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+IPMnqWR8Tjg-00000-00000008-00000568 I'm going to show you today how to go from this to this in just a few simple steps my Allclad
+IPMnqWR8Tjg-00001-00000568-00001080 pans are actually 17 years old and i use them almost every day and still keep them shiny and
+IPMnqWR8Tjg-00002-00001080-00001607 spotless today my husband decided to fry fish in this pan and then stick it on their broiler so um
+IPMnqWR8Tjg-00003-00001672-00002320 yeah it's a perfect opportunity to do a demonstration, first pour water in it and let it sit for 20 minutes
+IPMnqWR8Tjg-00004-00002320-00002944 for the burnt pieces to loosen up then I will use barkeeper's front powder to remove all the stains
+IPMnqWR8Tjg-00005-00002944-00003472 it is irritating to skin so wear gloves when working with it apply the powder with a damp
+IPMnqWR8Tjg-00006-00003472-00004128 sponge or a rag use a little bit of pressure and watch the stains disappear use a soft steel pad
+IPMnqWR8Tjg-00007-00004128-00004576 for the gunk around the bolt but don't use it on the whole surface because it can leave scratches
+IPMnqWR8Tjg-00008-00004656-00005192 so let's finish the back and now it's looking brand new thank you for watching
+IWS56NrfDP4-00000-00000040-00000728 the glory we need to go to is the next glory and right words we'll take you there
+IWS56NrfDP4-00001-00001432-00001912 the holy ghost is god in the earth today and you walk with him by saying
+IWS56NrfDP4-00002-00001912-00002400 words my name is Andrew Hemstrought thank you for joining us if this is
+IWS56NrfDP4-00003-00002400-00002880 your first time here make sure you subscribe if this isn't your first time here and these
+IWS56NrfDP4-00004-00002880-00003711 messages are blessing you then consider becoming a partner with us proverbs chapter 25 and verse 11
+IWS56NrfDP4-00005-00003792-00005040 a word fitly spoken say fitly spoken is like apples of gold in pictures of silver well that'd
+IWS56NrfDP4-00006-00005040-00005784 be pretty good right yeah firstly is that valuable yes having an apple of solid gold would that be
+IWS56NrfDP4-00007-00005784-00006304 valuable yes and then you put it in a picture of silver it really means in a setting of silver
+IWS56NrfDP4-00008-00006423-00006808 it'd be worth something yeah right so we're talking about something of value
+IWS56NrfDP4-00009-00006920-00007959 specifically a word fitly spoken has value so there's great value in speaking the word
+IWS56NrfDP4-00010-00008048-00008720 say there's great value in speaking the word speaking now it matters what words you speak
+IWS56NrfDP4-00011-00008880-00009664 the contemporary english version says the right word the right word at the right time is like
+IWS56NrfDP4-00012-00009664-00010320 precious gold set in silver what is the right word at the right time
+IWS56NrfDP4-00013-00010448-00011128 can we see at a minimum so far there's value in speaking the word and especially the right word
+IWS56NrfDP4-00014-00011264-00011896 at the right time well in our day we have words given us to speak
+IWS56NrfDP4-00015-00012000-00012632 that will be fitly words that are at the right time in the right words to speak and
+IWS56NrfDP4-00016-00012632-00013328 if we do those say if we do those they will be greatly valuable they have great value
+IWS56NrfDP4-00017-00013440-00014047 well i've heard this and i hear it all the time people say to me that i've never heard anyone
+IWS56NrfDP4-00018-00014136-00014728 use the words i worship you holy ghost until i got involved with you with this ministry
+IWS56NrfDP4-00019-00014872-00015432 can you testify to this never heard it before well there's reasons for that i'll get into
+IWS56NrfDP4-00020-00015432-00016008 that in a little bit but i was given those words they were given to me to use not only
+IWS56NrfDP4-00021-00016008-00016712 personally but also in the ministry is there any value in that yes there's great value in it
+IWS56NrfDP4-00022-00016816-00017848 like apples made out of gold in settings of silver if you use them you got to speak them right words
+IWS56NrfDP4-00023-00017848-00018888 grant you entrance into the things of god right words grant you entrance into the things of god
+IWS56NrfDP4-00024-00019088-00019560 if you don't have the right words you can't go there so you have to be given the right
+IWS56NrfDP4-00025-00019560-00020136 words and then speak the right words to go into the things of god that's just how it is
+IWS56NrfDP4-00026-00020480-00021624 matthew 12 37 for by thy words thou shalt be justified and by thy words thou shalt be condemned
+IWS56NrfDP4-00027-00021824-00022344 you'll be justified by your words or condemned by your words are you here i'm not making this
+IWS56NrfDP4-00028-00022344-00023280 up i just read straight out of the bible right words are the difference between you getting
+IWS56NrfDP4-00029-00023280-00023848 to where you need to go or just stopping and being hindered from going there right words
+IWS56NrfDP4-00030-00023952-00024352 right words are the difference between you getting where you need to go
+IWS56NrfDP4-00031-00024352-00024952 or falling short of the glory that you need to obtain in this day to do what you need to do
+IWS56NrfDP4-00032-00025224-00026072 what justifies you right words the glory we need to go to is the next glory and right
+IWS56NrfDP4-00033-00026072-00026783 words will take you there are you here if you can hear that right words will take you there
+IWS56NrfDP4-00034-00026856-00027472 and the higher you go the more right your words need to be
+IWS56NrfDP4-00035-00027752-00028632 enoch had the right words and how far did he go he went all the way say he went all the way
+IWS56NrfDP4-00036-00028632-00029416 he went all the way remember the bible says that enoch walked with god what are we talking about
+IWS56NrfDP4-00037-00029504-00030032 what do we talk about all the time walking with god the holy ghost is
+IWS56NrfDP4-00038-00030032-00030664 god in the earth today and we walk with him by saying words by saying right words
+IWS56NrfDP4-00039-00030839-00031888 hebrews chapter 11 let's read verse 5. by faith enoch was what translated that he should not see
+IWS56NrfDP4-00040-00031888-00032776 death and was not found because god had translated him for before his translation he had
+IWS56NrfDP4-00041-00032776-00033912 this testimony that he pleased god a testimony is something you say and before say before before his
+IWS56NrfDP4-00042-00033912-00034640 translation before he was changed and translated he had something what did he have he had
+IWS56NrfDP4-00043-00034640-00035480 something said he had things that he was saying that pleased god and through having the things
+IWS56NrfDP4-00044-00035480-00036192 that he said pleasing god he was translated from one glory to the next glory is this too difficult
+IWS56NrfDP4-00045-00036312-00036968 so what you have to have are the right words if you want to go listen if you want to go to the
+IWS56NrfDP4-00046-00036968-00037432 next glory you have to have the right words let me ask you a question are you going to
+IWS56NrfDP4-00047-00037432-00037984 be translated if you don't have the right words no not going to happen scripturally
+IWS56NrfDP4-00048-00038128-00038760 enoch had the right words and was translated meaning he was changed from one thing to
+IWS56NrfDP4-00049-00038760-00039656 another thing say he was changed from one thing to another thing from one place to another place
+IWS56NrfDP4-00050-00039888-00040784 right words grant you entrance say right words grant me entrance
+IWS56NrfDP4-00051-00040880-00041528 right words grant you entrance into the next the next level the next glory
+IWS56NrfDP4-00052-00041680-00042816 the right words grant you entrance into knowing the holy ghost as god if you don't listen
+IWS56NrfDP4-00053-00042816-00043352 if you don't have the right words you can't know the holy ghost is god you think he's
+IWS56NrfDP4-00054-00043352-00043976 an anointing if you don't have the right words you can't know the holy ghost as the spirit lord
+IWS56NrfDP4-00055-00044200-00044840 you just think he's an anointing we go from glory to glory we're going to turn there we go
+IWS56NrfDP4-00056-00044840-00045784 from glory to glory even is by the spirit lord if we don't have the right words we can't go
+IWS56NrfDP4-00057-00045784-00046464 to the next glory because it's by the lord who is that spirit or the spirit lord and if our
+IWS56NrfDP4-00058-00046464-00047104 words about him are wrong then we're stopped and blocked from going there much like having a veil
+IWS56NrfDP4-00059-00047288-00047808 talking about right words we're talking about going from glory to glory we're talking about
+IWS56NrfDP4-00060-00047808-00048312 being translated from one thing to the next and i'm putting my finger on problem
+IWS56NrfDP4-00061-00048480-00048872 you're not saying the right thing you're not saying the right thing
+IWS56NrfDP4-00062-00049104-00049664 you're not saying the right thing if listen if you begin saying the right
+IWS56NrfDP4-00063-00049664-00050216 thing the curtain will be pulled back the door will be open for you and you will be able to
+IWS56NrfDP4-00064-00050216-00051096 walk through from one glory to the next glory you individually and the whole corporate us
+IWS56NrfDP4-00065-00051096-00051704 as a church but we haven't been saying the right thing we haven't been saying the right thing
+IWS56NrfDP4-00066-00051872-00052408 are we having fun yet do we want to go from glory to glory yes do you want to go from where
+IWS56NrfDP4-00067-00052408-00053584 you are which might be fine and good to some place that's better greater healthier younger wealthier
+IWS56NrfDP4-00068-00053800-00054184 second corinthians chapter 3 verse 16 nevertheless when it shall turn to the
+IWS56NrfDP4-00069-00054184-00054840 lord the veil shall be taken away avail keeps you from seeing things and when the veil's taken away
+IWS56NrfDP4-00070-00054896-00055904 you see something you didn't see before verse 17 now the lord is the veil's taken away that
+IWS56NrfDP4-00071-00055904-00056808 spirit when the veil is taken away you say now the lord is that spirit when the veil is taken
+IWS56NrfDP4-00072-00056808-00057655 away you say now the lord is that spirit we haven't been saying that's right and where
+IWS56NrfDP4-00073-00057712-00058224 the spirit of the lord is or where the spirit is lord we're talking about the holy ghost there is
+IWS56NrfDP4-00074-00058279-00059120 liberty liberty to go from one glory to the next glory but we all verse 18 with open face beholding
+IWS56NrfDP4-00075-00059120-00059888 as in a glass the glory of the lord are changed into the same image from glory to glory even as
+IWS56NrfDP4-00076-00060008-00060984 by or with the spirit of the lord literally says the spirit lord we're changed from glory to glory
+IWS56NrfDP4-00077-00061120-00061816 with the spirit lord knowing the spirit lord knowing the holy ghost
+IWS56NrfDP4-00078-00061816-00062520 the spirit lord as god changes you knowing the spirit lord as god
+IWS56NrfDP4-00079-00062640-00063391 changes you are you going to get that change if you don't have your words straight you don't have
+IWS56NrfDP4-00080-00063391-00064064 your words straight about him the one that you're being changed with get this straight you will not
+IWS56NrfDP4-00081-00064064-00064728 be changed from glory to glory without the spirit lord without knowing him as the spirit lord
+IWS56NrfDP4-00082-00064728-00065576 as god in the earth today that's why these words today are so important and they're so fit they're
+IWS56NrfDP4-00083-00065576-00066152 fitly words they're timely words because we have to be changed from glory to glory are you here
+IWS56NrfDP4-00084-00066392-00067184 but if you have your words straight you can go there because your words qualify you
+IWS56NrfDP4-00085-00067184-00067856 your words open that door so you can go there the right words in due season
+IWS56NrfDP4-00086-00068088-00068912 now enoch was a type of the last day church god prophesies the end from the beginning
+IWS56NrfDP4-00087-00069008-00069720 enoch is a type of the last day church and he got his word straight and he walked with god are you
+IWS56NrfDP4-00088-00069720-00070408 here yes enoch got his word straight and walked with god and was not for god took him he's a
+IWS56NrfDP4-00089-00070408-00071488 type of the last day church yes well i am the new enoch now i didn't say i'm enoch i said i'm the
+IWS56NrfDP4-00090-00071488-00072440 new enoch and i will take you into the spirit with the words i say and you'll be translated
+IWS56NrfDP4-00091-00072496-00073360 from one place to the next but not without the spirit lord not without the lord who is the spirit
+IWS56NrfDP4-00092-00073560-00074072 people hate it when someone speaks with authority they're not used to it they don't like it
+IWS56NrfDP4-00093-00074208-00074720 but i have this message of the holy ghost being god in the earth today
+IWS56NrfDP4-00094-00074776-00075456 and you walk with him by saying words they tried to throw jesus off a cliff remember that when he
+IWS56NrfDP4-00095-00075456-00075784 started speaking with authority they didn't like it they tried to throw him off the cliff
+IWS56NrfDP4-00096-00075872-00076584 well i live on the edge of the cliff right on the edge of the next glory which is where we're going
+IWS56NrfDP4-00097-00076968-00077616 holy ghost is god in the earth today and you walk with him by saying right words
+IWS56NrfDP4-00098-00077864-00078488 and those right words enable you to go from one place to the next are you here but not without
+IWS56NrfDP4-00099-00078488-00079480 the spirit lord is this so difficult thank you come right up front when we say the right words
+IWS56NrfDP4-00100-00079552-00080168 it pleases him him who him the holy ghost the one you're supposed to be walking with
+IWS56NrfDP4-00101-00080464-00080992 i'm saying right words i'm walking with god the holy ghost in the earth he is the spirit lord
+IWS56NrfDP4-00102-00081112-00081768 and when i speak right words it pleases him is there any benefit to that yes
+IWS56NrfDP4-00103-00081896-00082848 when i say the right words we please him we're accepted with him what did it say about enoch he
+IWS56NrfDP4-00104-00082848-00083544 had a testimony that pleased god so we're pleasing god the holy ghost the spirit lord god the earth
+IWS56NrfDP4-00105-00083544-00084184 today and we're approved and when you're approved listen when you're approved you get to go there
+IWS56NrfDP4-00106-00084248-00084904 the next place when you're approved of him the holy ghost the spirit lord you get to go there
+IWS56NrfDP4-00107-00085136-00086008 well i'm telling you the right words i'm telling you the right words if you use the words i
+IWS56NrfDP4-00108-00086008-00086808 worship you holy ghost you will be able to go where i'm talking about tonight those words
+IWS56NrfDP4-00109-00086808-00087600 please him for he is god and you should worship god i get a chuckle it's kind of a sad chuckle
+IWS56NrfDP4-00110-00087600-00088384 i guess when people say that they don't worship the holy ghost and i say you don't worship god
+IWS56NrfDP4-00111-00088440-00088856 they don't know him as god if they knew him as god they would worship him
+IWS56NrfDP4-00112-00088928-00089272 you're not going to get to go where i'm talking about without knowing him as
+IWS56NrfDP4-00113-00089272-00089816 god the spirit lord in the earth that's right and the way they know him as god
+IWS56NrfDP4-00114-00089816-00090488 is to begin to worship him as god i was given those words to use like it or not
+IWS56NrfDP4-00115-00090488-00091184 i was given those words an angel came and told me use these words well what am i going to do
+IWS56NrfDP4-00116-00091304-00091928 i'm going to use the words use these words i worship you holy ghost they're a tool they're a
+IWS56NrfDP4-00117-00091928-00092656 key that unlocks the door of the holy ghost being the spirit lord in my life but then also into
+IWS56NrfDP4-00118-00092656-00093984 the earth are you seeing this yes use these words they are valuable they're like gold set in silver
+IWS56NrfDP4-00119-00094112-00094480 well the holy ghost hears right words is it right to worship god
+IWS56NrfDP4-00120-00094600-00095352 and he hears the right words and he recognizes you you ever see i was thinking of congress you know
+IWS56NrfDP4-00121-00095352-00096056 where you know uh they'll say the gentleman from uh rhode island is recognized for five minutes
+IWS56NrfDP4-00122-00096112-00096672 right and then they have to listen to him well i'm not talking about congress i'm talking about the
+IWS56NrfDP4-00123-00096672-00097624 holy ghost he recognizes you he recognizes your right words he acknowledges you he looks at you
+IWS56NrfDP4-00124-00097704-00098408 and then things begin to happen are you here yes and i maintained it's not necessarily because
+IWS56NrfDP4-00125-00098408-00098992 you're so special it's because you're using the words that's right he recognizes his words
+IWS56NrfDP4-00126-00099200-00099984 right words causes the holy ghost to recognize you to acknowledge you wrong words
+IWS56NrfDP4-00127-00100288-00100488 causes him to ignore you
+IWS56NrfDP4-00128-00100736-00100984 wrong words causes you to believe the wrong thing
+IWS56NrfDP4-00129-00101200-00101544 right words i worship you holy ghost causes you to believe
+IWS56NrfDP4-00130-00101616-00102016 that he is god you wouldn't be worshiping him if he wasn't god
+IWS56NrfDP4-00131-00102016-00102544 right wrong words causes you to believe something different something wrong right
+IWS56NrfDP4-00132-00102759-00103296 and hold you back from going to where you need to be glory to glory are you here
+IWS56NrfDP4-00133-00103296-00104032 yes the holy ghost says your words have not been right towards me
+IWS56NrfDP4-00134-00104144-00104735 your words have not been right towards me malachi talks about your words being stout
+IWS56NrfDP4-00135-00104735-00105183 against god and him not even be being able to bless you even though you were a tither
+IWS56NrfDP4-00136-00105256-00106040 your words were against him he can't let you in if your words are against him your words have
+IWS56NrfDP4-00137-00106040-00106911 not been right towards him can you see this does it matter yes if right words grant you entrance
+IWS56NrfDP4-00138-00107056-00108104 wrong words keep you out you know where most of the church is they're out if right words
+IWS56NrfDP4-00139-00108104-00109032 grant you entrance wrong words keep you out we go from glory to glory by and with the spirit lord
+IWS56NrfDP4-00140-00109128-00110008 but you don't call him that or know him that way how far is that going to get you no far
+IWS56NrfDP4-00141-00110232-00110520 it's not going to get you very far in fact you're not going to get anywhere
+IWS56NrfDP4-00142-00110696-00111296 the door you're gonna get this the door of the spirit is his door you
+IWS56NrfDP4-00143-00111296-00111728 want to go into the spirit and obtain the things that he has for you it's his door
+IWS56NrfDP4-00144-00111856-00112535 and you don't get to go through it unless you worship him as god as the spirit lord knowing him
+IWS56NrfDP4-00145-00112535-00113583 even as by the lord who is the spirit he regulates who enters and stays and who doesn't
+IWS56NrfDP4-00146-00113752-00114272 what would justify you to enter in right words by your words you're justified
+IWS56NrfDP4-00147-00114496-00115056 if you don't worship him he won't let you into this place
+IWS56NrfDP4-00148-00115256-00115559 people might say you know well how do you know this because i've been on the other
+IWS56NrfDP4-00149-00115559-00116128 side and have been on this side and i am telling you it is a completely different
+IWS56NrfDP4-00150-00116128-00116752 space to be in walking with the holy ghost as the living god god in the earth today the spirit lord
+IWS56NrfDP4-00151-00116920-00117608 that's not where i was before and i thought i was right before but i wasn't right before
+IWS56NrfDP4-00152-00117608-00118048 this is right but i couldn't see it because i was on the other side of the veil
+IWS56NrfDP4-00153-00118176-00119000 we always want people's approval but i'm not going back i am going on with the holy ghost
+IWS56NrfDP4-00154-00119000-00119583 as the spirit lord god in the earth today and people can either choose to go with me or not
+IWS56NrfDP4-00155-00119816-00120720 treating him the holy ghost as an anointing will only get you so far he is not an anointing he has
+IWS56NrfDP4-00156-00120720-00121511 anointings to give but he is not an anointing and by and large most of the body of christ
+IWS56NrfDP4-00157-00121511-00122192 treats the holy ghost as an afterthought or an anointing that's the church that's where
+IWS56NrfDP4-00158-00122192-00122888 they're at those are not right words towards god the holy ghost calling him an anointing
+IWS56NrfDP4-00159-00123104-00123935 right words towards him are i worship you holy ghost you don't worship an anointing do you
+IWS56NrfDP4-00160-00123935-00124583 no the anointing is just a power it's it's doing something it it's it's an effectual force that
+IWS56NrfDP4-00161-00124583-00125200 does something not against the anointing you can have the anointing but that's not him are you here
+IWS56NrfDP4-00162-00125272-00126183 he's god you worship god in fact the bible says in revelations 19 10 to worship god but those words
+IWS56NrfDP4-00163-00126183-00127032 i worship you holy ghost are completely foreign in most of the body of christ they can't go here
+IWS56NrfDP4-00164-00127272-00128016 until that changes is what we're doing it's part of our job today it's part of our job and we're
+IWS56NrfDP4-00165-00128016-00128568 making some headway aren't we we're starting to make some headway well the holy ghost said to me
+IWS56NrfDP4-00166-00128656-00129880 tell them i am not an anointing tell them i am not an anointing who says that holy ghost
+IWS56NrfDP4-00167-00130104-00130992 these are the words of jesus in red luke chapter 4 verse 18 the spirit of the lord is upon me because
+IWS56NrfDP4-00168-00131096-00132024 he hath anointed me he say he he hath anointed me the anointing is not a he
+IWS56NrfDP4-00169-00132328-00133200 the spirit of the lord or literally the spirit lord he anoints that he is not
+IWS56NrfDP4-00170-00133200-00134136 the anointing he anoints so he anoints he knows but he's not the anointing he anointed jesus right
+IWS56NrfDP4-00171-00134368-00135232 first kings chapter 19 verse 11 and he said go forth and stand upon the mount before the lord
+IWS56NrfDP4-00172-00135232-00135600 and behold the lord passed by say behold the lord passed by
+IWS56NrfDP4-00173-00135832-00136144 and a great strong wind rent the mountains
+IWS56NrfDP4-00174-00136144-00136688 and break in pieces the rocks before the lord but the lord was not in the wind
+IWS56NrfDP4-00175-00136816-00137424 so the wind came and it broke the rocks right before the lord say before the lord but the
+IWS56NrfDP4-00176-00137424-00138080 lord was not in the wind and after the wind and earthquake but the lord was not in the earthquake
+IWS56NrfDP4-00177-00138384-00139016 verse 12 and after the earthquake of fire but the lord was not in the fire and after the fire
+IWS56NrfDP4-00178-00139016-00139952 a still small voice an earthquake is not a person a strong mighty wind is not a person
+IWS56NrfDP4-00179-00140032-00140792 right even though we name them people hurricane john or whatever it is it's still not a person
+IWS56NrfDP4-00180-00140792-00141296 but the voice was a person a person has a voice say a person has a voice
+IWS56NrfDP4-00181-00141584-00142360 if you are saying and believing and god forbid preaching a doctrine that says that
+IWS56NrfDP4-00182-00142360-00143368 he the holy ghost who is a person is an anointing then your words are wrong and you get no entrance
+IWS56NrfDP4-00183-00143544-00143896 that's why i brought all these things up before you have to have your words right
+IWS56NrfDP4-00184-00143896-00144600 about the holy ghost he is not an anointing he is a person he is god and you should worship god
+IWS56NrfDP4-00185-00144768-00145592 but our words have not been right towards him and they won't take us to the place that we need to go
+IWS56NrfDP4-00186-00145592-00146344 and be especially in this last day i believe god has winked at certain things the church has done
+IWS56NrfDP4-00187-00146344-00147008 just because their children getting away with it this is not that day this is not that hour
+IWS56NrfDP4-00188-00147008-00147592 we need to go forth accurately with the right words and the right god in the earth his name
+IWS56NrfDP4-00189-00147592-00148168 is the holy ghost he is the spirit lord and we will go with him from glory to glory
+IWS56NrfDP4-00190-00148168-00148928 even as by him you're not going to do that without knowing him and who he is and how to walk with him
+IWS56NrfDP4-00191-00149048-00150144 our words have limited the holy one the living god the spirit lord but we are changing that we
+IWS56NrfDP4-00192-00150208-00151048 are taking the limits off we are getting to know him as god and worship him as god and speak the
+IWS56NrfDP4-00193-00151048-00151600 right words in agreement with him and there are those of us who are going to go from one place
+IWS56NrfDP4-00194-00151600-00152264 to the next from that place to the next and that place to the next and there is no stop until like
+IWS56NrfDP4-00195-00152264-00153024 enoch we were not for god took us holy ghost i thank you that these people as they're hearing
+IWS56NrfDP4-00196-00153024-00153608 these words are literally being changed by them and taken into the spirit that they may know
+IWS56NrfDP4-00197-00153608-00154400 you holy ghost as the living god and walk with you speaking right words in agreement with you
+IWS56NrfDP4-00198-00154400-00155160 and thus says the lord they shall be changed as those words line up with mine and i shall be their
+IWS56NrfDP4-00199-00155160-00155976 refuge i shall be their buttress they shall know my ways they shall know my healing they shall know
+IWS56NrfDP4-00200-00155976-00156768 my prosperity for this is the day for the glory of the lord to begin filling and covering the earth
+IWS56NrfDP4-00201-00156824-00157560 as the waters cover the sea we thank you holy ghost for it in jesus name amen amen if you have
+IWS56NrfDP4-00202-00157560-00158096 a tithe or an offering hold it in your hand say this after me holy ghost i worship you
+IWS56NrfDP4-00203-00158176-00159032 you are the spirit lord you have great glory and you are willing to show me your glory and help
+IWS56NrfDP4-00204-00159032-00160040 me into it that i may walk in it in the earth in this day i thank you for it that i am blessed and
+IWS56NrfDP4-00205-00160040-00161184 my finances are increasing exponentially right now i thank you for it in jesus name jesus amen
+IWS56NrfDP4-00206-00161448-00162584 holy ghost your god in the earth today
+IWS56NrfDP4-00207-00162824-00162832 you
+IXII-JFVp4g-00000-00000000-00000200 AUCHH | The Muscle Minds - Best Workout Shorts #shorts 
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00000-00000501-00001107 Forty-five, 50. More than 100 people. 300. 200.
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00001-00001107-00001643 Maybe a hundred and 20. Unfortunately I think the trend is probably just over a
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00002-00001643-00001907 hundred. 300.
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00003-00001907-00002084 Probably about
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00004-00002084-00002736 sixty. 100 deaths a year. Yeah something like that, maybe more. I don't know. Yeah.
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00005-00003219-00003497 Drunk driving. Making bad judgments,
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00006-00003497-00003929 uhm... possibly alcohol as well.
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00007-00003929-00004400 Speed, especially on country roads. Everyone is just so in a big of a hurry to get
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00008-00004400-00004799 from A to B. Ah... drunk drivers,
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00009-00004799-00005174 ah... people just not paying attention. Drinking.
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00010-00005174-00005362 Drink driving.
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00011-00005851-00006096 Ah... well I guessed 200 so half that would
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00012-00006096-00006483 be 100. Imagine try to get it down to at least 40.
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00013-00006483-00006784 Ahm... I think we could at least
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00014-00006784-00007302 well half it would be good. Half-percent 1 percent of people on the roads.
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00015-00007302-00007809 Less than a hundred, not even that. More acceptable would be ten.
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00016-00007809-00008142 Forty or fifty would be I think,
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00017-00008142-00008380 should be attainable.
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00018-00008836-00009179 Oh... None. None. None.
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00019-00009179-00009459 None. None.
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00020-00009533-00009744 Yeah zero.
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00021-00009744-00010014 Zero. Zero. Zero.
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00022-00010014-00010456 Zero. Of course you don't want to see your family members pass away on the road.
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00023-00010816-00011562 Ah... that would be perfect. Yes. Yeah. Of course, we don't want anyone dying on the roads.Yeah.
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00024-00011600-00011925 Well yes. Yes. How about a target for all our state of zero?
+IXTyPCXVF-k-00025-00011925-00012171 I have an aspirational goal of zero.
+IYrth9r8geA-00000-00000315-00000352 But
+IYrth9r8geA-00001-00000392-00000520 that guy is not?
+IYrth9r8geA-00002-00000562-00000830 rings that beard
+IYrth9r8geA-00003-00000907-00001052 Northampton Town t shirt
+IYrth9r8geA-00004-00001055-00001202 Isn't that Alan Moore himself?
+IYrth9r8geA-00005-00001212-00001377 Signing time don't you?
+IYrth9r8geA-00006-00001420-00001540 Let's see what we have here 
+IYrth9r8geA-00007-00001540-00001739 a Jerusalem ebook
+IYrth9r8geA-00008-00001739-00001939 this no
+IYrth9r8geA-00009-00001939-00002140 The umpteenth reissue of Watchmen? 
+IYrth9r8geA-00010-00002150-00002287 black and white?
+IYrth9r8geA-00011-00002287-00002642 no we don't want a spell
+IYrth9r8geA-00012-00002750-00003052 Terribly unfortunate
+IYrth9r8geA-00013-00003410-00003685 Wow this is a miracle
+IYrth9r8geA-00014-00003732-00003837 thermodynamic
+IYrth9r8geA-00015-00004667-00004897 Show Pieces is an anthology of five short films
+IYrth9r8geA-00016-00004897-00004992 created by Alan Moore
+IYrth9r8geA-00017-00004992-00005245 in collaboration with photographer Mitch Jenkins
+IYrth9r8geA-00018-00005262-00005642 where they connect us to the underworld of his hometown of Northampton
+IYrth9r8geA-00019-00005672-00005920 with a parallel reality of dreamlike territory
+IYrth9r8geA-00020-00005920-00006105 which they will call Nightampton
+IYrth9r8geA-00021-00006105-00006360 These 5 short films although really, we have to say they are 3
+IYrth9r8geA-00022-00006360-00006667 which make up the main story of the Jimmy's End arc
+IYrth9r8geA-00023-00006667-00006792 while the other 2
+IYrth9r8geA-00024-00006820-00006922 serve as annexes
+IYrth9r8geA-00025-00006922-00007237 adding a little more depth to certain secondary characters
+IYrth9r8geA-00026-00007567-00007800 The anthology begins with Act of Faith
+IYrth9r8geA-00027-00007800-00008045 where we find a reporter from a local newspaper
+IYrth9r8geA-00028-00008045-00008177 called Faith Harrington
+IYrth9r8geA-00029-00008177-00008385 preparing for the ritual of an exhilarating night
+IYrth9r8geA-00030-00008407-00008727 with phone calls and erotic games of self-asphyxiation
+IYrth9r8geA-00031-00008727-00008972 where chance played a macabre outcome
+IYrth9r8geA-00032-00008997-00009415 This prelude presents to Faith in a transcript of Alice in Wonderland
+IYrth9r8geA-00033-00009415-00009615 which as a result of its outcome
+IYrth9r8geA-00034-00009615-00009880 will go down the rabbit hole which is the Jimmy's end
+IYrth9r8geA-00035-00009905-00010080 the next piece of Show Pieces
+IYrth9r8geA-00036-00010080-00010280 and pinnacle of this story
+IYrth9r8geA-00037-00010397-00010660 Here his other protagonist James a drunken womanizer
+IYrth9r8geA-00038-00010660-00010997 ends up not knowing well how in this club anchored in time
+IYrth9r8geA-00039-00011030-00011262 surrounded by strange characters and out of place
+IYrth9r8geA-00040-00011262-00011462 he will encounter a depressed clown
+IYrth9r8geA-00041-00011462-00011662 disturbing burlesque dancers
+IYrth9r8geA-00042-00011672-00011937 and being manipulated by the mysterious club owners
+IYrth9r8geA-00043-00012062-00012337 Here is where Alan Moore reserves himself an ad hoc character
+IYrth9r8geA-00044-00012780-00013040 of Frank Metterton alias The Great I Am
+IYrth9r8geA-00045-00013157-00013397 who along with Robert Goodman as Nick Matchbright
+IYrth9r8geA-00046-00013419-00013752 they play the once famous and ill-starred couple of comedians
+IYrth9r8geA-00047-00013752-00013892 now forgotten
+IYrth9r8geA-00048-00013975-00014344 They form 2 faces of the same coin and share a dark secret
+IYrth9r8geA-00049-00014344-00014490 where they play God and Devil
+IYrth9r8geA-00050-00014490-00014630 by a deck of cards
+IYrth9r8geA-00051-00014630-00015035 which forms genetic codes and highly symbolic processes of alchemy
+IYrth9r8geA-00052-00015055-00015285 in this antechamber to the dreaming dead
+IYrth9r8geA-00053-00015285-00015455 which is Jimmy's End
+IYrth9r8geA-00054-00015497-00015690 This is based on Greek mythology
+IYrth9r8geA-00055-00015690-00016047 where the world of dreams and the world of life after death
+IYrth9r8geA-00056-00016069-00016337 were the same place where both worlds meet
+IYrth9r8geA-00057-00016350-00016737 Something that is quite clear when James meets the recently deceased Faith
+IYrth9r8geA-00058-00016737-00017167 and when he sees a metaphorical animation of the fatal accident
+IYrth9r8geA-00059-00017167-00017367 has led him to Jimmy's End
+IYrth9r8geA-00060-00017585-00017890 if you look closely at one of the guys at the bar who wears glasses
+IYrth9r8geA-00061-00017942-00018380 is the evangelical leader who appears on the front page of the newspaper in Act of Faith
+IYrth9r8geA-00062-00018397-00018652 who died of a heart attack we suppose
+IYrth9r8geA-00063-00018667-00019025 following Faith's article where he is accused of sexual harassment
+IYrth9r8geA-00064-00019120-00019305 Delving into the intriguing place
+IYrth9r8geA-00065-00019305-00019570 we have Kabbalistic elements on the walls of the club
+IYrth9r8geA-00066-00019587-00019832 such as the seal of Astaroth the Duke of Hell
+IYrth9r8geA-00067-00019952-00020285 That phone that rings constantly in the hall brings us back
+IYrth9r8geA-00068-00020307-00020732 to the irritating phone that rings in "Once upon a time in America" by Sergio Leone
+IYrth9r8geA-00069-00020745-00021030 whose appeal seems to have similar connotations
+IYrth9r8geA-00070-00021030-00021305 expressing the feeling of guilt which James drags along
+IYrth9r8geA-00071-00021320-00021505 and that he will reveal to us later
+IYrth9r8geA-00072-00021540-00021880 We can already see that in Jimmy's End no element is ornamental
+IYrth9r8geA-00073-00021887-00022050 like the old stereo
+IYrth9r8geA-00074-00022067-00022187 which goes out of focus
+IYrth9r8geA-00075-00022187-00022557 and the coils are confused as if they were the eyes of a skull
+IYrth9r8geA-00076-00022582-00022920 Visually and tonaly, Jimmy's End makes us think of the lodge in Twin Peaks
+IYrth9r8geA-00077-00022920-00023120 with those curtains surrounding the place
+IYrth9r8geA-00078-00023150-00023320 and following with the friend Lynch
+IYrth9r8geA-00079-00023320-00023460 the Matchbright character
+IYrth9r8geA-00080-00023460-00023722 t seems to us a distant cousin of the violent Frank Booth
+IYrth9r8geA-00081-00023722-00024030 played by Dennis Hoper in Blue Velvet
+IYrth9r8geA-00082-00024275-00024525 Another reference less obvious
+IYrth9r8geA-00083-00024525-00024735 may be Oh Lucky Man with Malcon MacDowell
+IYrth9r8geA-00084-00024735-00025087 because the short seems to have wanted to recreate that decadent atmosphere
+IYrth9r8geA-00085-00025087-00025472 and loaded with those British clubs of the 70s
+IYrth9r8geA-00086-00025575-00025882 His Heavy Heart is the last piece which closes Show Pieces
+IYrth9r8geA-00087-00025910-00026082 perhaps the least interesting
+IYrth9r8geA-00088-00026082-00026222 Here we see James again
+IYrth9r8geA-00089-00026222-00026402 led by one of the burlesque dancers
+IYrth9r8geA-00090-00026402-00026820 to his own trial of guilt and later atonement for his actions in life
+IYrth9r8geA-00091-00026877-00027285 he is being judged by the shady clown who we already know not only from Jimmy's End
+IYrth9r8geA-00092-00027300-00027762 but because his face also appears on the Act of Faith costume card
+IYrth9r8geA-00093-00028235-00028482 From here on long monologues follow
+IYrth9r8geA-00094-00028482-00028712 loaded with Egyptian esoteric symbolism
+IYrth9r8geA-00095-00028730-00029042 quoting the book of the dead and with more grotesque images
+IYrth9r8geA-00096-00029070-00029277 The highlight without a doubt is the end
+IYrth9r8geA-00097-00029289-00029687 where they literally leave us, the door open to what is Nighhampton
+IYrth9r8geA-00098-00029705-00029962 the reverse world of the city of Northampton
+IYrth9r8geA-00099-00030220-00030700 It all started when Mitch Jenkins photographer and personal friend of Alan Moore since Watchmen era
+IYrth9r8geA-00100-00030712-00031355 asked the enigmatic bard to write a short film script to expand his film reel
+IYrth9r8geA-00101-00031397-00031725 Moore set to work and wrote Jimmy's End in one afternoon
+IYrth9r8geA-00102-00031725-00032057 inspired by Jenkins' own photo shoot
+IYrth9r8geA-00103-00032070-00032307 for one of his Moore fanzines Dodgem Logic
+IYrth9r8geA-00104-00032330-00032662 which featured a strange burlesque scene with clowns
+IYrth9r8geA-00105-00032957-00033115 The project became more diverse
+IYrth9r8geA-00106-00033115-00033490 and the story was expanded to the 5 short films that gave shape to Show Pieces
+IYrth9r8geA-00107-00033510-00033785 and the possibility of a TV series
+IYrth9r8geA-00108-00033785-00033985 and a film, which has already been shot
+IYrth9r8geA-00109-00033985-00034107 called The Show
+IYrth9r8geA-00110-00034140-00034585 The plot takes place just the day after the events seen in Show Pieces
+IYrth9r8geA-00111-00035037-00035362 It is well known the obsession to the extreme in Moore's scripts
+IYrth9r8geA-00112-00035362-00035670 where he reflects the culture in detail and leaves nothing to chance
+IYrth9r8geA-00113-00035670-00035950 In Show Pieces he gives rein to his imagery
+IYrth9r8geA-00114-00035950-00036130 even the most mundane elements
+IYrth9r8geA-00115-00036130-00036330 We have from cigarette brands
+IYrth9r8geA-00116-00036330-00036802 alcohol bottles, TV series all of them loaded with subtext
+IYrth9r8geA-00117-00036962-00037420 Without forgetting, the songs versions of already existing songs with lyrics of the own Moore
+IYrth9r8geA-00118-00037420-00037685 reinterpreted by the duo Crook & Flail
+IYrth9r8geA-00119-00037685-00037912 who invited famous singers used pseudonyms
+IYrth9r8geA-00120-00038030-00038457 For example there is a James Blunt song which due to budget and rights issues
+IYrth9r8geA-00121-00038477-00038752 was not viable for the production of the short film
+IYrth9r8geA-00122-00038772-00039182 but they revamped it and created something that even improves the original
+IYrth9r8geA-00123-00039200-00039382 Alan Moore Knows the score
+IYrth9r8geA-00124-00039807-00040362 Show Pieces was accompanied by a crowdfunding campaign and a strange transmedia campaign
+IYrth9r8geA-00125-00040362-00040720 with the appearance of a somewhat arcane website called The Mamas
+IYrth9r8geA-00126-00040720-00041165 in honor of the Metterton and Matchbright Appreciation Society
+IYrth9r8geA-00127-00041165-00041402 the pair of comedians and owners of the Jimmy's End
+IYrth9r8geA-00128-00041437-00041680 The site is named after Elizabeth Carnaby
+IYrth9r8geA-00129-00041680-00042112 a possible tangential character in the reality of The Show
+IYrth9r8geA-00130-00042147-00042202 or not
+IYrth9r8geA-00131-00042240-00042825 also has a youtube page with a strange recording of Metterton
+IYrth9r8geA-00132-00042832-00043137 with Dr. Frances Pinner in the 70's
+IYrth9r8geA-00133-00043160-00043390 all very Moore-style
+IYrth9r8geA-00134-00043390-00043732 used to complete with appendices all his works
+IYrth9r8geA-00135-00043895-00043985 In short
+IYrth9r8geA-00136-00044017-00044327 Has long since Moore transcended the universe of comic books
+IYrth9r8geA-00137-00044327-00044565 where he left us incunabulum works
+IYrth9r8geA-00138-00044605-00044790 to become a total artist
+IYrth9r8geA-00139-00044845-00045335 Show Pieces supposes a step more to continue mythologizing its city of Northampton
+IYrth9r8geA-00140-00045355-00045535 but also and more important
+IYrth9r8geA-00141-00045565-00045735 supposes a first step
+IYrth9r8geA-00142-00045765-00046060 towards the cinematographic world of a proactive way
+IYrth9r8geA-00143-00046060-00046507 because as it is known Moore always has renounced of all adaptation of its works
+IYrth9r8geA-00144-00046507-00046827 and by principles resigns to any type of royalties
+IYrth9r8geA-00145-00046827-00047292 in exchange for which they do not name to him since, their works, never were conceived with that aim 
+IYrth9r8geA-00146-00047377-00047490 Well then
+IYrth9r8geA-00147-00047532-00047752 the clowns and strippers
+IYrth9r8geA-00148-00047752-00048025 but WTF with that?
+IYrth9r8geA-00149-00048737-00048907 See you all at Donosskino!
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00000-00000795-00000895 Subscribe
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00001-00000895-00000983 Dun Dun Dunn
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00002-00000983-00001063 Dun Dun Dunn
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00003-00001801-00001851 Yeet
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00004-00001851-00001901 Yeet
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00005-00001901-00001951 Yeet
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00006-00001951-00002001 Yeet
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00007-00002001-00002057 Bubbles
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00008-00002057-00002107 Bubbles
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00009-00002118-00002174 Bubbles
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00010-00002174-00002230 Bubbles
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00011-00002230-00002286 Bubbles
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00012-00002286-00002342 bubbles
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00013-00002342-00002392 bubbles
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00014-00002709-00002759 aye
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00015-00002759-00002809 aye
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00016-00002880-00002930 aye
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00017-00002930-00002980 suspens
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00018-00003184-00003248 suspense
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00019-00004564-00004628 suspense
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00020-00004628-00004678 denied
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00021-00004678-00004728 denied
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00022-00004728-00004778 denied
+IZHpjlYSMYA-00023-00007169-00007338 mystery accent
+IbiBHEOUjHM-00000-00000003-00000438 Hi everyone. Today we can look at the particular function of web GIS - styling
+IbiBHEOUjHM-00001-00000438-00000999 updates. So you imagine you have a web map set up and you have few layers and
+IbiBHEOUjHM-00002-00000999-00001650 each layer has its legend or style that is used to visualize on the map. So we
+IbiBHEOUjHM-00003-00001650-00002160 can look at the city boundary in this example. One way to change the style
+IbiBHEOUjHM-00004-00002160-00003011 is to go to a style resource in the web GIS and then update a QML file to
+IbiBHEOUjHM-00005-00003011-00003618 update it and then this is not very convenient. So if you have QGIS installed
+IbiBHEOUjHM-00006-00003618-00004428 and you have the plug-in called GIS connect you can character your DEP GIS
+IbiBHEOUjHM-00007-00004428-00005592 and you can find the particular Web map and layer and the style and then you can
+IbiBHEOUjHM-00008-00005592-00006234 download this layer ruby style and see exactly what it is onto that map and
+IbiBHEOUjHM-00009-00006234-00006825 it's the power of QGIS visual style editor to change the style to something
+IbiBHEOUjHM-00010-00006825-00007647 you like more. So let's say we want fill style and then different color. So I
+IbiBHEOUjHM-00011-00007647-00008303 updated the style and the only thing you need to do is just say "update this style"
+IbiBHEOUjHM-00012-00008303-00008949 in the lab. So what happens is that data is not updated, but style is updated and
+IbiBHEOUjHM-00013-00008949-00009332 style is very small so it's pretty much instantaneous and then you switch back
+IbiBHEOUjHM-00014-00009332-00009900 to your map and just shift it a little bit and here you go
+IbiBHEOUjHM-00015-00009900-00010838 your style is updated and it's very fast. That's all for today, thank you very much
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00000-00000012-00000210 What’s the best way to stay healthy
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00001-00000210-00000462 in the face of so much conflicting nutrition information?
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00002-00000462-00000858 Well, ideally, you would go to the source.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00003-00000858-00000948 The gold standard;
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00004-00000948-00001110 the peer-reviewed medical literature.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00005-00001110-00001380 Read through stacks of the latest medical journals.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00006-00001380-00001590 But who’s got time for that?
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00007-00001590-00001704 I do!
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00008-00001704-00001962 Welcome to the Nutrition Facts Podcast.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00009-00001962-00002190 I’m your host, Dr. Michael Greger.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00010-00002250-00002760 Did you know that medical journals can cost tens of thousands per year
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00011-00002760-00003192 for a subscription and even access to a single online article
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00012-00003192-00003419 can cost dozens of dollars.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00013-00003419-00003702 But the founder of the website Sci-Hub,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00014-00003702-00003947 a woman known as “The Robin Hood of Science”,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00015-00003947-00004370 set out to change that. Here’s her story.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00016-00004417-00005202 The first issues of the first scientific journals were published back in 1665,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00017-00005202-00005712 in which it was noted things like, hey, it looks like there's a spot on Jupiter,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00018-00005712-00006138 thanks to new telescopes invented by a certain Mr. Newton,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00019-00006138-00006522 whose friend Halley described a comet.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00020-00006588-00007056 The same journal that reported that oranges and lemons could cure scurvy,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00021-00007056-00007416 and something in willow tree bark could bring down a fever.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00022-00007512-00007878 Also published, a letter by some guy over in the colonies
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00023-00007878-00008100 about playing with kites during lightning storms,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00024-00008100-00008640 and an account of a remarkable 8-year-old musician by the name of Amadeus,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00025-00008760-00009114 and within this last century some sketchings of the structure
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00026-00009114-00009306 of some molecule called DNA.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00027-00009306-00009840 A journal still in publication to this day, 350 years later,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00028-00009840-00010104 available now online and in print
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00029-00010104-00010854 for the low, low subscription price of only $6,666 a year.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00030-00010980-00011274 As you can imagine, the high price of journals
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00031-00011274-00011502 leaves doctors in developing countries
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00032-00011502-00011760 missing out on relevant information about health.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00033-00011826-00012360 At that time, back in the '90s, there was optimism that by 2004 at least,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00034-00012360-00012822 the problem of access to life-saving scientific information would be solved.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00035-00012822-00013296 But 2004 came and went, setting their sights for 2015.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00036-00013296-00013716 Surely by then we can achieve health information for all,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00037-00013716-00014028 as lack of access remained a major barrier.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00038-00014088-00014436 Realistically, only scientists at really big, well-funded universities
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00039-00014436-00014826 in the developed world may have full access to published research,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00040-00014826-00015288 and as prices rise even higher, even that may no longer be true.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00041-00015288-00015618 You know there's a problem when even Harvard,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00042-00015618-00015972 as in $30-billion-dollar- endowment Harvard,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00043-00015972-00016350 claims that costs for research journals are now prohibitive.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00044-00016452-00016836 Meanwhile, the journal publishers are raking in billions
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00045-00016836-00017268 charging institutions up to $35,000 a year per journal,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00046-00017268-00017514 and charging individuals online per article.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00047-00017514-00017982 So you have a family member diagnosed with some disease and you go online.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00048-00017982-00018306 You can read all sorts of internet drek,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00049-00018306-00018684 but if you want to see the actual science, it can get expensive.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00050-00018774-00019086 And you likely paid for the research.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00051-00019086-00019314 Tax dollars pour in to fund the research,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00052-00019314-00019686 and then you can't get access to the research you paid for.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00053-00019788-00020118 It's like if a nice little city park was built,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00054-00020118-00020472 but then some private firm came in and started to charge admission.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00055-00020556-00020892 That's roughly how it works with scientific research,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00056-00020892-00021432 and this conversion of public research dollars into private publishing profits
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00057-00021432-00021660 has long been a source of discontent.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00058-00021660-00021996 The publishers don't end up paying anything for the research.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00059-00021996-00022290 They get it for free; they don't pay the researchers anything.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00060-00022290-00022782 So we pay for it, and then we have to pay for it again if we want to read it.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00061-00022782-00023442 So it can end up with science as a profit system, rather than science as knowledge.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00062-00023442-00024120 Enter Alexandra Elbakyan, nicknamed by some the Robin Hood of Science.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00063-00024186-00024798 It's the story of how one researcher made nearly every scientific paper ever published
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00064-00024798-00025392 available for free to everyone, anywhere in the world.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00065-00025506-00025812 Named by perhaps the most prestigious scientific journal in the world
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00066-00025812-00026220 as one of the top 10 people who mattered the most in science in 2016,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00067-00026220-00026777 Alexandra started out as just a frustrated grad student in Kazakhstan,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00068-00026777-00027180 unable to access the scholarly papers she needed for her research.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00069-00027239-00027648 Once she figured out how to circumvent all the paywalls,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00070-00027648-00028026 she started a website, now at https://sci-hub.st/
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00071-00028026-00028476 to remove all barriers in the way of science
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00072-00028476-00028992 by giving away the world's scientific, medical, and nutrition literature for free.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00073-00029195-00029592 "What she did is nothing short of awesome," said one researcher.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00074-00029592-00029933 "Lack of access to the scientific literature is a massive injustice,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00075-00029933-00030348 and she fixed it with one fell swoop."
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00076-00030348-00030762 Alexandra Elbakyan, a 20- something year old grad student,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00077-00030762-00031062 is operating a free searchable online database
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00078-00031062-00031427 of nearly 50 million stolen scholarly journal articles,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00079-00031427-00031883 shattering the $10 billion-per-year paywall of academic publishers,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00080-00031883-00032118 an awe-inspiring act of altruism,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00081-00032214-00032574 or a massive criminal enterprise, depending on whom you ask.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00082-00032574-00033234 Now up to 60 million papers, providing access to nearly all scholarly literature.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00083-00033234-00033864 Via its websites sci-hub.cc, sci-hub.io, and sci-hub.ac,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00084-00033864-00034488 Sci-Hub was able to fill 99.3% of articles requests, all for free.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00085-00034584-00035268 A sister site, Library Genesis, at libgen.io, distributes scientific books and textbooks
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00086-00035268-00035658 for free, more than a million of them, also illegally.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00087-00035742-00035970 Who's downloading pirated papers?
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00088-00036030-00036378 Everyone, concluded this feature in the prestigious journal, Science.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00089-00036378-00036702 A survey of potential users suggests for most
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00090-00036702-00036888 it's not some grand political statement,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00091-00036888-00037098 but rather that's the only way they have access,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00092-00037098-00037332 or feel it's just so much quicker and easier.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00093-00037332-00037776 Even those who have legitimate institutional access may still choose to use Sci-Hub
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00094-00037776-00038106 because there's just so many fewer hoops to jump through.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00095-00038208-00038502 So you can imagine how sites like Sci-Hub may
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00096-00038502-00038688 be filling publishers that charge for access
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00097-00038688-00039174 with roaring, existential panic, and they're not taking it lying down.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00098-00039228-00039696 Elsevier, the largest publisher, notorious for demanding researchers take down
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00099-00039696-00039852 free copies of their own work,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00100-00039852-00040266 sued Sci-Hub, the Library Genesis project, Alexandra,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00101-00040266-00040938 and 99 John Does for copyright infringement, a willful disregard of Elsevier's rights.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00102-00041118-00041388 Kind of hard to take the moral high ground, though,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00103-00041388-00041724 when you're effectively an international arms dealer.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00104-00041814-00042222 Can you imagine a tobacco company publishing health journals?
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00105-00042222-00042678 Surely the company's business mission would be impossibly confused:
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00106-00042732-00043146 would the company be in the business of killing people or keeping them alive?
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00107-00043146-00043662 But if you can't imagine that absurdity, well, welcome to Elsevier,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00108-00043662-00043860 which in addition to publishing medical journals
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00109-00043860-00044076 is also involved in the global arms trade,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00110-00044076-00044472 running arms fairs where things like cluster bombs are sold,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00111-00044472-00044862 leading to medical journal editorial boards calling for a boycott
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00112-00044862-00045204 of Elsevier's warmongering, health damaging business practices.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00113-00045204-00045618 In response to the lawsuit, Alexandra wrote a letter to the judge.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00114-00045618-00045984 She wanted to make it clear that not only did Elsevier not create those papers,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00115-00045984-00046320 but that they don't pay researchers a penny.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00116-00046320-00046800 So it's not like pirated movie or song where the content creator is losing out,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00117-00046800-00047244 noting that no researcher had ever complained that she was handing out their research.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00118-00047244-00047580 In fact, scientific authors are typically thrilled
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00119-00047580-00047796 when their work gets more out into the world.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00120-00047796-00048294 That's the whole point of science: to be shared and built upon.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00121-00048294-00048600 In one fell swoop, Alexandra created a portal
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00122-00048600-00048846 likely offering a greater level of access to science
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00123-00048846-00049524 than any institution on Earth in history, literally opening up a world of knowledge.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00124-00049590-00050058 And she's not backing down, citing in her defense Article 27
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00125-00050058-00050418 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00126-00050418-00050784 that everyone should have the right to freely participate in the cultural life
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00127-00050784-00051252 of the community, including sharing in scientific advancement and its benefits.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00128-00051366-00051852 She realizes she could be arrested and extradited to the U.S. to face charges.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00129-00051852-00052272 She is fully aware that another computer prodigy-turned-advocate,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00130-00052272-00052800 Aaron Swartz, was arrested on similar charges after mass downloading academic papers.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00131-00052800-00053545 Facing devastating financial penalties and jail time, Swartz hanged himself.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00132-00053625-00053964 Note: since I recorded the narration for that episode,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00133-00053964-00054317 Sci-Hub.io was shut down,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00134-00054317-00055217 but the site can currently be reached at sci-hub.st.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00135-00055263-00055638 It can also be reached at five other domains should that one get yanked, too.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00136-00055638-00055986 You can always see the updated active link list
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00137-00055986-00056340 on the Sci-Hub Wikipedia page.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00138-00056394-00056658 We would love it if you could share with us your stories
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00139-00056658-00056958 about reinventing your health through evidence-based nutrition.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00140-00056958-00057300 Go to nutritionfacts.org/testimonials.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00141-00057300-00057666 We may share it on our social media to help inspire others.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00142-00057732-00058152 To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, or studies mentioned here,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00143-00058152-00058505 please go to the Nutrition Facts Podcast landing page.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00144-00058505-00058782 There you’ll find all the detailed information you need –
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00145-00058782-00059172 plus, links to all of the sources we cite for each of these topics.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00146-00059232-00059598 For a vital, timely text on the pathogens that cause pandemics,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00147-00059658-00059862 order the e-book, audiobook, or hard copy
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00148-00059862-00060186 of my latest book, “How to Survive a Pandemic”.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00149-00060252-00060540 For recipes, check out my new “How Not to Diet Cookbook”.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00150-00060540-00060779 It’s beautifully designed with more than 100 recipes
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00151-00060779-00061002 for delicious and nutritious meals.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00152-00061002-00061260 And, of course, all the proceeds I receive from the sales
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00153-00061260-00061505 of all my books go to charity.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00154-00061584-00061932 NutritionFacts.org is a nonprofit, science-based public service,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00155-00061932-00062154 where you can sign up for free daily updates
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00156-00062154-00062496 on the latest in nutrition research via bite-sized videos and articles.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00157-00062496-00062754 Everything on the website is free.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00158-00062754-00063000 There’s no ads, no corporate sponsorship,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00159-00063000-00063102 no kickbacks.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00160-00063102-00063354 It’s strictly non-commercial. I’m not selling anything.
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00161-00063354-00063654 I just put it up as a public service, as a labor of love,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00162-00063654-00063900 as a tribute to my grandmother,
+IdiTLFjheqQ-00163-00063900-00064391 whose own life was saved with evidence-based nutrition.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00000-00000270-00000417 Recording ready to go.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00001-00000444-00000558 Okay. Sounds good.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00002-00001128-00001271 Well, let's see. Um,
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00003-00001529-00001610 This is
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00004-00001778-00001953 The Chaos value group.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00005-00002100-00002580 Today is Friday, the 19th of April and
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00006-00002784-00003243 Let's just go through our, our agenda that we have up here so
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00007-00003456-00004431 I don't know its first agenda item is to review or action items from last week to talk about software implementation of value metrics.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00008-00004602-00005760 I would like to add entries to gay orgs focus area worksheet for the value of group. I think we could take a crack at that together today.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00009-00005850-00007629 And also personally. Last week we talked about putting together a grant tracking type of a worksheet to track grant opportunities and I'd love to get that started today if we have time. Is there anything else that people would like to talk about
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00010-00007923-00008526 Yeah, so I had one item which was with this group because of last week.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00011-00008649-00009666 There was an expressed interest of really working on the tooling, in line with the metrics and I mean, keeping those two really close to one another.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00012-00009726-00011229 And I agree. I totally agree with that and I brought that up with the common working group and they would also like to do the same thing. And I think risk could do something very similar, would you ever want to try to parcel out time in this call to try to do some of that work.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00013-00011508-00012579 I'd be up for it. Okay, and what would that, what would that represent. Would that be writing requirements or would it be talking about implementation approach or
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00014-00012600-00013713 Maybe taking a look at it could be a variety of things. But, you know, it could be taking a look at like a data schema and actually seeing what was available in a schema and what you can and can't do,
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00015-00013743-00014157 Yes, it might actually be kind of like wire framing.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00016-00014268-00014919 What the output might look like it might be, I don't know what anything along the kind of the development path.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00017-00014969-00015009 Yeah.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00018-00015138-00017019 So I think it'd be great to have a standing sort of discussion item or software implementation and also a standing discussion item for, you know, grants, actually. So those are those are some things that I think I'd like to talk about every week. Yeah.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00019-00017022-00018252 No, that sounds good. And maybe I'm the if there was actually an interest in trying to move the metrics forward during the call, maybe there could be an identified metric, like in the prior week that people could bring
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00020-00018354-00018486 Efforts to the next call
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00021-00018669-00018708 Yeah.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00022-00018849-00019089 That sounds fine. No, no, just in terms of
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00023-00019194-00019401 You know, sort of approach, Matt.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00024-00019617-00019917 I would like to pick one metric and
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00025-00020079-00020469 You know, really get it working in the end. So I'd like to, I'd like to go deep.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00026-00020607-00021624 You know, rather than them broad and as you know as soon as we get one metric kind of implemented and we say, okay, that one's done. You know what, what's next on the highest priority.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00027-00021663-00022314 Great. So I think that would align with kind of what I was talking about, kind of, like, pick, pick that metric, whatever that metric might be
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00028-00022341-00022764 Right, and it's it's the candidate metric that gets kind of uncovered.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00029-00022809-00022923 Right week
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00030-00022965-00023001 Right.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00031-00023133-00023970 Cool. That sounds good. And I think our metric is the is the labor investment metric that we talked about last week. Okay.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00032-00024222-00024270 And
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00033-00024591-00024783 So I think it would be good if
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00034-00024969-00026045 If you know there was there was one person who was kind of the lead person or the focus person for the software implementation and, you know, probably
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00035-00026333-00027300 A probably that's going to be Sean, at least with regards to the vision and and you know maybe if partial gets accepted for
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00036-00027360-00028524 The Google Summer of Code maybe maybe Herschel's also, you know, kind of that lead person for the for the software implementation. So, so in that standing discussion.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00037-00028593-00029532 You know, probably that's going to be led by Sean or or harsh colors, some combination of the two or whoever else comes along to, you know, really get involved in that.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00038-00030054-00030614 Sure, or even. I mean, trying to identify somebody directly at a tertiary slash for more lab.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00039-00030764-00031101 Yeah, make this call. Right, right.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00040-00031431-00031476 Okay.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00041-00031668-00031902 So that sounds great. So, um,
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00042-00032118-00032868 Let's see, uh, would it make sense to just go through the list of agenda items, then I'm start by talking about action items from last week.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00043-00032904-00032937 Yep.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00044-00033096-00033666 Okay. Um, let's see some action items with my name associated with it.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00045-00033885-00034173 And I have not done either one. So I, I
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00046-00034257-00034407 Right, well, moving forward, then
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00047-00034719-00034785 What happened.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00048-00034869-00035010 Let's start out with me.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00049-00035112-00035310 Hanging my head in shame and
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00050-00035385-00035550 There's no shame in this
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00051-00035559-00035598 Know,
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00052-00035739-00035832 We're all busy.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00053-00035856-00036039 That's understandable. Yeah.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00054-00036048-00036252 And so I'll try and get to that next week.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00055-00037296-00037704 And I think, I think those are only open items.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00056-00038208-00038244 So,
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00057-00038277-00038343 I think so.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00058-00038421-00038466 Okay.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00059-00038520-00038943 I think last, last week we kind of brainstormed on grains that might be able to go into that.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00060-00039123-00039159 Yep.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00061-00039870-00039969 Okay, and
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00062-00040266-00040554 So I think that's all there is to say on that agenda item now.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00063-00040725-00040878 Yep. I agree.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00064-00040992-00042066 Should we talk about software implementation of the value metrics and you know just talk a little bit about what we envision and and what kind of effort. It's going to require
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00065-00042192-00042237 That's good.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00066-00042438-00042609 Yeah, was Sean. We're here for this.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00067-00042636-00042675 Yeah.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00068-00042927-00043161 Because I don't want to speak on his behalf, I mean,
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00069-00043188-00043572 Okay, I think there's always an interest in in getting these deployed, but
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00070-00043809-00044067 Fits in his schedule. I'm not entirely sure.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00071-00044115-00045396 Well, maybe we can maybe we can just just talk high level and and just express i'm sure vision, the vision that we have about how it might work. And then we can you know tune that up and Sean is on the call next week.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00072-00045429-00046965 Sure. So I mean, I think you thinking about both Gomorrah lab and auger just thinking about the UI structure that both of them have. Mm hmm. The, the goal for Gomorrah lab in my mind is to create panels.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00073-00047124-00048066 Using their, their Kibana interface. And each one of those panels is representative of the different working groups.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00074-00048216-00048498 So there will be a panel for risk there would be a panel for
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00075-00048750-00049287 Value. You get the idea. Yeah. And so, and I know that the folks at
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00076-00049407-00049554 Gomorrah lab have been
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00077-00049698-00049878 Amenable to this approach.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00078-00049938-00049980 So,
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00079-00049986-00050562 You know, perhaps one of our points of investigation is the deployment of a value panel.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00080-00050907-00051663 And what that would look like. I think that if that happened out of this value group that would be the first group to actually do such a thing.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00081-00051753-00052616 You know, like contribute a panel back to grow more lab and that would, that would be great because it would kind of set the workflow and how to get that done. Yeah.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00082-00052880-00053001 For other working groups.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00083-00053289-00053790 And then of course on the panels are the specific metrics themselves so that I think that's kind of another question.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00084-00053913-00054045 Deploying and metrics.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00085-00054242-00054327 Using the
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00086-00054483-00054939 Using the Gomorrah lab, you know, the personal data. Data aggregator in the back.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00087-00055137-00055536 And then as far as auger goes auger takes a tab structure.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00088-00055677-00055851 So they have tabs across the top.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00089-00055974-00056346 So like an evolution tab and our risk tab and value tab.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00090-00056520-00056934 And honest, you know, kind of the same as the panels. Right. So the idea would be how to
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00091-00057072-00057798 I think it's less about how to create the tab, because it's already there. But then how to how to legitimately populate things on those tabs.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00092-00057996-00058137 That's my high level approach.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00093-00058580-00059741 Let's sounds great. Um, the thing that I think makes us maybe a little bit interesting. A little different is that, you know, last week we came up with this idea of paramor test.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00094-00059889-00060195 Dashboards where, for example, maybe we would
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00095-00060354-00061904 We could calculate the, you know, we could we could measure, let's say the number of pull requests on a project and then the parameter might be. What's the economic value, the average economic value of each poll request. And that might be different.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00096-00062054-00062277 organization to organization so
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00097-00062691-00063069 So I'm not, I'm not exactly sure how prioritized
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00098-00063392-00063692 Metric would work in Kibana I haven't worked with Kibana
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00099-00063729-00064095 It's a good question. And same with auger. That's it. Those are good questions.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00100-00064188-00064454 So that'd be something for us to investigate. Yep.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00101-00065283-00065934 So one thing we could. One thing we could do is we could ask for a volunteer to go off and do just some real
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00102-00066117-00066711 Simple investigation of how might that work at least to come up with a theory, a theory of
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00103-00066792-00067122 Like I can easily connect with Sean on that. So I'll do that.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00104-00067164-00067356 On the other side, that's easy enough.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00105-00067395-00067425 Yeah.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00106-00067740-00068832 In the chat and in the Minutes document I posted a link to auger. This is a sample.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00107-00068961-00070443 Of a project and their value page. And so right now the value page is empty. And so I think Matt, what you were saying is that this is where the metric that you want to develop
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00108-00070473-00070578 Are you talking about auger.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00109-00070623-00070719 Auger. Yes. Yep.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00110-00070722-00071805 Exactly. Hundred percent. And so the Andes. Question is how on that page. How easy is it to allow for people to input parameters that are relevant to them.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00111-00072132-00072426 I don't know the answer to that. Because right now, everything is
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00112-00072567-00073029 Basically just, you know, put a put a URL to a GitHub repository for example.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00113-00073209-00073581 But that's, that's really the extent of the interaction at the moment.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00114-00073632-00074325 So I think right now because we want to start with issues.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00115-00074442-00075780 And would be a matter of tweaking that value page to add the issue inflammation which already exists in the growth, maturity and decline tab.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00116-00075828-00077349 So the first step might be some for someone to go and look at the source code, figure out how what it is how it's done in growth, maturity in decline and replicate the exact same code on the about us page just for commits
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00117-00077556-00077727 Sure. That sounds awesome.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00118-00078201-00078240 And
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00119-00078516-00079023 I'll propose a, an approach for the simplest possible way of
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00120-00079206-00079380 Allowing parameter ization
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00121-00079581-00080721 And my proposal is we we export the metrics and CSV and people could load them up into their spreadsheet and then build their own spreadsheet formulas with their own parameters.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00122-00081198-00081282 Well, I know that.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00123-00081387-00081774 Auger already allows you to do that with I think it's a JSON output.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00124-00081912-00082152 So, I mean, that's even easier, right. You're right.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00125-00082272-00083319 Yeah, so I mean auger already does that it's not CSV, but same difference in that same difference, but some some output that can be parsed you know
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00126-00083397-00084336 So, so that that could be are kind of like level zero implementation of parameters metrics. Here's your JSON.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00127-00084651-00085116 Here's how you convert JSON into CSV and loaded up into a spreadsheet.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00128-00085245-00086289 You know, here's an example of how you can apply your own parameters to get values that are relevant to your unique situation.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00129-00090630-00091002 Alright, so I wrote this and minutes, yo.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00130-00091203-00091410 I think I captured that you have currently
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00131-00091512-00091542 You know,
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00132-00091671-00091953 Looking at the JSON file.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00133-00092079-00092994 I think there's some. I don't know how whether Excel allows important Jason whether need to have a burger.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00134-00093108-00093252 I think you'd need to convert it
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00135-00093645-00094404 There is there is a tool called JQ it's a it's a command line utility that I think you can
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00136-00094512-00095556 I think you can configure JQ to generate CSV, you know, without having to, you know, dip down into Python or something like that.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00137-00095823-00095991 So that that'd be something worth looking out
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00138-00097410-00098058 Outcome is it only. I was gonna say. Whatever the case, Jason's a pretty friendly friendly output one way or the other.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00139-00098097-00098127 Yep.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00140-00098349-00099519 Well, I was just thinking about bridging from the JSON to the excel sheet and that is where we want to have the parameter ization
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00141-00099627-00100611 And so we need to somehow import Jason to excel and I just tried it on the fly, and it does not least know what I just tried
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00142-00100926-00101196 So I think we do need to convert it somehow.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00143-00101319-00101589 Did you add that tool to the
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00144-00101817-00101937 Next 90 minutes
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00145-00102186-00102222 Sorry.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00146-00106398-00107079 Just google converted into CSV and there's a convert csv.com page right posted the
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00147-00107448-00107577 The JSON file.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00148-00107748-00108252 And then I got back a CSV file. And let's see if I can open it in Excel.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00149-00108483-00108809 There I go, I was easy. Okay.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00150-00109098-00109164 We can
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00151-00109358-00109494 I can post the link here.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00152-00111852-00112283 Okay, so there's a website. Okay, so, Jay. So it looks like JSON.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00153-00112484-00112716 You know, we've already got our export format. That's awesome.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00154-00112905-00114507 Yeah. And so if you follow the steps you get a list. Oh, I think weekly summaries of how many commits and adding a column with your assumption and parameters is easy. Yeah, okay.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00155-00114683-00114798 Amen. We're just
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00156-00114951-00115203 Making insane progress here.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00157-00115511-00116070 Will be to document all this in our repository. Yep, yep, yep.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00158-00116183-00116370 Yep. Okay, that's great.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00159-00118998-00119745 There is there anything anyone else wants to talk about with regards to implementation of value metrics or suffer process in general.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00160-00119943-00120414 No, I was just looking at the OPM FB the bitters year one.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00161-00120552-00120849 To see if they allowed it might be a little
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00162-00121026-00121136 Here, I'll put it in the chat.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00163-00124674-00124842 Wow. Maybe that's why I can't paste it.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00164-00125676-00126522 Anyway, I was looking at the at the butter. The lab dashboards and just seeing if there was a way to get that output, but I don't see it right off the bat.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00165-00126627-00126774 That's all right.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00166-00126903-00127404 So can we add a to do item, just to say that we need to explore
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00167-00127533-00127863 How to do paramor ties metrics.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00168-00128007-00128550 So we've we've talked about the simplest approach but but maybe there's another approach, which is
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00169-00128745-00128844 Yeah, thank you.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00170-00129423-00129489 And then
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00171-00129611-00130128 Are there any specific questions right now that this exploration
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00172-00130808-00131715 Like for the suppose we are considering the focus area living page. So it is with respect to the developer's perspective.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00173-00131823-00132939 Like which project he or developer should involve should involve themselves to to get more profitable. Get a better living with that is with respect to the developers perspective.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00174-00133230-00134031 Yeah, so like, first, we would need to define the matrix, which would be relevant to the focus area like
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00175-00134211-00135549 The Matrix could be the number of folks or clones of a particular report, like if the effort as a project is more popular and more famous so it would have more clones and folks.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00176-00135678-00135741 Something
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00177-00135855-00135951 Other than this. Some
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00178-00136134-00136275 There may be a matrix like
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00179-00136587-00136680 What is the
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00180-00136797-00137625 Time duration for the first response for a pull request. That's the metric, we are having in the blue T GMT working group. So that can be relevant here as well.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00181-00137724-00139188 If the maintainer czar active in the project. So that would be that put the response time would be low for any pull request and it would be better to get involved in that particular project.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00182-00139539-00139662 Yeah, those are the
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00183-00139668-00139737 Metrics.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00184-00139923-00140133 Like, know what I'm, what I'm trying to say is that
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00185-00140169-00140643 We would first need to figure out the matrix that needs to be implemented for the focus areas.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00186-00140847-00141444 So I think what you're talking about our show is the Living Age metro
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00187-00141567-00141618 Area.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00188-00141639-00141963 As an example, we can talk about the living wage matrix.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00189-00142062-00142515 Well, that's the individual developer perspective.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00190-00142686-00143079 And so one question is how popular is
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00191-00143184-00143439 A project. So if you go to the
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00192-00143634-00144516 Page, the Google Doc that I just posted in the minutes I'm adding your questions in this living wage document.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00193-00147192-00147261 We can also
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00194-00147396-00147843 Only we cannot we can have number of folks on a number of loans.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00195-00148005-00148422 If the project is widely used and it is a big project than it would be
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00196-00148584-00148986 Can you can you add that real quick because I can only take one thing at a time.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00197-00149157-00149226 Let's be great.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00198-00156534-00156579 Good.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00199-00156798-00157551 Of questions for living wage. This just out of nowhere, we improve the focus area and living, which was really awesome.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00200-00157788-00157953 I know this was not the main
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00201-00158100-00159066 focus area that we wanted to focus on. But it's always good to get the ideas down and document them so. Any more thoughts on living wage.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00202-00159357-00159873 And return to the labor investment metric
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00203-00160122-00160272 Deliberate investment metrics.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00204-00160299-00162036 Labor, I would just like to understand about the labor investment focus area that is with respect to how much, how much work is being invested in a particular project that that is that is a metric that would measure the amount of effort that have been put in a particular project.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00205-00162414-00162906 I like I was just trying to understand about this focus area labor investment.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00206-00163140-00163683 Yeah so labor investment is the perspective of an organization.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00207-00163845-00164031 Not the individual developer
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00208-00164205-00164691 And so this is what we've been talking about with regards to implementing or we want
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00209-00164700-00164844 To start with the first one.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00210-00165051-00165231 In a nice
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00211-00165480-00165513 Green.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00212-00167124-00168036 So just a quick question on living wage is the hope can we put it in the minutes is the hope to get this issue does a pull request into the positivity now.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00213-00168204-00168369 Or do we want to work on it a little bit more
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00214-00169026-00169092 Um,
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00215-00169233-00169977 I don't know. Does anyone think living wages ready to move into the repository or should we leave it open.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00216-00170310-00171678 I think that's a good start and knowing how the other working group started having a list of five items in a focus area. It's a good contribution to the repository and but starting place.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00217-00171804-00172422 Yeah, I mean, the way I look at it as these are always malleable things anything needs to change later. No problem.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00218-00172587-00172845 I'm usually a favor, pushing things out to the repository.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00219-00172983-00173013 Yeah.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00220-00173181-00174024 I think the the document the Google Doc served its purpose by allowing us to quickly innovate on it today.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00221-00174129-00174513 And then we can innovate more on it through pull request in the repository.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00222-00174543-00174591 Agree.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00223-00174867-00175371 I'm happy to issue the pull request allow them to myself.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00224-00176064-00176442 Well, thank you, Marshall for kicking off the discussion on living wage.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00225-00179370-00179703 So guys, I have to drop off because I have to be somewhere at noon today.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00226-00180234-00180297 Thanks for joining.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00227-00180378-00180441 Thanks. Bye.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00228-00180513-00180564 Thanks. Bye.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00229-00181827-00182025 Shall we continue in our agenda, Andy.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00230-00182790-00183402 you're muted. If you have been silent, the entire time without intending to. I'm sorry.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00231-00183522-00183627 Okay, sorry about that.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00232-00183798-00184440 next item on the agenda is add entries to the focus area worksheet.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00233-00184767-00185283 That's you, that's your spreadsheet that that you post it Georg
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00234-00185421-00185979 I believe it was for maybe DNI and we said, Oh, we're going to make one tab for every working group.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00235-00186213-00186264 So,
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00236-00186291-00186396 Does that ring any bells.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00237-00186792-00187173 I, I know. Sorry, which spreadsheet. I'll be talking about
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00238-00187260-00187533 There's a spreadsheet that you shared which
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00239-00187668-00188280 Which showed focus areas and metrics and you had a you had a nice
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00240-00188436-00189807 Structure where you prioritized metrics for different focus areas I believe this is for DNI and it was color coded depending on the number of votes for each metric
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00241-00189843-00190146 But all I see which one you mean, this is the
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00242-00190401-00190461 Novel
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00243-00190563-00190785 Elite nice specs.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00244-00190896-00190974 And I
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00245-00191091-00191211 Love, yo.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00246-00191439-00191601 G increase
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00247-00191631-00192150 And what I recall was we were going to make a separate tab on that for each working group.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00248-00192291-00192372 So,
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00249-00192483-00193086 The value of this spreadsheet for diversity and inclusion was to
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00250-00193230-00193467 Determine which metrics to focus on
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00251-00193704-00194349 That the value of group already know, has that answer. So I don't know what the value is to adding
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00252-00194478-00194601 This to the spreadsheet.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00253-00194988-00195354 Skip it and all of the metrics that we have our
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00254-00195600-00196245 Would have the same color. Basically, because we are just starting the level of completeness is identical.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00255-00196617-00196755 In that case, and let's just skip it.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00256-00198885-00199332 But, but you're right we did talk about adding to this in the
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00257-00199437-00199770 During the weekly call and thinking more about I just
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00258-00199875-00200346 As I said don't think it adds any value for the value group. Yep.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00259-00200478-00201312 Okay. Then the next thing we said we would do would be to the next thing on our agenda is
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00260-00201654-00201879 To have a grid tracking spreadsheet.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00261-00202170-00202755 And I believe that is already covered by the action item that
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00262-00202866-00203004 You had from last week.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00263-00203112-00203499 To add this table to the repository. Yeah.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00264-00203622-00203916 Okay, so should I
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00265-00204033-00204348 Post the action item. Again, or was there something else. No.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00266-00204405-00204558 No, I will
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00267-00204960-00205053 I will do that.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00268-00205296-00205521 If there's something else you want to talk about, you can
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00269-00205629-00207521 Know why don't we just do this, here's the here's the link to the Google Doc, the Google spreadsheet. So I'll do the first pass as a as a Google spreadsheet and then once I've once I've got that down. The second pass will be a put it in a table in the repo.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00270-00207576-00207960 Can you make sure everyone has edit rights because I can
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00271-00208716-00209733 I'm gonna open and issue in the repository, so that we have a link from the repository to the spreadsheet.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00272-00209865-00209904 OK.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00273-00210606-00210975 OK, so now. Now, anybody can edit that spreadsheet.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00274-00211611-00211719 Okay, perfect.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00275-00214464-00214761 Okay, one second. I'm almost there.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00276-00215310-00215423 Your headings.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00277-00223275-00223440 I assume you mean the
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00278-00223557-00224042 The agency that grants the money.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00279-00224292-00224715 granting agency. Yeah. What's opportunity.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00280-00225936-00226005 Program.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00281-00227202-00227562 Last time we talked about having a description.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00282-00228392-00228996 Description, but I don't remember what he meant with description was this description of
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00283-00229251-00229605 Program of the fit of our idea and how we fit.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00284-00231027-00231189 Remember that priority.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00285-00231378-00232019 Priority was about whether it's a direct hit or out of band. Yeah.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00286-00232188-00232254 Our
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00287-00232398-00232659 Link, I assume that's the link to the
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00288-00232986-00233142 To the granting agency.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00289-00233223-00233250 Yeah.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00290-00233451-00233766 And response link is our response.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00291-00233775-00234042 Yes, so maybe it's grant proposal.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00292-00234966-00235050 Next,
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00293-00236811-00237471 Maybe we can put granting agency and program into one column. Just make it shorter. What do you think
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00294-00237519-00237588 Sounds good.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00295-00241398-00241980 That's the person who would be the lead person for writing the proposal.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00296-00242123-00242214 Or coordinating
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00297-00242289-00242412 OK, I see.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00298-00243204-00243534 Me call them p eyes primary investigator.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00299-00243564-00243615 Awesome.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00300-00245094-00245304 What's, what do you mean value.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00301-00246288-00246402 The amount of the grant.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00302-00246456-00246627 Gotcha. Yeah.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00303-00246848-00246975 Value. That makes sense.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00304-00247742-00247851 I think this is awesome.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00305-00248073-00248400 Yep, this is pretty good. Now, last time we already
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00306-00248511-00249177 If you go back to the meeting minutes from April 12 yeah we had already identified a few
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00307-00249213-00249432 Here, let's let's fill us in a little bit.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00308-00249546-00249708 We want to start from the bottom.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00309-00258111-00258264 Okay, let's see.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00310-00259073-00259179 Clean up on here.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00311-00259623-00259665 Texts
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00312-00260021-00260121 multiple ones.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00313-00266877-00268023 gonna change application deadline to next deadline. Okay and application because even if it's a letter open 10 it's still something that we need to
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00314-00268071-00268209 You know, commit
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00315-00268320-00268752 So I'm going to get rid of this RFP column in and just
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00316-00268872-00269277 Have a link on the on the grant and the granting agency and program.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00317-00269316-00269466 Well that makes sense. Yeah.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00318-00271998-00272016 Gear
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00319-00272166-00272307 Now that we're doing this together.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00320-00272541-00272802 I think it should stay as spreadsheet.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00321-00272931-00273933 Because this joint editing is is killer and every week, we're going to want to go through this and and you know, add entries remove entries
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00322-00274020-00274053 Okay.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00323-00274197-00274380 Yeah, we have the
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00324-00274524-00274899 We can just add a link to the eaten eaten to this document, that's fine.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00325-00274935-00275052 I think that's the way to go.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00326-00275226-00275727 Yep, as me. We always innovate and improve our ways and so
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00327-00275847-00275919 On the fly.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00328-00276678-00276807 We don't need these notes right
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00329-00285933-00286548 Meeting Minutes that we created the spreadsheet and it's tracked from issue number nine.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00330-00286947-00287049 Awesome. Thank you.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00331-00287457-00287562 So I think this is good.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00332-00287886-00288126 We made progress. Yeah.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00333-00288324-00288471 So we've got three minutes left.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00334-00288747-00289122 Before the turn of the hour. I'm
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00335-00290793-00290928 Your action item.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00336-00293598-00293787 Minutes. So there we
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00337-00293901-00293922 Go.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00338-00294285-00294327 Okay.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00339-00294450-00294762 Anything else I think we talked about everything we wanted to talk about
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00340-00294831-00295353 Yeah, everything on our agenda. Another great hour we just
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00341-00295563-00296046 Made non stop process non stop progress every minute. Yeah.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00342-00296106-00296403 This is slow and steady wins the race.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00343-00296532-00297348 May have been working on on cast for for two years now and it's every week, just a little bit more, a little bit more
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00344-00297534-00298056 It takes a long time. So I really liked that we're focusing on
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00345-00298164-00298560 One metric and focus our efforts there. Yeah.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00346-00298821-00298860 Me to
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00347-00299040-00299313 Maybe just before we go, just a quick
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00348-00299679-00300303 Discussion of other any agenda items that we would like for next week.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00349-00301038-00301200 Come to mind, then we'll just wrap it up.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00350-00302619-00302910 software implementation for grants.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00351-00303555-00303600 I think
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00352-00303735-00303849 I think that's a good start.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00353-00304398-00304515 New any, any other
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00354-00304629-00304905 Ideas or feedback before you wrap it up.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00355-00305160-00305247 Not for now.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00356-00305355-00306243 Like I would try to first get some more idea about the value working with and what are the what are the main focus areas and then maybe
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00357-00306672-00307101 We also have been on the call. We know, did you have something else you want to try
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00358-00307560-00307665 Maybe he's not on the call.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00359-00308118-00308268 So let's take that as a no.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00360-00308517-00309060 Okay then. Thank you, everyone. I'm stopping the recording. Have a good weekend and see you all next week.
+Ihwr_fevmwo-00361-00309129-00309189 Thanks, guys.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00000-00000000-00000456 Genesis is a Korean expression that means it was accidentally well made.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00001-00000456-00001409 We will focus on the 3generation G80 resources and design features.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00002-00001409-00001714 You can see that the wheelbases are all the same except for the height.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00003-00001714-00002026 What would be better if the platform changed?
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00004-00002026-00002406 This is the second generation Genesis G80 crash test scene.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00005-00002406-00003075 As height decreases, it seems to show the best posture among vehicles made in Korea.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00006-00003075-00003618 Covered with camouflage tape, it looks smaller than it actually is.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00007-00003618-00004228 It looks like there is a difference in the design of the rear part like the front part. What's the difference?
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00008-00004228-00004653 Look closely at the thick line on the taillamp
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00009-00004653-00005344 I think the handle design is a nice design
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00010-00005344-00006341 Hello PondCloud.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00011-00006341-00006770 Genesis GV80 is the first new car this year.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00012-00006770-00007518 The launch of the first car of the year by a premium brand is surprising.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00013-00007518-00008337 The new design's GV80 delay was delayed and finally released on January 15th.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00014-00008337-00008969 It was a vehicle that had a lot of issues among the vehicles that have been released in the Korean market so far.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00015-00008969-00009921 When I first went to the army, I heard the news, but the vehicle was delayed enough to express that it was not released yet.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00016-00009921-00010993 There was a lot of consumer waiting and resentment.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00017-00010993-00011770 There was a lot of disappointment and negative feedback.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00018-00011770-00012356 There seems to be no vehicle which became GV80 issue
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00019-00012356-00013166 But after the launch, the negative reaction disappeared. Has a good reputation in the design
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00020-00013166-00013824 It's happening
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00021-00013824-00014019 Check out our subscription and alarm settings for the latest news on Genesis cars!
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00022-00014019-00014457 The G80 is a premium brand car.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00023-00014457-00015254 Genesis is an important premium vehicle in the Korean market..
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00024-00015254-00016573 I accidentally made it by accident
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00025-00016573-00017251 A well-designed third generation G80 is coming soon.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00026-00017251-00018179 It will be released to Korean market in March.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00027-00018179-00018723 It's only a month away, so we're short on launch.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00028-00018723-00019612 channel subscribers asked for updates on 3rd generation G80
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00029-00019612-00020394 I apologize a little late for the GV80. In the future, we will focus on the details.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00030-00020394-00021603 In the G80 part 3 video, we will focus on the 3rd generation G80 specifications and design features.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00031-00021603-00022637 The most interesting question is whether the 3rd generation G80 will be much bigger or smaller than the 2nd generation G80?
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00032-00022637-00023299 Human greed has grown over time, and vehicles are growing.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00033-00023299-00024066 How big will the third generation G80 be? We release size
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00034-00024066-00025236 G80 Length 4990 mm 1890 mm 1465mm
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00035-00025236-00025813 And the standard for measuring wheelbase is 3010mm.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00036-00025813-00026499 I checked the specs and it is a little different from the 2nd generation.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00037-00026499-00027587 All are the same except for the height.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00038-00027587-00028625 Buyers focus on three aspects of design and performance, so what's better?
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00039-00028625-00029110 The first feature will be the new 3rd generation platform.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00040-00029110-00029633 The new platform is a third generation platform that is being applied to various vehicles.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00041-00029633-00030179 The Genesis G80 large rear wheel 3rd generation platform is a new application.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00042-00030179-00031094 The platform is a change beyond the new car level.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00043-00031094-00032008 What would be the better with different platforms? First of all, the most important part is the safety part.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00044-00032008-00033146 The Volvo test vehicle you see now has the wheels removed after the first crash,
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00045-00033146-00033962 This means that you maintain your driving direction, and it is unlikely that you will lead to a second collision after the first collision.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00046-00033962-00035338 Watch another video Roses of the second generation G80 crash test
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00047-00035338-00036235 IIHS seems to measure only the test results for the first collision.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00048-00036235-00037005 The situation that leads to the second crash after the first crash is not considered.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00049-00037005-00038093 But in reality, more than 30% of crashes occur in a first-order secondary accident Amazing results
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00050-00038093-00039120 This is the first video of the 3rd generation GV80. Let me explain in detail. If you look at the image, the driving direction of the collision is to the left.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00051-00039120-00040691 Collision has occurred If the wheels of the vehicle were separated as much as the first round, but you were driving the first lane while maintaining the driving direction, you can keep the first lane even if you collide.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00052-00040691-00042573 But when you look at this picture, the situation is totally different. If it is a real accident, the weakest side will open.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00053-00042573-00044381 If you are hit by a vehicle running in the next lane, you may overturn or invade the main line depending on the situation. It leads to a bigger accident than a collision-based primary accident.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00054-00044381-00044791 The platform that solved this problem is the 3rd generation platform.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00055-00044791-00045263 I explained it in a way that makes it easier to understand.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00056-00045263-00045463 Since safety is the most important part of a car, I have repeatedly said that changing the platform is more than full change.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00057-00046088-00047238 if you are buying a Korean car, be sure to buy a vehicle with the 3rd generation platform when you buy the latest car!
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00058-00047238-00048080 the newly improved 3rd generation platform, G80 is designed to learn collision energy much more effectively.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00059-00048080-00048975 New slide away technology that separates wheels when a certain level of collision is detected in the lateral direction
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00060-00048975-00049894 In summary, if you have purchased a Korean vehicle in the last two years, you can expect to run a second-generation platform.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00061-00049894-00051288 Remember that the 2nd generation platform will rotate after the first collision, but the 3rd generation platform will make you safe while driving without losing your direction!
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00062-00051288-00052691 Of course, not all conditions apply in various road environments.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00063-00052691-00053291 The second feature is the upgrade to the 3rd generation platform, which changes the position of the suspension and powertrain.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00064-00053291-00054363 New improvements have been made in all layers including driving
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00065-00054363-00055929 Weight distribution is very important, and even distribution of weight gives the best ride quality.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00066-00055929-00057014 In the case of a front wheel vehicle, the center of gravity is in the front.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00067-00057014-00058099 In the case of the front wheel, the center of gravity is in the front, the performance is much lower than the rear wheel
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00068-00058099-00059394 The bmw 520 is a great example of running pleasure. The center of gravity of this vehicle is the front 50.4%, the rear 49.6%
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00069-00059394-00059725 you can feel the best driving
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00070-00059725-00061280 The third generation G80 is expected to have improved front and rear overhangs, it should have improved driving performance.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00071-00061280-00062157 The third characteristic was that the safety performance and the driving performance were improved with the application of the 3rd generation platform.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00072-00062157-00063438 New layout and improved fuel efficiency. Second and third generation can be expected to be completely different vehicles
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00073-00063438-00064672 I've told you many times, but I've advised you to choose the 3rd generation platform.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00074-00064672-00065787 The G80 side design of the 3rd generation platform shows the most wonderful design ever made by korean market
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00075-00065787-00067037 Compared to luxury cars, the side design makes it harder to see a better car than the 3gen G80
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00076-00067037-00068124 What's the difference between designs? The easiest way to achieve the G80 design features is to take a look at the recently released GV80 suv.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00077-00068124-00069353 The G80 Crest Grill is characterized by a pentagonal shape. the G80 is much larger than the GV80.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00078-00069353-00070170 bottom of the grille G80 design features that look sharp downwards
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00079-00070170-00071647 In comparison, the GV80 looks a bit softer. For the sake of understanding, I marked it with a dashed line, which is hidden by the camouflage tape, so it looks much smaller than its actual size.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00080-00071647-00072883 The air intake from the left and right of the G80, but it is designed into the center of the GV80.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00081-00072883-00073688 Two-line quadlamps are the signature of the new Genesis design. It looks similar, but there are differences in design on the two lines.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00082-00073688-00074851 If you look at two cars at the same time, what's the difference between the headlamps? The configuration looks similar, but the G80 has a longer headlamp design.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00083-00074851-00076024 GV80 The longer of the two lamps has a lower design. Do you feel the difference?
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00084-00076024-00077293 The G80 gives you a sharper look at lower postures and even the grill. The result is a sharper and more dynamic design than the GV80.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00085-00077293-00078146 The rear design differs just like the front design
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00086-00078146-00079634 Looking at the trunk is similar in design but there are differences.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00087-00079634-00081095 I've marked the difference with a dashed line to make it easier to see. There's a thick fold at the top of the trunk that acts like an air spoiler.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00088-00081388-00082753 I'm going to show you a picture of the back of the kia Stinger. It's an arrow, and you'll find a thick line on the taillamp.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00089-00082753-00083156 Do you understand what the design is?
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00090-00083156-00083807 If you look at the camouflage vehicle, I think you can understand what it is.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00091-00083807-00084079 Tail lamp design is also different.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00092-00084079-00084971 In the front design, the headlamps were longer on top of the G80.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00093-00084971-00086524 The rear tail lamp also has a longer tail lamp at the bottom of the GV80 and the G80 has a longer top.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00094-00086524-00087649 This design reveals a subtle design difference between the sedan and the SUV.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00095-00087649-00089019 If you get a chance, I'll tell you about the differences in interior design. I will leave a link to the interior design differences at the bottom of the video.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00096-00089019-00089567 This is the last part of the video, which is the highlight.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00097-00089567-00090809 The GV80 handle(steering) design has had a lot of negative reactions since its launch.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00098-00090809-00091725 However, the actual vehicle has been released and the negative response has been greatly reduced.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00099-00091725-00092262 I think the G80 handle design is a nice design that almost anyone will see no complaints.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00100-00092262-00093634 The actual car looks cooler. The steering wheel design of the GV80 concept car is now designed for the G80, not the GV80.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00101-00093634-00094322 If you compare at the same time, G80 is more beautiful.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00102-00094322-00095252 The interior design is even cooler than the GV80.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00103-00095252-00096390 In part 4, I told you about the G80, which will be unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show in March. I hope you find it helpful.
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00104-00096390-00096742 Did the news of Korean cars help you a little?
+IiJ4gfWBKYQ-00105-00096742-00097930 If you want to hear the news of Korean cars quickly and accurately, subscribe and set up notifications! You can get it comfortably. Thank you.
+IiO3i7KBOCc-00000-00000000-00000204 hi guys this is Vernon Croy for Saturday
+IiO3i7KBOCc-00001-00000204-00000401 April fifteenth I'll get to your free
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+IiO3i7KBOCc-00038-00008283-00008457 sure you give this video a thumbs up i
+IiO3i7KBOCc-00039-00008457-00008778 preciate it thank you in winning Vernon
+IiO3i7KBOCc-00040-00008778-00008996 Croy
+IjNr24rfgxy-00000-00000874-00001200 Urinating is one of your hamster's way
+IjNr24rfgxy-00001-00001200-00001484 of removing waste from his body.
+IjNr24rfgxy-00002-00001484-00001855 Urine is a sterile fluid that primarily contains water
+IjNr24rfgxy-00003-00001855-00002256 along with various salts, minerals, toxins,
+IjNr24rfgxy-00004-00002256-00002630 sugars and various compounds.
+IjNr24rfgxy-00005-00002630-00003030 The odor of hamster urine is typically weak,
+IjNr24rfgxy-00006-00003030-00003378 but the smell becomes more noticeable
+IjNr24rfgxy-00007-00003378-00003896 depending on what your hamster has been consuming,
+IjNr24rfgxy-00008-00003896-00004308 whether he is suffering from medical problems
+IjNr24rfgxy-00009-00004308-00004776 and whether you clean his cage as you should.
+IjNr24rfgxy-00010-00004776-00005084 A faint ammonia smell is not uncommon.
+IjNr24rfgxy-00011-00005084-00005284 Removing all soiled bedding,
+IjNr24rfgxy-00012-00005284-00005772 food and feces from your hamster's cage once a day
+IjNr24rfgxy-00013-00005772-00006196 will significantly reduce the chance of foul odors
+IjNr24rfgxy-00014-00006196-00006562 developing from your hamster's urine.
+IjNr24rfgxy-00015-00006562-00006812 Urine never smells pleasant,
+IjNr24rfgxy-00016-00006812-00007034 but it will smell a lot worse
+IjNr24rfgxy-00017-00007034-00007430 if mold grows in bedding that has been urinated on.
+IjNr24rfgxy-00018-00007430-00007942 In addition to conducting daily cage cleanings,
+IjNr24rfgxy-00019-00007942-00008294 you should also make a point of
+IjNr24rfgxy-00020-00008294-00008770 emptying your hamster's cage completely each week
+IjNr24rfgxy-00021-00008770-00009212 and replacing all his bedding with fresh material.
+IjNr24rfgxy-00022-00009212-00009682 Sterilize toys, food dishes, water bottles
+IjNr24rfgxy-00023-00009682-00009882 and the cage itself,
+IjNr24rfgxy-00024-00009882-00010152 wiping them down with a pet-safe
+IjNr24rfgxy-00025-00010152-00010394 disinfectant cleaning solution.
+IjNr24rfgxy-00026-00010394-00010758 Some foods can cause your hamster's urine output
+IjNr24rfgxy-00027-00010758-00010958 to smell worse than it should.
+IjNr24rfgxy-00028-00010958-00011218 If you notice your hamster's cage
+IjNr24rfgxy-00029-00011218-00011536 seems particularly strong-smelling
+IjNr24rfgxy-00030-00011536-00011876 after feeding certain foodstuffs
+IjNr24rfgxy-00031-00011876-00012216 or after you have made a change to his diet,
+IjNr24rfgxy-00032-00012216-00012548 work to determine the cause
+IjNr24rfgxy-00033-00012548-00013032 by eliminating specific items from his menu individually
+IjNr24rfgxy-00034-00013032-00013362 to systematically rule out possibilities.
+IjNr24rfgxy-00035-00013362-00013676 Also, experiment with different grains.
+IjNr24rfgxy-00036-00013676-00014062 Feeding your hamster vitamin supplements
+IjNr24rfgxy-00037-00014062-00014486 can affect the pet's urine odor and color.
+IjNr24rfgxy-00038-00014486-00014866 Health problems can cause your hamster's urine
+IjNr24rfgxy-00039-00014866-00015360 to develop an odor that's stronger than it should be.
+IjNr24rfgxy-00040-00015360-00015686 Bladder and kidney infections
+IjNr24rfgxy-00041-00015686-00016006 can cause your hamster's urine
+IjNr24rfgxy-00042-00016006-00016319 to smell bad and be discolored.
+IjNr24rfgxy-00043-00016319-00016838 If your hamster's urine suddenly takes on a strong odor
+IjNr24rfgxy-00044-00016838-00017324 with no change in your cage hygiene or his diet,
+IjNr24rfgxy-00045-00017324-00017836 take him to the veterinarian immediately
+IjNr24rfgxy-00046-00017836-00018272 to see if a medical cause is behind the smell.
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00000-00000010-00000246 THEY ALMOST GET IT, FALL 5-4 IN 
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00001-00000246-00000253 THEY ALMOST GET IT, FALL 5-4 IN   
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00002-00000253-00000283 THEY ALMOST GET IT, FALL 5-4 IN  OVERTIME.
