriously and who let
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00027-00011946-00012426 Them change and become messy and complex. A couple of weeks ago on our new
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00028-00012431-00012853 Podcast, Delete This, Katherine and i were talking about how, the messiness of stories can
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00029-00012853-00013566 make it hard to love something a hundred percent but, maybe loving something 100 percent isn't right. Maybe it starts with
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00030-00013566-00013810 joy, and ends with joy but joy that
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00031-00013810-00014400 also has care and concern and thought mixed in and if we're not doing it that way, I don't even know
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00032-00014401-00014947 if that's right, which is why I love Vidcon and also why I love my new podcast where Catherine reviews
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00033-00014947-00015294 my twitter feed and if you, want to find out more about those things there's links
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00034-00015294-00015511 and maybe even some coupon codes in the description.
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00035-00015554-00016023 Any opportunity to examine the stories I tell myself is something I want more of in my life.
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00036-00016088-00016383 Taking an hour every week to go through my twitter feed with someone who cares about
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00037-00016384-00016855 me a lot is a great way to do that and so is traveling to a new place and making a bunch of cool
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00038-00016855-00017424 time-lapse videos. And so is getting together to celebrate and contemplate with a bunch of people
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00039-00017425-00017902 who care about, love and are excited about and also worried about a lot of the same things as me
+Aono5ZH1GPA-00040-00017954-00018154 John, I'll see you on Tuesday.
+AotiDRpdYT0-00000-00000484-00000698 INTERVIEWER: With China recently banning Bitcoin
+AotiDRpdYT0-00001-00000698-00000948 We sat down with the inventor of the digital currency
+AotiDRpdYT0-00002-00000948-00001088 Dermot Ward
+AotiDRpdYT0-00003-00001088-00001388 INTERVIEWER: So, you're the inventor of Bitcoin?
+AotiDRpdYT0-00004-00001388-00001582 DERMOT: Yep, that's me!
+AotiDRpdYT0-00005-00001584-00001728 Who would have thought it, huh
+AotiDRpdYT0-00006-00001728-00001916 Me, creating a new currency...
+AotiDRpdYT0-00007-00001916-00002132 Just...wow!
+AotiDRpdYT0-00008-00002132-00002436 These hands, those miracles...
+AotiDRpdYT0-00009-00002524-00002664 [Beeping Noises]
+AotiDRpdYT0-00010-00002688-00002930 INTERVIEWER: How did you come to invent Bitcoin?
+AotiDRpdYT0-00011-00002930-00003140 DERMOT: So I was playing one of my favourite computer games
+AotiDRpdYT0-00012-00003140-00003496 "Jr. Pac-Man" That's the one where's on a little tricycle
+AotiDRpdYT0-00013-00003496-00003700 And as he was running around eating up all those little dots
+AotiDRpdYT0-00014-00003700-00004214 I thought to myself...what about an electronic currency
+AotiDRpdYT0-00015-00004214-00004598 and there was only so much of it that-- that the more "dots" people ate up
+AotiDRpdYT0-00016-00004598-00004890 the more valuable each dot would become
+AotiDRpdYT0-00017-00005056-00005256 I thought it'd be a fun thing for kids to try out
+AotiDRpdYT0-00018-00005256-00005434 You know, babies, the easily entertained
+AotiDRpdYT0-00019-00005434-00005734 Idiots, basically ...but now it's a real currency
+AotiDRpdYT0-00020-00005736-00005840 Mad!
+AotiDRpdYT0-00021-00005840-00006014 INTERVIEWER: Why do you think it's so popular?
+AotiDRpdYT0-00022-00006014-00006392 DERMOT: Jr. Pac-Man? Oh well there's just so many unanswered questions
+AotiDRpdYT0-00023-00006392-00006822 I mean, what are we seeing? Is it Pac-Man's son?
+AotiDRpdYT0-00024-00006822-00007122 Is it-- is it a young Pac-Man on an earlier adventure?
+AotiDRpdYT0-00025-00007122-00007508 A Pac-Boy, if you will? We just don't know!
+AotiDRpdYT0-00026-00007508-00007772 INTERVIEW: No, I meant...Bitcoin? DERMOT: [waves dismissively]
+AotiDRpdYT0-00027-00007778-00008095 Oh, you know, nerds It's a handy way for them to buy Ritalin
+AotiDRpdYT0-00028-00008095-00008346 Or, uh, you know, organise a murder
+AotiDRpdYT0-00029-00008346-00008752 without having to actually talk to another human being or look them in the eye
+AotiDRpdYT0-00030-00008752-00009062 INTERVIEWER: Do you still have any Bitcoin? DERMOT: [snorts]
+AotiDRpdYT0-00031-00009062-00009672 Nah, it's for children, innit? No I'm a man, with a man's needs
+AotiDRpdYT0-00032-00009672-00009872 Pizza Poontang
+AotiDRpdYT0-00033-00009872-00009974 and Pac-Man
+AotiDRpdYT0-00034-00009974-00010158 P P P
+AotiDRpdYT0-00035-00010158-00010514 INTERVIEWER: We only later found out that Dermot was NOT the inventor of Bitcoin
+AotiDRpdYT0-00036-00010514-00010802 but was simply looking for publicity for his new webseries
+AotiDRpdYT0-00037-00010802-00011242 about Ms. Pac-Man buying Viagra off the Dark Web
+AotiDRpdYT0-00038-00011242-00011552 ...which he also says he invented.
+A1gGU4Cd1YY-00000-00000524-00000658 top tiktok
+A1CmLT6Gxfg-00000-00000756-00001120 EVERYTHING BUT NOT MY FOOD
+A4PUq-phN3u-00000-00000000-00000640 Never Be Alone Music Video!
+A4PUq-phN3u-00001-00000640-00000953 Song By: The Fat Rat
+A4PUq-phN3u-00002-00000953-00001130 Suggested By: Violet Sapphireback
+A4PUq-phN3u-00003-00001558-00001744 *Music repeats*
+A4PUq-phN3u-00004-00008240-00011098 WHOO!!!! Hey!!!!!! WHOO!!!!!! X5
+A4PUq-phN3u-00005-00012524-00013124 *Music slows down*
+A4PUq-phN3u-00006-00013956-00014062 You....
+A4PUq-phN3u-00007-00014130-00014484 You're gonna break my heart.
+A4PUq-phN3u-00008-00014497-00014786 You're gonna tear it apart.
+A4PUq-phN3u-00009-00014786-00015113 No matter what you do,
+A4PUq-phN3u-00010-00015113-00015532 I'll still be there for you.
+A4PUq-phN3u-00011-00015532-00015902 And when you call my name,
+A4PUq-phN3u-00012-00015902-00016224 I won't be far away.
+A4PUq-phN3u-00013-00016247-00016626 No matter where you go,
+A4PUq-phN3u-00014-00016626-00016878 you'll never be alone.
+A4PUq-phN3u-00015-00016878-00018090 Be alone, be alone, you will never be alone, be alone, be alone, you will never be alone, be alone, be alone no you'll never be alone.
+A4PUq-phN3u-00016-00018090-00019270 Be alone. You will never be alone, no, you'll never be alone, be alone, be alone, no you'll never be alone, be alone, be alone,
+A4PUq-phN3u-00017-00019270-00019592 you will never be alone, be alone, be alone, you will never be alone!
+A4PUq-phN3u-00018-00019822-00022550 WHOO!!!! Hey!!!!!! WHOO!!!!!! X10
+A4PUq-phN3u-00019-00022550-00023510 You will never be alone, no, you'll never be alone, be alone, be alone, no you'll never be alone, be alone, be alone,
+A4PUq-phN3u-00020-00023520-00024024 You will never be alone, no, you'll never be alone, be alone, be alone, no you'll never be alone, be alone, be alone!
+A4PUq-phN3u-00021-00025584-00025764 You....
+A4PUq-phN3u-00022-00025764-00026086 You're gonna break my heart.
+A4PUq-phN3u-00023-00026086-00026460 You're gonna tear it apart.
+A4PUq-phN3u-00024-00026470-00026739 No matter what you do....
+A4PUq-phN3u-00025-00026739-00027204 I'll still be there for you.....
+A4PUq-phN3u-00026-00027204-00027688 Thanks for watching Rabbits! English Captions by: Annabelle Birchcastle.
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00000-00000000-00000200 Touch!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00001-00000200-00000769 I know you are a grateful person
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00002-00000769-00000986 but please don't leave us
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00003-00000986-00001206 I beg you. I want to be with you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00004-00001206-00001675 I want to pay you everything that I have never done to you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00005-00001675-00002091 We are family
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00006-00002091-00002463 Touch! Can you please care about us?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00007-00002463-00002929 I know it's hard to accept the truth
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00008-00002929-00003731 but we are your biological parents
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00009-00003731-00004191 Please don't leave us!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00010-00004191-00004882 Please don't go!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00011-00004882-00005288 Are you still mad at me?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00012-00005288-00005659 Are you mad at me? You can mad at me
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00013-00005659-00006025 but don't leave me
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00014-00006025-00006554 Please don't leave me
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00015-00006554-00007782 I'm just surprised that you are my parents
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00016-00007782-00008547 If you are surprised and delighted, please don't leave us
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00017-00008547-00009320 SASTRA FILM & BAYON TV
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00018-00009320-00009501 SPONSORED BY
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00019-00009501-00009811 PRESENTS: 
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00020-00009811-00010193 Beautiful Mother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00021-00010193-00010787 Can you please let my mother-in-law stay here?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00022-00010787-00011308 I want you to take care of her like you have two mothers
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00023-00011308-00011698 Touch! You have to take care of them equally
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00024-00011698-00012468 Touch! Touch!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00025-00012468-00013141 You already gave him to me. Touch has only one mother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00026-00013141-00013702 Touch is my mother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00027-00013702-00014004 My mother raise me since I was young. I cannot just leave her
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00028-00014004-00014212 I won't stay with them
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00029-00014212-00014919 No, I won't take you back!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00030-00014919-00015611 I don't want to raise you anymore
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00031-00015611-00016108 I have spent a lot of money on you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00032-00016108-00016535 I don't have money to raise you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00033-00016535-00017066 Raising you isn't easy
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00034-00017066-00017484 I'm tired of taking care of you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00035-00017484-00018237 I spend a lot of money.
