0n24iQJ_f7A-00000-00000152-00000412 Alright honey, get clo- get closer to the statue.
0n24iQJ_f7A-00001-00000426-00000534 Get- get right in there.
0n24iQJ_f7A-00002-00000534-00000602 You can touch it.
0n24iQJ_f7A-00003-00000648-00000814 Hey that things been up for 50 years
0n24iQJ_f7A-00004-00000814-00001120 I think- I think it can be stand to be touched by little old you, okay?
0n24iQJ_f7A-00005-00001136-00001270 (it's scary) Heh, alright.
0n24iQJ_f7A-00006-00001278-00001394 Alright, get ready!
0n24iQJ_f7A-00007-00001458-00001546 Three...
0n24iQJ_f7A-00008-00001594-00001678 Two...
0n24iQJ_f7A-00009-00001728-00001778 O-
0n24iQJ_f7A-00010-00001862-00001948 The sta-
0n24iQJ_f7A-00011-00001962-00002012 The-
0n24iQJ_f7A-00012-00002023-00002088 The statue!
0n24iQJ_f7A-00013-00002116-00002184 Oh my God.
0n24iQJ_f7A-00014-00002196-00002304 Oh my God!
0n24iQJ_f7A-00015-00002358-00002466 (Oh no!) The statue's moving!
0n24iQJ_f7A-00016-00002508-00002558 (No!) The statue's- moving!
0n24iQJ_f7A-00017-00002558-00002682 The statue's- moving!
0n24iQJ_f7A-00018-00002682-00002762 (Oh my God!)
0n24iQJ_f7A-00019-00002762-00002890 THE STATUE!
0n24iQJ_f7A-00020-00002890-00002940 (Oh my God!)
0n24iQJ_f7A-00021-00002940-00003354 THE STATUE IS ALIVE!!!!
0n24iQJ_f7A-00022-00003668-00003832 AAAAHHHHHHHHHH!
0n24iQJ_f7A-00023-00003832-00004194 I HAVE COME TO BURN YOUR TOWN TO THE GROUND.
0n24iQJ_f7A-00024-00004228-00004382 (BURN IT DOWN)
0n24iQJ_f7A-00025-00004452-00004802 IF YOU RUN YOUR BONES WON'T EVEN BE FOUND.
0n24iQJ_f7A-00026-00004802-00005000 (I'M NOT KIDDING AROUND)
0n24iQJ_f7A-00027-00005078-00005452 PUT YOU IN A TOMB THAT YOU BUILT YOURSELF.
0n24iQJ_f7A-00028-00005492-00005624 (YOU DID THIS)
0n24iQJ_f7A-00029-00005680-00006048 A TOMB YOU THOUGHT SPELLED DOOM FOR SOMEBODY ELSE.
0n24iQJ_f7A-00030-00006048-00006310 BUT NOW IT'S CLEAR FOR YOU ALL TO SEE.
0n24iQJ_f7A-00031-00006310-00006368 (SEEEEEEEEEEEE) BUT NOW IT'S CLEAR FOR YOU ALL TO SEE.
0n24iQJ_f7A-00032-00006368-00006638 (SEEEEEEEEEEEE) THIS WHOLE TIME YOU'VE BEEN PROVING TO ME.
0n24iQJ_f7A-00033-00006638-00006690 (MEEEEEEEEEEE) THIS WHOLE TIME YOU'VE BEEN PROVING TO ME.
0n24iQJ_f7A-00034-00006690-00006936 (MEEEEEEEEEEE) YOU HAVE TO PAY FOR ALL THAT YOU'VE DONE
0n24iQJ_f7A-00035-00006936-00006998 (DONE) YOU HAVE TO PAY FOR ALL THAT YOU'VE DONE
0n24iQJ_f7A-00036-00006998-00007262 AND I WON'T STOP UNTIL I AM DONE!
0n24iQJ_f7A-00037-00007262-00007312 (DONE) AND I WON'T STOP UNTIL I AM DONE!
0n24iQJ_f7A-00038-00007312-00007556 IT'S NOT YOUR CHOICE YOU DON'T GET A SAY!
0n24iQJ_f7A-00039-00007556-00007612 (SAYYYYYYYYY) IT'S NOT YOUR CHOICE YOU DON'T GET A SAY!
0n24iQJ_f7A-00040-00007612-00007881 (SAYYYYYYYYY) YOU MADE YOUR CHOICE NOW YOU HAVE TO PAY!!
0n24iQJ_f7A-00041-00007881-00007962 YOU MADE YOUR CHOICE NOW YOU HAVE TO PAY!!
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00000-00000088-00000364 Hello and welcome.
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00001-00000650-00001018 Today is another workday.
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00002-00001194-00001470 It is snowing today too.
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00003-00001748-00002306 The snow is indeed staying on the ground,
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00004-00002306-00003014 but thankfully it isn't remaining on the roads.
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00005-00003384-00004468 So I was able to travel easily.
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00006-00005490-00005968 Hopefully I will also be able to travel
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00007-00005968-00006416 easily this evening.
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00008-00006944-00007864 In fact, I don't have much to talk about.
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00009-00008312-00009382 So I will talk about
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00010-00009554-00010042 Amikumu. Amikumu is an app
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00011-00010328-00010816 for cell phones.
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00012-00010916-00012006 It is available for Android
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00013-00012158-00012884 and iPhone.
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00014-00013068-00013394 The app shows you
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00015-00013394-00014026 other language users of the languages
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00016-00014080-00015013 one speaks.
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00017-00015196-00015854 For example, I found a few
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00018-00015854-00016410 other Esperantists near me.
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00019-00016982-00017218 That is all for today.
0nvpKcIZ3zQ-00020-00017218-00017418 Until tomorrow.
0nS9fygoCOY-00000-00000003-00000465 so Britney Spears has been in a mental health treatment facility and recently
0nS9fygoCOY-00001-00000465-00000894 there was a little bit of a protest called the free Britney movement or
0nS9fygoCOY-00002-00000894-00001263 something like that because they believe that Britney Spears was being held
0nS9fygoCOY-00003-00001263-00001722 against her will in a mental health facility but in this video what we're
0nS9fygoCOY-00004-00001722-00003059 gonna discuss is there might be a little bit more than people what is up
0nS9fygoCOY-00005-00003059-00003438 everybody this is Chris from the rewired soul where we talk about the problem but
0nS9fygoCOY-00006-00003438-00003759 focus on the solution and if you're new to my channel what I'd like to do is
0nS9fygoCOY-00007-00003759-00004278 pull it with topics from pop culture or the YouTube community to see what we can
0nS9fygoCOY-00008-00004278-00004628 learn and something I'm very passionate about is mental health and mental health
0nS9fygoCOY-00009-00004628-00004946 treatment so if the any of that stuff make sure you subscribe and bring that
0nS9fygoCOY-00010-00004946-00005385 notification about so full disclaimer I am a licensed therapist or psychologist
0nS9fygoCOY-00011-00005385-00005860 or anything like that I am somebody who has had my own personal experience with
0nS9fygoCOY-00012-00005860-00006447 anxiety depression addiction issues and I've also worked at a mental health
0nS9fygoCOY-00013-00006447-00006777 treatment facility that specialized in addiction for a little over three years
0nS9fygoCOY-00014-00006777-00007268 but we were a dual diagnosis facility so we also help people with mental
0nS9fygoCOY-00015-00007268-00007608 illnesses alright and that's gonna be important as we talk about these next
0nS9fygoCOY-00016-00007608-00008181 subjects so anyways go back so Britney Spears um she was doing a Las Vegas
0nS9fygoCOY-00017-00008181-00008461 residency
0nS9fygoCOY-00018-00008957-00009903 she entered into a mental health treatment facility and anyways just
0nS9fygoCOY-00019-00009903-00010286 recently there was a massive protest where tons and tons and tons of fans
0nS9fygoCOY-00020-00010286-00010668 came together to talk about free Britney because there's this little conspiracy
0nS9fygoCOY-00021-00010668-00011097 going around that Britney Spears is being held against her will
0nS9fygoCOY-00022-00011097-00011577 alright so anyway it's like like okay let me just show you this clip real
0nS9fygoCOY-00023-00011577-00011918 quick we can't speak exactly to her mental health but we can't speak to what
0nS9fygoCOY-00024-00011918-00012339 we've seen as fans and as the public and what she's able to do and it's obvious
0nS9fygoCOY-00025-00012339-00012753 that she shouldn't be under that amount of control can you again we can't speak
0nS9fygoCOY-00026-00012753-00013112 exactly to her mental health but we can't speak to what we've seen as fans
0nS9fygoCOY-00027-00013112-00013513 okay all right so you guys like conspiracy
0nS9fygoCOY-00028-00013513-00013868 theories are fun like when Shane Dawson was talking about Chuck the cheese pizza
0nS9fygoCOY-00029-00013868-00014185 it's like EEE that's kind of fun all right the like
0nS9fygoCOY-00030-00014185-00014747 here's the issue his issues so many people and this is one of the reasons
0nS9fygoCOY-00031-00014747-00015179 why I talk about it on my channel like so many people do not understand mental
0nS9fygoCOY-00032-00015179-00015611 health or mental health treatment and it sucks and something I try to do is just
0nS9fygoCOY-00033-00015611-00016355 increase awareness so silly things like this do not happen like people are out
0nS9fygoCOY-00034-00016355-00016811 there protesting and talking about a conspiracy and it's absolutely
0nS9fygoCOY-00035-00016811-00017132 ridiculous okay so let's go back to Britney Spears father being a
0nS9fygoCOY-00036-00017132-00017669 conservative okay so he is somebody who's making decisions for her there's
0nS9fygoCOY-00037-00017669-00018023 been some talk and debate about whether or not legally he could take her into a
0nS9fygoCOY-00038-00018023-00018428 mental health treatment facility and all that kind of stuff okay now like let's
0nS9fygoCOY-00039-00018428-00019010 just let's just have a moment let's sit down with our friend logic real quick
0nS9fygoCOY-00040-00019010-00019352 not the rapper just logic like human logic okay
0nS9fygoCOY-00041-00019352-00019898 damn this is crazy like Britney Spears had one of the most public mental
0nS9fygoCOY-00042-00019898-00020741 breakdowns in modern history okay like everybody everybody remembers that is it
0nS9fygoCOY-00043-00020741-00021113 possible is it possible I'm just gonna throw this out there for a second is it
0nS9fygoCOY-00044-00021113-00021734 possible that Britney Spears sang her whole like ability to make these like
0nS9fygoCOY-00045-00021734-00022316 decisions over to her father during that period of time because she acknowledged
0nS9fygoCOY-00046-00022316-00022868 that she is not mentally well is that possibility like if I was a betting man
0nS9fygoCOY-00047-00022868-00023540 which sometimes I am I would bet that that's what happened okay so so yeah
0nS9fygoCOY-00048-00023540-00024095 like something that I read this morning and the source was TMZ I don't know how
0nS9fygoCOY-00049-00024095-00024515 reliable they are but anyways they said that she was originally checked in
0nS9fygoCOY-00050-00024515-00025001 because her father's health was affecting Britney Spears mental health
0nS9fygoCOY-00051-00025001-00025460 right but timsy reported that one of the things was was that she stopped taking
0nS9fygoCOY-00052-00025460-00025982 her medications and philip defranco talked about that today too and what
0nS9fygoCOY-00053-00025982-00026427 things is a side effect of many mental health medications is very dangerous
0nS9fygoCOY-00054-00026427-00026888 okay for for many mental health medications like one of the side effects
0nS9fygoCOY-00055-00026888-00027272 if you get off of them without like a doctor helping you get off of them
0nS9fygoCOY-00056-00027272-00027756 you can become suicidal okay terrible things can happen and some people can
0nS9fygoCOY-00057-00027756-00028220 have seizures some people can have heart issues you know sometimes there's
0nS9fygoCOY-00058-00028220-00028533 withdrawal okay and here's the thing like I don't know
0nS9fygoCOY-00059-00028533-00028814 Britney Spears I don't know what she was going through I don't know what
0nS9fygoCOY-00060-00028814-00029264 medication she was on but here's the thing working in the mental health
0nS9fygoCOY-00061-00029264-00029775 facility like that word like the addiction treatment center like I used
0nS9fygoCOY-00062-00029775-00030152 to have to talk to clients all the time about medications and why not to stop
0nS9fygoCOY-00063-00030152-00030525 them I'm not a doctor but I'm somebody who's played that game before okay I
0nS9fygoCOY-00064-00030525-00030906 take lexapro for anxiety and depression it's a non-narcotic medication that
0nS9fygoCOY-00065-00030906-00031269 helps me out and there were a few times in my early sobriety where I just
0nS9fygoCOY-00066-00031269-00031595 stopped taking them feel better I stopped taking them and I wouldn't lose
0nS9fygoCOY-00067-00031595-00032084 my mind Oh lose my mind because I just stopped taking them cold turkey and the
0nS9fygoCOY-00068-00032084-00032495 panic attacks will just come right back and I'm one of the fortunate ones for
0nS9fygoCOY-00069-00032495-00032796 many people especially an addiction recovery who quit taking their
0nS9fygoCOY-00070-00032796-00033249 medications they relapse they relapse okay so I'd have to talk to be able
0nS9fygoCOY-00071-00033249-00033590 might listen you might not have to be on your medications forever like I have
0nS9fygoCOY-00072-00033590-00034034 personally weaned off my medications many times like after I learned my harsh
0nS9fygoCOY-00073-00034034-00034437 lesson I've done it with a doctor and I've been asked my medications for
0nS9fygoCOY-00074-00034437-00034755 periods of time around like six months to a year I've been back on it for like
0nS9fygoCOY-00075-00034755-00035141 the last year or so you know but it's been with a doctor and like that's cool
0nS9fygoCOY-00076-00035141-00035583 but I seen so many people come back into treatment because they got off their
0nS9fygoCOY-00077-00035583-00036093 medications so let's let's go back to logic real quick I think do you think
0nS9fygoCOY-00078-00036093-00036611 that Britney Spears father may have made the right choice by getting her help
0nS9fygoCOY-00079-00036611-00037022 because she got four medications one of the biggest things that I've seen from a
0nS9fygoCOY-00080-00037022-00037308 lot of people who got off their medications is this they say I've
0nS9fygoCOY-00081-00037308-00037733 stopped taking my medications because I felt better well guess what here's the
0nS9fygoCOY-00082-00037733-00038246 secret okay yeah felt better because the medications were working okay this is
0nS9fygoCOY-00083-00038246-00038540 why you talk with the doctor and you talk about your symptoms and they take
0nS9fygoCOY-00084-00038540-00038838 you off slowly and you follow up with the doctor you're talking about is
0nS9fygoCOY-00085-00038838-00039183 anything arising anything coming up like I had to have
0nS9fygoCOY-00086-00039183-00039645 like a whole plan in place as I came off of my medications I did some videos
0nS9fygoCOY-00087-00039645-00040038 about this a while back the last time I went off next phone then I like went
0nS9fygoCOY-00088-00040038-00040488 back on it and everything but like I decide things in place so it could be
0nS9fygoCOY-00089-00040488-00040986 very very dangerous to do this okay the next thing the next thing yet I think a
0nS9fygoCOY-00090-00040986-00041550 lot of people are neglecting is that Britney Spears has been in the public
0nS9fygoCOY-00091-00041550-00042048 spotlight since she was a child like we're talking like Mickey Mouse Club
0nS9fygoCOY-00092-00042048-00042531 type stuff okay like I don't know how old you are watching this video but do
0nS9fygoCOY-00093-00042531-00042915 you remember the Mickey Mouse Club that seamless ages ago like she was all over
0nS9fygoCOY-00094-00042915-00043320 like Justin Timberlake all right there were children they've been in the public
0nS9fygoCOY-00095-00043320-00043686 spotlight since they were kids and I don't know if you've heard but a
0nS9fygoCOY-00096-00043686-00044106 lot of kids who grew up in that industry they develop issues when they get older
0nS9fygoCOY-00097-00044106-00044577 so there's a high chance that Britney Spears might be dealing with these
0nS9fygoCOY-00098-00044577-00045036 issues because she has constantly been in the public spotlight all right and
0nS9fygoCOY-00099-00045036-00045321 maybe a mental-health treatment center is the best thing for and here's the
0nS9fygoCOY-00100-00045321-00045882 thing like so many people and like this wag this whole protest thing bugs me so
0nS9fygoCOY-00101-00045882-00046188 many people like don't get it they just don't get it
0nS9fygoCOY-00102-00046188-00046581 like when it comes to like wellness checks or checking somebody into a
0nS9fygoCOY-00103-00046581-00046992 mental health treatment center when they might not you know be safe around
0nS9fygoCOY-00104-00046992-00047445 themselves or others like these people like I don't think they want to be there
0nS9fygoCOY-00105-00047445-00047853 like you guys guess what a lot of people don't want to be there but you got to
0nS9fygoCOY-00106-00047853-00048414 remember mental illness not in the right state of mind like this is one of the
0nS9fygoCOY-00107-00048414-00048867 reasons why you know the severely mentally ill need people to make
0nS9fygoCOY-00108-00048867-00049323 decisions for them now a lot of us struggle with mental health issues on a
0nS9fygoCOY-00109-00049323-00049707 less severe basis you know we struggle with anxiety or depression or anything
0nS9fygoCOY-00110-00049707-00050067 like that but we're not a danger to ourselves or other people you know what
0nS9fygoCOY-00111-00050067-00050502 I'm saying but other people you know when they become you know I don't know
0nS9fygoCOY-00112-00050502-00050850 what Britney Spears was going through but other people who are like suicidal
0nS9fygoCOY-00113-00050850-00051294 or other things like that yeah there's a reason why they'll have 72-hour holds so
0nS9fygoCOY-00114-00051294-00051811 it's like it's it's crazy to me because this has come up so much I see that
0nS9fygoCOY-00115-00051811-00052276 everywhere really like well that person I know they were suicidal but they
0nS9fygoCOY-00116-00052276-00052573 didn't want to go to a mental health treatment center it's like well no crap
0nS9fygoCOY-00117-00052573-00052987 like I'm somebody who's worked with addicts and alcoholics and people who
0nS9fygoCOY-00118-00052987-00053395 are you know suicidal or dealing with like all sorts of other issues and they
0nS9fygoCOY-00119-00053395-00053863 don't want to go to rehab well too bad that's just what people
0nS9fygoCOY-00120-00053863-00054255 like us have to do right well they don't want to go into a sober living or they
0nS9fygoCOY-00121-00054255-00054610 don't whatever it is when it comes to our mental health it's not about what we
0nS9fygoCOY-00122-00054610-00055000 want to do it's what we need to do alright the last thing I'll talk about
0nS9fygoCOY-00123-00055000-00055663 which is where I get torn with what I do with my channel and the content but like
0nS9fygoCOY-00124-00055663-00056104 like the videos that you see behind me like this is like a Hollywood Reporter
0nS9fygoCOY-00125-00056104-00056572 who's using clips of like paparazzi who are like all up in Britney Spears face
0nS9fygoCOY-00126-00056572-00056914 when she left the mental health treatment facility and she was like oh
0nS9fygoCOY-00127-00056914-00057247 well I think she's still checked in but she might have just had a pass but like
0nS9fygoCOY-00128-00057247-00057783 like just think about that for a second like living a life where you're trying
0nS9fygoCOY-00129-00057783-00058060 to like work on yourself and work on your mental health and you're going
0nS9fygoCOY-00130-00058060-00058533 through these issues and the paparazzi is waiting there for you so they can
0nS9fygoCOY-00131-00058533-00059113 write a story about this you know what I mean and that's where I get torn and one
0nS9fygoCOY-00132-00059113-00059644 of the only reasons that I'm making this video is to help educate more people out
0nS9fygoCOY-00133-00059644-00060066 there about mental health treatment who are out there holding signs of free
0nS9fygoCOY-00134-00060066-00060499 Britney even though they have no clue what her or her family's going through
0nS9fygoCOY-00135-00060499-00061002 so it's like this whole difficult situation but the other thing is is that
0nS9fygoCOY-00136-00061002-00061489 I'm the problem you're the problem like the paparazzi would it be out there
0nS9fygoCOY-00137-00061489-00061900 taking pictures if we weren't watching this if we want paying attention to this
0nS9fygoCOY-00138-00061900-00062335 and it's just like this gets into a whole philosophical discussion about
0nS9fygoCOY-00139-00062335-00062754 like what do we do what do we do because we're drawn to this stuff we want to
0nS9fygoCOY-00140-00062754-00063330 know this stuff like Britney Spears is like diehard fans are watching for every
0nS9fygoCOY-00141-00063330-00063792 update about this situation so no wonder why the news is all over it but could
0nS9fygoCOY-00142-00063792-00064176 you imagine if they were releasing articles like this or releasing videos
0nS9fygoCOY-00143-00064176-00064576 like this like this video behind me has over 15,000 views in the last day what
0nS9fygoCOY-00144-00064576-00065007 if nobody watched it do you think they keep making videos about it
0nS9fygoCOY-00145-00065007-00065313 you know what I mean and then like I said I get torn because
0nS9fygoCOY-00146-00065313-00065634 I feel like you know I have this responsibility of working in the mental
0nS9fygoCOY-00147-00065634-00066039 health treatment realm where I have to come in here and explain some stuff so
0nS9fygoCOY-00148-00066039-00066546 now I'm adding to it too and it's just this kind of weird cycle you know but I
0nS9fygoCOY-00149-00066546-00066888 will say this as an optimist is like you're trying to increase awareness I'm
0nS9fygoCOY-00150-00066888-00067209 glad that you know at least we get to talk about and hopefully somebody out
0nS9fygoCOY-00151-00067209-00067491 there got educated a little bit about this stuff all right
0nS9fygoCOY-00152-00067491-00067878 anyway it's anyways let me know your thoughts on this stuff down below like
0nS9fygoCOY-00153-00067878-00068214 what are your thoughts on people being put in treatment even though they don't
0nS9fygoCOY-00154-00068214-00068550 want to be there but they need to be there let's have a discussion down below
0nS9fygoCOY-00155-00068550-00068844 all right but if you like this video please give it a thumbs up if you're new
0nS9fygoCOY-00156-00068844-00069213 make sure you subscribe and win that notification bail because I make a ton
0nS9fygoCOY-00157-00069213-00069540 of videos and a huge huge thank you to everybody supporting the channel of our
0nS9fygoCOY-00158-00069540-00069867 patreon you are all amazing and if you would like to become a patron click a
0nS9fygoCOY-00159-00069867-00070248 tap right there alright thanks again so so much for watching I'll see you next
0nS9fygoCOY-00160-00070248-00070478 time
1omGZDQT0IE-00000-00000426-00000730 Ibushi, I’m sorry.
1omGZDQT0IE-00001-00001013-00001146 後藤…
1omGZDQT0IE-00002-00001150-00002003 言っただろ。今年は俺の真価を見せてやるって。
1omGZDQT0IE-00003-00002006-00002513 後藤、気をつけろよ。 ”チェーズはただ今問題を捜査中”だ。
1omGZDQT0IE-00004-00002516-00002686 あぁ、首がいてぇ。
1omGZDQT0IE-00005-00002900-00003196 I’m good. I have nothing to add.
1omGZDQT0IE-00006-00003260-00003463 俺が話すぜ。
1omGZDQT0IE-00007-00003516-00003933 またCHAOSが勝ったぜ。 世界一のユニットだろ。
1omGZDQT0IE-00008-00003976-00004173 他の奴らはどこ行ったんだ？
1omGZDQT0IE-00009-00004176-00004396 世界で一番強いのはこの俺だ。
1omGZDQT0IE-00010-00004443-00004580 ‘Racers’、頑張れ。
12JbfgLUdcy-00000-00000000-00000604 Good morning, Hank, it's Tuesday. So every year at VidCon, I try to make pretty good choices...until Saturday evening,
12JbfgLUdcy-00001-00000604-00001212 when I traditionally celebrate the end of VidCon by participating in a YouTube show called 'Beer and Board Games'.
12JbfgLUdcy-00002-00001212-00001626 This year, there was a significant emphasis on the, uh, "beer" part of 'Beer and Board Games',
12JbfgLUdcy-00003-00001626-00002054 so full disclosure: I'm a little bit hazy on the details of how this all went down.
12JbfgLUdcy-00004-00002116-00002686 Semi-related story: I lost my video camera so I have no VidCon footage, which is also why we're stuck with the old camera this week.
12JbfgLUdcy-00005-00002686-00003402 But right, so after 'Beer and Board Games', I ran into 'Minute Physics' Henry and 'Smarter Every Day' Destin and 'CGP Grey'...Grey,
12JbfgLUdcy-00006-00003402-00003884 and somehow, we got to talking about Iceland. Hank, I am a huge fan of Iceland!
12JbfgLUdcy-00007-00003884-00004502 It just contains so many things I love: hot baths, an improbably excellent football team, Björk, etc.
12JbfgLUdcy-00008-00004502-00005058 There's really just the one problem with Iceland, which, y'know, is that it's located...in Iceland.
12JbfgLUdcy-00009-00005062-00005762 Like, Sarah and I visited Iceland in August of 2008 and we went on this bus tour, and our tour guide, reading from his script, said without any irony:
12JbfgLUdcy-00010-00005772-00006472 "Iceland may have 'ice' in its name, but as you can see, the weather is quite mild here year-round. Perhaps we should switch names with Greenland. Ha ha.".
12JbfgLUdcy-00011-00006472-00006952 And then we got that off the bus and that August afternoon it was perhaps half a degree above freezing.
12JbfgLUdcy-00012-00006952-00007481 And because of the howling winds, the rain (it was, of course, raining) appeared to be coming up from the ground,
12JbfgLUdcy-00013-00007481-00008004 which, for the record, was not green, it was brown, on account of it being recently dried lava.
12JbfgLUdcy-00014-00008004-00008750 So okay, the four of us discussed problem one - the "Iceland being in Iceland" problem - for a little bit, and then we pivoted to a seemingly unrelated problem,
12JbfgLUdcy-00015-00008750-00009400 which is that currently, there is no convenient midway point on the Atlantic side between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia.
12JbfgLUdcy-00016-00009400-00010022 Like, on the Pacific side, you have Hawaii or if you're feeling adventurous, the Cook Islands, but on the Atlantic side, pretty much nothing.
12JbfgLUdcy-00017-00010022-00010316 Until, that is, we relocate Iceland!
12JbfgLUdcy-00018-00010316-00011002 Our proposal, Hank, is to move Iceland from *here*, where it is constantly raining and spewing lava to, say, *here*,
12JbfgLUdcy-00019-00011002-00011290 where it would be a lovely stopping point between continents.
12JbfgLUdcy-00020-00011290-00011640 Quick side note, Hank: I honestly think if we'd had a better-located Iceland in the first place,
12JbfgLUdcy-00021-00011640-00012094 humans probably would have had earlier and more robust trade between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia,
12JbfgLUdcy-00022-00012094-00012716 which in turn, might have mitigated some of the horrors of the Colombian Exchange, both on a human and a biodiversity level.
12JbfgLUdcy-00023-00012716-00013226 So, y'know, not to criticize plate tectonics or anything, but I think this could have been handled better from the beginning!
12JbfgLUdcy-00024-00013226-00013652 That said, the world is what it is, or at least it was until we learned to build islands.
12JbfgLUdcy-00025-00013654-00014478 Right, so we formed a coalition to create 'New Iceland', a nation with: 1. Great weather; 2. Björk; and 3. Apparently a better soccer team than England has.
12JbfgLUdcy-00026-00014478-00014876 Plus, 4: it's only a two-hour flight from New York, Madrid or Marrakesh.
12JbfgLUdcy-00027-00014876-00015374 Destin assigned Henry with the job of actually moving Iceland, which, y'know, I'm not a scientist but it can't be that hard.
12JbfgLUdcy-00028-00015374-00015616 I figure we just get a big tugboat or something and pull it south!
12JbfgLUdcy-00029-00015616-00016224 CGP Grey was given the job of designing a flag for New Iceland, Destin assigned himself something having to do with rockets,
12JbfgLUdcy-00030-00016224-00016792 and I was tasked with the political problem of getting the people of Iceland to agree to move their country, y'know,
12JbfgLUdcy-00031-00016792-00017102 about 3,000 miles South-southwest of its current location.
12JbfgLUdcy-00032-00017102-00017390 So here we go: people of Iceland! Hello.
12JbfgLUdcy-00033-00017390-00017958 You may have noticed that your nation is very cold and rainy in the winter, and then...very cold and rainy in the summer.
12JbfgLUdcy-00034-00017958-00018602 Also, remember in January when the sun rose at noon, or rather would have risen if it weren't perpetually overcast?
12JbfgLUdcy-00035-00018602-00019388 I'd like to solve those problems and give you beaches, warmth, sunshine and joy, all while allowing you to keep your Björk.
12JbfgLUdcy-00036-00019388-00020108 So whaddaya say, Iceland? I imagine you're gonna say "no"; that you like your country where it is despite its geographical shortcomings.
12JbfgLUdcy-00037-00020114-00020854 Maybe that says something about Icelanders or maybe it says something about change; that dangerous and beautiful force that drives and defines the universe.
12JbfgLUdcy-00038-00020854-00021314 Still, I'm hoping you'll say "yes", because I could really use a vacation in sunny New Iceland.
12JbfgLUdcy-00039-00021314-00021654 Hank, congratulations on a great VidCon. I'll see you on Friday.
130L4STPVCA-00000-00000559-00000756 Oh sorry, at Mr. Samuel French.
130L4STPVCA-00001-00000782-00001173 On Monday, because of Identity Week, we are switching from Mr. Samuel French
130L4STPVCA-00002-00001173-00001427 to just Samuel French NYC.
130L4STPVCA-00003-00001534-00001843 One final thing, especially for you guys in the front if you want
130L4STPVCA-00004-00001843-00002139 to do live tweeting, you should use the WiFi so get your phones out
130L4STPVCA-00005-00002139-00002253 if you want to do it.
130L4STPVCA-00006-00002253-00002599 It's VT2 is the network and <i>vineyard</i> all lower case
130L4STPVCA-00007-00002599-00002753 is the password.
130L4STPVCA-00008-00002790-00003122 And with that, I don't think  I have anything else to say
130L4STPVCA-00009-00003122-00003317 because you guys want to hear them speak.
130L4STPVCA-00010-00003317-00003541 Christian Parker is  our wonderful moderator.
130L4STPVCA-00011-00003541-00003823 He's the chair of the MFA Theatre Program at Columbia.
130L4STPVCA-00012-00003823-00003986 He's a director, a dramaturg,
130L4STPVCA-00013-00003986-00004252 and we used to actually work  at Atlantic Theatre Company together,
130L4STPVCA-00014-00004252-00004417 so we're thrilled to be back with him.
130L4STPVCA-00015-00004417-00004582 So I'm going to hand it over to you guys.
130L4STPVCA-00016-00004582-00004858 Thank you so much for being here and have a blast!
130L4STPVCA-00017-00004858-00005087 (applause)
130L4STPVCA-00018-00005352-00005700 Thank you, Courtney. I'm really happy to be here today
130L4STPVCA-00019-00005700-00005855 moderating this panel.
130L4STPVCA-00020-00005855-00006220 I do a lot of things like this and I have to say I was especially daunted
130L4STPVCA-00021-00006220-00006703 by the range of accomplishments of this group of people,
130L4STPVCA-00022-00006703-00007193 most of whom I had not met before but have admired for a long time,
130L4STPVCA-00023-00007193-00007649 and I think as I was actually walking over here, I was trying to tally it up
130L4STPVCA-00024-00007649-00008102 and I thought actually I have taught all of your work or, in fact, with Anne,
130L4STPVCA-00025-00008102-00008231 I have taught with Anne.
130L4STPVCA-00026-00008231-00008565 But I have taught all of your work in some way in my classes,
130L4STPVCA-00027-00008565-00008771 not to mention having admired it for so long.
130L4STPVCA-00028-00008771-00009210 So it's really amazing for me to also  be able to talk to all of you today.
130L4STPVCA-00029-00009210-00009614 Obviously, the theme of this week is called Identity Week,
130L4STPVCA-00030-00009614-00009846 and this panel when presented to me--
130L4STPVCA-00031-00010096-00010451 when Courtney and Ryan came to me and asked me to moderate,
130L4STPVCA-00032-00010451-00010736 they said this is a pioneer panel.
130L4STPVCA-00033-00010736-00011234 These are all pioneers in the field, and so that's sort of the unifying idea
130L4STPVCA-00034-00011234-00011488 of this particular evening.
130L4STPVCA-00035-00011488-00011840 I thought, well,  what an interesting moniker
130L4STPVCA-00036-00011840-00012186 to be saddled with as an artist actually.
130L4STPVCA-00037-00012339-00012754 Because I'm not sure what-- my first question I think to the panel
130L4STPVCA-00038-00012754-00013046 and to myself when I heard that would be, what does it mean to be saddled
130L4STPVCA-00039-00013046-00013198 with the moniker pioneer?
130L4STPVCA-00040-00013198-00013715 When you think about any of your careers and you look back, and someone tells you
130L4STPVCA-00041-00013715-00013945 you're a pioneer; you're on a pioneer panel,
130L4STPVCA-00042-00014079-00014457 what did you pioneer-- when you think over your own work,
130L4STPVCA-00043-00014457-00014813 what would you like to think of  as having pioneered?
130L4STPVCA-00044-00014901-00015127 Or not? (chuckles)  What does that mean to you?
130L4STPVCA-00045-00015127-00015251 That term?
130L4STPVCA-00046-00015361-00015691 Any of you have something spring to mind?
130L4STPVCA-00047-00015765-00016062 (Anne) Larry, you're the biggest pioneer.
130L4STPVCA-00048-00016129-00016274 (laughter)
130L4STPVCA-00049-00016379-00016493 Come on.
130L4STPVCA-00050-00016493-00016769 (laughter)
130L4STPVCA-00051-00016877-00017080 I don't think that way.
130L4STPVCA-00052-00017593-00017898 What are you writing about? What's meaningful to you?
130L4STPVCA-00053-00017955-00018241 How do you get it out there day at a time?
130L4STPVCA-00054-00018534-00019365 It's all hard, and I think
130L4STPVCA-00055-00019702-00019981 I don't know; I never thought  of myself as a pioneer.
130L4STPVCA-00056-00019981-00020394 I don't think in many ways I've succeeded
130L4STPVCA-00057-00020394-00020807 because the things I've fought for  are still such a fucking mess,
130L4STPVCA-00058-00020807-00021477 so that's what happens  when you get old and you look back
130L4STPVCA-00059-00021477-00021807 and you say, "Okay,
130L4STPVCA-00060-00021949-00022201 what did you accomplish?" So...
130L4STPVCA-00061-00022201-00022810 I met you tonight for the first time, and I've admired you for so many years,
130L4STPVCA-00062-00022961-00023453 but your reputation is being orneryб and I think that maybe
130L4STPVCA-00063-00023453-00023945 you're a pioneer of the ornery. (laughter)
130L4STPVCA-00064-00024010-00024379 I think everybody says you bristle at everything.
130L4STPVCA-00065-00024536-00024681 I'm angry. I don't know about ornery.
130L4STPVCA-00066-00024791-00025172 I think anger is a very healthy emotion.
130L4STPVCA-00067-00025331-00025931 It's never taught that way, but I think it's a very valuable emotion
130L4STPVCA-00068-00025931-00026539 to have to nurture and to learn how to express,
130L4STPVCA-00069-00026539-00027257 and, fortunately, we all have  here the ability to take words
130L4STPVCA-00070-00027257-00027477 and pictures, and images,
130L4STPVCA-00071-00027477-00028051 and channel our, whatever,
130L4STPVCA-00072-00028051-00028479 in my case anger, into actuality.
130L4STPVCA-00073-00028555-00028993 (Ntozake) I think pioneer is something  other people call us.
130L4STPVCA-00074-00029025-00029169 (Larry laughs)
130L4STPVCA-00075-00029169-00029355 That's sort of why I raised the question.
130L4STPVCA-00076-00029355-00029737 I don't think we think  of ourselves as pioneers.
130L4STPVCA-00077-00030080-00030562 I think Larry was right when he says you write what you write
130L4STPVCA-00078-00030562-00031073 and you do what you do day by day and you put it out there
130L4STPVCA-00079-00031073-00031898 the best you can, and that's what I have to say.
130L4STPVCA-00080-00031986-00032177 (Christian) It makes sense to me.
130L4STPVCA-00081-00032266-00032962 I was on a panel once with Molly Smith
130L4STPVCA-00082-00033029-00033421 and Tina, not Tina Howe,
130L4STPVCA-00083-00033421-00033835 Tina, Shakespearian Company... Tina Packer,
130L4STPVCA-00084-00033835-00034544 and I realized that all three of us
130L4STPVCA-00085-00034544-00034844 had actually come to the front door
130L4STPVCA-00086-00034844-00035012 through the back door.
130L4STPVCA-00087-00035062-00035615 In other words, Tina Packer had been working with the RSC,
130L4STPVCA-00088-00035615-00035964 but it was a boy's club, so she went to Western Massachusetts
130L4STPVCA-00089-00035964-00036204 and started a very successful company.
130L4STPVCA-00090-00036204-00036717 Molly studied in D.C. directing and went to Juneau, Alaska,
130L4STPVCA-00091-00036717-00037046 where there was no theater  and walked the streets and said,
130L4STPVCA-00092-00037046-00037376 "Who wants to start a theater?" and created a fantastic theater company
130L4STPVCA-00093-00037376-00037585 that was actually about Alaskans.
130L4STPVCA-00094-00037671-00038094 My own way was that I couldn't possibly see a way into the field
130L4STPVCA-00095-00038094-00038248 through the front door.
130L4STPVCA-00096-00038248-00038577 In my mind it was like  the corporate ladder for boys.
130L4STPVCA-00097-00038595-00039099 And so, I also went through the back door and made theater on the streets
130L4STPVCA-00098-00039099-00039792 and in shop windows and we would call that back door downtown,
130L4STPVCA-00099-00039792-00040345 and in a way, all three of us on that particular panel I was on
130L4STPVCA-00100-00040498-00041132 have good lives doing things that we actually believe in in the theater
130L4STPVCA-00101-00041132-00041363 because we didn't go the front way,
130L4STPVCA-00102-00041363-00041600 and that seems a little bit pioneering.
130L4STPVCA-00103-00041600-00041766 Like what is a pioneer?
130L4STPVCA-00104-00041766-00042262 Somebody goes across the country and there's a lot of bears and lions
130L4STPVCA-00105-00042262-00042595 and things like that. (laughter)
130L4STPVCA-00106-00042595-00042787 Dangerous.
130L4STPVCA-00107-00042943-00043121 Maybe that's helpful.
130L4STPVCA-00108-00043189-00043716 Like quite often the front door is not available to many of us.
130L4STPVCA-00109-00043771-00044590 So I think then you take  the really beautiful elixir of anger
130L4STPVCA-00110-00044718-00045156 and use it to create and move forward because good feelings
130L4STPVCA-00111-00045156-00045625 doesn't give you the particular energy  or fuel that you need,
130L4STPVCA-00112-00045625-00045803 but quite often anger,
130L4STPVCA-00113-00045803-00046123 and doing your work no matter what
130L4STPVCA-00114-00046123-00046746 in a way that says "fuck you" to everybody else.
130L4STPVCA-00115-00046746-00047056 We're just going to actually do what we need to do,
130L4STPVCA-00116-00047056-00047488 and that's not usually  accepted right away and...
130L4STPVCA-00117-00047579-00048044 Well, one of the things that I think is crucial is a lot of times
130L4STPVCA-00118-00048044-00048228 people saying "no" to you,
130L4STPVCA-00119-00048234-00048683 people saying "no" to you culturally  or racially, or identity-wise
130L4STPVCA-00120-00048683-00049096 puts you on a journey where  you say "yes" to yourself,
130L4STPVCA-00121-00049096-00049448 and saying "yes" to yourself is the work you create.
130L4STPVCA-00122-00049533-00049861 So you get all these no's.
130L4STPVCA-00123-00049861-00050051 You get personal no's.
130L4STPVCA-00124-00050051-00050211 You get structural no's.
130L4STPVCA-00125-00050211-00050354 You get institutional no's.
130L4STPVCA-00126-00050354-00050786 A lot of people tell you no, and you can either let those no's
130L4STPVCA-00127-00050786-00051398 define you or you can figure out  another way to empower yourself,
130L4STPVCA-00128-00051398-00051721 and I think telling stories or telling your story
130L4STPVCA-00129-00051721-00051853 is how you empower yourself,
130L4STPVCA-00130-00051853-00052089 which is another way of saying through the back door.
130L4STPVCA-00131-00052089-00052333 (Larry) Real important lesson.
130L4STPVCA-00132-00052360-00052973 I didn't write a play for one year  after Clive Barnes
130L4STPVCA-00133-00052973-00053283 and <i>The New York Times</i> panned  my first play
130L4STPVCA-00134-00053283-00053510 and closed on opening night.
130L4STPVCA-00135-00053551-00053938 He had that much power over me, and it took me a long time
130L4STPVCA-00136-00053938-00054091 to get over it.
130L4STPVCA-00137-00054091-00054297 What a waste of a year!
130L4STPVCA-00138-00054501-00054682 But you gave him that power.
130L4STPVCA-00139-00054682-00054896 You gave him that power.
130L4STPVCA-00140-00054896-00055270 We all give people the power and we get over it
130L4STPVCA-00141-00055270-00055483 and we go to hell with that, that's boring.
130L4STPVCA-00142-00055483-00055681 I've suffered enough.
130L4STPVCA-00143-00055704-00056131 I've suffered enough, and then,  when you reclaim your power,
130L4STPVCA-00144-00056131-00056368 that's when you tell your story,  and you did.
130L4STPVCA-00145-00056400-00056786 But, George, I remember the first time I ever met you was at the <i>Public</i>,
130L4STPVCA-00146-00056786-00057021 and you were doing <i>The Colored Museum</i>,
130L4STPVCA-00147-00057021-00057250 and I remember  having a conversation with you--
130L4STPVCA-00148-00057250-00057694 I don't know if you remember it-- and it was something about anger too.
130L4STPVCA-00149-00057767-00058166 Anger's my most evolved emotion, so... (laughter)
130L4STPVCA-00150-00058227-00058586 It was something about you slid in, but I don't remember
130L4STPVCA-00151-00058586-00058942 what were the circumstances because something was happening then.
130L4STPVCA-00152-00058942-00059530 I have no idea, but on a very simple idiotic level,
130L4STPVCA-00153-00059530-00059946 the first six years of my life  I grew up in a segregated town,
130L4STPVCA-00154-00059946-00060352 so there was a whole structure  that said "no",
130L4STPVCA-00155-00060352-00061110 and I went to this black grade school where I was empowered
130L4STPVCA-00156-00061110-00061379 and told that I was magical  and smart, and amazing,
130L4STPVCA-00157-00061379-00061659 so on one level, as everybody was there.
130L4STPVCA-00158-00061659-00061847 So on one level,  people were telling me I'm magical,
130L4STPVCA-00159-00061847-00062104 and there are these structures  that tell me "no"
130L4STPVCA-00160-00062104-00062448 and somehow the tension between those two things
130L4STPVCA-00161-00062448-00062779 I think helps to create-- it's why you create the stories I think.
130L4STPVCA-00162-00062779-00062888 I don't know.
130L4STPVCA-00163-00062914-00063253 Joi, we were talking earlier just a little bit about how your job
130L4STPVCA-00164-00063253-00063608 differs a little bit from all these guys and one of the things you have to tackle
130L4STPVCA-00165-00063608-00063868 relative to this question  about pioneering
130L4STPVCA-00166-00063868-00064074 and what that could  possibly mean to an individual
130L4STPVCA-00167-00064074-00064223 is that you are responsible
130L4STPVCA-00168-00064223-00064870 for not only preserving the integrity  of the estate of someone
130L4STPVCA-00169-00064870-00065245 who has been labeled a pioneer  but also curating
130L4STPVCA-00170-00065245-00065624 how that body of work is actually received
130L4STPVCA-00171-00065624-00066041 and contextualized, and defined, and redefined in the world now
130L4STPVCA-00172-00066041-00066366 for somebody whose point of view on her own work differs often
130L4STPVCA-00173-00066366-00066664 from the way that people tend to define it.
130L4STPVCA-00174-00066685-00067164 Can you talk a little bit  about your role in that?
130L4STPVCA-00175-00067404-00067695 Yeah, I'll try to harness it a little.
130L4STPVCA-00176-00067695-00068019 I could talk to a lot of those pieces.
130L4STPVCA-00177-00068135-00068702 Yeah, so I'm the literary executor  of the estate of Lorraine Hansberry.
130L4STPVCA-00178-00068765-00069232 And I have to say a little bit about how I came to have that job.
130L4STPVCA-00179-00069255-00069743 My father Robert Nemiroff  was married to Lorraine Hansberry
130L4STPVCA-00180-00069743-00070116 and was named her literary executor  when she died.
130L4STPVCA-00181-00070215-00070834 And so, he married my mother  when I was a child
130L4STPVCA-00182-00070834-00071422 and I came to live in Lorraine's home in Croton-on-Hudson, New York.
130L4STPVCA-00183-00071422-00071870 And it was a house that was filled  with her spirit and her work,
130L4STPVCA-00184-00071870-00072416 and her file cabinets, and everything that she was working on.
130L4STPVCA-00185-00072447-00072770 But mostly, it was filled with her spirit.
130L4STPVCA-00186-00072792-00073098 And I remember she was my muse.
130L4STPVCA-00187-00073098-00073757 She still is, and I was very deeply  influenced by her.
130L4STPVCA-00188-00073757-00074275 I am very deeply influenced by her and her visitation on me.
130L4STPVCA-00189-00074328-00074946 But I was also deeply influenced  by my father who was a master curator,
130L4STPVCA-00190-00075047-00075417 and I had all kinds of skills as a kid.
130L4STPVCA-00191-00075417-00075884 I have all kids of skills as an adult, but I wanted to do what he does.
130L4STPVCA-00192-00076034-00076327 Never choosing to do it.
130L4STPVCA-00193-00076416-00076640 It just sort of happened to me-- that's another story
130L4STPVCA-00194-00076640-00077019 how I came to do what I'm doing now, but anyway,
130L4STPVCA-00195-00077400-00078033 taking on that responsibility  was and is an act of love and commitment.
130L4STPVCA-00196-00078072-00079267 And so it's also an act of stewardship, and protecting,
130L4STPVCA-00197-00079306-00079775 and protecting  in a maternal female sense.
130L4STPVCA-00198-00080119-00080853 So to me it's something  that I think about all the time
130L4STPVCA-00199-00081026-00081749 as something that you have to be very careful of how you go about
130L4STPVCA-00200-00081749-00082001 doing that responsibility.
130L4STPVCA-00201-00082428-00082854 But I want to come back to something  that Ntozake said before
130L4STPVCA-00202-00082874-00083353 because I think especially  with Lorraine--
130L4STPVCA-00203-00083353-00083756 Lorraine's thought of-- she's not usually thought of as a pioneer,
130L4STPVCA-00204-00083756-00083987 but she's thought of  as kind of a matriarch.
130L4STPVCA-00205-00084051-00084198 She's the mother.
130L4STPVCA-00206-00084331-00084823 So, that has always been  very strange to me.
130L4STPVCA-00207-00084852-00085043 It's very strange and awkward for me.
130L4STPVCA-00208-00085043-00085402 because to me she's  sort of like the eternal kid.
130L4STPVCA-00209-00085454-00085692 She was youthful; she's still youthful;
130L4STPVCA-00210-00085692-00085855 she'll always be youthful.
130L4STPVCA-00211-00085855-00086391 Her voice was about being in her twenties, being on the verge of her life,
130L4STPVCA-00212-00086391-00086955 taking off, being a radical, being a runaway,
130L4STPVCA-00213-00086955-00087551 being... on fire.
130L4STPVCA-00214-00087628-00087877 And that's how I think of her,
130L4STPVCA-00215-00087877-00088218 and I think that's really  what her plays are about.
130L4STPVCA-00216-00088242-00088532 But part of what we were talking about, which is something I talk about
130L4STPVCA-00217-00088532-00088993 all the time with people is the stories that I love to tell
130L4STPVCA-00218-00088993-00089465 that I are find are most fascinating about Lorraine's relationship
130L4STPVCA-00219-00089465-00090010 to this albatross around her neck which is <i>A Raisin in the Sun</i>,
130L4STPVCA-00220-00090059-00090662 which was a play that was  sort of an assignment for her.
130L4STPVCA-00221-00090695-00090927 It was the first play that she wrote.
130L4STPVCA-00222-00091295-00091525 You all know what it came to be.
130L4STPVCA-00223-00091660-00092044 But she thought the play was flawed.
130L4STPVCA-00224-00092044-00092649 She thought it was her first try, and she was in this impossible situation
130L4STPVCA-00225-00092649-00092962 where it had all this attention and it had all this acclaim.
130L4STPVCA-00226-00092984-00093497 It had all this investment  and I don't just mean the financial.
130L4STPVCA-00227-00093497-00093724 I mean the psychological; I mean the psychic;
130L4STPVCA-00228-00093724-00093974 I mean the racial, the everything.
130L4STPVCA-00229-00093974-00094545 It had to be all of these things, and she was the first person
130L4STPVCA-00230-00094545-00095131 to get in line to critique that, to talk about that, to interrogate it,
130L4STPVCA-00231-00095131-00095292 take it apart.
130L4STPVCA-00232-00095475-00096252 So I think a big part of what I take on
130L4STPVCA-00233-00096252-00096722 because that speaks to me as an artist.
130L4STPVCA-00234-00096722-00097226 It speaks to me as a culture maker--
130L4STPVCA-00235-00097255-00097902 that there's something very important about that critical role of art
130L4STPVCA-00236-00097902-00098699 and of artist to interrogate  themselves and their work,
130L4STPVCA-00237-00098699-00099463 and their aspirations, and to see our work as attempts,
130L4STPVCA-00238-00099593-00100189 not as masterpieces or commodities, or products but as sketches,
130L4STPVCA-00239-00100258-00100465 which is what I love about visual art.
130L4STPVCA-00240-00100465-00100836 That whole idea  of I'm going to paint this today.
130L4STPVCA-00241-00100836-00101142 (chuckles) I'm going to try it today.
130L4STPVCA-00242-00101171-00101523 I'm going to see how-- and I'm going to have the courage
130L4STPVCA-00243-00101523-00102031 and the nerve to hate it tomorrow or tear it up, or...
130L4STPVCA-00244-00102173-00102593 I wonder what happens when you  add that energy to the context
130L4STPVCA-00245-00102593-00102828 that we are in right now which is a very angry time
130L4STPVCA-00246-00102828-00103124 to pick up on your idea about your thoughts about anger
130L4STPVCA-00247-00103124-00103258 and what you were saying, Anne.
130L4STPVCA-00248-00103274-00103692 We're in a what I would describe as a very angry moment
130L4STPVCA-00249-00103692-00103895 in our cultural history.
130L4STPVCA-00250-00103993-00104495 And it exists in different pockets of the population in different ways, but--
130L4STPVCA-00251-00104495-00104911 Let's talk about why the theater isn't really attending to it.
130L4STPVCA-00252-00104911-00105190 Well, and that was my question which is where does that leave you guys
130L4STPVCA-00253-00105190-00105574 as artists or where does that leave the theater as a possible way
130L4STPVCA-00254-00105574-00105934 to filter, speak to that?
130L4STPVCA-00255-00105934-00106246 What are your thoughts on that, Larry?
130L4STPVCA-00256-00106637-00107305 I don't like most of the things that I see or read about now, I think.
130L4STPVCA-00257-00107446-00107738 I'm talking about white writers.
130L4STPVCA-00258-00107771-00108405 I'm not talking about people of color who seem to be having a good moment
130L4STPVCA-00259-00108405-00108817 being more front and center  than they have been.
130L4STPVCA-00260-00108919-00109114 But I think that....
130L4STPVCA-00261-00109713-00110600 everything that most of us are asked  to see is what I call small.
130L4STPVCA-00262-00110738-00110974 And there's no...
130L4STPVCA-00263-00111263-00112268 Burt Laurel, the famous comedian, was asked to describe what theater was
130L4STPVCA-00264-00112268-00112569 and he said, "Astonish me!"
130L4STPVCA-00265-00112777-00112957 And I don't see that.
130L4STPVCA-00266-00113002-00113516 I just see a lot of small plays about people in unhappy situations
130L4STPVCA-00267-00113516-00113851 with their husbands,  with their wives, whatever,
130L4STPVCA-00268-00113930-00114687 and I don't come away with it having learned anything I didn't know
130L4STPVCA-00269-00114792-00115018 or challenged in any way.
130L4STPVCA-00270-00115345-00115584 It's a terrible place, the world.
130L4STPVCA-00271-00115798-00116192 Where are our Greek tragedian... trag...
130L4STPVCA-00272-00116192-00116423 tragedy writers?  (laughter)
130L4STPVCA-00273-00116729-00117017 I don't see them and I don't hear them.
130L4STPVCA-00274-00117116-00117419 I go to see the things  that people say I'm supposed to see,
130L4STPVCA-00275-00117419-00117903 and I've actually stopped that.
130L4STPVCA-00276-00117984-00118416 And they win the Pulitzer; they win the Nobel, whatever,
130L4STPVCA-00277-00118416-00118565 the Tonys.
130L4STPVCA-00278-00118677-00119216 So I don't know what hope the theater has
130L4STPVCA-00279-00119216-00119827 for changing the world the way  that maybe it did for the Greeks,
130L4STPVCA-00280-00119827-00119957 I don't know.
130L4STPVCA-00281-00120007-00120516 I think the theater is probably  the most important art form right now
130L4STPVCA-00282-00120516-00120892 that possibly exists, and I'll tell you why,
130L4STPVCA-00283-00120892-00121244 because the subject of the theater  and what distinguishes it
130L4STPVCA-00284-00121244-00121617 from any other art form is it always asks the question,
130L4STPVCA-00285-00121617-00122156 "How are we getting along and how can we get along better?"
130L4STPVCA-00286-00122202-00122564 And if you think of any play, and I think the reason
130L4STPVCA-00287-00122564-00122888 why plays are about you and me  in our apartment and our problems
130L4STPVCA-00288-00122888-00123371 has to do with the political movement  between 1948 and 1952
130L4STPVCA-00289-00123371-00123628 called the McCarthy era-- that's a whole another subject.
130L4STPVCA-00290-00123628-00123889 But I think it's coming out of there.
130L4STPVCA-00291-00123889-00124215 There are plays that are actually dealing  with bigger subjects,
130L4STPVCA-00292-00124215-00124779 and I think that it's no coincidence  that abstract expressionism
130L4STPVCA-00293-00124779-00125042 was born in the same time  as the McCarthy era.
130L4STPVCA-00294-00125042-00125166 What does that mean?
130L4STPVCA-00295-00125166-00125408 Abstract expressionism means  it's abstracted.
130L4STPVCA-00296-00125411-00125676 But I do think there is a movement towards theater
130L4STPVCA-00297-00125676-00125849 that addresses bigger issues.
130L4STPVCA-00298-00125849-00126207 But going back to the issue of how are we getting along?
130L4STPVCA-00299-00126424-00126671 We see plays in two ways.
130L4STPVCA-00300-00126671-00127077 One, you see a play  and you see it in the prefrontal cortex
130L4STPVCA-00301-00127077-00127367 of your brain where you go, "Oh, it's a story about..."
130L4STPVCA-00302-00127367-00127563 let's pick up the Greeks.
130L4STPVCA-00303-00127563-00127809 It's a story about a man who sleeps with his mother
130L4STPVCA-00304-00127809-00128219 and kills his father and the whole Thebes is really screwed up,
130L4STPVCA-00305-00128244-00128612 and it's a story of a community that's trying to come
130L4STPVCA-00306-00128612-00128930 to a state of balance  from a state of imbalance in a crime.
130L4STPVCA-00307-00128972-00129111 So that's great.
130L4STPVCA-00308-00129111-00129338 That's about that social system.
130L4STPVCA-00309-00129338-00129619 But there's a whole other play that's going on in the theater
130L4STPVCA-00310-00129619-00129902 at the same time, and it's not happening in film.
130L4STPVCA-00311-00129902-00130248 It's happening in the theater, where the audience gets it
130L4STPVCA-00312-00130248-00130653 on an older part of the brain where you're actually seeing
130L4STPVCA-00313-00130653-00130903 how these people on stage  are getting along.
130L4STPVCA-00314-00130952-00131414 Like have you ever gone to a play and an actor drops a glass
130L4STPVCA-00315-00131414-00131595 and it breaks and everybody doesn't know what to do.
130L4STPVCA-00316-00131595-00131846 (Larry) If I don't care about  what they care about,
130L4STPVCA-00317-00131846-00132064 I don't care how they get along.
130L4STPVCA-00318-00132106-00132733 On a subconscious level or a different place
130L4STPVCA-00319-00132733-00133233 the audience goes away taking in who these people are on stage
130L4STPVCA-00320-00133233-00133378 and how they're getting along,
130L4STPVCA-00321-00133378-00133714 but not only that, how is the audience getting along, how are the actors
130L4STPVCA-00322-00133714-00133883 getting along with the audience,
130L4STPVCA-00323-00133883-00134067 but every question is about that.
130L4STPVCA-00324-00134067-00134279 When I saw <i>Shuffle Along</i>-- I think George is tired
130L4STPVCA-00325-00134279-00134553 of me telling him how much I loved <i>Shuffle Along</i>,
130L4STPVCA-00326-00134553-00134828 but one of the reasons was that-- (laughter)
130L4STPVCA-00327-00134955-00135285 it dealt with history, it dealt with stories
130L4STPVCA-00328-00135285-00135627 of particular people  and their problems, and their issues,
130L4STPVCA-00329-00135627-00136039 but also the community on the stage  was mind blowing,
130L4STPVCA-00330-00136039-00136404 like how those people were together
130L4STPVCA-00331-00136404-00136731 made me want to actually live differently
130L4STPVCA-00332-00136731-00136893 with other people I live with.
130L4STPVCA-00333-00136893-00137202 So I think our job is to propose  new social systems.
130L4STPVCA-00334-00137202-00137438 Right now we're living in a dark period,
130L4STPVCA-00335-00137438-00138011 which is guided by fear and paranoia
130L4STPVCA-00336-00138011-00138254 that's being encouraged by--  we won't go there,
130L4STPVCA-00337-00138254-00138459 you know where it's coming from.
130L4STPVCA-00338-00138459-00138874 But the theater's job is to propose  alternate social systems
130L4STPVCA-00339-00138874-00139353 that might translate the break-- and then I'll shut up, I promise;
130L4STPVCA-00340-00139353-00139521 this is a short panel--
130L4STPVCA-00341-00139521-00139892 that translate the breakthroughs  in science, in the arts,
130L4STPVCA-00342-00139892-00140393 in technology and proposes ways  that human beings can actually
130L4STPVCA-00343-00140393-00140854 behave vis-a-vis these changes, and that's done by the playwrights
130L4STPVCA-00344-00140854-00141138 who've described systems of being that's different,
130L4STPVCA-00345-00141138-00141413 and it's done by companies who actually perform differently.
130L4STPVCA-00346-00141456-00141641 I'll shut up.
130L4STPVCA-00347-00141727-00141939 But I just think it's  so important right now!
130L4STPVCA-00348-00141939-00142191 I want to pick up on what you just said and what you just said
130L4STPVCA-00349-00142191-00142563 and right before this began, I was talking to Dr. Shange
130L4STPVCA-00350-00142563-00142842 and learned that she had just started  a new play for the first time
130L4STPVCA-00351-00142842-00142995 in a really long time.
130L4STPVCA-00352-00142995-00143095 So it's something  that you're choosing actively to do,
130L4STPVCA-00353-00143095-00143424 which is really exciting  for the rest of us,
130L4STPVCA-00354-00143424-00143738 but you made a very specific choice  to do that at this moment.
130L4STPVCA-00355-00143738-00143942 Can you talk about that?
130L4STPVCA-00356-00143942-00144538 Yes, I hadn't written a play  in a very long time
130L4STPVCA-00357-00144538-00145078 because I decided that I liked  working by myself better
130L4STPVCA-00358-00145078-00145481 than working with a lot of people, (laughter)
130L4STPVCA-00359-00145481-00145666 hearing all their ideas.
130L4STPVCA-00360-00145666-00145926 When I had an idea of my own that I wanted to do
130L4STPVCA-00361-00145926-00146373 and I didn't want any comments about it. (laughter)
130L4STPVCA-00362-00146373-00146784 So in order to do that  I didn't write plays
130L4STPVCA-00363-00146784-00147134 because that would demand that I interact with people.
130L4STPVCA-00364-00147216-00147814 And so I hadn't written one, and I just finished a new volume
130L4STPVCA-00365-00147814-00148219 of poetry that will be out hopefully next year,
130L4STPVCA-00366-00148219-00148791 and I finished a book of essays and I worked on a choreopoem
130L4STPVCA-00367-00148791-00149361 that's ready to go into production and I worked on that all last year,
130L4STPVCA-00368-00149466-00149664 and I directed it once.
130L4STPVCA-00369-00149686-00149884 I was in it both times.
130L4STPVCA-00370-00149929-00150198 So I was being an actress  and director.
130L4STPVCA-00371-00150278-00150714 And this year when I got ready  to write again,
130L4STPVCA-00372-00150714-00151123 I started writing the poems because I haven't been able
130L4STPVCA-00373-00151123-00151406 to use my hands for five years.
130L4STPVCA-00374-00151406-00152273 So I was a writerless writer and when I started to be able
130L4STPVCA-00375-00152273-00152719 to use my hands again, I started writing poems,
130L4STPVCA-00376-00152719-00153219 and they just came to me naturally, and I was writing these poems,
130L4STPVCA-00377-00153219-00154048 and then it occurred to me that in the revamping of <i>A Photograph</i>
130L4STPVCA-00378-00154048-00154473 which is a play that is 30 years old. It was the first play
130L4STPVCA-00379-00154473-00154837 that I ever tried to write that was severely flawed
130L4STPVCA-00380-00154837-00155245 because I didn't know how to write plays, I knew how to write poems.
130L4STPVCA-00381-00155245-00155650 And so I took <i>A Photograph</i>, and I revamped it.
130L4STPVCA-00382-00155650-00155829 I rewrote it.
130L4STPVCA-00383-00155829-00156375 And in the process of rewriting it, my sister, the writer Ifa Bayeza,
130L4STPVCA-00384-00156375-00156917 said to me this is your only  dialogue-driven play that you've got.
130L4STPVCA-00385-00156998-00157308 And I said, "really, it's the only one?"
130L4STPVCA-00386-00157354-00157733 And she said, "yes, everything else has poems in it."
130L4STPVCA-00387-00157800-00158067 And I said, "<i>Mother Courage</i> didn't."
130L4STPVCA-00388-00158067-00158317 She said, "well, you didn't write <i>Mother Courage.</i>"
130L4STPVCA-00389-00158317-00158597 (laughter)
130L4STPVCA-00390-00158880-00159466 And so, this time around after I finish the poem for the new book
130L4STPVCA-00391-00159466-00160118 I was sitting up and I said, "My God, maybe I can think
130L4STPVCA-00392-00160118-00160654 of characters like I do for a novel. I can think of them for the stage."
130L4STPVCA-00393-00160767-00161181 And I can think of the plot like I think of for the novel
130L4STPVCA-00394-00161181-00161481 and condense it  so it will fit in to two hours,
130L4STPVCA-00395-00161610-00162160 and maybe I can make them talk in a way that exposes all their flaws
130L4STPVCA-00396-00162160-00162812 and desires and angers and wants and maybe if I can do that,
130L4STPVCA-00397-00162812-00163353 I'll have a play that's dialogue driven. (laughter)
130L4STPVCA-00398-00163380-00163847 And so I started trying to do that, and I've got two scenes done now.
130L4STPVCA-00399-00163871-00164104 And I'm very happy.
130L4STPVCA-00400-00164232-00164812 My only problem is that initially I had a play with seven characters,
130L4STPVCA-00401-00164853-00165639 and I was told by theater people  that nowadays producers only want
130L4STPVCA-00402-00165660-00166138 to pay for five actors, and they prefer a two character play
130L4STPVCA-00403-00166159-00166704 to a seven actor play, so I should be mindful
130L4STPVCA-00404-00166704-00167092 of how many characters I need and couldn't I condense
130L4STPVCA-00405-00167092-00167566 a couple of those characters  into one person and all of this.
130L4STPVCA-00406-00167631-00168238 So that was another stymieing point because in a novel I could have
130L4STPVCA-00407-00168238-00168438 as many characters as I want.
130L4STPVCA-00408-00168530-00168723 I hope you didn't give into that.
130L4STPVCA-00409-00168723-00168954 I hope you're writing just  as many characters as you want.
130L4STPVCA-00410-00168954-00169151 No, I didn't I wrote five.
130L4STPVCA-00411-00169203-00169500 Because I want it produced.
130L4STPVCA-00412-00169500-00169724 (laughter)
130L4STPVCA-00413-00170105-00170659 Because the theater is two character plays and monologues, so boring!
130L4STPVCA-00414-00170696-00170954 Monologues are not boring.
130L4STPVCA-00415-00170996-00171161 (laughter)
130L4STPVCA-00416-00171177-00171414 When there are only two people  on the stage and you know
130L4STPVCA-00417-00171414-00171837 they're only two actors a play and I know no-one else is coming on,
130L4STPVCA-00418-00171837-00171999 I've lost interest.
130L4STPVCA-00419-00172084-00172345 Oh, I see what you mean.