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00003-00000283-00000290 THEY ALMOST GET IT, FALL 5-4 IN  OVERTIME.  
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00004-00000290-00000463 THEY ALMOST GET IT, FALL 5-4 IN  OVERTIME. FROM THE FROZEN WATER TO THE 
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00005-00000463-00000470 OVERTIME. FROM THE FROZEN WATER TO THE   
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00006-00000470-00000707 OVERTIME. FROM THE FROZEN WATER TO THE  LIQUID WATER, BRAINERD TAKING ON
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00007-00000707-00000714 FROM THE FROZEN WATER TO THE  LIQUID WATER, BRAINERD TAKING ON  
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00008-00000714-00000824 FROM THE FROZEN WATER TO THE  LIQUID WATER, BRAINERD TAKING ON BEMIDJI IN SWIMMING.
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00009-00000824-00000830 LIQUID WATER, BRAINERD TAKING ON BEMIDJI IN SWIMMING.  
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00010-00000830-00001067 LIQUID WATER, BRAINERD TAKING ON BEMIDJI IN SWIMMING. 200 YARD FREE STYLE, A TIGHT ONE
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00011-00001067-00001074 BEMIDJI IN SWIMMING. 200 YARD FREE STYLE, A TIGHT ONE  
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00012-00001074-00001367 BEMIDJI IN SWIMMING. 200 YARD FREE STYLE, A TIGHT ONE BUT BRAINERD JUST BEATS OUT HIS 
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00013-00001367-00001374 200 YARD FREE STYLE, A TIGHT ONE BUT BRAINERD JUST BEATS OUT HIS   
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00014-00001374-00001544 200 YARD FREE STYLE, A TIGHT ONE BUT BRAINERD JUST BEATS OUT HIS  TEAMMATE BY 3/10 OF A SECOND, 
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00015-00001544-00001551 BUT BRAINERD JUST BEATS OUT HIS  TEAMMATE BY 3/10 OF A SECOND,   
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00016-00001551-00001618 BUT BRAINERD JUST BEATS OUT HIS  TEAMMATE BY 3/10 OF A SECOND,  FIRST PLACE.
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00017-00001618-00001624 TEAMMATE BY 3/10 OF A SECOND,  FIRST PLACE.  
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00018-00001624-00001911 TEAMMATE BY 3/10 OF A SECOND,  FIRST PLACE. IN THE 50 YARD FREE STYLE, 
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00019-00001911-00001918 FIRST PLACE. IN THE 50 YARD FREE STYLE,   
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00020-00001918-00002138 FIRST PLACE. IN THE 50 YARD FREE STYLE,  BRAINERD'S TAKES FIRST CLOCKING 
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00021-00002138-00002145 IN THE 50 YARD FREE STYLE,  BRAINERD'S TAKES FIRST CLOCKING   
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00022-00002145-00002272 IN THE 50 YARD FREE STYLE,  BRAINERD'S TAKES FIRST CLOCKING  IN JUST OVER 23 SECONDS.
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00023-00002272-00002278 BRAINERD'S TAKES FIRST CLOCKING  IN JUST OVER 23 SECONDS.  
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00024-00002278-00002462 BRAINERD'S TAKES FIRST CLOCKING  IN JUST OVER 23 SECONDS. THE WARRIORS TOOK SECOND AS WELL
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00025-00002462-00002469 IN JUST OVER 23 SECONDS. THE WARRIORS TOOK SECOND AS WELL  
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00026-00002469-00002649 IN JUST OVER 23 SECONDS. THE WARRIORS TOOK SECOND AS WELL WITH BEMIDJI COMING IN THIRD.
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00027-00002649-00002655 THE WARRIORS TOOK SECOND AS WELL WITH BEMIDJI COMING IN THIRD.  
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00028-00002655-00002889 THE WARRIORS TOOK SECOND AS WELL WITH BEMIDJI COMING IN THIRD. AND IN THE 200 INDIVIDUAL 
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00029-00002889-00002896 WITH BEMIDJI COMING IN THIRD. AND IN THE 200 INDIVIDUAL   
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00030-00002896-00003086 WITH BEMIDJI COMING IN THIRD. AND IN THE 200 INDIVIDUAL  MEDLEY, IT WAS ALL BRAINERD, 
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00031-00003086-00003093 AND IN THE 200 INDIVIDUAL  MEDLEY, IT WAS ALL BRAINERD,   
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00032-00003093-00003333 AND IN THE 200 INDIVIDUAL  MEDLEY, IT WAS ALL BRAINERD,  WARRIORS FINISH ONE, TWO, THREE 
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00033-00003333-00003339 MEDLEY, IT WAS ALL BRAINERD,  WARRIORS FINISH ONE, TWO, THREE   
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00034-00003339-00003560 MEDLEY, IT WAS ALL BRAINERD,  WARRIORS FINISH ONE, TWO, THREE  WITH FIRST BEING AT 2 MINUTES 13
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00035-00003560-00003566 WARRIORS FINISH ONE, TWO, THREE  WITH FIRST BEING AT 2 MINUTES 13  
+IlMyzSOkq1y-00036-00003566-00003593 WARRIORS FINISH ONE, TWO, THREE  WITH FIRST BEING AT 2 MINUTES 13 SECONDS.
+ImK3EmF1TgI-00000-00000114-00001072 [No audio or captions for video. Use it to create your own stories.]
+JoCJVijjf2o-00000-00000171-00000624 [Music]
+JoCJVijjf2o-00001-00000365-00001173 at that kid I was talking to you about
+JoCJVijjf2o-00002-00000624-00001652 him what am i it looks like you bitch a
+JoCJVijjf2o-00003-00001173-00001914 movie animal he's back
+JoCJVijjf2o-00004-00001652-00002540 hey Google turn down the temperature two
+JoCJVijjf2o-00005-00001914-00002699 degrees in his hole you might be
+JoCJVijjf2o-00006-00002540-00002821 demonstrating the failure to show
+JoCJVijjf2o-00007-00002699-00003715 appreciation
+JoCJVijjf2o-00008-00002821-00003965 [Music]
+JoCJVijjf2o-00009-00003715-00004626 [Applause]
+JoCJVijjf2o-00010-00003965-00004842 hello a new Christmas hello
+JoCJVijjf2o-00011-00004626-00004989 I'm gonna put him on the phone I got
+JoCJVijjf2o-00012-00004842-00005502 them okay
+JoCJVijjf2o-00013-00004989-00006084 means a new adventure each one of them
+JoCJVijjf2o-00014-00005502-00006437 is Jesus in disguise mother Teresa said
+JoCJVijjf2o-00015-00006084-00006884 that 20th Century Fox presents
+JoCJVijjf2o-00016-00006437-00007445 [Music]
+JoCJVijjf2o-00017-00006884-00007847 Kevin is older you have one event called
+JoCJVijjf2o-00018-00007445-00007922 pass to yourself but hystrix never gets
+JoCJVijjf2o-00019-00007847-00008307 old
+JoCJVijjf2o-00020-00007922-00008582 Google begin operation Kevin operation
+JoCJVijjf2o-00021-00008307-00008582 Kevin underway
+JoCJVijjf2o-00022-00008770-00009765 [Music]
+JoCJVijjf2o-00023-00009914-00010610 dispersements strapping boots
+JoCJVijjf2o-00024-00010698-00011814 while ride likes it doctor
+JoCJVijjf2o-00025-00011221-00011814 Joe the cedar
+JoCJVijjf2o-00026-00012440-00012715 oh hi
+JoCJVijjf2o-00027-00012978-00013331 and Macaulay Culkin
+JoCJVijjf2o-00028-00013357-00013678 [Music]
+JoCJVijjf2o-00029-00014545-00015088 home alone again
+JoCJVijjf2o-00030-00015119-00015678 [Music]
+JoCJVijjf2o-00031-00016122-00016434 [Music]
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00000-00000059-00000361 Thank you for watching candlestick trading video
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00001-00000361-00000866 Message from reader thank you but can u show a video for more
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00002-00000866-00001309 explain plz ? im very interesting in your strategy but i
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00003-00001309-00001500 lose a lot.
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00004-00001500-00002236 This is GBPCAD daily chart sell entry this candlestick open price
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00005-00002236-00003543 and close price take profit here.
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00006-00003543-00004160 If you use stop-loss take profit Sell entry this candlestick open price
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00007-00004160-00004892 First stop-loss is this candlestick high.
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00008-00004892-00006087 Next bar close then move stop-loss to next bar open price
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00009-00006087-00006537 Then you can take profit Candlestick price action trader
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00010-00006537-00007014 not use % stop-loss, not use indicator stop-loss,
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00011-00007014-00007247 not use pips stop-loss.
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00012-00007247-00007573 only use candlestick price action.
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00013-00007573-00008081 What is filter and condition for entry the answer is
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00014-00008081-00008360 passion candlestick appear or not.
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00015-00008360-00008867 passion candlestick means big body candlestick.
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00016-00008867-00009960 This candlestick is big and next candlestick is small then next bar sell entry
+J1OQZc9Dc7U-00017-00009960-00010157 You can take profit Thank you
+J977VFMgKBY-00000-00000061-00000543 [Music] this is something we've been talking forever but now they've discovered it with
+J977VFMgKBY-00001-00000543-00001251 a billion dollar research and i have seen hundreds and thousands of people who just
+J977VFMgKBY-00002-00001251-00001909 become healthy and well if something appears on my plate if i just feel this i know what
+J977VFMgKBY-00003-00001909-00002678 to eat and what not to eat you eat something today and see just learn to observe how agile
+J977VFMgKBY-00004-00002678-00004828 and how active your body feels after eating this food [Music]
+J977VFMgKBY-00005-00004828-00005552 the simple thing right now that's a rage in the world is if you come to our ashram all
+J977VFMgKBY-00006-00005552-00006196 the people there who are physically immensely active eat ten o'clock in the morning seven
+J977VFMgKBY-00007-00006196-00006763 o'clock in the evening two meals how many doctors have been telling me that they will
+J977VFMgKBY-00008-00006763-00007334 die of malnourishment this will happen that will happen you must do this you must do that
+J977VFMgKBY-00009-00007334-00008072 i eat only one meal a day most of the days one big meal i eat and that's it and doctors
+J977VFMgKBY-00010-00008072-00008518 telling me no no sadhguru the way you're traveling this will happen that will happen you must
+J977VFMgKBY-00011-00008518-00009311 eat at least once in four hours something you must eat leave me alone i'm doing fine
+J977VFMgKBY-00012-00009311-00010117 but now a big university in america comes up with this called intermittent fasting it's
+J977VFMgKBY-00013-00010117-00010836 not nonsense it's good but they rediscovered something that we have known forever
+J977VFMgKBY-00014-00010836-00011500 now everybody is saying there must be a 16 hour gap then all your ailments will go away
+J977VFMgKBY-00015-00011500-00011999 what the hell were we saying all these thousands of years the simple thing is there are many
+J977VFMgKBY-00016-00011999-00012702 many aspects to this psychological physiological but now cancer is on the rise in the world
+J977VFMgKBY-00017-00012702-00013451 a cancerous cell is like a criminal in the society all of us have in our bodies only
+J977VFMgKBY-00018-00013451-00014018 if they become their concentration becomes more than what they should be or they gang
+J977VFMgKBY-00019-00014018-00014647 up and locate themselves in one place they become like organized crime there are pickpockets
+J977VFMgKBY-00020-00014647-00015466 in kochi i'm sure hello and small time criminals individually operating operating in twos and
+J977VFMgKBY-00021-00015466-00016247 threes we don't take it very seriously we'll leave it because it happens but suppose all
+J977VFMgKBY-00022-00016247-00017081 hundred of them got organized into organized crime now we will crack down because we know
+J977VFMgKBY-00023-00017081-00017790 now it becomes a threat to the society similarly cancerous cells are like this criminals they're
+J977VFMgKBY-00024-00017790-00018462 moving around doing some damage their only problem is right now they're generally eating
+J977VFMgKBY-00025-00018462-00019301 about 8 to 12 times more than what the other cells are eating
+J977VFMgKBY-00026-00019301-00019711 so if you just give sufficient break between one meal and the other most of them will die
+J977VFMgKBY-00027-00019711-00020414 because they cannot survive this is something we've been talking forever but now they've
+J977VFMgKBY-00028-00020414-00021036 discovered it with a billion dollar research
+J977VFMgKBY-00029-00021036-00021740 and i have seen hundreds and thousands of people who just become healthy and well simply
+J977VFMgKBY-00030-00021740-00022808 because they are not fueling up all the time when the tank is spilling in the yoga center
+J977VFMgKBY-00031-00022808-00023562 all the time people are physically active so everybody is very hungry by the time it's
+J977VFMgKBY-00032-00023562-00024162 3 30 4 o'clock in the evening they are extremely hungry but we learn to live with that because
+J977VFMgKBY-00033-00024162-00024744 empty stomach and hunger are two different things hunger means your energy levels start
+J977VFMgKBY-00034-00024744-00025422 dropping but empty stomach is a good thing in the yogic sciences today modern science
+J977VFMgKBY-00035-00025422-00025932 also is coming in line with this but what we know by our experience you will spend a
+J977VFMgKBY-00036-00025932-00026558 billion dollars to come there because research is all about how many million dollars that's
+J977VFMgKBY-00037-00026558-00027406 how it is your body and your brain works at its best only when your stomach is empty so
+J977VFMgKBY-00038-00027406-00028002 we always make sure we eat in such a way how much ever we eat our stomach must be always
+J977VFMgKBY-00039-00028002-00028714 empty within two to two and a half hours time maximum so we go to bed hungry always people
+J977VFMgKBY-00040-00028714-00029399 think they cannot sleep they can't sleep on an average for 25 years on an average i slept
+J977VFMgKBY-00041-00029399-00029916 only two and a half to three hours these days i'm getting little lazy and speaking sleeping
+J977VFMgKBY-00042-00029916-00030327 anywhere between three and a half to four and a half hours in spite of the level of
+J977VFMgKBY-00043-00030327-00030968 travel that i have when i say level of travel if i say my level of travel in the next few
+J977VFMgKBY-00044-00030968-00031700 days you will fall off your chair yes should i tell you no
+J977VFMgKBY-00045-00031700-00032743 because in the next 10 days i am in five different countries doing i don't know how many events
+J977VFMgKBY-00046-00032743-00033523 all kinds of events so you are able to keep this up simply because you don't over eat
+J977VFMgKBY-00047-00033523-00034281 it's very very important everybody eats two meals i generally eat only one meal 4 35 in
+J977VFMgKBY-00048-00034281-00034699 the evening because i don't like to sit in front of the plate and worry about how much
+J977VFMgKBY-00049-00034699-00035553 to eat i like to eat well so 4 35 in the evening if i eat a meal it's only next day is this
+J977VFMgKBY-00050-00035553-00036018 enough which am i looking okay hello
+J977VFMgKBY-00051-00036018-00036571 because any correction and purification that needs to happen in the body your stomach needs
+J977VFMgKBY-00052-00036571-00037105 to be empty it's very very important otherwise the purification on the cellular level will
+J977VFMgKBY-00053-00037105-00038063 not happen you pile up things and then you have all kinds of problems 
+J977VFMgKBY-00054-00038063-00038962 when you when you don't touch the food you do not know what it is if food is not good
+J977VFMgKBY-00055-00038962-00039359 enough to be touched i don't know how it's good enough to be eaten
+J977VFMgKBY-00056-00039359-00040300 so so we should not have listened to our mothers and we should eat with our fingers because
+J977VFMgKBY-00057-00040300-00040844 touching our food helps us stay in contact with it you can the cleanliness of your hands
+J977VFMgKBY-00058-00040844-00042243 is entirely in your hands the cleanliness of the fork is not entirely in your hands
+J977VFMgKBY-00059-00042243-00043186 nobody else but you have used these hands so there is an assurance as to how clean or
+J977VFMgKBY-00060-00043186-00043768 not clean it is right now the fork you do not know who's used it how they've used it
+J977VFMgKBY-00061-00043768-00044378 for what they used it and all they have to do is wipe it with a tissue and give it to
+J977VFMgKBY-00062-00044378-00044715 you and it looks pretty clean
+J977VFMgKBY-00063-00044715-00045221 above all you don't feel the food the first thing that's been taught to us is if food
+J977VFMgKBY-00064-00045221-00045887 appears in front of you to hold your hands upon the food for a few moments just to feel
+J977VFMgKBY-00065-00045887-00046544 how the food is if something appears on my plate if i just feel this i know what to eat
+J977VFMgKBY-00066-00046544-00047040 and what not to eat what i do should not eat i don't taste it and then reject it i just
+J977VFMgKBY-00067-00047040-00047790 don't eat because my hands are the first level not tasting in the sense the tongue tastes
+J977VFMgKBY-00068-00047790-00048244 but knowing the food first thing is knowing the food you want to know a person you guys
+J977VFMgKBY-00069-00048244-00049381 go and shake their hands i'm i'm usually avoiding that but that's a good strategy
+J977VFMgKBY-00070-00049381-00049921 but the food that's going to become a part of you first thing is your hands even if you
+J977VFMgKBY-00071-00049921-00050487 physically don't touch it just being conscious and being there it clearly tells you how the
+J977VFMgKBY-00072-00050487-00051071 food will behave within you whether this particular food on this particular day should it go into
+J977VFMgKBY-00073-00051071-00051602 you or not because every day your body is not the same thing every day every moment
+J977VFMgKBY-00074-00051602-00052064 it's different if you feel the food you just know whether this food has to go into you
+J977VFMgKBY-00075-00052064-00052617 on this day or not if that much awareness is brought in we don't have to go on telling
+J977VFMgKBY-00076-00052617-00053161 people what they should eat every meal they must decide what they should eat in that meal
+J977VFMgKBY-00077-00053161-00053616 there is no one prescription that this is what you should eat for your life that will
+J977VFMgKBY-00078-00053616-00054588 feel too claustrophobic that only this i can eat
+J977VFMgKBY-00079-00054588-00055152 your selection of food and consumption of food also must happen consciously more than
+J977VFMgKBY-00080-00055152-00055801 what you eat how you eat it is also equally important when i say how you eat it these
+J977VFMgKBY-00081-00055801-00056319 are all life substances every one of them had a life of their own whether it's a plant
+J977VFMgKBY-00082-00056319-00056945 animal vegetable every one of them had a life of their own now in some way you are making
+J977VFMgKBY-00083-00056945-00057549 food out of it you must consume it with at most gratitude if you approach it with a certain
+J977VFMgKBY-00084-00057549-00058057 sense of gratitude and reverence towards the food that you eat when i say reverence it
+J977VFMgKBY-00085-00058057-00058740 may feel like too much for you but i'm asking you let's say we put you in a room and you
+J977VFMgKBY-00086-00058740-00059566 had nothing to eat for five days if god appears in front of you what will you ask for food
+J977VFMgKBY-00087-00059566-00060267 so that's how important it is you must understand the food on your plate is not just a substance
+J977VFMgKBY-00088-00060267-00060883 it is not a material it is not a commodity it is life it is the life making material
+J977VFMgKBY-00089-00060883-00061582 for you so you must treat it as such right now when it's on the plate when it out there
+J977VFMgKBY-00090-00061582-00062107 it has no value but the moment you consume it and it becomes your flesh and blood now
+J977VFMgKBY-00091-00062107-00062657 suddenly it's of immense value why do we live like this it's very important when it comes
+J977VFMgKBY-00092-00062657-00063250 on your plate itself you must treat it as a part of yourself with great reverence you
+J977VFMgKBY-00093-00063250-00063840 must consume just the way you consume it if you change that food will behave very differently
+J977VFMgKBY-00094-00063840-00064479 within you this is what consciousness means if people say your consciousness has no impact
+J977VFMgKBY-00095-00064479-00065022 on your life only chemical structures have impact i'm very sorry for them because that's
+J977VFMgKBY-00096-00065022-00065674 not how life works human consciousness has a deep and profound impact on everything that
+J977VFMgKBY-00097-00065674-00066332 we touch especially the food that we are making another life as a part of ourselves when we're
+J977VFMgKBY-00098-00066332-00066917 doing such an act it's very very important we treat it with at most gratitude and reverence
+J977VFMgKBY-00099-00066917-00068127 i want to tell you there is no such thing as good habit and bad habit habit means you
+J977VFMgKBY-00100-00068127-00068877 are functioning unconsciously if you are functioning unconsciously that's a bad thing because the
+J977VFMgKBY-00101-00068877-00069400 whole thing about being human is we are capable of doing things consciously that is the beauty
+J977VFMgKBY-00102-00069400-00069989 of being human that we can do everything consciously what an animal does unconsciously we can do
+J977VFMgKBY-00103-00069989-00070724 the same thing consciously we can eat unconsciously or we can eat consciously we can breathe unconsciously
+J977VFMgKBY-00104-00070724-00071393 or we can breathe consciously everything that we can do we can do it consciously the moment
+J977VFMgKBY-00105-00071393-00071963 we do something consciously suddenly that human being looks very refined and wonderful
+J977VFMgKBY-00106-00071963-00072494 just because somebody walks and speaks consciously doesn't he become a beautiful human being
+J977VFMgKBY-00107-00072494-00073263 yes or no that's all so why is it that we're trying to develop habits as if there's a good
+J977VFMgKBY-00108-00073263-00073849 thing habit means fixed realities where you don't have to think you get up in the morning
+J977VFMgKBY-00109-00073849-00074476 and it will happen to you now don't try to automize your life that is not efficiency
+J977VFMgKBY-00110-00074476-00074926 that is the efficiency of the machine this one is supposed to function intelligently
+J977VFMgKBY-00111-00074926-00075595 and consciously nobody is expecting it to function like a machine so about food and
+J977VFMgKBY-00112-00075595-00076319 stuff food must be suitable for the body that we eat for it is for the body this is a building
+J977VFMgKBY-00113-00076319-00076846 material for this body the food that you're eating what is the appropriate food unfortunately
+J977VFMgKBY-00114-00076846-00077463 is all messed up right now traditionally we ate very sensible in this country but these
+J977VFMgKBY-00115-00077463-00077938 thousand years of innovations have brought other kinds of food cultures and today the
+J977VFMgKBY-00116-00077938-00078513 national diet is pizza or pasta what is it which is one i don't know both were competing
+J977VFMgKBY-00117-00078513-00079161 so we are losing our sense about food it's definitely time to look at what is the most
+J977VFMgKBY-00118-00079161-00079843 suitable thing if i go into that food it's a very long process but you must experiment
+J977VFMgKBY-00119-00079843-00080576 with food not just by the tongue but by the body you eat something today and see just
+J977VFMgKBY-00120-00080576-00081219 learn to observe how agile and how active your body feels after eating this food if
+J977VFMgKBY-00121-00081219-00081757 it feels like it wants to go to the grave that's not good food if it feels like it wants
+J977VFMgKBY-00122-00081757-00082405 to be alive after eating this except coffee because that's a stimulant if you eat food
+J977VFMgKBY-00123-00082405-00082923 and your body feels very agile and alive that means it's good food body is liking it if
+J977VFMgKBY-00124-00082923-00083391 you eat something it feels dull that means it's not liking it it's having difficulty
+J977VFMgKBY-00125-00083391-00083875 with it that's why it feels dull so just on this basis there's a much i mean this is a
+J977VFMgKBY-00126-00083875-00084633 very simplistic way of putting it
+J977VFMgKBY-00127-00084633-00085311 [Music] [Applause] [Music]
+J977VFMgKBY-00128-00085311-00085537 you
+JrpsvPty2bQ-00002-00000100-00000310 Thanks for Watching
+JrpsvPty2bQ-00004-00000360-00000818 Please Subscribe and Support My Channel .. Thank you
+JsLrkAICG8I-00000-00000084-00000708 Question 7: What could be the role of the People’s Republic of China in maintaining
+JsLrkAICG8I-00001-00000708-00001430 security in central Asia after the planned withdrawal of ISAF in 2014?
+JsLrkAICG8I-00002-00001430-00001744 Could China participate in securing economic development?
+JsLrkAICG8I-00003-00001744-00001919 What about transport?
+JsLrkAICG8I-00004-00001919-00002373 This from someone in Belarus.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00005-00002373-00002473 I thank you for the question.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00006-00002473-00002727 And I think it’s an important one.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00007-00002727-00003024 China is of course a major global player.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00008-00003024-00003590 But a country of that size and that importance is even more important and has more of an
+JsLrkAICG8I-00009-00003590-00003800 impact in its own region.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00010-00003800-00004351 Afghanistan has security implications for China as well, as it does for Central Asia.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00011-00004351-00004842 The Chinese have every interest in seeing stability in Afghanistan.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00012-00004842-00005542 And the best way to ensure long-term stability in Afghanistan is through cross-border financial
+JsLrkAICG8I-00013-00005542-00006257 and economic cooperation, as well as cross-border security cooperation.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00014-00006257-00006731 The security cooperation is being discussed extensively; and to a certain extent it is
+JsLrkAICG8I-00015-00006731-00006831 happening.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00016-00006831-00007539 But the recent processes launched in Bonn and Istanbul at the end of 2011 focused on
+JsLrkAICG8I-00017-00007539-00007896 the first aspect I mentioned, which is economic cooperation.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00018-00007896-00008356 The best way for countries to get along is to have a stake in each other’s stability
+JsLrkAICG8I-00019-00008356-00008514 and each other’s prosperity.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00020-00008514-00009215 China can obviously play an absolutely critical role in encouraging this kind of cooperation,
+JsLrkAICG8I-00021-00009215-00009315 this kind of interdependence.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00022-00009315-00009552 And I’m quite sure it will.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00023-00009552-00010089 It is in everybody’s interests that Afghanistan, which of course has been a very prosperous
+JsLrkAICG8I-00024-00010089-00010239 country, could be prosperous again.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00025-00010239-00010904 And as it play’s such an important role because of its geography as a transit country,
+JsLrkAICG8I-00026-00010904-00011095 I think it has a lot of potential.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00027-00011095-00011567 Finally of course, China has invested heavily in Afghan mining.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00028-00011567-00011725 And that has real potential as well.
+JsLrkAICG8I-00029-00011725-00012272 This was a major contract signed by the Chinese government, which I think will have a real
+JsLrkAICG8I-00030-00012272-00012529 positive impact on the lives of Afghans, and that’s a good thing.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00000-00000004-00000271 - I’m ready! - I’m ready!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00001-00000283-00000375 She’s perfect!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00002-00000383-00000567 - She’s gonna take my job. - Oh my god!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00003-00000579-00000684 [laughing]
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00004-00000771-00001172 Alright, so Megan Wilson is our dreamer today.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00005-00001184-00001397 So, Megan take it away.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00006-00001409-00001931 Hi! My name is Megan and I am obsessed with SpongeBob Squarepants!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00007-00001943-00002047 Same, girl.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00008-00002060-00002427 My friends… and… I… in
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00009-00002439-00002673 high school… talked
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00010-00002727-00003040 in… fluent… SpongeBob quotes.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00011-00003053-00003365 Oh. Clearly we have a huge SpongeBob fan on our hands.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00012-00003428-00003816 I think we can definitely surprise her with something SpongeBob related.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00013-00003828-00004012 Oh my God! Is that Joey Graceffa?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00014-00004024-00004333 - Hi! How’s it going? - Good! How are you?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00015-00004346-00004596 -I’m Megan, nice to meet you. - Nice to meet you as well.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00016-00004788-00005117 I guess I’d just love to start out with favorite show.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00017-00005130-00005405 Favorite show? SpongeBob Squarepants.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00018-00005417-00005584 When did that start?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00019-00005597-00005897 Like, when we would watch shows in the living room growing up,
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00020-00005905-00006060 SpongeBob was our family show.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00021-00006072-00006348 - Really? - So, yeah. We already kind of have
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00022-00006360-00006773 potty humor as a family and so, all of those jokes just
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00023-00006786-00006956 - fit perfectly. - Yeah.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00024-00006969-00007119 Actually, I think I saw your mom was here.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00025-00007132-00007382 - Yes. - Mom, where are you?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00026-00007394-00007582 - Hey! - Hello! So,
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00027-00007590-00007853 your daughter’s been telling me a lot about her love for SpongeBob.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00028-00007866-00008108 And then I think it’s important to note that not all of the kids
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00029-00008116-00008412 could watch SpongeBob when you were growing up.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00030-00008425-00008650 ‘Cause it was you know… - Because they showed his crack.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00031-00008658-00008796 - Is that what it was? - Yeah.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00032-00009063-00009351 So you also mention that you’re like super curious about
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00033-00009359-00009630 - the behind the scenes. - Well, I’ve always been really into
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00034-00009643-00009951 - acting and doing weird voices. - Well.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00035-00009960-00010143 - I have news for you! - What?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00036-00010156-00010456 We’re going to make that dream come true today! And you are going to see
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00037-00010464-00010773 the behind the scenes of what it takes to make a SpongeBob episode.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00038-00010785-00011090 - No way. - Yes! Are you ready?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00039-00011102-00011286 - I am so ready. Yes! - Alright, let’s go.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00040-00011832-00012191 - Okay well, this is it. - Wow.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00041-00012253-00012629 Uh hello! Anybody here?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00042-00012641-00012762 Hi!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00043-00012771-00013050 Hi, I’m Joanne, Production Assistant on SpongeBob.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00044-00013058-00013271 - I’m Megan. Nice to meet you. - Nice to meet you.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00045-00013279-00013501 - You guys ready to see the work space? - Yes!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00046-00013509-00013776 - Alright. - Well actually, I have to go
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00047-00013788-00013968 run and take care of something.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00048-00013980-00014339 But you’re in great hands. I will see you in a little bit.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00049-00014351-00014572 - I have a little surprise. - Alright.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00050-00014581-00014710 Cool.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00051-00014802-00014969 - Alright, ready? Let’s go. - Yes.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00052-00015361-00015686 So one of our first stops is right here. This is where our rough board artists
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00053-00015694-00015853 - actually… - Oh my God!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00054-00015861-00016203 And you’ll see that they started off like a really fun sticky note war.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00055-00016212-00016420 With all their cool doodles and everything,
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00056-00016428-00016549 And it just started accumulating.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00057-00016562-00016729 Oh, my favorite.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00058-00016787-00017104 I’m ready! I’m ready! I’m ready! I’m ready!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00059-00017384-00017759 - Alright. Here we have a Tiki Hut. - Kelp shake anyone?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00060-00017771-00017980 - Oh my God! - Oh! Were you there the whole time?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00061-00017993-00018130 No.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00062-00018209-00018485 - Alright great! - See ya at work.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00063-00018493-00018606 - You want one? - Sure.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00064-00018614-00018752 - Thank you. - You’re welcome.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00065-00018760-00018989 Oh my gosh. Wonder what it tastes like.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00066-00018998-00019202 Muah! Sorry Mr. Krabs!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00067-00019210-00019519 It's just that this Kelp Shake tastes so good!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00068-00019765-00019865 Not great!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00069-00019878-00020099 I’m gonna put that back down. This is for you okay.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00070-00020107-00020228 [laughing]
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00071-00020520-00020729 Alright, I’m gonna bring you around here.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00072-00020737-00020971 - Take a look at our fan mail wall. - Ooh!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00073-00020979-00021267 Yeah. So these are fan mails from all over the world.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00074-00021275-00021492 Some of them are directed directly at the characters too.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00075-00021500-00021892 Like, you can’t open this until Patrick is there to open this and read.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00076-00021901-00022384 My favorite one is, “Dear Patrick, I love your shows. You’re weird.”
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00077-00022397-00022547 Really weird.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00078-00022560-00022772 “Love, Maggie Pizza.”
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00079-00022843-00022931 That’s great.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00080-00022943-00023139 Well, do you wanna see how we actually make the shows?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00081-00023148-00023377 - I’m gonna cry, yes. - Alright. Let’s go.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00082-00023702-00024099 So, generally for a production we’re basically just making everything happen.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00083-00024111-00024320 If you look over here. We usually have scripts.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00084-00024332-00024733 And from there they become then animatic with the records and everything. And then
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00085-00024741-00025121 with the notes they cycle to this clean board you see over here.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00086-00025175-00025387 Alright, so we’re gonna go visit Post Production.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00087-00025400-00025713 Give me like a quick little spiel of like what your job is.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00088-00025725-00026088 I’ll take all the animation that comes in. And but by the time it gets here,
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00089-00026101-00026518 there’s some times where you wanna have things go faster or slower or pause.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00090-00026530-00026822 And so our color stylist will go through all of these and
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00091-00026835-00027181 and match ‘em to the background based off the scene they’re in and color them
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00092-00027189-00027448 - like this as you see on screen. Yeah. - Oh my gosh.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00093-00027460-00027719 You see like a little chum going in the mouth there?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00094-00027727-00027819 Yeah!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00095-00027827-00028169 I’ve actually pulled some frames out of it to make it feel faster.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00096-00028178-00028524 - To make it… instead of… - Yeah. Exactly.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00097-00028757-00028991 - So you all know how to draw SpongeBob, I’m assuming?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00098-00028999-00029150 - I believe we all do. Yeah. - Wow.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00099-00029158-00029316 - Know it by heart. - At different levels?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00100-00029325-00029663 They’re all… you know, episode ready SpongeBob?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00101-00029671-00029946 - They’re episode ready SpongeBob. - Okay, I believe you.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00102-00029959-00030171 Well, I think there is someone here that can actually teach you.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00103-00030184-00030326 - Oh really? - Yeah.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00104-00030338-00030709 So, we’ll start off by uh, we’re gonna draw this square.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00105-00030718-00031122 One of the things we do with SpongeBob’s eyes, is they’re always in the center.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00106-00031131-00031331 - Okay. - So, sometimes what we do is we’ll do
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00107-00031339-00031610 a little light line down the middle as kinda like a guide.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00108-00032119-00032461 Like for example, here you can see where we added a hold,
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00109-00032474-00032611 And...
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00110-00032749-00033062 Because we need a little bit more time to kinda let something sink in.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00111-00033074-00033337 This is a little small detail that matters to a lot of people,
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00112-00033345-00033583 are the freckles, these three little freckles on each cheek.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00113-00034084-00034367 See mine looks just like that. I’m basically a pro.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00114-00034376-00034588 - Yeah. You did fantastic. - Thank you.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00115-00034597-00034872 - Are you available to start at all, like next week?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00116-00034884-00035105 - Um yeah! Monday, Monday. I’ll be here. - Okay, great.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00117-00035114-00035339 - So now that you’ve mastered SpongeBob. - Yep.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00118-00035352-00035493 Let’s see what we can do in 30 seconds.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00119-00035506-00035735 You know exactly what to do with these characters now.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00120-00035744-00035969 You’ve got the holes, the ridges, the freckles. You know it all now.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00121-00035981-00036169 - I’m up for it. I think I can handle it. - So, let’s do this.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00122-00036177-00036394 - Okay. Yep. - Are you ready? Okay. Let’s go.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00123-00037003-00037095 I’m ready!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00124-00037591-00038167 Alright, well uh, we think we know who’s getting a hired now at Nickelodeon Studios
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00125-00038175-00038588 and it would be me. This is looking a little bit like Doodlebob,
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00126-00038601-00038922 but Doodlebob can come back for an episode don’t you think?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00127-00038934-00039360 I mean, you got the ridges and the holes and freckles. They’re all there.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00128-00039368-00039539 - I do, I do. - You went the extra mile.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00129-00039547-00039739 - Thank you so much. - You did get the holes actually.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00130-00039748-00039998 I did! I got… kinda.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00131-00040010-00040348 I do need to get back. I have an episode I need to finish.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00132-00040357-00040974 It’s an episode where we find out that (bleep) actually the uh (bleep)
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00133-00040982-00041541 (bleep) who was in a secret relationship with (bleep) and (bleep)
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00134-00041549-00041833 actually is the nephew of (bleep)
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00135-00041971-00042142 - I gotta go. - Oh! Okay.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00136-00042196-00042404 - Nice meeting you. - Yeah!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00137-00042467-00042575 - Hey Megan. - Hey!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00138-00042584-00043088 - Hi! So, that surprise I mentioned... - Yes?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00139-00043097-00043385 - It’s ready. Do you wanna come with me? - Yeah! Yeah, let’s go!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00140-00043393-00043789 Now, one thing that we haven’t explored is voiceover.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00141-00043802-00043902 Yeah!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00142-00043910-00044148 - Does that sound interesting to you? - Yes it does.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00143-00044160-00044260 Alright, cool.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00144-00044427-00044644 - Hi! - Hi! Come on in!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00145-00044657-00044924 - Nice to meet you! - Hi Megan! Sorry, I just bonked you
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00146-00044932-00045082 - in the eye with the headphone. - Oh, you’re fine!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00147-00045095-00045499 -Megan-Meh-Meh-Meh Megan Wilson. - Oh that was good.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00148-00045508-00045629 - See pretty good. - Yep.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00149-00045637-00045916 Well it was not my first rodeo. But hey! It looks like they got a mic
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00150-00045929-00046050 - all set up for you over there! - Awesome!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00151-00046062-00046475 We’ll just walk you through some SpongeBob catchphrases.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00152-00046488-00046671 Is your SpongeBob pretty good?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00153-00046680-00046867 - Mmm not great. - Wait!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00154-00046876-00047263 Just the way you said mmm, that was SpongeBob right there. She’s perfect!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00155-00047276-00047610 - She’s gonna take my job. - Oh my God.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00156-00047622-00047847 So um, I always say you gotta make a noise like this.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00157-00047860-00048018 Like the one you just did.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00158-00048027-00048185 [SpongeBob laugh]
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00159-00048736-00048873 Perfect! Ya got it!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00160-00048886-00049061 And then they give you money.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00161-00049074-00049336 There’s some SpongeBob phrases that just get you
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00162-00049349-00049578 snapped right into SpongeBob’s psyche.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00163-00049591-00049854 - This is probably the number one thing. - Alright.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00164-00049862-00050212 These are almost the first words SpongeBob spoke on screen 20 years ago.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00165-00050225-00050371 I'm ready!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00166-00050383-00050646 - I’m ready! - I’m ready!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00167-00050654-00050875 - I’m ready! - I’m ready!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00168-00050884-00051126 - I’m ready! - I’m ready!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00169-00051138-00051338 - I’m ready! - I’m ready!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00170-00051351-00051539 - I’m ready! - I’m ready!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00171-00051547-00051780 - I’m ready! - I’m ready eddy eddy!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00172-00051793-00052135 - I’m ready eddy eddy! - I’m ready eddy eddy!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00173-00052148-00052314 I’m ready eddy eddy!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00174-00052327-00052490 I’m just torturing her at this point.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00175-00052498-00052627 [laughing]
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00176-00052640-00052932 - Who’s ready? - I’m ready!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00177-00052940-00053103 - So, Megan! - Yes.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00178-00053111-00053461 As a 90s Nick kid who got in just under the wire...
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00179-00053470-00053599 Yeah, '98.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00180-00053607-00053908 Same as SpongeBob. You know, I’m barely a 90s Nick… thing.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00181-00053920-00054245 How has this day been for you? What was it like for you?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00182-00054254-00054466 - What were you feeling? - It's been insane!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00183-00054479-00054867 It’s literally my favorite show like to this day.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00184-00054875-00055271 So, it’s been so cool to just like go behind the scenes and like
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00185-00055297-00055701 see how all of it is made about like something that I love so much.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00186-00055709-00055818 It’s been so much fun.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00187-00056039-00056222 - Yeah! - Hey Joey come on in here! Come on in!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00188-00056231-00056477 - Joey! - Joey, Joey, Joey!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00189-00056485-00056652 He’s been hanging out watching you be brilliant.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00190-00056660-00056827 - Yes. - How’s your day been, Joey?
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00191-00056836-00057278 Well, it's been so iconic because just to see you do the voice in real life
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00192-00057286-00057474 - has been a dream come true for me! - Yeah!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00193-00057482-00057774 So, honestly it’s my dream come true. Sorry, I’ve taken over the episode.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00194-00057782-00057974 - It’s all about me. - It’s Joey!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00195-00057983-00058224 I thought it was all about me! No, it’s all about Megan!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00196-00058237-00058408 - Megan, Megan, Megan! - It truly is.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00197-00058416-00058646 - May I give you some parting gifts first? - Yes!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00198-00058654-00058988 - You’ll like, there’s some swag! - Oh my gosh! Oh my new school backpack!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00199-00058996-00059079 It’s perfect!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00200-00059092-00059271 I actually took if off a 4 year-old that was outside…
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00201-00059284-00059513 - Oh, they don’t need it. - on the street, I just took it off.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00202-00059522-00059780 - No, it’s actually official merch! - Okay, you have your swag.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00203-00059789-00060085 But there’s one more thing that I have to surprise you with so.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00204-00060093-00060210 - Come on let’s go. - Alright.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00205-00060218-00060443 - Well, bye Megan! Good to see you! - Bye! Nice to meet you!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00206-00060452-00060619 - Glad your Nick dreams came true! - Yes!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00207-00060627-00060752 - Good to see you Joey! - You as well.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00208-00060760-00060885 - Good to see you guys. - Bye.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00209-00060894-00061277 Wow! She’s moving on to other things, other dreams.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00210-00061332-00061886 Me… I stay here because I live here in the dark.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00211-00062112-00062500 Twenty years later Tom was still standing in the dark room.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00212-00062595-00062696 Waiting.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00213-00062766-00062862 Waiting.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00214-00062971-00063079 Waiting.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00215-00063171-00063338 There’s one more thing.
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00216-00063350-00063580 [music playing]
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00217-00065136-00065498 My name is Megan and my Nickelodeon dreams just came true!
+JsS4ch8VwKA-00218-00065511-00065707 [music playing]
+Jv6OA9gZZrg-00000-00000000-00000200 Hello friends
+Jv6OA9gZZrg-00001-00000738-00000938 Today I'm at home gardening
+Jv6OA9gZZrg-00002-00001821-00002021 I will uproot the cassava and feed them
+Jv6OA9gZZrg-00003-00003215-00003415 use the country to dig the soil
+Jv6OA9gZZrg-00004-00004647-00004847 The cassava roots were exposed
+Jv6OA9gZZrg-00005-00022099-00022299 also quite tired
+Jv6OA9gZZrg-00006-00026933-00027133 wash
+Jv6OA9gZZrg-00007-00030132-00030332 Diced
+Jv6OA9gZZrg-00008-00033247-00033447 dry
+Jv6OA9gZZrg-00009-00034177-00034377 Now I will feed the chickens
+Jv6OA9gZZrg-00010-00040350-00040550 Now I will bring them pigs
+Jv6OA9gZZrg-00011-00041648-00041848 with your sow sow
+Jv6OA9gZZrg-00012-00050204-00050404 Please stop the video. Hello friends
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00000-00000000-00000354 welcome everyone to Junosuede just a commentary of course happy New Year to
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00001-00000354-00000873 all of you I know you guys have been asking where is Junosuede, Well I was
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00002-00000873-00001388 on a little vacation so as a result of that I was not able to upload videos
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00003-00001388-00001923 because of my location or I was not able to actually do the reaction video while
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00004-00001923-00002435 on vacation nonetheless it's a new year and I am back and for this first video
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00005-00002435-00003033 for 2019 I'm gonna react to a video from one the most popular YouTube creator the
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00006-00003033-00003582 most subscribed to YouTube creator that is pewdiepie i got a video request to
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00007-00003582-00004148 react to pewdiepie's version of youtube rewind which I think could most definitely be
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00008-00004148-00004632 much more interesting than the actual YouTube rewind nonetheless we are not
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00009-00004632-00005012 going to deny the fact that it was awesome that bearhug was featured on
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00010-00005012-00005528 YouTube rewind 2018 let us just go ahead and react to this video
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00011-00005528-00005578 let's see.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00012-00005776-00005976 My name is jeff I heard that.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00013-00006260-00006418 he is doing like will smith
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00014-00006504-00006604 it is rewind time.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00015-00007304-00007870 it's a burn to YouTube  for not doing the actual rewind that most persons were asking
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00016-00007886-00008320 we've got to admit, that they did not do the YouTube rewind most persons were expecting
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00017-00008322-00008724 however they did give control to the creators so it is almost like a win-win
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00018-00009440-00010046 that's Logan Paul that is definitely logan paul. let's put on the caption by the way
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00019-00010180-00010470 that was logan paul ...that is definitely logn paul
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00020-00011870-00012164 I reacted to a video for this.  I loved it.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00021-00012444-00012586 I've not seen this one.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00022-00013134-00013341 That is the real YouTube rewind!
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00023-00013526-00013913 69 .... that guy is so funny and here is the chair.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00024-00014308-00014438 i've not seen this one.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00025-00014663-00014754 rewind time
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00026-00016424-00016636 I remembered , that should be one rewind for real.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00027-00016780-00017232 555 5555 5555   555 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00028-00017440-00017826 Mark Zuckerberg ... should definitely be on YouTube rewind.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00029-00017866-00018084 oh my gosh, his eyes. That eyes is so creepy.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00030-00018478-00018778 I remember this one, when they did the dissection
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00031-00019248-00019364 I don't watch family guy
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00032-00020076-00020266 not to sure what this was about.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00033-00020366-00020530 the tide pod ... I remembered the tired pod.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00034-00020664-00020780 what are we forgetting?
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00035-00021098-00021256 Yes,  I think we should also.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00036-00021372-00021934 I will never have those 8 minutes and 13 seconds back... I think this is in regards to the actual YouTube rewind.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00037-00022018-00022466 we did boys ... the most disliked video in the history of YouTube... By YouTube
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00038-00022694-00022942 I guess the point is they still got the interaction on the video.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00039-00023076-00023226 Oh I remembered this dance.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00040-00023536-00023686 that is twitch is it?
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00041-00023854-00024026 ooohh wait wait wait....what?
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00042-00024474-00024948 Oh that's the girl! yes it just happened. what's her name? Wang , something wang
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00043-00024962-00025184 she copyright strike a YouTuber
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00044-00025230-00025498 who was creating video by using her videos as a new video content
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00045-00025500-00025794 And she copyright strike him, but the channel is back up.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00046-00025798-00026227 because the power of the subscribers voice brought back the youtuber.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00047-00026227-00026672 she retracted the copyright strike and the YouTube channel is back up.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00048-00026672-00027214 Junosuede did get copyright strike this year and I got two copyright strike
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00049-00027214-00027611 but it expired... Of course it came from skizztv after I reacted to the video from Pasulol
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00050-00027611-00027988 yeah I got two copyright strikes so I almost lost the YouTube channel
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00051-00028006-00028116 we learnt our lesson
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00052-00029024-00029398 I remembered when they revealed the How to basic identity
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00053-00030442-00030832 Yes, they tried to get pewdiepie the most votes... oh sorry most subscriber
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00054-00030866-00031262 that was between T Series and Pewdiepie, How was that not shown on the original YouTube rewind?!
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00055-00031277-00031872 Jake paul and KSI fighting, Logan Paul and Deji fighting why were they not on YouTube rewind?
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00056-00032486-00033000 Will smith has a YouTube channel. He just created one this year.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00057-00034552-00035106 Logan Paul and KSI , Deji and ...  which every one. I don't follow them much
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00058-00036660-00036836 YouTube rewind, so far so good.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00059-00037798-00037996 Oh my this is the serious part of YouTube rewind.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00060-00038078-00038634 I like that. Pewdiepie gets my respect for sure, he remembered them.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00061-00038882-00039134 of course Stephen Hawking's did pass away
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00062-00039212-00039602 That is great that he decided to do the video like that.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00063-00040738-00041274 That is awesome. Of course  Pewdiepie love the memes, he love them.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00064-00041496-00041602 That is from a movie?
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00065-00042212-00042330 I've never seen that
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00066-00042414-00042576 of course the dance, we know the dance.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00067-00042758-00042958 I mean this animation I've never seen it before.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00068-00043278-00043546 rewind time everybody  5555
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00069-00044398-00044648 Usually I see her on David Dobrik videos.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00070-00044720-00044832 Of course Fortnight
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00071-00044990-00045240 Mr. Beast donated 100, 000 sub...
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00072-00045240-00045514 Ummm Dollars ... lot of money
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00073-00045796-00045990 that was a good YouTube Rewind of course
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00074-00046052-00046316 I am not familiar with...  let's just say.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00075-00046322-00046484 Of course Tik Tok, I am familiar with this one..
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00076-00046506-00047054 I will admit I am not familiar with at-least.... half at-least
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00077-00047290-00047678 article 13, I believe that is a copyright related article.
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00078-00047724-00047788 Isn't it?
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00079-00048622-00049260 That was an awesome video course YouTube rewind 2018 of course by Pewdiepie YouTube Rewind 2018
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00080-00049264-00049799 but it's actually good thank you so very much for requesting  that I react to this
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00081-00049799-00050284 video guys from PewDiePie thank you so very much and of course guys as I told
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00082-00050284-00050716 you if you like me to react to a video leave a comment below I will try my most
+Jyl1CNfoQmu-00083-00050716-00051178 best reacted okay guys thank you so very much bye guys
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00000-00000000-00000378 Mhi it's Tom and I just wanted to take a moment to tell you about a second
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00001-00000378-00000704 podcast that I'm starting really soon now I started the American Bandito
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00002-00000704-00001055 podcast to meet other artists but I'm also a musician in a band called
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00003-00001055-00001473 Lorenzo's Music so I wanted to take that same concept from this show and go and
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00004-00001473-00001866 meet musicians and people that create music I'm gonna call it the Lorenzo's
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00005-00001866-00002135 Music podcast I know brilliant title right how long
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00006-00002135-00002468 did it take me to come up with that one so if you're a musician or if you're
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00007-00002468-00002901 just interested in music then keep an eye out for the Lorenzo's Music podcast
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00008-00002901-00003322 coming soon now here's the show
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00009-00003695-00004104 previously on American Bandito I spoke with artist Rachel Duggan and I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00010-00004104-00004503 discovered that we had a mutual person like that inspired us both and I wanted
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00011-00004503-00005189 to make things so then I convinced my an illustration professor Ivan Brunetti
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00012-00005189-00005742 who's a crazy cartoonist interject here the entire reason I'm doing this is
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00013-00005742-00006396 because of him so a few years back I went to Texas this is gonna this is
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00014-00006396-00006828 gonna lead somewhere I promise you I went to Texas my wife was opening one
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00015-00006828-00007070 she had just started working for Sundance cinemas they were opening
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00016-00007070-00007503 theaters and all over the place I wanted to go to an indie bookstore I wanted to
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00017-00007503-00007784 go to like some neighborhood that wasn't like in the middle of Houston that's
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00018-00007784-00008106 where we were in Houston the guy that was opening there is like oh you got to
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00019-00008106-00008382 go to this place and it was an independent bookstore a bunch of random
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00020-00008382-00008661 like old prints like vortex and all that kind of stuff
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00021-00008661-00009093 there was a wrapped thing that was I want to say it was a comic book
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00022-00009093-00009572 quarterly it was like a thick book but it was like a quarterly magazine that
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00023-00009572-00010020 was put out and bundled with it was a tiny little book called the art of
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00024-00010020-00010425 cartoon and for cartooning and philosophy yes I was like oh those look
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00025-00010425-00010811 cool bought it and then we packed it went home and then we ended up moving
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00026-00010811-00011339 and it was packed away and then one day I was wanting to get back into doing art
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00027-00011339-00011729 work again her cartooning or make comic books or whatever and I was reading this
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00028-00011729-00012093 article and they recommended this book and they showed the cover and I was like
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00029-00012093-00012579 wait I know that book so this was like two years later and I went and I looked
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00030-00012579-00012914 and I found it like in the bottom of one of our boxes and I started going through
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00031-00012914-00013384 the lesson plan that he had and the very day he got to the draw a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00032-00013384-00013884 four-panel diary of something that happens to you each day was the day that
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00033-00013884-00014437 I did my very first cartoon blog and that was the day that my wife told me
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00034-00014437-00015034 that she had cancer and then that was when we decided we wanted to do
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00035-00015034-00015352 something else with our lives and I was just like I want to get back into art
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00036-00015352-00015631 and you know what I'm gonna start doing some stuff what can we do and I started
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00037-00015631-00016390 this podcast and it was because of that book yes isn't it so the fact that and
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00038-00016390-00016870 now I'm talking to you and you're saying you worked with him so let's go back to
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00039-00016870-00017290 your story now anyway so there's my backstory so tell me about this I I mean
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00040-00017290-00017728 I'm like speechless right now because that's so random and I can honestly say
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00041-00017728-00018406 that the only reason that I am an illustrator today and that I draw and
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00042-00018406-00019066 like have connections and and like a confident person artist is because of
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00043-00019066-00019453 Ivan Brunetti now after I had posted that interview with her I get a really
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00044-00019453-00019993 silly idea in my head I figured it would never work but it was worth a try I sent
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00045-00019993-00020389 Ivan Brunetti the person we were talking about a link to that episode and just
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00046-00020389-00020716 told him I would love to talk with him on the show I figured what could it hurt
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00047-00020716-00021201 if he didn't respond or said no at least I tried right and to my surprise he said
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00048-00021201-00021679 yes he is currently at Columbia College in Chicago just a few hours away so my
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00049-00021679-00022098 wife Merijoy and I took a trip and we went to go meet him so today on this
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00050-00022098-00022666 special episode of American bandito I meet Ivan Brunetti. I've read it
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00051-00022666-00023122 several times one of the things was the in between the panel's reference just
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00052-00023122-00023431 the way going from one panel to another I always kind of looked at it like you
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00053-00023431-00023791 had to see the transition you had to see how the person got from point A to point
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00054-00023791-00024328 B some artists slowed slow it down so you see everything you know so I mean
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00055-00024328-00024718 you can certainly do that you could do that in film too I mean you could film
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00056-00024718-00025144 something in real time without editing or cuts and it's like the scene like if
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00057-00025144-00025516 somebody walks across the street you could show that it took 30 seconds for
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00058-00025516-00025894 the person across the street I think people are used to these kind of
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00059-00025894-00026263 transitions and film and you could do a quick cut you know like some is that
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00060-00026263-00026583 this and there's a sign if lashes walk and
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00061-00026583-00026956 then they're across the street you could show it in like 30 seconds if you wanted
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00062-00026956-00027352 to but comics it's sort of the similar decisions that depends what you're
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00063-00027352-00027702 trying to do in the story sort of like an analog of how somebody might
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00064-00027702-00028125 experience something like sometimes it feels like time is moving really slowly
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00065-00028125-00028531 and you're aware of every little thing other times like in a memory you might
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00066-00028531-00028987 jump from one thing to another one thing that really opened it up was okay draw
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00067-00028987-00029415 this many panels and then start shifting them around in the same storyline and
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00068-00029415-00029787 with that first comic that I did it was actually written in a different order
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00069-00029787-00030240 when I do that with students in class I take the index cards and I shuffle them
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00070-00030240-00030639 around like a magician or you know I move them around and it's just mostly to
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00071-00030639-00031150 show them like there's more than one way to tell a story or partially about
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00072-00031150-00031561 editing they draw 12 panels and then they pick
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00073-00031561-00032088 four that tells of usually they pick like the most conventional narrative and
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00074-00032088-00032512 then I'll throw things around where there's weird transitions or you know
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00075-00032512-00032911 you just get different effects and maybe changes the story or it's just to kind
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00076-00032911-00033240 of get people to play around a little bit as opposed to thinking there was
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00077-00033240-00033715 just only one way to approach something so that that's kind of the point of that
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00078-00033715-00034122 exercise or when I came up with these exercises I didn't know what the point
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00079-00034122-00034503 was a lot of times it just improvised things like that in class and then some
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00080-00034503-00034837 things worked and some didn't and then was it worked better made it into the
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00081-00034837-00035287 book and then later I could figure out oh yeah that works well because it
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00082-00035287-00035739 teaches you you know a B C and D but at the time that I thought of a lot of the
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00083-00035739-00036216 exercises I might have had a vague idea like okay we're gonna do this and this
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00084-00036216-00036681 will happen but then you actually do it and sometimes they work sometimes they
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00085-00036681-00037050 don't sometimes you see they're actually better than you thought they were
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00086-00037050-00037446 because there's more layers to it that you just intuitively knew but you could
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00087-00037446-00037794 you know it took me a while to articulate why it was working I mean
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00088-00037794-00038158 other times they just didn't work at all so I just stopped doing that but it
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00089-00038158-00038508 changes all the time if I were to do another book now I'd have different
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00090-00038508-00038934 exercises and different things and there's a part in the book where you
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00091-00038934-00039315 tell people to pick up random physical objects and try and tie them together
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00092-00039315-00039619 well you know that a project I did in college that I think
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00093-00039619-00040066 it took three art classes you know one of them was called visual art one and
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00094-00040066-00040333 now I don't know there were a lot of people in there most of them were not
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00095-00040333-00040774 art majors I don't even know if we had an art major at the school I went to
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00096-00040774-00041203 I learned though I mean I still remember that class he I mean I think that's a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00097-00041203-00041512 project that he probably got for him when he was in school because I've
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00098-00041512-00041812 talked to other teachers that tell me like oh yeah I had to do that when I was
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00099-00041812-00042223 in college then to find a bunch of things and then put them in some kind of
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00100-00042223-00042712 arrangement or actually order words like arrangement and order very different
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00101-00042712-00043051 like you'll get different results depending on the language you use the
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00102-00043051-00043522 original exercise was to put them in order and then in my book I said you
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00103-00043522-00043948 know erase the same class like arrange them is you're right when you say order
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00104-00043948-00044389 I see it as they're all in a row means like right which it doesn't necessarily
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00105-00044389-00044731 mean that but it was sort of like to categorize them to put things in order
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00106-00044731-00045208 means that you thought of how they fit together and in relation to each other
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00107-00045208-00045673 whereas you say arrange them you can do anything like you could just put them on
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00108-00045673-00046081 a table and try to take up as much space or as little space there like seeing the
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00109-00046081-00046429 like what other people did with it I remember struggling with that in school
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00110-00046429-00046813 like as if there was every project we did in that art class there was no
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00111-00046813-00047296 solution so that when I went to University of Chicago like everybody is
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00112-00047296-00047800 you know hyper whatever intellectual and you everyone believed there was an
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00113-00047800-00048187 intellectual solution to everything and so the art class was great because it
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00114-00048187-00048624 basically said there isn't a solution to any of the problems that he posed to us
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00115-00048624-00048997 and he even said that like like toward the end of the class like I don't know
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00116-00048997-00049525 if you've noticed but every assignment I give you has no solution which was a I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00117-00049525-00049888 think for people used to thinking that they could intellectually solve a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00118-00049888-00050275 problem as if everything were like a math problem it made you rethink things
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00119-00050275-00050698 like oh I guess I can't find an answer like art doesn't work that way it's not
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00120-00050698-00051043 like an accounting problem you have to pose your own questions make your own
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00121-00051043-00051480 answer sometimes there is no real answer so I had that project stuck with me
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00122-00051480-00052027 amongst many that we did in that class I think for cartooning it could be an
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00123-00052027-00052491 exercise in against seeing different narratives with the same elements you're
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00124-00052491-00052710 actually creating a story even the object
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00125-00052710-00053169 you chose probably tell a story about yourself why you chose them it could be
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00126-00053169-00053588 as simple as like those were things that were in my backpack or it might be more
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00127-00053588-00053966 complex like what were you looking for in your house there's probably like a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00128-00053966-00054452 story somewhere in there and then the other part of it was editing them so
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00129-00054452-00054902 putting them in order or rearranging them or taking some out that don't fit
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00130-00054902-00055299 as well forces you to edit which means you're trying to see the narrative
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00131-00055299-00055757 that's latent in there different things maybe they didn't even realize that they
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00132-00055757-00056282 when they chose those objects they were creating a story I've read that section
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00133-00056282-00056606 of the book and I'm always like oh I could go I have to think of things I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00134-00056606-00056954 want to go find this time around and you were like these things were in my
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00135-00056954-00057269 backpack I'm like oh my god I could have just grabbed what was next to me you
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00136-00057269-00057563 could have but then those would be interesting - it was what's what's in
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00137-00057563-00058011 your backpack or what did you consider yeah so when I was a whatever 19 years
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00138-00058011-00058439 old the one that stuck out to me was in my mind I'm so literal in concrete like
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00139-00058439-00058860 I just was so worried about choosing the right things but there was somebody who
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00140-00058860-00059325 there were a lot of interesting ones but one that's stuck out to me was someone
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00141-00059325-00059783 chose objects that all had a twist or a turn in them and it took a while to see
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00142-00059783-00060213 like you had to see a number of them to get the idea and then it was I remember
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00143-00060213-00060752 there was a plot like a book amongst the objects which were things like Springs
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00144-00060752-00061250 or coils or anything that had kind of like a twist in it and that was sort of
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00145-00061250-00061745 like this intellectual idea like that the plot had a twist in the book you had
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00146-00061745-00062179 to kind of think about that one but when you see enough of the other ones then
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00147-00062179-00062675 your brain makes that leap like a look and possibly look at this book have in
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00148-00062675-00063622 common with all these things that look like they have spirals or whatever
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00149-00063622-00064079 it was a point where I wasn't drawing as much so I just wanted to stay busy so I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00150-00064079-00064487 started making things that were more three-dimensional and they kind of
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00151-00064487-00064814 connect it to the way I draw because they're kind of simplified and based on
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00152-00064814-00065444 simple kind of abstract geometric ideas and shapes so they were you knows
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00153-00065444-00065975 partial it was maybe the same process of kind of trying to pair everything down
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00154-00065975-00066488 to like the most basic shape or something like that how did you I guess
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00155-00066488-00067109 evolve into that that's like a question for a psychiatrist I don't know I mean I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00156-00067109-00067586 think everyone they as you make stuff it's gonna change you're not always
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00157-00067586-00067988 aware of the changes I don't know I mean maybe is like having less and less time
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00158-00067988-00068438 to do stuff I tried to find ways to simplify certain things where it get
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00159-00068438-00068900 closer to my to the way that I doodle and I was doing that for a while I was
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00160-00068900-00069400 kind of trying to embrace a really spontaneous kind of line and style but
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00161-00069400-00069968 it was hard to maintain consistency with that it's very hit-or-miss for me to be
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00162-00069968-00070382 like something like a spontaneous mark it's hard to repeat it and be consistent
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00163-00070382-00070916 so then I started using more drafting tools to kind of make it more consistent
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00164-00070916-00071366 and then when I would really go through areas of severe depression it was just
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00165-00071366-00071789 hard to pick up a pencil and some of those drafting tools like rulers and
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00166-00071789-00072254 templates it was just a way to get something on the page so I would just
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00167-00072254-00072662 start making shapes like I started drawing like that with those tools
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00168-00072662-00073184 because it was also a way to step outside myself I think I was doing more
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00169-00073184-00073742 personal stories and it was difficult for me to quote-unquote go there you
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00170-00073742-00074075 know but if you're working more abstractly you can kind of distance
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00171-00074075-00074429 yourself from the content of what you're drawing so I think it started to move in
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00172-00074429-00075101 that direction to the point now where I've reached an absurd level of having
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00173-00075101-00075557 very little of my hand in there it's all these um there's very little kind of
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00174-00075557-00076028 spontaneous drawing so I think I'm slowly moving back the other way now
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00175-00076028-00076463 because I hit a wall so I think that that's kind of been my whole life I'll
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00176-00076463-00076823 do something I hit a wall and then I kind of start I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00177-00076823-00077273 don't know stumbling sideways and going in another direction for a while but
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00178-00077273-00077660 it's not planned I don't know sometimes I think I could just scrap everything
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00179-00077660-00078068 and start over and just draw in a whole different way or like draw more
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00180-00078068-00078515 naturalistically could just be a I don't they gonna beat that good at it I'm also
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00181-00078515-00079091 my um my eyes are just getting worse and worse every year and I just can't see as
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00182-00079091-00079409 well so part of drawing these more abstract
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00183-00079409-00079913 shapes was a way to them it's almost like drawing with your mind more than
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00184-00079913-00080351 your hand and it could almost have someone else drive for me by verbal
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00185-00080351-00080702 description you know draw a circle go halfway down the circle and draw a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00186-00080702-00081197 smaller circle I mean it it started to become like an abstract set of rules
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00187-00081197-00081677 that you could almost program a computer or something to do erm and I think that
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00188-00081677-00082178 was partially like thinking I'm gonna go blind at the rate I'm going so how am I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00189-00082178-00082628 gonna draw from just muscle memory and so some of those drawings that are so
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00190-00082628-00083105 geometric and simplified you could almost do that even if your eyes were
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00191-00083105-00083528 really really bad you could kind of make a drawing like that and maybe that was
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00192-00083528-00084908 part of it too so I drew a couple of the kids book sections gonna give you 100 I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00193-00084908-00085412 saw these yeah so noticed in there though I like I like finding references
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00194-00085412-00085919 and I like sketching from references but then I'm kind of simplifying them again
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00195-00085919-00086372 and abstracting them but I do like the process of like going online and having
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00196-00086372-00086828 a look up what a car looks like or do I hate drawing cars even as a kid I hated
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00197-00086828-00087257 hours but even like a netbook I had to draw instruments so I don't look up with
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00198-00087257-00087830 you know no clear and that's hard to do from memory so I'd have I'd like but I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00199-00087830-00088391 liked drawing from a reference photo but I was scared I would sketch from those
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00200-00088391-00088793 and then I would absorb what the object looked like and then put that away and
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00201-00088793-00089408 then go to my drawing table and draw from memory which would still be wrong
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00202-00089408-00089804 but closer to what the thing might look like so I'd still have to simplify it in
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00203-00089804-00090028 my style but I had a better understanding
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00204-00090028-00090418 of what I was drawing and I think that's what kids are trying to do they're not
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00205-00090418-00090793 you know they're not thinking like I'm gonna really distort this space and use
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00206-00090793-00091165 this weird non perspective I think they're just they're trying to get their
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00207-00091165-00091498 memory or understanding of what something is like and I think they're
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00208-00091498-00092059 trying to get maximum information into the drawing which means that maybe
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00209-00092059-00092431 you're not using perspective because you know you need to see how for a while
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00210-00092431-00093028 there's something so for me it was sort of just letting some kind of intuitive
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00211-00093028-00093544 process what do I need what do I need to show like we're in a room or were in
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00212-00093544-00093943 that this location of what the figures might look like in there and it ends up
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00213-00093943-00094297 being kind of this flat and distorted thing but that's not even like what I'm
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00214-00094297-00094699 thinking of when I do it I really am trying to tap in there like the wait
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00215-00094699-00095055 kids might do it when I was growing up I kept trying to draw everything
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00216-00095055-00095461 realistically and it ended up looking like a cartoon version of somebody
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00217-00095461-00095752 trying to draw realistically or it would look like the scooby-doo movie
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00218-00095752-00096079 characters it's like there was still something inherently like that looks
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00219-00096079-00096493 like an animated character absorb all that right because we're watching those
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00220-00096493-00096952 things and you pick up a certain shorthand from comic books and animation
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00221-00096952-00097429 a lot of what I do is it's just from absorbing Disney comics when I was
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00222-00097429-00097915 really little and then peanuts so it's like my version of Smashing those those
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00223-00097915-00098296 things together and then that you get something like what I do I guess not as
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00224-00098296-00098644 good I don't know I don't mean to compare myself to Charles Schulz but
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00225-00098644-00099055 definitely it's it's so absorbed I don't even notice I'm doing it like just even
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00226-00099055-00099517 the idea that I want to draw a circular head even though Charles Schulz never
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00227-00099517-00100024 really drew perfect circular heads it's ingrained you know like I that's my
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00228-00100024-00100546 shorthand that makes sense to me I read that circle as a human head and I don't
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00229-00100546-00101023 even question it but that's just from absorbing so many of these comics and
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00230-00101023-00101314 cartoons you draw a picture of a rectangle and then you put a circle on
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00231-00101314-00101623 the right of it and all of a sudden it's a door you know it's just recognizable
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00232-00101623-00102073 yeah that's true right but that's what I get from with you saying like you draw a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00233-00102073-00102732 circle and that's just that's a head we all absorb some kind of visual shorthand
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00234-00103163-00103641 when you get these projects did you just decide to do the book did somebody hire
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00235-00103641-00104157 you to do the book before this which I guess I'll it's a boring story I'll try
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00236-00104157-00104682 to make it interesting so I've done some magazine covers so
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00237-00104682-00105036 like the New Yorker magazine for instance it's unusual in that the
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00238-00105036-00105483 artists they submit the ideas maybe once in a while there's a there's like a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00239-00105483-00105951 current event that bears representing on the cover so you might get an email we
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00240-00105951-00106425 were looking for an image about whatever the event was I'm never good at those I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00241-00106425-00106710 can't come up with something really usually they're on a really tight
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00242-00106710-00107119 deadline at night and I'm just not clever enough or quick enough with the
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00243-00107119-00107538 drawing to come up with anything good so what I do is f1 I think of ideas if I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00244-00107538-00107985 think I have a decent one I'll submit the idea to the editor I think there was
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00245-00107985-00108408 a point where I was drawing like kids back to school because they know they
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00246-00108408-00108871 often do it back to school issue cover and that they issue the covers don't
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00247-00108871-00109246 really have anything to do with the inside which is also unusual for a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00248-00109246-00109680 magazine especially today so they really let the artists kind of come up with the
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00249-00109680-00110103 ideas and suggest the ideas and then it goes through an editorial process and if
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00250-00110103-00110505 an ideas approved it might get refined and I have this stretch of like drawing
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00251-00110505-00111165 kids in a playground in a classroom and the ideas just weren't gelling so they
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00252-00111165-00111576 kept getting rejected and I try to change them and I knew I wanted to draw
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00253-00111576-00112215 these kids because I got obsessed with that and the editor of The New Yorker
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00254-00112215-00112767 magazine covers also does the spittoon books project France was muli this is
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00255-00112767-00113158 sort of like a side project she has embedded in and publishing these tune
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00256-00113158-00113533 books threw it out there like hey you know why don't you try to do a like
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00257-00113533-00113925 submit an idea for a tune book and then I thought like well I don't know how to
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00258-00113925-00114333 do that at all and she's just like sure you could you know here's some topics
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00259-00114333-00114823 and so we talked about it there were some topics that would pretty open-ended
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00260-00114823-00115290 you know like one and I saw one of them was compound words and for some reason I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00261-00115290-00115551 thought well maybe I'll do something like that with words as they're like
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00262-00115551-00115894 playing with words so then it turned into word play was the name of the book
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00263-00115894-00116352 then I just kind of came with a rough storyline which I do in a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00264-00116352-00116706 thumbnail form it's kind of like every project they do I kind of have to see
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00265-00116706-00117185 the whole thing so I do a very very kind of quick doodle style to get a sense of
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00266-00117185-00117558 how many pages and these books had like a lot of a standard format so I knew I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00267-00117558-00117959 had to tell the story in a certain number of pages and then it's a back and
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00268-00117959-00118427 forth with the editor and she had a lot of suggestions and then I changed the
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00269-00118427-00118890 the thumbnail and I don't know it took a few back and forth kind of things and
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00270-00118890-00119400 then eventually we kind of got it to you know a 32-page book that made sense and
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00271-00119400-00119775 the story had a certain flow and you know so if there's so many factors when
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00272-00119775-00120228 you communicate to children this I think they're aimed at like kids that are like
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00273-00120228-00120699 5 years old so you can't do like weird kind of you know cuts or something right
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00274-00120699-00121160 you kind of they need to see like wait how do we get from here to there you
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00275-00121160-00121557 have to give them enough so they can understand what they're reading because
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00276-00121557-00122081 they're also having to parse words and pictures and then the language of comics
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00277-00122081-00122538 so I learned a lot doing it like it really forces you to be very clear but
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00278-00122538-00122991 at the same time I wanted it to be funny and all that and hopefully get kids to
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00279-00122991-00123438 appreciate the playful aspects of language maybe and then I just worked
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00280-00123438-00124002 out that people seem to enjoy it so I think a few months after the book was
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00281-00124002-00124494 actually printed the idea came like maybe I should do a companion book about
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00282-00124494-00124956 numbers and I sawed numbers and Counting was another one of like the topics from
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00283-00124956-00125510 the first list that I had and I also had the benefit of creating kind of a cast
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00284-00125510-00125946 of characters in the first book so I wanted to do a book to feature all the
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00285-00125946-00126372 kids a little bit more really often it's you the artist would have an idea you
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00286-00126372-00126783 submitted to someone that you think would be interested in the idea I like
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00287-00126783-00127263 collaborating with France woz because she's a really good editor and all her
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00288-00127263-00127680 ideas are always good and I learned a lot from doing it so I enjoy the kind of
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00289-00127680-00128127 back and forth conversations we have and then she'll kind of go in and move
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00290-00128127-00128711 things around a little bit we'll make like little PDFs with suggested changes
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00291-00128711-00129033 and it's all like really you know you should have an example like hey just
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00292-00129033-00129392 doodle like this you know right and it's stuff like
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00293-00129392-00129779 this but somehow I think we've worked together long enough that she can like
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00294-00129779-00130301 understand my doodles and translate anything while her husband Art
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00295-00130301-00130784 Spiegelman's a cartoonist and when I started cartooning comics was a very
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00296-00130784-00131211 small world like that everyone seemed like people just knew each other because
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00297-00131211-00131607 you would go to a comic convention or something I remember when I started
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00298-00131607-00131975 drawing comics I could probably name every cartoonist because there weren't
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00299-00131975-00132677 that many people doing it I think it was a comic show and it was the SPX showing
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00300-00132677-00133136 Bethesda Maryland I think Art Spiegelman was there and France was who also was
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00301-00133136-00133676 they edited in anthology in the 1980s and early nineties called raw they just
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00302-00133676-00134058 happened to be at that show and I don't know I got invited to like a big group
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00303-00134058-00134358 dinner with like my publisher at the time Fantagraphics
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00304-00134358-00134898 so anyway ended up talking to her then so that was in 1997 and then a about two
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00305-00134898-00135365 three years later I sent her some cartoon drawings I didn't realize that
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00306-00135365-00135759 she doesn't edit the cartoons I had no idea like how the works divided at the
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00307-00135759-00136124 New Yorker and there's somebody else that it's the cartoons let's say that
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00308-00136124-00136901 was around the year 2000 and then in 2006 I got somehow on a magic email list
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00309-00136901-00137484 asking for our ideas so I think it was just critical mass I think at around
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00310-00137484-00138072 that time I'd done enough work where maybe it had gotten better you know over
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00311-00138072-00138449 the years and so somehow I got on the radar of because I knew her for a long
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00312-00138449-00138815 time and we had a friendly conversation but it took me years to even send
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00313-00138815-00139142 something to her and then it was the wrong kind of thing and then it was many
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00314-00139142-00139588 years after that but you know in between that time I had done a lot more comics
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00315-00139588-00140027 where I think I might have been a jump in my own or a little bit of an
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00316-00140027-00140504 advancement in my own ability that when I think back to 1997 I don't think my
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00317-00140504-00141322 work was very good but I you know 2007 a little better so yes I had
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00318-00141322-00142010 there was 10 years to improve and always like the magazine and I had a book of
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00319-00142010-00142634 like the covers from I don't know what it was 1925 to 1989 so as part of it was
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00320-00142634-00143003 like studying it to like trying to get there you're talking about the New York
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00321-00143003-00143279 ones for a brief second I'm like wait raw magazine went all the way back to
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00322-00143279-00143729 1925 no no that's this is the time of the New Yorker but Rob but I knew France
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00323-00143729-00144245 was from I knew of her from write raw magazine so it's like it's kind of a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00324-00144245-00144617 dream come true to work with her because I wouldn't even be a cartoonist if it
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00325-00144617-00145088 weren't for raw because I discovered that in college at the same time as
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00326-00145088-00145337 Mouse those were the two big things that made
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00327-00145337-00145799 me really get back into comics because I kind of given up drawing and my idea of
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00328-00145799-00146416 comics before then was maybe you know like what's in the daily newspapers or
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00329-00146416-00146894 superhero comics so just seeing this whole other world what you could do with
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00330-00146894-00147446 comics that can open my brain up so really I owe her quite a bit so it's a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00331-00147446-00147947 nice feeling to be able to work with her and talk to her and collaborate on the
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00332-00147947-00148601 ideas who'da known I mean really you know if you'd asked me like in 1986 that
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00333-00148601-00148967 this was gonna happen I probably would have said no never I just have to keep
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00334-00148967-00149417 plugging away at it I guess if you had already said that you were kind of given
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00335-00149417-00149744 up on it I gave up drawing because my family was never very support they were
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00336-00149744-00150128 actually very unsupportive of that even before I finished elementary school I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00337-00150128-00150527 stopped drawing pretty much and then in high school I might have drawn like a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00338-00150527-00151139 couple of pictures and then in college I started doing cartoons after about an
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00339-00151139-00151640 electric first year of college around that time also I was looking at Matt
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00340-00151640-00152042 Groening life and Hal comic so that was also an
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00341-00152042-00152405 inspiration so I thought maybe I should you know and I was I started doodling
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00342-00152405-00152897 things and just to make people laugh I guess I was able to make some people
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00343-00152897-00153290 laugh so they gave me the confidence to try to bring them to the student paper
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00344-00153290-00153742 and I don't know what I was doing other than like I could doodle something that
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00345-00153742-00154050 would make somebody laugh it took a long time
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00346-00154050-00154389 I mean I'm describing all this but this is like decades of trying to get better
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00347-00154389-00154905 and trying to teach myself how to draw again and just kind of studying the
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00348-00154905-00155277 history of comics under trying to understand the language of how they work
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00349-00155277-00155772 I would just tell anyone that that's really all there is to it you just have
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00350-00155772-00156204 to keep doing it until you basically start to understand it from doing it and
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00351-00156204-00156684 then you start you start to have insights just from the daily practice of
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00352-00156684-00157101 doing something if you're lucky you find a mentor here and there that and you get
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00353-00157101-00158196 a little bump a little push to sustain yourself making comics I mean just out
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00354-00158196-00158610 of curiosity yeah people can do I think I just I'm from a generation where that
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00355-00158610-00158955 wasn't even a thought and when I started drawing comics I liked that they were
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00356-00158955-00159402 under the radar nobody really cared I mean adults go to see superhero comic
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00357-00159402-00159858 movies you know that was unheard of when I was growing up it really was like a an
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00358-00159858-00160416 isolated subculture and that's not true at all anymore but you are also free to
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00359-00160416-00160734 kind of especially in the world of Zing's and kind of independently
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00360-00160734-00161334 produced many comics as we call them which were just Xerox comics mmm and it
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00361-00161334-00161709 just seemed like a few people that were mailing them to each other this is
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00362-00161709-00162189 before the internet and all that stuff so it seemed like a small world like in
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00363-00162189-00162696 the Midnight's less fear about just trying to do something whereas I think
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00364-00162696-00163317 now the pressure would be on and they found a way to sell enough copies to
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00365-00163317-00163785 make a living but I never really thought I'd be able to do that so my idea was
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00366-00163785-00164238 and it's might have been a really stupid idea now that I'm 50 years old and I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00367-00164238-00164745 wish I could relive my life but I thought in my early 20s that I really
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00368-00164745-00165213 developed his love of comics toward the end of college I had a friend who died
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00369-00165213-00165696 unexpectedly you know hit like a brain aneurysm oh my god you could just go at
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00370-00165696-00166184 any moment what am I doing with myself so kind of right at the end of college I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00371-00166184-00166761 decided that I did want to draw but I knew that I'd have to learn how to do it
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00372-00166761-00167178 and it would take me a long time so I just figured I'll just have a job and
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00373-00167178-00167559 I'll draw in the evenings and weekends was my idea and it's kinda been my life
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00374-00167559-00168009 since then if I'd had a whole different life prior to that with maybe some
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00375-00168009-00168510 encouragement along the way or some kind of positive reinforcement from somebody
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00376-00168510-00168957 you know I might have been a different it would have been a whole different
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00377-00168957-00169344 person that might have taken a risk and taking a chance and that just wasn't
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00378-00169344-00169770 even looking the realm of possibility so for me it's just been this thing I do
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00379-00169770-00170235 kind of outside of how I make a living first time people like they put
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00380-00170235-00170660 themselves in that situation and it's like it's either sink or swim and then
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00381-00170660-00171053 they can do it but I don't deal well with sink or swim that's for me it's
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00382-00171053-00171744 like sink it's gonna be sink you know but you know that's I had to acknowledge
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00383-00171744-00172262 that about my own temperament because of the success of some cartoonists
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00384-00172262-00172896 especially in the last 15 years 20 years it seems very much like in the doable
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00385-00172896-00173315 thing like that you could get a book deal and do comics and make a living
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00386-00173315-00173820 worse for I guess I just missed that whole boat the one good thing about that
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00387-00173820-00174215 this is not how I make my living that can be picky I'm not looking for stuff
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00388-00174215-00174680 I'm not sending out my work to everybody so if somebody like once every five
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00389-00174680-00175088 years comes along and asked me to draw a poster or an album cover or what or a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00390-00175088-00175497 t-shirt or whatever that's more manageable for me so I can do that
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00391-00175497-00176017 project and it's not even about the money exhibition you didn't mas Vegas
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00392-00176017-00176595 that was for the money there was somebody who worked for the city who was
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00393-00176595-00177048 a fan of my comics and he really encouraged me to pursue that I didn't
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00394-00177048-00177527 think I would have a shot in hell to do that but he really encouraged me and he
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00395-00177527-00177977 might have even been on the board of people that decided so that just was an
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00396-00177977-00178376 anomaly I think that was a 1 and the one and only time I would do like something
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00397-00178376-00178865 like that and that really depended on there was somebody who was really intent
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00398-00178865-00179307 on like having me do this because I would have given up on it like a million
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00399-00179307-00179791 times through that whole process but somehow I did it ended up
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00400-00179791-00180376 being lucrative so I'm you know help me pay off like all my credit cards and so
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00401-00180376-00180769 they could thank God that at the time that there was somebody that really
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00402-00180769-00181078 wanted me to do that cuz I don't think I would have pushed myself I just didn't
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00403-00181078-00181390 even think I had a chance I'm like why am I doing this I don't want to waste my
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00404-00181390-00181720 time on something that's not gonna happen but then it did happen so he had
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00405-00181720-00182068 no question it sounded like to me I think sometimes I can be swayed by
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00406-00182068-00182593 somebody that has a lot of enthusiasm well in the end I just came up with a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00407-00182593-00182968 way to do what I always do is just just turn it into a comic which wasn't
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00408-00182968-00183436 necessarily the project it was just supposed to be like 50 banners but then
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00409-00183436-00183901 I just turned it into like okay I guess it's like drawing a 50 panel comic strip
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00410-00183901-00184321 yeah so and I thought that was brilliant well thanks I mean it was an unusual
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00411-00184321-00185632 opportunity but I ended up just using the skills I had basic for toon books
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00412-00185632-00186037 but it's more like a manual it's actually kind of like the cartooning
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00413-00186037-00186415 book but it's for kids oh so I mean really little kids like
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00414-00186415-00186814 five to eight or something and it's about like understanding comics how they
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00415-00186814-00187354 work the nuances of them using them in the classroom and when I'm done with all
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00416-00187354-00187723 that which should be around next summer I'll probably work on an
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00417-00187723-00188200 autobiographical comic that I've been putting off for like 20 years now I have
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00418-00188200-00188755 a million pages of notes I think I'm just it's just time to draw it now it's
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00419-00188755-00189142 not gonna be a million pages I always think things are gonna be like
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00420-00189142-00189616 a thousand pages long and then they end up being like two pages long so I think
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00421-00189616-00190000 that'll happen with this project a part of it is the more I think of it as some
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00422-00190000-00190465 big project that makes it worse for me if it's like a magnum opus like that
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00423-00190465-00190948 just paralyzes me so I think if I can just turn it into something modest I
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00424-00190948-00191377 would have morons like feel more inspired to actually do it but that'll
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00425-00191377-00191716 that'll probably take up most of my time I just haven't learned how to manage my
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00426-00191716-00192055 time very well it's like I tend to do one thing to the exclusion of everything
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00427-00192055-00192496 else it's also hard for me like I met my job all day and as I get older it's hard
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00428-00192496-00192895 to switch gears when I get home okay I'm gonna do this other thing when I was
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00429-00192895-00193254 younger I could do that and I could stay up really late and draw
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00430-00193254-00193884 and then switch gears again for the next day but I'm trying to find ways to be
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00431-00193884-00194379 able to work on multiple things at once look a little bit at a time we just out
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00432-00194379-00194821 of curiosity is this something where you get paid after you make it or is there a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00433-00194821-00195147 okay here's you're gonna make this here's how much we're gonna give you
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00434-00195147-00195687 basically like for a book you would get a certain amount which most publishers
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00435-00195687-00196023 what they would like is that you they never have to pay your royalties so
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00436-00196023-00196326 they'll give you a certain amount of money like if all your books sold here's
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00437-00196326-00196858 how much you would have gotten in the end so you get it as an advance if you
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00438-00196858-00197262 sell out the book then you start to get royalties like if it goes into a second
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00439-00197262-00197709 or third printing and then they have to keep paying you so for accounting
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00440-00197709-00198030 purposes they will give you an advance where it's like you know they wouldn't
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00441-00198030-00198399 have to give you royalties but sometimes there's books that become very
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00442-00198399-00198774 successful unexpectedly and then the publisher has to keep sending you that
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00443-00198774-00199234 check every year usually you get like half as in advance and then half when
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00444-00199234-00199680 you're finished or sometimes you get a third there's an advance of your
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00445-00199680-00200158 royalties and then a third when you hand in the book and then a third when it's
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00446-00200158-00200586 actually published because there's usually like about a year it takes a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00447-00200586-00200997 while even like after you hand a book in to actually go through their production
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00448-00200997-00201573 and so they either divided in half or in thirds and then you would keep getting
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00449-00201573-00201963 paid if your books an unexpected success and it sells a lot more copies than was
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00450-00201963-00202444 ever anticipated then you would just keep getting paid a royalty for most
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00451-00202444-00202800 illustration projects they they will pay you when you're finished and those would
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00452-00202800-00203316 be on a much faster timeframe because something would be needed in a week or a
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00453-00203316-00203616 month or what-have-you I do like the fact that the payment
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00454-00203616-00203940 method for the book is kind of like the same thing in a mafia movie will give
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00455-00203940-00204276 you half a front and half after you've done the job so you're just giving
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00456-00204276-00204891 people enough they can keep working on it but you also have to take some away
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00457-00204891-00205431 like you got to finish it to get any other part of it I'm sorry but that was
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00458-00205431-00206002 a huge deal for me when I started doing this back in May of 2017 I just wanted
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00459-00206002-00206359 to start something new in my life feel more connected to creative people
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00460-00206359-00206827 and it all began with the ideas that filled my head reading Ivan's book
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00461-00206827-00207406 cartooning philosophy and practice these ideas turned into drawing more wanting
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00462-00207406-00207936 to learn lessons from other people turned into this podcast and I never
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00463-00207936-00208330 would have expected that I would get a chance to talk to the person that wrote
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00464-00208330-00208812 that book so I'm happy for that random trip to a bookstore several years ago
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00465-00208812-00209316 during a visit to Houston I just wanted to let you know that this is the last
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00466-00209316-00209748 episode for this season of American Bandito but I am currently working on
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00467-00209748-00210169 recording the next season which should be out in the next few months now the
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00468-00210169-00210510 best way to hear about when the next season starts subscribe to the email
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00469-00210510-00211021 list at American Bandito comm slash subscribe or like the American Bandito
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00470-00211021-00211576 page on Facebook at facebook.com slash America bandido then the music for this
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00471-00211576-00211864 show is by my band Lorenzo's music and you can download our
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00472-00211864-00212350 new-release rom-com mixtape at Lorenzo's music comm and I wanted to add if you
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00473-00212350-00212671 create things and would like to be on the next season of this show you can
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00474-00212671-00213259 send an email to Tom at American Bandito comm I really appreciate you listening
+J-hp6I6hdZI-00475-00213259-00214819 and I hope to see you in the next season of this show so until then so long
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00000-00000313-00000704 Hello, I'm Mahalia and here are today's gay news headlines from Pinksixty.
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00001-00000704-00001123 Maryland is the 9th US state to ratify marriage equality, which passed to cheers
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00002-00001123-00001251 last night.
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00003-00001251-00001545 Governor Martin O'Malley will sign it into force next week.
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00004-00001545-00002013 A new poll has shown a marked shift in attitudes in Ireland, with 73% of respondents
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00005-00002013-00002201 saying they think marriage equality should be
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00006-00002201-00002382 part of the Constitution.
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00007-00002382-00002648 The research was carried out by Red C, and presented
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00008-00002648-00002836 to the government this week.
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00009-00002836-00003271 India's home ministry has entered the arena to try and overturn a 2009 ruling which
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00010-00003271-00003539 legalised gay sex in 2009.
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00011-00003539-00003725 The Supreme Court is under increasing pressure
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00012-00003725-00004007 to re-criminalise homosexuality.
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00013-00004007-00004466 New Mexico Governor, Susana Martinez has been refused services by her hairdresser, because
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00014-00004466-00004669 she does not support gay marriage.
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00015-00004669-00004955 Antonio Darden said the Governor's aides had called
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00016-00004955-00005169 repeatedly asking him to change his mind.
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00017-00005169-00005690 And finally, a British TV ad for Paddy Power bookmakers which asked viewers to spot the
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00018-00005690-00005926 trans woman in the crowds at the Cheltenham Festival
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00019-00005926-00006185 has been pulled, after more than 500 complaints.
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00020-00006185-00006536 The Advertising standards Authority is investigating.
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00021-00006536-00006636 That's all from us today.
+J_x2hHCrP7E-00022-00006636-00006720 Join us again tomorrow.
+JBcsumpwlw0-00000-00000000-00000088 Subscribe :)
+JFBNwuvxeoA-00000-00000000-00000050 mussel
+JFBNwuvxeoA-00001-00000050-00000286 Hong Hap (mussel) soup
+JFBNwuvxeoA-00002-00000352-00000660 SANGEOIMO
+JFBNwuvxeoA-00003-00000660-00000892 mussel 300g
+JFBNwuvxeoA-00004-00001514-00001970 dried seaweed
+JFBNwuvxeoA-00005-00002316-00002598 cut and dried seaweed
+JFBNwuvxeoA-00006-00004844-00005692 Clean it up
+JFBNwuvxeoA-00007-00010734-00011928 Now boil it
+JFBNwuvxeoA-00008-00012386-00012668 water 1.5 l
+JFBNwuvxeoA-00009-00014460-00014924 We use soup
+JFBNwuvxeoA-00010-00015358-00016068 Throw away the scum on the floor.
+JFBNwuvxeoA-00011-00022642-00023108 1spoon sesame oil (Korean spoon)
+JFBNwuvxeoA-00012-00027198-00027645 After 10 minutes
+JFBNwuvxeoA-00013-00029268-00029656 1 spoon fish sauce
+JFBNwuvxeoA-00014-00032254-00032990 Thank you for subscribing.
+JKATikGZF0k-00000-00000334-00000528 The snow is so DIRTY!!
+JKATikGZF0k-00001-00000548-00000632 But its so soft...
+JKATikGZF0k-00002-00000682-00000784 BUT MY SHOES
+JKATikGZF0k-00003-00000784-00000894 They look nice ;)
+JKATikGZF0k-00004-00000914-00000984 shUT UP
+JKATikGZF0k-00005-00000984-00001040 MAKE ME
+JKATikGZF0k-00006-00001070-00001170 oh look at the clouds..
+JKATikGZF0k-00007-00001170-00001368 *Clenches fist*
+JKATikGZF0k-00008-00001414-00001770 Hi. I'm Fernando. Do you or a loved one suffer from bipolar disorder?
+JKATikGZF0k-00009-00001780-00001868 Well I know I do!
+JKATikGZF0k-00010-00001870-00001952 That's why you should give that person
+JKATikGZF0k-00011-00001952-00002030 𝕕𝕣𝕦𝕘𝕤
+JKATikGZF0k-00012-00002086-00002240 With the brand new Lithium Pill :D
+JKATikGZF0k-00013-00002240-00002290 *Awkward jump*
+JKATikGZF0k-00014-00002338-00002650 The brand new lithium pill includes such ingredients as lithium and..
+JKATikGZF0k-00015-00002714-00002842 pills
+JKATikGZF0k-00016-00003072-00003170 *epic slide*
+JKATikGZF0k-00017-00003318-00003368 *MOAN*
+JKATikGZF0k-00018-00003428-00003606 Lithium is an element with the atomic number of 3.
+JKATikGZF0k-00019-00003646-00004044 With 3 protons and the electrons it is WAY better than all those other elements like hydrogen
+JKATikGZF0k-00020-00004068-00004118 tf where are we now??
+JKATikGZF0k-00021-00004118-00004374 Lithium has an atomic mass of 6.941
+JKATikGZF0k-00022-00004392-00004512 It's a, metal.
+JKATikGZF0k-00023-00004530-00004704 $25 per kilogram.
+JKATikGZF0k-00024-00004762-00004962 What's not to like about this amazing element?!?!?!?!?!
+JKATikGZF0k-00025-00005016-00005066 uh
+JKATikGZF0k-00026-00005102-00005166 So anyway
+JKATikGZF0k-00027-00005174-00005550 Lithium is in batteries such as iPhone batteries, which deploy when you're using them...
+JKATikGZF0k-00028-00005850-00005914 Oh hey there.
+JKATikGZF0k-00029-00005932-00006002 See these batteries?
+JKATikGZF0k-00030-00006006-00006104 They have lithium in it.
+JKATikGZF0k-00031-00006124-00006404 So when you turn it on, you see the lights shine right there-
+JKATikGZF0k-00032-00006422-00006544 for this Nintendo Switch..
+JKATikGZF0k-00033-00006573-00006623 (oh god wait no mercy)
+JKATikGZF0k-00034-00006668-00006718 oof
+JKATikGZF0k-00035-00006845-00006934 YOU'LL NEVER TAKE ME ALIVE!
+JKATikGZF0k-00036-00006948-00007138 Anyway after ALL these amazing points about lithium,
+JKATikGZF0k-00037-00007152-00007386 don't take it from me, take it from me take it from all these customer reviews
+JKATikGZF0k-00038-00007516-00007628 Sir. What do you think about lithium??
+JKATikGZF0k-00039-00007628-00007834 Oh- it helped me learn how to tie shoes! Loo-
+JKATikGZF0k-00040-00007862-00007948 Well, not good enough.
+JKATikGZF0k-00041-00007950-00008028 Thank you sir!
+JKATikGZF0k-00042-00008059-00008142 What do you think about lithium???
+JKATikGZF0k-00043-00008196-00008346 Um..it's really great!
+JKATikGZF0k-00044-00008346-00008466 You should really buy it
+JKATikGZF0k-00045-00008466-00008558 because..um
+JKATikGZF0k-00046-00008616-00008700 it's great!!
+JKATikGZF0k-00047-00008840-00008986 What do you think about lithium????
+JKATikGZF0k-00048-00008998-00009048 ...
+JKATikGZF0k-00049-00009048-00009098 it-
+JKATikGZF0k-00050-00009098-00009162 I can't..
+JKATikGZF0k-00051-00009162-00009212 no.
+JKATikGZF0k-00052-00009212-00009262 no..
+JKATikGZF0k-00053-00009262-00009312 wait- no no! No NO!
+JKATikGZF0k-00054-00009316-00009366 PLEASE
+JKATikGZF0k-00055-00009366-00009416 PLEASE BILL!
+JKATikGZF0k-00056-00009416-00009466 BILL!
+JKATikGZF0k-00057-00009466-00009516 NO!
+JKATikGZF0k-00058-00009618-00009668 *New target acquired*
+JKATikGZF0k-00059-00009668-00009742 ...Excuse me sir!
+JKATikGZF0k-00060-00009742-00009900 Would you care to do an interview about lithium?!
+JKATikGZF0k-00061-00009908-00009968 But..him-
+JKATikGZF0k-00062-00009974-00010060 No, no, no don't worry about him
+JKATikGZF0k-00063-00010060-00010110 Come on, over here
+JKATikGZF0k-00064-00010110-00010160 over here, over here...
+JKATikGZF0k-00065-00010322-00010374 what's it say..?
+JKATikGZF0k-00066-00010382-00010432 lithium.
+JKATikGZF0k-00067-00010454-00010504 Lithium
+JKATikGZF0k-00068-00010504-00010554 is..
+JKATikGZF0k-00069-00010554-00010644 Good!
+JKATikGZF0k-00070-00010644-00010730 it's..
+JKATikGZF0k-00071-00010784-00010866 great!
+JKATikGZF0k-00072-00010932-00011002 ...
+JKATikGZF0k-00073-00011052-00011108 okay..go..
+JKATikGZF0k-00074-00011150-00011200 Thank you..
+JKATikGZF0k-00075-00011274-00011400 So after all those reviews,
+JKATikGZF0k-00076-00011400-00011470 how can you not agree that
+JKATikGZF0k-00077-00011470-00011624 lithium is the best element.
+JKATikGZF0k-00078-00011728-00011778 *plop*
+JKATikGZF0k-00079-00011910-00011960 (oh god what is that)
+JKATikGZF0k-00080-00012536-00012586 AHHHH
+JKATikGZF0k-00081-00012590-00012640 what the f-
+JKATikGZF0k-00082-00012676-00012726 *rip fernando*
+JKATikGZF0k-00083-00012750-00012800 Okay,
+JKATikGZF0k-00084-00012890-00013019 Anyways, actually--
+JKATikGZF0k-00085-00013028-00013144 hydrogen is better.