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00036-00018237-00018721 You cried a lots, you eat a lot
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00037-00018721-00019068 I don't have money to spend on you anymore
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00038-00019068-00019414 You should stay with that rich family
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00039-00019414-00019765 I don't want to raise you anymore
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00040-00019765-00020221 No, mother! I won't stay with them
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00041-00020221-00020638 I will stay with you, mother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00042-00020638-00021619 But they need you more than I do
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00043-00021619-00021926 Do you hear it?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00044-00021926-00022334 No, I don't believe you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00045-00022334-00022591 Don't say that!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00046-00022591-00023494 I spend a lot of money raising you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00047-00023494-00023900 I don't want to raise you anymore
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00048-00023900-00024230 You are so annoying
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00049-00024230-00024905 You are a stubborn child
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00050-00024905-00025780 You always argue with me and run away from home
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00051-00025780-00026419 You are a stubborn son since you were young
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00052-00026419-00026976 I picked you up from a trash 
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00053-00026976-00027790 You are not my biological son
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00054-00028313-00028872 You can take anyone as your parents
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00055-00031264-00031571 Wait! What did you say again?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00056-00031571-00031945 Is it true that you picked Touch near the trash pile?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00057-00031945-00032473 Right! I took him from that place
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00058-00032473-00033030 Do you feel pity for my son?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00059-00033030-00033492 If you feel pity for him, raise him instead of me
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00060-00034485-00034588 Where do you take my son?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00061-00034588-00034959 My son!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00062-00034959-00035416 Where do you want to take my son to?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00063-00035416-00035939 My baby! 
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00064-00035939-00036642 My baby!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00065-00036642-00037000 My baby! Give him back!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00066-00037000-00037624 What's wrong?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00067-00037624-00038006 She took our baby
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00068-00038006-00038307 Who is she?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00069-00038307-00038622 Take our baby back!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00070-00038622-00039375 My baby! My baby!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00071-00039375-00039829 Baby! Where are you?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00072-00039829-00040306 Where are you?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00073-00040306-00040751 Why can't I find him?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00074-00040751-00041706 Hah! Elephant! Elephant
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00075-00041706-00042306 I will ride an elephant to find my baby
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00076-00042306-00043140 My BABY! My baby!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00077-00043140-00043639 Where are you, son?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00078-00043639-00043985 When will you come back?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00079-00043985-00044643 My baby! My baby!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00080-00045632-00045846 Come out!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00081-00045846-00046300 Come out to play with mummy
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00082-00046300-00046672 Come on out!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00083-00046672-00047038 Elephant! Hurry!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00084-00047038-00047406 I will go to find my baby
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00085-00047406-00047935 What take him so long to come back?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00086-00047935-00048538 He is coming back
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00087-00048538-00048740 Where is my baby? Is he in here?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00088-00048740-00049061 Listen to me, baby!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00089-00049061-00049896 I'm sorry. It's all my fault. If I didn't have an affair with her, she wouldn't take our child away
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00090-00049896-00050403 You should not think about him anymore
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00091-00050403-00050652 If we have fate, we will meet our son one day
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00092-00050652-00051068 Fate?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00093-00051068-00051483 If we have fate, we will meet
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00094-00051483-00051876 No, I have to find my baby
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00095-00051876-00052151 Go get my baby!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00096-00052151-00052711 Beautiful Mother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00097-00060419-00060852 Beautiful Mother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00098-00060852-00061085 My baby! Go find him!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00099-00061085-00061409 Go get my baby back!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00100-00061409-00061774 My baby!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00101-00061774-00062192 Go to fin my baby
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00102-00062192-00062660 Do you know who left him there?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00103-00062660-00063018 Please tell me!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00104-00063018-00063609 It's a man in a motorbike
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00105-00063609-00064390 but I don't know who is his parents?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00106-00064390-00065162 Don't you want to be his father, do you?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00107-00065162-00065600 Take him! 
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00108-00065600-00065993 I won't raise him anymore
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00109-00065993-00066443 I will take Touch
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00110-00066443-00066759 You are my son
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00111-00066759-00067320 I will go back home now
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00112-00067320-00067568 Mother! Mother!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00113-00067568-00068056 I love you, mother. I want to go back with you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00114-00068056-00068347 Please!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00115-00068347-00068796 Please don't leave, mother! Both of you cannot be separate
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00116-00068796-00069255 Please think again! We can solve it together
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00117-00069255-00069530 Please, mother!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00118-00069530-00070482 No, I'm a crazy mother. I'm stupid
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00119-00070482-00071019 You should stay with them
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00120-00071019-00071656 I don't need you anymore
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00121-00071656-00071940 No, mother!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00122-00071940-00072463 I love you, mother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00123-00072463-00072872 Do you say you love me, right?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00124-00072872-00073904 It was before but I don't love you anymore
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00125-00073904-00074259 Don't call me mother again!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00126-00074259-00074588 Mother! I love you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00127-00074588-00075057 Please don't leave me!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00128-00075057-00075351 Please! I beg you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00129-00075351-00075700 Please!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00130-00075700-00076354 Mother! Mother!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00131-00076354-00077132 I told you not to call me mother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00132-00077132-00077699 You are a bad child
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00133-00077699-00077989 I don't need you anymore
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00134-00077989-00078706 I hate you. I hate you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00135-00078706-00079138 Mother! Please don't leave me!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00136-00080174-00080533 Wait! I want to take you to check DNA
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00137-00080533-00080998 I feel that we are somehow related
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00138-00080998-00081654 Mother!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00139-00081654-00082011 Touch!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00140-00084267-00084383 Mother!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00141-00084383-00084741 Mother! Mother!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00142-00084741-00085494 Please don't go anywhere! Please!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00143-00086040-00086307 Why are you following me?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00144-00086307-00086813 I don't need you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00145-00086813-00087100 or Touch anymore
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00146-00087100-00087882 Go to live with the rich family!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00147-00087882-00088520 Don't care about this crazy mother!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00148-00088520-00089234 I'm a burden to you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00149-00089234-00089614 Please don't follow me!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00150-00089614-00090184 Mother! Where do you want to go?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00151-00090184-00090504 I will go with you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00152-00090504-00090877 Calm down, mother! Don't be mad at Touch
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00153-00090877-00091240 He loves me and I love you too
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00154-00091240-00091982 I don't love you guys anymore
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00155-00091982-00093071 I don't love you. Your life will be happy without me
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00156-00093071-00093904 I don't have a son. I only have my cart
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00157-00093904-00094350 that stay with me forever
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00158-00094350-00094939 Stop following me! Let me go!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00159-00094939-00095364 I want to stay alone!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00160-00095364-00095693 No, mother! No!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00161-00095693-00096024 I will hug you tight
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00162-00098800-00099348 Let me go!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00163-00099348-00099921 i want to stay alone
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00164-00099921-00100379 You have to stay with Touch
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00165-00100379-00100876 No, mother! No!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00166-00100876-00101505 Don't call me!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00167-00101505-00102241 I beg you. I beg you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00168-00102241-00102526 No!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00169-00102526-00103007 Beautiful Mother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00170-00110501-00110985 Beautiful Mother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00171-00110985-00111352 I beg you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00172-00111352-00111777 Do you hear me?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00173-00111777-00112053 Mother!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00174-00112053-00112113 Don't follow me!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00175-00112113-00113073 If you still follow me, I will hit you to die
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00176-00113073-00113806 Mother! Mother! No!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00177-00117339-00117605 I will send the DNA result tomorrow
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00178-00117605-00118073 I will contact you when I can get the result
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00179-00118073-00118582 I have to go now
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00180-00119311-00119525 Pov! Why do you act like that?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00181-00119525-00119740 Are you okay? Is mother okay?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00182-00119740-00120268 Touch! Mother leaves us
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00183-00120268-00120618 She doesn't need us
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00184-00120618-00121698 She said from now on, she doesn't have a son and a daughter-in-law anymore
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00185-00121698-00122393 No! Mother needs us
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00186-00122393-00122717 I will go to find her
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00187-00122717-00122772 Don't!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00188-00122772-00123233 She doesn't want us to look for her
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00189-00123233-00123590 She said she want to be alone
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00190-00123590-00123989 Touch! I feel sorry for her
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00191-00123989-00124508 I don't want her to stay alone. How can we change her mind?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00192-00124508-00125114 Although she does not want to meet us right now, er have to find her now
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00193-00125114-00125419 POV! Let's go with me! 
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00194-00125419-00125484 Wait!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00195-00125484-00126155 Leave her be! She might need sometimes alone
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00196-00126155-00126881 Touch! Please take care of my wife first! She hits her head 
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00197-00128475-00129021 I'm Sart. I don't have a son
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00198-00129021-00129652 a husband or a family
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00199-00129652-00130118 I don't have any relatives
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00200-00130118-00131113 I will go back to where I used to be
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00201-00131113-00132017 I'm not anyone's mother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00202-00132721-00133157 I will go back to live with trash
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00203-00133157-00133715 I will go back to live under the bridge
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00204-00134452-00135151 I will not afraid of losing anyone anymore
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00205-00135151-00136049 I will not care of loving anymore
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00206-00136049-00137021 I don't have to care about anyone
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00207-00137021-00137697 I can live with the trash
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00208-00140133-00140344 Do you want to play there?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00209-00140344-00140650 Come with me!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00210-00140650-00141129 I want to swim
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00211-00141129-00141642 No, it's not good
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00212-00141642-00142171 Do you want to ride the elephant
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00213-00142171-00142514 Sit down first!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00214-00143134-00143377 Baby! I will go find mother again
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00215-00143377-00143802 I'm worried about her
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00216-00143802-00144002 I will go with you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00217-00144002-00144153 Where do you want to go? I will go with you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00218-00144153-00144504 You cannot go
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00219-00144504-00144851 Please let me go with you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00220-00144851-00145272 I can go alone
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00221-00145272-00145781 She is leaving
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00222-00145781-00146392 Don't you want to play?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00223-00147292-00147653 She looks better and better
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00224-00147653-00148001 because she has you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00225-00148001-00148621 Do you want to eat sugar
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00226-00148621-00149210 Everyone! The Doctor is coming
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00227-00149210-00149671 Here is the result of DNA test
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00228-00149671-00150415 Congratulation! Both of you are family
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00229-00151627-00152014 Touch! You are my son
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00230-00152014-00152601 I lose you for 20 years and I don't think I can see you again
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00231-00152601-00153059 You are my son
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00232-00153059-00153832 Touch! You are my real son
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00233-00153832-00154335 Finally, I found you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00234-00154335-00154867 Beautiful Mother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00235-00162438-00162838 Beautiful Mother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00236-00162838-00163268 I won't leave home anymore
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00237-00163268-00163672 Please stay here!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00238-00163672-00164556 I will pay off what I have never done to you for 20 years 
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00239-00164556-00165405 Touch! We finally meet. I have a son now
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00240-00165405-00166131 Mr.! My son is right in front of me. He is both handsome and kind
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00241-00166131-00166681 Touch! My dearest son!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00242-00166681-00166989 My son!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00243-00166989-00167945 Are you really my parents?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00244-00167945-00168333 My son!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00245-00168333-00168399 Mr.