130L4STPVCA-00420-00172712-00173448 One of the things that I wonder about to sort of expand on this a little bit
130L4STPVCA-00421-00173448-00174180 is in addition to the context  of anger, I feel like one of the things
130L4STPVCA-00422-00174180-00174617 that's happening in the culture right now is that we have a blurring
130L4STPVCA-00423-00174617-00175177 of the lines between truth and fact and truth and fiction
130L4STPVCA-00424-00175177-00175556 in our daily lives and I think people  are confused about what's true
130L4STPVCA-00425-00175556-00175876 and what's real  and what they can believe
130L4STPVCA-00426-00175876-00176266 in the media in particular  and for politicians in a way
130L4STPVCA-00427-00176266-00176589 that is different  from any time that I remember
130L4STPVCA-00428-00176589-00176745 in my life.
130L4STPVCA-00429-00176745-00177223 And I wonder if you think that's true first of all, and I wonder if you think
130L4STPVCA-00430-00177223-00178005 that being an artist in the theater which traffics in fictions
130L4STPVCA-00431-00178005-00178270 for the most part or versions of reality,
130L4STPVCA-00432-00178270-00178667 does that marginalize the theater further,
130L4STPVCA-00433-00178667-00178985 that we're in this moment where now we don't even really know,
130L4STPVCA-00434-00178985-00179326 the idea that the theater might reveal certain truths.
130L4STPVCA-00435-00179326-00179680 Does that resonate?
130L4STPVCA-00436-00179680-00179931 (Larry) You're getting too highfalutin.
130L4STPVCA-00437-00180039-00180320 Well, I'm trying to locate it in why you would choose to do
130L4STPVCA-00438-00180320-00180491 what you do?
130L4STPVCA-00439-00180491-00180680 You keep working, all of you.
130L4STPVCA-00440-00180680-00180862 Because you care about something.
130L4STPVCA-00441-00180868-00181507 I get nervous when I hear this word art, and I don't think of myself as an artist.
130L4STPVCA-00442-00181507-00181736 I think of myself as a writer.
130L4STPVCA-00443-00181759-00181935 I don't know what art is.
130L4STPVCA-00444-00181971-00182233 All the things you mentioned  about what's wrong with the world
130L4STPVCA-00445-00182233-00182808 and what's true and not true, great plays are written like that
130L4STPVCA-00446-00182808-00183333 about people like that and the theater isn't any different
130L4STPVCA-00447-00183341-00183811 than it's been in terms of the themes  that are available to it.
130L4STPVCA-00448-00183836-00184509 I think one of the things that makes theater or poetry valuable
130L4STPVCA-00449-00184509-00185125 or visual art valuable is that  something that Anne was talking about
130L4STPVCA-00450-00185125-00185763 about the lower parts of the brain because if we can make characters
130L4STPVCA-00451-00185763-00186614 whose reality is so tangible and pungent that it becomes
130L4STPVCA-00452-00186614-00187365 close and dear to the audience then I think we've done our job.
130L4STPVCA-00453-00187446-00187791 To me that's the major thing I want to do.
130L4STPVCA-00454-00187791-00188364 I want to open a character up so much that the audience feels
130L4STPVCA-00455-00188364-00188987 that they're walking in that person's life or in that person's shoes
130L4STPVCA-00456-00188987-00189328 and that's what's real to me.
130L4STPVCA-00457-00189521-00190167 But so much of what you're talking about is about stripping away
130L4STPVCA-00458-00190167-00190578 people's sense of power, and so I think the reason
130L4STPVCA-00459-00190578-00191287 why people create-- I think what it's about is creating work
130L4STPVCA-00460-00191287-00191415 that will give--
130L4STPVCA-00461-00191415-00191698 People come into the theater  and they're coming in
130L4STPVCA-00462-00191698-00191998 with varying degrees of I know who I am or I don't know what I have
130L4STPVCA-00463-00191998-00192174 or I don't what I'm holding onto.
130L4STPVCA-00464-00192174-00192429 I don't know what I believe, and I don't know what's going on.
130L4STPVCA-00465-00192429-00192758 And everybody's walking around like that and to me I think one
130L4STPVCA-00466-00192758-00193267 of the core responsibilities, even if it's stripping down a human being,
130L4STPVCA-00467-00193267-00193573 is about empowering an audience.
130L4STPVCA-00468-00193573-00193978 So it's restoring inside of an audience, the sense that they have;
130L4STPVCA-00469-00193986-00194442 it's within them, an invincible power to change the world.
130L4STPVCA-00470-00194519-00194867 We know that changing the world is a monstrously hard,
130L4STPVCA-00471-00194867-00195287 close to impossible thing to do but I think it's deeply
130L4STPVCA-00472-00195287-00195661 crucially important  that we all believe that we can.
130L4STPVCA-00473-00195692-00195944 And I think that's one of the things  that theater can do,
130L4STPVCA-00474-00195944-00196551 that the intimacy of the event, the intimacy to me what's fascinating
130L4STPVCA-00475-00196551-00197018 is when you are watching a film and it has tremendous power,
130L4STPVCA-00476-00197018-00197236 you lean back in your seat.
130L4STPVCA-00477-00197269-00197599 When you are watching a play  and it has tremendous power,
130L4STPVCA-00478-00197599-00197950 you lean forward in your seat because it's proportionately
130L4STPVCA-00479-00197950-00198356 the same size as you, and you're looking in to see
130L4STPVCA-00480-00198356-00198835 how you can get the secrets of how these people are succeeding
130L4STPVCA-00481-00198835-00199229 or failing or believing or not believing, and that's what I think it's about,
130L4STPVCA-00482-00199229-00199883 and that's why I agree with you  that theater continues to be important.
130L4STPVCA-00483-00199910-00200178 I agree with you that a lot of times it's hard to figure out
130L4STPVCA-00484-00200178-00200534 what the stakes are, but ultimately I think the core stake is
130L4STPVCA-00485-00200534-00200893 about empowering people  because so much that is happening
130L4STPVCA-00486-00200893-00201116 in the world is about  taking away their power.
130L4STPVCA-00487-00201221-00201582 So I think that's where I am right now.
130L4STPVCA-00488-00201619-00202578 I'm interested in stories that empower, not necessarily "rah rah rah" empowerment,
130L4STPVCA-00489-00202578-00203161 but it can be "fuck that" empowerment or "I agree" empowerment.
130L4STPVCA-00490-00203161-00203391 Or "you're completely wrong" empowerment.
130L4STPVCA-00491-00203402-00203785 It's just instilling inside people  the ability to keep charging forward
130L4STPVCA-00492-00203785-00203933 no matter what.
130L4STPVCA-00493-00204007-00204473 Certainly, <i>Shuffle Along</i> is  a really interesting example of that,
130L4STPVCA-00494-00204473-00205082 especially because it's actually a piece from an earlier period in our history
130L4STPVCA-00495-00205082-00205273 that was forgotten.
130L4STPVCA-00496-00205284-00205745 So that the act of doing it  in and of itself was what you describe
130L4STPVCA-00497-00205745-00206075 but that the piece itself  was also this thing that in its moment
130L4STPVCA-00498-00206075-00206294 was incredibly forward thinking.
130L4STPVCA-00499-00206294-00206629 And yet somehow that didn't occur  in a cultural moment
130L4STPVCA-00500-00206629-00206922 in which that could get traction, and that's--
130L4STPVCA-00501-00206922-00207131 Well, it did and then it didn't.
130L4STPVCA-00502-00207131-00207313 Well, right.
130L4STPVCA-00503-00207343-00207526 Traction without some traction.
130L4STPVCA-00504-00207526-00207735 Exactly that's what happens.
130L4STPVCA-00505-00207735-00208405 You've all-- to just return  to the overarching subject of the week
130L4STPVCA-00506-00208519-00208656 before we move on.
130L4STPVCA-00507-00208656-00208934 We should move on soon to questions.
130L4STPVCA-00508-00208934-00209343 All of your work has touched  on issues of American identity
130L4STPVCA-00509-00209343-00209921 in touching up different groups, but the overarching questions
130L4STPVCA-00510-00209921-00210382 of what it means to be American in  our time, what our responsibilities are.
130L4STPVCA-00511-00210382-00210993 One of the things that's happening  right now in our society is
130L4STPVCA-00512-00210993-00211278 people are really interrogating the question of whether,
130L4STPVCA-00513-00211278-00211757 not what our shared values are, but actually whether we even have them.
130L4STPVCA-00514-00211757-00212131 And I just wonder as you guys  are thinking about doing your own work now
130L4STPVCA-00515-00212131-00212688 how has your orientation as an artist  or as a writer or director
130L4STPVCA-00516-00212688-00213057 towards the question of American identity or your own identity changed?
130L4STPVCA-00517-00213226-00213768 You know Gordon Dahl calls us the United States of Amnesia,
130L4STPVCA-00518-00213800-00214259 and in a way he's right, and yet we have one of the most
130L4STPVCA-00519-00214259-00214734 extraordinary histories in this country, and we have amazing people
130L4STPVCA-00520-00214734-00215389 who have come who are now dead who didn't finish their sentences.
130L4STPVCA-00521-00215428-00215565 They had more to say.
130L4STPVCA-00522-00215581-00215797 That's also why I love <i>Shuffle Along</i>!
130L4STPVCA-00523-00215823-00216277 Sometimes I think if the theater were a verb,
130L4STPVCA-00524-00216317-00216582 it would be to remember in the sense of to remember
130L4STPVCA-00525-00216582-00217054 to put the parts back together again, and that our job is not so much
130L4STPVCA-00526-00217054-00217527 to invent something new  but is to inhabit those who didn't
130L4STPVCA-00527-00217527-00217943 quite finish saying what they had to say, and there are extraordinary examples
130L4STPVCA-00528-00217943-00218698 of those extraordinary Americans who need to be heard right now,
130L4STPVCA-00529-00218698-00219107 and that's a large part of what  I personally do as an artist
130L4STPVCA-00530-00219107-00219318 is listen to those people.
130L4STPVCA-00531-00219779-00220158 Other thoughts on that question?
130L4STPVCA-00532-00220174-00220283 Well, happily.
130L4STPVCA-00533-00220283-00220517 Anne's answer is quite comprehensive.
130L4STPVCA-00534-00220528-00220807 Maybe what we should do is open up to the audience.
130L4STPVCA-00535-00220807-00221047 We've got a few more minutes for questions that you might have.
130L4STPVCA-00536-00221047-00221455 Please speak up if you have a question so we can all hear you.
130L4STPVCA-00537-00221713-00221898 Scared them into silence.
130L4STPVCA-00538-00221898-00222088 (laughter)
130L4STPVCA-00539-00222088-00222328 I also can't see you very well. So, yes.
130L4STPVCA-00540-00222389-00223210 (audience member) [inaudible]
130L4STPVCA-00541-00225996-00226650 That perhaps academic institutions have come to this place--
130L4STPVCA-00542-00226650-00227525 have become the watchdog... the gatekeepers of American theater
130L4STPVCA-00543-00227554-00227980 and that it's impossible that somebody like August Wilson
130L4STPVCA-00544-00227980-00228258 or somebody suffering  from a mental health issue
130L4STPVCA-00545-00228258-00228687 or someone who's on the outskirts  of power would find any way in
130L4STPVCA-00546-00228687-00228927 or that their work would be recognized.
130L4STPVCA-00547-00228982-00229315 And that the only way to make it in or to find one's way
130L4STPVCA-00548-00229315-00229979 is by becoming more alive  in the academic work
130L4STPVCA-00549-00229979-00230307 that's being done to develop  one's aesthetic in that manner
130L4STPVCA-00550-00230307-00230768 and that power works on artists individually in their work.
130L4STPVCA-00551-00230954-00231594 [inaudible]
130L4STPVCA-00552-00231673-00231870 So what's your question?
130L4STPVCA-00553-00232011-00232476 (audience member) How do we voice  disagreement about things
130L4STPVCA-00554-00232495-00232764 that are going on in American theater
130L4STPVCA-00555-00232764-00233250 when we're stuck in a place  where we're also having to be
130L4STPVCA-00556-00233250-00233683 extremely professional about art and the art has become somewhat commercial
130L4STPVCA-00557-00233683-00233919 [inaudible]
130L4STPVCA-00558-00233926-00234158 Okay, well that's a lot of questions.
130L4STPVCA-00559-00234158-00234364 Well, I raised my hand because...
130L4STPVCA-00560-00234563-00234823 I'm going to summarize your question.
130L4STPVCA-00561-00234823-00235064 He was contextualizing his question about an article that was
130L4STPVCA-00562-00235064-00235403 in <i>American Theater</i> this month, which suggests-- I have not read it yet--
130L4STPVCA-00563-00235403-00235766 that there's a barrier to entry  to the profession to anybody
130L4STPVCA-00564-00235766-00236138 who doesn't conform to a kind of work that's being established
130L4STPVCA-00565-00236138-00236452 in MFA programs whether or not  they necessarily go to one,
130L4STPVCA-00566-00236452-00236766 and then it's hard to enter  the profession if you were in some way
130L4STPVCA-00567-00236766-00237157 an outsider and how do we talk about as artists and makers
130L4STPVCA-00568-00237157-00237579 what the problems of our own industry  in terms of access might be,
130L4STPVCA-00569-00237579-00238014 when our industry has become so commercialized or professionalized.
130L4STPVCA-00570-00238014-00238164 Is that fair?
130L4STPVCA-00571-00238196-00238576 (audience member) [inaudible]
130L4STPVCA-00572-00238592-00239387 Well, I had qualms about teaching in the creative writing graduate program
130L4STPVCA-00573-00239387-00239909 at the University of Houston because I didn't understand
130L4STPVCA-00574-00239909-00240173 why a poet just couldn't  write some poems
130L4STPVCA-00575-00240190-00240806 and go to a reading and read them and have people respond to them
130L4STPVCA-00576-00240806-00241305 and see how their work was  being taken in.
130L4STPVCA-00577-00241412-00241700 Or if it wasn't being taken in the way they wanted,
130L4STPVCA-00578-00241700-00241923 what could they change to fix it?
130L4STPVCA-00579-00241940-00242302 Because you find out what's wrong  with your work when you do it
130L4STPVCA-00580-00242302-00242551 in front of people.
130L4STPVCA-00581-00242551-00243011 And when I was teaching these people in this MFA program
130L4STPVCA-00582-00243011-00243430 and they were trying to go ahead and get PhD's in poetry,
130L4STPVCA-00583-00243526-00244180 I was like aghast and I couldn't  understand what I was doing
130L4STPVCA-00584-00244180-00244575 teaching these people  because I didn't think
130L4STPVCA-00585-00244575-00244758 that they could be taught.
130L4STPVCA-00586-00244765-00245466 What we're trying to do is maybe give you some technical points,
130L4STPVCA-00587-00245466-00245840 but you can't teach somebody how to write a poem,
130L4STPVCA-00588-00245897-00246502 and writing a play is not an exercise  that you do in four months
130L4STPVCA-00589-00246542-00246875 and turn it in-- I wrote it because I had to write it.
130L4STPVCA-00590-00246922-00247398 It should be a passion in you that drives the coming of the art.
130L4STPVCA-00591-00247437-00247723 I'm sorry, Larry. (laughter)
130L4STPVCA-00592-00247723-00248084 The coming of the art should come from a passion
130L4STPVCA-00593-00248084-00248286 that's in you.
130L4STPVCA-00594-00248286-00248542 It can't be an assignment.
130L4STPVCA-00595-00248584-00248938 And that's what I think  the MFA programs do to people.
130L4STPVCA-00596-00248938-00249802 They make the art so that it is so dry and perfect, that there's no room
130L4STPVCA-00597-00249802-00250369 in it for sweat, and there's  no room in it for tears or laughter.
130L4STPVCA-00598-00250529-00250879 Okay, any other thoughts on that question?
130L4STPVCA-00599-00250926-00251260 Any other questions? Yeah.
130L4STPVCA-00600-00251507-00251867 (audience member)  [inaudible]
130L4STPVCA-00601-00251867-00252156 I'm wondering at this stage in your career,
130L4STPVCA-00602-00252156-00252770 in what way do you mentor emerging artist/writers?
130L4STPVCA-00603-00252895-00253428 Who are some of your mentees and how did those relationships develop?
130L4STPVCA-00604-00253575-00254040 The question was up to the full panel about how they interact
130L4STPVCA-00605-00254040-00254265 with the other artists, how they mentor people,
130L4STPVCA-00606-00254265-00254515 and are there any examples of mentees that they have
130L4STPVCA-00607-00254515-00254770 that they want to specifically mention?
130L4STPVCA-00608-00254770-00255304 The question was about mentorship and any younger artists that you find
130L4STPVCA-00609-00255304-00255674 yourself in a position to mentor and what your position is
130L4STPVCA-00610-00255674-00255896 on working with younger artists?
130L4STPVCA-00611-00255904-00256249 (audience member) And I purposely said  emerging and not younger.
130L4STPVCA-00612-00256271-00256414 Emerging, yes.
130L4STPVCA-00613-00256414-00256610 (audience member) So emerging at sixty...
130L4STPVCA-00614-00256610-00256938 Sure. Yeah, that's a good modifier. Sorry about that.
130L4STPVCA-00615-00257393-00257594 You mentor a lot.
130L4STPVCA-00616-00257808-00258256 I agree with Ntozake  that you can't teach--
130L4STPVCA-00617-00258256-00258507 I teach directly, but you can't teach it.
130L4STPVCA-00618-00258507-00259284 What you can do is give an opportunity  for emerging artists to put work
130L4STPVCA-00619-00259284-00259422 in front of an audience.
130L4STPVCA-00620-00259443-00259739 And you have to have an audience, right?
130L4STPVCA-00621-00259739-00259960 It's not theoretical.
130L4STPVCA-00622-00259960-00260230 You put it in front of an audience, and then you're embarrassed
130L4STPVCA-00623-00260230-00260413 by what you see and then you make adjustments
130L4STPVCA-00624-00260413-00260539 from that embarrassment.
130L4STPVCA-00625-00260539-00260710 (Ntozake) Right. (laughter)
130L4STPVCA-00626-00260710-00261182 But I think it's true that MFA is an issue because I work at an MFA program
130L4STPVCA-00627-00261206-00261570 so I'm one of the guilty people, but I always think
130L4STPVCA-00628-00261570-00262037 when I'm looking at students I thought  I would never get into my program.
130L4STPVCA-00629-00262056-00262424 Anyway that's actually true.
130L4STPVCA-00630-00262424-00262815 I look at their applications and think I could never get
130L4STPVCA-00631-00262815-00263050 into the program that I'm running.
130L4STPVCA-00632-00263081-00263541 And maybe 10 years ago I used to say, "Don't go to MFA programs;
130L4STPVCA-00633-00263541-00263718 just go do your work."
130L4STPVCA-00634-00263718-00264402 But there is truly an adavntage
130L4STPVCA-00635-00264402-00264815 and perhaps an unfair advantage I think.
130L4STPVCA-00636-00264848-00265215 But going back to the mentor question,
130L4STPVCA-00637-00265215-00265596 you can give an opportunity to make work, and then you can
130L4STPVCA-00638-00265596-00265971 be truthful about what you experience, and that's called critique.
130L4STPVCA-00639-00266007-00266261 This is what I saw.
130L4STPVCA-00640-00266261-00266632 Why didn't you think of this, but that's about it.
130L4STPVCA-00641-00266632-00266975 I can use myself as a barometer.
130L4STPVCA-00642-00266975-00267401 In other words, my body gets excited  when I'm watching your work.
130L4STPVCA-00643-00267401-00267548 That's a good thing.
130L4STPVCA-00644-00267548-00267863 I got really bored;  that's the bad thing.
130L4STPVCA-00645-00267896-00268339 I think that "astonish me" is truly  the art of what we're trying to do
130L4STPVCA-00646-00268339-00268853 is to create work  that changes the heartbeat,
130L4STPVCA-00647-00268853-00269450 and so I can just be present  for emerging artists and respond
130L4STPVCA-00648-00269450-00269756 because I've practiced for many years.
130L4STPVCA-00649-00269897-00270071 Well, I have.
130L4STPVCA-00650-00270095-00270629 I spoke to one of my mentees today, and she's at the stage where she feels
130L4STPVCA-00651-00270629-00270831 like she needs an agent.
130L4STPVCA-00652-00270964-00271533 And I'm feeling uneasy  about introducing her to an agent
130L4STPVCA-00653-00271533-00272129 because I don't think she's ready yet, and I don't quite know how to tell her
130L4STPVCA-00654-00272129-00272642 that she has to write some more and expose herself some more
130L4STPVCA-00655-00272642-00273251 in little magazines and small magazines and small newspapers.
130L4STPVCA-00656-00273251-00273816 She has to put herself out there so that it can be seen
130L4STPVCA-00657-00273816-00274271 so that somebody who was an agent would be taken with it,
130L4STPVCA-00658-00274271-00274603 be smitten by it and want her.
130L4STPVCA-00659-00274603-00275267 And it's almost like the MFA question.
130L4STPVCA-00660-00275301-00275917 Because at a certain stage in our careers, you do need an agent.
130L4STPVCA-00661-00275917-00276405 I have always felt like they had to come looking for me
130L4STPVCA-00662-00276405-00276884 because I didn't feel like  I was ready yet
130L4STPVCA-00663-00276884-00277175 if they weren't looking for me.
130L4STPVCA-00664-00277175-00277630 And so I'm gonna tell  this young woman that tomorrow.
130L4STPVCA-00665-00277635-00277979 But her name is Mariposa Fernandez.
130L4STPVCA-00666-00277979-00278431 I also work with a young woman who goes by the name of [Rua]
130L4STPVCA-00667-00278431-00278807 who's a performing poet. They're both performing poets.
130L4STPVCA-00668-00278807-00279282 And I work with a young woman who's a performing poet and singer
130L4STPVCA-00669-00279298-00279895 who has started her first play, and she's just getting started on it
130L4STPVCA-00670-00279914-00280488 so I'm being very gentle with her and letting her go wherever she goes.
130L4STPVCA-00671-00280539-00281029 It's sort of wandering right now, but that might be the shape of the play.
130L4STPVCA-00672-00281029-00281274 So we'll just have to wait and see.
130L4STPVCA-00673-00281302-00281545 (Larry) That's very generous of you.
130L4STPVCA-00674-00281766-00282022 We have time for just one or two more.
130L4STPVCA-00675-00282022-00282124 Yes, in the middle.
130L4STPVCA-00676-00282154-00282512 (audience member) I felt early  in the program, I heard the instruction
130L4STPVCA-00677-00282530-00282861 use your anger as a sort  of a guiding principle for young artists.
130L4STPVCA-00678-00282887-00283244 What instructions would you leave  upcoming generations of artists
130L4STPVCA-00679-00283244-00283560 as speaking from the point of view of successful ones?
130L4STPVCA-00680-00283686-00283978 What instructions would you offer, folks?
130L4STPVCA-00681-00284000-00284420 What instructions would you offer to other young artists?
130L4STPVCA-00682-00284448-00284838 It's the only one  which is to be courageous.
130L4STPVCA-00683-00284838-00284980 That's it.
130L4STPVCA-00684-00285013-00285465 And also one of the things I think is most important is
130L4STPVCA-00685-00285465-00286101 that when you encounter failure don't run away from it,
130L4STPVCA-00686-00286126-00286504 but walk through the failure so you can figure out
130L4STPVCA-00687-00286504-00286814 what you did to contribute  to the phenomenon
130L4STPVCA-00688-00286814-00287072 so it doesn't happen again.
130L4STPVCA-00689-00287162-00287868 And the first play I did in New York got hate, hate reviews,
130L4STPVCA-00690-00287868-00288204 and the second one: "Oh my God, where's he been
130L4STPVCA-00691-00288204-00288342 all our lives?"
130L4STPVCA-00692-00288342-00288711 And I am so glad it happened in that order
130L4STPVCA-00693-00288711-00289162 because I learned so much stuff about what I did,
130L4STPVCA-00694-00289162-00289467 how I was stupid, how I surrendered authority,
130L4STPVCA-00695-00289467-00289906 how I did a bunch of crap that contributed to it not working
130L4STPVCA-00696-00289906-00290308 so that by the time I did the next play, my next play, I was like
130L4STPVCA-00697-00290308-00290800 every single antenna on me  was so sharpened and so refined:
130L4STPVCA-00698-00290800-00290977 "No, I'm not doing that! No, that's not right!
130L4STPVCA-00699-00290977-00291116 No, we're not doing that!"
130L4STPVCA-00700-00291116-00291549 Whereas the first play around I went, "Okay, sure, why not."
130L4STPVCA-00701-00291549-00292103 So, I think when you encounter failure, failure isn't a punishment.
130L4STPVCA-00702-00292103-00292529 I think failure is an extraordinary  opportunity to learn and get smarter
130L4STPVCA-00703-00292529-00292705 and get better.
130L4STPVCA-00704-00292705-00293198 The other thing I think  is important is to read.
130L4STPVCA-00705-00293351-00294084 I think I find that a lot of people  approach me and want to become writers
130L4STPVCA-00706-00294084-00294246 don't read.
130L4STPVCA-00707-00294321-00294833 They don't have any context  for what they want to do themselves.
130L4STPVCA-00708-00294889-00295345 They don't know what can  influence them or feed them
130L4STPVCA-00709-00295345-00295860 or anger them or make them cry.
130L4STPVCA-00710-00295860-00296207 And if they don't know  who can do that to them,
130L4STPVCA-00711-00296207-00296578 how do they know how to do that to somebody else?
130L4STPVCA-00712-00296578-00296926 And it also increases your vocabulary.
130L4STPVCA-00713-00296972-00297325 It gives you more of an idea of place.
130L4STPVCA-00714-00297325-00297669 It gives you a sense of history.
130L4STPVCA-00715-00297696-00298131 I would just beg all the young artists  and emerging artists
130L4STPVCA-00716-00298131-00298607 to read as much as you can of whatever it is.
130L4STPVCA-00717-00298628-00298842 Read science books!
130L4STPVCA-00718-00298842-00299036 Read history books!
130L4STPVCA-00719-00299036-00299252 Read biographies!
130L4STPVCA-00720-00299252-00299812 Read autobiographies but read because there's so much of the world
130L4STPVCA-00721-00299812-00300184 locked up and you have access to it.
130L4STPVCA-00722-00300367-00300699 True advice. Did you want to add anything, Larry?
130L4STPVCA-00723-00300699-00301179 Did you want to add anything to the laundry list of advice
130L4STPVCA-00724-00301179-00301358 to younger artists?
130L4STPVCA-00725-00301763-00302194 If you believe enough in your work, keep going.
130L4STPVCA-00726-00302260-00302557 It's not easy, but keep going.
130L4STPVCA-00727-00302906-00303539 I'd also like to add in addition to reading,
130L4STPVCA-00728-00303550-00304764 to experience your discomfort, to notice what that discomfort brings up
130L4STPVCA-00729-00304764-00305244 because I think as you read  as you expand as you grow,
130L4STPVCA-00730-00305244-00305719 you're going to be asked to come out of your comfort level.
130L4STPVCA-00731-00305719-00306591 Which for us culturally is the same thing  as saying, you're going to have to
130L4STPVCA-00732-00306591-00306947 deal with things that are unfamiliar.
130L4STPVCA-00733-00307022-00307366 And I think we really suffer.
130L4STPVCA-00734-00307436-00307921 We're in peril now as a society because we're too addicted to comfort.
130L4STPVCA-00735-00307937-00308554 So it's really important to be able to not only be uncomfortable
130L4STPVCA-00736-00308554-00309034 which kind of sounds ridiculous but to notice the purpose
130L4STPVCA-00737-00309034-00309125 of discomfort.
130L4STPVCA-00738-00309125-00309308 (Christian) What can we take from that.
130L4STPVCA-00739-00309308-00309526 Which comes back to what George  was just saying.
130L4STPVCA-00740-00309526-00309719 What does discomfort teach you?
130L4STPVCA-00741-00309719-00309922 (Larry) Try not to be afraid.
130L4STPVCA-00742-00309944-00310601 I'm a late bloomer  because like so many people
130L4STPVCA-00743-00310625-00311193 who want to write, they're afraid to actually get down to do it.
130L4STPVCA-00744-00311250-00311736 And then when they actually have something they're afraid to show it to anybody else.
130L4STPVCA-00745-00311755-00312349 Everybody goes through that so you have to get past all of that.
130L4STPVCA-00746-00312398-00312660 Put that over there on the side.
130L4STPVCA-00747-00312692-00312890 Look at it and then put it over there.
130L4STPVCA-00748-00312949-00313171 I think that's a really good place  for us to end actually.
130L4STPVCA-00749-00313217-00313472 I want to thank all of you so much for being here.
130L4STPVCA-00750-00313498-00313704 (applause)
130L4STPVCA-00751-00313782-00314051 And thank you all too!
130L4STPVCA-00752-00314080-00314452 (applause)
147kW78SeS4-00000-00000094-00000298 » SMITH: It seems to me that Chapter Ten begins
147kW78SeS4-00001-00000298-00000968 to raise the question of the historical context and the historical specificity of capitalism,
147kW78SeS4-00002-00000968-00001409 around the working-day in Chapter Ten, but in the context of machinery, in the context of labor
147kW78SeS4-00003-00001409-00001975 in the context of the relation to nature and in many other ways.
147kW78SeS4-00004-00001975-00002340 Until of course we get to
147kW78SeS4-00005-00002340-00002584 the general theory of capital accumulation, where
147kW78SeS4-00006-00002584-00002963 you couldn't have that argument without that historical
147kW78SeS4-00007-00002963-00003675 contextualization, together with the analytical work that went into the early chapters.
147kW78SeS4-00008-00003675-00003946 It seems to me that that chapter
147kW78SeS4-00009-00003946-00004182 is the crucial chapter in Volume One.
147kW78SeS4-00010-00004182-00004765 » HARVEY: Yeah, it's the culmination of the argument of Volume One,
147kW78SeS4-00011-00004765-00004985 What you're saying is really
147kW78SeS4-00012-00004985-00005609 interesting and important to grasp, which is the relationship in this book,
147kW78SeS4-00013-00005609-00006333 between the theoretical logic and the historical circumstances,
147kW78SeS4-00014-00006333-00006706 And sometimes you get a little bit confused as to whether he's making a historical argument
147kW78SeS4-00015-00006706-00007092 or a logical argument, sometimes he's making both together.
147kW78SeS4-00016-00007092-00007861 So there's an interesting dialogue, dialectic, if you like, between that.
147kW78SeS4-00017-00007861-00008353 In the chapter on the working-day, what you see
147kW78SeS4-00018-00008353-00008663 is a confrontation with actually existing circumstances,
147kW78SeS4-00019-00008663-00008900 it's very historical.
147kW78SeS4-00020-00008900-00009324 But you couldn't understand it unless you really understood the theoretical
147kW78SeS4-00021-00009324-00009614 underpinning of it, which is: why is it
147kW78SeS4-00022-00009614-00010021 that capitalists are so obsessed with other people's time?
147kW78SeS4-00023-00010021-00010486 and what does it mean to be in a situation: I am a worker and have
147kW78SeS4-00024-00010486-00010689 somebody else totally obsessed
147kW78SeS4-00025-00010689-00011249 with commanding my time and commanding every second of it? So, at that point
147kW78SeS4-00026-00011249-00011793 the two really merge together, both the theoretical and the historical.
147kW78SeS4-00027-00011793-00011897 Now, when you get to
147kW78SeS4-00028-00011897-00012462 the general law of capitalist accumulation, there are number of complicated things going on,
147kW78SeS4-00029-00012462-00012789 there's the theoretical argument,
147kW78SeS4-00030-00012789-00013090 which actually stretches right back to the beginning,
147kW78SeS4-00031-00013090-00013456 where you have to remember that this book is about
147kW78SeS4-00032-00013456-00013783 a critique of political economy.
147kW78SeS4-00033-00013783-00014136 And what was it that the political economists were saying?
147kW78SeS4-00034-00014136-00014646 The political economists were saying, in aggregate:
147kW78SeS4-00035-00014646-00015280 let the free market do its work and everything will be okay.
147kW78SeS4-00036-00015280-00015862 They weren't all saying that but there was a free market utopianism around
147kW78SeS4-00037-00015862-00016519 in Marx's time, and Marx said: alright, let's assume that you constructed your utopia
147kW78SeS4-00038-00016519-00016999 - and it's interesting that that utopian vision of the market doing its work has been around
147kW78SeS4-00039-00016999-00017233 us over the last 20-30 years,
147kW78SeS4-00040-00017233-00017739 as we're told again and again and again: let the market do its work and everything will be okay-
147kW78SeS4-00041-00017739-00018045 what Marx does in this chapter is to say,
147kW78SeS4-00042-00018045-00018436 what will happen if we let the market do its work?
147kW78SeS4-00043-00018436-00019209 The first thing is that you get more and more monopoly, which you're not supposed to have.
147kW78SeS4-00044-00019209-00019697 The idea is that capitalism should be competitive, what Marx is showing is in the utopian kind
147kW78SeS4-00045-00019697-00020138 of free market, what you get is in the end the big ones dominate.
147kW78SeS4-00046-00020138-00020507 Of course, one of the things that's interesting to look at in our own history over the last
147kW78SeS4-00047-00020507-00020778 30 years is the degree to which
147kW78SeS4-00048-00020778-00021042 we've been preached a lot about free market, but at the same time
147kW78SeS4-00049-00021042-00021342 the incredible consolidation that's going on in terms of
147kW78SeS4-00050-00021342-00022016 oligopolies, in terms of pharmaceuticals and energy and all the rest of it.
147kW78SeS4-00051-00022016-00022580 So it's self-destructive, he says this is a self-destructive utopian vision. It's unstable and
147kW78SeS4-00052-00022580-00022930 it's always going to end up in monopoly. The second thing is:
147kW78SeS4-00053-00022930-00023399 will it work to the benefit of the worker? Because that's what we've been told,
147kW78SeS4-00054-00023399-00023839 that if you let the free market do its work then, you, the worker will benefit. But what Marx
147kW78SeS4-00055-00023839-00024137 shows is: no, that's not going to happen at all,
147kW78SeS4-00056-00024137-00024645 what happens in a free market society, if you push it that way, is that the rich get incredibly
147kW78SeS4-00057-00024645-00024897 richer and the poor get incredibly poorer.
147kW78SeS4-00058-00024897-00025174 And of course what's happened over the last 30 years?
147kW78SeS4-00059-00025174-00025685 The rich have gotten incredibly richer and the poor have gotten incredibly poorer.
147kW78SeS4-00060-00025685-00026125 But what Marx does is to prove, rigorously, that actually
147kW78SeS4-00061-00026125-00026536 this is what the free-market capitalism will produce.
147kW78SeS4-00062-00026536-00026875 More and more monopoly and more and more social inequality.
147kW78SeS4-00063-00026875-00027210 And I think that these two propositions that came out of Chapter 25,
147kW78SeS4-00064-00027210-00027572 were predictions of what would happen if you went in that direction.
147kW78SeS4-00065-00027572-00028137 Of course, in the 1950s-60 capitalism was not organized
147kW78SeS4-00066-00028137-00028633 along this highly competitive rat race kind of line, since the 1970s it has.
147kW78SeS4-00067-00028633-00029058 And so what we've seen is coming back closer and closer to Marx his prediction,
147kW78SeS4-00068-00029058-00029377 and I think this is a crucial chapter
147kW78SeS4-00069-00029377-00029649 to understand both the theoretical argument
147kW78SeS4-00070-00029649-00029933 and relationship with that, and the practical argument.
147kW78SeS4-00071-00029933-00030270 But the practical argument is contingent: it doesn't say
147kW78SeS4-00072-00030270-00030630 capitalism is bound to end up this way, it says: capitalism will only end up this way
147kW78SeS4-00073-00030630-00031041 if you believe that myth about the freedom of market being
147kW78SeS4-00074-00031041-00031738 the gods to which we have bow down and to whom we have to pay obeisance.
147kW78SeS4-00075-00031738-00032180 So, I think it's a brilliant chapter in that way, and right now, I think it's devastatingly
147kW78SeS4-00076-00032180-00032446 right and it's so obviously true
147kW78SeS4-00077-00032446-00032866 that this is what has happened and this is what's going on. So I always find
147kW78SeS4-00078-00032866-00033237 that chapter a great moment in Capital, to say this is a culmination of his argument
147kW78SeS4-00079-00033237-00033404 of Volume One
147kW78SeS4-00080-00033404-00033736 and this is where you're going to get to if you go this path,
147kW78SeS4-00081-00033736-00034089 and wow! everybody gets it immediately,
147kW78SeS4-00082-00034089-00034427 yeah, we can see how that's happened!
147kW78SeS4-00083-00036106-00036384 What Marx does is to try to put together
147kW78SeS4-00084-00036540-00037303 a synthetic model, if you like, of how a capitalist system works,
147kW78SeS4-00085-00037303-00037634 and what its dynamics are like.
147kW78SeS4-00086-00037634-00038228 In chapter 23,
147kW78SeS4-00087-00038228-00038652 he looks at that from the standpoint of the reproduction of the class-
147kW78SeS4-00088-00038652-00038990 relation between capital and labor. And you notice
147kW78SeS4-00089-00038990-00039421 Marx is much more interested in the question of social reproduction than he is
147kW78SeS4-00090-00039421-00039897 in the question of the technical means by which it is done.
147kW78SeS4-00091-00040027-00040393 Chapter 24 looks at
147kW78SeS4-00092-00040393-00040938 the implications of capital accumulation from the standpoint of the capitalist,
147kW78SeS4-00093-00040938-00041338 so for a fleeting moment in chapter 24 you feel sorry for the capitalists caught
147kW78SeS4-00094-00041338-00042100 in this Faustian dilemma of having to consume or having to reinvest.
147kW78SeS4-00095-00042100-00042444 And you also see that,
147kW78SeS4-00096-00042444-00042821 given the coercive laws of competition, that
147kW78SeS4-00097-00042821-00043163 capitalists are not necessarily free to choose, as
147kW78SeS4-00098-00043163-00043502 Milton Friedman would hope they would be,
147kW78SeS4-00099-00043502-00043959 that they have to reinvest whether they like it or not,
147kW78SeS4-00100-00043959-00044368 and that therefore there is accumulation for accumulation's sake, production for production's sake.
147kW78SeS4-00101-00044589-00045030 The topic of chapter 25 is to look at
147kW78SeS4-00102-00045030-00045550 what this all means from the standpoint of the labourer,
147kW78SeS4-00103-00045550-00046249 and what it implies for the fate of the working class.
147kW78SeS4-00104-00046249-00046486 Here you will notice
147kW78SeS4-00105-00046486-00047021 that one of the assumptions we've started out with, that everything was traded at its value,
147kW78SeS4-00106-00047021-00047480 still holds except in the case of labor-power.
147kW78SeS4-00107-00047480-00048267 We're going to look at that now as something which is a bit flexible
147kW78SeS4-00108-00048267-00048638 and alike. As often happens with Marx, we've seen this in the chapter on the working-day,
147kW78SeS4-00109-00048638-00049317 but also in the passages on machinery and large-scale industry,
147kW78SeS4-00110-00049317-00049836 is that having derived a theoretical positionality,
147kW78SeS4-00111-00049836-00050213 what Marx then wants to do is to go out and say: can you see this actually at work in
147kW78SeS4-00112-00050213-00050466 the world around you?
147kW78SeS4-00113-00050466-00050821 So the last part of this chapter, section five,
147kW78SeS4-00114-00050821-00051255 is very much about 'yeah, here's the theory, now
147kW78SeS4-00115-00051255-00051517 when we go out there what do we see?'
147kW78SeS4-00116-00051517-00051755 The theory says that
147kW78SeS4-00117-00051755-00052282 it's absolutely essential, for capitalism to function, that there be an industrial reserve army,
147kW78SeS4-00118-00052282-00052592 a surplus of labor-power
147kW78SeS4-00119-00052592-00052911 and that the surplus of labour-power would not be kept
147kW78SeS4-00120-00052911-00053201 in a condition of great affluence but that
147kW78SeS4-00121-00053201-00053661 it'd be in a position of relative impoverishment.
147kW78SeS4-00122-00053661-00054286 So by looking at the conditions of labor power in
147kW78SeS4-00123-00054286-00054830 cities but also more importantly in terms of rural areas of Britain,
147kW78SeS4-00124-00054830-00055516 and then looking at the condition of the Irish in relationship to British industry,
147kW78SeS4-00125-00055516-00056084 you get some explanation why those
147kW78SeS4-00126-00056084-00056541 structures in the population, which can be identified historically at that time,
147kW78SeS4-00127-00056541-00056751 existed.
147kW78SeS4-00128-00056751-00057279 So the theory is connected to the historical realities
147kW78SeS4-00129-00057279-00057507 in this chapter.
147kW78SeS4-00130-00057507-00058025 I'm going to largely be concerned with the theory, but again I want to remind you
147kW78SeS4-00131-00058025-00058528 that the theory that Marx is going to lay out here
147kW78SeS4-00132-00058528-00058876 is not a theory devoid of assumptions.
147kW78SeS4-00133-00058876-00059151 The assumptions he started out with, that
147kW78SeS4-00134-00059151-00059458 there is no problem in the market,
147kW78SeS4-00135-00059458-00060188 the way in which the surplus gets divided up between interested and rent,
147kW78SeS4-00136-00060188-00060427 the profit of merchants capital,
147kW78SeS4-00137-00060427-00060714 taxes and all the rest of it, have no relevance
147kW78SeS4-00138-00060714-00061185 for the argument. In other words, we're just simply going to look at the relationship
147kW78SeS4-00139-00061185-00061844 between the capitalist class totality, and the working class.
147kW78SeS4-00140-00061844-00061982 And that is
147kW78SeS4-00141-00061982-00062487 an assumption which is not really warranted, in terms of what actually goes on
147kW78SeS4-00142-00062487-00062670 and what actually exists,
147kW78SeS4-00143-00062670-00063000 but it nevertheless is one which will help
147kW78SeS4-00144-00063000-00063492 us identify some of the basic dynamics with which Marx is concerned, as will
147kW78SeS4-00145-00063492-00063823 the assumption that there is no problem in the market.
147kW78SeS4-00146-00064092-00065308 Marx starts off, with introducing three concepts.
147kW78SeS4-00147-00065308-00065479 We've encountered
147kW78SeS4-00148-00065479-00065892 the concept of the organic composition of capital once before in Capital, but this is
147kW78SeS4-00149-00065892-00066490 the first time that they're being laid out in general.
147kW78SeS4-00150-00066490-00066738 And i have to say, actually you could
147kW78SeS4-00151-00066738-00066988 construct this argument here
147kW78SeS4-00152-00066988-00067502 without these three concepts if you really needed to.
147kW78SeS4-00153-00067502-00067801 But they're crucial to Marx's thinking,
147kW78SeS4-00154-00067801-00068195 particularly when it comes to Volume Three of Capital
147kW78SeS4-00155-00068195-00068429 and they have been crucial
147kW78SeS4-00156-00068429-00068849 in a lot of the argument that is going on as to how to understand
147kW78SeS4-00157-00068849-00069275 Marx his general theory of dynamics of capitalism.
147kW78SeS4-00158-00069275-00069776 So, we need to spend just a little bit of time on them.
147kW78SeS4-00159-00069776-00070363 He starts off by saying:
147kW78SeS4-00160-00070363-00070783 “The composition of capital is to be understood in a twofold sense.”
147kW78SeS4-00161-00070783-00071249 The trouble is he then goes on immediately to identify it in a threefold sense.
147kW78SeS4-00162-00071249-00071541 The twofold sense: “As value, it is
147kW78SeS4-00163-00071541-00071921 determined by the proportion in which it is divided into constant capital,
147kW78SeS4-00164-00071921-00072141 or the value of the means of production,
147kW78SeS4-00165-00072141-00072646 and variable capital, or the value of labour-power, the sum total of wages.”
147kW78SeS4-00166-00072646-00072990 He then goes on
147kW78SeS4-00167-00072990-00073435 to talk about the physical composition of capital
147kW78SeS4-00168-00073435-00073842 which he calls the “technical composition of capital”.
147kW78SeS4-00169-00073842-00074200 And he insists, he says, “There is a close correlation between the two.
147kW78SeS4-00170-00074200-00074530 To express this, I call the value-composition of capital,
147kW78SeS4-00171-00074530-00075044 in so far as it is determined by its technical composition and mirrors the changes in the latter,
147kW78SeS4-00172-00075044-00075381 the organic composition of capital.
147kW78SeS4-00173-00075381-00075723 Wherever I refer to the composition of capital, without further qualification,
147kW78SeS4-00174-00075723-00076309 its organic composition is always understood.”
147kW78SeS4-00175-00076309-00076617 Now, what does this really amount to?
147kW78SeS4-00176-00076617-00077012 We have, first of all,
147kW78SeS4-00177-00077012-00077712 technical composition,
147kW78SeS4-00178-00078097-00079114 the technical composition is the physical productivity of labour.
147kW78SeS4-00179-00079114-00079839 And it's typical measure would be
147kW78SeS4-00180-00079839-00080309 the number of widgets produced per worker-hour,
147kW78SeS4-00181-00080309-00080581 tons of steel produced per worker-hour,
147kW78SeS4-00182-00080581-00080814 a very physical thing.
147kW78SeS4-00183-00080814-00081012 And obviously
147kW78SeS4-00184-00081012-00081517 technological change alters these physical ratios,
147kW78SeS4-00185-00081763-00082176 increasing productivity means that the number of widgets per hour increases,
147kW78SeS4-00186-00082176-00082692 so it's a physical thing.
147kW78SeS4-00187-00082692-00083392 The value composition,
147kW78SeS4-00188-00083566-00084531 how much the capitalist lays out for means of production versus labor power.
147kW78SeS4-00189-00084531-00084748 And the value of composition
147kW78SeS4-00190-00084748-00085204 is really equivalent to 'C over V'.
147kW78SeS4-00191-00085204-00086040 That is, if 'C' is the total amount of value, which you have to lay out in terms of
147kW78SeS4-00192-00086040-00086412 gaining access to means of production,
147kW78SeS4-00193-00086412-00086919 the raw materials, machinery and all the rest of it.
147kW78SeS4-00194-00086919-00087227 And 'V' is the variable capital
147kW78SeS4-00195-00087227-00087919 which you have to lay out, which depends on the value of labor power.
147kW78SeS4-00196-00087919-00089113 The organic composition is this value composition
147kW78SeS4-00197-00089113-00090234 insofar as it is affected by changes in physical productivity.
147kW78SeS4-00198-00090234-00090419 Now, let us
147kW78SeS4-00199-00090419-00091184 indicate straight-out that there are some problems with this idea.
147kW78SeS4-00200-00091184-00091361 First:
147kW78SeS4-00201-00091361-00092846 is this an internal measure, or an internal effect within the firm?
147kW78SeS4-00202-00092846-00093034 Within the firm,
147kW78SeS4-00203-00093034-00093477 I change my productivity i.e. my technical composition,
147kW78SeS4-00204-00093477-00093757 I therefore
147kW78SeS4-00205-00093757-00094223 have to go out into the market and I have to buy more means of production and maybe
147kW78SeS4-00206-00094223-00094590 less labour-power. So,
147kW78SeS4-00207-00094590-00095174 as a particular entrepreneur in a particular industry,
147kW78SeS4-00208-00095174-00095448 that ratio 'C over V'
147kW78SeS4-00209-00095448-00096104 that I'm utilizing, may change for that reason.
147kW78SeS4-00210-00096104-00097559 But then there are external measures, external effects,
147kW78SeS4-00211-00097559-00097766 let's suppose that
147kW78SeS4-00212-00097766-00098095 there's technological change going on
147kW78SeS4-00213-00098095-00098567 in the production of intermediate inputs,
147kW78SeS4-00214-00098567-00098890 production of means of production.
147kW78SeS4-00215-00098890-00099208 That will mean
147kW78SeS4-00216-00099208-00099722 that I have to lay out less in the way of 'C' because the value of 'C' is falling, because of
147kW78SeS4-00217-00099722-00100217 the rising productivity in the industries that are producing
147kW78SeS4-00218-00100217-00100504 cotton thread, for example.
147kW78SeS4-00219-00100504-00100849 The industries that are producing cotton thread become much more productive, cotton
147kW78SeS4-00220-00100849-00101018 thread becomes much cheaper,
147kW78SeS4-00221-00101018-00101398 i have to lay out less in the way of 'C'.
147kW78SeS4-00222-00101398-00101745 Similarly, remember what happens to 'V',
147kW78SeS4-00223-00101745-00102193 as industries which are producing wage goods
147kW78SeS4-00224-00102193-00102645 increase in productivity, 'V' goes down.
147kW78SeS4-00225-00102645-00103064 So there are all kinds of interactive market effects
147kW78SeS4-00226-00103064-00103305 which could also go on
147kW78SeS4-00227-00103305-00103648 as a result of these technical changes,
147kW78SeS4-00228-00103648-00104013 changing the technical composition of capital
147kW78SeS4-00229-00104013-00104213 in a given industry
147kW78SeS4-00230-00104213-00104774 which is producing means of production for another industry,
147kW78SeS4-00231-00104774-00105149 these are going to affect the 'C over V' ratio.
147kW78SeS4-00232-00105149-00105453 Now, it's not clear
147kW78SeS4-00233-00105453-00105899 from Marx' presentation in this chapter whether he's talking about
147kW78SeS4-00234-00105899-00106295 internal measures only,
147kW78SeS4-00235-00106295-00106800 that is, not including all of these interaction effects, or whether he's
147kW78SeS4-00236-00106800-00107266 also including all of these interaction effects. In fact,
147kW78SeS4-00237-00107266-00107357 he does
147kW78SeS4-00238-00107357-00107632 at some point indicate
147kW78SeS4-00239-00107632-00108263 he understands there may be interaction effects, but these interaction effects
147kW78SeS4-00240-00108263-00108588 are in his view relatively muted, for reasons that we'll
147kW78SeS4-00241-00108588-00108817 come back to.
147kW78SeS4-00242-00108817-00109141 Now, there is a third possibility,
147kW78SeS4-00243-00109141-00109673 that is the value composition of capital, 'C over V',
147kW78SeS4-00244-00109673-00110182 is subject to all kinds of other influences.
147kW78SeS4-00245-00110182-00110954 For example the discovery of a new set of resources (new oil wells),
147kW78SeS4-00246-00110954-00111332 so that suddenly the cost of acquiring
147kW78SeS4-00247-00111332-00111661 a raw material goes down,
147kW78SeS4-00248-00111661-00112063 bad harvests over a series of years in which case the value of
147kW78SeS4-00249-00112063-00112323 cotton rises,
147kW78SeS4-00250-00112323-00112686 the value of wheat is rising right now
147kW78SeS4-00251-00112686-00112901 for those kinds of reasons.
147kW78SeS4-00252-00112901-00113288 But we also saw in the chapter
147kW78SeS4-00253-00113288-00113746 earlier where there are all sorts of other ways in which capitalists can gain surplus-
147kW78SeS4-00254-00113746-00113980 value:
147kW78SeS4-00255-00113980-00114267 Free goods,
147kW78SeS4-00256-00114267-00114463 second-hand machinery, for example,
147kW78SeS4-00257-00114463-00114863 or machinery which is out outdated but which you can continue
147kW78SeS4-00258-00114863-00115217 to employ for free, so there's all sorts of other
147kW78SeS4-00259-00115217-00115635 elements in here that can affect the value composition.
147kW78SeS4-00260-00115635-00115779 So we can
147kW78SeS4-00261-00115779-00116228 actually suggest that there is a good reason why Marx distinguished between value composition
147kW78SeS4-00262-00116228-00116599 and organic composition.
147kW78SeS4-00263-00116599-00116852 Because he wants to talk about the value composition
147kW78SeS4-00264-00116852-00117172 in so far as it's affected by
147kW78SeS4-00265-00117172-00117533 technical changes and organizational changes
147kW78SeS4-00266-00117533-00117965 that affect physical productivity. So the organic composition
147kW78SeS4-00267-00117965-00118168 refers to -that-,
147kW78SeS4-00268-00118168-00118355 the value composition
147kW78SeS4-00269-00118355-00118694 as it is affected by -this -.
147kW78SeS4-00270-00118694-00118875 But as I suggested
147kW78SeS4-00271-00118875-00119109 there's this ambiguity -here-
147kW78SeS4-00272-00119109-00119660 as to whether we should be concerned with
147kW78SeS4-00273-00119660-00120060 examining what happens in a given line of production or in a given firm,
147kW78SeS4-00274-00120060-00120300 or whether we're actually going to be looking at
147kW78SeS4-00275-00120300-00120653 the aggregate in the economy.
147kW78SeS4-00276-00120653-00120938 His view,
147kW78SeS4-00277-00120938-00121320 he says, is this:
147kW78SeS4-00278-00121320-00121808 “The many individual capitals invested in a particular branch of production
147kW78SeS4-00279-00121808-00122345 have compositions which differ from each other to a greater or lesser extent.”
147kW78SeS4-00280-00122345-00122655 Some lines of production are capital intensive,
147kW78SeS4-00281-00122655-00123003 or 'C' intensive, if you want to call it that, others are labour intensive
147kW78SeS4-00282-00123003-00123241 or 'V' intensive.
147kW78SeS4-00283-00123241-00123613 “The average of their individual compositions gives us the composition of the total capital
147kW78SeS4-00284-00123613-00124047 in the branch of production under consideration.
147kW78SeS4-00285-00124047-00124516 Finally, the average of all the average compositions in all branches of production gives us
147kW78SeS4-00286-00124516-00124795 the composition of the total social capital of a country…”
147kW78SeS4-00287-00124795-00125210 -notice: this is a country, it's not over the world-
147kW78SeS4-00288-00125210-00125777 "…and it is with this alone that we are concerned here in the final analysis.”
147kW78SeS4-00289-00125777-00126052 It seems like he's saying
147kW78SeS4-00290-00126052-00126752 both the internal and external after they're all taken into account
147kW78SeS4-00291-00126894-00127044 run together,
147kW78SeS4-00292-00127044-00127314 that those should be
147kW78SeS4-00293-00127314-00127779 what I understand by organic composition.
147kW78SeS4-00294-00127779-00128303 At this point he just lays out these questions,
147kW78SeS4-00295-00128303-00128830 before he then goes on to talk through
147kW78SeS4-00296-00128830-00129108 what in effect is
147kW78SeS4-00297-00129108-00129946 a simple first model of accumulation dynamics.
147kW78SeS4-00298-00129946-00130139 And the argument goes like this:
147kW78SeS4-00299-00130139-00130496 the capitalist has
147kW78SeS4-00300-00130496-00130944 surplus-value at the end of the day,
147kW78SeS4-00301-00130944-00131637 some of this surplus-value is going to be re-accumulated.
147kW78SeS4-00302-00131637-00132008 For the moment we're going to assume there's no technical change,
147kW78SeS4-00303-00132008-00132545 no change in productivity .
147kW78SeS4-00304-00132545-00133176 If part of that surplus-value is going to be reinvested then you need more labour,
147kW78SeS4-00305-00133176-00133468 therefore, says Marx,
147kW78SeS4-00306-00133468-00134087 accumulation of capital means, as he says on page 764:
147kW78SeS4-00307-00134087-00134347 “multiplication of the proletariat.”
147kW78SeS4-00308-00134347-00135227 An increase in the number of the wage labourers.
147kW78SeS4-00309-00135306-00135742 Where does this labour surplus come from?
147kW78SeS4-00310-00135742-00136310 So he then goes through scurrilous views of Mandeville and others,
147kW78SeS4-00311-00136310-00136573 and suggests that Mandeville was more honest than some of the people
147kW78SeS4-00312-00136573-00136873 who came after him, in recognizing
147kW78SeS4-00313-00136873-00137525 that what is necessary for such a system to work is that there be a pool
147kW78SeS4-00314-00137525-00137961 of impoverished non-workers
147kW78SeS4-00315-00137961-00138430 to be absorbed into it,
147kW78SeS4-00316-00138430-00139130 thus continuing the expansion of capital.
147kW78SeS4-00317-00139231-00139660 He says on page 765: “What Mandeville, an honest man with a clear mind,
147kW78SeS4-00318-00139660-00140122 had not yet grasped was the fact that the mechanism of the accumulation process itself
147kW78SeS4-00319-00140122-00140569 not only increases the amount of capital but also the mass of the 'labouring poor'
147kW78SeS4-00320-00140569-00140775 i.e. the wage-labourers,
147kW78SeS4-00321-00140775-00141475 who turn their labour-power into a force for increasing the valorization of the growing capital…”
147kW78SeS4-00322-00141760-00142303 This then leads Marx into
147kW78SeS4-00323-00142303-00142571 the beginnings of a discussion of Malthus
147kW78SeS4-00324-00142571-00142881 and of course,
147kW78SeS4-00325-00142881-00143581 the long footnote six on p.766 is given over to
147kW78SeS4-00326-00143679-00144548 the superficial plagiarism of Malthus and the like in terms of his theory
147kW78SeS4-00327-00144548-00144916 of population and how “the hour of the Protestant parsons struck”.
147kW78SeS4-00328-00145408-00145676 He then comes back on p.768,
147kW78SeS4-00329-00145841-00146574 to say this: “Under the conditions of accumulation we have assumed so far…"
147kW78SeS4-00330-00146574-00146835 -notice 'assumed '-
147kW78SeS4-00331-00146835-00147144 "…conditions which are the most favourable to the workers,
147kW78SeS4-00332-00147144-00147346 their relation of dependence on capital
147kW78SeS4-00333-00147346-00148019 takes on forms which are endurable or, as Eden says, 'easy and liberal'.”
147kW78SeS4-00334-00148019-00148289 That it can, in fact,
147kW78SeS4-00335-00148289-00148705 as this accumulation process goes on at the time,
147kW78SeS4-00336-00148705-00149038 absorb the surplus labour and start lead to
147kW78SeS4-00337-00149038-00149665 conditions of rising wages, so on p.769 he says:
147kW78SeS4-00338-00149665-00150023 there can be “A rise in the price of labour,
147kW78SeS4-00339-00150023-00150408 as a consequence of the accumulation of capital, only means in fact that
147kW78SeS4-00340-00150408-00150890 the length and weight of the golden chain the wage-labourer has already forged for himself
147kW78SeS4-00341-00150890-00151577 allow it to be loosened somewhat.”
147kW78SeS4-00342-00151577-00152170 At the bottom he makes this other point: “it is clear that at the best of times
147kW78SeS4-00343-00152170-00152667 an increase in wages means only a quantitative reduction in the amount of unpaid labour
147kW78SeS4-00344-00152667-00152911 the worker has to supply.
147kW78SeS4-00345-00152911-00153714 This reduction can never go so far as to threaten the system itself.”
147kW78SeS4-00346-00153714-00153843 Then he mentions
147kW78SeS4-00347-00153843-00154104 “Apart from violent conflicts…” and so on.
147kW78SeS4-00348-00154104-00154247 And he says this,
147kW78SeS4-00349-00154247-00154723 on p.770: “Either the price of labour keeps on rising, because its rise
147kW78SeS4-00350-00154723-00155368 does not interfere with the progress of accumulation.”
147kW78SeS4-00351-00155368-00155462 About ten lines down:
147kW78SeS4-00352-00155462-00155921 “Or, the other alternative, accumulation slackens as a result of the rise
147kW78SeS4-00353-00155921-00156295 in the price of labour, because the stimulus of gain is blunted.
147kW78SeS4-00354-00156295-00156632 The rate of accumulation lessens; but this means that
147kW78SeS4-00355-00156632-00157022 the primary cause of that lessening itself vanishes,
147kW78SeS4-00356-00157022-00157382 i.e. the disproportion between capital and exploitable labour-power.
147kW78SeS4-00357-00157382-00157716 The mechanism of the capitalist production process
147kW78SeS4-00358-00157716-00158183 removes the very obstacles it temporarily creates.
147kW78SeS4-00359-00158183-00158463 The price of labour falls again to a level
147kW78SeS4-00360-00158463-00158983 corresponding with capital's requirements for self-valorization,…”
147kW78SeS4-00361-00159527-00159747 We can diagram this
147kW78SeS4-00362-00159747-00160117 in this way:
147kW78SeS4-00363-00160117-00160817 there's a certain accumulation of capital,
147kW78SeS4-00364-00161231-00161624 accumulation of surplus-value,
147kW78SeS4-00365-00161624-00163342 part of that surplus-value is capitalized, that is, it's converted back into capital.
147kW78SeS4-00366-00163911-00165802 This generates an increase in the demand for labour for labour-power.
147kW78SeS4-00367-00165802-00166502 Where is that increased demand going to come from? It's going to come from surplus population.
147kW78SeS4-00368-00167722-00168243 Over time, what will happen is there will be
147kW78SeS4-00369-00168243-00168861 an absorption
147kW78SeS4-00370-00168861-00169177 of this surplus population
147kW78SeS4-00371-00169177-00169742 and as the surplus population is increasingly absorbed,
147kW78SeS4-00372-00169742-00170693 so we will get rising wages,
147kW78SeS4-00373-00170809-00171105 which either does not interfere at all
147kW78SeS4-00374-00171105-00171805 with the accumulation process, or if it does,
147kW78SeS4-00375-00171823-00173085 means less surplus-value for the capitalist.
147kW78SeS4-00376-00173085-00173191 Which means
147kW78SeS4-00377-00173191-00173607 less surplus-value gets accumulated, which means there's less surplus-value
147kW78SeS4-00378-00173607-00173857 for reinvestment and capitalization.
147kW78SeS4-00379-00173857-00174061 To say nothing of the fact that,
147kW78SeS4-00380-00174061-00174523 capitalists looking at a situation of this kind will say: What's the point of me
147kW78SeS4-00381-00174523-00174883 going back into the market, paying all of that for labour? I'm not going to get much profit out
147kW78SeS4-00382-00174883-00175257 of it or surplus-value out of it so i'm not going to even bother. So the stimulus
147kW78SeS4-00383-00175257-00176027 to gain is blunted by the fact that wages have risen so high.
147kW78SeS4-00384-00176027-00176354 How could a situation of rising wages
147kW78SeS4-00385-00176354-00177147 not interfere with the accumulation of capital?
147kW78SeS4-00386-00177147-00177315 Can you remember
147kW78SeS4-00387-00177315-00177736 a situation where we discussed
147kW78SeS4-00388-00177736-00178307 that could happen?
147kW78SeS4-00389-00178307-00178917 In the theory of relative surplus-value,
147kW78SeS4-00390-00178917-00179475 where we argued, in a situation of increasing productivity gains
147kW78SeS4-00391-00179475-00180043 some of the productivity gains can to the worker in terms of an increased
147kW78SeS4-00392-00180043-00180300 standard of living.
147kW78SeS4-00393-00180300-00180652 So that you can get an increasing standard of living for the worker,
147kW78SeS4-00394-00180652-00180937 i.e. an increase in the value of labour-power
147kW78SeS4-00395-00180937-00181302 which is consistent with
147kW78SeS4-00396-00181302-00181882 an increasing rate of exploitation of labour.
147kW78SeS4-00397-00181882-00182080 So if there is
147kW78SeS4-00398-00182080-00182526 rising productivity going around this system then,
147kW78SeS4-00399-00182526-00182895 alright, wages can rise a little bit but we've still got plenty of (…)
147kW78SeS4-00400-00182895-00183221 in other words you don't get less surplus-value, you get more surplus-value
147kW78SeS4-00401-00183221-00183504 even though wages are rising.
147kW78SeS4-00402-00183504-00183826 But notice what this does,
147kW78SeS4-00403-00183826-00184217 it basically says that
147kW78SeS4-00404-00184217-00184746 inherent in capitalism is a kind of homeostatic adjustment mechanism
147kW78SeS4-00405-00184746-00185457 of the rate of accumulation and the wage rate.
147kW78SeS4-00406-00185457-00185933 That, if we looked at it
147kW78SeS4-00407-00185933-00186064 like this,
147kW78SeS4-00408-00186064-00186428 the wage rate is doing something like this, it's rising,
147kW78SeS4-00409-00186428-00186710 then,
147kW78SeS4-00410-00186710-00187096 as the rate of accumulation is falling so reinvestment diminishes
147kW78SeS4-00411-00187096-00187266 and so the demand for labour slackens and so
147kW78SeS4-00412-00187266-00187515 wage rates come down,
147kW78SeS4-00413-00187515-00188194 this goes up. And you could imagine a situation of this kind,
147kW78SeS4-00414-00188194-00188480 that they just simply oscillate
147kW78SeS4-00415-00188480-00189041 in this kind of fashion, a homeostatic adjustment mechanism,
147kW78SeS4-00416-00189041-00189368 wages rise, rate of accumulation slackens,
147kW78SeS4-00417-00189368-00189705 demand for labour falls off,
147kW78SeS4-00418-00189705-00189892 the labour surplus reappears.
147kW78SeS4-00419-00189892-00190068 Now, clearly,
147kW78SeS4-00420-00190068-00190648 this surplus population depends upon
147kW78SeS4-00421-00190648-00190912 the rate of population growth,
147kW78SeS4-00422-00190912-00191116 where the population is
147kW78SeS4-00423-00191116-00191563 relative to all of this.
147kW78SeS4-00424-00191563-00191812 So where the surplus population is
147kW78SeS4-00425-00191812-00192361 also matters. So what Marx does here is to say:
147kW78SeS4-00426-00192361-00192720 you might notice
147kW78SeS4-00427-00192720-00192943 historical situations in which wage rates and
147kW78SeS4-00428-00192943-00193510 and profit rates will be going opposite to each other.
147kW78SeS4-00429-00193510-00193968 And what would a bourgeois economist read into this?
147kW78SeS4-00430-00193968-00194461 they're going to look at it and say 'it's greedy workers',
147kW78SeS4-00431-00194461-00194946 greedy unions or something like that, they're always wanting more wages and the wage rate goes up and
147kW78SeS4-00432-00194946-00195413 if the wage rate goes up then, sorry, you're going to get stagnation.