+JKATikGZF0k-00086-00013208-00013282 And here's why.
+JKATikGZF0k-00087-00013536-00013608 So this is kinda awkward, idk why you would try to listen to the rap with sub so sorry if its disappointing, its like watching an anime fight with sub like u dont do that :l
+JKATikGZF0k-00088-00013636-00013718 *Beat starts*
+JKATikGZF0k-00089-00014219-00014269 *Fidgets the spinner*
+JKATikGZF0k-00090-00014269-00014319 or isn't it *Spins the fidget* wait what
+JKATikGZF0k-00091-00014408-00014590 𝓗𝔂𝓭𝓻𝓸𝓰𝓮𝓷  𝓲𝓼  𝓪  𝓬𝓱𝓮𝓶𝓲𝓬𝓪𝓵   𝓮𝓵𝓮𝓶𝓮𝓷𝓽
+JKATikGZF0k-00092-00014597-00014694 𝓣𝓱𝓪𝓽  𝓸𝓽𝓱𝓮𝓻  𝓲𝓼
+JKATikGZF0k-00093-00014696-00014806 T𝓸𝓽𝓪𝓵𝓵𝔂  𝓲𝓻𝓻𝓮𝓵𝓮𝓿𝓪𝓷𝓽
+JKATikGZF0k-00094-00014824-00014996 𝓓𝓲𝓼𝓬𝓸𝓿𝓮𝓻𝓮𝓭  𝓲𝓷  𝓽𝓱𝓮  𝓼𝓲𝔁𝓽𝓮𝓮𝓷𝓽𝓱 𝓬𝓮𝓷𝓽𝓾𝓻𝔂
+JKATikGZF0k-00095-00015002-00015062 𝓣𝓱𝓪𝓽  𝓸𝓽𝓱𝓮𝓻  𝓸𝓷𝓮  𝓲𝓼
+JKATikGZF0k-00096-00015066-00015116 𝓣𝓻𝓪𝓼𝓱
+JKATikGZF0k-00097-00015116-00015166 𝓒𝓸𝓶𝓹𝓪𝓻𝓮𝓭 𝓽𝓸 𝓶𝓮
+JKATikGZF0k-00098-00015182-00015304 𝓗𝔂𝓭𝓻𝓸𝓰𝓮𝓷  𝓲𝓼  𝓲𝓷  𝔀𝓪𝓽𝓮𝓻
+JKATikGZF0k-00099-00015318-00015504 𝓦𝓲𝓽𝓱  𝓽𝔀𝓸  𝓸𝔁𝔂𝓰𝓮𝓷  𝓶𝓸𝓵𝓮𝓬𝓾𝓵𝓮𝓼
+JKATikGZF0k-00100-00015513-00015597 𝓘  𝔀𝓪𝓼  𝓲𝓷  𝓬𝓸𝓵𝓵𝓮𝓰𝓮
+JKATikGZF0k-00101-00015606-00015691 𝓢𝓽𝓾𝓭𝔂𝓲𝓷𝓰  𝓮𝓵𝓮𝓶𝓮𝓷𝓽𝓼
+JKATikGZF0k-00102-00015702-00015763 𝓦𝓱𝓲𝓵𝓮  𝔂𝓸𝓾  𝓽𝔀𝓸
+JKATikGZF0k-00103-00015763-00015813 w𝓮𝓻𝓮  𝓲𝓷
+JKATikGZF0k-00104-00015813-00015869 𝓟𝓻𝓮𝓼𝓬𝓱𝓸𝓸𝓵
+JKATikGZF0k-00105-00015896-00015946 (tf why was it so short)
+JKATikGZF0k-00106-00015988-00016138 Anyways Johnny Mays here
+JKATikGZF0k-00107-00016140-00016340 and hydrogen is actually way better than lithium
+JKATikGZF0k-00108-00016340-00016512 because it's used in a lot of stuff like
+JKATikGZF0k-00109-00016512-00016606 food and production
+JKATikGZF0k-00110-00016606-00016726 and a lot of stuff like that.
+JKATikGZF0k-00111-00016738-00016978 Plus it's really simple only has one proton and one electron.
+JKATikGZF0k-00112-00017000-00017080 And it's
+JKATikGZF0k-00113-00017080-00017142 way, way, way
+JKATikGZF0k-00114-00017142-00017224 cheaper!
+JKATikGZF0k-00115-00017280-00017334 Hydrogen!
+JKATikGZF0k-00116-00017416-00017466 Is!
+JKATikGZF0k-00117-00017546-00017616 Water!!
+JKATikGZF0k-00118-00017690-00017792 u know what that means ;)
+JKATikGZF0k-00119-00017838-00017888 cheap!
+JKATikGZF0k-00120-00017888-00017954 CHeaP!
+JKATikGZF0k-00121-00017988-00018038 (To the right you can hear the mating call)
+JKATikGZF0k-00122-00018078-00018142 One dollar!
+JKATikGZF0k-00123-00018160-00018210 That's right!
+JKATikGZF0k-00124-00018232-00018282 Cheap!
+JKATikGZF0k-00125-00018282-00018332 One dollar
+JKATikGZF0k-00126-00018356-00018406 *rip john*
+JKATikGZF0k-00127-00018410-00018480 AHHHH
+JKATikGZF0k-00128-00018548-00018890 Anyways scientists are actually working on hydrogen fuel cells,
+JKATikGZF0k-00129-00018902-00018952 Which,
+JKATikGZF0k-00130-00018952-00019158 everyone thinks hydrogen powered cars is weird.
+JKATikGZF0k-00131-00019176-00019388 But that's like one thing that we don't even have
+JKATikGZF0k-00132-00019388-00019744 we use hydrogen for basically everything in the production area.
+JKATikGZF0k-00133-00019770-00019820 And,
+JKATikGZF0k-00134-00019820-00019884 just like this
+JKATikGZF0k-00135-00019884-00020072 Random dude: What are you doing at my car?!
+JKATikGZF0k-00136-00020072-00020122 *THIS IS A SCHOOL PROJECT SO BEEEP*
+JKATikGZF0k-00137-00020166-00020340 That's right. Call 1-800-BETTER-NUMBER
+JKATikGZF0k-00138-00020340-00020528 That's right 1-800-BETTER-NUM--
+JKATikGZF0k-00139-00020538-00020588 [I finally caught you...you little bitcONNECT...]
+JKATikGZF0k-00140-00020588-00020638 *Push*
+JKATikGZF0k-00141-00020650-00020768 *Police siren*
+JKATikGZF0k-00142-00020960-00021010 (It's 'Fin' if you couldn't read the text somehow...)
+JKATikGZF0k-00143-00021170-00021220 *Ugly laughing*
+JKATikGZF0k-00144-00021290-00021340 I've fallen and I CAN'T get up!
+JMxaj7gf8JM-00000-00000000-00000200 Convert the format into percentage
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00000-00000000-00000161 Parents as lovebirds('sex life)
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00001-00000163-00000281 (ERGH I DON'T WANNA IMAGINE!) Parents as lovebirds('sex life)
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00002-00000284-00000377 Stop imagine about it!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00003-00000380-00000501 My dad is bald!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00004-00000504-00000704 Baldness and stamina work proportionally? Or maybe rather because he's bald...
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00005-00000706-00000851 - *snafu* - OH GOSH PLEASE DON'T
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00006-00000854-00000982 I HATE THIS SO BAD!!!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00007-00000984-00001157 I don't think  I can see my mom and dad for a while!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00008-00001159-00001285 GOMAK MATE "Let Your Story Becomes What We Sing Out"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00009-00001287-00001464 "My mom is driving me crazy!"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00010-00001466-00001706 *wussup?* "My curfew was 8 when I was a student"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00011-00001708-00001995 [BIBI] "I get thousands of calls from 7:30"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00012-00001998-00002075 *geez*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00013-00002078-00002578 "If I come back home a bit late from 8,  she became mad as hell, yells at me she'll shave my head"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00014-00002580-00002868 "Now I got my job, and I live on my own"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00015-00002870-00003070 "And yet, her control on me is still vaild"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00016-00003073-00003192 *after she got her job?*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00017-00003194-00003426 "Somehow she figured out  my place's door lock password"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00018-00003429-00003586 "and checks out whenever she wants to"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00019-00003589-00003725 *dang* / *that's horrible!* / *nawww*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00020-00003727-00004069 "I thank her so much for her effort  in dropping foods or cleaning up my place"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00021-00004071-00004150 *right*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00022-00004153-00004432 "The problem is that she suddenly walks in  whenever I'm with my boyfriend!"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00023-00004435-00004564 *PLEASE DON'T*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00024-00004566-00004911 "In the midst of a romantic mood with my boyfriend"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00025-00004913-00005099 "she suddenly came over  and made me super embarrassed!"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00026-00005102-00005239 *no and no!*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00027-00005241-00005479 "Watching myself wearing clothes in a rush"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00028-00005481-00005597 "she started to wail"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00029-00005599-00005730 *gotta be joking me*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00030-00005732-00005912 "My mom yelped at me 'You become a bargirl'"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00031-00005915-00005977 *NO KIDDING!*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00032-00005980-00006178 "My mom yelped at me 'I don't know how to marry you off'"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00033-00006181-00006340 - *oh.my.god* - "Now she want to kill herself because of me"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00034-00006342-00006690 "How could I deal with my overly obsessive mom?"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00035-00006692-00006805 I wailed just a sec ago!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00036-00006807-00006902 But to be honest
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00037-00006904-00007191 That would be enough to make her wail
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00038-00007193-00007635 I wrote a love letter back when I was in 7th grade
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00039-00007637-00007784 And my mom saw it!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00040-00007787-00007891 *ouch*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00041-00007893-00008034 She sat me down in a serious mood,
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00042-00008037-00008186 My love letter was in my mom's hand (de-da)
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00043-00008188-00008378 I was so ashamed!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00044-00008406-00008562 And my mom started to wail!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00045-00008565-00008631 *why? why tho?*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00046-00008633-00008923 You wrote a love letter... too sexually?
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00047-00008925-00009128 *huffy* What kind of 7th grade would write a sexual love letter!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00048-00009131-00009219 Maybe her writing skills...
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00049-00009221-00009485 *fuff* You think I would not write an erotic novel, do you?
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00050-00009488-00009565 *ooF* You think I would not write an erotic novel, do you?
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00051-00009568-00009686 Your mom wailed????
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00052-00009689-00010033 I thought like 'It's bad behavior to like someone?'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00053-00010036-00010144 *that's nono*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00054-00010146-00010370 My curfew was 10
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00055-00010372-00010458 (I didn't see that coming) Oh really?
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00056-00010461-00010655 I had a curfew which made me to go back home at 11
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00057-00010658-00010804 My parents scolded me when I come in
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00058-00010807-00010924 Then I came back at midnight
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00059-00010927-00011044 *oof-da*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00060-00011046-00011285 If they stop scolding me,  I came back at 11 for few times
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00061-00011288-00011384 - You played hot and cold - And if they scold me again, then midnight
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00062-00011387-00011487 Scold me again,  then pushed back to 1 AM
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00063-00011490-00011583 Tic-tok, tiC-ToK
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00064-00011585-00011738 You eventually got rid of it  by breaking the curfew, little by little
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00065-00011740-00011838 When coming back in 4 AM
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00066-00011841-00012051 BIBI's parents: "You came back anyway"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00067-00012054-00012285 That's not rebellion, that's training!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00068-00012288-00012515 If I break the curfew,  there's no way to find me
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00069-00012517-00012745 ↑old timer uses old phone hand gesture↑ Back when no cellphones
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00070-00012747-00012841 Right
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00071-00012844-00012988 He used beacons
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00072-00013077-00013227 *LMAOOOO* *Now I shall returning to the capital*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00073-00013230-00013384 Or telegrams
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00074-00013542-00013708 DinDin's curfew was 10 PM
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00075-00013710-00013883 Came back at 10
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00076-00013885-00013979 Came back at 10 → Checks if the parents fell asleep
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00077-00013981-00014061 And then
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00078-00014063-00014204 Y'all guys should know
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00079-00014207-00014334 Maybe your boys and girls would do the same!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00080-00014337-00014431 (rumbles)(yakking)(rumbles)(yakking)
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00081-00014433-00014671 How to escape without being spotted Step 1. Remove batteries
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00082-00014673-00014826 How to escape without being spotted Step 2. Change into 'Manual mode'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00083-00014829-00014997 How to escape without being spotted Step 3. Open the door quitely
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00084-00015000-00015121 They can't hear you
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00085-00015124-00015225 *nods * 10,000 times*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00086-00015228-00015527 Younger Fella Generations: "Freedom First"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00087-00015530-00015600 Older Generations: "Safety First"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00088-00015602-00015739 What if the place get robbed?
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00089-00015742-00015894 You gotta have a gut, man!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00090-00015897-00016072 *LOL*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00091-00016074-00016241 [When DinDin got spotted while making love]
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00092-00016244-00016579 Back when I was young,  I thought daytime was safe
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00093-00016623-00016810 And my parents were out playing golf
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00094-00016812-00016907 *I'm listening*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00095-00016909-00017052 *GoLDen OpPorTuniTy* Parents out, home alone!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00096-00017055-00017203 My girlfriend came over
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00097-00017206-00017324 And I called up my mom
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00098-00017327-00017394 "When are you coming back?"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00099-00017396-00017506 *LOL what's that man lol*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00100-00017509-00017610 - DinDin's Mom: Why?
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00101-00017612-00017681 - DinDin's Mom: Why? - DinDin: Just asking
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00102-00017684-00017813 - *smh* - *it shows*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00103-00017816-00017904 Just gotta know when they're coming back
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00104-00017906-00018049 An hour and a half left before they show up
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00105-00018051-00018164 *NOOOOooO...*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00106-00018183-00018399 An hour and a half is enough, right?
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00107-00018401-00018599 Just about to jump in!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00108-00018602-00018683 *doorlock rings*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00109-00018747-00018867 It's only been 30 mins tho!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00110-00018905-00018987 Man, went bananas!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00111-00019005-00019382 I was just sitting on the b...be... bed... so... awk...wardly...
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00112-00019384-00019477 (oof) Welcome... home???
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00113-00019479-00019628 *NOOOOOO PLEASE!*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00114-00019630-00019844 My girlfriend was hiding behind the door
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00115-00019924-00020085 But then my mom...
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00116-00020088-00020267 (Mom's instincts) But then my mom...
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00117-00020270-00020543 And she made eye contact with my mom  through the crack of the door!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00118-00020605-00020787 DinDin's Mom: *yells* WHO ARE YOU! COME OUT!!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00119-00020790-00020935 I came out with my girlfriend
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00120-00021024-00021251 And came back home  and had a big fight with my mom
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00121-00021253-00021432 *You told me you will take an hour and a half!!!!*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00122-00021434-00021559 *YOU TOLD ME YOU WILL TAKE AN HOUR AND A HALF!!!!*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00123-00021562-00021656 IS THIS MY FAULT?
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00124-00021659-00021898 (Yup look WHO's talking)
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00125-00021901-00022041 *gosh that really intimidating*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00126-00022043-00022276 And still I really loved the time back  even I got spotted!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00127-00022346-00022634 I haven't spotted like DinDin,  but I have a case that I never forget!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00128-00022637-00022782 I was seeing someone
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00129-00022784-00022948 And that oppa
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00130-00022950-00023059 And that oppa took me to his place
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00131-00023062-00023139 *Dinteresting*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00132-00023141-00023503 He said wanted to confess something  with opening the drawer
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00133-00023505-00023611 before we start our relationship,
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00134-00023780-00023922 And he took out a cigarette
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00135-00024032-00024186 To be honest with you, I smoke
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00136-00024188-00024295 (touched)
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00137-00024298-00024538 With his confession of smoking
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00138-00024540-00024720 - (Bullshit!)  - He looked so innocent
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00139-00024722-00024788 He looked so innocent
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00140-00024822-00024954 I thought he's a trustworthy person
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00141-00025020-00025132 And suddenly like a movie scene,
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00142-00025134-00025389 Eana's dad showed up with kicking down the door
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00143-00025392-00025525 Like FBI Agent!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00144-00025528-00025675 Father is Behind of I(E)anna
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00145-00025677-00026014 (Parents' instincts) I've been being suspicious and coming home late
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00146-00026017-00026128 They've been spying on me!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00147-00026131-00026312 But if your dad didn't show up,
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00148-00026314-00026410 But if your dad didn't show up,  you might be moved on to the next step!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00149-00026413-00026510 *like dis!*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00150-00026513-00026806 *THAT'S A SHAME!*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00151-00026809-00026998 Your dad showed up and stopped him!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00152-00027000-00027214 Or else he definitely moved on!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00153-00027216-00027415 And you know why their instincts are so precise?
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00154-00027417-00027645 That's because they went through the same  when they were young
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00155-00027647-00027755 *right right*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00156-00027758-00028220 Even their work to put their kids under their control,  kids still do everything they want to do
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00157-00028223-00028451 Dude, you know the booking system is wonderful!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00158-00028453-00028643 Y'all become fallen angels who does in daytime!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00159-00028646-00028783 That's uncomfortable truth!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00160-00028806-00029011 They're young blood, vigorous in even daytime!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00161-00029013-00029235 You can't stop water from running
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00162-00029237-00029697 I see the age of first sexual intercourse is getting younger
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00163-00029700-00030007 Many of them experienced in elementary school
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00164-00030009-00030183 *surprised* / *shook*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00165-00030185-00030501 Back in my school days,  I'd say maybe one or two in the classroom?
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00166-00030503-00030643 *ditto*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00167-00030646-00030854 One day, showing up  with their shoulders stretched out:
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00168-00030856-00030902 (I) One day, showing up  with their shoulders stretched out:
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00169-00030905-00030953 (I) (had) One day, showing up  with their shoulders stretched out:
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00170-00030956-00031024 (I) (had) (s) One day, showing up  with their shoulders stretched out:
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00171-00031027-00031153 *awwww*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00172-00031155-00031376 *LOL* Sharing first sexual intercourse in a classroom.mov
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00173-00031379-00031538 (rumbles)(yakking) Sharing first sexual intercourse in a classroom.mov
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00174-00031541-00031631 *yo, she did it!* Sharing first sexual intercourse in a classroom.mov
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00175-00031633-00031723 *how you did it!!!!* Sharing first sexual intercourse in a classroom.mov
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00176-00031726-00031823 *that's so sic!* Sharing first sexual intercourse in a classroom.mov
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00177-00031825-00032279 I think that's not being promiscuous,  but society is changing
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00178-00032281-00032692 It's getting worse  when they try to put them under control
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00179-00032694-00033305 Rather than regulating and preventing,  but we need proper sex ed
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00180-00033308-00033768 My youth days were not open period
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00181-00033770-00034064 Having sex ed from my parents?
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00182-00034067-00034205 [NEVER CAN'T IMAGINE]
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00183-00034207-00034345 Makes me feel uncomfortable
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00184-00034347-00034786 In my case, I discuss about sex with my mom  quite a lot under a free setting
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00185-00034789-00034980 *REALLY?* / *that's awesome*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00186-00034983-00035218 *blink* *blink* I opened my eyes to sex when I was young
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00187-00035300-00035563 I picked up those sexual flyers
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00188-00035566-00035750 They're including sexual pictures
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00189-00035752-00036089 I ripped off top-shelf magazines,  read them secretly
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00190-00036091-00036328 My mom once spotted the mature content  jammed to hide them in my bed
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00191-00036330-00036496 Girls are the same too!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00192-00036499-00036748 At first, my mom was embarrassed
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00193-00036750-00036943 But then I caught for two, three times
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00194-00036945-00037142 My mom also studied sex
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00195-00037145-00037260 *that's fantastic!*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00196-00037263-00037443 Mom's sex ed: You might be curious about mature content
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00197-00037445-00037628 Mom's sex ed: You might be curious about mature content and you may watch it
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00198-00037630-00037922 But don't believe this is all real
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00199-00037924-00038330 But don't believe this is all real It could be sexual fantasies
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00200-00038455-00038587 That's the best!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00201-00038589-00038751 After I turned into the twenties:
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00202-00038754-00038936 Mom's lesson 1. Got cervical cancer vaccine
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00203-00038938-00039073 *super!*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00204-00039075-00039261 Mom's lesson 2. No Condom, No Sex
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00205-00039289-00039492 That was much better
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00206-00039494-00039732 The one who's in the closest relationship  gives me sex education,
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00207-00039833-00039973 That's much reliable!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00208-00039975-00040137 You're building up the foundation properly
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00209-00040140-00040309 Thanks to mom, I don't need to be nervous
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00210-00040426-00040663 I'm the descendant of Korea!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00211-00040666-00041022 This is a lesson from a lady colleague Such a wonderful comment that left a huge impression
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00212-00041024-00041274 Her daughter was dating someone,  and she said this to her:
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00213-00041276-00041534 We'll be away,  so please have an at-home date on a really important day
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00214-00041646-00042057 I hope your first sex experience  isn't done at a severe place
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00215-00042059-00042227 *true dat*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00216-00042229-00042615 There's no place for first sex experience at a young age
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00217-00042617-00043072 I heard they do in a ridiculous place such as Karaoke box, DVD/Video rooms (small/dark rooms)
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00218-00043075-00043491 Having your first sex experience in spaces like that
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00219-00043494-00043627 Having your first sex experience in spaces like that *that's heartbreaking*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00220-00043707-00043845 If you have a first sex experience in an odd place
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00221-00043847-00044015 just because you couldn't find the right place to do,
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00222-00044018-00044666 that gives you an idea of sexual intercourse is  a subculture that you do in a hidden place
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00223-00044668-00045268 I see parents who give sex education  to their children are really cool!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00224-00045270-00045493 What I had in my mind was  'I'll have my first experience at home'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00225-00045495-00045552 I naIlED iT
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00226-00045554-00045684 *congrats*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00227-00045687-00045876 Ahh good ol' days!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00228-00045879-00046046 Parents as lovebirds('sex life')
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00229-00046048-00046227 PLEASE DON'T
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00230-00046341-00046485 People say it can cause trauma
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00231-00046488-00046925 I didn't like my sister get married and have children
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00232-00046927-00047111 *Ahhhhhhh I know* *right*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00233-00047114-00047336 Just didn't feel good
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00234-00047338-00047891 A conservative idea of a family member's sex life  is sitting inside his head
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00235-00047893-00047985 *right, I understand man*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00236-00047988-00048268 On the other side,  I could be in Makdoong's mother's shoes
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00237-00048271-00048656 My family member's sex life? HOW UNCOMFORTABLE!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00238-00048659-00048873 Now the puzzle piece is put together!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00239-00048990-00049213 Sometimes my mom calls me randomly:
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00240-00049216-00049273 Sometimes my mom calls me randomly: 'Where are you?'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00241-00049275-00049351 Sometimes my mom calls me randomly: 'Where are you?' 'Are you coming?'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00242-00049353-00049425 Sometimes my mom calls me randomly: 'Where are you?' 'Are you coming?' 'From where?'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00243-00049428-00049686 DinDin is just like his mom! (Recapping 02:42)
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00244-00049726-00049861 Now he came to face truth
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00245-00049864-00050087 ERGGGGGHHHH HEAD IS FULL OF CHAOS!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00246-00050090-00050296 I had tons of phone calls  back when my parents were lovebirds!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00247-00050299-00050571 Parents' sudden call = The Signal of HapPy tImEs
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00248-00050574-00050867 My family member's sex life is sooo much uncomfortable but hey, think how good it is!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00249-00050870-00050972 I DON'T WANT TO IMAGINE!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00250-00050975-00051181 If you imagine it as someone else' business,  how beautiful it is!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00251-00051183-00051286 My dad is bald tho!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00252-00051288-00051393 *LOL*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00253-00051396-00051486 *LOL* *quiet!*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00254-00051488-00051601 ERGH I DON'T WANNA IMAGINE!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00255-00051604-00051705 Stop imagine about it!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00256-00051707-00051903 Baldness and stamina work proportionally? Or maybe rather because he's bald...
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00257-00051905-00052225 The hell you're talking about!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00258-00052228-00052606 If testosterone is in its active form, /@(#*%$(*#
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00259-00052609-00052742 Y'all know what I imagined just now?
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00260-00052745-00053062 My mom puts on her hand on my dad's head it sticks
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00261-00053064-00053225 HEY YOU PLEASE STOP
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00262-00053228-00053367 I HATE THIS SO BAD!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00263-00053370-00053549 I don't think I can see my mom and dad for a while!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00264-00053551-00053673 Chill!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00265-00053676-00053892 I came to reflect on myself
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00266-00053894-00054051 *reflect?!* Gomak Mate is the conversation of enlightened adults'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00267-00054053-00054201 Gomak Mate is the conversation of enlightened adults'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00268-00054255-00054336 I was...
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00269-00054338-00054444 I was... so shitty
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00270-00054446-00054589 You confucianism-guy
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00271-00054591-00054720 Not enlightened
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00272-00054722-00054995 *ideal* Respect [About my family member's sex life]
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00273-00054997-00055207 *reality* Uncomfortable [About my family member's sex life]
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00274-00055210-00055333 People say we have both
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00275-00055335-00055624 Deep-rooted Confucianism That's unavoidable K-Blood
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00276-00055626-00055744 Can't help with it
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00277-00055746-00055904 We need to push ourselves to accept it
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00278-00055906-00056328 I'd say her comment of  'You become a bargirl' was too severe
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00279-00056330-00056478 She crossed the line
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00280-00056480-00056729 I also once heard  a really harsh comment as Makdoong did
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00281-00056731-00057206 Mom says 'sexual intercourse is a degrading behavior'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00282-00057209-00057326 And I talked back to her:
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00283-00057329-00057595 'My friend OO, ##, @@ had all!'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00284-00057598-00057780 'And you're saying they're all degraded?'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00285-00057783-00058171 And you came up with your friends' sex life LOL
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00286-00058280-00058475 Mom in shock: 'What? They did?'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00287-00058478-00058642 Mom in shock: 'What? They did? @@ DID???'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00288-00058708-00058974 The one your mom had trust in
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00289-00058977-00059188 Right! My mom's the most exemplary character :D
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00290-00059315-00059492 *he did and she did*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00291-00059541-00059622 I like doggy style
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00292-00059625-00059813 *SHOOK* I LIKE DOGGY
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00293-00059815-00060171 I oppose shock treatment
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00294-00060174-00060297 If I were Makdoong,  I'd explain like this:
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00295-00060299-00060747 "Mom and dad gave birth to me  by loving each other"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00296-00060749-00061114 "Not loved each other to give birth to me"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00297-00061117-00061517 "I'd like to learn about love in a nice way  as mom and dad did"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00298-00061520-00062057 "I see love will take a big part in happiness in my life"
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00299-00062098-00062468 What if you approach as talking about  your life and happiness?
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00300-00062471-00062761 She'll look back on her life by listening to the story 'Was that so?'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00301-00062764-00063297 Was your life went happily  with being afraid and taking it as taboo?
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00302-00063299-00063592 I feel real bad for Makdoong's mom
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00303-00063594-00064031 The days she lived were different from these days
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00304-00064034-00064432 If it's a given fact that a woman had sex
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00305-00064434-00064728 That becomes something like a stigma Like 'the scarlet letter'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00306-00064730-00065196 Yelling at Makdoong  'You're a bargirl'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00307-00065199-00065564 Not saying it as a meaning of bargirl,  but she's expressing her fear
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00308-00065566-00066034 Having sexual intercourse doesn't mean to be  degrading or damaging my value
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00309-00066092-00066320 But rather it's building up my experience
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00310-00066322-00066432 *that's my BIBI*
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00311-00066435-00067116 I do not doubt that she had pleasure  from having sexual intercourse at least once
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00312-00067119-00067434 With that said, it's not a nice idea to holding  her daughter's back from having her pleasure
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00313-00067436-00067657 Surprisingly, a lot of folks never had an orgasm
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00314-00067660-00068127 Growing up under pressure  that women should keep being passive,
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00315-00068129-00068601 would lead to the result of not knowing your erogenous zones
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00316-00068603-00069033 Not an idea of men giving orgasms to women,
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00317-00069036-00069348 but women themselves should figure out  where to touch them
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00318-00069350-00069593 And besides, pleasure isn't always evil
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00319-00069595-00070178 You can eventually found it only when you have  a perfect mental connection with your loved one
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00320-00070180-00070385 The joy brought to you by your body
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00321-00070388-00070649 The joy brought to you by your body The Design by God
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00322-00070651-00070753 The will of divinity
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00323-00070756-00071282 I see Makdoong's mom is trapping her in her standards because she's the only child
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00324-00071284-00071606 What if mom admits 'that's the way things are'
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00325-00071608-00072008 that will make her feel much more comfortable
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00326-00072053-00072333 Or I recommend watching "Gomak Mate" together!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00327-00072336-00072682 If mom refuses to admit  the changes made in the world
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00328-00072685-00072879 Her daughter or the next generation of her daughter
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00329-00072882-00073034 will grow up as a closed-minded lady
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00330-00073037-00073273 How about Makdoong's mom  cuts off the inheritance of the idea?
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00331-00073275-00073648 This is for sure: if you block someone from doing something,  that will make the one do it oddly
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00332-00073718-00073854 I WANNA DOOOOOOO!!!!!!
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00333-00073857-00074317 Check out "Gomak Live" for the full live performance of  "Umm... Life" by BIBI
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00334-00074319-00074766 "GOMAK MATE" Fridays @6PM
+JpmxJSE5wfo-00335-00074768-00075267 Subscribe! Like! And Hit the notification bell! AAA!! I LOVE YOU!!!
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+Jp-ZueDFt-o-00027-00001350-00001400 vomit sounds
+Jp-ZueDFt-o-00028-00001400-00001450 vomit sounds
+Jp-ZueDFt-o-00029-00001450-00001500 fat wang
+Jp-ZueDFt-o-00030-00001500-00001700 in me pissy
+JX818vWZ_NM-00000-00000114-00000627 Elaborating a legal document or negotiating a contract is a time consuming and frustrating
+JX818vWZ_NM-00001-00000627-00000758 process.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00002-00000758-00001283 For years, you have spent hours writing and negotiating contracts, proposals and other
+JX818vWZ_NM-00003-00001283-00001866 legal documents using simple editor or complex solutions, sending back and forth Word or
+JX818vWZ_NM-00004-00001866-00002567 PDF document, exchanging redlines over emails, managing internal approvals and waiting on
+JX818vWZ_NM-00005-00002567-00002667 lawyers.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00006-00002667-00003192 It´s a pain, labor intensive and inefficient and there are a lot of errors.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00007-00003192-00003759 Have you ever consider how much time, how much money it costs you daily?
+JX818vWZ_NM-00008-00003759-00004009 Imagine if there was a solution.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00009-00004009-00004507 Welcome to Juridoc, your all-in-one solution for smartest legal documents.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00010-00004507-00005171 For easy creating, negotiating, signing and managing contracts, our unique platform allows
+JX818vWZ_NM-00011-00005171-00005591 you to have the full control of your legal documents workflow.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00012-00005591-00006173 You can now rapidly access to our approved templates library to build spot on personalized
+JX818vWZ_NM-00013-00006173-00006392 documents in minutes.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00014-00006392-00006959 You can also decide to import your own document and automate it directly online with our stunning
+JX818vWZ_NM-00015-00006959-00007508 editor to create your own template. And you do not need to have a PHD in coding or spending
+JX818vWZ_NM-00016-00007508-00008084 your day draging and droping blocs. Its all about matching fields.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00017-00008084-00008557 Once it´s done, our built in workflow management helps you automate your approval process with
+JX818vWZ_NM-00018-00008557-00009160 your colleagues or external guest to be sure that you send the right document and also
+JX818vWZ_NM-00019-00009160-00009454 during the negotiation with your client.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00020-00009454-00010100 Eliminate endless emails changes about a particular clause. You can discuss terms online and quicly
+JX818vWZ_NM-00021-00010100-00010522 resolve any issues that are preventing contracts for being signed.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00022-00010522-00011024 Everyone has access to the anterior and latest versions in one place.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00023-00011024-00011610 You will know immediately when your deals are updated or changed with real time notification,
+JX818vWZ_NM-00024-00011610-00012179 so both parties are encouraged to make progress and so you can significantly reduce the time
+JX818vWZ_NM-00025-00012179-00012310 signature.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00026-00012310-00012788 And when you have reached an agreement, you can easily e-sign your document with the same
+JX818vWZ_NM-00027-00012788-00013094 legal value as a paper contract.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00028-00013094-00013726 No more printing, scanning or emailing and all of your documents are stored on our secured
+JX818vWZ_NM-00029-00013726-00013872 servers.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00030-00013872-00014365 Juridoc has also a lot of amazing feature like smart alerts to never miss a deadline
+JX818vWZ_NM-00031-00014365-00015040 again or a CRM integration with your templates to avoid retyping tidiest details.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00032-00015040-00015668 Finally, our complete report gives your team the information necessary to follow the status
+JX818vWZ_NM-00033-00015668-00016106 of each contract, where they are and what needs to be done.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00034-00016106-00016665 Ah, and one more thing, we are using machine learning and artificial Intelligence to help
+JX818vWZ_NM-00035-00016665-00017026 you during your negotiation process to close deals faster.
+JX818vWZ_NM-00036-00017026-00017648 Juridoc makes it easy to create and deliver flowless legal documents that helps you save
+JX818vWZ_NM-00037-00017648-00018304 a ton of time and money and win big. So, if you are looking to seriously increase your
+JX818vWZ_NM-00038-00018304-00018918 team productivity, your sales and improve your compliance, sign up now with Juridoc.
+JbaEnn-7MCc-00000-00000000-00000245 We gonna in in the end!
+JbaEnn-7MCc-00001-00000245-00000552 We must be strong! And we must be brave
+JbaEnn-7MCc-00002-00000552-00001000 (We must be brave!) We must be strong! She-Ra and the Princesses of Power: Warrior
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00000-00000018-00000318 Last week, I quit my job… again!
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00001-00000318-00000777 I still have another job working in student support, but the one that I quit was starting
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00002-00000778-00000968 to drive me insane.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00003-00000968-00001476 It all started back in 2016 when I was offered a job marking for two similar computer science
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00004-00001476-00001584 courses.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00005-00001584-00002001 Now of course, I’ve studied computer science, but I had no interest in these two topics
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00006-00002001-00002522 whatsoever (both were focused on the collection, storage and management of data.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00007-00002522-00002704 Yeah I know, thrilling!).
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00008-00002704-00003120 However, regardless of the topic, I thought marking would be a fairly easy gig.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00009-00003120-00003626 It’s good money and I can do it from home, and in 2016 and 2017, that’s exactly what
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00010-00003626-00003726 happened.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00011-00003726-00004232 But then in 2018, the course examiner asked if I could start running the tutorials.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00012-00004232-00004678 I was a bit hesitant, but then everyone started telling me that it would be great for my “career”,
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00013-00004678-00004928 so I begrudgingly complied.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00014-00004928-00005266 I was starting to have too much work and it was beginning to prevent me from pursuing
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00015-00005266-00005724 my real interests, for example, making videos for Daily Rant Australia.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00016-00005724-00005984 Then this year came about — 2019.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00017-00005984-00006451 The course team decided to change the structure of the program where the postgrads no longer
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00018-00006451-00007020 had to complete a project, but instead had to complete unique assignments and sit exams
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00019-00007020-00007272 — all of which I was responsible for marking.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00020-00007272-00007812 So up until recently, I’ve been marking two courses, both undergrads and postgrads,
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00021-00007812-00008218 I’ve been running the tutorials, I’ve been doing extra marking (a real pain in the
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00022-00008218-00008612 butt, mind you), and I’ve been holding down my student-support job.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00023-00008612-00008998 All the while, I’ve been trying to make videos for this YouTube channel and have got
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00024-00008998-00009411 the Australian Government on my back saying that my wife is thousands of dollars in debt
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00025-00009411-00009590 due to me earning too much money.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00026-00009590-00009758 Something has to give.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00027-00009758-00009976 But then, a blessing in disguise came.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00028-00009976-00010386 Just a couple of months ago, the course team asked if I could start running the lectures
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00029-00010386-00010714 AND managing the student forums from 2020.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00030-00010714-00010946 All of this on top of what I’m already doing.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00031-00010946-00011276 It would be a full-time job doing something that I hate — the one thing that I’ve
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00032-00011276-00011498 been actively trying to avoid.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00033-00011498-00011894 I didn’t have to decide immediately because it’s not until next year, but finally, the
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00034-00011894-00012090 deadline arrived late last week.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00035-00012090-00012198 What did I do?
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00036-00012198-00012352 I quit everything.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00037-00012352-00012486 I quit the marking.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00038-00012486-00012632 I quit the tutorials.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00039-00012632-00012982 I refused to do the lectures, and I said I won’t be doing the forums.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00040-00012982-00013413 From 2020, I’ll be going back to two days casual employment a week working one-on-one
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00041-00013413-00013516 with students.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00042-00013516-00013956 The computer science course team pushed me too far and wanted me to do too much.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00043-00013956-00014100 And I was sick of it!
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00044-00014100-00014272 I had enough!
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00045-00014272-00014450 And that’s been the story of my life.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00046-00014450-00014826 Doing stuff that I don’t like doing, because everyone tells me that it’s the right thing
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00047-00014826-00014916 to do.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00048-00014916-00015147 But I’m a 40-year-old man for crying out loud.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00049-00015147-00015316 I’m not in high school anymore.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00050-00015316-00015694 I’ve decided that from 2020, I’m going to start doing what I really want to do.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00051-00015694-00015896 Life’s too short to do what you hate.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00052-00015896-00016302 I don’t like information systems and data management, so why would I waste so much of
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00053-00016302-00016420 my life doing it?
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00054-00016420-00016580 Just for a bit of extra coin?
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00055-00016580-00016774 Just for a bit of extra prestige?
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00056-00016774-00016982 Actually, there is no prestige.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00057-00016982-00017360 When I tell people that I work in information systems and data management, people look at
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00058-00017360-00017880 me a bit strangely and then usually give me a sarcastic reply, “Wow, interesting!”.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00059-00017880-00018284 Believe it or not, 2019 was meant to be the year that I stopped doing all these things
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00060-00018284-00018644 that I don’t like doing and start pursuing my passions.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00061-00018644-00018820 Man, I really f***ed that up.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00062-00018820-00018970 Sorry, but that’s how I feel.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00063-00018970-00019210 Being overworked is not a nice feeling.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00064-00019210-00019528 Doing a job that you hate is a real waste of your life.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00065-00019528-00019980 From 2020, I’m going to become a metaphoric gardener — clearing the weeds so the crops
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00066-00019980-00020104 may grow.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00067-00020104-00020537 If this motivates you to do the same, I’m glad, because too many of us are working jobs
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00068-00020538-00020922 we hate in the futile pursuit of money and prestige.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00069-00020922-00021426 My goal in 2020 is to spend more time with my family and to focus more of my time on
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00070-00021427-00021527 this channel.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00071-00021527-00022014 I hope it starts to show, but knowing life (and my severe lack of optimism), something
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00072-00022014-00022272 else will pop up and just f**k everything up.
+Jc4sGa76t7M-00073-00022272-00022344 Cheers.
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00000-00000024-00000340 Majority of Slovak entrepreneurs is overwhelmed
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00001-00000340-00000556 by red tape and piles of papers.
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00002-00000562-00000926 An owner of a small company has to dedicate 140 hours of his time per year
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00003-00000938-00001298 to fulfill 75 bureaucratic tasks on average.
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00004-00001308-00002100 That represents around 17,5 working days spent to fill and fulfill all required obligations.
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00005-00002122-00002542 For example during the establishemnt of a new company and one year of operations
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00006-00002542-00002970 each entrepreneur has to go through 652 pages of various forms and documents.
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00007-00003004-00003461 The width of this 3-kilogram folder surprised many citizens of Bratislava
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00008-00003461-00003584 How many pages would you guess?
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00009-00003584-00003768 I don't know... Let's say 1500?
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00010-00003768-00003894 ...500?
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00011-00003904-00004104 630... 630? ... Yes
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00012-00004132-00004496 Despite the promises to cut red tape by number of governments
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00013-00004518-00004674 The reality is the opposite.
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00014-00004674-00005588 Always when some existing requirement is removed, in the same time some new law introduces more red tape.
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00015-00005596-00006086 Also this year, there are several areas, where bureaucracy became worse.
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00016-00006106-00006514 Therefore the economists decided to introduce the Bureaucracy index
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00017-00006531-00006764 and establish this date as the Bureaucracy Day.
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00018-00006784-00007344 We chose the date September 29, because it is the birthday of Ludwig von Mises
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00019-00007358-00007516 who wrote the book Bureaucracy.
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00020-00007540-00007930 However, doing business in Slovakia is hardly imaginable without the bureaucratic burden.
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00021-00007940-00008326 It would mean the state would not collect income tax, or VAT.
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00022-00008334-00008578 Nevertheless, there is vast space for improvement.
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00023-00008598-00008886 The more red tape, the less time to do business.
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00024-00008902-00009268 The ideal way is represented by e-government, maximal accessibility of electronic services,
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00025-00009284-00009610 so the entrepreneur does not have to fill the same form again and again.
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00026-00009626-00010294 Good example is Estonia, where the transformation from paper to online services has been almost complete.
+JcLP7AUKwdu-00027-00010318-00010526 Michal Rybansky, television JoJ
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00000-00000050-00000610 Hi! in this video we explain how to enroll for the products of study online e-learning course
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00001-00000684-00001104 Prodiags self-study courses can be purchased from products online store or eBay
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00002-00001140-00001650 In both cases the activation and use of the products take place in the same way
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00003-00001678-00002258 When you make a first purchase the online shop will create the user id
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00004-00002334-00002574 to your own email address for the products online learning environment
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00005-00002574-00002846 Access is given to the self-study course you purchased
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00006-00002846-00003372 When you buy new products later, they will be added to this same username.
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00007-00003452-00003684 Once you have found a suitable self-study course,
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00008-00003714-00003872 add it
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00009-00003915-00004200 Fill in your user information carefully.
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00010-00004216-00004480 Particularly important is that your email address is correct.
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00011-00004544-00004942 Your email address works as your username in Prodiags learning environment.
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00012-00005008-00005454 An activation link, a confirmation of the new course added, and a receipt for your purchases
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00013-00005468-00005890 will be sent to this same email address
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00014-00005918-00006244 The delivery time takes a maximum of  only a few minutes.
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00015-00006312-00006534 If you did not receive any messages, check your spam folder.
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00016-00006630-00006998 In case of problems contact sales@prodiags.com
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00017-00007104-00007638 As a new user start running products by activating your username using the link in the email
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00018-00007692-00007914 enter your password for your username
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00019-00007990-00008252 the password must be at Least 8 characters
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00020-00008370-00008730 Well, now the self-study course is ready for use
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00021-00008908-00009290 the Prodiags self-study course consists of Multimedia learning resources
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00022-00009378-00009822 Automatically assessed exercise assignments, and a printable workbook
+Jhx_Ht_aygA-00023-00009976-00010232 You can study when and where you want by choosing
+Jjx8DvG5M9u-00000-00000040-00000740 Hi everyone my name is Emily Ford I'm the Urban & Public Affairs Librarian at Portland State University Library
+Jjx8DvG5M9u-00001-00000740-00001140 I'm also an Associate Professor here in the library.
+Jjx8DvG5M9u-00002-00001140-00001494 I've been working with the OHSU-PSU School of Public Health since its inception
+Jjx8DvG5M9u-00003-00001494-00001888 and prior to that the PSU School of Community Health.
+Jjx8DvG5M9u-00004-00001888-00002480 I'm going into my eleventh year, fall term, here at Portland State University.
+Jjx8DvG5M9u-00005-00002480-00002902 I'm so glad you're here and I really look forward to meeting you and working with you.
+Jjx8DvG5M9u-00006-00002902-00003148 Please don't hesitate to reach out with any questions
+Jjx8DvG5M9u-00007-00003148-00003542 about library research, or really anything at PSU; I'm always
+Jjx8DvG5M9u-00008-00003542-00003914 happy to point you in the right direction if I can't answer your questions.
+Jjx8DvG5M9u-00009-00003914-00004458 I'm sorry I can't be there with you today, but I really want to extend a warm welcome
+Jjx8DvG5M9u-00010-00004458-00005002 and I hope that you're taking care of yourself and I look forward to meeting you.
+JkfWi9SdRkQ-00000-00000006-00000401 I need help after an online date. It was okay until we got to his.
+JkfWi9SdRkQ-00001-00000416-00000580 Can you tell me what happened?
+JkfWi9SdRkQ-00002-00000610-00001094 I didn’t want to have sex, but he said I shouldn’t have gone back to his if I didn’t want it.
+JkfWi9SdRkQ-00003-00001136-00001346 This is NOT okay. This is sexual abuse.
+JkfWi9SdRkQ-00004-00001370-00002088 There’s no excuse. If you didn't consent, it's rape and a criminal offence. We can help you.
+JkfWi9SdRkQ-00005-00002140-00002610 Confidential help and support is available 24/7 on the Live Fear Free helpline.
+JkfWi9SdRkQ-00006-00002642-00002948 Call or 808 8010 800
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00000-00000220-00000487 >> This conference will now be recorded.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00001-00000487-00000796 Claudia Holland: I might have to  turn off my webcam, but, oh well.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00002-00000796-00000977 It's really great to see everyone.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00003-00000977-00001239 I'm so glad you can join us today.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00004-00001239-00001537 I'm Claudia Holland, Chief of  the Bureau of Library Development
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00005-00001537-00002081 and the Division of Library and Information Services.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00006-00002081-00002299 It's great to have you today.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00007-00002299-00002828 We're talking about going fine, free. Oh, wow!
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00008-00002828-00003196 Although we're focusing on this  topic, I just want you to know that,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00009-00003196-00003441 you know, these sessions are for you.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00010-00003441-00003908 So if you have another topic that  you would like to also bring out,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00011-00003908-00004252 because it's a burning issue for you or your,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00012-00004252-00004633 you know, you have something that  you want to share with the group
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00013-00004633-00005158 and get some feedback on, please feel free to do so.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00014-00005158-00005836 Some libraries and library systems have been fine  free for years, some even since their inception.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00015-00005836-00006878 Others are making this decision more  recently and some are making this decision now.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00016-00006878-00007316 We have people on the call, I  think, or who are trying to figure out
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00017-00007316-00008255 whether they want to go fine free and how to  approach their governing body with this idea.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00018-00008255-00008763 I invite, I think some of you  who have been on this call before,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00019-00008763-00009241 I tend to invite staff from other  libraries throughout Florida to talk about
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00020-00009241-00009673 the topic of the day, mainly because  they are the ones on the front line.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00021-00009673-00009827 They know what's going on.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00022-00009827-00010089 And I'm sure that they are a lot more interesting
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00023-00010089-00010566 to talk to about this particular issue than I am.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00024-00010566-00011414 So I it gives me great pleasure to introduce  Phillis Filer from Alachua County Library District.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00025-00011414-00011727 Phillis, can we see you?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00026-00011727-00011839 Phillis Filer: Yes.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00027-00011839-00012036 Claudia Holland: Hey, Phillis.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00028-00012036-00012599 Becky Marsh from Holmes County Public  Library and she is here on her day off.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00029-00012599-00012831 Oh, my gosh, or at least she's closed.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00030-00012831-00013139 I'm not sure if it's her day off, but thank you so much.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00031-00013139-00013502 And Tina Peak from Lake Wales Public Library.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00032-00013502-00013857 They're going to talk about their decision making process;
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00033-00013857-00014572 the steps they took to seek approval  from whatever governing body they answer to,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00034-00014572-00015110 concerns about library revenue and any other issues
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00035-00015110-00015585 that we may need to consider when  you're thinking about going fine free.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00036-00015585-00015931 So please don't hesitate to ask questions or share your
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00037-00015931-00016667 experiences with us, because that's the point of having this.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00038-00016667-00016934 What I'm going to do is just start with a few questions
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00039-00016934-00017292 and we all feel free to jump right in.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00040-00017292-00017836 I'm open to whoever wants to start first.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00041-00017836-00018201 But what I'd like to know in your library,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00042-00018201-00018606 is who sort of brought up the topic of going find free?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00043-00018606-00018804 How did this come up?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00044-00018804-00019751 Who was the champion, if you will, of this process?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00045-00019751-00020123 Becky, do you want to tell us?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00046-00020123-00021111 Are you there, Becky?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00047-00021111-00021339 Becky Marsh: I'm trying to get my mic on, can you hear me?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00048-00021339-00021559 Claudia Holland: Yes.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00049-00021559-00021959 Becky Marsh: Okay, well, at least now I'm working.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00050-00021959-00022569 As for our library, when I started eight years  ago, we were not charging fines at that time.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00051-00022569-00023252 So we have continued, as a director,  I just continued not charging fines.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00052-00023252-00023947 Our area doesn't have a very good  revenue, and so not charging fines
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00053-00023947-00024467 seems to make it more feasible for  a lot of the children and young kids
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00054-00024467-00025035 to come in and be able to use the books  without having difficulty with parents,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00055-00025035-00025559 helping them return them on time.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00056-00025559-00026278 Claudia Holland: I see. Phillis, what was your experience?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00057-00026278-00026742 Phillis Filer: Just trying to  figure out how to unmute myself here.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00058-00026742-00027374 Well, we were being funded in an odd type  of way because there was a period of time
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00059-00027374-00027795 that the city would be, the city funded library services
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00060-00027795-00028159 and the county funded our transit systems.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00061-00028159-00028515 And then they switched over where the  county funded the library through their,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00062-00028515-00028854 they funded the library through their general revenue.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00063-00028854-00029483 And that was becoming one of those things  that of how do we, what things can we cut?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00064-00029483-00029711 What things can we look at?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00065-00029711-00030271 So what we decided in about 1978, I'd been with  the library probably about a couple of years by then,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00066-00030271-00030945 and we were looking at what did life,  we were becoming philosophical I think,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00067-00030945-00031401 because we were looking at do  fines do what they're supposed to do?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00068-00031401-00031911 Fines were designed in order to get the  materials back, but even when the materials
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00069-00031911-00032260 were brought back, people still had to pay the fines,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00070-00032260-00032900 which was astronomical and also problem  for people trying to get library services.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00071-00032900-00033441 So we did a study and we found the fact that we were handling
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00072-00033441-00033905 about $13,000 in income from the fines,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00073-00033905-00034398 but it was costing us $21,000 in order to collect the fines.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00074-00034398-00034684 Claudia Holland: Oh my goodness.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00075-00034684-00035033 Phillis Filer: And so that did not seem too...
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00076-00035033-00035247 because you're paying more to get the less.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00077-00035247-00035796 Plus, we were alienating the people  because for a child using the library
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00078-00035796-00036291 and you're five years old and you go to  use the library and you return your books,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00079-00036291-00036710 but you can only return them when your  parents took you to the library to do that.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00080-00036710-00037192 But even when you return them, that fine  was still attached unless their parents
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00081-00037192-00037892 could afford to pay the fine, the child  couldn't get anything out of the library.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00082-00037892-00038593 And the only thing that child remembered was  that's the place that don't let you use their library.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00083-00038593-00039283 And we knew the fact that those were our  future taxpayers that would fund the library.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00084-00039283-00039516 And then, of course, we had the other spectrum.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00085-00039516-00040233 We had the elderly who a lot of them, because  the books and, you know, that was their way out.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00086-00040233-00040452 That was their entertainment and things.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00087-00040452-00040896 And what was happening to them was the  fact that a lot of them were on fixed income.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00088-00040896-00041319 And, of course, paying fines was something that they
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00089-00041319-00041865 knew they needed to do in order to be able to use the library.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00090-00041865-00042353 That became a problem because a lot of  people and I tell people all the time,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00091-00042353-00042686 a lot of people made decisions that I felt, just my opinion,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00092-00042686-00042974 was not the right decision,  because then they made a decision about
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00093-00042974-00043351 whether to pay the fine or eat.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00094-00043351-00043822 And some of the elderly chose  paying the fines rather than eating.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00095-00043822-00044140 And that was not a good thing because those were the people
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00096-00044140-00044695 who had paid the taxes and paid the funding  that we got in order to operate our libraries.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00097-00044695-00044820 So you had two spectrums.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00098-00044820-00045069 You had your future taxpayers and you had a taxpayer
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00099-00045069-00045397 who had been paying and supporting your library.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00100-00045397-00046199 And so at that particular, and plus, we were  paying more to collect than we actually got.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00101-00046199-00046684 Claudia Holland: That was a no-brainer.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00102-00046684-00046909 Phillis Filer: Didn't quite make a whole lot of sense.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00103-00046909-00047287 That coupled with the fact that we  realized the fact that because some people,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00104-00047287-00047696 when you had so much fines, you just didn't return the books.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00105-00047696-00048018 It was just cheaper for you in the  long run, just not to return them.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00106-00048018-00048440 And there were a lot of books we  found the fact that we could not replace.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00107-00048440-00048968 So now you have alienation of your public.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00108-00048968-00049348 You have the fact that you were  paying more than you were collecting
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00109-00049348-00049967 and then you are not going to be able  to replace the items that people kept.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00110-00049967-00050610 So using all of those factors, it seemed  cost effective for us not to charge fines.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00111-00050610-00050941 And so we stopped.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00112-00050941-00051656 It's been about 40, 43 years now  because we stopped in 1978 of charging fines.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00113-00051656-00051822 Claudia Holland: Wow.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00114-00051822-00052208 You must have been a little girl when  you started working for Alachua County.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00115-00052208-00052478 Phillis Filer: Well thank you, I wasn't.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00116-00052478-00052658 Claudia Holland: I think you were.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00117-00052658-00052813 Phillis Filer: Thank you.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00118-00052813-00053080 Claudia Holland: Thank you, Phillis.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00119-00053080-00053579 Phillis Filer: So we just did away with  doing fines and as far as how it was received,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00120-00053579-00054064 people were, you know,  flabbergasted because they would come in
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00121-00054064-00054440 and be ready to pay their fines,  and then they were just so pleased,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00122-00054440-00054968 the fact that this was not happening to  them, that they didn't have to do that.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00123-00054968-00055368 So we, in many ways, we saved money.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00124-00055368-00055749 Now, one of the drawbacks was the  fact that the books didn't come back
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00125-00055749-00056352 as quickly as they would have or we felt they would have.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00126-00056352-00056947 But the bottom line was we got the books  back when before the books weren't coming back,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00127-00056947-00057347 because, like I said, if I had to, I gave you the book, then
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00128-00057347-00057693 you tell me I can't check out  another book until I pay the fine.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00129-00057693-00058258 And also to add a point, and many  libraries, you know, the fine went up each time.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00130-00058258-00058472 Claudia Holland: Oh, geez.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00131-00058472-00059066 Phillis Filer: And $3.95 paperback,  I could be paying $25 in fines for.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00132-00059066-00059317 Claudia Holland: Yeah, yeah.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00133-00059317-00059568 Phillis Filer: And because it wasn't till  many years later that a lot of libraries
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00134-00059568-00060029 that still charged fines, what they  realized they had to put a cap on them.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00135-00060029-00060318 During that time, there wasn't a cap.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00136-00060318-00060720 It just kept going and going and going and going.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00137-00060720-00060975 Claudia Holland: Oh, my goodness. Yeah.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00138-00060975-00061432 Phillis Filer: And so that's what  we did in order to stop doing that.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00139-00061432-00061990 And later, we were very fortunate  because of not doing that and other factors
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00140-00061990-00062478 and we decided we wanted to be an indefinite taxing district,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00141-00062478-00062899 so we've gone through a lot of  different phases of things that we've done,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00142-00062899-00063448 because you also asked something about  how do we, how do we help our revenue?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00143-00063448-00064006 We help our revenue by not doing away  with things that were costing us more to get.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00144-00064006-00064685 And then we're directly on the tax rolls now.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00145-00064685-00065118 And we've been able to expand adding  additional libraries because at that time,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00146-00065118-00065494 we only had the headquarters and three branches.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00147-00065494-00065846 Claudia Holland: I see. Thank you so much.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00148-00065846-00066265 Tina, what can you share with us about your experience?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00149-00066265-00066573 Tina Peak: Well, I'm the new kid.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00150-00066573-00067123 We went fine free as of November 1st, 2019.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00151-00067123-00067509 And then we all know what happened in March of 2020.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00152-00067509-00067952 So just about the time we were rolling this  out and trying to get some public awareness
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00153-00067952-00068505 and folks understanding it,  everything came to a screeching halt.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00154-00068505-00068912 So and it was people's minds were on other things.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00155-00068912-00069227 I'm sure most everybody who's here are still seeing
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00156-00069227-00069718 items that haven't been returned during closure and so forth.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00157-00069718-00070165 But Lake Wales is part of a library cooperative.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00158-00070165-00070477 We're not a library system in Polk County.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00159-00070477-00071040 We are all independent municipal public  libraries that are bound by our own municipalities,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00160-00071040-00071256 ordinances and so forth.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00161-00071256-00071625 But you ask how the idea came about.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00162-00071625-00071864 The Lakeland Public Library director, Lisa Lilyquist,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00163-00071864-00072485 invited about four of us for lunch one day and just said,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00164-00072485-00072755 you know, I really would like to do this.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00165-00072755-00072942 What are you guys ideas?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00166-00072942-00073483 And we kicked around the ideas;  some, well two of the, well, actually,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00167-00073483-00073659 yes, there were four of us.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00168-00073659-00073953 It was Lakeland, Lake Wales, Winter Haven and Mulberry.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00169-00073953-00074427 I just went ahead and left there and took up the question
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00170-00074427-00074840 with my city manager and my library board.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00171-00074840-00075256 And we moved forward with it and we announced it.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00172-00075256-00075758 And I was, you know, they say the  best form of flattery is plagiarism.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00173-00075758-00076235 I just went out on the Web and kind of went  to see how other libraries were announcing it
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00174-00076235-00076469 and the Denver Public Library system,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00175-00076469-00077065 I think, had this great video on their  website of their mayor telling everybody
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00176-00077065-00077616 how we were no longer, they were no  longer charging library fees and so forth,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00177-00077616-00077822 that I was able to make my case.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00178-00077822-00078406 And I did I did a lot of research and we actually ran a report
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00179-00078406-00078822 that showed how much was owed.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00180-00078822-00079304 And I can tell you what we collected in revenues on
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00181-00079304-00079792 an annual basis for over dues was less or right $10,000.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00182-00079792-00080155 We were owed closer to $79,000.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00183-00080155-00080336 Claudia Holland: Whew wee!
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00184-00080336-00080613 Tina Peak: It was kind of a no  brainer that people are, as Phillis said,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00185-00080613-00081049 are fearful of coming into a  building that they have invested in
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00186-00081049-00081797 and not for fear that they won't be allowed or  whatever shame is involved in not paying your bills.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00187-00081797-00082070 I think that was one of the things.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00188-00082070-00082889 So we, so our fine free is on like Wales Public  Library Materials only and in this cooperative,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00189-00082889-00083110 people can borrow from any library.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00190-00083110-00083378 We have had a second library in  Polk County Library Cooperative
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00191-00083378-00083869 become fine free this past June,  and that's the Mulberry Library.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00192-00083869-00084277 And I see Chris on the call and  she is at Barto Public Library.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00193-00084277-00084819 And they are, they are moving  forward to their commission to do that.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00194-00084819-00085166 When I took it to the city commission, they said absolutely.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00195-00085166-00085459 So we wrote policy;
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00196-00085459-00086342 30 days after the final due date, if an  item is considered lost, is still out.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00197-00086342-00086704 So that's six weeks of checkout time, plus 30 more days.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00198-00086704-00087016 Then an individual gets an invoice.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00199-00087016-00087555 But the invoice also states if you  return the material, you owe nothing.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00200-00087555-00088286 So we wiped out all existing fines on Lake  Wales Public Library materials and we wiped out,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00201-00088286-00088680 and then we put, set that policy into motion.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00202-00088680-00089419 So but at this time, we reopened  November 1st of 2020, which was almost,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00203-00089419-00089817 was to the day a year later that we had announced fine free.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00204-00089817-00090213 So we're still, I still hear my cert staff saying, no,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00205-00090213-00090472 we don't charge fines the Lake Wales materials.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00206-00090472-00090928 But I tell you what we did do because so  many people were wanting to pay the fines,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00207-00090928-00091305 we put a Friends of the Library  donation bin in the front lobby
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00208-00091305-00091872 and they loved to give to that instead,  it saves their conscience or whatever.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00209-00091872-00092091 Claudia Holland: Good.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00210-00092091-00092547 Tina Peak: There's just, you know, we all  have an expectation of loss in this profession.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00211-00092547-00093371 It's, it happens and but it seems to be,  it's very well received in this community.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00212-00093371-00093926 Very happy I did it, or happy my  commission and library board allowed me to do it.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00213-00093926-00094069 Claudia Holland: That's wonderful.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00214-00094069-00094475 Well, I see that Cheryl Morales has joined us from Pinellas,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00215-00094475-00094768 so we're glad to have you, Cheryl and I invited Cheryl
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00216-00094768-00094958 so that she could talk to us about their
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00217-00094958-00095561 plan to go fine free throughout the Pinellas Cooperative.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00218-00095561-00095961 So, Cheryl, what made you all decide to go this route?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00219-00095961-00096307 Cheryl Morales: Thanks, Claudia,  for having, for inviting me to talk.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00220-00096307-00096758 It's been a long road, I have to say, for Pinellas.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00221-00096758-00097251 We are the other, besides Polk County, we're the other
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00222-00097251-00097776 single county library cooperative in the state of Florida.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00223-00097776-00098273 So we have 14 municipal members  and two of the library directors
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00224-00098273-00098801 are in the call right now, Susan Hurley and Jen Obermeyer.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00225-00098801-00099544 So please, Susan and Jen, if I say anything  wrong or if you want to chime in, please do.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00226-00099544-00099901 I would be very happy for that.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00227-00099901-00100273 So the directors pretty much decide the policies on
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00228-00100273-00100673 all the circulation rules in the in the libraries.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00229-00100673-00101421 And the directors have been talking about  going fine free for over four years now.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00230-00101421-00102051 There's been a lot of research done, a lot  of looking at trends from around the country
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00231-00102051-00102598 and what's happening and around our  local area to see what's happening.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00232-00102598-00103720 When Hillsborough went fine free, Andrew  Breidenbaugh went out and he did a FLA session
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00233-00103720-00104294 on their experiences and  published a paper on their experiences.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00234-00104294-00104624 Our neighboring counties have all gone fine free;
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00235-00104624-00105460 Pasco County, Manatee County, and Citrus  County has never had library fines, overdue fines.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00236-00105460-00105653 So we're looking at the country.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00237-00105653-00105965 We're looking at our immediate Tampa Bay area.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00238-00105965-00106469 And everyone pretty much decided that this was the way to go.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00239-00106469-00107269 One of our libraries decided they wanted to  go fine free way before the library directors
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00240-00107269-00107645 made the final decision to do so.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00241-00107645-00108230 But because we're on a shared ILS, they had to do it manually.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00242-00108230-00108504 So that was the Gulfport Public Library.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00243-00108504-00108931 They waived all their overdue fines manually.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00244-00108931-00109537 But as of October 1st, all the  overdue fines will be turned off.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00245-00109537-00109880 And we do have two libraries that would like to keep
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00246-00109880-00110574 overdue fines on certain items like specialty high cost items.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00247-00110574-00111320 So they will be allowed to keep  those overdue fines on just those items.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00248-00111320-00112305 But again, they'll have to do that manually as  well, because we just have one policy in the ILS
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00249-00112305-00113062 and any exceptions to the rules have to be  done manually on the individual library level.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00250-00113062-00114014 So it's been a very interesting journey  and it has been a little bumpy at times.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00251-00114014-00114321 But I think overall, everyone is really looking forward
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00252-00114321-00115022 to being fine free in October, October 1st 2021.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00253-00115022-00115190 Claudia Holland: Awesome.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00254-00115190-00115819 Cheryl Morales: Susan or Jennifer,  do you have anything to add to that.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00255-00115819-00116401 Jennifer: This is Jen, no, Cheryl, I  think you hit it off, you covered it all.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00256-00116401-00117024 But I think overall we're all very excited [inaudible].
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00257-00117024-00117259 Susan: Yeah, we're, I mean, we planned this a while ago,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00258-00117259-00117489 and so we're just kind of waiting right now.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00259-00117489-00117726 So October 1st, to institute it.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00260-00117726-00118068 But there is a question in the chat from Emily that asks,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00261-00118068-00118350 what are some of the specialty items?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00262-00118350-00118648 And if I remember correctly, it's certain things like the,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00263-00118648-00119196 like the pads and the electronics  and some of the materials that are,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00264-00119196-00119819 I don't remember all the details about  what specific items they're charging for,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00265-00119819-00120448 but I know the... If you remember, Cheryl, I don't.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00266-00120448-00120905 Cheryl Morales: Yeah, the Wi-Fi  hotspots, there's certain learning kits
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00267-00120905-00121524 that they have that are specialty items, but really, in truth,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00268-00121524-00122227 every one of our 14 member libraries has  specialty items that costs a lot of money and books,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00269-00122227-00122486 costs a lot of money, too.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00270-00122486-00123268 So anyway, the library directors decided to  allow that to happen, have an exception to the rule.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00271-00123268-00124001 And our verbiage will be that all  of our libraries are going overdue,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00272-00124001-00124691 fine free with a little asterisk in  italics at the bottom of that statement
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00273-00124691-00125547 saying some libraries may charge  overdue fines for certain items.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00274-00125547-00126199 Claudia Holland: Yeah, so I imagine that  everyone was doing the same sort of thing
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00275-00126199-00126852 that Phillis was doing and Tina,  thinking about costs in terms of, you
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00276-00126852-00127208 know, what it costs for you to collect these fines.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00277-00127208-00127735 In your case, Cheryl, I think there was sort  of peer pressure from the surrounding county,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00278-00127735-00127974 you know, maybe, I don't know.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00279-00127974-00128123 Cheryl Morales: That's funny.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00280-00128123-00128316 Claudia Holland: But, you know, I can't imagine that
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00281-00128316-00128937 this is not a well-received initiative, by the public.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00282-00128937-00129750 But in reality, what do you do about lost  revenue if you are, in fact, losing revenue?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00283-00129750-00130027 If you aren't, then it's not a big deal.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00284-00130027-00130193 Cheryl Morales: Right.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00285-00130193-00130408 Claudia Holland: But if you are, then what do you do?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00286-00130408-00130844 Cheryl Morales: Well, if you  haven't read the Tampa study, Tampa,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00287-00130844-00131430 Hillsborough County, Andrew  Breidenbaugh talks about gained revenue.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00288-00131430-00131832 And even at a county commissioners meeting where I was
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00289-00131832-00132416 recently, just before the meeting and it was a budget hearing.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00290-00132416-00132816 But this fine free topic came up during our budget hearing.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00291-00132816-00133243 But just before the meeting started,  the county administrator was talking about
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00292-00133243-00134313 how they were going cashless and how much  money the county is saving on being cashless.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00293-00134313-00134808 And so I was able to quote him during the inquisition
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00294-00134808-00135304 that was happening later on during my budget hearing.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00295-00135304-00135632 And I said, even the county realizes that you save money
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00296-00135632-00136216 when you eliminate cash from your daily operations.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00297-00136216-00136921 And they found that, in Hillsborough County,  you know, they had to pay an armored car service
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00298-00136921-00137518 to go from one library to another  on a daily basis to collect the cash.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00299-00137518-00137651 Claudia Holland: Wow.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00300-00137651-00137908 Cheryl Morales: All the people involved on the county level,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00301-00137908-00138672 in Hillsborough County in depositing cash,  counting cash, checks, credit cards, however,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00302-00138672-00139065 they were receiving payments, all of that went away.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00303-00139065-00139846 So they were able to not fill vacancies  when they came open on the library level
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00304-00139846-00140262 and on the county level in accounts payable.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00305-00140262-00140622 So they ended up saving a lot of money.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00306-00140622-00141115 And Hillsborough County found that and I  don't want to speak, if there's anyone here
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00307-00141115-00141694 from Hillsborough County, please  speak up and tell me I'm wrong if I am.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00308-00141694-00142441 But they were finding that people were  returning their items before the due date.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00309-00142441-00143145 And the biggest, biggest, biggest,  biggest thing of all in in my opinion,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00310-00143145-00144067 is that people that were afraid to go to the  library were coming back to the libraries again
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00311-00144067-00144814 because they had, they had accumulated so much  overdue fines that they just couldn't pay them.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00312-00144814-00145064 So they just stayed away from the library.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00313-00145064-00145457 And when those fines were waived, they came back in droves.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00314-00145457-00145915 And that was the thing that really, really got to us.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00315-00145915-00146315 You know, to be able to get people to come back to the library
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00316-00146315-00146857 that had negative experiences because of their fine situation
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00317-00146857-00147188 and then also encouraging people to come to the libraries
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00318-00147188-00147795 and have no fear to come to a library  because you weren't going to be charged
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00319-00147795-00148395 if you didn't bring something back  on the exact date that it was due.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00320-00148395-00148766 Claudia Holland: Yeah, yeah. Did you all find this to be true?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00321-00148766-00149182 Becky, I know that you inherited your, the policy.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00322-00149182-00149590 And Phillis, you were there when  they implemented yours and Tina, too.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00323-00149590-00150232 Did you find that people were more, we're less afraid,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00324-00150232-00150657 I guess you would say, or less  concerned about going in the library?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00325-00150657-00151137 I love the fact that Phillis said, you  know, your tax dollars pay for the library.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00326-00151137-00151782 I don't really think about that a whole lot,  but I'm glad you reminded me of that, Phillis.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00327-00151782-00152518 So when I go into, the Leon County  Library, they have a an automatic renewal policy,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00328-00152518-00153144 which I love, but, you know, that's done online.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00329-00153144-00153692 And so if you, you know, if you don't  have that digital sort of capability,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00330-00153692-00154214 if the digital divide may cause  you to not realize that your book
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00331-00154214-00154497 is going to be renewed, I don't know.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00332-00154497-00155195 But I love that feature and...so.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00333-00155195-00155720 Becky Marsh: Well one of, one of the things that I  found is I started having one of my staff members,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00334-00155720-00156124 just before she would go home, she would call them and say,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00335-00156124-00156496 we just wanted to let you know  that next week your items are due.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00336-00156496-00156824 And if they had something  overdue, she would call them and say,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00337-00156824-00157100 we just wanted to remind you that it's past due
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00338-00157100-00157385 and if you'll just swing by and drop it on our drop box,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00339-00157385-00157790 we'll get it checked in for you or  we can turn around and check it out
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00340-00157790-00158145 for a few more weeks for you if  you're not finished reading it.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00341-00158145-00158496 Well, our response from that caused a great deal
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00342-00158496-00158969 decrease in the amount of items we were not getting back.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00343-00158969-00159388 Because she started that, we had some  items that were due back in October,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00344-00159388-00159744 like three and four months ago, that started getting returned.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00345-00159744-00160174 They were getting return in our drop  box, but they were getting returned.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00346-00160174-00161193 And it, for us, we have, we just don't have a  big problem with individuals not returning books.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00347-00161193-00161867 Most of what I found are children or YA  books that wind up being not returned on time.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00348-00161867-00162428 And when we call them and let them know, then the  parents are usually, oh, I forgot all about that.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00349-00162428-00162875 And within a couple of weeks we get them.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00350-00162875-00163035 Claudia Holland: Yeah.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00351-00163035-00163225 Becky Marsh: So we have a few that's just regular,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00352-00163225-00163446 I'm going to be late, it don't matter what,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00353-00163446-00163867 but they're really good because we don't charge a fine,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00354-00163867-00164153 that they return the books or the items.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00355-00164153-00164614 And luckily, if they have one that  comes back that the child has damaged,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00356-00164614-00164862 they're willing to go ahead and pay for it
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00357-00164862-00165204 because they want to bring that child to get more items.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00358-00165204-00165623 So with us, it's been a blessing not to have the fines
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00359-00165623-00166351 because we do keep a bigger response of patrons coming in.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00360-00166351-00166831 Phillis Filer: For us... Claudia Holland: Go ahead, Phillis.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00361-00166831-00167123 Phillis Filer: Okay, for us,  because we started it so long ago,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00362-00167123-00167906 so when we added on eight more  branches, it was already in place and we did,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00363-00167906-00168226 we started doing something, what  you were talking about, Becky,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00364-00168226-00168494 what we don't, we don't call them.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00365-00168494-00168939 But what we do, we do send out notices  because people do forget what they've got.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00366-00168939-00169629 But also too, we've started doing,  because now everything is technology driven
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00367-00169629-00170144 and so we automatically renew things for people.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00368-00170144-00170494 That way, they don't have to  worry about it, and up to the limit,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00369-00170494-00170814 because we've got what, two renewals after you first checkout,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00370-00170814-00171194 you can renew things for twice, unless  there's somebody else waiting for it.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00371-00171194-00171445 And that was another thing, even when we sent those notices,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00372-00171445-00171851 we did it because we knew that people  were waiting for those particular items
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00373-00171851-00172112 and we send them notices and  let them know that they have those
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00374-00172112-00172669 and would they please return them  so that the next person can get them.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00375-00172669-00173291 Tina Peak: I will tell you, our,  we're lucky in that fees and so forth
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00376-00173291-00173920 do not go into general revenue for,  don't go into the general revenue fund.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00377-00173920-00174294 We have our own line revenues for certain things.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00378-00174294-00174713 And it includes what we call fees now.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00379-00174713-00175432 So I'm able to actually deposit anything that  does come in as far as lost material or other,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00380-00175432-00175875 with Polk County Library Cooperative, as I  said, right now there's only two libraries
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00381-00175875-00176304 and a possible third one who will  have no fines on their materials.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00382-00176304-00176968 I really don't see a day when all 16 locations are fine free
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00383-00176968-00177438 because there are some library directors,  I don't think just their personal beliefs
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00384-00177438-00177816 are that there should be some kind of accountability.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00385-00177816-00178419 When we were closed, we continued to  do door side service like everybody did.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00386-00178419-00178990 And now we've got a whole new revenue stream in copies,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00387-00178990-00179533 faxes, printing that people found convenient to stop by here.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00388-00179533-00179854 Sadly, one of our, one of the last local printers we
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00389-00179854-00180314 had in Lake Wales went out of business due to the pandemic.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00390-00180314-00181200 So right now, a lot of the people, have  asked me, what do you, do you have membership?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00391-00181200-00181499 I don't even think numbers would be valid after nine
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00392-00181499-00182021 months of closure, after the fine free went into effect.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00393-00182021-00182702 But right now, I'm ahead of where I was any year in the past.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00394-00182702-00183238 So it's not, obviously people are  coming in, they're using services
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00395-00183238-00183664 and they're paying fees when they, when they're applicable.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00396-00183664-00184448 So we're doing better revenue  wise, even without the fines accruing.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00397-00184448-00185077 So I keep saying we'll look at it in  October 1, and see how we did for a year,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00398-00185077-00185664 because 2020 was not the year to  gauge the success or failure of this.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00399-00185664-00185939 Claudia Holland: I see. Interesting.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00400-00185939-00186406 If you have questions for these folks, please speak up,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00401-00186406-00187315 they will be able to answer you and give you  some ideas on how to, you know, handle the process.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00402-00187315-00187571 I have...have any of you ever received any pushback
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00403-00187571-00188902 from your local government or  whomever for wanting to go fine free?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00404-00188902-00189344 Tina Peak: My library board is appointed by  the commission and they are a policymaking board.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00405-00189344-00189842 And there, there was at least one  and possibly two who really believed in
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00406-00189842-00190243 the accountability that money provided to people.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00407-00190243-00190534 And I did a lot of research.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00408-00190534-00190966 In fact, if anybody would like me to send  you, I've got a whole file folder on my desktop
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00409-00190966-00191378 of fine free information from  around the county, including Andrew,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00410-00191378-00191696 Andrew's information was a huge help to me.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00411-00191696-00192475 But they were willing to be swayed and  said, can we look at it again in a year?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00412-00192475-00192974 And I said, well, if you take away  fines, you can't put them back in.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00413-00192974-00193290 Because talk about, talk about that.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00414-00193290-00193451 Oh, we were just kidding.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00415-00193451-00193707 Claudia Holland: Putting the genie back in the bottle, yeah.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00416-00193707-00193947 Tina Peak: In all the way or pull it back.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00417-00193947-00194139 So they decided to go in all the way.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00418-00194139-00194320 The commission never asked a single question.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00419-00194320-00194568 They just approved it.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00420-00194568-00194829 Claudia Holland: Good, good for their votes.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00421-00194829-00195195 Maybe, I don't know.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00422-00195195-00195854 Did any of these administrators have any questions at all?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00423-00195854-00196189 Did anyone, you know, come to you and say, I'm concerned
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00424-00196189-00196614 about or even just in these publicly noticed?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00425-00196614-00196949 I'm assuming these are publicly notice meetings.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00426-00196949-00197392 Say, can you show us evidence of this not being
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00427-00197392-00198230 an adverse policy in terms of getting materials back or?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00428-00198230-00198720 I certainly understand having a fine on a high dollar item.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00429-00198720-00199424 I mean, I think that most libraries put even  really expensive books that are irreplaceable,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00430-00199424-00200010 behind, you know, in reserve so  that people cannot check them out
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00431-00200010-00200328 and then say they lost them.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00432-00200328-00200830 I know that there was an incident not  too long ago about the Dr. Seuss books,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00433-00200830-00201458 that people, you know, were going around  and checking out the Dr. Seuss books and then,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00434-00201458-00202091 you know, saying they were lost when in  fact, they were probably just being sold,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00435-00202091-00202659 you know wherever they sell those kinds of things.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00436-00202659-00203171 That's really unfortunate because then, you  know, they set the tone for everybody else
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00437-00203171-00203686 who wants to use those books and  check them out, but regardless.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00438-00203686-00204158 So we've talked about library usage increase.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00439-00204158-00204433 That's always a plus.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00440-00204433-00205058 I can't even imagine someone not wanting to go  back into the library, even if they owe a fine.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00441-00205058-00205787 I don't know, begging is always a  good thing if you're young and poor.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00442-00205787-00206569 I lived in a county one time, in  an impoverished state in the south
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00443-00206569-00207024 that the town was very small.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00444-00207024-00207530 And I always use the public library no matter where I live.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00445-00207530-00208006 So this, I went into the public  library and checked out some books.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00446-00208006-00208470 And then I think one or two were overdue  or whatever they charge a quarter a day.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00447-00208470-00209304 And if you owed more than a dollar, you could  not recheck your book or check out any books.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00448-00209304-00209654 And I said, oh, my gosh, you know, how are little children?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00449-00209654-00209858 What are they doing?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00450-00209858-00210058 You know, what are children doing?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00451-00210058-00210597 Can I just pay somebody's fee for them  so that they can have access to books?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00452-00210597-00210869 It's incredible. I don't understand it.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00453-00210869-00211406 But have there been any downsides to this policy?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00454-00211406-00212739 Tina Peak: I can't think of any,  other than sometimes in my situation,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00455-00212739-00213184 there is confusion over when somebody brings back five items,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00456-00213184-00213678 three of which are Lake Wales and two of which  were in other Polk County Library Cooperatives.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00457-00213678-00214085 And we say, well you don't owe  anything over here but you owe $2 here.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00458-00214085-00214701 Because I can't, we can't not collect other library's fines.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00459-00214701-00215062 If they want to keep them in place as, but just to answer
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00460-00215062-00215411 you, we don't, we don't trade off each other's fines.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00461-00215411-00215819 If somebody pays a fine here, then we keep the money.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00462-00215819-00216104 If somebody paid, nobody charges for our books any place
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00463-00216104-00216605 else or movies so but most people are pleasantly surprised.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00464-00216605-00216986 Claudia Holland: So you don't  have to return that money to your...
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00465-00216986-00217598 Tina Peak: No, we just, again, Cheryl  said something about going cashless.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00466-00217598-00218091 We have five day a week delivery between  16 locations and to ask those gentleman
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00467-00218091-00218408 to transport cash across the county,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00468-00218408-00218814 we just said we'll do it on the honor system and that's it.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00469-00218814-00219170 And we also give them the option of,  you know, here's the library's address
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00470-00219170-00219549 if you'd like to send them a check or whatever, so.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00471-00219549-00219994 Phillis Filer: I don't, I don't, we didn't have, we didn't,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00472-00219994-00220464 it wasn't a problem for us, but  to some of the surrounding areas,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00473-00220464-00220802 it was a concern, the fact that they'd say things like,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00474-00220802-00221158 you know, people like going over to your library because they,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00475-00221158-00221581 and they quickly tell us that you all don't charge fines.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00476-00221581-00221976 And they want us to charge or not  charge fines and that just, but then,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00477-00221976-00222464 of course, they also tell us, that  personally, they do come up to our library themselves
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00478-00222464-00222795 to check out books because we don't charge fines.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00479-00222795-00223213 But that was just, that was the only thing.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00480-00223213-00223456 It wasn't so much a problem for us.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00481-00223456-00223643 As you know, there was just concern about others that,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00482-00223643-00224632 you know, we were able to do something that they can't do.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00483-00224632-00225267 Claudia Holland: Well, some library systems  have, and I'm not talking about Florida necessarily,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00484-00225267-00225934 but they'll have like a fine free week  or a fine free day or something like that.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00485-00225934-00226424 And I have no idea how successful  that approach is, whether people
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00486-00226424-00227285 just hang on to their books until that  fine free day or a week or whatever comes up.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00487-00227285-00227528 But even academic... Tina Peak: I can tell you, they do.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00488-00227528-00228037 We ran here, from November 1st to December 31st,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00489-00228037-00228554 every year we did Food for Fines  and we pretty much, two times a week,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00490-00228554-00228827 had to call the charity the food was going to,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00491-00228827-00229088 to come pick up the big huge barrels, to pick them up
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00492-00229088-00229547 because people will ask when is fine  free week, you know, when is Food for Fines?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00493-00229547-00230211 So we just and we allowed them to  pay for existing fines with food, too.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00494-00230211-00230830 But we just now stick those barrels out and ask  people to donate to them during the holidays anyway.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00495-00230830-00231550 Claudia Holland: Do others who don't have fine free right now,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00496-00231550-00232291 do you do things like that?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00497-00232291-00232704 Have you experimented with anything?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00498-00232704-00232938 Leanna said no.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00499-00232938-00233664 And Leana, what library are you with?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00500-00233664-00234557 South Florida, okay, South Florida State College.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00501-00234557-00235258 Anybody else have an idea on how to  make, you know, keep that in place,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00502-00235258-00236246 but also make it less onerous, I guess, for the  people who are checking it out, checking them out?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00503-00236246-00236827 Leana said, I've been looking in to  fine free and then the budget tanked.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00504-00236827-00237451 She's going to revisit, yeah, that process. Yeah.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00505-00237451-00238432 I think that that information that Tina  has collected might be helpful to you, Leana.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00506-00238432-00238776 Tina Peak: I went by a bank this week and  I knew the person that was waiting on me
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00507-00238776-00239197 and she very sheepishly handed me a  children's book across the counter.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00508-00239197-00239424 And she said I've been waiting for you to come in.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00509-00239424-00239661 My daughter cleaned her room out.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00510-00239661-00240050 And I had this brilliant idea and I  came back and told my Youth Services staff,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00511-00240050-00240347 I said, next summer, we're going to do a clean your room up,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00512-00240347-00240712 clean your room up week and if you find a library materials,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00513-00240712-00241298 you'll be entered into a drawing for an Amazon card.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00514-00241298-00241610 So maybe you can encourage the kids to clean their room out
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00515-00241610-00241915 and they can find their lost materials.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00516-00241915-00242608 Claudia Holland: I wish I had had that when my son was little.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00517-00242608-00242942 Leana says Andrew's presentation at FLA several years
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00518-00242942-00243822 ago is what got me started on this, so that's wonderful.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00519-00243822-00244326 Does anyone have any questions about going fine free?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00520-00244326-00244933 You know, what is the process or how did you do it?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00521-00244933-00245517 This sort of leads into another  conversation, too, about library revenue.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00522-00245517-00246259 Phillis, I think you're lucky in that you're  in that, you are in a special tax district.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00523-00246259-00246781 Most of us are not in that position.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00524-00246781-00247139 And there are other things.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00525-00247139-00247765 I mean, I can remember at FLA a couple of  years ago, the presentation on passports
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00526-00247765-00248285 and how that was a very, I don't want to say lucrative,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00527-00248285-00249014 but a way to generate revenue for that particular library.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00528-00249014-00249374 And I'm sorry, I don't remember which library it was.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00529-00249374-00249866 But if revenue is of concern,  what kinds of things are you doing,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00530-00249866-00251957 if you feel like that is an important  component for your library's budget, especially now?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00531-00251957-00252285 Tina Peak: We offered, we offered notary's service for a while
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00532-00252285-00252875 and then I realized that the one notary  that we had, notary public we had at the front
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00533-00252875-00253214 desk was no longer checking materials in and out.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00534-00253214-00253558 There is always a line in front of her for notary services.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00535-00253558-00253683 Claudia Holland: Wow.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00536-00253683-00254515 Tina Peak: It was time consuming and I also  overheard her ask a gentleman, well, who's signing?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00537-00254515-00254867 It's my mother and well, she's got to be here to sign it.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00538-00254867-00255163 And he said, well, she's dead.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00539-00255163-00255477 So I think, this is, this service is going away.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00540-00255477-00255797 So that was something I made the decision.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00541-00255797-00256478 We didn't need that revenue as much as,  even though it was pretty lucrative business.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00542-00256478-00256646 Claudia Holland: It was pretty lucrative?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00543-00256646-00256776 Tina Peak: Yeah.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00544-00256776-00256979 Becky Marsh: Now we... Now, at our Holmes County Library,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00545-00256979-00257721 we scan items and email them, a lot of  individuals need something put in a scan
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00546-00257721-00258200 so that they can email it to their  doctor's office or lawyer or whatever,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00547-00258200-00258725 we charge for scanning and emailing, we charge for faxes.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00548-00258725-00258960 We offer a notary service.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00549-00258960-00259250 We've been offer a notary service for eight years,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00550-00259250-00259752 but we offer it for free with the  option of giving a donation to the library.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00551-00259752-00260094 But that's just because I've been a notary since '87.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00552-00260094-00260658 And so I do that, it's something that I had that I just
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00553-00260658-00261142 offered to the library for free since I was employed there.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00554-00261142-00261547 But I maintain my notary seal  and being bonded, we don't charge.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00555-00261547-00261829 We just tell them if they want to  donate to the library, they can.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00556-00261829-00262146 But we don't charge for the notary service.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00557-00262146-00262581 I've been doing it long enough that I  know what I will and won't agree with.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00558-00262581-00263162 And everybody in town's pretty much  figured out that I'm pretty tight on that.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00559-00263162-00263699 Our banks are no longer doing notary service.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00560-00263699-00264094 So as of right now, this library and our courthouse
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00561-00264094-00264726 are the only two people that do notary  service for our part, for our county.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00562-00264726-00264856 Claudia Holland: Wow.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00563-00264856-00265211 Becky Marsh: The other options is to go somewhere else.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00564-00265211-00265890 So those are some ways that we're bringing in revenue.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00565-00265890-00266165 Claudia Holland: That's a good idea, especially a service
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00566-00266165-00267286 that you have to have in your community. It's amazing.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00567-00267286-00268043 Emily says, Becky, I know I'd much  rather go to the library than the courthouse.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00568-00268043-00268757 I guess it depends on the parking, just saying.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00569-00268757-00269285 Anybody else have any ideas about, you know, maybe that isn't,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00570-00269285-00270065 something that's uppermost in  your minds now, collecting revenue.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00571-00270065-00270501 I mean, I think even for  academic libraries, you know, they're,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00572-00270501-00271392 the deans or directors of those  libraries or charged to raise money.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00573-00271392-00271950 And that is something that most of us, we're  not trained to do when we were in library school.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00574-00271950-00272586 I don't know that they do, they teach that now.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00575-00272586-00272914 If we have any younger people on the call,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00576-00272914-00273463 are they teaching those kinds of things in library school?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00577-00273463-00273852 Darlene said that they're doing room rentals.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00578-00273852-00274314 That's great.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00579-00274314-00274889 How many rooms do you have in your  library, Darlene that you all can rent out?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00580-00274889-00275397 Darlene: We have a community, so we have  six branches in our system and each branch
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00581-00275397-00276285 has a community room and like a smaller  like half the size of a community room
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00582-00276285-00277071 and our largest community room has a  capacity of 250 seats with a stage.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00583-00277071-00277197 Claudia Holland: Wow, that's big.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00584-00277197-00277455 Darlene: So we'll get like dance studios and obviously
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00585-00277455-00278282 non library events will take these and they rent the room out.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00586-00278282-00278460 Claudia Holland: So your policy generally says, you
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00587-00278460-00279143 know, this is, this is, use is  free, whereas this use is not free?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00588-00279143-00279719 Darlene: So non-profits get a  discount and then if they're not a nonprofit,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00589-00279719-00280183 they pay the full price.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00590-00280183-00280661 Claudia Holland: Interesting. And if anybody else?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00591-00280661-00280905 Phillis Filer: Can I ask something, Claudia?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00592-00280905-00281530 Darlene, about how much is the  cost that you charge them or do?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00593-00281530-00282349 Darlene: It depends on their room size,  but it's anywhere from $25 to $100 an hour.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00594-00282349-00282740 Phillis Filer: Oh, okay.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00595-00282740-00283249 Tina Peak: We rent our meeting room, which  is about a classroom size to for profits,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00596-00283249-00283909 but it falls under our recreation  facilities usage and they set the rates for us.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00597-00283909-00284309 So it's just like if you wanted to rent  the community center for a wedding reception,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00598-00284309-00284863 the library's meeting room is also offered to for profits.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00599-00284863-00285439 We don't charge for nonprofits and they  adjust that cost, I think, upwards three percent.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00600-00285439-00285653 And we also, Darlene, I don't know if you have to do
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00601-00285653-00286124 this, but we have to pay sales tax on those rental revenues.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00602-00286124-00286261 Claudia Holland: Wow.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00603-00286261-00286561 Darlene: We do.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00604-00286561-00287204 Well, I shouldn't say we as the library pay it, but we...
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00605-00287204-00287684 Tina Peak: We have to charge and  then the city pays the sales tax for us,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00606-00287684-00288953 but we have to factor in a 7  percent sales tax on the room rentals.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00607-00288953-00289106 Claudia Holland: Does anyone have anything else you'd
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00608-00289106-00290537 like to share about revenue or fine, going fine free?
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00609-00290537-00291325 Well, I'm going to give you how many  minutes back, nine minutes back in your day.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00610-00291325-00292301 I want to thank everyone for coming and joining  us, and particularly Tina, Cheryl, Becky and Phillis.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00611-00292301-00292829 And let's see, I think, it was Susan and Jen who also came in.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00612-00292829-00293061 Thank you so much.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00613-00293061-00293471 If you have any questions for these  folks, I'm sure they'd be happy to,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00614-00293471-00294031 you know, give you any support,  guidance that they can provide to you,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00615-00294031-00295148 whatever we can do to help you too, we're, the  BLD is happy to support you in any way we can.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00616-00295148-00295745 If it's just gathering information or  pointing you to the right person, we'll do our best.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00617-00295745-00296538 I would like to mention again that this  recording will be available on our BLD YouTube channel,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00618-00296538-00296988 so if you have other people who are  interested in listening or if you all just think,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00619-00296988-00297503 oh, I got to go back and listen  to that one section, please do so.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00620-00297503-00298029 I wanted to also let people know that we're  going to be starting a registration process
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00621-00298029-00298804 for the DLIS discussions for  various reasons that will start in August.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00622-00298804-00299159 That doesn't mean that you have to register ahead of time.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00623-00299159-00299589 You can just join us when we go live.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00624-00299589-00300137 It just means that you have to  register so we have that information.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00625-00300137-00300479 But there is no cutoff time.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00626-00300479-00300980 Our next meeting is August the 16th at 3 o'clock Eastern
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00627-00300980-00301594 Time, and I have not, I do actually have a topic.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00628-00301594-00301872 We're going to be talking about hot spots.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00629-00301872-00302981 That's a very hot issue right now, particularly  with the funding that's available through the FCC.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00630-00302981-00303511 Emily Hart will be with us to help  field any questions you might have.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00631-00303511-00304073 But we're also going to be talking with  people who have been purchasing hot spots and other
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00632-00304073-00305181 mechanisms for supporting their communities  need for connection, particularly as they've been,
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00633-00305181-00305874 you know, doing education classes and so on remotely.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00634-00305874-00306229 And I'm sure that's going to change some this this fall.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00635-00306229-00306543 But there's still going to be a lot of people who are at home
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00636-00306543-00307020 or who just live in an area where there's not much bandwidth.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00637-00307020-00307370 So I hope you'll join us then.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00638-00307370-00307663 Be happy, be healthy, stay safe.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00639-00307663-00308122 And thank you so much for joining us. Thank you.
+JlxiAy9sAbY-00640-00308122-00309122 Phillis Filer: Thank you.
+K0t2217FiMc-00000-00003526-00003803 Best Kids Cartoon Videos - BKCV
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+K1FbsUHRZaM-00000-00000000-00000200 While Loop in Python
+K38YWRybXOY-00000-00000218-00000479 I spend most of my life in the studio,
+K38YWRybXOY-00001-00000479-00000789 but here there is no water, no light, sanitation...
+K38YWRybXOY-00002-00000789-00001589 I have a place to stay, but I will live here in the future.
+K6f1u-doDpE-00000-00000032-00000432 Today I'm going to cover how to create a new presentation with Microsoft Sway.
+K6f1u-doDpE-00001-00001056-00001648 The first step is to click create new. Once inside, you'll see a very simple design.
+K6f1u-doDpE-00002-00001944-00002360 The title of your sway is where your title goes. For example, our students
+K6f1u-doDpE-00003-00002360-00002800 are working on a project called presenting a solution for an environmental conflict.
+K6f1u-doDpE-00004-00002880-00003415 I'm going to pick the conflict of ocean pollution and that will be my title so I'm going to go
+K6f1u-doDpE-00005-00003415-00004104 ahead and type in "ocean pollution." What's great about Sway is for students who are not
+K6f1u-doDpE-00006-00004104-00004592 as creative and that might get stressed about too many templates and too many colors to choose from,
+K6f1u-doDpE-00007-00004648-00005416 this really doesn't have that option. Students can only emphasize or accent their text which can
+K6f1u-doDpE-00008-00005416-00005880 be great if students are trying to work on just getting the facts down for their presentation.
+K6f1u-doDpE-00009-00006000-00006384 Another option is adding background. I'm going to go ahead and click on
+K6f1u-doDpE-00010-00006384-00007008 the image that says background and what's really nice is it auto populates topics. Since I already
+K6f1u-doDpE-00011-00007008-00007384 wrote ocean pollution I'm going to go ahead and click on ocean pollution on the right.
+K6f1u-doDpE-00012-00007536-00008040 Another wonderful trait is it has creative commons right here so students can just click
+K6f1u-doDpE-00013-00008040-00008600 on the box "creative commons only" and they will get license free images to use for their
+K6f1u-doDpE-00014-00008600-00009136 project. I'm going to go ahead and click on this image that represents ocean pollution
+K6f1u-doDpE-00015-00009216-00009784 and then click add and to see what your project looks like as you're designing it you're going
+K6f1u-doDpE-00016-00009784-00010352 to go ahead and click design up here. That will show us what our presentation will look like.
+K6f1u-doDpE-00017-00010456-00010936 You can also choose different styles so if you click on styles on the right hand side. I'm going
+K6f1u-doDpE-00018-00010936-00011712 to do so. You do have a lot of options it's not as overwhelming as Microsoft PowerPoint which again
+K6f1u-doDpE-00019-00011712-00012320 is nice for students who may get overwhelmed by too many templates to choose from. It's just the
+K6f1u-doDpE-00020-00012320-00012800 right amount. I'm going to go ahead and click on this option that looks pretty good to me
+K6f1u-doDpE-00021-00012800-00013184 and then when I will go to storyline again. That's going to be the workable
+K6f1u-doDpE-00022-00013336-00014008 option whereas design is going to allow us to see what it looks like in presentation mode
+K6f1u-doDpE-00023-00014096-00014463 and going back to storyline. I'm going to add another title card.
+K6f1u-doDpE-00024-00014936-00015440 When you add a new card, you can hit the plus button and you'll have the option to add text
+K6f1u-doDpE-00025-00015440-00016160 images, stack your title cards, or upload presentations. I chose to add a title card
+K6f1u-doDpE-00026-00016160-00016760 and I went ahead and typed in a fact. Then I added a link by clicking on the link button.
+K6f1u-doDpE-00027-00016856-00017632 I titled my link source for ocean pollution and then I also gave the web link so when I click on
+K6f1u-doDpE-00028-00017632-00018384 design and see my presentation I see my fact and my link and that is how you create a new Sway.