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00246-00168399-00168783 Are you sure?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00247-00168783-00169307 We are sure. You are really his son
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00248-00169307-00169616 I have to go now
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00249-00169616-00170017 It's a good news
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00250-00170017-00170362 You are really my son
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00251-00170362-00170932 I'm so glad
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00252-00170932-00171310 that I know who my parents are
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00253-00171310-00171771 but who I'm worried the most right now is
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00254-00171771-00172158 my mother, Sart
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00255-00172158-00173712 Although she isn't my real mother, she is the one who raise me since I was young
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00256-00173712-00174297 for over 20 years
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00257-00174965-00175746 I have to look for my mother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00258-00175746-00176301 Touch!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00259-00176301-00176962 Touch! I know you are a grateful son but please don't leave us
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00260-00176962-00177703 I beg you. I want to be with you. I want to pay for you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00261-00177703-00178459 We are family now. Can you please care about us just a bit?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00262-00178459-00179730 I know it's shocked you but we are your real parents
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00263-00179730-00180182 Please don't leave us like this
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00264-00180182-00181089 Are you still mad at me?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00265-00181089-00181487 Are you mad at me?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00266-00181487-00182058 You can be mad at me but don't leave me
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00267-00182058-00182625 Please don't go!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00268-00182625-00183450 No, I just worried about her! I'm just too excited
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00269-00183450-00183844 that I know who my real parents are
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00270-00183844-00184720 If you are happy, please don't leave anyone behind
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00271-00184720-00185224 It's me your dad and she is your mother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00272-00185224-00185786 She is your mother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00273-00185786-00186518 We are family
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00274-00186518-00187384 Please don't leave me
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00275-00187384-00188102 Dad! Mom!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00276-00189120-00189484 Lomorng! 
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00277-00189484-00189565 Lomorng!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00278-00189565-00189853 Mother! Wake up!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00279-00189853-00190136 LomOrng!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00280-00190136-00190469 Mother!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00281-00194380-00194849 Why are you coming here?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00282-00194849-00195468 What do you want? I don't have anything for you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00283-00195468-00195893 I give you everything
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00284-00195893-00196633 I give you both my son and daughter-in-law
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00285-00196633-00197152 What do you want to do?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00286-00197152-00197847 Do you want my scraps?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00287-00197847-00198442 I don't give it to you
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00288-00198442-00198920 Stand up! Stand up!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00289-00198920-00199161 Mr.
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00290-00199161-00199600 Please stand up! I don't give you my scrubs
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00291-00199600-00200513 I'm here to thank you because you raise my son for over 20 years 
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00292-00200513-00201340 We know the truth that Touch is my son
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00293-00201340-00201946 I'm telling you because you are his godmother
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00294-00201946-00202353 Are you sure?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00295-00202353-00202795 Is Touch meeting his parents?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00296-00202795-00203633 Is Touch's parents are rich, right?
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00297-00203633-00204125 Touch is lucky
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00298-00204125-00204494 I'm here to pay off your kindness
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00299-00204494-00205054 without you, I won't be able to meet my son
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00300-00205054-00206025 I will give you some money to pay back your kindness
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00301-00207683-00207990 Here is the money that I want you to have
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00302-00207990-00208741 It will change your life from trash
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00303-00208741-00209295 From now on, Touch will not have to pay you back
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00304-00209295-00209654 and you should stop missing Touch
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00305-00209654-00210148 From now on, I will take care of Touch
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00306-00210148-00210471 You don't have to worry
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00307-00210471-00210892 Take it!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00308-00210892-00211807 Money! Money!
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00309-00211807-00212246 It's a lot of money
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00310-00212246-00212696 I will be rich
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00311-00212696-00213251 I will raise more children
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00312-00213251-00213706 Money! 
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00313-00213706-00214046 I have to go back now
+A5Bzi3N2Rg4-00314-00223356-00225853 Please wait for another Episode
+A95oH7_wY20-00000-00000088-00000424 tell us what your condition was how long we had had the problem
+A95oH7_wY20-00001-00000496-00000952 and then let's start with that what was the problem what was the damage
+A95oH7_wY20-00002-00000952-00001392 what was the consequences what's that and what was your level of pain now
+A95oH7_wY20-00003-00001456-00002192 see um several years ago i had excruciating pain and i went to physical therapy for 90 days six
+A95oH7_wY20-00004-00002192-00002816 days a week and i learned a lot that later i was able to use my own dissertation about how do you
+A95oH7_wY20-00005-00002816-00003488 do how did how do you determine uh whether or not somebody's being healed or especially pain
+A95oH7_wY20-00006-00003488-00004088 because you look at an mri and you can look at an mri and that person should not be in pain and they
+A95oH7_wY20-00007-00004168-00005016 may be in pain or you can look at us mri and they should be in pain according to the mri but
+A95oH7_wY20-00008-00005016-00005832 they're not reporting pain there's no instrument as good at reporting pain as your own human body
+A95oH7_wY20-00009-00006008-00006608 and so self-reporting is real important so when in physical therapy they'll ask you if zero is no
+A95oH7_wY20-00010-00006608-00007431 pain and tim is excruciating an unbearable what's the level of your pain and they'll make a record
+A95oH7_wY20-00011-00007431-00008031 of that when you start into the therapy they'll come back and check again they'll see they'll
+A95oH7_wY20-00012-00008031-00008704 check with range of motion and they'll check pain level now and you had a failed back surgery
+A95oH7_wY20-00013-00008768-00009560 no you had a back problem yeah i went back surgery serious back problem and i'll let you tell it but
+A95oH7_wY20-00014-00009560-00010192 uh when there is a failed back surgery involving surgical and planted material
+A95oH7_wY20-00015-00010344-00010808 it's a very dismal hole if it's failed the first time that it will get better
+A95oH7_wY20-00016-00011008-00011544 based upon the study that i found if after you have a second surgery be 10 better it's
+A95oH7_wY20-00017-00011544-00012200 pretty good if you're 20 better they think well that's really a good improvement uh for our study
+A95oH7_wY20-00018-00012200-00012904 for prayer we um usually we start postpartum counting at 80 percent better but some after
+A95oH7_wY20-00019-00012960-00013536 uh days later within a week check back 100 days later too they dropped down like 60 percent better
+A95oH7_wY20-00020-00013536-00014432 it was our lowest but our highest was 100 percent and so and most of them at least 80 which is it's
+A95oH7_wY20-00021-00014432-00015032 just unheard of and so we're grateful for that but this is amazing testimony celine tell us what
+A95oH7_wY20-00022-00015032-00015672 was wrong okay let me hold it for you thank you now sometimes you guys want to get way out here
+A95oH7_wY20-00023-00015856-00017008 well i just want to praise god first of all for my complete healing
+A95oH7_wY20-00024-00017008-00017376 thank god for it and i just thank you for your ministry
+A95oH7_wY20-00025-00017448-00018688 and i thank my church for this ministry here um last what was it that'd be february 20th of 2013
+A95oH7_wY20-00026-00018792-00019664 i had a droplet um my lumbar herniated i had a diagnosed with a lumbar herniated disc
+A95oH7_wY20-00027-00019664-00020312 from a chair that was affliction the particular person or supervisor didn't want to order a chair
+A95oH7_wY20-00028-00020312-00020976 for me and i'm six feet tall the chair pushed into my back where l2 all the way to l5 was compressed
+A95oH7_wY20-00029-00021040-00021768 the l5 there's a s1 nerve root that controls bladder and bowel and it was compressed where
+A95oH7_wY20-00030-00021768-00022448 it put so much pressure on my lateral bowel i had dysfunction um i kept on trusting
+A95oH7_wY20-00031-00022448-00022968 god for my healing he showed me the holy spirit showed me manifestations of healing
+A95oH7_wY20-00032-00023072-00023632 in stages as my faith grew i told the doctor i don't want surgery
+A95oH7_wY20-00033-00023792-00024296 my god's gonna heal me and what my testimony is here because
+A95oH7_wY20-00034-00024432-00025384 i have complete movement in my leg now and yes yesterday i came i sat right there and i had
+A95oH7_wY20-00035-00025440-00026152 a cane and my lovely donut let's just say it's a donut it's called a cox's cushion
+A95oH7_wY20-00036-00026152-00026783 that allows you to sit and comfort and i almost didn't make it to your conference because i said
+A95oH7_wY20-00037-00026912-00027624 lord i can't sit too long and i cannot get up and i i was in so much pain
+A95oH7_wY20-00038-00027752-00028200 so i came anyway and put ice on i guess everyone knows where i put ice back
+A95oH7_wY20-00039-00028200-00028688 on my back and i was putting ice and i was shifting and shifting and shifting
+A95oH7_wY20-00040-00028832-00029583 in the afternoon session you i just remember i was sitting right there
+A95oH7_wY20-00041-00029680-00030424 holy spirit touched me i felt a wind and the holy spirit touched me and i was out you were you
+A95oH7_wY20-00042-00030583-00031192 yes i did i was out let's just say from here to that road just timber and
+A95oH7_wY20-00043-00031400-00031864 but i just want to say it was only the manifestation of holy spirit
+A95oH7_wY20-00044-00031864-00033000 and god's healing i felt peace i felt warmth i felt joy and contentment i also saw a vision
+A95oH7_wY20-00045-00033104-00033376 of what he had for me holy spirit had for me
+A95oH7_wY20-00046-00033488-00033944 um the vision was that i always had a stream of traveling the world administering to others
+A95oH7_wY20-00047-00034064-00034792 the vision was and he told me in spirit and talk you will minister and you will travel to
+A95oH7_wY20-00048-00034792-00035400 nations and you will minister to others but i was down but i could hear everything the
+A95oH7_wY20-00049-00035400-00035864 spirit was saying and the spirit the light was so strong the warmth was so intense
+A95oH7_wY20-00050-00036264-00036936 the calling was so so i don't know it's just god let's just say just so powerful
+A95oH7_wY20-00051-00037040-00037840 and within i think 10 20 i was out laying in about maybe 10 minutes or so no he was out more like 40.