147kW78SeS4-00433-00195413-00195621 I'm sure you've heard that argument, right?
147kW78SeS4-00434-00195621-00196128 If you push the wage rate too high, then you're just gonna get stagnation.
147kW78SeS4-00435-00196128-00196276 So, if we get a crisis it's not our fault it's
147kW78SeS4-00436-00196276-00196472 the labourer's fault.
147kW78SeS4-00437-00196472-00196908 So if you get a crisis it's not our fault, it's the labourers' fault,
147kW78SeS4-00438-00196908-00197223 they push the wage rate too high.
147kW78SeS4-00439-00197223-00197373 What Marx does is to
147kW78SeS4-00440-00197373-00197561 point out that in this system,
147kW78SeS4-00441-00197561-00198109 he says the bottom of p.770:
147kW78SeS4-00442-00198321-00198881 “To put it mathematically: the rate of accumulation is the independent,
147kW78SeS4-00443-00198881-00199139 not the dependent variable;
147kW78SeS4-00444-00199139-00199589 the rate of wages is the dependent, not the independent variable.” In other words
147kW78SeS4-00445-00199589-00199949 what Marx is insisting is that it is capital
147kW78SeS4-00446-00199949-00200404 and capital accumulation that is driving this,
147kW78SeS4-00447-00200404-00200938 its capitalists who are making the decisions, it's capitalists who are pushing the system.
147kW78SeS4-00448-00200938-00201428 So if you do see fluctuations of this kind it's because that's the way
147kW78SeS4-00449-00201428-00202128 capitalism is pushing it.
147kW78SeS4-00450-00202652-00203191 This then leads Marx into a consideration
147kW78SeS4-00451-00203191-00203395 of what he calls
147kW78SeS4-00452-00203395-00203878 the so-called “natural law of population”. You can tell this is coming
147kW78SeS4-00453-00203878-00204661 given his stuff about Malthus.
147kW78SeS4-00454-00204661-00205100 He really describes exactly what we've just gone through very succinctly, in the middle
147kW78SeS4-00455-00205100-00205371 of p.771:
147kW78SeS4-00456-00205371-00205785 “If the quantity of unpaid labour supplied by the working class
147kW78SeS4-00457-00205785-00206035 and accumulated by the capitalist class
147kW78SeS4-00458-00206035-00206211 increases so rapidly
147kW78SeS4-00459-00206211-00206669 that its transformation into capital requires an extraordinary addition of paid labour,
147kW78SeS4-00460-00206669-00207017 then wages rise and, all other circumstances remaining equal,
147kW78SeS4-00461-00207017-00207413 the unpaid labour diminishes in proportion.
147kW78SeS4-00462-00207413-00207773 But as soon as this diminution touches the point at which the surplus labour that nourishes capital
147kW78SeS4-00463-00207773-00208328 is no longer supplied in normal quantity, a reaction sets in:
147kW78SeS4-00464-00208328-00208741 a smaller part of revenue is capitalized, accumulation slows down,
147kW78SeS4-00465-00208741-00209184 and the rising movement of wages comes up against an obstacle.
147kW78SeS4-00466-00209184-00209604 The rise of wages is therefore confined within limits that not only leave intact the foundations
147kW78SeS4-00467-00209604-00209942 of the capitalist system, but also secure its reproduction
147kW78SeS4-00468-00209942-00210438 on an increasing scale.”
147kW78SeS4-00469-00210438-00210573 So, this is if you like
147kW78SeS4-00470-00210573-00211862 the description of a simple model of the dynamics of accumulation.
147kW78SeS4-00471-00211862-00212229 Which takes us into part two.
147kW78SeS4-00472-00212229-00212680 p.772
147kW78SeS4-00473-00212680-00212915 What Marx wants to do here is to say, well
147kW78SeS4-00474-00212915-00213227 this argument we just made
147kW78SeS4-00475-00213227-00213466 pays absolutely not mind
147kW78SeS4-00476-00213466-00213723 to technological change. That is,
147kW78SeS4-00477-00213723-00214201 you're assuming the technology remains constant
147kW78SeS4-00478-00214201-00214624 in this first version.
147kW78SeS4-00479-00214624-00215049 He says: “So far, we have considered only one special phase of this process, that in which
147kW78SeS4-00480-00215049-00215285 the increase of capital occurs
147kW78SeS4-00481-00215285-00215841 while the technical composition of capital remains constant.”
147kW78SeS4-00482-00215841-00216210 But we know it does not remain constant from
147kW78SeS4-00483-00216210-00216736 the theory of relative surplus-value.
147kW78SeS4-00484-00216736-00217139 He then goes on: “Given the general basis of the capitalist system, a point is reached
147kW78SeS4-00485-00217139-00217351 in the course of accumulation
147kW78SeS4-00486-00217351-00217818 at which the development of the productivity of social labour
147kW78SeS4-00487-00217818-00218518 becomes the most powerful lever of accumulation.”
147kW78SeS4-00488-00218676-00219220 So, we're now going to look at
147kW78SeS4-00489-00219220-00219529 this model when we introduce into it
147kW78SeS4-00490-00219529-00220057 the dynamics of relative surplus-value
147kW78SeS4-00491-00220057-00220817 seeking, and technological and organizational change.
147kW78SeS4-00492-00220817-00221210 He starts off by going a little bit over the technical
147kW78SeS4-00493-00221210-00221433 composition of capital, going back over
147kW78SeS4-00494-00221433-00221736 -this- argument and we're going to see this
147kW78SeS4-00495-00221736-00222269 developed even further now in this section.
147kW78SeS4-00496-00222269-00222893 As far as the technical conditions are concerned, there are both causes and consequences,
147kW78SeS4-00497-00222893-00223564 he says, of changing value-composition.
147kW78SeS4-00498-00223564-00225326 Causes, those which arise out of the need to buy new machinery,
147kW78SeS4-00499-00225326-00226023 new means of production. So he talks about buildings and furnaces and means of transport etc.
147kW78SeS4-00500-00226124-00226850 The consequence is that you need more means of production;
147kW78SeS4-00501-00226850-00227460 so, sorry, it's not a cause, its a condition
147kW78SeS4-00502-00227460-00227875 of this, you buy a new machine,
147kW78SeS4-00503-00227875-00228026 more 'C'
147kW78SeS4-00504-00228026-00228160 in the form of the machine.
147kW78SeS4-00505-00228160-00228378 But then the machine also
147kW78SeS4-00506-00228378-00228678 has a consequence, which is that you now need more
147kW78SeS4-00507-00228678-00229267 raw materials.
147kW78SeS4-00508-00229267-00229944 Bottom of p.773 he says: “This change in the technical composition of capital,
147kW78SeS4-00509-00229944-00230279 this growth in the mass of the means of production,
147kW78SeS4-00510-00230279-00230609 as compared with the mass of the labour-power that vivifies them, is reflected
147kW78SeS4-00511-00230609-00231033 in its value-composition by the increase of the constant constituent of capital
147kW78SeS4-00512-00231033-00231683 at the expense of its variable constituent.”
147kW78SeS4-00513-00231683-00232013 He then uses the phrase which
147kW78SeS4-00514-00232013-00232351 created quite a lot of problems:
147kW78SeS4-00515-00232351-00232800 “This law of the progressive growth of the constant part of capital
147kW78SeS4-00516-00232800-00232953 in comparison with the variable part
147kW78SeS4-00517-00232953-00233206 is confirmed at every step (as already shown)
147kW78SeS4-00518-00233206-00233516 by the comparative analysis of the prices of commodities,
147kW78SeS4-00519-00233516-00233716 whether we compare different economic epochs
147kW78SeS4-00520-00233716-00233836 or different nations in the
147kW78SeS4-00521-00233836-00234357 same epoch.”
147kW78SeS4-00522-00234357-00234756 There is, he says,
147kW78SeS4-00523-00234756-00234904 a tendency for
147kW78SeS4-00524-00234904-00236133 the organic composition of capital to increase over time.
147kW78SeS4-00525-00237344-00237754 He's proposing that we think in terms of the law
147kW78SeS4-00526-00237754-00238194 of the increase of the 'C over V' ratio,
147kW78SeS4-00527-00238194-00238395 that is,
147kW78SeS4-00528-00238395-00238760 you need to buy less and less labour
147kW78SeS4-00529-00238760-00239460 and you need to buy more more means of production.
147kW78SeS4-00530-00239553-00240220 Interestingly
147kW78SeS4-00531-00240220-00240557 he then introduces on the middle of p.774
147kW78SeS4-00532-00240557-00241013 the possibility that
147kW78SeS4-00533-00241013-00241175 'C' could also diminish
147kW78SeS4-00534-00241175-00241740 through technological change.
147kW78SeS4-00535-00241740-00242198 But he simply treats it here
147kW78SeS4-00536-00242198-00242530 as something that restraints what would otherwise be
147kW78SeS4-00537-00242530-00242859 a very rapid increase
147kW78SeS4-00538-00242859-00243349 in the 'C over V' ratio, in the organic composition of capital.
147kW78SeS4-00539-00243349-00243705 Here he's saying
147kW78SeS4-00540-00243705-00244107 middle of p.774: “The reason is simple: with the increasing productivity of labour,
147kW78SeS4-00541-00244107-00244610 the mass of the means of production consumed by labour increases,
147kW78SeS4-00542-00244610-00245048 but their value in comparison with their mass diminishes.
147kW78SeS4-00543-00245048-00245489 Their value therefore rises absolutely, but not in proportion to the increase
147kW78SeS4-00544-00245489-00245761 in their mass.
147kW78SeS4-00545-00245761-00246167 The increase of the difference between constant and variable capital is therefore much less than
147kW78SeS4-00546-00246167-00246661 that of the difference between the mass of the means of production into which the constant capital,
147kW78SeS4-00547-00246661-00247061 and the mass of the labour-power into which the variable capital, is converted.
147kW78SeS4-00548-00247061-00247748 The former difference increases with the latter, but in a smaller degree.”
147kW78SeS4-00549-00247748-00248002 In other words,
147kW78SeS4-00550-00248002-00248576 yes, you can get constant capital saving innovations
147kW78SeS4-00551-00248576-00248998 which reduce the value of constant capital, but this simply
147kW78SeS4-00552-00248998-00249529 holds down what Marx sees as an inexorable law
147kW78SeS4-00553-00249529-00250398 of the rising organic composition of capital.
147kW78SeS4-00554-00250398-00250558 That, in short,
147kW78SeS4-00555-00250558-00250778 capitalism is going to become
147kW78SeS4-00556-00250778-00251580 increasingly capital-intensive over time
147kW78SeS4-00557-00251580-00252005 as opposed to labour-intensive.
147kW78SeS4-00558-00252005-00252842 He then uses some examples.
147kW78SeS4-00559-00252842-00253149 What this means,
147kW78SeS4-00560-00253149-00253755 is that the mass of surplus-value
147kW78SeS4-00561-00253755-00254133 that the capitalist can gain diminishes,
147kW78SeS4-00562-00254133-00255006 unless you can raise the rate of exploitation.
147kW78SeS4-00563-00255006-00255366 This is a problem.
147kW78SeS4-00564-00255366-00256185 And in the third volume of Capital, he'll argue
147kW78SeS4-00565-00256185-00256693 roughly in the following way:
147kW78SeS4-00566-00256693-00256973 The rate of profit (P)
147kW78SeS4-00567-00256973-00257735 is equivalent to 'S over (C + V)',
147kW78SeS4-00568-00257735-00258318 The surplus over the total capital advanced.
147kW78SeS4-00569-00258318-00258720 Now, by a little bit of algebraic manipulation,
147kW78SeS4-00570-00258720-00258939 you could turn this into…
147kW78SeS4-00571-00258939-00259445 that this is equivalent to the rate of exploitation
147kW78SeS4-00572-00259445-00260314 over (1 + the organic composition of capital).
147kW78SeS4-00573-00260314-00260725 From which you would see immediately that,
147kW78SeS4-00574-00260725-00261117 if the rate of exploitation remains constant,
147kW78SeS4-00575-00261117-00261916 then the law of the rising organic composition of capital gives you
147kW78SeS4-00576-00261916-00262616 a falling rate a profit.
147kW78SeS4-00577-00262870-00263351 -this- quantity becomes larger and larger and larger,
147kW78SeS4-00578-00263351-00263730 -this- remains constant,
147kW78SeS4-00579-00263730-00264188 therefore the profit rate must fall.
147kW78SeS4-00580-00264188-00264885 This is the simplest version
147kW78SeS4-00581-00264885-00265655 of Marx his falling profit-rate argument.
147kW78SeS4-00582-00265655-00265938 In order to sustain that however,
147kW78SeS4-00583-00265938-00266214 you have to do two things,
147kW78SeS4-00584-00266214-00266763 one is, you have to keep the rate of exploitation constant
147kW78SeS4-00585-00266763-00267103 and the second is, you have to assume
147kW78SeS4-00586-00267103-00267647 that all of -these- interactions which are going on in the economy
147kW78SeS4-00587-00267647-00268777 are actually leading to an increasing organic composition of capital.
147kW78SeS4-00588-00268777-00269185 There are lots of reasons why,
147kW78SeS4-00589-00269185-00269910 as subsequent theorists have shown, this is not necessarily so.
147kW78SeS4-00590-00269910-00270488 Situations can arise in which it actually goes in the other way,
147kW78SeS4-00591-00270488-00270887 that you get a falling organic composition of capital
147kW78SeS4-00592-00270887-00271169 simply because of the nature of the interaction effects.
147kW78SeS4-00593-00271169-00271924 Whether there's a falling or a rising, really depends.
147kW78SeS4-00594-00271924-00272182 On the other hand, if you
147kW78SeS4-00595-00272182-00272596 dare to gain say, in certain circles,
147kW78SeS4-00596-00272596-00272911 the theory of the falling rate a profit,
147kW78SeS4-00597-00272911-00273532 Marxists come down on you like a ton of bricks,
147kW78SeS4-00598-00273532-00273989 because, as I think Marx
147kW78SeS4-00599-00273989-00274524 himself suggested, this is one of the main ways in which you can see how
147kW78SeS4-00600-00274524-00275007 technological innovations i.e. the search for relative surplus-value,
147kW78SeS4-00601-00275007-00275348 creates a contradiction
147kW78SeS4-00602-00275348-00275741 because you're displacing labour out of production,
147kW78SeS4-00603-00275741-00277056 and as you displace labour out of production, you're displacing the source of surplus-value.
147kW78SeS4-00604-00277056-00277333 My own view of it, for what it's worth, is that
147kW78SeS4-00605-00277333-00277568 technological dynamism is indeed
147kW78SeS4-00606-00277568-00278116 a potent source of contradictions within this system,
147kW78SeS4-00607-00278116-00278897 but you cannot assume that there is a law of rising organic composition,
147kW78SeS4-00608-00278897-00279280 that it's always going to be there,
147kW78SeS4-00609-00279280-00279660 nor can you necessarily assume that there is
147kW78SeS4-00610-00279660-00280252 a law of falling rates of profit. Situations arise in which, yes indeed
147kW78SeS4-00611-00280252-00280931 rising organic composition gets turned into falling profit rates.
147kW78SeS4-00612-00280931-00281188 But it's perfectly possible
147kW78SeS4-00613-00281188-00281437 for other patterns of innovation to
147kW78SeS4-00614-00281437-00282385 enter into the picture which reverse that process.
147kW78SeS4-00615-00282594-00283109 This is the reason these concepts are important and why you have to think about them,
147kW78SeS4-00616-00283109-00283477 because they're foundational for what happens
147kW78SeS4-00617-00283477-00284127 in Volume three of Capital and parts of Marx his argument there.
147kW78SeS4-00618-00284127-00284732 But what is brilliant about the argument is that
147kW78SeS4-00619-00284732-00285494 most of the classical political-economists, including Ricardo,
147kW78SeS4-00620-00285494-00286101 believed in a falling rate of profit.
147kW78SeS4-00621-00286101-00286621 Many of them thought in terms of
147kW78SeS4-00622-00286621-00286880 capitalism in the end winding down.
147kW78SeS4-00623-00286880-00287176 Ricardo, for example, talks about
147kW78SeS4-00624-00287176-00287564 the inevitable demise of a capitalist system because it will not be able to
147kW78SeS4-00625-00287564-00287976 sustain itself.
147kW78SeS4-00626-00287976-00288709 But all of them actually appealed to Malthus
147kW78SeS4-00627-00288709-00289127 and the idea of resource constraints,
147kW78SeS4-00628-00289127-00289689 and what is known as diminishing returns in agriculture.
147kW78SeS4-00629-00289689-00290389 That there would be an inherent barrier to increasing productivity in agriculture,
147kW78SeS4-00630-00290489-00290989 and that therefore the end of capitalism was essentially
147kW78SeS4-00631-00290989-00291640 legislated in terms of its relation to nature.
147kW78SeS4-00632-00291640-00291849 What Marx says
147kW78SeS4-00633-00291849-00292417 is: No, there is a way you can talk about a falling rate of profit
147kW78SeS4-00634-00292417-00292775 which has nothing to do with nature.
147kW78SeS4-00635-00292775-00293475 It has to do with the internal contradictions of capitalism.
147kW78SeS4-00636-00293479-00293801 As he says of Ricardo,
147kW78SeS4-00637-00293801-00294585 he says, Ricardo when faced with the idea of a crisis took refuge in organic chemistry.
147kW78SeS4-00638-00294585-00294794 Marx says you can't do that,
147kW78SeS4-00639-00294794-00295184 if there is going to be a crisis of capitalism, it's going to be a crisis which is generated
147kW78SeS4-00640-00295184-00295451 by its own internal contradictions.
147kW78SeS4-00641-00295451-00295923 And I think his intuitions are absolutely correct.
147kW78SeS4-00642-00295923-00296594 That one of the centerpieces of those contradictions lies in the dynamic and trajectory
147kW78SeS4-00643-00296594-00297064 of technological and organizational changes,
147kW78SeS4-00644-00297064-00297504 and that these technological and organizational changes are highly disruptive,
147kW78SeS4-00645-00297504-00298126 in some instances, of the capacity to gain surplus-value.
147kW78SeS4-00646-00298126-00298688 The trouble is here is he has put it in this law form.
147kW78SeS4-00647-00298688-00299717 And the law form is where we hit some of the problems.
147kW78SeS4-00648-00299963-00300203 This then leads him to say that,
147kW78SeS4-00649-00300492-00300871 this rising organic composition of capital doesn't mean
147kW78SeS4-00650-00300871-00301450 less surplus-value for the capitalist, provided
147kW78SeS4-00651-00301450-00302208 that you actually expand your labour force dramatically.
147kW78SeS4-00652-00302208-00302766 That is, by increasing production you accelerate accumulation.
147kW78SeS4-00653-00302766-00303575 As he says on p.774:
147kW78SeS4-00654-00303575-00304070 “The progress of accumulation lessens the relative magnitude of the variable part of capital,
147kW78SeS4-00655-00304070-00304770 but this by no means thereby excludes the possibility of a rise in its absolute magnitude.”
147kW78SeS4-00656-00304814-00305006 Then he goes through this example:
147kW78SeS4-00657-00305006-00305418 let's suppose the 'C over V' ratio rises,
147kW78SeS4-00658-00305418-00305944 but “If, in the meantime, the original capital, say £6,000, has increased to £18,000,
147kW78SeS4-00659-00305944-00306407 its variable constituent has also increased, in fact by 20 percent.
147kW78SeS4-00660-00306407-00306857 It was £3,000, it is now £3,600.”
147kW78SeS4-00661-00306857-00307257 Out of eighteen-thousand.
147kW78SeS4-00662-00307257-00307614 “But whereas formerly an increase of capital by 20 percent would have sufficed to raise the demand
147kW78SeS4-00663-00307614-00308027 for labour by 20 percent, now the original capital needs to be tripled
147kW78SeS4-00664-00308027-00308768 to secure an increase of 20 percent in the demand for labour. ”
147kW78SeS4-00665-00308768-00309056 This then immediately raises the question:
147kW78SeS4-00666-00309056-00309686 where is the surplus capital gonna come from to increase from 6,000 to 18,000?
147kW78SeS4-00667-00309686-00310053 How are you going to get that?
147kW78SeS4-00668-00310053-00310594 That leads him immediately to the idea
147kW78SeS4-00669-00310594-00311232 that there is an original accumulation which goes on,
147kW78SeS4-00670-00311232-00311461 and he introduces
147kW78SeS4-00671-00311461-00311931 this idea of primitive accumulation on p.775.
147kW78SeS4-00672-00311931-00312385 The capitalists go out and they rob people,
147kW78SeS4-00673-00312385-00313194 to get the extra 12 thousand pounds they need.
147kW78SeS4-00674-00313194-00313717 Somehow or other they accumulate it. He says we're going to look at this historically in part 8,
147kW78SeS4-00675-00313717-00314442 so we'll do that next week.
147kW78SeS4-00676-00314442-00314776 Then, on p.776-777
147kW78SeS4-00677-00314776-00315256 he says, maybe there's another way in which capitalists can do this,
147kW78SeS4-00678-00315256-00316084 and he introduces the distinction between concentration and centralization.
147kW78SeS4-00679-00316084-00316547 Concentration of capital arises in -this- model in the following way:
147kW78SeS4-00680-00316547-00316985 each time you increase the amount of capital that's circulating,
147kW78SeS4-00681-00316985-00317209 so you go around this system again,
147kW78SeS4-00682-00317209-00317743 and you get more capital … more capital, so concentration means: over time,
147kW78SeS4-00683-00317743-00318202 bit by bit, increment by increment, you're increasing your capital, so capital is becoming
147kW78SeS4-00684-00318202-00318902 concentrated.
147kW78SeS4-00685-00318919-00319343 He then introduces something which I think is always important, because sometimes people
147kW78SeS4-00686-00319343-00320043 talk about the law of increasing concentration and centralization.
147kW78SeS4-00687-00320226-00320631 He suggests that at the bottom of p.776 that not only are you going to get concentration
147kW78SeS4-00688-00320631-00321127 of capital, but you could also get something else going on
147kW78SeS4-00689-00321127-00322001 right at the bottom of p.776 he says, concentration that accompanies accumulation,
147kW78SeS4-00690-00322001-00322431 is not only “scattered over many points, but the increase of each functioning capital is thwarted
147kW78SeS4-00691-00322431-00322808 by the formation of new capitals and the subdivision of old.
147kW78SeS4-00692-00322808-00323101 Accumulation, therefore, presents itself on the one hand
147kW78SeS4-00693-00323101-00323384 as increasing concentration of the means of production,
147kW78SeS4-00694-00323384-00323588 and of the command over labour;
147kW78SeS4-00695-00323588-00324039 and on the other hand as repulsion of many individual capitals from one another.”
147kW78SeS4-00696-00324039-00324485 Then he talks about the fragmentation of the total social capital.
147kW78SeS4-00697-00324485-00324815 What in effect is going on here is this:
147kW78SeS4-00698-00324815-00325268 Why would you put your surplus-value back into the same production system?
147kW78SeS4-00699-00325268-00325912 What happens if I took a part of my surplus-value and spawned it off into a new line of production?
147kW78SeS4-00700-00325912-00326402 And I opened up a small factory making something else?
147kW78SeS4-00701-00326402-00326651 So, capitalism
147kW78SeS4-00702-00326651-00327201 is not only about increasing concentration, it's also about increasing diversification,
147kW78SeS4-00703-00327201-00327368 increasing fragmentation.
147kW78SeS4-00704-00327368-00327889 And what he's suggesting here is that there is some sort of relationship between concentration
147kW78SeS4-00705-00327889-00328219 and dispersal,
147kW78SeS4-00706-00328219-00328574 concentration and fragmentation.
147kW78SeS4-00707-00328574-00328750 And that therefore
147kW78SeS4-00708-00328750-00329589 you cannot necessarily look to concentration of capital,
147kW78SeS4-00709-00329589-00329950 to do what you wanted to do in terms of increasing
147kW78SeS4-00710-00329950-00330327 the amount of 'V' which is available to you
147kW78SeS4-00711-00330327-00331027 at a given rate of exploitation.
147kW78SeS4-00712-00331047-00331285 So there is something else,
147kW78SeS4-00713-00331285-00331786 he introduces centralization of capital.
147kW78SeS4-00714-00331786-00332441 Centralization is effectively taking people over,
147kW78SeS4-00715-00332441-00333779 takeovers, merges, driving people out of competition, taking over their businesses,
147kW78SeS4-00716-00333779-00334336 hostile takeovers, and the like.
147kW78SeS4-00717-00334336-00334617 And what he's pointing to here is
147kW78SeS4-00718-00334617-00335130 a very important process which goes on in capitalism,
147kW78SeS4-00719-00335130-00335409 which is about centralization. And we
147kW78SeS4-00720-00335409-00335829 start to see how it works, and he introduces at the bottom of p.777
147kW78SeS4-00721-00335829-00336084 a very important idea which he's not going to take up,
147kW78SeS4-00722-00336084-00336544 which is the role of the credit system in doing this.
147kW78SeS4-00723-00336544-00337180 He talks about various mechanisms whereby larger capitals could take over smaller,
147kW78SeS4-00724-00337180-00337621 through competition and alike, but then he says: “Apart from this, an altogether new force
147kW78SeS4-00725-00337621-00338167 comes into existence with the development of capitalist production: the credit system.
147kW78SeS4-00726-00338167-00338408 In its first stages, this system
147kW78SeS4-00727-00338408-00338946 furtively creeps in as the humble assistant of accumulation,
147kW78SeS4-00728-00338946-00339301 drawing into the hands of individual or associated capitalists by invisible threads
147kW78SeS4-00729-00339301-00339461 the money resources,
147kW78SeS4-00730-00339461-00339876 which lie scattered in larger or smaller amounts over the surface of society;
147kW78SeS4-00731-00339876-00340243 but it soon becomes a new and terrible weapon in the battle of competition
147kW78SeS4-00732-00340243-00341224 and is finally transformed into an enormous social mechanism for the centralization of capitals.”
147kW78SeS4-00733-00341224-00341854 One of the main businesses of Wall Street these days is asset merger activity,
147kW78SeS4-00734-00341854-00342287 the centralization of capital that's been going on under neo-liberalism
147kW78SeS4-00735-00342287-00342688 has been absolutely astonishing.
147kW78SeS4-00736-00342688-00343354 Oil companies, pharmaceutical companies, telecommunications companies,
147kW78SeS4-00737-00343354-00343886 are constantly merging into each other, asset merger activities is
147kW78SeS4-00738-00343886-00344339 one of the big businesses of Wall Street, and of course this is about precisely the centralization
147kW78SeS4-00739-00344339-00344559 of capital.
147kW78SeS4-00740-00344559-00345017 And what does the centralization of capital do to the workers?
147kW78SeS4-00741-00345017-00345379 Well, it doesn't do them any good that's for sure.
147kW78SeS4-00742-00345379-00345552 It usually destroys
147kW78SeS4-00743-00345552-00345972 worker organization and worker contracts,
147kW78SeS4-00744-00345972-00346490 increases the rate of exploitation and the like.
147kW78SeS4-00745-00346490-00347007 So, what Marx is onto here is the beginnings of
147kW78SeS4-00746-00347007-00347392 a centralization process in which the credit system starts to play
147kW78SeS4-00747-00347392-00347763 a central role. And we would argue, I think, today that this is of course
147kW78SeS4-00748-00347763-00348176 one of the huge drivers of the economy.
147kW78SeS4-00749-00348176-00348416 and Marx is seeing its potential here,
147kW78SeS4-00750-00348416-00348600 but having said that
147kW78SeS4-00751-00348600-00348873 all he does then is to say
147kW78SeS4-00752-00348873-00349470 that these levers of centralization, which are competition and credit,
147kW78SeS4-00753-00349470-00349920 draw together individual capitals and deals with this problem of how to get the
147kW78SeS4-00754-00349920-00350792 extra 12,000 pounds: you get it through centralization.
147kW78SeS4-00755-00350792-00351309 As he says at the bottom of p.779:
147kW78SeS4-00756-00351482-00351884 “Capital can grow into powerful masses in a single hand in one place…
147kW78SeS4-00757-00351884-00352358 …In any given branch of industry centralization would reach its extreme limit if all
147kW78SeS4-00758-00352358-00352822 the individual capitals invested there were fused into a single capital.”
147kW78SeS4-00759-00352822-00353055 i.e. monopoly.
147kW78SeS4-00760-00353055-00353466 “In a given society this limit would be reached only when the entire social capital was united in
147kW78SeS4-00761-00353466-00354153 the hands of either a single capitalist or a single capitalist company.
147kW78SeS4-00762-00354153-00354601 Centralization supplements the work of accumulation by enabling industrial capitalists to extend
147kW78SeS4-00763-00354601-00354804 the scale of their operations.”
147kW78SeS4-00764-00354804-00355455 Increasing scale of organization.
147kW78SeS4-00765-00355455-00356155 And centralization, he says, is much more dramatic, as he says on p.780:
147kW78SeS4-00766-00356214-00356581 "accumulation, the gradual increase of capital by reproduction as it passes from the circular
147kW78SeS4-00767-00356581-00357133 to the spiral form, is clearly a very slow procedure compared with centralization…”
147kW78SeS4-00768-00357133-00357588 Centralization is much faster.
147kW78SeS4-00769-00357588-00357841 Then he goes on to point out: “The world would still be without railways
147kW78SeS4-00770-00357841-00358141 if it had had to wait until accumulation had got
147kW78SeS4-00771-00358141-00358618 a few individual capitals far enough to be adequate for the construction of a railway.”
147kW78SeS4-00772-00358618-00359583 So, it's consortia, business consortia and things like that, that start to move into the picture.
147kW78SeS4-00773-00359583-00360135 He then says: “centralization … thereby becomes the new and powerful lever
147kW78SeS4-00774-00360135-00360435 of social accumulation.
147kW78SeS4-00775-00360435-00360838 Therefore, when we speak of the progress of social accumulation, we tacitly include —
147kW78SeS4-00776-00360838-00361538 these days — the effects of centralization.”
147kW78SeS4-00777-00361679-00362379 But this doesn't necessarily solve the problem of less and less labour being employed,
147kW78SeS4-00778-00362465-00362807 as he says right at the end: “On the one hand, therefore, the additional capital formed in
147kW78SeS4-00779-00362807-00363230 the course of further accumulation attracts fewer and fewer workers in proportion to its magnitude.
147kW78SeS4-00780-00363230-00363654 On the other hand, the old capital periodically reproduced with a new composition
147kW78SeS4-00781-00363654-00364354 repels more and more of the workers formerly employed by it.”
147kW78SeS4-00782-00364356-00364683 So what's coming out here is,
147kW78SeS4-00783-00364683-00365157 these processes of transformation,
147kW78SeS4-00784-00365157-00365740 both in organizational form of capital but also in technological
147kW78SeS4-00785-00365740-00366050 forms, are diminishing the demand
147kW78SeS4-00786-00366050-00366503 for labour-power in the labour market.
147kW78SeS4-00787-00366503-00366881 The consequences for that are taken up in the next section, but we should probably
147kW78SeS4-00788-00366881-00367506 break here five minutes and than do the next two sections.
147kW78SeS4-00789-00367506-00367976 The next section, what we get is
147kW78SeS4-00790-00367976-00368737 another version of this model but with technological change
147kW78SeS4-00791-00368737-00369248 incorporated. This system really
147kW78SeS4-00792-00369248-00369692 looks something like this:
147kW78SeS4-00793-00369692-00370392 You start with accumulation,
147kW78SeS4-00794-00370663-00371309 but in this instance, we're gonna talk about reinvestment
147kW78SeS4-00795-00371309-00372009 of capitalized surplus-value,
147kW78SeS4-00796-00372765-00373770 which in this instance is invested in new technologies,
147kW78SeS4-00797-00374249-00375678 which reduces the demand for labour;
147kW78SeS4-00798-00376457-00377449 produces a surplus population
147kW78SeS4-00799-00378283-00379512 which gives you a high rate of exploitation, which gives you more accumulation.
147kW78SeS4-00800-00381069-00381475 So, he starts off by again
147kW78SeS4-00801-00381475-00382877 assuming a rising organic composition of capital,
147kW78SeS4-00802-00382933-00383886 but now we're looking at this dynamic
147kW78SeS4-00803-00383886-00384586 in which technological change is becoming central.
147kW78SeS4-00804-00384623-00384843 The demand for labour, he says at the bottom of p.781:
147kW78SeS4-00805-00385151-00385661 “is determined not by the extent of the total capital but by its variable constituent alone,
147kW78SeS4-00806-00385661-00386162 that demand falls progressively with the growth of the total capital…
147kW78SeS4-00807-00386162-00386563 …and at an accelerated rate, as this magnitude, increases.”
147kW78SeS4-00808-00386563-00387205 So the variable capital becomes a constantly diminishing proportion.
147kW78SeS4-00809-00387205-00387725 The consequence is, on p.782 in the middle, he says:
147kW78SeS4-00810-00387725-00388160 “in fact, it is capitalist accumulation itself
147kW78SeS4-00811-00388160-00388595 that constantly produces, and produces indeed in direct relation with its own energy and extent,
147kW78SeS4-00812-00388595-00388956 a relatively redundant working population,
147kW78SeS4-00813-00388956-00389349 i.e. a population which is superfluous to capital's average requirements for
147kW78SeS4-00814-00389349-00390049 its own valorization, and is therefore a surplus population.”
147kW78SeS4-00815-00390330-00391281 Then he talks, p.782-3, on what we now colloquially call downsizing.
147kW78SeS4-00816-00391763-00392106 The consequence, as he points out on p.783 at the bottom:
147kW78SeS4-00817-00392106-00392548 “The working population therefore produces both the accumulation of capital
147kW78SeS4-00818-00392548-00393067 and the means by which it is itself made relatively superfluous;
147kW78SeS4-00819-00393067-00393585 and it does this to an extent which is always increasing.”
147kW78SeS4-00820-00393585-00394107 There's a lot of discussion these days about disposable labour
147kW78SeS4-00821-00394107-00394532 and the idea of disposable labour-forces.
147kW78SeS4-00822-00394532-00395069 This is exactly what Marx is talking about, how do we get to a point
147kW78SeS4-00823-00395069-00395748 where we can talk about massive disposal working populations?
147kW78SeS4-00824-00395748-00396448 and how does that dynamic work?
147kW78SeS4-00825-00396460-00396991 This leads Marx then to point out,
147kW78SeS4-00826-00396991-00397419 at the bottom of p.783: “The working population therefore produces both the accumulation…”
147kW78SeS4-00827-00397419-00397552 …I've just read that…
147kW78SeS4-00828-00397552-00398020 “This is a law of population peculiar to the capitalist mode of production;
147kW78SeS4-00829-00398020-00398465 and in fact every particular historical mode of production has its own special laws of population,
147kW78SeS4-00830-00398465-00398872 which are historically valid within that particular sphere.
147kW78SeS4-00831-00398872-00399359 An abstract law of population exists only for plants and animals, and even then only in the absence
147kW78SeS4-00832-00399359-00399918 of any historical intervention by man.”
147kW78SeS4-00833-00399918-00400152 What he's saying here is that
147kW78SeS4-00834-00400152-00400662 Malthus had this law of population that explained poverty,
147kW78SeS4-00835-00400662-00401266 again, because of these two forces of
147kW78SeS4-00836-00401266-00402045 the tendency to increase the population, on the part of the labouring classes,
147kW78SeS4-00837-00402045-00402554 in relationship to scarcities in nature.
147kW78SeS4-00838-00402554-00402820 So, the problem of poverty
147kW78SeS4-00839-00402820-00403198 for Malthus had everything to do with
147kW78SeS4-00840-00403198-00403677 natural proclivities of the working class to reproduce
147kW78SeS4-00841-00403677-00404304 too fast, versus scarcity in nature,
147kW78SeS4-00842-00404304-00404724 therefore: poverty is natural.
147kW78SeS4-00843-00404724-00404973 Marx is saying: that's nonsense!
147kW78SeS4-00844-00404973-00405301 Poverty is actually produced,
147kW78SeS4-00845-00405301-00405643 this is his point,
147kW78SeS4-00846-00405643-00406053 going back to the 'Fable of the bees' and Mandeville,
147kW78SeS4-00847-00406053-00406818 Poverty is actually produced by the capitalist dynamic,
147kW78SeS4-00848-00406818-00407222 and he says in next paragraph:
147kW78SeS4-00849-00407222-00407667 “But if a surplus population of workers is a necessary product of accumulation
147kW78SeS4-00850-00407667-00407901 or of the development of wealth on a capitalist basis,
147kW78SeS4-00851-00407901-00408433 this surplus population also becomes, conversely, the lever of capitalist accumulation,
147kW78SeS4-00852-00408433-00408848 indeed it becomes a condition for the existence of the capitalist mode of production.
147kW78SeS4-00853-00408848-00409348 It forms a disposable industrial reserve army, which belongs to capital just as absolutely
147kW78SeS4-00854-00409348-00409912 as if the latter had bred it at its own cost.
147kW78SeS4-00855-00409912-00410583 Independently of the limits of the actual increase of population, it creates a mass of human material
147kW78SeS4-00856-00410583-00411007 always ready for exploitation by capital in the interests of capital's own changing
147kW78SeS4-00857-00411007-00411507 valorization requirements.”
147kW78SeS4-00858-00411881-00412176 Then he talks about the varying phases of
147kW78SeS4-00859-00412176-00412516 re-absorption of some of this surplus that is thrown out of work,
147kW78SeS4-00860-00412516-00413267 and then throwing them out of work by another round of technological change.
147kW78SeS4-00861-00413267-00413452 And as he says,
147kW78SeS4-00862-00413452-00414152 this sophisticated system was not really possible in capitalism's infancy.
147kW78SeS4-00863-00414225-00414996 Again he comes back to the irony, on p.786, when he says:
147kW78SeS4-00864-00414996-00415762 “This increase [of the surplus population] is effected by the simple process that constantly
147kW78SeS4-00865-00415762-00416175 'sets free' a part of the working class…”
147kW78SeS4-00866-00416175-00416506 It 'sets them free' by
147kW78SeS4-00867-00416506-00417148 engaging technologically induced unemployment.
147kW78SeS4-00868-00417148-00417752 Some kind of freedom that is!
147kW78SeS4-00869-00417752-00418286 He says, again and again,
147kW78SeS4-00870-00418286-00418986 that the existence of a surplus population is absolutely crucial.
147kW78SeS4-00871-00419205-00419313 p.788:
147kW78SeS4-00872-00419313-00419990 “Capitalist production can by no means content itself with the quantity of disposable labour-power
147kW78SeS4-00873-00419990-00420195 which the natural increase of population yields.
147kW78SeS4-00874-00420195-00420584 It requires for its unrestricted activity an industrial reserve army
147kW78SeS4-00875-00420584-00420834 which is independent of these natural limits.”
147kW78SeS4-00876-00420834-00420886 In other words:
147kW78SeS4-00877-00420886-00421448 it wouldn't matter what the rate of population increase was,
147kW78SeS4-00878-00421448-00421796 you'd still have poverty,
147kW78SeS4-00879-00421796-00422093 even if Malthus was all wrong
147kW78SeS4-00880-00422093-00422793 about working-class reproducing, and being too fecund and all of that.
147kW78SeS4-00881-00422804-00423058 It wouldn't matter because capitalism would simply
147kW78SeS4-00882-00423058-00423738 go ahead and produces its surplus population in this kind of way.
147kW78SeS4-00883-00423738-00424274 And this has a number of effects,
147kW78SeS4-00884-00424274-00424684 one is: it allows the capitalist to
147kW78SeS4-00885-00424684-00424949 discipline the labour-force.
147kW78SeS4-00886-00424949-00425177 In other words, it's a constant threat
147kW78SeS4-00887-00425177-00425346 which the capitalist has of
147kW78SeS4-00888-00425346-00425871 forcing unemployment upon the working-class.
147kW78SeS4-00889-00425871-00426434 And one of those threats to be exercised
147kW78SeS4-00890-00426577-00427045 with the purpose of deskilling, as he says on p.788 at the bottom,
147kW78SeS4-00891-00427045-00428096 the displacement of more skilled labour-power by inferior labour-power.
147kW78SeS4-00892-00428203-00429313 It also allows, as he says on the next page:
147kW78SeS4-00893-00429355-00429746 “If the means of production, as they increase in extent
147kW78SeS4-00894-00429746-00429943 and effective power, become to a lesser extent means for employing workers,
147kW78SeS4-00895-00429943-00430343 this relation is itself in turn modified by the fact
147kW78SeS4-00896-00430343-00430812 that in proportion as the productivity of labour increases, capital increases its supply of labour
147kW78SeS4-00897-00430812-00431061 more quickly than its demand for workers.
147kW78SeS4-00898-00431061-00431761 The over-work of the employed part of the working class swells the ranks of its reserve…
147kW78SeS4-00899-00431780-00432201 The condemnation of one part of the working class to enforced idleness by the over-work
147kW78SeS4-00900-00432201-00432646 of the other part, and vice versa, becomes a means of enriching the individual capitalists,
147kW78SeS4-00901-00432646-00432947 and accelerates at the same time the production of the industrial reserve army on a
147kW78SeS4-00902-00432947-00433333 scale corresponding with the progress of social accumulation.”
147kW78SeS4-00903-00433333-00433957 Now, there's a very interesting thing that's been going on over the last 30 years,
147kW78SeS4-00904-00433957-00434373 which is we've seen extensive structural unemployment,
147kW78SeS4-00905-00434373-00434884 at the same time as the existing employed working class,
147kW78SeS4-00906-00434884-00435584 in many instances has been forced to do over-time,
147kW78SeS4-00907-00435611-00436092 has been forced by the threat of unemployment
147kW78SeS4-00908-00436092-00436430 to intensify their efforts.
147kW78SeS4-00909-00436430-00436665 So in other words,
147kW78SeS4-00910-00436665-00437190 this mechanism of capital is not simply about
147kW78SeS4-00911-00437190-00437478 unemploying people,
147kW78SeS4-00912-00437478-00438317 it's also about exercising a political power over the workers.
147kW78SeS4-00913-00439003-00439859 The result, he says (p.790), is that the general movement of wages in turn
147kW78SeS4-00914-00439859-00440296 “are exclusively regulated by the expansion and contraction of the industrial reserve army,
147kW78SeS4-00915-00440296-00441230 and this in turn corresponds to the periodic alternations of the industrial cycle.”
147kW78SeS4-00916-00441230-00441661 On p.792 in the middle:
147kW78SeS4-00917-00441661-00442071 “The industrial reserve army, during the periods of stagnation and average prosperity, weighs down
147kW78SeS4-00918-00442071-00442437 the active army of workers;
147kW78SeS4-00919-00442437-00442959 during the periods of over-production and feverish activity, it puts a curb on their pretensions.
147kW78SeS4-00920-00442959-00443351 The relative surplus population is therefore the background against which the law of the demand
147kW78SeS4-00921-00443351-00443571 and supply of labour does its work.
147kW78SeS4-00922-00443571-00444082 It confines the field of action of this law to the limits absolutely convenient to capital's drive
147kW78SeS4-00923-00444082-00444448 to exploit and dominate the workers.”
147kW78SeS4-00924-00444448-00444625 Here we're taking up
147kW78SeS4-00925-00444625-00444993 the idea of technological change,
147kW78SeS4-00926-00444993-00445274 organizational changes, as a weapon of class struggle
147kW78SeS4-00927-00445274-00445410 with a vengeance.
147kW78SeS4-00928-00445410-00445626 You've come across it
147kW78SeS4-00929-00445626-00446122 in the chapter on machinery.
147kW78SeS4-00930-00446122-00446539 and the oddity of this, he then remarks on p.793,
147kW78SeS4-00931-00446539-00446988 is that “The demand for labour is not identical with increase of capital,
147kW78SeS4-00932-00446988-00447297 nor is supply of labour identical with increase of the working class.
147kW78SeS4-00933-00447297-00447746 It is not a case of two independent forces working on each other.
147kW78SeS4-00934-00447746-00448076 Capital acts on both sides at once.”
147kW78SeS4-00935-00448076-00448471 Capital, in fact, controls the demand for labour,
147kW78SeS4-00936-00448471-00448846 at the same time as it also controls the supply
147kW78SeS4-00937-00448846-00449153 of a surplus population,
147kW78SeS4-00938-00449153-00449853 a relative surplus population, an industrial reserve army.
147kW78SeS4-00939-00449892-00450278 He then goes on to say: "If its accumulation on the one hand increases the demand for labour,
147kW78SeS4-00940-00450278-00450394 it increases on the other hand
147kW78SeS4-00941-00450394-00450784 the supply of workers by 'setting them free',
147kW78SeS4-00942-00450784-00451054 while at the same time the pressure of the unemployed compels those
147kW78SeS4-00943-00451054-00451294 who are employed to furnish more labour,
147kW78SeS4-00944-00451294-00451994 and therefore makes the supply of labour to a certain extent independent of the supply of workers.
147kW78SeS4-00945-00452143-00452432 The movement of the law of supply and demand of labour on this basis completes
147kW78SeS4-00946-00452532-00452721 the despotism of capital.”
147kW78SeS4-00947-00452921-00453201 Capital works on both sides,
147kW78SeS4-00948-00453201-00453760 it has control of both sides.
147kW78SeS4-00949-00453760-00453911 The answer, of course,
147kW78SeS4-00950-00453911-00454214 is for workers to organize, so Marx here,
147kW78SeS4-00951-00454214-00454588 for the first time introduces the idea
147kW78SeS4-00952-00454588-00454996 of trade-unions and labour organization.
147kW78SeS4-00953-00454996-00455378 “as soon as the workers learn the secret of why it happens that the more they work,
147kW78SeS4-00954-00455378-00455597 the more alien wealth they produce,
147kW78SeS4-00955-00455597-00456024 and that the more the productivity of their labour increases, the more does their very function
147kW78SeS4-00956-00456024-00456405 as a means for the valorization of capital become precarious…
147kW78SeS4-00957-00456405-00456894 …as soon as, by setting up trade unions, etc., they try to organize planned co-operation
147kW78SeS4-00958-00456894-00457136 between the employed and the unemployed
147kW78SeS4-00959-00457136-00457557 in order to obviate or to weaken the ruinous effects of this natural law of capitalist production
147kW78SeS4-00960-00457557-00457657 on their class,
147kW78SeS4-00961-00457657-00458063 so soon does capital and its sycophant, political economy, cry out
147kW78SeS4-00962-00458063-00458539 at the infringement of the 'eternal' and so to speak 'sacred' law of supply and demand.
147kW78SeS4-00963-00458763-00459405 Every combination between employed and unemployed disturbs the 'pure' action of this law.”
147kW78SeS4-00964-00459405-00460046 Then Marx introduces the idea of colonies and so on,
147kW78SeS4-00965-00460046-00460910 "…will prevent the creation of an industrial reserve army…”
147kW78SeS4-00966-00461034-00461245 So the point here is that,
147kW78SeS4-00967-00461245-00461567 in this model of accumulation,
147kW78SeS4-00968-00461567-00462163 what we see is the utilization of capital's command over
147kW78SeS4-00969-00462163-00462485 organizational forms and technologies,
147kW78SeS4-00970-00462485-00462667 centralization,
147kW78SeS4-00971-00462667-00462893 new technological forms,
147kW78SeS4-00972-00462893-00463033 organizational forms,
147kW78SeS4-00973-00463033-00463273 as a weapon in class struggle
147kW78SeS4-00974-00463273-00464040 which actually regulates both the demand and supply of labour.
147kW78SeS4-00975-00464040-00464195 This is, if you like
147kW78SeS4-00976-00464195-00464573 the more sophisticated version
147kW78SeS4-00977-00464573-00464888 of the model of capital accumulation
147kW78SeS4-00978-00464888-00465114 which Marx constructs.
147kW78SeS4-00979-00465114-00465461 And as we'll see in the next section,
147kW78SeS4-00980-00465461-00465817 this leads him to the construction of production
147kW78SeS4-00981-00465817-00466517 of a relative surplus population, so Marx then talks about that.
147kW78SeS4-00982-00466568-00466890 But I'd just like to pause here and ask if you've got any kind of questions
147kW78SeS4-00983-00466890-00467340 about these two models and the bit in between about
147kW78SeS4-00984-00467340-00467998 organic, and value, and technical composition.
147kW78SeS4-00985-00467998-00468398 Or is it all clear?
147kW78SeS4-00986-00468598-00469033 » STUDENT: You said that there could be some factors that go against
147kW78SeS4-00987-00469033-00469233 the idea of a falling rate of profit?
147kW78SeS4-00988-00469233-00469557 » HARVEY: Well, one would be, for example, a pattern of
147kW78SeS4-00989-00469557-00469845 technological change which is capital saving,
147kW78SeS4-00990-00469845-00470252 which is not labour saving at all, but capital saving.
147kW78SeS4-00991-00470252-00470801 I.e: the means of production become cheaper faster.
147kW78SeS4-00992-00470801-00471260 Out of that comes…
147kW78SeS4-00993-00471260-00471762 Marx mentions foreign trade, and while he doesn't mention the word 'imperialism',
147kW78SeS4-00994-00471762-00472330 you could also introduce into this, imperialist domination
147kW78SeS4-00995-00472330-00472934 of raw material sources to make them extremely cheap,
147kW78SeS4-00996-00472934-00473068 so that
147kW78SeS4-00997-00473068-00473768 raw materials become cheaper and cheaper and cheaper because of imperialist domination.
147kW78SeS4-00998-00474152-00474642 As I already mentioned, there are patterns of technological change,
147kW78SeS4-00999-00474642-00475003 which would not give you a rising organic composition of capital at all,
147kW78SeS4-01000-00475003-00475193 but a stable organic composition of capital,
147kW78SeS4-01001-00475193-00475679 and in certain instances you might even get a declining organic composition of capital.
147kW78SeS4-01002-00475679-00476336 It really depends upon what kind of technological change you're talking about.
147kW78SeS4-01003-00476336-00476799 Now, I think there's no question that Marx' intuition that a lot of
147kW78SeS4-01004-00476799-00477133 capitalist technological change is about labour-saving,
147kW78SeS4-01005-00477133-00477318 is correct.
147kW78SeS4-01006-00477318-00477453 And to the degree that it
147kW78SeS4-01007-00477453-00477899 is biased towards labour saving, it would indeed produce
147kW78SeS4-01008-00477899-00478259 some of the difficulties that Marx is pointing to,
147kW78SeS4-01009-00478259-00478624 but there's no necessity for that,
147kW78SeS4-01010-00478624-00478886 you could imagine something else. In other words,
147kW78SeS4-01011-00478886-00479297 there are people who now would argue that actually you can set up a dynamic model
147kW78SeS4-01012-00479297-00479466 of this kind
147kW78SeS4-01013-00479466-00479838 with a pattern of technological change which is
147kW78SeS4-01014-00479838-00480051 going to equilibrate the system,
147kW78SeS4-01015-00480509-00480757 and give you a stable rate of profit over time.
147kW78SeS4-01016-00480757-00481368 The difficulty is to define exactly what the pattern of technological changes is that does that.
147kW78SeS4-01017-00481368-00481942 And so people talk for example about a knife-edge,
147kW78SeS4-01018-00481942-00482271 the appropriate technological change which is going to keep you in balance, you move too far
147kW78SeS4-01019-00482271-00482447 in one direction,
147kW78SeS4-01020-00482447-00482609 you get a crisis
147kW78SeS4-01021-00482609-00482940 of the sort that Marx is talking about, you move to far in the other direction,
147kW78SeS4-01022-00482940-00483519 you've got another kind of crisis.
147kW78SeS4-01023-00483519-00483829 And in any case,
147kW78SeS4-01024-00483829-00484363 don't forget the assumptions we started out with,
147kW78SeS4-01025-00484363-00484952 for instance, if there is a serious problem in the market
147kW78SeS4-01026-00484952-00485189 then you may want to employ more workers and
147kW78SeS4-01027-00485189-00485780 you might want to give them more purchasing power because they've become an important part
147kW78SeS4-01028-00485780-00486457 of the consumerism that is going to mob up the surplus-value.
147kW78SeS4-01029-00486457-00486820 We ruled that out by assumption,
147kW78SeS4-01030-00486820-00487192 so far, we assume that's not a problem, but you see that could
147kW78SeS4-01031-00487192-00487412 indeed be a problem,
147kW78SeS4-01032-00487412-00487763 in which case you wouldn't want to go this way anyway.
147kW78SeS4-01033-00487763-00488147 The social system would have to go in another direction, that is to try to
147kW78SeS4-01034-00488147-00488406 employ more workers,
147kW78SeS4-01035-00488406-00488800 as a way of consuming the capitalist product,
147kW78SeS4-01036-00488800-00489440 otherwise you got a problem of
147kW78SeS4-01037-00489440-00489822 to whom do capitalists market their product?
147kW78SeS4-01038-00489822-00490138 Actually, it's very interesting,
147kW78SeS4-01039-00490138-00490284 Marx himself
147kW78SeS4-01040-00490284-00490843 at various points, both in the Grundrisse and in Volume 3 of Capital, talks about
147kW78SeS4-01041-00490843-00490984 counter-acting influences,
147kW78SeS4-01042-00491129-00491407 and he changes his language in Volume 3:
147kW78SeS4-01043-00491407-00491701 The falling rate of profit goes from being a law,
147kW78SeS4-01044-00491701-00491905 to being a law of a tendency,
147kW78SeS4-01045-00491905-00492280 to being a tendency.
147kW78SeS4-01046-00492280-00492655 So, you see he's beginning
147kW78SeS4-01047-00492655-00492884 to see that there may be some problems with it.
147kW78SeS4-01048-00492884-00493028 And at various points,
147kW78SeS4-01049-00493028-00493262 both in Capital and the Grundrisse, he talks about
147kW78SeS4-01050-00493262-00493514 the factors that can offset
147kW78SeS4-01051-00493514-00493904 the law of the tendency of the falling rate of profit.
147kW78SeS4-01052-00493904-00494366 And by the time to go through all of those factors, you say to yourself 'well,
147kW78SeS4-01053-00494366-00494634 if you add all of these up,
147kW78SeS4-01054-00494634-00495061 this law of the falling rate of profit is no law,
147kW78SeS4-01055-00495061-00495411 it's a tendency which you can see there, it has
147kW78SeS4-01056-00495411-00495805 elements of truth to it but
147kW78SeS4-01057-00495805-00496132 you can't call it a mechanical law,
147kW78SeS4-01058-00496132-00496616 and it's very dangerous, i think, to do that.
147kW78SeS4-01059-00496616-00497005 And after all, if Marx was correct
147kW78SeS4-01060-00497005-00497071 in saying that there's
147kW78SeS4-01061-00497071-00497686 a law of rising organic composition of capital,
147kW78SeS4-01062-00497686-00498030 and there's a falling rate of profit, we should have been having a falling rate of profit since
147kW78SeS4-01063-00498030-00498338 1850 at least.
147kW78SeS4-01064-00498338-00498708 And we should be closer and closer to zero, but we are not closer and closer to zero,
147kW78SeS4-01065-00498708-00498853 we plainly are not.
147kW78SeS4-01066-00498853-00499146 And this is then one of the things
147kW78SeS4-01067-00499146-00499846 he mentions, is opening up new sectors of production which are labour intensive.
147kW78SeS4-01068-00499917-00500106 Now think of that.
147kW78SeS4-01069-00500106-00500501 Think about what global capitalism has been doing,
147kW78SeS4-01070-00500501-00500764 a lot of the sectors of production which have opened up
147kW78SeS4-01071-00500764-00501146 has been labour intensive,
147kW78SeS4-01072-00501146-00501410 and in fact the proletariat has increased
147kW78SeS4-01073-00501410-00501801 by about two billion people over the last thirty years.
147kW78SeS4-01074-00501801-00502013 China,
147kW78SeS4-01075-00502013-00502199 Indonesia, so
147kW78SeS4-01076-00502199-00502720 new lines of production have opened up, many of which are labour intensive.
147kW78SeS4-01077-00502720-00503109 And actually, interestingly, in China
147kW78SeS4-01078-00503109-00503613 they're even in some instances dismantling these new technologies,
147kW78SeS4-01079-00503613-00504038 which are highly capital-intensive because they're so expensive.
147kW78SeS4-01080-00504038-00504453 They can buy these new technologies from the United States, very expensive,
147kW78SeS4-01081-00504453-00504628 which are labour saving,
147kW78SeS4-01082-00504628-00504986 or they can actually reinvent the production process
147kW78SeS4-01083-00504986-00505142 which is labour-intensive.
147kW78SeS4-01084-00505142-00505417 And in many instances they've done that, they've gone back to labour intensive,
147kW78SeS4-01085-00505417-00505517 and say 'why should we
147kW78SeS4-01086-00505517-00505801 buy this expensive piece of machinery,
147kW78SeS4-01087-00505801-00505974 when we have
147kW78SeS4-01088-00505974-00506659 these incredible available labour resources around?
147kW78SeS4-01089-00506659-00506830 Which then, by the way,
147kW78SeS4-01090-00506830-00507142 brings back one point of limitation on this
147kW78SeS4-01091-00507142-00507396 new technology stuff,
147kW78SeS4-01092-00507396-00507540 can you remember
147kW78SeS4-01093-00507540-00508240 what it is that puts a limitation on the employment of new machines?
147kW78SeS4-01094-00508329-00508668 STUDENT: Not until everyone catches up and gets… HARVEY: Well, yes, but the other
147kW78SeS4-01095-00508668-00508793 is that the machine,
147kW78SeS4-01096-00508793-00509373 the value of the machine has to be less than the labour that's saved by it.
147kW78SeS4-01097-00509373-00509755 So, when you get to the point where the demand for labour
147kW78SeS4-01098-00509755-00509979 and
147kW78SeS4-01099-00509979-00510551 the wage rate has gone down so much because you have such a massive surplus population,
147kW78SeS4-01100-00510551-00511098 at some point or other there's no point in
147kW78SeS4-01101-00511098-00511383 continuing technological innovation.
147kW78SeS4-01102-00511383-00511684 So -that- cycle will go on until such point,
147kW78SeS4-01103-00511684-00511911 as you remember the case in Britain,
147kW78SeS4-01104-00511911-00512258 which did not employ the technologies which was employed in the United States because
147kW78SeS4-01105-00512258-00512625 there was such a surplus of labour in Britain, that it didn't make
147kW78SeS4-01106-00512625-00512899 economic sense to employ those technologies.
147kW78SeS4-01107-00512899-00513313 So what you may get is a situation where you produce such a surplus of population
147kW78SeS4-01108-00513313-00513588 at a given place,
147kW78SeS4-01109-00513588-00514181 that therefore there's no incentive for technological innovation, and you go back, in effect,
147kW78SeS4-01110-00514181-00514757 you switch back into this model 1 situation.
147kW78SeS4-01111-00514757-00515084 So again there are many situations where
147kW78SeS4-01112-00515084-00515505 you can imagine this,
147kW78SeS4-01113-00515505-00516163 if you emphasize the fluid possibilities of this,
147kW78SeS4-01114-00516163-00516847 and that's why this language of a law strikes me as a bit odd. Marx
147kW78SeS4-01115-00516847-00517287 generally speaking is always talking about the fluidity and the process
147kW78SeS4-01116-00517287-00517531 and the capacity. And then
147kW78SeS4-01117-00517531-00517717 turned up with
147kW78SeS4-01118-00517717-00518110 a pretty rigid statement about the law of rising organic composition of capital as he
147kW78SeS4-01119-00518110-00518207 does here.
147kW78SeS4-01120-00518207-00518484 He clearly thought
147kW78SeS4-01121-00518484-00518786 that he'd cracked the problem
147kW78SeS4-01122-00518786-00519109 of the falling rate of profit.
147kW78SeS4-01123-00519109-00519534 And that was to come in Volume Three of Capital,
147kW78SeS4-01124-00519534-00519682 and he felt
147kW78SeS4-01125-00519682-00520213 it very important to insert into Volume One of Capital his arguments about organic
147kW78SeS4-01126-00520213-00520703 value composition and technical composition, as a foundation for the Volume 3 argument.
147kW78SeS4-01127-00520703-00521053 He never completed the Volume 3 argument,
147kW78SeS4-01128-00521053-00521496 it's a bit all over the place and as i've suggested to you, the language there switches from
147kW78SeS4-01129-00521496-00521732 law to law of a tendency to tendency,
147kW78SeS4-01130-00521732-00522338 and in any case, there are all these counteracting forces which exist.
147kW78SeS4-01131-00522338-00522835 But I think as always with Marx, he's onto something which is important
147kW78SeS4-01132-00522835-00523355 by the way he has voiced it here is in this seemingly rigid
147kW78SeS4-01133-00523355-00523955 form which as many subsequent
147kW78SeS4-01134-00523955-00524355 theorists have suggested, doesn't really work.
147kW78SeS4-01135-00524620-00525013 And these kinds of models by the way have now being worked out mathematically,
147kW78SeS4-01136-00525013-00525155 so if you want
147kW78SeS4-01137-00525155-00525717 a good mathematical version of all of this, you go read somebody like Morishima,
147kW78SeS4-01138-00525717-00525971 'Marx's economics'.
147kW78SeS4-01139-00525971-00526279 Morishima is a first-rate mathematician,
147kW78SeS4-01140-00526279-00526673 and works all these things out mathematically, and basically says: there are instances
147kW78SeS4-01141-00526673-00526932 where a falling rate of profit could occur,
147kW78SeS4-01142-00526932-00527361 but there are plenty of instances where it won't.
147kW78SeS4-01143-00527361-00527959 But what Morishima emphasizes is the destabilizing role of technological change.
147kW78SeS4-01144-00527959-00528244 Which I think is right.
147kW78SeS4-01145-00528244-00528519 and if you look at our own society and we look at
147kW78SeS4-01146-00528519-00528806 the patterns of technological change,
147kW78SeS4-01147-00528806-00529138 and its relationship to worker control,
147kW78SeS4-01148-00529138-00529419 and the production of a relative surplus population and 1:28:14.199, 1:28:16.199 the role that that relative surplus population
147kW78SeS4-01149-00529619-00529701 has played,
147kW78SeS4-01150-00529701-00529883 say in Europe in particular,
147kW78SeS4-01151-00529883-00530251 has been particularly strong.
147kW78SeS4-01152-00530251-00530765 I mean, the structural unemployment in Europe is going on now for about twenty years,
147kW78SeS4-01153-00530886-00531354 and this is one of the ways in which you try to discipline the labour force all of the time,
147kW78SeS4-01154-00531354-00531526 hasn't worked too well,
147kW78SeS4-01155-00531526-00531836 but that's part of the dynamics of it.
147kW78SeS4-01156-00531836-00532074 In this country, of course, we've had
147kW78SeS4-01157-00532074-00532565 no need for that, the dynamics have gone on,
147kW78SeS4-01158-00532565-00532932 the insecurity generated amongst the working-class,
147kW78SeS4-01159-00532932-00533878 labour organization has not been that strong, labour organizations being effectively minimized,
147kW78SeS4-01160-00533878-00534423 the powers of technological change are not resisted,
147kW78SeS4-01161-00534423-00534738 and so capitalists can pretty much have it their own way,
147kW78SeS4-01162-00534738-00535156 and in addition if they can't have it their own way here, they go to China or
147kW78SeS4-01163-00535156-00535382 maquila zones or whatever.
147kW78SeS4-01164-00535382-00535708 But again, I think it's very important to recognize,
147kW78SeS4-01165-00535708-00535999 i think i mentioned this before,
147kW78SeS4-01166-00535999-00536830 that one of the biggest sources of insecurity in the labour force
147kW78SeS4-01167-00536830-00537530 and loss of jobs in this country is technological change, not outsourcing.
147kW78SeS4-01168-00537601-00537884 So, again, I think Marx is correct
147kW78SeS4-01169-00537884-00538265 very much to talk about the power of technological change
147kW78SeS4-01170-00538265-00538619 to structure an industrial reserve-army,
147kW78SeS4-01171-00538619-00538842 and create an industrial-reserve army,
147kW78SeS4-01172-00538842-00539801 and to put pressures on workers so that they don't create a problem.
147kW78SeS4-01173-00539801-00540085 As we've seen over the last 30 years,
147kW78SeS4-01174-00540085-00540346 capitalists have not shared with the workers any
147kW78SeS4-01175-00540346-00540973 of the gains that have been had from rising productivity, capitalists have taken it all.
147kW78SeS4-01176-00540973-00541584 Workers essentially won nothing
147kW78SeS4-01177-00541584-00541967 in terms of the benefits that come from rising productivity, which was not true in
147kW78SeS4-01178-00541967-00542536 the 1950s-60s, was not even true in the 1920s.
147kW78SeS4-01179-00542536-00542854 So that, this is a very unique period in
147kW78SeS4-01180-00542854-00543882 US history where none of those gains have been shared.
147kW78SeS4-01181-00544246-00544859 Ok, so if there are no more questions, lets go on to look at section 4.
147kW78SeS4-01182-00544859-00545187 We get three forms of
147kW78SeS4-01183-00545187-00545363 an industrial reserve army:
147kW78SeS4-01184-00545363-00545891 floating, the latent and the stagnant.
147kW78SeS4-01185-00546340-00547040 The floating, essentially are
147kW78SeS4-01186-00547121-00547576 workers who've been fully proletarianized,
147kW78SeS4-01187-00547576-00548259 fully integrated into the commodification of labour-power
147kW78SeS4-01188-00548259-00548923 and have been employed but were thrown out by these
147kW78SeS4-01189-00548923-00549421 waves of technological innovation which create unemployment.
147kW78SeS4-01190-00549421-00549869 They are people who are in the workforce and out of the workforce, depending upon
147kW78SeS4-01191-00549869-00550195 the industrial cycle.