+K6ggVHNAWDu-00000-00000000-00000200 BPM - 148 KEY -  Bmaj
+K7smPTMUMqk-00000-00000248-00000824 last one i want to integrate together everything we've talked about with motor um this is showing
+K7smPTMUMqk-00001-00000824-00001288 the process of performing a movement and you've seen this picture before it's a little bit more
+K7smPTMUMqk-00002-00001288-00002016 detail here so what this is showing is the pre motor cortex is initiating um you decide to to
+K7smPTMUMqk-00003-00002016-00002608 move you don't always decide to move but in this case you are um tells the primary motor cortex
+K7smPTMUMqk-00004-00002672-00003160 whatever region is necessary it may be more than one region right maybe your left leg and your
+K7smPTMUMqk-00005-00003160-00003792 right arm and your nose not really your nose um your primary motor cortex is what's going
+K7smPTMUMqk-00006-00003792-00004504 to send the signal down via the corticospinal pathway to the lower motor neurons in the spinal
+K7smPTMUMqk-00007-00004504-00005288 cord to have whatever muscles move so that is that pyramidal pathway or corticospinal pathway
+K7smPTMUMqk-00008-00005408-00006192 and that is the initiator of this movement however as you as the movement is performed feedback
+K7smPTMUMqk-00009-00006192-00006888 occurs so feedback occurs from the cerebellum which as you know monitors balance and equilibrium
+K7smPTMUMqk-00010-00006959-00007688 this then can influence the upper modern neuron activity do it adjust their activity
+K7smPTMUMqk-00011-00007776-00008784 modulate it same thing with the basal nuclei they're going to adjust activity of the prima
+K7smPTMUMqk-00012-00008784-00009616 primary motor cortex neurons that's what's happening here and they also can change the
+K7smPTMUMqk-00013-00009616-00010232 medial and lateral pathways so that's what's happening here and described here changing these
+K7smPTMUMqk-00014-00010480-00011016 connectivity of the red nucleus the superior inferior colliculi the vestibular nucleus
+K7smPTMUMqk-00015-00011120-00011600 to alter the output from those medial and lateral pathways and that's kind of more that's
+K7smPTMUMqk-00016-00011600-00012296 a subconscious thing that fine-tuning adjustment um that then is going to result in a more
+K7smPTMUMqk-00017-00012440-00012784 defined and precise and practiced right so this
+K7smPTMUMqk-00018-00012904-00013504 pathway um gains strength over time and as you learn movements
+K7smPTMUMqk-00019-00013576-00014263 you get better at adjusting for things that's your brain learning and this is a little bit about how
+K7UIQefBrD8-00000-00000106-00000614 In this video we will learn how to configure 2Checkout payment plugin on JSN Uniform.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00001-00000668-00001032 Make sure JSN Uniform extension is installed on your Joomla site.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00002-00001114-00001564 Go to JSN Uniform Integration page via Component menu item.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00003-00001800-00002166 We need to install 2Checkout plugin before adjusting the setting,
+K7UIQefBrD8-00004-00002186-00002502 to install it please check the Integrations Management video.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00005-00002770-00003146 Now click on the Setting button to start configuring for 2Checkout.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00006-00003432-00003634 Payment Gateway Settings will be shown.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00007-00003842-00004404 By default the Test Mode is turn off, so you need to enter the live Vendor ID and live Secret Word.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00008-00005036-00005426 In this video we will turn on Test Mode and enter sandbox vendor ID
+K7UIQefBrD8-00009-00005442-00005768 and secret word to the 2CheckOut Sandbox Parameters.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00010-00006598-00007154 To get the sandbox test account, you should access sandbox.2checkout.com webpage.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00011-00007228-00007502 Click on the user icon to get Vendor ID
+K7UIQefBrD8-00012-00008432-00008928 and go to Site Management page via Account menu item to get the Secret Word
+K7UIQefBrD8-00013-00009678-00010134 Just copy and paste to 2CheckOut Sandbox Parameters on the admin site.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00014-00011088-00011626 Next is Extra Options, allows you to receive confirmation of successful transaction.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00015-00011720-00011998 Select the Currency and Currency Symbol Position.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00016-00012204-00012538 Click on the Save button after finishing the payment gateway setting.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00017-00012838-00013297 The next step, we need to setting for Payment Integration on the Form Settings page.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00018-00013478-00013613 Select 2Checkout,
+K7UIQefBrD8-00019-00015338-00015556 and don't forget to enable the payment feature
+K7UIQefBrD8-00020-00015556-00015912 for the fields you made the payment on by going to Design tab.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00021-00016472-00016934 Click on the Save button to finish the setting and go to the frontend to test a checkout.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00022-00017786-00017982 Go to the Payment Form menu item.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00023-00018002-00018324 Select a product, license and click on the CHECKOUT button.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00024-00019266-00019862 Sandbox will be shown, check the Review Card and click on "Continue to Billing Information" to start to the next step.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00025-00020604-00020884 The 2Checkout payment plugin have been configured.
+K7UIQefBrD8-00026-00021084-00021632 Thank you for watching. Please check our other videos to learn more about how to work with the JSN Uniform.
+K9bZZNML8U4-00000-00058014-00058198 ... and Whales.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00000-00000032-00000445 » NEIL SMITH: So. Money makes the world go round they say.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00001-00000445-00000692 » DAVID HARVEY: Yes.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00002-00000692-00000851 It's so fascinating-
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00003-00001162-00001456 money. We all use it,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00004-00001456-00001627 we all worry about it,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00005-00001627-00001956 we all spend an enormous amount of our time getting it.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00006-00001956-00002463 But if you ask anybody the question: "What is money?",
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00007-00002463-00002915 most people can't give you a clear answer at all.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00008-00002915-00003336 And I always remember this great line in
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00009-00003336-00003822 Dickens' Dombey and Son, where little Paul, his mother has died and he's very sickly,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00010-00003822-00004375 and he keeps on asking his father, "Papa, what is money? What is money?" And Mister Dombey, who's
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00011-00004375-00004751 the great entrepreneur, merchant,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00012-00004751-00004943 can't give an answer.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00013-00004943-00005427 At some point or other, he says: "Well, it's something that allows you to do lots of things."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00014-00005427-00005854 So little Paul says: "Well, why can't it bring Mama back then?"
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00015-00005854-00006269 And Mister Dombey is so flummoxed, he just leaves the room.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00016-00006269-00006595 I think this kind of question about what money is
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00017-00006595-00007098 and its function in society is really something of
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00018-00007098-00007693 a mystery to everybody.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00019-00007693-00008072 Yet it's something that we're constantly focused on. So here we are, focused on this thing money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00020-00008072-00008305 and we don't know what it is.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00021-00008305-00008544 What Marx tries to do
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00022-00008544-00008877 is to tell us
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00023-00008877-00009182 something about money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00024-00009182-00009640 which we hadn't really understood before.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00025-00009640-00010424 The theory of money in Marx even for Marx is very complicated.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00026-00010424-00010878 So the third chapter
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00027-00010878-00011299 is probably the most difficult chapter in the book for almost everybody to get through.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00028-00011299-00011822 And from experience when you ask people who started reading Capital on their own when
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00029-00011822-00012327 they gave up, well, they nearly always did so in Chapter Three. So one of my tasks is to
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00030-00012327-00012554 get people through Chapter Three,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00031-00012554-00012972 get them to the other side of it and then it's like you've come out of purgatory.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00032-00012972-00013790 You're into heaven after that. »NEIL SMITH: You're on to the good stuff. »DAVID HARVEY: Yes.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00033-00016155-00016408 I have to say that New York City in these
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00034-00016408-00016642 times provides a good
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00035-00016642-00016890 occasion to reflect on
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00036-00016890-00017243 all of this, but we have to remember this chapter was written
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00037-00017243-00017622 nearly 150…140 years ago,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00038-00017622-00017881 and so there is the question
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00039-00017881-00018104 as to how much
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00040-00018104-00018896 of the analysis stands, and this is obviously something you have to think about.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00041-00018896-00019190 The chapter usually
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00042-00019190-00019719 poses quite a bit of difficulty for people.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00043-00019719-00020277 I think I mentioned early on that many people who start reading Capital kind of give up on
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00044-00020277-00020709 this chapter because it just gets too dense and too complicated, and it's very hard to figure
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00045-00020709-00020952 out what's going on,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00046-00020952-00021188 but if you stick with
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00047-00021188-00021617 the framework I've suggested, and you do think about it,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00048-00021617-00021994 then whenever you approach a chapter like this and think about its structure you will remember
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00049-00021994-00022148 where you are
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00050-00022148-00022404 in the broader argument.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00051-00022404-00022828 For the argument here is once again, fairly simple, and it has a very
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00052-00022828-00023176 similar form to the arguments encountered before, so
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00053-00023176-00023423 you'll probably get sick of me
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00054-00023423-00023632 putting this kind of formulation
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00055-00023632-00023941 up on the board. But Marx starts with
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00056-00023941-00024548 the idea of a commodity money,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00057-00024548-00025095 or, money as a commodity.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00058-00025095-00025438 As usual, he asks a number of questions.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00059-00025438-00026075 What work does this commodity do? What functions does it perform, and then he,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00060-00026075-00026445 surprisingly finds a duality. Right?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00061-00026445-00026632 We've seen this before.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00062-00026632-00026824 And the duality is
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00063-00026824-00027502 that it's a measure of values
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00064-00027502-00028409 but also a means of circulation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00065-00028772-00029013 And those two functions
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00066-00029013-00029449 are going to be somewhat incompatible
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00067-00029449-00029681 with each other so he will spend
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00068-00029681-00029999 the first part of the chapter looking at
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00069-00029999-00030530 the measure of values function and the complications which attach to that.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00070-00030530-00030845 The second part is about the means of circulation
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00071-00030845-00031248 and its complications.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00072-00031248-00031552 Then of course he finally comes back
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00073-00031552-00032472 to the issue of universal money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00074-00032649-00033299 which not surprisingly internalizes a contradiction.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00075-00033299-00033437 So what else is new
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00076-00033437-00033756 about Marx's method of presentation?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00077-00033756-00034044 But this is basically what he does.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00078-00034044-00034386 Now, part of the difficulty here is that,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00079-00034386-00034911 although Marx inserted into the section about
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00080-00034911-00035263 concrete and abstract labour, some
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00081-00035263-00035596 extra elements to broaden the argument,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00082-00035596-00036400 here he actually sets up a mini bifurcation when considering
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00083-00036400-00036962 money as a measure of value and as a standard of price.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00084-00036962-00037402 So, he kind of does a mini-diversion of this inside the proposition.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00085-00037402-00037515 He does the same
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00086-00037515-00037849 mini kind of diversion when considering
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00087-00037849-00038214 means of circulation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00088-00038214-00038512 In particular when he looks at
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00089-00038512-00039019 concrete money, gold coins and symbols,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00090-00039019-00039306 Marx asks the question: what's the relationship between
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00091-00039306-00039490 this real stuff and
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00092-00039490-00039838 this which leads him to discuss things like
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00093-00040032-00040508 money as money of account, credit money and all those other kinds of forms of money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00094-00040508-00041002 In effect he starts to elucidate
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00095-00041002-00041627 the complicated world of money activities via this strategy.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00096-00041627-00041956 But the basic structure of the chapter is
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00097-00041956-00042388 an echo of what you saw in
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00098-00042388-00042837 the section on commodities, the section on
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00099-00042837-00043333 abstract and concrete labour, the relative and equivalent forms, and here Marx is just
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00100-00043333-00043669 doing the same thing again.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00101-00043669-00044174 So, if you have that in mind, then you're less likely to get lost
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00102-00044174-00044744 in the intensity or details of the argument in this chapter,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00103-00044744-00045124 important though they are.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00104-00045124-00045349 Now the reason I like to
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00105-00045349-00045646 set up the argument in this way is because
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00106-00045646-00046107 when you're wrestling with details fascinating and important
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00107-00046107-00046568 in their own right, you nevertheless need to remember that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00108-00046568-00047027 Marx has a framework within which
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00109-00047027-00047389 the argument is proceeding, and that is
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00110-00047389-00047731 the framework of the chapter.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00111-00047731-00047893 So, with that in mind,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00112-00047893-00048269 let's look at this piece of the story:
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00113-00048269-00048541 money as a measure of value
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00114-00048541-00048728 or the money commodity.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00115-00049072-00049403 Obviously there is going to be a transition in this chapter from talking about
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00116-00049403-00049713 money as a commodity or the money commodity,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00117-00049713-00050133 to money as universal money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00118-00050133-00050747 which of course, nowadays would not be represented by any particular commodity at all.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00119-00050747-00051209 It would be represented by something else. But I think we can see shadows of that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00120-00051209-00051412 in Marx's interpretation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00121-00051412-00052016 For purposes of simplification,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00122-00052016-00052538 Marx says I'm going to assume for the most part in this chapter - occasionally he introduces
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00123-00052538-00052807 silver and then sometimes talks about other things -
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00124-00052807-00053348 but I'm going to assume that the commodity money is gold.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00125-00053348-00053850 Therefore I will use the example of gold.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00126-00053850-00054097 and just assume
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00127-00054097-00054494 that gold has become the money commodity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00128-00054494-00054864 which we are interested in looking at.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00129-00054864-00055226 Then he immediately says
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00130-00055425-00055776 at the bottom of the first page here: "Money as a measure of value
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00131-00055776-00056133 is the necessary form of appearance…"
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00132-00056133-00056741 Now, I have often
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00133-00056741-00057128 insisted that you think a lot about social necessity,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00134-00057128-00057436 what is socially necessary?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00135-00057436-00057675 And here he's saying that this
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00136-00057675-00057839 form of appearance
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00137-00057839-00058264 is a necessary form of appearance; it is socially necessary,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00138-00058264-00058435 and it's necessary
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00139-00058435-00058795 as a measure of value which is imminent in commodities, namely
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00140-00058795-00059516 labour time or more accurately: socially necessary labour time.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00141-00059516-00059826 So there's an interrelation then between
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00142-00059826-00060241 the world of commodities and the socially necessary labour time which is embodied
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00143-00060241-00060458 in all of those commodities,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00144-00060458-00060716 and the socially necessary labour time,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00145-00060716-00061194 which is embodied in the gold.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00146-00061194-00061517 But then he goes one step further
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00147-00061517-00061858 at the bottom of page 189
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00148-00061858-00062409 when he says: "The price or money-form of commodities
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00149-00062409-00062666 is like their form of value generally, quite distinct
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00150-00062666-00062987 from their palpable and real bodily form; it is therefore
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00151-00062987-00063497 a purely ideal or notional form."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00152-00063497-00063814 By ideal Marx means 'mental',
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00153-00063814-00064379 i.e. constructed in our minds.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00154-00064379-00064626 "Although invisible",
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00155-00064626-00064924 and I've mentioned several times
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00156-00064924-00065294 the significance of these invisibilities, these
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00157-00065294-00066044 immaterialities which are nevertheless objective and real.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00158-00066044-00066252 Marx then goes on to say:
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00159-00066252-00066678 "The guardian of the commodities must therefore lend them his tongue, or hang a ticket
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00160-00066678-00067339 on them, in order to communicate their prices to the outside world."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00161-00067339-00067577 Now what's happening here is the following:
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00162-00067577-00067764 I have a commodity;
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00163-00067764-00068099 I have no idea what its value is.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00164-00068099-00068320 How can I possibly know
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00165-00068320-00068635 before I take it to market?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00166-00068635-00069233 But when I take it to market, I want to have a notional value to put on it,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00167-00069233-00069456 so I hang a price tag on it
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00168-00069456-00069794 to indicate its worth;
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00169-00069794-00070253 It's a mental move on my part for I am guessing;
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00170-00070253-00070624 only after the market has gone through all of its ferment and done its work can
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00171-00070624-00070894 I know what the value
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00172-00070894-00071304 is as represented by its money form.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00173-00071304-00071964 But as a standard of price, as Marx indicates
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00174-00071964-00072468 two pages later, money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00175-00072468-00073168 is performing a different function than as a measure of value.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00176-00073238-00073834 So, on page 190 Marx wants to talk first about this imaginary side,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00177-00073834-00074307 the ideal side of the money form.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00178-00074307-00075140 I'm imagining what the value is in my commodity.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00179-00075197-00075614 But then the price itself depends
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00180-00075614-00076194 upon the substance that is money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00181-00076194-00076479 And this then poses the first problem,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00182-00076479-00076764 which is signaled upon this page.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00183-00076764-00077350 The money commodity is gold.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00184-00077350-00077707 Since it is a distinctive commodity,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00185-00077707-00078172 it is produced under given conditions of production.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00186-00078172-00078681 So, how much gold there is, what the gold is worth, and what the socially necessary labour time
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00187-00078681-00079247 embedded in gold is, will vary.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00188-00079247-00079534 So immediately there is a problem,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00189-00079534-00079739 not on the side of
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00190-00079739-00080131 all of those commodities, which have been measured in terms of the money commodity, but in terms
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00191-00080131-00080320 of the money commodity itself.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00192-00080320-00080985 So Marx has to deal with the prospect of inflation, or deflation,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00193-00080985-00081507 because there's not much money or there's a lot of money around,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00194-00081507-00081886 and in particular the presence of much gold or little gold.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00195-00081886-00082167 So, there is a problem of the gold supply.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00196-00082167-00082450 His point about this is that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00197-00082450-00082754 yes, we have to take that into account, but
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00198-00082754-00083335 actually the relative values of commodities are not affected by the level of the gold supply.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00199-00083335-00083868 For example if shoes cost twice as much as shirts,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00200-00083868-00084083 and the money commodity changes,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00201-00084083-00084515 then the ratio two-to-one will still hold.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00202-00084515-00084742 It's just that it will be
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00203-00084742-00085102 articulated in a different way, because the money commodity has changed,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00204-00085102-00085290 i.e. changed its value.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00205-00085290-00085889 So he breezes past that kind of question by simply saying that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00206-00085889-00086557 this disappears in the wash. But, on page 192
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00207-00086557-00087033 Marx considers a more important issue,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00208-00087033-00087702 when he talks about the way in which …"measure of value, and…standard of price.."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00209-00087702-00088291 wherein money performs two quite different functions.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00210-00088291-00089363 Now, as a measure of value the functions of money are:
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00211-00089363-00089637 to be stable,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00212-00089637-00090166 to be tangible,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00213-00090166-00090398 to not change its qualities.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00214-00090398-00090859 And so you can see immediately why as a measure of price gold
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00215-00090859-00091469 rather than strawberries would be the money commodity.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00216-00091469-00091916 Because money as gold commodity can store value.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00217-00091916-00092392 Gold is fairly constant in its form since it
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00218-00092392-00092864 can be assayed, measured,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00219-00092864-00093564 and is limited in supply since you can't just go out and dig it up in your backyard.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00220-00093577-00093970 So there are reasons why, money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00221-00093970-00094453 gravitates towards gold as the measure of value,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00222-00094453-00094821 because indeed it works very well.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00223-00094821-00095136 Even though as we have seen
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00224-00095136-00095465 the value of gold itself can shift,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00225-00095465-00095893 that doesn't materially affect its capacity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00226-00095893-00096420 to function in these ways.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00227-00096420-00096889 As…a standard of price however,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00228-00096889-00097326 Marx points out that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00229-00097326-00097716 we are no longer interested in the relationship between the socially necessary labour time
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00230-00097716-00098172 in gold and the socially necessary labour time in commodities,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00231-00098172-00098601 because socially necessary labour time is immaterial and immeasurable directly.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00232-00098601-00098769 What we're interested in
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00233-00098769-00099023 is the quantity of the gold
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00234-00099023-00099394 which is equivalent to whatever it is
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00235-00099394-00099675 you are selling as a commodity.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00236-00099675-00100024 And that quantity of gold then tells you
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00237-00100024-00100265 how much your commodity is worth.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00238-00100265-00100588 This is a quantitative relation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00239-00100588-00101472 For example why two ounces, why not one ounce, why three ounces?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00240-00101472-00102073 At some point or other this leads us into, according to Marx,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00241-00102073-00102396 the way in which the weight name
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00242-00102396-00102733 of the money becomes the weight name
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00243-00102733-00102958 of the value of the commodity.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00244-00102958-00103157 In this weight name, quoting from the top of page 194
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00245-00103157-00103407 Marx shows this important transitional aspect in the naming of money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00246-00103407-00103958 when he considers the word 'pound'; for the
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00247-00103958-00104361 pound was originally a pound of silver,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00248-00104361-00104826 but then it simply became called pound, and
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00249-00104826-00105422 so the British currency is in pounds.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00250-00105422-00105583 Now, when you're in Britain and
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00251-00105583-00105934 you ask for pounds, you don't expect somebody to give you a weight of something.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00252-00105934-00106201 You expect them to give you notes.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00253-00106201-00106734 So what he's doing here is to talk about the transition that is going on from
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00254-00106734-00107179 the value form, which is in the money commodity,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00255-00107179-00107896 to this naming and counting
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00256-00107896-00108961 of elements of money, which are then traded by the commodity traders in the market place.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00257-00108961-00109580 And this transition therefore completes the fetishism which he has talked about in an earlier chapter.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00258-00109580-00109836 So on page195 Marx said,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00259-00109836-00110259 "the name of a thing is entirely external to its nature.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00260-00110259-00110674 I know nothing of a man if I merely know his name is Jacob.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00261-00110674-00111261 In the same way, every trace of the money-relation disappears in the money names,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00262-00111261-00111794 pound, thaler, franc, ducat, etc."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00263-00111794-00112416 Then he goes on to talk about "the confusion caused by attributing a hidden meaning to these cabalistic signs
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00264-00112416-00112904 which is made even greater by the fact that these money names express both the values of commodities
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00265-00112904-00113434 and simultaneously aliquot parts of a certain weight of metal, namely the weight of the metal
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00266-00113434-00113872 serving as the standard of money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00267-00113872-00114149 On the other hand this is in fact "necessary",
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00268-00114149-00114572 again this word necessary, "it is…necessary that value,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00269-00114572-00114886 as opposed to the multifarious objects of the world of commodities,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00270-00114886-00115085 should develop into this form,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00271-00115085-00115747 a material and non-mental one, but also a simple social form…"
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00272-00115747-00116265 Which leads us to the conclusion that "price is the money-name of the labour objectified
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00273-00116265-00116939 in a commodity."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00274-00116939-00117344 Now, what Marx is saying here is that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00275-00117344-00117609 yes indeed we have all these terms like
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00276-00117609-00118151 ducats, louis, dollars and pounds and so on,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00277-00118151-00118725 and we measure the value of commodities in quantities of those terms,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00278-00118725-00118923 but at some point there
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00279-00118923-00119527 has to be some relationship between
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00280-00119527-00120227 the way these nominal forms of money are articulated and a monetary base, a commodity base.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00281-00120552-00120858 He is saying that this is essential.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00282-00120858-00121078 Now of course since the 1970's
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00283-00121078-00121882 the global economy has not done that very effectively.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00284-00121882-00122205 So the question which then arises
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00285-00122205-00122546 underscores this insistence about the monetary base,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00286-00122546-00123372 the commodity base, the money commodity value. Is his insistence on that realistic?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00287-00123372-00123571 What happens when you decide
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00288-00123571-00123797 that you're going to dispense with it,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00289-00123797-00124000 as has technically happened
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00290-00124000-00124339 since the de-materialization of money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00291-00124339-00124933 from the 1970's onwards.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00292-00124933-00125751 We'll come back to that later, when we look at questions of money supply.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00293-00125751-00126280 However the end of this section introduces
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00294-00126280-00126669 some rather astonishing modifications of the argument.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00295-00126669-00127235 On page 196 and 197
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00296-00127838-00128408 Marx says "the magnitude of the value of a commodity",
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00297-00128408-00128754 towards the bottom of 196,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00298-00128754-00129170 "therefore expresses a necessary relation to social labour time which is inherent in the
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00299-00129170-00129646 process by which its value is created." OK.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00300-00129646-00130158 "With the transformation of the magnitude of value into the price
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00301-00130158-00130706 this necessary relation appears as the exchange ratio between a single commodity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00302-00130706-00131150 and the money commodity which exists outside it.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00303-00131150-00131623 This relation however may express both the magnitude of the value of a commodity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00304-00131623-00132255 and the greater or lesser quantity of money for which it can be sold under given circumstances.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00305-00132255-00132725 This condition therefore points to the possibility of a quantitative incongruity".
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00306-00132725-00133426 Notice that the"quantitative incongruity between price and magnitude of value,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00307-00133426-00133886 i.e. the possibility that the price may diverge from the magnitude of value,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00308-00133886-00134192 is inherent in the price-form itself."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00309-00134192-00134692 This is not a defect,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00310-00134692-00134809 "on the contrary," this is
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00311-00134809-00135375 "what makes this form the adequate one for a mode of production whose laws can only assert themselves
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00312-00135375-00136194 as blindly operating averages between constant irregularities."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00313-00136194-00136772 What's going on here?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00314-00136772-00137066 If everything in the market
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00315-00137066-00137365 was presented at its value,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00316-00137365-00137876 and sold at its value,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00317-00137876-00138190 then there would be absolutely no way
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00318-00138190-00138439 in which you could adjust
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00319-00138439-00138967 for demand and supply fluctuations.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00320-00138967-00139455 What's happening here is that, in effect,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00321-00139455-00139908 on a given day if too many traders come into the market and not enough 'demanders' come
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00322-00139908-00140486 the price will go down.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00323-00140486-00141142 The next day perhaps fewer traders come but more buyers are present,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00324-00141142-00141576 so the price goes up.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00325-00141576-00141974 So what's happening here is that Marx is talking about the way in which once you go
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00326-00141974-00142593 to a price name and hang prices on commodities,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00327-00142593-00143112 different prices can be realized at different times in different places;
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00328-00143112-00143529 they fluctuate all over the place.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00329-00143529-00143815 And that is what the anarchy
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00330-00143815-00144472 of a capitalist market system is all about.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00331-00144472-00145113 Therefore a money system has to be able to deal with that.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00332-00145113-00145469 So these incongruities
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00333-00145469-00145915 are specifically able to deal with fluctuations
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00334-00145915-00146510 in demand and supply conditions.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00335-00146510-00146705 Now Marx along with the
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00336-00146705-00147129 classical political economists assumed
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00337-00147129-00147323 that at the end of the day
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00338-00147323-00147738 despite all these fluctuations, there is something called equilibrium price
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00339-00147738-00148275 or natural price. That is to say the price
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00340-00148275-00148975 achieved when demand and supply are in equilibrium.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00341-00149095-00149416 And at that point, Marx says,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00342-00149416-00149943 demand and supply cease to explain anything.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00343-00149943-00150249 It doesn't explain why shirts
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00344-00150249-00150713 exchange in a certain ratio with shoes on average.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00345-00150713-00151113 It's not that shirts are more in demand than shoes or anything of that kind, on a given day for
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00346-00151113-00151584 they may fluctuate, but the fact that shirts and shoes
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00347-00151584-00151908 have different prices has to do
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00348-00151908-00152340 with their socially necessary labour time. The fact that on any given day,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00349-00152340-00152941 the price of shoes fluctuates above or below its socially necessary labour time equivalent,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00350-00152941-00153609 is due to demand and supply fluctuations.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00351-00153609-00153888 In order for demand and supply
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00352-00153888-00154461 fluctuations to be incorporated into a capitalistic system, we need a money system
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00353-00154461-00154708 which can do that.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00354-00154708-00155025 And this quantitative incongruity between
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00355-00155025-00155243 money as a measure of value and
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00356-00155243-00155711 the way in which prices get hung on commodities and prices get realized,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00357-00155711-00156643 on a given day in a given market at a given time, all of that is allowed for
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00358-00156643-00157051 precisely because of this transition which has occurred between money as a clean measure of
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00359-00157051-00157561 value to it's operating function as a standard of price
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00360-00157561-00158012 that can allow for these fluctuations.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00361-00158012-00158760 Even more astonishing is what Marx points out on the next page, namely the fact
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00362-00158760-00159135 that this transition from money as a measure of value into
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00363-00159135-00159490 a standard of price can also
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00364-00159490-00160041 harbor "a qualitative contradiction, with the result that price ceases altogether
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00365-00160041-00160368 to express value,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00366-00160368-00160919 despite the fact that money is nothing but the value-form of commodities.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00367-00160919-00161301 Things which in and for themselves are not commodities,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00368-00161301-00161808 things such as conscience, honor, etc. can be offered for sale by their holders
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00369-00161808-00162355 and thus acquire the form of commodities through their price."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00370-00162355-00162668 K-street and all the rest of it.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00371-00162668-00163298 "Hence a thing can, formally speaking, have a price without having a value.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00372-00163298-00163872 The expression of price is in this case imaginary, like certain quantities in mathematics.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00373-00163872-00164377 On the other hand, the imaginary price-form may also conceal a real value relation or one derived
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00374-00164377-00164568 from it, as for instance
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00375-00164568-00165017 the price of uncultivated land, which is without value because no human labour
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00376-00165017-00165600 is objectified in it."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00377-00165600-00166247 The point about land which has not yet been occupied, is that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00378-00166247-00166756 there are ways in which land does incorporate what you might call a shadow price of human labour.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00379-00166756-00167487 That is land which has human labour
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00380-00167487-00167817 embodied in it over here
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00381-00167817-00168137 casts a shadow value, if you like, on the land which
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00382-00168137-00168473 could be incorporated next year.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00383-00168473-00169177 What Marx is saying here is that the case of land is a complicated one.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00384-00169177-00169407 Because, although you might not see any direct
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00385-00169407-00169854 human labour incorporated into that piece of land, you would see its 'shadow', that is
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00386-00169854-00170267 what we call 'externality effects' arising from the human labour which is incorporated
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00387-00170267-00170816 in all the land around it.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00388-00170816-00171300 If you had a little piece of Manhattan,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00389-00171300-00171599 and you had held onto it since Indian times
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00390-00171599-00172085 and had kept it pristine with no human labour incorporated into the land lot,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00391-00172085-00172307 it would therefore have zero value.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00392-00172307-00172607 But if you went into the market and sold it for zero value…
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00393-00172607-00173266 well this would be absurd from a financial point of view!
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00394-00173266-00173590 However what about conscience, honor etc….? Once again what Marx is showing us that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00395-00173590-00174265 this qualitative inconsistency also has to take into account the background that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00396-00174265-00174665 real value has to be produced somewhere.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00397-00174665-00175365 I mean, imagine an economy
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00398-00175452-00175962 which only exists on trading conscience and honor.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00399-00175962-00176319 How would we live?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00400-00176319-00176761 Where would our shirts and shoes and all the rest come from? And Marx is kind of saying:
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00401-00176761-00177259 well, these qualitative incongruities also have to be examined in
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00402-00177259-00177614 the light of where the real value comes from
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00403-00177614-00177787 and what this real value
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00404-00177787-00178142 is all about. It seems to me those are
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00405-00178142-00178403 the very pressing questions
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00406-00178403-00179046 which confront us when we think about how the global economy works.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00407-00179046-00179241 In the United States people like to say
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00408-00179241-00179691 well, the working class has disappeared, so value is no longer being
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00409-00179691-00180284 produced here anymore, but then you've got to think about what's going on in China.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00410-00180284-00180555 However when you think about the fact that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00411-00180555-00181164 although everybody is now concentrating on making megabucks out of financial operations,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00412-00181164-00181773 the global proletariat has doubled since 1970,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00413-00181773-00181935 and value is still being produced
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00414-00181935-00182218 in very traditional kinds of ways even though it
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00415-00182218-00183190 is being distributed in quite other ways.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00416-00183350-00183611 So this is the main point
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00417-00183611-00184087 Marx wants to make about
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00418-00184087-00184662 this measure of value / standard of price movement,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00419-00184662-00185000 which then takes him into the second long section
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00420-00185000-00185700 on the means of circulation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00421-00185910-00186622 Now he starts off with the following observation:
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00422-00186622-00186853 "We saw in a former chapter
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00423-00186853-00187553 that the exchange of commodities implies contradictory and mutually exclusive conditions."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00424-00187741-00188014 Can anybody remember what those
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00425-00188014-00188714 contradictions and mutually exclusive conditions were? »STUDENT: If you're buying you're not selling?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00426-00188862-00189514 »HARVEY: No, he's referring back to the section on the relative and equivalent forms of value.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00427-00189514-00189906 And if you go back to page 148
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00428-00189906-00190128 you'll see he says:"…use-value
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00429-00190128-00190673 becomes the form of appearance of its opposite namely value.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00430-00190673-00190959 Concrete-labour becomes a form of manifestation
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00431-00190959-00191419 of its opposite namely abstract labour.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00432-00191419-00192011 Private labour becomes a form of manifestation of its opposite i.e. social labour,"
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00433-00192011-00192477 back on page 148 and 151.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00434-00192477-00192925 So he's immediately referring back then to those
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00435-00192925-00193403 tensions between the particularity of the money commodity and
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00436-00193403-00194112 its supposed universal capacity to represent
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00437-00194112-00194500 socially necessary labour time in the global economy.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00438-00194500-00194743 He then makes a very interesting observation, and
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00439-00194743-00195067 I highlight it because
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00440-00195067-00195618 it's important to grasp Marx's mode of thinking.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00441-00195618-00196283 He says: "The further development of the commodity does not abolish these contradictions,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00442-00196283-00196668 but rather provides the form within which they have room to move.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00443-00196668-00197108 This is in general the way in which real contradictions are resolved."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00444-00197170-00197592 In a way Marx is here describing his dialectical method.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00445-00197592-00197826 By expanding the argument
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00446-00197826-00198007 and the contradictions we see Marx
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00447-00198007-00198312 allows the contradictions greater
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00448-00198312-00198657 purchase, greater possibility of movement.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00449-00198657-00199143 Then Marx uses an interesting metaphor: "for instance, it is a contradiction to depict
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00450-00199143-00199760 one body as constantly falling towards another and at the same time constantly flying away from it.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00451-00199760-00200460 The ellipse is a form of motion within which this contradiction is both realized and resolved."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00452-00200639-00201125 Now I'm sure some of you feel Marx's argument is indeed elliptical.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00453-00201125-00201494 But, I think this metaphor is a very important one, because we
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00454-00201494-00201885 notice that an ellipse is about motion;
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00455-00201885-00202069 it's not
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00456-00202069-00202390 about stasis; it's about movement,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00457-00202390-00202624 and it's about perpetual movement,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00458-00202624-00202986 perpetual motion.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00459-00202986-00203333 So in a sense he is indeed
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00460-00203333-00203785 using this kind of method
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00461-00203785-00204485 to expand the general structure of his argument.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00462-00205058-00205254 So Marx's first
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00463-00205254-00205678 concern is to set up an argument
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00464-00205678-00205795 about
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00465-00205795-00206269 what he calls a metamorphosis of commodities
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00466-00206269-00206771 which is in fact a process of circulation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00467-00206771-00206967 Here also
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00468-00206967-00207380 we start to get a different idea of what the dialectic is about; it's about
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00469-00207380-00207711 the study of motion. I've mentioned process a lot,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00470-00207711-00207979 but now we are looking at circulation,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00471-00207979-00208258 we're looking at motion.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00472-00208258-00208827 And that motion is what he calls on page 198 a social metabolism.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00473-00208827-00209198 He has already talked about the metabolic relation to nature but now he's talking about
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00474-00209198-00209898 the social metabolism.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00475-00210122-00210280 He puts it this way on page 199:
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00476-00210280-00210612 "exchange (…)
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00477-00210612-00210900 produces a differentiation of the commodity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00478-00210900-00211191 into two elements, commodity and money,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00479-00211191-00211544 an external opposition…"
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00480-00211544-00211829 And further down the page he calls this
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00481-00211829-00212391 an antagonistic form.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00482-00212391-00212824 So we start now to think about the world of commodities on the one hand
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00483-00212824-00213309 and money on the other and then talk about the relationship between them.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00484-00213309-00213917 Then he immediately shifts his argument from
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00485-00213917-00214244 a commodity-commodity exchange relation,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00486-00214244-00214527 a C-C relation such as in
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00487-00214527-00214733 a Robinson Crusoe economy,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00488-00214733-00214994 to look at
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00489-00214994-00215513 a C-M-C relationship,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00490-00215513-00215686 commodity to money to
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00491-00215686-00216017 commodity circulation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00492-00216017-00216423 And he sets up an argument
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00493-00216423-00216971 about this form of circulation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00494-00216971-00217225 One of Marx's big arguments is that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00495-00217225-00217829 inferences you would draw from a commodity to commodity relation, cannot be applied
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00496-00217829-00218169 to the commodity-money-commodity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00497-00218169-00218869 metamorphosis.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00498-00218923-00219378 The first metamorphosis involves the transformation of
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00499-00219753-00220163 commodities into money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00500-00220163-00220471 He points out that you are going from the particular
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00501-00220471-00220863 to the universal.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00502-00220863-00221544 And going from the particular to the universal
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00503-00221544-00221988 faces a whole range of different problems.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00504-00221988-00222181 You have to find somebody out there
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00505-00222181-00222393 who wants your commodity.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00506-00222393-00222794 You've got to fulfill a social need.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00507-00222794-00223154 In the midst of the tense complications of the
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00508-00223154-00223385 social division of labour,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00509-00223385-00223492 somehow
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00510-00223492-00223762 I have to find somebody in the market
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00511-00223762-00224198 who wants my particular commodity and will give me
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00512-00224198-00224367 the money equivalent
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00513-00224367-00224926 of my commodity.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00514-00224926-00225272 So this means that the labour expended on the commodity,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00515-00225272-00225476 as he says on page 201,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00516-00225476-00226134 "…must therefore be of a socially useful kind…"
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00517-00226134-00226634 And then Marx goes on to say that "perhaps the commodity is the product of a new kind of labour
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00518-00226634-00227188 and claims to satisfy a newly arisen need, or is even trying to bring forth
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00519-00227188-00227734 a new need on its own account."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00520-00227734-00227925 Here he's beginning to talk about
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00521-00227925-00228140 the problem of need creation
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00522-00228140-00228334 under capitalism.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00523-00228334-00228564 What's going to happen?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00524-00228564-00228888 How does an entrepreneur create a need
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00525-00228888-00229104 for a new product?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00526-00229104-00229242 Perhaps
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00527-00229242-00229700 innovations have other effects, and he goes on to say "today the product satisfies a social need,.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00528-00229700-00230400 tomorrow it may perhaps be expelled partly or completely from its place by a similar product."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00529-00230867-00231134 What happens in the market therefore is
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00530-00231273-00231648 a whole set of difficulties which have to be overcome
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00531-00231648-00231853 before I can convert my commodity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00532-00231853-00232303 into money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00533-00232303-00232657 I encounter, as he notes on page 202,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00534-00232657-00233318 the fluctuating demand and supply conditions, which is already mentioned.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00535-00233318-00233686 So Marx then ends up saying
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00536-00233686-00233914 on page 202 towards the bottom, "we see then
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00537-00233914-00234225 that commodities are in love with money,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00538-00234225-00234644 but that the course of true love never did run smooth.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00539-00234644-00234992 The quantitative articulation of society's productive organism,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00540-00234992-00235461 by which its scattered elements are integrated into the system of the division of labour,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00541-00235461-00235688 is as haphazard and spontaneous
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00542-00235688-00235966 as its qualitative articulation."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00543-00235966-00236454 Here we are going back to the imagery of the hidden hand and the atomistic
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00544-00236454-00236672 qualities of capitalist production,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00545-00236672-00237207 which he is presuming and assuming.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00546-00237207-00237541 Marx says "the owners of commodities therefore find out
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00547-00237541-00238101 that the same division of labour which turns them into independent private producers
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00548-00238101-00238499 also makes the social process of production and the relations of the individual producers to
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00549-00238499-00238771 each other within that process
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00550-00238771-00238948 independent of the producers themselves."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00551-00238948-00239371 Back again to the Adam Smithian argument.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00552-00239371-00239756 "They also find out that the independence of the individuals from each other has
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00553-00239756-00239900 its counterpart and supplement
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00554-00239900-00240367 in a system of all-round material dependence."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00555-00240367-00240898 That means that although you are independent in the market, you are dependent
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00556-00240898-00241047 on the market
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00557-00241047-00241747 in order to market your produce.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00558-00242015-00242336 So he then pulls this all together around
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00559-00242336-00242578 this description which I've already used to clarify
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00560-00242578-00242964 the relationship of going from the particular to the universal on page 203
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00561-00243524-00243692 He then goes to the second component
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00562-00243917-00244169 and says well let's look at
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00563-00244169-00244516 this M-C piece.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00564-00244516-00244669 Here we're going
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00565-00244669-00244818 from the universal
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00566-00244818-00245518 to the particular.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00567-00245538-00246094 Now clearly, what this means when he starts out by saying that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00568-00246094-00246317 all commodities are alienable is
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00569-00246317-00246952 that they can all be bought and sold,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00570-00246952-00247452 and there is therefore a universal alienation,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00571-00247452-00247713 in that technical sense of everyone willing
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00572-00247713-00248078 to give up their commodities,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00573-00248193-00248893 in order to trade them away.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00574-00249089-00249681 Clearly it is easier to go from the universal to the particular for if I command money, and
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00575-00249681-00250330 I go into the marketplace, I can buy whatever commodity I want.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00576-00250330-00250634 So the difficulties and the traumas which attach
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00577-00250634-00251054 to the C-M transition
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00578-00251054-00251189 are very different from the M-C transition .
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00579-00251189-00251594 There is, if you like, a different power relation involved here,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00580-00251594-00252092 and that has become crucial to the argument.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00581-00252092-00252569 Those who command the universal equivalent,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00582-00252569-00252821 namely money are in a powerful position
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00583-00252821-00253117 vis-a-vis those
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00584-00253117-00253554 who command commodities.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00585-00253554-00253807 It's a latent power, and
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00586-00253807-00254074 at the moment we can just see it is as
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00587-00254074-00254196 continuing power, but
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00588-00254196-00254564 you can see
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00589-00254564-00254960 how something can build there.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00590-00254960-00255331 So then Marx goes on to say that he will call
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00591-00255331-00255597 this whole process
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00592-00255743-00256443 the circulation of commodities.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00593-00256557-00256913 And on page 208, he goes into
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00594-00257086-00257396 a very significant diversion
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00595-00257487-00258187 to the main argument.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00596-00258251-00258782 In the middle of page 208 Marx says "nothing could be more foolish than the dogma
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00597-00258782-00259182 that because every sale is a purchase,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00598-00259182-00259384 and every purchase a sale,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00599-00259384-00259905 the circulation of commodities necessarily implies an equilibrium between sales
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00600-00259905-00260392 and purchases."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00601-00260392-00260709 He then goes through
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00602-00260709-00260917 an analysis
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00603-00260917-00261617 of this argument,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00604-00261639-00262075 and quickly points out at the bottom of the page that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00605-00262075-00262775 "but no one directly needs to purchase because he has just sold."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00606-00262858-00263326 Then Marx comments, "circulation bursts through all the temporal, spatial
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00607-00263406-00263892 and personal barriers imposed by the direct exchange of products,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00608-00263892-00264335 and it does this by splitting up the direct identity present in this case
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00609-00264335-00264518 between the exchange
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00610-00264518-00264740 of one's own product and
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00611-00264740-00265033 the acquisition of someone else's products
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00612-00265033-00265316 into the two antithetical processes of sale
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00613-00265316-00265610 and purchase."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00614-00265610-00266185 To say that these mutually independent and antithetical processes form an internal unity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00615-00266185-00266538 is also to say that their internal unity moves forward
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00616-00266538-00266846 through external antithesis.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00617-00266846-00267018 These two processes
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00618-00267018-00267563 lack internal independence because they complement each other.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00619-00267563-00268071 Hence if the assertion of their external independence proceeds to a certain critical point,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00620-00268071-00269160 their unity makes itself felt violently by producing a crisis.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00621-00269657-00269891 Here Marx is arguing that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00622-00269891-00270106 when I've sold a commodity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00623-00270106-00270419 and I've got the money from my sale,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00624-00270419-00270914 I may decide to hold onto that money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00625-00270914-00271591 And if I decide to hold onto the money there will be less money to buy commodities.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00626-00271591-00272107 Now why would I decide to hold onto the money?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00627-00272107-00272669 I would hold onto the money in a situation of insecurity,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00628-00272669-00272866 I would keep the money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00629-00272866-00273158 because I wanted the universal equivalent,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00630-00273158-00273357 and as will be seen later some people
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00631-00273357-00273567 hold onto money because they love it
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00632-00273567-00273760 and fetishize it.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00633-00273760-00274158 There are all kinds of reasons why people might hold onto money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00634-00274158-00274454 The point here according to Marx is that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00635-00274917-00275319 if a lot of people decide to hold onto money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00636-00275319-00275684 then the circulation process stops;
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00637-00275684-00276204 when the circulation process stops the demand for commodities drops off,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00638-00276204-00276481 and when demand for commodities drops off
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00639-00276481-00277186 many people are left with unsold commodities.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00640-00277280-00277928 Furthermore the fact that you have money allows you to get away
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00641-00277928-00278451 from the immediate temporality and spatiality of barter.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00642-00278451-00278795 For example you can hold onto the money for six months and
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00643-00278795-00279188 then take it to Japan,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00644-00279188-00279651 Singapore or Brazil,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00645-00279651-00280008 and then go purchase there six months later.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00646-00280008-00280237 Once you've got your money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00647-00280237-00280629 you can make all kinds of decisions about it.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00648-00280629-00281046 Now what Marx is criticizing here
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00649-00281046-00282297 is a famous proposition called Say's law.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00650-00282484-00282902 Say's law is commented on by Marx in the next footnote on the next page as follows,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00651-00283238-00283685 "the conception adopted by Ricardo from the tedious Say, that over-production is not possible
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00652-00283685-00284003 or at least that no general glut of the market is possible,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00653-00284003-00284539 is based on the proposition that products are exchanged against products."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00654-00284539-00284751 Say's law
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00655-00284751-00285203 was also held by Ricardo
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00656-00285203-00285517 and it dominated thinking
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00657-00285517-00285784 in classical political economy.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00658-00285784-00286189 And as a result the classical political economists
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00659-00286189-00286457 for the most part claimed
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00660-00286457-00286916 there could be no general crisis of capitalism.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00661-00286916-00287340 Why not? Because every purchase is a sale and every sale is a purchase, therefore you are always
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00662-00287340-00287483 in equilibrium.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00663-00287483-00287955 There may be a problem with too many shoes, or too many shirts, or too many apples,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00664-00287955-00288655 but you cannot have a generalized crisis.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00665-00288768-00289259 Because Say's law said you couldn't.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00666-00289259-00289818 And Say's law actually carried over from the classical period into the neoclassical period.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00667-00289818-00290239 It was held by all economists at the end of the nineteenth century up to the 1930's.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00668-00290532-00291064 And in the 1930's there were still economists saying that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00669-00291064-00291403 a general crisis of capitalism is impossible.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00670-00291573-00291806 And there you had one!
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00671-00291806-00292217 Marx has a very funny line about that elsewhere, where he notes that faced with
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00672-00292217-00292565 a general crisis the only response made by
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00673-00292565-00292828 most economists is something to the effect that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00674-00292828-00293070 it wouldn't happen this way if only
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00675-00293070-00293589 the economy worked according to my textbook.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00676-00293589-00294216 But what Marx is saying is that you can indeed have a general crisis.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00677-00294216-00294748 And how a general crisis occurs was also spotted by Keynes
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00678-00295334-00295965 Now what Keynes did in a series of very interesting essays called Essays in Biography, back in the 1930's
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00679-00295965-00297480 was to point out the error of accepting Say's law
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00680-00297480-00297970 Keynes also pointed out that there were some classical political economists
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00681-00297970-00298302 who did not accept Say's law and claimed
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00682-00298302-00298569 there could indeed be a general crisis.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00683-00298569-00299046 At the time they went by the charming name of the 'general glut theorists'.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00684-00299231-00299633 And there were two in particular, Malthus and Sismondi.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00685-00299879-00300316 Which is a bit of a problem for Marx because Marx couldn't abide Malthus on other grounds,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00686-00300406-00300677 but Malthus certainly believed there
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00687-00300677-00301430 could be a generalized crisis, and that such a generalized crisis would be be the crisis of what he called effective demand;
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00688-00301613-00301911 Not enough money to buy all the commodities.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00689-00302063-00302564 The other glut theorist was a Frenchman called Sismondi
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00690-00302935-00303271 who also disputed Say's law. However they were a minority.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00691-00303343-00304034 What Keynes did was to point out the importance of what he called the liquidity trap.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00692-00304034-00304721 The liquidity trap develops in a time of difficulty
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00693-00304721-00304935 because people start to hold back money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00694-00304935-00305101 As they hold onto money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00695-00305101-00305702 the difficulties get worse so more people hold onto money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00696-00305702-00305992 The difficulty is therefore to get out of
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00697-00305992-00306440 this downward spiral
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00698-00306440-00306700 in the economy as more and more people
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00699-00306700-00306973 run for cover and hold back money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00700-00306973-00307355 rather than investing it back into the market
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00701-00307355-00307828 by buying stuff.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00702-00307864-00308466 So Keynes also talked about the significance of effective demand, and of course
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00703-00308466-00308897 Keynesian policies in relationship to the Great Depression were to
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00704-00308897-00309140 stimulate effective demand through
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00705-00309140-00309400 state expenditures, debt financing,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00706-00309509-00309914 getting people back to work wherever possible and getting consumerism back.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00707-00310055-00310804 Of course a lot of those problems were solved by World War II and the demand for armaments.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00708-00310957-00311429 In so many ways World War II was a solution to the effective demand problem.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00709-00311429-00311827 You could mop it all up in terms of
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00710-00312072-00312549 armaments and production of armaments and you would debt finance it,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00711-00312549-00312828 even debt financing the British.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00712-00312828-00313151 So you gave the British government something called lend lease, meaning they took
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00713-00313151-00313501 the commodities and agreed to pay them back later
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00714-00313501-00313650 And when it came time for payment
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00715-00313650-00313911 Keynes was faced with negotiating the
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00716-00313911-00314381 repayment schedule, I think in 1944,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00717-00314545-00314739 and the American state department said: well,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00718-00314739-00315133 you give up the British Empire.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00719-00315133-00315291 And so Keynes answered: you mean
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00720-00315291-00315814 we trade the British Empire for forgiving the debt?, and the Americans basically said yes.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00721-00315814-00316222 And that's where British decolonization policy
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00722-00316222-00316470 really came from. Opening the world market
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00723-00316470-00316741 was what the Americans wanted for American capital.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00724-00316812-00317233 They wanted the closed system of the British empire opened up.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00725-00317233-00317607 And they reached their goal through this trade
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00726-00317607-00317780 agreement over lend-lease.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00727-00317780-00318160 So this is the type of argument which is going on
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00728-00318160-00318350 here in Marx. Marx is saying that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00729-00318350-00318790 you can indeed develop a general crisis thereby siding with Malthus and Sismondi.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00730-00318790-00319410 Later Keynes draws on these arguments refusing however to cite Marx
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00731-00319410-00320014 Keynes claimed he had never read Marx, but this is highly doubtful.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00732-00320101-00320552 However even if he hadn't read Marx there were plenty of people around him who had.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00733-00320552-00321095 So Keynes was probably familiar with Marx's arguments as to why Say's law must be wrong,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00734-00321286-00321546 as well as the arguments describing the lopsidedness
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00735-00321546-00321898 in this relationship C-M-C where C to M is different from M to C.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00736-00321898-00322249 You cannot, as Say's law does, assume
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00737-00322249-00322736 that the laws relative to barter (C-C) also hold in practice in the C-M-C circulation process
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00738-00322736-00323137 because the transition from C to M is not the same as M to C.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00739-00323376-00323631 This is a sidebar but a terribly important one, obviously,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00740-00323631-00323949 for understanding contemporary politics.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00741-00323949-00324445 Now we get back to the circulation of money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00742-00324445-00324855 What Marx does here is argue in
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00743-00324855-00325457 a set of rather boring maneuvers, if I dare say so.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00744-00325622-00325855 What he shows us is
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00745-00325855-00326920 the interesting contrast between commodities and money and how commodities enter into circulation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00746-00326920-00327762 Commodities- I buy them, I wear them or I eat them; they disappear. Therefore commodities enter into and drop out of circulation
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00747-00327762-00328206 Money however stays in circulation,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00748-00328206-00328355 unless people hoard it
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00749-00328355-00328701 or spirit it away or something like that, but the general role of money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00750-00328854-00329106 is to stay in the circulation process. So you have myriad
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00751-00329205-00329591 commodity exchanges going on, and you have a
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00752-00329591-00330384 money which is somehow acting as a lubricant for all this exchange
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00753-00330384-00330652 And the question becomes
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00754-00330652-00331214 how is it a lubricant?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00755-00331214-00331809 And furthermore: how much of that lubricant do you need?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00756-00331809-00332242 So what the next ten pages are taken up with is
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00757-00332242-00332726 the articulation of what we call the 'quantity theory of money',
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00758-00332726-00333464 which is actually fairly similar to what Ricardo had to say.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00759-00333464-00334164 So Marx defines the quantity theory first at the bottom of page 217,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00760-00334193-00334591 where he says "the total quantity of money functioning during a given period is a circulating medium
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00761-00334591-00335663 which is determined on the one hand by the sum of the prices of the commodities in circulation,"
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00762-00335663-00336055 namely the sum of the prices,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00763-00336055-00337070 "and on the other hand by the rapidity of alternation of the antithetical processes of circulation."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00764-00337070-00338233 In other words he is looking at "…the movement of prices, the quantity of commodities…, and the velocity of circulation."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00765-00338233-00339145 The mass of money equals
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00766-00339145-00339547 the sum of all of the prices of the commodities in circulation modified by
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00767-00339753-00340654 the velocity of circulation. The velocity of circulation is a measure of how much work
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00768-00340713-00341276 a coin or a dollar bill does on a given day.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00769-00341318-00341709 The velocity therefore tells us how many times a mass of money exchanges on a given day.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00770-00341920-00342144 The federal reserve still has
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00771-00342215-00342810 a key measure on the velocity of money i.e. the velocity of circulation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00772-00342810-00343118 You can see how important this concept is because
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00773-00343118-00343753 once you have introduced credit cards as a means of exchange, for example, you also increase the velocity of circulation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00774-00343753-00344222 And as you increase the velocity of circulation, you need less actual money because
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00775-00344222-00344706 the amount of money you have is going to move much faster.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00776-00344891-00345176 If a dollar bill exchanges hands only once a day,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00777-00345176-00345400 that's a different kind of world economy
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00778-00345400-00345796 than an economy where a dollar bill changes hands five times a day.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00779-00345796-00346256 You need far more dollar bills if you only exchange bills once a day than five times a
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00780-00346256-00346492 day, so the amount of money you need
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00781-00346492-00346997 is very sensitive to this measure of velocity circulation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00782-00346997-00347365 Now the federal reserve has all kinds of measures for the velocity of money factor it sets up, and it's
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00783-00347365-00347619 a complicated issue how to measure it.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00784-00347619-00347990 But what Marx is saying is that we must take this measure into account.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00785-00347990-00348453 Ricardo said the same thing so
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00786-00348453-00348742 Marx is not saying much here that has not already been said
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00787-00348742-00349726 in Ricardo, including the idea of considering the sum of the prices.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00788-00349742-00350257 So this section deals with setting up the quantity theory of money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00789-00350331-00350630 This then leads us into section C
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00790-00350630-00350834 where we move to another level
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00791-00350901-00351282 Here we talk about the way in which
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00792-00351282-00351882 coins and symbols of value start to take on certain functions
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00793-00352117-00352466 And here we will find immediately:
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00794-00352466-00352878 "The weight of gold represented in the imagination by the prices of money-names
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00795-00352878-00353271 of the commodities has to confront those commodities, within circulation,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00796-00353271-00353719 as coins or pieces of gold of the same denomination.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00797-00353719-00353951 The business of coining,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00798-00353951-00354315 like the establishing of a standard measure of prices,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00799-00354315-00354956 is an attribute proper to the state." State power becomes crucial.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00800-00355146-00355625 "The different national uniforms worn at home by gold and silver as coins, but taken off again
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00801-00355625-00355870 when they appear on the world market,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00802-00355870-00356099 demonstrate the separation between the internal
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00803-00356099-00356364 or national spheres of commodity circulation
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00804-00356364-00356828 and its universal sphere, the world market."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00805-00356828-00357143 This again is something which is going to come back in the chapter about the world
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00806-00357143-00357425 market and the universal sphere.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00807-00357425-00357953 Out of this arises, he says on page 223 , "…the latent possibility
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00808-00357953-00358423 of replacing metallic money with tokens made of some…material, i.e. symbols.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00809-00358672-00359096 And he observes further down: "Small change appears alongside gold for the payment of fractional
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00810-00359096-00359349 parts of the smallest gold coin;
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00811-00359349-00359769 gold constantly enters into retail circulation, although it is just as constantly being
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00812-00359769-00360252 thrown out again by being exchanged with small change."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00813-00360252-00360396 And then on the next page,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00814-00360396-00360518 he talks about
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00815-00360518-00360974 "…nonconvertible paper money issued by the state and given forced currency."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00816-00360974-00361176 Issues of paper money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00817-00361176-00361548 Here he begins to talk about the way
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00818-00361676-00361821 "…credit-money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00819-00361821-00362414 (may) take root spontaneously in the function of money as a means of payment."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00820-00362414-00362529 So here we get
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00821-00362529-00362875 a replacement going on, a replacement of gold
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00822-00362875-00363335 by symbols, by paper, by coins.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00823-00363335-00363598 Why would that occur?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00824-00363598-00363848 Well, because gold is
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00825-00363848-00364036 very awkward
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00826-00364036-00364377 as a means of circulation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00827-00364377-00364705 If every time you engage in this transaction
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00828-00364705-00364988 you need a small grain of gold
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00829-00364988-00365374 it would be be horribly messy.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00830-00365374-00365572 So indeed
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00831-00365572-00365798 the requirements of circulation,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00832-00365798-00366082 meaning what is socially necessary in order
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00833-00366082-00366603 for this circulation to become general and for commodities to be exchanged in a general way,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00834-00366732-00367190 requires you to leave gold behind and instead use tokens,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00835-00367190-00367663 symbols, paper and so forth.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00836-00367881-00368029 "Paper money", he says on the bottom of
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00837-00368029-00368635 page 225 "is a symbol of gold," a symbol of money."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00838-00368635-00369118 "Its relation to the values of commodities consists only in this: they find imaginary expression
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00839-00369118-00369323 in certain quantities of gold,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00840-00369323-00370023 and the same quantities are symbolically and physically represented by the paper.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00841-00370027-00370361 Only insofar as paper money represents gold,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00842-00370361-00371061 which like all other commodities has value, is it a symbol of value."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00843-00371856-00372084 Now, it's interesting here
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00844-00372084-00372784 to think about whether he is again working with a logical argument or a historical argument.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00845-00372798-00374053 Marx talks about how different forms of money were pushed out through historical evolution,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00846-00374053-00375124 and how important the state power was in regulating what determines the value of money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00847-00375124-00375909 In this chapter the power of the state becomes critical. In a way the state was already present in chapter two,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00848-00375909-00376218 when he talked about the legal and juridical infrastructure - ultimately a state function- being necessary
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00849-00376218-00377270 for market exchange to flourish. Here Marx is explicitly referring to
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00850-00377270-00377929 the way in which the state becomes critical in order to understand
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00851-00377929-00378636 how money becomes a symbol i.e. totem or tokens.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00852-00379836-00380748 This transformation once again has an analogy to the transformation of money as a measure into
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00853-00380748-00381565 a standard of price. So this new transformation brings about a radical
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00854-00381565-00382423 redefinition of what money is about, and that leads us into the final section 3 which is: Money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00855-00382423-00383097 Here again Marx argues that at the end of the day there is only one money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00856-00383097-00383507 And it has to perform both of those functions. How is it going to do that?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00857-00383607-00384717 We observe that as a measure of value, gold is fine, however as a means of circulation it is not.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00858-00384717-00385191 As a standard of price gold starts to fade into the background.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00859-00385191-00386040 The connectivity between the socially necessary labour time embodied in the money commodity which gets mediated
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00860-00386040-00387398 in all these different ways leads us to lose contact with the monetary base.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00861-00387598-00388463 This leads Marx to consider a number of elements involved in the contradictions internalized within
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00862-00388463-00388924 the money form itself when considered as universal money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00863-00388924-00389624 And the first one is the issue of hoarding.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00864-00389639-00390282 As Marx notes "when the circulation of commodities first develops, there also develops the necessity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00865-00390282-00390820 and passionate desire to hold fast to the product of the first metamorphosis.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00866-00390820-00391298 This product is the transformed shape of the commodity or its gold chrysalis."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00867-00391399-00391743 Commodities are thus sold not in order to buy commodities,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00868-00391743-00392331 but in order to replace their commodity form by their money form.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00869-00392331-00392752 Instead of being merely a way of mediating the metabolic process,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00870-00392752-00393342 this change of form then becomes an end in itself.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00871-00393342-00394539 "The money," he says, "is petrified into a hoard, and the seller of commodities also becomes a hoarder of money."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00872-00394539-00395014 What he points to here, is another transition.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00873-00395014-00395318 Instead of thinking about the C-M-C transition,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00874-00395520-00396220 we start to think about the M-C-M transition.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00875-00396220-00396826 Money into commodities, commodities into money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00876-00396826-00397925 What the hoarders want is money, they want the universal power money begets.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00877-00397925-00398898 But it's interesting because Marx talks about this in a sort of double language.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00878-00398898-00399296 That it exerts a passionate desire.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00879-00399296-00399779 Okay, so passionate desire is there, but then he says it is also necessary. Why is it necessary?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00880-00399779-00400822 Why is hoarding necessary to commodity exchange?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00881-00400822-00401380 The first reason is given at the bottom of page 228:
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00882-00401706-00402073 because when you enter the market, you enter into it at a certain time which implies
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00883-00402073-00402822 that when you need something in the market, you would have saved up enough money beforehand to go into it.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00884-00402822-00403786 If you are a farmer and say you produced and sold your crop in September, you have to hoard the money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00885-00403786-00404371 in order to buy the seeds and the energy you will need in the spring to plant the crop,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00886-00404371-00404678 hire the labour and so forth.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00887-00404678-00405752 So hoarding is something which is implicit in what we will call the time structure
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00888-00405752-00406389 of the production of commodities.If all commodities were produced and sold in the same time frame
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00889-00406389-00407124 you wouldn't need hoarding. But the fact is, they are not. Some take a long time to produce while
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00890-00407124-00407785 others are produced immediately and consumed immediately.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00891-00407785-00408783 As Marx notes on the top of page 229,"in this way, hoards of gold and silver of the most various sizes are piled up at all
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00892-00408783-00409173 points of commercial intercourse." And it is necessary that this happens.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00893-00409173-00410042 "With the possibility of keeping hold of the commodity's exchange-value, or the exchange-value of the commodity, the lust for gold awakens."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00894-00410042-00410605 The passion and desire comes into play.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00895-00410605-00411533 "Gold is a wonderful thing!, Its owner is master of all he desires. Gold can even enable souls to enter Paradise."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00896-00411533-00412221 The papacy in the medieval period, was in the habit of selling indulgences which guaranteed your entry into heaven.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00897-00412221-00413113 And there are some people who maintain that the Vatican was one of the first great capitalistic institutions as a consequence of this.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00898-00413113-00413741 We're selling entry into heaven. I mean, talk about selling conscience and honor,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00899-00413741-00414627 this is selling something really interesting!
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00900-00414627-00415079 "Since money." Marx says, "does not reveal what has been transformed into it, everything whether a commodity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00901-00415079-00415314 or not is convertible into money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00902-00415314-00415695 Everything becomes 'saleable and purchaseable.'"
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00903-00415695-00416227 Here he's talking about the potentiality for the commodification of everything.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00904-00416227-00416915 Once you use a money system, you could hang a price on anything leading to the possible commodification of everything.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00905-00416915-00417298 And he continues "nothing is immune from its alchemy, the bones of the saints cannot withstand it,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00906-00417298-00417498 let alone more delicate things.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00907-00417498-00417922 Just as in money every qualitative difference between commodities is extinguished,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00908-00417922-00418090 so too for its part,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00909-00418090-00418276 as a radical leveller".
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00910-00418276-00418589 Again here is an interesting theme recurrent in Marx, something that acts as a radical leveller,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00911-00418589-00419036 something capable of reducing everything to the same metric,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00912-00419288-00419542 namely that everything should have a price
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00913-00419563-00419853 "It extinguishes," Marx says, "all distinctions".
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00914-00419853-00420277 "But money is itself a commodity, an external object
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00915-00420277-00420783 capable of becoming the private property of any individual."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00916-00420783-00421014 Now this is a reversal of
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00917-00421014-00421330 item three in the contradictions
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00918-00421330-00421805 he noted on the relative and equivalent forms of value.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00919-00421805-00422179 Remember, private activity became
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00920-00422179-00422672 the means for the representation of universal social labour.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00921-00422672-00422923 Now he's saying that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00922-00422923-00423623 in fact private individuals can appropriate social power.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00923-00424099-00424547 Social power can become the property of private persons.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00924-00424547-00424660 This is indeed the
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00925-00424660-00425096 latent power relation of the money form and the holding onto of the universal equivalent
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00926-00425096-00425344 which is beginning to crystallize out into the open,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00927-00425344-00426044 and of course it will become the basis of class power.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00928-00426184-00426633 For this reason Marx notes, "ancient society therefore denounced it [money] as tending to destroy
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00929-00426633-00426944 the economic and moral order.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00930-00426944-00427336 Modern society, which already in its infancy had pulled Pluto by the hair of his head from
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00931-00427336-00427478 the bowels of the earth,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00932-00427478-00427779 greets gold as is its holy grail, as the glittering incarnation of its
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00933-00427779-00428479 innermost principle of life."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00934-00428689-00428855 It's very interesting.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00935-00428855-00429087 We often talk about money as filthy,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00936-00429087-00429759 filthy lucre.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00937-00429759-00430385 Guess there's a TV show on right now about dirty sexy money or something like that.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00938-00430539-00430959 Freud had all kinds of wonderful things to say about money, and in the end he called
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00939-00430959-00431507 it bourgeois sublimation of rituals of the anus.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00940-00431507-00431948 So there's something unclean about money, something
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00941-00431948-00432407 not nice about money, and ancient society actually did not like the money economy.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00942-00432407-00432753 In the Grundrisse, Marx talks about the way in which one of the big transitions that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00943-00432753-00433048 occurred in the social world
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00944-00433048-00433356 was what he called the destruction of community
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00945-00433356-00433738 by money power
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00946-00433738-00434176 whereby money became the community.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00947-00434176-00434531 So that we now live in the community of money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00948-00434531-00434915 We may have all kinds of fantasies about living in community somewhere else and all that kind of
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00949-00434915-00435123 stuff, but we live
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00950-00435123-00435400 in a community of money,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00951-00435400-00435647 and Marx is also
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00952-00435647-00436217 making that point very clear.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00953-00436217-00436340 Furthermore,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00954-00436340-00436664 at the bottom of page 230 Marx piles on the agony of this
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00955-00436664-00437331 by simply pointing out that the "hoarding drive is boundless in its nature.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00956-00437331-00437855 Here Marx provides a description of the mechanism at work: "the the metallic natural form of this object" and
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00957-00437855-00438215 the "universal equivalent form of all other commodities"
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00958-00438215-00438760 and the "direct…social incarnation of all human labour," all allow for
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00959-00438760-00439176 "the hoarding drive" to become "boundless in its nature."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00960-00439176-00439670 "Qualitatively or formally considered, money is independent of all limits,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00961-00439670-00440159 that is to say it is the universal representation of material wealth because it is directly convertible
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00962-00440159-00440735 into any other commodity."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00963-00440735-00441133 Marx then proceeds to talk about "this contradiction between the quantitative limitation
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00964-00441133-00441399 and the qualitative lack of limitation of money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00965-00441399-00441798 which keeps driving the hoarder back to his Sisyphean task".
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00966-00441798-00441860 Here we are talking about accumulation
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00967-00441860-00442562 This is Marx's first mention of accumulation in Capital.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00968-00442562-00442779 The limitless qualities of it are
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00969-00442976-00443333 fascinating to reflect upon.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00970-00443333-00443738 I mean, if we are accumulating use values,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00971-00443738-00444063 how many Ferraris can you have?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00972-00444063-00444485 Imelda Marcos had what? Six thousand pairs of shoes?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00973-00444485-00444826 But there is a limit.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00974-00444826-00445128 But do billionaires feel they have a limit
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00975-00445128-00445351 about the next billion?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00976-00445351-00445526 The answer is no.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00977-00445526-00445860 The accumulation of money power is limitless,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00978-00445860-00446038 and therefore
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00979-00446038-00446446 what we get into is a form of accumulation that has in principle
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00980-00446446-00446900 no external limits.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00981-00446900-00447393 This is a very important argument,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00982-00447393-00448093 and to the degree that people are into the accumulation of social power,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00983-00448122-00448822 they are into the accumulation of limitless social power.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00984-00448895-00449396 I mean, most CEOs in this country are getting perhaps
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00985-00449396-00449915 5 to 10 million dollars a year, nevertheless they consider themselves underpaid.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00986-00449915-00450127 They kind of say,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00987-00450127-00450485 well hey, somebody in a hedge fund got 1.7 billion dollars last year,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00988-00450623-00450867 I deserve that.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00989-00450867-00451338 How come they got 1.7 billion and I didn't?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00990-00451425-00451734 So this is the point about the limitlessness of money accumulation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00991-00451734-00452135 Two years ago the top hedge fund owner got 250
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00992-00452135-00452457 million dollars. This year it's 1.7 billion.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00993-00452457-00452707 It's limitless.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00994-00452707-00453330 And Marx is laying down a principle about the limitlessness of money: as soon as you get into
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00995-00453330-00453598 money as a universal equivalent,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00996-00453598-00453978 as a representation of socially necessary labour time of value.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00997-00453978-00454154 Money is in principle limitless
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00998-00454154-00454367 in terms of what you can accumulate,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-00999-00454367-00454664 and in terms of what private persons can accumulate,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01000-00454664-00454944 in terms of their own private power
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01001-00454944-00455215 over a social good,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01002-00455215-00455703 which is the socially necessary labour time in the world market.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01003-00455703-00455847 This is what
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01004-00455847-00456014 Marx is pointing out here, namely
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01005-00456014-00456260 the limitless quality of accumulation,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01006-00456260-00456838 and the fact that the accumulation of capital knows no limit.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01007-00456838-00457085 Of course if you look at every other society
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01008-00457085-00457555 that has ever existed in history
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01009-00457555-00458071 you'll find almost invariably that they hit upon limits.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01010-00458071-00458507 And when they hit limits and didn't know where to go, they often collapsed.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01011-00458507-00459092 The one society that seems to be completely limitless is capital.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01012-00459092-00459455 And so far it has been limitless
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01013-00459455-00459605 precisely because
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01014-00459605-00460051 its main measure of value has this particular form which allows it to be accumulated
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01015-00460051-00460396 in this way.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01016-00460396-00460563 The result is
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01017-00460563-00461032 all the growth curves in terms of the total money in society, the total wealth of society,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01018-00461032-00461357 the total amount of output in society, the total global
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01019-00461357-00461626 gross domestic product in the world etc.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01020-00461626-00461930 Look at the growth curves since capitalism
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01021-00461930-00462276 really kicked in around 1750
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01022-00462622-00463546 with all kinds of social, political and environmental consequences to worry about of course
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01023-00463775-00463859 But that is
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01024-00463859-00464205 the nature of what capitalism
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01025-00464205-00464371 is about, and that is how Marx
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01026-00464371-00464990 is setting it up.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01027-00464990-00465098 Which leads him
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01028-00465098-00465798 to point out the function of hoarding towards the end of this section at the
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01029-00465917-00466363 bottom of page 231
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01030-00466363-00466626 where he makes a little aside about the aesthetic
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01031-00466626-00467131 form of hoarding, like wanting to own gold or silver plated
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01032-00467131-00467404 urinals etc.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01033-00467682-00468059 "Owing to the continual fluctuations in the extent and rapidity of the circulation of commodities
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01034-00468059-00468198 as well as in their prices,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01035-00468198-00468720 the quantity of money in circulation unceasingly ebbs and flows. This quantity must
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01036-00468720-00468884 therefore be capable of
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01037-00468884-00469147 expansion and contraction."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01038-00469147-00469469 And the hoard can fulfill that function.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01039-00469469-00469578 In other words
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01040-00469578-00469915 Marx is going to modify his theory of money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01041-00469915-00470140 in society by saying that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01042-00470140-00470319 given the fluctuations
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01043-00470319-00470798 the total mass of money you need is the sum of the prices modified by the velocity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01044-00470798-00471588 plus a reserve fund.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01045-00471600-00472231 This reserve fund can be brought into circulation when there is a massive surge of commodity production,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01046-00472231-00472505 and taken out of circulation
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01047-00472505-00472865 when it is not needed.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01048-00472865-00473401 But the reserve fund is absolutely crucial to the stabilization of this system.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01049-00473401-00474092 That is to say that a form of hoarding is necessary.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01050-00474092-00474417 For those two reasons, the temporality reason
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01051-00474417-00474707 and the following reason which pertains to the means of payment
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01052-00474707-00475301 These are to be found in Section B: means of payment.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01053-00475301-00475514 So he returns to consider
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01054-00475514-00475728 means of payment
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01055-00475728-00476244 as being a way to approach
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01056-00476244-00476551 the need for a hoard
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01057-00476551-00476859 given the different temporalities in entering the market.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01058-00476859-00476985 In other words
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01059-00476985-00477367 if we just exchange notes and say: I'll settle up with you at the end of the year,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01060-00477367-00478057 you don't actually need to hoard the money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01061-00478057-00478302 So this kind of exchange serves as a means of payment.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01062-00478302-00478694 I just write a note and say: okay, I owe you this. The farmer
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01063-00478694-00479118 writes a note and says: I owe you this and I'll pay you back at harvest time or whatever.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01064-00479118-00479610 And then certain dates are agreed upon for payment,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01065-00479610-00479988 hence these exchanges tend to become formalized.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01066-00479988-00480195 But the result of this type of exchange of notes is a transition.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01067-00480195-00480342 So here we've got,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01068-00480342-00480617 see pages 233 and 234,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01069-00480617-00481030 an extremely important transition which is very easy to miss
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01070-00481030-00481484 partly because of Marx's
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01071-00481484-00481643 complicated language.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01072-00481643-00481954 The first element in this transition, page 233 occurs when
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01073-00481954-00482430 "the seller becomes a creditor and the buyer a debtor."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01074-00482430-00483130 This amounts to a big transition in the relationships between buyer and seller on the one hand and creditor and debtor on the other.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01075-00483298-00483796 "Since the metamorphosis of commodities, or the development of their form of value, has undergone a change here,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01076-00483796-00484291 whereby money receives a new function as well. It becomes a new means of payment.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01077-00484291-00484880 Note that the role of creditor or of debtor results here from the simple circulation of commodities."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01078-00484880-00485306 It's amazing how much he squeezed out of this concept of the commodity here.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01079-00485306-00486006 The concept of commodities now give rise to these new roles of creditor and debtor,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01080-00486123-00486947 "and this is capable", he says, "of a more rigid crystallization."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01081-00486947-00487426 He then starts to talk about the forms of class struggle in the ancient world
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01082-00487426-00487633 in which
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01083-00487633-00487905 the plebeian debtors
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01084-00487905-00488232 were destroyed by the creditors,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01085-00488232-00488609 the struggle in the middle ages where the feudal debtors
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01086-00488609-00488986 lost their political power.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01087-00488986-00489389 So there's a power relation in this
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01088-00489389-00489993 debtor-creditor relationship.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01089-00489993-00490288 He then takes us back
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01090-00490288-00490930 to the sphere of circulation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01091-00490930-00491059 And takes us back
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01092-00491059-00491409 to an earlier argument,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01093-00491409-00491885 where he has talked about the way in which money becomes the object
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01094-00491885-00492413 of the circulation process.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01095-00492413-00492863 But money now enters the circulation process in a peculiar way, as a means of payment, Marx says, money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01096-00492863-00493314 "enters circulation, but only after the commodity has already left it.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01097-00493314-00493968 The money no longer mediates the process. It brings it to an end by emerging independently,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01098-00493968-00494368 as the absolute form of existence of exchange value," in other words as
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01099-00494368-00494807 the universal commodity.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01100-00494807-00495303 The seller turned his commodity into money in order to satisfy some need;
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01101-00495303-00495718 the hoarder in order to preserve the monetary form of his commodity,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01102-00495718-00496117 and the indebted purchaser in order to be able to pay.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01103-00496117-00496624 If he does not pay, his goods will be sold compulsorily.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01104-00496624-00496875 The value form of the commodity, money,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01105-00496875-00497182 has now become the self-sufficient purpose of the sale
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01106-00497322-00497609 owing to a social necessity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01107-00497609-00498309 springing from conditions of the process of circulation itself."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01108-00498402-00498618 Marx is now taking us to
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01109-00498618-00498809 this radical transition
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01110-00498809-00499178 from a C-M-C circuit
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01111-00499178-00499362 into a M-C-M circuit.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01112-00499559-00499943 If I hold money,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01113-00499943-00500263 I can just lend it to you
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01114-00500263-00500593 and then you pay me back.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01115-00500593-00501107 I don't even have to produce commodities anymore, I let you produce the commodities;
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01116-00501107-00501442 I just hold the money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01117-00501442-00501560 But note,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01118-00501560-00501866 I want to get that money back.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01119-00501866-00502622 But of course the underlying logical argument here is: why would I get back the same amount I started with?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01120-00502622-00503208 Why would I not insist upon
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01121-00503208-00503740 an extra amount of money?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01122-00503740-00503846 That is to say an
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01123-00503846-00504214 exchange of equivalents makes sense
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01124-00504214-00504667 when I go from commodity to commodity mediated by money, I end up with a commodity which in effect
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01125-00504667-00504889 has the same value as the one
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01126-00504889-00505119 I started out with in principle,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01127-00505119-00505240 and I'm happy.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01128-00505240-00505538 I started with shirts and I got my shoes,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01129-00505538-00505989 equivalent exchanged for equivalent, and everything's fine.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01130-00505989-00506327 The equality principle has worked.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01131-00506327-00506557 But why would I start with money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01132-00506557-00507051 just in order to get money?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01133-00507051-00507496 The only reason to do that is to get more money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01134-00507496-00507906 And so what Marx is saying here is
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01135-00507906-00508414 that out of this relationship between the commodity and money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01136-00508414-00509102 there emerges a form of circulation which is the M-C-M form of circulation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01137-00509102-00509650 And this form of circulation arises out of a social necessity,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01138-00509650-00510043 not because somebody felt it was a good idea, although we've seen here
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01139-00510043-00510535 that passionate interests are very much engaged as well as lust for gold or lust for power.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01140-00510693-00510937 But even if passion and lust were not involved,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01141-00510937-00511321 you would still need this form of circulation
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01142-00511321-00511452 in order
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01143-00511452-00511911 to keep the measure of value and the means of circulation in balance.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01144-00512104-00512526 That is the only way you can resolve the contradiction between
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01145-00512526-00512744 money as a measure of value
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01146-00512744-00513332 and money as a means of circulation, that is by having this form of circulation
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01147-00513332-00514032 which brings money into exchange when it is needed and takes it out when it is no longer needed.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01148-00514095-00514325 So that, the money needed,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01149-00514325-00514630 if it's in equilibrium with the
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01150-00514630-00514841 commodities being traded,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01151-00514841-00515298 will keep the measure of value constant.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01152-00515298-00515816 Otherwise the measure of value will start shooting all over the place.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01153-00515816-00516069 So if I want to maintain
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01154-00516069-00516374 a constant measure of value,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01155-00516374-00516776 I have to be able to use money as a means of payment,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01156-00516776-00516938 and in doing so
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01157-00516938-00517117 I trigger
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01158-00517117-00517245 this form
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01159-00517245-00517455 of circulation
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01160-00517455-00517826 which is money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01161-00517826-00518526 focusing on money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01162-00518632-00518730 This little passage,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01163-00518730-00519088 in the middle and bottom of page 234
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01164-00519088-00519412 is a crucial transition point,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01165-00519412-00519780 and you should mark it and recognize it as such,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01166-00519780-00520340 in the whole of Marx's argument.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01167-00520340-00521040 He doesn't actually signal this transition as crucial but in fact it is.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01168-00521179-00521551 And the idea that this transition is indicative of a social necessity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01169-00521551-00521985 is also important.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01170-00521985-00522601 Capitalism does not actually depend
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01171-00522601-00523032 simply on individuals being greedy and so forth;
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01172-00523032-00523309 it depends upon
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01173-00523309-00523621 social necessity piled on top of social necessity,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01174-00523621-00523811 which allows
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01175-00523811-00523994 for greed of a certain kind to flourish
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01176-00523994-00524694 in certain situations.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01177-00525188-00525454 This brings him back,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01178-00525454-00525740 on page 235 at the bottom,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01179-00525740-00526435 to talk about "a contradiction imminent in the function of money as the means of payment.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01180-00526435-00527016 When the payments balance each other, money functions only nominally, as money of account, as a measure of value.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01181-00527016-00527549 But when actual payments have to be made, money does not come onto the scene as a circulating medium,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01182-00527549-00528000 in its merely transient form of an intermediary in the social metabolism,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01183-00528000-00528363 but as the "individual incarnation of social labour,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01184-00528363-00528647 the independent presence of exchange value,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01185-00528647-00529113 the universal commodity."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01186-00529113-00529673 This leads him to remark on page 236,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01187-00529673-00529920 "this contradiction bursts forth in
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01188-00529920-00530241 that aspect of industrial and commercial crisis
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01189-00530241-00530494 which is known as a monetary crisis.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01190-00530494-00531116 Such a crisis occurs only where the ongoing chain of payments has been fully developed."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01191-00531116-00531219 That is when the full development of means of payment,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01192-00531219-00531585 are just spread around all over the place and credit structures
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01193-00531585-00531961 are broadly engaged.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01194-00531961-00532159 Marx remarks,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01195-00532159-00532498 "whenever there is a general disturbance of the mechanism, no matter what its cause,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01196-00532498-00532954 money suddenly and immediately changes over from its merely nominal shape,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01197-00532954-00533365 money of account, into hard cash.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01198-00533365-00533722 Profane commodities can no longer replace it.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01199-00533722-00534117 The use-value of commodities becomes valueless, and their value vanishes in the face of their
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01200-00534117-00534428 own form of value. The bourgeois,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01201-00534428-00534663 drunk with prosperity and arrogantly
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01202-00534663-00534918 certain of himself, has just declared that money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01203-00534918-00535256 is a purely imaginary creation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01204-00535256-00535474 'Commodities alone are money', he said.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01205-00535474-00535953 But now the opposite cry resounds over the markets of the world: only money is a commodity.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01206-00535953-00536323 As the heart pants after fresh water, so pants his soul after money,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01207-00536323-00536498 the only wealth.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01208-00536498-00537035 In a crisis, the antithesis between commodities and their value-form, money, is raised to the level
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01209-00537035-00537515 of an absolute contradiction".
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01210-00537515-00537765 And he goes on to talk about monetary famine.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01211-00537765-00538221 Six months ago, if you read the financial press,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01212-00538221-00538559 everybody was talking about excess liquidity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01213-00538559-00538748 in the markets.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01214-00538748-00539107 A surplus of liquidity sloshing around, not knowing where to go.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01215-00539107-00539336 Surplus capital everywhere.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01216-00539336-00539731 If you wanted to borrow you just went and they gave you anything, you could get sub-prime
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01217-00539731-00540084 loans, you could get whatever you want.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01218-00540084-00540321 And then what happened over the past few weeks, suddenly
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01219-00540321-00540626 the federal reserve has to inject liquidity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01220-00540626-00540861 into the system.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01221-00540861-00541105 They needed real money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01222-00541105-00541518 Those houses and all of that didn't actually match up to that value.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01223-00541518-00542218 In other words it was fictitious value they were playing with out there.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01224-00542238-00542630 Marx amusingly says somewhere else,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01225-00542630-00542934 "at the moment of speculation,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01226-00542934-00543180 everybody's a Protestant,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01227-00543180-00543478 they act on faith.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01228-00543478-00544160 When the crisis comes they want real money, they go back to the Catholicism of the monetary base."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01229-00544160-00544315 And this brings us to consider
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01230-00544315-00544492 the notion of value,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01231-00544492-00544783 where is the value right now?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01232-00544783-00545036 Where does it exist?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01233-00545036-00545333 And what is all that money which is being exchanged in all of these
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01234-00545333-00545669 debt bottling plants we find around ourselves in New York City?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01235-00545669-00546003 What does it mean?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01236-00546003-00546481 What connectivity does it have to value,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01237-00546481-00546798 to socially necessary labour time?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01238-00546798-00547326 And what Marx is pointing to here is the way in which
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01239-00547326-00547716 the monetary system, once it escapes
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01240-00547716-00548220 from those immediate constraints of socially necessary labour time, can take off
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01241-00548220-00548557 and do all kinds of crazy things.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01242-00548557-00549003 And those crazy things
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01243-00549003-00549657 create all sorts of problems in the global economy.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01244-00549657-00550041 But credit money does more than that, because in the next couple of pages
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01245-00550244-00550801 Marx is saying: "Credit money springs directly out of the function of money as a means of payment,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01246-00550801-00551278 furthermore, credit money becomes the universal material of contracts. Rent, taxes and so on
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01247-00551278-00551559 are transformed from payments in kind
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01248-00551559-00551967 to payments in money."
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01249-00551967-00552330 The monetisation of everything.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01250-00552330-00552548 In the past the church used to
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01251-00552548-00553057 tithe people's agricultural output,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01252-00553057-00553507 then came the monetisation of tithes,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01253-00553507-00554207 so finally you get the monetization and commodification of everything.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01254-00554795-00555168 This leads us into another duality:
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01255-00555168-00555476 firstly a reserve fund becomes necessary
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01256-00555476-00555695 and that reserve fund
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01257-00555695-00556054 is going to have to function in relationship to this system,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01258-00556054-00556199 via this form of
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01259-00556199-00556643 M-C-M circulation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01260-00556643-00557186 That's the way in which the argument works.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01261-00557186-00557362 But Marx then says,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01262-00557362-00557801 in the final and brief section on world money,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01263-00558059-00558661 that individual states of course manage their own
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01264-00558661-00559048 money systems, money supplies, money tokens and so forth,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01265-00559164-00559361 but they're
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01266-00559361-00560061 not outside of being disciplined by the world market, meaning
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01267-00560082-00560484 that the exchange of commodities on the world market at some point or other
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01268-00560484-00560811 becomes critical
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01269-00560811-00561100 to the way in which
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01270-00561100-00561546 this monetary system functions.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01271-00561696-00562111 The state has had a very important role to play in
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01272-00562187-00562887 the stabilization of the monetary system within its borders.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01273-00563096-00563354 And in doing so the state initially connected
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01274-00563354-00563613 its monetary system very clearly
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01275-00563613-00564313 to a metallic base, gold, silver.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01276-00564336-00564559 And that metallic base
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01277-00564559-00564830 became crucial in the construction
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01278-00564830-00565224 of the initial financial monetary system.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01279-00565224-00565653 Assuring the security of that metallic base
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01280-00565653-00566161 became critical.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01281-00566161-00566422 It's kind of interesting to note that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01282-00566422-00566769 John Locke wrote his essay on religious tolerance
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01283-00566769-00567177 in which he said, we should tolerate each other
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01284-00567177-00567765 in terms of our religious views and we shouldn't go around burning heretics at the stake and all that kind of thing.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01285-00567765-00568042 He said this at the same time
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01286-00568042-00568288 as Sir Isaac Newton
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01287-00568288-00568690 became master of the King's mint.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01288-00568690-00569144 And Isaac's great role
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01289-00569241-00569601 was to assure the quality of the currency,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01290-00569601-00569854 to assay the gold,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01291-00569854-00570188 to assay the weight of the silver.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01292-00570188-00570540 During those years there was great trade
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01293-00570540-00570856 which also lead to the debasement of the coinage,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01294-00570856-00571171 a type of fraud called coin clipping.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01295-00571171-00571636 What you did was to take a silver coin and shave off a bit of it,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01296-00571636-00572196 and then you took lots of silver coins and shaved off lots of little bits.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01297-00572196-00572487 So by the end of the day you had another silver coin,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01298-00572487-00572779 good way to make money.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01299-00572779-00573256 What did Isaac Newton do about this? He caught a few of these people and he had them hung
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01300-00573256-00573607 on Tyburn in public.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01301-00573607-00574415 So you no longer burned people at the stake for their religious views, you now hung them in Tyburn for debasing coinage.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01302-00574415-00574599 God is displaced by mammon
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01303-00574599-00575246 in terms of capital punishment.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01304-00575246-00575642 So this business brings us back to the issue which I'm sure is bothering many of you,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01305-00575642-00575830 which is what happened to the metallic base?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01306-00575830-00576254 There was a metallic base
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01307-00576254-00576463 to global capitalism up until
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01308-00576463-00576805 the late 1960's/1970's,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01309-00576805-00577231 and it was put under great stress
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01310-00577231-00577720 in the late 60's early 1970's.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01311-00577720-00578117 And ultimately it collapsed, so that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01312-00578117-00578453 by 1973 you have a global monetary system
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01313-00578453-00578905 which is no longer based
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01314-00578905-00579375 on any metallic commodity
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01315-00579375-00579726 You will notice however that gold is still important,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01316-00579726-00580042 the gold price is still quoted.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01317-00580042-00580492 And if push comes to shove you might well ask yourself whether you want to hold onto gold or
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01318-00580492-00580903 dollars, Euros, or Yen, or whatever.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01319-00580903-00581063 You might want to
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01320-00581063-00581216 think about that.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01321-00581216-00581675 So gold has not entirely disappeared from the monetary scene at all.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01322-00581675-00582211 Many people still think, and there are even arguments, that we should go back to the gold standard because
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01323-00582211-00582660 the current monetary system is just crazy.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01324-00582660-00583088 But what in effect happened after 1973
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01325-00583088-00583726 was a tendency to associate currencies
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01326-00583726-00584125 with a particular basket of commodities.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01327-00584125-00584726 For a while there we sat with the idea that petro-dollars would work,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01328-00584726-00585186 that actually the dollar value of petroleum
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01329-00585186-00585323 was the crucial basket determinant.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01330-00585323-00585949 But then petroleum was yo-yoing too much, and in any case
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01331-00585949-00586461 its value was too much controlled by OPEC.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01332-00586461-00587161 So in effect what now happens is that currency speculation
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01333-00587184-00587834 actually looks at the relationship between the productivity of a whole economy,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01334-00587834-00588326 i.e. its total bundle of goods and services produced,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01335-00588326-00588650 and compares it to the value of its currency.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01336-00588650-00588783 What is being compared is
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01337-00588783-00589125 the total commodity output of Japan, West
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01338-00589125-00589524 Germany as it was, and now Europe,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01339-00589524-00590182 and the United States and China. And after comparing all of these things the question is asked,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01340-00590182-00590607 well, which economy
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01341-00590607-00591302 is producing a bundle of commodities inside its borders that can really sustain that currency?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01342-00591302-00591805 And if the Chinese economy is doing that, then the Chinese currency should appreciate.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01343-00591805-00592449 But the problem then starts when the state steps in and does all kinds of strange things.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01344-00592449-00592732 But at some point or other the question of the nature
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01345-00592732-00593101 of the commodity bundle
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01346-00593101-00593365 which underlies
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01347-00593365-00593919 the value is posed; in other words we no longer attach the bundle to some single commodity like gold.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01348-00593919-00594088 We attach it
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01349-00594088-00594392 to an imaginary
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01350-00594392-00594455 understanding
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01351-00594455-00594760 which is where statistics come in.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01352-00594760-00595123 We wouldn't know how to work
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01353-00595123-00595348 in this world unless we had
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01354-00595348-00595578 masses of statistics.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01355-00595578-00595859 And what are these statistics about?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01356-00595859-00596047 GDP
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01357-00596047-00596464 Who produces all those statistics and who collects them? The World Bank,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01358-00596464-00596802 the International Bank of Settlements.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01359-00596802-00597011 They produce all this data.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01360-00597011-00597196 Vast amounts of it,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01361-00597196-00597684 on the basis of what, sometimes you wonder, but, nevertheless, it's there.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01362-00597684-00597878 And this data serves to
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01363-00597878-00598430 construct the fiction that there is a national economy.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01364-00598430-00598747 Now this is a real problem because there is no national economy, I mean everything is trading
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01365-00598747-00598968 with everything else on the global stage,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01366-00598968-00599140 nevertheless there's this fiction which says
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01367-00599140-00599315 there is a national economy.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01368-00599315-00599727 And when the national economy in the United States is doing well, the dollar will rise, if it's
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01369-00599727-00600151 doing badly the dollar will collapse.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01370-00600151-00600484 So the dollar has been under a lot of pressure lately because the US economy is not doing
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01371-00600484-00600779 very well compared to the rest of the world
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01372-00600779-00601143 on the basis of certain measures.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01373-00601143-00601449 But then speculators will intervene and claim that wrong measure are being applied.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01374-00601449-00602059 And if they can persuade you of this, the values will change and they will make a bundle of money
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01375-00602059-00602443 on the currency movement.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01376-00602443-00602580 George Soros made
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01377-00602580-00603024 two billion in about five days by speculating on
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01378-00603024-00603724 the value of the British pound against the European exchange rate mechanism.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01379-00603826-00604302 He was actually able to force those kinds of things to happen.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01380-00604302-00605084 So here you see that built into Marx's argument
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01381-00605084-00605233 is a very interesting way of understanding
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01382-00605233-00605752 the connectivity between the very secure money commodity gold,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01383-00605752-00605969 with which Marx began his
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01384-00605969-00606161 analysis of money, to this
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01385-00606332-00606742 real, problematical, universal money emerging out of the M-C-M circuit in the end,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01386-00606742-00606932 with all of these broader issues.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01387-00606932-00607238 I think he did a pretty good job
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01388-00607238-00607615 and we can build on it. Of course much has changed since
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01389-00607615-00608395 Marx's time and we have to
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01390-00608395-00608751 take those transformations into account,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01391-00608751-00609256 but it seems to me he set up a very useful argument
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01392-00609256-00609857 to contemplate our current situation.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01393-00609857-00610265 Building on his arguments we can go quite far towards understand many of the contradictions
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01394-00610265-00610454 which exist
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01395-00610454-00610751 within our contemporary
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01396-00610751-00611057 political economic system.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01397-00611057-00611753 So it's interesting that something like the sub-prime mortgage crisis, given my own background,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01398-00611753-00612096 it has been obvious that there would be a crash
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01399-00612096-00612300 in property markets
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01400-00612300-00612457 sooner or later.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01401-00612457-00612813 I thought it would occur about two or three years ago, but they managed to stave it off.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01402-00612813-00613229 But now it's with us and the question is: how far will that go
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01403-00613229-00613559 before they can shift to something else,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01404-00613559-00613910 some other fictitious form?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01405-00613910-00614180 But behind this, of course, lies
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01406-00614180-00614372 the emergence of
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01407-00614372-00614636 imaginary forms.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01408-00614636-00615051 Note how Marx emphasizes the imaginary qualities of all of this.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01409-00615051-00615520 We imagine it to be this, we imagine it to be that.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01410-00615520-00615868 And we cannot do without that imaginary
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01411-00615868-00616080 stuff going on.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01412-00616080-00616197 In fact
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01413-00616197-00616430 that is what allows the system to function.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01414-00616430-00616564 It's built into it.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01415-00616564-00616821 It's not as if we can say:
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01416-00616821-00616957 get rid of all the fetishism,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01417-00616957-00617355 get rid of all of that imaginary stuff and then we'll be ok.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01418-00617355-00617678 No, we couldn't do that.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01419-00617678-00618175 These things are socially necessary, they're embedded within the capitalist system.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01420-00618175-00618344 That raises the question: well
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01421-00618344-00618459 what we do about it?,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01422-00618459-00618655 how do we confront them?,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01423-00618655-00619285 and what do we do about their obvious problematic consequences?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01424-00619285-00619547 So these are the sorts of issues that this
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01425-00619547-00619941 chapter raises.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01426-00619941-00620305 A final point this chapter raises is the
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01427-00620305-00620659 interesting question as to how much of it do you really need to understand
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01428-00620659-00621024 the rest of volume one of Capital?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01429-00621024-00621123 And the answer is:
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01430-00621123-00621465 not much. (laughter)
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01431-00621465-00621709 The rest of Capital
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01432-00621709-00622017 uses certain basic propositions out of here
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01433-00622017-00622226 which can be reduced to
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01434-00622226-00622441 four or five arguments
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01435-00622441-00622781 and then goes on with the analysis.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01436-00622781-00623188 What Marx was trying to do here was to lay a basis,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01437-00623188-00623557 as he was in the preceding chapters,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01438-00623557-00623909 for a magnum opus i.e. the work that was going to include
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01439-00623909-00624698 an understanding of credit systems, financial institutions and structures, and state interventions.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01440-00624698-00625069 He was really trying here to lay out
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01441-00625069-00625532 a systematic basis for a very much broader project.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01442-00625532-00625765 But you'll be happy to know
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01443-00625765-00626162 that you don't have to thoroughly understand all the nuances of this chapter, interesting and important though
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01444-00626162-00626671 they really are to our contemporary circumstances.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01445-00626671-00626916 You don't have to understand every nuance
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01446-00626916-00627616 in order to move into the next chapters which are much simpler and more direct.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01447-00627836-00628209 So you're over the worst of it (laughter).