+A95oH7_wY20-00052-00037840-00038432 was that okay all right beginning before we started we prayed for everybody prayed
+A95oH7_wY20-00053-00038432-00038872 all the way around just afraid to leave he was out i don't know maybe it maybe
+A95oH7_wY20-00054-00038872-00039152 could have been an hour i don't know it wasn't 10 or 15 minutes
+A95oH7_wY20-00055-00039336-00039736 well praise god i didn't know how long i was it was just a good rest let's just say that
+A95oH7_wY20-00056-00039832-00040632 and so i remember pastor randy had said that woman that that it was in the second row that
+A95oH7_wY20-00057-00040632-00041136 fell out and the holy spirit touched i want to pray for her and you're over there yeah
+A95oH7_wY20-00058-00041136-00041728 i prayed for everybody all the way around you came back i came back i said hi it's me
+A95oH7_wY20-00059-00041824-00042400 and but i was believing the holy spirit for complete complete healing now let me add something
+A95oH7_wY20-00060-00042504-00042888 i didn't know anything's wrong with her and i never prayed for healing either
+A95oH7_wY20-00061-00042984-00043432 because i didn't know anything was wrong with her so i was shocked when i heard about this healing
+A95oH7_wY20-00062-00043432-00044120 because it happened without even being prayed for healing so go ahead tell what happened thank you
+A95oH7_wY20-00063-00044336-00045136 praise god so i could i went up there and i had this trust in god that it was like his desperation
+A95oH7_wY20-00064-00045224-00045896 i was like god only you can heal only you can be my spirit only you can be the doctor that's
+A95oH7_wY20-00065-00045896-00046616 not what the lawyer says you're you are above all you can do all things i came in there and i think
+A95oH7_wY20-00066-00046696-00047784 i closed my eyes and i said oh god touch me heal me and i looked my eyes shut and i was out
+A95oH7_wY20-00067-00047912-00048664 that night i went home and i rested i was it was just good sleep let's say when you have a lumbar
+A95oH7_wY20-00068-00048664-00049344 herniated disc and it's multiple layers i've been up on pillows seven or eight pillows at night
+A95oH7_wY20-00069-00049344-00050000 trying to find a nice bed that every bed wouldn't work medicine and i said okay i'm not gonna be
+A95oH7_wY20-00070-00050000-00050832 dependent on pain medicine before last night i had no pain medicine last night i was able to sleep
+A95oH7_wY20-00071-00050904-00051336 my range of motion is if you can see when you have drop foot you drag your foot
+A95oH7_wY20-00072-00051416-00052152 and you have drop foot you can't move and last year i had dropped foot doing physical therapy
+A95oH7_wY20-00073-00052240-00052760 and it's progressing progressing progressing but as i see your progression getting worse
+A95oH7_wY20-00074-00052760-00053400 progressing i'm getting better getting better okay but it was with my faith and it's the trust of god
+A95oH7_wY20-00075-00053400-00054600 and god healed god here and i thank you for your ministry so thank our church and our ministry
+A95oH7_wY20-00076-00054600-00054960 because i went to a prayer breakfast and this was in december
+A95oH7_wY20-00077-00055048-00055512 and god touched me then and every time he touched me holy spirit i feel warmth in my
+A95oH7_wY20-00078-00055512-00056184 spine start dancing in the spirit and i just to get back to now complete and total healing now
+A95oH7_wY20-00079-00056288-00056944 i trust in my believer and i already know it and i just pray that as youth taught us today
+A95oH7_wY20-00080-00057032-00057567 your healing could be gradual it can be instantaneous but just keep on trusting god for
+A95oH7_wY20-00081-00057567-00058208 your healing believe in him that he will direct you and heal you you just have to have like you
+A95oH7_wY20-00082-00058208-00058767 said faith like a mustard seed just a little bit of faith and keep growing on that faith every day
+A95oH7_wY20-00083-00058855-00059328 because when you were like when i was laying in that bed i said holy god you have the power to
+A95oH7_wY20-00084-00059328-00059984 heal me and to be able to see it today i'm grateful and also there was something that
+A95oH7_wY20-00085-00059984-00060640 happened in the evening service to or the morning or midday today in terms of holy spirit touched
+A95oH7_wY20-00086-00060640-00061344 me and commissioned me to heal others and to be able to travel and to do things and i learned this
+A95oH7_wY20-00087-00061344-00061912 is that he's given me so many gifts and talents but my spiritual gifts are most important and
+A95oH7_wY20-00088-00061912-00063184 what i'm thankful for is that i got to this day to do what i was called to do amen so thank you
+A95oH7_wY20-00089-00063512-00064024 one thing's gonna happen tonight there's somebody here you have either a problem or pain something's
+A95oH7_wY20-00090-00064024-00064448 either there that shouldn't be there something's not working right or you have pain it's in the
+A95oH7_wY20-00091-00064448-00065376 back of your skull it's in this area right in here on the left side somebody's going to get healed
+A95oH7_wY20-00092-00065704-00065984 is that you have that problem
+A95oH7_wY20-00093-00066720-00067600 um when i was 20 i had a a cyst like a really rare cyst and it was back here but in the skull
+A95oH7_wY20-00094-00067600-00068248 sitting right between where all the nerves sit and they had to go in and do surgery to remove it but
+A95oH7_wY20-00095-00068248-00068920 when they went in they hit some nerves because of where it was positioned and so there's been pain
+A95oH7_wY20-00096-00068920-00070184 there since i was like 20 so i believe before you get that testifying go down pain's gonna be gone
+A95oH7_wY20-00097-00071424-00071584 now this is
+A95oH7_wY20-00098-00071808-00072448 i don't want to ask after a while i'm going to ask dave you and your son and carter and uh uh
+A95oH7_wY20-00099-00072640-00072984 kevin you're only when you come inspect the mouth
+A95oH7_wY20-00100-00073176-00073640 because this is yeah it's not looking for gold though this this this
+A95oH7_wY20-00101-00073824-00074496 i'm having trouble believing you know my brain is going tilt and my spirit's going
+A95oH7_wY20-00102-00074496-00075168 yes sorry he's getting out of here he's good he's good he's good
+A95oH7_wY20-00103-00075312-00075952 yeah tell us what happened um well i came when the conference started and
+A95oH7_wY20-00104-00075952-00076568 to be honest i didn't really know what to expect because i had never heard of you and you hadn't
+A95oH7_wY20-00105-00077024-00077944 um and honestly i had been like dealing with some like conditions of my heart so my heart had been
+A95oH7_wY20-00106-00078024-00078616 um kind of hard and cold i'm just gonna be honest so i had been coming but
+A95oH7_wY20-00107-00078672-00079328 not really able to like engage and that kind of thing and um so i went home yesterday
+A95oH7_wY20-00108-00079328-00079896 and kind of thinking okay god like did i really just spend eighty dollars to not
+A95oH7_wY20-00109-00081312-00082008 this morning i got up and was running late so i'm rushing trying to get my kids together and
+A95oH7_wY20-00110-00082008-00082688 so we can get out the door and i'm in the bathroom like brushing my teeth brushing my teeth and i
+A95oH7_wY20-00111-00082688-00083336 within myself started praying to god about just asking him to come in to my heart and
+A95oH7_wY20-00112-00083336-00083872 remove whatever has been keeping me all this time from being able to completely give all
+A95oH7_wY20-00113-00083872-00084784 of my heart to him and um then all of a sudden i realized something is different about my mouth and
+A95oH7_wY20-00114-00084856-00085592 i'm like okay so i'm brushing and brushing and i ran my tongue around like over across my teeth
+A95oH7_wY20-00115-00085592-00086336 and i realized i didn't feel any holes now the beginning of this is back in 2006 when i got
+A95oH7_wY20-00116-00086336-00086952 pregnant with my daughter i got a lot of cavities like eight and they were really really bad i wound
+A95oH7_wY20-00117-00086952-00087520 up having to get a root canal on the middle tooth and they actually had to go in and remove like
+A95oH7_wY20-00118-00087520-00087992 most of the tooth and then pack it with whatever that stuff is that dentist put in there and then
+A95oH7_wY20-00119-00087992-00088816 they filled all the other ones and in 2010 somehow all of the fillings all the everything was gone so
+A95oH7_wY20-00120-00088816-00089440 off and on since then i've had a lot of infections like in my mouth the last one was maybe eight
+A95oH7_wY20-00121-00089440-00090104 months ago my old sitter adriana gorham she'd know because i had massive infection and i mean
+A95oH7_wY20-00122-00090104-00090640 my cheeks were swollen i was in so much pain and i went over to her house and i'm telling her like i
+A95oH7_wY20-00123-00090640-00091104 need something i don't have dental insurance right now but i know you have some sort of
+A95oH7_wY20-00124-00091160-00091664 mouth anesthetic or something that you can give me to help me out with this pain and i'm just
+A95oH7_wY20-00125-00091664-00092096 like what's going on and i'm showing her i'm like look at my mouth and i'm showing her my teeth and
+A95oH7_wY20-00126-00092096-00092512 where there are the cracks and where the holes are at and she's like you know and there was a lot
+A95oH7_wY20-00127-00092512-00093008 of discoloration where the fillings should have been but because they weren't for so many years
+A95oH7_wY20-00128-00093008-00093984 and this morning i noticed that my teeth are completely whole there are no
+A95oH7_wY20-00129-00095120-00095384 this morning and um
+A95oH7_wY20-00130-00098392-00098584 okay so she didn't want to share because she
+A95oH7_wY20-00131-00098584-00098912 thought all people are going to leave it but i'm the babysitter
+A95oH7_wY20-00132-00098912-00099496 and yes she had many holes on those teeth and i gave her understanding you know to kind of
+A95oH7_wY20-00133-00099704-00100040 it looks like it looks like she just got permanent
+A95oH7_wY20-00134-00100040-00100984 teeth there's not one mark on her teeth it's amazing
+A95oH7_wY20-00135-00101160-00102384 cheers
+A95oH7_wY20-00136-00103640-00104488 i had pain in the back of my neck and right now i feel nothing but peace and heat like running
+A95oH7_wY20-00137-00104488-00105040 down even before you said it that's why i moved away it was like i felt electricity like coming
+A95oH7_wY20-00138-00105040-00105648 up my chest and then through my neck and then you said it and i was wasn't
+A95oH7_wY20-00139-00105648-00106088 going to say anything at first but then i started laughing and kind of heated away
+A95oH7_wY20-00140-00106311-00107208 amen well thank thank you thank you jesus thank you holy spirit
+A95oH7_wY20-00141-00107376-00107472 thank you thank you
+A9utLb8vjxM-00001-00001584-00001684 woooow!