147kW78SeS4-01192-00550195-00550761 They are typically registered as unemployed,
147kW78SeS4-01193-00550761-00551015 people seeking employment,
147kW78SeS4-01194-00551015-00551369 who've got unemployed.
147kW78SeS4-01195-00551369-00551617 So you can get a measure of the floating population in this country
147kW78SeS4-01196-00551617-00551894 by looking at data on the unemployed,
147kW78SeS4-01197-00551894-00552392 the data is not that great,
147kW78SeS4-01198-00552392-00552751 and the category of the 'discouraged worker' ought to be in there,
147kW78SeS4-01199-00552751-00552922 as well, which is
147kW78SeS4-01200-00552922-00553413 workers who have just given up trying to get a job.
147kW78SeS4-01201-00553413-00553784 So, you've got a floating population.
147kW78SeS4-01202-00553784-00554244 The latent population
147kW78SeS4-01203-00554244-00554944 are groups in the population who have not yet been fully proletarianized.
147kW78SeS4-01204-00554963-00555788 Marx frequently mentions the way in which women and children were drawn into
147kW78SeS4-01205-00555788-00556074 the labour force.
147kW78SeS4-01206-00556074-00556759 In his time one of the biggest reserves was of course the peasant, agrarian population
147kW78SeS4-01207-00556759-00557111 increasingly thrown off the land.
147kW78SeS4-01208-00557111-00557364 And that has not gone away,
147kW78SeS4-01209-00557364-00557653 if you look at
147kW78SeS4-01210-00557653-00558101 Mexico or India and so on, you'll find an agrarian population that's increasingly being forced off
147kW78SeS4-01211-00558101-00558544 the land into the cities as a latent reserve.
147kW78SeS4-01212-00558544-00559125 Now, the point about the latent reserve is they have to be mobilized in some way.
147kW78SeS4-01213-00559125-00559472 By what processes are they going to be mobilized?
147kW78SeS4-01214-00559472-00559840 But there are other latent reserves also,
147kW78SeS4-01215-00559840-00560357 there is the petit-bourgeoisie, an independent petit-bourgeoisie.
147kW78SeS4-01216-00560357-00560766 An artisan and self-employed population
147kW78SeS4-01217-00560766-00561307 that can be forced into the labour force.
147kW78SeS4-01218-00561307-00561848 So that, when we start to talk about latent reserves,
147kW78SeS4-01219-00561848-00562716 we're talking about a wide range of population possibilities.
147kW78SeS4-01220-00562716-00563485 And as soon as we start to think of it geographically,
147kW78SeS4-01221-00563485-00563668 then we would say,
147kW78SeS4-01222-00563668-00564308 the floating reserve is usually around where capital is,
147kW78SeS4-01223-00564308-00564863 the latent reserve is all over the world and can be mobilized.
147kW78SeS4-01224-00564863-00565426 In the 19th century you would mobilize coolie labour and take it to South-Africa,
147kW78SeS4-01225-00565426-00565709 Fiji or whatever.
147kW78SeS4-01226-00565709-00566359 You'd mobilize Indian labour and take it to Trinidad,
147kW78SeS4-01227-00566359-00566740 those kinds of things. So the surplus population can be
147kW78SeS4-01228-00566740-00567517 global, and increasingly we saw them within Europe,
147kW78SeS4-01229-00567517-00568237 in the late 1960s, there was a labour shortage in Europe, and labour was well-organized,
147kW78SeS4-01230-00568237-00568467 strongly unionized,
147kW78SeS4-01231-00568467-00569055 socialist parties, communist parties,
147kW78SeS4-01232-00569055-00569457 and how was the shortage of labour addressed? Well, the French government
147kW78SeS4-01233-00569457-00570309 went out and organized a massive importation of labour from the Maghreb.
147kW78SeS4-01234-00570309-00570690 This was official government policy in the 1970s,
147kW78SeS4-01235-00570690-00571382 they brought them into the car industry and many other areas,
147kW78SeS4-01236-00571382-00571847 Maghrebians came into the factories,
147kW78SeS4-01237-00571847-00572188 it was a the government policy, which of course it's not anymore,
147kW78SeS4-01238-00572188-00572488 now they want to send them back (!)
147kW78SeS4-01239-00572488-00573061 but at that time there was a mobilization of this labour-surplus
147kW78SeS4-01240-00573061-00573305 from the Maghreb. And look at
147kW78SeS4-01241-00573305-00573720 the incredible significance of Mexico
147kW78SeS4-01242-00573720-00574144 to the economy of this country, in terms of the labour surplus in Mexico.
147kW78SeS4-01243-00574144-00574440 And it's not only in Mexico it's elsewhere, much of Latin-America,
147kW78SeS4-01244-00574440-00574740 but the Mexican labour-surplus
147kW78SeS4-01245-00574740-00575271 is absolutely crucial as a threat against American labour.
147kW78SeS4-01246-00575271-00575663 But also, it has to be mobilized, which is why all this stuff about immigration is getting
147kW78SeS4-01247-00575663-00576186 so interesting, because the more you keep Mexican labour out, the less
147kW78SeS4-01248-00576186-00576669 the threat that labour surplus becomes,
147kW78SeS4-01249-00576669-00577050 and if you really shut it all out,
147kW78SeS4-01250-00577050-00577625 and we already see in agribusiness they're already hurting, they haven't got the labour-surplus.
147kW78SeS4-01251-00577625-00578078 Strawberries are rotting in the fields and apples aren't being picked of the trees because
147kW78SeS4-01252-00578078-00578543 the labour surplus isn't available.
147kW78SeS4-01253-00578543-00578944 Immigration stuff is there.
147kW78SeS4-01254-00578944-00579396 So the whole question of 'where is the labour surplus?'
147kW78SeS4-01255-00579396-00579836 and how it is mobilized,
147kW78SeS4-01256-00579836-00580093 the history of
147kW78SeS4-01257-00580093-00580590 where that latent surplus is and how it gets mobilized in relationship to the dynamics
147kW78SeS4-01258-00580590-00581376 of capital accumulation, is in itself a very fascinating history.
147kW78SeS4-01259-00581376-00581778 Countries like Sweden maintain full employment, and everybody says see:
147kW78SeS4-01260-00581778-00581973 you can have full employment,
147kW78SeS4-01261-00581973-00582578 in a country like Sweden and this, what Marx is talking about, doesn't work.
147kW78SeS4-01262-00582578-00583136 And the answer to that is: there are all these labourers coming from
147kW78SeS4-01263-00583136-00583469 Yugoslavia, Turkey, etc.
147kW78SeS4-01264-00583469-00583939 There was a labour-surplus available to the Swedes and they used it,
147kW78SeS4-01265-00583939-00584324 both as labour-control but also as
147kW78SeS4-01266-00584324-00584617 the necessary labour-surplus in order to fuel
147kW78SeS4-01267-00584617-00585194 accumulation of capital.
147kW78SeS4-01268-00585194-00585617 Now, the latent category…
147kW78SeS4-01269-00585617-00585990 or rather stagnant category,
147kW78SeS4-01270-00585990-00586517 is different from the latent,
147kW78SeS4-01271-00586517-00586836 in many way it's…
147kW78SeS4-01272-00586836-00587228 Marx says of it, this is about…
147kW78SeS4-01273-00587228-00587487 he's not very kind to groups of this sort
147kW78SeS4-01274-00587487-00587715 this is the lumpenproletariat,
147kW78SeS4-01275-00587715-00588175 the almost unemployable population.
147kW78SeS4-01276-00588175-00588810 In some cases you can have sympathy, because as he says, this is the hospital
147kW78SeS4-01277-00588810-00589228 of the reserve army.
147kW78SeS4-01278-00589228-00589592 And they're people who are so destroyed
147kW78SeS4-01279-00589592-00589982 mentally or physically, that it's very hard to mobilize them
147kW78SeS4-01280-00589982-00590248 into the population. You can in extremis,
147kW78SeS4-01281-00590513-00591045 I guess it's what William Julius Wilson liked to call the 'underclass',
147kW78SeS4-01282-00591045-00591221 a term I don't like,
147kW78SeS4-01283-00591221-00591647 anymore than I like the term 'lumpenproletariat', but what Marx is talking about is that
147kW78SeS4-01284-00591647-00592083 there's a group in the population that has
147kW78SeS4-01285-00592083-00592669 been in the proletariat but which can no longer function,
147kW78SeS4-01286-00592669-00593792 for a variety of reasons, as part of that proletariat.
147kW78SeS4-01287-00593792-00594634 This then leads into the production of pauperism,
147kW78SeS4-01288-00594981-00595271 and as he says on p.798:
147kW78SeS4-01289-00595271-00595529 “The more extensive, finally,
147kW78SeS4-01290-00595529-00595933 the pauperized sections of the working class and the industrial reserve army,
147kW78SeS4-01291-00595933-00596615 the greater is official pauperism. This is the absolute general law of capitalist accumulation.”
147kW78SeS4-01292-00596615-00596838 Again this is strong language,
147kW78SeS4-01293-00596838-00597346 "the absolute general law of capitalist accumulation",
147kW78SeS4-01294-00597346-00597609 but then of course,
147kW78SeS4-01295-00597609-00597758 he introduces his modifier:
147kW78SeS4-01296-00597758-00598058 “like all other laws it is modified in its working by many circumstances,
147kW78SeS4-01297-00598058-00598396 the analysis of which does not concern us here.”
147kW78SeS4-01298-00598396-00599280 Nevertheless, it's a very strong statement but its got its modifier.
147kW78SeS4-01299-00599280-00599688 So, “The first word of this adaptation is the creation of a relative surplus population,
147kW78SeS4-01300-00599688-00599913 or industrial reserve army.
147kW78SeS4-01301-00599913-00600597 Its last word is the misery of constantly expanding strata of the active army of labour,
147kW78SeS4-01302-00600597-00601270 and the dead weight of pauperism.”
147kW78SeS4-01303-00601270-00601636 He says right at the bottom: “We saw in Part IV, when analysing the production of relative
147kW78SeS4-01304-00601636-00601941 surplus-value,
147kW78SeS4-01305-00601941-00602454 that within the capitalist system all methods for raising the social productivity of labour
147kW78SeS4-01306-00602454-00602955 are put into effect at the cost of the individual worker;
147kW78SeS4-01307-00602955-00603394 that all means for the development of production undergo a dialectical inversion
147kW78SeS4-01308-00603394-00603835 so that they become means of domination and exploitation of the producers;
147kW78SeS4-01309-00603835-00604213 they distort the worker into a fragment of a man,
147kW78SeS4-01310-00604213-00604548 they degrade him to the level of an appendage of a machine,
147kW78SeS4-01311-00604548-00605021 they destroy the actual content of his labour by turning it into a torment;
147kW78SeS4-01312-00605021-00605278 they alienate [entfremden] from him
147kW78SeS4-01313-00605278-00605547 the intellectual potentialities of the labour process
147kW78SeS4-01314-00605547-00606114 in the same proportion as science is incorporated in it as an independent power;
147kW78SeS4-01315-00606114-00606417 they deform the conditions under which he works,
147kW78SeS4-01316-00606417-00606862 subject him during the labour process to a despotism the more hateful for its meanness;
147kW78SeS4-01317-00606862-00607272 they transform his life-time into working-time, and drag his wife and child
147kW78SeS4-01318-00607272-00607544 beneath the wheels of the juggernaut of capital.
147kW78SeS4-01319-00607544-00607836 But all methods for the production of surplus-value are at the same time
147kW78SeS4-01320-00607836-00608036 methods of accumulation,
147kW78SeS4-01321-00608036-00608345 and every extension of accumulation becomes, conversely,
147kW78SeS4-01322-00608345-00608645 a means for the development of those methods.
147kW78SeS4-01323-00608645-00609026 It follows therefore that in proportion as capital accumulates,
147kW78SeS4-01324-00609026-00609626 the situation of the worker, be his payment high or low, must grow worse.
147kW78SeS4-01325-00609626-00609862 Finally, the law which always holds the relative surplus population
147kW78SeS4-01326-00609862-00610162 or industrial reserve army in equilibrium
147kW78SeS4-01327-00610162-00610642 with the extent and energy of accumulation rivets the worker to capital more firmly
147kW78SeS4-01328-00610642-00611052 than the wedges of Hephaestus held Prometheus to the rock.
147kW78SeS4-01329-00611052-00611836 It makes an accumulation of misery a necessary condition,
147kW78SeS4-01330-00611836-00612348 corresponding to the accumulation of wealth.
147kW78SeS4-01331-00612348-00612798 Accumulation of wealth at one pole is, therefore, at the same time accumulation of misery,
147kW78SeS4-01332-00612798-00613498 the torment of labour, slavery, ignorance, brutalization and moral degradation at the opposite pole,
147kW78SeS4-01333-00613507-00614640 i.e. on the side of the class that produces its own product as capital.”
147kW78SeS4-01334-00614890-00615147 This is of course the famous thesis
147kW78SeS4-01335-00615147-00615657 of the increasing immiseration of the proletariat,
147kW78SeS4-01336-00615657-00616428 which is a necessary condition of capitalist accumulation.
147kW78SeS4-01337-00616428-00616782 And you'll find people saying immediately: 'well that's not true, let's face it,
147kW78SeS4-01338-00616782-00617284 the working-class in this country is much better off than it was a 100 years ago.
147kW78SeS4-01339-00617284-00617938 And yeah, okay some of this stuff may be going on in China, Bangladesh, Indonesia etc.
147kW78SeS4-01340-00617938-00618431 but let's face it: there has been progress, for many of the workers of the world,
147kW78SeS4-01341-00618431-00619055 even when they weren't particularly united'.
147kW78SeS4-01342-00619055-00619303 So, this is one of Marx his
147kW78SeS4-01343-00619303-00619699 predictions, if you want to call it that, or statements,
147kW78SeS4-01344-00619699-00620132 which is often used
147kW78SeS4-01345-00620132-00620465 both in a dogmatic way on the part of some marxists, who say
147kW78SeS4-01346-00620465-00620853 'see this is what capitalism is bound to do',
147kW78SeS4-01347-00620853-00621055 and an equally dogmatic way by a lot of non-marxists
147kW78SeS4-01348-00621055-00621275 who say 'well this is what Marx says is bound to happen,
147kW78SeS4-01349-00621275-00621892 it didn't happen that way'.
147kW78SeS4-01350-00621892-00622505 I think here again it's very important to go back to the assumptions,
147kW78SeS4-01351-00622505-00622981 this statement is a statement which is contingent upon
147kW78SeS4-01352-00622981-00623521 the dynamics of accumulations as Marx has set this up.
147kW78SeS4-01353-00623521-00623795 This is Volume One of Capital,
147kW78SeS4-01354-00623795-00624261 we are simply looking at the dynamics of production,
147kW78SeS4-01355-00624261-00624782 what goes on within the realm of production
147kW78SeS4-01356-00624782-00625292 and within the realm of capital accumulation.
147kW78SeS4-01357-00625292-00626473 From that standpoint what we will find is that, at the end of Volume Two,
147kW78SeS4-01358-00626473-00626667 Marx will start to talk about
147kW78SeS4-01359-00626667-00627259 the problems of effective demand,
147kW78SeS4-01360-00627259-00627894 and that the only way which the effective demand problem could be solved
147kW78SeS4-01361-00627894-00628594 is by “rational consumption on the part of the working-class”.
147kW78SeS4-01362-00628651-00629266 And he means by “rational consumption on the part of the working-class”, two things.
147kW78SeS4-01363-00629266-00629667 First, that the working class should have sufficient resources
147kW78SeS4-01364-00629667-00630415 available to be able to consume the goods that capitalists produce,
147kW78SeS4-01365-00630415-00630934 and secondly, the working class will have acquired the consumption habits
147kW78SeS4-01366-00630934-00631709 whereby it will utilize its money incomes
147kW78SeS4-01367-00631709-00632340 in ways which fit with the dynamic of accumulation.
147kW78SeS4-01368-00632340-00632752 So at the end of Volume 2 we find bourgeois philanthropy is going in
147kW78SeS4-01369-00632752-00633070 and teaching the working class how to consume right.
147kW78SeS4-01370-00633070-00633494 So they can have a rational consumption from the standpoint
147kW78SeS4-01371-00633494-00633878 of the dynamics of accumulation process.
147kW78SeS4-01372-00633878-00634449 So the end of Volume 2 gives you a completely different story to this one.
147kW78SeS4-01373-00634449-00634973 This one says, if capitalism worked like this,
147kW78SeS4-01374-00634973-00635203 just like this,
147kW78SeS4-01375-00635203-00635701 then what what you get? You would get this.
147kW78SeS4-01376-00635701-00636139 Can we see some of this going on in the world economy?
147kW78SeS4-01377-00636139-00636540 The answer is 'yes'.
147kW78SeS4-01378-00636540-00637122 You go to China, or Indonesia or Bangladesh
147kW78SeS4-01379-00637122-00637389 and you'll see it,
147kW78SeS4-01380-00637389-00637786 appalling conditions of exploitation
147kW78SeS4-01381-00637786-00638244 you see people being forced off the land, forced into the cities
147kW78SeS4-01382-00638244-00638651 the latent reserves are being mobilized all over the place
147kW78SeS4-01383-00638651-00638878 by all kinds of mechanisms.
147kW78SeS4-01384-00638878-00639357 So yes, you'll see the latent reserves being mobilized.
147kW78SeS4-01385-00639357-00639565 And indeed you will see
147kW78SeS4-01386-00639565-00640265 agony and toil, and indeed you will see the accumulation of wealth at one pole,
147kW78SeS4-01387-00640326-00640811 right now I don't think anybody would deny that capitalism is about the accumulation of wealth,
147kW78SeS4-01388-00640811-00641331 at that pole, and there's huge accumulation of wealth going on.
147kW78SeS4-01389-00641331-00641794 But where is the production going on that backs up that huge accumulation of wealth
147kW78SeS4-01390-00641794-00642437 and what are the conditions of labour which exist?
147kW78SeS4-01391-00642437-00642936 Well, you can find out,
147kW78SeS4-01392-00642936-00643636 NGOs that have reports and Oxfam and others have reports on this sort of thing.
147kW78SeS4-01393-00643772-00644127 Labor organizations have reports on this kind of thing, you'll find reports of this sort
147kW78SeS4-01394-00644127-00644590 in UN reports and so on.
147kW78SeS4-01395-00644590-00644890 So, yes indeed, the accumulation of wealth at one pole,
147kW78SeS4-01396-00644890-00645290 and accumulation of misery at the other pole.
147kW78SeS4-01397-00645359-00645650 In many respects over the last thirty years
147kW78SeS4-01398-00645650-00645907 the accumulation of wealth at
147kW78SeS4-01399-00645907-00646364 one pole has gone astronomically high,
147kW78SeS4-01400-00646364-00646711 and the accumulation of misery at the other end has
147kW78SeS4-01401-00646711-00646998 gone very much in the other direction.
147kW78SeS4-01402-00646998-00647417 In other words, in many respects,
147kW78SeS4-01403-00647417-00647888 whereas in the 1950s-60s when you had strong labour organizations
147kW78SeS4-01404-00647888-00648319 and social democratic parties and
147kW78SeS4-01405-00648319-00648619 see a lot of political pressure
147kW78SeS4-01406-00648619-00648944 on the consumer side and all the rest of it,
147kW78SeS4-01407-00648944-00649341 you'd argue that in aggregate,
147kW78SeS4-01408-00649341-00649888 the whole question of rational consumption was crucial
147kW78SeS4-01409-00649888-00650109 to get the people to consume automobiles.
147kW78SeS4-01410-00650109-00650607 How do you do that? You build cities where the only way you can get around is with automobiles,
147kW78SeS4-01411-00650607-00650937 things of that sort.
147kW78SeS4-01412-00650937-00651367 which means that workers have to have money to buy automobiles
147kW78SeS4-01413-00651367-00651792 and buy the gasoline and all the things that go with it.
147kW78SeS4-01414-00651792-00652077 So, indeed,
147kW78SeS4-01415-00652077-00652331 this was not happening in the core
147kW78SeS4-01416-00652331-00653038 parts of the world where capitalism was very well-established,
147kW78SeS4-01417-00653038-00653429 but since the neo-liberal agenda has taken off,
147kW78SeS4-01418-00653429-00653969 since the 1970s or so this has increasingly been happening.
147kW78SeS4-01419-00653969-00654362 Working class in this country hasn't gone anywhere
147kW78SeS4-01420-00654362-00654630 but workers have been absorbed into,
147kW78SeS4-01421-00654630-00654991 about two billion of them since 1970,
147kW78SeS4-01422-00654991-00655607 have been mobilized in from the latent reserves into
147kW78SeS4-01423-00655607-00655836 active membership of the proletariat,
147kW78SeS4-01424-00655836-00656056 not least in China.
147kW78SeS4-01425-00656056-00656375 But also of course in the Soviet Union, the ex-Soviet Union,
147kW78SeS4-01426-00656375-00656651 and also in several of those countries like India
147kW78SeS4-01427-00656651-00657090 and so on which had large agrarian bases,
147kW78SeS4-01428-00657090-00657642 large agrarian bases sometimes in Latin-America too.
147kW78SeS4-01429-00657642-00657873 So that the latent reserves have been
147kW78SeS4-01430-00657873-00658543 really pulled in over the last thirty years
147kW78SeS4-01431-00658543-00658904 and you'd argue that you're pretty close,
147kW78SeS4-01432-00658904-00659238 you're much closer to this story that's told at the end of Volume One now,
147kW78SeS4-01433-00659238-00659538 than you were 30 years ago.
147kW78SeS4-01434-00659538-00659951 And that, in a curious kind of way, is predictable
147kW78SeS4-01435-00659951-00660330 you see, because what Marx has done, and remember this,
147kW78SeS4-01436-00660330-00660905 what Marx has done is to take
147kW78SeS4-01437-00660905-00661323 the words of the classical political-economists seriously
147kW78SeS4-01438-00661323-00661978 and imagined we are in a perfectly competitive market society.
147kW78SeS4-01439-00661978-00662421 In other words he's taken the utopian vision,
147kW78SeS4-01440-00662421-00662651 liberal vision,
147kW78SeS4-01441-00662651-00662888 taken it at its word
147kW78SeS4-01442-00662888-00663204 and then said 'what is the consequence
147kW78SeS4-01443-00663204-00663705 of trying to construct a society around that utopian vision?'
147kW78SeS4-01444-00663705-00663921 Adam Smith said what?
147kW78SeS4-01445-00663921-00664110 The consequence is
147kW78SeS4-01446-00664110-00664482 everybody's gonna be better off,
147kW78SeS4-01447-00664482-00664886 Marx's argument is: the closer you get to that utopian vision,
147kW78SeS4-01448-00664886-00665132 the closer you get
147kW78SeS4-01449-00665132-00665795 to accumulation of wealth at one pole, and accumulation of misery at the other pole.
147kW78SeS4-01450-00665795-00666495 And that's how it was working in the 19th century and that's what the neo-liberal
147kW78SeS4-01451-00666524-00666698 economic and political project
147kW78SeS4-01452-00666698-00667155 has yielded us over the last thirty years.
147kW78SeS4-01453-00667155-00667693 In other words, it's brought us back much closer to the Volume One analysis
147kW78SeS4-01454-00667693-00668807 to the degree that capitalism has changed its trajectory and moved back
147kW78SeS4-01455-00668807-00669148 towards that liberal utopian vision,
147kW78SeS4-01456-00669148-00669628 in neo-liberal guise.
147kW78SeS4-01457-00669628-00669977 So, Marx in a sense has
147kW78SeS4-01458-00669977-00670540 taken the classical political-economists seriously, at their word,
147kW78SeS4-01459-00670540-00670719 step-by-step shown us
147kW78SeS4-01460-00670719-00671130 how the dynamic of capitalism works and brought us to the point of saying:
147kW78SeS4-01461-00671130-00671338 if capitalism works this way
147kW78SeS4-01462-00671338-00671663 and under the assumptions we've already laid out at the beginning
147kW78SeS4-01463-00671663-00672005 then this is the result that's going to come out.
147kW78SeS4-01464-00672005-00672705 So why would anybody in their right mind take this particular path?
147kW78SeS4-01465-00672806-00673354 Well, the answer is obvious: it's obviously the wealthy.
147kW78SeS4-01466-00673354-00673790 And who put us on this path, this neo-liberal path?
147kW78SeS4-01467-00673790-00674098 Well, it was the wealthy,
147kW78SeS4-01468-00674098-00674563 who decided they weren't getting enough. The wealthy
147kW78SeS4-01469-00674563-00674853 weren't getting enough surplus-value,
147kW78SeS4-01470-00674853-00675219 wages and real wages were going too high,
147kW78SeS4-01471-00675219-00675594 we have to do something about it. What are we gonna do? We launch into
147kW78SeS4-01472-00675594-00676246 this version of the model, really push the technological change big time
147kW78SeS4-01473-00676246-00676766 at the same time as we discipline labour and we outsource and do all those other things,
147kW78SeS4-01474-00676766-00677034 mobilize the latent population.
147kW78SeS4-01475-00677034-00677378 That's what globalization has been about,
147kW78SeS4-01476-00677378-00678040 it's about creating the necessary conditions which allow
147kW78SeS4-01477-00678040-00678619 this result to be achieved, in which there's an immense accumulation of wealth at one pole.
147kW78SeS4-01478-00678619-00679193 With no mind as to what goes on at the other pole.
147kW78SeS4-01479-00679193-00679651 What Marx does in section 5, as I've suggested to you, it to talk about what's going
147kW78SeS4-01480-00679651-00680192 all over the place, in Britain at that time.
147kW78SeS4-01481-00680192-00681128 We could write section 5 about conditions of labour in Nike factories,
147kW78SeS4-01482-00681128-00681714 GAP factories, all the rest of it, in Guatamala, in maquila zones,
147kW78SeS4-01483-00681714-00682061 in China etc. We could write this stuff,
147kW78SeS4-01484-00682061-00682393 it's not hard to go the reports in the press and
147kW78SeS4-01485-00682393-00682859 to go to reports in the press and assemble it.
147kW78SeS4-01486-00682859-00683288 In fact, when I used to set exams on this class,
147kW78SeS4-01487-00683288-00683715 about six years ago, one of the exams I had set was:
147kW78SeS4-01488-00683715-00684101 imagine you've had a letter from your parents at home,
147kW78SeS4-01489-00684101-00684533 saying 'Oh, I hear you're taking a course on Marx's Capital,
147kW78SeS4-01490-00684833-00685076 I guess it's pretty interesting,
147kW78SeS4-01491-00685076-00685542 once upon a time capital worked like that but thank god it's no longer like that.
147kW78SeS4-01492-00685542-00685942 Then I gave them a great wadge of newspaper accounts, from respectable sources like the
147kW78SeS4-01493-00685942-00686359 New York Times, about Indonesian factories and
147kW78SeS4-01494-00686359-00686580 Vietnamese factories and what's going on in Guatemala,
147kW78SeS4-01495-00686580-00686740 and what happened to Kathie Lee Gifford when
147kW78SeS4-01496-00686740-00687157 she found out that all of her nice clothing system was
147kW78SeS4-01497-00687157-00687584 being produced in Guatemala by thirteen-year-old kids who hadn't been paid for 6 months,
147kW78SeS4-01498-00687584-00687879 all those kinds of things. So I said,
147kW78SeS4-01499-00687879-00688437 why don't you construct a letter back to your parents explaining this.
147kW78SeS4-01500-00688437-00688785 So they did, and then I asked them: well, did you send it?
147kW78SeS4-01501-00688785-00689091 They said: No! No!
147kW78SeS4-01502-00689091-00689462 It's actually really quite shocking right now, when you go into that literature, you don't have
147kW78SeS4-01503-00689462-00689740 to go far to find a vast literature
147kW78SeS4-01504-00689740-00690223 from which you construct the equivalent of section 5 around this thesis and you'll just show
147kW78SeS4-01505-00690223-00690651 how this is going on globally without any difficulty whatsoever.
147kW78SeS4-01506-00690651-00690903 And that again, I think, is in part,
147kW78SeS4-01507-00690903-00691190 a tribute to Marx's strength in analysis.
147kW78SeS4-01508-00691190-00691589 That he brings you to the point where you can see
147kW78SeS4-01509-00691589-00692067 clearly that a free market system will produce this result
147kW78SeS4-01510-00692067-00692309 to the degree that it's followed.
147kW78SeS4-01511-00692309-00692757 Including, by the way, and this is interesting: including the increasing centralization of
147kW78SeS4-01512-00692757-00693594 capital, that the free market system
147kW78SeS4-01513-00693594-00693851 is going to disrupt and destroy its own conditions
147kW78SeS4-01514-00693851-00694451 by actually tending more and more to oligopoly and monopoly etc.
147kW78SeS4-01515-00694451-00694863 and the centralization of capital will go on a pace as well,
147kW78SeS4-01516-00694863-00695276 and if you ask yourself the question: has the centralization of capital
147kW78SeS4-01517-00695276-00696096 increased dramatically over the last thirty years? i think the answer is: oh yes!
147kW78SeS4-01518-00696096-00696546 So, in fact you can defend Marx in a conditional way,
147kW78SeS4-01519-00696546-00697258 you can defend Marx in this statement, by saying: we know that's not the whole story
147kW78SeS4-01520-00697258-00697659 “Like all other laws, it is modified in its working by many circumstances, the analysis
147kW78SeS4-01521-00697659-00698017 of which does not concern us here.”
147kW78SeS4-01522-00698017-00698315 You can introduce the qualifier. but
147kW78SeS4-01523-00698315-00698994 it certainly tells us something about one of the major trends within a free-market capitalism,
147kW78SeS4-01524-00698994-00699400 and where those kinds are directed and where they're likely to go
147kW78SeS4-01525-00699400-00699668 and to the degree that they've gone there,
147kW78SeS4-01526-00699668-00699928 gives you a great deal, I think, of
147kW78SeS4-01527-00699928-00700247 confidence in Marx' analysis,
147kW78SeS4-01528-00700247-00700755 that this is the way the system works.
147kW78SeS4-01529-00700755-00701281 And how it got there and how it all started
147kW78SeS4-01530-00701281-00701423 is of course one of the other
147kW78SeS4-01531-00701423-00701649 big questions which we'll
147kW78SeS4-01532-00701649-00701963 deal with next time.
147kW78SeS4-01533-00701963-00702103 We're out of time now,
147kW78SeS4-01534-00702103-00702305 next time
147kW78SeS4-01535-00702305-00702665 i want you to read the whole of part 8,
147kW78SeS4-01536-00702665-00702892 short chapters,
147kW78SeS4-01537-00702892-00703147 not too long,
147kW78SeS4-01538-00703147-00703482 and we need to talk through this.
147kW78SeS4-01539-00703482-00703875 This is of course the historical origins of this whole system.
147kW78SeS4-01540-00703875-00704325 This, if you like, is where it's going to,
147kW78SeS4-01541-00704325-00704664 what we've been looking at here is where it's going go, all other things being equal which
147kW78SeS4-01542-00704664-00704869 they never are.
147kW78SeS4-01543-00704869-00705161 What we're now going to look at is where it came from,
147kW78SeS4-01544-00705161-00705345 and how it originated.
147kW78SeS4-01545-00705345-00706064 okay, so next week we'll take up part 8.
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14LAdMSFJ4I-00020-00005114-00005339 00:51 with an unwavering drive to their goals
14LAdMSFJ4I-00021-00005339-00005564 00:53 there are countless examples of hard
14LAdMSFJ4I-00022-00005564-00005759 00:55 workers who are excelling and earning
14LAdMSFJ4I-00023-00005759-00005898 00:57 paychecks that are higher than the
14LAdMSFJ4I-00024-00005898-00006134 00:58 national average regardless of education
14LAdMSFJ4I-00025-00006134-00006342 01:01 level we have done some homework to
14LAdMSFJ4I-00026-00006342-00006533 01:03 uncover numerous high paying jobs that
14LAdMSFJ4I-00027-00006533-00006708 01:05 only require an associate degree
14LAdMSFJ4I-00028-00006708-00006973 01:06 certificate experience or even just a
14LAdMSFJ4I-00029-00006973-00007242 01:09 high school diploma leverage in research
14LAdMSFJ4I-00030-00007242-00007417 01:12 done by Business Insider we have
14LAdMSFJ4I-00031-00007417-00007600 01:14 narrowed the list down to jobs that pay
14LAdMSFJ4I-00032-00007600-00007963 01:15 close to or left over $70,000 a year
14LAdMSFJ4I-00033-00007963-00008170 01:19 it's also important to note that the
14LAdMSFJ4I-00034-00008170-00008358 01:21 majority of these jobs are accessible to
14LAdMSFJ4I-00035-00008358-00008579 01:23 anyone who is willing to work their way
14LAdMSFJ4I-00036-00008579-00008778 01:25 up from an entry-level or a low level
14LAdMSFJ4I-00037-00008778-00008983 01:27 position in this original black Excellus
14LAdMSFJ4I-00038-00008983-00009183 01:29 video we will be featuring the top
14LAdMSFJ4I-00039-00009183-00009484 01:31 paying jobs for 2018 so without further
14LAdMSFJ4I-00040-00009484-00009647 01:34 ado let's get started
14LAdMSFJ4I-00041-00009647-00010113 01:36 25 web developer web developers design
14LAdMSFJ4I-00042-00010113-00010329 01:40 and create websites they are responsible
14LAdMSFJ4I-00043-00010329-00010495 01:43 for the content and looks of the site
14LAdMSFJ4I-00044-00010495-00010711 01:44 they are also responsible for the site's
14LAdMSFJ4I-00045-00010711-00010885 01:47 technical aspects such as the
14LAdMSFJ4I-00046-00010885-00011078 01:48 performance and capacity and other
14LAdMSFJ4I-00047-00011078-00011220 01:50 metrics that measure our website speed
14LAdMSFJ4I-00048-00011220-00011320 01:52 and
14LAdMSFJ4I-00049-00011320-00011688 01:52 to handle traffic 24 gas blends operator
14LAdMSFJ4I-00050-00011688-00011940 01:56 gas plant operators distribute or
14LAdMSFJ4I-00051-00011940-00012135 01:59 process gas for utility companies and
14LAdMSFJ4I-00052-00012135-00012353 02:01 others by controlling compressors to
14LAdMSFJ4I-00053-00012353-00012546 02:03 maintain specified pressures or main
14LAdMSFJ4I-00054-00012546-00012878 02:05 pipelines 23 electrical power line
14LAdMSFJ4I-00055-00012878-00013197 02:08 installer electrical line installers and
14LAdMSFJ4I-00056-00013197-00013381 02:11 repairers also known as line workers
14LAdMSFJ4I-00057-00013381-00013658 02:13 install or repair electrical power
14LAdMSFJ4I-00058-00013658-00013862 02:16 systems and telecommunications cables
14LAdMSFJ4I-00059-00013862-00014313 02:18 including fiber optics 22 signal and
14LAdMSFJ4I-00060-00014313-00014611 02:23 track switch repairer signal and track
14LAdMSFJ4I-00061-00014611-00014931 02:25 switch repairs install inspect test or
14LAdMSFJ4I-00062-00014931-00015119 02:28 repair electric gate crossings signals
14LAdMSFJ4I-00063-00015119-00015409 02:31 signal equipment track switches section
14LAdMSFJ4I-00064-00015409-00015643 02:33 lines or into communication systems
14LAdMSFJ4I-00065-00015643-00016040 02:36 within a railroad system 21 postmaster
14LAdMSFJ4I-00066-00016040-00016325 02:40 and male superintendent postmaster and
14LAdMSFJ4I-00067-00016325-00016545 02:43 male superintendents plan direct or
14LAdMSFJ4I-00068-00016545-00016748 02:45 coordinate operational administrative
14LAdMSFJ4I-00069-00016748-00016984 02:47 management and supportive services of
14LAdMSFJ4I-00070-00016984-00017198 02:49 the US Post Office or coordinate
14LAdMSFJ4I-00071-00017198-00017431 02:51 activities of workers engaged in postal
14LAdMSFJ4I-00072-00017431-00017634 02:54 and related work in a sign post office
14LAdMSFJ4I-00073-00017634-00017966 02:56 20 transportation inspectors
14LAdMSFJ4I-00074-00017966-00018188 02:59 transportation inspectors perform
14LAdMSFJ4I-00075-00018188-00018435 03:01 quality checks on equipment for goods in
14LAdMSFJ4I-00076-00018435-00018580 03:04 connection with a safe transport of
14LAdMSFJ4I-00077-00018580-00019028 03:05 cargo or people 19 captains mates and
14LAdMSFJ4I-00078-00019028-00019182 03:09 pilots have water vessels captain's
14LAdMSFJ4I-00079-00019182-00019480 03:12 command or supervise operations of ships
14LAdMSFJ4I-00080-00019480-00019698 03:14 and water vessels such as tugboats and
14LAdMSFJ4I-00081-00019698-00019798 03:16 ferry boats
14LAdMSFJ4I-00082-00019798-00020244 03:17 18 dental hygienists dental hygienists
14LAdMSFJ4I-00083-00020244-00020462 03:22 clean teeth examine patients for oral
14LAdMSFJ4I-00084-00020462-00020695 03:24 diseases like gingivitis and provide
14LAdMSFJ4I-00085-00020695-00021081 03:26 other preventative dental care 17 gaming
14LAdMSFJ4I-00086-00021081-00021365 03:30 managers gaming managers play a key role
14LAdMSFJ4I-00087-00021365-00021594 03:33 in a gambling casino as the
14LAdMSFJ4I-00088-00021594-00021788 03:35 hire and train casino employees to
14LAdMSFJ4I-00089-00021788-00022048 03:37 properly execute the games they also
14LAdMSFJ4I-00090-00022048-00022193 03:39 perform actions based on information
14LAdMSFJ4I-00091-00022193-00022359 03:41 from security and surveillance teams
14LAdMSFJ4I-00092-00022359-00022642 03:43 regarding and nominees sixteen
14LAdMSFJ4I-00093-00022642-00022963 03:46 supervisors of non retail sales force
14LAdMSFJ4I-00094-00022963-00023201 03:49 non retail sales for supervisors
14LAdMSFJ4I-00095-00023201-00023376 03:51 directly supervise and coordinate
14LAdMSFJ4I-00096-00023376-00023614 03:53 activities of sales workers other than
14LAdMSFJ4I-00097-00023614-00023977 03:55 retail sales workers fifteen funeral
14LAdMSFJ4I-00098-00023977-00024212 03:59 service manager the you neural service
14LAdMSFJ4I-00099-00024212-00024420 04:01 managers plan direct or coordinate the
14LAdMSFJ4I-00100-00024420-00024646 04:04 services or resources of Funeral Homes
14LAdMSFJ4I-00101-00024646-00025038 04:06 14 nuclear medicine technologists
14LAdMSFJ4I-00102-00025038-00025249 04:10 nuclear medicine technologist use a
14LAdMSFJ4I-00103-00025249-00025421 04:12 scanner to create images of various
14LAdMSFJ4I-00104-00025421-00025723 04:14 areas of a patient's body they prepare
14LAdMSFJ4I-00105-00025723-00025946 04:16 radioactive drugs and administer them to
14LAdMSFJ4I-00106-00025946-00026182 04:19 patients undergoing the stands 13
14LAdMSFJ4I-00107-00026182-00026453 04:21 supervisors of firefighting and
14LAdMSFJ4I-00108-00026453-00026733 04:24 prevention workers firefighter
14LAdMSFJ4I-00109-00026733-00026877 04:26 supervisors directly supervise and
14LAdMSFJ4I-00110-00026877-00027083 04:28 coordinate activities of workers engaged
14LAdMSFJ4I-00111-00027083-00027360 04:30 in firefighting and fire prevention and
14LAdMSFJ4I-00112-00027360-00027619 04:33 control we would like to thank patentee
14LAdMSFJ4I-00113-00027619-00027856 04:36 Joseph and company they are an
14LAdMSFJ4I-00114-00027856-00028025 04:38 international tax team who can help
14LAdMSFJ4I-00115-00028025-00028186 04:40 American entrepreneurs and business
14LAdMSFJ4I-00116-00028186-00028422 04:41 owners expand and operate
14LAdMSFJ4I-00117-00028422-00028611 04:43 internationally in particular Haden T
14LAdMSFJ4I-00118-00028611-00028824 04:45 Joseph and company helps American
14LAdMSFJ4I-00119-00028824-00029012 04:47 business owners expand to Southeast Asia
14LAdMSFJ4I-00120-00029012-00029536 04:49 visit WWE Tag or checkout their link in
14LAdMSFJ4I-00121-00029536-00029978 04:55 the description box below 12 power plant
14LAdMSFJ4I-00122-00029978-00030227 04:59 operator power plant operators control
14LAdMSFJ4I-00123-00030227-00030418 05:01 operate or maintain machinery to
14LAdMSFJ4I-00124-00030418-00030711 05:04 generate electric power this career
14LAdMSFJ4I-00125-00030711-00030963 05:06 field also includes auxiliary equipment
14LAdMSFJ4I-00126-00030963-00031350 05:09 operators 11 power house substation and
14LAdMSFJ4I-00127-00031350-00031555 05:13 relay electric and electronics repair
14LAdMSFJ4I-00128-00031555-00031843 05:15 power house repair is inspect test
14LAdMSFJ4I-00129-00031843-00032102 05:18 repair or maintain electrical equipment
14LAdMSFJ4I-00130-00032102-00032325 05:20 and generating station substations and
14LAdMSFJ4I-00131-00032325-00032697 05:23 in-service relays 10 commercial pilot
14LAdMSFJ4I-00132-00032697-00032936 05:26 commercial pilots navigate and control
14LAdMSFJ4I-00133-00032936-00033188 05:29 airplanes helicopters and other aircraft
14LAdMSFJ4I-00134-00033188-00033437 05:31 but does not include scheduled passenger
14LAdMSFJ4I-00135-00033437-00033813 05:33 occupied airplanes 9 detectives and
14LAdMSFJ4I-00136-00033813-00034055 05:37 criminal investigators detectives
14LAdMSFJ4I-00137-00034055-00034225 05:40 conduct investigations related to
14LAdMSFJ4I-00138-00034225-00034465 05:42 suspected violations of federal state or
14LAdMSFJ4I-00139-00034465-00034808 05:44 local laws to prevent or solve crimes 8
14LAdMSFJ4I-00140-00034808-00035133 05:48 elevator installers assemble install
14LAdMSFJ4I-00141-00035133-00035412 05:51 repair or maintain electric or hydraulic
14LAdMSFJ4I-00142-00035412-00035512 05:53 frite
14LAdMSFJ4I-00143-00035512-00035683 05:54 or a passenger elevators and escalators
14LAdMSFJ4I-00144-00035683-00035974 05:57 7 nuclear technicians
14LAdMSFJ4I-00145-00035974-00036243 05:59 nuclear technicians assist physicists
14LAdMSFJ4I-00146-00036243-00036447 06:02 engineers and other professionals in
14LAdMSFJ4I-00147-00036447-00036653 06:04 nuclear research and nuclear production
14LAdMSFJ4I-00148-00036653-00037049 06:06 6 radiation therapists radiation
14LAdMSFJ4I-00149-00037049-00037281 06:10 therapists check equipment observe
14LAdMSFJ4I-00150-00037281-00037433 06:12 patients reactions to treatments and
14LAdMSFJ4I-00151-00037433-00037796 06:14 document sessions 5 power distributors
14LAdMSFJ4I-00152-00037796-00038049 06:17 and dispatchers power distributors
14LAdMSFJ4I-00153-00038049-00038272 06:20 coordinate regulate or distribute
14LAdMSFJ4I-00154-00038272-00038558 06:22 electricity or steam for supervisor of
14LAdMSFJ4I-00155-00038558-00038756 06:25 police and detectives
14LAdMSFJ4I-00156-00038756-00039028 06:27 police supervisors directly supervise
14LAdMSFJ4I-00157-00039028-00039205 06:30 and coordinate activities of members of
14LAdMSFJ4I-00158-00039205-00039568 06:32 a police force 3 transportation storage
14LAdMSFJ4I-00159-00039568-00039906 06:35 and distribution manager transportation
14LAdMSFJ4I-00160-00039906-00040050 06:38 managers coordinate transportation
14LAdMSFJ4I-00161-00040050-00040267 06:40 storage or distribution activities in
14LAdMSFJ4I-00162-00040267-00040452 06:42 accordance with organizational policies
14LAdMSFJ4I-00163-00040452-00040705 06:44 and applicable government laws or
14LAdMSFJ4I-00164-00040705-00041075 06:46 regulations to nuclear power reactor
14LAdMSFJ4I-00165-00041075-00041324 06:50 operators nuclear power reactor
14LAdMSFJ4I-00166-00041324-00041527 06:52 operators manage or control nuclear
14LAdMSFJ4I-00167-00041527-00041778 06:54 reactors move control rods start and
14LAdMSFJ4I-00168-00041778-00041878 06:57 stop equipment
14LAdMSFJ4I-00169-00041878-00042111 06:58 monitor and adjust controls record data
14LAdMSFJ4I-00170-00042111-00042299 07:00 and logs and implement emergency
14LAdMSFJ4I-00171-00042299-00042620 07:02 procedures when needed 1 air traffic
14LAdMSFJ4I-00172-00042620-00042855 07:06 controllers air traffic controllers
14LAdMSFJ4I-00173-00042855-00043035 07:08 monitor and direct the movement of
14LAdMSFJ4I-00174-00043035-00043274 07:10 aircraft median annual wages of air
14LAdMSFJ4I-00175-00043274-00043468 07:12 traffic controllers are the highest of
14LAdMSFJ4I-00176-00043468-00043664 07:14 any occupation in which workers
14LAdMSFJ4I-00177-00043664-00043850 07:16 typically do not need a bachelor's
14LAdMSFJ4I-00178-00043850-00043950 07:18 degree
14LAdMSFJ4I-00179-00043950-00044206 07:19 we appreciate the fact that you stayed
14LAdMSFJ4I-00180-00044206-00044391 07:21 with us until the end thank you for
14LAdMSFJ4I-00181-00044391-00044595 07:23 spending time with us and don't forget
14LAdMSFJ4I-00182-00044595-00044844 07:25 to like this video also make sure you
14LAdMSFJ4I-00183-00044844-00045055 07:28 subscribe so that you never miss a video
14LAdMSFJ4I-00184-00045055-00045281 07:30 bye for now we will see you tomorrow
158Ho0VmbDu-00000-00000975-00001400 What is the significance of the EU quality framework  on early childhood education and care?
158Ho0VmbDu-00001-00001426-00001739 Children's experiences  in early year services across Europe
158Ho0VmbDu-00002-00001780-00002359 have the potential to be really influential  in their current lives, in their future lives
158Ho0VmbDu-00003-00002381-00002540 and in fact throughout their life.
158Ho0VmbDu-00004-00002592-00003100 So it is really critical that we make  those experiences the best quality that we possibly can
158Ho0VmbDu-00005-00003152-00003347 for children and for their families.
158Ho0VmbDu-00006-00003379-00003921 When the Quality Framework came out in 2014,  it was a proposal, a draft set of statements
158Ho0VmbDu-00007-00003979-00004457 and even in that format, it has already  made some impact in policy across Europe.
158Ho0VmbDu-00008-00004475-00004919 What does ‘quality’ mean? How can families,  communities and local services contribute?
158Ho0VmbDu-00009-00004960-00005420 Children develop best in an environment  where all stakeholders, all adults
158Ho0VmbDu-00010-00005485-00005750 who work in the support of  their care and education,
158Ho0VmbDu-00011-00005780-00006204 work in partnership with  a common shared set of goals and understandings
158Ho0VmbDu-00012-00006268-00006737 and so those really important relationships  are the starting point of quality.
158Ho0VmbDu-00013-00006800-00007320 It is really important that  staff, practitioners, teachers, parents
158Ho0VmbDu-00014-00007361-00007698 and wider families and societies  and communities work together,
158Ho0VmbDu-00015-00007750-00008122 work together to share their understanding of how children best develop and learn.
158Ho0VmbDu-00016-00008179-00008520 We also need a shared vision of  what quality looks like in practice.
158Ho0VmbDu-00017-00008572-00008938 That can be expressed through  curricula or programmes of learning
158Ho0VmbDu-00018-00008979-00009400 that are informed by best evidence  around how children develop and learn.
158Ho0VmbDu-00019-00009478-00010017 We also really importantly need  to find support at the macrosystem level
158Ho0VmbDu-00020-00010039-00010440 so policymakers need to provide  the resources, the governance infrastructure
158Ho0VmbDu-00021-00010495-00010734 and all of those elements  that are going to create
158Ho0VmbDu-00022-00010756-00011062 what has often been  described as a competent system
158Ho0VmbDu-00023-00011100-00011340 which supports quality at all levels
158Ho0VmbDu-00024-00011380-00011778 from the top at policy making  right through to the experiences that children have.
158Ho0VmbDu-00025-00011803-00012260 Can quality ECEC have an impact on  the inclusiveness and efficiency of education systems?
158Ho0VmbDu-00026-00012296-00012638 Early childhood education  can lay foundation stones
158Ho0VmbDu-00027-00012680-00012980 that really give children  the potential and build their capacity
158Ho0VmbDu-00028-00013002-00013440 to benefit from the offer of education  right throughout the education system
158Ho0VmbDu-00029-00013478-00013821 and indeed into their professional lives  and in their personal lives as well.
158Ho0VmbDu-00030-00013959-00014519 In early childhood we build strong foundations  through fostering learning dispositions
158Ho0VmbDu-00031-00014568-00014990 such as creativity,  self-regulation, problem-solving.
158Ho0VmbDu-00032-00015044-00015560 We create children who understand each other,  who can be members of communities and societies.
158Ho0VmbDu-00033-00015616-00016135 We foster empathy and unfortunately  in the current climate across Europe,
158Ho0VmbDu-00034-00016157-00016363 we could do with  a lot more empathy and compassion.
158Ho0VmbDu-00035-00016442-00016908 How can the status of practitioners  working in early childhood education be improved?
158Ho0VmbDu-00036-00016940-00017219 But what is really important  as well is the fact that
158Ho0VmbDu-00037-00017241-00017620 you need highly qualified skilled adults  to work with those young children,
158Ho0VmbDu-00038-00017676-00017964 to support those really  positive learning interactions,
158Ho0VmbDu-00039-00018001-00018218 to find those teachable moments
158Ho0VmbDu-00040-00018259-00018638 where children make that breakthrough  in their learning and development.
158Ho0VmbDu-00041-00018737-00019043 Those adults need  to be qualified appropriately
158Ho0VmbDu-00042-00019080-00019340 but they also need  to find the work rewarding.
158Ho0VmbDu-00043-00019390-00019718 They need to be recognised and  valued for the work that they do.
158Ho0VmbDu-00044-00019783-00020307 Unfortunately, too often across Europe,  the early childhood workforce tends to be
158Ho0VmbDu-00045-00020420-00020820 the poorer relations in the education system  and that is something that we must change.
158Ho0VmbDu-00046-00020877-00021140 We really need to understand  that the starting point
158Ho0VmbDu-00047-00021162-00021652 for improving the quality of  experiences for young children
158Ho0VmbDu-00048-00021719-00022244 is to ensure that we have a strong, competent, confident workforce
158Ho0VmbDu-00049-00022320-00022500 who feel fulfilled in their work
158Ho0VmbDu-00050-00022577-00023059 so they come in with that positive attitude  that models learning for young children.
158Ho0VmbDu-00051-00023098-00023541 We need to recognise that the work that  early childhood professionals do is critical.
158Ho0VmbDu-00052-00023613-00023962 If they cannot do a good job  working with our youngest children,
158Ho0VmbDu-00053-00024020-00024525 then we are always going to be catching up  in the remainder of the education system.
158Ho0VmbDu-00054-00024580-00024982 They need to be given parity of status  and parity of recognition and value.
158Ho0VmbDu-00055-00025004-00025460 What is your view on the transition  from early years to primary school?
158Ho0VmbDu-00056-00025484-00025842 Transitions are something that is positive  if they are supported correctly.
158Ho0VmbDu-00057-00025918-00026285 Our first transition from  the close, warm connectedness of our families
158Ho0VmbDu-00058-00026339-00026820 into an early year service is becoming  more and more common for children across Europe.
158Ho0VmbDu-00059-00026950-00027208 In recent times  the numbers of children being funded
158Ho0VmbDu-00060-00027230-00027639 to attend free earlier services  has increased quite dramatically.
158Ho0VmbDu-00061-00027775-00028318 This presents challenges for the next stage,  the next transition: the one into primary school.
158Ho0VmbDu-00062-00028380-00028720 Because now we have a cohort of  young children across Europe
158Ho0VmbDu-00063-00028779-00029254 who have had hopefully the experience of  high quality early education and care
158Ho0VmbDu-00064-00029320-00029786 and this has developed their capacity,  their learning dispositions, their skills,
158Ho0VmbDu-00065-00029826-00030080 their empathy, their ability to communicate,
158Ho0VmbDu-00066-00030133-00030483 and primary schools and  primary teachers need to be ready for that.
158Ho0VmbDu-00067-00030560-00030900 They need to understand that  there has to be continuity
158Ho0VmbDu-00068-00030943-00031100 both in the experiences
158Ho0VmbDu-00069-00031139-00031702 but also in the way in which children  are recognised as competent, confident learners.
15l0TiSgu78-00000-00000140-00000397 FOR MOST PEOPLE, THE TERM "CYBER SECURITY" BRINGS TO
15l0TiSgu78-00001-00000397-00000660 MIND SECURITY OF THEIR PERSONAL INFORMATION BUT
15l0TiSgu78-00002-00000660-00000900 IN THIS NETWORKED-WORLD, MORE AND MORE THINGS ARE
15l0TiSgu78-00003-00000900-00001161 CONNECTED AND CONTROLLED THROUGH THE INTERNET.
15l0TiSgu78-00004-00001161-00001274 THE U.S.
15l0TiSgu78-00005-00001274-00001464 NAVY'S OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH IS DEVELOPING THE
15l0TiSgu78-00006-00001464-00001628 RESILIENT HULL, MECHANICAL,
15l0TiSgu78-00007-00001628-00001901 AND ELECTRICAL SECURITY, OR RHIMES SYSTEM,
15l0TiSgu78-00008-00001901-00002162 A CYBER PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGNED TO MAKE SHIPBOARD
15l0TiSgu78-00009-00002162-00002459 MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS RESILIENT
15l0TiSgu78-00010-00002459-00002572 TO CYBER ATTACKS.
15l0TiSgu78-00011-00002622-00002826 RHIMES IS DESIGNED TO PREVENT AN ATTACKER FROM
15l0TiSgu78-00012-00002826-00003053 DISABLING OR TAKING CONTROL OF PROGRAMMABLE
15l0TiSgu78-00013-00003053-00003336 LOGIC CONTROLLERS,THE HARDWARE COMPONENTS THAT
15l0TiSgu78-00014-00003336-00003536 INTERFACE WITH THE PHYSICAL SYSTEMS ON A
15l0TiSgu78-00015-00003536-00003643 SHIP.
15l0TiSgu78-00016-00003643-00003837 SHIPBOARD SYSTEMS THAT RHIMES WILL POTENTIALY
15l0TiSgu78-00017-00003837-00004060 PROTECT INCLUDE DAMAGE CONTROL AND FIREFIGHTING
15l0TiSgu78-00018-00004060-00004317 SYSTEMS, ANCHORING, CLIMATE CONTROL,
15l0TiSgu78-00019-00004317-00004567 ELECTRIC POWER , STEERING AND ENGINE CONTROL.
15l0TiSgu78-00020-00004567-00005068 FOR MORE ON THIS STORY AND MORE, VISIT NAVY.MIL
17b4Zt-we8g-00000-00000065-00000291 H: Faker I wanted to ask you something for a long time
17b4Zt-we8g-00001-00000291-00000382 F: Shoot
17b4Zt-we8g-00002-00000382-00001383 H: I heard China tried to scout you with an insane salary
17b4Zt-we8g-00003-00001383-00001861 H: You declined an offer over 100k. Is this true?
17b4Zt-we8g-00004-00001861-00002013 F: Yup
17b4Zt-we8g-00005-00002013-00002528 H: Really? How come you didn't take it?
17b4Zt-we8g-00006-00002528-00002785 F: There's a bunch of reasons
17b4Zt-we8g-00007-00002785-00002954 J: SO what are they?
17b4Zt-we8g-00008-00002954-00003170 Ba: You like us too much?
17b4Zt-we8g-00009-00003170-00003397 H: Just wanted to stay in Korea?
17b4Zt-we8g-00010-00003397-00003555 F: Well yeah, there's that
17b4Zt-we8g-00011-00003555-00003725 and a bunch of other reasons too
17b4Zt-we8g-00012-00003725-00003920 H: What's the biggest reason for staying?
17b4Zt-we8g-00013-00003920-00004361 F: I wanted to play well with the team
17b4Zt-we8g-00014-00004361-00005173 H: Playing in Korea is more beneficial than in China?
17b4Zt-we8g-00015-00005173-00005729 F: It's more I didn't do so well in SKT last year
17b4Zt-we8g-00016-00005729-00006315 So if I leave now, it'll leave a bad taste in my mouth
17b4Zt-we8g-00017-00006315-00007092 H: If you win this year, are you going to leave for China?
17b4Zt-we8g-00018-00007092-00007952 F: Maybe I will. I'll see what happens then
19J95-lFY0Q-00000-00000012-00000170 Our leaders are stupid.
19J95-lFY0Q-00001-00000170-00000356 Our politicians are stupid.
19J95-lFY0Q-00002-00000356-00000994 Donald Trump, who four short years ago was viewed by many GOP operatives as an erratic outsider,
19J95-lFY0Q-00003-00000994-00001342 has just been renominated as the party's standard bearer.
19J95-lFY0Q-00004-00001342-00001857 But whether he wins or loses, can a party without any guiding principles survive?
19J95-lFY0Q-00005-00001857-00002272 How do the political parties die? And how are new ones born?
19J95-lFY0Q-00006-00002272-00002994 Imagine a political party that has lost its ideological coherence and is torn apart by various warring factions,
19J95-lFY0Q-00007-00002994-00003556 then an outsider and celebrity candidate emerges
19J95-lFY0Q-00008-00003556-00003756 with no fealty to the party's policy agenda
19J95-lFY0Q-00009-00003756-00004010 and with no previous political experience.
19J95-lFY0Q-00010-00004010-00004210 He goes on to connect with voters
19J95-lFY0Q-00011-00004210-00004410 and retake the White House.
19J95-lFY0Q-00012-00004410-00004610 That's exactly what happened...
19J95-lFY0Q-00013-00004610-00004764 ...in 1848
19J95-lFY0Q-00014-00004764-00004964 when the Whigs backed Zachary Taylor.
19J95-lFY0Q-00015-00005216-00005416 Political scientist Philip Wallach
19J95-lFY0Q-00016-00005416-00005766 is a resident senior fellow at the think tank the R Street Institute.
19J95-lFY0Q-00017-00005766-00006226 He published a 2017 paper on the parallels between Taylor and Trump
1qCr14h-XYu-00001-00030004-00032111 🎶Golden Heart Meditation 🎶
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00000-00000000-00000330 The cytoskeleton is a meshwork of insoluble
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00001-00000330-00000630 cytoskeletal rods and filaments, giving you the
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00002-00000630-00000786 impression that the cell is not just a
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00003-00000786-00001138 bag of liquid but is actually a meshwork. Think of them
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00004-00001138-00001444 as intracellular bones; that's why we call it
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00005-00001444-00001784 a 'cytoskeleton'. The cytoskeleton gives cells shape
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00006-00001784-00002068 and also allows cells themselves to move,
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00007-00002068-00002366 or components within cells (organelles vesicles
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00008-00002366-00002668 and the like) to move as well. Let's look at the structure,
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00009-00002668-00002952 the polarity and the assembly of cytoskeletal elements.
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00010-00002952-00003211 Here we have microtubules. Microtubules are built
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00011-00003211-00003540 from tubulin monomers. And we see here that one
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00012-00003540-00003761 of the two monomers, the beta tubulin monomer,
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00013-00003761-00004134 actually binds GTP (that's the red circle, the red ball
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00014-00004134-00004492 if you will). So a heterodimer forms when an alpha and
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00015-00004492-00004898 a GTP-bound beta come together. And microtubules
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00016-00004898-00005266 are formed by the aggregation of these heterodimers
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00017-00005266-00005586 containing GTP, at least to start with. Microtubules
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00018-00005586-00005934 have polarity, a plus end and a minus end. The plus end
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00019-00005934-00006236 is the end at which the heterodimers come together
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00020-00006236-00006492 to make a microtubule, and the minnus end is
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00021-00006492-00006734 where the microtubule might come apart, where
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00022-00006734-00007084 the heterodimers come off the microtubule. You'll notice
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00023-00007084-00007350 that there's a difference in color between the
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00024-00007350-00007620 heterodimers that are adding to the microtubule
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00025-00007620-00007862 and those that are coming off. That's because soon
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00026-00007862-00008214 after you establish several rows of these heterodimers
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00027-00008214-00008510 in a microtubule, the GTP is hydrolyzed. And so in fact,
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00028-00008510-00008866 most of the length of the microtubule consists of alpha
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00029-00008866-00009264 GDP/beta-tubulin heterodimers. I don't have very many
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00030-00009264-00009558 of them showing here, but by far the longest component
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00031-00009558-00009952 of a microtubule is bound with GDP, not GTP.
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00032-00009952-00010234 Here is an electron micrograph of a microtubule.
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00033-00010234-00010464 And when you take the measurements, the diameter
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00034-00010464-00010806 of this cylinder, of this tubule, is 25 nm, making it
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00035-00010806-00011220 the largest of the 3 principal cytoskeletal components.
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00036-00011220-00011458 And we're to be talking about stable and unstable
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00037-00011458-00011728 microtubules, and we need to just say here,
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00038-00011728-00012036 if microtubules in a structure are stable, they grow
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00039-00012036-00012296 to a certain length and then they stay at that length,
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00040-00012296-00012612 and their minus end is basically inactive. There's no
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00041-00012612-00012891 disassembly going on. But we'll also see examples
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00042-00012891-00013162 of dynamic microtubules which first perhaps
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00043-00013162-00013452 form by growing faster than they come apart.
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00044-00013452-00013752 But then later, the process reverses itself and they
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00045-00013752-00014018 come apart faster than they form. That's an example
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00046-00014018-00014218 of a dynamic microtubule, and we're going to see
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00047-00014218-00014556 that soon. Microfilaments are composed of actin
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00048-00014556-00014868 monomers called G-actin, meaning 'globular actin'.
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00049-00014868-00015156 Remember that polypeptides can be globular or fibrous.
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00050-00015156-00015476 Well, G-actin is globular actin. These are the monomers.
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00051-00015476-00015772 They can be radioactively-labeled for an experiment
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00052-00015772-00016152 of the sort that I'll show you in a bit. And you can show
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00053-00016152-00016446 that there's an assembly end. They add at one end and
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00054-00016446-00016738 they come off at the other end, much like a microtubule.
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00055-00016738-00017136 So what is an actin filament. It's called 'F-actin'.
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00056-00017136-00017484 It is actually two intertwined polymers of G- actin.
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00057-00017484-00017820 They are 7 nm in diameter. Here's an electron
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00058-00017820-00018172 micrograph. And the diameter of that pair of polymers is
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00059-00018172-00018490 the narrowest or smallest diameter structure
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00060-00018490-00018586 in the cytoskeleton.
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00061-00018586-00018908 Finally, the third major component of the cytoskeleton
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00062-00018908-00019178 are intermediate filaments. And they are formed from
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00063-00019178-00019412 monomers that are pretty well extended. They're not
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00064-00019412-00019686 globular; they have mostly secondary structure,
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00065-00019686-00019918 these polypeptides. And they come together first
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00066-00019918-00020132 to form dimers. And the dimers come together to
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00067-00020132-00020418 form tetramers. And then the tetramers assemble into
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00068-00020418-00020746 somewhat larger structures of about 10nm in diameter,
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00069-00020746-00021184 making them intermediate between 25 and 7. And these
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00070-00021184-00021540 are very strong, rope like bundles that provide
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00071-00021540-00021818 a lot of strength to cells. And we've already seen
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00072-00021818-00022170 some of that; we'll see it a bit more. Here's an electron
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00073-00022170-00022416 micrograph of an intermediate filament, or bundles
1sa-Iq0Ifny-00074-00022416-00022704 of intermediate filaments at 10 nm in diameter.
1t13HgP0U9y-00000-00000010-00000076 >>Dennis:  ONE-GAME SERIES?
1t13HgP0U9y-00001-00000076-00000083 >>Dennis:  ONE-GAME SERIES?  
1t13HgP0U9y-00002-00000083-00000170 >>Dennis:  ONE-GAME SERIES? >>Collin:  ONE GAME.
1t13HgP0U9y-00003-00000170-00000176 >>Dennis:  ONE-GAME SERIES? >>Collin:  ONE GAME.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00004-00000176-00000403 >>Dennis:  ONE-GAME SERIES? >>Collin:  ONE GAME. >>Dennis:  THANKS A LOT, COLLIN
1t13HgP0U9y-00005-00000403-00000410 >>Collin:  ONE GAME. >>Dennis:  THANKS A LOT, COLLIN  
1t13HgP0U9y-00006-00000410-00000483 >>Collin:  ONE GAME. >>Dennis:  THANKS A LOT, COLLIN >>> IN ONLY ITS SECOND YEAR, THE
1t13HgP0U9y-00007-00000483-00000490 >>Dennis:  THANKS A LOT, COLLIN >>> IN ONLY ITS SECOND YEAR, THE  
1t13HgP0U9y-00008-00000490-00000597 >>Dennis:  THANKS A LOT, COLLIN >>> IN ONLY ITS SECOND YEAR, THE GIGAZONE GAMING CHAMPIONSHIP
1t13HgP0U9y-00009-00000597-00000603 >>> IN ONLY ITS SECOND YEAR, THE GIGAZONE GAMING CHAMPIONSHIP  
1t13HgP0U9y-00010-00000603-00000730 >>> IN ONLY ITS SECOND YEAR, THE GIGAZONE GAMING CHAMPIONSHIP DREW HUNDREDS TO BEMIDJI'S
1t13HgP0U9y-00011-00000730-00000737 GIGAZONE GAMING CHAMPIONSHIP DREW HUNDREDS TO BEMIDJI'S  
1t13HgP0U9y-00012-00000737-00000910 GIGAZONE GAMING CHAMPIONSHIP DREW HUNDREDS TO BEMIDJI'S SANFORD CENTER.