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01448-00628209-00628465 We can now start the easy part.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01449-00628465-00628859 We have a few minutes for questions, I'm sorry I have taken so long, but this is a difficult
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01450-00628859-00629166 and intricate chapter,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01451-00629166-00629335 which needs a lot of
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01452-00629335-00629498 elabouration in order
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01453-00629498-00629784 to get it straight.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01454-00629784-00630412 Any kind of comments, questions?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01455-00630412-00630576 »STUDENT:When you're talking about the accumulation of
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01456-00630576-00630713 things and about upper limits, I went
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01457-00630713-00631087 to visit Yankee Candle just to see what that was
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01458-00631087-00631287 all about. And next to it they had opened a car museum,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01459-00631287-00631432 a very large car museum, and I walked around it
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01460-00631432-00631828 and realized that all the cars seemed to have a personal angle on the display cases and the descriptions.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01461-00631828-00632259 It turned out the museum was the vast personal collection
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01462-00632259-00632673 of the owner and founder of the Yankee Candle.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01463-00632673-00632799 It was just a garage, so large that it was now a museum,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01464-00632799-00633179 and you payed to go in, but the owner drove them in and out
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01465-00633179-00633740 whenever he wanted. And there was no limit, it was huge.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01466-00633740-00633977 »HARVEY:Not the same as what you could get with
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01467-00633977-00634256 twenty billion dollars.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01468-00634256-00634834 And that's the point, that people do accumulate large quantities of things like that, but
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01469-00634834-00635521 how many yachts can you have?, how many residencies can you have?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01470-00635521-00635868 On the use-value side there are these limitations,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01471-00635868-00636244 so it's the limitless capacity of
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01472-00636244-00636558 the accumulation of money power
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01473-00636558-00637098 that will be very important to look at; one of the major propositions, of course, in
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01474-00637098-00637638 the rest of Capital is the limitlessness of this.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01475-00637638-00637961 »HARVEY: Yes.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01476-00637961-00638661 »STUDENT:I'm just curious about paper money, when paper money first starts showing up in…what are you saying in terms of this as a historical or a logical development?
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01477-00639044-00639451 »HARVEY:Well scrip and things like that have been around for very long time, in various
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01478-00639451-00639923 forms. So paper representations as well as tokens have been
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01479-00639923-00640105 around for a long time.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01480-00640105-00640495 Which goes back to my original argument about the monetary form, that
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01481-00640495-00640882 monetary forms have been around a very long time. The interesting question is how all of
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01482-00640882-00641094 those forms
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01483-00641094-00641670 actually became assembled around the capitalist definition of what money is.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01484-00641670-00641929 The same thing applies to temporality.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01485-00641929-00642461 It's not as if capitalism invented temporality.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01486-00642461-00642926 Every society has its own definitions of temporality and spatiality .
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01487-00642926-00643145 There's a long
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01488-00643145-00643507 history in the anthropological and historical record of that.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01489-00643507-00643848 But what happens is that capitalism starts to insist upon
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01490-00643848-00644376 certain definitions of temporality.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01491-00644376-00644729 For instance we're in one right now: it's eight thirty and you all want to go home.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01492-00644729-00645113 Now if you're really interested in learning you would want to stay here until five in the
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01493-00645113-00645482 morning, right? (laughter)
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01494-00645482-00646054 You're being very nice… But you see what I mean.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01495-00646054-00646465 Here we have this kind of definition of temporality which is in the
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01496-00646465-00646880 school calendar so for example we we start in here and we finish off there.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01497-00646880-00647084 It's all built in,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01498-00647084-00647545 and we accept it as normal, so it becomes normalized. Whereas
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01499-00647730-00648110 I can certainly remember intellectual discussions in my youth, when all
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01500-00648110-00648382 things were wonderful,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01501-00648382-00648819 which went on all day and all night,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01502-00648819-00649232 and we were not limited by anything. I mean, we skipped classes
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01503-00649426-00649946 and then had a discussion instead; it was a different notion of temporality
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01504-00649946-00651008 The problem was there was nothing else to do, and the classes were very boring.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01505-00651008-00651177 So, I think these definitions are
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01506-00651304-00651725 contingent, and this is also what Marx is arguing throughout the book,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01507-00651834-00652245 namely that the categories of political economy are contingent upon the rise of capitalism.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01508-00652245-00652692 The notion of temporality is specific; capitalism has a specific temporality,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01509-00652692-00652979 which is what E.P. Thompson talks about, namely
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01510-00652979-00653222 the rise of industrial work discipline,
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01511-00653222-00653534 what that entailed and how that was enforced.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01512-00653534-00653784 And we'll also see some of that coming up
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01513-00653784-00654093 in Marx's Capital.
+Kr5LECV3cXu-01514-00654093-00654653 OK, so we leave it there and will continue this saga next week.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00000-00000840-00001016 Sime wants to go home. I´m  going to continue the journey.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00001-00001058-00001216 But before I want to show you something.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00002-00003210-00003586 episode 19: the fryer of youth
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00003-00003632-00003852 Fat Suit mass production Based on the collected data of Adipositron this multi purpose combat suit was developed.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00004-00003858-00004092 The wearer swims in a fryer, which heats up the mood and as a lubricant increases agility .  Further the whole body unction provides supple skin and a general wellbeing. The suit is a true fountain of youth.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00005-00004124-00004270 I need one of these suits.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00006-00004274-00004438 And a roofing felt.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00007-00004958-00005094 Attention! Attention!
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00008-00005108-00005378 We are now jumping into combat area.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00009-00009086-00009214 The planet is a hologram.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00010-00011174-00011354 Presumably, someone else used Adipositron´s data, too.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00011-00012398-00012624 This is truly a fountain of youth.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00012-00012638-00012810 I feel great.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00013-00013697-00013941 You feel only this well...
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00014-00013960-00014260 ...because you are dead.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00015-00014296-00014690 But your software is still needed in the past...
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00016-00014700-00015090 ...to animate the Schlauchtussi prototype.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00017-00018014-00018188 Fleets 2 to 6 destroyed!
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00018-00018274-00018436 Who wants a rescue-cookie? NEW Two sorts: Teleportation, reanimation. Yummy!
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00019-00018514-00018688 Van Burnscum is on the line.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00020-00018756-00018910 What are you idiots doing? The whole timeline is changing here.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00021-00018912-00019084 Our Schlauchtussi-prototype is running amok and Francois´ stolen Fleet has an upgrade.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00022-00019362-00019528 We are busy right now.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00023-00024758-00024914 Is this the corpse?
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00024-00024920-00025096 Yes, it has fizzled out.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00025-00025122-00025272 We should bury it.
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00026-00025286-00025414 What's got into you?
+KwwfBTt-Wpc-00027-00026662-00026883 And next time at Adipositron:
+K-ROB1hCESu-00000-00000936-00001720 I might get it started properly I think, although I know other people will be joining us. So hello
+K-ROB1hCESu-00001-00001720-00002320 everyone, and a very good afternoon from a very sunny north London. Good morning, afternoon or
+K-ROB1hCESu-00002-00002320-00002864 evening to you wherever you may be and whatever the weather may be like. Welcome to the fifth
+K-ROB1hCESu-00003-00002864-00003328 TICTeC Civic Tech Surgery, organised by mySociety and supported by the National Endowment for
+K-ROB1hCESu-00004-00003328-00004047 Democracy. Today's event focuses on learning from climate action: how can civic tech drive impactful
+K-ROB1hCESu-00005-00004047-00004584 societal change? I'm Gavin Freeguard, a freelancer consultant working with mySociety on the TICTeC
+K-ROB1hCESu-00006-00004584-00005040 Labs programme; among other things, I'm also an associate at the Institute for Government think
+K-ROB1hCESu-00007-00005040-00005544 tank and a special advisor at the Open Data Institute here in the UK, and I'm your chair,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00008-00005544-00006168 facilitator and host for today's event. Do tell us who you are and why you're here in the chat,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00009-00006168-00006623 if you'd like to introduce yourselves. It's wonderful to have you all with us. Over the next
+K-ROB1hCESu-00010-00006623-00007088 couple of hours we're going to discuss some of the opportunities, challenges and dilemmas we face
+K-ROB1hCESu-00011-00007088-00007631 as a global civic tech community when it comes to climate action. mySociety has started doing
+K-ROB1hCESu-00012-00007631-00008104 a lot more work in this area over the last few years - in fact in September we'll be holding
+K-ROB1hCESu-00013-00008104-00008592 another event, showcasing projects that are using data and digital technology to tackle
+K-ROB1hCESu-00014-00008592-00009088 climate change at a local level. We're looking for speakers for that; details will appear in the chat
+K-ROB1hCESu-00015-00009088-00009584 at some point if you'd like to get involved. But as for today's event, for these first 10 minutes
+K-ROB1hCESu-00016-00009584-00010048 or so I'm going to outline how it's all going to work, give you a bit more background on what we're
+K-ROB1hCESu-00017-00010048-00010520 hoping to achieve with the TICTeC Labs programmme, of which this event is part; we'll explore some
+K-ROB1hCESu-00018-00010520-00010944 questions about civic tech and climate action with the help of some fantastic speakers and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00019-00010944-00011360 with all of you having the chance to share your thoughts as well; and then we'll think about what
+K-ROB1hCESu-00020-00011360-00011840 might help solve some of the challenges that we've surfaced with a view to commissioning a solution.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00021-00012000-00012512 Some quick housekeeping: first, today's event is on the record. It's being recorded and will be
+K-ROB1hCESu-00022-00012512-00013032 published online afterwards, along with minutes of today's event. You should be able to access a live
+K-ROB1hCESu-00023-00013032-00013544 transcript here on Zoom: please let us know in the chat if you can't. You're very welcome to share
+K-ROB1hCESu-00024-00013544-00014119 details of the event on social media, should it be working - I understand that certain websites might
+K-ROB1hCESu-00025-00014119-00014616 currently be down. It's #TICTeC if they are up and running again. And if you'd like to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00026-00014616-00015096 contribute today's discussion you can use the chat here on Zoom and you can use the Padlet
+K-ROB1hCESu-00027-00015096-00015600 board that you'll soon get a link to if you've not had it already. If you've not used Padlet before
+K-ROB1hCESu-00028-00015600-00015968 you'll see it has the questions we're going to discuss and space for you to add your thoughts
+K-ROB1hCESu-00029-00015968-00016480 and comments by clicking on the plus signs. Please feel free to populate that throughout the event.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00030-00016552-00017008 There'll also be a few opportunities later to unmute your mic and tell us you're thinking as
+K-ROB1hCESu-00031-00017008-00017568 well. Now for a quick introduction to the TICTeC Labs programme, which is run by mySociety with
+K-ROB1hCESu-00032-00017568-00018056 support from the National Endowment for Democracy. The aim is to discuss and tackle some of the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00033-00018056-00018544 biggest challenges facing the global civic tech and digital democracy sector. We want to grow the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00034-00018544-00019080 civic tech evidence base, address some key issues and enhance the effectiveness and potential impact
+K-ROB1hCESu-00035-00019080-00019816 of civic tech projects. TICTeC, which stands for The Impact of Civic TEChnology conference, started
+K-ROB1hCESu-00036-00019816-00020344 as an annual global in-person conference in 2015. We hope there'll be another in-person event in
+K-ROB1hCESu-00037-00020344-00020872 the future, but in the meantime we've converted it into this year-round TICTeC Labs programme.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00038-00021000-00021464 Our steering group - you can see them on the right - identified six big challenges common
+K-ROB1hCESu-00039-00021464-00021952 to civic tech around the world. You can see those on the left as well as today's subject,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00040-00021952-00022408 climate action. We've so far covered subjects including accessibility, quality information,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00041-00022408-00022920 and storytelling and we have one more event in September on civic tech in hostile environments.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00042-00023048-00023512 For each of those six topics we have organised - or will organise - a civic tech surgery
+K-ROB1hCESu-00043-00023512-00023976 like today's to delve further into some common challenges and possible solutions.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00044-00023976-00024464 After each surgery there'll be an Action Lab, a small working group of around six people
+K-ROB1hCESu-00045-00024464-00024832 who commission a piece of work to help solve one of the challenges that we raise.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00046-00024832-00025280 If you're interested in getting involved in that we'll tell you how to do so at the end of today's
+K-ROB1hCESu-00047-00025280-00025832 event. So by the end of the programme in 2023, we hope we'll have six pieces of commissioned work
+K-ROB1hCESu-00048-00025832-00026232 as well as increased connections and learning across the global civic tech community.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00049-00026295-00026712 This is our fifth civic tech surgery; we've commissioned some work on public-private
+K-ROB1hCESu-00050-00026712-00027127 partnerships from the first one and accessibility and inclusivity from the second.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00051-00027127-00027576 We currently have a live call for proposals for developing resources around accessing quality
+K-ROB1hCESu-00052-00027576-00028080 information on our website from the third; and our fourth Action Lab on storytelling and reach will
+K-ROB1hCESu-00053-00028080-00028576 be meeting in the next few weeks. You can find much more information on all of that on the TICTeC
+K-ROB1hCESu-00054-00028576-00029344 Labs website. So today we are focusing on civic tech and climate action and in particular this big
+K-ROB1hCESu-00055-00029344-00029960 overarching question: how can civic tech enable people to coordinate action so that it's greater
+K-ROB1hCESu-00056-00029960-00030495 than the sum of its parts? So how can we build something bigger than individual intentions
+K-ROB1hCESu-00057-00030632-00031127 underneath that big question? Our objectives for today are to discuss the opportunities and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00058-00031127-00031632 challenges in using civic tech to encourage people to change their behaviour to help combat climate
+K-ROB1hCESu-00059-00031632-00032144 change and its effects; to think about possible solutions to the challenges that we raise;
+K-ROB1hCESu-00060-00032144-00032576 and last but definitely not least to explore how the TICTeC Action Lab that
+K-ROB1hCESu-00061-00032576-00032992 will come together after this surgery can help address one of the common challenges
+K-ROB1hCESu-00062-00032992-00033504 by commissioning a relevant piece of work. This is how we're going to do that: first we'll go to our
+K-ROB1hCESu-00063-00033504-00033936 excellent speakers, whom I'll introduce shortly, and begin with the opportunities specifically
+K-ROB1hCESu-00064-00033936-00034344 asking them about the projects they've been working on. There'll then be some time for
+K-ROB1hCESu-00065-00034344-00034768 all of you joining us to do some silent working on the Padlet board and tell us what you've been
+K-ROB1hCESu-00066-00034768-00035208 working on as well. We'll then ask our speakers to reflect on that and there may be a chance to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00067-00035208-00035776 unmute your microphone during that bit we'll then follow the same format going to our speakers, then
+K-ROB1hCESu-00068-00035776-00036280 some silent Padlet working then some reflections when looking at what challenges we have seen or
+K-ROB1hCESu-00069-00036280-00036904 experienced when it comes to driving using civic technology. We'll then do the same thing again:
+K-ROB1hCESu-00070-00036904-00037384 speakers, Padlet, reflection for thinking about how we or others have tried to tackle those
+K-ROB1hCESu-00071-00037384-00037960 challenges and dilemmas; and then we'll move on to the final part of today's event. We have up to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00072-00037960-00038552 US $3,760 to commission a solution to some of the challenges we've identified, so we'll be thinking
+K-ROB1hCESu-00073-00038552-00039048 about what work it could be useful to commission. Again, we'll start with some silent working on the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00074-00039048-00039464 Padlet board and then get into discussion and at the very end I'll tell you how you can get
+K-ROB1hCESu-00075-00039464-00039912 involved in the Action Lab that will decide what commission that builds on all of those ideas.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00076-00040048-00040464 That's very nearly it from me: it's now time to introduce our brilliant speakers who are
+K-ROB1hCESu-00077-00040464-00040928 going to share their experiences and kickstart our discussions today. You can hopefully see
+K-ROB1hCESu-00078-00040928-00041384 pictures of them on your screen now. They are: Laura Brown, the chief marketing officer of
+K-ROB1hCESu-00079-00041384-00041960 I See Change, a climate platform that's enabling individuals to take action against climate change.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00080-00041960-00042384 After 12 years working on strategy for some of the world's biggest publishers such as Lonely Planet,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00081-00042384-00042824 Politico and the Economist, Laura committed to shifting her work towards fighting climate change
+K-ROB1hCESu-00082-00042824-00043304 after a tornado hit her neighbourhood in East Nashville just before the pandemic lockdowns.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00083-00043384-00043928 We also have Jacopo Ottaviani, an award-winning computer scientist and data scientist who manages
+K-ROB1hCESu-00084-00043928-00044480 Code for Africa's data portfolio including its data academy. As Chief Data Officer,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00085-00044480-00044944 his data journalism projects have been published by Thomson Reuters Foundation, Der Spiegel, El
+K-ROB1hCESu-00086-00044944-00045456 Pais, Al Jazeera and Internazionale among others, and include a drone mapping and water sensors
+K-ROB1hCESu-00087-00045456-00045960 project in Nigeria which won the Sigma award; and the Lungs of the Earth immersive journey across
+K-ROB1hCESu-00088-00045960-00046520 the rainforests of the world. And we also have Laurence Watson, head of technology at Subak,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00089-00046520-00047008 an accelerator that helps find, fund and scale organisations and individuals who are saving
+K-ROB1hCESu-00090-00047008-00047424 the planet. He's been at the intersection of climate tech and policy for 10 years,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00091-00047424-00048008 co-founding data science consultancy Future Energy Associates and working at carbon tracker Ember and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00092-00048008-00048480 the UK Parliament. We're very grateful to all of them as well as to all of you for joining us
+K-ROB1hCESu-00093-00048536-00049112 for the discussion today. So hopefully that will make sense. If you've got any questions at any
+K-ROB1hCESu-00094-00049112-00049608 point please pop them in the chat; if you've got any thoughts as we go do share them in the chat
+K-ROB1hCESu-00095-00049608-00050184 as well or under the appropriate question on the Padlet board. So I'm going to stop sharing
+K-ROB1hCESu-00096-00050184-00050696 my screen now. So hello to all of you and so we're going to embark on the first section
+K-ROB1hCESu-00097-00050696-00051248 of today's event which is going to be starting with our speakers. I'm asking the question, "What
+K-ROB1hCESu-00098-00051248-00051832 civic tech climate action projects are you working on or have you worked on?". That relates to column
+K-ROB1hCESu-00099-00051832-00052296 one of the Padlet, for those of you that have that open, and I'll ask each of our speakers to share
+K-ROB1hCESu-00100-00052296-00052696 their thoughts for around five minutes each, then we'll have five minutes of silent working
+K-ROB1hCESu-00101-00052696-00053264 to add ideas to the Padlet, to the chat, and then we'll have a further five minutes or so to reflect
+K-ROB1hCESu-00102-00053264-00053776 and discuss. So, what civic tech climate action projects are you working on or have worked on?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00103-00053776-00054391 I'll go to Laura for our first contribution. LAURA: Hi everyone, it's great to be here.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00104-00054464-00054976 So I'm Laura, I work with I See Change; we're a platform based in the United States that's
+K-ROB1hCESu-00105-00054976-00055600 connecting cities and residents on climate impacts. Cities, engineers and utilities use
+K-ROB1hCESu-00106-00055600-00056152 our software to connect with their communities, validate climate models and build infrastructure.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00107-00056208-00056752 I See Change is helping to develop a climate response plan that is in the right places,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00108-00056752-00057328 designed to the right sizes and built for the right reasons. And please ignore the two cats that
+K-ROB1hCESu-00109-00057328-00058016 will pop into the screen at various times, it's unstoppable, I can't do anything about it. OK,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00110-00058072-00058536 so, decisions that we make in the next five years are going to impact everyone for the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00111-00058536-00059216 next 50 years. We're in this really crucial time where decisions need to be made on how and where
+K-ROB1hCESu-00112-00059272-00059808 to make these large investments for cities to increase their resiliency and their response
+K-ROB1hCESu-00113-00059808-00060591 to climate change. Some things that I See Change is doing in Miami, in South Florida, the city is
+K-ROB1hCESu-00114-00060736-00061440 fighting really hard against sea level rise. The city's slowly falling into the sea, flood events
+K-ROB1hCESu-00115-00061440-00062232 are increasing every year. We are working directly with the city to deploy before and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00116-00062232-00062848 during flood events, so that residents are able to report storm drains that have been clogged for
+K-ROB1hCESu-00117-00062991-00063400 flooding in particular areas, so that the city is able to deploy resources.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00118-00063496-00064224 We're also working with the ocean conservancy to help residents report pollution. The thing that
+K-ROB1hCESu-00119-00064224-00065096 happens when cities flood is all of the litter that accumulates on the side of the road, it
+K-ROB1hCESu-00120-00065096-00065600 floods, it flows out to the ocean. That causes a whole bunch of different issues. So we're working
+K-ROB1hCESu-00121-00065600-00066280 on several different fronts in Miami, in New Orleans which is in Louisiana - again another city
+K-ROB1hCESu-00122-00066280-00066960 that's really really susceptible to flooding and sea level rise. We're working with local community
+K-ROB1hCESu-00123-00066960-00067680 organisations and NGOs to make sure that the city has the resources it needs to deploy in more
+K-ROB1hCESu-00124-00067744-00068456 low-income neighbourhoods. We've helped generate over 25 million dollars in storm infrastructure to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00125-00068456-00069248 low-income neighbourhoods that would have not necessarily gotten it otherwise. So we're really
+K-ROB1hCESu-00126-00069248-00069872 focused on helping cities communicate with the residents on climate impacts that are, on a
+K-ROB1hCESu-00127-00069872-00070632 daily basis, during major storm events, impacting their lives, and we are helping to make sure that
+K-ROB1hCESu-00128-00070632-00071376 the cities have the information and the data they need to distribute the funds that they're getting
+K-ROB1hCESu-00129-00071376-00072104 in a more equitable manner and in a way that is enhancing community trust around the issue.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00130-00072612-00072712 GAVIN:
+K-ROB1hCESu-00131-00072712-00073032 Excellent, thank you Laura, plenty to be getting on with there;
+K-ROB1hCESu-00132-00073216-00073488 thank you for sharing that with us and let's go to Jacopo.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00133-00073604-00074352 JACOPO: OK, thank you, thank you for having me. Jacopo here from Italy. Thanks for introducing
+K-ROB1hCESu-00134-00074352-00075040 me. I think you were very nice to me with your words! I'm a computer scientist who works at
+K-ROB1hCESu-00135-00075040-00075712 Code for Africa, so I'm one of the few Europeans working in this non-profit organisation based in
+K-ROB1hCESu-00136-00075712-00076472 South Africa, and I work specifically on data journalism initiatives. We focus on
+K-ROB1hCESu-00137-00076536-00077184 training and mentoring and making grants for journalists from several African countries.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00138-00077336-00078264 More specifically, we're working on an initiative called the Lungs of the Earth which wants to train
+K-ROB1hCESu-00139-00078264-00078816 and mentor central African journalists, so journalists who are based in the Congo Basin
+K-ROB1hCESu-00140-00078904-00079424 region. That includes Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Cameroon,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00141-00079560-00080400 also DRC and a few other countries where there is a very very large rainforest - one of the three
+K-ROB1hCESu-00142-00080400-00081200 largest rainforests in the world - and which is unfortunately quite underreported on the news,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00143-00081200-00081744 but it's facing issues like deforestation and other climate change related issues;
+K-ROB1hCESu-00144-00081880-00082696 wildfires, environmental exploitation, extractive industries, illegal mining
+K-ROB1hCESu-00145-00082752-00083568 and many other problems affect the Congo Basin. So Code for Africa set an objective that is, let's
+K-ROB1hCESu-00146-00083568-00084424 use data and satellite images to report on illegal deforestation in Central Africa - but let's do it
+K-ROB1hCESu-00147-00084424-00085288 in cooperation with local journalists. So how to do that? We have a three main ingredients
+K-ROB1hCESu-00148-00085288-00085944 in our recipe, which is basically: training - data journalism training - show [people how] to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00149-00086088-00086600 clean data, how to visualise data, how to include data into journalism stories
+K-ROB1hCESu-00150-00086600-00087408 specifically on climate change and deforestation; second, we offer one-on-one mentorship sessions
+K-ROB1hCESu-00151-00087408-00088000 for journalists who want to improve their methodology, using for example research data,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00152-00088000-00088512 academic data - so we connect journalists with researchers from universities globally,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00153-00088720-00089432 and who can learn the scientific aspect of the issues that affect their daily lives or their
+K-ROB1hCESu-00154-00089432-00090064 communities; and number three, we make grants. So we offer financial support for journalists
+K-ROB1hCESu-00155-00090064-00090704 who want to spend a few months on the story but don't have the means to do that for any reason.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00156-00090848-00091432 Lungs of the Earth is still ongoing: we created the first iteration
+K-ROB1hCESu-00157-00091504-00092240 of stories in between 2020 and 2021 and I'm gonna share a list of stories that emerged
+K-ROB1hCESu-00158-00092296-00093160 from this project. The journalists all work with local newspapers, radio stations, TV stations,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00159-00093160-00093928 so basically they raise awareness around climate change within their communities but they also
+K-ROB1hCESu-00160-00093928-00094392 publish online so people from everywhere can read their stories. And it's very interesting
+K-ROB1hCESu-00161-00094392-00094920 to read these stories from an African perspective rather than the usual stories that we can read,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00162-00094920-00095640 for example on European media or the BBC, CNN and the all the media we know very well. It's super
+K-ROB1hCESu-00163-00095640-00096360 interesting to see how this problem is perceived by African journalists and give them the tools
+K-ROB1hCESu-00164-00096416-00097256 to improve their methodologies and to use data. Maybe it's worth mentioning the main
+K-ROB1hCESu-00165-00097352-00098120 supporters of this initiative: one is Global Forest Watch which is an online database made by
+K-ROB1hCESu-00166-00098120-00098720 the World Resources Institute. It's online so if you google 'global forest watch' you can actually
+K-ROB1hCESu-00167-00098720-00099544 explore on an interactive map deforestation in real time and also wildfires in real time - or
+K-ROB1hCESu-00168-00099544-00100216 near real time. And we wanted these journalists to use this database to tell new stories and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00169-00100280-00101024 connect the the data with human stories - that was another sub-objective of our project.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00170-00101024-00101568 So it's very interesting to read the data but it's also interesting to me, the human beings who are
+K-ROB1hCESu-00171-00101568-00102240 affected by the issues that are represented by the data. So the only way - or one of the few ways to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00172-00102240-00102744 do this is to work with local journalists who can meet with real human beings in their countries
+K-ROB1hCESu-00173-00102911-00103464 and I think I have five seconds left, I see the timer there, but we can we can
+K-ROB1hCESu-00174-00103464-00104008 continue chatting about it. I'll drop the link. GAVIN: Fantastic, thank you Jacopo again. A huge
+K-ROB1hCESu-00175-00104008-00104344 amount of work and also really interesting different approaches that you and Laura
+K-ROB1hCESu-00176-00104344-00104832 have talked about of civic tech being able to do something about all of this. Laurence it's
+K-ROB1hCESu-00177-00104832-00105328 your turn to brave the fight for the timer. LAURENCE: Thanks Gavin, hi everyone, yeah
+K-ROB1hCESu-00178-00105328-00105935 very pleased to be here. I think I've worked for about four different not-for-profit groups focused
+K-ROB1hCESu-00179-00105935-00106656 around different climate issues and mostly with a data and tech and tool building hat on and that's
+K-ROB1hCESu-00180-00106656-00107200 my role at Subak which is an accelerator for not-for-profit organisations that are mostly data
+K-ROB1hCESu-00181-00107200-00107840 and technology driven. And the idea with Subak is to learn from what's happened in the startup
+K-ROB1hCESu-00182-00107840-00108383 world about massive growth and how that happens within organisations, and then obviously what
+K-ROB1hCESu-00183-00108383-00108768 we want to see is huge climate impact so we don't necessarily want to see huge revenue growth but we
+K-ROB1hCESu-00184-00108768-00109272 do want organisations to set out to have ambitious goals and then to work out what they need to do to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00185-00109272-00109783 get there. So the program that we run, we're on our second cohort. We've had 11 organisations go
+K-ROB1hCESu-00186-00109783-00110311 through it. We try and skill them up and and raise their capability levels and give them
+K-ROB1hCESu-00187-00110311-00110744 the coaching or help they need across a range of different issues from use of data and technology,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00188-00110744-00111240 to building products, to having their house in order from an organisational point of view. We
+K-ROB1hCESu-00189-00111240-00111744 also have an individual's programme for fellows where people can apply for a £10,000 grant to work
+K-ROB1hCESu-00190-00111744-00112376 on open climate data projects that we hope will augment this, and we are also looking to think
+K-ROB1hCESu-00191-00112376-00112944 about where there are systemic issues in the space. And we started by saying, we think data is
+K-ROB1hCESu-00192-00112944-00113416 maybe poorly used. There's a lot of duplication of efforts, there isn't a huge embrace of openness
+K-ROB1hCESu-00193-00113416-00113759 and the sort of open source that's worked so well in the private sector; there's a lot of people
+K-ROB1hCESu-00194-00113759-00114264 feeling very protective about their data and so we really wanted to see if we could start a cultural
+K-ROB1hCESu-00195-00114264-00114848 shift about that. So we started by building a data portal - a traditional data portal - called the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00196-00114848-00115311 Climate Data Catalogue, and we have various other ideas about how to improve service design and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00197-00115311-00115856 have that be the thin end of wedge that allows organisations to open up - but it's also about
+K-ROB1hCESu-00198-00115856-00116328 how innovators and changemakers (which can include like anybody, you know, any citizen) how they find
+K-ROB1hCESu-00199-00116328-00116728 the right data and how they answer the questions that's relevant to them. So it's a curated portal.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00200-00116728-00117216 We want to say, "What do people need to answer the questions and to have an impact?", and then to try
+K-ROB1hCESu-00201-00117216-00117728 and ensure that their needs are being met or that they have a mechanism to find the answers that
+K-ROB1hCESu-00202-00117728-00118192 they they need. So that's Subak, and I'll just very quickly mention two other projects that I've
+K-ROB1hCESu-00203-00118192-00118672 worked on because I think they have different lessons for this whole talk. Going backwards
+K-ROB1hCESu-00204-00118672-00119168 in time, one was called Score the European Parliament, which is around helping citizens
+K-ROB1hCESu-00205-00119168-00119568 choose who to vote for for MEPs, and there isn't a huge amount of coverage about MEPs,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00206-00119568-00120024 and there's a huge amount of votes, so we wanted to say, 'How is an ordinary citizen meant to know
+K-ROB1hCESu-00207-00120024-00120544 who they should pick?'. So the idea was that we would highlight specific votes chosen by experts,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00208-00120544-00121064 and then present that in a dashboard for people. I'll drop the links in a second. So that was an
+K-ROB1hCESu-00209-00121064-00121504 interesting, a different one. And then going even further back, Louise Crow is on the call, who's
+K-ROB1hCESu-00210-00121504-00121983 Chief Exec of mySociety but she used to be the developer with an org called Sandbag, and I then
+K-ROB1hCESu-00211-00122096-00122711 took over from her as she went back to mySociety. And Sandbag did a lot of things, but it was trying
+K-ROB1hCESu-00212-00122711-00123248 to reform the European carbon market, and they had built a system whereby any individual could
+K-ROB1hCESu-00213-00123248-00123728 buy a carbon permit and retire it, and cancel a ton of carbon that would otherwise have been
+K-ROB1hCESu-00214-00123800-00124344 emitted by a European steel plant. And there was various reasons why that was complicated
+K-ROB1hCESu-00215-00124344-00124816 but it would also be symbolic because we would also campaign and ask for a change, so we'd say,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00216-00124816-00125359 look, all these people have have cancelled one ton, can't you as European policymakers also do
+K-ROB1hCESu-00217-00125359-00126152 your bit and reform the entire system? Let me just pop those in. So yeah the Score EP website is is
+K-ROB1hCESu-00218-00126152-00126576 still there but it's a bit of an artifact because it's not updated and the Sandbag cancelled permits
+K-ROB1hCESu-00219-00126664-00127111 now no longer exists in that organisation, has moved on, but it's interesting to see it come
+K-ROB1hCESu-00220-00127111-00127624 back around with this huge amount of discussion around voluntary carbon markets and carbon offsets
+K-ROB1hCESu-00221-00127624-00128144 and that there is this huge appetite for people to find ways where they can turn money into carbon
+K-ROB1hCESu-00222-00128144-00128672 reductions. And of course the the premise is so attractive, it's so easy that anyone,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00223-00128672-00129128 whatever company or individual, you can just spend some money and you will have a an impact
+K-ROB1hCESu-00224-00129128-00129535 and it's a nice concept. Of course there's a huge amount of subtlety and nuance and a
+K-ROB1hCESu-00225-00129535-00130064 whole industry developing about how we measure and verify and educate and make people care,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00226-00130128-00130600 you know, at the point of purchase, but as I said the Climate Data Catalogue is my main thing
+K-ROB1hCESu-00227-00130600-00131032 at the moment, so very keen to get feedback. And so thanks for your feedback as well,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00228-00131032-00131408 I know some of you have already looked at this, but I'll I'll stop there for now.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00229-00131500-00132096 GAVIN: Brilliant, thank you Laurence. Again, huge diversity in the different civic tech approaches
+K-ROB1hCESu-00230-00132096-00132608 to tackling some of these problems. What we're going to do now is give you around three minutes
+K-ROB1hCESu-00231-00132608-00133048 of silent working on the Padlet - particularly the first column. So you've got an opportunity to tell
+K-ROB1hCESu-00232-00133048-00133384 us about some of the projects you're involved in. There's some really interesting ones out
+K-ROB1hCESu-00233-00133384-00133832 there already from people on this call, and who couldn't make this call today. And after those
+K-ROB1hCESu-00234-00133832-00134240 three minutes I'll then go back to our speakers for some reflections: what they've heard and what
+K-ROB1hCESu-00235-00134240-00134728 else they've seen. Again, feel free to put some questions in the chat if you'd like to, and if
+K-ROB1hCESu-00236-00134728-00135224 you'd like to come in and unmute your mic in that section as well, once we've worked on the Padlet,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00237-00135224-00135592 do say so in the chat as it'll be great to hear from you about some of the other things
+K-ROB1hCESu-00238-00135592-00135920 that you're doing. But we're gonna start with that three minutes of silent working [....]
+K-ROB1hCESu-00239-00135992-00136832 and time's up. So if we look at the Padlet, we've got some work from mySociety on their prototyping,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00240-00136832-00137432 what to work on next. We've got KlimaWatch from Germany. We've got the Subak Climate
+K-ROB1hCESu-00241-00137432-00137912 Data Catalogue which we've heard about already. We've got the Climate Action Plan Explorer which
+K-ROB1hCESu-00242-00137912-00138520 is Climate Emergency UK and mySociety helping you to find what local councils are doing. We've
+K-ROB1hCESu-00243-00138520-00139264 then got VocalEyes who are a platform organising ideas and being able to crowdsource those and even
+K-ROB1hCESu-00244-00139264-00139840 manage participatory budgets to fund them. We've got productive online democratic discourse from
+K-ROB1hCESu-00245-00139840-00140416 EnCiv. We've got an 'eco event in a box', so crowdsourced tips and ideas if you want to run
+K-ROB1hCESu-00246-00140416-00140928 an event locally. And we've got the Cambridge Carbon Map which is in development, combining
+K-ROB1hCESu-00247-00140928-00141416 emissions disclosure by local organisations and their sustainability initiatives to inspire and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00248-00141416-00142008 inform their peers and encourage collaboration. Excellent, again quite a broad sweep of different
+K-ROB1hCESu-00249-00142008-00142552 approaches there and I'm going to go back to our speakers shortly. I'll go in the order: Laura,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00250-00142552-00143008 Jacopo and then Laurence to reflect on what they've seen and anything else they've thought
+K-ROB1hCESu-00251-00143008-00143392 about in the interim. Again if you've got any questions for them or if you would like to come
+K-ROB1hCESu-00252-00143392-00143848 off mute, you can tell us a bit more about what you're working on - please do say in the chat or
+K-ROB1hCESu-00253-00143848-00144560 use the raise hand tool and I'll bring you in as well. So Laura, what do you think about everything
+K-ROB1hCESu-00254-00144560-00145016 we've heard so far and seen on the Padlet? LAURA: Yeah, I think this is great.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00255-00145288-00146040 It seems like there are quite a lot of people working on this challenge, sort of broadly, and so
+K-ROB1hCESu-00256-00146040-00146560 I'm really excited to continue this conversation and see what solutions everyone can come up with.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00257-00146620-00147184 GAVIN: Excellent. Jacopo, how about you?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00258-00147184-00147832 iJACOPO: I'm really loving the list. I feel like some of these tools or approaches can be
+K-ROB1hCESu-00259-00147896-00148504 replicated in the global south, for example in Africa, but not only. Also in South East Asia
+K-ROB1hCESu-00260-00148504-00149136 for example, or in Latin America. I think that's the power of civic tech, especially when it's open
+K-ROB1hCESu-00261-00149136-00149736 source. So I see for example 'productive online democratic discourse' is an open source software
+K-ROB1hCESu-00262-00149832-00150572 which could be definitely useful in some of the places I work in. Yeah, loving these links.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00263-00150572-00151032 GAVIN: Excellent, and if people think of others during the course of the event
+K-ROB1hCESu-00264-00151032-00151508 do feel free to keep adding them to the Padlet as well. Laurence how about you?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00265-00151508-00152216 LAURENCE: Yeah, a really awesome project. I'm struck by how there's a very strong place-based
+K-ROB1hCESu-00266-00152216-00152808 theme, which I've heard from various other groups, environmental groups creating tools for
+K-ROB1hCESu-00267-00152808-00153216 climate action. I think Friends of the Earth has a really nice one in the UK about local action,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00268-00153216-00153752 and I guess I've always come from a sort of policy, top-down kind of thing, about saying,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00269-00153752-00154384 you know, 'What about system change?' and, 'How do we change policies?' and so what it makes me
+K-ROB1hCESu-00270-00154384-00154856 wonder is, how do we do it? Maybe they shouldn't be joined but we have this local level which
+K-ROB1hCESu-00271-00154856-00155232 is so meaningfu,l which are very validating for people. They can see a tangible impact,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00272-00155232-00155800 they can see a problem, they can work with their communities and then we have this, you know, OK,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00273-00155800-00156240 we need to vote for someone or we need to change a policy at a higher level - like, should we try and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00274-00156240-00156584 connect these things? Is it better to have them divorced and have different people focus on it?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00275-00156696-00157064 I'm really interested to hear how people think those two things should fit together.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00276-00157148-00157520 GAVIN: Thank you, that's a fantastic question. I don't know if anyone
+K-ROB1hCESu-00277-00157576-00158068 joining us today wants to come in on that or has anything else they'd like to say? Louise, yes.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00278-00158068-00158720 LOUISE: Yeah, I just wanted to come in on that. My instinct is, yes we've got to connect the two. I
+K-ROB1hCESu-00279-00158720-00159416 think it's still an open problem how to do that and Laura, you may have thoughts coming
+K-ROB1hCESu-00280-00159416-00159896 very much from that local world, but I think Laurence I agree with everything you say about
+K-ROB1hCESu-00281-00159896-00160688 the tangibleness. As life gets more complex these are complex 'wicked problems'. In your local area
+K-ROB1hCESu-00282-00160688-00161240 it starts to feel very crunchy, very real. You might even know the local politicians, you can
+K-ROB1hCESu-00283-00161240-00161872 certainly talk about very concrete projects. But I think in the UK and I suspect elsewhere,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00284-00161928-00162664 the big levers still belong to a higher level of government and so you've got to... I don't
+K-ROB1hCESu-00285-00162664-00163128 think we have any solutions but I think that is one of the big problems to chip away at as a
+K-ROB1hCESu-00286-00163216-00163996 loose group of organisations who are really interested in making significant change.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00287-00163996-00164552 GAVIN: Thanks Louise. Does anyone else have any views on on that particular question
+K-ROB1hCESu-00288-00164552-00164920 or indeed anything to do with the sort of projects that you're working on, or you've
+K-ROB1hCESu-00289-00164920-00165432 heard other people talk about already? Feel free to raise your hand using the 'raise hand'
+K-ROB1hCESu-00290-00165432-00165792 that should be down the bottom of your screen, or say in the chat that you'd like to come in.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00291-00166144-00166552 [Attendee] has made a very good point in the chat which is, obviously we have a,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00292-00166552-00166984 we essentially have a contest at the moment to be the next Prime Minister of the UK,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00293-00166984-00167488 here in the Conservative Party in Britain, and so some way of connecting with those candidates
+K-ROB1hCESu-00294-00167488-00168024 and setting them examinations on what they would do around climate change and Net Zero. Hopefully,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00295-00168024-00168784 Tory party members and our media will try and push them towards some of that. Excellent.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00296-00168784-00169216 So I think let's move on to the next section, and the next questions.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00297-00169216-00169576 We've looked at what everyone's doing and as for some of the opportunities
+K-ROB1hCESu-00298-00169576-00169968 and around civic tech and climate action, our next question is:
+K-ROB1hCESu-00299-00169968-00170488 "What challenges do you see, or what challenges have you already experienced
+K-ROB1hCESu-00300-00170488-00171040 when it comes to driving impactful change using civic technology?". Again, I'm going to go to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00301-00171040-00171448 our speakers first; we'll have a little silent work and then we'll have a bit of discussion.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00302-00171448-00172131 And so this time, the challenges that we've seen or experienced. I'm going to go first to Jacopo.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00303-00172131-00173120 JACOPO: Oh fantastic. OK, I was already thinking of how to summarise all the challenges that we had
+K-ROB1hCESu-00304-00173120-00173928 during our project, and I think we had to deal with a number of problems. First off,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00305-00174056-00174672 very concrete problems like for example poor connectivity in certain areas in central Africa,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00306-00174672-00175408 so the journalists we were working with had issues with their internet and access to the resources
+K-ROB1hCESu-00307-00175408-00176184 and webinars and online training sessions that we wanted to run, so we came up with a solution which
+K-ROB1hCESu-00308-00176184-00176976 is basically WhatsApp based training sessions which makes it possible because you can kind of
+K-ROB1hCESu-00309-00177056-00178080 send asynchronous material learning material on WhatsApp it can be a short video with a showcase
+K-ROB1hCESu-00310-00178080-00178616 session on how to use a data visualisation tool for example. It can be a list of
+K-ROB1hCESu-00311-00178768-00179384 resources that can be explored whenever they have access to the internet, but we need to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00312-00179552-00179920 keep in mind that some of our beneficiaries and partners
+K-ROB1hCESu-00313-00179920-00180592 are based in areas where the internet is still not very strong. Number two,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00314-00180736-00181048 do you want me to list all the challenges now or you want to kind of rotate?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00315-00181120-00181304 GAVIN: Go for it, it's pretty interesting.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00316-00181400-00182128 JACOPO: OK, the next one I have in mind is financial stability of newsrooms. In central
+K-ROB1hCESu-00317-00182128-00183048 Africa, some of these radio stations or newspapers or tv stations have real problems in terms of
+K-ROB1hCESu-00318-00183048-00183728 business model and financial sustainability, so I feel like we haven't really solved this
+K-ROB1hCESu-00319-00183784-00184528 really complex problem but I feel like it would be super useful to brainstorm and work together with
+K-ROB1hCESu-00320-00184528-00185048 the partners on their business models to make them more sustainable so they don't rely only
+K-ROB1hCESu-00321-00185048-00185760 on grants. I think grants can be very useful but I think they should also come up with the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00322-00185824-00186520 diversified revenue streams to make their work more sustainable. And then last but not least,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00323-00186608-00187552 I think that the diversity of our pool of journalists made our training more challenging,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00324-00187656-00188512 because some journalists had a little bit of data literacy others didn't. So we had to come up with
+K-ROB1hCESu-00325-00188512-00189200 different levels of complexity in our training, and sometimes very basic data literacy training
+K-ROB1hCESu-00326-00189200-00189744 can be super useful in certain communities where they've never used Excel, for example, before.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00327-00189952-00190688 So yeah, we need to tailor the training programmes obviously, on the basis of the level of literacy
+K-ROB1hCESu-00328-00190688-00191272 of the beneficiaries, and it's very difficult to do that transnationally because every single
+K-ROB1hCESu-00329-00191272-00192160 country we worked in is a different world and there is not just one way to do it. So yeah,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00330-00192160-00192808 sometimes we need to control our ambition as well and not to be over ambitious.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00331-00193016-00193608 GAVIN: Excellent, thank you. It feels like a lot of those issues have come up with various other
+K-ROB1hCESu-00332-00193608-00194160 civic tech surgeries as well, in terms of that access to internet, how business models work
+K-ROB1hCESu-00333-00194160-00194736 and skills... and again, to what extent you can replicate, as much as there's a lot of keenness
+K-ROB1hCESu-00334-00194736-00195176 for open source, rightly. To what extent do you need to tailor things to particular settings as
+K-ROB1hCESu-00335-00195176-00195728 well. So that's a brilliant set of points to kick us off with, thank you. Laurence how about...
+K-ROB1hCESu-00336-00195728-00196088 actually Laurence has just temporarily gone away from his... no he is back,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00337-00196088-00196472 excellent. Should we come to you next Laurence, in terms of the challenges that you've faced?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00338-00196472-00197048 LAUNRENCE: Sorry Gavin, I mean you just heard the bell going! Yeah I mean one of the key ones that
+K-ROB1hCESu-00339-00197048-00197616 we grappled with from hearing from our community was around data, and datasets, and how one asks
+K-ROB1hCESu-00340-00197616-00198072 questions and grappling with the idea that there is a vast amount of stuff out there but a lot of
+K-ROB1hCESu-00341-00198072-00198672 it is is behind paywalls or is expensive and when people are trying to explore potential solutions,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00342-00198672-00199088 and then just saying, OK, well you know, what's the fundamentals here? Like what's the truth,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00343-00199088-00199456 or you know where are the renewables in the UK? What's the transmission [...]?All
+K-ROB1hCESu-00344-00199456-00200016 this base level stuff. how do you help people get to the solution, especially around cross
+K-ROB1hCESu-00345-00200016-00200496 domains? So again, this is sort of interesting in the for-profit versus the campaigning space,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00346-00200496-00200928 versus again, like, academia or in government. People within a domain know where to look but
+K-ROB1hCESu-00347-00200928-00201440 they don't necessarily know how to access it when it's in a group that isn't isn't close to them.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00348-00201584-00202280 And then there's also again this expert knowledge that even when you get some data, or you get some
+K-ROB1hCESu-00349-00202280-00202640 stuff, it might be really difficult to then make sense of it and to really understand
+K-ROB1hCESu-00350-00202768-00203120 how to use it properly or how to connect it. Or maybe there's lots of specific jargon,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00351-00203120-00203544 and the best way normally is to find someone you know who is an expert and say, 'Right, could you
+K-ROB1hCESu-00352-00203544-00203848 give me a running start here, and give me an hour?'. But if you don't have that connection,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00353-00203960-00204248 what do you do? And I think that's there's even more stuff probably on there.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00354-00204328-00204800 I'm thinking mainly around professionals working in campaigning organisations. Again,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00355-00204800-00205352 it's the same for smaller community energy groups or even just for this general public,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00356-00205352-00206040 again, how are you able to disentangle the things you need to know to make a decision? And I really
+K-ROB1hCESu-00357-00206040-00206471 like the mySociety's Climate Action Plan stuff which just brings the data out, and just says,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00358-00206471-00206984 'here's the data', and then I think the challenge is, OK, well how should you respond to that data?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00359-00206984-00207464 You say, 'My local council is not doing very well', so I should go and write to my councillor
+K-ROB1hCESu-00360-00207519-00208160 and say, 'Please do better'? How can we know what's the next step there? And obviously if
+K-ROB1hCESu-00361-00208160-00208584 they have a professional campaigner then they'll probably have some suggestions and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00362-00208656-00209056 if you just sort of dump someone in and give recommendations, like, I really like that with
+K-ROB1hCESu-00363-00209056-00209671 the Climate Action Plan Explorer, it just sort of presents stuff, you know. It's fairly factual
+K-ROB1hCESu-00364-00209671-00210048 because I think when you're presented with a load of just recommendations
+K-ROB1hCESu-00365-00210104-00210496 it's sort of disempowering, because then you're taking all the agency away from any kind of
+K-ROB1hCESu-00366-00210496-00210808 community, and the placebo stuff. You're just saying, right, you know, we've got the answer.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00367-00210952-00211360 Which is one, yeah, not only disappointing but also not necessarily the right thing because
+K-ROB1hCESu-00368-00211360-00211960 there is a huge amount of local context. So it's not even the best recommendation. So that's
+K-ROB1hCESu-00369-00211960-00212623 something I'm definitely really interested in - how you can blend those two angles.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00370-00212852-00213304 GAVIN: Thank you, so again a long-standing thing about the availability of data,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00371-00213304-00213719 also how you bring the domain knowledge to it and help people do something
+K-ROB1hCESu-00372-00213719-00214408 and there's some cool connections that comes out of it thank you. So let's go to Laura.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00373-00214484-00215280 LAURA: Sure, great. I have a list of broad challenges,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00374-00215280-00215784 and some of these are focused to the United States, which has a very unique
+K-ROB1hCESu-00375-00215912-00216560 situation, I would say at the moment, but I think it's relevant to this conversation. The first real
+K-ROB1hCESu-00376-00216560-00217167 challenge is just general trust in government. Americans in particular are really mistrustful of
+K-ROB1hCESu-00377-00217167-00217767 our government and the higher into the government you go, the more distrust there is, but politics
+K-ROB1hCESu-00378-00217767-00218319 and climate change are local. Local impacts are an easy way for people to see how climate change is
+K-ROB1hCESu-00379-00218319-00218719 going to impact them. They're an easy way for people to get involved with climate impacts,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00380-00218776-00219400 particularly in places like New Orleans that have this long history of an inequitable distribution
+K-ROB1hCESu-00381-00219400-00220064 of resources. People kind of have this general vibe of exasperation; they've seen money come in
+K-ROB1hCESu-00382-00220064-00220671 and be distributed inequitably and just have this frustrating experience with with the government
+K-ROB1hCESu-00383-00220671-00221304 time and time again. Working with NGOs and local groups is often really time consuming,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00384-00221304-00221864 and you see a lot of infighting over resources and it's really hard to coordinate people in groups
+K-ROB1hCESu-00385-00221864-00222552 when they're feeling so competitive over limited amounts of resources. But trust is really, really
+K-ROB1hCESu-00386-00222552-00223144 important here. Study after study after study has shown that mutual trust between a government and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00387-00223144-00223584 its citizens is really really crucial to building healthy communities and actually
+K-ROB1hCESu-00388-00223584-00224288 solving problems. Second, and again another piece of this is equity in climate investment.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00389-00224376-00224864 The United States just passed about a trillion dollars in infrastructure investment.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00390-00224864-00225584 A huge chunk of that is intended to go towards climate resiliency and our current government is
+K-ROB1hCESu-00391-00225584-00226144 focused on distributing that money more equitably so that it goes to communities that need it,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00392-00226232-00226744 but that's a challenge that is way easier said than done, particularly with really
+K-ROB1hCESu-00393-00226816-00227471 ingrained procurement processes that have been in place for a long time, but have not necessarily
+K-ROB1hCESu-00394-00227592-00228040 been focused on equity when distributing money. And so that's that's a huge challenge, I think,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00395-00228104-00228616 for companies that are seeking grant money and for the government that's distributing it.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00396-00228792-00229480 The third major challenge is just, people have really short attention spans. it makes it really
+K-ROB1hCESu-00397-00229480-00230000 hard to communicate and engage people on issues like climate that have a really long-term horizon.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00398-00230136-00230888 People love instant gratification. Climate change is a long-term problem that is very slowly
+K-ROB1hCESu-00399-00230888-00231800 creeping up on us and has long-term solutions that will need to slowly be implemented and slowly have
+K-ROB1hCESu-00400-00231800-00232480 a fix, and that's not just on the lay person and how they impact climate; this is the business
+K-ROB1hCESu-00401-00232480-00233048 community too, business investment, venture capital firms, other types of startup investment,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00402-00233048-00233704 aren't really calibrated for long-term projects that have long-term runways and time horizons.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00403-00233800-00234432 You know, it takes up to two years to run through a procurement process for a city.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00404-00234552-00235096 That's a hard sell to a venture capital firm or some sort of other investment that wants
+K-ROB1hCESu-00405-00235096-00235736 profitability much much quicker, right? And so figuring out a way for us to have these long scale
+K-ROB1hCESu-00406-00235736-00236440 investments in businesses that have a longer term sales cycle, I think it's also really crucial.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00407-00236832-00237408 And then next is communication strategy around climate, just generally speaking.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00408-00237536-00238040 I've met a lot of engineers and a lot of really cool entrepreneurs working on this problem who
+K-ROB1hCESu-00409-00238040-00238792 get really into the weeds on technical details but don't have a great sense of how to sort of take a
+K-ROB1hCESu-00410-00238792-00239360 step back and and broadly communicate those things to the people that it impacts in the communities
+K-ROB1hCESu-00411-00239360-00240088 that they're talking to. So, figuring out how to engage on a more personal level with people,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00412-00240088-00240567 all of these really cool tech solutions that people and businesses are coming up with
+K-ROB1hCESu-00413-00240567-00240984 around this problem, I think is really crucial.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00414-00241036-00241471 GAVIN: Thanks Laura, some really valuable points. Then I can see in the chat they're
+K-ROB1hCESu-00415-00241471-00241800 resonating as well. That's a point about attention spans and timelines
+K-ROB1hCESu-00416-00241856-00242352 in particular, but also the point about the role of experts. [ATTENDEE] in the chat is just saying
+K-ROB1hCESu-00417-00242352-00242832 that expert contributions can sometimes create non-optimal solutions. How can you coordinate them
+K-ROB1hCESu-00418-00242832-00243328 properly? And as you say, how do you then take that step back to be able to communicate properly
+K-ROB1hCESu-00419-00243328-00243944 which is its own challenge? So lots of things for us to think about there. And we're now going
+K-ROB1hCESu-00420-00243944-00244440 to give you three minutes of silent working on the Padlet again, so this is on the second column. The
+K-ROB1hCESu-00421-00244440-00244904 question about the challenges and difficulties that you may have faced in this field,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00422-00244904-00245432 and three minutes to fill that in and then again we'll go back to our panel and to all of you for
+K-ROB1hCESu-00423-00245432-00246040 any further reflections and discussion on that. So three minutes on Padlet, second column, challenges
+K-ROB1hCESu-00424-00246040-00246608 that you've faced. [....] Excellent, thank you very much everyone and again looking through the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00425-00246696-00247280 Padlet I can see some common themes coming through. So we start with somebody saying
+K-ROB1hCESu-00426-00247280-00247671 'the complexity of federal administration', which they think may be a German speciality,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00427-00247752-00248184 'with people trying to shift responsibility to other levels'. I suspect that's a problem
+K-ROB1hCESu-00428-00248184-00248728 elsewhere as well. And 'the feeling that citizen action can only go so far, that those leading
+K-ROB1hCESu-00429-00248728-00249200 higher up in governments needs to lead the way'. 'Identifying, connecting with climate
+K-ROB1hCESu-00430-00249200-00249664 officials working on the topic internationally'. Interesting - and 'Persuading people to have to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00431-00249664-00250223 make hard decisions', something that's come up in mySociety's prototyping work. And 'people
+K-ROB1hCESu-00432-00250223-00250823 accepting short-term inconvenience or risk for long-term and often non-individual return'.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00433-00250823-00251248 'Theory of change - too many projects haven't been thought about it or don't have a robust or well
+K-ROB1hCESu-00434-00251248-00251680 evidenced one'; 'Data availability', which you've heard about already today, and 'It's difficult
+K-ROB1hCESu-00435-00251680-00252184 to find reliable data for many areas'. Also, 'It can be very difficult to measure impact',
+K-ROB1hCESu-00436-00252271-00252728 'Apathy and the difficulty in reaching people - people think they've heard it all before,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00437-00252728-00253152 don't believe this will be any different; they also don't think their small local changes can
+K-ROB1hCESu-00438-00253152-00253552 make enough of a difference'. We've got, I suppose, a related point about citizen perceptions
+K-ROB1hCESu-00439-00253552-00253992 of the future and disconnect between local discussions and the big changes that are coming,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00440-00253992-00254528 and the lack of futures techniques like games that might help us understand what that looks like.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00441-00254600-00255128 'The for-profit practices of social and mass media companies which can lead to division'
+K-ROB1hCESu-00442-00255128-00255704 and 'People paying money to try to quash a lot of the solutions' have been suggested.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00443-00255704-00256136 'A lack of collaboration and coordination', lots of people out there doing work but
+K-ROB1hCESu-00444-00256136-00256704 there's often a lot of duplicated effort - and again, 'it might be easy to build a technical
+K-ROB1hCESu-00445-00256704-00257208 solution but publicising it and getting people on board, that comms bit, that is often very
+K-ROB1hCESu-00446-00257208-00257784 difficult', as well. We've also got 'Change focus' that's somebody from health care technology,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00447-00257871-00258232 'The golden rule is to speak to the coalface and listen carefully to their answers',
+K-ROB1hCESu-00448-00258312-00258808 and yeah 'terminology', so again 'people not understanding the words: climate communication
+K-ROB1hCESu-00449-00258808-00259319 should be localised'. 'People to understand and get involved in the fight'. There's been lots
+K-ROB1hCESu-00450-00259319-00259776 of things to think about there and I'll go to each of our speakers for some quick reflections
+K-ROB1hCESu-00451-00259776-00260208 on all of that, and again if you would like to come in please do use the raise your hand tool,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00452-00260264-00260767 or say in the chat but I'll go to Jacopo first, any reactions to all of that
+K-ROB1hCESu-00453-00260908-00261832 JACOPO: Well, I completely agree with most of these points. I think when working in the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00454-00261832-00262400 intersection between journalism and technology, and civic technology in particular, it's quite
+K-ROB1hCESu-00455-00262400-00263040 challenging to measure the impact of the stories, so what happens next
+K-ROB1hCESu-00456-00263040-00263704 once we have our data journalism project on climate change in Africa published by 10
+K-ROB1hCESu-00457-00263704-00264704 media partners in the Congo Basin? Is that really affecting the behaviour of the readers? Probably,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00458-00264704-00265328 but it's very difficult to measure, so I think that kind of challenge is super important. I think
+K-ROB1hCESu-00459-00265400-00265984 what's sometimes missing in the type of journalism projects I've been working on is the 'data use'
+K-ROB1hCESu-00460-00266040-00266760 focus. So once we publish the stories and we open up databases and we make them more accessible,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00461-00266840-00267632 how do we make sure that key stakeholders use the data and the stories that we're publishing,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00462-00267632-00268128 they really pay attention to it? It's very difficult to do that. I think it's important
+K-ROB1hCESu-00463-00268128-00268824 to invest a little bit of the funds and a little bit of energy into data use which is missing in,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00464-00268896-00269248 probably, the project I worked on, but also in many other projects
+K-ROB1hCESu-00465-00269368-00270104 I could see around me, so that's a very cool point. I'm gonna drop a 'like' into that.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00466-00270160-00270632 And then also I absolutely agree with the duplication challenge.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00467-00270896-00271232 I can see a lot of similar but different solutions, that's so true.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00468-00271360-00272032 I don't know how to fix that but I think there will be organisations that try to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00469-00272032-00272584 map out what's out there and try to connect the dots and let people join forces, rather than,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00470-00272704-00273320 you know, waste energy with individual fragmented projects that have
+K-ROB1hCESu-00471-00273400-00273792 not much impact, but they would have much more impact if they join forces.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00472-00273872-00274500 So very cool inputs from the audience, I would say, yeah, thank you.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00473-00274500-00274856 GAVIN: Thank you and you've got just over an hour to think about how to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00474-00274856-00275320 solve all of those things as well to do something about it! Laurence.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00475-00275320-00276264 LAURENCE: Yeah, such a huge variety of challenges and a lot of it rings true, and I can think of
+K-ROB1hCESu-00476-00276264-00277048 various examples in my career. One thing that I am struck by is when we talk about civic tech,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00477-00277048-00277704 it's often very broad in scope. We're considering all citizens as a sort of homogenous blob,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00478-00277704-00278040 and they're all saying a lot of the challenges come out of activating them and asking people to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00479-00278040-00278576 make sacrifices. A very small minority will say, 'Yes I'm there, I'm ready', and the rest will say,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00480-00278576-00279232 'NoI'm ambivalent', and so I do wonder if a way to think about negotiating these challenges is not to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00481-00279304-00279824 butt up against things where there's no chance, but to just slice down and to find the champions,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00482-00279824-00280336 you know, and that's the way that you can then have the change, or that's a better way to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00483-00280336-00280752 catalyse the change. And there's that quote about 'a small group of determined people' and so on,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00484-00280752-00281080 but I wonder if that works in quite a lot of the domains that we're talking about
+K-ROB1hCESu-00485-00281080-00281504 because there's the data tribe and then there's the campaign tribe and there's the people who are
+K-ROB1hCESu-00486-00281504-00281928 really prepared to make deep sacrifices, and you know there are groups that are really into or part
+K-ROB1hCESu-00487-00281928-00282448 of the solution to each of these challenges, but when you look at everybody they're quite diluted.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00488-00282552-00282844 So that's my one reflection from looking at the channel.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00489-00282844-00283104 GAVIN: Fantastic, thanks, and Laura.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00490-00283104-00283752 LAURA: Yeah, I mean I think the thing that really strikes me about the list that we've come up with
+K-ROB1hCESu-00491-00283752-00284512 here is, first of all, climate climate is this long scale horizon thing and it's easy
+K-ROB1hCESu-00492-00284512-00285272 for our leadership to displace it by more acute, urgent needs. The pandemic is a great example,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00493-00285520-00286344 a real world example of that. We went from, you know, leaving behind single-use plastic
+K-ROB1hCESu-00494-00286344-00286848 as a priority to suddenly the pandemic comes in and single-use plastic is the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00495-00287000-00287864 safer way to handle the virus, right? So it's really difficult to weigh the priorities of
+K-ROB1hCESu-00496-00287864-00288632 climate with all of the other things that people in in political and leadership positions have to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00497-00288632-00289192 weigh in their decision making, when you're competing with all of these other things that
+K-ROB1hCESu-00498-00289192-00289984 are happening around the world. And so I think broadly speaking that's a huge challenge here.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00499-00289984-00290616 GAVIN: Thank you. [Attendee] in the chat, following on from Laurence's point, says, 'Have
+K-ROB1hCESu-00500-00290616-00291104 you found any techniques that really help you identify or advocate directly to those champions?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00501-00291104-00291592 I've seen many organisations struggle to find or connect with those people among the masses'. It's
+K-ROB1hCESu-00502-00291592-00292048 a really good question, if anyone has an answer to that they'd like to venture or get any other
+K-ROB1hCESu-00503-00292048-00292600 reflections on what we've just been talking about please do raise your hand or use chat. Louise.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00504-00292600-00293448 LOUISE: I don't have an answer, but I would point out the work of Climate Outreach in this area.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00505-00293608-00294296 I mean, I take Laurence's point, I think in order to have a good chance of impact you do need to be
+K-ROB1hCESu-00506-00294296-00294776 quite specific about what you're trying to do, who you're trying to reach, what change you're trying
+K-ROB1hCESu-00507-00294776-00295576 to make and I think Climate Outreach have produced some very good guidance in terms of how people
+K-ROB1hCESu-00508-00295576-00296304 feel about climate that helps do that orientation in the early stages of a project: who are you
+K-ROB1hCESu-00509-00296304-00296704 trying to reach? Is it people who are already converted but want stuff to do? Is it people
+K-ROB1hCESu-00510-00296704-00297392 who are sceptical for particular reasons? What's your audience, which I think can be super helpful.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00511-00297532-00297888 GAVIN: Thanks Louise, and Laurence?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00512-00297888-00298344 LAURENCE: Yeah, I'll come in again if I may, Gavin.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00513-00298480-00299240 I'm following on from what Laura said about the plastics. I mean, do we put our attention on,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00514-00299240-00299624 you know, the high emitters or the people who are modeling the actions that we want
+K-ROB1hCESu-00515-00299624-00299912 to see? And I think it's interesting thinking about veganism or plant-based diets, which has
+K-ROB1hCESu-00516-00299984-00300536 grown hugely in the last five years, and I think a lot of that has come from celebrity people or,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00517-00300536-00301000 you know, very visible people saying, 'I'm going plant-based' and it's now acceptable and normal,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00518-00301000-00301272 I think it's interesting. With single waste plastics there is a movement around, you know,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00519-00301272-00301704 zero waste and some people have blogs and things, but I would say mostly that hasn't broken through
+K-ROB1hCESu-00520-00301704-00302144 in the same way and the focus is very much on everyone who isn't doing that. It's, you know,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00521-00302144-00302664 everybody who's got loads of plastic ... but we don't do that. We don't go and find the people who
+K-ROB1hCESu-00522-00302664-00303064 are eating all the burgers all the time and say, 'You know you need to starve', and so I do wonder,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00523-00303064-00303600 I mean it's highly speculative, but if we had more of a focus on modeling people who are living the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00524-00303600-00304008 life of zero plastic or very low waste, maybe that would be a better way of engaging people.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00525-00304084-00304512 GAVIN: Great, thank you yes. "Culture moves a lot faster than policy when it changes",
+K-ROB1hCESu-00526-00304608-00305368 in the chat, so excellent set of points there. So let's move from the what everyone's doing
+K-ROB1hCESu-00527-00305368-00305944 and the problems we've encountered to starting to head towards some solutions to these massive
+K-ROB1hCESu-00528-00305944-00306584 massive challenges. So the next question to our speakers is, 'What, if anything, have you
+K-ROB1hCESu-00529-00306584-00307136 done to try and address some of the dilemmas and some of the challenges that we've already
+K-ROB1hCESu-00530-00307136-00307576 discussed?". Again I'll go to our speakers, I'll go to Laurence then Laura then Jacopi,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00531-00307576-00308224 then we'll have a bit of time for the discussion and reflection. So Laurence,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00532-00308224-00308700 what if anything have you done to try to address all the things that we've talked about so far?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00533-00308700-00309280 LAURENCE: Yeah, so I think one challenge we may have is narrowing our focus, because I think
+K-ROB1hCESu-00534-00309280-00309752 there's quite a lot of things in scope. But I can say some things we've tried to do around
+K-ROB1hCESu-00535-00309752-00310408 making experts more available or visible, and the Open Data Institute had a really nice project
+K-ROB1hCESu-00536-00310408-00311160 recently around data portals and how they fit into a service design to solve people's climate
+K-ROB1hCESu-00537-00311160-00311576 data problems on their journey, and it was much more expansive than making a technology platform.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00538-00311576-00312104 And they proposed an idea around having data guides, who are basically these people with
+K-ROB1hCESu-00539-00312104-00312608 expert domain knowledge who are specifically funded or resourced. A lot of the time, you know,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00540-00312608-00313008 the experts just do everything for free and you just send them a message on Twitter and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00541-00313008-00313456 ask for some of their time and help - which is fine, but they were proposing,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00542-00313456-00313864 could we - and Subak's in a good place to do this - could we resource, and grant, and say to people,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00543-00313864-00314360 'Could you devote a certain amount of your time, just being in this guide signposting role?',
+K-ROB1hCESu-00544-00314360-00314720 where you have office hours or something like that, you allow people to drop in
+K-ROB1hCESu-00545-00314720-00315280 and you can then give them the benefit of your domain knowledge and expertise and that can
+K-ROB1hCESu-00546-00315280-00315848 just be so much faster. And again I can think of projects I've worked on where I've spent a
+K-ROB1hCESu-00547-00315848-00316232 long time, you know months, researching something and trying it and then I have a conversation with
+K-ROB1hCESu-00548-00316232-00316648 someone who's particularly insightful and then I completely switch gear or switch approach.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00549-00316704-00317088 I think it really can't be understated how effective that sort of expert domain is, because
+K-ROB1hCESu-00550-00317088-00317592 again that's probably someone who's been working in that area for years and years and years and has
+K-ROB1hCESu-00551-00317592-00318096 all this knowledge. So data guides is interesting, distilling expert views and making them available;
+K-ROB1hCESu-00552-00318096-00318560 that again is sort of for organisations but I do think there's a similar sort of principle which
+K-ROB1hCESu-00553-00318560-00319032 is, what journalism and what think tanks are meant to do, to synthesise these complex things
+K-ROB1hCESu-00554-00319032-00319744 and then present to everybody else. I think the challenge then is to do that while ensuring that
+K-ROB1hCESu-00555-00319744-00320088 everyone's objectives are the same because then you have a lot of different alignments. But yeah,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00556-00320168-00320496 short version: data guides could be an exciting way to do it.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00557-00320564-00320952 GAVIN: Brilliant, thank you that's definitely something for us all to think about.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00558-00321040-00321400 Laura how about you? How have you tried to address some of the challenges
+K-ROB1hCESu-00559-00321400-00321544 that you've faced and that we've discussed?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00560-00321544-00322184 LAURA: Sure I mean, I agree with the sentiment that these are some really really big challenges
+K-ROB1hCESu-00561-00322184-00322736 that I don't think any one person or any one organisation is going to be able to step in and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00562-00322928-00323488 be able to solve unless someone comes up with a way to have infinite money and resources.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00563-00323664-00324528 I See Change's theory of change is to focus on hyperlocal impacts to make sure that residents are
+K-ROB1hCESu-00564-00324656-00325200 communicated with directly on impacts, on green investments, so that they can
+K-ROB1hCESu-00565-00325200-00325648 see the difference that they're making in their communities. We're trying to make
+K-ROB1hCESu-00566-00325648-00326384 sure that local climate investment is more hyperlocal and more equitably distributed,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00567-00326440-00326952 that residents have a direct voice to their government, a direct connection, to help decide
+K-ROB1hCESu-00568-00327008-00327528 where to spend the money that is handed down from the federal government and on what,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00569-00327528-00328056 and then communicating when that investment is made. One example of this that we've done
+K-ROB1hCESu-00570-00328056-00328632 in Miami. That city has invested just tons and tons of money into climate resiliency,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00571-00328632-00329264 infrastructure - again, it's slowly falling into the sea. So when a resident reports flooding,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00572-00329264-00329896 one thing that we're able to do on our platform is help the city communicate exactly where
+K-ROB1hCESu-00573-00329960-00330440 in those neighbourhoods the money that is being invested, is being spent, and what it's being
+K-ROB1hCESu-00574-00330440-00330888 spent on and how it is going to help solve some of these flooding challenges that arise.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00575-00331064-00331576 There's also a lot of really cool innovation happening in just the way the business models are
+K-ROB1hCESu-00576-00331576-00332200 approaching this challenge. There's a company I really like in the United States called Clearloop
+K-ROB1hCESu-00577-00332200-00333112 that is using carbon offset models to help our utilities fund large-scale renewable energy
+K-ROB1hCESu-00578-00333320-00334048 arrays, so you know, all of these companies that have net zero targets or sustainable development
+K-ROB1hCESu-00579-00334048-00334696 goals can help direct some of that money into large-scale community solar projects that help
+K-ROB1hCESu-00580-00334696-00335296 these low-income communities that are highly dependent on coal or these dirty energy sources,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00581-00335296-00336056 clean up their energy grid. And I really like the way that that is actually making a tangible
+K-ROB1hCESu-00582-00336056-00336464 difference to people in communities that have otherwise been overlooked.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00583-00336640-00337248 I think the other thing is overcoming this apathy and making hard decisions, it's a challenge,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00584-00337416-00337952 you know, I honestly I feel like we're in kind of a new era with climate and I say that as someone
+K-ROB1hCESu-00585-00337952-00338680 whose life has been dramatically impacted by climate change. A tornado hit my neighbourhood
+K-ROB1hCESu-00586-00338680-00339152 and wiped out the whole thing. It happened less than a week before COVID lockdowns
+K-ROB1hCESu-00587-00339152-00339680 and I essentially was a climate refugee. I had to find a new place to live in a time that,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00588-00339744-00340368 you know, people were not being particularly welcoming to having other people around,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00589-00340368-00340928 right? Because the pandemic had everyone kind of scared, way back in the beginning. Climate
+K-ROB1hCESu-00590-00340928-00341672 change is upon us and is increasingly going to cause problems. I think arguably the pandemic
+K-ROB1hCESu-00591-00341736-00342328 is a climate impact, not only that there have been, there are an increasing number
+K-ROB1hCESu-00592-00342328-00343080 of severe weather events all around the world. The time of climate impacts being far away and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00593-00343080-00343688 impacting other people and so I myself can be apathetic about it, I think is increasingly over.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00594-00343832-00344608 The truth of the matter is that these issues - water scarcity, famine, the ability of crops to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00595-00344608-00345376 grow, all sorts of these issues, are going to be increasingly problematic for large portions of
+K-ROB1hCESu-00596-00345376-00346280 the population. And so I think as those impacts start to exponentially increase, apathy and the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00597-00346280-00346744 ability to make hard decisions is going to naturally decrease, right? Because I mean,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00598-00346904-00347480 just like the severity of the things happening around us require a more severe response.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00599-00347696-00348552 As to the social media problem, man I could wax poetic about this for a while. I think
+K-ROB1hCESu-00600-00348552-00349152 what Europe is doing on data protection is the thing that needs to happen to keep social media
+K-ROB1hCESu-00601-00349152-00349744 networks in line. You guys have the GDPR, that's helping to protect the way that your data is used.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00602-00349904-00350432 That, in and of itself, is holding these social media companies accountable in ways that they
+K-ROB1hCESu-00603-00350432-00350992 haven't before. I'm a huge advocate of having those types of regulations
+K-ROB1hCESu-00604-00351088-00351688 worldwide, particularly in the United States I think that would go a long way towards helping
+K-ROB1hCESu-00605-00351688-00352280 make sure that social media is more lifting all of us up instead of tearing all of us down.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00606-00352404-00352880 GAVIN: Excellent, thanks, there are some really powerful examples and experiences there,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00607-00352944-00353296 thank you. I can see in the chat as well we've got some really interesting
+K-ROB1hCESu-00608-00353296-00353808 discussion going from [ATTENDEE], [ATTENDEE] and [ATTENDEE] around that point about data guides:
+K-ROB1hCESu-00609-00353808-00354232 they also need reference datasets but how do you get both the technical side and the human side
+K-ROB1hCESu-00610-00354304-00354688 of that sort of data experience right? And yes there is, "I think we
+K-ROB1hCESu-00611-00354688-00354968 seem to have forgotten that there were people that did this for a very long
+K-ROB1hCESu-00612-00354968-00355280 time called librarians that we may seem to have completely forgotten about!".
+K-ROB1hCESu-00613-00355336-00356080 JACOPO: Yeah I would like to talk about data humanisation,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00614-00356080-00356800 because I think it's one of the points that journalists can help fix. So how do you make sure
+K-ROB1hCESu-00615-00356800-00357528 that data is not just perceived as a very distant, remote, abstract resource, something that,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00616-00357584-00358208 you know, it's on a piece of paper or a website but doesn't really have any kind of relationship
+K-ROB1hCESu-00617-00358208-00358848 with our daily lives? So I think journalists can - or more specifically data journalists, journalists
+K-ROB1hCESu-00618-00358848-00359616 who connect datasets with human stories - can help fix that. I can think of some of the stories,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00619-00359616-00360232 we publish the site called Lungs of the Earth that tries to humanise the data around deforestation in
+K-ROB1hCESu-00620-00360232-00360944 the Congo Basin. But I can also think of other global examples, like for example the work made by
+K-ROB1hCESu-00621-00360944-00361776 vox.com in the US which is particularly good at kind of connecting videos with data,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00622-00361776-00362480 so they create animated data visualisations and incorporate them into their reportage on video,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00623-00362480-00363072 which I think they're very effective and can help make data more accessible and more human.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00624-00363256-00363936 So I invite everyone to check vox.com on YouTube and search some of their videos, because they
+K-ROB1hCESu-00625-00364152-00364752 found a new way to visualise data into documentaries and they are usually quite short.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00626-00364808-00365496 So this also fixes the problem of attention span - it's not an endless video but it's more like 10
+K-ROB1hCESu-00627-00365496-00366128 minutes, sort of a short documentary on any key topic that they believe they should cover, and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00628-00366128-00366728 they made some really good ones on climate change and environmental security around the world.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00629-00366824-00367440 They made a series called Vox Borders which is absolutely incredible: it's
+K-ROB1hCESu-00630-00367440-00368248 not about environmental issues, but it's about borders or critical borders between countries,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00631-00368344-00369008 and the author, who's an American guy called Johnny Harris, is one of the top experts in these
+K-ROB1hCESu-00632-00369008-00369600 kind of animated data visualisations and he made some tutorials online on how to replicate that.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00633-00369664-00370520 So I think animating data is a way to make it more accessible especially in
+K-ROB1hCESu-00634-00370520-00371160 the age of TikTok and Instagram where people expect videos. So I think we should try to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00635-00371160-00371704 break into that world and not be as snobbish as old-fashioned journalists who don't want to use
+K-ROB1hCESu-00636-00371704-00372464 TikTok. I think we should find a way to use the platforms that are used by by the people and do
+K-ROB1hCESu-00637-00372464-00373224 it in a clever way. So how can we make TikTok a source of robust and useful information?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00638-00373320-00374032 How do we visualise data on climate change on TikTok and how do we relate it to daily problems?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00639-00374136-00374720 I think that's where we are aiming towards at the moment at Code for Africa. We're trying to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00640-00374720-00375072 experiment with these new formats and approaches.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00641-00375248-00375768 I see some people are dropping comments on the chat, yeah, I'll share some links to the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00642-00375768-00376496 resources that I'm mentioning, I'll do that on the chat and on the board online. So yeah,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00643-00376584-00377608 and before, in the previous round, I mentioned WhatsApp as a channel to share asynchronous
+K-ROB1hCESu-00644-00377680-00378416 climate change, but also non-climate change related learning material. I think we should
+K-ROB1hCESu-00645-00378416-00379192 again move into the platforms that are used by the people instead of trying to push more traditional
+K-ROB1hCESu-00646-00379192-00379976 channels like top-down lectures. I think we should try to exploit WhatsApp to build communities
+K-ROB1hCESu-00647-00379976-00380608 and this is particularly useful in some African regions I've been working in, and I'm sure it's
+K-ROB1hCESu-00648-00380608-00381408 useful in probably all over the world these days. Yeah I'll drop the links now, thank you.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00649-00381408-00381896 GAVIN: And thank you, and thank you to Laura as well, bringing some links in around all of
+K-ROB1hCESu-00650-00381896-00382488 that. Yeah, find where the people are, I suppose is the lesson there. So we're going to give you
+K-ROB1hCESu-00651-00382488-00383032 three minutes again for the silent working and this time it is about: "What, if anything, you've
+K-ROB1hCESu-00652-00383032-00383440 done to try and address some of the dilemmas and challenges that we've been talking about".
+K-ROB1hCESu-00653-00383440-00383896 It's the third column of Padlet and we've got three minutes and then we'll we'll go back to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00654-00383896-00384336 reflection and discussion again. So: "What, if anything, that we've done to try and address the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00655-00384336-00384931 dilemmas and challenges that we've discussed". Add to column three of the Padlet. [.....]
+K-ROB1hCESu-00656-00384931-00385656 GAVIN: Great. so the sorts of things that people have said are around 'What,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00657-00385656-00386048 if anything, have you done to try and address the above dilemmas?'. We've got collaborations,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00658-00386048-00386608 as across country. We've got a particular example from Germany about working with local
+K-ROB1hCESu-00659-00386608-00387128 environmental protection departments. We've got our data guides, or our data librarians.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00660-00387200-00387952 We've got hyperlocal online environmental info, webinars: invite local experts who communities
+K-ROB1hCESu-00661-00387952-00388512 may be familiar with to talk about e-bikes, community bikes if they're the local cycling club,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00662-00388576-00388864 and then have an open session where we could interact, share and learn. It's
+K-ROB1hCESu-00663-00388864-00389336 really interesting approach. What have you done? "Everything we can think of!" says somebody.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00664-00389336-00389720 "We're using a digital tool and blended approach to try and reach the communities
+K-ROB1hCESu-00665-00389720-00390400 and we're working with". And so again multiple places just trying to get to where people are. And
+K-ROB1hCESu-00666-00390400-00390896 what if anything have you tried, have you done to try and address the dilemmas? "Not enough for most
+K-ROB1hCESu-00667-00390896-00391232 people who are working, volunteering their spare time in civic tech - there aren't enough hours
+K-ROB1hCESu-00668-00391232-00392008 in the day both to develop a solution and promote it effectively". 'Winning elections' is something
+K-ROB1hCESu-00669-00392008-00392528 that somebody else has put, in the Green Party here in the UK they've gone from two to twenty
+K-ROB1hCESu-00670-00392528-00393176 elected councillors in Oxfordshire in the last four years for example. Lots of excellent ideas
+K-ROB1hCESu-00671-00393176-00393888 there, and again a few more links going in the chat as well. Laurence let's go to you
+K-ROB1hCESu-00672-00393888-00394464 first any any reflections on everything else? LAURENCE: Well I really like what [attendee]
+K-ROB1hCESu-00673-00394464-00394984 is saying, which I think he or someone else has just just added it - around these roadshows where
+K-ROB1hCESu-00674-00395072-00395376 you have one product or you have one thing or collection of people that's really
+K-ROB1hCESu-00675-00395456-00395960 tight and well organised and clear, and then you take it to all the places and then you have the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00676-00395960-00396400 best of both - you have the consistency and you have the alignment around the message, and you
+K-ROB1hCESu-00677-00396400-00396752 have something that is well thought out and you have a sort of centralisation if you're going to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00678-00396752-00397280 collect emails or details or coordinate. But then you also have the local experience and you have a
+K-ROB1hCESu-00679-00397280-00397776 voice. People can then engage, and share and come together in the community. So - and I do wonder if
+K-ROB1hCESu-00680-00397776-00398344 that is something that is ... my experience of that is that it doesn't happen that much and so
+K-ROB1hCESu-00681-00398344-00398960 I do quite like that idea. Yeah, winning elections as well is great. I mean again, I think
+K-ROB1hCESu-00682-00399176-00399696 a lot of civil society also sort of disempowers itself in a sense, and says you know, 'will that
+K-ROB1hCESu-00683-00399696-00400112 stay in the civic bucket?'. You know, politics is there and we're here and we'll stay in our lane,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00684-00400112-00400792 but the great thing is that you can go and get elected and actually get involved and maybe we
+K-ROB1hCESu-00685-00400792-00401232 should be encouraging people to do more of that, to do more, you know, to stand as candidates and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00686-00401232-00401752 certainly I definitely very much support the Green Party in terms of highlighting climate issues.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00687-00401880-00402544 GAVIN: Yeah, brilliant thank you. How about you Laura, and your reflections on all of that?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00688-00402544-00403264 LAURA: Yeah I mean, I really like the focus universally in this list on keeping hyperlocal
+K-ROB1hCESu-00689-00403264-00403984 impacts. I strongly believe that local politics is where people have the most sway
+K-ROB1hCESu-00690-00404096-00404448 and you know, you kind of start from the bottom and trickle it up.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00691-00404672-00405328 Now there's a whole discussion about how power works, but I think connecting with people
+K-ROB1hCESu-00692-00405328-00405896 in their communities is a really effective way to get a handle on this problem.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00693-00405972-00406296 GAVIN: Fantastic, thanks and Jacopo?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00694-00406596-00406696 JACOPO:
+K-ROB1hCESu-00695-00406696-00407816 Well I completely agree with the idea that we need sort of bridge, people like the data guides
+K-ROB1hCESu-00696-00407816-00408808 or the data librarians. From my perspective, having somebody who connects scientists with
+K-ROB1hCESu-00697-00408808-00409408 journalists and journalists with people and as a consequence of that then scientists with people
+K-ROB1hCESu-00698-00409408-00410135 is absolutely fundamental to tackle climate change and especially to fight disinformation
+K-ROB1hCESu-00699-00410135-00410743 and misinformation around climate change. This is not just in Africa but I think also in Europe.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00700-00410743-00411352 So how do we facilitate the connection between data and then also the scientists behind the data,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00701-00411352-00411896 those who know how to interpret the data and the people? How do we create a bridge between them,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00702-00411968-00412600 something that I think civic technologists and civic organisations can help do? And
+K-ROB1hCESu-00703-00412720-00413592 I think it's a very important tool to combat this information around climate change and climate
+K-ROB1hCESu-00704-00413704-00414224 denialism - that's another way to put it - people who deny climate change. There are a lot of them
+K-ROB1hCESu-00705-00414280-00415047 and they go viral on social media. So we're in the middle of an information war and climate change
+K-ROB1hCESu-00706-00415047-00416012 is one of the topics that is affected by this information war, so we need to be aware of that.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00707-00416012-00416416 LAURA: Yeah I agree with you. Not to derail the conversation, but
+K-ROB1hCESu-00708-00416416-00417000 I think you see all of these misinformation campaigns around the world; I think the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00709-00417104-00417792 the people who have built them got their sea legs on climate denialism in the 90s
+K-ROB1hCESu-00710-00417792-00418512 and early 2000s and you see a lot of similar tactics between the climate denial movement and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00711-00418568-00418872 misinformation campaigns all around the world, so I agree that's a huge problem.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00712-00419052-00419416 GAVIN: Excellent, thank you. Does anyone else
+K-ROB1hCESu-00713-00419520-00420016 on the call have any views on any of that? Again, do feel free to raise your hand using the raise
+K-ROB1hCESu-00714-00420016-00420639 hand tool or jump in in the chat as well if you've got any thoughts about any of that.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00715-00420888-00421408 And I see [ATTENDEE]'s put some contact details in the chat as well, around the environmental
+K-ROB1hCESu-00716-00421408-00421872 info webinars to get in touch with her if you're interested in that. Laurence.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00717-00422016-00422439 LAURENCE: I think someone made a comment about open source and open code as a way of reducing
+K-ROB1hCESu-00718-00422439-00422872 duplication, and I do think to go back to what we said before about how do you connect
+K-ROB1hCESu-00719-00422872-00423672 the hyperlocal to the large scale ask, and I do think maybe one way to do that is, when groups do
+K-ROB1hCESu-00720-00423672-00424208 this work they do think about it doing it in a way that is open and scalable. Or, you know,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00721-00424208-00424624 that they're making a template so everything they do they then publish and sort of tidy up and say,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00722-00424624-00425104 right, now the next person can do this or the next borough or the next council or whatever it may be.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00723-00425104-00425672 But there's some idea that it could be for the benefit of beyond just that group,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00724-00425672-00425992 and I think there's lots of tools and handbooks about how to create these kinds
+K-ROB1hCESu-00725-00425992-00426512 of resources that are more accessible, that are slightly better documented, with the idea that
+K-ROB1hCESu-00726-00426512-00426976 it isn't that much harder but that then you're setting yourself up for, in the best case, you
+K-ROB1hCESu-00727-00426976-00427368 demonstrate a really impactful local intervention and then you know the rest of the country says,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00728-00427368-00428016 oh wow, you know this has worked over here, maybe this can be rolled out at a much bigger level.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00729-00428376-00428935 LOUISE: Yeah, I guess following on from that idea, Laura, I'd be interested to hear. You've
+K-ROB1hCESu-00730-00428935-00429600 got a very tangible project that's working in America. Have you had people interested
+K-ROB1hCESu-00731-00429600-00429984 in picking up that approach or literally picking up the technology
+K-ROB1hCESu-00732-00430039-00430408 and trying it elsewhere? Do you have views on how easy or hard that would be?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00733-00430500-00430832 LAURA: Yeah we would love to talk to anyone who
+K-ROB1hCESu-00734-00430904-00431447 has any interest in deploying; we're trying to turn what we've done in these cities into
+K-ROB1hCESu-00735-00431447-00431904 a turnkey solution that scales to other places and we're pretty close to that so
+K-ROB1hCESu-00736-00432176-00432828 we'd love to have a discussion with anybody around the world on how we can help.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00737-00432828-00433264 GAVIN: Fantastic. Laurence do you want to come back in?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00738-00433743-00434072 LAURENCE: We're actually supporting someone who is doing trying to do an open data project,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00739-00434143-00434504 called Helen Jackson, around trying to use local news sources
+K-ROB1hCESu-00740-00434888-00435320 as a way of way of bringing visibility to all sorts of flooding impact that otherwise
+K-ROB1hCESu-00741-00435320-00435888 is very very poorly reported, and so trying to find technical ways to scrape local news APIs
+K-ROB1hCESu-00742-00435888-00436256 and things - and maybe even Twitter and things in the future - where everyone does talk about these
+K-ROB1hCESu-00743-00436256-00436624 things but they don't necessarily make their way up into environment agency or government
+K-ROB1hCESu-00744-00436624-00437192 dataset, which has a huge overlap, Laura, with with the kind of work you're doing, but very
+K-ROB1hCESu-00745-00437192-00437647 like techno and it's just this one research but I think that would be a really interesting link out.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00746-00437804-00438296 GAVIN: Great, well, thank you everyone for the really brilliant discussion. So far we've
+K-ROB1hCESu-00747-00438296-00438808 considered what people are up to; some of the challenges that you've all faced; and some of the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00748-00438808-00439392 solutions that you've tried to come up with. We're now going to go even further into that solution
+K-ROB1hCESu-00749-00439464-00439976 space which is, thinking really practically about what we might be able to commission.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00750-00439976-00440416 So the Action Lab, or working group, that comes together after this Civic Tech Surgery - and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00751-00440416-00441080 again full details on how to apply to be part of that at the end of this meeting - will have
+K-ROB1hCESu-00752-00441080-00441688 up to $3,760 US. We'll be able to commission a project. There'll be a couple of proposals
+K-ROB1hCESu-00753-00441776-00442400 and that will be designed to help solve one or some of the problems that we've highlighted today.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00754-00442400-00442847 So in the remaining time that we've got left, we are going to address the question:
+K-ROB1hCESu-00755-00442847-00443335 "What sort of things might help to address the common challenges that we've discussed
+K-ROB1hCESu-00756-00443335-00443839 so far?". We've had some really interesting ideas already actually and what we're going to
+K-ROB1hCESu-00757-00443839-00444456 do is start with five minutes this time of silent working on the Padlet. This is the fourth column
+K-ROB1hCESu-00758-00444456-00445096 and you can also of course use the Zoom chat as well. So think of practical ideas that we might
+K-ROB1hCESu-00759-00445096-00445632 be able to commission, that help solve some of these problems. Fourth column on the Padlet board;
+K-ROB1hCESu-00760-00445632-00446239 use the chat and once we've had those five minutes again, I'll come back to our discussions. But also
+K-ROB1hCESu-00761-00446239-00446600 there'll be an opportunity for everybody on the call to share what you think about it as well.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00762-00446600-00447128 So five minutes, what could we commission, what are the practical solutions to what we've been
+K-ROB1hCESu-00763-00447128-00447535 discussing? [....] GAVIN: Excellent, so I'll have a look, I'll read through what we've got on the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00764-00447535-00448039 Padlet, then I'll come back to our discussants. So Laura, then Jacopo, then Laurence for any
+K-ROB1hCESu-00765-00448039-00448600 reflections. And again, if you want to come in on anything please do use the chat, or do use the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00766-00448600-00449408 raise hand tool. So let's go to the Padlet. We have: "Results have a good model for mobilising
+K-ROB1hCESu-00767-00449408-00449904 people to take action on an issue which might be worth developing for climate' - at results.org.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00768-00449976-00450512 'We could create, publish and publicise a model example of responding to the council's climate
+K-ROB1hCESu-00769-00450512-00451039 action plan'. We could 'commission a series of infographics on effective climate language
+K-ROB1hCESu-00770-00451039-00451488 persuasion which would build on the work of Climate Outreach that we heard about earlier. This
+K-ROB1hCESu-00771-00451488-00451856 could be reused by journalists and storytellers around the world, especially with social media,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00772-00451912-00452360 if you're social media friendly, potentially viral'. And 'finding sustainable long-term
+K-ROB1hCESu-00773-00452360-00452847 support for a data librarian, or storytelling data journalists, which may not be within scope or
+K-ROB1hCESu-00774-00452847-00453408 budget a project to recruit, train and support'; 'Community climate champions based in research
+K-ROB1hCESu-00775-00453408-00453896 teams, policy units, universities etc' will be really useful. Then 'seed funding for an agency
+K-ROB1hCESu-00776-00453896-00454384 to pilot' could be what we could commission, could support. 'Climate change data journalism
+K-ROB1hCESu-00777-00454384-00454880 micro grants in under-reported regions', 'some seed funding specifically to enable reuse of an
+K-ROB1hCESu-00778-00454880-00455432 approach'; 'technology or dataset communications between climate champions and citizens'. 'How can
+K-ROB1hCESu-00779-00455432-00455776 local authorities that have declared climate emergencies engage with their citizens
+K-ROB1hCESu-00780-00455776-00456256 so there is mutual understanding? That might involve a combination of engagement
+K-ROB1hCESu-00781-00456256-00456904 software using public consultation with local data and some psychologies by Climate Outreach'
+K-ROB1hCESu-00782-00457024-00457488 and yes, there's quite a quite a spread of possible solutions now. I think we've heard
+K-ROB1hCESu-00783-00457488-00458135 a few others during the course of today as well. Let's go to our panel for their responses first,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00784-00458135-00458639 so Laura, what's your reflection on those possible solutions that we might commission?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00785-00458639-00459384 LAURA: Yeah, I think that's a lot of really great ideas. I've been chewing on this question a bit,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00786-00459504-00460120 on how do you take these smaller level grants and make the money go the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00787-00460247-00460784 furthest? One thing that I really really love is working with college students.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00788-00460935-00461847 Gen Z is probably really annoying for people to manage but I love them. They're so passionate
+K-ROB1hCESu-00789-00461847-00462416 about this issue specifically, and they come at it from this really unique perspective that hasn't
+K-ROB1hCESu-00790-00462416-00463368 been warped by decades of inaction and decades of all of these things that have been happening
+K-ROB1hCESu-00791-00463368-00464056 in climate communications, and I think one thing that I would do with the grant this size would be
+K-ROB1hCESu-00792-00464112-00464776 to go out and find college students that are studying like really niche climate solutions, like
+K-ROB1hCESu-00793-00464776-00465424 climate communications or some of these other more niche problems and helping fund their research or
+K-ROB1hCESu-00794-00465424-00466088 funding them to do work for private organisations helps a little bit of money go a long way.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00795-00466200-00466864 Personally I would love to see more research done on like how communication science can overcome
+K-ROB1hCESu-00796-00466864-00467176 climate denialism, kind of going back to what we were talking about earlier,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00797-00467376-00468432 or even a contest where you have college students competing for grant money based on ideas to solve
+K-ROB1hCESu-00798-00468432-00468864 a particular challenge. I think those are really effective ways to spend a little bit of money too.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00799-00469024-00469839 Another thing that I have found to be relatively effective in the United States is, we have a lot
+K-ROB1hCESu-00800-00469839-00470352 of protests that happen and they're not always climate related, although oftentimes they are.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00801-00470520-00471072 With just a couple hundred bucks I have a team that started setting up just a table
+K-ROB1hCESu-00802-00471135-00471560 and everyone that goes to the protest, we ask them to write a letter to their representative
+K-ROB1hCESu-00803-00471560-00472247 and then come Monday morning we mail it, so that we're sort of bridging the gap between
+K-ROB1hCESu-00804-00472247-00472784 people who are in the streets and feeling passionate about an issue, and actually taking
+K-ROB1hCESu-00805-00472784-00473343 that passion and having something tangible to send to a representative. So that's that's been
+K-ROB1hCESu-00806-00473343-00474008 a really interesting thing that we've been doing too that can be done for not a terribly expensive
+K-ROB1hCESu-00807-00474008-00474612 amount of money. So yeah, I mean those I think are the two ways that I would go about it.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00808-00474612-00475080 GAVIN: Fantastic, thank you plenty for us to add to the list there, and I think
+K-ROB1hCESu-00809-00475080-00475432 you've identified one of the one of the real challenges which is, how can you make
+K-ROB1hCESu-00810-00475432-00475888 a small grant go as far as possible? So definitely something we're thinking about.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00811-00475888-00476888 JACOPO: I think some of the solutions that are being proposed here touch on
+K-ROB1hCESu-00812-00476888-00477535 data journalism. It is a potential way to raise awareness in an effective way around
+K-ROB1hCESu-00813-00477535-00478304 climate change and for example there are at least three solutions that could be combined together:
+K-ROB1hCESu-00814-00478304-00479208 the infographics, one, the data journalism microgrants, one, and also the one about
+K-ROB1hCESu-00815-00479432-00479943 communication between climate champions and citizens. So I think these three
+K-ROB1hCESu-00816-00479943-00480616 could be combined together and the grant could be used to create a package of infographics or
+K-ROB1hCESu-00817-00480672-00481543 social media cards or social media stories, I would suggest, that are checked and based on the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00818-00481696-00482335 climate champions ideas and data, so that this could be used to fight
+K-ROB1hCESu-00819-00482480-00482960 climate change disinformation, for example, in a visual and accessible way.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00820-00483128-00483712 I would love to see one of these grants dedicated to this kind of purpose, using
+K-ROB1hCESu-00821-00483808-00484368 these techniques that are being proposed. I think it might be very interesting to see what happens.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00822-00484543-00485135 I think if we do that, we should also come up with a with a strategy to make sure that
+K-ROB1hCESu-00823-00485135-00486247 these social media stories or social media cards or infographics will target specific audiences:
+K-ROB1hCESu-00824-00486247-00486784 for example, we could decide to do that with young people. It could be college students,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00825-00486847-00487384 or others in specific areas and then get their feedback as well.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00826-00487620-00488112 GARETH: Thank you and just on that, both of you and Laura raised
+K-ROB1hCESu-00827-00488112-00488560 points around research into climate comms and this disinformation. Myf's put a really useful
+K-ROB1hCESu-00828-00488616-00489135 link into the chat which gives a bit more information on all of that. Laurence,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00829-00489135-00489464 what are your reflections on the suggested possible commissions?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00830-00489464-00489792 LAURENCE: Yeah I think there's some really nice ideas in there,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00831-00489792-00490343 though some of them I think definitely need a lot longer term and larger resources. This is
+K-ROB1hCESu-00832-00490343-00490847 something I've been reflecting on because we have these individual grants and I think
+K-ROB1hCESu-00833-00490952-00491376 it really is worth, right at the beginning, just saying is this kind of thing that we're funding
+K-ROB1hCESu-00834-00491376-00491904 someone to do, to really succeed, is it going to need long-term maintenance and is it going to need
+K-ROB1hCESu-00835-00491904-00492504 long-term support? Or is it just a one-off or is it an exploration? And if it's long-term support
+K-ROB1hCESu-00836-00492504-00492904 then, you know, is there going to be any? Because if there isn't, it probably isn't the right way
+K-ROB1hCESu-00837-00492904-00493208 to spend the money and the right thing for the person, because they're going to do the project,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00838-00493208-00493768 they're going to leave and do something else. But I do think in terms of generating content or
+K-ROB1hCESu-00839-00493768-00494264 generating experiments, I like that several sessions have lent on Climate Outreach,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00840-00494264-00494888 to lean on already existing well-researched bodies of work that explain or suggest ways
+K-ROB1hCESu-00841-00494888-00495384 of communication and then say, okay, well maybe we can test the delivery of those messages. Like,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00842-00495384-00495784 we're leaning on some stuff, we know what to say, but maybe we should do some experiments on
+K-ROB1hCESu-00843-00495847-00496328 what medium we put this through or maybe through TikTok or social media or something else and then
+K-ROB1hCESu-00844-00496328-00496816 it's like a little experiment, right? And it's short, it's very clear what the aim is and what
+K-ROB1hCESu-00845-00496816-00497216 you're trying to achieve. Ideally there's some sort of measurable outcome and then you publish
+K-ROB1hCESu-00846-00497216-00497560 it and say, 'We did this very discreet project and these were the outcomes'. I like it with the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00847-00497560-00498120 micro journalism as well, because I do think this kind of grant you are looking for a good... where
+K-ROB1hCESu-00848-00498120-00498624 can the money have the most impact, and I think there's plenty of projects where this grant would
+K-ROB1hCESu-00849-00498680-00499184 just go into a massive pot and basically have no marginal impact and so it's, can we find people,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00850-00499184-00499847 maybe students, who we can give to a small grant- I would call this a small grant - can have a big
+K-ROB1hCESu-00851-00499847-00500247 impact and I think we found that with some of our fellowship grants where people said, 'Wow,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00852-00500247-00500584 I've really been able to devote a serious amount of time to this that I wouldn't have otherwise',
+K-ROB1hCESu-00853-00500584-00500943 and it's kind of rare to have those kinds of money grants. I mean a lot of fellowships and
+K-ROB1hCESu-00854-00500943-00501368 opportunities there's no money attached to at all, so we shouldn't take it for granted at all, but
+K-ROB1hCESu-00855-00501464-00501847 I think being very conscious of the scope is really important.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00856-00501939-00502632 GAVIN: Fantastic, thank you. So does anyone else joining us today have any views on what we've
+K-ROB1hCESu-00857-00502632-00503032 heard? Any solutions that have suddenly come to mind that we haven't discussed,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00858-00503112-00503712 or any any perspectives on what we should be commissioning and how we should be thinking about
+K-ROB1hCESu-00859-00503712-00504247 commissioning, as Laurence was saying as well? Again, do use the raise hand tool - it should be
+K-ROB1hCESu-00860-00504247-00505152 at the bottom of your screen, or use the chat as well. Any further reflections on what we should
+K-ROB1hCESu-00861-00505152-00505584 be thinking about commissioning to address some of the challenges that we've discussed?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00862-00506592-00506632 Laurence.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00863-00506839-00507184 LAURENCE: I mean the one classic way, of course, to make the money go further is to do
+K-ROB1hCESu-00864-00507296-00507664 hackdays or inducement prizes, you know, and that
+K-ROB1hCESu-00865-00507664-00508047 needs a load of effort - someone has to go and administer that and run it and market it,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00866-00508047-00508752 but the idea is that you then gather in a whole load of people and then they all compete for ideas
+K-ROB1hCESu-00867-00508752-00509232 and so instead of getting one little project you end up with ten small. And the thing with hackdays
+K-ROB1hCESu-00868-00509232-00509616 and those kinds of things are you know you're not going to build something substantial, but again if
+K-ROB1hCESu-00869-00509616-00510047 it's just about ideas and experimentation could be a way to to get more for the...