+A9utLb8vjxM-00002-00003456-00003506 un?
+A9utLb8vjxM-00003-00003638-00003752 ummmmm~~
+A9utLb8vjxM-00004-00004176-00004346 nothing happened?
+A9utLb8vjxM-00005-00004346-00004484 hamaaaa…
+A9utLb8vjxM-00006-00004484-00004766 owoo~~~~~~
+A9utLb8vjxM-00007-00004766-00004824 ha!
+A9utLb8vjxM-00008-00004824-00004982 owoo~~~~~~
+A9utLb8vjxM-00009-00005842-00005970 END
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00000-00000064-00000488 cancer is one of the scariest words in the english language if you haven't experienced
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00001-00000488-00001064 it you likely know someone who has my guest today not only survived it she has a miraculous story to
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00002-00001064-00001496 tell annie thanks so much for joining us thank you for having me so tell me how this started
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00003-00001496-00002039 you started having some pain and you didn't know what was happening yeah exactly i was having pain
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00004-00002039-00002920 um like in my stomach and severe enough that i was having shooting pains going down my leg
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00005-00002920-00003808 i was having trouble standing upright and it had came on quite quickly but before that i was having
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00006-00003888-00004600 a lot of issues with my stomach just looking distended so when the pain set in i knew that
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00007-00004656-00005144 there was something going on basically and your roommate was teasing you about being pregnant i
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00008-00005144-00005656 mean you were like not a little distended like she you were trying to do sit-ups like everything yeah
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00009-00005656-00006128 yeah exactly i was exercising i was doing all these things my roommate would come over and poke
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00010-00006128-00006744 at my tummy and be like you look pregnant so nice roommate yeah really oh my goodness so nothing
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00011-00006744-00007223 was helping though nothing was helping you know i mean as far as exercise goes i was seeing results
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00012-00007223-00007920 in other areas but um but my stomach was not it was actually getting bigger so you ended up in
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00013-00007920-00008536 this incredible pain in the hospital and i know it was really rough tell me what happened yeah so you
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00014-00008536-00009136 know i was in and out of the hospital basically just begging them to do something because i was
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00015-00009192-00009872 yeah just in so much agony and at the hospital they ran a number of tests they did different
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00016-00009872-00010528 scans and and they were even just like just poking and just like prodding at my stomach
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00017-00010528-00011568 and and yeah they confirmed that that there were three large masses in my lower abdominal that um
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00018-00011568-00012072 there was one on each ovary and then uh one on my uterus as well each of them were
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00019-00012072-00012520 nine to 11 centimeters so they could actually feel them as they were examining you even
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00020-00012520-00013024 yeah yeah exactly like i was laying out on the stretcher and they were actually they were poking
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00021-00013024-00013512 my tummy and you know they were doing this and like measuring you could see they were measuring
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00022-00013568-00014208 uh just with their fingers they could feel the masses wow so you're diagnosed with these masses
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00023-00014208-00014847 but they don't actually tell you it's cancer tell me about that yeah so that was kind of bizarre
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00024-00014847-00015488 to say the least the the hospital was adamant that they did not want to do the surgery right
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00025-00015488-00016240 away because they specifically wanted oncology to do the surgery um but then they kind of tried
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00026-00016240-00016688 to downplay that and they said oh well you know oncology is just because they're you know more
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00027-00016688-00017504 specialized with with masses and it wasn't until i received a package in the mail from the cross
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00028-00017504-00018184 cancer institute that had all of these brochures and all these all this mail out stuff about how to
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00029-00018184-00018720 cope with ovarian and uterine cancer and that's kind of how i found out oh my goodness and the
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00030-00018720-00019328 surgery that they wanted to do was fairly serious right yeah yeah so that was one of the things is
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00031-00019328-00020024 that um they wanted to do an exploratory surgery so with you know a long incision as opposed to
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00032-00020168-00020720 laparoscopic yeah so they specifically went on to do an exploratory surgery because they wanted to
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00033-00020720-00021352 make sure that they got all of the cancer and at that point finally the surgeon confirmed that yes
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00034-00021352-00021800 it was cancer you wouldn't be at the cross cancer institute if we think if we thought
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00035-00021800-00022384 you had anything besides cancer so yeah they wanted to do an exploratory surgery
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00036-00022384-00023112 which would have likely involved hysterectomy possibly removing part of my colon and
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00037-00023208-00023960 just what they call staging which is you know removing any tissue or any parts of organs that
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00038-00023960-00024336 may have been affected by the cancer and where the cancer may have spread she just
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00039-00024336-00024816 didn't know what was going to happen exactly and that's what was really kind of scary was that
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00040-00024936-00025400 they told me they wouldn't know until after the surgery what i would need as far as
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00041-00025400-00026176 additional surgeries or chemo or radiation any other treatments so how are you spiritually
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00042-00026176-00026664 processing this because you're very young to have cancer and you're facing this how are
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00043-00026664-00027512 you processing that diagnosis um i don't know if i really was to be honest um i was kind of
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00044-00027512-00028183 in denial it wasn't really until i got that mail out you know that said you know that i had cancer
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00045-00028272-00028920 but in the meantime my mom was on social media and was contacting everybody that she knew to ask
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00046-00028920-00029672 for prayers and and i had a number of relatives who were contacting different people including
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00047-00029672-00030200 i had a great aunt who contacted huntley 100 huntley street and asked for me to be put on
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00048-00030200-00030624 the prayer chain on our par she called her prayer line so it's good to know we had a little role in
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00049-00030624-00031088 praying for you as you went through this absolutely absolutely and yeah it was uh
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00050-00031183-00032064 the weekend before my surgery i started finding out that there's all these friends acquaintances
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00051-00032064-00032568 and you know even just friends of friends from all around the world that had heard what was
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00052-00032568-00033176 going on they were all praying for me okay so the morning of your surgery you wake up and something
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00053-00033176-00033936 is different what happened yeah it was so bizarre so that was the first morning i woke up and my
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00054-00033936-00034592 stomach was not looking bloated i was able to stand up straight without any pain i was able
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00055-00034592-00035232 to move around my house without having to take any painkillers and and even like i didn't have
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00056-00035232-00035936 like shooting pain down my legs um i was able to lay on my side without feeling that stuff was you
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00057-00035936-00036392 know moving around my ribs because it had gotten to the point where if i would lay on my side
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00058-00036544-00036992 it felt like there wasn't enough room inside of me and i had no shortness of breath for the
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00059-00036992-00037640 first time in a number of weeks so what did you think was happening at that point yeah well i had
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00060-00037640-00038240 honestly i had kind of chalked it up to that weird feeling of when you go to the doctors and suddenly
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00061-00038240-00038728 you feel fine and then it's not until you go home again that all the symptoms hit right so i kind
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00062-00038728-00039152 of thought okay well that's probably what this is but at the same time i was also thinking like
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00063-00039224-00039824 i did have a lot of people praying for me and i wonder if i even need this surgery
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00064-00039976-00040440 yeah but you show up for the surgery anyway the surgery does happen so now you're in the recovery