1t13HgP0U9y-00013-00000910-00000917 DREW HUNDREDS TO BEMIDJI'S SANFORD CENTER.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00014-00000917-00001067 DREW HUNDREDS TO BEMIDJI'S SANFORD CENTER. IN THIS WEEK'S "COMMUNITY
1t13HgP0U9y-00015-00001067-00001074 SANFORD CENTER. IN THIS WEEK'S "COMMUNITY  
1t13HgP0U9y-00016-00001074-00001184 SANFORD CENTER. IN THIS WEEK'S "COMMUNITY SPOTLIGHT," OUR JOSH PETERSON
1t13HgP0U9y-00017-00001184-00001191 IN THIS WEEK'S "COMMUNITY SPOTLIGHT," OUR JOSH PETERSON  
1t13HgP0U9y-00018-00001191-00001304 IN THIS WEEK'S "COMMUNITY SPOTLIGHT," OUR JOSH PETERSON SHOWS US WHAT CHANGES AND
1t13HgP0U9y-00019-00001304-00001311 SPOTLIGHT," OUR JOSH PETERSON SHOWS US WHAT CHANGES AND  
1t13HgP0U9y-00020-00001311-00001391 SPOTLIGHT," OUR JOSH PETERSON SHOWS US WHAT CHANGES AND ADDITIONS WERE MADE TO THIS
1t13HgP0U9y-00021-00001391-00001398 SHOWS US WHAT CHANGES AND ADDITIONS WERE MADE TO THIS  
1t13HgP0U9y-00022-00001398-00001671 SHOWS US WHAT CHANGES AND ADDITIONS WERE MADE TO THIS YEAR'S EVENT.
1t13HgP0U9y-00023-00001671-00001678 ADDITIONS WERE MADE TO THIS YEAR'S EVENT.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00024-00001678-00001845 ADDITIONS WERE MADE TO THIS YEAR'S EVENT. >> Reporter: IT HAD ALL THE
1t13HgP0U9y-00025-00001845-00001851 YEAR'S EVENT. >> Reporter: IT HAD ALL THE  
1t13HgP0U9y-00026-00001851-00002025 YEAR'S EVENT. >> Reporter: IT HAD ALL THE COMFORTS OF HOME WITHIN A LARGE
1t13HgP0U9y-00027-00002025-00002032 >> Reporter: IT HAD ALL THE COMFORTS OF HOME WITHIN A LARGE  
1t13HgP0U9y-00028-00002032-00002145 >> Reporter: IT HAD ALL THE COMFORTS OF HOME WITHIN A LARGE TOURNAMENT ATMOSPHERE.
1t13HgP0U9y-00029-00002145-00002152 COMFORTS OF HOME WITHIN A LARGE TOURNAMENT ATMOSPHERE.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00030-00002152-00002475 COMFORTS OF HOME WITHIN A LARGE TOURNAMENT ATMOSPHERE. THE SECOND ANNUAL PAUL BUNYAN
1t13HgP0U9y-00031-00002475-00002482 TOURNAMENT ATMOSPHERE. THE SECOND ANNUAL PAUL BUNYAN  
1t13HgP0U9y-00032-00002482-00002555 TOURNAMENT ATMOSPHERE. THE SECOND ANNUAL PAUL BUNYAN COMMUNICATIONS GIGAZONE
1t13HgP0U9y-00033-00002555-00002562 THE SECOND ANNUAL PAUL BUNYAN COMMUNICATIONS GIGAZONE  
1t13HgP0U9y-00034-00002562-00002639 THE SECOND ANNUAL PAUL BUNYAN COMMUNICATIONS GIGAZONE CHAMPIONSHIP BROUGHT GAMERS
1t13HgP0U9y-00035-00002639-00002645 COMMUNICATIONS GIGAZONE CHAMPIONSHIP BROUGHT GAMERS  
1t13HgP0U9y-00036-00002645-00002822 COMMUNICATIONS GIGAZONE CHAMPIONSHIP BROUGHT GAMERS TOGETHER FOR A ONE-OF-A-KIND
1t13HgP0U9y-00037-00002822-00002829 CHAMPIONSHIP BROUGHT GAMERS TOGETHER FOR A ONE-OF-A-KIND  
1t13HgP0U9y-00038-00002829-00002986 CHAMPIONSHIP BROUGHT GAMERS TOGETHER FOR A ONE-OF-A-KIND REGIONAL GAMING COMPETITION. 
1t13HgP0U9y-00039-00002986-00002992 TOGETHER FOR A ONE-OF-A-KIND REGIONAL GAMING COMPETITION.   
1t13HgP0U9y-00040-00002992-00003089 TOGETHER FOR A ONE-OF-A-KIND REGIONAL GAMING COMPETITION.  WITH THIS ONLY BEING THE SECOND
1t13HgP0U9y-00041-00003089-00003096 REGIONAL GAMING COMPETITION.  WITH THIS ONLY BEING THE SECOND  
1t13HgP0U9y-00042-00003096-00003259 REGIONAL GAMING COMPETITION.  WITH THIS ONLY BEING THE SECOND YEAR OF THE EVENT, SIGNIFICANT
1t13HgP0U9y-00043-00003259-00003266 WITH THIS ONLY BEING THE SECOND YEAR OF THE EVENT, SIGNIFICANT  
1t13HgP0U9y-00044-00003266-00003390 WITH THIS ONLY BEING THE SECOND YEAR OF THE EVENT, SIGNIFICANT CHANGES WERE MADE TO PROVIDE
1t13HgP0U9y-00045-00003390-00003396 YEAR OF THE EVENT, SIGNIFICANT CHANGES WERE MADE TO PROVIDE  
1t13HgP0U9y-00046-00003396-00003620 YEAR OF THE EVENT, SIGNIFICANT CHANGES WERE MADE TO PROVIDE MORE GAMES AND AMENITIES FOR ITS
1t13HgP0U9y-00047-00003620-00003626 CHANGES WERE MADE TO PROVIDE MORE GAMES AND AMENITIES FOR ITS  
1t13HgP0U9y-00048-00003626-00003803 CHANGES WERE MADE TO PROVIDE MORE GAMES AND AMENITIES FOR ITS SPECTATORS AND COMPETITORS.
1t13HgP0U9y-00049-00003803-00003810 MORE GAMES AND AMENITIES FOR ITS SPECTATORS AND COMPETITORS.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00050-00003810-00004020 MORE GAMES AND AMENITIES FOR ITS SPECTATORS AND COMPETITORS. >> SO WE'VE GOT A LOT MORE, YOU
1t13HgP0U9y-00051-00004020-00004027 SPECTATORS AND COMPETITORS. >> SO WE'VE GOT A LOT MORE, YOU  
1t13HgP0U9y-00052-00004027-00004207 SPECTATORS AND COMPETITORS. >> SO WE'VE GOT A LOT MORE, YOU KNOW, OBVIOUSLY ARCADE STYLE
1t13HgP0U9y-00053-00004207-00004214 >> SO WE'VE GOT A LOT MORE, YOU KNOW, OBVIOUSLY ARCADE STYLE  
1t13HgP0U9y-00054-00004214-00004267 >> SO WE'VE GOT A LOT MORE, YOU KNOW, OBVIOUSLY ARCADE STYLE GAMING.
1t13HgP0U9y-00055-00004267-00004274 KNOW, OBVIOUSLY ARCADE STYLE GAMING.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00056-00004274-00004441 KNOW, OBVIOUSLY ARCADE STYLE GAMING. THEN WE'VE ADDED JUST A
1t13HgP0U9y-00057-00004441-00004447 GAMING. THEN WE'VE ADDED JUST A  
1t13HgP0U9y-00058-00004447-00004544 GAMING. THEN WE'VE ADDED JUST A DIFFERENT VARIETY OF OPEN
1t13HgP0U9y-00059-00004544-00004551 THEN WE'VE ADDED JUST A DIFFERENT VARIETY OF OPEN  
1t13HgP0U9y-00060-00004551-00004591 THEN WE'VE ADDED JUST A DIFFERENT VARIETY OF OPEN GAMING.
1t13HgP0U9y-00061-00004591-00004597 DIFFERENT VARIETY OF OPEN GAMING.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00062-00004597-00004701 DIFFERENT VARIETY OF OPEN GAMING. LAST YEAR WE WERE A LITTLE BIT
1t13HgP0U9y-00063-00004701-00004708 GAMING. LAST YEAR WE WERE A LITTLE BIT  
1t13HgP0U9y-00064-00004708-00004831 GAMING. LAST YEAR WE WERE A LITTLE BIT MORE LIMITED ON WHAT GAMES
1t13HgP0U9y-00065-00004831-00004838 LAST YEAR WE WERE A LITTLE BIT MORE LIMITED ON WHAT GAMES  
1t13HgP0U9y-00066-00004838-00004894 LAST YEAR WE WERE A LITTLE BIT MORE LIMITED ON WHAT GAMES PEOPLE COULD PLAY.
1t13HgP0U9y-00067-00004894-00004901 MORE LIMITED ON WHAT GAMES PEOPLE COULD PLAY.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00068-00004901-00005065 MORE LIMITED ON WHAT GAMES PEOPLE COULD PLAY. AND THIS YEAR, I WANT TO SAY
1t13HgP0U9y-00069-00005065-00005071 PEOPLE COULD PLAY. AND THIS YEAR, I WANT TO SAY  
1t13HgP0U9y-00070-00005071-00005215 PEOPLE COULD PLAY. AND THIS YEAR, I WANT TO SAY THERE'S NINE OR TEN DIFFERENT
1t13HgP0U9y-00071-00005215-00005221 AND THIS YEAR, I WANT TO SAY THERE'S NINE OR TEN DIFFERENT  
1t13HgP0U9y-00072-00005221-00005358 AND THIS YEAR, I WANT TO SAY THERE'S NINE OR TEN DIFFERENT GAMES YOU CAN PLAY ON A VARIETY
1t13HgP0U9y-00073-00005358-00005365 THERE'S NINE OR TEN DIFFERENT GAMES YOU CAN PLAY ON A VARIETY  
1t13HgP0U9y-00074-00005365-00005472 THERE'S NINE OR TEN DIFFERENT GAMES YOU CAN PLAY ON A VARIETY OF CONSOLES.
1t13HgP0U9y-00075-00005472-00005478 GAMES YOU CAN PLAY ON A VARIETY OF CONSOLES.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00076-00005478-00005605 GAMES YOU CAN PLAY ON A VARIETY OF CONSOLES. THE GIGAZONE GAMING CHAMPIONSHIP
1t13HgP0U9y-00077-00005605-00005612 OF CONSOLES. THE GIGAZONE GAMING CHAMPIONSHIP  
1t13HgP0U9y-00078-00005612-00005739 OF CONSOLES. THE GIGAZONE GAMING CHAMPIONSHIP HAS ADDED SOME OF THE LATEST AND
1t13HgP0U9y-00079-00005739-00005745 THE GIGAZONE GAMING CHAMPIONSHIP HAS ADDED SOME OF THE LATEST AND  
1t13HgP0U9y-00080-00005745-00005892 THE GIGAZONE GAMING CHAMPIONSHIP HAS ADDED SOME OF THE LATEST AND GREATEST IN ONLINE GAMING.
1t13HgP0U9y-00081-00005892-00005899 HAS ADDED SOME OF THE LATEST AND GREATEST IN ONLINE GAMING.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00082-00005899-00006046 HAS ADDED SOME OF THE LATEST AND GREATEST IN ONLINE GAMING. HOWEVER, IF THAT'S NOT FOR YOU,
1t13HgP0U9y-00083-00006046-00006052 GREATEST IN ONLINE GAMING. HOWEVER, IF THAT'S NOT FOR YOU,  
1t13HgP0U9y-00084-00006052-00006289 GREATEST IN ONLINE GAMING. HOWEVER, IF THAT'S NOT FOR YOU, YOU CAN TAKE A BLAST TO THE PAST
1t13HgP0U9y-00085-00006289-00006296 HOWEVER, IF THAT'S NOT FOR YOU, YOU CAN TAKE A BLAST TO THE PAST  
1t13HgP0U9y-00086-00006296-00006466 HOWEVER, IF THAT'S NOT FOR YOU, YOU CAN TAKE A BLAST TO THE PAST PLAYING GAMES LIKE MRS. PACKMAN
1t13HgP0U9y-00087-00006466-00006473 YOU CAN TAKE A BLAST TO THE PAST PLAYING GAMES LIKE MRS. PACKMAN  
1t13HgP0U9y-00088-00006473-00006619 YOU CAN TAKE A BLAST TO THE PAST PLAYING GAMES LIKE MRS. PACKMAN AND PINBALL.
1t13HgP0U9y-00089-00006619-00006626 PLAYING GAMES LIKE MRS. PACKMAN AND PINBALL.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00090-00006626-00006830 PLAYING GAMES LIKE MRS. PACKMAN AND PINBALL. WHILE MANY WERE AT THE SANFORD
1t13HgP0U9y-00091-00006830-00006836 AND PINBALL. WHILE MANY WERE AT THE SANFORD  
1t13HgP0U9y-00092-00006836-00006986 AND PINBALL. WHILE MANY WERE AT THE SANFORD CENTER TO COMPETE, OTHERS WERE
1t13HgP0U9y-00093-00006986-00006993 WHILE MANY WERE AT THE SANFORD CENTER TO COMPETE, OTHERS WERE  
1t13HgP0U9y-00094-00006993-00007183 WHILE MANY WERE AT THE SANFORD CENTER TO COMPETE, OTHERS WERE THERE TO LIVE OUT A FANTASY AND
1t13HgP0U9y-00095-00007183-00007190 CENTER TO COMPETE, OTHERS WERE THERE TO LIVE OUT A FANTASY AND  
1t13HgP0U9y-00096-00007190-00007323 CENTER TO COMPETE, OTHERS WERE THERE TO LIVE OUT A FANTASY AND DRESS UP AS THEIR FAVORITE
1t13HgP0U9y-00097-00007323-00007330 THERE TO LIVE OUT A FANTASY AND DRESS UP AS THEIR FAVORITE  
1t13HgP0U9y-00098-00007330-00007427 THERE TO LIVE OUT A FANTASY AND DRESS UP AS THEIR FAVORITE GAMING CHARACTERS TO OFFER
1t13HgP0U9y-00099-00007427-00007434 DRESS UP AS THEIR FAVORITE GAMING CHARACTERS TO OFFER  
1t13HgP0U9y-00100-00007434-00007620 DRESS UP AS THEIR FAVORITE GAMING CHARACTERS TO OFFER SOMETHING FOR KIDS OF ALL AGES.
1t13HgP0U9y-00101-00007620-00007627 GAMING CHARACTERS TO OFFER SOMETHING FOR KIDS OF ALL AGES.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00102-00007627-00007734 GAMING CHARACTERS TO OFFER SOMETHING FOR KIDS OF ALL AGES. >> IT'S YOUNG KIDS ALL THE WAY
1t13HgP0U9y-00103-00007734-00007741 SOMETHING FOR KIDS OF ALL AGES. >> IT'S YOUNG KIDS ALL THE WAY  
1t13HgP0U9y-00104-00007741-00007984 SOMETHING FOR KIDS OF ALL AGES. >> IT'S YOUNG KIDS ALL THE WAY UP TO, YOU KNOW, I MEAN, WE HAVE
1t13HgP0U9y-00105-00007984-00007991 >> IT'S YOUNG KIDS ALL THE WAY UP TO, YOU KNOW, I MEAN, WE HAVE  
1t13HgP0U9y-00106-00007991-00008204 >> IT'S YOUNG KIDS ALL THE WAY UP TO, YOU KNOW, I MEAN, WE HAVE PEOPLE HERE 50, 60 YEARS OLD AND
1t13HgP0U9y-00107-00008204-00008211 UP TO, YOU KNOW, I MEAN, WE HAVE PEOPLE HERE 50, 60 YEARS OLD AND  
1t13HgP0U9y-00108-00008211-00008448 UP TO, YOU KNOW, I MEAN, WE HAVE PEOPLE HERE 50, 60 YEARS OLD AND IT'S FUN BECAUSE IT BRINGS ALL
1t13HgP0U9y-00109-00008448-00008455 PEOPLE HERE 50, 60 YEARS OLD AND IT'S FUN BECAUSE IT BRINGS ALL  
1t13HgP0U9y-00110-00008455-00008545 PEOPLE HERE 50, 60 YEARS OLD AND IT'S FUN BECAUSE IT BRINGS ALL AGES TOGETHER.
1t13HgP0U9y-00111-00008545-00008551 IT'S FUN BECAUSE IT BRINGS ALL AGES TOGETHER.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00112-00008551-00008638 IT'S FUN BECAUSE IT BRINGS ALL AGES TOGETHER. >> Reporter:  WHILE THE EVENT
1t13HgP0U9y-00113-00008638-00008645 AGES TOGETHER. >> Reporter:  WHILE THE EVENT  
1t13HgP0U9y-00114-00008645-00008798 AGES TOGETHER. >> Reporter:  WHILE THE EVENT WAS ALL FUN AND GAMES, THERE WAS
1t13HgP0U9y-00115-00008798-00008805 >> Reporter:  WHILE THE EVENT WAS ALL FUN AND GAMES, THERE WAS  
1t13HgP0U9y-00116-00008805-00009045 >> Reporter:  WHILE THE EVENT WAS ALL FUN AND GAMES, THERE WAS ALSO A STRONG SENSE OF INTENSE
1t13HgP0U9y-00117-00009045-00009052 WAS ALL FUN AND GAMES, THERE WAS ALSO A STRONG SENSE OF INTENSE  
1t13HgP0U9y-00118-00009052-00009129 WAS ALL FUN AND GAMES, THERE WAS ALSO A STRONG SENSE OF INTENSE COMPETITION.
1t13HgP0U9y-00119-00009129-00009135 ALSO A STRONG SENSE OF INTENSE COMPETITION.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00120-00009135-00009312 ALSO A STRONG SENSE OF INTENSE COMPETITION. AT THE CENTER OF THE TWO-DAY
1t13HgP0U9y-00121-00009312-00009319 COMPETITION. AT THE CENTER OF THE TWO-DAY  
1t13HgP0U9y-00122-00009319-00009566 COMPETITION. AT THE CENTER OF THE TWO-DAY CHAMPIONSHIP WAS THE LEAGUE OF
1t13HgP0U9y-00123-00009566-00009572 AT THE CENTER OF THE TWO-DAY CHAMPIONSHIP WAS THE LEAGUE OF  
1t13HgP0U9y-00124-00009572-00009736 AT THE CENTER OF THE TWO-DAY CHAMPIONSHIP WAS THE LEAGUE OF AGES TOURNAMENT WHERE
1t13HgP0U9y-00125-00009736-00009743 CHAMPIONSHIP WAS THE LEAGUE OF AGES TOURNAMENT WHERE  
1t13HgP0U9y-00126-00009743-00009849 CHAMPIONSHIP WAS THE LEAGUE OF AGES TOURNAMENT WHERE COMPETITORS BATTLED AGAINST EACH
1t13HgP0U9y-00127-00009849-00009856 AGES TOURNAMENT WHERE COMPETITORS BATTLED AGAINST EACH  
1t13HgP0U9y-00128-00009856-00010029 AGES TOURNAMENT WHERE COMPETITORS BATTLED AGAINST EACH OTHER ONLINE AND ON GIANT
1t13HgP0U9y-00129-00010029-00010036 COMPETITORS BATTLED AGAINST EACH OTHER ONLINE AND ON GIANT  
1t13HgP0U9y-00130-00010036-00010263 COMPETITORS BATTLED AGAINST EACH OTHER ONLINE AND ON GIANT SCREENS FOR ALL TO SEE.
1t13HgP0U9y-00131-00010263-00010270 OTHER ONLINE AND ON GIANT SCREENS FOR ALL TO SEE.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00132-00010270-00010410 OTHER ONLINE AND ON GIANT SCREENS FOR ALL TO SEE. MONTHS OF PREPARATION WENT INTO
1t13HgP0U9y-00133-00010410-00010417 SCREENS FOR ALL TO SEE. MONTHS OF PREPARATION WENT INTO  
1t13HgP0U9y-00134-00010417-00010470 SCREENS FOR ALL TO SEE. MONTHS OF PREPARATION WENT INTO PLAY.
1t13HgP0U9y-00135-00010470-00010477 MONTHS OF PREPARATION WENT INTO PLAY.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00136-00010477-00010854 MONTHS OF PREPARATION WENT INTO PLAY. >> JUST STREAMING, PLAYING SOME
1t13HgP0U9y-00137-00010854-00010860 PLAY. >> JUST STREAMING, PLAYING SOME  
1t13HgP0U9y-00138-00010860-00010944 PLAY. >> JUST STREAMING, PLAYING SOME SOLO CUEPLEX TOGETHER.
1t13HgP0U9y-00139-00010944-00010950 >> JUST STREAMING, PLAYING SOME SOLO CUEPLEX TOGETHER.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00140-00010950-00011091 >> JUST STREAMING, PLAYING SOME SOLO CUEPLEX TOGETHER. TALKING ABOUT STRATEGIES WE CAN
1t13HgP0U9y-00141-00011091-00011097 SOLO CUEPLEX TOGETHER. TALKING ABOUT STRATEGIES WE CAN  
1t13HgP0U9y-00142-00011097-00011324 SOLO CUEPLEX TOGETHER. TALKING ABOUT STRATEGIES WE CAN BRING OUT AND TRYING TO GET OUR
1t13HgP0U9y-00143-00011324-00011331 TALKING ABOUT STRATEGIES WE CAN BRING OUT AND TRYING TO GET OUR  
1t13HgP0U9y-00144-00011331-00011424 TALKING ABOUT STRATEGIES WE CAN BRING OUT AND TRYING TO GET OUR -- [INAUDIBLE] PULL.
1t13HgP0U9y-00145-00011424-00011431 BRING OUT AND TRYING TO GET OUR -- [INAUDIBLE] PULL.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00146-00011431-00011614 BRING OUT AND TRYING TO GET OUR -- [INAUDIBLE] PULL. REALLY TRY TO WORK --
1t13HgP0U9y-00147-00011614-00011621 -- [INAUDIBLE] PULL. REALLY TRY TO WORK --  
1t13HgP0U9y-00148-00011621-00011684 -- [INAUDIBLE] PULL. REALLY TRY TO WORK -- [INAUDIBLE]
1t13HgP0U9y-00149-00011684-00011691 REALLY TRY TO WORK -- [INAUDIBLE]  
1t13HgP0U9y-00150-00011691-00011831 REALLY TRY TO WORK -- [INAUDIBLE] TO WE COULD --
1t13HgP0U9y-00151-00011831-00011838 [INAUDIBLE] TO WE COULD --  
1t13HgP0U9y-00152-00011838-00011971 [INAUDIBLE] TO WE COULD -- >> Reporter:  OVERALL, THE
1t13HgP0U9y-00153-00011971-00011978 TO WE COULD -- >> Reporter:  OVERALL, THE  
1t13HgP0U9y-00154-00011978-00012052 TO WE COULD -- >> Reporter:  OVERALL, THE COMPETITION IS ABOUT COMMUNITY
1t13HgP0U9y-00155-00012052-00012058 >> Reporter:  OVERALL, THE COMPETITION IS ABOUT COMMUNITY  
1t13HgP0U9y-00156-00012058-00012275 >> Reporter:  OVERALL, THE COMPETITION IS ABOUT COMMUNITY AND SHOWCASING PAUL BUNYAN
1t13HgP0U9y-00157-00012275-00012282 COMPETITION IS ABOUT COMMUNITY AND SHOWCASING PAUL BUNYAN  
1t13HgP0U9y-00158-00012282-00012419 COMPETITION IS ABOUT COMMUNITY AND SHOWCASING PAUL BUNYAN COMMUNICATIONS I.T. AND WEB
1t13HgP0U9y-00159-00012419-00012425 AND SHOWCASING PAUL BUNYAN COMMUNICATIONS I.T. AND WEB  
1t13HgP0U9y-00160-00012425-00012609 AND SHOWCASING PAUL BUNYAN COMMUNICATIONS I.T. AND WEB DEVELOPMENT TEAM WHICH CUSTOM
1t13HgP0U9y-00161-00012609-00012615 COMMUNICATIONS I.T. AND WEB DEVELOPMENT TEAM WHICH CUSTOM  
1t13HgP0U9y-00162-00012615-00012806 COMMUNICATIONS I.T. AND WEB DEVELOPMENT TEAM WHICH CUSTOM BUILDS AN INTEGRATED MUCH OF THE
1t13HgP0U9y-00163-00012806-00012812 DEVELOPMENT TEAM WHICH CUSTOM BUILDS AN INTEGRATED MUCH OF THE  
1t13HgP0U9y-00164-00012812-00012972 DEVELOPMENT TEAM WHICH CUSTOM BUILDS AN INTEGRATED MUCH OF THE ONLINE TECHNOLOGY AND LEVERAGES
1t13HgP0U9y-00165-00012972-00012979 BUILDS AN INTEGRATED MUCH OF THE ONLINE TECHNOLOGY AND LEVERAGES  
1t13HgP0U9y-00166-00012979-00013103 BUILDS AN INTEGRATED MUCH OF THE ONLINE TECHNOLOGY AND LEVERAGES THE SPEED OF THE GIGAZONE.
1t13HgP0U9y-00167-00013103-00013109 ONLINE TECHNOLOGY AND LEVERAGES THE SPEED OF THE GIGAZONE.  
1t13HgP0U9y-00168-00013109-00013393 ONLINE TECHNOLOGY AND LEVERAGES THE SPEED OF THE GIGAZONE. >> THERE ARE A LOT OF COMPONENTS
1t13HgP0U9y-00169-00013393-00013400 THE SPEED OF THE GIGAZONE. >> THERE ARE A LOT OF COMPONENTS  
1t13HgP0U9y-00170-00013400-00013600 THE SPEED OF THE GIGAZONE. >> THERE ARE A LOT OF COMPONENTS THAT GO INTO ONLINE GAMING BUT
1t13HgP0U9y-00171-00013600-00013606 >> THERE ARE A LOT OF COMPONENTS THAT GO INTO ONLINE GAMING BUT  
1t13HgP0U9y-00172-00013606-00013693 >> THERE ARE A LOT OF COMPONENTS THAT GO INTO ONLINE GAMING BUT YOUR COMMUNITY IS IMPORTANT.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00000-00001100-00001800 I'm very comfortable in my own world: Harshvardhan Kapoor
1yRF-eJYr8y-00001-00001900-00004300 Having grown up in a family of film stars and producers like father Anil Kapoor, sister Sonam Kapoor Ahuja, uncles like Boney Kapoor, Sanjay Kapoor as well as cousins like Arjun Kapoor and Mohit Marwah, Harshvardhan has seen success and failure of the entertainment business from close quarters.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00002-00004400-00007400 Harshvardhan Kapoor Im very comfortable in my own world: Harshvardhan Kapoor Having grown up in a family of film stars and producers like father Anil Kapoor, sister Sonam Kapoor Ahuja, uncles like Boney Kapoor, Sanjay Kapoor as well as cousins like Arjun Kapoor and Mohit Marwah, Harshvardhan has seen success and failure of the entertainment business from close quarters.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00003-00007500-00009500 Mumbai: Actor Harshvardhan Kapoor, whose latest film Bhavesh Joshi Superhero sees him play a common man who takes on socio-political issues head on, says that in real life he is comfortable in his own world and doesnt take interest in forming an opinion on anything political.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00004-00009600-00010300 I am someone who is very comfortable in my own world and I know it is not a good thing.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00005-00010400-00011500 I really do not take much interest in forming an opinion on anything political because I am not inclined to that, Harshvardhan told IANS.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00006-00011600-00013800 Having grown up in a family of film stars and producers like father Anil Kapoor, sister Sonam Kapoor Ahuja, uncles like Boney Kapoor, Sanjay Kapoor as well as cousins like Arjun Kapoor and Mohit Marwah, Harshvardhan has seen success and failure of the entertainment business from close quarters.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00007-00013900-00015400 Is that the reason why the end result of the film does not bother him much and he is rather focussed on the process of filmmaking? Harshvardhan said: No, that is not true. I do get hurt.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00008-00015500-00016800 When my debut film did not work for most of the people, I was upset but do we really know how to control the fate of a film? All we can do is put on hard work.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00009-00016900-00017700 In a year, only 10 films get huge success at the box office out of so many films releasing in India.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00010-00017800-00019300 And what is the definition of success? From childhood I have seen, there are films that are counted as most successful film and in two weeks, those films went off the peoples memories.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00011-00019400-00020600 On the other hand, there are films that didnt work commercially, but people cherish them even today. So what really a successful film is? questioned the young actor.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00012-00020700-00022200 As for his Bhavesh Joshi Superhero -- directed by Vikramaditya Motwane, he believes it has a quality of being relatable to the mass audience. The treatment of the film is very different.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00013-00022300-00023800 It is modern and cinematically rich. The inspiration of the core character may be drawn from the angry young man era of our Hindi cinema, but the feet are very much in todays time.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00014-00023900-00025200 It is a realistic film and not a larger than life superhero film. I think the content of the film is quite accessible to the larger audience unlike my ‘Mirzya, Harshvardhan said.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00015-00025300-00026300 The actor believes that the definition of the superhero is changing in Indian cinema where the story of common man is getting celebrated.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00016-00026400-00027500 It is the story of a young guy who was leading a regular life with a lot of complaint about the system that we all do, but we really do not do much about it.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00017-00027600-00028700 Then he finds himself in extraordinary circumstances and decided to make a choice… a very brave choice that a regular guy will not attempt to do.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00018-00028800-00029700 I think thats what makes him a superhero. For the film, Harshvardhan went by the script and the directors vision.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00019-00029800-00031100 Also, being a formally trained actor, Harshvardhans process of immersing himself in a character is a combination of method acting and personal life experiences.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00020-00031200-00032200 To bring a certain emotion in a scene, I do not look out for others examples, but my own life experiences.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00021-00032300-00033400 Of course, I cannot live life like that character in the film, but in my personal life, I must have experienced something similar.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00022-00033500-00034900 Another important thing we have to keep in mind is, in film shooting, we do not shoot the story as sequentially as the audience watch on screen. We might shoot the climax at the beginning of filming.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00023-00035000-00036000 So when I am performing a scene, I try to understand what the story wants to achieve through the scene. I also use my sense memory..
1yRF-eJYr8y-00024-00036100-00038500 Having grown up in a family of film stars and producers like father Anil Kapoor, sister Sonam Kapoor Ahuja, uncles like Boney Kapoor, Sanjay Kapoor as well as cousins like Arjun Kapoor and Mohit Marwah, Harshvardhan has seen success and failure of the entertainment business from close quarters.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00025-00038600-00041500 Harshvardhan Kapoor Im very comfortable in my own world: Harshvardhan Kapoor Having grown up in a family of film stars and producers like father Anil Kapoor, sister Sonam Kapoor Ahuja, uncles like Boney Kapoor, Sanjay Kapoor as well as cousins like Arjun Kapoor and Mohit Marwah, Harshvardhan has seen success and failure of the entertainment business from close quarters.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00026-00041600-00043800 Mumbai: Actor Harshvardhan Kapoor, whose latest filmBhavesh Joshi Superherosees him play a common man who takes on socio-political issues head on, says that in real life he is comfortable in his own world and doesnt take interest in forming an opinion on anything political.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00027-00043900-00044600 I am someone who is very comfortable in my own world and I know it is not a good thing.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00028-00044700-00045800 I really do not take much interest in forming an opinion on anything political because I am not inclined to that, Harshvardhan told IANS.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00029-00045900-00048500 Having grown up in a family of film stars and producers like father Anil Kapoor, sister Sonam Kapoor Ahuja, uncles like Boney Kapoor, Sanjay Kapoor as well as cousins like Arjun Kapoor and Mohit Marwah, Harshvardhan has seen success and failure of the entertainment business from close quarters.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00030-00048600-00050100 Is that the reason why the end result of the film does not bother him much and he is rather focussed on the process of filmmaking? Harshvardhan said: No, that is not true. I do get hurt.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00031-00050200-00051400 When my debut film did not work for most of the people, I was upset but do we really know how to control the fate of a film? All we can do is put on hard work.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00032-00051500-00052400 In a year, only 10 films get huge success at the box office out of so many films releasing in India.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00033-00052500-00053900 And what is the definition of success? From childhood I have seen, there are films that are counted as most successful film and in two weeks, those films went off the peoples memories.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00034-00054000-00055400 On the other hand, there are films that didnt work commercially, but people cherish them even today. So what really a successful film is? questioned the young actor.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00035-00055500-00056900 As for hisBhavesh Joshi Superhero-- directed by Vikramaditya Motwane, he believes it has a quality of being relatable to the mass audience. The treatment of the film is very different.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00036-00057000-00058500 It is modern and cinematically rich. The inspiration of the core character may be drawn from the angry young man era of our Hindi cinema, but the feet are very much in todays time.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00037-00058600-00060200 It is a realistic film and not a larger than life superhero film. I think the content of the film is quite accessible to the larger audience unlike my ‘Mirzya, Harshvardhan said.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00038-00060300-00061200 The actor believes that the definition of the superhero is changing in Indian cinema where the story of common man is getting celebrated.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00039-00061300-00062400 It is the story of a young guy who was leading a regular life with a lot of complaint about the system that we all do, but we really do not do much about it.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00040-00062500-00063700 Then he finds himself in extraordinary circumstances and decided to make a choice… a very brave choice that a regular guy will not attempt to do.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00041-00063800-00064700 I think thats what makes him a superhero. For the film, Harshvardhan went by the script and the directors vision.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00042-00064800-00066200 Also, being a formally trained actor, Harshvardhans process of immersing himself in a character is a combination of method acting and personal life experiences.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00043-00066300-00067200 To bring a certain emotion in a scene, I do not look out for others examples, but my own life experiences.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00044-00067300-00068400 Of course, I cannot live life like that character in the film, but in my personal life, I must have experienced something similar.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00045-00068500-00070100 Another important thing we have to keep in mind is, in film shooting, we do not shoot the story as sequentially as the audience watch on screen. We might shoot the climax at the beginning of filming.
1yRF-eJYr8y-00046-00070200-00071200 So when I am performing a scene, I try to understand what the story wants to achieve through the scene. I also use my sense memory. .
1DU0jMcSo8A-00000-00000010-00000896 Today we will talk about banks again. It's always the banks. To save the financial
1DU0jMcSo8A-00001-00000900-00001413 system, to build trust. And today we have a new decree meant to build trust. 
1DU0jMcSo8A-00002-00001420-00002007 A decree you will pass as you did the seventeen before this one. But I fear, and the events
1DU0jMcSo8A-00003-00002010-00002511 give me reason, quoting Groucho Marx, we are going from victory to victory...
1DU0jMcSo8A-00004-00002520-00003077 to God knows where. Yesterday, Mr. Minister, I heard you saying several times
1DU0jMcSo8A-00005-00003080-00003644 the word "responsibility." And I, Mr. Minister, prefer to speak in my three minutes
1DU0jMcSo8A-00006-00003650-00004172 just about that: responsibility.  "Responsibility" has a double meaning,
1DU0jMcSo8A-00007-00004180-00004811 which suits well the ones who are responsible of the fact that this
1DU0jMcSo8A-00008-00004820-00005134 Parliament is speaking more about banks than citizens. So when we talk
1DU0jMcSo8A-00009-00005140-00005611 about responsability and we look at the dictionary we see that a responsible person
1DU0jMcSo8A-00010-00005620-00006159 is the one which takes care of his obligations or pays attention to 
1DU0jMcSo8A-00011-00006160-00006947 what he or she does or decides, that is,  what the people that you, the parties, appointed
1DU0jMcSo8A-00012-00006950-00007448 in the banks, Bancaja, CAM, Caja Madrid, Bankia and many others.
1DU0jMcSo8A-00013-00007440-00007938 They were meant to be responsible, to fulfill their obligations, to take care and attention.
1DU0jMcSo8A-00014-00007940-00008422 But in view of the decree we are discussing today, in view of the
1DU0jMcSo8A-00015-00008430-00008816 substantial aid [the banks] have received, in view of the bailouts that the state has
1DU0jMcSo8A-00016-00008820-00009147 had to undertake, it is a fact that all of you,  the major political parties, appointed
1DU0jMcSo8A-00017-00009150-00009560 truly irresponsible people to "cajas"[banks]. And so are there
1DU0jMcSo8A-00018-00009570-00010084 irresponsible people at the head of the Control Authorities, be it the Bank of Spain or other
1DU0jMcSo8A-00019-00010090-00010642 autonomous authorities. People, with a face and eyes, that were paid large amounts of salaries,
1DU0jMcSo8A-00020-00010640-00011157 allowances or pensions. But responsibility has a second meaning: 
1DU0jMcSo8A-00021-00011160-00011664 "guilty of something, person meant to answer for something or someone." And nobody
1DU0jMcSo8A-00022-00011670-00012191 takes care about this second meaning. Nobody wants to be guilty. No one
1DU0jMcSo8A-00023-00012200-00012809 answers. Nobody is responsible for this colossal mess. And that's when the
1DU0jMcSo8A-00024-00012810-00013294 ordinary citizen, that who is up there or who is watching us at home, understands
1DU0jMcSo8A-00025-00013300-00013705 nothing. They cannot understand how a man can sink a bank, take fourteen
1DU0jMcSo8A-00026-00013710-00014080 million [euros] yet have no responsibility. They cannot understand how a man, who
1DU0jMcSo8A-00027-00014090-00014400 has been Finance Minister, chairman of the International Monetary Fund and
1DU0jMcSo8A-00028-00014410-00014834 who has been appointed by you  chairman of Bankia, how he can plunge a bank
1DU0jMcSo8A-00029-00014840-00015307 resign and take a million-odd and yet he does not  give a single explanation. They cannot understand why
1DU0jMcSo8A-00030-00015310-00015779 you do not allow those people to come here, to the Parliament, to explain why
1DU0jMcSo8A-00031-00015780-00016316 we have ended like this. They cannot understand why you are blocking the inquiry commission.
1DU0jMcSo8A-00032-00016319-00016855 And they cannot understand why, as is stated  in today's decree, we will give the
1DU0jMcSo8A-00033-00016860-00017441 banks yet again more public state aid to clean up toxic assets. That is to say, in conclusion,
1DU0jMcSo8A-00034-00017450-00018144 that in the end, we, the citizens, will have to help the banks again with out taxes.
1DU0jMcSo8A-00035-00018150-00018544 Eventually, the citizens will be held responsible  for the outrage committed by the
1DU0jMcSo8A-00036-00018550-00019195 irresponsible. Mr. Minister, you and others probably found my speech
1DU0jMcSo8A-00037-00019200-00019872 irresponsible. But far more irresponsible is running thick veils, lift the carpet and
1DU0jMcSo8A-00038-00019880-00020518 hide the dust under it while evictions continue. While individuals and SMEs are
1DU0jMcSo8A-00039-00020520-00021110 not provided with credit. Mr. Minister, do not count on our vote. Do not count on
1DU0jMcSo8A-00040-00021120-00021360 Compromís-Equo's vote.  Thank you, Mr. President.
1EgWA1I-DqU-00000-00000000-00000200 SASTRA FILM
1EgWA1I-DqU-00001-00000200-00000545 and 
1EgWA1I-DqU-00002-00000545-00000822 BAYON TV
1EgWA1I-DqU-00003-00000822-00001182 Sponsored by: 
1EgWA1I-DqU-00004-00001182-00001574 Why does worry too much?
1EgWA1I-DqU-00005-00001574-00002145 Oh! What's wrong?
1EgWA1I-DqU-00006-00002145-00002518 Are you hurt?
1EgWA1I-DqU-00007-00002518-00002818 Don't touch me! Your hands are dirty
1EgWA1I-DqU-00008-00002818-00003299 Your hands just hold the dirt cloth
1EgWA1I-DqU-00009-00003299-00003883 Present
1EgWA1I-DqU-00010-00003883-00004976 The Parents-in-law
1EgWA1I-DqU-00011-00004976-00005431 I'm very happy to have your here today
1EgWA1I-DqU-00012-00005431-00005874 We haven't seen each other for a while
1EgWA1I-DqU-00013-00005874-00006251 You didn't come on Romdul's wedding, right?
1EgWA1I-DqU-00014-00006251-00006839 No one was at home that day. So, I can't come
1EgWA1I-DqU-00015-00006839-00007364 If Chamnan doesn't bring me here, I wouldn't come
1EgWA1I-DqU-00016-00007364-00007794 because I don't like taking taxi
1EgWA1I-DqU-00017-00007794-00008386 Right! Mother! I was busy on her wedding day
1EgWA1I-DqU-00018-00008386-00008924 I just come to your home
1EgWA1I-DqU-00019-00008924-00009418 Don't say like that!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00020-00009907-00010428 Wait! Wait!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00021-00011555-00011851 Greeting Auntie! 
1EgWA1I-DqU-00022-00011851-00012273 I've just arrived too. Are you here to visit your child
1EgWA1I-DqU-00023-00012273-00012590 Yeah! 
1EgWA1I-DqU-00024-00012590-00012640 You also have chicken too
1EgWA1I-DqU-00025-00012640-00012849 Do you take it for Romdul?
1EgWA1I-DqU-00026-00012849-00013282 Romdul is lucky to have you as mother-in-law
1EgWA1I-DqU-00027-00013282-00013709 Sreyroth! Who is she?
1EgWA1I-DqU-00028-00013709-00014213 Look at how she dressed up!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00029-00014629-00014929 She is Romdul's mother- in- law
1EgWA1I-DqU-00030-00014929-00015485 She is the worse. she is very poor
1EgWA1I-DqU-00031-00016042-00016527 I take it to cook for today
1EgWA1I-DqU-00032-00016527-00017008 I don't have anything to buy. So, I took this chicken
1EgWA1I-DqU-00033-00017008-00017531 I'll cook for all of you
1EgWA1I-DqU-00034-00017531-00018240 Wait! Please spray hand sanitizer first 
1EgWA1I-DqU-00035-00018872-00019196 So dirty!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00036-00019196-00019691 We can't see by our own eyes
1EgWA1I-DqU-00037-00019691-00020452 Phala! Please don't mad at her! Go and change your clothes
1EgWA1I-DqU-00038-00020452-00020729 Mother! Don't act like this!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00039-00020729-00021282 Auntie tried to come to visit us
1EgWA1I-DqU-00040-00021282-00021676 Just practice social distancing
1EgWA1I-DqU-00041-00021676-00022299 We have to protect in advance 
1EgWA1I-DqU-00042-00022299-00022934 Mother wants us to be careful
1EgWA1I-DqU-00043-00023646-00024033 Go! Rumdul is in the kitchen
1EgWA1I-DqU-00044-00024033-00024666 Don't look for Phal! He went to the farm since early morning
1EgWA1I-DqU-00045-00024666-00025238 Okay! I'm going now
1EgWA1I-DqU-00046-00025238-00025957 Please go!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00047-00026722-00027079 Let go inside!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00048-00028029-00028537 Bopha! You are getting older but still beatiful
1EgWA1I-DqU-00049-00028537-00028956 You use smart phone too
1EgWA1I-DqU-00050-00028956-00029640 I'm here is not good
1EgWA1I-DqU-00051-00029640-00030193 If I have smart phone, I might not be able to use it too
1EgWA1I-DqU-00052-00030193-00030741 I don't even know how to use the classic one
1EgWA1I-DqU-00053-00030741-00031298 I don't want to shame by younger generations
1EgWA1I-DqU-00054-00031298-00031992 You are right
1EgWA1I-DqU-00055-00031992-00033194 I can't buy smart phone here
1EgWA1I-DqU-00056-00033194-00033881 I have another phone. Take it!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00057-00033881-00034367 It's not appropriate 
1EgWA1I-DqU-00058-00034367-00034684 We are relative now
1EgWA1I-DqU-00059-00034684-00035133 Thank you so much!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00060-00035133-00035861 I want smart phone since a long time ago
1EgWA1I-DqU-00061-00035861-00036303 it looks very nice
1EgWA1I-DqU-00062-00036303-00036635 I'm just kidding and she took it seriously
1EgWA1I-DqU-00063-00036635-00037133 Can you teach me how to use it?
1EgWA1I-DqU-00064-00037133-00037545 Let me teach you!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00065-00038631-00038973 What's wrong with you?
1EgWA1I-DqU-00066-00038973-00039375 Are we comedian?
1EgWA1I-DqU-00067-00039375-00039765 Go and Help Rumdol cook! 
1EgWA1I-DqU-00068-00039815-00040739 Romdum said she can do it alone. She wants me to come and talk with you
1EgWA1I-DqU-00069-00040739-00041258 because I haven't talked with you this morning
1EgWA1I-DqU-00070-00041258-00041809 What do you want to talk with her?
1EgWA1I-DqU-00071-00041809-00042202 Bopha doesn't have anything to talk to you
1EgWA1I-DqU-00072-00042202-00042716 Can you learn to live like a high class like us?
1EgWA1I-DqU-00073-00042716-00043247 Do you know how ashamed I am?
1EgWA1I-DqU-00074-00043247-00043772 I'm bear wit you because our children love each other dearly
1EgWA1I-DqU-00075-00043772-00044226 I just want to talk with her
1EgWA1I-DqU-00076-00044226-00044783 We have nothing to talk to you
1EgWA1I-DqU-00077-00044783-00045244 Go and help cooking!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00078-00045244-00045573 I'm leaving now
1EgWA1I-DqU-00079-00045573-00045919 Wait!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00080-00045919-00046508 If you are free, clean up the house
1EgWA1I-DqU-00081-00046508-00046918 Okay!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00082-00047583-00048039 She doesn't know anything
1EgWA1I-DqU-00083-00048039-00048529 I feel pity for you, Roth!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00084-00048529-00049142 She looks disgusting
1EgWA1I-DqU-00085-00049142-00049953 Bopha! Please eat more!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00086-00049953-00050565 You will be more beautiful!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00087-00051148-00051505 It's so delicious
1EgWA1I-DqU-00088-00051505-00052022 Why don't you eat more?
1EgWA1I-DqU-00089-00052022-00052801 My mother-in-law raise it by herself
1EgWA1I-DqU-00090-00052801-00053257 It's natural 
1EgWA1I-DqU-00091-00053257-00053803 Don't be so proud of her
1EgWA1I-DqU-00092-00053803-00054334 I know she took it here
1EgWA1I-DqU-00093-00054334-00054971 Mother! Don't say like this! She just say the truth
1EgWA1I-DqU-00094-00054971-00055418 Auntie brought it here
1EgWA1I-DqU-00095-00055418-00055776 you are always on your sister 'side
1EgWA1I-DqU-00096-00055776-00056447 I don't want her to interrupt when older people are talking 
1EgWA1I-DqU-00097-00056447-00057016 She is still immature 
1EgWA1I-DqU-00098-00057554-00057988 Phal! Look! The food isn't enough. Bring more!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00099-00057988-00058466 Do you want me to do it by myself?
1EgWA1I-DqU-00100-00058466-00058849 Go and bring it!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00101-00058849-00059370 Don't wait for me!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00102-00059370-00059723 I'll go mother
1EgWA1I-DqU-00103-00059723-00060434 Please eat with them!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00104-00060434-00060979 Rumdul! Please share some for your husband!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00105-00060979-00061456 Sophal might be tired and hungry
1EgWA1I-DqU-00106-00062064-00062843 Do you want to make a fuss?
1EgWA1I-DqU-00107-00062843-00063241 Go and bring it!
1EgWA1I-DqU-00108-00063241-00063857 Mother! What's wrong with you?
1EgWA1I-DqU-00109-00063857-00064373 She just want to let her know
1EgWA1I-DqU-00110-00064373-00064750 Auntie is also our guest
1EgWA1I-DqU-00111-00064750-00065083 No one said anything
1EgWA1I-DqU-00112-00065083-00065663 The mother-in-law
1EgWA1I-DqU-00113-00068538-00068708 The Mother-in-law
1EgWA1I-DqU-00114-00068708-00068924 Please eat now!
1Gor8soDyGE-00000-00000248-00000960 Producers need to know, everything you do affects other parties. There's other
1Gor8soDyGE-00001-00000960-00001712 people involved in this song so when you're contemplating a buyout from one of these vultures
1Gor8soDyGE-00002-00001768-00002344 just remember that you may f*ck over the artists that made this like beautiful piece of art,
1Gor8soDyGE-00003-00002344-00002984 that actually could take you to different stratospheres and if you don't know that
1Gor8soDyGE-00004-00003040-00003632 there's an underlying song that's like becoming viral and it's becoming like a piece of...
1Gor8soDyGE-00005-00003744-00004520 it's having its moment in music and if you don't know regardless you should never just sign a work
1Gor8soDyGE-00006-00004520-00005168 for hire buyout agreement with any label or with any A&R without consulting like... you know having
1Gor8soDyGE-00007-00005168-00005864 legal representation or like hitting up BeatStars because we literally have like five or six cases
1Gor8soDyGE-00008-00005864-00006392 just in the last like three months- four months where we're fighting to get our producers rights
1Gor8soDyGE-00009-00006392-00006784 back and we're doing this like pro bono. We're not charging, you know, we're not charging,
1Gor8soDyGE-00010-00006784-00007831 we're doing it because we just we can't see our producers go through this type of heartache too
1Gor8soDyGE-00011-00007895-00008544 and we care about them so much that we're like, nah man and these are big songs like we're
1Gor8soDyGE-00012-00008544-00009216 having to fight for rights on songs that were released by Pop Smoke, by Rich the Kid, Cardi B,
1Gor8soDyGE-00013-00009440-00010136 what's his name the rainbow hair dude, whatever that dude's name is..
1Gor8soDyGE-00014-00010200-00010216 6ix9ine
1Gor8soDyGE-00015-00010320-00010776 Yeah, all these guys like we're fighting against all these like commercial releases that have
1Gor8soDyGE-00016-00010776-00011496 been released without our producers beats being cleared for most times.
1Gor8soDyGE-00017-00011496-00012096 Okay, can you talk specifically about... because a producer might hear this and say well they
1Gor8soDyGE-00018-00012096-00012576 bought the license so they're good for a certain amount of streams I could go ahead and sell this,
1Gor8soDyGE-00019-00012576-00013168 like they might not know you say that it affects the artist but what does that mean, like
1Gor8soDyGE-00020-00013272-00013416 how does it affect the artist?
1Gor8soDyGE-00021-00013416-00013936 I think that people need to know that well the non-exclusive doesn't
1Gor8soDyGE-00022-00014280-00015016 protect against someone that's trying to acquire all the masters and publishing rights, you know,
1Gor8soDyGE-00023-00015016-00015647 so there's the ability for the producer always we want to give them the freedom to be able to sell
1Gor8soDyGE-00024-00015784-00016384 the exclusive rights and you know, to a bigger label situation so they have to like
1Gor8soDyGE-00025-00016384-00017096 just keep in mind that even if you are selling non-exclusively, the moment you start dabbling
1Gor8soDyGE-00026-00017152-00017608 and doing like these more strategic kind of deals outside of the platform you could be affecting
1Gor8soDyGE-00027-00017712-00018352 your customers and you got to make sure whatever exclusive or whatever work for higher deal..
1Gor8soDyGE-00028-00018352-00018952 you got to make sure that in that agreement all of the licenses that you sold prior are honored,
1Gor8soDyGE-00029-00018952-00019320 you have to and that's what's happening these work for hire agreements are basically
1Gor8soDyGE-00030-00019504-00020064 just like exiting out and not honoring all of the other like non-exclusive licenses and
1Gor8soDyGE-00031-00020184-00020560 so they're putting in clauses and they're putting in all these kind of crazy language that
1Gor8soDyGE-00032-00020560-00020976 we don't control because it's not happening on our platform most of the time guys...
1Gor8soDyGE-00033-00020976-00021560 and we're seeing and listen, what is happening right now is just so beautiful too because we've
1Gor8soDyGE-00034-00021560-00022048 been part of some transactions with the majors where we have producers I wish I could say their
1Gor8soDyGE-00035-00022048-00022448 names but I guess I don't know.. I don't think it's we'll say their name whatever and I don't
1Gor8soDyGE-00036-00022448-00023120 think they're gonna get mad like Mixtape Seoul. Okay, Mixtape Seoul has a beat that one of the
1Gor8soDyGE-00037-00023120-00023808 majors is dying to license to have, they want to own it right and Mixtape Seoul is one of
1Gor8soDyGE-00038-00023808-00024416 the biggest producers on BeatStars and they're like yeah we're not selling this exclusively to
1Gor8soDyGE-00039-00024416-00024848 you guys and we're not doing no work for hire, no we're not doing complete buyouts, we're not
1Gor8soDyGE-00040-00024848-00025568 doing all this so we pushed and finally just got to the point where the major label was like, okay
1Gor8soDyGE-00041-00025568-00026032 we'll just buy a non-exclusive from you with these rights and terms and the agreement just
1Gor8soDyGE-00042-00026032-00026768 like everyone else on the platform. So, now we're seeing major labels being happy with purchasing
1Gor8soDyGE-00043-00026768-00027488 non-exclusive licenses from our producers and okay with honoring all of the other like non-exclusive
1Gor8soDyGE-00044-00027488-00028120 licenses that exist and allowing the producer to continue selling that beat non-exclusively.
1Gor8soDyGE-00045-00028120-00028416 Oh, so this could be the future of the music industry!
1Gor8soDyGE-00046-00028416-00029320 It's beautiful i love it i love it
1L9L-Q0RHBg-00000-00000426-00000514 Open the menu
1L9L-Q0RHBg-00001-00000910-00001094 Go to Keyboard/Controller
1L9L-Q0RHBg-00002-00001094-00001176 Go to Controller
1L9L-Q0RHBg-00003-00001755-00001948 Enable "Block car controls"
1L9L-Q0RHBg-00004-00002054-00002478 And choose the controls that the shift actions should disable.
1L9L-Q0RHBg-00005-00003479-00003632 Hold <Shift Up> to duck
1L9L-Q0RHBg-00006-00004100-00004244 And tap it to shift up.
1L9L-Q0RHBg-00007-00004244-00004582 Same with down. (Except switch weapon doesn't work)
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00000-00000214-00000334 EXCEL SAMURAI DA!
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00001-00000334-00000388 The Drumming Drum
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00002-00000660-00001432 Hi Mr. SAMURAI, I have data by 2 categories and want show it on chart like pyramid. But bar chart is not looks like pyramid.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00003-00001538-00001982 Hi OTAMA, Ok, you can make bar chart into pyramid chart in Excel.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00004-00002088-00002460 Really? Can you do that? Please teach me how to do it.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00005-00002580-00002876 Ok, no problem. Let me show you how to do it.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00006-00002876-00002946 The Drumming Drum
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00007-00003476-00003838 EXCEL SAMURAI DA!
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00008-00003838-00003915 The Drumming Drum
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00009-00004061-00004412 Please subscribe our channel if you like!
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00010-00004466-00004516 We use following Excel version for this video
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00011-00004516-00004634 Microsoft Excel for Microsoft 365 MSO (16.0.12827.20200) 32 bit
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00012-00004634-00004746 Please check How to check version in Microsoft Excel video to check Excel version
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00013-00004758-00004896 What you can do with Excel
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00014-00004952-00005048 pyramid chart
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00015-00005152-00005292 What you can do with Excel?
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00016-00005350-00005556 You can make pyramid chart in Excel.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00017-00005618-00005706 For example:
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00018-00005728-00006026 You have world population data by ages and by sexes.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00019-00006042-00006298 You want to show it on pyramid chart side by side.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00020-00006370-00006622 First importing csv data into Excel.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00021-00006690-00007373 For importing csv data, please refer to      “What you didn't know about import csv data in Microsoft Excel” video tutorial.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00022-00007423-00007504 Let’s take a look.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00023-00011126-00011356 Next, creating bar chart from the data.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00024-00011416-00011934 For creating chart, please refer to     “What you didn't know about chart in Microsoft Excel”  video tutorial.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00025-00011992-00012072 Let’s watch it.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00026-00013960-00014274 Next, you can change the bar chart into pyramid chart.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00027-00014341-00014416 Let’s take a look.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00028-00019364-00019778 Next, modifying axis and chart title, so that the chart looks better.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00029-00019834-00019908 Let’s watch it.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00030-00024602-00024862 Then, decorating the chart for looking much better.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00031-00024922-00024994 Let’s take a look.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00032-00028638-00028832 You can also show the value as percentage.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00033-00028892-00028968 Let’s watch it.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00034-00038292-00038364 How was it?
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00035-00038422-00038698 Now you can start creating pyramid chart in Excel.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00036-00038772-00039172 You can download this Excel file.  Please refer to description of this video.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00037-00039224-00039342 Please enjoy Excel.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00038-00039414-00039496 By SAMURAI
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00039-00039706-00040152 Thank you, Mr. SAMURAI! That is great technique to make pyramid chart!
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00040-00040258-00040572 Yes. Sometimes you can use some settings to do it.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00041-00040666-00040972 Great. Please teach me more technique in Excel.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00042-00041076-00041638 Sure. I will post more tutorials in near future. Please comment what you want to know about Excel.
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00043-00041638-00041738 The Drumming Drum
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00044-00041946-00042106 Thank you for watching!
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00045-00042106-00042660 Please subscribe our channel if you like!
1LJ5eTmdxAg-00046-00042660-00043394 Please follow our SNS (Facebook, Twitter and Instagram) in description of this video.
1pNgY9-Zq2Q-00000-00000000-00000100 [windows break sound effect lmao]
1pNgY9-Zq2Q-00001-00000124-00000244 panik
1pNgY9-Zq2Q-00002-00000280-00000430 kalm
1pNgY9-Zq2Q-00003-00000528-00000578 panik again
1pNgY9-Zq2Q-00004-00000596-00000666 mamamamqamamammamamamamksbnvagsfdcagfsdagfsdfagcsdaerdetrferfe
1pNgY9-Zq2Q-00005-00000684-00000734 [boom lmao]
1OUiid9YOCE-00000-00000456-00000690 Working capital measures the ability
1OUiid9YOCE-00001-00000690-00001080 to pay current liabilities with current assets.
1OUiid9YOCE-00002-00001080-00001343 In general, the larger the working capital,
1OUiid9YOCE-00003-00001343-00001660 the better the ability to pay debts.
1OUiid9YOCE-00004-00001660-00001983 Working Capital is a measure of liquidity. 
1OUiid9YOCE-00005-00001983-00002220 Working capital is calculated as current assets
1OUiid9YOCE-00006-00002220-00002440 minus current liabilities.
1OUiid9YOCE-00007-00002440-00002796 It’s basically just the amount of current assets a company has
1OUiid9YOCE-00008-00002796-00003126 (more than its current liabilities). 
1OUiid9YOCE-00009-00003126-00003350 Here is Current Asset and Liability section
1OUiid9YOCE-00010-00003350-00003616 of a sample company’s balance sheet.
1OUiid9YOCE-00011-00003616-00003996 We’ll use the highlighted current assets and liabilities
1OUiid9YOCE-00012-00003996-00004243 to determine working capital.
1OUiid9YOCE-00013-00004243-00004566 For 2015, current assets minus current liabilities
1OUiid9YOCE-00014-00004566-00004840 gives us working capital of $2,700.
1OUiid9YOCE-00015-00004840-00005243 For 2016, current assets minus current liabilities
1OUiid9YOCE-00016-00005243-00005576 gives us working capital of $11,250.
1OUiid9YOCE-00017-00005576-00005736 Which is a substantial increase.
1PSFxPz5NYA-00000-00000000-00000616 It’s September 2021 and we have now surpassed the 500-video-mark on The Fretboard Atlas!
1PSFxPz5NYA-00001-00000616-00000896 Here’s what has been happening this past month, and what’s coming up next:
1PSFxPz5NYA-00002-00000896-00001048 Firstly, to mark the achievement
1PSFxPz5NYA-00003-00001048-00001240 of over 500 videos, I will be putting together a rundown of all of the videos on the channel
1PSFxPz5NYA-00004-00001776-00002160 which will available to watch for free, both here on The Fretboard Atlas and on YouTube too.
1PSFxPz5NYA-00005-00002160-00002832 In the Under The Hood section, I am going to show you how to use a loop pedal, and how I use
1PSFxPz5NYA-00006-00002832-00003311 my loop pedal as a practice tool, and sometimes as a compositional tool. Speaking of Composition,
1PSFxPz5NYA-00007-00003311-00003856 last month we covered the second section of the series on Composing Music, titled “Expanding Your
1PSFxPz5NYA-00008-00003856-00004408 Musical Ideas”. This coming month we’ll be looking at the third section, which is “Varying Your
1PSFxPz5NYA-00009-00004408-00004872 Compositional Ideas”, or in simple language ‘What to do if your compositions all sound the same’.
1PSFxPz5NYA-00010-00004872-00005416 In the All Things Guitar section, we starting looking at fingerpicking études, short pieces
1PSFxPz5NYA-00011-00005416-00006064 of music to help you practice certain techniques. We looked at a piece called “Lightfingered” which
1PSFxPz5NYA-00012-00006064-00006640 has some walking basslines, rolling open-string melodic lines, and jazzy chords - it’s a great
1PSFxPz5NYA-00013-00006640-00007192 piece to practise your finger accuracy. This month we’re going to start looking at the most Common
1PSFxPz5NYA-00014-00007192-00007495 Chord Progressions in music, because if you get to know the most common progressions and if you
1PSFxPz5NYA-00015-00007495-00008136 get comfortable with identifying them and playing them, you’ll be able to jam with any musician!
1PSFxPz5NYA-00016-00008320-00008656 In the Shane’s Originals section, we looked at my tune Dance Tonight.
1PSFxPz5NYA-00017-00009144-00009480 We didn’t get a chance to look at The Peacock Strut last month as planned, so we’re going
1PSFxPz5NYA-00018-00009480-00009872 to cover it this month instead, as well as a flatpicking tune of mine called Grove Road.
1PSFxPz5NYA-00019-00010024-00010512 In the Interviews and Extras section we heard from Canadian acoustic guitar legend Don Ross.
1PSFxPz5NYA-00020-00010512-00011016 This coming month we’ll be hearing from Danish guitarist Casper Esmann
1PSFxPz5NYA-00021-00011016-00011152 about his musical practise.
1PSFxPz5NYA-00022-00011152-00011648 In the Traditional Irish Music section last month we looked at the famous tune Tabhair Dom Do Lámh,
1PSFxPz5NYA-00023-00011648-00012056 as well as The Rocky Road To Dublin, and this month we’ll
1PSFxPz5NYA-00024-00012056-00012232 continue with some more well-known trad tunes.
1PSFxPz5NYA-00025-00012344-00012512 I’m really looking forward to this month on the
1PSFxPz5NYA-00026-00012512-00012840 Fretboard Atlas, and thank you for being a part of the journey!
1WiHJTP77QE-00000-00000000-00000416 English Grammar Adjective Exercises 13   Absurd Preposterous
1YvaLcp84uu-00000-00000000-00000380 - A place as such, you can't even find it in USA  [Laughter]
1YvaLcp84uu-00001-00000484-00000732 [Engine sound] - Let's go!
1YvaLcp84uu-00002-00000732-00000900 - Previously, in the last episode
1YvaLcp84uu-00003-00000900-00001155 - Whoever tells you that goodness doesn't exist here, isn't good himself.
1YvaLcp84uu-00004-00001155-00001435 [Men speaking unclear Arabic] - Amen!
1YvaLcp84uu-00005-00001435-00001664 - Pay for us [Laughter]
1YvaLcp84uu-00006-00001664-00001891 - Come on guys! In name of Allah! Welcome!
1YvaLcp84uu-00007-00001891-00002339 - Without money, you can eat, drink, people will take care of you...
1YvaLcp84uu-00008-00002414-00002550 - But nowadays it is rare.
1YvaLcp84uu-00009-00002550-00002931 - We'll see if he is going to give us a ride  But we don't have any money  Honk!
1YvaLcp84uu-00010-00002931-00003107 [Truck horn] [Laughter]
1YvaLcp84uu-00011-00003107-00003392 - But we don't have any money, can i climb in?
1YvaLcp84uu-00012-00003392-00003684 - Don't forget to visit our store '<b>Motifashion</b>'
1YvaLcp84uu-00013-00003684-00004061 - Stock is limited, and soon will finish!
1YvaLcp84uu-00014-00004084-00004489 - Day one! Thank you for sir for the invitation, God bless you!
1YvaLcp84uu-00015-00004489-00004924 - You can find their number in the description below.
1YvaLcp84uu-00016-00004934-00005100 - Contact them on facebook.
1YvaLcp84uu-00017-00005100-00005409 - As i told you, this is important for those who come in a group.
1YvaLcp84uu-00018-00005409-00005726 - As this closed area is for families.
1YvaLcp84uu-00019-00005726-00005952 - We are pleased to help! - Thank you sir, God bless you!
1YvaLcp84uu-00020-00005952-00006152 - Early morning hitchhike, a bus stopped for us.