+K-ROB1hCESu-00870-00510212-00510680 GAVIN: Brilliant - it's a sort of proof of concept, isn't it, seeing what you might be
+K-ROB1hCESu-00871-00510680-00511272 able to do. Anyone else got anything, any thoughts they want to share on any of that?
+K-ROB1hCESu-00872-00512112-00512600 In which case, I don't know if any of our speakers have any final thoughts
+K-ROB1hCESu-00873-00512600-00513208 on the entire thing that they want to share? Otherwise I will tell you what happens next.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00874-00513752-00514120 Excellent, so let me see if I can share my stream again.
+K-ROB1hCESu-00875-00514568-00514992 Thank you for all of your hard work today, sharing what you've already been working on,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00876-00514992-00515328 sharing the challenges that you face, what you try to do with them and then of course thinking
+K-ROB1hCESu-00877-00515328-00515952 about what we might be able to commission, which is what happens next. We will be convening an
+K-ROB1hCESu-00878-00515952-00516632 Action Lab working with around six people at some point after today's surgery. They will
+K-ROB1hCESu-00879-00516632-00517128 work together to commission something, to add a call for proposals which will help address one
+K-ROB1hCESu-00880-00517128-00517664 of the common challenges that we've been talking about today. Anyone can apply to join that Action
+K-ROB1hCESu-00881-00517664-00518168 Lab - details will go out first by the TICTeC mailing list, which you're probably on since
+K-ROB1hCESu-00882-00518168-00518696 you're here today, but if you're not please do sign up for it, and again we'll put a link
+K-ROB1hCESu-00883-00518696-00519176 in the chat so you can sign up to the mailing list. You'll hear when applications are open
+K-ROB1hCESu-00884-00519335-00519952 and if you get onto the Action Lab you'll have a meeting where we think about what exactly we will
+K-ROB1hCESu-00885-00519952-00520456 commission, and then at some point in the next few months there will be a call for proposals
+K-ROB1hCESu-00886-00520456-00521239 that goes out on the mySociety website and there will be up to $3,760 US to do that work,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00887-00521239-00521912 and we'll be taking applications the Action Lab, and our steering group will take a look at those
+K-ROB1hCESu-00888-00521912-00522464 various applications and somebody will get to do the work - which will hopefully be a small
+K-ROB1hCESu-00889-00522464-00523288 first step towards solving some of the things that we've been discussing today. As you can
+K-ROB1hCESu-00890-00523288-00523728 see from the links that Rachel's put in the chat you can sign up for that newsletter. We will be
+K-ROB1hCESu-00891-00523728-00524352 publishing a recording and minutes from all of this as well, so you can visit and think further
+K-ROB1hCESu-00892-00524416-00525056 and we mentioned that other event in September at the beginning today, which is a showcase of people
+K-ROB1hCESu-00893-00525056-00525528 doing interesting things with data and technology around fighting climate change locally. Do take a
+K-ROB1hCESu-00894-00525528-00525984 look at that link and do get in touch with us if you might be interested in showing off what
+K-ROB1hCESu-00895-00525984-00526584 you've been doing. We'd also really love feedback on this session and there will be an email link
+K-ROB1hCESu-00896-00526584-00527440 to all of that as well. So unless anyone has anything else that has come to mind,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00897-00527440-00528112 all that remains to say is a very big thank you to all of our fantastic speakers who helped
+K-ROB1hCESu-00898-00528200-00528576 stir up such a brilliant discussion today; to all of you for joining us;
+K-ROB1hCESu-00899-00528632-00529104 to mySociety and the National Endowment for Democracy for supporting all of this work,
+K-ROB1hCESu-00900-00529160-00529640 and we've also got that sixth Civic Tech Surgery coming up in September on civic
+K-ROB1hCESu-00901-00529640-00529952 tech in hostile environments. Keep an eye out for that, keep an eye out for all of the
+K-ROB1hCESu-00902-00529952-00530784 calls for proposals that will be going out ,and enjoy the rest of the day. Thank you very much.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00000-00001060-00001311 How are folks doing today?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00001-00001311-00001361 Good.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00002-00001361-00001418 Good?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00003-00001418-00001475 Good.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00004-00001475-00001712 I have heard great things about how engaged
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00005-00001712-00001893 you all are as a community.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00006-00001893-00002273 So I'm excited to be able to share space,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00007-00002273-00002633 and to hopefully also engage you in a little bit of my narrative
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00008-00002633-00002921 as well as engage with yours.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00009-00002921-00003377 Thank you, Doris, for sharing the quick bio.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00010-00003377-00003692 Before I get started, I do want to take a moment
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00011-00003692-00004184 today to honor the land that we are on.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00012-00004184-00004391 The Duwamish land and all the other communities
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00013-00004391-00004751 in the surrounding area, like the Salish and the Muckleshoot.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00014-00004751-00004994 I think it's really important to honor today and every day
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00015-00004994-00005474 to make sure that we recognize that we are not
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00016-00005474-00005690 all natives to this lands.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00017-00005690-00006036 And we should pay tribute to those who are still with us,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00018-00006036-00006404 and those who we have lost.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00019-00006404-00006788 So I am going to move us through, hopefully,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00020-00006788-00007009 an engaging experience.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00021-00007009-00007223 I had the longer bio, right, which
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00022-00007223-00007531 says a lot about my career and my educational degrees.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00023-00007531-00007745 But I'm also a community member.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00024-00007745-00008054 I think first and foremost, I'm a student always.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00025-00008054-00008249 And I always feel like I'm learning
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00026-00008249-00008594 so much from all the different roles that I'm in.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00027-00008594-00008988 And because of that, I hope to learn from you all today.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00028-00008988-00009307 So we're going to actually begin with a little bit of a call
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00029-00009307-00009425 and response.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00030-00009425-00009608 So what I'm going to do for you is I'm
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00031-00009608-00009896 going to show you a couple of BuzzFeed charts.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00032-00009896-00010130 And I'm going to see if you can relate to what
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00033-00010130-00010292 they are demonstrating to us.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00034-00010292-00010625 And if you can relate to what the image is showing us,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00035-00010625-00010907 I just want to hear a yes or a snapping
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00036-00010907-00011054 or nodding of the head.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00037-00011054-00011288 So let me see who in the room feels
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00038-00011288-00011803 like this can be a relatable experience for them.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00039-00011803-00012203 So, let's see.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00040-00012203-00012290 There we go.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00041-00012290-00012717 When you are searching for a job or a new opportunity,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00042-00012717-00013009 you pretty much feel like people are qualified for a job,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00043-00013009-00013119 and then there is you.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00044-00013119-00013466 Can I get a yes or nodding of the head or snapping?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00045-00013466-00013519 Yes?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00046-00013519-00013563 Yeah?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00047-00013563-00013613 OK.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00048-00013852-00014148 What about this one?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00049-00014148-00014353 Your thoughts when someone says that you would be
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00050-00014353-00014524 good for a job, role, or team.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00051-00014940-00015334 Any folks feel this way sometimes?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00052-00015334-00015524 No?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00053-00015524-00015758 I see some folks being unsure if they should say yes,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00054-00015758-00016159 but their heads are like slowly moving forward.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00055-00016159-00016279 What about this one here?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00056-00016618-00016921 Reasons why a good thing happened to you.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00057-00016921-00017182 Luck, a mistake, because something bad
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00058-00017182-00017448 is about to happen.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00059-00017448-00017812 Any relatable experiences out there?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00060-00017812-00017862 Yeah?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00061-00018125-00018419 So I'm going to pause here real quick.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00062-00018419-00018632 As a first generation college graduate,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00063-00018632-00018920 Chicana, somebody who comes from a low income
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00064-00018920-00019319 background, working class, this often came up for me
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00065-00019319-00019564 in my educational journey.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00066-00019564-00019838 I got scholarships and I thought I was winning them
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00067-00019838-00020036 because they were like a prize, right,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00068-00020036-00020250 instead of being awarded them.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00069-00020250-00020516 And I would often talk about scholarships in that way
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00070-00020516-00020738 until one of my mentors was like you didn't really
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00071-00020738-00020837 win the scholarship.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00072-00020837-00020988 You were awarded the scholarship,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00073-00020988-00021254 which is kind of this thing that they don't really tell you when
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00074-00021254-00021377 you're going into education.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00075-00021377-00021533 That's called hidden curriculum.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00076-00021533-00021789 For those of us who are first generation college students,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00077-00021789-00022049 we may experience this more often.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00078-00022049-00022226 But I created this chart in collaboration
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00079-00022226-00022514 with two students of color who I work
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00080-00022514-00022753 with who are also first generation college students.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00081-00022753-00023129 And we thought about what is a shared experience for us?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00082-00023129-00023408 Which is that oftentimes when we are
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00083-00023408-00023822 awarded a scholarship or an award,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00084-00023822-00023981 this is what we feel like.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00085-00023981-00024451 So a very small part of us feels like we deserved it.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00086-00024451-00024628 There's a larger piece that feels
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00087-00024628-00024874 like it's because we're a first generation college student,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00088-00024874-00025244 and so that scholarship or award was made just for us.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00089-00025244-00025602 And so that's the only reason we got it, right?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00090-00025602-00025752 The other part of us feels like it's
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00091-00025752-00025965 because we're a person of color.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00092-00025965-00026107 And then there is another big part
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00093-00026107-00026452 of us is that because we're poor, or working class,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00094-00026452-00026794 or we come from low SES.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00095-00026794-00027127 As somebody who works with programs now that actually
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00096-00027127-00027394 offer scholarships and works with students,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00097-00027394-00027724 the amount of times that I have heard this is amazing.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00098-00027724-00028036 Tabling at the U of A for first cats, which is our first gen
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00099-00028036-00028261 services, a student actually came up
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00100-00028261-00028507 and said I'm so excited that you work with first generation
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00101-00028507-00028649 college students.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00102-00028649-00028951 And I thought, oh, this is going to be a awesome conversation.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00103-00028951-00029230 Next thing she said was I wish I was first gen
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00104-00029230-00029651 so I could rack up all the free scholarships.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00105-00029651-00029855 And it made me think wow.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00106-00029855-00030173 Oftentimes we think of merit like deserving, and working
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00107-00030173-00030392 hard, and demonstrating a skill set
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00108-00030392-00030713 has to be completely separate from all of these other things.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00109-00030713-00031025 They can't possibly exist together, right?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00110-00031025-00031205 So when I was talking with students,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00111-00031205-00031727 this is what we came up with as a reality for us often.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00112-00031727-00031973 Which is the pieces around who we are
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00113-00031973-00032249 and the upbringing that we have, being first gen
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00114-00032249-00032588 and not necessarily having given our chosen family--
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00115-00032588-00032839 specifically, given family who are related
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00116-00032839-00033101 to us, who went to college.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00117-00033101-00033347 Being people of color and then being
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00118-00033347-00033929 low SES, that we basically feel like we only get scholarships
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00119-00033929-00034413 because we come from a diverse background, right?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00120-00034413-00034605 These things can't exist together,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00121-00034605-00034865 the idea of deserving it at the same time.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00122-00034865-00035124 Can anybody relate to this experience,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00123-00035124-00035361 and maybe applying it to other contexts
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00124-00035361-00035566 even if it wasn't just the scholarship?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00125-00035858-00036161 Does anybody want to shake their head or say yes?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00126-00036161-00036401 Questions, maybe?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00127-00036401-00036695 So this is an interesting dynamic
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00128-00036695-00036956 because it may not be true for all of us.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00129-00036956-00037115 And sometimes, it's not true until we
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00130-00037115-00037283 sit with it for a while and we try
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00131-00037283-00037544 to make sense of what it means.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00132-00037544-00037871 But ultimately in looking at some of those charts
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00133-00037871-00038255 and diagrams, what the students and I really discovered
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00134-00038255-00038498 is that oftentimes, there is this narrative
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00135-00038498-00038720 about particular communities that
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00136-00038720-00039035 is so pervasive and embedded that we sometimes
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00137-00039035-00039377 start believing that we didn't really deserve to be in spaces.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00138-00039377-00039719 And then we get these messages, either explicitly
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00139-00039719-00039911 or implicitly, that maybe we really
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00140-00039911-00040171 didn't deserve to be somewhere.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00141-00040171-00040418 But for us and a lot of the work that I do,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00142-00040418-00040723 this is how I see it.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00143-00040723-00041079 And if anything, these should all be mixed in together,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00144-00041079-00041474 which is that there shouldn't be this distinction between being
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00145-00041474-00041696 somebody who comes from a diverse background,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00146-00041696-00041894 being first gen, being a person of color,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00147-00041894-00042251 being low SES, and deserving something.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00148-00042251-00042556 But those things can exist together.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00149-00042556-00042912 And that despite the fact that often times people may
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00150-00042912-00043315 give messages that well you did deserve it,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00151-00043315-00043530 but within the context of being first gen
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00152-00043530-00043758 and applying for that first gen scholarship.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00153-00043758-00043815 It's like no.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00154-00043815-00044187 I am first gen. I have something to offer these institutions
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00155-00044187-00044433 and I deserved that scholarship.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00156-00044433-00044717 That all of these things can be happening for us
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00157-00044717-00045031 simultaneously.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00158-00045031-00045526 So what is this idea of feeling like you may not belong
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00159-00045526-00045867 or that you're not supposed to be somewhere?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00160-00045867-00045981 Have you all heard of this?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00161-00046246-00046329 Right.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00162-00046329-00046623 The idea of being an imposter.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00163-00046623-00046920 So a fake, a not supposed to be here,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00164-00046920-00047313 a the university let me in by mistake.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00165-00047313-00047412 Somehow, I got here.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00166-00047412-00047562 But the teacher is going to find out
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00167-00047562-00047691 that I'm not really that smart.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00168-00047691-00047913 I probably shouldn't be in this class.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00169-00047913-00048291 Or that maybe I get aid and once they find out
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00170-00048291-00048480 that I don't do the best that these things,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00171-00048480-00048730 they're going to take it away because I really don't deserve
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00172-00048730-00048897 to be in this space.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00173-00048897-00049117 And in many ways, there is a lot of research
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00174-00049117-00049374 that's looking at specifically imposter syndrome
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00175-00049374-00049614 amongst these particular communities
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00176-00049614-00049707 at their intersection.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00177-00049707-00050025 So what does it mean to be, for me, a woman of color,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00178-00050025-00050361 be first generation college student, and now graduate
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00179-00050361-00050672 and make meaning of this?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00180-00050672-00050921 So when I thought about imposter syndrome,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00181-00050921-00051161 I never actually learned of it as a concept.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00182-00051161-00051415 I think I learned of it as a feeling.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00183-00051415-00051871 As an undergraduate student, I am the daughter
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00184-00051871-00052176 of working class parents.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00185-00052176-00052488 It was really hard for me to go to a place like UC Berkeley
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00186-00052488-00052773 and feel like I belonged.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00187-00052773-00053157 It didn't feel like I had a place there often.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00188-00053157-00053490 And that feeling of longing to belong somewhere,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00189-00053490-00053898 and feeling really misunderstood was really what a lot of folks
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00190-00053898-00054076 will call imposter syndrome.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00191-00054076-00054254 So this didn't come to me just because I
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00192-00054254-00054399 study things like this.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00193-00054399-00054692 But it actually came to me because I was feeling things
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00194-00054692-00054865 like this.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00195-00054865-00055011 And one of the things that I really
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00196-00055011-00055430 wanted to make it emphasize in our conversation together
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00197-00055430-00055812 is the fact that imposter syndrome and other ways
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00198-00055812-00056262 of feeling like we don't belong is not a coincidence.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00199-00056262-00056585 You all are at Highline and as Dr. [? Luna ?] had mentioned,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00200-00056585-00056829 this is a super diverse campus.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00201-00056829-00057048 And the history of higher education institutions
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00202-00057048-00057396 is not created for people like us.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00203-00057396-00057582 Universities and colleges were not
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00204-00057582-00057789 created necessarily with first generation college
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00205-00057789-00057933 students in mind.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00206-00057933-00058182 And maybe we have a couple of those places who
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00207-00058182-00058497 are doing the work to really transition the culture of how
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00208-00058497-00058624 we teach and learn.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00209-00058624-00058890 And a lot of that can be said about Highline here.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00210-00058890-00059112 But historically, colleges and universities
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00211-00059112-00059409 haven't always thought about the belonging
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00212-00059409-00059745 of folks of color, of folks from low income backgrounds,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00213-00059745-00060105 of first generation college students, right?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00214-00060105-00060363 And so what I want for us to think about,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00215-00060363-00060582 and I'm going to pose for us really quick,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00216-00060582-00060972 is that we are a group of people who
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00217-00060972-00061257 are changing the face and the purpose of institutions
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00218-00061257-00061383 by being here.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00219-00061383-00061557 We are thriving here in many ways.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00220-00061557-00061740 We're demanding that we too have a place
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00221-00061740-00062010 to learn skills and knowledge that helps us improve
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00222-00062010-00062192 our communities and ourselves.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00223-00062192-00062371 We're really changing and transforming
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00224-00062371-00062625 the possibility of what education can be
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00225-00062625-00062753 and what it means.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00226-00062753-00063063 And ultimately, to me, that means that we are scholars.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00227-00063063-00063276 Even if that's not something that we call ourselves
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00228-00063276-00063544 all the time.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00229-00063544-00063958 So to help understand a little bit
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00230-00063958-00064252 about my idea of belonging and maybe not feeling
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00231-00064252-00064462 that way throughout college, I want
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00232-00064462-00064753 to share with you a little bit about some motivational factors
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00233-00064753-00065174 that helped me get into college and stay motivated in college.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00234-00065174-00065341 And the reason I'm sharing these factors
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00235-00065341-00065511 is because these are the same things that
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00236-00065511-00065731 made me feel like an outsider or a fake,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00237-00065731-00066358 particularly because college did not value these sets of values
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00238-00066358-00066493 within its community.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00239-00066493-00066877 So for me, home has been essential.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00240-00066877-00067048 Any other folks in the room?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00241-00067048-00067420 The idea of home, who you turn to there, who you engage with,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00242-00067420-00067704 who else does that motivate to be here?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00243-00067704-00067891 I see some nodding, raising hands.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00244-00067891-00068038 All right.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00245-00068038-00068110 Yes.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00246-00068110-00068249 And what about family?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00247-00068249-00068572 This can be given or chosen?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00248-00068572-00068806 Yeah?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00249-00068806-00069082 So work ethic.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00250-00069082-00069652 My father is an amazing worker.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00251-00069652-00070078 He is illiterate, doesn't know how to read.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00252-00070078-00070332 He does not have a high school diploma.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00253-00070332-00070528 And he is the one of the hardest working people
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00254-00070528-00070741 I've ever met in my life.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00255-00070741-00071131 He taught me so much about not giving up
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00256-00071131-00071539 that I take that with me every single day into the classroom,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00257-00071539-00071779 when I get to grade and engage with students,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00258-00071779-00072127 to understand who they are, what they're learning.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00259-00072127-00072322 What about work ethic?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00260-00072322-00072551 Is that something that motivates some folks here?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00261-00072551-00072689 They've seen it demonstrated.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00262-00072689-00072756 Yeah?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00263-00072756-00072871 OK.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00264-00072871-00073097 So community centered education.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00265-00073097-00073318 So for me as a first generation college student
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00266-00073318-00073687 and for many of us even if we don't identify as a first gen
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00267-00073687-00074317 student, we don't necessarily go to college for just ourselves.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00268-00074317-00074605 We go to college so that there's other opportunities.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00269-00074605-00074903 We go to college so that we have different possibilities.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00270-00074903-00075271 Sometimes we go to college because of a necessity
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00271-00075271-00075607 to remove ourselves from maybe toxic places or spaces,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00272-00075607-00076000 but to develop other kinds of communities around us.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00273-00076000-00076225 And then there is culture.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00274-00076225-00076552 For me, culture was huge influential factor.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00275-00076552-00077045 I had the opportunity to take Chicana studies in high school.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00276-00077045-00077434 And that completely propelled my identity development forward,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00277-00077434-00077830 meaning I actually cared about who I was, where I came from.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00278-00077830-00078139 How many for you would you say that culture and community are
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00279-00078139-00078445 something that matter to you and being at Highline
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00280-00078445-00078564 and moving forward?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00281-00078564-00078691 Yeah?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00282-00078691-00078788 Great.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00283-00078788-00079145 And for me the other part of this is social justice.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00284-00079145-00079394 To me, education is about liberation.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00285-00079394-00079508 It's about freedom.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00286-00079508-00079942 It's about the opportunity to know
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00287-00079942-00080230 how to create new forms of justice,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00288-00080230-00080405 how to create new forms of knowledge,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00289-00080405-00080716 how to build together, how to learn from each other,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00290-00080716-00081109 how to break lots of rules, how to create other systems that
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00291-00081109-00081457 actually care about people.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00292-00081457-00081679 What are some other values for you
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00293-00081679-00081823 all that keep you motivated?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00294-00081823-00082069 So I want you to turn to the person next to you.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00295-00082069-00082336 Maybe share one or two things, or you
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00296-00082336-00082478 can relate to one of these.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00297-00082478-00082633 And just take a minute or two to talk
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00298-00082633-00082909 about what has motivated you to be in this space
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00299-00082909-00082987 and to learn here.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00301-00088688-00088908 Go ahead and take about another minute to wrap up
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00302-00088908-00089063 and we'll see if folks want to share.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00303-00089063-00091185 [SIDE CONVERSATIONS]
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00304-00091185-00091235 All right.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00305-00091486-00091762 Any brave souls out there want to share out?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00306-00092615-00092665 Thank you.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00307-00093021-00093282 So I just like to place myself in this environment
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00308-00093282-00093597 because I feel like it's filled with intellectual minds.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00309-00093597-00093816 And there's information that you can
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00310-00093816-00094197 obtain from any person in this room, or out there, or there,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00311-00094197-00094266 anywhere really.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00312-00094266-00094765 So that's why I like to place myself in this environment.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00313-00094765-00094996 No, we can snap to that.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00314-00094996-00095046 Thank you.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00315-00095449-00095654 I come here because of my family.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00316-00095654-00095886 My mom is a single mom.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00317-00095886-00096180 She been taking care of me most of my life.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00318-00096180-00096413 And I also come to represent my culture,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00319-00096413-00096781 being Samoan and Polynesian.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00320-00096781-00096869 Ooo, yeah.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00321-00097591-00098026 Well I decided to go back to school because I am Mexican.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00322-00098026-00098317 And most of the Mexican community
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00323-00098317-00098554 don't really-- the majority don't
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00324-00098554-00098767 have a background education.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00325-00098767-00098980 So I want to get the education so I
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00326-00098980-00099334 could transmit the knowledge because knowledge is power.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00327-00099334-00099499 And that's what my people need.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00328-00100206-00100473 My teachers growing up played a really big role
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00329-00100473-00100746 in motivating me to go to college because they just
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00330-00100746-00100971 had really high expectations for me, in general.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00331-00101919-00102522 My name is Willow and my dad is white, but my mother is Indian.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00332-00102522-00102849 And she's native Alaskan.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00333-00102849-00103299 And I'm the only one educated, or getting an education.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00334-00103299-00103530 And I wanted to graduate before her death.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00335-00103530-00103581 She's 71.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00336-00104127-00104351 So we'll take one more.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00337-00104736-00104786 All right.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00338-00104786-00105142 So I come back here because I honestly
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00339-00105142-00105376 feel like it's the first time in my life, when I stepped
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00340-00105376-00105747 in Highline, that I've ever had the chance
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00341-00105747-00106065 to have my dreams intersect with opportunity and become reality.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00342-00106324-00106770 I feel like that's level Audre Lorde quote right there.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00343-00106770-00106902 Drop the mic.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00344-00106902-00106983 Yes.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00345-00106983-00107126 And you're leaving when you say--
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00346-00107126-00107247 right?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00347-00107247-00107320 No, it's OK.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00348-00107320-00107529 It's just-- it was like a pivotal exit.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00349-00107529-00107807 You just drop something and then left.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00350-00107807-00108008 [LAUGHS]
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00351-00108008-00108075 Thank you.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00352-00108075-00108270 Thank all of you for sharing.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00353-00108270-00108657 I actually am going to build off of that that was just shared.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00354-00108657-00109065 So my idea of going to college was my dream.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00355-00109065-00109361 My dream became a dream when I saw
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00356-00109361-00109698 my niece be born to my 18-year-old brother
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00357-00109698-00110008 and his 17-year-old girlfriend.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00358-00110008-00110250 Six months after high school graduation, their high school
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00359-00110250-00110430 graduation.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00360-00110430-00111054 And seeing her and wanting to have at least the option
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00361-00111054-00111458 of other possibilities for her as a Chicana woman growing up
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00362-00111458-00111703 in the Central Valley in California,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00363-00111703-00112050 which is a place where I had pretty much two options.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00364-00112050-00112358 Which was to get pregnant, or expectations,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00365-00112358-00112767 was to get pregnant before or after
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00366-00112767-00112981 I graduated from high school like quickly after,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00367-00112981-00113073 or to get married.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00368-00113073-00113403 That was really the limited idea of what
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00369-00113403-00113884 I was told I was possible of becoming in high school.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00370-00113884-00114359 And with her birth inspired me to think about a different kind
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00371-00114359-00114410 of dream.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00372-00114410-00114606 And then I heard people say words like college.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00373-00114606-00114846 And I was like, what is this thing that people
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00374-00114846-00115023 go to that's called college?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00375-00115023-00115272 And in many ways, that internally
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00376-00115272-00115473 put me on this path of becoming college
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00377-00115473-00115716 bound because I cared to look into it
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00378-00115716-00115956 and I also started surrounding myself by folks who would
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00379-00115956-00116094 tell me what it was about.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00380-00116094-00116328 With that being said, as I continued to go into college,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00381-00116328-00116808 and I'll talk a little bit more about this, is I got there
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00382-00116808-00117083 and then I was like uh-oh.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00383-00117083-00117381 So I'm in my dream right now because nobody
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00384-00117381-00117516 in my extended family--
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00385-00117516-00117726 I have 19 cousins--
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00386-00117726-00117988 had gone to a university.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00387-00117988-00118117 What am I supposed to do next?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00388-00118117-00118510 Because I am in my dream, which is to get a college education,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00389-00118510-00118708 and now I'm about to graduate.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00390-00118708-00118806 And I'm really tired.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00391-00118806-00118978 Do I have to have another dream?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00392-00118978-00119068 Is this enough?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00393-00119068-00119259 What is going on here?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00394-00119259-00119497 And for me in that space of being really tired, one
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00395-00119497-00119740 of the things I didn't realize at the time of being
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00396-00119740-00120108 an undergraduate student and moving through those spaces,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00397-00120108-00120400 is that I was navigating and negotiating
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00398-00120400-00120585 so many cultural worlds.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00399-00120585-00120907 So many different spaces that it was taxing and it was super
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00400-00120907-00121108 exhausting.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00401-00121108-00121335 A key feminist scholar that I often
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00402-00121335-00121640 turn to make sense of my work--
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00403-00121640-00121975 and I wouldn't be able to share and engage in any way
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00404-00121975-00122458 if I hadn't engaged specifically with her is Gloria Anzaldua.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00405-00122458-00122620 It's like the only academic reference
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00406-00122620-00122917 that I have for our presentation.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00407-00122917-00123013 And it should be her.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00408-00123013-00123201 So I'm going to leave this here for a second,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00409-00123201-00123393 and then I'll narrate it for us.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00410-00123393-00123589 But I want to bring up this concept of borders,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00411-00123589-00123850 particularly around boundaries when we think about school
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00412-00123850-00123982 and we think about identity.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00413-00123982-00124185 So borders are set up to define the places that
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00414-00124185-00124536 are safe and unsafe, to distinguish us from them.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00415-00124536-00124768 A border is a dividing line, a narrow strip
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00416-00124768-00124966 along a steep edge.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00417-00124966-00125206 A borderline is a vague and undetermined place
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00418-00125206-00125671 created by the emotional residue of an unnatural boundary.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00419-00125671-00125885 It is in a constant state of transition.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00420-00125885-00126375 The prohibited and forbidden are its inhabitants.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00421-00126375-00126672 What does this have to do with college?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00422-00126672-00127077 What does it have to do with being a first generation
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00423-00127077-00127533 Chicana in college and navigating spaces.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00424-00127533-00127950 Well for me while I was in my undergraduate,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00425-00127950-00128313 didn't really understand the excess to which I was crossing
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00426-00128313-00128565 cultural borders, metaphoric borders,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00427-00128565-00129033 maybe not necessarily geographic borders like I experience daily
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00428-00129033-00129414 in Tucson, Arizona, which is only 100 miles away from Mexico
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00429-00129414-00129639 the border there.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00430-00129639-00130041 But borders, as in the idea of moving between home,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00431-00130041-00130215 and then moving to college.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00432-00130215-00130491 Going to my family, and then coming into college
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00433-00130491-00130665 and having conversations.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00434-00130665-00130851 There was this constant tension between me
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00435-00130851-00131259 to make sense of what it meant to be what my family calls me,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00436-00131259-00131679 Vicki, back home and then to be Vicki in college.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00437-00131679-00131927 It was a very different person oftentimes.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00438-00131927-00132162 And I didn't know how to make sense of those things
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00439-00132162-00132515 because neither of them seemed to be welcome in either space.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00440-00132515-00132791 And I'm going to say that again because I think sometimes
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00441-00132791-00132933 we focus on the college experience
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00442-00132933-00133131 without also talking about the home experience.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00443-00133131-00133509 Which is that I didn't know how to be myself in either space.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00444-00133509-00133755 Sometimes, I would go home and talk about college
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00445-00133755-00133890 with my family.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00446-00133890-00134124 And unfortunately, sometimes the conversations
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00447-00134124-00134265 would lead to things like oh, you
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00448-00134265-00134769 think because you're in college that you know everything now.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00449-00134769-00134991 Or you think that you know this word,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00450-00134991-00135169 so then you think you're smarter than us.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00451-00135169-00135315 And at that time, I didn't know how
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00452-00135315-00135465 to make sense of those things.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00453-00135465-00135615 But then I was also going to college
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00454-00135615-00135789 and I would look around.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00455-00135789-00136287 Anybody been to San Francisco or Bay Area?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00456-00136287-00136617 It's kind of similar to what Seattle is transitioning into.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00457-00136617-00136827 But when I went to Berkeley, everybody
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00458-00136827-00137064 looked like they knew what they were doing.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00459-00137064-00137481 And their backpacks cost like half the price
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00460-00137481-00137637 of my mom's rent.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00461-00137637-00137805 Just for their backpack.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00462-00137805-00138207 Their laptop was a couple months rent for my family.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00463-00138207-00138534 And I was constantly getting messages in that space, too,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00464-00138534-00138645 that I didn't belong.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00465-00138645-00138936 The way that I talked, the way that I walked.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00466-00138936-00139269 The reference points that I had when people talked about like,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00467-00139269-00139566 I want you to close your eyes and envision a leader.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00468-00139566-00139757 Envision somebody who's innovative.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00469-00139757-00139938 And like the person that was back there,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00470-00139938-00140207 I thought of my single mother.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00471-00140207-00140330 I was like my mom.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00472-00140330-00140513 She raised us.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00473-00140513-00140693 She raised us by herself.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00474-00140693-00140798 She had to be innovative.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00475-00140798-00140905 She had to be creative.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00476-00140905-00141143 She figured out how to keep a roof over our head.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00477-00141143-00141413 She also figured out how to keep me safe,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00478-00141413-00141590 and helped me prioritize my education.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00479-00141590-00141734 That's who I think of.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00480-00141734-00141931 While other people are like, Bill Gates
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00481-00141931-00142040 and all these other folks.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00482-00142040-00142220 And I was like I actually didn't even
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00483-00142220-00142451 know who Bill Gates was, except for the fact
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00484-00142451-00142660 that I got a scholarship from him.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00485-00142660-00143018 That's the only reason I knew who he was.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00486-00143018-00143285 And so I often felt conflicted about these things.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00487-00143285-00143549 And I want to talk a little bit about that
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00488-00143549-00143828 because sometimes when we're thinking about belonging,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00489-00143828-00144176 and where we feel comfortable, I want to just acknowledge
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00490-00144176-00144569 that sometimes the same spaces and people or things that
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00491-00144569-00144976 motivate us like these things, can also
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00492-00144976-00145231 be the things that we internalize and feel stress
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00493-00145231-00145303 from.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00494-00145303-00145465 Or feel like we don't necessarily
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00495-00145465-00145705 connect to or struggling to figure out
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00496-00145705-00146098 how do I make my culture matter in this new space.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00497-00146098-00146371 How do I take my college education effectively
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00498-00146371-00146839 into my home communities and into my culture as a tool?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00499-00146839-00147037 For me, that has been a lot of translation.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00500-00147037-00147250 I think of it as like a translation.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00501-00147250-00147484 It's a lot of work.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00502-00147484-00147709 The things that I read in my textbooks, the things
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00503-00147709-00148228 that I heard in lecture, I can never say back home.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00504-00148228-00148616 Not because folks couldn't understand it, because they did
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00505-00148616-00148675 understand it.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00506-00148675-00148786 They actually were living.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00507-00148786-00149070 We talked about social system, structures, oppression,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00508-00149070-00149218 inequality.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00509-00149218-00149467 In the classroom, I was like do you need an example?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00510-00149467-00149701 Because I can tell you tons of examples
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00511-00149701-00149851 about how this plays out.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00512-00149851-00150182 Literally on Daleville Avenue in Fresno, California,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00513-00150182-00150451 which is my grandmother's street.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00514-00150451-00150610 I could tell you tons of examples.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00515-00150610-00150940 But if I took that language back home and often felt and made me
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00516-00150940-00151268 feel very disconnected from community.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00517-00151268-00151483 And so I just want to take some time
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00518-00151483-00151744 to acknowledge that that may be a reality for some of us,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00519-00151744-00151969 and it may be the ways in which we continue
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00520-00151969-00152224 to cross these borders and boundaries that we're
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00521-00152224-00152584 figuring out who we are constantly in multiple spaces.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00522-00152584-00152875 And that is OK.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00523-00152875-00153127 It not doesn't always feel OK.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00524-00153127-00153379 But it's a part of many of our struggles
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00525-00153379-00153706 to figure out who we are.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00526-00153706-00154174 And I will say that in this space of tension, in what I
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00527-00154174-00154435 often refer to as the borderlines,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00528-00154435-00154690 and use a lot of Anzaldua work, is
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00529-00154690-00154864 it cultivated a sense of identity
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00530-00154864-00155314 in me that I was in fact a Chicana educator and a student.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00531-00155314-00155911 That my political identity, my gender, my race ethnicity,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00532-00155911-00156250 that they were all tied up into who I was as an educator
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00533-00156250-00156337 and as a student.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00534-00156337-00156553 And then I'm not going to be somebody
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00535-00156553-00156786 who's willing to separate those things.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00536-00156786-00156994 That I'm trying to be my authentic self in all
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00537-00156994-00157297 the spaces that I move through.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00538-00157297-00157726 And I want students who are also maybe thinking and struggling
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00539-00157726-00158026 with some of these things to also feel like we belong.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00540-00158026-00158332 And sometimes that means we carve out other spaces
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00541-00158332-00158452 to belong to.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00542-00158452-00158881 Or we create other opportunities of belonging for ourselves
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00543-00158881-00159259 and each other without forgetting who we come from,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00544-00159259-00159608 where we are from, and the people that we care about most.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00545-00159608-00159829 So I'm going to pose these big questions to us
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00546-00159829-00160148 because they have a lot to do with what I'm talking about.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00547-00160148-00160298 I'm just going to let them sit here.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00548-00160298-00160492 So where does knowledge come from?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00549-00160492-00160821 And who gets to create knowledge?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00550-00160821-00161023 I'm posing these big questions because I
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00551-00161023-00161287 think these questions are tied to the conversation
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00552-00161287-00161599 around belonging, especially when you think about college.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00553-00161599-00161911 So some folks talked about the idea of college
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00554-00161911-00162094 providing opportunities to intersect
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00555-00162094-00162322 with dreams and possibilities.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00556-00162322-00162703 We learn here, we engage in knowledge formation.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00557-00162703-00163213 A easier maybe question to ask is what is a scholar?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00558-00163213-00163435 Or maybe a more difficult question to ask
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00559-00163435-00163603 is what is a scholar?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00560-00163603-00163780 What I want to do on your index card
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00561-00163780-00164023 is to actually write down the numbers one and two.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00562-00164023-00164197 And what I want you to do--
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00563-00164197-00164314 we can give you another one.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00564-00164314-00164662 -- is I want you to think about two people that you would
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00565-00164662-00164947 consider a scholar.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00566-00164947-00165515 So having not really defined that, who are scholars to you?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00567-00166416-00166661 So at least two options.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00568-00166661-00166829 Who are scholars that you know?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00569-00167348-00167552 It can be personally.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00570-00167552-00167720 Yeah.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00571-00167720-00167981 Just jot them down or hold them in your mind.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00572-00167981-00168248 Take note.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00573-00168248-00168298 All right.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00574-00168298-00168761 Let's take some responses here.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00575-00168761-00168992 So who are some of the people that we have?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00576-00169337-00169679 I put you and all of us are also.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00577-00170015-00170126 Did everybody catch that?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00578-00170126-00170234 I'll say it one more time.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00579-00170234-00170688 She said that I am, she is, and we all are scholars.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00580-00171485-00171624 Any other volunteers?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00581-00172253-00172470 Professors and your brother?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00582-00172470-00172520 Thank you.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00583-00173063-00173230 She said her mother was a scholar.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00584-00173230-00173280 Yes.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00585-00174499-00174612 Yes.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00586-00174612-00174978 Do you mind saying that one more time into the mic?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00587-00174978-00175110 It's a beautiful story.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00588-00175110-00175473 My little sister, I consider her as a scholar
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00589-00175473-00176061 because in her homeworks her teacher refers to her students
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00590-00176061-00176316 as a scholar.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00591-00176316-00176493 Yeah and she's in kindergarten.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00592-00176787-00176911 Thank you all.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00593-00176911-00177090 So this question here.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00594-00177090-00177516 I tried to figure out pretty succinct way of creating
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00595-00177516-00177684 a definition of what a scholar means
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00596-00177684-00178041 to me that's informed heavily, quite honestly, by women
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00597-00178041-00178169 of color.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00598-00178169-00178440 Women of color feminists and a lot of other knowledge
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00599-00178440-00178626 creators that I know as well.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00600-00178626-00178818 But these are the kinds of things that I think
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00601-00178818-00178984 of when I think of a scholar.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00602-00178984-00179321 So I want us to just quickly--
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00603-00179321-00179463 I'm going to read these and I want
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00604-00179463-00179802 to think about how the people that we mentioned
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00605-00179802-00180082 are definitely embodying a lot of what we have here.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00606-00180082-00180285 Which is scholars are knowledge creators.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00607-00180285-00180657 They create ideas, theories, research, narrative stories
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00608-00180657-00180810 and so much more.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00609-00180810-00180978 They take risks to learn more in order
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00610-00180978-00181215 to become even better scholars.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00611-00181215-00181458 And scholars who take what they create seriously
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00612-00181458-00181668 and they try to put it into practice
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00613-00181668-00182010 are the special kind of scholar because they show us
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00614-00182010-00182425 that what we study and learn can and should inform our actions.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00615-00182425-00182625 Meaning that it shouldn't just be in a textbook.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00616-00182625-00182850 It shouldn't just be something that we carry here,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00617-00182850-00183183 but we should actually be doing something with it.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00618-00183183-00183417 And that's not necessarily everybody's definition
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00619-00183417-00183522 of a scholar.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00620-00183522-00183753 Maybe your kindergarten sister is figuring out
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00621-00183753-00183939 how she practices that everyday.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00622-00183939-00184221 She probably gets a little bit more fun homework
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00623-00184221-00184373 than some of us get.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00624-00184373-00184608 So she has a little bit more creative freedom
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00625-00184608-00184713 to figure out who she is.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00626-00184713-00184878 But she is acting upon that.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00627-00184878-00185286 She's building, and she's learning, and she's growing.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00628-00185286-00185595 The types of theories of the flesh, meaning the lived
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00629-00185595-00185841 experiences that my mother carries and teaches me
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00630-00185841-00185967 everyday.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00631-00185967-00186161 They're not written in any book.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00632-00186161-00186681 More so now because folks like myself are writing books.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00633-00186681-00186957 We are choosing to tell their stories in many ways.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00634-00186957-00187224 But she has always been a scholar.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00635-00187224-00187523 Many of us are here today.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00636-00187523-00187917 So, as I said earlier, I would argue that all of us
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00637-00187917-00188226 are scholars.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00638-00188226-00188564 In fact, I said this earlier and I'll say one more time.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00639-00188564-00188879 We are changing the face and the purpose of education student
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00640-00188879-00189017 by being here.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00641-00189017-00189296 By thriving here and demanding that we to have a place
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00642-00189296-00189503 to learn skills and knowledge that
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00643-00189503-00189827 help us improve our communities and ourselves.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00644-00189827-00190043 All of us are scholars.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00645-00190043-00190565 We are contributing to knowledge creation constantly.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00646-00190565-00190730 And I don't really want for you all
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00647-00190730-00190997 to doubt that as a possibility.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00648-00190997-00191165 Even in those moments of tension when
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00649-00191165-00191531 we're figuring out where we belong and where we matter.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00650-00191531-00192092 So I know Thomas Bui really well.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00651-00192092-00192302 And so Thomas was like this would not
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00652-00192302-00192512 be a workshop by Victoria if there wasn't
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00653-00192512-00192725 some kind of other activity.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00654-00192725-00192887 And he is definitely correct.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00655-00192887-00193295 So we're going to actually do an activity now together.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00656-00193295-00193827 And I'm going to find some folks to help me pass these out.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00657-00193827-00194393 So there is a worksheet.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00658-00194393-00194765 It is a fairly familiar worksheet.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00659-00194765-00194954 It's called where I am from.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00660-00194954-00195353 Has anybody done an activity or a poem or something
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00661-00195353-00195536 that's listed that way?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00662-00195536-00195748 No?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00663-00195748-00195798 Yeah?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00664-00195798-00195882 OK.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00665-00195882-00196058 So can I have one?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00666-00196058-00196284 Sorry, thanks.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00667-00196284-00196853 So it's actually been edited and updated to include
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00668-00196853-00197111 some reference to critical race theory, particularly
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00669-00197111-00197543 community cultural wealth which is Terry Osos concept.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00670-00197543-00197618 So it's shifted.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00671-00197618-00197915 If you've done it before, what I'm going to ask-- so just
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00672-00197915-00198071 hold on a quick sec.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00673-00198071-00198267 This is going to be a silent activity.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00674-00198267-00198656 We're going to take about 8 to 10 minutes to individually
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00675-00198656-00198872 fill this out.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00676-00198872-00199302 What I encourage you to do is to not over think it.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00677-00199302-00199694 I am not a poet at all.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00678-00199694-00199958 My idea of performance is teaching.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00679-00199958-00200129 That's what I do.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00680-00200129-00200540 I do not have a rhythm to how I speak.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00681-00200540-00200663 This is not my forte.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00682-00200663-00200948 And because of that, I encourage you to just immediately
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00683-00200948-00201248 respond to the prompts, to not hold yourself back.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00684-00201248-00201518 And if you feel like you're slowing down at some place,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00685-00201518-00201687 then skip to the next one.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00686-00201687-00201737 OK.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00687-00201737-00202038 And just keep filling it out.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00688-00202038-00202331 This is for you to do on your own.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00689-00202331-00202634 I will see if folks are willing to share.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00690-00202634-00202886 And I also have examples of students who are
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00691-00202886-00203238 willing to share here today.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00692-00203238-00203498 So knowing what we have talked about,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00693-00203498-00203711 knowing about the ideas of imposter syndrome,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00694-00203711-00204062 but knowing about also the ideas that we to our scholars
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00695-00204062-00204336 we have lots to say and lots to offer,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00696-00204336-00204482 I want you to take this opportunity
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00697-00204482-00204797 to reflect and think about the skills and assets that you
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00698-00204797-00205080 bring with you to these spaces.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00699-00205080-00205457 So I'll play a little bit of music to keep us on track.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00700-00205457-00205773 And then we'll check in a couple of minutes.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00701-00205773-00205835 OK.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00702-00205835-00206098 So before I ask for folks share out,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00703-00206098-00206429 I'm going to settle with of [INAUDIBLE] agreements here.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00704-00206429-00207185 One, we are going to make sure that folks do share that this
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00705-00207185-00207289 is an affirming space.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00706-00207289-00207452 We let them have their narrative and be
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00707-00207452-00207786 able to share that in the way that they wish.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00708-00207786-00208058 So if everybody can agree to a kind of snap
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00709-00208058-00208298 or applaud when they're done to offer that.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00710-00208298-00208415 Yeah?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00711-00208415-00208530 Is that cool with folks?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00712-00208530-00208580 Yes?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00713-00208580-00208712 OK.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00714-00208712-00209183 The other part of this is that the way that we will read this
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00715-00209183-00209658 is that I really want you to not stop yourself and say,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00716-00209658-00209789 oh, wait I didn't mean that.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00717-00209789-00209940 Or oh I meant to say it in this way.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00718-00209940-00209990 Right?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00719-00209990-00210102 Kind of edit out our voice.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00720-00210102-00210434 I really just want you to read through what you have.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00721-00210434-00210748 And you have to promise to make sure
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00722-00210748-00210977 no matter if you left something's blank
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00723-00210977-00211377 that you still finished with the last line.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00724-00211377-00211686 The last line is I am a knowledge creator and scholar.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00725-00211686-00211992 So even if there are some other pieces that you didn't get to,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00726-00211992-00212286 you're going to end with saying that.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00727-00212286-00212373 OK?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00728-00212373-00212637 So before I take volunteers, I want each of you
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00729-00212637-00213015 to read to yourself what you wrote.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00730-00213015-00213469 Take a moment to just listen, to read, to not judge,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00731-00213469-00213591 doesn't need to rhyme.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00732-00213591-00213921 Doesn't need to make sense or sound like a complete thought.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00733-00213921-00214017 Just needs to be.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00734-00214017-00214290 So take a minute to do that.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00735-00214290-00214392 All right.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00736-00214392-00214585 So to help us, I'm actually going
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00737-00214585-00215007 to start with an audio from a student.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00738-00215007-00215334 And then we will take one to two volunteers from the room.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00739-00215971-00216294 This is a current really great student
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00740-00216294-00216466 who just finished last May.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00741-00216466-00216859 She's a college graduate first in her family also to go.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00742-00216859-00217090 And she was more than happy to share her experience.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00743-00217090-00217157 [VIDEO PLAYBACK]
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00744-00217157-00217698 - My name is [INAUDIBLE] and I am a knowledge creator
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00745-00217698-00217834 and scholar.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00746-00217834-00218203 I am from [SPEAKING SPANISH] and sewing kits
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00747-00218203-00218446 and cookie containers from the house.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00748-00218446-00218923 [SPEAKING SPANISH] yellow, tall, familiar.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00749-00218923-00219235 I am from [SPEAKING SPANISH] in competition
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00750-00219235-00219531 of who makes the best tamales amongst my tias.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00751-00219531-00219589 P.s.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00752-00219589-00219925 It's my mother, but don't tell the rest of my tias.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00753-00219925-00220221 I am from two cities 60 miles apart.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00754-00220221-00220576 A home and a dream, and a wall, and a longing
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00755-00220576-00220726 for the [SPEAKING SPANISH] that flow
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00756-00220726-00220923 through my [SPEAKING SPANISH] backyard.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00757-00220923-00221244 From mariachis and [SPEAKING SPANISH]..
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00758-00221244-00221461 I am from [SPEAKING SPANISH] a plant
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00759-00221461-00221789 my grandmother used to scare away [SPEAKING SPANISH] from my
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00760-00221789-00222096 [SPEAKING SPANISH] and [SPEAKING SPANISH]
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00761-00222096-00222463 I am from [SPEAKING SPANISH] to fight, but to not forget
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00762-00222463-00222598 to love yourself.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00763-00222598-00222961 I am from teaching others for my accepting what I call my
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00764-00222961-00223069 [SPEAKING SPANISH].
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00765-00223069-00223378 An ongoing internal battle to eradicate the feeling
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00766-00223378-00223644 that I am not worthy when in actuality, I
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00767-00223644-00223819 make the ground tremble.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00768-00223819-00224059 I am from families belong together
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00769-00224059-00224275 because as a 14-year-old, I should not
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00770-00224275-00224469 have become an expert on visiting loved
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00771-00224469-00224671 ones inside detention centers.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00772-00224671-00224898 From the understanding that self-love
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00773-00224898-00225340 has a ripple effect that starts with us and heals generations.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00774-00225340-00225709 I am a knowledge creator and scholar.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00775-00225709-00226225 [APPLAUSE]
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00776-00226225-00226367 [END PLAYBACK]
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00777-00226367-00226704 Ana is one student that I have the privilege of working.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00778-00226704-00226909 I had the privilege.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00779-00226909-00227062 I still talk about it as present.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00780-00227062-00227223 But we still connect.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00781-00227223-00227559 But are there any other folks who
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00782-00227559-00227809 would be willing to share their narrative?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00783-00229375-00229709 Let's give this person a round of applause, some snaps.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00784-00230141-00230403 OK, so mine wasn't that long.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00785-00230403-00230611 So my name is Jason Guerrero and what I call
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00786-00230611-00230882 home is [INAUDIBLE], Mexico.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00787-00230882-00231042 But I also call home further away
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00788-00231042-00231213 because I was raised further away.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00789-00231213-00231487 What I remember from Mexico is that it
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00790-00231487-00231832 was a very small city was a community where
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00791-00231832-00232024 people interacted a lot more than here.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00792-00232024-00232262 Here people are just on their phones and stuff like that.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00793-00232262-00232696 A food that I represents my family's seafood because my dad
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00794-00232696-00233023 used to own a seafood restaurant in Mexico.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00795-00233023-00233155 And it was actually pretty--
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00796-00233155-00233380 it was a business that went pretty good.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00797-00233380-00233521 So that just reminds me of home.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00798-00233521-00233698 Something I feel connected to is my phone
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00799-00233698-00233932 because that's where all my knowledge and my friendships
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00800-00233932-00234014 rely.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00801-00234014-00234219 And I feel like I could call my family
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00802-00234219-00234873 from Mexico or any of my friends to just socialize.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00803-00234873-00235063 A song that really motivates me it's
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00804-00235063-00235269 called Me Against the World by Tupac.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00805-00235269-00235480 It just feels like it's always been that way.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00806-00235480-00235705 I only got myself, really, to go against the world.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00807-00235705-00235951 Being a first Gen student also.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00808-00235951-00236254 So it just kind of motivates me to keep on going.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00809-00236254-00236448 One thing I learned was from my father.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00810-00236448-00236683 His work ethic.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00811-00236683-00236873 He's a really hard working person.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00812-00236873-00237157 There was a part of my life where he worked day and night.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00813-00237157-00237305 So he had three jobs.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00814-00237305-00237514 So it just showed and I've worked with them.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00815-00237514-00237787 So he just showed his ambition and his hunger
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00816-00237787-00237946 to put food on our table.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00817-00237946-00238111 So yeah.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00818-00238484-00238883 One of the challenges I overcame was learning English.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00819-00238883-00239123 I felt like a sense of more belonging here
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00820-00239123-00239450 once I learned English because when I didn't know English,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00821-00239450-00239592 I felt like I don't know.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00822-00239592-00239912 I was very small and I thought English was the only--
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00823-00239912-00240173 I mean Spanish was the only language in the whole world.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00824-00240173-00240323 And I didn't realize that it wasn't.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00825-00240323-00240500 So I felt like I didn't belong here.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00826-00240765-00241077 Something that I still stand for is myself.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00827-00241077-00241342 The people I love in my Latino community
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00828-00241342-00241488 because I feel like a lot of people
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00829-00241488-00241653 don't have the skill or confidence
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00830-00241653-00241971 to really speak up in matters that actually matter.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00831-00241971-00242190 And I like to just go against the grain
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00832-00242190-00242427 and really speak on what I believe from my heart.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00833-00242726-00242969 One experience I learned that really helped
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00834-00242969-00243298 me was that I actually shaved my mentality in life
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00835-00243298-00243554 because my neighbor's house got burned down.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00836-00243554-00243869 And I learned that mentality is everything.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00837-00243869-00244144 Like you can either if your house burns down,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00838-00244144-00244523 you have the option to think you can just panic and not do
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00839-00244523-00244742 anything, or you can think about what
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00840-00244742-00245148 you're going to do tomorrow to get out of this situation.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00841-00245148-00245367 I am a knowledge creator and scholar.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00842-00245367-00245767 [APPLAUSE]
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00843-00245917-00246166 Thank you.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00844-00246166-00246216 Any other?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00845-00246653-00246815 We'll do two more.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00846-00247108-00247248 My name is Willow Rainforest.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00847-00247519-00247794 My name is Willow Rainforest.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00848-00247794-00248138 I am from-- oh, I am knowledge creator and scholar.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00849-00248138-00248407 I am from a car in the parking lot.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00850-00248407-00248842 I am from [INAUDIBLE] Apache Alaskan and White Mountains.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00851-00248842-00249098 I'm from deer, bear and--
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00852-00249148-00249328 [INAUDIBLE]
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00853-00249378-00249486 OK.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00854-00249486-00249711 The food that represents--
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00855-00249711-00249917 Read your [INAUDIBLE]
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00856-00249917-00250311 I am from deer, bear, and rabbit.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00857-00250311-00250602 I am from the valleys of Alaska [INAUDIBLE] mountains
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00858-00250602-00250767 and mountains [INAUDIBLE].
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00859-00250767-00251100 My family's cooking deer and my grandma
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00860-00251100-00251246 making [INAUDIBLE] shoes.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00861-00251246-00251356 They're made of the seals.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00862-00251356-00251644 Their seals slippers.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00863-00251644-00251950 From Native American and peacemaker,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00864-00251950-00252340 I am from rushing river waters, flowing and ever changing.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00865-00252340-00252613 From the heart and tongue of my mother.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00866-00252613-00252969 I am from surfing, [INAUDIBLE] and akule.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00867-00252969-00253159 Adrenaline and stinging salt water
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00868-00253159-00253817 spray from the oceans of Oahu where I like to swim.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00869-00253817-00254238 I am from art portraits from dyslexia.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00870-00254238-00254561 I am the girl who needed the mirrors who broke them all.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00871-00254904-00255081 I have overcome.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00872-00255081-00255336 I am from the voice of reason.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00873-00255336-00255573 I stand up for people and animals.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00874-00255573-00255823 I have a heart of peace and humanity.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00875-00255823-00256244 And I'm a believer in freedom and an advocate for children.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00876-00256244-00256656 Because I cannot stand hate and purposeful evil acts.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00877-00256656-00256965 I'm from the bridge I studied and refuse to give up.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00878-00256965-00257173 I am a knowledge creator and scholar.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00879-00257173-00258535 [APPLAUSE]
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00880-00258535-00258706 My name is Motu.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00881-00258706-00259000 I am knowledge creator and a scholar.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00882-00259000-00259667 I am from the Atlantic Ocean, the blue waves of the beach.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00883-00259667-00259959 It's my uncle's of West Africa.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00884-00259959-00260366 I am from [INAUDIBLE] the Gambia.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00885-00260366-00260576 I am from the tilapia face, the giraffe
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00886-00260576-00260819 rise, the land of Kunta Kinte.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00887-00260819-00260989 The Warriors and the freedom fighters.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00888-00261332-00261828 I am from the school, the hood, and the youth center.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00889-00261828-00262166 From wall of the land of [INAUDIBLE]
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00890-00262166-00262494 I am from the giant mahogany tree.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00891-00262494-00262794 The songs and lyrics of Bob Marley.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00892-00262794-00262986 One love.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00893-00262986-00263256 I am from the tolerance of my other [INAUDIBLE]
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00894-00263256-00263757 negotiate, compromise, and stand up.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00895-00263757-00264108 I am working with trauma informed youth
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00896-00264108-00264431 on a clan centered approach.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00897-00264431-00264587 From first.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00898-00264587-00264914 I am the first to complete high school.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00899-00264914-00265403 The feeling was happy, grateful, accomplished, and joy.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00900-00265403-00265859 I am from social justice and human rights
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00901-00265859-00266292 because it's both a moral and public health issue to me.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00902-00266292-00266844 From the lessons of growing up in a madrassa school,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00903-00266844-00267347 to the role that women has played in that process.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00904-00267347-00267578 I am a knowledge creator and a scholar.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00905-00267578-00267956 [APPLAUSE]
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00906-00267956-00268019 Thank you.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00907-00268019-00268199 Thank you all.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00908-00268199-00268405 I know that there is a--
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00909-00268405-00268699 many of you are headed to your class and things.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00910-00268699-00268948 And I really appreciate you sharing your narratives.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00911-00268948-00269266 And I actually just want to end my time up here
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00912-00269266-00269529 taking an opportunity to not only affirm
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00913-00269529-00269713 some of the narratives that we shared today,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00914-00269713-00269980 but also express some information
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00915-00269980-00270262 to our educators in the room.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00916-00270262-00270547 So I'm going to leave this on the screen again.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00917-00270547-00270835 And hope that you will take a moment to believe this,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00918-00270835-00271205 even if it is just for a second.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00919-00271205-00271578 And to let me give you some words of advice or wisdom
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00920-00271578-00271767 as my mentor would say.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00921-00271767-00271962 Which is first to our students.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00922-00271962-00272415 Be a scholar who uses your work to better your communities.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00923-00272415-00272663 Make a commitment to doing that.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00924-00272663-00272868 That's not always going to be an easy commitment,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00925-00272868-00273100 but I encourage you to think about how
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00926-00273100-00273465 what you're learning, what you're doing is serving others.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00927-00273465-00273702 But also serving you, your passion, your love,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00928-00273702-00273903 and your interests, and your way of change
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00929-00273903-00274212 and your way of being.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00930-00274212-00274472 So be an active student.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00931-00274472-00274655 As a first generation college student,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00932-00274655-00274922 I created my own resources.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00933-00274922-00275126 I created my own resume builders.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00934-00275126-00275338 I created my own all these things.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00935-00275338-00275555 One, because I didn't know that those things existed
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00936-00275555-00275663 on my campus.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00937-00275663-00275868 And then when I found them, I was like,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00938-00275868-00276122 thank you because I've been so tired trying to figure out
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00939-00276122-00276401 how to do all these other things that everybody else seems
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00940-00276401-00276560 to have figured out.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00941-00276560-00276848 So be active, ask questions.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00942-00276848-00277250 Don't worry if your questions sounds like you don't know.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00943-00277250-00277325 It's OK.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00944-00277325-00277487 Lots of people don't know.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00945-00277487-00277770 And you asking that one question may help others also
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00946-00277770-00277970 feel like they're getting an answer to something
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00947-00277970-00278081 that matters to them.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00948-00278081-00278219 But it's really important for you
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00949-00278219-00278567 to stay actively engaged in your education and to the experience
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00950-00278567-00278805 that you want.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00951-00278805-00279018 To build community.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00952-00279018-00279384 At the U of A, part of what my charge is to actually have
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00953-00279384-00279621 our first generation college students not just
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00954-00279621-00279783 think about their experiences as being
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00955-00279783-00279903 the first to go to college.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00956-00279903-00280143 But also to think about all the other inter-sectional
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00957-00280143-00280365 identities that they have and how that plays out
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00958-00280365-00280550 when they move through the classroom
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00959-00280550-00280740 and when they move through campus.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00960-00280740-00281058 So it's really important for you to build a sense of community
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00961-00281058-00281295 and a literal community with others
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00962-00281295-00281676 as you navigate these spaces.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00963-00281676-00281952 So for some of you, you're here for class.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00964-00281952-00282098 And so maybe you're taking a step
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00965-00282098-00282410 to think about how your culture identity is closely tied
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00966-00282410-00282551 to who you are the students.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00967-00282551-00282788 And I would say hold your culture close to you
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00968-00282788-00283028 as you continue to defy odds.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00969-00283028-00283226 The fact that there is this survey
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00970-00283226-00283402 to better understand what you all need
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00971-00283402-00283544 and want to engage in particularly
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00972-00283544-00283886 around ethnic studies, is super amazing.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00973-00283886-00284024 And it's really important for you
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00974-00284024-00284178 to think of your identity and culture
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00975-00284178-00284537 as a tool to really overcome and resist some narratives
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00976-00284537-00284780 that already are out there about who we are
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00977-00284780-00285065 and what we're capable of.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00978-00285065-00285299 Last is the trust that your resiliency should not
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00979-00285299-00285389 be taken for granted.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00980-00285658-00285782 I'll say that one again.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00981-00285782-00286007 So trust that your resiliency should not
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00982-00286007-00286095 be taken for granted.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00983-00286439-00286751 I don't know how many times I move through your situations
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00984-00286751-00286974 and instead of somebody helping pave the way,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00985-00286974-00287183 they just told me well there is going to be a bump
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00986-00287183-00287339 and then there's going to be a roadblock
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00987-00287339-00287480 and then there's going to be this.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00988-00287480-00287689 But you're going to be fine.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00989-00287689-00287960 And I was like, but I am tired already.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00990-00287960-00288203 Why can't it just be different?
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00991-00288203-00288533 And I would say to you that do not let folks take resiliency
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00992-00288533-00288854 as this test to keep checking if you can keep being it.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00993-00288854-00288971 If you could keep doing it.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00994-00288971-00289164 If you could keep practicing it.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00995-00289164-00289424 The reality is when you come from communities--
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00996-00289424-00289568 and I can only speak to mine.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00997-00289568-00289796 Low income, working class, folks of color,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00998-00289796-00290018 high concentrations of poverty.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-00999-00290018-00290401 The idea of resilience is literally surviving.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01000-00290401-00290722 College campuses should not be testing this of us
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01001-00290722-00290923 at a constant.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01002-00290923-00291082 And it should not be taken for granted
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01003-00291082-00291466 that we do, in fact, have that skill.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01004-00291466-00291721 And then these are the things I want to say to our educators.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01005-00291721-00292014 So if I'm going to pose this to our students,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01006-00292014-00292428 then I want to pose these to our educators.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01007-00292428-00292681 So if you see students use the tools of advocacy,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01008-00292681-00293022 self-authorship, leadership, et cetera, support them.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01009-00293022-00293289 Don't stifle their energy.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01010-00293289-00293706 Don't stop the same tools that we want them to use.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01011-00293706-00293790 You should be proud.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01012-00293790-00294202 And probably feel challenged because it hurts sometimes
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01013-00294202-00294454 when they direct that self authorship at you
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01014-00294454-00294808 because you have not done your best at serving them.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01015-00294808-00294895 OK.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01016-00294895-00295041 You need to listen to our students.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01017-00295313-00295483 We also need a clear pass.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01018-00295483-00295907 Do not simply explain why bumps in the road exist.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01019-00295907-00296080 That is not our role as educators.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01020-00296080-00296255 We're here to treat other paths.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01021-00296255-00296374 To create other journeys.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01022-00296374-00296630 To create clearer ways for our students
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01023-00296630-00296938 to maneuver these institutions.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01024-00296938-00297210 And then honor their resilience.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01025-00297210-00297385 Don't throw another trick in front of them
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01026-00297385-00297670 and say perform, figure it out.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01027-00297670-00298024 Give the information, support them, guide them.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01028-00298024-00298316 We are not here to test that our students are actually,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01029-00298316-00298421 in fact resilient.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01030-00298421-00299041 We live that every day and we should trust that every day.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01031-00299041-00299307 The last thing I wanted to say is that I really want and hope
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01032-00299307-00299550 for you all to take this as an opportunity
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01033-00299550-00299700 to never really doubt your ability
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01034-00299700-00300012 to be a scholar, to be an advocate for knowledge
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01035-00300012-00300141 formation.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01036-00300141-00300483 That has been forgotten and that has been yet to be created.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01037-00300483-00300828 Never doubt that you are worth taking a risk for.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01038-00300828-00301131 Never doubt that we as educators and scholar comrades
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01039-00301131-00301339 should support you in your journey.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01040-00301339-00301641 Because that is who we are and what we commit to.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01041-00301641-00301920 Never doubt that your questions, your story, your cultures
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01042-00301920-00302199 deserve a place here in college.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01043-00302199-00302502 You are the scholars many of us have been waiting for.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01044-00302502-00302790 And we need you to embrace your own power
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01045-00302790-00303192 to stand in that power to know that the abilities, cultures,
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01046-00303192-00303435 histories, and families that you bring to the table
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01047-00303435-00303615 are exactly what we have been waiting for
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01048-00303615-00303896 to transform these places.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01049-00303896-00304166 Thank you for spending some time with me today.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01050-00304166-00304566 And this is the hashtag that I often use, which is [INAUDIBLE]
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01051-00304566-00304616 college.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01052-00304883-00305237 Fact of first generation college graduates.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01053-00305237-00305615 Latina Chicanas are some of the highest rates of that sub
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01054-00305615-00305750 community.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01055-00305750-00306230 And so feel free to use this to tie the talk today.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01056-00306230-00306559 And I'm totally happy and excited to answer questions.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01057-00306559-00306659 Thank you for your time.
+K_AI2JR7rW4-01058-00306659-00306844 [APPLAUSE]
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00000-00000264-00000529 Hi guys!
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00001-00000529-00001116 Welcome back to my channel.
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00002-00001116-00001411 My name is Nneka and this is High Black Girl.
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00003-00001411-00001822 A place where we live our lives at our absolute highest potential.
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00004-00001822-00002046 Both spiritually, financially, and emotionally.
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00005-00002046-00002586 So if that sounds like something that you're interested in make sure you subscribe to this
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00006-00002586-00002686 channel.
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00007-00002686-00002949 Hit the button, please!
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00008-00002949-00003093 Thank you!
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00009-00003093-00003560 Ok so in today's video we're going to be doing an updated apartment tour.
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00010-00003560-00004015 Honestly, my apartment tours have been the most popular videos on my channel.
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00011-00004015-00004482 So I am super excited to be walking you guys through it.
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00012-00004482-00004719 I have bought a shit ton of more furniture.
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00013-00004719-00005367 It's a little secret but I had a friend of a friend of a friend who let me know that
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00014-00005367-00005619 the West Elm sample sale was going on.
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00015-00005619-00006042 So I'm really really excited to give you an updated tour.
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00016-00006042-00006575 Plus I have become a MUCH better video editor so I think this is going to be *chef's kiss*
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00017-00006575-00006790 so much better than my first one.
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00018-00006790-00007239 But anyway I live in a rent controlled luxury one bedroom in Williamsburg.
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00019-00007239-00007720 My apartment is rent controlled and if you want to know how you can get your own rent
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00020-00007720-00008156 controlled apartment in NYC go ahead and watch this video here!
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00021-00008156-00010277 I will put 
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00022-00010277-00011668 it in 
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00023-00011668-00011768 the cards.
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00024-00011768-00013631 But 
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00025-00013631-00015737 anyway 
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00026-00015737-00016845 I'm rambling.
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00027-00016845-00018759 Let's get started with this tour!
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00028-00018759-00019606 Ok c'mon guys lets go.
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00029-00019606-00021891 Ok so we are in 
+KAWLQJU1Duk-00030-00021891-00023509 my 
+KG72lPYp4iu-00000-00011024-00011037 Malayalam channel
+KHskchbVZac-00000-00000000-00000200 Very sorry for not very fun content other than that just like, sub, or comment if we should face and voice reveal!!
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00000-00000000-00000050 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00001-00000050-00000250 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00002-00000250-00000300 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00003-00000300-00000350 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00004-00000350-00000400 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00005-00000400-00000450 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00006-00000450-00000500 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00007-00000537-00000737 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00008-00000737-00000787 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00009-00000787-00000837 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00010-00000838-00001038 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00011-00001038-00001088 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00012-00001088-00001138 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00013-00001147-00001347 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00014-00001347-00001397 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00015-00001397-00001447 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00016-00001448-00001648 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00017-00001648-00001698 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00018-00001698-00001748 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00019-00001749-00001949 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00020-00001949-00001999 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00021-00002016-00002066 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00022-00002066-00002116 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00023-00002116-00002166 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00024-00002166-00002216 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00025-00002265-00002465 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00026-00002465-00002515 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00027-00002562-00002762 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00028-00002762-00002812 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00029-00002861-00003061 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00030-00003061-00003111 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00031-00003147-00003347 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00032-00003347-00003397 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00033-00003412-00003612 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00034-00003612-00003662 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00035-00003662-00003712 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00036-00003722-00003922 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00037-00003922-00003972 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KI7P_RAGJlI-00038-00003972-00004022 Indore Loksabha Candidate : Election Commission के शिकंजे में फंसे Shankar Lalwani
+KJowdyWQP94-00000-00000725-00001196 Futuristic New Night Vision Goggles Just Made the US Army Even More Powerful
+KJowdyWQP94-00001-00001196-00001611 The United States military has long been at the forefront of utilizing technologies to
+KJowdyWQP94-00002-00001611-00002027 make our forces more efficient and lethal than our enemies and rivals, and they just
+KJowdyWQP94-00003-00002027-00002325 made another major advancement in that regard.
+KJowdyWQP94-00004-00002325-00002757 Fox News reported that the U.S. Army recently unveiled the adoption of a new highly-advanced
+KJowdyWQP94-00005-00002757-00003166 night vision and thermal imaging goggle system that will give American soldiers an incredible
+KJowdyWQP94-00006-00003166-00003453 advantage over their enemies on the battlefield.
+KJowdyWQP94-00007-00003453-00003897 The new system is known as the Enhanced Night Vision Goggle III and Family of Weapon Sight-Individual
+KJowdyWQP94-00008-00003897-00004501 program, dubbed ENVG III/FWS-I for short, and was created in collaboration with BAE
+KJowdyWQP94-00009-00004501-00004601 Systems.
+KJowdyWQP94-00010-00004601-00004948 It’s said to allow our soldiers to “own the night,” even more than they already
+KJowdyWQP94-00011-00004948-00005048 have.
+KJowdyWQP94-00012-00005048-00005471 U.S. soldiers have long used special night vision goggles — which pick up and amplify
+KJowdyWQP94-00013-00005471-00005898 ambient light — to see better at night, as well as thermal imaging sights mounted
+KJowdyWQP94-00014-00005898-00006272 on a rifle to better distinguish warm targets in the dark.
+KJowdyWQP94-00015-00006272-00006673 As amazing as both of those systems are, they couldn’t be used in conjunction with each
+KJowdyWQP94-00016-00006673-00007081 other and soldiers who spotted a target through their night vision goggles would have to rapidly
+KJowdyWQP94-00017-00007081-00007489 shift to the thermal sights on their weapon prior to taking a shot.
+KJowdyWQP94-00018-00007489-00007845 That split-second of time that it takes a trained soldier to switch between the two
+KJowdyWQP94-00019-00007845-00008297 could systems mean the difference between life and death in the middle of a firefight.
+KJowdyWQP94-00020-00008297-00008838 This new ENVG III/FWS-I system combines both of the previous systems and integrates them
+KJowdyWQP94-00021-00008838-00009254 through a push-button wireless connection from the weapon-mounted sight to a helmet-mounted
+KJowdyWQP94-00022-00009254-00009383 monocular.
+KJowdyWQP94-00023-00009383-00009793 The device features an advanced 12-micron thermal technology that will provide sharp
+KJowdyWQP94-00024-00009793-00010096 image contrast in both day and night conditions.
+KJowdyWQP94-00025-00010096-00010481 It was also specifically designed to be as lightweight and small as possible with minimal
+KJowdyWQP94-00026-00010481-00010978 power consumption, and also features an easy-to-use push-button interface that allows for different
+KJowdyWQP94-00027-00010978-00011363 modes of view, such as picture-in-picture or scope-only.
+KJowdyWQP94-00028-00011363-00011731 A huge advantage of that integration is that it will now allow a soldier to “see” through
+KJowdyWQP94-00029-00011731-00012126 their monocular whatever the sight on their weapon can “see,” even if the weapon isn’t
+KJowdyWQP94-00030-00012126-00012434 shouldered and the soldier isn’t looking down the barrel.
+KJowdyWQP94-00031-00012434-00012861 That means a soldier can safely remain behind solid cover and only expose the rifle to the
+KJowdyWQP94-00032-00012861-00013276 enemy in order to see them, which would allow for soldiers to take accurate aimed shots
+KJowdyWQP94-00033-00013276-00013688 around building corners or high above their heads over a barrier without risk of receiving
+KJowdyWQP94-00034-00013688-00013854 return fire.
+KJowdyWQP94-00035-00013854-00014234 That capability will provide a significant advantage not shared by anyone else on the
+KJowdyWQP94-00036-00014234-00014713 typical battlefield of modern warfare — the densely-populated urban environment.
+KJowdyWQP94-00037-00014713-00015155 While this system will indeed prove invaluable in allowing U.S. soldiers to dominate a fight
+KJowdyWQP94-00038-00015155-00015569 at night, the system can also be utilized during the day to help acquire targets hidden
+KJowdyWQP94-00039-00015569-00015936 by dust, fog, smoke or vegetation.
+KJowdyWQP94-00040-00015936-00016483 According to BusinessWire, the U.S. Army placed two separate orders totaling $97 million with
+KJowdyWQP94-00041-00016483-00016806 BAE in March for the advanced night vision system.
+KJowdyWQP94-00042-00016806-00017180 That order was part of a broader five-year deal recently reached between the Army and
+KJowdyWQP94-00043-00017180-00017622 BAE to provide an unspecified number of the new goggles to our troops over the next several
+KJowdyWQP94-00044-00017622-00017731 years.
+KJowdyWQP94-00045-00017731-00018125 There is no doubt that this futuristic night vision and thermal imaging goggle system will
+KJowdyWQP94-00046-00018125-00018523 provide our nation’s fighting force with a technological advantage over our enemies
+KJowdyWQP94-00047-00018523-00019888 on the battlefield that simply can’t be matched by anybody.
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00000-00000070-00000301 - The collecting duct is the one structure
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00001-00000304-00000681 that is going to travel from the cortex of the kidney
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00002-00000683-00000997 all the way down to the medulla,
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00003-00000999-00001351 and ultimately to the renal papilla,
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00004-00001354-00001697 where you can see we're going to dump urine.
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00005-00001699-00002093 By the time it gets out of the collecting duct, it is urine,
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00006-00002095-00002485 and we're going to dump that into the minor calyx.
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00007-00002487-00002693 The collecting duct,
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00008-00002695-00003481 the tubules start out with simple cuboidal epithelium.
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00009-00003483-00003743 It was in there. And eventually,
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00010-00003745-00004151 as they get farther down toward the renal papilla,
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00011-00004154-00004701 they actually turn into columnar epithelium.
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00012-00004704-00004926 And there's some thinking that that might have to do
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00013-00004929-00005197 with the characteristics of the medulla,
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00014-00005199-00005410 the interstitial fluid found in the medulla,
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00015-00005412-00005785 which is related to function, which we won't talk about.
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00016-00005787-00006122 Bottom line, the collecting ducts, the thick and--
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00017-00006125-00006464 or the ascending and descending loops of Henle,
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00018-00006466-00006822 that's who we're going to see in the medulla,
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00019-00006825-00007068 from a histological perspective.
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00020-00007070-00007322 How do you feel about your amazing kidneys?
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00021-00007325-00007668 Do you, like, love them so much?
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00022-00007670-00007897 Me, too. Okay.
+KKBb-IsIgMI-00023-00007899-00008299 I'll see you someday. Bye-bye.
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00000-00000973-00001316 C: Hi, everyone. We're back
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00001-00001316-00001609 People seem to love the show!
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00002-00001609-00002243 D: I got so many calls about the show, I had to turn my cellphone off
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00003-00002243-00002358 C: Liar
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00004-00002358-00002464 D: I'm still getting some calls
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00005-00002464-00002548 C: Is that so?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00006-00002548-00002762 You have like three different phones
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00007-00002762-00003210 D: Say what? Stop making stuff up about me
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00008-00003210-00003536 C: I mean, I think the show was pretty good
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00009-00003536-00003743 D: It was alright, not bad
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00010-00003743-00003922 C: But I didn't expect this much love from the crowd
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00011-00003922-00004342 The absolute number of emails isn't something to brag about,
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00012-00004342-00004613 but the diversity of submitted stories definitely increased
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00013-00004613-00004694 D: But we need more
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00014-00004694-00005076 C: We want more!
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00015-00005076-00005781 Every single ranked game you play can be a story for the show
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00016-00005781-00006109 D: You're right. Send us your stories
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00017-00006109-00006424 D: Anyways, let's move onto the first story of episode two
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00018-00006424-00006702 This one was sent anonymously....
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00019-00006702-00007181 from the username "LoL goddess"
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00020-00007181-00008236 C: That reminds me of Champions hosts like Eunjung Cho, Eunnarae Cho and Yiseul Kwon.
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00021-00008236-00008444 D: Personally, I'm into...... never mind
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00022-00008444-00008531 C: Who are you into?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00023-00008531-00008655 D: Never mind
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00024-00008655-00008879 C: I'm just curious. Who are you into?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00025-00008879-00009009 D: I like Ms. Eunnarae Cho
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00026-00009009-00009844 D: Remember Champions Winter in 2013-14?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00027-00009844-00010359 D: She dressed up as Popstar Ahri and she looked stunning
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00028-00010359-00010689 D: I think we locked our eyes...
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00029-00010689-00011256 C: You're delusional. She doesn't even know you exist
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00030-00011256-00011380 D: Stop laughing
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00031-00011380-00012144 C: Anyways, I'm excited to hear from the likes of them
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00032-00012144-00012373 D: I rank this story on Diamond
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00033-00012373-00012761 C: I don't even have to read the story to know that it belongs on Master
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00034-00012761-00013270 D: Aren't you married?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00035-00013270-00013578 C: Can't a married man express his feelings?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00036-00013578-00013705 C: You're about to get hitched, too
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00037-00013705-00013949 D: I just asked you a question, geez
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00038-00013949-00014086 C: Let's not do this to each other
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00039-00014086-00014458 D: Just read the story
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00040-00014458-00014745 C: "LoL judges, please evaluate my play"
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00041-00014745-00015202 D: Don't read like that. I want my imagination to run wild but you're ruining it
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00042-00015202-00015382 C: Okay I'll be more feminine
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00043-00015382-00015544 D: No just use your normal voice
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00044-00015544-00016059 C: "I'm in my 20s and I love League of Legends
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00045-00016059-00016446 It's weird to describe myself like this but people call me the goddess of LoL
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00046-00016446-00017074 But this oppa I play with refuses to call me that
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00047-00017074-00017693 He flames me and says that I don't have any talent in gaming
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00048-00017693-00018082 So I'm sending you a clip of my best Thresh play
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00049-00018082-00018625 Prove him wrong, please!"
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00050-00018625-00019157 C: Isn't this from Yiseul?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00051-00019157-00019531 D: She's on Silver, yeah?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00052-00019531-00019737 C: This is how I talk to Yiseul
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00053-00019737-00019910 I tell her she's not talented in gaming
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00054-00019910-00020405 D: You're the oppa?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00055-00020405-00020706 C: I certainly feel for this guy!
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00056-00020706-00020921 D: Would you describe Yiseul as.. a goddess?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00057-00020921-00021153 C: What are you implying?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00058-00021153-00021389 D: I mean, it's the matter of personal taste
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00059-00021389-00021646 C: She IS a goddess!
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00060-00021646-00021936 D: My girlfriend is hotter than Yiseul
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00061-00021936-00022103 C: Girlfriend is watching the show, huh?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00062-00022103-00022369 D: Absolutely
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00063-00022369-00022795 C: The game is on Silver
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00064-00022795-00023225 People can still show relatively good plays even on Silver
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00065-00023225-00023481 D: I agree
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00066-00023481-00024083 C: Thresh chose exhaust as the Summoners and Ancient Coin as the first item.
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00067-00024083-00024228 D: Exhaust?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00068-00024228-00024513 C: I often play with Yiseul
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00069-00024513-00024967 and this is somthing I criticize about her play as well
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00070-00024967-00025602 C: Look at the comp: Miss Fortune and Thresh versus Caitlyn and Janna.
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00071-00025602-00025968 MF and Thresh can definitely get kills in lane as long as they don't miss skillshots.
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00072-00025968-00026150 They should've gone with ignite
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00073-00026150-00026324 But Thresh is in "i'm too scared" mode by choosing exhaust as his Summoners.
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00074-00026324-00026485 D: Don't talk like that
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00075-00026485-00026615 C: You get what I mean though
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00076-00026615-00026774 D: I don't care. I hate your voice like that
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00077-00026774-00027220 C: Let's take a look at the laning phase
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00078-00027220-00027386 C: Do you really hate it? Heaps of people think I'm cute
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00079-00027386-00027463 D: Who?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00080-00027463-00027752 C: My wife XD
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00081-00027752-00027939 C: Evelyn is about to gank
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00082-00027939-00028043 D: This is a critical moment
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00083-00028043-00028827 C: Flash! umm.. minions..?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00084-00028827-00029500 D: What do you think of that flash and Flay?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00085-00029500-00030077 C: That flash was okay... but the rest was not even close
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00086-00030077-00030246 D: I beg to differ
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00087-00030246-00030399 C: You beg to differ?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00088-00030399-00030873 D: Here. Stop!
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00089-00030873-00031025 This is the moment
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00090-00031025-00031436 I don't see any way Thresh could have used Death Sentence well here
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00091-00031436-00031652 How would you aim the skill?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00092-00031652-00031719 C: What about down there?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00093-00031719-00032096 D: Down there?!.... oh, you're right..
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00094-00032096-00032198 I see you could've aimed down there
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00095-00032198-00032460 C: Down there
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00096-00032460-00032701 D: See Janna there?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00097-00032701-00033523 Thresh got greedy and went after the ADC instead of the support
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00098-00033523-00033936 D: Lee Sin is on his way
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00099-00033936-00034354 Janna wanted Thresh to use the skill
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00100-00034354-00034622 Wow. Nice ult from MF
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00101-00034622-00035165 She kills Janna
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00102-00035165-00035487 Evelyn is here, so the team kills Lee Sin
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00103-00035487-00035660 What do you think?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00104-00035660-00035904 C: Ultimately, they get two kills
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00105-00035904-00036104 so they win the fight
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00106-00036104-00036836 but to be more critical
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00107-00036836-00036983 Thresh should've been quicker with his ult
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00108-00036983-00037117 Hypothetically...
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00109-00037117-00037357 D: You mean it was too late?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00110-00037357-00037594 C: I know it's only a matter of seconds
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00111-00037594-00038198 but seconds decide the outcome here
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00112-00038198-00038573 C: Here. The moment he turned lvl 6, he should've gone for R
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00113-00038573-00039013 He could move forward, use R, auto attack and kill Caitlyn
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00114-00039013-00039364 He should have moved forward
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00115-00039364-00039662 Had he done as I just said, they could've gotten a triple kill
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00116-00039662-00039818 D: You say a triple kill?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00117-00039818-00040002 C: Much better
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00118-00040002-00040338 D: In short, Thresh's play was.. not bad
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00119-00040338-00040499 It's not good, but...
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00120-00040499-00040722 C: No, definitely not
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00121-00040722-00040918 D: Let's watch the next play
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00122-00040918-00041433 C: Thresh cleans up the fight
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00123-00041433-00041829 D: It's decent
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00124-00041829-00042755 C: But the team is outnumbered
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00125-00042755-00043426 D: Exhaust and airborne... ahhh
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00126-00043426-00044052 C: That was sad
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00127-00044052-00044167 D: It's a slaughter
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00128-00044167-00044258 Is MF like the only one who knows how to play League..?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00129-00044258-00044550 Sorry if it's offensive
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00130-00044550-00044876 C: Thresh generously hands the enemy team with a triple kill
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00131-00044876-00045898 D: Zed and Evelyn did their share of mistakes, but it was initiated by Thresh
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00132-00045898-00046142 C: It ultimately comes down to map reading ability of Thresh
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00133-00046142-00046423 Zed was in bot, Morde in top and the enemy team was grouped in mid
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00134-00046423-00046935 So engaging in that moment was a costly mistake
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00135-00046935-00047417 D: I think this lady has a crush on the oppa
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00136-00047417-00047587 C: We never know. That feeling could be mutual
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00137-00047587-00047829 D: It's suspicious to say the least
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00138-00047829-00048804 C: Don't use a negative tone to describe what could be the start of a beautiful relationship
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00139-00048804-00049270 D: Sorry, I was jealous
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00140-00049270-00049452 I was speaking from the perspective of a single man
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00141-00049452-00049664 C: You're not single! You wanna be single again?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00142-00049664-00049783 D: I don't mean anything by that
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00143-00049783-00050308 Stop smearing my good name
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00144-00050308-00050794 C: The producer wants us to stop....
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00145-00050794-00051236 D: Okie, let's evaluate the story
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00146-00051236-00051627 C: I feel generous today
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00147-00051627-00051769 so I'm going to say it's on Gold
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00148-00051769-00051962 D: Are you nuts?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00149-00051962-00052036 C: Why?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00150-00052036-00052176 D: How is this on Gold?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00151-00052176-00052377 C: I'm just following my heart
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00152-00052377-00052634 D: I'm going to be honest here. It deserves to be on Bronze
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00153-00052634-00052925 There's nothing to learn from this!
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00154-00052925-00053090 C: We might learn something from her pic
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00155-00053090-00053204 D: There is absolutely nothing to learn here
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00156-00053204-00053387 ..but since she claims she's hot, it's on Silver
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00157-00053387-00053607 C: Okie. I say Silver too
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00158-00053607-00054033 D: Gold? Geez. You're dense
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00159-00054033-00054419 I was going to say Bronze but I compromise to Silver
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00160-00054419-00054998 C: All in all, we agree with the oppa
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00161-00054998-00055445 D: I hope this motivates her to get good
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00162-00055445-00056149 Congrats!
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00163-00056149-00056912 D, C: D.C X-File!
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00164-00056912-00057332 Producer: The girl who submitted the story just phoned us
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00165-00057332-00057551 She says she's a big fan of you, CloudTemplar
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00166-00057551-00057720 D: Answer the phone
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00167-00057720-00058110 C: For real?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00168-00058110-00058394 D: LOL
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00169-00058394-00058544 C: How do you do?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00170-00058544-00058694 LoL Goddess: Is this CloudTemplar?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00171-00058694-00058869 C: Yes!
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00172-00058869-00059120 LoL Goddess: Oh my god, I'm a huge fan
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00173-00059120-00059245 D: What about me :(
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00174-00059245-00059354 C: Thank you so much.
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00175-00059354-00059470 Dankun is sitting right next to me.
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00176-00059470-00059622 Do you know him?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00177-00059622-00060084 LoL Goddess: Well... sort of
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00178-00060084-00060954 C: We've concluded that you and the oppa are flirting. What do you say to this?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00179-00060954-00061386 LoL Goddess: What? No, not really
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00180-00061386-00061815 He is seeing someone else
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00181-00061815-00062383 and he's ugly, not my type at all
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00182-00062383-00062654 C: very well
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00183-00062654-00062982 we've analyzed your skills in depth
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00184-00062982-00063349 Please watch the show and find out for yourself
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00185-00063349-00063999 LoL Goddess: I've already heard a bit over the phone and somebody said I suck..
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00186-00063999-00064166 C: That was Dankun. How dare you, Dankun?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00187-00064166-00064846 D: Welp
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00188-00064846-00065312 C: Anyways, thank you for your support.
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00189-00065312-00065599 Send us more emails, and I'll keep an eye out for you
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00190-00065599-00065846 LoL Goddess: Hey CloudTemplar, you know who I am?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00191-00065846-00066595 My Summoner's name is Kwon Ja-bong!
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00192-00066595-00066712 C: I KNEW IT
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00193-00066712-00066800 D: What did she just say?
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00194-00066800-00066930 C: IT'S YISEUL KWON
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00195-00066930-00067077 D: What the heck?!
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00196-00067077-00067506 C: I knew it! this voice...
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00197-00067506-00067667 D: No, you were practically giddy!
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00198-00067667-00067882 C: Aaaaargh
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00199-00067882-00068617 D: You thought she fancied you!
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00200-00068617-00069155 LoL Goddess: You are the ugly oppa with a girlfriend
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00201-00069155-00069517 C: Yeah.. thank you for your attention
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00202-00069517-00070230 Don't be a nuisance. Bye
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00203-00070230-00070509 Don't think you can pull anything off just because you're pretty
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00204-00070509-00070884 D: You were so happy to get the call
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00205-00070884-00071330 C: Excuse my language, but I'm pissed
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00206-00071330-00071822 D: I was a bit sulky that she only talked about you
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00207-00071822-00072146 Now I'm all good
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00208-00072146-00072573 C: I laughed so hard when she called the oppa ugly...
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00209-00072573-00073221 D: That was you, idiot
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00210-00073221-00073482 C: I'm so triggered
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00211-00073482-00073770 I'm putting it out there, Yiseul doesn't have any aptitude for gaming
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00212-00073770-00074221 D: Anyways, keep sending those emails
+KLVAMBNkFB0-00213-00074221-00074541 D.C: D.C X.File!
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00000-00000003-00000500 yo what is up guys StreakTV here today we are back in another video and today
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00001-00000500-00000975 we are doing my face reveal yes this is me StreakTV and this is the streakTV
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00002-00000975-00001313 and it may come as a shock leave your comments down below on what you guys
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00003-00001313-00001668 thought I'd look like so face reveals are a big part of everybody's Channel and
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00004-00001668-00001907 you might be asking why did I do mine so soon
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00005-00001907-00002346 so the thing is I'm going to be changing up my channel and if you look at my
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00006-00002346-00002709 channel right now it's not doing very well and I'm just not motivated which is
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00007-00002709-00003090 why I haven't been posting so much so I'm gonna be going away from the gaming
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00008-00003090-00003525 content and moving over to the more vlogging and entertaining videos so I'm
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00009-00003525-00003918 gonna be posting more challenge videos and more IRL videos if you have any
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00010-00003918-00004332 suggestions or ideas you want me to do leave your comments down below and I'll
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00011-00004332-00004644 be definitely reading all the comments so I hope you guys understand where I'm
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00012-00004644-00004980 coming from I think this is a step in the right direction because I wanted to
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00013-00004980-00005376 improve my channel because I work so hard so why not make sure it does well
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00014-00005376-00005703 leave your comments and opinions down below on what you guys think I
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00015-00005703-00006102 definitely think this is a better idea because we'll bring in more viewers and
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00016-00006102-00006570 we won't be restricted to only gaming content and I will come back to gaming
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00017-00006570-00007008 maybe post a gaming challenge here and there but mostly I will be posting IRL
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00018-00007008-00007461 videos so leave any suggestions you have down below I hope you guys understand if
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00019-00007461-00007781 you guys aren't you here make sure to hit that subscribe button we're trying
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00020-00007781-00008232 to grow our channel 600 subscribers also make sure hit that like button and
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00021-00008232-00008622 Dustin E helps out the channel but yeah I hope you guys enjoyed this is my
+KOnOxr6lrlA-00022-00008622-00009309 favorite view but or not I'll see you guys in the next video peace
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+KRIirxrIFUy-00000-00000900-00001870 Daryl Weber: That's good, that's good. See that? If you can't tell, you get two guys
+KRIirxrIFUy-00001-00001888-00002416 doing this sparring properly? [Take a 00:00:21] [inaudible 00:00:21]. They get in great shape,
+KRIirxrIFUy-00002-00002416-00002911 they learn how to chain wrestle. They learn how to hand fight, but they learn how to find
+KRIirxrIFUy-00003-00002911-00003195 openings while hand fighting. That's one thing, kids will get in the habit
+KRIirxrIFUy-00004-00003195-00003644 of just hand fighting. Just [up here 00:00:34], grabbing the head, pulling, all this stuff.
+KRIirxrIFUy-00005-00003644-00004039 You know when you're sparring, you're going to get the shot, you're going to have to pull
+KRIirxrIFUy-00006-00004039-00004619 the trigger. You're going to learn to hand fight, and find openings while you're doing
+KRIirxrIFUy-00007-00004619-00004914 that. Maybe you're scoring off the other guy's [tie-ups 00:00:47]. [You're going 00:00:49]
+KRIirxrIFUy-00008-00004914-00005000 to pull everything together.