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00065-00040440-00041088 room what do they tell you yeah so that was um that was the part that i was dreading the most
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00066-00041088-00041560 was just that fear because i wasn't gonna know until i came out of surgery
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00067-00041560-00042112 what the next steps were going to be so yeah as i was in the recovery room and i was coming to too
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00068-00042192-00042936 my mom my whole family was around me and my mom told me that i got a miracle and she told me that
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00069-00043048-00043624 the surgeons opened me up expecting three large tumors and instead
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00070-00043760-00044384 all they found was one single fibroid which is completely naturally occurring is nothing to be
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00071-00044384-00045192 alarmed about and yeah so there should have what we had been told and what all the tests showed was
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00072-00045192-00045832 you know a large tumor on each ovary plus one on my uterus there was nothing on my
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00073-00045832-00046384 ovaries and in fact i was diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00074-00046384-00046920 a number of years ago and i had had a number of ultrasounds over the years that all confirmed
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00075-00047024-00047648 the wording was always yeah numerous cysts on each ovary and the surgeons couldn't find any cysts
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00076-00047648-00048264 on my ovaries they couldn't find any scarring like any damage to my ovaries from all of that
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00077-00048320-00049008 and yeah and i mean certainly no tumors and then just this ordinary fibroid that they were kind of
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00078-00049008-00049448 like well we're in here anyways we might as well take that out but that's really all they had to do
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00079-00049448-00049848 so tell me about these conversations with doctors because they don't like the unexpected in a way
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00080-00049848-00050368 and were they admitting that this could be a miracle yeah they were some of them were admitting
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00081-00050368-00051008 it very reluctantly some were saying well i don't believe in miracles but yes there is no medical
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00082-00051008-00051520 explanation for that because that was something that was really important to me was that i wanted
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00083-00051520-00052136 i wanted to be able to say that i had had a miracle that could be backed up by science that
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00084-00052136-00052608 wouldn't be undone by someone coming and saying well actually you know this is actually what
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00085-00052608-00053167 happened and so you know every nurse that came in the room every doctor that came in the room we all
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00086-00053167-00053816 told them what had happened we asked them is there any scientific or medical explanation for this and
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00087-00053816-00054279 all they would try to come up with an explanation like they would be like well maybe you fell and
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00088-00054279-00054888 i'd be like nope didn't fall oh well you know maybe maybe it was cramps from your period nope
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00089-00054888-00055384 it wasn't that you know so like whatever explanations they tried to come up with it was
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00090-00055440-00055840 i could tell them right away that's not what it was so so here's what i love about your story
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00091-00055840-00056472 because you weren't necessarily totally sure about healing you weren't 100 even really believing for
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00092-00056472-00056952 a miracle so tell me about how this has changed your view of healing and the power of god
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00093-00057032-00057424 yeah i mean you know you you read about healings in the new testament
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00094-00057479-00058208 and i just sort of thought okay well i guess it happened back then but um i didn't know
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00095-00058208-00058840 that i really believed that it could happen now and there was a lot of times where i would heal
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00096-00058840-00059328 i would hear about someone else being healed and i would kind of wonder like okay but what actually
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00097-00059328-00059944 happened you know like if i were skeptical exactly if i were to talk to a doctor what would they say
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00098-00059944-00060504 would have what would they say it happened so yeah it really just confirmed for me that
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00099-00060616-00061464 you know that miracles still do happen today and i mean really all i had was just a literal mustard
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00100-00061464-00061984 seed of faith you know just my mom saying well i have people praying for you and me being like
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00101-00062048-00062776 okay cool i mean yeah if that works then great so uh just 30 seconds left how does this change how
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00102-00062776-00063504 you see god uh it's really it's kind of done away with my legalistic view i used to think that you
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00103-00063504-00064112 know oh well if if something miraculous happens you have to be good enough to earn it and now i
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00104-00064112-00064864 just it's just fleshed out for me how perfect god is it has nothing to do with you know your
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00105-00064864-00065448 your imperfections or your perceived perfections it's really just all about how perfect god is
+Aqqs4qTOxiE-00106-00065552-00065984 such a good word thank you so much for coming today and sharing your story thanks very much
+AtLjcbep1b4-00000-00000496-00000808 this is what i meant when i said that you need to assess. You need to assess
+AtLjcbep1b4-00001-00000808-00001279 inside your museum and outside the museum. Hello my name is Jan Behrendt
+AtLjcbep1b4-00002-00001279-00001735 I'm the head of research and collections at the Militärhistorisches Museum
+AtLjcbep1b4-00003-00001735-00002152 here in Berlin and i'm a elected CIDOC board member
+AtLjcbep1b4-00004-00002152-00002759 within CIDOC, I am the head of the working group for digital strategy development
+AtLjcbep1b4-00005-00002759-00003520 and i'm supervising the CIDOC training association
+AtLjcbep1b4-00006-00003520-00004120 I think that a good digital leader has to be the same as a good leader
+AtLjcbep1b4-00007-00004120-00004655 anytime. He has to have a good overview of
+AtLjcbep1b4-00008-00004655-00004968 of what's happening in his own museum. He has to be able
+AtLjcbep1b4-00009-00004968-00005336 to see the needs that the institution has on the different
+AtLjcbep1b4-00010-00005336-00005639 spheres of work on the different levels of work
+AtLjcbep1b4-00011-00005639-00006096 and in order to have that I think he has to combine
+AtLjcbep1b4-00012-00006096-00006592 on one hand digital nonchalance - he has to bring in a certain normality in
+AtLjcbep1b4-00013-00006592-00006992 dealing with digital work and on the other hand he needs to
+AtLjcbep1b4-00014-00006992-00007272 have a plan he has to have a vision and to know
+AtLjcbep1b4-00015-00007272-00007911 where his institution is going because I feel that many museums
+AtLjcbep1b4-00016-00007911-00008343 nowadays hop on trends more than they
+AtLjcbep1b4-00017-00008343-00008720 plan what they actually do with their resources and that's probably one of the
+AtLjcbep1b4-00018-00008720-00009024 main problems because this leads us into a state
+AtLjcbep1b4-00019-00009024-00009679 where very important tasks that actually define the museum such as preservation
+AtLjcbep1b4-00020-00009679-00010024 do not take place anymore. People collect digital artefacts
+AtLjcbep1b4-00021-00010024-00010520 if if at all and don't care about how long they will persist
+AtLjcbep1b4-00022-00010520-00011024 but they spend enormous amounts of resources on trendy investments
+AtLjcbep1b4-00023-00011024-00011432 such as virtual exhibitions and social media platforms
+AtLjcbep1b4-00024-00011432-00011847 that indeed are only one of the side functions of a museum. So we have to
+AtLjcbep1b4-00025-00011847-00012184 somehow remember who we are and what our mission is
+AtLjcbep1b4-00026-00012184-00012584 and find solutions that are appropriate to our own institutions when we are a
+AtLjcbep1b4-00027-00012584-00013039 good digital leader leader in any time has to understand
+AtLjcbep1b4-00028-00013039-00013272 what's happening; he has to to respect
+AtLjcbep1b4-00029-00013272-00013687 his employees the people that he's working with; he has to assess the
+AtLjcbep1b4-00030-00013687-00014216 situation that he works in; he has to to respond to changes; he has
+AtLjcbep1b4-00031-00014216-00014680 to motivate people to to accept changes
+AtLjcbep1b4-00032-00014680-00015016 he has to empower people to handle change
+AtLjcbep1b4-00033-00015016-00015440 and that's valid for digital world and the non-digital world and those are
+AtLjcbep1b4-00034-00015440-00015863 wisdoms that we know but we always have the trouble at realizing
+AtLjcbep1b4-00035-00015863-00016280 at making true actually
+AtLjcbep1b4-00036-00016280-00016695 The the two things that probably come along with the specific
+AtLjcbep1b4-00037-00016695-00017000 tasks of being digital is one transparency because
+AtLjcbep1b4-00038-00017000-00017376 data are usually transparent. Through data you can
+AtLjcbep1b4-00039-00017376-00017687 very easily follow up on work processes
+AtLjcbep1b4-00040-00017687-00018087 and see what's happened where and you exactly see
+AtLjcbep1b4-00041-00018087-00018720 when which employee has done which action with which effect so this
+AtLjcbep1b4-00042-00018720-00019264 amount of transparency didn't happen in the non-digital work and the pace
+AtLjcbep1b4-00043-00019264-00019600 the pace is enormous we are getting faster and faster
+AtLjcbep1b4-00044-00019600-00019904 if in the past you wrote a letter
+AtLjcbep1b4-00045-00019904-00020400 you had three or four times until it arrived days until it arrived