1YvaLcp84uu-00021-00006152-00006495 - We are here visiting - Thank you, thank you - Climb in!
1YvaLcp84uu-00022-00006495-00006747 [Engine sound]
1YvaLcp84uu-00023-00006747-00007616 - I can't even finish explaining our challenge. Driver tells me to climb in!
1YvaLcp84uu-00024-00007616-00008227 [Music]
1YvaLcp84uu-00025-00008227-00008400 - Thank you sir, God bless you!
1YvaLcp84uu-00026-00008400-00008699 - Come quick, come! We hitchhiked a local!
1YvaLcp84uu-00027-00008699-00008876 - Selam aliykum! - Selam! How are you doing?
1YvaLcp84uu-00028-00008876-00009256 - God bless you sir, how are you doing? He is going to serve tea for us.
1YvaLcp84uu-00029-00009256-00009486 [Sipping sound]
1YvaLcp84uu-00030-00009486-00009689 - Very delicious sir. [Whisper] - For free!
1YvaLcp84uu-00031-00009721-00010168 - We are in a place called 'Zaouia Tahtaniya'. We wanna visit some engravings.
1YvaLcp84uu-00032-00010168-00010667 - But the road is empty, we had to go back in bus.
1YvaLcp84uu-00033-00010667-00011260 - It is for free and it is getting crowded with people.
1YvaLcp84uu-00034-00011260-00011795 - Bus driver asked us to leave if the bus gets full so now we'll walk.
1YvaLcp84uu-00035-00011800-00012044 [Engine sound]
1YvaLcp84uu-00036-00012044-00012054 - I hope he's gonna stop! [Engine sound]
1YvaLcp84uu-00037-00012054-00012126 - I hope he's gonna stop!
1YvaLcp84uu-00038-00012126-00012504 [Engine sound]
1YvaLcp84uu-00039-00012504-00013213 - Follow me, follow me. Now hit that bell to get all the news!
1YvaLcp84uu-00040-00013266-00013574 - God bless you! Thank you very much sir!
1YvaLcp84uu-00041-00013587-00013860 - Come to drink a cup of tea! God bless you!  - Thank you!
1YvaLcp84uu-00042-00013860-00014272 - Do you want stay or you wanna keep going? You are welcome!
1YvaLcp84uu-00043-00014272-00014606 [Desert music]- I'm getting you tea! Sorry for late!  - Don't worry, thank you!
1YvaLcp84uu-00044-00014606-00014982 [Desert music]
1YvaLcp84uu-00045-00014982-00015187 - We having lunch here, for free!
1YvaLcp84uu-00046-00015187-00015738 - What I've learned from this vlog 'for free' on personal level
1YvaLcp84uu-00047-00015738-00016630 is that I'm a shy person, very shy person. But when you want something, just ask for it!
1YvaLcp84uu-00048-00016630-00017182 - As you ask, somebody will help. If you don't ask, none will know what you need.
1YvaLcp84uu-00049-00017182-00017960 - I managed to convince those guys to make an ads for them on my channel, as promoting tourism in Algeria is common between us.
1YvaLcp84uu-00050-00017960-00018664 - I don't know if you can hear me or not, but we are riding a quad bike with our brother 'Mosref'
1YvaLcp84uu-00051-00018664-00019019 - I'll put in description the way to contact him.
1YvaLcp84uu-00052-00019019-00020075 - How are you brothers and sisters! Welcome to Taghit. We have quad bike rides, 4 Wheels drive rides, camping. Everything that desert tourism offer.
1YvaLcp84uu-00053-00020075-00020297 - Welcome to 'Safaritaghit'
1YvaLcp84uu-00054-00020297-00021072 - He deserves it, he nicely welcomed us. I'm gonna mention all about him in the description.
1YvaLcp84uu-00055-00021072-00021656 [Sound effect]
1YvaLcp84uu-00056-00021656-00022009 - We are going inside the desert with the team.
1YvaLcp84uu-00057-00022009-00022444 [Music]
1YvaLcp84uu-00058-00022444-00022667 - We've stopped for a bit in the desert.
1YvaLcp84uu-00059-00022756-00022929 One of the batteries ran out of energy!
1YvaLcp84uu-00060-00022929-00023185 [Engine failing to start]
1YvaLcp84uu-00061-00023185-00023360 - Go go go!
1YvaLcp84uu-00062-00023360-00023592 [Wind sound]
1YvaLcp84uu-00063-00023592-00023913 - Ah! Come on Djawed!
1YvaLcp84uu-00064-00023913-00024230 - Let Djawed do it! [Exhaling]
1YvaLcp84uu-00065-00024230-00024622 [Exhaling] - I started from home to finish stuck in the desert.
1YvaLcp84uu-00066-00024622-00025028 - Go go go! [Wind sound]  - Yeah!
1YvaLcp84uu-00067-00025028-00025654 - Let it go faster! [Engine started] - Yeah! Yeah!
1YvaLcp84uu-00068-00025654-00025894 - We did it!
1YvaLcp84uu-00069-00025894-00026312 - Do you know that we didn't even plan this? Not even for a bit?!
1YvaLcp84uu-00070-00026312-00026926 - It just came like this! Now we going somewhere, so let's go!
1YvaLcp84uu-00071-00026926-00027470 [Engines roaring]
1YvaLcp84uu-00072-00027470-00027995 [Engines sound] [Background music]
1YvaLcp84uu-00073-00027995-00028816 - We are stuck in here because i didn't know how to ride!
1YvaLcp84uu-00074-00028816-00029839 [Tikoubaouin band song]
1YvaLcp84uu-00075-00029839-00030008 - Look at content creation!
1YvaLcp84uu-00076-00030008-00030520 [Engine sound]
1YvaLcp84uu-00077-00030520-00030645 - Best ride ever!
1YvaLcp84uu-00078-00030645-00030993 - Wish me recovery if God wills!
1YvaLcp84uu-00079-00030993-00031656 - Whoever likes to be in crowded,and fun: come in Mawlid, New year eve! and March.
1YvaLcp84uu-00080-00031656-00032136 - But if you like peace, and calmness: You can come in October, February, or April.
1YvaLcp84uu-00081-00032136-00032532 - Whoever comes from you will get 10% off!
1YvaLcp84uu-00082-00032532-00033828 - We are going to try something else for free. But i explained to the store owner that I'm a vlogger, and I'm promoting local tourism.
1YvaLcp84uu-00083-00033828-00034345 - As i finished telling him: " I need a 'Sand-board'" - Here is this one you can lay down on it!
1YvaLcp84uu-00084-00034345-00034556 - We going to the top of the dune to try it!
1YvaLcp84uu-00085-00034556-00035505 [Music]  - Don't worry Djawed, you can do it!
1YvaLcp84uu-00086-00035505-00037070 [Tikoubaouin Band song]
1YvaLcp84uu-00087-00037070-00037251 - This is '<b>Bourabah</b>'*  Traditional blanket in Algeria, made of wool.
1YvaLcp84uu-00088-00037254-00037441 [Laughter]
1YvaLcp84uu-00089-00037441-00038558 [Music]
1YvaLcp84uu-00090-00038558-00038758 - Nights are really cold in desert
1YvaLcp84uu-00091-00038878-00039129 - Mashallah! Uncle Ali is preparing coffee for us.
1YvaLcp84uu-00092-00039129-00039390 - It's tea, what coffee you talking about?  - Yes! tea
1YvaLcp84uu-00093-00039390-00040812 [B-rolls sound effects]
1YvaLcp84uu-00094-00040889-00041110 - What is it sir?  - Up for tea Djawed!
1YvaLcp84uu-00095-00041110-00041448 - Alright this means 'get up to drink tea'! What about sleepers?
1YvaLcp84uu-00096-00041448-00041982 - Up, sleep time is up!  Up, sleep time is up! [giggle]
1YvaLcp84uu-00097-00041982-00042212 - What would you say to those who never came to the desert?
1YvaLcp84uu-00098-00042212-00042478 - About the desert you mean?  - Yeah so they can come!
1YvaLcp84uu-00099-00042478-00042665 - Tell them: up, sleep time is up!
1YvaLcp84uu-00100-00042665-00043281 [Laughter] - He's laughing! What would you say so people can come?
1YvaLcp84uu-00101-00043281-00043646 - You have to visit the desert, if don't, it is as if you never visited any place.
1YvaLcp84uu-00102-00043646-00044139 - A place as such, you can't even find it in USA  [Laughter]
1YvaLcp84uu-00103-00044139-00044868 - Look at the tea! Up, sleep time is up! [Laughter]  - Welcome here!
1YvaLcp84uu-00104-00044868-00045222 - Welcome to Taghit, and any place in the desert!
1YvaLcp84uu-00105-00045222-00047073 - After Taghit's trip is done, we need to go to Bechar. Hitchhike may take long in this road. So we'll do a social experiment to see if we can have a free ride.
1YvaLcp84uu-00106-00047073-00047377 [Music]
1YvaLcp84uu-00107-00047377-00047571 - My God! Their generosity is magic!
1YvaLcp84uu-00108-00047624-00048030 - We arrived to Bechar. There is something like 50miles between Taghit and Bechar.
1YvaLcp84uu-00109-00048030-00048737 - We are back to Bechar. Believe me, I'm really tired. I don't suggest you to do it for free.
1YvaLcp84uu-00110-00048737-00049161 [Music]
1YvaLcp84uu-00111-00049161-00049529 - Eat! It's God's gift! God bless you! We are in Aymen's house as guests.
1YvaLcp84uu-00112-00049529-00050408 [Music]
1YvaLcp84uu-00113-00050408-00050899 - Enjoy!  - Bechar's best tea, isn't it?  - Yes indeed!
1YvaLcp84uu-00114-00050899-00051640 - 'Al M'khalaa'* we've been trying to eat it since we came. But we've been told that it takes so long to be prepared.
1YvaLcp84uu-00115-00051640-00052020 - But now, we've found a way to try it. Where are we going?
1YvaLcp84uu-00116-00052020-00052324 - Home, obviously!  - Alright then!
1YvaLcp84uu-00117-00052324-00052795 - It is amazing, the door is opened, you can enter as a God's guest! [Giggle]
1YvaLcp84uu-00118-00052795-00052924 - This is it!
1YvaLcp84uu-00119-00053112-00053979 - It is said that 'Al M'khalaa' means something surprising. You smell it, everyone will gather around it to eat.
1YvaLcp84uu-00120-00053979-00054766 - So Aissa, took it out for us, so his family can't smell it! [Laughter]
1YvaLcp84uu-00121-00054766-00055024 [Music]
1YvaLcp84uu-00122-00055024-00055446 - In God's will.  It looks like pizza!  - Yes it is desert's pizza.
1YvaLcp84uu-00123-00055796-00056288 - Mmmmmmm 'Al M'khalaa'. I swear i really like it! Mashallah!
1YvaLcp84uu-00124-00056288-00056862 [Music] - My second order came!
1YvaLcp84uu-00125-00056862-00057132 - The third time now! [Laughter]
1YvaLcp84uu-00126-00057132-00057512 - This one is hot!  - We'll take it with us for the road!
1YvaLcp84uu-00127-00057512-00058152 [Music]
1YvaLcp84uu-00128-00058152-00058574 - Don't worry!  - Thank you! God bless you brother!
1YvaLcp84uu-00129-00058574-00058788 [Car sound]
1YvaLcp84uu-00130-00058788-00059534 - One more thing, this experience made me out of my comfort zone. And do something i thought to be impossible.
1YvaLcp84uu-00131-00059534-00059941 - Before i do it, I imagined many negative things.
1YvaLcp84uu-00132-00059941-00060392 - Not even one thing from negative scenarios, i had in mind, happened to me.
1YvaLcp84uu-00133-00060392-00060590 - I'm not telling to travel for free.
1YvaLcp84uu-00134-00060590-00060592 - Always have backup, always! - I'm not telling to travel for free.
1YvaLcp84uu-00135-00060592-00060886 - Always have backup, always!
1YvaLcp84uu-00136-00060886-00061177 - But i took a risk, and i did this experience.
1YvaLcp84uu-00137-00061177-00061377 - So i can send a small message.
1YvaLcp84uu-00138-00061377-00061774 - There is still goodness in our country, and around the world. There is still humanity.
1YvaLcp84uu-00139-00061774-00061974 - So ya! Thank you!
1YvaLcp84uu-00140-00061974-00062203 - God bless you! Selaaam!
1YvaLcp84uu-00141-00062203-00062544 - Don't forget youtube's traditions! Subscribe, like, and share!
1YvaLcp84uu-00142-00062544-00062761 - Do everything you need to do!
1YvaLcp84uu-00143-00062761-00063455 - See you in the next vlog, the next experience, and the next country! Selaaam!
1YvaLcp84uu-00144-00063455-00064238 [Music]
1ZViRHZV3au-00000-00000338-00000957 if the husband and wife come together
1ZViRHZV3au-00001-00000602-00001241 with this goal of compatibility what is
1ZViRHZV3au-00002-00000957-00001487 compatibility is when both of them
1ZViRHZV3au-00003-00001241-00001782 recognize and in order to have a
1ZViRHZV3au-00004-00001488-00002003 successful marital relationship they
1ZViRHZV3au-00005-00001782-00002327 need to place their goal which is
1ZViRHZV3au-00006-00002003-00003417 gentlemen everything else falls into
1ZViRHZV3au-00007-00002327-00003632 place to establish what happens there
1ZViRHZV3au-00008-00003417-00003909 will be problems no one's denying that
1ZViRHZV3au-00009-00003632-00004139 it will be roses but the major problems
1ZViRHZV3au-00010-00003909-00004373 will be prevented why because the
1ZViRHZV3au-00011-00004139-00004614 individual recognizes that whatever
1ZViRHZV3au-00012-00004373-00004955 there are issues going on in life there
1ZViRHZV3au-00013-00004614-00005184 are bigger ones and that is a ask is God
1ZViRHZV3au-00014-00004955-00005412 pleased with this or not because my
1ZViRHZV3au-00015-00005184-00005639 purpose the compatibility the goal of
1ZViRHZV3au-00016-00005412-00005837 this marriage the fact that I am with my
1ZViRHZV3au-00017-00005639-00006080 wife is to see the pleasure of the
1ZViRHZV3au-00018-00005837-00006344 Almighty isn't it it's for me to attain
1ZViRHZV3au-00019-00006080-00006518 Jenna isn't it what my passion is doing
1ZViRHZV3au-00020-00006344-00006813 is it in accordance with the pleasure of
1ZViRHZV3au-00021-00006518-00007103 God or not if it is not should i
1ZViRHZV3au-00022-00006813-00007506 corrected should I make it a better
1ZViRHZV3au-00023-00007104-00007704 action in that respect therefore you
1ZViRHZV3au-00024-00007506-00007865 find that recall at one of the scholars
1ZViRHZV3au-00025-00007704-00008127 what they was talking about thus he said
1ZViRHZV3au-00026-00007865-00008372 look marriage and successful happiness
1ZViRHZV3au-00027-00008127-00008607 in marital relationship is based upon
1ZViRHZV3au-00028-00008372-00008861 seeking compatibility when it comes to
1ZViRHZV3au-00029-00008607-00009089 spirituality and the pleasure of God are
1ZViRHZV3au-00030-00008861-00009390 seeking gender and then he said you know
1ZViRHZV3au-00031-00009090-00009743 in general the husband has the ability
1ZViRHZV3au-00032-00009390-00009909 to any to see it for his wife and the
1ZViRHZV3au-00033-00009743-00010127 wife has the ability to intercede for
1ZViRHZV3au-00034-00009909-00010413 her husband they have the ability to do
1ZViRHZV3au-00035-00010128-00010707 chef art for each other to raise each
1ZViRHZV3au-00036-00010413-00010881 other to the state is anjana so work
1ZViRHZV3au-00037-00010707-00011192 together so that you enter Jannah
1ZViRHZV3au-00038-00010881-00011402 together so all of a sudden when he was
1ZViRHZV3au-00039-00011193-00011663 saying this somebody from the crowd
1ZViRHZV3au-00040-00011402-00011867 stood up and left
1ZViRHZV3au-00041-00011663-00012397 it was unhappy
1ZViRHZV3au-00042-00011867-00012565 so later on the scholar asked it back he
1ZViRHZV3au-00043-00012397-00012767 said can you come back what's happened
1ZViRHZV3au-00044-00012565-00013100 after the Majlis he said to him what's
1ZViRHZV3au-00045-00012767-00013340 wrong with you why did you leave and why
1ZViRHZV3au-00046-00013100-00013535 were you unhappy by this suggestion that
1ZViRHZV3au-00047-00013340-00013904 you should be with your wife in general
1ZViRHZV3au-00048-00013535-00014072 he said mallanna all my life I'm trying
1ZViRHZV3au-00049-00013904-00014257 to get rid of my wife and you want her
1ZViRHZV3au-00050-00014072-00014708 to bring you want her to come with me in
1ZViRHZV3au-00051-00014258-00014897 general but why is that because that
1ZViRHZV3au-00052-00014708-00015143 individual has not understood the
1ZViRHZV3au-00053-00014897-00015341 purpose behind marriage they've looked
1ZViRHZV3au-00054-00015143-00015575 at it in a very physical superficial
1ZViRHZV3au-00055-00015341-00015815 manner not in his complete package that
1ZViRHZV3au-00056-00015575-00016031 the region of Islam has presented what
1ZViRHZV3au-00057-00015815-00016286 about Ali and Fatima Salama why are they
1ZViRHZV3au-00058-00016031-00016538 Emma how does this particular for that a
1ZViRHZV3au-00059-00016286-00016745 model and how does it apply to their
1ZViRHZV3au-00060-00016538-00017069 lives let me give you a number of
1ZViRHZV3au-00061-00016745-00017233 examples when say either to Anissa peace
1ZViRHZV3au-00062-00017069-00017531 and blessings be upon her was asked
1ZViRHZV3au-00063-00017234-00017834 about Amira mama Nina what do you think
1ZViRHZV3au-00064-00017531-00018053 about your husband Ali she responded by
1ZViRHZV3au-00065-00017834-00018323 saying he's the best has been in all the
1ZViRHZV3au-00066-00018053-00018572 qualities and everything that I'm
1ZViRHZV3au-00067-00018323-00018826 looking for never meant bad in all the
1ZViRHZV3au-00068-00018572-00019120 aspects that the human being seeks in a
1ZViRHZV3au-00069-00018826-00019511 husband when amirul mumineen was asked
1ZViRHZV3au-00070-00019120-00019726 what about your wife Fatima to Saha what
1ZViRHZV3au-00071-00019511-00020063 a line notice what a meal mama needs
1ZViRHZV3au-00072-00019726-00020432 said he said nah man oh you know Allah
1ZViRHZV3au-00073-00020063-00020707 bah Attila he was the best aid and help
1ZViRHZV3au-00074-00020432-00020993 and assistance in achieving the goal of
1ZViRHZV3au-00075-00020707-00021323 creation and existence and that is
1ZViRHZV3au-00076-00020993-00021632 seeking the pleasure of God he was the
1ZViRHZV3au-00077-00021323-00021839 best help for me in achieving this which
1ZViRHZV3au-00078-00021632-00022120 means what which means that when Ali and
1ZViRHZV3au-00079-00021839-00022304 Fatima are working together everything
1ZViRHZV3au-00080-00022120-00022429 falls into place because they have one
1ZViRHZV3au-00081-00022304-00022766 goal that may give you several examples
1ZViRHZV3au-00082-00022429-00022979 kadar looks at honey and is not in the
1ZViRHZV3au-00083-00022766-00023198 right state McMahon in our system why
1ZViRHZV3au-00084-00022979-00023410 are you not happy today but God said
1ZViRHZV3au-00085-00023198-00023657 that my family is hungry Amir
1ZViRHZV3au-00086-00023411-00023828 al-mumineen had one dinner to go and
1ZViRHZV3au-00087-00023657-00024117 spend that buy some food for his own
1ZViRHZV3au-00088-00023828-00024431 family he had taken that as alone he
1ZViRHZV3au-00089-00024117-00024492 and gives it to McDonald but that goes
1ZViRHZV3au-00090-00024431-00024666 away
1ZViRHZV3au-00091-00024492-00024842 a miracle meaning goes to the mosque or
1ZViRHZV3au-00092-00024666-00025082 the Holy Prophet he prays behind
1ZViRHZV3au-00093-00024843-00025452 rasul-allah they finished salat Elisha
1ZViRHZV3au-00094-00025083-00025745 ocelot zestiria Annabel Hassan I want to
1ZViRHZV3au-00095-00025452-00026039 come and eat food with you tonight
1ZViRHZV3au-00096-00025745-00026268 Imam knows there's no food at home what
1ZViRHZV3au-00097-00026039-00026459 does he say to us will Allah does he say
1ZViRHZV3au-00098-00026268-00026658 to him Yanis or Allah sorry we do not
1ZViRHZV3au-00099-00026460-00026862 have any food he says Yanis will Allah
1ZViRHZV3au-00100-00026658-00027215 this is your house you're very welcome
1ZViRHZV3au-00101-00026862-00027507 to come he comes to the house say in the
1ZViRHZV3au-00102-00027216-00027722 Fatima notices that her father the holy
1ZViRHZV3au-00103-00027507-00027969 prophet has comes to the house she goes
1ZViRHZV3au-00104-00027722-00028253 and sits in the area that she prepares
1ZViRHZV3au-00105-00027969-00028595 the food she lives her hands towards the
1ZViRHZV3au-00106-00028254-00028995 heavens and asks Allah subhana WA Ta'ala
1ZViRHZV3au-00107-00028595-00029274 for assistance as soon as she finishes
1ZViRHZV3au-00108-00028995-00029564 her - are the traditions tell us that
1ZViRHZV3au-00109-00029274-00029868 jibra eel descends with a plate of food
1ZViRHZV3au-00110-00029564-00030104 from the heaven from gentleman and when
1ZViRHZV3au-00111-00029868-00030327 they devour my presents this food do not
1ZViRHZV3au-00112-00030105-00030588 be surprised because the madam and the
1ZViRHZV3au-00113-00030327-00030924 position of say the Fatima is that above
1ZViRHZV3au-00114-00030588-00031164 much more than Mary than Young plays
1ZViRHZV3au-00115-00030924-00031341 salam in the quran because Mary say
1ZViRHZV3au-00116-00031164-00031634 either to Anna Solley a--honey samanya
1ZViRHZV3au-00117-00031341-00031869 she was the leading women of her time
1ZViRHZV3au-00118-00031635-00032100 we're saying if Altima is say either
1ZViRHZV3au-00119-00031869-00032232 Teresa El Alamein a middle Oh Marino and
1ZViRHZV3au-00120-00032100-00032483 arcanine from the beginning of time
1ZViRHZV3au-00121-00032232-00032718 towards the end and of course this
1ZViRHZV3au-00122-00032483-00032913 aspect happened to Mary that she was
1ZViRHZV3au-00123-00032718-00033150 pray and she would be given food from
1ZViRHZV3au-00124-00032913-00033375 Jenna the Holy Prophet looks at Heidi
1ZViRHZV3au-00125-00033150-00033633 and says yeah Andy this is a smooth
1ZViRHZV3au-00126-00033375-00033878 recompense from Allah for the fact that
1ZViRHZV3au-00127-00033633-00034109 you sacrificed and you gave your dr
1ZViRHZV3au-00128-00033878-00034377 whatever you had from allah in other
1ZViRHZV3au-00129-00034110-00034572 words this element of self-sacrifice for
1ZViRHZV3au-00130-00034377-00034887 the sake of allah was very much present
1ZViRHZV3au-00131-00034572-00035169 and prevalent in their life of Ali and
1ZViRHZV3au-00132-00034887-00035370 Fatima you look at other examples when
1ZViRHZV3au-00133-00035169-00035568 this is not present you will find
1ZViRHZV3au-00134-00035370-00035757 problems the five challenges I'll give
1ZViRHZV3au-00135-00035568-00036006 you one example and we move on to the
1ZViRHZV3au-00136-00035757-00036390 second practical point there was a man a
1ZViRHZV3au-00137-00036006-00036699 king by the name of King Purvis and his
1ZViRHZV3au-00138-00036390-00036783 wife his wife is referred to as Queen
1ZViRHZV3au-00139-00036699-00037005 Shahi
1ZViRHZV3au-00140-00036783-00037313 I'm just giving this example just to
1ZViRHZV3au-00141-00037005-00037605 illustrate that sometimes compatibility
1ZViRHZV3au-00142-00037313-00037934 if there is no common objective problems
1ZViRHZV3au-00143-00037605-00038156 will occur so pre-k for me is one day
1ZViRHZV3au-00144-00037934-00038396 asked the Sailor you know fisherman he
1ZViRHZV3au-00145-00038156-00038658 said can you bring me the best fish that
1ZViRHZV3au-00146-00038397-00038928 you have obtained best fish so the
1ZViRHZV3au-00147-00038658-00039006 Sailor presents him with a big fish that
1ZViRHZV3au-00148-00038928-00039305 he is good
1ZViRHZV3au-00149-00039006-00039641 the key is so impressed with this fish
1ZViRHZV3au-00150-00039306-00039968 he says I will give you four thousand
1ZViRHZV3au-00151-00039641-00040334 gold coins but unfortunately his wife
1ZViRHZV3au-00152-00039968-00040694 Micheline was not on the same wavelength
1ZViRHZV3au-00153-00040334-00040959 in generosity so she says to her husband
1ZViRHZV3au-00154-00040694-00041343 the king she says you've given him four
1ZViRHZV3au-00155-00040959-00041703 thousand gold coins for one fish it's
1ZViRHZV3au-00156-00041343-00041871 too much you should not do this the king
1ZViRHZV3au-00157-00041703-00041984 said well this house is gone I gotta
1ZViRHZV3au-00158-00041871-00042404 take it back now
1ZViRHZV3au-00159-00041984-00042855 he said no ask for refund back he says
1ZViRHZV3au-00160-00042405-00043190 how she said ask him is this male fish
1ZViRHZV3au-00161-00042855-00043502 or female fish if he says it's a male
1ZViRHZV3au-00162-00043190-00043679 say no no no sorry I want female and if
1ZViRHZV3au-00163-00043502-00043971 he says it's a female say I want male
1ZViRHZV3au-00164-00043680-00044271 and take your money back he said okay
1ZViRHZV3au-00165-00043971-00044534 come back sailor came back the King
1ZViRHZV3au-00166-00044271-00044796 asked him is this a male fish or is the
1ZViRHZV3au-00167-00044534-00045134 female fish the Sailor looked up the
1ZViRHZV3au-00168-00044796-00045296 king he said your majesty this is a
1ZViRHZV3au-00169-00045134-00045693 special breed of fish
1ZViRHZV3au-00170-00045296-00046011 it's neither male or female it is
1ZViRHZV3au-00171-00045693-00046155 special very special the king was so
1ZViRHZV3au-00172-00046011-00046325 impressed with the answer he gave him
1ZViRHZV3au-00173-00046155-00046625 another four thousand
1ZViRHZV3au-00174-00046325-00046820 the green now is burning inside she's
1ZViRHZV3au-00175-00046625-00046892 thinking why have I done this why have I
1ZViRHZV3au-00176-00046820-00047186 said this
1ZViRHZV3au-00177-00046892-00047414 so the man walks off he's carrying his
1ZViRHZV3au-00178-00047186-00047642 eight thousand gold coins and all of a
1ZViRHZV3au-00179-00047414-00047924 sudden one gold coin falls onto the
1ZViRHZV3au-00180-00047642-00048233 ground and he's looking for it anxiously
1ZViRHZV3au-00181-00047924-00048485 the Queen says to him you have seven
1ZViRHZV3au-00182-00048233-00048740 thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine
1ZViRHZV3au-00183-00048485-00048974 gold coins and you're still looking for
1ZViRHZV3au-00184-00048740-00049273 one leave it why you acting like a
1ZViRHZV3au-00185-00048974-00049457 miserly stingy person you should just
1ZViRHZV3au-00186-00049274-00049730 walk why are you looking for one gold
1ZViRHZV3au-00187-00049457-00049996 coin he says to her Your Majesty your
1ZViRHZV3au-00188-00049730-00050252 Queen it is not the one gold coin that
1ZViRHZV3au-00189-00049997-00050561 I'm looking for it's the fact that this
1ZViRHZV3au-00190-00050252-00050809 gold coin has the picture of my beloved
1ZViRHZV3au-00191-00050561-00050966 King I don't want anyone to step on it
1ZViRHZV3au-00192-00050810-00051377 the King hears this gives him another
1ZViRHZV3au-00193-00050966-00051832 four thousand so sometimes when there is
1ZViRHZV3au-00194-00051377-00052278 this element of breakdown
1ZViRHZV3au-00195-00051832-00052278 incompatibility that would be properly
1b8lTq024bI-00000-00000000-00000200 RTX 4050 Performance | RDR2 | i7-13620H
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1dKOKu-8iPc-00000-00000046-00000253 APRIL IS THE MONTH OF THE MILITARY CHILD AND TO
1dKOKu-8iPc-00001-00000253-00000517 CELEBRATE, YOKOTA AIR BASE HOSTED A YOUTH FESTIVAL.
1dKOKu-8iPc-00002-00000517-00000750 JUST LIKE MILITARY PARENTS RELY ON THE SUPPORT OF
1dKOKu-8iPc-00003-00000750-00000960 THEIR KIDS, THE YOUTH FESTIVAL RELIED ON THE
1dKOKu-8iPc-00004-00000960-00001161 MANY VOLUNTEERS THAT CAME OUT TO HELP.
1dKOKu-8iPc-00005-00001161-00001361 ONE SUCH VOLUNTEER REMINDS US WHY IT'S IMPORTANT FOR
1dKOKu-8iPc-00006-00001361-00001561 MILITARY FAMILIES TO SPEND TIME WITH THEIR CHILDREN.
1dKOKu-8iPc-00007-00001561-00001888 WE'RE CELEBRATING MONTH OF THE MILITARY CHILD BECAUSE
1dKOKu-8iPc-00008-00001888-00002218 WE WANT TO CELEBRATE OUR MILITARY CHILDREN AND HOW
1dKOKu-8iPc-00009-00002218-00002549 RESILIENT THEY ARE THROUGH ALL THE MOVES THEY MUST
1dKOKu-8iPc-00010-00002549-00002882 MAKE FOR OUR PARENTS AND ALL THAT GOOD STUFF.
1dKOKu-8iPc-00011-00003066-00003363 THE OLDER THEY GET, THEY HAVE TO, YOU KNOW,
1dKOKu-8iPc-00012-00003363-00003640 MOVE TO NEW SCHOOLS, MEET NEW FRIENDS,
1dKOKu-8iPc-00013-00003640-00003840 JOIN NEW TEAMS SO IT CAN BE TOUGH BUT THEY'RE
1dKOKu-8iPc-00014-00003913-00004090 RESILIENT AND THEY DO WONDERFUL AT IT.
1dKOKu-8iPc-00015-00004220-00004437 THIS KICKED OFF YOKOTA'S EVENTS FOR MONTH OF THE
1dKOKu-8iPc-00016-00004437-00004547 MILITARY CHILD.
1dKOKu-8iPc-00017-00004587-00004734 PETTY OFFICER LORELEI VANDER GRIEND,
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1kf6wj2Udhy-00000-00000250-00000750 >> Instructor: Fixed points are a particular state
1kf6wj2Udhy-00001-00000781-00001281 of a dynamical system that don't change.
1kf6wj2Udhy-00002-00001555-00001854 Meaning once the system reaches that state
1kf6wj2Udhy-00003-00001970-00002144 it will not move from that state.
1kf6wj2Udhy-00004-00002144-00002399 That's why it's called a fixed point.
1kf6wj2Udhy-00005-00002827-00003031 With that, going back to our equation
1kf6wj2Udhy-00006-00003031-00003204 for a linear dynamical system,
1kf6wj2Udhy-00007-00003204-00003529 because those are easy to understand.
1kf6wj2Udhy-00008-00003529-00003740 What this means is that once you have reached
1kf6wj2Udhy-00009-00003740-00004075 a particular point, a state in x,
1kf6wj2Udhy-00010-00004075-00004468 with a particular set of configuration, right,
1kf6wj2Udhy-00011-00004468-00004923 then the change that's predicted is zero,
1kf6wj2Udhy-00012-00005142-00005338 such that once you achieve this state,
1kf6wj2Udhy-00013-00005338-00005747 or once you are at that state, you don't move out from it.
1kf6wj2Udhy-00014-00005747-00006041 So what this means is at the fixed points
1kf6wj2Udhy-00015-00006863-00007112 x dot is equal to zero.
1kf6wj2Udhy-00016-00007512-00007928 And so to find the fixed points of a linear dynamical system
1kf6wj2Udhy-00017-00008065-00008535 you go back to the model and you set this up
1kf6wj2Udhy-00018-00008790-00009035 and then you set it equal to zero
1kf6wj2Udhy-00019-00009165-00009665 and you solve for the state that meets this equation.
1kf6wj2Udhy-00020-00010005-00010223 And so you don't need this any more
1kf6wj2Udhy-00021-00010223-00010445 and you solve for Ax equals zero.
1kf6wj2Udhy-00022-00010611-00010851 Now there may be more than one fixed point
1kf6wj2Udhy-00023-00010851-00011092 for a dynamical system, and that's important,
1kf6wj2Udhy-00024-00011092-00011373 and you should probably find all of them.
1kf6wj2Udhy-00025-00011476-00011847 Note that in this configuration with this write-up
1kf6wj2Udhy-00026-00011847-00012180 there is always guaranteed to be at least one fixed point
1kf6wj2Udhy-00027-00012180-00012263 of the system.
1kf6wj2Udhy-00028-00012376-00012735 It's the trivial degenerate solution fixed point,
1kf6wj2Udhy-00029-00012735-00013158 but because this is a linear transformation, A,
1kf6wj2Udhy-00030-00013158-00013506 and because we can set the state to anything that we want,
1kf6wj2Udhy-00031-00013506-00013702 and there's nothing else that is going on here
1kf6wj2Udhy-00032-00013702-00013833 in this equation,
1kf6wj2Udhy-00033-00013833-00014121 a fixed point of every linear dynamical system
1kf6wj2Udhy-00034-00014288-00014528 is the zero vector,
1kf6wj2Udhy-00035-00014635-00014935 where every term in x is simply zero.
1kf6wj2Udhy-00036-00015019-00015141 Because if that's what's happening,
1kf6wj2Udhy-00037-00015141-00015251 then if this is zero,
1kf6wj2Udhy-00038-00015251-00015506 then no matter what you do to that linear transform
1kf6wj2Udhy-00039-00015594-00015719 it's not going to go anywhere.
1kf6wj2Udhy-00040-00015719-00016129 The rate of change for all of the variables in this state
1kf6wj2Udhy-00041-00016129-00016258 will still will be zero.
1kf6wj2Udhy-00042-00016258-00016424 So this is always true.
1kf6wj2Udhy-00043-00016424-00016620 This is always a fixed point,
1kf6wj2Udhy-00044-00016740-00016930 but it's not particularly interesting.
1kf6wj2Udhy-00045-00017075-00017432 The more interesting ones are the ones where x is not zero.
1lktlnF5Epu-00000-00000180-00000676 Yesterday we had two hundred and twenty-five motors
1lktlnF5Epu-00001-00000676-00001313 and six of those motors went faster than two thousand RPM,
1lktlnF5Epu-00002-00001313-00001623 which is a reasonable accomplishment.
1lktlnF5Epu-00003-00001623-00002106 And the elite is here.
1lktlnF5Epu-00004-00002106-00002519 These are the elite, the six highest.
1lktlnF5Epu-00005-00002520-00003083 The winner is Yung Eun Lee, I talked to her on the phone last night.
1lktlnF5Epu-00006-00003083-00003219 If all goes well, she is here.
1lktlnF5Epu-00007-00003220-00003360 Are you here?
1lktlnF5Epu-00008-00003360-00003426 Where are you?
1lktlnF5Epu-00009-00003426-00003506 There you are.
1lktlnF5Epu-00010-00003506-00004219 Why don't you come up so that I can congratulate you in person.
1lktlnF5Epu-00011-00004220-00004803 I thought about the-- the prize for a while,
1lktlnF5Epu-00012-00004803-00005173 and I decided to give you something that is not  particularly high tech, 
1lktlnF5Epu-00013-00005173-00005996 but come up here, give me a European kiss and another one, in Europe, we go three.
1lktlnF5Epu-00014-00005996-00006133 OK.
1lktlnF5Epu-00015-00006133-00007059 Uhm, the prize that I have for you is a thermometer which goes back to the days of Galileo Galilei.
1lktlnF5Epu-00016-00007059-00007226 Come here.
1lktlnF5Epu-00017-00007226-00007766 It was designed in the early part of the seventeenth century.
1lktlnF5Epu-00018-00007766-00008296 Uh, it doesn't, uh, require any knowledge of 802 to explain how it works.
1lktlnF5Epu-00019-00008296-00008519 If anything, you need 801.
1lktlnF5Epu-00020-00008520-00008713 It's not a digital thermometer.
1lktlnF5Epu-00021-00008713-00009233 But it's accurate to about one degree centigrade and if you come here, you can tell,
1lktlnF5Epu-00022-00009233-00009556 you look at these floaters and the highest floater indicates the temperature.
1lktlnF5Epu-00023-00009556-00009836 It's now seventy-two degrees here.
1lktlnF5Epu-00024-00009836-00010273 And I suggest that you brush up on your knowledge of 801
1lktlnF5Epu-00025-00010273-00010596 so that perhaps next week you can explain to me how it works.
1lktlnF5Epu-00026-00010596-00010686 [laughter]
1lktlnF5Epu-00027-00010686-00010989 And of course tell your grandchildren about it.
1lktlnF5Epu-00028-00010990-00011100 You may want to leave it here.
1lktlnF5Epu-00029-00011100-00011240 It's very fragile.
1lktlnF5Epu-00030-00011240-00011950 Uh, there is also some package material here, so that you can take it home without breaking it.
1lktlnF5Epu-00031-00011950-00012276 So congratulations once more and of course...
1lktlnF5Epu-00032-00012276-00012736 [applause]
1lktlnF5Epu-00033-00012736-00012869 ...terrific.
1lktlnF5Epu-00034-00012869-00013466 And you will join us for dinner on the thirteenth of April with the other five winners.
1lktlnF5Epu-00035-00013466-00013639 Thank you very much.
1lktlnF5Epu-00036-00013640-00014253 There are two other people who are very special who I want to mention.
1lktlnF5Epu-00037-00014253-00015133 And one is a person who is not enrolled in, uh, 802, but he did extremely well,
1lktlnF5Epu-00038-00015133-00015253 and he was very generous.
1lktlnF5Epu-00039-00015253-00015423 He was not competing.
1lktlnF5Epu-00040-00015423-00015633 His name is Daniel Wendel.
1lktlnF5Epu-00041-00015633-00015923 His motor went forty-nine hundred RPM.
1lktlnF5Epu-00042-00015923-00016106 And then there was Tim Lo.
1lktlnF5Epu-00043-00016106-00016306 Is Tim Lo in the audience?
1lktlnF5Epu-00044-00016306-00016599 I hope he's going to be there at eleven o'clock.
1lktlnF5Epu-00045-00016600-00016936 Tim made a motor, when I looked at it, I said to myself, it'll never run,
1lktlnF5Epu-00046-00016936-00017083 but it's so beautiful.
1lktlnF5Epu-00047-00017083-00017519 It was so artistic that we introduced a new prize, a second prize,
1lktlnF5Epu-00048-00017520-00018056 for the most artistic motor and Tim Lo definitely is the one, by far the best,
1lktlnF5Epu-00049-00018056-00018419 the most beautiful, the most terrific artistic design.
1lktlnF5Epu-00050-00018420-00018883 And so for him I bought a book on modern art, what else can it be,
1lktlnF5Epu-00051-00018883-00019216 for someone who built such a beautiful motor.
1lktlnF5Epu-00052-00019216-00019489 It is here for those of you who want to see it later.
1lktlnF5Epu-00053-00019490-00019806 It's very hard to display it on television because it's so delicate.
1lktlnF5Epu-00054-00019806-00020403 It's like a birdcage that he built instead of having just, loops like that, it's a birdcage.
1lktlnF5Epu-00055-00020403-00020746 It's very nice.
1lktlnF5Epu-00056-00020746-00021396 The winning motor I have here and I'm going to show you the winning motor
1lktlnF5Epu-00057-00021396-00021976 and I also want to teach you some, some physics by demonstrating
1lktlnF5Epu-00058-00021976-00022576 the winning motor to you in a way that you may  never have thought of.
1lktlnF5Epu-00059-00022576-00022906 So this is the winning motor.
1lktlnF5Epu-00060-00022906-00023853 And when we start this motor, the ohmic resistance of the current loop is extremely low.
1lktlnF5Epu-00061-00023853-00024499 So the moment that you connect it with your power supply, a very high current will run.
1lktlnF5Epu-00062-00024500-00024823 But the moment that the motor starts to rotate,
1lktlnF5Epu-00063-00024823-00025156 you have a continuous magnetic flux change in these loops
1lktlnF5Epu-00064-00025156-00025646 and so now the system will fight itself and it will immediately kill the current, 
1lktlnF5Epu-00065-00025646-00026119 which is another striking example of Faraday's Law.
1lktlnF5Epu-00066-00026120-00026710 I will show you the current of this motor when I block the rotor so that it cannot rotate.
1lktlnF5Epu-00067-00026710-00026950 It's about one point six amperes.
1lktlnF5Epu-00068-00026950-00027700 And you will see the moment that I run the motor, that that current plunges by a huge amount.
1lktlnF5Epu-00069-00027700-00028230 Striking example of Faraday's Law.
1lktlnF5Epu-00070-00028230-00028876 So I now have to first show you this current, so here you see the one and a half volts
1lktlnF5Epu-00071-00028876-00029039 and on the right side you see the current.
1lktlnF5Epu-00072-00029039-00029550 There is no current flowing now because the loop is hanging in such a way that the,
1lktlnF5Epu-00073-00029550-00029906 that it makes no contact with the battery.
1lktlnF5Epu-00074-00029906-00030206 And I'm going to try to make it-- there it is.
1lktlnF5Epu-00075-00030206-00030463 Do you see the one point six amperes on the right?
1lktlnF5Epu-00076-00030463-00031009 The current is so high that due to the internal resistance of the power supply,
1lktlnF5Epu-00077-00031010-00031250 the voltage also plunges.
1lktlnF5Epu-00078-00031250-00031433 But you saw the one point six, right?
1lktlnF5Epu-00079-00031433-00031983 Now I'm going to run the motor.
1lktlnF5Epu-00080-00031983-00032499 See, the motor is running now and now look at the current.
1lktlnF5Epu-00081-00032500-00032930 Current now, forty milliamperes, thirty milliamperes, fifty milliamperes.
1lktlnF5Epu-00082-00032930-00033473 It's forty times lower than when I blocked the rotor.
1lktlnF5Epu-00083-00033473-00033936 And so this is one of the reasons why when you have a-- a motor, whichever motor it is,
1lktlnF5Epu-00084-00033936-00034283 it could be just a drill, you try not to block it all of a sudden,
1lktlnF5Epu-00085-00034283-00034819 because an enormous current will run and it can actually damage the motors.
1lktlnF5Epu-00086-00034820-00035200 So you see here how the current goes down by a factor of forty
1lktlnF5Epu-00087-00035200-00035783 between running and not running.
1lktlnF5Epu-00088-00035783-00035996 All right.
1lktlnF5Epu-00089-00036563-00037236 Electric fields can induce electric dipoles in materials
1lktlnF5Epu-00090-00037236-00037936 and in case that the-- the molecules or the atoms themselves are permanent electric dipoles,
1lktlnF5Epu-00091-00037936-00038286 an external electric field will make an attempt to align them.
1lktlnF5Epu-00092-00038286-00038676 We've discussed that in great detail before when we discussed dielectrics.
1lktlnF5Epu-00093-00038676-00039186 And the degree of success depends entirely on how strong the external electric field is
1lktlnF5Epu-00094-00039186-00039296 and on the temperature.
1lktlnF5Epu-00095-00039296-00039646 If the temperature is low, you have very little thermal agitation,
1lktlnF5Epu-00096-00039646-00039959 then it is easier to align those dipoles.
1lktlnF5Epu-00097-00039960-00040280 We have a similar situation with magnetic fields.
1lktlnF5Epu-00098-00040280-00041040 If I have an external magnetic field, this can induce in material magnetic dipoles.
1lktlnF5Epu-00099-00041040-00041576 And it, uh, induces magnetic dipoles at the atomic scale.
1lktlnF5Epu-00100-00041576-00042043 Now in case that the atoms or the molecules themselves
1lktlnF5Epu-00101-00042043-00042469 have a permanent magnetic dipole moment,
1lktlnF5Epu-00102-00042470-00042910 then this external field will make an attempt to align these dipoles
1lktlnF5Epu-00103-00042910-00043280 and the degree of success depends on the  strength of the external field
1lktlnF5Epu-00104-00043280-00043450 and again on the temperature.
1lktlnF5Epu-00105-00043450-00043926 The lower the temperature, the easier it is to align them.
1lktlnF5Epu-00106-00043926-00044273 So the material modifies the external field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00107-00044273-00044689 This external field, today I will often call it the vacuum field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00108-00044690-00045160 So when you bring material into a vacuum field, the field changes.
1lktlnF5Epu-00109-00045160-00045760 The field inside is different from the external field, from the vacuum field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00110-00045760-00046450 I first want to remind you of our definition of a magnetic dipole moment.
1lktlnF5Epu-00111-00046450-00046696 It's actually very simple how it is defined.
1lktlnF5Epu-00112-00046696-00047279 If I have a current, a loop, could be a rectangle, it doesn't have to be a circle
1lktlnF5Epu-00113-00047280-00047763 and if the current is running in this direction, seen from below clockwise
1lktlnF5Epu-00114-00047763-00048596 and if this area is A, then the magnetic dipole  moment is simply the current times the area A.
1lktlnF5Epu-00115-00048596-00049239 But we define A according to the-- the vector A, according to the right-hand corkscrew rule.
1lktlnF5Epu-00116-00049240-00049873 If I come from below clockwise, then the vector A is perpendicular to the surface
1lktlnF5Epu-00117-00049873-00050036 and is then pointing upwards.
1lktlnF5Epu-00118-00050036-00050459 And so the magnetic dipole moment, for which we normally write mu,
1lktlnF5Epu-00119-00050460-00050673 is then also pointing upwards.
1lktlnF5Epu-00120-00050673-00051366 And so this is a vector A, which is this normal according to the right-hand corkscrew.
1lktlnF5Epu-00121-00051366-00051883 And if I have N of these loops, then the magnetic dipole moment will be N times larger.
1lktlnF5Epu-00122-00051883-00052569 Then they will support each other if they're all in the same direction.
1lktlnF5Epu-00123-00052570-00053176 I first want to discuss with you diamagnetism.
1lktlnF5Epu-00124-00053176-00053906 Diamagnetism.
1lktlnF5Epu-00125-00054313-00054859 All materials, when you expose them to an external magnetic field,
1lktlnF5Epu-00126-00054860-00055296 will to some degree oppose that external field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00127-00055296-00055986 And they will generate, on an atomic scale, an EMF which is opposing the external field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00128-00055986-00056266 Now you will say, yes, of course, Lenz's Law.
1lktlnF5Epu-00129-00056266-00056356 Wrong.
1lktlnF5Epu-00130-00056356-00056613 It has nothing to do with Lenz's Law.
1lktlnF5Epu-00131-00056613-00057216 It has nothing to do with the free electrons in conductors which produce an eddy current
1lktlnF5Epu-00132-00057216-00057433 when there is a changing magnetic field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00133-00057433-00058019 I'm not talking about a changing magnetic field, I'm talking about a permanent magnetic field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00134-00058020-00058496 So when I apply a permanent magnetic field, in all materials,
1lktlnF5Epu-00135-00058496-00058879 a magnetic dipole moment is induced to oppose that field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00136-00058879-00059166 And there is no way that we can understand that with 802.
1lktlnF5Epu-00137-00059166-00059433 It can only be understood with quantum mechanics.
1lktlnF5Epu-00138-00059433-00059716 So we'll make no attempts to do that, but we will accept it.
1lktlnF5Epu-00139-00059716-00060183 And so the magnetic field inside the material
1lktlnF5Epu-00140-00060183-00060609 is always a little bit smaller than-- than the external field,
1lktlnF5Epu-00141-00060610-00061166 because the dipoles will oppose the external field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00142-00061166-00061719 Now I will talk about paramagnetism.
1lktlnF5Epu-00143-00061720-00062129 Paramagnetism.
1lktlnF5Epu-00144-00062129-00062606 There are many substances whereby the atoms and the molecules themselves
1lktlnF5Epu-00145-00062606-00062826 have a magnetic dipole moment.
1lktlnF5Epu-00146-00062826-00063386 So the atoms themselves or the molecules, you can think of them as being little magnets.
1lktlnF5Epu-00147-00063386-00063789 If you have no external field, no vacuum field,
1lktlnF5Epu-00148-00063790-00064116 then these dipoles are completely chaotically oriented
1lktlnF5Epu-00149-00064116-00064453 and so the net el-- magnetic field is zero.
1lktlnF5Epu-00150-00064453-00064649 So they are not permanent magnets.
1lktlnF5Epu-00151-00064650-00065070 But the moment that you expose them to an external magnetic field,
1lktlnF5Epu-00152-00065070-00065320 this magnetic field will try to align them.
1lktlnF5Epu-00153-00065320-00065726 And the degree of success depends on the strength of that field and on the temperature.
1lktlnF5Epu-00154-00065726-00065949 The lower the temperature, the easier it is.
1lktlnF5Epu-00155-00065950-00066736 And so if you had a magnetic field, say, like so-- this is your B field, this is your vacuum field--
1lktlnF5Epu-00156-00066736-00067173 and you bring in there paramagnetic material,
1lktlnF5Epu-00157-00067173-00067726 then there is the tendency for the north pole to go a little bit in this direction.
1lktlnF5Epu-00158-00067726-00068346 And so these atomic magnets, then, would on average try to get the north pole
1lktlnF5Epu-00159-00068346-00068486 a little bit in this direction.
1lktlnF5Epu-00160-00068486-00068983 Or, if I speak the language of magnetic dipole moments,
1lktlnF5Epu-00161-00068983-00069506 then the magnetic dipole would try to go a little bit in this direction.
1lktlnF5Epu-00162-00069506-00069883 If you remove the external field of a paramagnetic material,
1lktlnF5Epu-00163-00069883-00070586 immediately there is complete, total chaos, so there is no permanent magnetism left.
1lktlnF5Epu-00164-00070586-00071379 If you bring paramagnetic material in a non-uniform magnetic field,
1lktlnF5Epu-00165-00071380-00071723 it will be pulled towards the strong side of the field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00166-00071723-00072116 And this is very easy to-- to see how that works.
1lktlnF5Epu-00167-00072116-00072566 Suppose I have a magnet here--
1lktlnF5Epu-00168-00072566-00072953 and let this be the north pole of the magnet and this the south pole.
1lktlnF5Epu-00169-00072953-00073406 And so the magnetic field is sort of like so.
1lktlnF5Epu-00170-00073406-00073723 Notice right here it's very non-uniform.
1lktlnF5Epu-00171-00073723-00074036 And I bring some paramagnetic material in there.
1lktlnF5Epu-00172-00074036-00074386 Let's say, think of it as just one atom there.
1lktlnF5Epu-00173-00074386-00074596 It's not to scale, what I'm going to draw.
1lktlnF5Epu-00174-00074596-00075239 And here is that one atom and this one atom now is paramagnetic,
1lktlnF5Epu-00175-00075240-00075566 has its own magnetic dipole moment.
1lktlnF5Epu-00176-00075566-00075883 And this magnetic dipole moment, now, would like to align
1lktlnF5Epu-00177-00075883-00076289 in this direction to support the field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00178-00076290-00076516 The field is trying to push it in that direction.
1lktlnF5Epu-00179-00076516-00076703 Let's suppose it is in this direction.
1lktlnF5Epu-00180-00076703-00077186 So if we look from above, the current then in this atom or in this molecule
1lktlnF5Epu-00181-00077186-00077413 is running in this direction.
1lktlnF5Epu-00182-00077413-00077709 Seen from above, clockwise.
1lktlnF5Epu-00183-00077710-00078530 So that would be ideal alignment of this atom or this molecule in that external field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00184-00078530-00079043 This current loop will be attracted, it wants to go towards the magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00185-00079043-00079266 Let's look at this point here.
1lktlnF5Epu-00186-00079266-00079636 That point, the current is going in the blackboard.
1lktlnF5Epu-00187-00079636-00079956 So here is that current I.
1lktlnF5Epu-00188-00079956-00080513 And the magnetic field is like so, the external magnetic field is like so.
1lktlnF5Epu-00189-00080513-00080699 So in what direction is the Lorentz force?
1lktlnF5Epu-00190-00080700-00080986 It's always in the direction I cross B.
1lktlnF5Epu-00191-00080986-00081539 And I cross B-- I cross B is in this direction.
1lktlnF5Epu-00192-00081540-00081736 That's the direction of the Lorentz force.
1lktlnF5Epu-00193-00081736-00082166 So right here, there is a force on the loop in this direction.
1lktlnF5Epu-00194-00082166-00082663 So therefore right here, there is a force on the loop in this direction, on the current loop.
1lktlnF5Epu-00195-00082663-00083103 And so everywhere around this loop, there is a force that is pointing like this
1lktlnF5Epu-00196-00083103-00083426 and so there clearly is a net force up.
1lktlnF5Epu-00197-00083426-00083976 And so this matter wants to go towards the magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00198-00083976-00084549 Another way of looking at this is that this current loop is all by itself a little magnet,
1lktlnF5Epu-00199-00084550-00084946 whereby the south pole is here and the north pole is there,
1lktlnF5Epu-00200-00084946-00085179 because this is the direction of the magnetic dipole moment.
1lktlnF5Epu-00201-00085180-00085403 And the north pole attracts the south pole.
1lktlnF5Epu-00202-00085403-00085529 That's another way of looking at it.
1lktlnF5Epu-00203-00085530-00086006 That's the reason why magnets attract each other, why north and south pole attract each other
1lktlnF5Epu-00204-00086006-00086259 and why north and north poles repel each other.
1lktlnF5Epu-00205-00086260-00086363 That's exactly the reason.
1lktlnF5Epu-00206-00086363-00086713 It is the current that is flowing, it is the Lorentz force
1lktlnF5Epu-00207-00086713-00087129 that causes the attraction or the repelling force.
1lktlnF5Epu-00208-00087130-00087480 So paramagnetic material is attracted by a magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00209-00087480-00087776 Essential is that this field is non-uniform.
1lktlnF5Epu-00210-00087776-00088103 And diamagnetic material, of course, will be repelled,
1lktlnF5Epu-00211-00088103-00088539 will be pushed away from the strong field, because in paramagnetic--
1lktlnF5Epu-00212-00088540-00088930 in diamagnetic material, this current will be running in the opposite direction,
1lktlnF5Epu-00213-00088930-00089680 because it opposes the external field whereas paramagnetism supports it.
1lktlnF5Epu-00214-00089680-00090136 We have a third form and the third form of magnetism,
1lktlnF5Epu-00215-00090136-00090696 it's actually the most interesting,  is ferromagnetism.
1lktlnF5Epu-00216-00090696-00091353 In the case of ferromagnetism, we again have that the atoms have themselves
1lktlnF5Epu-00217-00091353-00091586 permanent dipole moments.
1lktlnF5Epu-00218-00091586-00092159 But now, for very mysterious reasons which can only be understood with quantum mechanics,
1lktlnF5Epu-00219-00092160-00092660 there are domains which have the dimensions of about a tenth of a millimeter,
1lktlnF5Epu-00220-00092660-00093293 maybe three tenths of a millimeter, whereby the dipoles are hundred percent aligned.
1lktlnF5Epu-00221-00093293-00093869 And these dipoles, domains, which are in one direction,
1lktlnF5Epu-00222-00093870-00094310 are uniformly distributed throughout the ferromagnetic material
1lktlnF5Epu-00223-00094310-00094713 and so there may not be any net magnetic field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00224-00094713-00095413 If I have here, if I try to make a sketch of those domains, something like this,
1lktlnF5Epu-00225-00095413-00096026 then perhaps here all these dipoles would all be hundred percent aligned in this direction,
1lktlnF5Epu-00226-00096026-00096706 but for instance here, they will all be aligned in this direction.
1lktlnF5Epu-00227-00096706-00097146 And the number of atoms involved in such a domain is typically ten to the seventeen,
1lktlnF5Epu-00228-00097146-00097526 maybe up to ten to the twenty-one atoms.
1lktlnF5Epu-00229-00097526-00097863 So if now I apply an external field,
1lktlnF5Epu-00230-00097863-00098443 these domains will be forced to go in the direction of the magnetic field
1lktlnF5Epu-00231-00098443-00098719 and of course the degree of success depends on the strength
1lktlnF5Epu-00232-00098720-00099163 of the external field, the strength of the vacuum field and on the temperature.
1lktlnF5Epu-00233-00099163-00099676 The lower the temperature, the better it is, because then there is less thermal agitation,
1lktlnF5Epu-00234-00099676-00100229 which of course adds a certain rando-- randomness to the whole process.
1lktlnF5Epu-00235-00100230-00100933 So when I apply an external field, these domains as a whole can flip.
1lktlnF5Epu-00236-00100933-00101539 Inside the ferromagnetic material, the magnetic field can be thousands of times stronger
1lktlnF5Epu-00237-00101540-00101760 than it is in the vacuum field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00238-00101760-00102110 And we will see some examples of that today.
1lktlnF5Epu-00239-00102110-00102650 If you remove the external field, in the case of paramagnetism,
1lktlnF5Epu-00240-00102650-00102930 you have again complete chaos of the dipoles.
1lktlnF5Epu-00241-00102930-00103206 That's not necessarily the case with ferromagnetism.
1lktlnF5Epu-00242-00103206-00103549 Some of those domains may stay aligned in the direction
1lktlnF5Epu-00243-00103550-00103809 that the external field was forcing them.
1lktlnF5Epu-00244-00103809-00104313 If you very carefully remove that external field, undoubtedly some domains will flip back,
1lktlnF5Epu-00245-00104313-00104579 because of the temperature, there is always thermal agitation.
1lktlnF5Epu-00246-00104580-00105046 Some may remain oriented and therefore the material,
1lktlnF5Epu-00247-00105046-00105299 once it has been exposed to an external magnetic field,
1lktlnF5Epu-00248-00105300-00105626 may have become permanently magnetic.
1lktlnF5Epu-00249-00105626-00106109 And the only way you can remove that permanent magnetism could be to bang on it with a hammer
1lktlnF5Epu-00250-00106109-00106490 and then of course these domains will then get very nervous
1lktlnF5Epu-00251-00106490-00106713 and then they will randomize themselves.
1lktlnF5Epu-00252-00106713-00107296 Or you can heat them up and then you can also undo the orientation of the domains.
1lktlnF5Epu-00253-00107296-00107683 The domains themselves will remain, but then they average out
1lktlnF5Epu-00254-00107683-00108099 not to produce any permanent magnetic field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00255-00108100-00108643 So for the same reason that paramagnetism is pulled towards the strong field,
1lktlnF5Epu-00256-00108643-00108909 in case that we have a non-uniform magnetic field,
1lktlnF5Epu-00257-00108909-00109303 ferromagnetism of course will also be pulled towards the strong field, 
1lktlnF5Epu-00258-00109303-00109703 except in the case of ferromagnetism, the forces with which
1lktlnF5Epu-00259-00109703-00110096 ferromagnetic material is pulled towards the magnet,
1lktlnF5Epu-00260-00110096-00110526 way larger than in case of paramagnetic material.
1lktlnF5Epu-00261-00110526-00110863 If I take a paperclip, you can do that at home,
1lktlnF5Epu-00262-00110863-00111316 you can hang a paperclip on the south pole of your magnet or the north pole of your magnet, 
1lktlnF5Epu-00263-00111316-00111693 you all have gotten magnets in your motor kit, so you can try that at home.
1lktlnF5Epu-00264-00111693-00111959 Take a paperclip, hang it on the magnets.
1lktlnF5Epu-00265-00111959-00112159 Doesn't matter on which side you hang it,
1lktlnF5Epu-00266-00112159-00112730 because ferromagnetic material is always pulled towards the strong field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00267-00112730-00113396 If you hang a few of those paperclips on there and you very carefully and slowly remove them,
1lktlnF5Epu-00268-00113396-00113819 don't hit them with a hammer yet, you may actually notice that after you remove them
1lktlnF5Epu-00269-00113820-00114190 that the paperclips themselves have become magnetic.
1lktlnF5Epu-00270-00114190-00114530 You can actually try to hang them on each other, make a little chain.
1lktlnF5Epu-00271-00114530-00114933 But drop them on the floor a few times and that magendas-- magnetism will go away.
1lktlnF5Epu-00272-00114933-00115416 So what you have witnessed then is that some of those domains remained aligned
1lktlnF5Epu-00273-00115416-00115743 due to your external field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00274-00115743-00116243 With paramagnetism, there is no way that you can hang paramagnetic material
1lktlnF5Epu-00275-00116243-00116609 under most circumstances on a magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00276-00116609-00116703 There is one exception.
1lktlnF5Epu-00277-00116703-00116976 I will show you the exception later today.
1lktlnF5Epu-00278-00116976-00117413 And the reason is that the forces involved with paramagnetic material
1lktlnF5Epu-00279-00117413-00117866 in general are only a few percent of the weight of the material itself.
1lktlnF5Epu-00280-00117866-00118149 So if you take a piece of aluminum and you have a magnet,
1lktlnF5Epu-00281-00118150-00118403 aluminum will not stick to a magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00282-00118403-00118526 There is a force.
1lktlnF5Epu-00283-00118526-00118923 Aluminum will be attracted by the magnet, but the force is way smaller
1lktlnF5Epu-00284-00118923-00119293 than the weight of the aluminum, so it won't be able to pick it up,
1lktlnF5Epu-00285-00119293-00119909 unlike ferromagnetic material, which you can pick up with a magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00286-00119909-00120309 So what I could demonstrate to you, for one thing, I could take a bar magnet
1lktlnF5Epu-00287-00120309-00120673 and show you that paperclips are hanging on this.
1lktlnF5Epu-00288-00120673-00120963 I could also show you that aluminum is not hanging on this.
1lktlnF5Epu-00289-00120963-00121196 But you won't find that very exciting.
1lktlnF5Epu-00290-00121196-00121593 And therefore I decided on a different  demonstration,
1lktlnF5Epu-00291-00121593-00122113 whereby my goal is to show you that ferromagnetic material is pulled
1lktlnF5Epu-00292-00122113-00122583 with huge forces towards the strong magnetic field,
1lktlnF5Epu-00293-00122583-00123076 provided that I have a magnetic field which is non-uniform.
1lktlnF5Epu-00294-00123076-00123713 And the way I will do that is with this piece of ferromagnetic material.
1lktlnF5Epu-00295-00123713-00124283 And this piece of ferromagnetic material is actually quite heavy.
1lktlnF5Epu-00296-00124283-00124579 And you are going to tell the class how heavy it is.
1lktlnF5Epu-00297-00124580-00124940 Be very careful.
1lktlnF5Epu-00298-00124940-00125016 What do you think?
1lktlnF5Epu-00299-00125016-00125116 Wow! Good for you!
1lktlnF5Epu-00300-00125116-00125256 [laughter]
1lktlnF5Epu-00301-00125256-00125343 Do it again!
1lktlnF5Epu-00302-00125343-00125473 Sounds go-- looks great.
1lktlnF5Epu-00303-00125473-00125563 [laughter]
1lktlnF5Epu-00304-00125563-00125733 It's fifteen kilograms.
1lktlnF5Epu-00305-00125733-00125986 Fifteen kilograms of ferromagnetic material.
1lktlnF5Epu-00306-00125986-00126269 It is not a permanent magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00307-00126270-00126609 There may be a little bit of permanent magnetism left, of course
1lktlnF5Epu-00308-00126609-00126840 because once you have exposed it to an external field,
1lktlnF5Epu-00309-00126840-00127133 yes, there may be some permanent magnetism left.
1lktlnF5Epu-00310-00127133-00127813 So now I'm going to hold this, let's first make sure that nothing happens to Galileo's thermometer.
1lktlnF5Epu-00311-00127813-00128183 So we're going to put this here.
1lktlnF5Epu-00312-00128183-00128469 See what the temperature is-- oh man, it's going up.
1lktlnF5Epu-00313-00128470-00128563 I must be sweating here.
1lktlnF5Epu-00314-00128563-00128893 Seventy-four degrees, yeah, seventy-four degrees now.
1lktlnF5Epu-00315-00128893-00129403 OK, so here is my magnet, producing about three hundred twenty gauss.
1lktlnF5Epu-00316-00129403-00129906 But what counts is that the magnetic field is non-uniform here and also here.
1lktlnF5Epu-00317-00129906-00130836 And so I am going to turn on the magnet, I believe I have to push a button here.
1lktlnF5Epu-00318-00130836-00131383 And the first thing I will do is now power this magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00319-00131383-00131653 So this is a solenoid.
1lktlnF5Epu-00320-00131653-00132066 I put my hand in here, my hand is paramagnetic, it's not being sucked in.
1lktlnF5Epu-00321-00132066-00132146 Really it isn't.
1lktlnF5Epu-00322-00132146-00132246 I feel nothing.
1lktlnF5Epu-00323-00132246-00132576 The force is-- I can't even feel anything.
1lktlnF5Epu-00324-00132576-00132859 But I'm not ferromagnetic, thank goodness.