+KSofqPQEC6g-00000-00000000-00000200 Shorts Video Compilation
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00000-00000053-00000585 Kapila caca baklava what is your name hi my name is Bruce
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00001-00000585-00001173 Lee I just got master here into 394 on your valley muttering Kelsey stop estoy
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00002-00001173-00002082 at the dew drop oppa what is your job as far as leadership so my job is to put
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00003-00002082-00002691 together the troop here we have a boy run troops so a lot of the functions of
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00004-00002691-00003059 the troop are done by the boys themselves my job is to make sure that
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00005-00003059-00003551 they are safe and that they're having fun and if they do that it's counting is
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00006-00003551-00003954 they want to come back they want to go to meetings they want to go on camp outs
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00007-00003954-00004325 you know being fun is the key to scouting
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00008-00004325-00004837 absolutely it's a great part of that to keep them coming back right definitely
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00009-00004837-00005271 now you're a Scoutmaster can you explain to me what the difference between a
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00010-00005271-00005802 system Scoutmaster and a Scoutmaster kinda most troops have a Scoutmaster or
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00011-00005802-00006216 yeah so all turns have a Scoutmaster and major claim were with the buck stops
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00012-00006216-00006825 with us we are considered the head of the unit we have assistant Scout masters
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00013-00006825-00007413 that support myself but I feel that it's a team you know I can't tell by myself I
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00014-00007413-00007959 have certain roles and I fulfill a lot of mine or more outreaching going to
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00015-00007959-00008543 other units recruiting and working with the parents where a lot of is Justin
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00016-00008543-00009054 Scout masters will work more than with boys we all kind of wear multiple hats
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00017-00009054-00009510 and we do multiple things here the truth we're not afraid to like mix it up with
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00018-00009510-00009999 each other or hand step off and that's really a nice thing and at least that's
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00019-00009999-00010413 the way it isn't this true which is rather nice now as far as with the
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00020-00010413-00010793 council can you explain a little bit how you were involved with that and what the
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00021-00010793-00011400 council is so they can understand what the council means sure so in the United
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00022-00011400-00011952 States we have multiple councils they are geographic areas usually our council
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00023-00011952-00012320 is called Silicon Valley Monterey Bay Council and
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00024-00012320-00012761 pretty much includes the lower part of the San Francisco Bay Area Council down
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00025-00012761-00013416 into the Monterey area we serve about 16,000 boys here locally
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00026-00013416-00014075 my job at the council level I have multiple asset I wear yeah he does a lot
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00027-00014075-00014366 of that for a while but the big role that I'm fulfilling
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00028-00014366-00014786 these days is I am the camp director of one of our major summer camps that are
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00029-00014786-00015506 gay also puts on and we run for seven weeks up by a park called Yosemite you
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00030-00015506-00015968 can look that up I'm sure I've been able to share that with them a little bit I
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00031-00015968-00016385 didn't show them on the map but I did explain to them what summer camp was a
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00032-00016385-00016835 little bit in the name of it you're the camp director correct yes I'm
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00033-00016835-00017183 the camp director this will be my fourth summer of running this so that's
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00034-00017183-00017666 separate from being a Scoutmaster I'm not a paid professionals I do this work
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00035-00017666-00018263 as a volunteer but I have a staff of 60 youths that range anywhere from 16 to
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00036-00018263-00018587 well I've actually got one is 58 this year that's working for me
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00037-00018587-00019273 and they run all of my merit badges I have cooks I have medics shooting sports
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00038-00019273-00019729 swimming boating things like that and where do these people come from
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00039-00019729-00020306 generally the populace from so uh they come from the troops here in the valley
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00040-00020306-00020923 and other troops in California were known throughout the state as one of the
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00041-00020923-00021395 premiere campsites here and so we have people that apply for our staff the
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00042-00021395-00021982 person I mentioned that's just 8 he was on staff as a youth back in the 70s wow
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00043-00021982-00022835 he actually married a girl from staff in the 80s and then has come back
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00044-00022835-00023243 the wife that's been our nurse for the last 3 years of camp and he's coming
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00045-00023243-00023742 back to run my rifle range so it's kind of come full circle same
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00046-00023742-00024312 for me I worked as a youth at a summer camp back in the late 60s early 70s and
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00047-00024312-00024759 now it's kind of sound that out dave was explaining that to me that you
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00048-00024759-00025059 worked at camp I did not know this what a nice here is another one called
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00049-00025059-00025428 diamond oh oh okay it was on the South Fork of the Tuolumne River we were on
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00050-00025428-00025939 the North Florida Solomon a very similar mobile Lobby logging camp so high sierra
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00051-00025939-00026688 Arkell was owned that property since 1948 it was originally an Indian village
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00052-00026688-00027572 Miwok Indians during 1903 to 1912 it was owned by the sonora Lumber Company and
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00053-00027572-00027944 they harvested all the wood off the hills there and everything and then a
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00054-00027944-00028632 family bought the acreage we bought the a Grinch 110 acres of em in 1948 and
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00055-00028632-00029097 it's been a Boy Scout Scylla camp ever since actively served 1,600 employees
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00056-00029097-00029402 this summer Wow sixteen hundred boys in the summer
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00057-00029402-00029757 that's a lot a lot of food we're going to be packed in there pretty tight and
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00058-00029757-00030183 next year what's happening up there so we're just finished up a capital
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00059-00030183-00030768 campaign to replace our dining hall and kitchen that had been there since the
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00060-00030768-00031253 1950s this is going to be a four million dollar I would even call it a renovation
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00061-00031253-00031650 we're going to tear down the old one and build a brand new facility so where I'm
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00062-00031650-00031968 really looking forward to that because we really jam everybody in the dining
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00063-00031968-00032345 hall right now and very small kitchen for cooking for 400
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00064-00032345-00032742 plus a week yes it is a little cramped in there I'm sure the guys working in
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00065-00032742-00033173 the kitchen and I appreciate the new kitchen a lot more
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00066-00033186-00033567 can you explain to some of the patches and what they mean and represent what
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00067-00033567-00034056 our council patch is what our troop number patch is located all the
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00068-00034056-00034554 different patches on what the.oh a is a patches and some of the extra ones you
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00069-00034554-00034917 have there okay so services are obviously an
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00070-00034917-00035346 American flag this was basically a patrol patch like the boys have we have
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00071-00035346-00035823 a patrol for the adults which we call the Phoenix because we've ribbon risen
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00072-00035823-00036405 up from the ashes is repaired down many times quality unit patch utility uses a
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00073-00036405-00037082 thing that our national organization has for meeting standards and metrics for
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00074-00037082-00037704 units on how they participate on fundraising advancement outings not
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00075-00037704-00038037 killing kids things like that which is always a good push is always a good
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00076-00038037-00038331 thing so on this side we'll start up here this
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00077-00038331-00038823 is one of our council patches our new council we merged recently when the
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00078-00038823-00039249 Monterey Bay councils and our used to be the Santa Clara County Council now we're
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00079-00039249-00039885 the Silicon Valley Monterey Bay council Council next is our troop number every
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00080-00039885-00040529 unit here voyons has their own distinct troop number 394 we were formed in 1993
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00081-00040529-00041334 so our troops been around since 1993 then I have my Scoutmaster patch this
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00082-00041334-00041826 these two hour training patches there's a whole bunch nice I'll go to those for
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00083-00041826-00042393 a minute order the arrow that's a whole other story this is my lights match
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00084-00042393-00043224 order the arrow this is the patch from the 65th reunion of High Sierra oh wow
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00085-00043224-00043731 everybody gets a red one you may have seen those on other the on jacket jacket
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00086-00043731-00044325 yeah this is a special level this is the world craft is basically
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00087-00044325-00044763 saying that Scouts around the world are all one because an important went to us
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00088-00044763-00045176 and this is part of what we're sharing with you is the International friendship
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00089-00045176-00045729 between Scouts and scouting around the world and it's rather a rather important
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00090-00045729-00046356 one I think okay I agree these other knots are achievements that I've either
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00091-00046356-00046872 been earned that I've earned or have been bestowed on me I think they're kind
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00092-00046872-00047274 of important to we're not for me to brag but boys come up to me and said what are
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00093-00047274-00047688 those there's different things that I could work for as a goal in Scouting
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00094-00047688-00048084 that I can show the boys that I'm not just there for the fun event I'm there
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00095-00048084-00048462 also participating and doing things like being trained starting new units and
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00096-00048462-00048927 then I have a few awards that have been bestowed on me one for the district
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00097-00048927-00049230 level and one as council level you know on a national level
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00098-00049230-00050096 so excellent thank you so much Bruce faceva Bruce Lee honish of revolta
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00099-00050096-00051003 Gok teyla spasiba Alexia you guineas II paka paka
+KXMdAMHcBbk-00100-00051003-00051454 would you like to say goodbye Tim here
+KZ7St5ZtkEI-00000-00000963-00001172 Tec Bangla Pro
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00000-00000117-00000533 [music]
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00001-00000602-00001042 Ukrainian aviation is recognized as one of
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00002-00000832-00001305 best in the world air force
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00003-00001042-00001653 Ukraine entered the top ten in the world by
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00004-00001305-00001710 the results of 2018, they ranked sixth
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00005-00001653-00001932 line
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00006-00001710-00002160 rating was the American edition
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00007-00001932-00002338 you and arete instant you are Ukrainian aviation
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00008-00002160-00002574 turned out to be in the list due to outdated
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00009-00002338-00002699 bad equipment techniques weak
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00010-00002574-00002961 pilot training
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00011-00002699-00003181 experts of the portal say they also
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00012-00002961-00003411 added that during the conflict in
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00013-00003181-00003463 Donbass Ukrainian air force attacked the peace
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00014-00003411-00003739 residents
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00015-00003463-00004003 either they were shot down by militia edition also
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00016-00003739-00004296 explained that the Ukrainian planes fall
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00017-00004003-00004600 on their own for example during exercise
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00018-00004296-00004864 anti-rating led by air force blue behind them
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00019-00004600-00005104 followed by North Korean aviation and
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00020-00004864-00005323 Saudi Arabia in the top five hit
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00021-00005104-00005536 mexican pakistani gvp
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00022-00005323-00005889 after ukraine edition noting pen
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00023-00005536-00007001 greece china canada
+Kb9Pph-yEsA-00024-00005889-00007001 [music]
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00000-00000392-00000944 hi it's carmi and today i'm going to talk about my hair
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00001-00001016-00001488 this video is going to just be about my hair the way that i will
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00002-00001488-00002112 do this is actually not my original plan because i want it to be like the usual
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00003-00002227-00002427 AYAN NANAMAN YUNG MOTOOOOOR
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00004-00002696-00003736 the way i planned this video is the usual na i'll take you with me while i bleach my hair while
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00005-00003736-00004736 i color my hair the usual stuff that you will see on the internet and i thought maybe i'll just
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00006-00004736-00005664 do it differently maybe it will be a bit boring than those type of videos but i want this to be
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00007-00005664-00006296 educational i want you guys to learn from my mistakes and from the things that i did right
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00008-00006368-00007320 so let's just get on with it the first thing that i want to talk about is buying the products
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00009-00007362-00008058 bago ka magbleach, bago ka magcolor you have to find the right products for you and yung amount na gagamitin mo
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00010-00008152-00008896 so if you've watched my haul video shopee haul um you can see there the things that i bought
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00011-00008896-00009632 i didn't specify what color because i wanted it to be a surprise i didn't want it
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00012-00009632-00010216 i didn't want to reveal on my channel what i was going to color my hair because that time i
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00013-00010216-00010904 only have blonde and black hair um my hair was not yet green maybe i'll change it now because
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00014-00010984-00011576 this will be up by then only problem is that i should have bought more bleach
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00015-00011576-00012368 para meron akong room for mistakes but it still worked for me because i didn't have to
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00016-00012432-00013056 make it light and i was only going to bleach half my hair half my head
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00017-00013247-00013752 so that's fine it doesn't have to be like platinum blonde it just has to be lighter
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00018-00013752-00014216 so that the green color will be bright meron na tayong products so
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00019-00014568-00015265 we have to read instructions super important na basahin niyo yung instructions
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00020-00015265-00015584 kasi may nagawa akong mali dahil dun
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00021-00015721-00016754 i'm usually the type that would read the instructions talaga pero di ko alam nangyari dun, mamaya na yun kasi medyo dulo pa yun
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00022-00016816-00017864 fast forward to bleaching the hair okay so i bleached my left side so that it will be blonde the first
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00023-00017864-00018720 thing i did was um i made my aunt i planned on doing it myself but it was too hard to do it
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00024-00018720-00019880 sa likod so i made her she was so supportivepala and so di ko siya kailangan pilitin i just asked her to split my hair
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00025-00019944-00020632 and then i was just the one who sectioned it para madistribute ko yung color ng hair so
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00026-00020696-00021352 that's one of the important things that you have to remember when coloring your hair your hair kite
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00027-00022504-00023256 when it comes to sectioning is i did ponytails instead of making buns so like
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00028-00024872-00025504 the next thing that i did wrong was the foils
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00029-00025936-00026288 it's all right to foil your hair when bleaching it because
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00030-00026288-00026695 it will make the process faster from the generation of
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00031-00030936-00031568 i always remind this whenever someone is asking me about dyeing their hair or bleaching
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00032-00031632-00032264 especially especially it's about bleach kelangan malayus cause
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00033-00035016-00035672 so what we have to do bug melted niche is uh one to two inches away because like
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00034-00035832-00036112 was it is it 20 to 30 minutes i think
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00035-00038168-00038960 one of the important things is take chris like reaching your hair is a risk itself because
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00036-00039320-00039736 or whatever about your hair your weak so like there is nothing so
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00037-00039800-00040112 what if mahal and all that vampire young hair
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00038-00040352-00040424 at the same time
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00039-00046352-00046616 acknowledge yourself give yourself some credit
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00040-00046872-00047608 oh my god i should have bought um two batches of bleach powder and i didn't do that
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00041-00047736-00048168 which is fine actually thank goodness i didn't because
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00042-00048448-00049248 i'll say it's it's fine because i think i lifted it to a level eight or 9 so
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00043-00049992-00050584 so after a bleach i used purple conditioner
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00044-00051464-00051984 when in fact the purple conditioner is already so
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00045-00052272-00053032 the you i hope that made sense because i the point is i shouldn't have diluted it
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00046-00053032-00053888 more with conditioner so the purple conditioner didn't really do much because of that stupidity
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00047-00053888-00054520 that i did coloring my black hair it was just the typical coloring of hair now
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00048-00055272-00055784 so i don't think i have to explain it much the only thing that i have to comment about
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00049-00055784-00056679 is how messy it is to color hair with a dark dye because it will get everywhere i used gloves
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00050-00056936-00057967 i had gloves when i colored it that would be such a disaster i really really loved the blonde
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00051-00058064-00059079 and black split color but that that's not my goal i think i enjoyed it for like a month i
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00052-00059079-00059479 actually only planned on keeping it for like a week and then i was gonna color
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00053-00059479-00060655 it green that was my reason i think i got busy or oh wait no oh my god am i not watching my
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00054-00060655-00061432 own videos because i mentioned it in the last video that i was stopping myself from coloring
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00055-00061432-00061936 it coloring my hair different color because i was going to film myself
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00056-00062167-00062904 transforming myself into an ancient baby girl okay go watch that this is where it becomes
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00057-00063008-00064088 kinda this disastrous because when the time came that i wanted to color my hair green
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00058-00064224-00064760 i did something stupid this is where the conflict with the instructions came
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00059-00065032-00065768 so the shop that i bought all the stuff that i used for this um they packaged it with
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00060-00065768-00066600 an instruction and i have one they packaged it with instructions i assume that and i
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00061-00066600-00067016 shouldn't have assumed that that's the only thing that i have to read
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00062-00067096-00068168 to know what i have to do with my hair little did i know that i have to read the instructions that
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00063-00068232-00068976 is on the back of the sachet of the hair color and that's the thing i didn't do on the first day
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00064-00068976-00069888 of me coloring my hair cream so the container i put one tube of oxidizer then i put the whole
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00065-00069976-00070768 the whole sachet that in itself is stupid the hair dye turned into a light green
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00066-00070768-00071296 so like i was wondering well is this gonna transform into a different color when i put it
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00067-00071296-00072088 on my hair but then when i put it on my hair it's still like green so so then i wondered um
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00068-00072088-00073024 maybe after the 40 minutes 30 to 45 minutes it would become the green that i want it to be but
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00069-00073024-00074280 no turns out you only you only have to use like one or one two one and a half tablespoon of that
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00070-00074344-00075000 hair color and one oxidizer so you see where the problem is right do you see what the problem is
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00071-00075248-00076752 oh yeah i think i deleted the footage so after that i did it again and it did it successfully
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00072-00076952-00077776 so you should learn from me that you need instructions with everything okay
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00073-00078288-00078992 no energy now so that brings us to today
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00074-00079272-00080296 i said in the other videos that i probably muted um that i was going to film
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00075-00080392-00081008 the day after i colored my hair but some things happened and
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00076-00081192-00082072 okay here i am no need to explain this is actually already the third time that this was
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00077-00082072-00082904 colored queen i colored it again earlier the third successful time okay let's not count that failure
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00078-00083024-00083784 and girl i love it like if it isn't already obvious enough i love how it
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00079-00083784-00084432 turned out and i learned from my mistake when i sectioned it i didn't do it in ponytails i
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00080-00084432-00085112 made little buns so that i could so that the other hair won't go into that section that i'm coloring
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00081-00085320-00085696 so as you can see i think
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00082-00086704-00087464 there were moments that i thought my hair is like dead it's a bit dry yeah i'm not gonna deny that
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00083-00087464-00088448 i bleached it but it's still healthy i'm not yet bald i always say it's road to alba but
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00084-00088576-00089456 i'm not well yet i mean i also wanna i wanna imagine myself i wanna i wanna know what i
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00085-00089456-00090208 look like bug but i don't think i'm brave enough to actually do it so yeah photoshop
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00086-00090760-00091464 oh my god so if you're you guys are wondering the second and third successful
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00087-00091520-00092224 time that i colored this screen i actually ran out of oxidizer so i use conditioner
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00088-00092440-00092848 and surprise surprise it's still effective i was really scared that
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00089-00092904-00093632 it won't color it but it did and it looks nice i'm trying to think of other things that
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00090-00093720-00094496 i have to tell you guys my hair has gotten long during quarantine i haven't i didn't chop it
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00091-00094496-00095168 off once spoiler alert i did cut my hair while editing this video so do you guys like my makeup
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00092-00095320-00096000 uh i kind of tried something new i think it's the same color as my hair now and this is from
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00093-00096000-00096936 shoppi this is from shoppies um it's not from choppy my hair is from shoppie so yeah i think
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00094-00096936-00097624 that's all if you guys have any questions if you if there are things that you want to know that
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00095-00097624-00098496 i didn't say in this video just comment it down in the comment section and i will answer it okay
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00096-00098648-00099248 i hope you guys enjoyed and i hope you guys learned from the things that i said
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00097-00099352-00100104 and from the things that i did wrong go follow me on my social media accounts i'll
+Kd3ZBjr29hy-00098-00100104-00100984 link it down below in the description box and i'll see you in the next video next video bye
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00000-00000049-00000582 >> Hi, we're still looking at power functions and we're going to look at an unusual one.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00001-00000598-00001085 What we have is zed to the power of 3 over 2 and that's equal to negative 6.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00002-00001091-00001451 [inaudible] be tempted to start it the same way, in fact, we should start it the same way.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00003-00001474-00001589 Want to get rid of the power?
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00004-00001606-00002298 We put each side to the inverse, so we put each side to the power of 2 over 3
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00005-00002376-00003095 and the zed will just become zed but when we try and take the negative 6 and put it to the power
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00006-00003095-00003401 of two thirds, our calculator's going to give us a math error.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00007-00003401-00003788 Likely if it doesn't, it's because you're not putting the negative 6 within brackets
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00008-00003788-00004002 or doing 6 to the two thirds and then the negative
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00009-00004046-00004376 but it likely is going to give you an error.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00010-00004405-00004958 Well, we can't take a negative to this type of power.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00011-00005021-00005562 The only time we can evaluate the negative is when we're talking about a pure odd root,
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00012-00005585-00006042 so one third, one fifth, one seventh, one ninth, something like that.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00013-00006042-00006544 The ninth root, the seventh root, the fifth root, those are the cases we can evaluate.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00014-00006578-00006917 This will have, for our purposes, no solution.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00015-00007056-00007413 And one thing we might be tempted is from that first video, remember,
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00016-00007413-00007923 we said you can rewrite these as the top being the number that's squared
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00017-00007923-00008239 and the bottom being the root, that doesn't work for negative numbers.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00018-00008260-00008820 You'd be tempted to rewrite this as the cubed root of negative 6 squared and evaluate it.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00019-00008820-00009130 You can't do that for these cases.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00020-00009247-00009803 Also, really important to note that we talked about the idea of taking something,
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00021-00009803-00010675 if I had say negative 4V that was to the power of, well let's keep using 2 over 3.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00022-00010689-00011085 Before we said you could split it up, this doesn't work if the numbers
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00023-00011085-00011426 in there are negative or if they're unknown.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00024-00011488-00012222 So let's say we have this, we [inaudible] write this as negative 4 to the two thirds
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00025-00012342-00012808 and B to the two thirds and that really fits with what we've just been talking about.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00026-00012842-00013166 We just said we can't take negative 4 to the power of two thirds.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00027-00013289-00013510 But what if B had been a negative number?
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00028-00013565-00013983 Then this whole thing would be positive, we can take a positive number to two thirds,
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00029-00014022-00014631 so this rule does not work if these are negative because if we didn't know what B is,
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00030-00014631-00014897 if this was a negative, it changes our answer completely,
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00031-00014905-00015061 so we can't use this rule on that case.
+KdgwsSOzlhM-00032-00015061-00015087 So thank you.
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00000-00000159-00000483 After Mr. Przemek's green baby ...
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00001-00002109-00004178 And after drinking a cough together by the sea ... It's time to paint Volkswagen LT 35
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00002-00004178-00004378 We did it after work / school! And on weekends! Hence so little material!
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00003-00006490-00006690 Removing and removing dents in the car body.
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00004-00006976-00007176 PO:
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00005-00007909-00008109 You can putty and matte all over!
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00006-00010262-00010462 The entire LT has been painted with primer ... In the
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00007-00010749-00010949 meantime, we have already painted all the doors and the front hood.
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00008-00011925-00012125 Now is the time to make the whole front end ... A
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00009-00012899-00012997 Volkswagen without rust is not a Volkswagen!
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00010-00013385-00013585 Rust secured! The foundation is dry! You can work on!
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00011-00014237-00014437 After further struggle, BUS was prepared to paint the entire front!
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00012-00015535-00015735 PAINTED! The door is installed! End result:
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00013-00016387-00016587 Direction -> Bigger garage! To be able to paint the rest of xD
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00014-00017280-00017480 More minor corrections ... Preparation ... You can paint!
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00015-00018253-00018453 PO effect:
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00016-00019835-00020035 What are we working on now?
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00017-00021498-00021698 More information soon! Guess what color Mr. Przemek wants on it: P
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00018-00022188-00022588 Nobody thought about making a movie from the bus ... WENA came and what you could see from the available material was created!
+Kdrq3En_F0Y-00019-00022756-00022956 I don't have any photo of what it looks like after folding ... If I do something, I will definitely share it on the social card! CUSTOMER SATISFIED!
+Kk7TNMAuiJ4-00000-00000000-00000200 PLEASE SUBSCRIBE
+Kk7TNMAuiJ4-00001-00000434-00000634 THIS IS MY FIRST VIDEO
+Kk7TNMAuiJ4-00002-00000720-00000920 FORGIVE ME AND DON'T JUDGE ME HARSHLY
+Kk7TNMAuiJ4-00003-00000976-00001176 FURTHER MORE)))
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00000-00000080-00000680 hey guys so a couple months back i bought the carpathic supplement and i decided to share my
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00001-00000680-00001360 experience in this video and also to warn you guys not to make the same mistake that i made when i
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00002-00001360-00002016 was trying to purchase the karba fix supplement i will expose the scam that made me lose 830 dollars
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00003-00002088-00002624 also i will share my overall experience and we'll talk about the good and the bad things
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00004-00002624-00003232 i discovered and also my before and after pictures and results so at the end of the
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00005-00003232-00003672 video you can make a decision whether you want to buy this carboxy supplement or not
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00006-00003768-00004360 so right before i share my experience let me explain the scam i discovered and how it works so
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00007-00004360-00005040 please make sure you're listened so you don't fall a victim like i did so what does scammers do they
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00008-00005040-00005608 know that this carbifix weight loss supplement is getting very serious attention on the internet
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00009-00005608-00006256 and increasing in their popularity they have gone to create fake websites that look almost the same
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00010-00006256-00006872 as the real official carbonfx website so they will make it look like you're getting up to 90
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00011-00006928-00007559 discount on the properfix supplement so when you actually do buy from their websites they will
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00012-00007559-00008112 take your payment information and make as many withdrawals as possible and then of course not
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00013-00008112-00009000 sending you any supplement this camp made me lose dollars which was in my paypal account so in order
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00014-00009000-00009560 to warn you guys and to avoid the situation i put the real website link down in the description
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00015-00009560-00010200 below so you can go check it out if you decided to try it i'm hundred percent sure it is the real
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00016-00010200-00010800 website where you can order and get the copyfx supplement which is where i finally ordered mine
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00017-00010800-00011408 and got everything safely delivered to my door from my experience there are no major discounts or
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00018-00011408-00011920 major bonuses apart from the official offers that the crop effect supplement website provides
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00019-00011976-00012496 so when you go to the link below to the official website you can check out the deals they have now
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00020-00012496-00013224 recently i checked online again and the fake site still exists so please be careful guys as at their
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00021-00013224-00013912 official website it is clearly written that carbon fix is available only on this one official website
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00022-00013912-00014608 and only this way you're 100 sure you're getting real product and 60 days money back guarantee
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00023-00014608-00015063 so please make sure you use the link i left in the description as for my
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00024-00015063-00015584 personal experience it started with my friend after i noticed some big changes in her body
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00025-00015672-00016160 i started asking her what is the reason as i had the problems with overweight as well
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00026-00016232-00016832 but she kept the secret only after a few days she revealed that it was because of carbohydrate
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00027-00016832-00017408 supplement and that she was too shy to tell that she was doing nothing eating same food
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00028-00017408-00018192 no extra exercises no diet just for a day to get this result she saw how hard other people
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00029-00018192-00018880 try to get the same results and wanted others to think that she's putting efforts as well so i went
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00030-00018880-00019648 online so a lot of reviews telling the same story and i decided to try it so after i searched i saw
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00031-00019648-00020552 this amazing limited time deal i clicked on my payment details and got charged 830 in total after
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00032-00020552-00021096 four different transactions it was hard to admit that all money from my paypal account was gone
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00033-00021168-00021656 but i put myself together and still wanted to try the specific supplement
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00034-00021656-00022168 i asked my friend for the link ordered and received successfully this is the link of
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00035-00022168-00022768 the official website i'm sharing with you guys as well in the description so i bought three
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00036-00022768-00023352 bottles package i got advice from a friend as one bottle is not enough to see significant results
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00037-00023408-00024096 and they sometimes run out of stock so i advise you to do the same to have some reserve so about
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00038-00024096-00024704 my results i'm about to finish my last bottle and within 11 weeks of using carbifix supplements
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00039-00024704-00025384 i lost about 30 pounds you can see my before and after pictures on the screen
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00040-00025639-00026448 so my before picture was me at about 145 pounds 150 pounds while my after picture was me right
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00041-00026448-00027192 now just a bit under 120 pounds so i can tell that the supplement actually worked for me
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00042-00027192-00027824 and now you know i'm so happy to share this with you guys as well so now let me walk you through
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00043-00027824-00028456 some pros and cons i noticed while using carbox supplement so let's start with the pros so one of
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00044-00028456-00029032 the first things i noticed when i started taking carbofix is that my overall mood changed and i
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00045-00029032-00029720 was feeling strong more energized and was having a really good night's sleep after about six seven
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00046-00029720-00030352 weeks of use i started losing some weight and the best thing is that i was still eating what
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00047-00030352-00031000 i wanted and didn't need to be involved in any strenuous exercises or gene workouts to start
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00048-00031000-00031672 losing weight this is because carbafix boosts body metabolism and you lose weight without big
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00049-00031672-00032295 efforts most importantly improved body metabolism is the key of the permanent weight loss results
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00050-00032368-00032968 so not like other diet pills if you stop using carb effects you are not gaining your weight back
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00051-00033080-00033752 another thing i want to mention is that all carbohyx ingredients are 100 neutral this
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00052-00033752-00034360 means there are no side effects what also makes it safe to use is the fact that carbific supplement
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00053-00034360-00034992 is fda approved now let's talk about the cons i noticed the fact that there are lots of fake
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00054-00034992-00035552 websites that are trying to scam people of their money so you need to be careful of those promising
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00055-00035552-00036216 too much discount like i said earlier so please if you decided to try it out use only the official
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00056-00036216-00036736 website i left the link in the description below another bad thing you may not like about the
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00057-00036736-00037360 supplement is that the results vary so my friends started seeing results only after about nine
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00058-00037360-00038000 weeks while based on other reviews some can start seeing results earlier like from four weeks so the
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00059-00038000-00038680 supplement actually works but i would warn you not to expect fast results because it took me about
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00060-00038680-00039216 six weeks of consistent intake and prescribed to actually start noticing visible results
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00061-00039336-00039880 so you have to be patient with yourself in the supplement and the last con is that they
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00062-00039880-00040432 sometimes run out of stock personally i didn't face that problem but as my friend told me
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00063-00040432-00041096 she was finalizing her first bottle and wanted to reorder it but it wasn't available for a few days
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00064-00041152-00041832 but luckily shipping was fast and she was able to continue taking carbon fix without a break so you
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00065-00041832-00042344 can now decide if you want to use the supplement yourself but i strongly suggest if you're really
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00066-00042344-00042872 struggling with losing weight and you're not into changing your lifestyle drastically
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00067-00042872-00043440 check the official website sometimes they run good discounts and if they have stock available
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00068-00043440-00044072 order a few bottles to try and i almost forgot to mention the most important thing that you can try
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00069-00044072-00044792 it risk-free as carbafix has 60 days money-back guarantee so basically you can order try it for
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00070-00044792-00045416 two months and if you're not seeing results just get your money back just please remember that when
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00071-00045416-00045936 you decide to buy this weight loss supplement make sure you're using the link in the description to
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00072-00045936-00046640 make sure you're safe as i don't want you to lose money like i did great so that's it for my review
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00073-00046640-00047208 of the carbothic supplement please make sure you like and share this video to also help others
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00074-00047208-00047840 to be safe and comment down below if you have any questions thank you guys so much for watching bye
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00075-00047968-00048416 thank you for watching our video i hope the information we presented shows you
+KkUFqMd0yLM-00076-00048416-00049160 are excellent service so what are you waiting for take action now and feel the change soon
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00000-00001529-00002350 Aloha YouTube it's your boy crypto roots and we takin a barefoot jungle
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00001-00002350-00002961 mountain hike and I thought I'd spit some crypto games and I just want to say
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00002-00002961-00003277 thank you to all my new subscribers I really appreciate it thank you for
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00003-00003277-00003832 showing the love I'll be able to start doing cool cooler things on my channel
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00004-00003832-00004426 now so I appreciate that now that I got my selves up so I want to talk about
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00005-00004426-00005089 bitcoins immune system yes bitcoins immune system and people are
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00006-00005089-00005713 like what is this crazy stoner dude talking about Bitcoin doesn't have an
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00007-00005713-00006507 immune system it's a software program you know and let me let me start from
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00008-00006507-00007173 the beginning you and I explain this do you know what a patent is do you know
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00009-00007173-00007773 what a patent you know a patent is a legal piece of paper saying that you own
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00010-00007773-00008431 all rights this idea and if anybody orders distribute the idea then they
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00011-00008431-00008757 would legally owe you money or you could sue them if they were to profit off your
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00012-00008757-00009195 idea that's a pad patents are heavy in the
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00013-00009195-00009536 computer industry the software industry heavy heavy heavy
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00014-00009536-00010107 you got Microsoft you got Apple you got a lot of these big may I be M you got a
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00015-00010107-00010627 lot of these big companies their own patents to all their software in some of
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00016-00010627-00010795 their hardware depending on whatever it is
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00017-00010795-00011559 patents are heavy in the centralized legal game now what is open source open
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00018-00011559-00012165 source is the exact opposite of a patent a patent say hey this is my idea I came
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00019-00012165-00012771 up with it or someone gave me the rights to this idea and it's mine and only a
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00020-00012771-00013147 few people that I choose can work on this idea or if just me and if you were
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00021-00013147-00013705 to use my idea I can see now open source that says hey I came to know I came up
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00022-00013705-00014326 with an idea it's free for anyone to use if you like it you can even start a
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00023-00014326-00014847 business off of it you can you can improve it you can add
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00024-00014847-00015188 an idea you can take you could do whatever it with it and it doesn't
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00025-00015188-00015615 matter to me that's called open source now what
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00026-00015615-00016460 happens in the end what happens in the end this open source creates a stronger
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00027-00016460-00017337 robust resilient product patents always create an inferior product when we talk
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00028-00017337-00018108 about software especially when it comes to software why is that said you closed
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00029-00018108-00018645 it off but when you open source the idea you share it with the world
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00030-00018645-00019200 now that sixteen-year-old Indian kid who's a genius can have access to her
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00031-00019200-00019473 idea even though he's not in your country and can't work for your
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00032-00019473-00020217 corporation that 35 year old Russian woman can now access your idea that 18
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00033-00020217-00020751 year old black kid and Oakland can access your ID so your open your idea to
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00034-00020751-00021180 the whole world and now these people who are actually interested and you want to
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00035-00021180-00021695 contribute can do so freely without asking and some people may take your
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00036-00021695-00022128 idea and actually start a fork it which does they copy the source code and start
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00037-00022128-00022635 their own their own idea britta based off your idea now what ends up happening
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00038-00022635-00023051 is that the if your idea is good enough and people like it people not only will
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00039-00023051-00023472 protect the Creator though donate to the Creator and they'll develop for the
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00040-00023472-00023700 Creator there's a lot of open source code that
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00041-00023700-00024123 the developer likes it's like Bitcoin doesn't even touch anymore doesn't even
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00042-00024123-00024591 touch I wouldn't know what so Toshi to be honest but there's a lot of like
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00043-00024591-00025170 there's a lot of computer coders that started open-source it and don't even
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00044-00025170-00025608 work on the code no more it's maintained by passionate developers around the
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00045-00025608-00026064 world so that's what happens with open source and because you have all these
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00046-00026064-00026639 ideas 24/7 you got people fixing bugs right away as soon as there is a
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00047-00026639-00027144 vulnerability right away they have overnight bitcoins and to any
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00048-00027144-00027872 theorem summits developers around them they have overnight emergency Bitcoin
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00049-00027872-00028433 any theorem summits where developers immediately drop everything they fly
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00050-00028433-00028974 anywhere around the world at the drop of a dime to meet up with other developers
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00051-00028974-00029453 to figure out how to solve this problem efficiently and right away because that
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00052-00029453-00029841 is not only the integrity of the block shame that's multi billions of dollars
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00053-00029841-00030434 that are on the line like so people drop it all at the drop of a dime to just go
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00054-00030434-00030899 and fix Bitcoin like you ain't never seen like there's over some software do
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00055-00030899-00031559 like that's how powerful these blocks geez open public block chains are you
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00056-00031559-00032084 know I'm saying so that's because of open source so Bitcoin grew up on the
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00057-00032084-00032586 Internet Bitcoin grew up on the Internet Bitcoin has been attacked husband tried
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00058-00032586-00033047 to been hacked at like constantly like since day one since it was an infant
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00059-00033047-00033702 it's gotten its viruses have been thrown on it germs diseases and Bitcoin has
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00060-00033702-00034032 fought back developers have stayed on top of the
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00061-00034032-00034553 code Satoshi I hope that when I first started Satoshi was fixing all the
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00062-00034553-00034934 vulnerabilities then you have people more passionate helping them out and
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00063-00034934-00035526 Bitcoin has been had a twenty six block fork like that it's just that's a deep
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00064-00035526-00036090 technical shit but I'm telling you every single everything there's a
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00065-00036090-00036519 multi-billion dollar bounty for anyone who can hack the Bitcoin source code
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00066-00036519-00036987 like look it up on I'll post the link in the description but this shit is crazy
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00067-00036987-00037628 Oh like when you when you when you drop your pride and drop your ego you know
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00068-00037628-00037983 I'm saying and you and you share with the world regardless of whether you get
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00069-00037983-00038525 compensated or not there's still ways to profit off open source technology so
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00070-00038525-00039059 your ego gold and start open sourcing or contributing they're open source
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00071-00039059-00039576 projects if you don't know how to program just simply reading and editing
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00072-00039576-00039969 can help can help you contribute to open source projects because that's how
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00073-00039969-00040261 that's true freedom is open source software
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00074-00040261-00040797 bitcoin has some of the the absolute most robust immune system out of any
+Kkc9dJzwS4U-00075-00040797-00041286 software program that has ever existed so
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00000-00000024-00000827 living happy and single people often ask the question is it possible to be alone and be
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00001-00000827-00001554 happy you must understand that everybody on Earth is not completely alone you do have your family
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00002-00001650-00002172 but the problem is there's a certain space that has got to be filled but that's special
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00003-00002238-00002904 somebody and that's the reason why I bought a subscribe share and like this video on Gloria
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00004-00002904-00003822 Lana my name is Laura Lana living happy and single living happy and single so your
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00005-00003906-00004752 alone and you're single and you're thinking can I actually live happy can I have
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00006-00004836-00005706 a happy lifestyle of course she can and these are some pointers on how you can achieve that
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00007-00005826-00006672 first of all you don't compare yourself to the next person because no two people are the same
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00008-00006804-00007554 to achieve living happy and single always make sure you go out there and you create
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00009-00007554-00008154 great value for yourself creating great value for yourself just simply means having the best
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00010-00008154-00009018 fun that you can have knowing those things that really excites you that you think are
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00011-00009090-00009750 really fun and then you just immerse yourself in them overwhelm yourself with them and just
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00012-00009750-00010440 have great fun and then you do that all the time and then your health is very important
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00013-00010440-00011160 you take good care of your health you've got a healthy um lifestyle that is very important
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00014-00011250-00012330 in living happy and single and then you can never go about living happy and single without having
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00015-00012450-00013091 um of thinking about your faith and your faith in God because that is the only way
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00016-00013091-00013830 you can actually get things going and make things perfect as you live happy and single
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00017-00013932-00014591 of course you've got to travel a huge part of living happy and single is traveling meeting
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00018-00014591-00015347 new people experiencing new things new cultures learning new things that is actually how you
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00019-00015347-00016122 can fully achieve living happy and single and thank and for the future it is very important
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00020-00016272-00016860 I hope you like this video living happy and single my name is Laura Lan and this is my YouTube
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00021-00016860-00017856 channel if you're returning subscriber thanks for coming back if you're ready um if you're new here
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00022-00017970-00018726 um please do make sure you subscribe it costs zero dollar and I am a homeless YouTuber yes I said
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00023-00018726-00019476 homeless so you can actually do what to support me by subscribing to my YouTube channels and
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00024-00019530-00020070 um follow me on the other social media please buy my two books on amazing
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00025-00020166-00020862 I'll leave the links below and um also buy my art I'll leave the links below because
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00026-00020862-00021540 I'm also contemporary African artists so please if you like this video Living Single
+L1wffSNB3Uc-00027-00021540-00022452 and happy or living happy and single please do subscribe share like and comment on this video
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00000-00000000-00000050 How to draw a fun Easter egg. Draw fun Easter eggs.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00001-00000050-00000250 . First, draw the contour of the egg.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00002-00000250-00000450 Now draw our eyes and eyebrows.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00003-00000450-00000650 We fill our eyes. And we leave the pupil white.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00004-00001102-00001302 Eyebrows raised up.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00008-00002678-00002878 Next, draw a smiling mouth.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00009-00002878-00003078 Our Easter egg is fun. So draw a fun Easter egg.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00010-00003078-00003278 Our Easter egg is fun. So draw a fun Easter egg.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00011-00003278-00003386 Again draw the contour of Easter eggs.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00012-00003386-00003436 This will be the second Easter egg.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00013-00003436-00003486 Draw our eyes.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00015-00003536-00003688 They sparkle with joy.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00016-00003688-00003738 Eyes are painted, and we leave the pupils white.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00017-00003738-00003938 Eyebrows over my eyes.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00022-00005483-00005533 . Draw a smiling mouth.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00023-00005533-00005583 Again draw the contour of the egg.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00025-00006180-00006380 This will be the third pysanka.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00027-00006522-00006722 Let's draw our eyes.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00028-00006854-00007054 Each eye is drawn separately.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00030-00007658-00007858 And over each eye draw an eyebrow.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00032-00008058-00008258 Next, draw a smiling mouth.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00033-00008258-00008458 Teeth are visible here. Draw white teeth.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00036-00009936-00010136 Again draw the contour of the egg. This will be the fourth pysanka.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00040-00011082-00011136 . We draw a wide, very wide smile.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00041-00011136-00011336 In the middle of the mouth draw a line of teeth.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00044-00011672-00011722 . Again draw the contour of the egg.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00045-00011722-00011922 This will be the fifth Easter egg.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00051-00014899-00014962 We draw blue eyes. And we draw eyebrows
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00052-00014962-00015162 . And again draw a smiling mouth.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00055-00016356-00016556 He is different from the previous Easter eggs.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00056-00016556-00016607 Again draw the contour of Easter eggs.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00057-00016607-00016657 It will be the sixth pysanka.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00062-00018099-00018204 We draw eyebrows and eyes.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00063-00018204-00018404 But the eyes are closed.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00064-00018404-00018603 It's so fun that the eyes are closed.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00067-00018899-00019099 And again draw a smiling mouth.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00068-00019099-00019276 He is different from the previous Easter eggs.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00069-00019276-00019476 Come on to #Pencil TV again.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00070-00019578-00019778 We will draw together.
+L4hu20EU1qQ-00071-00019840-00020040 We have a lot of interesting things for #YouTubeKids.
+L4R2uUllIPk-00000-00000992-00001592 in today's lecture i will let you know how to write your paper in few easy steps
+L4R2uUllIPk-00001-00001839-00002352 i hope so that you would like this short presentation of mine today
+L4R2uUllIPk-00002-00002616-00003024 these are some contents planning for writing a research paper
+L4R2uUllIPk-00003-00003215-00003984 five planning number one define your topic number two plan your research
+L4R2uUllIPk-00004-00004096-00004632 number three search for resources number four create an outline
+L4R2uUllIPk-00005-00004744-00005784 number five write your paper very short concise so the first step define your topic
+L4R2uUllIPk-00006-00005976-00006640 pick a subject that interests you like poverty alleviation in contemporary society
+L4R2uUllIPk-00007-00006848-00007495 refine your subject by narrowing your focus to specific topic like poverty alleviations
+L4R2uUllIPk-00008-00007495-00008208 planning in hyperbole try to pick a topic that will have enough information available
+L4R2uUllIPk-00009-00008424-00008616 in these slides as i mentioned that
+L4R2uUllIPk-00010-00008832-00009120 choose the subject which you are taking interest
+L4R2uUllIPk-00011-00009216-00010336 by researching it so take a broad subject then narrow them down and try to pick the topic
+L4R2uUllIPk-00012-00010632-00011384 usually you should select those topic which have enough information available in your surroundings
+L4R2uUllIPk-00013-00011512-00012000 so this is the first principle of writing a research paper of your own
+L4R2uUllIPk-00014-00012264-00012560 in the second step plan your research
+L4R2uUllIPk-00015-00012776-00013368 plan your research means start by gathering some background information about the subject
+L4R2uUllIPk-00016-00013560-00014256 if you are reading any subject where you are student of management sciences social sciences
+L4R2uUllIPk-00017-00014256-00014880 applied sciences or natural sciences so you should choose your own subject
+L4R2uUllIPk-00018-00015032-00015688 use sources such as reference books and encyclopedias to find out about your topic let's
+L4R2uUllIPk-00019-00015688-00016488 suppose you are working applied senses choose the topic which nearly meets your requirement
+L4R2uUllIPk-00020-00016664-00017552 use your background information to think of appropriate search terms here we will search that
+L4R2uUllIPk-00021-00017552-00018712 what has already been done in my subject what have written by other scholars in my field so use your
+L4R2uUllIPk-00022-00018712-00019384 background information to think for appropriate topic or subject which you are going to research
+L4R2uUllIPk-00023-00019528-00020248 the third step is very simple search for resources take note of the types of resources you will
+L4R2uUllIPk-00024-00020248-00021008 require does your course require peer reviewed resources where suppose if you are searching
+L4R2uUllIPk-00025-00021008-00022056 for resources in your subject so make notes of whatever you are collecting in your field use
+L4R2uUllIPk-00026-00022056-00022776 online search platforms such as google scholars land databases that what have already been done
+L4R2uUllIPk-00027-00022864-00023656 but have already been researched in my fields by the scholars so to find credible articles
+L4R2uUllIPk-00028-00023736-00024456 books etc and library catalog of your surroundings but suppose you are reading in agriculture
+L4R2uUllIPk-00029-00024456-00025248 university engineering university medical science university each library has defined its catalog
+L4R2uUllIPk-00030-00025360-00026183 which is available online let's suppose i will quote an example of i double si library.org.pk
+L4R2uUllIPk-00031-00026183-00027144 here we have provided an online catalog where you can find research articles books newspaper
+L4R2uUllIPk-00032-00027144-00027672 articles reports relevant to your subject so we are dealing with international relations
+L4R2uUllIPk-00033-00027744-00028368 so you can find whatever you need in social sciences you can find out or catalog
+L4R2uUllIPk-00034-00028616-00029480 create an online outline you can do it create an outline here you will collect the nodes
+L4R2uUllIPk-00035-00029568-00030464 read your sources and take notes keep track of your sources whatever you are consulting just make
+L4R2uUllIPk-00036-00030464-00031312 the notes which are easily available by searching them again and again write a thesis statement your
+L4R2uUllIPk-00037-00031312-00031952 thesis statement is the main argument of your paper and should be one to two sentence law
+L4R2uUllIPk-00038-00032136-00032456 one to two sentence if you are searching any topic
+L4R2uUllIPk-00039-00032527-00033168 this should be two sentences long in your area outline the structure of your paper
+L4R2uUllIPk-00040-00033272-00034008 route write down the main points and determine how you will organize the paper if you are
+L4R2uUllIPk-00041-00034008-00034664 not making an outline in your paper that will become very difficult for you to organize them
+L4R2uUllIPk-00042-00034896-00035384 the last step you write your paper write the first draft of your paper using your
+L4R2uUllIPk-00043-00035384-00035776 outline and information you gather from your research
+L4R2uUllIPk-00044-00035960-00036584 here in the second sentence i mentioned that revise the draft to create your final paper
+L4R2uUllIPk-00045-00036824-00037408 whenever you prefer your first draft read them out read them out again and again
+L4R2uUllIPk-00046-00037552-00038176 here you will make them proofreading these are few simple steps
+L4R2uUllIPk-00047-00038304-00038768 if you want to become a researcher and you want to write your own paper
+L4R2uUllIPk-00048-00038912-00039640 so follow these principles i hope so that you will become a good researcher once in your life right
+L4R2uUllIPk-00049-00039768-00040088 thank you so much for watching this short tutorial
+L4R2uUllIPk-00050-00040296-00040992 i hope that you will subscribe my channel for more informative tutorials i am thankful to all
+L4R2uUllIPk-00051-00040992-00041696 of you by watching all my lectures regularly may god bless you all assalamu alaikum
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00000-00003372-00003746 SAD  MELANCHOLY
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00001-00004500-00004646 So far... Everything is going well.
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00002-00004747-00004848 So far I think...
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00003-00004903-00005036 Everything is going well...
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00004-00005209-00005624 Chapter 1: Loneliness
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00005-00009046-00009260 What will it be like to be alone?
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00006-00009398-00009695 I've learned to be a watchful person like every person...
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00007-00009778-00010069 That has a story... An idea, maybe.
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00008-00011128-00011650 It's that moment of the day when it ends and you have no one to tell how your day was.
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00009-00011783-00011917 If you had any trouble...
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00010-00012000-00012111 And no one remembers you...
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00011-00012196-00012582 Just you laying down on your bed, not wanting to wake up...
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00012-00018359-00018606 Chapter 3: Nostalgia
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00013-00021176-00021425 Sometimes I confused loneliness with nostalgia.
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00014-00021546-00021761 The longing of remembering again.
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00015-00021881-00021931 But...
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00016-00022228-00022450 I'm genuinly afraid of everything.
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00017-00022868-00023133 Growing up... I'm in constant worry.
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00018-00023259-00023318 But, why?
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00019-00023449-00023732 There are no worries... There is nothing.
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00020-00027866-00029527 Directed and produced by BlackMaría
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00021-00031380-00031830 Special thanks to:  Javier Alcántara, Teresa Sánchez, Katzir Alcántara, Devani Ledezma, Ismael Garza
+L5iOaeCpEx4-00022-00031984-00032138 Subtitles by: The pal that'll always support you.  -Broken Bones Studio
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00000-00001255-00001355 Hi there!
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00001-00001355-00001777 If you are watching this video, I'm assuming you are either struggling with or looking
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00002-00001777-00002104 for an example of a stoichiometry problem.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00003-00002104-00002593 Before we get to the stoichiometry example, I want you to think of stoichiometry as a
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00004-00002593-00002913 multi-step dimensional analysis problem.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00005-00002913-00003492 The rationale is that when you strip away, all the fancy chemistry stoichiometry is a
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00006-00003492-00004003 dimensional analysis problem in that we are making sure our units are canceling out to
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00007-00004003-00004623 help us get from point A to point B. The example we are going to go over today some may say
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00008-00004623-00005046 is the most important chemical reaction known to man.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00009-00005046-00005594 I believe the reactions that break down peanut butter or pizza in my body are more important,
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00010-00005594-00005804 but that is a story for another day!
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00011-00005879-00006494 The reaction we will be looking at is the fermentation of sucrose by yeast in an aqueous
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00012-00006494-00007145 solution that produces ethanol and carbon dioxide when anaerobic conditions are used.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00013-00007245-00007839 The question we want to answer is, how many grams of ethanol will be produced if the yeast
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00014-00007839-00008410 starts with 10.33 g of sucrose?
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00015-00008462-00008965 My other question for you is what do you think our first step is?
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00016-00008965-00009380 If you said to balance the equation, you are correct!
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00017-00009380-00009970 Before we can do any stoichiometry problem, we must first balance the equation.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00018-00009970-00010202 Please do that now.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00019-00010209-00010836 For your balanced equation, you should have gotten 1 mole of sucrose, 1 mole of water,
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00020-00010836-00011354 4 moles of ethanol, and 4 moles of carbon dioxide.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00021-00011599-00011888 Now we are ready for our second step.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00022-00011888-00012386 For this step, I recommend writing out the units first to make sure they cancel out
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00023-00012386-00012622 before doing any math.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00024-00012623-00013176 With that said we will start by writing grams of sucrose and what we are ending with which
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00025-00013176-00013413 is grams of ethanol.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00026-00013413-00014018 The next question we need ask ourselves is how do we go from grams of sucrose to
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00027-00014018-00014141 grams of ethanol?
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00028-00014141-00014752 The key to this is going to be our mole to mole conversion factor which we get from our
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00029-00014752-00015035 balanced chemical equation.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00030-00015035-00015810 You then may be asking yourself how do we go from grams to moles or moles to grams and
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00031-00015810-00016592 for this we are going to use our molar mass of sucrose and molar mass of ethanol.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00032-00016592-00017014 Again when you writing this out start with only the units.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00033-00017014-00017557 We start with grams of sucrose, and we want to get into moles of sucrose.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00034-00017557-00018164 How should the molar mass be written if we want to go from grams to moles?
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00035-00018164-00018772 If you wrote out your next step as moles of sucrose divided by grams of sucrose you are
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00036-00018772-00018872 correct!
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00037-00018872-00019327 As you can see grams of sucrose will cancel out with each other, and we are left with
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00038-00019327-00019603 moles of sucrose.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00039-00019603-00020286 Now that we are in moles of sucrose we can now get into moles of ethanol here is where
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00040-00020286-00021126 the mole to mole conversion factor from the balanced equation comes in.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00041-00021126-00021538 How should that conversion factor be written?
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00042-00021538-00021898 Feel free to shout it out at the screen!
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00043-00021934-00022788 If you said moles of ethanol on top and moles of sucrose on the bottom you would be 100% correct.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00044-00022800-00023266 As you can see moles of sucrose are going to cancel out with each other, and then
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00045-00023266-00023572 mole of ethanol are left.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00046-00023650-00023794 We are not done yet.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00047-00023794-00024221 We still have to go from moles of ethanol to grams of ethanol.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00048-00024221-00024527 What do we have to use to do that?
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00049-00024527-00025338 As I'm sure, you have guessed we are going to use molar mass again but what is different?
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00050-00025401-00026189 This time the unit grams is on top and moles are on the bottom.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00051-00026191-00026781 Moles of ethanol will cancel out, and we will be left with grams of ethanol.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00052-00026781-00027344 Before we can add our numbers, we need to check our work to make sure the units do indeed
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00053-00027344-00027555 cancel out.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00054-00027555-00028024 If we look over our problem, we can see, they do indeed.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00055-00028024-00028306 Woohoo, we are more than halfway there!
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00056-00028306-00029176 Now is a good time to pause the video stretch those legs and then come back and finish watching.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00057-00029283-00029737 The last steps are to plug in the numbers and do the math.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00058-00029737-00030399 However, there is a calculation we need to do before we can plug our numbers in and that
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00059-00030399-00030865 is calculate the molar masses of sucrose and ethanol.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00060-00030866-00031262 The numbers that I will be using to calculate those molar masses are
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00061-00031262-00031456 12.01 grams per mole for carbon,
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00062-00031456-00032576 16.00 grams per mole for oxygen, and 1.008 grams per mole for hydrogen.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00063-00032622-00033966 For sucrose, the molar mass is 342.296 grams per mole and 46.068 grams per mole for ethanol.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00064-00033966-00034515 Now that those calculations are complete we can plug those numbers into the equation that
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00065-00034515-00034655 we set up.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00066-00034655-00034832 Please do this now.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00067-00034862-00035378 This what our equation should look like with the numbers and units.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00068-00035378-00035762 Once you have checked your set up, please go ahead and determine the number of grams
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00069-00035762-00036334 of ethanol that would be produced from 10.33 grams of sucrose.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00070-00036378-00037684 You should have gotten 5.56106 grams of ethanol that rounds to 5.561 grams as your final answer.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00071-00037684-00038459 As a reminder, 10.33 grams has four significant figures, which means our final answer needs
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00072-00038459-00038721 four significant figures.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00073-00038721-00039234 Please make sure you waited to the end to round or else you may get a different answer.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00074-00039234-00039708 I appreciate you watching the whole video knowing that it was long.
+L7SoNgvM-q8-00075-00039708-00039836 Thank you for watching!
+L8sOIvXZ7g0-00001-00001650-00001768 I'm Nora Sanders,
+L8sOIvXZ7g0-00002-00001768-00002130 General Secretary of The United Church of Canada.  I was challenged by 
+L8sOIvXZ7g0-00003-00002130-00002568 the Reverend Wilson Gonese to take part in the ALS
+L8sOIvXZ7g0-00004-00002568-00003070 Ice Bucket Challenge. I've made a donation to ALS, it's a wonderful cause,
+L8sOIvXZ7g0-00005-00003070-00003451 and I also told my colleagues at the General Counsel office that
+L8sOIvXZ7g0-00006-00003451-00003860 if any of them want to douse me with ice bucket
+L8sOIvXZ7g0-00007-00003860-00004200 they could make a challenge and I would make a commitment to the
+L8sOIvXZ7g0-00008-00004200-00004420 Mission and Service Fund, as well.  
+L8sOIvXZ7g0-00009-00004420-00004726 I've also challenged three of my colleagues to take part in
+L8sOIvXZ7g0-00010-00004726-00005130 the ALS challenge themselves and the M&S challenge.
+L8sOIvXZ7g0-00011-00005130-00005387 Michael Blair (Executive Minister, Church is Mission), Rob Dalgleish (Executive Director, Edge: A Network for Ministry) Development) 
+L8sOIvXZ7g0-00012-00005387-00005680 and David Armour (Director of Philanthropy; President of The United Church of Canada Foundation). They'll be next up.
+L8sOIvXZ7g0-00013-00006300-00007480 That is chilly water!  That was an ice bucket.  I need my shawl!  Thank you.  Whoa!  And you got wet too!
+L8FaMU19dFu-00000-00000009-00000547 > Great. So, I'm going to get rolling here. This meeting is being recorded, great. So
+L8FaMU19dFu-00001-00000547-00001308 I'm going to get rolling here. Welcome to Causal inference in R, our useR! workshop.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00002-00001308-00001901 They're happy that we're able to do this still. It's great that the organisers did so, so,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00003-00001901-00002772 so much work to get everything rolling online, and we were really lucky to work with our
+L8FaMU19dFu-00004-00002772-00003755 colleagues at R-Ladies LA of which I'm one of the organisers over at the R Users group,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00005-00003755-00004435 and they've done an awesome job getting everything set up while Lucy and I figure out how to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00006-00004435-00005398 do this online, and all that. So, we are very, very to them, so thank you to R-Ladies LA
+L8FaMU19dFu-00007-00005398-00006169 for hosting us. Welcome to the workshop. We will get rolling here. Lucy, do you want to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00008-00006169-00006706 introduce yourself really quickly? > I'm Lucy D'Agostino McGowan. I'm an Assistant
+L8FaMU19dFu-00009-00006706-00007178 Professor at Wake Forest University in North Carolina in the mathematics and statistics
+L8FaMU19dFu-00010-00007178-00008109 department. My training is in biostatistics, and I do a lot of causal inference work, in
+L8FaMU19dFu-00011-00008109-00008799 particular with propensity score and weighting, and different methods in that regard. So I
+L8FaMU19dFu-00012-00008799-00009329 am really excited to be here. I love R, and I also love causal inference, so this is like
+L8FaMU19dFu-00013-00009329-00009933 the perfect world for me! I also have a podcast called Casual Inference, that talks about
+L8FaMU19dFu-00014-00009933-00010529 some of the causal inference techniques, but hopefully in a casual way that tries to define
+L8FaMU19dFu-00015-00010529-00011496 the terms for lay audiences. > Highly recommended, by the way. I'm Malcolm,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00016-00011496-00012692 I'm a clinical data research scientist where I work on both kind of classical academic
+L8FaMU19dFu-00017-00012692-00013188 type of research, and also business-orientated goals, and we use several causal inference
+L8FaMU19dFu-00018-00013188-00013985 techniques there. My training is in epidemiology, I'm an epidemiologist, and, luckily, in epidemiology,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00019-00013985-00014847 "does something cause something" has always been a big question. I've always been interested
+L8FaMU19dFu-00020-00014847-00015900 in causal inference methodology from that perspective. I also love R and causal inference
+L8FaMU19dFu-00021-00015900-00016538 stuff, and, yes, it did work out quite well for this, and that is why Lucy and I wanted
+L8FaMU19dFu-00022-00016538-00017585 to do, for sure. I think let's get rolling here. So, we are really going to focus today
+L8FaMU19dFu-00023-00017585-00018237 on our number three here, "explain". So I like this idea that there is really three
+L8FaMU19dFu-00024-00018237-00018948 practices of analyses. These practices are you will interrelated but distinct. When we
+L8FaMU19dFu-00025-00018948-00019362 are setting out a goal for each of these, we need to make sure we are clear about those
+L8FaMU19dFu-00026-00019362-00020098 goals. The main activities we're doing in analysis are describing, predicting, and explaining.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00027-00020098-00020669 You may do one of these more than the other in your work. As an epidemiologist, explaining
+L8FaMU19dFu-00028-00020669-00021181 is a big thing, but also describing and predict having important, and also important for most
+L8FaMU19dFu-00029-00021181-00021679 people, but maybe your job requires that you focus on number 2, you're making machine learning
+L8FaMU19dFu-00030-00021679-00022112 to do predictions and that sort of thing. But you're curious about this number 3, how
+L8FaMU19dFu-00031-00022112-00022832 do the tools intersect? One of the things we want to encourage you to do really is think
+L8FaMU19dFu-00032-00022832-00023355 about when you're sitting down to do an analysis, which of these three you're trying to do,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00033-00023355-00023904 and how can you use the other two to support that goal? And so, unfortunately, what happens
+L8FaMU19dFu-00034-00023904-00024423 in the scientific literature is these goals get all mucked up together, you know? Somebody
+L8FaMU19dFu-00035-00024423-00024777 sits down, and they are just kind of like describing their data, they're kind of like
+L8FaMU19dFu-00036-00024777-00025235 picking around, cherry-pick ing their data, and they're like, this is interesting. They
+L8FaMU19dFu-00037-00025235-00025881 fit a model for it to see, what is associated with this and that? Like, that's interesting.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00038-00025881-00026345 Now I have a prediction model, and then they write up their model, and they say, well,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00039-00026345-00026888 this is just a descriptive study, maybe this actually causes that. Maybe I can interpret
+L8FaMU19dFu-00040-00026888-00027476 it that way? So these three ideas often get really mucked up in our actual day-to-day
+L8FaMU19dFu-00041-00027476-00028082 practice. So, today we're going to be focusing on number three - explain. We're going to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00042-00028082-00028819 make a big distinction between our usual tools, and what those are giving us, what kind of
+L8FaMU19dFu-00043-00028819-00029251 answers those are giving us, versus what is the kind of answer we want to get as to whether
+L8FaMU19dFu-00044-00029251-00029913 or not something causes causes something else. A big part of this is that we use regression
+L8FaMU19dFu-00045-00029913-00030716 for all these tools. A normal regression model makes associations - regression is amazing,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00046-00030716-00031160 one of the most amazing tools that we have, but it can't help you distinguish between
+L8FaMU19dFu-00047-00031160-00031695 cause and association. It doesn't know how. And it is not supposed to. That's not what
+L8FaMU19dFu-00048-00031695-00032119 it is supposed to do, right? So, when we're doing number three, we are trying to explain,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00049-00032119-00032845 what we are really trying to do is estimate a causal effect, not an association. In the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00050-00032845-00033411 causal inference world, one of the most useful frameworks is the counterfactual framework,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00051-00033411-00034044 and the counterfactual framework is asking a much more specific scientific question than
+L8FaMU19dFu-00052-00034044-00034628 association. It's asking: what if - you know, we're going to talk a lot about quitting smoking
+L8FaMU19dFu-00053-00034628-00035199 today, and, unfortunately, when I was a young, foolish man, I smoked cigarettes. Eventually,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00054-00035199-00036059 I quit, wised up. So, in this world, in this life, I quit smoking, right? And maybe that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00055-00036059-00036602 has had an effect on my health. There is also a counterfactual world, a world that doesn't
+L8FaMU19dFu-00056-00036602-00037176 exist where I didn't quit smoking, right? If those two things, if those two worlds,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00057-00037176-00037665 that's the only thing that is different, if something happens, I can be pretty sure it's
+L8FaMU19dFu-00058-00037665-00038003 because of the fact that I did or did not quit smoking, right? We're going to be talking
+L8FaMU19dFu-00059-00038003-00038601 a lot about that example today. We're going to focus a lot on this, and so, you know,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00060-00038601-00039025 that's hard to measure, because that world doesn't exist, right? I did quit smoking.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00061-00039025-00039652 The world where I didn't quit smoking luckily doesn't exist. So, in general, when we are
+L8FaMU19dFu-00062-00039652-00040103 steel doing that with data, we're going to ask this question at the population level:
+L8FaMU19dFu-00063-00040103-00040527 okay, what would happen if everybody in this study, this dataset that we are doing, was
+L8FaMU19dFu-00064-00040527-00041174 exposed to something, versus what if everybody in the study was not exposed to it? The difference
+L8FaMU19dFu-00065-00041174-00041763 in those two different counterfactual worlds, that's our causal estimate. Counterfactuals
+L8FaMU19dFu-00066-00041763-00042501 is a whole complicated literature on this, so this is a very simplified version of this.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00067-00042501-00043196 I encourage you to check this out if you're interested. This has mathematic basis for
+L8FaMU19dFu-00068-00043196-00043549 this, a lot of statistical research into it. I encourage you to look into it if that is
+L8FaMU19dFu-00069-00043549-00044107 something you're interested in. That is really the heart of the question we're getting at.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00070-00044107-00044650 So the big difference between one, two, and three here is the assumptions that we need
+L8FaMU19dFu-00071-00044650-00045087 to make for them to be correct. Unfortunately, for number three, we need to make a lot of
+L8FaMU19dFu-00072-00045087-00045908 assumptions that are unverifiable, right? We can do some things to get closer to verifying
+L8FaMU19dFu-00073-00045908-00047025 it, but there are some things that we can never know. One that we are going to focus
+L8FaMU19dFu-00074-00047025-00047793 on today is the assumption that there is no - in confounding in our study. The idea of
+L8FaMU19dFu-00075-00047793-00048475 this is the effect that we are seeing of x on y is only due to that relationship x on
+L8FaMU19dFu-00076-00048475-00049097 y, right? It's not being distorted by some other association that is, you know, some
+L8FaMU19dFu-00077-00049097-00049762 other variable that is associated with both x and y, which can, unfortunately, give us
+L8FaMU19dFu-00078-00049762-00050279 this classic situation where correlation does not equal causation. We will be talking about
+L8FaMU19dFu-00079-00050279-00051169 why not? What is causing that to go wrong? Why doesn't correlation cause causation? The
+L8FaMU19dFu-00080-00051169-00052058 tools we will be concentrating on today are causal diagrams, and propensity score weighting.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00081-00052058-00052729 A closely related tool is propensity score matching, but we will be mostly focusing on
+L8FaMU19dFu-00082-00052729-00053405 the first two tools which are really, really great and useful, and these three are some
+L8FaMU19dFu-00083-00053405-00053879 of the more common of the others that you will see, with the exception of maybe the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00084-00053879-00054377 first one which is something we're not really going to talk about today, but it's one of
+L8FaMU19dFu-00085-00054377-00054879 our best tools for causal inference, which is a randomised trial. Without getting into
+L8FaMU19dFu-00086-00054879-00055326 too many details, it needs to deal with the assumptions we need to make really, really
+L8FaMU19dFu-00087-00055326-00055942 well. It makes it much more reasonable to make those assumptions. There is a set of
+L8FaMU19dFu-00088-00055942-00056639 methods called G-methods. Inverse probability rating is related to them. Another set of
+L8FaMU19dFu-00089-00056639-00057329 methods called instrumental variables, which is a set of methods related as like a difference,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00090-00057329-00057779 regression discontinuity. These are common in econometrics, and programme evaluation,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00091-00057779-00058719 and that type of work. Whereas randomised trials, you see those in more individual-level
+L8FaMU19dFu-00092-00058719-00059216 health research in particular, but in other studies as well. These are all closely related.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00093-00059216-00059792 We are picking these two, we like these two, they're very, very useful. These are all very
+L8FaMU19dFu-00094-00059792-00060366 useful, and they're closely related, you know? They're kind of like brothers and sisters
+L8FaMU19dFu-00095-00060366-00060924 that don't get along. Like, there's one group that thinks, you know, we're the best, we
+L8FaMU19dFu-00096-00060924-00061320 do this right. They're very, very closely related, and, if you kind of take a bigger
+L8FaMU19dFu-00097-00061320-00062074 picture, you see that they come from the same basis of causal inference. And so we just
+L8FaMU19dFu-00098-00062074-00062491 picked these two, because we liked these two, and they're very useful, but there are these
+L8FaMU19dFu-00099-00062491-00062888 other tools as well. As I mentioned, we are going to be using rstudio.cloud for these
+L8FaMU19dFu-00100-00062888-00063670 exercises. This link is here. This is also in the chat. If you haven't opened that up,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00101-00063670-00064164 I encourage you to while I'm switching over to the next section. And I also wanted to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00102-00064164-00064848 bring up a few resources that we have available for you that are more broader resources, more
+L8FaMU19dFu-00103-00064848-00065420 broader resources on causal inference. This is not R stuff, this is more about causal
+L8FaMU19dFu-00104-00065420-00066275 inference. So, we're going to kind of go over quickly these elements of what is different
+L8FaMU19dFu-00105-00066275-00066820 about causal inference versus other aspects of analyses. There are several great books.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00106-00066820-00067254 These are a few that I like. There are many more. Maybe Lucy has some additional suggestions
+L8FaMU19dFu-00107-00067254-00067685 on top of this list. I'm sure she does, because we come from different schools of thought,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00108-00067685-00068788 which is great. I really like the causal inference book called Causal Inference, very epidemiology-related.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00109-00068788-00069704 The Book of Why is interesting. It's meant to be very friendly as well. Then Mastering
+L8FaMU19dFu-00110-00069704-00070580 Metrics is one I read recently, focused on, good friendly introduction to intervention-variable
+L8FaMU19dFu-00111-00070580-00071304 methods. Do you have any other kind of recommendations you would like to give out?
+L8FaMU19dFu-00112-00071304-00071999 > As Malcolm mentioned, we do come from kind of different schools of training, and so,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00113-00071999-00072576 for those of you not as familiar with the causal background, so the training that Malcolm
+L8FaMU19dFu-00114-00072576-00073076 comes from uses DAGs and things like this which is what you're going to learn today,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00115-00073076-00073608 and my training comes from the Rosenbaum and Ruben line of inference, where we're doing
+L8FaMU19dFu-00116-00073608-00074138 the same thing but use different words, and stuff. I think the recommendations you made
+L8FaMU19dFu-00117-00074138-00074689 are great. I reference a couple of things from Rosenbaum and Ruben in my slides, but
+L8FaMU19dFu-00118-00074689-00075486 those recommendations are really good. I think that especially for coming at it from an introductory
+L8FaMU19dFu-00119-00075486-00076024 level, I think McGill's book is one of the best out there.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00120-00076024-00076375 > It's not just - they're very linked to this G method school of thought, but it doesn't
+L8FaMU19dFu-00121-00076375-00077226 just look at those methods, but it does emphasise them. That is a great introduction. If you
+L8FaMU19dFu-00122-00077226-00077719 use other programming languages besides R, the website has code for a lot of the stuff,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00123-00077719-00078517 Sass, and other types of tools. That's really nice as well. This first section, I do have
+L8FaMU19dFu-00124-00078517-00079343 an exercises R Markdown file for, if you open up the exercises folder in the cloud space.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00125-00079343-00079845 It doesn't have any exercises in it. It's complete as it is, because this one is going
+L8FaMU19dFu-00126-00079845-00080442 to be a little less interactive. We're calling this the causal modeling whole game, which
+L8FaMU19dFu-00127-00080442-00081105 is a term I learned from Hadley Wickham which is what he we want to take a step back for
+L8FaMU19dFu-00128-00081105-00081442 a second before we get into the nitty-gritty of the code, and show you what are the broad
+L8FaMU19dFu-00129-00081442-00081913 strokes of what we are looking for here? I will have code here. I'm not going to dive
+L8FaMU19dFu-00130-00081913-00082352 too much into it because we are going to talk about those a little bit later in the workshop.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00131-00082352-00083248 I'm looking at what am I looking for? Most importantly, where are we going? How do we
+L8FaMU19dFu-00132-00083248-00083864 win this game, so to speak? You know, what is the endgame here? And so this is a little
+L8FaMU19dFu-00133-00083864-00084283 bit of a spoiler alert, because you will see a lot of the examples that we will use throughout
+L8FaMU19dFu-00134-00084283-00084797 the workshop. But this is to give you a bigger picture. So, we will dive into almost all
+L8FaMU19dFu-00135-00084797-00085391 of these examples a little bit more, and interactively. If something doesn't quite make sense, don't
+L8FaMU19dFu-00136-00085391-00085977 worry about it, make a note, and you will have an opportunity to dive in later in the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00137-00085977-00086429 workshop. So, the broad strokes that I'm going for here is that first I need to define my
+L8FaMU19dFu-00138-00086429-00086961 actual causal question. Then I'm going to draw my assumptions with causal diagrams,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00139-00086961-00087627 which is one of many methods of dealing with this the these assumptions we need to make
+L8FaMU19dFu-00140-00087627-00088218 but it's very, very useful. Then I need to model my assumptions. Today, we will be doing
+L8FaMU19dFu-00141-00088218-00088641 that with propensity scores. There are other ways of doing it. This is what we are doing
+L8FaMU19dFu-00142-00088641-00089316 today. We will then do diagnostics. It's good to do sensitivity analysis of your work and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00143-00089316-00089867 do a sanity check to make sure that everything makes sense. Finally, where I'm going, is
+L8FaMU19dFu-00144-00089867-00090435 I want to get not an association, I want an estimate of the causal effects that I'm interested
+L8FaMU19dFu-00145-00090435-00091176 in. Often, in the epidemiology world, we write papers like, "Well, it's associated with this",
+L8FaMU19dFu-00146-00091176-00091714 and we skirt around the language. Here, I'm saying explicitly, I'm making these assumptions.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00147-00091714-00092408 This they're correct, I'm going to estimate my causal effect, and that's very interesting.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00148-00092408-00092831 I'm not saying, you know, definitively this causes it, I'm saying if my assumption also
+L8FaMU19dFu-00149-00092831-00093372 correct, this is an estimate of that fact. That lets you criticise my assumptions, which
+L8FaMU19dFu-00150-00093372-00094086 is a good thing. So the main scientific question in this example that we're looking at is do
+L8FaMU19dFu-00151-00094086-00094677 people who quit smoking gain weight? We know smoking causes lung cancer, thanks to observational
+L8FaMU19dFu-00152-00094677-00095285 studies using causal inference. We know lots of other health impacts of quitting smoking,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00153-00095285-00095689 we know that even if you are a smoker, and you quit smoking, it does reduce your risk
+L8FaMU19dFu-00154-00095689-00096548 of lung cancer, which is good news for me because I did smoke when I was younger. And,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00155-00096548-00096923 so, another thing that has been observed, though, is that people who quit smoking at
+L8FaMU19dFu-00156-00096923-00098310 the end to gain weight. The question here here, is this causal? I'm going to hone in
+L8FaMU19dFu-00157-00098310-00099738 on this question a little bit more here. This is from the book Causal Inference. They use
+L8FaMU19dFu-00158-00099738-00100332 this a lot. This is from the nhefs study, which is a longitudinal study. I'm getting
+L8FaMU19dFu-00159-00100332-00100886 rid of people first of all who dropped out of the study. Amazingly, there is a causal
+L8FaMU19dFu-00160-00100886-00101268 inference technique to deal with that. I urge you to look into that. It's really, really
+L8FaMU19dFu-00161-00101268-00101774 cool, and it is discussed in that book. We were not going to deal with that today. I'm
+L8FaMU19dFu-00162-00101774-00102266 going to remove those people for now. This dataset has what I need in it. It is two time
+L8FaMU19dFu-00163-00102266-00103226 points, and it has this variable qsmk, which is zero if you kept smoking, and 1 if you
+L8FaMU19dFu-00164-00103226-00103938 quit smoking. All 1,556 people here are smokers that were followed over time, and we also
+L8FaMU19dFu-00165-00103938-00104590 have some demographic and health variables, and we have their weight, so we can look at
+L8FaMU19dFu-00166-00104590-00105236 this question with this dataset. So, first thing I want to do is use number one. I'm
+L8FaMU19dFu-00167-00105236-00105691 going to describe, and I want to actually know what is the real difference here, the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00168-00105691-00106044 real observed difference here? Even though I'm not getting causal effect here, this is
+L8FaMU19dFu-00169-00106044-00106599 real. This is what really happened for these people. Whether or not it's statistically
+L8FaMU19dFu-00170-00106599-00106947 meaningful or clinically meaningful is another question. Whether or not there's a causal
+L8FaMU19dFu-00171-00106947-00107513 effect is another question. Describing this here, what I'm seeing is, okay, it looks like
+L8FaMU19dFu-00172-00107513-00108249 maybe 0 kept smoking, so it looks like a few more people kept smoking, and that those people,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00173-00108249-00108801 maybe at that peak, there is a little bit to the left of the people who did quit smoking,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00174-00108801-00109288 so this is what I was mentioning, that sometimes you observe this in these groups where it
+L8FaMU19dFu-00175-00109288-00109714 kind of looks a little bit here like people who quit smoking gained a little weight, a
+L8FaMU19dFu-00176-00109714-00110270 little more weight. There's a lot of variation here so it's really hard to tell. If I dive
+L8FaMU19dFu-00177-00110270-00110648 into the numeric summaries here, that looks about right. The
+L8FaMU19dFu-00178-00110648-00111460 mean is about two and a half pounds heavier for people who actually quit smoking. This
+L8FaMU19dFu-00179-00111460-00111961 is a description. This did happen in this population, we know that, unless there is
+L8FaMU19dFu-00180-00111961-00112980 a significant data or coding error here. And, so, our question that we want to get at, though,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00181-00112980-00113378 is this actually causal? Maybe there are other things. Maybe there are other things that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00182-00113378-00113933 are associated with both quitting smoking and gaining weight that are distorting our
+L8FaMU19dFu-00183-00113933-00114551 effect? That is where drawing your assumptions becomes really, really useful. And so this
+L8FaMU19dFu-00184-00114551-00114982 is the main question that I'm getting at in this analysis: does quitting smoking affect
+L8FaMU19dFu-00185-00114982-00115408 change in weight, right? And so this is the start of my causal diagram which is the next
+L8FaMU19dFu-00186-00115408-00116144 section, so we will dive into this a bit more. What I'm going to assume is, drawing from
+L8FaMU19dFu-00187-00116144-00116820 this book about the confounders that they used, in fact, there are other variables that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00188-00116820-00117436 are associated with both quitting smoking and changing - a change in weight. And so
+L8FaMU19dFu-00189-00117436-00117869 some of these are demographic, some of these are health variables, some are related to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00190-00117869-00118446 how much you smoked, or how much you ate at baseline - that sort of thing. Each of these
+L8FaMU19dFu-00191-00118446-00119302 additional arrows here, for example, there's an - each of these arrows linked to both of
+L8FaMU19dFu-00192-00119302-00119847 these variables is something that is going to mess up my effect, right? If I just do
+L8FaMU19dFu-00193-00119847-00120367 a regression of quitting smoking and changing weight, it's going to give me the wrong answer.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00194-00120367-00120950 And if this diagram is correct, these assumption also correct, it's going to give me the wrong
+L8FaMU19dFu-00195-00120950-00121682 answer. So, why I might want to actually draw out my assumptions like this, and, by the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00196-00121682-00122108 way, I'm calling these assumptions, right? I'm not saying this is correct, and, in fact,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00197-00122108-00122632 I encourage you to think whether or not this diagram actually makes sense, because I think
+L8FaMU19dFu-00198-00122632-00122921 that there are probably some things that don't make sense here. There are some things that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00199-00122921-00123403 are not connected that should be; maybe some variables that should be there that aren't;
+L8FaMU19dFu-00200-00123403-00123771 and so I encourage you to think about that. This is one of the best things about drawing
+L8FaMU19dFu-00201-00123771-00124280 your assumptions, is that people can criticise them, and that's a good thing for you to get
+L8FaMU19dFu-00202-00124280-00124849 the right answer. So the best thing about these types of diagrams is that it can help
+L8FaMU19dFu-00203-00124849-00125301 me answer this question: what do I actually need to account for in my analysis to get
+L8FaMU19dFu-00204-00125301-00126008 the right effect? We will dive into what exactly is happening here with these diagrams that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00205-00126008-00126558 can do it, but the tool that we will learn today, ggdag, and dagitty, can answer this
+L8FaMU19dFu-00206-00126558-00127166 question. If this is correct, I need to know what variables I can control for, in which
+L8FaMU19dFu-00207-00127166-00127933 and in this case, it's all of them. That's not always going to be the case. It's rare
+L8FaMU19dFu-00208-00127933-00128410 it's the case that every variable in your diagram has been controlled for. We will see
+L8FaMU19dFu-00209-00128410-00128976 that with examples in the next section. I will take this diagram for its word for now,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00210-00128976-00129567 I think I could improve it, but I will take it at its word, and take an adjustment set
+L8FaMU19dFu-00211-00129567-00130124 at its word right now. I'm going to include these variables up at the top here up in the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00212-00130124-00130825 label up here. This is what I need to model for. So I'm going to start where I would often
+L8FaMU19dFu-00213-00130825-00131338 start which is using a linear regression, right? I have this variable wt82_71 which
+L8FaMU19dFu-00214-00131338-00132263 are the participants' difference in weight in the years 1971 and 1982. That is my outcome.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00215-00132263-00132809 I put my question in here "quitting smoking", that's the answer that I want, and I put the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00216-00132809-00133358 other variables in as well. This is just a normal multi-variable linear regression, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00217-00133358-00133905 this is going to give me an association. Which is that, for quitting smoking, adjusting for
+L8FaMU19dFu-00218-00133905-00134570 all these factors, it's associated with the 3.46 increase in weight, compared to people
+L8FaMU19dFu-00219-00134570-00135213 who didn't smoke in this population. But to model my assumptions here, this isn't quite
+L8FaMU19dFu-00220-00135213-00135652 what I'm getting at, right? What I'm getting at is this counter factual. What if everybody
+L8FaMU19dFu-00221-00135652-00136260 in the study quit smoking versus what if no-one in the study quit smoking. To model this,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00222-00136260-00136710 I can't use this approach. I'm going to use an approach called a propensity score. This
+L8FaMU19dFu-00223-00136710-00137302 is one of many approaches, but this is a nice one. I'm going to switch up my model, switch
+L8FaMU19dFu-00224-00137302-00137985 to a logistic regression model where my outcome is now quitting smoking, right. Before, it
+L8FaMU19dFu-00225-00137985-00138670 was my study outcome, which is weight gain, but now what I'm modeling is the probability
+L8FaMU19dFu-00226-00138670-00139252 that you quit smoking, and now all of those variables that I had before are included in
+L8FaMU19dFu-00227-00139252-00139796 this model. So, this model's going to give me the probability that you quit smoking,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00228-00139796-00140259 which is the basis for the propensity score that we're going to use. One subtlety that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00229-00140259-00140805 we actually want is the probability - Lucy will talk more about this - the probability
+L8FaMU19dFu-00230-00140805-00141289 that you would get the treatment that you got, which is a subtle difference, right?
+L8FaMU19dFu-00231-00141289-00141734 So it is not the probability that you quit smoking, it's if you quit smoking, it's the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00232-00141734-00142070 probability that you quit smoking. If you didn't quit smoking, it's the probability
+L8FaMU19dFu-00233-00142070-00142637 that you didn't quit smoking. There's a little bit after subtle difference there. If you
+L8FaMU19dFu-00234-00142637-00143299 know the Broom package, you might know this function, augment, it's getting my probabilities
+L8FaMU19dFu-00235-00143299-00144254 which is called that .fitted in this package. I'm making an inverse probability weight,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00236-00144254-00144857 taking one and dividing it by my propensity score, which is this probability of either
+L8FaMU19dFu-00237-00144857-00145422 if you quit smoking, it's - if you didn't quit smoking, it's a probability that you
+L8FaMU19dFu-00238-00145422-00145970 didn't quit smoking, and vice versa. So we will dive into this a bit more later on, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00239-00145970-00146416 talk about, like, okay, what is this effect? Are there other option that is we have modeling
+L8FaMU19dFu-00240-00146416-00146911 this and that sort of thing? This gives me a dataset that now has this variable weights
+L8FaMU19dFu-00241-00146911-00147478 in it, right? So I'm going to take a look at this. I'm going to take a look at my weights.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00242-00147478-00147961 One simple thing is just to look at a density plot of my weights, and so, you know, there
+L8FaMU19dFu-00243-00147961-00148349 are lots of ways of looking at this. I could also separate this by treatment groups, whether
+L8FaMU19dFu-00244-00148349-00148912 you quit smoking or not, but I might look for extreme weights. If somebody is really
+L8FaMU19dFu-00245-00148912-00149279 unusual, they seem like they should have quit smoking and they didn't, or vice versa, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00246-00149279-00149784 I have a few methods of dealing with that. There is definitely some skew here. There
+L8FaMU19dFu-00247-00149784-00150271 are some people with higher weights where the mean looks like it's more around two,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00248-00150271-00150687 but, I actually think this is not too bad, and I have some techniques for dealing with
+L8FaMU19dFu-00249-00150687-00151253 this. You can truncate your weights, setting the high weights to some percentile. There's
+L8FaMU19dFu-00250-00151253-00151650 an approach called stabilisation that you can use that can have positive effects on
+L8FaMU19dFu-00251-00151650-00152160 your model. I think this is not too bad. I'm going to keep going and keep it simple for
+L8FaMU19dFu-00252-00152160-00152787 now. So, you know, if key kind of go back to our assumptions here, what I'm trying to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00253-00152787-00153277 do with this model is I'm trying to eliminate all of these arrows going into quitting smoking,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00254-00153277-00153849 right? I want to change it so that there is actually no association between all of these
+L8FaMU19dFu-00255-00153849-00154351 variables and quitting smoking. So, a good way to do this is to look at the differences
+L8FaMU19dFu-00256-00154351-00154854 in those variables between the two groups, so, between the two groups, people who quit
+L8FaMU19dFu-00257-00154854-00155346 smoking and people who didn't quit smoking, this is a nice measure called the standardised
+L8FaMU19dFu-00258-00155346-00156016 mean difference which Lucy will dive into later. It's a standardised way of looking
+L8FaMU19dFu-00259-00156016-00156725 at differences between groups, so, just the observed differences here, we have quite a
+L8FaMU19dFu-00260-00156725-00157103 few differences in these different variables, so we have all these variables that we modelled
+L8FaMU19dFu-00261-00157103-00157823 on our y-axis, and these are the unadjusted differences. The good news is that, in our
+L8FaMU19dFu-00262-00157823-00158700 weighted model, they are substantially reduced. This is we're looking for. In a randomised
+L8FaMU19dFu-00263-00158700-00159254 trial, ideally, this is what you would see as well, because randomisation to a treatment
+L8FaMU19dFu-00264-00159254-00159690 means there is nothing else associated with it, so there should be no confounding by anything
+L8FaMU19dFu-00265-00159690-00160327 else, right? That is what we are trying to replicate here - is that experience. One quick
+L8FaMU19dFu-00266-00160327-00160861 note, Lucy will dive into this a bit more. This does not help me with things that I didn't
+L8FaMU19dFu-00267-00160861-00161295 measure, that aren't in my model, or that I don't know about. Randomisation does help
+L8FaMU19dFu-00268-00161295-00161828 me with that, actually. One common mistake that people make with propensity methods is
+L8FaMU19dFu-00269-00161828-00162436 that they think it creates exactly the conditions of a randomised trial, which it does not,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00270-00162436-00162896 right? We can't assume that these differences are eliminated for variables of things that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00271-00162896-00163636 we could didn't think were important or things we didn't measure. We only have access for
+L8FaMU19dFu-00272-00163636-00164364 what we observed in the observational models. I can go back to my linear regression model
+L8FaMU19dFu-00273-00164364-00164928 and model the difference in weight, but now I'm going to try to get the causal effect,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00274-00164928-00165594 the counterfactual of, if everybody quit smoking versus nobody quit smoking, what is the difference
+L8FaMU19dFu-00275-00165594-00166229 in change in weight? So, going back to my linear regression, I still have weight as
+L8FaMU19dFu-00276-00166229-00166812 my outcome, and quitting smoking as my first variable here, because that's my question
+L8FaMU19dFu-00277-00166812-00167100 of interest. But you will notice that all those other variables are gone, right? It's
+L8FaMU19dFu-00278-00167100-00167577 just these two variables: the outcome and the exposure, gaining weight, and quitting
+L8FaMU19dFu-00279-00167577-00168504 smoking. But I do have this new argument, weights, and so this is this set of data that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00280-00168504-00169082 we just modelled our propensity score. These are our inverse probability weights. These
+L8FaMU19dFu-00281-00169082-00169763 weights are going to adjust or effect such that it is answering that kind of counterfactual
+L8FaMU19dFu-00282-00169763-00170478 question, and we run regress as normal, and I can get that effect here. So it is pretty
+L8FaMU19dFu-00283-00170478-00171225 close what we got before. For a simple analysis, you sometimes see that, which is good news,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00284-00171225-00172060 for those analyses that are not using causal methods that should, but, in more complex
+L8FaMU19dFu-00285-00172060-00172695 causal questions, often, you get quite different answers, and so you have to think about that.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00286-00172695-00173053 We do have an additional problem that we are going to dive into a little bit here, which
+L8FaMU19dFu-00287-00173053-00174073 is that, because we have these weights, our standard error is small. They're artificially
+L8FaMU19dFu-00288-00174073-00174684 low here. And so one way to deal with this is to bootstrap it, and, you can also fit
+L8FaMU19dFu-00289-00174684-00175699 a robust destinator, and that sort of thing. In our ecosystem, made it quite easy to work
+L8FaMU19dFu-00290-00175699-00176233 with this. So we are going to fix these confidence intervals with a bootstrap. The bootstrap
+L8FaMU19dFu-00291-00176233-00176849 assumes you're wrapping your whole analysis in a function. So, maybe tempted to do this,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00292-00176849-00177397 right? We already fit our models, weight, propensity score, so we will run a regression
+L8FaMU19dFu-00293-00177397-00177940 over and over again on some bootstrap datasets. If you don't know what a bootstrap dataset
+L8FaMU19dFu-00294-00177940-00178562 is, we will talk about that in a little bit more detail later. We need to bootstrap our
+L8FaMU19dFu-00295-00178562-00179259 entire modeling process. Our modeling process now has two steps. Before, it had one step,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00296-00179259-00179902 which was to fit the final regression model. We have to bootstrap both of these steps.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00297-00179902-00180695 Our propensity score model, and our causal effect model. So, today, we're going to show
+L8FaMU19dFu-00298-00180695-00181454 you how to use rsample to use this, a package from the Tiny Models ecosystem, and there
+L8FaMU19dFu-00299-00181454-00182113 is a package called Boot in R, which I've historically used, but has some quirks, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00300-00182113-00182850 r sample is a nice update to that experience. It has a function called bootstraps which
+L8FaMU19dFu-00301-00182850-00183574 pretty much takes care of that function for you, and it will guide you. There is a great
+L8FaMU19dFu-00302-00183574-00184180 vignette that I will point you to that guides you how to get your estimates and your confidence
+L8FaMU19dFu-00303-00184180-00184563 intervals which is pretty straightforward with this function, bootstraps, and we have
+L8FaMU19dFu-00304-00184563-00185810 this function int_something. I'm using int_t which is a T-statistic confidence-based interval.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00305-00185810-00186370 The problem was we were getting artificially narrow confidence intervals that were wrong,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00306-00186370-00186907 right? So the whole issue we're trying to deal with here is that, if we're using things
+L8FaMU19dFu-00307-00186907-00187450 the way we normally do, we actually give the wrong answer. This is one of the additional
+L8FaMU19dFu-00308-00187450-00188161 steps that we need to take to get the answer. Often, you will see something like this, with
+L8FaMU19dFu-00309-00188161-00188828 a conversation dense bootstrap - it actually ends up being wider. Normally, when you look
+L8FaMU19dFu-00310-00188828-00189385 at an analysis like this, you might think my linear regression model is more precise,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00311-00189385-00189936 right? That is not the case here, unfortunately. It's that it doesn't know how to account for
+L8FaMU19dFu-00312-00189936-00190619 the weights correctly, and so it's artificially low because it's creating an dependence in
+L8FaMU19dFu-00313-00190619-00191167 the model that the regression doesn't know about. You do need to use a bootstrap for
+L8FaMU19dFu-00314-00191167-00191792 these types of models, or a robust estimator. I don't think we have examples of the robust
+L8FaMU19dFu-00315-00191792-00192197 estimator any more. We just started using bootstrap for this, but you've got plenty
+L8FaMU19dFu-00316-00192197-00193119 of options for that as well, right? So, to kind of wrap up this kind of super-quick introduction
+L8FaMU19dFu-00317-00193119-00193677 to the whole process of what we are doing, we went for this question, "Does smoking increase
+L8FaMU19dFu-00318-00193677-00194253 weight?" We now have an actual causal effect estimate, right? Not an association. We are
+L8FaMU19dFu-00319-00194253-00194682 saying if our assumption also correct, we are estimating the causal effect, right? Feel
+L8FaMU19dFu-00320-00194682-00195062 free to criticise the assumptions, but if those assumption also correct, this is an
+L8FaMU19dFu-00321-00195062-00195821 estimate of our causal effect, which is that, if you quit smoking, you had about a three
+L8FaMU19dFu-00322-00195821-00196505 and a half-pound gain in weight compared to if you didn't quit. And so, you know, it goes
+L8FaMU19dFu-00323-00196505-00196858 to show that smoking is a complex subject, and it's associated with an a lot of other
+L8FaMU19dFu-00324-00196858-00197588 things. Gaining a little bit of weight is way better than getting cancer. Smoking has
+L8FaMU19dFu-00325-00197588-00198586 way, way, way more negatives to it than positives. This is the complex thing of health research.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00326-00198586-00199554 So I am going to wrap this up, this section, and take a couple of seconds to see if we
+L8FaMU19dFu-00327-00199554-00200151 have any big questions in the chat. While we do that, I want to note that, again, we
+L8FaMU19dFu-00328-00200151-00200536 have a very detailed version with all of the code that you need of everything that I just
+L8FaMU19dFu-00329-00200536-00200863 went through. I went through it intentionally quickly here because we are going to dive
+L8FaMU19dFu-00330-00200863-00201485 in all these aspects throughout the workshop. If you cannot to review this later, or today,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00331-00201485-00201900 or an hour, whatever, you have that option, right? If you want to come back next week,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00332-00201900-00202505 and, "What do I need to do again to get this causal effect?" This is concretely laid out
+L8FaMU19dFu-00333-00202505-00203178 for you for a simple analysis, right? So, I encourage you to go and review that later.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00334-00203178-00203952 So I think - oh, I wanted to note, so, again, causal inference is a great resource. I have
+L8FaMU19dFu-00335-00203952-00204320 this resource here called Causal Inference Notebook which has a lot of R code associated
+L8FaMU19dFu-00336-00204320-00205305 with the analyses. And then rsample has a great vignette on how to get bootstrap confidence
+L8FaMU19dFu-00337-00205305-00206988 intervals. It's really straightforward. Let's see if anything important has come up in the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00338-00206988-00207640 interactive session. It's a little bit hard for me to see the chat.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00339-00207640-00208087 > Yes, we had some questions, but I think I started answering them. I think they're
+L8FaMU19dFu-00340-00208087-00208683 going to be better answered like as we progress. I think we can keep on working for now.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00341-00208683-00209077 > Part of this is to subsidise you a little bit. "Wait a minute, what is the deal with
+L8FaMU19dFu-00342-00209077-00209846 that!" We're going to dive in a little bit more. Great. What I want you to do now, we're
+L8FaMU19dFu-00343-00209846-00210419 going to go into, you know, that was a broad overview of the aspects we are going to do.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00344-00210419-00210812 The rest of the workshop, we will bounce between a little bit of learning, and a little bit
+L8FaMU19dFu-00345-00210812-00211496 of interacting with exercises. So, we're going to move on to the second section which is
+L8FaMU19dFu-00346-00211496-00212492 causal diagrams in R. So, this should be clearly labelled in the exercise folder. So, at this
+L8FaMU19dFu-00347-00212492-00212775 point in the workshop, I will give a little bit more information. I will talk a little
+L8FaMU19dFu-00348-00212775-00213301 bit more, and then we will actually start interacting with the code a little bit. Right?
+L8FaMU19dFu-00349-00213301-00213929 So, the subject of this session is causal diagrams in R. So I already showed you very,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00350-00213929-00214523 very briefly a diagram, maybe you've seen something like that, like a theoretical model
+L8FaMU19dFu-00351-00214523-00215028 that somebody might include in a research. Maybe you've seen a causal diagram? Maybe
+L8FaMU19dFu-00352-00215028-00215879 you've seen related methods like structural equation modeling, that have a very similar
+L8FaMU19dFu-00353-00215879-00216267 layout. But you might still be wondering, "Wait a minute, why did we do that again?