+AtLjcbep1b4-00046-00020400-00020768 now you have the email - you get the response right away and you can be busy
+AtLjcbep1b4-00047-00020768-00021184 with responding and writing and responding to emails the
+AtLjcbep1b4-00048-00021184-00021528 whole time so basically you have to organize your
+AtLjcbep1b4-00049-00021528-00022112 your time and your schedule much more wisely. So what are the more
+AtLjcbep1b4-00050-00022112-00022520 more important tasks - well you need a good error culture. You need
+AtLjcbep1b4-00051-00022520-00023144 to face that transparency and pace have increased so you will see every
+AtLjcbep1b4-00052-00023144-00023768 little mistake that your employees do and you will absolutely work
+AtLjcbep1b4-00053-00023768-00024128 probably on the first step on your error culture and and say it's totally
+AtLjcbep1b4-00054-00024128-00024456 normal to make mistakes and it is a very productive thing to do
+AtLjcbep1b4-00055-00024456-00024831 a mistake because then you can optimize what your institution does
+AtLjcbep1b4-00056-00024831-00025448 and i think that in the non-digital times errors were much more easily
+AtLjcbep1b4-00057-00025448-00025951 hidden and so one one has to
+AtLjcbep1b4-00058-00025951-00026312 to accept  this normality. One has to accept
+AtLjcbep1b4-00059-00026312-00026832 your employees to be human beings and to work productively with the
+AtLjcbep1b4-00060-00026832-00027239 problems they cause and the problems they have
+AtLjcbep1b4-00061-00027632-00028088 I think one of the very interesting things is that
+AtLjcbep1b4-00062-00028112-00028608 many institutions start writing papers which are called digital strategies
+AtLjcbep1b4-00063-00028608-00029032 but most of these papers are completely different to each other
+AtLjcbep1b4-00064-00029032-00029472 one one paper will rather be a social media strategy another paper will rather
+AtLjcbep1b4-00065-00029472-00029775 be a digitization strategy and another one
+AtLjcbep1b4-00066-00029775-00030088 will be a plan for for virtual exhibitions and the
+AtLjcbep1b4-00067-00030088-00030527 presentation of of digital artifacts or
+AtLjcbep1b4-00068-00030527-00030912 of digitized
+AtLjcbep1b4-00069-00030927-00031512 objects in the internet so what we need to get clear about is
+AtLjcbep1b4-00070-00031512-00032068 what we really mean by digital strategy. To me a digital strategy is an
+AtLjcbep1b4-00071-00032068-00032656 all-encompassing plan that deals with the digital
+AtLjcbep1b4-00072-00032656-00033352 resources assets and tasks of a museum and that pointfully brings them together
+AtLjcbep1b4-00073-00033352-00033688 in order to serve a specific institutional goal
+AtLjcbep1b4-00074-00033688-00034063 and and this means that you have to think
+AtLjcbep1b4-00075-00034063-00034447 of the very basic functions of a museum that that are
+AtLjcbep1b4-00076-00034447-00034863 described in the ethic guidelines for museums and then think about
+AtLjcbep1b4-00077-00034863-00035328 which fields of museum work are actually contributing in the digital work or
+AtLjcbep1b4-00078-00035328-00035688 digitally to achieving your goals. Very first
+AtLjcbep1b4-00079-00035688-00036144 step that any museum that is planning to spend resources
+AtLjcbep1b4-00080-00036144-00036608 or to to change the way they work is to know who they are
+AtLjcbep1b4-00081-00036608-00037016 is to know who they are and what their vision is for the future is to be
+AtLjcbep1b4-00082-00037016-00037424 very clear about their political self positioning
+AtLjcbep1b4-00083-00037424-00037816 where they want to do to be what what contributions they want to bring to
+AtLjcbep1b4-00084-00037816-00038232 their community to to the museum community to science
+AtLjcbep1b4-00085-00038232-00038712 to research... So basically I think before
+AtLjcbep1b4-00086-00038712-00039040 before getting into practical questions
+AtLjcbep1b4-00087-00039040-00039447 you should clarify for yourself where you want to be in within the next
+AtLjcbep1b4-00088-00039447-00040040 five years how you want to be perceived in the next five years 10 years 15 years
+AtLjcbep1b4-00089-00040040-00040512 I think that is a very good exercise for for any museum that is making plans
+AtLjcbep1b4-00090-00040512-00040936 not just in the digital sphere but especially in the digital sphere
+AtLjcbep1b4-00091-00040936-00041296 and if you're a museum that
+AtLjcbep1b4-00092-00041336-00041791 works very much with a physical place you don't have to be
+AtLjcbep1b4-00093-00041791-00042136 digital on every aspect of your work you you can
+AtLjcbep1b4-00094-00042136-00042559 also celebrate the non-digital sphere you can allow people to come
+AtLjcbep1b4-00095-00042559-00043056 to a museum and ask them to turn off their smartphones and to celebrate
+AtLjcbep1b4-00096-00043056-00043463 the place that they are at maybe that's the best decision that
+AtLjcbep1b4-00097-00043463-00043768 you may undertake in order to to make your your museum
+AtLjcbep1b4-00098-00043768-00044216 really viable so.. or maybe you you are
+AtLjcbep1b4-00099-00044216-00044672 collecting digital art and and you say well in the best
+AtLjcbep1b4-00100-00044672-00045103 version of a visit the visitor first visits our website
+AtLjcbep1b4-00101-00045103-00045600 and then comes into into a white cube with many screens and and he perceives
+AtLjcbep1b4-00102-00045600-00046047 the digital art within our museum um and then the digital is everywhere
+AtLjcbep1b4-00103-00046047-00046600 and you you can almost feel it so depending on on on the kind of museum
+AtLjcbep1b4-00104-00046600-00046944 you are, on the mission you give yourselves,
+AtLjcbep1b4-00105-00046944-00047191 on the role that you see for yourselves
+AtLjcbep1b4-00106-00047191-00047503 you will have completely different conclusions
+AtLjcbep1b4-00107-00047503-00047912 so being clear of your mission is the very first step
+AtLjcbep1b4-00108-00047912-00048496 the second step then is assessment assess what you already have; assess what
+AtLjcbep1b4-00109-00048496-00048912 you want to have. Assess what happens within your
+AtLjcbep1b4-00110-00048912-00049256 museum but also assess your digital universe
+AtLjcbep1b4-00111-00049256-00049728 digital universe is a beautiful word because with the universe always
+AtLjcbep1b4-00112-00049728-00050016 think of something that turns around something else and
+AtLjcbep1b4-00113-00050016-00050368 and maybe we are the little thing that turns around
+AtLjcbep1b4-00114-00050368-00050719 something else in the in the space but you can also
+AtLjcbep1b4-00115-00050719-00051112 put yourself into the position : say the whole universe turns around my museum
+AtLjcbep1b4-00116-00051112-00051288 and then you have to understand which is
+AtLjcbep1b4-00117-00051288-00051727 closer and which is far more more remote and you will then understand the
+AtLjcbep1b4-00118-00051727-00051951 different effects that the outer world has
+AtLjcbep1b4-00119-00051951-00052376 on you. So the digital universe of a museum
+AtLjcbep1b4-00120-00052376-00052888 will essentially be anything that happens around you all kind of
+AtLjcbep1b4-00121-00052888-00053439 innovations that take place and that you may want to take part of
+AtLjcbep1b4-00122-00053439-00053872 or that you may want to evade; but be sure there will always be
+AtLjcbep1b4-00123-00053872-00054279 digital change.  One one very good example that that I
+AtLjcbep1b4-00124-00054279-00054632 like to give and very simple example too
+AtLjcbep1b4-00125-00054632-00055464 is the one of the email. You may decide that you are a
+AtLjcbep1b4-00126-00055464-00055951 very basic art museum and you don't want to offer the digital experience to your
+AtLjcbep1b4-00127-00055951-00056464 visitors while they are there. Nevertheless people will ask - by email
+AtLjcbep1b4-00128-00056464-00056839 to one of your employees -  questions on how to visit the museum and
+AtLjcbep1b4-00129-00056839-00057176 what to do when you are there how much time
+AtLjcbep1b4-00130-00057176-00057512 to take... so this email will arrive at
+AtLjcbep1b4-00131-00057512-00057967 your employees. So if you take this as a
+AtLjcbep1b4-00132-00057967-00058383 productive step you will then realize that either
+AtLjcbep1b4-00133-00058383-00058832 this employee responds with an office email address that your museum
+AtLjcbep1b4-00134-00058832-00059176 offers or he responds with his private email
+AtLjcbep1b4-00135-00059176-00059472 address that he has with any kind of email carrier
+AtLjcbep1b4-00136-00059472-00060232 such as hotmail gmail or whatever you have. And already then as a museum director
+AtLjcbep1b4-00137-00060232-00060648 you will realize that it is much more professional if this museum
+AtLjcbep1b4-00138-00060648-00061007 colleague responds from an institutional email address
+AtLjcbep1b4-00139-00061007-00061391 and you will now think well this is very basic what Jan Behrendt tells us here
+AtLjcbep1b4-00140-00061391-00061839 but you can then think on:  If you have an office email address
+AtLjcbep1b4-00141-00061839-00062464 you will have maybe little bylaws on how to address people that
+AtLjcbep1b4-00142-00062464-00062776 you talk to them with a last name and not
+AtLjcbep1b4-00143-00062776-00063151 with the first name that you say emails from outside will be
+AtLjcbep1b4-00144-00063151-00063600 responded within 24 hours at least with a notice that a further response comes
+AtLjcbep1b4-00145-00063600-00063864 later. So you will have communication
+AtLjcbep1b4-00146-00063864-00064248 regulations that make sure that your museum works
+AtLjcbep1b4-00147-00064248-00064567 professionally - and already this somehow is part of a
+AtLjcbep1b4-00148-00064567-00064872 digital strategy because it tells people how to work in
+AtLjcbep1b4-00149-00064872-00065304 the digital sphere. But also you will then maybe say that
+AtLjcbep1b4-00150-00065304-00065560 your emails need a certain kind of signature
+AtLjcbep1b4-00151-00065560-00065944 in the end that that the institution
+AtLjcbep1b4-00152-00065944-00066327 appears professionally and if you have that you will
+AtLjcbep1b4-00153-00066327-00066648 probably contact your IT manager and ask them
+AtLjcbep1b4-00154-00066648-00067127 how you keep your emails safe because the last thing you want to do is to
+AtLjcbep1b4-00155-00067127-00067448 to distribute viruses through your own emails
+AtLjcbep1b4-00156-00067448-00067848 So all of the sudden you are in the middle of a discussion on internet
+AtLjcbep1b4-00157-00067848-00068280 security - on how to to block spam emails and
+AtLjcbep1b4-00158-00068280-00068616 how to prevent spam providers from using your own
+AtLjcbep1b4-00159-00068616-00069112 service to distribute their trash contents
+AtLjcbep1b4-00160-00069112-00069576 and this very simple example of the email all of the sudden develops
+AtLjcbep1b4-00161-00069576-00070072 a whole set of questions where you have to get really into
+AtLjcbep1b4-00162-00070072-00070616 the core of of the digital world,  where you have to think of
+AtLjcbep1b4-00163-00070616-00070864 safety questions, where you have to  think of
+AtLjcbep1b4-00164-00070864-00071256 data protection, where you have to think of
+AtLjcbep1b4-00165-00071256-00071680 a communication strategy on how to address people; when to address people
+AtLjcbep1b4-00166-00071680-00072048 how to spread your news, how to appear professionally...