1lktlnF5Epu-00325-00132860-00133436 Now this one.
1lktlnF5Epu-00326-00133436-00133773 "Woosh", fifteen kilograms, just sucked in like that.
1lktlnF5Epu-00327-00133773-00134353 And I'm very lucky that when it overshoots here that it wants to go back,
1lktlnF5Epu-00328-00134353-00134576 because it always wants to go to the strongest field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00329-00134576-00134793 Doesn't matter whether you have it here or there.
1lktlnF5Epu-00330-00134793-00135119 The reason why that's lucky, because if that were not the case,
1lktlnF5Epu-00331-00135120-00135620 this fifteen kilogram bar would go like a bullet coming out of here.
1lktlnF5Epu-00332-00135620-00135913 So the one thing you don't want to do when it goes in there,
1lktlnF5Epu-00333-00135913-00136229 you don't want to break the current, because then it would come out as a bullet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00334-00136230-00136423 And I'm not going to do that, believe me.
1lktlnF5Epu-00335-00136423-00136849 But I want to show you that-- there it goes.
1lktlnF5Epu-00336-00136850-00137233 It's amazing, ferromagnetic material.
1lktlnF5Epu-00337-00137233-00137399 Aargh!
1lktlnF5Epu-00338-00137400-00137696 OK.
1lktlnF5Epu-00339-00137696-00138069 So ferromagnetic material, there's enormous force.
1lktlnF5Epu-00340-00138070-00138680 If you have a field that is-- has a strong gradient, that it's very non-uniform,
1lktlnF5Epu-00341-00138680-00139243 is sucked, pulled towards the strong side.
1lktlnF5Epu-00342-00139243-00139356 That's why it hangs on magnets.
1lktlnF5Epu-00343-00139356-00139759 That's the basic idea.
1lktlnF5Epu-00344-00139760-00139966 I have another demonstration.
1lktlnF5Epu-00345-00139966-00140623 And another demonstration is to make you sort of see in a non-kosher way magnetic domains.
1lktlnF5Epu-00346-00140623-00140903 But I will tell you why it's non-kosher.
1lktlnF5Epu-00347-00140903-00141613 I have here an array of eight by eight magnetic needles, compass needles.
1lktlnF5Epu-00348-00141613-00142053 And you're going to see them there.
1lktlnF5Epu-00349-00142053-00142709 And I will change the situation so that you have better light.
1lktlnF5Epu-00350-00142710-00143606 And when I have an external magnetic field and I march over here a little and I just let it go, 
1lktlnF5Epu-00351-00143606-00144209 and wait, you will see areas whereby these  magnetic needles point in the same direction
1lktlnF5Epu-00352-00144210-00144546 and you will see areas where they point in a different direction.
1lktlnF5Epu-00353-00144546-00144919 We'll just give it some chance.
1lktlnF5Epu-00354-00144920-00145606 And so that may make you think  that this is the way that domains--
1lktlnF5Epu-00355-00145606-00146023 are formed in ferromagnetic material.
1lktlnF5Epu-00356-00146023-00146626 Oh, in fact we have now a situation that almost all are aligned in this direction
1lktlnF5Epu-00357-00146626-00147049 and there's only a group here that is pointing in this direction.
1lktlnF5Epu-00358-00147050-00147343 I can change that, of course, by changing the magnetic field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00359-00147343-00147849 Why is this not really a kosher demonstration to convince you that domains exist?
1lktlnF5Epu-00360-00147850-00148316 First of all, there is no thermal agitation, whereas in ferromagnetic material
1lktlnF5Epu-00361-00148316-00148483 there is thermal agitation.
1lktlnF5Epu-00362-00148483-00148753 Some may be oriented like this and others like that,
1lktlnF5Epu-00363-00148753-00148969 where here you only have two preferred directions.
1lktlnF5Epu-00364-00148970-00149490 You don't need quantum mechanics for that, simply a matter of minimum energy considerations.
1lktlnF5Epu-00365-00149490-00149830 And so they either are pointed like this or they are pointed like that
1lktlnF5Epu-00366-00149830-00150246 and so already that shows you that it's very different from ferromagnetism.
1lktlnF5Epu-00367-00150246-00150656 But the reason why we show it to you is it still gives you an interesting idea
1lktlnF5Epu-00368-00150656-00151156 of the fact that you can have various orientations and that they come in groups.
1lktlnF5Epu-00369-00151156-00151636 That the groups stick together and are not all in the same direction.
1lktlnF5Epu-00370-00151636-00152146 But as I said, it is not really a good way to explain to you
1lktlnF5Epu-00371-00152146-00152583 why there are domains in ferromagnetic material.
1lktlnF5Epu-00372-00152583-00153153 Ah, now you see again, you have some nicely aligned here
1lktlnF5Epu-00373-00153153-00153716 and others are in very different direction here.
1lktlnF5Epu-00374-00153716-00153916 So the basic idea is there.
1lktlnF5Epu-00375-00153916-00154139 It's a nice demonstration,
1lktlnF5Epu-00376-00154140-00154850 but it shows you something that really is not related to ferromagnetism.
1lktlnF5Epu-00377-00154850-00155546 The demonstration that is one of my favorites, one of my absolute favorites, is one--
1lktlnF5Epu-00378-00155546-00156196 whereby I can make you listen to the flip-over of these domains.
1lktlnF5Epu-00379-00156196-00156823 I have ferromagnetic material inside a coil.
1lktlnF5Epu-00380-00156823-00157369 I have here a coil--
1lktlnF5Epu-00381-00157370-00157813 and I'm going to put ferromagnetic material in here.
1lktlnF5Epu-00382-00157813-00159043 And I have here a loudspeaker-- an amplifier as well, called it an amplifier.
1lktlnF5Epu-00383-00159043-00159519 And this is a loudspeaker.
1lktlnF5Epu-00384-00159520-00159886 Let's first assume there is no ferromagnetic material in there.
1lktlnF5Epu-00385-00159886-00160156 That's the way I will start the demonstration.
1lktlnF5Epu-00386-00160156-00160799 And I approach this with a magnet and I go very fast.
1lktlnF5Epu-00387-00160800-00161076 "Whooosh", what will happen?
1lktlnF5Epu-00388-00161076-00161603 Faraday will say, "Yeah, there's a magnetic flux change and there will be an EMF in this coil."
1lktlnF5Epu-00389-00161603-00161929 That means there will be a current in this coil, induced current.
1lktlnF5Epu-00390-00161930-00162203 And it will be amplified and you will hear some sissing noise.
1lktlnF5Epu-00391-00162203-00162386 And you will hear that.
1lktlnF5Epu-00392-00162386-00162843 If, however, I come in very slowly, you won't hear anything,
1lktlnF5Epu-00393-00162843-00163433 because d phi dt is then so low, because the time  scale of my motion is so large,
1lktlnF5Epu-00394-00163433-00163589 that you won't hear any current.
1lktlnF5Epu-00395-00163590-00163816 The induced current is insignificantly small.
1lktlnF5Epu-00396-00163816-00164229 Because remember the induced current is proportional to the induced EMF
1lktlnF5Epu-00397-00164230-00164650 and the induced EMF is proportional to the time change of the magnetic flux.
1lktlnF5Epu-00398-00164650-00165516 So I can make that flux change very, very small if I bring it in very slowly.
1lktlnF5Epu-00399-00165516-00166133 Now I will put in the ferromagnetic material and I will approach it again very slowly.
1lktlnF5Epu-00400-00166133-00166596 And now, there comes a time that some of those domains go "cluck", "cluck".
1lktlnF5Epu-00401-00166596-00167093 But when the domains flip over, there is a magnetic flux change inside the material
1lktlnF5Epu-00402-00167093-00167609 and so the magnetic flux change means d phi dt and it's on an extremely short time scale.
1lktlnF5Epu-00403-00167610-00167946 And so now you get an EMF, you get a current going through the wire
1lktlnF5Epu-00404-00167946-00168233 and you hear a cracking noise over the loudspeaker.
1lktlnF5Epu-00405-00168233-00168579 And for every group of domains that flip, you can hear that.
1lktlnF5Epu-00406-00168580-00168810 And that's an amazing thing when you think about it,
1lktlnF5Epu-00407-00168810-00169296 that some ten to the twenty atoms go "cluck" and that you can hear that.
1lktlnF5Epu-00408-00169296-00169903 And so this is what we're going to do here and I will do it then in, in several steps,
1lktlnF5Epu-00409-00169903-00170573 so that you first can hear the noise if I don't have ferromagnetic material
1lktlnF5Epu-00410-00170573-00171106 and then-- so here is the, here's the coil.
1lktlnF5Epu-00411-00171106-00171343 A very small coil.
1lktlnF5Epu-00412-00171343-00171559 And here is a magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00413-00171560-00171913 And I'll come very fast towards the coil.
1lktlnF5Epu-00414-00171913-00172049 [cloink]
1lktlnF5Epu-00415-00172050-00172280 What you heard now is Faraday's Law.
1lktlnF5Epu-00416-00172280-00172523 You simply have a magnetic flux change in the coil
1lktlnF5Epu-00417-00172523-00172593 [cloink]
1lktlnF5Epu-00418-00172593-00172776 oh, I shouldn't touch it.
1lktlnF5Epu-00419-00172776-00172913 [cloink]
1lktlnF5Epu-00420-00172913-00173503 Now I come in very slowly and go away very slowly.
1lktlnF5Epu-00421-00173503-00173943 You hear nothing, d phi dt is just too low.
1lktlnF5Epu-00422-00173943-00174286 Now I put in the ferromagnetic material.
1lktlnF5Epu-00423-00174286-00174516 Put it inside the coil.
1lktlnF5Epu-00424-00174516-00175316 And now I approach it again, very slowly.
1lktlnF5Epu-00425-00175316-00175476 [cracking noise]
1lktlnF5Epu-00426-00175476-00175709 There they go.
1lktlnF5Epu-00427-00175710-00176263 You hear them? Those are, those are domains that go.
1lktlnF5Epu-00428-00176263-00176533 I'll come in with the other side.
1lktlnF5Epu-00429-00176533-00176636 [cracking noise]
1lktlnF5Epu-00430-00176636-00176756 There it goes, the domains.
1lktlnF5Epu-00431-00176756-00176859 [cracking noise]
1lktlnF5Epu-00432-00176860-00176963 Isn't that amazing?
1lktlnF5Epu-00433-00176963-00177419 You hear atoms switch, groups of atoms.
1lktlnF5Epu-00434-00177420-00177730 [cracking noise]
1lktlnF5Epu-00435-00177730-00178010 I'll turn it over again.
1lktlnF5Epu-00436-00178010-00178106 Now they flip back.
1lktlnF5Epu-00437-00178106-00178329 They don't like it, but that's their problem.
1lktlnF5Epu-00438-00178330-00178613 [cracking noise]
1lktlnF5Epu-00439-00178613-00178819 This is called Barkhausen effect.
1lktlnF5Epu-00440-00178820-00179193 I find it truly amazing that you hear groups of atoms,
1lktlnF5Epu-00441-00179193-00179466 ten to the twenty atoms at the time, they flip over
1lktlnF5Epu-00442-00179466-00179963 and when they do, there is a magnetic flux change inside the ferromagnetic material,
1lktlnF5Epu-00443-00179963-00180356 is sensed by the coil and you hear a current.
1lktlnF5Epu-00444-00180356-00180876 And if I do it fast, uh, these, these, these domains go haywire.
1lktlnF5Epu-00445-00180876-00181023 They go nuts now.
1lktlnF5Epu-00446-00181023-00181279 [loud cracking noise]
1lktlnF5Epu-00447-00181280-00181520 Imagine that you were a domain and I would treat you that way.
1lktlnF5Epu-00448-00181520-00181626 [loud cracking noise]
1lktlnF5Epu-00449-00181626-00181843 You go, "Cluck, cluck, cluck, cluck, cluck"
1lktlnF5Epu-00450-00181843-00182039 [loud cracking noise]
1lktlnF5Epu-00451-00182040-00182470 But the fact that you can hear it is absolutely amazing, isn't it?
1lktlnF5Epu-00452-00182470-00182830 [buzzing sound]
1lktlnF5Epu-00453-00182830-00183200 So that's actually a nice way of demonstrating that these domains exist.
1lktlnF5Epu-00454-00183200-00183770 If you did that with faramagnetic-- paramagnetic material, you wouldn't hear that.
1lktlnF5Epu-00455-00183770-00184306 So in all cases, whether we have diamagnetic material or paramagnetic material
1lktlnF5Epu-00456-00184306-00184576 or ferromagnetic material--
1lktlnF5Epu-00457-00184576-00185279 uh, the magnetic field inside is different from what the field would be without the material.
1lktlnF5Epu-00458-00185280-00185643 And what the field would be without the material we've called external field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00459-00185643-00185906 I've called it vacuum field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00460-00185906-00186666 And in many cases, but not all, next lecture I will discuss the issues of not all,
1lktlnF5Epu-00461-00186666-00186896 in many cases but not all cases,
1lktlnF5Epu-00462-00186896-00187483 is the field inside the material proportional to the vacuum field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00463-00187483-00188286 And if that is the case, then you can write down that the field inside is linearly proportional,
1lktlnF5Epu-00464-00188286-00188659 so this is the field inside the material, regardless of whether it's diamagnetic or
1lktlnF5Epu-00465-00188660-00189226 paramagnetic or ferromagnetic, is proportional to the vacuum field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00466-00189226-00189439 I will write down vacuum for this.
1lktlnF5Epu-00467-00189440-00189816 And this proportionality constant I call kappa of M.
1lktlnF5Epu-00468-00189816-00190043 I-- Our book calls it K of M.
1lktlnF5Epu-00469-00190043-00190466 And it's called the relative permeability.
1lktlnF5Epu-00470-00190466-00190849 And so now we can look at these values for the relative permeability
1lktlnF5Epu-00471-00190850-00191496 and we can immediately understand now the difference between diamagnetic material,
1lktlnF5Epu-00472-00191496-00192043 paramagnetic material and ferromagnetic material.
1lktlnF5Epu-00473-00192043-00192546 Since in the case of diamagnetic material and paramagnetic material,
1lktlnF5Epu-00474-00192546-00193316 the B field inside is only slightly different from the vacuum field,
1lktlnF5Epu-00475-00193316-00194199 it is common to express kappa of M in terms of one plus something
1lktlnF5Epu-00476-00194200-00194783 which we call the magnetic susceptibility, which is xi of M.
1lktlnF5Epu-00477-00194783-00195343 Because if it is very close to one, then it is easier to simply list xi of M.
1lktlnF5Epu-00478-00195343-00195636 And let's look at diamagnetic material.
1lktlnF5Epu-00479-00195636-00195969 Notice that these values for xi of M are all negative,
1lktlnF5Epu-00480-00195970-00196366 of course, they have to be negative, otherwise it wouldn't be diamagnetic.
1lktlnF5Epu-00481-00196366-00196963 It means that the field inside is slightly, a hair smaller than the vacuum field,
1lktlnF5Epu-00482-00196963-00197399 because these induced dipoles oppose the external field, remember.
1lktlnF5Epu-00483-00197400-00197816 It has nothing to do with Lenz's Law, but they oppose it nevertheless.
1lktlnF5Epu-00484-00197816-00198303 And so you express it in terms of the, um, magnetic susceptibility
1lktlnF5Epu-00485-00198303-00198946 and so you have to take one minus one point seven times ten to the minus four to get kappa of M,
1lktlnF5Epu-00486-00198946-00199179 which is very close to one.
1lktlnF5Epu-00487-00199180-00199626 If now you go to paramagnetic materials, the minus signs become plus.
1lktlnF5Epu-00488-00199626-00199903 Again, the numbers are small.
1lktlnF5Epu-00489-00199903-00200449 But the fact that it is plus means that inside paramagnetic material,
1lktlnF5Epu-00490-00200450-00200933 the magnetic field is a little, a hair larger than the vacuum field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00491-00200933-00201523 But now if you go to ferromagnetic material, it is really absurd to ever list the value for xi of M, 
1lktlnF5Epu-00492-00201523-00201989 because xi of M is so large that you can forget about the one
1lktlnF5Epu-00493-00201990-00202416 and so xi of M is about the same as kappa of M.
1lktlnF5Epu-00494-00202416-00202933 And so you deal there with numbers that are a hundred, a thousand, ten thousand,
1lktlnF5Epu-00495-00202933-00203146 and even larger than ten thousand.
1lktlnF5Epu-00496-00203146-00203443 That means that if kappa of M is ten thousand,
1lktlnF5Epu-00497-00203443-00203959 you would have a field inside ferromagnetic material that is ten thousand times larger
1lktlnF5Epu-00498-00203960-00204326 than your vacuum field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00499-00204326-00204739 Next lecture I will tell you that there is a limit to as far as you can go,
1lktlnF5Epu-00500-00204740-00205196 but for now we will, we will leave it with this.
1lktlnF5Epu-00501-00205196-00205729 So paramagnetic and ferromagnetic properties depend on the temperature.
1lktlnF5Epu-00502-00205730-00206150 Diamagnetic properties do not depend on the temperature.
1lktlnF5Epu-00503-00206150-00206690 So at very low temperatures, there is very little thermal agitation
1lktlnF5Epu-00504-00206690-00207283 and so you can then easier align these dipoles,
1lktlnF5Epu-00505-00207283-00207769 and so the values for kappa of M will then be different.
1lktlnF5Epu-00506-00207769-00208313 For ferromagnetic material, if you cool it, you expect the kappa of M going up,
1lktlnF5Epu-00507-00208313-00208553 so you got a stronger field inside.
1lktlnF5Epu-00508-00208553-00208843 So it's temperature-dependent.
1lktlnF5Epu-00509-00208843-00209256 If you make the material very hot,
1lktlnF5Epu-00510-00209256-00209686 then it can lose completely its ferromagnetic properties.
1lktlnF5Epu-00511-00209686-00210146 What happens at a certain temperature, that these dosmain-- domains fall apart,
1lktlnF5Epu-00512-00210146-00210469 so the domains themselves no longer exist.
1lktlnF5Epu-00513-00210469-00210636 They annihilate.
1lktlnF5Epu-00514-00210636-00210893 And that happens at a very precise temperature.
1lktlnF5Epu-00515-00210893-00211046 It's very strange.
1lktlnF5Epu-00516-00211046-00211316 That's also something that is very difficult to understand
1lktlnF5Epu-00517-00211316-00211679 and you need quantum mechanics for that too.
1lktlnF5Epu-00518-00211680-00211993 But at a certain temperature, which we call the Curie temperature,
1lktlnF5Epu-00519-00211993-00212359 which for iron is a thousand forty-three degrees Kelvin,
1lktlnF5Epu-00520-00212360-00212586 which is seven hundred seventy degrees centigrade,
1lktlnF5Epu-00521-00212586-00213086 all of a sudden the domains disappear and the material becomes paramagnetic.
1lktlnF5Epu-00522-00213086-00213653 In other words, if ferromagnetic material would be hanging on a magnet
1lktlnF5Epu-00523-00213653-00214036 and you would heat it up above the Curie point, it would fall off.
1lktlnF5Epu-00524-00214036-00214509 It would become paramagnetic, but paramagnetic material in general doesn't hang on a magnet,
1lktlnF5Epu-00525-00214510-00214869 because the forces involved are quite small.
1lktlnF5Epu-00526-00214869-00215430 And the change is very abrupt and I am going to show that to you with a demonstration.
1lktlnF5Epu-00527-00215430-00215966 I have a ferromagnetic nut.
1lktlnF5Epu-00528-00215966-00216053 It's right there.
1lktlnF5Epu-00529-00216053-00216249 You will see it very shortly.
1lktlnF5Epu-00530-00216250-00217703 And this nut, or washer, hanging on a steel cable and there is here a magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00531-00217703-00217853 I don't know whether this is north or south.
1lktlnF5Epu-00532-00217853-00217949 It doesn't matter.
1lktlnF5Epu-00533-00217950-00218333 And here we have a thermal shield.
1lktlnF5Epu-00534-00218333-00218793 And so this washer is against the thermal shield, because it's being attracted.
1lktlnF5Epu-00535-00218793-00218993 It wants to go towards the strong magnetic field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00536-00218993-00219153 It's ferromagnetic.
1lktlnF5Epu-00537-00219153-00219443 So it will be sitting here.
1lktlnF5Epu-00538-00219443-00219669 And now I'm going to heat this up above the Curie point,
1lktlnF5Epu-00539-00219669-00220113 seven hundred seventy degrees centigrade and you will see it fall off.
1lktlnF5Epu-00540-00220113-00220496 And when it cools again, it goes back on again.
1lktlnF5Epu-00541-00220496-00221319 So I can make you see ferromagnetic properties disappear.
1lktlnF5Epu-00542-00221319-00222193 And let me make sure I have the proper settings.
1lktlnF5Epu-00543-00222193-00222409 I see nothing.
1lktlnF5Epu-00544-00222410-00222530 I see nothing.
1lktlnF5Epu-00545-00222530-00222750 But there it is.
1lktlnF5Epu-00546-00222750-00223426 So here is this nut and here is this shield and the magnet is behind it,
1lktlnF5Epu-00547-00223426-00223626 you can't see it, but it's right there.
1lktlnF5Epu-00548-00223626-00224259 And so it goes against it, right, it goes just towards the magnetic poles.
1lktlnF5Epu-00549-00224260-00224466 It goes into the strong magnetic field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00550-00224466-00224916 The magnetic field is non-uniform outside a magnet and it goes towards it.
1lktlnF5Epu-00551-00224916-00225356 And so now I'm going to heat it.
1lktlnF5Epu-00552-00225356-00225706 [sound of blowtorch]
1lktlnF5Epu-00553-00225706-00226396 It will take a while, because, um, seven hundred seventy degrees centigrade--
1lktlnF5Epu-00554-00226396-00226886 is not so easy to achieve.
1lktlnF5Epu-00555-00226886-00227756 The three most common ferromagnetic materials are cobalt, nickel and iron.
1lktlnF5Epu-00556-00227756-00228446 Nickel has a Curie point of only three hundred fifty-eight degrees centigrade,
1lktlnF5Epu-00557-00228446-00229073 so if this were nickel-- ooh.
1lktlnF5Epu-00558-00229073-00229603 If this were nickel--
1lktlnF5Epu-00559-00229603-00229743 uh-uh.
1lktlnF5Epu-00560-00229743-00229979 [laughter]
1lktlnF5Epu-00561-00229980-00230280 Oh, you like that, huh.
1lktlnF5Epu-00562-00230280-00230473 I think I need a strong hand.
1lktlnF5Epu-00563-00230473-00231096 A strong hand is coming.
1lktlnF5Epu-00564-00231096-00231166 OK.
1lktlnF5Epu-00565-00231166-00231333 I think I fixed it.
1lktlnF5Epu-00566-00231333-00231689 I'm a big boy, I did it myself today.
1lktlnF5Epu-00567-00231690-00232046 I lost my pen, but that's a detail.
1lktlnF5Epu-00568-00232046-00232253 OK, let's try again.
1lktlnF5Epu-00569-00232253-00232573 So I'm going to heat it up and I was mentioning that, um,
1lktlnF5Epu-00570-00232573-00233173 nickel has a Curie point of three hundred fifty-eight degrees centigrade.
1lktlnF5Epu-00571-00233173-00233353 So that's quite low.
1lktlnF5Epu-00572-00233353-00233659 This is seven hundred seventy.
1lktlnF5Epu-00573-00233660-00234290 Cobalt is fourteen hundred degrees Kelvin, Curie point.
1lktlnF5Epu-00574-00234290-00234666 Gadolinium is a very special material.
1lktlnF5Epu-00575-00234666-00234983 Gadolinium is ferromagnetic in the winter,
1lktlnF5Epu-00576-00234983-00235289 when the temperature is below sixteen degrees centigrade, 
1lktlnF5Epu-00577-00235290-00235523 but it is paramagnetic in the summer,
1lktlnF5Epu-00578-00235523-00235909 when the temperature is above sixteen degrees centigrade.
1lktlnF5Epu-00579-00235910-00236243 It's beginning to be red-hot now.
1lktlnF5Epu-00580-00236243-00236903 Seven hundred seventy degrees centigrade, you expect some visible light
1lktlnF5Epu-00581-00236903-00237186 in the form of red light-- there it goes.
1lktlnF5Epu-00582-00237186-00237519 And I will keep it heating, I will keep the torch on it,
1lktlnF5Epu-00583-00237519-00238110 so that you can see that indeed it's no longer attracted by the magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00584-00238110-00238653 And the moment that I stop heating it, it will very quickly cool.
1lktlnF5Epu-00585-00238653-00239173 It will become ferromagnetic again and it will go back.
1lktlnF5Epu-00586-00239173-00239389 Just watch it.
1lktlnF5Epu-00587-00239830-00239950 There it goes.
1lktlnF5Epu-00588-00239950-00240130 So now it's again ferromagnetic.
1lktlnF5Epu-00589-00240130-00240473 So the transition is extremely sharp.
1lktlnF5Epu-00590-00240736-00240953 All right.
1lktlnF5Epu-00591-00241336-00241683 Uh, OK.
1lktlnF5Epu-00592-00241683-00242023 So paramagnetic materials, as I mentioned several times,
1lktlnF5Epu-00593-00242023-00242356 in general cannot hang on a magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00594-00242356-00242669 The attractive force is there's not enough.
1lktlnF5Epu-00595-00242669-00243233 To hang on a magnet, the force has to be larger than its own weight.
1lktlnF5Epu-00596-00243233-00243556 And diamagnetic materials is of course completely out
1lktlnF5Epu-00597-00243556-00244149 because diamagnetic materials are always pushed towards the weak part of the field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00598-00244150-00244626 It's only paramagnetic materials and ferromagnetic materials that experience a force
1lktlnF5Epu-00599-00244626-00245163 towards the strong part of the field if the field itself is non-uniform.
1lktlnF5Epu-00600-00245163-00245586 Now there is one very interesting exception.
1lktlnF5Epu-00601-00245586-00246183 And I want to draw your attention to this, um, transparency here.
1lktlnF5Epu-00602-00246183-00246616 Look here at oxygen at one atmosphere.
1lktlnF5Epu-00603-00246616-00247226 Oxygen at one atmosphere and three hundred degrees Kelvin has a value for xi of M
1lktlnF5Epu-00604-00247226-00247539 which is two times ten to the minus six.
1lktlnF5Epu-00605-00247540-00248086 But now look at liquid oxygen at ninety degrees Kelvin.
1lktlnF5Epu-00606-00248086-00248686 That value is eighteen hundred times larger than this value.
1lktlnF5Epu-00607-00248686-00248933 Why is that so much higher?
1lktlnF5Epu-00608-00248933-00249629 Well, liquid, in general, is about thousand times denser than gas at one atmosphere.
1lktlnF5Epu-00609-00249630-00250263 So you have thousand times more dipoles per cubic meter that, in principle, can align.
1lktlnF5Epu-00610-00250263-00250816 And so clearly you expect an immediate one-to-one correspondence between the density,
1lktlnF5Epu-00611-00250816-00251383 how many dipoles you have per cubic meter and the value for xi of M.
1lktlnF5Epu-00612-00251383-00251779 And so you see indeed that this value is substantially larger.
1lktlnF5Epu-00613-00251780-00252156 The reason why it is more than a factor of thousand higher
1lktlnF5Epu-00614-00252156-00252369 is that the temperature is also lower.
1lktlnF5Epu-00615-00252369-00252613 You go from three hundred degrees to ninety degrees
1lktlnF5Epu-00616-00252613-00252936 and that gives you another factor of two,
1lktlnF5Epu-00617-00252936-00253339 because when the temperature is lower, there is less thermal agitation
1lktlnF5Epu-00618-00253340-00253773 and so the external field can align the dipoles more easily.
1lktlnF5Epu-00619-00253773-00254249 And so that's why you end up with a factor of eighteen hundred.
1lktlnF5Epu-00620-00254250-00255033 Even though this value for xi of M is extraordinarily high for a paramagnetic material,
1lktlnF5Epu-00621-00255033-00255883 notice that the field inside would only be point three five percent higher than the vacuum field,
1lktlnF5Epu-00622-00255883-00256249 because if xi of M is three point five times ten to the minus three,
1lktlnF5Epu-00623-00256250-00257016 that means that the field inside is only point three five percent higher than the vacuum field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00624-00257016-00257789 But that is enough for liquid oxygen to be attracted by a very strong magnet,
1lktlnF5Epu-00625-00257790-00258393 provided that it also has a very non-uniform field outside the magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00626-00258393-00258993 And so the force with which liquid oxygen is pulled towards a magnet
1lktlnF5Epu-00627-00258993-00259373 can be made larger than the weight of the liquid oxygen.
1lktlnF5Epu-00628-00259373-00260069 And so I can make you see today that I can have liquid oxygen hanging from a magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00629-00260069-00260530 And that's what we are going to do here.
1lktlnF5Epu-00630-00260530-00260910 Make sure I have the right setting.
1lktlnF5Epu-00631-00260910-00260996 Ah, this is it.
1lktlnF5Epu-00632-00260996-00261723 So we're going to have some changes in the light.
1lktlnF5Epu-00633-00261723-00261959 So there you see the two magnetic poles.
1lktlnF5Epu-00634-00261960-00262226 It's a electromagnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00635-00262226-00262963 And so we can turn the magnetic field on at will.
1lktlnF5Epu-00636-00262963-00263259 So here are the poles of the magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00637-00263260-00263536 And the first thing I will do is very boring.
1lktlnF5Epu-00638-00263536-00264026 I will throw some, uh, liquid nitrogen between the poles.
1lktlnF5Epu-00639-00264026-00264499 Now I don't have the value for liquid nitrogen there, but nitrogen is diamagnetic,
1lktlnF5Epu-00640-00264500-00264626 so it's not even an issue.
1lktlnF5Epu-00641-00264626-00265029 Diamagnetic material is pushed away from the strong field.
1lktlnF5Epu-00642-00265030-00265596 So even though the value for xi of M will be very different for liquid nitrogen
1lktlnF5Epu-00643-00265596-00266129 than it is for gaseous nitrogen, it doesn't matter.
1lktlnF5Epu-00644-00266130-00266343 So certainly it will be pushed out.
1lktlnF5Epu-00645-00266343-00266683 So that's the first thing I want to do, just to bore you a little bit.
1lktlnF5Epu-00646-00266683-00266856 Because I have to keep you on the edge of your seat
1lktlnF5Epu-00647-00266856-00267296 before you're going to see this oxygen, which will be hanging in there.
1lktlnF5Epu-00648-00267296-00267873 So let's first power this magnet, I hope I did that, yes, I think I did.
1lktlnF5Epu-00649-00267873-00268523 And here comes the liquid nitrogen.
1lktlnF5Epu-00650-00268523-00268899 Boring like hell, just falls through.
1lktlnF5Epu-00651-00268900-00269486 Now comes the oxygen.
1lktlnF5Epu-00652-00269486-00269883 Liquid oxygen.
1lktlnF5Epu-00653-00269883-00270036 It's hanging in there.
1lktlnF5Epu-00654-00270036-00270496 I challenge you, you've never in your life seen liquid hanging on a magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00655-00270496-00270806 You can tell your parents about it-- and of course your grandchildren.
1lktlnF5Epu-00656-00270806-00270993 It's hanging there.
1lktlnF5Epu-00657-00270993-00271333 I'll put some more in-- make sure I have the right stuff, yeah.
1lktlnF5Epu-00658-00271333-00271623 Put some more in.
1lktlnF5Epu-00659-00271623-00271826 There is liquid oxygen.
1lktlnF5Epu-00660-00271826-00272343 When I break the current, it's no longer a magnet, it will fall of course.
1lktlnF5Epu-00661-00272343-00272873 Don't worry, you'll get more.
1lktlnF5Epu-00662-00272873-00273266 Who has ever in his life seen a liquid hang on a magnet?
1lktlnF5Epu-00663-00273266-00273523 It's paramagnetic, it's not ferromagnetic,
1lktlnF5Epu-00664-00273523-00273989 but because the density is so high and because it's so cold,
1lktlnF5Epu-00665-00273990-00275013 the value for xi of M is high enough that the force on it is larger than its own weight.
1lktlnF5Epu-00666-00275013-00275259 If you do this with aluminum, not a chance in the world.
1lktlnF5Epu-00667-00275260-00275613 Aluminum will not hang in there, even though aluminum, as you can see there,
1lktlnF5Epu-00668-00275613-00275856 is paramagnetic.
1lktlnF5Epu-00669-00275856-00276253 But the value two times ten to the minus five is way too small
1lktlnF5Epu-00670-00276253-00276689 and it will not stick to a magnet.
1lktlnF5Epu-00671-00276690-00276750 OK.
1lktlnF5Epu-00672-00276750-00276870 You have something to think about.
1lktlnF5Epu-00673-00276870-00277083 I will see you Friday.
1lJmk4R2H44-00000-00000000-00000392 Here in the post show, where we answer your questions every week about the
1lJmk4R2H44-00001-00000392-00000621 topics that we have discussed.
1lJmk4R2H44-00002-00000621-00001026 We've got Panasonic solar on the line, we've got fronius USA
1lJmk4R2H44-00003-00001026-00001308 I know it's a little bit off to our normal topics. Normally we talk about
1lJmk4R2H44-00004-00001308-00001587 live streaming and video conferencing.
1lJmk4R2H44-00005-00001587-00002456 But, SmartAV is asking if you've ever done any installations in Turkey
1lJmk4R2H44-00006-00002456-00003122 I haven't worked myself in any projects in Turkey and we do have I think a
1lJmk4R2H44-00007-00003123-00003257 Manufacturing plant.
1lJmk4R2H44-00008-00003257-00003773 So, here is a solar market there.
1lJmk4R2H44-00009-00003773-00004487 I have no experience on that. Well with us, we are you know, our
1lJmk4R2H44-00010-00004487-00004721 parent company or our headquarters is in
1lJmk4R2H44-00011-00004721-00005223 Austria. So we have a very large footprint in the EU.
1lJmk4R2H44-00012-00005273-00005648 So we have things there but we can't speak on them because we are primarily
1lJmk4R2H44-00013-00005648-00005976 focused upon the USA market.
1lJmk4R2H44-00014-00005976-00006344 Ok, again thank you all for doing this.
1lJmk4R2H44-00015-00006344-00006900 Oh, and Seriouslive is asking how big is our office that were powering. So we
1lJmk4R2H44-00016-00006900-00007361 actually have a 225 panel array as well, so it sounds like fronius you guys have
1lJmk4R2H44-00017-00007361-00008129 a very similar array potentially maybe even a similar office size. That's a good question.
1lJmk4R2H44-00018-00008129-00008547 Gosh, I know that here's our dashboard here.
1lJmk4R2H44-00019-00008597-00009386 So as you can see we're creating 37 kilowatts and it goes up and down its 100
1lJmk4R2H44-00020-00009386-00009759 degrees here today it's a sunny, sunny day here in Philadelphia
1lJmk4R2H44-00021-00009759-00010221 it's well it's always sunny in philadelphia right. but you know, that
1lJmk4R2H44-00022-00010221-00010545 just gives you an idea, that's the whole year. So you can see we're in the
1lJmk4R2H44-00023-00010545-00011070 summertime we're really getting up there in the power. We've got 30 employees, big
1lJmk4R2H44-00024-00011070-00011548 office, tons of electronics and computers and lights and things.
1lJmk4R2H44-00025-00011550-00012020 So, it's a big office, 30 people work here not exactly sure,
1lJmk4R2H44-00026-00012099-00012566 you know I mean it's it's 30 kilowatts so.
1lJmk4R2H44-00027-00012566-00013026 So I want to thank you guys again for being part of the show
1lJmk4R2H44-00028-00013027-00013510 Tiffany, Emmit, David do you have any closing remarks in the post show,
1lJmk4R2H44-00029-00013510-00013768 anything that you want to just say to the crowd?
1lJmk4R2H44-00030-00013768-00014166 This is going to be shared on Twitter its going to be shared on facebook, I'm going to be
1lJmk4R2H44-00031-00014166-00014380 using #climatechange,
1lJmk4R2H44-00032-00014380-00014950 #environment, #green and a couple other things so I know it's going
1lJmk4R2H44-00033-00014950-00015265 to get out there, were going to get a lot of viewers what do you think you want to
1lJmk4R2H44-00034-00015265-00015597 say to everybody before we close.
1lJmk4R2H44-00035-00015597-00016357 Well for me you know, I want to educate the public on what solar
1lJmk4R2H44-00036-00016357-00016813 actually is because most of the time the face of solar is the solar module, and
1lJmk4R2H44-00037-00016813-00017212 people don't realize that there's so many other components, and so many people
1lJmk4R2H44-00038-00017212-00017794 involved with solar, particularly at Fronius we have as you said you have a
1lJmk4R2H44-00039-00017794-00018364 large system and we have a building that's 400,000 square feet, and we
1lJmk4R2H44-00040-00018364-00018756 have solar on the roof but it doesn't cover the whole 40,000 square feet. But
1lJmk4R2H44-00041-00018756-00019051 it's just a thing that's coming for the future,
1lJmk4R2H44-00042-00019051-00019375 and as I've said to some of my colleagues you know, by the time your
1lJmk4R2H44-00043-00019375-00019594 children are your age,
1lJmk4R2H44-00044-00019594-00020191 solar will be I think like the internet it will ingrained in the public and
1lJmk4R2H44-00045-00020191-00020551 with our name like companies like Fronius and Panasonic they will be
1lJmk4R2H44-00046-00020551-00020898 related to those and people will have a different understanding, it will just be
1lJmk4R2H44-00047-00020898-00021460 part of everyone's life. While I have you on the full screen there and that we're
1lJmk4R2H44-00048-00021460-00021951 getting a question. Do you use batteries for your solar arays?
1lJmk4R2H44-00049-00021951-00022501 Currently we are a grid tie system, but we are developing because our current
1lJmk4R2H44-00050-00022501-00022951 campaign is 24 hours of Sun. So we're leading ourselves, or all of our
1lJmk4R2H44-00051-00022951-00023601 equipment towards the foundation of having an integrated hybrid inverter. So
1lJmk4R2H44-00052-00023601-00023989 look out in the future probably early 2017.
1lJmk4R2H44-00053-00023989-00024462 You'll see a product that incorporates all of that technology.
1lJmk4R2H44-00054-00024462-00024844 Ok, so and then we also got another one here. How long is it going to
1lJmk4R2H44-00055-00024844-00025276 take to offset the cost of the panel, so R.O.I? I can speak a little bit to
1lJmk4R2H44-00056-00025276-00025833 ours. We spent in the neighborhood of 400 to 500 thousand dollars and the original R.O.I
1lJmk4R2H44-00057-00025833-00026275 was supposed to be seven years. What we found is that the solar panels have been
1lJmk4R2H44-00058-00026275-00026638 producing so much power and the electricity costs haven't been going up
1lJmk4R2H44-00059-00026638-00027102 a lot. If they did the offset would go even faster, but we're looking at finally
1lJmk4R2H44-00060-00027102-00027637 having everything be paid for on year 7 which will be next year.
1lJmk4R2H44-00061-00027637-00028057 So after that it's all just free electricity for the rest of our the
1lJmk4R2H44-00062-00028057-00028245 office that we have. How about you guys Emmit.
1lJmk4R2H44-00063-00028245-00028572 What do you guys think about your R.O.I? Where is your office?
1lJmk4R2H44-00064-00028572-00029236 Well our offices is in Portage Indiana, which has historically low electricity
1lJmk4R2H44-00065-00029236-00029733 rates. But, you have to think about the context of the entire country, it depends on
1lJmk4R2H44-00066-00029733-00030256 where your provider is for those services such as electric. Some places
1lJmk4R2H44-00067-00030256-00030702 around the country have a tiered system where your electric bill can be five to
1lJmk4R2H44-00068-00030702-00031051 seven hundred dollars a month if you have nothing to augment it.
1lJmk4R2H44-00069-00031051-00031636 It also depends on what your consumption is, because you know, there are some
1lJmk4R2H44-00070-00031636-00032038 people with with new families or teenagers who are consuming a lot of
1lJmk4R2H44-00071-00032038-00032388 electricity and then there's some empty nesters who all of a sudden seeing a
1lJmk4R2H44-00072-00032388-00032941 decrease in their energy production. So it just literally depends. I would
1lJmk4R2H44-00073-00032941-00033175 say just be involved in your community.
1lJmk4R2H44-00074-00033175-00033753 Go online, talk with people, talk with forums, and just kind of get a grasp of
1lJmk4R2H44-00075-00033753-00034531 how the whole solar impact will play in your life, because for instance you know
1lJmk4R2H44-00076-00034531-00034915 some people are buying generators and in the future they will be buying inverters
1lJmk4R2H44-00077-00034915-00035176 instead of a gasoline generator. So it
1lJmk4R2H44-00078-00035176-00035752 it varies depending on jurisdiction and state and so forth.
1lJmk4R2H44-00079-00035752-00036328 All right thank you Ken for that message. Ken's just
1lJmk4R2H44-00080-00036328-00036700 thanking us for spreading the word about solar and green energy. I think a
1lJmk4R2H44-00081-00036700-00037063 lot of people feel passionate about it, because it is the hottest year on record,
1lJmk4R2H44-00082-00037063-00037444 and climate change is such a big deal, although some of the presidential
1lJmk4R2H44-00083-00037444-00038436 candidates don't believe in it. But PayzJawz is asking what is the lifespan of a panasonic solar panel?
1lJmk4R2H44-00084-00038437-00039139 David a question for you. So the warranty of the solar panels is 25 years and
1lJmk4R2H44-00085-00039139-00039841 we have panels that have been working for almost 25 years. So we we know for
1lJmk4R2H44-00086-00039841-00040396 sure that they're going to... the life span is at least 25 years. But in reality you
1lJmk4R2H44-00087-00040396-00040813 going to spray your panels, they keep performing well over
1lJmk4R2H44-00088-00040813-00041335 35 - 40 years, but there is no warranty after the 25 years.
1lJmk4R2H44-00089-00041335-00042052 So that's a fairly serious value add proposition. Because like for us you know, after six or seven years
1lJmk4R2H44-00090-00042052-00042626 it's paid for and we've got a guarantee of at least 20 more years of warrantied
1lJmk4R2H44-00091-00042626-00042964 electricity production, although you're not saying that's going to stop
1lJmk4R2H44-00092-00042964-00043602 at that point, and you know as panasonic being the premier highest quality panel out there.
1lJmk4R2H44-00093-00043603-00043924 I mean I feel confident in saying those things are probably gonna last...
1lJmk4R2H44-00094-00043924-00044362 I don't know, you tell me how long do you think they could possibly last
1lJmk4R2H44-00095-00044362-00044893 I mean right now we've seen panels you know, with a life span over there
1lJmk4R2H44-00096-00044893-00045511 35 - 40 years, and the only thing that you need to keep in mind is that there is the pace of degration.
1lJmk4R2H44-00097-00045511-00046030 So your panel performs at a hundred percent when you buy it and there is it
1lJmk4R2H44-00098-00046030-00046255 keeps degrading in a yearly basis.
1lJmk4R2H44-00099-00046255-00046972 Anywhere between 0.6 to 0.9 percent in a yearly basis so let's say
1lJmk4R2H44-00100-00046972-00047509 in 25 years the hundred percent you would be performing, eighty
1lJmk4R2H44-00101-00047509-00048013 percent of the initial power and
1lJmk4R2H44-00102-00048013-00048514 it's still a lot of power. SmartAV is asking a great question, I wish we had
1lJmk4R2H44-00103-00048514-00048864 our cleaning system installed because we're in the midst of installing it now
1lJmk4R2H44-00104-00048865-00049174 five years after we've had the panel's.
1lJmk4R2H44-00105-00049174-00049552 How do you suggest cleaning the panels. I know we have a cleaning
1lJmk4R2H44-00106-00049552-00049891 system that we're installing that works on like water spritzing them.
1lJmk4R2H44-00107-00049891-00050401 How do you what do you suggest their. Well in this cause, I mean you have
1lJmk4R2H44-00108-00050401-00050992 enough rain that, I mean you can just use any type of water,
1lJmk4R2H44-00109-00050992-00051484 yeah just regular water will clean the panels well and
1lJmk4R2H44-00110-00051484-00052029 you know hearing in places where you know you have enough rain sometimes you
1lJmk4R2H44-00111-00052029-00052444 don't even have to really clean them, and something that's very special about
1lJmk4R2H44-00112-00052444-00052846 Panasonic and as you know if you wash the panels
1lJmk4R2H44-00113-00052846-00053416 you will have water that will get stuck in the corners of the frame
1lJmk4R2H44-00114-00053416-00053899 So when it dries is going to create waters stains. In our case Panasonic uses
1lJmk4R2H44-00115-00053899-00054160 a unique water drainage.
1lJmk4R2H44-00116-00054160-00054649 So when you wash the panel's all the water is going to flush properly leaving a
1lJmk4R2H44-00117-00054649-00055278 much cleaner area and free of water stains.
1lJmk4R2H44-00118-00055278-00055629 Got it, well thank you and everybody who has been part of this
1lJmk4R2H44-00119-00055629-00055885 webinar, just want to thank everybody one more time.
1lJmk4R2H44-00120-00055885-00056215 I think that's all the questions we really need we can, really take today.
1lJmk4R2H44-00121-00056215-00056841 Any last closing remarks everybody. Just visit our website
1lJmk4R2H44-00122-00056841-00057163 So that you can gather some information about our products and also
1lJmk4R2H44-00123-00057163-00057492 gather some information about solar in general because we're very keen on
1lJmk4R2H44-00124-00057492-00058201 educating the public about products, services, and ability, and we've also come
1lJmk4R2H44-00125-00058201-00058909 out with a program for certifying installers to help the inverters last
1lJmk4R2H44-00126-00058909-00059674 for up to 30 to 40 years which is our FSP program. Sounds amazing!
1lJmk4R2H44-00127-00059674-00060214 Well thank you everybody, again we're going to do our best to promote this
1lJmk4R2H44-00128-00060214-00060541 video I'm actually really happy with the way it came out,
1lJmk4R2H44-00129-00060541-00061048 and thank you everybody for watching we got nine likes and two subscribes so that
1lJmk4R2H44-00130-00061048-00061690 gets us to a 31 dollar donation to Casa of susquehanna so we're gonna do that
1lJmk4R2H44-00131-00061690-00062023 every week it's kind of a new thing but it makes me feel good that not only
1lJmk4R2H44-00132-00062023-00062578 talking about the environment one hundred percent green but we're donating to a noble cause
1lJmk4R2H44-00133-00062578-00063005 Thank you Tiffany, thank you David, thank you Emmit it's been a great show
1lJmk4R2H44-00134-00063007-00063619 I appreciate having everybody thank you.
1lJmk4R2H44-00135-00063619-00063857 Thanks for watching everybody!
1m0ssW7uVPg-00000-00000630-00001028 The Internet’s a place that can foster creativity
1m0ssW7uVPg-00001-00001030-00001462 You can write and share your music, if that is your proclivity
1m0ssW7uVPg-00002-00001470-00001896 But others value insults; they leave no stone unthrown
1m0ssW7uVPg-00003-00001900-00002374 It makes you want to turn off your computer and your phone
1m0ssW7uVPg-00004-00002382-00003261 Sunday comes afterwards Sunday comes afterwards
1m0ssW7uVPg-00005-00003276-00003708 Sometimes it seems the comments are filled with awful churls
1m0ssW7uVPg-00006-00003711-00004132 Who’d pride themselves on bullying a 13-year-old girl
1m0ssW7uVPg-00007-00004138-00004568 But we’ll just keep on singing, in spite of the buffoons
1m0ssW7uVPg-00008-00004574-00005068 We know their lack of decency is worse than Autotune
1m0ssW7uVPg-00009-00005080-00005918 Sunday comes afterwards Sunday comes afterwards
1m0ssW7uVPg-00010-00007673-00008094 Perhaps it makes you feel good To vent all of your pique
1m0ssW7uVPg-00011-00008098-00008630 But it doesn't make you clever And we'll still be here next week
1m0ssW7uVPg-00012-00008630-00009530 Sunday comes afterwards Sunday comes afterwards
1m0ssW7uVPg-00013-00009538-00009972 If you don’t like my music, or think well of my voice
1m0ssW7uVPg-00014-00009972-00010418 Just scroll on through the sidebar, and make a better choice
1m0ssW7uVPg-00015-00010418-00010856 Or put out something of your own: it doesn’t hurt to try
1m0ssW7uVPg-00016-00010856-00011338 But if you like my message, then join my battle cry
1m0ssW7uVPg-00017-00011338-00012234 Sunday comes afterwards Sunday comes afterwards
23J8FvnsNWA-00000-00000035-00000551 My second place to check the pronunciation of a word or a phrase is Google Translate.
23J8FvnsNWA-00001-00000551-00002156 And as you can see, I am typing the phrase, and then clicking on the audio for its pronunciation.
23J8FvnsNWA-00002-00002156-00002832 From the two resources that I’ve shown you, there are several limitations in their ways
23J8FvnsNWA-00003-00002832-00003156 of showing me the pronunciation of a word.
23J8FvnsNWA-00004-00003156-00003552 First, the dictionary doesn’t allow you to look for pronunciation of the whole phrase;
23J8FvnsNWA-00005-00003552-00003932 you have to type individual words in that phrase instead.
23J8FvnsNWA-00006-00003932-00004578 Second, the pronunciation of the words in these two resources are often either in male
23J8FvnsNWA-00007-00004578-00005208 or female voice without a clear indication of which accent, and they are recorded in
23J8FvnsNWA-00008-00005208-00005798 isolated speech but not in a connected speech in a real context.
23J8FvnsNWA-00009-00005798-00006154 And as a language learner, I really want to see how it is produced by different people
23J8FvnsNWA-00010-00006154-00006647 in real life contexts; I’m also particularly interested in learning how it is pronounced
23J8FvnsNWA-00011-00006647-00006856 in the American accent as well.
23J8FvnsNWA-00012-00006856-00007153 So here is how I search for that.
23J8FvnsNWA-00013-00007153-00007500 I go to Youglish.com.
23J8FvnsNWA-00014-00007500-00008145 As you have learned from the lecture, the website was designed by Dan Barhen, and is
23J8FvnsNWA-00015-00008145-00008260 based on YouTube.
23J8FvnsNWA-00016-00008260-00008685 There’s a huge mass of content available on YouTube.
23J8FvnsNWA-00017-00008685-00008920 Some YouTube videos include transcripts.
23J8FvnsNWA-00018-00008920-00009300 And YouGlish will let you search those transcripts.
23J8FvnsNWA-00019-00009300-00009822 You only need to type a word, press Enter, and you get a video where someone is saying
23J8FvnsNWA-00020-00009822-00009936 that word.
23J8FvnsNWA-00021-00009936-00010364 The video will automatically start from the relevant sentence, so there’s no need to
23J8FvnsNWA-00022-00010364-00010525 look for the right place.
23J8FvnsNWA-00023-00010525-00011075 So as you can see here, I’m typing the whole phrase in the box, then I choose the U.S,
23J8FvnsNWA-00024-00011075-00011386 and then I hit ‘Enter’ or I can either click “Say it.”
23J8FvnsNWA-00025-00011386-00012271 And as you can see here, I’ve got 141 speech samples containing that word.
23J8FvnsNWA-00026-00012271-00013022 I will play one for you to see.
23J8FvnsNWA-00027-00013022-00013631 I can control the video here by either playing it, pausing it, replaying it, or going back
23J8FvnsNWA-00028-00013631-00013840 by 5 seconds.
23J8FvnsNWA-00029-00013840-00014552 Also, if I want to see more examples of the word being pronounced in other contexts, I
23J8FvnsNWA-00030-00014552-00016016 can also simply click the big arrow button to go the next video result.
23J8FvnsNWA-00031-00016016-00016417 So this is a really nice interface for browsing examples or real-life speech.
23J8FvnsNWA-00032-00016417-00016576 It’s really cool.
23J8FvnsNWA-00033-00016576-00017158 And if I want to save the examples or the search results for my record, I can also save
23J8FvnsNWA-00034-00017158-00017656 them by clicking on this ‘Save’ button here.
23J8FvnsNWA-00035-00017656-00018281 And it will ask me to sign in or create a new account on this website.
24pveLtLTJY-00000-00002092-00002752 Sadhguru: The word “asana” literally means a posture.
24pveLtLTJY-00001-00002752-00003290 When we say a posture, every posture the  body can take is an asana.
24pveLtLTJY-00002-00003290-00003646 Now, this (Gestures) is an asana, this (Gestures) is an  asana, this (Gestures) is an asana,
24pveLtLTJY-00003-00003646-00003962 this (Gestures) is an asana, this (Gestures) is an asana, this (Gestures) is an asana.
24pveLtLTJY-00004-00003962-00004324 So how many possible? Innumerable possible.
24pveLtLTJY-00005-00004324-00005002 Innumerable postures that this body can take,  of the innumerable postures that this body can take,
24pveLtLTJY-00006-00005002-00005566 we identified eighty-four asanas as yogasanas.
24pveLtLTJY-00007-00005566-00006436 These eighty-four postures are possibilities where your body will not sit as a hurdle in front of you
24pveLtLTJY-00008-00006436-00007095 but act as a channel for your ultimate possibility.
24pveLtLTJY-00009-00007095-00007672 What is the biggest barrier for the human beings to do whatever they’re doing?
24pveLtLTJY-00010-00007672-00008098 It is their body and their mind.
24pveLtLTJY-00011-00008098-00008616 What should have been a stepping stone has  turned into an obstacle simply
24pveLtLTJY-00012-00008616-00009006 because we have not explored it considerably.
24pveLtLTJY-00013-00009006-00009566 Yogasana means you’re taking charge of your life,  you’re transforming your body and mind
24pveLtLTJY-00014-00009566-00010392 into a possibility, not a barrier in your life.  It is becoming a passage, it is not a block.
24pveLtLTJY-00015-00010392-00011248 For every emotional, psychological and different levels of consciousness that you experience,
24pveLtLTJY-00016-00011248-00011940 your body naturally tends to take a certain posture,  that is, if you are angry you will sit one way,
24pveLtLTJY-00017-00011940-00012740 you’re peaceful - you sit another way, you are in turmoil -  you sit one way, you are tranquil - you sit another way.
24pveLtLTJY-00018-00012740-00013263 Like this if you observe your own life, you will see for different states of consciousness
24pveLtLTJY-00019-00013263-00013737 that you experience, your body tends to  take certain postures.
24pveLtLTJY-00020-00013737-00014069 Based on this conversely is the science of asanas.
24pveLtLTJY-00021-00014069-00014638 By consciously getting your body into a certain posture, you can also elevate your consciousness.
24pveLtLTJY-00022-00014638-00015458 The very way you think, feel, perceive and understand life can be altered simply because of the way you sit.
24pveLtLTJY-00023-00015458-00015800 Physical body is the easiest thing to work with.
24pveLtLTJY-00024-00015800-00016326 If you try to do something with your mind,  it will play too many tricks.
24pveLtLTJY-00025-00016326-00016978 At least with the body, you know whether  it's doing it right or not doing it right,
24pveLtLTJY-00026-00016978-00017486 whether it's cooperating or not cooperating. A mind, if you push it too hard,
24pveLtLTJY-00027-00017486-00018100 it will play all kinds of tricks with you, it will make you  believe all kinds of things and dump you the next day
24pveLtLTJY-00028-00018100-00018604 but body is not like that, it is a reliable factor,  if you work with it sensibly,
24pveLtLTJY-00029-00018604-00019080 yogasanas will definitely lead to the possibility of ultimate union.
24pveLtLTJY-00030-00019080-00019629 Speaker (Recorded voice): The practice of yogasanas provides countless benefits including
24pveLtLTJY-00031-00019629-00020345 relief of chronic ailments, preparation of body and mind towards a higher possibility,
24pveLtLTJY-00032-00020346-00021152 slowing down of the aging process.
24P17F0jcSY-00001-00000858-00001076 Well, Hello, Madam!
24P17F0jcSY-00002-00001090-00001382 "PROTECT YOURSELF AND FOLKS FROM CORONAVIRUS!"