+L8FaMU19dFu-00354-00216267-00216998 How did that help us in our analysis?" So, the big thing here is that as I mentioned,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00355-00216998-00217825 we have to make some big assumptions to actually get a causal effect, and causal diagrams,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00356-00217825-00218725 which are also called causal directed acyclic graphs, or DAGs, they've got arrows, acyclic,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00357-00218725-00219582 because they don't go in circles, and graphs. I like the simpler term "causal diagram",
+L8FaMU19dFu-00358-00219582-00220116 I think that's nice, but we are going to be using packages that use the term "DAG" a lot,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00359-00220116-00220969 so you should know that term. The key benefit of causal diagrams is that you can explicitly
+L8FaMU19dFu-00360-00220969-00221519 lay out your causal assumptions about how these two factors you're studying are related
+L8FaMU19dFu-00361-00221519-00222077 and how other factors are related to it. Then you can analyse those assumptions. A really
+L8FaMU19dFu-00362-00222077-00222690 important thing about DAGs is, while they're quite simple to use, they have this rigorous
+L8FaMU19dFu-00363-00222690-00223277 mathematical background where you can, by making certain assumptions, you can make a
+L8FaMU19dFu-00364-00223277-00223898 lot of progress in understanding how you actually need to model your question. And sometimes
+L8FaMU19dFu-00365-00223898-00224319 simply, can you answer Europe question? Sometimes, you can't. Sometimes, you write a DAG, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00366-00224319-00225209 you go, "Oh, crap!" I can't answer that question, that is impossible, or some other issue going
+L8FaMU19dFu-00367-00225209-00225894 on. Luckily, in many cases, it can tell you what you need to do if your assumption also
+L8FaMU19dFu-00368-00225894-00226508 correct. The basic idea is that you need to specify your question, right? Does quitting
+L8FaMU19dFu-00369-00226508-00227065 smoking at the specific time point between in this case for this study, it was between
+L8FaMU19dFu-00370-00227065-00227790 1971 and 1982, does quitting smoking at that time period cause an increase in weight by
+L8FaMU19dFu-00371-00227790-00228511 the time we get to this time period? It's a very specific causal question. You may be
+L8FaMU19dFu-00372-00228511-00229036 wondering, where did that diagram come from? That is the biggest question I get. Where
+L8FaMU19dFu-00373-00229036-00229594 did this model come from, right? It comes from domain knowledge, right? So some of it
+L8FaMU19dFu-00374-00229594-00229926 you know, and some of it you don't know. Some of it you need to talk to your colleagues
+L8FaMU19dFu-00375-00229926-00230408 about, you need to read the literature, you need to iterate. I have never successfully
+L8FaMU19dFu-00376-00230408-00231066 presented a diagram and everybody go, "Yep, that's it, you got it!" It always gets some
+L8FaMU19dFu-00377-00231066-00231630 constructive criticism - usually, it's constructive, like, I don't know if that is correct. You
+L8FaMU19dFu-00378-00231630-00232192 have to iterate your domain knowledge a little bit. Then you have to draw it, right. Each
+L8FaMU19dFu-00379-00232192-00232798 variable in the analysis as a note, you know, in these diagrams we use, it will literally
+L8FaMU19dFu-00380-00232798-00233367 be a circle with a piece of text. Then we also have these causal pathways we're making
+L8FaMU19dFu-00381-00233367-00234111 assumptions about. Each of the causal pathways is drawn as an arrow in a causal diagram.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00382-00234111-00234519 When you look at my causal diagram, you can know exactly the assumptions I'm making. This
+L8FaMU19dFu-00383-00234519-00234967 variable is associated with that variable because there's an arrow going from one to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00384-00234967-00235365 the other. You know that I'm making an assumption about that. Whether or not that assumption
+L8FaMU19dFu-00385-00235365-00235837 is correct, that's another question, but you know that's the assumption I'm making. Today,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00386-00235837-00236998 we're going to use the ggdag package to analyse and draw DAGs. So, briefly, I won't go too
+L8FaMU19dFu-00387-00236998-00237738 much into the design of this package, but this package connects two packages, two sets
+L8FaMU19dFu-00388-00237738-00238139 of packages. One is dagitty, which is an amazing tool for analysing diagrams. It has these
+L8FaMU19dFu-00389-00238139-00238715 great robust algorithms that work really, really well for analysing diagrams, causal
+L8FaMU19dFu-00390-00238715-00239127 diagrams, and then we have ggplot2. This is a group of people I don't probably have to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00391-00239127-00239921 convince by and large that ggplot2 can make incredible, beautiful, flexible plots, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00392-00239921-00240904 then ggdag also makes use of ggraph which is for making network diagrams. If you're
+L8FaMU19dFu-00393-00240904-00241332 interested, we're not going to talk too much about this, but one thing that ggdag does
+L8FaMU19dFu-00394-00241332-00241742 is that it turns your DAG into data, right? It uses this data structure called a tidy
+L8FaMU19dFu-00395-00241742-00242357 DAG that you can use in ggplot2 and ggraph, and you can analyse with the normal tools
+L8FaMU19dFu-00396-00242357-00243315 that you use, like if you use dplyr, you can apply these to the tidy data. Step one is
+L8FaMU19dFu-00397-00243315-00243959 to actually specify your DAG, and, for ggdag, we have this function, "dagify" where you
+L8FaMU19dFu-00398-00243959-00244539 can write your assumptions as R formulas. These are the types of formulas that you would
+L8FaMU19dFu-00399-00244539-00245605 write for m - here, I'm specifying a DAG where I'm making two assumptions. I'm telling dagify
+L8FaMU19dFu-00400-00245605-00246134 I'm making two assumptions here. The first is this: smoking causes cancer, specifically
+L8FaMU19dFu-00401-00246134-00246564 lung cancer, but I just wrote it as cancer. I'm making this assumption. Smoking causes
+L8FaMU19dFu-00402-00246564-00247069 lung cancer. I feel pretty confident in that assumption. That's pretty well established.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00403-00247069-00247711 I'm making another assumption too which is that smoking causes coffee drinking, which
+L8FaMU19dFu-00404-00247711-00248167 maybe we're not so certain about. We will deal with that in a little bit. The idea is
+L8FaMU19dFu-00405-00248167-00248900 that I think smoking is associated with coffee-drinking. Maybe being a smoker doesn't cause you to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00406-00248900-00249323 drink coffee, but we can deal with that in a second, and can clarify that assumption
+L8FaMU19dFu-00407-00249323-00249913 in a second here. But we will take this for now. Smoking causes coffee drinking, right?
+L8FaMU19dFu-00408-00249913-00250469 And, so, this is related to a specific health question that has appeared in the literature
+L8FaMU19dFu-00409-00250469-00250984 many, many times, which is is there an association between coffee and lung cancer? Because if
+L8FaMU19dFu-00410-00250984-00251496 you just look at the descriptive data, you will see that very often is there there is.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00411-00251496-00252160 However, I had no reason to believe that is true. I'm not making that assumption here.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00412-00252160-00252725 In this diagram, I'm assuming that smoking causes cancer and smoking is associated with
+L8FaMU19dFu-00413-00252725-00253421 coffee, it "causes coffee". So I'm making those two assumptions. I'm going to use this
+L8FaMU19dFu-00414-00253421-00254128 ggdag function which is a quick plot function in ggdag to actually visualize this diagram.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00415-00254128-00254457 These are the causal assumptions that I'm making, right? Smoking is associated with
+L8FaMU19dFu-00416-00254457-00255125 both of these things, coffee and lung cancer. Coffee is not associated with lung cancer.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00417-00255125-00255778 If I wanted to show that DAG, it would look something like this. So now my first assumption
+L8FaMU19dFu-00418-00255778-00256394 has changed. I'm saying both smoking and coffee are associated with cancer, right? Both of
+L8FaMU19dFu-00419-00256394-00257002 these things actually cause lung cancer. And, if I didn't know if that was the case or not,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00420-00257002-00257532 I didn't know if coffee caused lung cancer. I would probably put this in like this. That's
+L8FaMU19dFu-00421-00257532-00258085 my scientific question. Here, I'm much more sceptical, so I'm not putting that in. If
+L8FaMU19dFu-00422-00258085-00258865 I were to draw it, it would look like this, right? So, we still have an issue here, right?
+L8FaMU19dFu-00423-00258865-00259479 Even if coffee does cause lung cancer, we have additional variable smoking associated
+L8FaMU19dFu-00424-00259479-00260209 with it, and this is a classics compounder. This is a very simple example of confounding,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00425-00260209-00260781 because smoking is associated with both of these things, and it's going to distort the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00426-00260781-00261409 estimate that we actually get from trying to ask the question "Does coffee cause cancer?"
+L8FaMU19dFu-00427-00261409-00262172 It's made worse by this situation where there is no effect. In this case, if we do an analysis,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00428-00262172-00262956 the answer we get is no, there is no association, right? Coffee does not cause lung cancer.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00429-00262956-00263411 But because of this smoking variable, that's not the answer we're going to get in our data
+L8FaMU19dFu-00430-00263411-00263735 if we just observe it. We can't randomise people for smoking. That's unethical. We know
+L8FaMU19dFu-00431-00263735-00264109 that smoke something dangerous. We can't put you in a trial and say you're going to smoke
+L8FaMU19dFu-00432-00264109-00264855 cigarettes for five years, and you're not. That's unethical, we can't do that. So, let's
+L8FaMU19dFu-00433-00264855-00265734 dive right into an exercise here. So we've got O2-dags-exercises.Rmd. I want you to clarify
+L8FaMU19dFu-00434-00265734-00266213 this DAG a little more a little bit. Smoking causing coffee doesn't really make sense.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00435-00266213-00266747 We're going to clarify that a little bit. We're going to work with dagify a little bit,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00436-00266747-00267691 and then draw it. If we get this done quickly, this might be a simple examiner for you, there
+L8FaMU19dFu-00437-00267691-00268273 are a couple of what I call stretch goals, and those are for if you get it done a little
+L8FaMU19dFu-00438-00268273-00268714 early, and you want a little bit more challenge. I will start a timer here. These are a little
+L8FaMU19dFu-00439-00268714-00269125 simple, so I set for these three minutes. If we need more time, it's no problem. We
+L8FaMU19dFu-00440-00269125-00269498 can take a little bit more time, and I will talk less!
+L8FaMU19dFu-00441-00269498-00270134 > While folks on working on that, we just had a question about the x and y-axis scales,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00442-00270134-00270622 and my understanding is those are just, they're sort of random.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00443-00270622-00271692 > Yes. Yes, that is correct. That's a really good question, and often, when you look at
+L8FaMU19dFu-00444-00271692-00272211 DAGs, they don't have an access in them, because the reason that they are in the place that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00445-00272211-00272814 they are is because there are algorithms for placing those nodes in a way that is relatively
+L8FaMU19dFu-00446-00272814-00273326 readable. So they actually don't have any meaning. It's an algorithm that is deciding
+L8FaMU19dFu-00447-00273326-00273907 their placement. Every once in a while, the axes do have meaning - maybe the x-axis is
+L8FaMU19dFu-00448-00273907-00274485 time, and you organise your notes that way, but very often, there's no meaning to those.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00449-00274485-00275010 You will see later on one of the stretch goals, if you get there, is to add themes to your
+L8FaMU19dFu-00450-00275010-00275504 DAG, and many of the themes for DAGs just eliminate the x axis because it doesn't convey
+L8FaMU19dFu-00452-00278556-00279250 than you, it's just to make we give you enough time.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00453-00279250-00280238 > I find when I don't put timers, I underestimate the time, so I will give five seconds, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00454-00280238-00280958 it's like, everybody done? > Me too. It's a problem when you already
+L8FaMU19dFu-00456-00285434-00286200 the data yet. We're drawing other assumptions. In this exercise, we are using the same variable
+L8FaMU19dFu-00457-00286200-00286625 name in the dataset, but not yet working with it. It's a very, very common question with
+L8FaMU19dFu-00458-00286625-00287486 DAGs is often people ask how do I actually get my estimate now? So this is not what a
+L8FaMU19dFu-00459-00287486-00288826 DAG is going to do for you. Right, yes, so this question about terminology. When I say
+L8FaMU19dFu-00460-00288826-00289515 "associated", I'm using a slightly more vague assumption that they just have a statistical
+L8FaMU19dFu-00461-00289515-00290042 association, and we're not making any assumptions about whether or not that association is due
+L8FaMU19dFu-00462-00290042-00290883 to a cause, due to some kind of bias, or something else, right? And so that is a benefit of saying
+L8FaMU19dFu-00463-00290883-00291713 I'm very specifically interested in a causal effect, rather than an association. Okay.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00464-00291713-00292584 I added more time to the timer! I'm going to run over to the solution here. But if we
+L8FaMU19dFu-00465-00292584-00293116 need a little bit more time for the next exercise, throw in a message in the chat.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00466-00293116-00294075 > Their place is in the participant window, you can say, go faster or go slower. We can
+L8FaMU19dFu-00467-00294075-00295107 be monitoring that too. > It's tempting for us to go fast. We love
+L8FaMU19dFu-00468-00295107-00295670 both r and causal inference. We will talk about this all day if left to our own devices!
+L8FaMU19dFu-00469-00295670-00296470 Right, so, what I'm doing here is I'm adding this first assumption, which is that smoking
+L8FaMU19dFu-00470-00296470-00297101 causes cancer. We've talked about that a little bit. We've added this new one, "addictive",
+L8FaMU19dFu-00471-00297101-00297590 that there is something behind these two, right? There is something about a person and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00472-00297590-00298077 their addictive behaviour. This again needs more clarification for a really good DAG,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00473-00298077-00298566 but we're at least recognising that smoking doesn't cause coffee-drinking. There's something
+L8FaMU19dFu-00474-00298566-00299491 else that is associating with it. We are adding some labels here. This is more visualization
+L8FaMU19dFu-00475-00299491-00299958 purposes. And, then we are actually going to visualize it, right? So we now have this
+L8FaMU19dFu-00476-00299958-00300591 extra node in our DAG, but, again, we are assuming that coffee does not cause cancer.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00477-00300591-00301133 Addictive behaviour, having these qualities that cause addictive behaviour, whether that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00478-00301133-00301516 is, like, you know, something genetic, or something else, maybe we have some kind of
+L8FaMU19dFu-00479-00301516-00302167 psychometric scale that measures this well, how prone you are to addictive behaviour,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00480-00302167-00302714 or we need to clarify this more. That's probably the case here. But we have both of these now,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00481-00302714-00303770 right? We have smoking and this addictive behaviour variable. Let's look at this DAG
+L8FaMU19dFu-00482-00303770-00304516 and dealing with causal effect and association. Association, that's an statistical association.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00483-00304516-00305159 We don't know figure about the causal effect element of it, right? You hear this all the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00484-00305159-00305871 time that correlation does not mean causation. It makes people feel I'm being thoughtful
+L8FaMU19dFu-00485-00305871-00306407 about this question, correlation does in the equal causation. Why is that? Why doesn't
+L8FaMU19dFu-00486-00306407-00307180 it? Why can't we just get this answer, you know? And, you know, the real issue is that,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00487-00307180-00308195 if we want to know this path, does x cause y, the real problem is that this is only one
+L8FaMU19dFu-00488-00308195-00308888 of many pathways that are what we call open in a diagram, right? So we have these other
+L8FaMU19dFu-00489-00308888-00309684 paths that cause associations. If we kind of swing back, let me talk about this function
+L8FaMU19dFu-00490-00309684-00310398 ggdag_paths. That helps you identify the open paths distorting your effect estimate. If
+L8FaMU19dFu-00491-00310398-00310956 you're assuming that x causes y, that should be one path. If you're not, then that path
+L8FaMU19dFu-00492-00310956-00311478 doesn't exist in your diagram. We will also show you the other open paths, and that is
+L8FaMU19dFu-00493-00311478-00312060 what you need to deal with in your model. Luckily, ggdag has ggdag_paths which will
+L8FaMU19dFu-00494-00312060-00312725 visualize this for you. If I go back to my smoking and weight gain diagram, remember,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00495-00312725-00313224 I had a diagram that looked like this, that had a bunch of variables around my two questions
+L8FaMU19dFu-00496-00313224-00313841 of quitting smoking and gaining weight, the real problem is here. I care about panel 1.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00497-00313841-00314529 It's labelled one up there. If you remember, that is my causal question. Does quitting
+L8FaMU19dFu-00498-00314529-00315105 smoking cause weight gain? Here is the problem: those other nine variables are causing nine
+L8FaMU19dFu-00499-00315105-00315807 other open paths between these two, and the math behind this works out such that this
+L8FaMU19dFu-00500-00315807-00316361 is what causes the statistical association between these two variables, even if path
+L8FaMU19dFu-00501-00316361-00316963 one doesn't exist, right? If path one does exist, we still have a problem because all
+L8FaMU19dFu-00502-00316963-00317468 of these nine other pathways are going to distort the effect we're going to get, right?
+L8FaMU19dFu-00503-00317468-00317970 All of these paths mix together, and you don't know what you're getting. You're getting an
+L8FaMU19dFu-00504-00317970-00318409 association at some population level, and maybe you're not even getting that, right?
+L8FaMU19dFu-00505-00318409-00318949 So, we actually need to deal with every single one of these open pathways if we want to get
+L8FaMU19dFu-00506-00318949-00319439 a causal effect. So we're going to dive right in here. We're going to look at that diagram
+L8FaMU19dFu-00507-00319439-00320080 we just created with ggdag_paths and the underlying function which is DAG paths I want you to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00508-00320080-00320819 look at. We will take another minute here. Let us know if you need a little bit more
+L8FaMU19dFu-00509-00320819-00321397 time, or if, you know, you're finishing this in one minute, and you want to get on to the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00510-00321397-00322057 good stuff, and put your model and get there soon.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00511-00322057-00322477 > This is good stuff too. > Yes, this is good stuff.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00512-00322477-00322979 > I have a research life before DAGs, and I have a research life after DAGs. It's really
+L8FaMU19dFu-00513-00322979-00323845 changed the game for me. > We had a question before I briefly answered
+L8FaMU19dFu-00514-00323845-00324565 in the chat, that I would talk about while everyone is working. Someone was asking about
+L8FaMU19dFu-00515-00324565-00325152 how do you prove that what you've done in a DAG is true? I think is like a fundamental
+L8FaMU19dFu-00516-00325152-00325865 thing that people that are pursuing DAGs think about. What are we proving? Is it provable?
+L8FaMU19dFu-00517-00325865-00326513 I think something to mention is that the whole concept of a DAG is that you're kind of putting
+L8FaMU19dFu-00518-00326513-00327063 your assumptions down on paper, and then you're assuming that those are true, and then, given
+L8FaMU19dFu-00519-00327063-00327516 that assumption, your causal effect that you estimate - if you estimated appropriately
+L8FaMU19dFu-00520-00327516-00328184 according to your DAG - is true. But, that is all provable mathematically, given that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00521-00328184-00328703 those assumptions are true, so you can't really prove a DAG; it's not possible to prove that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00522-00328703-00329283 you, for example, measured all of the important confounders. That's not a measurable assumption.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00523-00329283-00329895 And so the DAG doesn't really serve something that is provable, the DAG serves as a picture
+L8FaMU19dFu-00524-00329895-00330422 of your baseline assumptions, and, if that is true, then the downstream things are provably
+L8FaMU19dFu-00525-00330422-00331092 true. > In practice, you have to deal with that,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00526-00331092-00331731 which usually means, you know, as an epidemiologist, I research health questions, and, so for me,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00527-00331731-00332140 often that means I go and read the literature, I want to understand more about what we know
+L8FaMU19dFu-00528-00332140-00332653 about this question. I talk to physicians, I want to know what is their experience, I
+L8FaMU19dFu-00529-00332653-00333126 talk to other researchers, and I want to know their experience; I show people my DAG, let
+L8FaMU19dFu-00530-00333126-00333971 them criticise it, you know? And iterate. So we have to do the best we can do with it.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00531-00333971-00334635 There are some statistical techniques where the dagitty package has a tool where you can
+L8FaMU19dFu-00532-00334635-00335558 say you can fit your DAG as a structural model and estimate how well it fits your data, but
+L8FaMU19dFu-00533-00335558-00335916 that has problems too, right? That's only one way of looking at it, and so it is a limited
+L8FaMU19dFu-00534-00335916-00336446 scope with what I can help you with. Ultimately, it's an unverifiable assumption.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00535-00336446-00336877 > It's great, because it makes it explicit. We make unverifiable assumptions all the time,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00536-00336877-00337971 and all this is doing is giving a clear picture of what those unverifiable assumption also.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00537-00337971-00338717 If you look at my propensity score model, from that, you can glean what my unverifiable
+L8FaMU19dFu-00538-00338717-00339605 assumptions are, but this makes it clear to kind of anybody.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00539-00339605-00340179 > In the research, you look at a model, and you say, we control for this, this, and that.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00540-00340179-00340828 That is hard to critique. You can think there are other things associated with the two things
+L8FaMU19dFu-00541-00340828-00341298 that you're studying. But it's actually really hard to critique this. That's why people end
+L8FaMU19dFu-00542-00341298-00341681 up in a situation where they throw the whole kitchen sink at the model, anything they think
+L8FaMU19dFu-00543-00341681-00342348 might be possibly associated, they just throw it at the model, right? And, if you dive deeper
+L8FaMU19dFu-00544-00342348-00342789 into the world of DAGs, you will quickly find that, actually, that's a really big problem,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00545-00342789-00343477 right? That can bias, your estimate just as much as not including anything. So that is
+L8FaMU19dFu-00546-00343477-00343976 - so making DAGs is a practice, and it's something that you can never verify, so you need to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00547-00343976-00345079 iterate with your colleagues. Okay, so I wanted to do, open you up to the fact that DAGs in
+L8FaMU19dFu-00548-00345079-00345731 ggdag are actually represented as data, right? So, DAG paths is a function that ggdag paths
+L8FaMU19dFu-00549-00345731-00346484 calls this function to make a plot, but it actually makes a - this tidy DAG data structure
+L8FaMU19dFu-00550-00346484-00346961 that you can work with. It tells you information about it. It is telling my sense of the question,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00551-00346961-00347457 my exposure and outcome, because we set those in exercise one. We have the dataset, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00552-00347457-00348011 this is what it getting plotted in the ggdag function. So what is different about this
+L8FaMU19dFu-00553-00348011-00348826 compared to just a normal tidy DAG is that now we have rows for each of these paths as
+L8FaMU19dFu-00554-00348826-00349379 well, right? So in this case, it's pretty simple. There's only one path, and you will
+L8FaMU19dFu-00555-00349379-00349990 note that is not from coffee, it's from cancer, because we're not assuming here that, in fact,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00556-00349990-00350645 coffee causes lung cancer, right? So there is an open path between coffee and cancer
+L8FaMU19dFu-00557-00350645-00351279 through smoking and this addictive variable, right? And so this is a confounding path way.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00558-00351279-00351858 So when we talk about confounding, this is the issue. This is the issue. It's these open
+L8FaMU19dFu-00559-00351858-00352793 pathways. So this is confounding in action. So the real thing we need to do now is, okay,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00560-00352793-00353407 when we have this set-up, or this set-up, we need to close these paths. What does closing
+L8FaMU19dFu-00561-00353407-00353919 a path actually mean? It means we need to account for it in our analysis, such that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00562-00353919-00354471 we're only estimating the path that we care about. So one of the best ways to do this
+L8FaMU19dFu-00563-00354471-00355008 is just to randomise, because randomisation breaks all those paths, even the ones you
+L8FaMU19dFu-00564-00355008-00355497 don't know about, which is incredible. The problem is that we can't randomise everything.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00565-00355497-00356007 We can't randomise you to smoke - that's unethical - because it's dangerous, and some things
+L8FaMU19dFu-00566-00356007-00356629 are impractical, it would take too long to do, cost too much money, and not feasible
+L8FaMU19dFu-00567-00356629-00357069 to keep people in a study that long. Some things aren't practical or ethical, so we
+L8FaMU19dFu-00568-00357069-00357734 can't always use this tool. The tools we use are stratification, filtering your data to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00569-00357734-00358220 a subset; adjustment, putting something into a regression model; weighting and matching,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00570-00358220-00358829 which is what we will talk about today, and many, many other methods we can use, right?
+L8FaMU19dFu-00571-00358829-00359706 So we're trying to do here is we have an observed dataset that those arrows aren't broken. Randomisation
+L8FaMU19dFu-00572-00359706-00360274 does this for us, right? We need to try and replicate that effect on our model. That's
+L8FaMU19dFu-00573-00360274-00360818 what we are trying to do here. We're not trying to replicate randomisation, right? This is
+L8FaMU19dFu-00574-00360818-00361227 often you hear that with people, they will say, "Oh, well, if I match, I'm emulating
+L8FaMU19dFu-00575-00361227-00361829 a randomised trial," which is not quite right, unfortunately. What we are trying to do is
+L8FaMU19dFu-00576-00361829-00362317 get to the same place that randomisation gets us, which is that our assumption of no confounding
+L8FaMU19dFu-00577-00362317-00363121 is reasonable. And so, in a DAG, this is called an adjustment set, right? This is the set
+L8FaMU19dFu-00578-00363121-00363758 of variables that we need to account for. And every DAG may have - any given DAG may
+L8FaMU19dFu-00579-00363758-00364697 have many judgment sets, equally valid adjustment sets, or none. Often you will find if you
+L8FaMU19dFu-00580-00364697-00365311 run a adjustment set, ggdag will say you can't get an answer to this question with the DAG.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00581-00365311-00366165 There is no way the to block all the paths. It does happen. When we ran in the whole game,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00582-00366165-00366599 we ran this function, and we got this, right? There is only one adjustment set, and it was
+L8FaMU19dFu-00583-00366599-00367131 all of these variables. When I did that, it closed when I include all of those in my model,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00584-00367131-00367654 it closed all line of these other paths ways, and it left me with this one. We're going
+L8FaMU19dFu-00585-00367654-00368330 to take a look at this with our smoking DAG now, right? So, we're going to try and figure
+L8FaMU19dFu-00586-00368330-00368770 out what we need to do to close these paths, and then also I want you to write what you
+L8FaMU19dFu-00587-00368770-00369164 would need to do for a model, like, if you were writing a linear regression model, or
+L8FaMU19dFu-00588-00369164-00369882 a geom model, or something like that, what formula would have you to write in R for the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00589-00369882-00370838 adjustment sets, assuming the variable names are the same as in the DAG?
+L8FaMU19dFu-00590-00370838-00371346 > Another question I thought we could address while everybody is working on, if the backdoor
+L8FaMU19dFu-00591-00371346-00371735 and confounding is the same thing? If those mean the same thing?
+L8FaMU19dFu-00592-00371735-00372199 > Yes. > And, yes, I think, like one definition of
+L8FaMU19dFu-00593-00372199-00372673 confounding I've seen is that, basically, a confounder is a variable that can be used
+L8FaMU19dFu-00594-00372673-00372999 to block a backdoor path between an exposure and outcome.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00595-00372999-00373619 > It's a little bit after technical definition but I like it, and it leads you to an interesting
+L8FaMU19dFu-00596-00373619-00374324 place, which is that one of the problems with these models in the literature that you just
+L8FaMU19dFu-00597-00374324-00374633 kind of throw the kitchen sink at is that this might be a confounder, that might be
+L8FaMU19dFu-00598-00374633-00375222 a confounder. The problem is that there is not. We will see something interesting in
+L8FaMU19dFu-00599-00375222-00375825 this exercise. There actually isn't a confounder that is solely responsible for confounding,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00600-00375825-00376931 right? The real issue that we are trying to deal with is confoundING. The set of confounders
+L8FaMU19dFu-00601-00376931-00377598 that you use to close those back door paths is often not fixed. Often, there are many
+L8FaMU19dFu-00602-00377598-00379497 ways that you can do it. Many valid ways that you can do it.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00604-00385544-00386249 backdoor path is sometimes called the backdoor criteria, which is a technical term that several
+L8FaMU19dFu-00605-00386249-00387294 people in the audience know about. It is really the assumption of - it's directly related
+L8FaMU19dFu-00606-00387294-00387708 to this assumption of no confounding, right? If the criterion is we need to be able to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00607-00387708-00388287 close all of these backdoor paths, right, so that is what we are dealing with here when
+L8FaMU19dFu-00608-00388287-00388827 we deal with these pathways. All right, so let's check this out. Let's see what we get
+L8FaMU19dFu-00609-00388827-00389587 here. ggdag_adjustment_set, wraps a function in dagitty that is an amazing algorithm that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00610-00389587-00390458 can figure out all viable what are called minimal adjustment sets. Assuming your DAG
+L8FaMU19dFu-00611-00390458-00390951 is correct, which again is the difficult part! We also added labels because we thought this
+L8FaMU19dFu-00612-00390951-00391604 is hard to read here. Maybe you got some stretch for the last one, but, you know, I often like
+L8FaMU19dFu-00613-00391604-00392280 to add labels here because once you get with a bunch of variables, it gets hard to read.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00614-00392280-00392868 What is this telling us? Before, we only had one panel and the variables in it. Now we
+L8FaMU19dFu-00615-00392868-00393417 have two panels, and it's got two different variables in it. So what this is telling is
+L8FaMU19dFu-00616-00393417-00394121 that we have one pathway that we can close in two ways. We can control furthest addictive
+L8FaMU19dFu-00617-00394121-00394984 variable, or we can control for smoking. So, one of the stretch goals for this one was
+L8FaMU19dFu-00618-00394984-00395480 to examine what if I actually can't measure the addictive variable, what does ggdag give
+L8FaMU19dFu-00619-00395480-00396346 me? I encourage you to check that out. And, but where this leads us is that, actually,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00620-00396346-00396763 controlling for either of these blocks the pathway. You might be tempted to say both
+L8FaMU19dFu-00621-00396763-00397231 of those are on the pathway, I need to control for both of those. It turns out if your DAG
+L8FaMU19dFu-00622-00397231-00397763 is correct, that is not actually true, right? And there may be certain data situations,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00623-00397763-00398231 maybe you measured smoking better, than you measured the other variable, or the other
+L8FaMU19dFu-00624-00398231-00399079 way round, right? Maybe you have several adjustment sets where, you know, you feel better about,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00625-00399079-00399522 like, this is addressing some criticism that we are going to get, right, which is a political
+L8FaMU19dFu-00626-00399522-00399936 decision about putting your research out there, but that's important too, right? So, if it
+L8FaMU19dFu-00627-00399936-00400521 is equally valid, then that is great. This is a different way of thinking about our models.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00628-00400521-00401144 We are saying there are equally good ways of controlling for these pathways. So our
+L8FaMU19dFu-00629-00401144-00401730 model for our formula we put in our actual model would look like this. Assuming our DAG
+L8FaMU19dFu-00630-00401730-00402264 is correct, and our variables are equally good and well measured, these will both give
+L8FaMU19dFu-00631-00402264-00402925 us the same correct effect, which should be nothing. We are saying there is no association
+L8FaMU19dFu-00632-00402925-00403314 between coffee and cancer, right? If we control for either of these, it should give us the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00633-00403314-00404239 same association which is no causal effect in this case. So that is a quick introduction
+L8FaMU19dFu-00634-00404239-00404725 to DAGs. DAGs can do a lot of other stuff in terms of understanding your analysis, so
+L8FaMU19dFu-00635-00404725-00405194 ggdag has several vignettes that I encourage you to check out. A deeper introduction to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00636-00405194-00405676 the package, but also introduction to DAGs, and that includes a lot of resources for learning
+L8FaMU19dFu-00637-00405676-00406379 DAGs that I have found very, very useful. As well as an additional vignette that presents
+L8FaMU19dFu-00638-00406379-00406981 ways that different types of bias, can present themselves in your analysis, whether that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00639-00406981-00407670 is a research question, or a data science question, or whatever, right? So I think I
+L8FaMU19dFu-00640-00407670-00408309 will stop sharing here. Let's take a five-minute break. I stole some time from Lucy.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00641-00408309-00408832 > We are really short on time. I don't know if I have time for a five-minute break.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00642-00408832-00409204 > Sorry about that! > No, it's okay. I think we've got to keep
+L8FaMU19dFu-00643-00409204-00409704 rolling. But we had a couple of questions about people who only had one panel, so I'm
+L8FaMU19dFu-00644-00409704-00410300 going to start my slides, but do you want to troubleshoot those while I'm talking?
+L8FaMU19dFu-00645-00410300-00410620 > Yes. > I think you can see what they did in the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00646-00410620-00411305 rstudio.cloud instances, maybe. Sorry if you're not giving a break. You will get a mini break.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00647-00411305-00411817 We were not going to be able to finish by two if I don't get started.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00648-00411817-00412447 > Sorry about that. > It's great. It's good stuff. Okay. All right,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00649-00412447-00413008 so we've talked about kind of this causal diagrams, and Malcolm gave you a great overview
+L8FaMU19dFu-00650-00413008-00413481 of how we sort of do this whole process, and that one piece in the middle for how we are
+L8FaMU19dFu-00651-00413481-00413995 able to adjust for the different theories is propensity scores. I'm going to talk about
+L8FaMU19dFu-00652-00413995-00414552 that. I've got this brief introduction into some of the difference between observational
+L8FaMU19dFu-00653-00414552-00415181 studies and randomised studies that Malcolm alluded to at the beginning. Often the goal
+L8FaMU19dFu-00654-00415181-00415806 for observational studies is the same as randomised studies but it's achieved in a slightly different
+L8FaMU19dFu-00655-00415806-00416279 way. For example, in the work that Malcolm and I do, often, we are trying to answer some
+L8FaMU19dFu-00656-00416279-00417122 medical question, for example, how does exposure, or treatment affect some outcome? In a randomised
+L8FaMU19dFu-00657-00417122-00417529 control trial, you would have an individual that would get randomised to be in the treatment
+L8FaMU19dFu-00658-00417529-00418039 or the control group, and this is something by a coin flip, so someone will have equal
+L8FaMU19dFu-00659-00418039-00418514 probability to be in one of these groups. In this case, the coin is flipped, the person
+L8FaMU19dFu-00660-00418514-00419000 gets assigned to the treatment group, or they get assigned to the control group with equal
+L8FaMU19dFu-00661-00419000-00419864 probability. An observational study is slightly different. Instead of these probabilities
+L8FaMU19dFu-00662-00419864-00420366 being equal between the two groups due to something like a coin flip, we're dealing
+L8FaMU19dFu-00663-00420366-00421064 with something different, so now in the real world, people are assigned to whatever treatment
+L8FaMU19dFu-00664-00421064-00421675 they get by something like their doctor, so they may go to the doctor, and the doctor
+L8FaMU19dFu-00665-00421675-00422081 might look at their variables that they kind of have that describe them, and may either
+L8FaMU19dFu-00666-00422081-00422592 just decide to give them some treatment, or not. And so we no longer have this nice setting
+L8FaMU19dFu-00667-00422592-00423120 where everybody was equally likely to get a treatment or not, and we have to adjust
+L8FaMU19dFu-00668-00423120-00423587 for that in some way. So here, I like to sort of - this is kind of taking a step back a
+L8FaMU19dFu-00669-00423587-00424126 little bit from what Malcolm is doing, but just a visual going on here. I've got my observational
+L8FaMU19dFu-00670-00424126-00424684 study in the orange circle. I have the people who went to the doctor, and were assigned,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00671-00424684-00425159 were given a treatment, and in my green circle, I've got people who went to the doctor, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00672-00425159-00425564 they did not get assigned to whatever this treatment is that my study is interested in.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00673-00425564-00426139 All of these people have different characteristics. I've got sick people, I've got smokers, people
+L8FaMU19dFu-00674-00426139-00426824 who wear glasses, people with funny hair, people with minus, to. - with moustaches.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00675-00426824-00427520 This may not impact their likelihood of being assigned a treatment, and it might impact
+L8FaMU19dFu-00676-00427520-00428163 their final outcome. That's where this concept of confounding comes in. So, for example,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00677-00428163-00428801 if, like I had three people in my treatment group that were smokers, and I had only two
+L8FaMU19dFu-00678-00428801-00429210 people in the control group that were smokers, because wife got the different essential effect
+L8FaMU19dFu-00679-00429210-00429776 of treatment and control group, if smoking was an important characteristic for our outcome,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00680-00429776-00430479 that would be something important to control for. So this is kind of a different picture
+L8FaMU19dFu-00681-00430479-00430925 that is similar to what Malcolm was showing of the relationship. A confounder is something
+L8FaMU19dFu-00682-00430925-00431381 that distorts that relationship between the exposure and outcome, for example, something
+L8FaMU19dFu-00683-00431381-00431983 like smoking, something associated with the exposure of interest, and the outcome of interest.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00684-00431983-00432627 As I mentioned, we come from kind of different schools but do similar things in terms of
+L8FaMU19dFu-00685-00432627-00433431 causal inference, but Rosenbaum and Rubin showed in observational studies, you can get
+L8FaMU19dFu-00686-00433431-00433988 unbiased estimates of the exposure effect given two assumptions are true, the first
+L8FaMU19dFu-00687-00433988-00434631 is that there are no unmeasured confounders, so the DAG you draw is correct, and you've
+L8FaMU19dFu-00688-00434631-00435214 measured all of the important confounders that you've indicated in your DAG. The second
+L8FaMU19dFu-00689-00435214-00435588 important assumption is that every subject has a non-zero probability of receiving either
+L8FaMU19dFu-00690-00435588-00436100 exposure. This just means that everyone in your control group could have received the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00691-00436100-00436556 treatment at least in some kind of counterfactual world with some probability that's greater
+L8FaMU19dFu-00692-00436556-00437149 than zero, go and likewise, those in the treatment group could have not received the treatment.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00693-00437149-00437863 Okay, so to do this, as Malcolm showed before, the easiest way to fit a propensity score
+L8FaMU19dFu-00694-00437863-00438438 is to fit a logistic regression that predicts the exposure using the non-co-variants. This
+L8FaMU19dFu-00695-00438438-00439208 is a mathematical - in R, we use the GLM function. Each of the individual's predicted values
+L8FaMU19dFu-00696-00439208-00439806 from that are the propensity score. It's the super easy. It's a fancy word for something
+L8FaMU19dFu-00697-00439806-00440350 that most analysts do on a regular basis, logistic regression, and get out the probabilities.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00698-00440350-00441205 In R, I'm going to load the tidyverse and the broom package to do this. I'm fitting
+L8FaMU19dFu-00699-00441205-00441979 the generalised linear model, and what we are predicting is our exposure, and so, because
+L8FaMU19dFu-00700-00441979-00442412 this is kind of like a pre-step before we do our final outcome model, the thing we're
+L8FaMU19dFu-00701-00442412-00443047 trying to get at is the probability of having this exposure. So my y variable here is not
+L8FaMU19dFu-00702-00443047-00443618 my final outcome, it's my exposure of interest. Then I'm going to adjust for all the different
+L8FaMU19dFu-00703-00443618-00444541 confounders I've identified in my DAG. Then of course I will specify my data frame, family=binominal,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00704-00444541-00445858 and I can use this augment function which is in the broom package. That gets a probability
+L8FaMU19dFu-00705-00445858-00446955 instead of the - then I specify my data frame in order to add my value to the data frame.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00706-00446955-00447489 First, I'm fitting my propensity score model and then augmenting my original data frame
+L8FaMU19dFu-00707-00447489-00448168 to add the probabilities to my data frame so now I can use them to do things like weighting.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00708-00448168-00448647 So now, each of these different individuals with all of their different characteristics
+L8FaMU19dFu-00709-00448647-00449309 have a single-number summary that describes their probability of being - of getting exposure
+L8FaMU19dFu-00710-00449309-00449922 or being in the treatment group. We can use these probabilities to build weights which
+L8FaMU19dFu-00711-00449922-00450541 I'm going to talk about in the next section. So here is a simplified DAG of what Malcolm
+L8FaMU19dFu-00712-00450541-00451189 had shown before. What I've done here is proposed a different tag that's much simpler, and likely
+L8FaMU19dFu-00713-00451189-00451787 much less true, but will be easier for us to work with. Here, I'm still interested in
+L8FaMU19dFu-00714-00451787-00452280 the relationship between quitting smoking and change in weight - interested in the difference
+L8FaMU19dFu-00715-00452280-00452816 between quitting smoking and change in weight. Quitting smoking is the exposure, and change
+L8FaMU19dFu-00716-00452816-00453850 is this in weight is the outcome. I have four confounders: sex, the baseline weight which
+L8FaMU19dFu-00717-00453850-00454754 will be wt71, I have age, and years of smoking, smoke years in data frame. So what I want
+L8FaMU19dFu-00718-00454754-00455642 you to do, is based on this DAG, I want you to build a propensity score model for whether
+L8FaMU19dFu-00719-00455642-00456312 or not someone quit smoking, and, so if you go into exercise 3 in your rstudio.cloud space,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00720-00456312-00456951 you can find that. I want you to build that model, and then, as a stretch goal, giving
+L8FaMU19dFu-00721-00456951-00457580 you five minutes to do this, to stretch it if that was super simple, I want you to try
+L8FaMU19dFu-00722-00457580-00458059 to create two histograms, one for the propensity scores for those that quit smoking, and one
+L8FaMU19dFu-00724-00461712-00462572 it. So I just thought while you're working on
+L8FaMU19dFu-00725-00462572-00463422 that, I see one person asked the difference between propensity scores and provide score
+L8FaMU19dFu-00726-00463422-00463964 weighting. And I think maybe Malcolm answered this a little bit in the chat. I thought I
+L8FaMU19dFu-00727-00463964-00464237 would mention. > I sent my message to the wrong place, yikes!
+L8FaMU19dFu-00728-00464237-00465000 > A propensity score is always going to be the probability of getting the exposure, getting
+L8FaMU19dFu-00729-00465000-00465504 the treatment, whatever that thing is that you model. That's fixed. That's going to just
+L8FaMU19dFu-00730-00465504-00465945 be that. Then there are all different ways that you can incorporate that propensity score
+L8FaMU19dFu-00731-00465945-00466460 into your final outcome model in order to get it as causal effect. So weighting is one
+L8FaMU19dFu-00732-00466460-00466871 way to do that. We're going to in the next section talk about a couple of different ways
+L8FaMU19dFu-00733-00466871-00467229 that you can weight that will have a different impact on the causal estimate that you're
+L8FaMU19dFu-00734-00467229-00467749 getting at. But matching is also a way that you can incorporate the propensity score.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00735-00467749-00468270 You can do a direct adjustment of the propensity score. There are several different ways that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00736-00468270-00468679 you can use, the G formula that Malcolm mentioned before. There are lots of different ways that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00737-00468679-00469274 you can incorporate the propensity score into your final model. The propensity score weight
+L8FaMU19dFu-00738-00469274-00470299 uses a propensity score. The propensity score is its own constant thing.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00739-00470299-00471189 > Yes. That's great. So, one other message I responded to that I sent to the wrong place
+L8FaMU19dFu-00740-00471189-00471739 by accident, because Zoom chat is not the best, was in response to the people for the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00741-00471739-00472321 last exercise for ggdag that got different panels than what I showed. The reason you
+L8FaMU19dFu-00742-00472321-00472766 got different panels is it's likely you did the stretch goal. You set things as late in
+L8FaMU19dFu-00743-00472766-00473487 the DAG. ggdag and dagitty have a way of saying I don't have this variable, I can't measure
+L8FaMU19dFu-00744-00473487-00474149 it, or I didn't measure it. They're smart enough to know that I'm not going to give
+L8FaMU19dFu-00745-00474149-00474751 you an adjustment set that includes that variable because you can't do it, right? If an adjustment
+L8FaMU19dFu-00746-00474751-00475142 set requires that variable, it's not a valid adjustment set because you can't actually
+L8FaMU19dFu-00747-00475142-00475749 incorporate it, right? If you marked "addictive" as latent, you only get one adjustment set,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00748-00475749-00476410 smoking. If you marked them both as latent, it will tell you, yikes, bad news, buddy,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00749-00476410-00477108 you can't get your causal effect because you can't block this pathway. So you have to redo
+L8FaMU19dFu-00750-00477108-00478199 your study. And measure these things next time. So that is not an typo. That's an explicit
+L8FaMU19dFu-00751-00478199-00478605 declaration of what variables you have and what you don't. That's useful because you
+L8FaMU19dFu-00752-00478605-00479082 may know that something is actually important that you don't have measured, right? So people
+L8FaMU19dFu-00753-00479082-00479518 might criticise you for that. You can say if I make these assumptions about my DAG,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00754-00479518-00479995 even though I haven't measured this variable, there actually is a valid adjustment set that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00755-00479995-00480622 will give my causal effect. That could be very useful.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00756-00480622-00481584 > We've got about one more minute, and so while we are wrapping up, I will start running
+L8FaMU19dFu-00757-00481584-00482318 some of this code here, so you can see what you should be getting. The first thing I will
+L8FaMU19dFu-00758-00482318-00483154 do is run the packages, tidyverse, brooms, and ggdag. I'm using the nhefs_complete data.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00759-00483154-00483614 I didn't remove the - it's just for example purposes, we're useful a couple of datasets
+L8FaMU19dFu-00760-00483614-00484868 here. I'm going to run this so we can see that DAG again to remind ourselves of what
+L8FaMU19dFu-00761-00484868-00485876 confounders I proposed as important in this model, and so, I've got ... we've got smoke
+L8FaMU19dFu-00762-00485876-00487091 years, and age. I want to make sure that I include those. My propensity score model,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00763-00487091-00487983 I'm going to use the function to that, and the outcome here, this is the propensity score
+L8FaMU19dFu-00764-00487983-00488774 model, my outcome is my exposure, which is the quit smoking, so qsmk, and then my confounders
+L8FaMU19dFu-00765-00488774-00490147 as my DAG here, are sex, age, smoke years, and baseline weight. So that weight is 71.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00766-00490147-00490789 I'm going to fill those in. The data is this nhefs_complete. My family been binomial. I'm
+L8FaMU19dFu-00767-00490789-00491634 going to run this so I get my propensity score model, so now that model is going to be my
+L8FaMU19dFu-00768-00491634-00492183 model object. I'm going to change this eval to true here, so if I knit the whole thing,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00769-00492183-00492810 it will evaluate that. Now I would like to actually add those propensity scores to my
+L8FaMU19dFu-00770-00492810-00493288 data frames so that I can use them later. And so to do that, I'm going to use the augment
+L8FaMU19dFu-00771-00493288-00493763 function which is from the broom package, and I would like to do the type=response,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00772-00493763-00494397 so what that does, is that makes sure I'm going to actually get a probability, instead
+L8FaMU19dFu-00773-00494397-00495492 of a - now, my data is going to be this nhefs_complete. I'm taking my propensity score model and I'm
+L8FaMU19dFu-00774-00495492-00496059 augmenting to get that fitted value, the propensity score, and what I'm doing is I'm adding it
+L8FaMU19dFu-00775-00496059-00497093 to the nhefs_complete data, and including this new dataset - I get my full dataset.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00776-00497093-00497984 I notice, if I saw this dot, dot, dot down here, I would have the variable .fitted which
+L8FaMU19dFu-00777-00497984-00498825 is my propensity score. Now for the stretch goal. I'm going to show you a different way
+L8FaMU19dFu-00778-00498825-00499504 in the next set of slides. I can fit these histograms by taking that data frame that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00779-00499504-00500139 includes the propensity score. And I want to plot that .fitted variable. So my group
+L8FaMU19dFu-00780-00500139-00501095 is going to be this qsmk, and I'm going to change the fill so that you can see a different
+L8FaMU19dFu-00781-00501095-00502525 colour for each of these. And then I'm going to do geom_histogram. This is going to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00782-00502525-00503217 give me an overlaid histogram of my smoking propensity scores and my non-smoking propensity
+L8FaMU19dFu-00783-00503217-00503573 scores. So what I see, I can see a couple of things from looking at this immediately,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00784-00503573-00504189 the first thing I see is that I have a far more people that did not quit smoking than
+L8FaMU19dFu-00785-00504189-00504846 did, so blue are the people who quit smoking, and the red are people who did not. Then I
+L8FaMU19dFu-00786-00504846-00505239 can also just look at this distribution. I can see that the people who quit smoking end
+L8FaMU19dFu-00787-00505239-00505704 up having propensity scores higher up here in the tails, and the people who do not, tend
+L8FaMU19dFu-00788-00505704-00506202 to have more propensity scores down here compared to those who did. That makes sense because
+L8FaMU19dFu-00789-00506202-00506643 the propensity score is going to be the probability that you quit smoking, and so you would expect
+L8FaMU19dFu-00790-00506643-00507156 that people who did quit smoking probably had a higher probability, and you would expect
+L8FaMU19dFu-00791-00507156-00507600 the people who didn't quit smoking might have a lower probability of quitting smoking compared
+L8FaMU19dFu-00792-00507600-00508150 to those that did. This gives us insight into that. We are going to delve into this kind
+L8FaMU19dFu-00793-00508150-00509168 of plot a lot more right now, actually. So, let me see that. Yes, so, yes, the dataset
+L8FaMU19dFu-00794-00509168-00510068 comes from this library and it should be should be loaded already in your rstudio.cloud session,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00795-00510068-00510848 so if you're working on your own R session on your personal computer, you can get it
+L8FaMU19dFu-00796-00510848-00512234 from Malcolm's GitHub. I'm going to switch to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00797-00512234-00514152 the next. Okay. So now we're going to talk about propensity score weighting. All right,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00798-00514152-00514996 so, as we sort of mentioned a couple of times, there are a lot of ways to include propensity
+L8FaMU19dFu-00799-00514996-00515514 scores in your final model. Some common ones are weighting, matching, stratification, direct
+L8FaMU19dFu-00800-00515514-00516185 adjustment. Today, we're going to focus specifically on weighting. And so there is all different
+L8FaMU19dFu-00801-00516185-00516806 types of weights that you can use to be able to estimate different target estimates, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00802-00516806-00517300 so this is something that I think is not always super well understood in the causal inference
+L8FaMU19dFu-00803-00517300-00517589 framework, but I think it's really, really important, so I'm going to spend a little
+L8FaMU19dFu-00804-00517589-00518247 bit of time on it. The target estimand you're trying to get at changes according to how
+L8FaMU19dFu-00805-00518247-00519204 you do your nationals. The target estimand, the one Malcolm was talking about, doing his
+L8FaMU19dFu-00806-00519204-00519810 slides earlier, is the average treatment effect. So, the average treatment effect, the reason
+L8FaMU19dFu-00807-00519810-00520243 this is the most common is likely because this is what it is estimated typically in
+L8FaMU19dFu-00808-00520243-00520918 randomised trials, so, in this case, your target population is the whole population.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00809-00520918-00521552 So, both your treated and your control group. Of note, this is often declared the population
+L8FaMU19dFu-00810-00521552-00521935 of interest, but actually, it's not always the most medically or scientifically relevant
+L8FaMU19dFu-00811-00521935-00522375 depending on your underlying question, so you do want to be conscientious about the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00812-00522375-00522938 thing that you're estimating how that applies broadly. The average treatment effect assumes
+L8FaMU19dFu-00813-00522938-00523525 that every participant can be switched to the opposite treatment, so that basically
+L8FaMU19dFu-00814-00523525-00524049 everybody in the control group with some probability could have been in the treatment group, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00815-00524049-00524315 similarly, everyone in the treatment group could have been a control group, and basically
+L8FaMU19dFu-00816-00524315-00524903 you can make these switches, which kind of isn't always how you make that particular
+L8FaMU19dFu-00817-00524903-00525381 assumption. So in estimating the average effect across your whole population. So, when you're
+L8FaMU19dFu-00818-00525381-00525845 doing that, this is the mathematical equation to estimate those weights. This is the same
+L8FaMU19dFu-00819-00525845-00526456 as when Malcolm talks about inverse probability weights. It's written in a slightly different
+L8FaMU19dFu-00820-00526456-00526953 way, just so that it sort of mathematically, it's easy to translate between the different
+L8FaMU19dFu-00821-00526953-00527564 types of weight that I'm about to show you. If you look at this, the Zi here is whether
+L8FaMU19dFu-00822-00527564-00528164 you're in the treatment group, so Zi is one for people in the treatment group, and zero
+L8FaMU19dFu-00823-00528164-00528758 for people in the control group. Pi is your propensity score. If you look at the second
+L8FaMU19dFu-00824-00528758-00529293 look at this equation, among people who were in the treatment group, their weight is going
+L8FaMU19dFu-00825-00529293-00530032 to be one over the propensity score, so p will be one, plus one minus one, which is
+L8FaMU19dFu-00826-00530032-00530613 zero mow, so this part drops out. Among those in the treatment group, it's just one over
+L8FaMU19dFu-00827-00530613-00531183 the propensity score. And those in the control group, where Zi is zero, this first part drops
+L8FaMU19dFu-00828-00531183-00531823 out, because Zi is zero, and you end up with one minus zero, so one minus over the propensity
+L8FaMU19dFu-00829-00531823-00532395 score. This is exactly what Malcolm showed you before where it's one over your probability
+L8FaMU19dFu-00830-00532395-00532851 of getting the treatment that you got. Among the to read the people, it's one over the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00831-00532851-00533577 people getting the treatment; with the control group, one over getting the control. This
+L8FaMU19dFu-00832-00533577-00533888 is the most common weight that people talk about inverse probability weightings, it's
+L8FaMU19dFu-00833-00533888-00534692 what they're referring to. It's important to note that there is a causal note ... another
+L8FaMU19dFu-00834-00534692-00535390 really common one that is used is the average treatment effect among the to read - among
+L8FaMU19dFu-00835-00535390-00536028 the to read ed. Our estimands of interest are the people who got the treatment. And
+L8FaMU19dFu-00836-00536028-00536409 so this ends up being slightly different, and it gives you a slightly different weight.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00837-00536409-00537048 So now you end up with - the people in the treatment group end up getting weight of one,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00838-00537048-00537655 and the people in the control group, end up getting a weight of the propensity score one
+L8FaMU19dFu-00839-00537655-00538288 minus over the propensity score. Malcolm mentioned stabilising, this is one way I'm trying to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00840-00538288-00538722 help destabilise your weights a little bit depending on the distribution of propensity
+L8FaMU19dFu-00841-00538722-00539266 scores. If you have lots and lots and lots of people, in either your treatment or control
+L8FaMU19dFu-00842-00539266-00539722 group, you might want to consider some of these causal estimands that might be easier
+L8FaMU19dFu-00843-00539722-00540384 to estimate. Similarly, you can actually estimate the target population that could be the control
+L8FaMU19dFu-00844-00540384-00540769 group. You might want to know how might the control group be if they switched over to
+L8FaMU19dFu-00845-00540769-00541492 the treatment. The average treatment effect among control is similar, except now, among
+L8FaMU19dFu-00846-00541492-00541793 the controls, they're going to have a weight of one, and you're going to be weighting all
+L8FaMU19dFu-00847-00541793-00542422 of the treatment group to look like the control group. The next is the average treatment effect
+L8FaMU19dFu-00848-00542422-00542827 among the evenly matchable. So this one is a little bit complex. Basically, what this
+L8FaMU19dFu-00849-00542827-00543336 does is it weights your population in a way that is very, very similar to a way you it
+L8FaMU19dFu-00850-00543336-00543968 a propensity score matching, so this actually has some very nice properties, because in
+L8FaMU19dFu-00851-00543968-00544574 particular, it doesn't have the possibility to blow up in the tails, so, if you can imagine,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00852-00544574-00545002 all of these widgets, because they have the propensity score of one minus propensity score
+L8FaMU19dFu-00853-00545002-00545516 and the denominator, if those values are very, very, very small, you could end up with basically
+L8FaMU19dFu-00854-00545516-00546180 infinite weights and one or two individuals who end up having a lot of pull in your final
+L8FaMU19dFu-00855-00546180-00546672 outcome model. Malcolm mentioned there are things that you can do like trimming, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00856-00546672-00547126 things like that, but one thing that I sometimes like when I'm in a situation that I have something
+L8FaMU19dFu-00857-00547126-00547513 like that is to actually be intentional with my causal estimand, so if the population I
+L8FaMU19dFu-00858-00547513-00548022 have really can't estimate things well in the tails, then maybe I need to change the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00859-00548022-00548596 causal estimands that I'm going for, and the ATM is a nice way to do that. The average
+L8FaMU19dFu-00860-00548596-00548932 treatment effect among the overlap population, this is an elegant weight, the overlap weight
+L8FaMU19dFu-00861-00548932-00549704 are the newer formulation over the last couple of years. They're similar to these matching
+L8FaMU19dFu-00862-00549704-00550244 weights but they have some improved variance properties. And so basically, the overlap
+L8FaMU19dFu-00863-00550244-00550628 population are people who were kind of in the middle, they were pretty likely to have
+L8FaMU19dFu-00864-00550628-00551175 gotten either the treatment or the control and you're kind of estimating how they would
+L8FaMU19dFu-00865-00551175-00551508 do. That was abstracted and mathematical. I'm going to show you what this looks like
+L8FaMU19dFu-00866-00551508-00552419 graphically, and let you estimate these weights in R. So I've redrawn this histogram of propensity
+L8FaMU19dFu-00867-00552419-00552873 scores that we just created, except instead of overlapping them, I've made them mirrored,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00868-00552873-00553349 such that on the top here, this is the histogram of the propensity score for the treated population,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00869-00553349-00553821 so the people who quit smoking, and, on the bottom here, it's my control group, so these
+L8FaMU19dFu-00870-00553821-00554280 with people who did not quit smoking. I like this mirror because it makes it much easier
+L8FaMU19dFu-00871-00554280-00554886 for me to compare directly, yes, I have more masks here on the control group, on the side
+L8FaMU19dFu-00872-00554886-00555250 of having low propensity scores, which makes sense because the propensity score is your
+L8FaMU19dFu-00873-00555250-00555618 probability of getting treatment, and people who didn't get treatment were probably less
+L8FaMU19dFu-00874-00555618-00556608 likely to. Over here, I have a mass, a longer tail for people who did quit smoking, so a
+L8FaMU19dFu-00875-00556608-00557059 couple of people who quit smoking who, based on their characteristic in their model, were
+L8FaMU19dFu-00876-00557059-00557722 likely to quit smoking. Now what I've done is created these pseudo populations based
+L8FaMU19dFu-00877-00557722-00558360 on the weights that I've used, and these are using ATE weights. So you can see in the coloured
+L8FaMU19dFu-00878-00558360-00558798 part, underneath, I still have the histogram of the original propensity scores, and you
+L8FaMU19dFu-00879-00558798-00559543 can see how those were upweighted or downweighted in different ways to get them to represent
+L8FaMU19dFu-00880-00559543-00560065 a different pseudo population. The ATE, the whole point of the average treatment effect
+L8FaMU19dFu-00881-00560065-00560542 is that I want to be able to compare two comparable populations so I want my treatment and my
+L8FaMU19dFu-00882-00560542-00561126 control group to pretty much look the same. What is being done here is that both the treatment
+L8FaMU19dFu-00883-00561126-00561453 and the control folks are getting upweighted so that basically these distributions look
+L8FaMU19dFu-00884-00561453-00562192 very, very similar. That's how the ATE works. The ATT, that's the average treatment effect
+L8FaMU19dFu-00885-00562192-00562681 among the treated, it treats all of the treated folks that they get to stay themselves for
+L8FaMU19dFu-00886-00562681-00563400 the distribution, the - it looks like it started, but it downweights or upweights, so it basically
+L8FaMU19dFu-00887-00563400-00564125 changes the control population to basically mirror that. This is the full control population
+L8FaMU19dFu-00888-00564125-00564644 in grey, and the blue is the weighted population, and so some people are downweighted, people
+L8FaMU19dFu-00889-00564644-00565144 who have characteristics, like over here, less likely to look like the treated population,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00890-00565144-00565775 they get downweighted, and people over here tend to get upweighted. This makes the control
+L8FaMU19dFu-00891-00565775-00566195 population look like the treatment population, and I can estimate the difference between
+L8FaMU19dFu-00892-00566195-00566589 these two populations in my outcome, and it will give me this average treatment effect
+L8FaMU19dFu-00893-00566589-00567277 among the treated. Similarly, I can do the same thing with my average treatment effect
+L8FaMU19dFu-00894-00567277-00567743 among controls. The controls are exactly what I observed in the real data, but now I've
+L8FaMU19dFu-00895-00567743-00568198 weighted my treatment population to look more like this control group. So now, when I take
+L8FaMU19dFu-00896-00568198-00568598 the difference between these two weighted populations, I'm going to get an average treatment
+L8FaMU19dFu-00897-00568598-00569082 effect among the controlled. So, if I treated people, I looks like the control people, who
+L8FaMU19dFu-00898-00569082-00569707 will that average treatment effect look like? Kind of thinking in that counterfactual framework
+L8FaMU19dFu-00899-00569707-00570771 that Malcolm mentioned, what I'm doing is building counterfactuals. We're taking both
+L8FaMU19dFu-00900-00570771-00571073 the treatment and the control group, and we are shifting them slightly so we end up with
+L8FaMU19dFu-00901-00571073-00571553 this average effect across those. In this case, my counterfactual, I'm taking the treated
+L8FaMU19dFu-00902-00571553-00572081 group and building a counterfactual for the treated participants from my control group.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00903-00572081-00572476 In this case, I'm taking my control group and I'm taking counterfactuals from my treatment
+L8FaMU19dFu-00904-00572476-00573298 group. The ATM ends up in this particular population looks similar to the ATT because
+L8FaMU19dFu-00905-00573298-00573944 we have far fewer treatments than versus control folks, and so you can very easily have a good
+L8FaMU19dFu-00906-00573944-00574353 match for each of them. So if we were doing a matched analysis, this is kind of similar
+L8FaMU19dFu-00907-00574353-00574846 to what you would see there. You would probably take almost all of your treated folks and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00908-00574846-00575475 match them to a subset of your control group. And now the ATO is slightly attenuated. So
+L8FaMU19dFu-00909-00575475-00575968 it is similar, the distribution looks similar to the ATM, it's a little bit attenuated which
+L8FaMU19dFu-00910-00575968-00576678 gives it better variance properties. The ATM are never going to be upweighting, always
+L8FaMU19dFu-00911-00576678-00577257 downweighting, so you never end up with the problem of having the exploding weights you
+L8FaMU19dFu-00912-00577257-00577878 would have to adjust in some way. Okay, how do we do this in R? Here is our formula for
+L8FaMU19dFu-00913-00577878-00578673 the ATE. All you're going to do is after augmenting to get into the propensity score, you're going
+L8FaMU19dFu-00914-00578673-00579368 to do a mutate, and stick this formula directly into our mutate function, so I'm calling this
+L8FaMU19dFu-00915-00579368-00580488 weight W_ATE, and I take the group in the indicator, and I divide by the .fitted which
+L8FaMU19dFu-00916-00580488-00581590 is the Z over the Pi, and I add 1 -qsmk. So now, it's your turn. I want you to go ahead
+L8FaMU19dFu-00917-00581590-00582104 and use the propensity scores that you used in a previous exercise to add the ATE weights
+L8FaMU19dFu-00918-00582104-00582561 to the data, for the first time, frame. If that is too easy, you can add a different
+L8FaMU19dFu-00919-00582561-00582913 weight, the ATO weight, or the ATM weight, or something like that. I will give you a
+L8FaMU19dFu-00920-00582913-00584698 couple of minutes to do that, and we will regather, and I will show you how to do it.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00921-00584698-00585538 I'm going to give three minutes for this instead of five minutes. I'm happy to stick around
+L8FaMU19dFu-00922-00585538-00585930 for a couple of minutes after the end of our session. I want to make sure I'm respectful
+L8FaMU19dFu-00923-00585930-00586476 of everyone's time. So, if people have further questions, I'm happy to stick around.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00924-00586476-00587073 > Me too, especially since it's my fault. I take responsibility!
+L8FaMU19dFu-00925-00587073-00587767 > There is a lot to talk about. > Yes, maybe we originally had a three-hour
+L8FaMU19dFu-00926-00587767-00588770 workshop for the useR! Live version. They said, maybe two hours is better for online.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00927-00588770-00589898 This stuff is too interesting to us. > It's true!
+L8FaMU19dFu-00928-00589898-00590318 > That made it sounded like we took the same content and squeezed it into two hours. We
+L8FaMU19dFu-00929-00590318-00591813 removed a few things. > If that leaves you itching for more, let
+L8FaMU19dFu-00930-00591813-00592829 us know. We would love that feedback. > Someone asked in practice if I normally
+L8FaMU19dFu-00931-00592829-00593573 report ATT or ATE? I personally, it depends on like the clinical question of interest.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00932-00593573-00594191 I have used the ATM and the ATT, and I've also used ATM in papers that I've done. I've
+L8FaMU19dFu-00933-00594191-00594777 not yet published a paper besides like a theory paper that used the ATO, and that is only
+L8FaMU19dFu-00934-00594777-00595170 because it's relatively new and so people are still getting on board with it, but I
+L8FaMU19dFu-00935-00595170-00595571 have several theoretical papers that have have used it, and I think it should get traction
+L8FaMU19dFu-00936-00595571-00596253 in the future. Do you use any of these? I found this is not something that that many
+L8FaMU19dFu-00937-00596253-00596973 people think about too much. > I pretty much use the basics, ATE, occasionally,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00938-00596973-00597730 and occasionally ATT as needed. ATE is my bread and butter, because that is actually
+L8FaMU19dFu-00939-00597730-00598636 usually the effect. These others are so interesting, especially their connection to matching.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00940-00598636-00599115 > The next question was about my favourite matching algorithm for ATM. When you use the
+L8FaMU19dFu-00941-00599115-00599620 ATM, you don't use any matching, it's just a weight. You take the propensity score, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00942-00599620-00600378 you weight it using this formula here, so you literally plug in the minimum, the propensity
+L8FaMU19dFu-00943-00600378-00601288 score ... .  You don't have to do any weighting. But, if
+L8FaMU19dFu-00944-00601288-00601844 you're comparing it to a matching algorithm, a lot of times, people do, like exact matches,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00945-00601844-00602523 or they will do a calliper match, or something like that. There are different ways to do
+L8FaMU19dFu-00946-00602523-00603347 matching. It is like a provide score. The effect ends up being very similar to what
+L8FaMU19dFu-00947-00603347-00605447 you get. I've taken this data frame that we created where we augmented it, added the values,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00948-00605447-00606671 so the ATE ends up being, qsmk divided by the propensity score, plus one minus, plus
+L8FaMU19dFu-00949-00606671-00607567 the ex exposure one minus the propensity score. Add that. Of course the ATT or the others
+L8FaMU19dFu-00950-00607567-00608304 will be using the formulas from the previous slides. Here, this is how I created those
+L8FaMU19dFu-00951-00608304-00608786 plots, in case it is something that anybody is interested in doing. The only thing here
+L8FaMU19dFu-00952-00608786-00610886 you have to change is the weight you want to look at. So and this, I think, it shows
+L8FaMU19dFu-00953-00610886-00611507 you that nice distribution of those, which I think is a nice way to visualize it. I like
+L8FaMU19dFu-00954-00611507-00612149 to do this definitely if I'm using the ATT or ATC, because quickly look and see if I
+L8FaMU19dFu-00955-00612149-00612404 have any weights that are blowing up affecting my estimates, or my standard errors. All right.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00957-00615410-00615928 the most important parts. It's easy to fit the propensity score model, and it's pretty
+L8FaMU19dFu-00958-00615928-00616423 easy to create the weights. Then, once you've done that, you want to make sure that you've
+L8FaMU19dFu-00959-00616423-00616990 kind of gotten good balance. This is where there's an iterative process involved. You've
+L8FaMU19dFu-00960-00616990-00617619 proposed a DAG that you think kind of is the correct DAG, and then you get your propensity
+L8FaMU19dFu-00961-00617619-00618039 score model, and then after you fit that provide score model, you want to check to make sure
+L8FaMU19dFu-00962-00618039-00618498 that you actually have good balance between your exposure - between your two exposed and
+L8FaMU19dFu-00963-00618498-00619174 unexposed groups across these different - and, if you don't, then you might want to update
+L8FaMU19dFu-00964-00619174-00619791 your propensity score model accordingly. There are two ways I like to check these. One of
+L8FaMU19dFu-00965-00619791-00620444 these is called a Love Plot. Thomas Love came one this idea. I prefer the term Love Plot
+L8FaMU19dFu-00966-00620444-00621585 than standardised mean difference. The other is an ECDF plot. The Love Plot is a nice big
+L8FaMU19dFu-00967-00621585-00622131 one summary across all my potential confounders in the one model, one that Malcolm showed
+L8FaMU19dFu-00968-00622131-00623052 in his big-picture overview. The ECDF are nice for the continuous confounders in a you're
+L8FaMU19dFu-00969-00623052-00623577 estimating. Instead of just looking at a single summary measure, you can look at the entire
+L8FaMU19dFu-00970-00623577-00623958 distribution of that confounder, and make sure that you end up achieving balance after
+L8FaMU19dFu-00971-00623958-00624596 you do your propensity score weighting. So the standardised mean difference is a simple
+L8FaMU19dFu-00972-00624596-00625248 formula, it's just the average of whatever your confounder is in the treatment group
+L8FaMU19dFu-00973-00625248-00626231 minus the average in the control group, ... and so, this is a very common metric that is used
+L8FaMU19dFu-00974-00626231-00626969 sort of for some post balance analysis. There is a rule of thumb that you try to get those
+L8FaMU19dFu-00975-00626969-00627723 to be less than 0.1 for your confounders, that is not definitive, but it's kind of a
+L8FaMU19dFu-00976-00627723-00628222 nice way that you don't want your standardised mean difference to be more than ten per cent.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00977-00628222-00628818 So how do we do this? There are several steps here, and some is not totally intuitive. This
+L8FaMU19dFu-00978-00628818-00629384 very first step I think is not super intuitive and has to do with the fact that the R ecosystem
+L8FaMU19dFu-00979-00629384-00630046 isn't quite up to date on best practices for propensity score weight be, so we are making
+L8FaMU19dFu-00980-00630046-00630650 use of patching together different tools that get us at the right answer, but they're not
+L8FaMU19dFu-00981-00630650-00631175 intuitive. For propensity score weighting, a common package used is the survey package,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00982-00631175-00631810 so this is, I think, - Thomas Linley made this package, it is worth survey weighting,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00983-00631810-00632503 the way that surveys are weighted is the same that we would be weighting for a propensity
+L8FaMU19dFu-00984-00632503-00632998 score model. The package name itself is not totally intuitive, but what we use it for
+L8FaMU19dFu-00985-00632998-00633472 is exactly what you would need. Malcolm and I have talked about trying to create tools
+L8FaMU19dFu-00986-00633472-00633946 that have maybe more of an intuitive design behind them but now we will look at this.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00987-00633946-00634821 The first step for the Love plots is to create a design object to incorporate the weights.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00988-00634821-00635255 It's kind of like creating an object that contains all the information about your initial
+L8FaMU19dFu-00989-00635255-00635783 dataset and the weights that you're incorporating. And so to do that, you load the survey package,
+L8FaMU19dFu-00990-00635783-00636438 and then you run this survey design function. Ids is going to be a tilde with a one. You
+L8FaMU19dFu-00991-00636438-00637248 don't worry about that. Data is your data frame. Weights is a tilde with the variable
+L8FaMU19dFu-00992-00637248-00638255 name of the names that has weights. I put wts, or w_ate since that is the weight that
+L8FaMU19dFu-00993-00638255-00639101 I created. This creates a design object. That is step one. Step two is calculating the unweighted
+L8FaMU19dFu-00994-00639101-00639491 standardised mean differences, and so this gives us kind of like a baseline to compare
+L8FaMU19dFu-00995-00639491-00640014 to, so this will tell us what the differences were between each of these confounders, between
+L8FaMU19dFu-00996-00640014-00640558 the exposed and unexposed group before we did any weighting. And so, for that, I like
+L8FaMU19dFu-00997-00640558-00641296 to use the Table One package, so I will use that package. The main function is CreateTableOne.
+L8FaMU19dFu-00998-00641296-00642457 This parameter is going to contain strings to name each of the confounders that you included
+L8FaMU19dFu-00999-00642457-00643320 in your original model. And then, the strata here is going to be "exposure". If we were
+L8FaMU19dFu-01000-00643320-00643988 doing this with the quit-smoking data, I would put the QSMK in quotation marks, which means
+L8FaMU19dFu-01001-00643988-00644532 what I want to split the standardised ised mean differences by. The data will be your
+L8FaMU19dFu-01002-00644532-00645473 data frame, and I will set test=false. People try to do hypothesis testing on this to show
+L8FaMU19dFu-01003-00645473-00645942 that standardised differences are significantly different, and that is not appropriate in
+L8FaMU19dFu-01004-00645942-00646519 this setting. We don't want to be hypothesis setting, we are trying to check the balance,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01005-00646519-00647078 so this is kind of an important distinction there. So that is for the unweighted table.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01006-00647078-00647650 Then I - the unweighted table. Then I want to look at a weighted table. This will look
+L8FaMU19dFu-01007-00647650-00648700 at my balance post propensity score weight be ing ... so, for that, I used the intuitive
+L8FaMU19dFu-01008-00648700-00650020 supervision svyCreateTableOne. It  works the same as what we are doing, so just
+L8FaMU19dFu-01009-00650020-00650548 kind of bear with me with some of that terminology. The svyCreateTableOne, and the next two are
+L8FaMU19dFu-01010-00650548-00651297 exactly the same as my unweighted version. I will list my confounders as my variables.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01011-00651297-00652073 Now instead of using my data frame, for data, I'm going to put in that survey design object,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01012-00652073-00652453 so that is basically this object that includes both all the information of my data frame
+L8FaMU19dFu-01013-00652453-00653048 and the weights that I'm incorporating. Again, I will do the test=false because I'm not interested
+L8FaMU19dFu-01014-00653048-00653790 in doing hypothesis testing but trying to get a visual descriptive measure of my standardised
+L8FaMU19dFu-01015-00653790-00654550 ... that is step three. Step one, we create the design object, step three, we create the
+L8FaMU19dFu-01016-00654550-00655145 weighted table. The big thing that is different between steps 2 and 3 is that we're using
+L8FaMU19dFu-01017-00655145-00656319 the create survey table one and ... step four, so now, we are sticking this into a data frame,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01018-00656319-00656724 and the reason this looks a little bit gnarly, what I'm trying to do, is creating a nice
+L8FaMU19dFu-01019-00656724-00657613 data frame, I can feed into my ggplotto make that nice Love Plot. The variable in this
+L8FaMU19dFu-01020-00657613-00658783 data frame, I'm calling it var, and it will be the rownames of the ExtractSmd table. I
+L8FaMU19dFu-01021-00658783-00659581 get a vector of all of the variables that were included in my standardised mean differences
+L8FaMU19dFu-01022-00659581-00660207 table. And then, my second variable is called "unadjusted" and, for this, I'm pulling out,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01023-00660207-00661309 using the as.numeric to get the numeric values, and ExtractSmd, pulling out the unweighted
+L8FaMU19dFu-01024-00661309-00661750 standardised mean differences from this object that I created before. So if I ran just this
+L8FaMU19dFu-01025-00661750-00662300 in the console, I would get the numbers, a numeric vector of all the standardised mean
+L8FaMU19dFu-01026-00662300-00662894 differences for my unweighted table. Then weighted will do the same thing for my weighted
+L8FaMU19dFu-01027-00662894-00663361 table, hopefully that the standardised mean difference also smaller, hoping that the weighted
+L8FaMU19dFu-01028-00663361-00664316 analysis gets those two distributions to look closer. This final part, pivot_longer is nice
+L8FaMU19dFu-01029-00664316-00665169 and workable with ggplot2. Don't worry about this code. You can copy and paste it. So step
+L8FaMU19dFu-01030-00665169-00665882 4 is actually plotting this in a Love Plot in ggplot. My data is going to be that plot_df,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01031-00665882-00666684 and I will have the variable on the x-axis, the mean difference on the y-axis, and then
+L8FaMU19dFu-01032-00666684-00667227 I want to group by method and my colour's going to be method. That is creating two separate
+L8FaMU19dFu-01033-00667227-00667875 lines, one unadjusted, and one for the weighted model. Then I want to add a line for each
+L8FaMU19dFu-01034-00667875-00668584 of those. I want to add a point, and adding this each line is horizontal line of 0.1,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01035-00668584-00668963 and that is because that's kind of that rule of thumb, and we are hoping to give it a quick
+L8FaMU19dFu-01036-00668963-00669513 eyeball, and make sure that the weight ed version is sort of shifted beyond that 0.1
+L8FaMU19dFu-01037-00669513-00670054 point. And then I'm going to flip the co-ordinates so that the x-axis is the x cities ies, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-01038-00670054-00670786 vice versa, because it's easier to look at that way. So this is what this ends up looking
+L8FaMU19dFu-01039-00670786-00671605 like. And so, in the red, we have the unadjusted model. So this is before we did any adjustment,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01040-00671605-00671923 and you can see that the standardised mean difference across these different variables
+L8FaMU19dFu-01041-00671923-00672478 is pretty different between my two groups. In particular, age, so, age is quite different
+L8FaMU19dFu-01042-00672478-00672989 between the people who quit smoking and those who did not. But in the blue, I see my weighted
+L8FaMU19dFu-01043-00672989-00673531 analysis, and it's nicely all below my 0.1 rule of thumb, and basically, much closer
+L8FaMU19dFu-01044-00673531-00673956 to zero, and so my differences between these groups is much, much smaller. This is a nice
+L8FaMU19dFu-01045-00673956-00674360 way to visualize that. You want to be able to do something like this to get an idea for
+L8FaMU19dFu-01046-00674360-00675017 balance. I'm going to give you a couple of minutes to do that. We only have three minutes
+L8FaMU19dFu-01047-00675017-00675423 left. Actually, I'm not going to give you a couple of minutes. I'm going to move on,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01048-00675423-00675777 and then we will let you try some of this at the very end if you want to.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01049-00675777-00676262 > Maybe we can jump to the outcome model at this point?
+L8FaMU19dFu-01050-00676262-00676540 > Yes. > Of course, if you need to go, we of course
+L8FaMU19dFu-01051-00676540-00678371 actual understand. You can work through two or three more total on your own. Feel free
+L8FaMU19dFu-01052-00678371-00679778 to email us and ask questions, post them on the Meet Up commented board. That kind of
+L8FaMU19dFu-01053-00679778-00680065 thing. > Or tweet it at us.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01054-00680065-00680592 > We are taking a Twitter break right now. > So this is kind of a nice way to look at
+L8FaMU19dFu-01055-00680592-00681317 it, pre- and post-weighting as well. This is some code that you've got on your slide
+L8FaMU19dFu-01056-00681317-00682280 deck. Let's jump to the final outcome model. Just so we can put it all together. This is
+L8FaMU19dFu-01057-00682280-00682825 a very short slide deck because most of the heavy lifting is done before this. So fitting
+L8FaMU19dFu-01058-00682825-00683448 the outcome model. Once we have the weights, the outcome model is quite simple. All you're
+L8FaMU19dFu-01059-00683448-00684109 going to do is progress your outcome on your exposure, if your outcome is linear, so, in
+L8FaMU19dFu-01060-00684109-00684525 this case, our outcome was change in weight which is a continuous variable. You can just
+L8FaMU19dFu-01061-00684525-00685280 use your model, LM. You set your data, and your weights here. You can use tidy to be
+L8FaMU19dFu-01062-00685280-00685823 able to pull those out in a nice way. This is going to give you the correct point estimate,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01063-00685823-00686309 so that is great, but this is not going to get you to the correct confidence interval.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01064-00686309-00686948 This is where the {rsample} package comes in, which Malcolm mentioned at the beginning
+L8FaMU19dFu-01065-00686948-00687618 with bootstrapping. To do that, you're going to create a function to run your entire analysis
+L8FaMU19dFu-01066-00687618-00688390 on basically a sample of your data, so this function, it's just we're going to have one
+L8FaMU19dFu-01067-00688390-00689005 argument for this function split, and what that is, it's because the {rsample} has a
+L8FaMU19dFu-01068-00689005-00689834 way to basically split your data frame into like a subset of it, or maybe even just a
+L8FaMU19dFu-01069-00689834-00690205 sample from it, so it could be exactly the same size as your data frame but resampled
+L8FaMU19dFu-01070-00690205-00690932 some of your observations multiple times. I'm going to do that. I'm going to take my
+L8FaMU19dFu-01071-00690932-00691600 data frame, I'm going to split it, and then this code here is all exactly what we've already
+L8FaMU19dFu-01072-00691600-00692121 done. So, here, this is my exact same model, my provide score model that I originally did.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01073-00692121-00692777 If I was doing this with the qsmk data, I would replace this with qsmk, and then I would
+L8FaMU19dFu-01074-00692777-00693482 have tilde and I would have the age, sex, whatever I was putting into that model. The
+L8FaMU19dFu-01075-00693482-00694073 family is going to be binomial. This next part of code is also going to be exactly the
+L8FaMU19dFu-01076-00694073-00694764 same as the code we've done before. I'm going to augment my .df data with my propensity
+L8FaMU19dFu-01077-00694764-00695316 score and add my weights exactly as I did before, so this is copying that same exact
+L8FaMU19dFu-01078-00695316-00695735 code. Then my outcome model is going to be that exact code I showed you on the previous
+L8FaMU19dFu-01079-00695735-00696199 slide. It's going to be my exposure tilde outcome. The my weights are going to be my
+L8FaMU19dFu-01080-00696199-00696957 weight that I've calculated. Then I'm going to use the tidy function from the broom package.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01081-00696957-00697780 Okay, so this is the function that we're going to create, and how do we actually bootstrap
+L8FaMU19dFu-01082-00697780-00698469 this? There is a function called bootstraps. And, you can plug in the data frame, your
+L8FaMU19dFu-01083-00698469-00699109 original data frame into the bootstraps function and say how many samples you would like, so
+L8FaMU19dFu-01084-00699109-00700125 in this case, I'm going to do 1,000, and then I'm going to map the splits from this bootstrap
+L8FaMU19dFu-01085-00700125-00701211 into the ipw function. What I'm doing is effectively running this analysis a thousand times. And
+L8FaMU19dFu-01086-00701211-00701982 then I'm going to run these results. I'm taking those results, and I'm using the int_t because
+L8FaMU19dFu-01087-00701982-00702930 I want a t statistic, and I'm going to pipe that, and just pull out my exposure term.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01088-00702930-00703518 In this final, we have only two minutes over, it's not too bad. On this, this walks you
+L8FaMU19dFu-01089-00703518-00704126 through that exact same process, but, plugging in, the pieces that you have already done.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01090-00704126-00704696 So what I think we're going to do now. Let's take a couple of minutes for folks to ask
+L8FaMU19dFu-01091-00704696-00705362 questions, and then if you want to work on these different examples from five and six
+L8FaMU19dFu-01092-00705362-00706393 on your own, and send us any questions that you might have, we would be happy to sort
+L8FaMU19dFu-01093-00706393-00707243 of answer those. > Sorry, I missed your question, Terence,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01094-00707243-00708191 I missed your question twice. Terence, I guess he didn't hear the, your answer to the question,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01095-00708191-00708593 which is a great answer of the difference between propensity score and propensity score
+L8FaMU19dFu-01096-00708593-00708982 weighting. Maybe if you could resummarise that?
+L8FaMU19dFu-01097-00708982-00709659 > Yes, so, propensity score, so the propensity score is the probability of getting the exposure
+L8FaMU19dFu-01098-00709659-00710041 or the probability of getting the treatment. So that is always going to be fixed. That
+L8FaMU19dFu-01099-00710041-00710469 is just the probability that you get out of that. Usually, it's a logistic regression
+L8FaMU19dFu-01100-00710469-00711223 model although any model that can use a probability can estimate a propensity score. That's what
+L8FaMU19dFu-01101-00711223-00711734 the propensity score is. Propensity score weighting is basically a function of the propensity
+L8FaMU19dFu-01102-00711734-00712214 score, and it's one way to incorporate the propensity score into a final outcome model
+L8FaMU19dFu-01103-00712214-00712905 to be able to get a estimate. > We've talked about this several times, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-01104-00712905-00713342 I will let you answer this one. > Looks like Jay Lee has a question, if we
+L8FaMU19dFu-01105-00713342-00714178 do propensity score matching, do we also do the bootstrap? In the literature, most people
+L8FaMU19dFu-01106-00714178-00714735 who do the propensity score matching do not do a bootstrap. They basically get their matched
+L8FaMU19dFu-01107-00714735-00715213 sample, and then once that matched sample has been achieved, they treat it as a fixed
+L8FaMU19dFu-01108-00715213-00715766 population, and their final analysis just like on that population, and get the confidence
+L8FaMU19dFu-01109-00715766-00716160 intervals as you would in a Northumberland setting. Now, I - in a normal setting. I think
+L8FaMU19dFu-01110-00716160-00716662 there are circumstances where that will not get you the right confidence interval. Best
+L8FaMU19dFu-01111-00716662-00717342 practice would be to wrap the whole process, and try to bootstrap it. It is more complicated,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01112-00717342-00717849 because if you end up, if you have a matching algorithm, for example, that is not going
+L8FaMU19dFu-01113-00717849-00718566 always to give you the same matched per cent, you can end up estimating effects in different
+L8FaMU19dFu-01114-00718566-00719168 populations, and then you could end up with kind of a weird result. So, it is somewhat
+L8FaMU19dFu-01115-00719168-00719720 of an open question, but the real answer I get is no, people do not usually use bootstrap.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01116-00719720-00720396 I feel like there's a paper by Peter Austen which suggests you don't have to do the variance
+L8FaMU19dFu-01117-00720396-00720859 is okay when you do matching? Am I remembering that correctly, Malcolm?
+L8FaMU19dFu-01118-00720859-00721550 > That sounds rights, yes. By the way, that's a good suggestion if you're interested in
+L8FaMU19dFu-01119-00721550-00722050 the more practical side of Peter Austen has written a lot of articles about the causal
+L8FaMU19dFu-01120-00722050-00722561 inference techniques, like practical questions about using them day-to-day in your work.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01121-00722561-00723663 That body of literature is really informative. This type of thing. It's also not as obviously
+L8FaMU19dFu-01122-00723663-00723991 distorting your associations, this weighting, because it's up-Waite ing people, right? They
+L8FaMU19dFu-01123-00723991-00724798 down the more towards the analysis. It inherently distorts the associations between those people.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01124-00724798-00725282 And so, it's just - it's also just happening more clearly, in a way.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01125-00725282-00725661 > Although, this is something that I sometimes talk about, because people with matching,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01126-00725661-00726208 it's almost more extreme, though, because you're downweighting people to zero. That
+L8FaMU19dFu-01127-00726208-00726659 is what matching does. It takes anybody who doesn't get matched gets downweighted to zero.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01128-00726659-00727257 Some people, if you do an algorithm that is like a one-to-many match, then you end up
+L8FaMU19dFu-01129-00727257-00727967 upweighting some people to five or six, or whatever your many. I do think there - I don't
+L8FaMU19dFu-01130-00727967-00728537 think it's as simple as it sometimes is made out to be. But -
+L8FaMU19dFu-01131-00728537-00729282 > That's for Eileen as well. > Any other questions from the audience? Quell,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01132-00729282-00730571 thank you all for joining us. I'm sorry we were a little bit. I see, this is apply oh,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01133-00730571-00731257 a long question. I will wait for this next question. Thank you all for joining us. This
+L8FaMU19dFu-01134-00731257-00731971 was really enjoyable. We hope to be offer it. Again, a little bit longer, or with shorter
+L8FaMU19dFu-01135-00731971-00732426 examples, or something. > And, please really think of yourselves as
+L8FaMU19dFu-01136-00732426-00732989 collaborators with us. If you saw anything, you have suggestions on, you know, treat it
+L8FaMU19dFu-01137-00732989-00733317 like open source code. This is an open source teaching. Hen's by contributing whether it
+L8FaMU19dFu-01138-00733317-00734155 - help us by contributing whether it is suggestions, whatever. If there is anything you found confusing,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01139-00734155-00734872 our found a typo, or whatever, we would love to know about it, because it helps future
+L8FaMU19dFu-01140-00734872-00735591 students, and so help us help them by doing that, and collaborate with us on improving
+L8FaMU19dFu-01141-00735591-00736152 this course. > Thank you so much. Somebody asked about
+L8FaMU19dFu-01142-00736152-00736721 a book. I think Malcolm mentioned a couple of books right at the beginning. Miguel Hernan
+L8FaMU19dFu-01143-00736721-00737506 has a book. Malcolm and I will working on a book. Maybe it's too soon to see to say
+L8FaMU19dFu-01144-00737506-00737816 that! > Yes, we're in the early stages of working
+L8FaMU19dFu-01145-00737816-00738988 on it. More about this question. And so causal inference for me was a big one, but it's also
+L8FaMU19dFu-01146-00738988-00739891 - it is not afraid to dive into the technical stuff, so, if you may like that, you know?
+L8FaMU19dFu-01147-00739891-00740348 Maybe you come from a statistics background and you want to see the formulas, and that
+L8FaMU19dFu-01148-00740348-00740959 sort of thing. I think as far as, it does get a relatively nice balance with that stuff.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01149-00740959-00741721 I'm not a biostatistician so I wasn't diving into the technical formulas. I find it very
+L8FaMU19dFu-01150-00741721-00742212 useful. I refer to it often. It's really a go-to.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01151-00742212-00742781 > I think so there is a dement that Hernan might not be basic, and that Pearl has an
+L8FaMU19dFu-01152-00742781-00743711 intro book. I find Perfectly a little bit - I find Pearl hard. I find it hard from an
+L8FaMU19dFu-01153-00743711-00744366 analytic perspective. I do think there's a gap in the literature for a very basic explanation
+L8FaMU19dFu-01154-00744366-00744860 of some of this stuff. I think this week, we will have the podcast out. We talk about
+L8FaMU19dFu-01155-00744860-00745457 it on - one thing that is tough in the causal framework is up until now, most of the training
+L8FaMU19dFu-01156-00745457-00746319 has been really in the, like, men touring/mentee apprentice model where basically, you learn
+L8FaMU19dFu-01157-00746319-00746877 it, because your adviser is someone who is, like, as a PhD student, your adviser is someone
+L8FaMU19dFu-01158-00746877-00747230 who is steeped in it. My advisers, adviser, was Rosenbaum, and his adviser was Ruben,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01159-00747230-00748140 and I knew only about people in the framework, and I learned all the basics because there
+L8FaMU19dFu-01160-00748140-00748569 wasn't even at the time of class in my department, it was like I did an independent study with
+L8FaMU19dFu-01161-00748569-00749105 my professor and learned he is thanks through this one-on-one apprenticeship. I think only
+L8FaMU19dFu-01162-00749105-00749540 recently has it become where that is not the case any more. We haven't very efficiently
+L8FaMU19dFu-01163-00749540-00749868 written down the in-between parts, and so ...
+L8FaMU19dFu-01164-00749868-00750646 > I'm not from a situation like that. That was really not the case. Although, to some
+L8FaMU19dFu-01165-00750646-00751312 degree, I have a little bit of a lineage going back to, like, Sandra Greener who is an epidemiologist.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01166-00751312-00751955 In lots of ways, I feel like I'm stealing sugar from the castle, this peasant, who snuck
+L8FaMU19dFu-01167-00751955-00752756 on in, and, because it has been that way, really. It's luckily, it's opening up. It's
+L8FaMU19dFu-01168-00752756-00753169 getting better. > I do think that there is a lot of room for
+L8FaMU19dFu-01169-00753169-00753733 this kind of introductory stuff to get written down in a really clear way, because there
+L8FaMU19dFu-01170-00753733-00754321 is a lot of high-level things, but, like what I'm noticing in the space is that some people
+L8FaMU19dFu-01171-00754321-00754703 try to there is from a different background, like machine learning, people are trying to
+L8FaMU19dFu-01172-00754703-00755566 get into causal work, and they will make mistakes in their mathematic assumptions, but we all
+L8FaMU19dFu-01173-00755566-00756270 knew those assumptions because we are steeped in it, but it's not written down anywhere.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01174-00756270-00757250 This is a real problem. Anyway, there is a question: are DAGs by themselves causal? So,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01175-00757250-00757852 this is like a - I think it's a conceptual thing. A DAG - DAGs describe the assumption.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01176-00757852-00758525 So they draw assumptions. They're basically a visual depiction of assumption, and if those
+L8FaMU19dFu-01177-00758525-00759069 assumptions are true, and you estimate your effects based on what you've drawn in your
+L8FaMU19dFu-01178-00759069-00759698 DAG, the effect you estimate will be causal, so the DAG itself I wouldn't say is causal,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01179-00759698-00760905 but if they are sky cruising effects, you're ... but the DAG, these are not testable assumptions.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01180-00760905-00761444 So, basically, the thing that the DAG is good for, I think, is that it gets you to write
+L8FaMU19dFu-01181-00761444-00762019 down those explicit assumptions, and you can say this model I fit because I believe this
+L8FaMU19dFu-01182-00762019-00762460 is the under lying kind of relationship between all these variables. Does that answer that
+L8FaMU19dFu-01183-00762460-00763412 question, Malcolm? > Yes, I think that's a great answer, yes.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01184-00763412-00764349 > Yes. If you were in the wild, would you advise using ATM as the default target estimand?
+L8FaMU19dFu-01185-00764349-00765261 > It is not always the appropriate he is of - it does depend on your audience. I think
+L8FaMU19dFu-01186-00765261-00765817 for the most part, I think the ATM is a good target estimand. What was the next question?
+L8FaMU19dFu-01187-00765817-00766128 Is there a way to derive how many bootstrap replications should be enough?
+L8FaMU19dFu-01188-00766128-00766662 > Yes, so you can bootstrap your bootstrap if you want to. You can do a double bootstrap.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01189-00766662-00767276 You can see the variation between your sample, like in your confidence intervals, and when
+L8FaMU19dFu-01190-00767276-00767698 your variation is small, sufficiently small, then you can say that you have had enough.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01191-00767698-00768142 In practice, usually, what I do is I will basically do like a leave one out situation
+L8FaMU19dFu-01192-00768142-00768664 where I will essentially, like, run my model the number of times that I have samples, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-01193-00768664-00769392 basically re-Southern Hemisphere from my same dataset that many times. There are - you can
+L8FaMU19dFu-01194-00769392-00770027 check by doing the double bootstrap to make sure that your estimates still aren't wiggling.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01195-00770027-00770487 > One nice thing with the R sample - the {rsample} package tries to give you advice when you
+L8FaMU19dFu-01196-00770487-00771108 get to the confidence intervals about whether or not you've got enough samples. If you have
+L8FaMU19dFu-01197-00771108-00771773 too few, it will ask you we don't know for sure, but you might have too few bootstrap
+L8FaMU19dFu-01198-00771773-00772107 samples for this, to get this confidence interval. > It warns you automatically?
+L8FaMU19dFu-01199-00772107-00772509 > Yes, very nice. I bumped into that, because, guess what, I didn't do enough!
+L8FaMU19dFu-01200-00772509-00773336 > That's awesome. Somebody asked if our book has a URL. This does not? We can share it,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01201-00773336-00774048 I guess, if we ever get one together. Someone else asked if I could share how I calculated
+L8FaMU19dFu-01202-00774048-00774552 the weights column. I thought I would show that code again real quick. This is the code
+L8FaMU19dFu-01203-00774552-00775842 for the weight. For example, the - I use mutate to add the column. Calling it "wate". In this
+L8FaMU19dFu-01204-00775842-00776382 case, because I'm using an ATE weight, the formula is the indicator for whether or not
+L8FaMU19dFu-01205-00776382-00776934 you're in the treatment group divided by the propensity score, plus one minus, that indicator
+L8FaMU19dFu-01206-00776934-00777584 - so, I run that. > In practice, that ends up being, like, in
+L8FaMU19dFu-01207-00777584-00778092 my earlier code, I had if' else as a wrapper, and that ends up being the same?
+L8FaMU19dFu-01208-00778092-00778686 > Yes, I think you did it, like, one over if' else(qsmk==0.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01209-00778686-00780279 > As you said, one of those parts cops out. > Exactly. So then, we can just prove to ourselves
+L8FaMU19dFu-01210-00780279-00781336 that these things are ... all the times they're not equal. Never.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01211-00781336-00782253 > Good. That's good news! > All right. It looks like the questions are
+L8FaMU19dFu-01212-00782253-00783768 kind of slowing down, so, I'm on Twitter @LucyStats, and that is a good way if you want to reach
+L8FaMU19dFu-01213-00783768-00784567 me, and you have further examples. What is the best way. Malcolm is taking a break from
+L8FaMU19dFu-01214-00784567-00784863 Twitter. > Until the end of summer. I've got busy things
+L8FaMU19dFu-01215-00784863-00785278 that are distracting. Unfortunately, I don't have the brain space for Twitter right now.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01216-00785278-00785884 And I will say, actually, you know, I think probably a lot of people in this particular
+L8FaMU19dFu-01217-00785884-00786523 group, probably, a select group that is maybe a little bit more involved in the Twitter
+L8FaMU19dFu-01218-00786523-00787296 RStats sphere than other people, but just as Twitter is a great place to learn R, it's
+L8FaMU19dFu-01219-00787296-00787907 a great place to talk directly with the experts on causal inference. I've learned so, so much
+L8FaMU19dFu-01220-00787907-00788244 being on Twitter and interacting with the causal inference community.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01221-00788244-00788901 > Yes, me too. Thank you to R-Ladies LA for organising this. It was great.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01222-00788901-00789460 > Thanks so much. > Do our hosts have anything they want to
+L8FaMU19dFu-01223-00789460-00789901 address? Any meet-ups coming up they want to announce?
+L8FaMU19dFu-01224-00789901-00790508 > We don't have our August meet-up scheduled yet, but look forward to something from us,
+L8FaMU19dFu-01225-00790508-00790963 and we want to thank Andrew again for doing the closed captioning. I hope that was helpful
+L8FaMU19dFu-01226-00790963-00791479 for anyone using it, and we are still recording, but I'm going to shut that off shortly, and
+L8FaMU19dFu-01227-00791479-00792298 I will let everyone know when the video is hosted by the useR! team. If you missed the
+L8FaMU19dFu-01228-00792298-00792648 first 20 minutes or something, you can always watch again.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01229-00792648-00793138 > Thanks so much, everyone. > Bye.
+L8FaMU19dFu-01230-00793138-00793236 > Bye.