+AtLjcbep1b4-00167-00072048-00072448 So many other questions will be linked to it that even the very simple
+AtLjcbep1b4-00168-00072448-00072824 example of the email address where you don't want your employee to use their
+AtLjcbep1b4-00169-00072824-00073224 private email addresses but the institutional email address instead
+AtLjcbep1b4-00170-00073224-00073583 becomes a fairly serious and complex question
+AtLjcbep1b4-00171-00073583-00074032 and a part of your digital strategy indeed
+AtLjcbep1b4-00172-00074280-00074672 you need all of your staff and this is what i meant when i said that you need
+AtLjcbep1b4-00173-00074672-00075024 to assess. You need to assess inside your museum and outside the
+AtLjcbep1b4-00174-00075024-00075376 museum. I mentioned assessments inside the
+AtLjcbep1b4-00175-00075376-00075807 museum that involves a stakeholder analysis - who
+AtLjcbep1b4-00176-00075807-00076176 are the people who have interest in this digital strategy and if
+AtLjcbep1b4-00177-00076176-00076472 you do an all-encompassing digital strategy
+AtLjcbep1b4-00178-00076472-00076944 that means as digital strategy which is not just a communication strategy
+AtLjcbep1b4-00179-00076944-00077248 which is not just the digitization plan but which
+AtLjcbep1b4-00180-00077248-00077760 is all of this then you will have to think of the workflows of your museum
+AtLjcbep1b4-00181-00077760-00078176 you will have to think of the different data that you use in your museum that
+AtLjcbep1b4-00182-00078176-00078568 you produce with a new museum you also have to think of the
+AtLjcbep1b4-00183-00078568-00078927 tools that you use what what kind of scanners do you have
+AtLjcbep1b4-00184-00078927-00079368 what kind of photo cameras do you have which would
+AtLjcbep1b4-00185-00079368-00079951 be the digitization techniques but also what kind of display systems
+AtLjcbep1b4-00186-00079951-00080268 do you have. Do you only have
+AtLjcbep1b4-00187-00080268-00080816 digitization or digitized files
+AtLjcbep1b4-00188-00080824-00081232 which would be basically documentation products because they
+AtLjcbep1b4-00189-00081232-00081704 represent the digital sphere that something that exists in the analog
+AtLjcbep1b4-00190-00081704-00082263 world or do you also have digital born artifacts we like to call them
+AtLjcbep1b4-00191-00082263-00082600 digitalifacts. I actually like this word in order to
+AtLjcbep1b4-00192-00082600-00083016 have something opposing to the digitization
+AtLjcbep1b4-00193-00083016-00083439 and then you will have to think of long-term preservation you will have to
+AtLjcbep1b4-00194-00083439-00083712 think of digital restoration which really is
+AtLjcbep1b4-00195-00083712-00084312 a job for a programmer rather than for a traditional conservator
+AtLjcbep1b4-00196-00084312-00084800 or restorator and because you don't want to lose the
+AtLjcbep1b4-00197-00084800-00085176 digitalifact through data corruption in five years
+AtLjcbep1b4-00198-00085176-00085536 You will have to talk to your lawyers because
+AtLjcbep1b4-00199-00085536-00085839 maybe there will be a license blockers
+AtLjcbep1b4-00200-00085839-00086304 that become active after five years! Many many programs that we use nowadays
+AtLjcbep1b4-00201-00086304-00086632 will not work in a number of years in the future simply
+AtLjcbep1b4-00202-00086632-00087095 because the license will block it so somebody  needs to talk to the
+AtLjcbep1b4-00203-00087095-00087560 provider of the file and and ask them if you can get freed from this license
+AtLjcbep1b4-00204-00087560-00088000 pressure. So this becomes all of the sudden a legal question,
+AtLjcbep1b4-00205-00088000-00088312 a part of the the programmer's challenge
+AtLjcbep1b4-00206-00088312-00088656 who needs to remove those programs that actually block the
+AtLjcbep1b4-00207-00088656-00089032 thing. You have to talk to to your Curators
+AtLjcbep1b4-00208-00089032-00089400 because maybe you want to do digital collecting and if you do digital
+AtLjcbep1b4-00209-00089400-00089816 collecting you also have the question of authentic replay
+AtLjcbep1b4-00210-00089816-00090216 so the authenticity of the representation is quite a serious thing
+AtLjcbep1b4-00211-00090216-00090768 When you think, for example , of radar sets - so I come from a military history museum
+AtLjcbep1b4-00212-00090768-00091304 and I collect radar sets among other things and and those
+AtLjcbep1b4-00213-00091304-00091863 radar sets come along with files and and I can display those files with
+AtLjcbep1b4-00214-00091863-00092351 different kind of monitor systems with different kind of screens and displays
+AtLjcbep1b4-00215-00092351-00092783 but they will be completely misinterpreted if I don't have the right
+AtLjcbep1b4-00216-00092783-00093272 screen for the right data so indeed digital collecting can always also be
+AtLjcbep1b4-00217-00093272-00093607 combined with analog collecting and so there are plenty of
+AtLjcbep1b4-00218-00093607-00094032 challenges to this that the museum director will not have on his mind
+AtLjcbep1b4-00219-00094032-00094407 and he will only find out about them if he involves his staff
+AtLjcbep1b4-00220-00094407-00094783 Well the first thing is that the colleagues are completely right
+AtLjcbep1b4-00221-00094783-00095104 there's a lot of work in the digital sphere
+AtLjcbep1b4-00222-00095104-00095416 but there's also a lot of work in the analog
+AtLjcbep1b4-00223-00095416-00095944 sphere and if in the past all the the requests that reached
+AtLjcbep1b4-00224-00095944-00096392 your museum came in by letters and you spent your time writing letters
+AtLjcbep1b4-00225-00096392-00096727 in response - that was your job and that was the thing
+AtLjcbep1b4-00226-00096727-00097080 that you did with your time. You sat down and you wrote letters
+AtLjcbep1b4-00227-00097080-00097632 and nowadays if you want it or not these things will arrive in your email
+AtLjcbep1b4-00228-00097632-00097888 account and not in your letterbox anymore
+AtLjcbep1b4-00229-00097888-00098295 So your job now is to respond to the email and not to the letter anymore so
+AtLjcbep1b4-00230-00098295-00098544 there's nothing we can really change about it
+AtLjcbep1b4-00231-00098544-00098927 so what i urge museum professionals and
+AtLjcbep1b4-00232-00098927-00099256 any anybody around the world is to accept digital change
+AtLjcbep1b4-00233-00099256-00099736 Digital change is something that simply happens if you want it or not
+AtLjcbep1b4-00234-00099736-00100288 and if if you don't want the digital sphere to take over certain parts of
+AtLjcbep1b4-00235-00100288-00100575 your life then you have to actively understand
+AtLjcbep1b4-00236-00100575-00100863 what's happening and prevent it from from happening
+AtLjcbep1b4-00237-00100863-00101344 If you feel that something digital is disturbing you
+AtLjcbep1b4-00238-00101344-00101751 or is distracting you or is not making you more productive
+AtLjcbep1b4-00239-00101751-00102327 understand it and then take a decision on how to prevent it
+AtLjcbep1b4-00240-00102327-00102695 Nobody tells you to be digital - I'm the last person to tell
+AtLjcbep1b4-00241-00102695-00103176 to hand out a certain kind of digital imperative
+AtLjcbep1b4-00242-00103176-00103535 All I say is face digital change understand it
+AtLjcbep1b4-00243-00103535-00104128 accept it and master it just as you master any other challenge
+AtLjcbep1b4-00244-00104128-00104479 in your life So having a digital database has
+AtLjcbep1b4-00245-00104479-00104944 facilitated the work in my museum so much because all of the sudden
+AtLjcbep1b4-00246-00104944-00105344 information that were before hidden in various archives on various
+AtLjcbep1b4-00247-00105344-00105744 spots within the museum managed by different employees are
+AtLjcbep1b4-00248-00105744-00106144 visible to anyone who needs them. So all of a sudden with one click I get
+AtLjcbep1b4-00249-00106144-00106544 all of the information that I needed to run around in the house before
+AtLjcbep1b4-00250-00106544-00107079 so that's an advantage and once that I see this advantage I can work with it.
+AtLjcbep1b4-00251-00107079-00107383 Of course the implementation of the system was a lot of work
+AtLjcbep1b4-00252-00107383-00107720 yes, but it made me more efficient on the long term
+AtLjcbep1b4-00253-00107720-00108152 of course I had to learn it - if I would not have learned it if i would not have
+AtLjcbep1b4-00254-00108152-00108455 taken the endeavour to to learn how to handle
+AtLjcbep1b4-00255-00108455-00108783 the digital database and to know what what I actually need
+AtLjcbep1b4-00256-00108783-00109208 what kind of a database I need, then then I would not have made the
+AtLjcbep1b4-00257-00109208-00109583 progress and I would still be working with pap er card files
+AtLjcbep1b4-00258-00109583-00110024 So it's always also a matter of perspective,
+AtLjcbep1b4-00259-00110024-00110400 of readiness for change and of flexibility of your own
+AtLjcbep1b4-00260-00110400-00110783 that that you spend a certain amount of time of your life in order to see
+AtLjcbep1b4-00261-00110783-00111135 what's what's changing around you but this is not limited to the digital
+AtLjcbep1b4-00262-00111135-00111567 sphere that's limited to any field of life
+AtLjcbep1b4-00263-00111816-00112200 a museum director has to know what's what's happening
+AtLjcbep1b4-00264-00112200-00112655 in his in his institution. If he never speaks to his employees
+AtLjcbep1b4-00265-00112655-00113320 he misses out on on being a leader; if he doesn't read the newspaper and
+AtLjcbep1b4-00266-00113320-00113783 knows what's going on in his community he will fail on
+AtLjcbep1b4-00267-00113783-00114191 placing his museum in a good community position
+AtLjcbep1b4-00268-00114191-00114735 and so if a museum director refuses to assess the digital sphere that he works
+AtLjcbep1b4-00269-00114735-00115024 in, he simply misses out on one very central
+AtLjcbep1b4-00270-00115024-00115559 part of his everyday life and makes his museum unfit to face
+AtLjcbep1b4-00271-00115559-00116111 challenges that it has to confront. So if you ask me how
+AtLjcbep1b4-00272-00116111-00116400 can a museum director find out about the
+AtLjcbep1b4-00273-00116400-00116976 digital universe - well talk to people! Visit websites, go to
+AtLjcbep1b4-00274-00116976-00117320 conferences... keep yourself up to date. That's the
+AtLjcbep1b4-00275-00117320-00117711 stuff that I don't have to tell a museum director. Normally people
+AtLjcbep1b4-00276-00117711-00118064 know that...people really know that and they know it in every field just
+AtLjcbep1b4-00277-00118064-00118376 because the field is now the digital sphere
+AtLjcbep1b4-00278-00118376-00118720 one when one doesn't have to think that it is different to any other kind of
+AtLjcbep1b4-00279-00118720-00119224 life - it's just a challenge that we face!