24b9bV_wPpU-00000-00000000-00000400 NO  copyright video
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25e-fiuXewc-00007-00000546-00000600 Scarlet Painter
2qyCD-dHfmA-00000-00000140-00000423 >> Well, good afternoon and welcome everyone.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00001-00000423-00000603 You may be surprised to see me here.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00002-00000603-00000934 I'm not Suzanne Collins I'm Liz Gerber.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00003-00000934-00001314 Suzanne Collins is, unfortunately, stuck in traffic.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00004-00001314-00001488 She'll be here as soon as she can.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00005-00001488-00001995 But, she asked me to introduce our distinguished speaker today.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00006-00001995-00002525 So, today is our final Policy Talk lecture
2qyCD-dHfmA-00007-00002525-00002662 of the academic year.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00008-00002662-00003046 And, without a doubt, we are ending on a high note.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00009-00003046-00003329 When we set out to create the slate of speakers
2qyCD-dHfmA-00010-00003329-00003733 for this year's Academic Policy Talk series,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00011-00003733-00003923 a leader in domestic policy seemed
2qyCD-dHfmA-00012-00003923-00004090 to be an important choice.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00013-00004090-00004457 And, we're actually thrilled today to have one
2qyCD-dHfmA-00014-00004457-00004794 of the University of Michigan's most distinguished alumni accept
2qyCD-dHfmA-00015-00004794-00005068 our invitation for this policy talk.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00016-00005068-00005438 Melody Barnes was Assistant to President Obama as Direct
2qyCD-dHfmA-00017-00005438-00005909 of the White House Domestic Policy Council from, excuse me,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00018-00005909-00006463 not that long, 2009 to 2012, working with the Administration
2qyCD-dHfmA-00019-00006463-00006813 on a broad portfolio of domestic policy issues including
2qyCD-dHfmA-00020-00006813-00007123 education, healthcare, federal and federal
2qyCD-dHfmA-00021-00007123-00007554 to state government relations, and many other important areas.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00022-00007554-00007957 She is now CEO of Melody Barnes Solutions and Vice Provost
2qyCD-dHfmA-00023-00007957-00008301 for Global Student Leadership initiatives and a Senior Fellow
2qyCD-dHfmA-00024-00008301-00008962 at the Wagner School of Public Service at NYU.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00025-00008962-00009189 Melody also serves as the Senior Director
2qyCD-dHfmA-00026-00009189-00009409 at the Albright Stonebridge Group
2qyCD-dHfmA-00027-00009409-00009649 which is a global strategy firm.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00028-00009649-00009839 And, she's on the board of directors
2qyCD-dHfmA-00029-00009839-00010143 of the Marguerite Casey Foundation.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00030-00010143-00010423 She's currently chair of the Aspen Institute Forum
2qyCD-dHfmA-00031-00010423-00010670 for Community Solutions which works
2qyCD-dHfmA-00032-00010670-00011060 to support the collaborative efforts of nonprofits, business,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00033-00011060-00011461 philanthropy, and government to address problems.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00034-00011461-00011985 With her remarkable breadth of distinguished policy experience,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00035-00011985-00012242 our students and faculty have been looking forward
2qyCD-dHfmA-00036-00012242-00012392 to this visit all year.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00037-00012392-00012762 And, I am very grateful for the generous time
2qyCD-dHfmA-00038-00012762-00013086 that Melody has already spent with our students and faculty.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00039-00013086-00013373 She was a guest speaker in my class this afternoon.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00040-00013373-00013576 And, I know she met with a group of students
2qyCD-dHfmA-00041-00013576-00013883 who I saw were enwrapped in conversation
2qyCD-dHfmA-00042-00013883-00014027 with here earlier today.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00043-00014027-00014454 Before we begin I'd like to remind the audience that,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00044-00014454-00014754 at about 4:40, staff will come around
2qyCD-dHfmA-00045-00014754-00015011 and collect your question cards.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00046-00015011-00015291 If anybody would like a question card, there will be staff
2qyCD-dHfmA-00047-00015291-00015635 with extras as the come around with those as well.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00048-00015635-00015865 They'll collect those around 4:40.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00049-00015865-00016075 And, for those of you who are watching online,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00050-00016075-00016419 you can also tweet your questions using the hashtag
2qyCD-dHfmA-00051-00016419-00016596 Policy Talks.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00052-00016596-00016993 And then, with my help, our students Emily Ruska
2qyCD-dHfmA-00053-00016993-00017297 and Mira Lee will read your questions
2qyCD-dHfmA-00054-00017297-00017507 for the Q and A portion.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00055-00017507-00017854 I think that's all for introduction.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00056-00017854-00018094 So, it's now with my great pleasure and honor
2qyCD-dHfmA-00057-00018094-00018248 to welcome Melody Barnes.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00058-00018248-00018348 Melody.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00059-00018348-00019179 [ Applause ]
2qyCD-dHfmA-00060-00019179-00019342 >> Melody Barnes: Well, thank you so much
2qyCD-dHfmA-00061-00019342-00019549 for that terrific introduction.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00062-00019549-00019873 And, it's really wonderful to be there this afternoon.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00063-00019873-00020226 I don't think I've been back in Ann Arbor in a number of years.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00064-00020226-00020423 And, last time, I was, you know,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00065-00020423-00020603 down the street at the Law School.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00066-00020603-00020800 So, it's terrific to be back.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00067-00020800-00021054 I have already had a Zingerman's Brownie.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00068-00021054-00021224 So, I'm in good shape.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00069-00021224-00021694 But, and had a wonderful time this afternoon already,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00070-00021694-00021995 as Liz mentioned, spending some time with one of the classes,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00071-00021995-00022288 with her class, as well as lunch
2qyCD-dHfmA-00072-00022288-00022505 with a really wonderful group of students.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00073-00022505-00022732 Which, I have to say, and some of this comes
2qyCD-dHfmA-00074-00022732-00023066 out of my experience at NYU as well, it always makes,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00075-00023066-00023470 I always have two feelings when I have experiences like that.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00076-00023470-00023666 One of them is relief.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00077-00023666-00024247 And, that is because I am struck by just how smart and how savvy
2qyCD-dHfmA-00078-00024247-00024441 and the kinds of experiences
2qyCD-dHfmA-00079-00024441-00024657 that students here have already had.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00080-00024657-00024988 So, I feel relief that things are in good hands.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00081-00024988-00025408 And, the other one is a desire to both learn and to share,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00082-00025408-00025682 and to share from the experiences that I've had
2qyCD-dHfmA-00083-00025682-00025815 but also to learn from you.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00084-00025815-00026179 I don't think you all realize how much we gain
2qyCD-dHfmA-00085-00026179-00026422 from spending time hearing what you're thinking,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00086-00026422-00026673 hearing about your approaches, hearing about the experiences
2qyCD-dHfmA-00087-00026673-00026996 that you've already had and how that shapes the work
2qyCD-dHfmA-00088-00026996-00027380 that we're able to do when those of us who are wiser have
2qyCD-dHfmA-00089-00027380-00027820 to go back out into the world and do the work that we do.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00090-00027820-00028288 And, just going back to that sense of relief for a second.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00091-00028288-00028745 That comes from the experiences that I've had and all
2qyCD-dHfmA-00092-00028745-00029035 that I've been fortunate to see, but all that I see
2qyCD-dHfmA-00093-00029035-00029442 that also gives me a sense of urgency and impatient
2qyCD-dHfmA-00094-00029442-00029636 about the kind of work that we have to do
2qyCD-dHfmA-00095-00029636-00029876 because of the significant challenges
2qyCD-dHfmA-00096-00029876-00030053 that sit in front of us today.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00097-00030053-00030316 And, they're the issues that we're all hearing about,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00098-00030316-00030453 reading about, thinking about.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00099-00030453-00030757 I know I've had that experience already with many of you
2qyCD-dHfmA-00100-00030757-00030954 and I know that you're thinking about issues
2qyCD-dHfmA-00101-00030954-00031217 of economic mobility and social mobility
2qyCD-dHfmA-00102-00031217-00031558 and just how significant that is for our country right now.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00103-00031558-00031751 I have talked to so many students already
2qyCD-dHfmA-00104-00031751-00032182 who have a clear passion for education at all levels.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00105-00032182-00032629 And, how do we insure that we are educating every child
2qyCD-dHfmA-00106-00032629-00032939 and educating every child at a level of excellence
2qyCD-dHfmA-00107-00032939-00033249 that will allow them to fulfill their potential and be able
2qyCD-dHfmA-00108-00033249-00033560 to compete in the world today, know their issues
2qyCD-dHfmA-00109-00033560-00033877 of human rights and civil rights not only domestically
2qyCD-dHfmA-00110-00033877-00034017 but internationally.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00111-00034017-00034384 How are girls and women being treated and able
2qyCD-dHfmA-00112-00034384-00034504 to fill their potential?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00113-00034504-00034794 Issues of natural resources and the environment.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00114-00034794-00035054 I mean the list goes on and on and on.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00115-00035054-00035338 And, I know, for many of us and often times when I'm
2qyCD-dHfmA-00116-00035338-00035535 in communities around the country,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00117-00035535-00035732 those issues seem daunting.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00118-00035732-00036059 And the ways that we go about solving them seem
2qyCD-dHfmA-00119-00036059-00036362 to be calcified and ineffective.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00120-00036362-00036746 But, one of the things that I feel very passionate about is
2qyCD-dHfmA-00121-00036746-00037173 that there is a way forward and it involves the human capital
2qyCD-dHfmA-00122-00037173-00037560 and the development of the human mind that's happening here
2qyCD-dHfmA-00123-00037560-00037914 and involves what's happening around the country, and,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00124-00037914-00038114 some of the things that I want to talk about today
2qyCD-dHfmA-00125-00038114-00038361 that I'm lucky enough to have been involved in.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00126-00038361-00038862 And that's why the title of my speech, it refers to the anatomy
2qyCD-dHfmA-00127-00038862-00039072 of a public policy issue.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00128-00039072-00039489 And I want to dissect that and talk about some of the tools
2qyCD-dHfmA-00129-00039489-00039756 and the way those tools are coming together
2qyCD-dHfmA-00130-00039756-00040089 to create the kind of change that I think is necessary.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00131-00040089-00040386 I think my husband would probably laugh, I don't know
2qyCD-dHfmA-00132-00040386-00040637 that he saw the title of this speech, because of the use
2qyCD-dHfmA-00133-00040637-00040900 of the word anatomy and my use of the word dissect,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00134-00040900-00041020 because he actually jokes
2qyCD-dHfmA-00135-00041020-00041297 that I'm a frustrated doctor at heart.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00136-00041297-00041611 We have landed on the fact that I have an instinct for healing
2qyCD-dHfmA-00137-00041611-00041845 because he said I know you got your MD when you got your JD
2qyCD-dHfmA-00138-00041845-00042008 when you were at Michigan.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00139-00042008-00042395 But, I think that that is an approach that I want to bring
2qyCD-dHfmA-00140-00042395-00042705 to what I want to talk about this afternoon.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00141-00042705-00043199 And, how do we go about solving the big complex harry
2qyCD-dHfmA-00142-00043199-00043706 frustrating challenges that sit in front of us today?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00143-00043706-00043973 As you all know, I spent the first three years
2qyCD-dHfmA-00144-00043973-00044387 of this administration as the Domestic Policy Advisor
2qyCD-dHfmA-00145-00044387-00044597 as Director of the Domestic Policy Council
2qyCD-dHfmA-00146-00044597-00044731 in the White House.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00147-00044731-00045114 And, I can still reflect back to that point and time
2qyCD-dHfmA-00148-00045114-00045462 after the election and after the president had asked me
2qyCD-dHfmA-00149-00045462-00045658 to serve in that capacity.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00150-00045658-00045989 And, we were in the transition period which I always think of
2qyCD-dHfmA-00151-00045989-00046503 and describe to people as an 87 day due diligence, kind of,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00152-00046503-00046779 M and A approach to taking over the biggest corporation
2qyCD-dHfmA-00153-00046779-00047013 in the world which is the United States Government.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00154-00047013-00047173 So, how do you wrap your arms
2qyCD-dHfmA-00155-00047173-00047507 around everything that's happening in the Government
2qyCD-dHfmA-00156-00047507-00047784 for this amazing peaceful transition
2qyCD-dHfmA-00157-00047784-00048077 that we have every four to eight years?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00158-00048077-00048485 And, we were in Chicago and it was December,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00159-00048485-00048678 and the core members
2qyCD-dHfmA-00160-00048678-00049012 of the president's senior team had been put together.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00161-00049012-00049192 And, we were sitting there
2qyCD-dHfmA-00162-00049192-00049489 and getting a briefing on the economy.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00163-00049489-00049702 And it's, for those of you who have read about it,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00164-00049702-00050053 it's when Christ Romer, who was chair of the Council
2qyCD-dHfmA-00165-00050053-00050453 of Economic Advisors, famously said to the president, you know,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00166-00050453-00050733 Mr. President, this is your oh shit moment.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00167-00050733-00051211 And, what she meant by that was the fact that what we had seen
2qyCD-dHfmA-00168-00051211-00051671 in terms of the infrastructure of our economy, over the course
2qyCD-dHfmA-00169-00051671-00052045 of the campaign, had been crumbling was far,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00170-00052045-00052218 far worse than we knew.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00171-00052218-00052575 And, we spent that day and many, many others talking
2qyCD-dHfmA-00172-00052575-00052745 about the problems and the challenges
2qyCD-dHfmA-00173-00052745-00052892 that were in front of us.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00174-00052892-00053169 And, that president, at that time, challenged us not only
2qyCD-dHfmA-00175-00053169-00053556 to think about the substance of those problems but also to think
2qyCD-dHfmA-00176-00053556-00053866 about how we were going to approach those problems.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00177-00053866-00054264 And, to try and think about that and approach the challenges
2qyCD-dHfmA-00178-00054264-00054494 in a very, very different way.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00179-00054494-00054894 And, as a result of doing that, we started to focus
2qyCD-dHfmA-00180-00054894-00055061 on a series of things.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00181-00055061-00055405 And, for me and my portfolio, that included everything
2qyCD-dHfmA-00182-00055405-00055785 from education to civil rights and a whole host
2qyCD-dHfmA-00183-00055785-00055972 of other domestic issues.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00184-00055972-00056336 But, the issue that I want to talk about a bit today is
2qyCD-dHfmA-00185-00056336-00056873 that of what we started to refer to as opportunity youth.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00186-00056873-00057300 Now, many people, most people talk about vulnerable youth.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00187-00057300-00057614 Many people refer to disconnected youth.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00188-00057614-00057934 And, what they are referring to, what we're all referring
2qyCD-dHfmA-00189-00057934-00058328 to are this group of about 6.7 million.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00190-00058328-00058568 And, in fact, most people think that's an undercount.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00191-00058568-00058952 Well over 7 million 16 to 24 year olds
2qyCD-dHfmA-00192-00058952-00059329 who have been disconnected from the education system
2qyCD-dHfmA-00193-00059329-00059532 and disconnected from employment.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00194-00059532-00059883 Whether they have dropped out of high school,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00195-00059883-00060236 whether they have finished high school with a GED but not gone
2qyCD-dHfmA-00196-00060236-00060523 on to get some kind of post-secondary credential,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00197-00060523-00060910 whether that's a certificate or a two year AA degree.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00198-00060910-00061117 And also that, they're not
2qyCD-dHfmA-00199-00061117-00061407 in the workforce in a significant way.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00200-00061407-00061674 They may have some kind of lower level job, but,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00201-00061674-00062005 not what we think of as a family sustaining wage job,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00202-00062005-00062392 not a job that you can actually live on, support a family with
2qyCD-dHfmA-00203-00062392-00062682 and grow and become a vibrant
2qyCD-dHfmA-00204-00062682-00062939 and vital member of the middle class.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00205-00062939-00063333 But, I specifically use the term opportunity youth because,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00206-00063333-00063633 as we have been out and talking to young people
2qyCD-dHfmA-00207-00063633-00063827 around the country, one of the things
2qyCD-dHfmA-00208-00063827-00064197 that we have noted is that, this group of young people,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00209-00064197-00064477 they don't see themselves as disconnected.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00210-00064477-00064747 They don't see themselves as a chronic challenge.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00211-00064747-00065208 And instead, what they feel is a sense of hope
2qyCD-dHfmA-00212-00065208-00065555 that they can be a part of a broader society,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00213-00065555-00065895 that they have something to contribute that they want
2qyCD-dHfmA-00214-00065895-00066272 to raise their families and be part of the U.S.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00215-00066272-00066483 and the American community.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00216-00066483-00066840 That, and I believe, having spent time with many
2qyCD-dHfmA-00217-00066840-00067187 of these young people, that this is an untapped
2qyCD-dHfmA-00218-00067187-00067637 but vital resource for our country, that, they have much
2qyCD-dHfmA-00219-00067637-00068097 to contribute and intellectual gifts and a grit and a view
2qyCD-dHfmA-00220-00068097-00068348 of the world that can help us solve many
2qyCD-dHfmA-00221-00068348-00068751 of the challenges before us if, in fact, we are able to work
2qyCD-dHfmA-00222-00068751-00069088 with them and to support them and to bring them back
2qyCD-dHfmA-00223-00069088-00069305 into the fold of our country.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00224-00069305-00069692 We know that this is a moral challenge for all the reasons
2qyCD-dHfmA-00225-00069692-00069839 that we could describe.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00226-00069839-00070139 But, at the same time, what we felt it important
2qyCD-dHfmA-00227-00070139-00070426 to do is we start to look at this group of young people is
2qyCD-dHfmA-00228-00070426-00070730 to also start to talk about the economic challenge
2qyCD-dHfmA-00229-00070730-00070877 that's represented.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00230-00070877-00071277 And, what we know is that, in 2011, if you stopped
2qyCD-dHfmA-00231-00071277-00071558 at that moment in time and you looked at this group
2qyCD-dHfmA-00232-00071558-00071948 of 7 million young people that this, there's a cost
2qyCD-dHfmA-00233-00071948-00072472 to the country of about $95 billion annually to taxpayers
2qyCD-dHfmA-00234-00072472-00072692 by not addressing this challenge.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00235-00072692-00073002 And, if you look at the broader societal cost,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00236-00073002-00073429 it's about a $252 billion annual problem.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00237-00073429-00073780 And, if you look at the lifetime of those young people,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00238-00073780-00074317 in 2011 dollars, you're talking about $1.6 trillion lost
2qyCD-dHfmA-00239-00074317-00074898 to the taxpayer, $4.75 trillion lost to society
2qyCD-dHfmA-00240-00074898-00075375 by not addressing the fact that these young people are a part of
2qyCD-dHfmA-00241-00075375-00075808 or trying to engage in systems that are actually disconnected.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00242-00075808-00076135 So, the moral imperative, the economic cost,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00243-00076135-00076626 and the economic challenge, how do we fix this?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00244-00076626-00076916 I bet all of you can think of ways that we've tried
2qyCD-dHfmA-00245-00076916-00077167 to approach these kind of problems
2qyCD-dHfmA-00246-00077167-00077600 and seen these young men and young women over the years
2qyCD-dHfmA-00247-00077600-00078021 and we failed over and over and over.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00248-00078021-00078368 If we still have, are talking about 7 million young people,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00249-00078368-00078611 we're not doing something right.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00250-00078611-00078882 So, how do we approach this challenge?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00251-00078882-00079128 What is the new way of doing business?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00252-00079128-00079496 And, those are the kind of tools that I want to talk about today.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00253-00079496-00079819 If we look at the challenge and we look and see what's happening
2qyCD-dHfmA-00254-00079819-00080103 around the country where we see green shoots,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00255-00080103-00080430 where we see progress, we have to recognize
2qyCD-dHfmA-00256-00080430-00080770 that it is the Federal Government but it's also State
2qyCD-dHfmA-00257-00080770-00080914 and Local Governments.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00258-00080914-00081137 It's also the business community.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00259-00081137-00081347 It's the philanthropic community,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00260-00081347-00081895 and it's the nonprofit sector all working together cohesively
2qyCD-dHfmA-00261-00081895-00082368 that actually has a chance to make a difference.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00262-00082368-00082612 And, we are starting to see proof of that.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00263-00082612-00082792 So, I want to talk a little bit
2qyCD-dHfmA-00264-00082792-00083069 about how those sectors are working together.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00265-00083069-00083510 But, the bottom line for what I want to talk about today is
2qyCD-dHfmA-00266-00083510-00083700 that I believe that this strategy
2qyCD-dHfmA-00267-00083700-00084130 for approaching these complex persistent problems is a way
2qyCD-dHfmA-00268-00084130-00084420 that we can address so many of the challenges
2qyCD-dHfmA-00269-00084420-00084601 that we're facing right now.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00270-00084601-00084898 The Federal Government engagement,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00271-00084898-00085318 and I'll start there, when we started to look at this problem,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00272-00085318-00085532 was one that we decided to tackle
2qyCD-dHfmA-00273-00085532-00085909 by bringing together a group of some of the most talented people
2qyCD-dHfmA-00274-00085909-00086186 in the country from across sectors.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00275-00086186-00086496 Everyone from, and I mentioned this earlier today, you know,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00276-00086496-00086786 Patty Stonesifer who led the Gates Foundation
2qyCD-dHfmA-00277-00086786-00087213 to a senior business executive at the Gap companies
2qyCD-dHfmA-00278-00087213-00087500 to Judith Rodin who used to be head of the University
2qyCD-dHfmA-00279-00087500-00087804 of Pennsylvania now is at the Rockefeller Foundation,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00280-00087804-00088234 to John Bon Jovi who is an active member
2qyCD-dHfmA-00281-00088234-00088571 of our cultural society, you know, across every sector,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00282-00088571-00088838 we brought together about 26 business leaders,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00283-00088838-00088945 philanthropic leaders,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00284-00088945-00089212 local government leaders to work with us.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00285-00089212-00089489 And, we said go out and we want you, one,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00286-00089489-00089839 to think about how are we going to galvanize resources
2qyCD-dHfmA-00287-00089839-00090013 to take on this challenge?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00288-00090013-00090303 And, two, what's working?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00289-00090303-00090577 What out there is actually working?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00290-00090577-00090860 And, they scoured the country and they went community
2qyCD-dHfmA-00291-00090860-00091064 by community by community.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00292-00091064-00091561 And, they found instances of success in places
2qyCD-dHfmA-00293-00091561-00092001 like Northern Kentucky and Southern Ohio
2qyCD-dHfmA-00294-00092001-00092141 and the Strive Network.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00295-00092141-00092422 And I don't know how many of you in here are aware of the work
2qyCD-dHfmA-00296-00092422-00092595 of the Strive Network.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00297-00092595-00092785 You know, Strive has taken on this issue
2qyCD-dHfmA-00298-00092785-00093139 of cradle to career education.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00299-00093139-00093399 And, they recognized their graduation rates
2qyCD-dHfmA-00300-00093399-00093857 in that region were substandard, that not enough,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00301-00093857-00094180 not enough children were prepared to start school
2qyCD-dHfmA-00302-00094180-00094334 and not enough of them were coming
2qyCD-dHfmA-00303-00094334-00094514 out of school ready for college.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00304-00094514-00094764 Not enough of them were persisting through some kind
2qyCD-dHfmA-00305-00094764-00095121 of postsecondary education and getting a good job.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00306-00095121-00095335 And, they took this problem on.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00307-00095335-00095655 And, within 5 years of the beginning of their work,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00308-00095655-00096029 they noticed, because they came together and identified goals,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00309-00096029-00096359 that, 43 of the 50 benchmarks that they had set
2qyCD-dHfmA-00310-00096359-00096576 out they were making progress on.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00311-00096576-00096863 And then, they decided, ultimately, to take their work
2qyCD-dHfmA-00312-00096863-00097110 and said we're not just going to do it here
2qyCD-dHfmA-00313-00097110-00097380 but we can replicate this all over the country.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00314-00097380-00097564 And now, that work is taking place
2qyCD-dHfmA-00315-00097564-00098007 in over 34 different cities and the District of Columbia
2qyCD-dHfmA-00316-00098007-00098291 around the country and we're seeing that kind
2qyCD-dHfmA-00317-00098291-00098598 of progress everywhere we turn.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00318-00098598-00098905 What they actually were doing and what we found was happening
2qyCD-dHfmA-00319-00098905-00099102 in communities all over the country was something
2qyCD-dHfmA-00320-00099102-00099359 that people hadn't named
2qyCD-dHfmA-00321-00099359-00099772 until an organization called FSG started to write about it.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00322-00099772-00100056 And, what they wrote about is what many people are now calling
2qyCD-dHfmA-00323-00100056-00100243 Collective Impact.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00324-00100243-00100530 It is collaboration across sectors, but,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00325-00100530-00100874 it's doing that in a very disciplined way.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00326-00100874-00101137 It says we've got to come together
2qyCD-dHfmA-00327-00101137-00101401 and identify a common goal.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00328-00101401-00101661 Now, we're all in relationships.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00329-00101661-00102128 And, you and your partner, you and your spouse may think
2qyCD-dHfmA-00330-00102128-00102475 that you're all, that you're both working toward a
2qyCD-dHfmA-00331-00102475-00102615 common goal.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00332-00102615-00102876 But, it's not until you sit down and really work it out and talk
2qyCD-dHfmA-00333-00102876-00103076 about it that you may realize, you know what,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00334-00103076-00103306 we're actually rowing the wagons or rowing the boat
2qyCD-dHfmA-00335-00103306-00103429 in two different directions.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00336-00103429-00103736 I mean, we've all had that experience.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00337-00103736-00104017 But, when you sit down and talk about it and you've identified
2qyCD-dHfmA-00338-00104017-00104564 that goal, you realize you know what, now we all know
2qyCD-dHfmA-00339-00104564-00104934 that our goal is to get from Ann Arbor to Detroit.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00340-00104934-00105231 So, we actually have a shot of getting to Detroit as opposed
2qyCD-dHfmA-00341-00105231-00105575 to one of us ending up in Grand Rapids.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00342-00105575-00105765 We also have to focus on the fact that,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00343-00105765-00106032 as we're doing this work, we have to measure
2qyCD-dHfmA-00344-00106032-00106366 and evaluate how we're getting from here to there.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00345-00106366-00106559 We also have to have actions
2qyCD-dHfmA-00346-00106559-00106893 that are mutually reinforcing one another.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00347-00106893-00107213 Even as we work individually, we have to make sure
2qyCD-dHfmA-00348-00107213-00107547 that our collective actions are getting us where we need to be.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00349-00107547-00107717 And, also, to do that, we have
2qyCD-dHfmA-00350-00107717-00107944 to have continuous communication.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00351-00107944-00108147 Again, it's just like any relationship.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00352-00108147-00108468 If you're not talking to one another, you're surely not going
2qyCD-dHfmA-00353-00108468-00108735 to be able to achieve the goal you sat out.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00354-00108735-00109008 And, as programs are doing that, in the instance
2qyCD-dHfmA-00355-00109008-00109305 that I'm talking about, we have to have someone that's
2qyCD-dHfmA-00356-00109305-00109646 like an orchestra conductor, that entity that is making sure
2qyCD-dHfmA-00357-00109646-00109996 that all these different entities are working together
2qyCD-dHfmA-00358-00109996-00110376 harmoniously in doing the things that I just mentioned.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00359-00110376-00110670 Those are the five elements of collective impact.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00360-00110670-00110970 And that's what we found was actually working
2qyCD-dHfmA-00361-00110970-00111317 and making sure that, in community after community,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00362-00111317-00111598 they were actually making progress.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00363-00111598-00111865 And, at the same time the council looked at that,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00364-00111865-00112272 the also did a deep dive on this issue of opportunity youth.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00365-00112272-00112592 That led to an endorsement of collective impact.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00366-00112592-00112782 That led them to move forward
2qyCD-dHfmA-00367-00112782-00113069 and say here are the recommendations we're making
2qyCD-dHfmA-00368-00113069-00113203 to the Federal Government
2qyCD-dHfmA-00369-00113203-00113570 for what the Federal Government can do, performance pilots
2qyCD-dHfmA-00370-00113570-00113863 that required different agencies to work together,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00371-00113863-00114220 to pull their resources in a way they hadn't done before
2qyCD-dHfmA-00372-00114220-00114360 by giving them that kind
2qyCD-dHfmA-00373-00114360-00114741 of flexibility also saying here are the standards of evaluation,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00374-00114741-00114988 here's the level of change that we need to see.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00375-00114988-00115258 And, we're starting to see that being executed
2qyCD-dHfmA-00376-00115258-00115625 around the country in 10 different performance pilots
2qyCD-dHfmA-00377-00115625-00116142 that are being used to advance this issue around these youths.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00378-00116142-00116422 And, all of that also happened, surprisingly,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00379-00116422-00116759 given the calcification we see over and over today
2qyCD-dHfmA-00380-00116759-00117100 through the 2014 Appropriations Process.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00381-00117100-00117423 So, Congress actually endorsed and said this is the way
2qyCD-dHfmA-00382-00117423-00117740 that we're going to help the Executive Branch move
2qyCD-dHfmA-00383-00117740-00118007 in a better way to making sure
2qyCD-dHfmA-00384-00118007-00118244 that we're approaching opportunity youth
2qyCD-dHfmA-00385-00118244-00118441 and solving this problem.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00386-00118441-00118775 We also took on the Social Innovation Fund
2qyCD-dHfmA-00387-00118775-00119239 which is a unique animal that we created in about 2010
2qyCD-dHfmA-00388-00119239-00119499 that said smart things are happening in communities.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00389-00119499-00119809 Everything good is not happening in Washington.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00390-00119809-00119989 So, how do we support that?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00391-00119989-00120106 How do we scale it?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00392-00120106-00120206 How do we leverage it?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00393-00120206-00120460 And, how do we use federal resources
2qyCD-dHfmA-00394-00120460-00120853 that to galvanize privates sector resources?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00395-00120853-00121221 And, in doing that, we were able to put money
2qyCD-dHfmA-00396-00121221-00121654 into intermediary organizations and ultimately, at this point,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00397-00121654-00122108 into about 189 different nonprofits around the country
2qyCD-dHfmA-00398-00122108-00122435 that have leverage over half a billion dollars
2qyCD-dHfmA-00399-00122435-00122645 in private sector resources
2qyCD-dHfmA-00400-00122645-00122932 to move these innovative ideas forward.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00401-00122932-00123196 And now, that Innovation Fund has said let's take
2qyCD-dHfmA-00402-00123196-00123536 on this issue of opportunity youth as well.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00403-00123536-00123870 So, in different ways, the Federal Government,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00404-00123870-00124260 thinking how they can approach this problem.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00405-00124260-00124584 The other thing that we started to focus on is, okay,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00406-00124584-00124794 if the Federal Government is moving,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00407-00124794-00125064 we also passed a big workforce bill,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00408-00125064-00125271 what else do we have to do?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00409-00125271-00125638 Again, not a single entity that can solve this problem.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00410-00125638-00125919 The business sector and the philanthropic sector,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00411-00125919-00126276 and the nonprofit sector all have to be involved.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00412-00126276-00126686 So, one of the things that Liz mentioned that I'm doing is
2qyCD-dHfmA-00413-00126686-00127016 that I am spending time chairing the Aspen Forum
2qyCD-dHfmA-00414-00127016-00127186 for Community Solutions.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00415-00127186-00127527 And, that's a nonprofit organization that was created
2qyCD-dHfmA-00416-00127527-00127917 at the Aspen Institute with the intent of continuing
2qyCD-dHfmA-00417-00127917-00128381 to push this work even after the Federal Government Council
2qyCD-dHfmA-00418-00128381-00128514 sunset it.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00419-00128514-00128945 And, what we've done at Aspen is that we've said, okay,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00420-00128945-00129242 collective impact is a model that we started
2qyCD-dHfmA-00421-00129242-00129469 to see some evidence of working.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00422-00129469-00129896 So, we want to continue to push to see if this really will work.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00423-00129896-00130163 And, at the same time, let's take this issue, this challenge
2qyCD-dHfmA-00424-00130163-00130506 around opportunity youth, and see if we can use that model
2qyCD-dHfmA-00425-00130506-00130960 to continue to make big strides in helping
2qyCD-dHfmA-00426-00130960-00131187 and working with this population.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00427-00131187-00131357 In doing that, we now are working
2qyCD-dHfmA-00428-00131357-00131668 with 21 communities urban, rural,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00429-00131668-00131968 and tribal around the country all at different stages
2qyCD-dHfmA-00430-00131968-00132535 of their work, from California to Detroit, to Philadelphia,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00431-00132535-00132879 to Hopi Arizona, and the list goes on.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00432-00132879-00133119 And, in working with them, we're supporting some
2qyCD-dHfmA-00433-00133119-00133413 of the critical needs that they have around data
2qyCD-dHfmA-00434-00133413-00133763 and that backbone organization that I mentioned to make sure
2qyCD-dHfmA-00435-00133763-00134007 that they can move forward.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00436-00134007-00134427 We know, already, that they are starting to see success.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00437-00134427-00134547 You know, you take what's happening
2qyCD-dHfmA-00438-00134547-00134741 in rural Maine for example.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00439-00134741-00135091 And there, it was a group of youth leaders, youth leaders,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00440-00135091-00135515 we're talking 19, 20 year olds who sat down and said one
2qyCD-dHfmA-00441-00135515-00135798 of our big challenges here is with foster care.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00442-00135798-00136055 And, youth that are aging out of foster care
2qyCD-dHfmA-00443-00136055-00136209 but they haven't completed school,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00444-00136209-00136389 they're not in the workforce.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00445-00136389-00136676 How do we get more resources to support them?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00446-00136676-00136890 And, how do we lift the age
2qyCD-dHfmA-00447-00136890-00137123 so that those resources can support them
2qyCD-dHfmA-00448-00137123-00137467 for a little bit longer until they're about 24 years old?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00449-00137467-00137881 It was the young people there who led to the policy change
2qyCD-dHfmA-00450-00137881-00138291 and the main legislature passing an act to create the kind
2qyCD-dHfmA-00451-00138291-00138678 of change that they identified from their own experience
2qyCD-dHfmA-00452-00138678-00139092 as being absolutely critical in moving forward.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00453-00139092-00139365 That Social Innovation Fund that I mentioned,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00454-00139365-00139762 now is specifically focusing on opportunity youth.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00455-00139762-00140086 But also, at Aspen, we've received resources
2qyCD-dHfmA-00456-00140086-00140413 from the Social Innovation Fund to specifically focus on boys
2qyCD-dHfmA-00457-00140413-00140793 and men of color and go out and support additional communities
2qyCD-dHfmA-00458-00140793-00141217 as they do this work all with highly rigorous evaluation.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00459-00141217-00141548 So, it isn't I kind of sort of feel like this might be working
2qyCD-dHfmA-00460-00141548-00141774 or we think we heard some great stories
2qyCD-dHfmA-00461-00141774-00142118 about what might be happening, but rigorous evaluation
2qyCD-dHfmA-00462-00142118-00142415 to make sure that what we believe is true,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00463-00142415-00142709 we're evaluating and understanding to be true
2qyCD-dHfmA-00464-00142709-00142942 so we can share that more broadly.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00465-00142942-00143466 As I said, philanthropy, another critical sector.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00466-00143466-00143700 The resources that philanthropy can put
2qyCD-dHfmA-00467-00143700-00143930 into these challenges is important.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00468-00143930-00144364 But, philanthropy is also struggling with how do we fund?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00469-00144364-00144681 You know, those one year grants, those three year grants,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00470-00144681-00145048 when you're taking on big harry problems not long enough
2qyCD-dHfmA-00471-00145048-00145184 to solve the problem.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00472-00145184-00145498 So, what should funding cycles look like for philanthropy?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00473-00145498-00145645 And, what should the relationship
2qyCD-dHfmA-00474-00145645-00146029 between philanthropy and their grantees look like so
2qyCD-dHfmA-00475-00146029-00146492 that we aren't getting that, and again, this is something many
2qyCD-dHfmA-00476-00146492-00146849 of us are probably seeing, that, since, when you want to show off
2qyCD-dHfmA-00477-00146849-00147073 for the person that you're, that's giving you money
2qyCD-dHfmA-00478-00147073-00147257 so you make it all look pretty and shiny,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00479-00147257-00147363 you tie a bow around it.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00480-00147363-00147533 But, that's not really what's happening.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00481-00147533-00147850 So, how do we think differently about those relationships
2qyCD-dHfmA-00482-00147850-00148134 so philanthropy's actually a partner?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00483-00148134-00148288 I see someone smiling and nodding.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00484-00148288-00148658 Philanthropy's actually a partner in the work as opposed
2qyCD-dHfmA-00485-00148658-00148952 to someone that stands off in the sidelines and that you call
2qyCD-dHfmA-00486-00148952-00149285 in once a year and show them a pretty report.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00487-00149285-00149556 We've done that by including them in the leadership council
2qyCD-dHfmA-00488-00149556-00149819 that we have at the Aspen Institute, actually sitting
2qyCD-dHfmA-00489-00149819-00150126 at the table with us, going through the tough problems
2qyCD-dHfmA-00490-00150126-00150420 with us, and bringing together, and we'll do this in a couple
2qyCD-dHfmA-00491-00150420-00150850 of weeks, literally, a couple of hundred funders to talk
2qyCD-dHfmA-00492-00150850-00150990 about some of these challenges
2qyCD-dHfmA-00493-00150990-00151391 and how we can all continue to move forward.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00494-00151391-00151734 Employers in the private sector, particularly,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00495-00151734-00151888 when you're dealing with this challenges,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00496-00151888-00152175 and with so many it is important
2qyCD-dHfmA-00497-00152175-00152415 to have the private sector at the table.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00498-00152415-00152675 And, often, the private sector comes to the table,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00499-00152675-00152942 and I was saying this in a class earlier today,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00500-00152942-00153159 it's like well let's be mentors
2qyCD-dHfmA-00501-00153159-00153436 to young people, absolutely important.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00502-00153436-00153863 And, when we do that in the best in class ways, critical.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00503-00153863-00154270 But, we're talking about people who need jobs not just mentors.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00504-00154270-00154741 So, how do we help the private sector rethink the way
2qyCD-dHfmA-00505-00154741-00155051 that it's approaching the challenge and this problem
2qyCD-dHfmA-00506-00155051-00155241 and to do that in a way
2qyCD-dHfmA-00507-00155241-00155585 that they're putting resources forward in a way
2qyCD-dHfmA-00508-00155585-00156045 that not only helps them build those pathways but to do
2qyCD-dHfmA-00509-00156045-00156319 that in a way that they're spreading the good news
2qyCD-dHfmA-00510-00156319-00156666 and the importance of this issue to their colleagues.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00511-00156666-00157150 So, JP Morgan Chase, Starbucks, Bank of America are three
2qyCD-dHfmA-00512-00157150-00157333 of the key partners that we're working
2qyCD-dHfmA-00513-00157333-00157547 with that are putting substantial resources
2qyCD-dHfmA-00514-00157547-00157860 into this issue but also are starting to think about,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00515-00157860-00158024 and many of you may have heard about the work
2qyCD-dHfmA-00516-00158024-00158214 that Starbucks is doing,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00517-00158214-00158471 we're going to hire these young people.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00518-00158471-00158751 And, not only are we going to do it at Starbucks,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00519-00158751-00159105 but we're also going to talk about those vendors that we work
2qyCD-dHfmA-00520-00159105-00159315 with who are part of our supply chain
2qyCD-dHfmA-00521-00159315-00159636 and say we want you to do this too.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00522-00159636-00160233 That's the, beyond the creation of 2 jobs or 10 jobs or 12 jobs,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00523-00160233-00160603 that's hundreds and thousands of jobs and the creation
2qyCD-dHfmA-00524-00160603-00160984 on the demand side for the kind of young people and the training
2qyCD-dHfmA-00525-00160984-00161394 that young people need on the supply side.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00526-00161394-00161704 Mixed with that is also the need to change perception.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00527-00161704-00161918 And, this is one of the things that I've seen over
2qyCD-dHfmA-00528-00161918-00162145 and over and over again.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00529-00162145-00162428 People are willing to believe that there's
2qyCD-dHfmA-00530-00162428-00162765 that one exceptional person.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00531-00162765-00163199 And, we've all seen the TV, you know, the TV news clip
2qyCD-dHfmA-00532-00163199-00163373 or we've read about it in the paper,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00533-00163373-00163780 we've read some magazine article and there's the young person
2qyCD-dHfmA-00534-00163780-00164080 who came out of hard times and has gone
2qyCD-dHfmA-00535-00164080-00164297 on to college and is doing well.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00536-00164297-00164751 And, everybody cheers and says well isn't he exceptional,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00537-00164751-00165061 isn't she exceptional.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00538-00165061-00165341 But, 6 million exceptional young people?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00539-00165341-00165845 Society seems to be unwilling to believe that that's possible.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00540-00165845-00165985 But it is.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00541-00165985-00166322 And, part of what we're doing is trying to change the perception
2qyCD-dHfmA-00542-00166322-00166763 and the way society and employers start to look at
2qyCD-dHfmA-00543-00166763-00166906 and think about these young people.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00544-00166906-00167130 Because, if the perception doesn't change,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00545-00167130-00167473 who would hire the person that they don't believe
2qyCD-dHfmA-00546-00167473-00167714 that they believe can't do the job?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00547-00167714-00168027 So, we've started to work with the private sector
2qyCD-dHfmA-00548-00168027-00168338 and foundations to create what we call the Grads
2qyCD-dHfmA-00549-00168338-00168481 of Life campaign.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00550-00168481-00168871 And, I want to just give you a sense of an ad
2qyCD-dHfmA-00551-00168871-00169359 that we've done directly targeted at HR leaders
2qyCD-dHfmA-00552-00169359-00169846 and private sector leaders as we want to start getting people
2qyCD-dHfmA-00553-00169846-00170066 to think a little bit differently
2qyCD-dHfmA-00554-00170066-00170250 about these young people.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00555-00170250-00171157 >> What would you bring to my company?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00556-00171801-00171918 >> What do you need?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00557-00171918-00172255 >> I need problem solving skills.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00558-00172255-00172592 >> I've gotten through high school without a car,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00559-00172592-00172865 a phone, or a computer.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00560-00172865-00173199 >> No college degree though.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00561-00173199-00173373 >> Not yet.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00562-00173373-00173826 But, life's taught me a lot and I'm ready for more.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00563-00173826-00174213 >> Well, you're not the kind of candidate I hire.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00564-00174213-00174577 But, you are the candidate I'm looking for.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00565-00174577-00174857 >> Your company could be missing
2qyCD-dHfmA-00566-00174857-00175121 out on the candidates it needs most.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00567-00175121-00175445 Learn how to find a great pool
2qyCD-dHfmA-00568-00175445-00175678 of untapped talent at gradsoflife.org.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00569-00175678-00175999 >> Melody Barnes: So, that's just part of a larger campaign
2qyCD-dHfmA-00570-00175999-00176349 that we have underway to get people to think differently
2qyCD-dHfmA-00571-00176349-00176449 about these young people.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00572-00176449-00176576 And as I mentioned, well.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00573-00176576-00176769 >> Thank you for inviting me
2qyCD-dHfmA-00574-00176769-00177046 to join the launch of the exciting new.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00575-00177046-00177410 >> Melody Barnes: She's running for president by the way
2qyCD-dHfmA-00576-00177410-00177567 in case you missed that.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00577-00177567-00178021 Now there's, actually there's a reason why that came up next.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00578-00178021-00178341 The Grads of Life campaign is doing this work.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00579-00178341-00178554 And one of their major partners is, in fact,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00580-00178554-00178685 the Clinton Foundation.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00581-00178685-00178821 And, having Hillary Clinton on the Daily Show, I mean,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00582-00178821-00178935 you know what the viewership of the Daily Show looks like,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00583-00178935-00179038 go out and say to John Stewart, this is a group
2qyCD-dHfmA-00584-00179038-00179142 of 7 million young people and we've got
2qyCD-dHfmA-00585-00179142-00179272 to take on this challenge.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00586-00179272-00179339 And, John Stewart's like, what are you talking about?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00587-00179339-00179459 And she explains it.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00588-00179459-00179599 Again, we're looking for lots of different avenues,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00589-00179599-00179739 lots of different venues to get people to start to think about
2qyCD-dHfmA-00590-00179739-00179872 and recognize the challenge and, ultimately, to start thinking
2qyCD-dHfmA-00591-00179872-00180009 about these young people in a very, very different way.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00592-00180009-00180129 The final sector that I want to talk about are communities
2qyCD-dHfmA-00593-00180129-00180320 and young people themselves.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00594-00180320-00180760 Again, the perception has made this more challenging.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00595-00180760-00181054 The idea that we used to talk about disconnected youth
2qyCD-dHfmA-00596-00181054-00181364 and talk about young people as though they were broken,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00597-00181364-00181968 as though they were, in toto the challenge or the problem,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00598-00181968-00182382 created the sense that who are these people
2qyCD-dHfmA-00599-00182382-00182629 and how do we engage with them?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00600-00182629-00182785 Do we want to engage with them?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00601-00182785-00182962 Is it safe to engage with them?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00602-00182962-00183296 Why would we want to work with them or sit beside them?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00603-00183296-00183559 And that's a microcosm of a larger challenge
2qyCD-dHfmA-00604-00183559-00183930 that we often have as we are working collaboratively
2qyCD-dHfmA-00605-00183930-00184140 to solve big problems.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00606-00184140-00184357 In many cases, we don't involve
2qyCD-dHfmA-00607-00184357-00184844 or engage the communities themselves that we say we want
2qyCD-dHfmA-00608-00184844-00185011 to help and to support.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00609-00185011-00185441 We don't value what those communities can bring
2qyCD-dHfmA-00610-00185441-00185748 to the table, much less the policy making table.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00611-00185748-00185858 That's an elite table.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00612-00185858-00186095 Right? No.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00613-00186095-00186676 No. You have to bring the very people in the communities
2qyCD-dHfmA-00614-00186676-00186893 that you want to work with to the table
2qyCD-dHfmA-00615-00186893-00187210 to understand what the challenge and the problem is
2qyCD-dHfmA-00616-00187210-00187614 so that you can go about with their support,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00617-00187614-00188094 with their assistance, with them as partners actually fixing it.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00618-00188094-00188511 Who's a better expert on the life of an opportunity youth
2qyCD-dHfmA-00619-00188511-00188665 than an opportunity youth?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00620-00188665-00188958 Who better understand what they face
2qyCD-dHfmA-00621-00188958-00189192 than those young people themselves?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00622-00189192-00189542 And so, we've worked very, very hard to insure that,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00623-00189542-00189816 on a national level and on a local level,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00624-00189816-00190119 those young people are sitting at the table with us?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00625-00190119-00190473 And, as they say, nothing about us without us.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00626-00190473-00190720 And, we take that very, very seriously.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00627-00190720-00191104 So, at Aspen, they are members of our leadership council,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00628-00191104-00191447 our collaboratives have them sitting at the table with them.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00629-00191447-00191731 I mentioned to you a few minute ago the work that's taking place
2qyCD-dHfmA-00630-00191731-00192105 in Maine that was driven by, propelled by young people coming
2qyCD-dHfmA-00631-00192105-00192395 out of their own experiences and catching the ear
2qyCD-dHfmA-00632-00192395-00192612 or the attention of the legislatures
2qyCD-dHfmA-00633-00192612-00192872 and others in that community.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00634-00192872-00193089 We also have a youth leadership tract
2qyCD-dHfmA-00635-00193089-00193273 to help young people continue
2qyCD-dHfmA-00636-00193273-00193513 to develop their own leadership skills.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00637-00193513-00193836 And, in fact, just two weeks ago, we hired one
2qyCD-dHfmA-00638-00193836-00194157 of our youth leaders to work with us at Aspen.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00639-00194157-00194337 So, if we're going to talk the talk,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00640-00194337-00194557 we have to walk the walk as well.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00641-00194557-00194968 And, all of that has made our work much, much richer.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00642-00194968-00195298 We've also put together a collective impact forum.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00643-00195298-00195475 And, that forum we did in partnership
2qyCD-dHfmA-00644-00195475-00195745 with the organization FSG that first started writing
2qyCD-dHfmA-00645-00195745-00196099 about collective impact and the United Way and other partners
2qyCD-dHfmA-00646-00196099-00196409 around the country to create a learning community,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00647-00196409-00196656 to create a hub where communities
2qyCD-dHfmA-00648-00196656-00197006 that are doing this work can talk to one another.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00649-00197006-00197317 Because, what we often found is that, literally,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00650-00197317-00197684 communities 50 miles apart, 100 miles apart,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00651-00197684-00197984 not to mention a country on each coast,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00652-00197984-00198194 didn't know what the other were doing.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00653-00198194-00198361 And, as a result of that,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00654-00198361-00198721 communities were making the same mistakes over and over.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00655-00198721-00199012 We could leapfrog past that if people were talking
2qyCD-dHfmA-00656-00199012-00199359 to one another, if the tools we're finding are necessary,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00657-00199359-00199545 we could put in one central place,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00658-00199545-00199872 if we could use technology to scale what we're trying
2qyCD-dHfmA-00659-00199872-00200106 to do much more quickly and to insure
2qyCD-dHfmA-00660-00200106-00200406 that learning community was a robust one.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00661-00200406-00200657 And now, you know, we started out and we were hopeful
2qyCD-dHfmA-00662-00200657-00201064 in the first year that we might find 5,000 communities
2qyCD-dHfmA-00663-00201064-00201467 that wanted to be a part of it, and, we're well over 10,000.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00664-00201467-00201721 And, we also are talking to communities in Canada
2qyCD-dHfmA-00665-00201721-00201981 and communities in other parts of the world
2qyCD-dHfmA-00666-00201981-00202225 as they use this strategy for change.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00667-00202225-00202462 And, specifically, many of them are also focusing
2qyCD-dHfmA-00668-00202462-00202742 on this issue of opportunity youth.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00669-00202742-00203099 So, I'll close by saying this.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00670-00203099-00203336 One of the things that people often ask me,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00671-00203336-00203656 when they hear I'm doing this work or spending some
2qyCD-dHfmA-00672-00203656-00204023 of my time doing this work in local communities is, you know,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00673-00204023-00204317 does this mean that you don't think a federal sector
2qyCD-dHfmA-00674-00204317-00204454 works anymore?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00675-00204454-00204671 Does this mean that you think everything should be focused
2qyCD-dHfmA-00676-00204671-00204851 on the state and local level?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00677-00204851-00205024 And, what I tell them is no.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00678-00205024-00205298 I am a very firm believer, and you don't really have
2qyCD-dHfmA-00679-00205298-00205541 to look much further than my resume to understand,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00680-00205541-00205975 I'm a firm believer that the Federal Government has to work.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00681-00205975-00206292 It has to be effective, it has to be smart.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00682-00206292-00206509 And, we have to work to make sure
2qyCD-dHfmA-00683-00206509-00206876 that we're getting the Federal Government to that place.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00684-00206876-00207397 But, as I said earlier, there won't be a single shot solution
2qyCD-dHfmA-00685-00207397-00207834 to a complex, complicated, harry problem.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00686-00207834-00208227 We have to have all sectors working collaboratively
2qyCD-dHfmA-00687-00208227-00208548 and working together if we're going to achieve the kind
2qyCD-dHfmA-00688-00208548-00208805 of change that we want to achieve.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00689-00208805-00209128 And, that's why I believe so strongly
2qyCD-dHfmA-00690-00209128-00209632 that we need the robustness of a collective impact strategy
2qyCD-dHfmA-00691-00209632-00209976 if we're going to get ourselves to where we want to be.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00692-00209976-00210226 And, we have to use data and evidence,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00693-00210226-00210540 we have to work closely in community,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00694-00210540-00210753 we have to bring those pieces together.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00695-00210753-00211114 We have to make sure that the private sector is at the table
2qyCD-dHfmA-00696-00211114-00211531 and that we're all using a language that we can understand
2qyCD-dHfmA-00697-00211531-00211791 if we're going to meet the challenges
2qyCD-dHfmA-00698-00211791-00211934 that sit in front of us.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00699-00211934-00212198 But, what I also believe, seeing the things
2qyCD-dHfmA-00700-00212198-00212615 that I've seen community after community after community is
2qyCD-dHfmA-00701-00212615-00213082 that we can have the kind of success
2qyCD-dHfmA-00702-00213082-00213313 that we want and that we need.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00703-00213313-00213760 We can solve these problems, if we work collaboratively
2qyCD-dHfmA-00704-00213760-00214150 and with the benefit of the kind of education that many
2qyCD-dHfmA-00705-00214150-00214590 of you are getting there today, you will be the essential fuel
2qyCD-dHfmA-00706-00214590-00214978 in each of those sectors to make sure that we get there.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00707-00214978-00215118 So, thank you very, very much.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00708-00215118-00215378 And, I look forward to engaging in a conversation with you all.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00709-00215378-00215451 Thank you.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00710-00215451-00216352 [ Applause ]
2qyCD-dHfmA-00711-00216713-00216893 >> Okay Mrs. Barnes.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00712-00216893-00217283 For our first question from the audience, oh.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00713-00217283-00217667 Hi, my name is Mira Lee and I'm a first year MPP student
2qyCD-dHfmA-00714-00217667-00217964 and I'm really passionate about poverty alleviation
2qyCD-dHfmA-00715-00217964-00218154 under the subgroups of food security
2qyCD-dHfmA-00716-00218154-00218384 and women economic empowerment.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00717-00218384-00218851 For our first question audience member's really struck
2qyCD-dHfmA-00718-00218851-00219008 by your optimism and sense
2qyCD-dHfmA-00719-00219008-00219332 of possibility embedded in your vision.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00720-00219332-00219792 However, how should we reconcile that with the despair and sense
2qyCD-dHfmA-00721-00219792-00220179 of crisis that frames the Black Life's Matter Movement,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00722-00220179-00220416 because both the views are centered
2qyCD-dHfmA-00723-00220416-00220707 on the future of opportunity youth?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00724-00220707-00220817 >> Melody Barnes: Absolutely.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00725-00220817-00221134 I will start out by speaking
2qyCD-dHfmA-00726-00221134-00221828 to a personal experience that I had.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00727-00221828-00222078 I, I guess it was about a year and a half ago
2qyCD-dHfmA-00728-00222078-00222538 and I was speaking in Brooklyn at a YouthBuild function.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00729-00222538-00222729 And, I don't know if many of you know YouthBuild.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00730-00222729-00223092 It's a wonderful organization that is led
2qyCD-dHfmA-00731-00223092-00223333 by a woman named Dorothy Stoneman that focuses
2qyCD-dHfmA-00732-00223333-00223793 on the opportunity youth population and helping young men
2qyCD-dHfmA-00733-00223793-00224167 and young women get their GED's and also workforce training
2qyCD-dHfmA-00734-00224167-00224430 as well as other services that they need.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00735-00224430-00224937 And, I was introduced, at that event, by a young man who,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00736-00224937-00225328 literally, was thrown away as a baby, literally.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00737-00225328-00225615 He was found in the trash as an infant.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00738-00225615-00226132 And, he went through, as you can imagine, having started his life
2qyCD-dHfmA-00739-00226132-00226556 that way, many of the trials and tribulations engagement
2qyCD-dHfmA-00740-00226556-00226719 with the Juvenile Justice System,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00741-00226719-00227093 in and out of school, all of those things.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00742-00227093-00227573 And, ultimately, though, found himself in YouthBuild.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00743-00227573-00227937 And, standing there as someone who had gone
2qyCD-dHfmA-00744-00227937-00228231 on to get his high school degree,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00745-00228231-00228838 was going onto a postsecondary program, was working
2qyCD-dHfmA-00746-00228838-00229392 and saw himself and was actively a member of his community.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00747-00229392-00229859 It is the kind of despair that I think that you are speaking to
2qyCD-dHfmA-00748-00229859-00230173 and that we see over and over and over again.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00749-00230173-00230637 But, at the same time, what had captured him,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00750-00230637-00231134 what had surrounded him were individuals who believed
2qyCD-dHfmA-00751-00231134-00231424 that his life had value.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00752-00231424-00231811 And, beyond that idea that his life had value,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00753-00231811-00232245 also were bringing structure, bringing a best
2qyCD-dHfmA-00754-00232245-00232809 in class approach to the solutions to the challenges
2qyCD-dHfmA-00755-00232809-00233109 that were in front of him to help move him forward.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00756-00233109-00233419 And, it isn't just that young man, again, but,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00757-00233419-00233753 I've seen that over and over and over again.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00758-00233753-00234040 And, I've talked to young people who have said to me,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00759-00234040-00234474 straight up, said I led a thug life, young people
2qyCD-dHfmA-00760-00234474-00235058 who have said I, as I sit here, I, at one point,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00761-00235058-00235475 could have hurt you and it would have meant nothing to me.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00762-00235475-00235782 And yet, when given those opportunities,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00763-00235782-00236392 when given a sense that they were valued, that there was hope
2qyCD-dHfmA-00764-00236392-00236819 for them, that there was a pathway for them were able
2qyCD-dHfmA-00765-00236819-00237276 to not only help turn their lives around but want to do that
2qyCD-dHfmA-00766-00237276-00237684 but to reach back and to grab others to do the same and,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00767-00237684-00238017 as I said, to be actively involved in their communities
2qyCD-dHfmA-00768-00238017-00238264 and actively involved in the solution.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00769-00238264-00238768 So, the despair is real, the challenges are real.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00770-00238768-00239225 But, at the same time, there are approaches and there are ways
2qyCD-dHfmA-00771-00239225-00239579 that we can work with these young people to,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00772-00239579-00239989 at the same time, start to turn their lives around
2qyCD-dHfmA-00773-00239989-00240316 and also create those same opportunities for others.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00774-00240316-00240640 But, the, I think, part of the key is to make sure
2qyCD-dHfmA-00775-00240640-00240994 that they are involved, that their voices are heard,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00776-00240994-00241374 and that they are also seen and respected as leaders as part
2qyCD-dHfmA-00777-00241374-00241711 of that movement, that we're not just doing something to them
2qyCD-dHfmA-00778-00241711-00242035 or for them, but, we're doing something with them
2qyCD-dHfmA-00779-00242035-00242318 to create that kind of change.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00780-00242318-00242608 >> Thank you for that very thoughtful response.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00781-00242608-00242832 And thank you for coming to speak with us today.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00782-00242832-00242955 My name's Emily Ruska.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00783-00242955-00243239 I'm a first year MPP here at Ford.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00784-00243239-00243559 We have another question here from the audience.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00785-00243559-00243816 In addition to the examples that you've offered as part
2qyCD-dHfmA-00786-00243816-00244137 of collective impact, what are particularly promising practices
2qyCD-dHfmA-00787-00244137-00244420 for engaging youth activist and student voices
2qyCD-dHfmA-00788-00244420-00244751 to influence youth policy to create opportunity
2qyCD-dHfmA-00789-00244751-00245054 in this historically marginalize population?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00790-00245054-00245194 >> Melody Barnes: Well,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00791-00245194-00245558 one example that I've seen is the Council of Young Leaders.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00792-00245558-00245878 And, they've actually also created an organization called
2qyCD-dHfmA-00793-00245878-00246015 Youth United.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00794-00246015-00246582 And, this is an extraordinary group of young people
2qyCD-dHfmA-00795-00246582-00247090 who are moving forward and driving this,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00796-00247090-00247410 they're driving the progress themselves.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00797-00247410-00247520 And there are a group of us
2qyCD-dHfmA-00798-00247520-00247727 that call ourselves the Circle of Allies.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00799-00247727-00247800 We are there.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00800-00247800-00247900 We're allies for them.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00801-00247900-00248104 We're supporting them as they do this.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00802-00248104-00248504 But, they've articulated what their goals are, how they want
2qyCD-dHfmA-00803-00248504-00248931 to engage and how they want to be, how they want to be engaged.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00804-00248931-00249398 They are saying we want to sit at these tables with you.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00805-00249398-00249796 And, I'm seeing more and more of these kinds of organizations,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00806-00249796-00249902 and also, quite frankly,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00807-00249902-00250303 a new way of thinking about leadership.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00808-00250303-00250843 And, you know, it requires, I will be 51 in a couple of weeks.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00809-00250843-00251264 It requires, I think, a new way of thinking about leadership.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00810-00251264-00251644 It isn't this hierarchical, you know, I'm old and I'm wise
2qyCD-dHfmA-00811-00251644-00251951 so now I sit here at the tippy top of this pyramid.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00812-00251951-00252448 But, it is a collective table, it is a relational frame
2qyCD-dHfmA-00813-00252448-00252822 of leadership that's using lots of new tools to communicate
2qyCD-dHfmA-00814-00252822-00253146 with people all over the country and, indeed, all over the world.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00815-00253146-00253463 And, it is a respect for, as I said before,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00816-00253463-00253693 the kind of knowledge that people share
2qyCD-dHfmA-00817-00253693-00253933 that comes out of experience.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00818-00253933-00254193 And, I'm seeing more and more of these organizations while,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00819-00254193-00254540 at the same time, inside, you know, our workplace,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00820-00254540-00254774 inside many of the organizations that we have
2qyCD-dHfmA-00821-00254774-00255034 that are very structured, we're also inviting
2qyCD-dHfmA-00822-00255034-00255281 and bringing those young people in so they can be part
2qyCD-dHfmA-00823-00255281-00255525 of the change that we seek to create.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00824-00255525-00255878 So, there are a lot of exciting opportunities for young leaders
2qyCD-dHfmA-00825-00255878-00256132 that I'm seeing all over the country.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00826-00256422-00256572 And I empathize with you guys.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00827-00256572-00256709 I know how hard this is.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00828-00256709-00257060 >> Thank you for your patience.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00829-00257060-00257513 Okay. What are some of the most effective policy solutions
2qyCD-dHfmA-00830-00257513-00257824 to poverty and opportunity youth that you have observed
2qyCD-dHfmA-00831-00257824-00258107 from your own professional experience?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00832-00258107-00258598 >> Melody Barnes: Well, I think, I know from talking to a number
2qyCD-dHfmA-00833-00258598-00259048 of you today that you are very, very passionate about education.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00834-00259048-00259285 And, I continue to believe
2qyCD-dHfmA-00835-00259285-00259682 that that's an absolutely critical element
2qyCD-dHfmA-00836-00259682-00260133 in addressing the challenges that a lot
2qyCD-dHfmA-00837-00260133-00260266 of opportunity youth have.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00838-00260266-00260576 I mean, there's everything from the work that's happening
2qyCD-dHfmA-00839-00260576-00261090 around reconnection and we're seeing the birth and growth
2qyCD-dHfmA-00840-00261090-00261374 of reconnection centers around the country
2qyCD-dHfmA-00841-00261374-00261728 to bring young people who dropped out of school back
2qyCD-dHfmA-00842-00261728-00262108 into school so they can finish secondary and move forward.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00843-00262108-00262468 We're also seeing some really interesting pathways and best
2qyCD-dHfmA-00844-00262468-00263049 of class efforts coming out of organizations like Jobs
2qyCD-dHfmA-00845-00263049-00263376 for the Future and others that are focused
2qyCD-dHfmA-00846-00263376-00263843 on early college high school for example and the importance
2qyCD-dHfmA-00847-00263843-00264070 of apprenticeships and the way that we build
2qyCD-dHfmA-00848-00264070-00264540 that into the secondary education experience
2qyCD-dHfmA-00849-00264540-00264961 so that young people are finishing high school and some
2qyCD-dHfmA-00850-00264961-00265251 of them have an AA degree when they finish.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00851-00265251-00265615 They're, I remember just recently talking
2qyCD-dHfmA-00852-00265615-00266039 to a young woman, I believe, who finished, no it was a young man
2qyCD-dHfmA-00853-00266039-00266629 who graduated and got his AA degree a week before he got his
2qyCD-dHfmA-00854-00266629-00266823 high school diploma.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00855-00266823-00267190 And, that break between high school
2qyCD-dHfmA-00856-00267190-00267567 and postsecondary can often be, you know, it's a break
2qyCD-dHfmA-00857-00267567-00267817 for some people, it's a golf for others.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00858-00267817-00268147 And, trying to prevent young people from sliding
2qyCD-dHfmA-00859-00268147-00268451 down in the crack there but move more seamlessly
2qyCD-dHfmA-00860-00268451-00268755 onto postsecondary education, that we're seeing
2qyCD-dHfmA-00861-00268755-00269045 as being a very smart way forward.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00862-00269045-00269375 And, that's embedded in some of the work
2qyCD-dHfmA-00863-00269375-00269759 that is being reviewed on Capitol Hill.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00864-00269759-00270049 I think, the recently passed Workforce Innovation Opportunity
2qyCD-dHfmA-00865-00270049-00270453 Act, which increased, over doubled the amount of resources
2qyCD-dHfmA-00866-00270453-00271034 that local communities can use for out of school young adults
2qyCD-dHfmA-00867-00271034-00271434 and giving them an opportunity to get workforce training
2qyCD-dHfmA-00868-00271434-00271831 and to move into those family sustaining wage jobs
2qyCD-dHfmA-00869-00271831-00272135 and also increasing the amount of time that they have
2qyCD-dHfmA-00870-00272135-00272402 to qualify for those jobs.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00871-00272402-00272672 So, there are a whole host of things that I could go on with.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00872-00272672-00272885 But, that's also what we're examining in the work
2qyCD-dHfmA-00873-00272885-00273092 that we're doing at the Aspen Institute.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00874-00273092-00273366 Because, what we're trying to do is we're learning from each
2qyCD-dHfmA-00875-00273366-00273616 of those communities some focusing on foster care,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00876-00273616-00273960 some focusing on juvenile justice, and the list goes on.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00877-00273960-00274280 What are the policy changes that we need to see
2qyCD-dHfmA-00878-00274280-00274540 to make these efforts more successful?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00879-00274540-00274801 And, we're in the nascent stages of our work
2qyCD-dHfmA-00880-00274801-00274997 but we're starting to learn from that.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00881-00274997-00275301 And we started out by bringing on a third party evaluator
2qyCD-dHfmA-00882-00275301-00275641 so all through our work we can look at what's working
2qyCD-dHfmA-00883-00275641-00275875 and what we're learning and then move
2qyCD-dHfmA-00884-00275875-00276379 that into the policy bloodstream and move policy accordingly.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00885-00276379-00277020 >> Our next question here is sort of a mix of questions
2qyCD-dHfmA-00886-00277020-00277210 that we've gotten from the audience.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00887-00277210-00277420 So, research has demonstrated lifelong impacts
2qyCD-dHfmA-00888-00277420-00277717 of youth unemployment on economic mobility
2qyCD-dHfmA-00889-00277717-00277854 and earning potential,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00890-00277854-00278067 involvement in the criminal justice system as well
2qyCD-dHfmA-00891-00278067-00278291 as other social impacts.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00892-00278291-00278601 How do these experiences shape opportunities
2qyCD-dHfmA-00893-00278601-00278741 for these opportunities?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00894-00278741-00279032 And also, what are some of the most cost effective solutions
2qyCD-dHfmA-00895-00279032-00279212 that you've seen to this challenge
2qyCD-dHfmA-00896-00279212-00279372 and how scalable are they?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00897-00279372-00279475 >> Melody Barnes: Wait, I'm sorry.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00898-00279475-00279595 Start, say that one.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00899-00279595-00279726 >> So, basically, question
2qyCD-dHfmA-00900-00279726-00279982 of youth unemployment having lifelong impacts on youth,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00901-00279982-00280353 many of these opportunities that we're speaking of today.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00902-00280353-00280620 And how is there engagement with institutions
2qyCD-dHfmA-00903-00280620-00281007 such as the Criminal Justice System and their experience
2qyCD-dHfmA-00904-00281007-00281334 of unemployment itself effecting the opportunities
2qyCD-dHfmA-00905-00281334-00281688 that they are able to engage with moving forward?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00906-00281688-00281981 And what are some cost effective solutions that you've seen.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00907-00281981-00282115 >> Melody Barnes: Sure.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00908-00282115-00282552 And again, as significant problems, we're seeing the loss
2qyCD-dHfmA-00909-00282552-00282999 of skills or the inability to acquire skills
2qyCD-dHfmA-00910-00282999-00283332 when you have young people that aren't being employed.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00911-00283332-00283493 And, that's such a significant problem.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00912-00283493-00283793 This is not limited to that opportunity youth cohort.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00913-00283793-00284213 But, one of the problems that we saw coming out of the recession,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00914-00284213-00284427 because so many young people weren't being hired,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00915-00284427-00284711 they weren't getting the opportunity to gain skills
2qyCD-dHfmA-00916-00284711-00284977 at an early enough stage in their career
2qyCD-dHfmA-00917-00284977-00285361 that it would allow them to be successful as they, kind of,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00918-00285361-00285645 the natural ark of their career took place.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00919-00285645-00285935 And, that's only compounded when we're talking
2qyCD-dHfmA-00920-00285935-00286539 about opportunity youth that often also have substantial,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00921-00286539-00286916 substantially inadequate educational experiences
2qyCD-dHfmA-00922-00286916-00287033 and opportunities.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00923-00287033-00287240 And then, compounding even further,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00924-00287240-00287697 when they've been incarcerated, in many instances, education,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00925-00287697-00288127 you know, coming to, are slowing down or coming to a halt,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00926-00288127-00288504 coming out not having the necessary reconnection
2qyCD-dHfmA-00927-00288504-00288905 opportunities, the rates of recidivism, kind of the list of,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00928-00288905-00289048 I think, many of the things that we,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00929-00289048-00289312 you know about on and on and on.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00930-00289312-00289652 And, I've seen some interesting things that are taking place.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00931-00289652-00290043 I have a friend that I worked with a number of years ago.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00932-00290043-00290673 He, David Domenici, started with his Colleague James Forman,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00933-00290673-00290893 The Maya Angelou Public Charter School.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00934-00290893-00291274 And, after getting the school up and running, one of the things
2qyCD-dHfmA-00935-00291274-00291914 that David is focused on now is improving education inside our
2qyCD-dHfmA-00936-00291914-00292105 Juvenile Justice System.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00937-00292105-00292428 And, you know, there's obviously a debate and work that has
2qyCD-dHfmA-00938-00292428-00292725 to happen, reasons why youth are being incarcerated
2qyCD-dHfmA-00939-00292725-00292932 in the first place and how they get there.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00940-00292932-00293222 But, recognizing that, so many young people are there,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00941-00293222-00293529 how do we improve educational outcomes for them there?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00942-00293529-00293900 And, he's working systemically with several different states
2qyCD-dHfmA-00943-00293900-00294137 to try and address that challenge.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00944-00294137-00294437 So, we see things like that that are underway.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00945-00294437-00294684 And, also, as I mentioned, some of the communities
2qyCD-dHfmA-00946-00294684-00295061 that we're working with are very specifically focused on ways
2qyCD-dHfmA-00947-00295061-00295501 that we can work with employers and have them think differently
2qyCD-dHfmA-00948-00295501-00295728 about young people who are coming
2qyCD-dHfmA-00949-00295728-00295998 out of the Juvenile Justice System
2qyCD-dHfmA-00950-00295998-00296282 and what their hiring practices will look like.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00951-00296282-00296492 And, I've talked to, you know,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00952-00296492-00296903 significant multinational companies, huge companies
2qyCD-dHfmA-00953-00296903-00297330 that are starting to think, okay, we know this is a problem
2qyCD-dHfmA-00954-00297330-00297647 and we understand how this problem ramifies throughout
2qyCD-dHfmA-00955-00297647-00297787 the system.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00956-00297787-00298061 You come out, you know, rates of recidivism go up, you know,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00957-00298061-00298237 if you've got children, your inability
2qyCD-dHfmA-00958-00298237-00298371 to support your children.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00959-00298371-00298588 And, quite frankly, if you're also on the business side,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00960-00298588-00298788 you know, the lack of income that means
2qyCD-dHfmA-00961-00298788-00298991 that communities aren't growing,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00962-00298991-00299242 that people aren't spending or buying etcetera.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00963-00299242-00299542 So they're thinking how do we adjust our policies
2qyCD-dHfmA-00964-00299542-00299786 so that we're hiring more young people
2qyCD-dHfmA-00965-00299786-00300046 who have had these experiences?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00966-00300046-00300326 So, there are a number of things like that that we're starting
2qyCD-dHfmA-00967-00300326-00300593 to see, particularly, as we've focused
2qyCD-dHfmA-00968-00300593-00300973 on the Juvenile Justice System to try and address the problem.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00969-00300973-00301304 There is a root problem, however, that we have to tackle,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00970-00301304-00301534 which is how so many young people end
2qyCD-dHfmA-00971-00301534-00301681 up there in the first place.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00972-00301681-00301991 And as, you know, I was talking the other day
2qyCD-dHfmA-00973-00301991-00302305 to Anna Deavere Smith, I don't, many of you may know her work,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00974-00302305-00302555 and she calls it the Womb to Prison Pipeline,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00975-00302555-00302999 and what happens so early and what we see, literally, in,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00976-00302999-00303252 you know, lack of third grade reading, you know,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00977-00303252-00303699 what the criminalization of young people in school that,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00978-00303699-00304033 ultimately, is putting them directly on a path into prison.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00979-00304033-00304267 And we also have to address that.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00980-00304267-00304487 That's a very significant problem for our country
2qyCD-dHfmA-00981-00304487-00304731 and for our communities.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00982-00304731-00305108 >> This is a two prong question.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00983-00305108-00305381 The first is what are some specific ways
2qyCD-dHfmA-00984-00305381-00305775 in which opportunity youth cost taxpayers?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00985-00305775-00305865 >> Melody Barnes: Cost taxpayers?
2qyCD-dHfmA-00986-00305865-00305995 >> Yes.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00987-00305995-00306112 >> Melody Barnes: There's, you know, we've talked some
2qyCD-dHfmA-00988-00306112-00306302 about the Juvenile Justice System and the cost
2qyCD-dHfmA-00989-00306302-00306542 and the cost to the system there.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00990-00306542-00306783 We're also talking about loss of tax revenue.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00991-00306783-00307240 I mean, if you aren't working, then, in many ways, you aren't,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00992-00307240-00307360 you're paying some taxes
2qyCD-dHfmA-00993-00307360-00307670 but you're not paying a whole host of other taxes.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00994-00307670-00307894 We're also looking at what's happening
2qyCD-dHfmA-00995-00307894-00308034 to the healthcare system.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00996-00308034-00308524 If you aren't working and your income is below a certain level,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00997-00308524-00308755 the way you acquire and get healthcare.
2qyCD-dHfmA-00998-00308755-00309305 So, when you think about many of the programs that are in place,
2qyCD-dHfmA-00999-00309305-00309532 and I think appropriately so to help people
2qyCD-dHfmA-01000-00309532-00309839 and provide a safety net, there would be fewer people
2qyCD-dHfmA-01001-00309839-00309989 that needed that safety net
2qyCD-dHfmA-01002-00309989-00310363 if we strengthened our education system and if we got people
2qyCD-dHfmA-01003-00310363-00310680 into families wage sustaining jobs.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01004-00310680-00311124 So, those are some of the cost to taxpayers.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01005-00311124-00311344 Then there's the broader societal costs,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01006-00311344-00311637 literally just loss of earning power.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01007-00311637-00311908 And, that's why I mentioned those two numbers
2qyCD-dHfmA-01008-00311908-00312101 and the second is so much larger than the first.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01009-00312101-00312328 The first one, what does it cost taxpayers?
2qyCD-dHfmA-01010-00312328-00312642 The second one, what is society losing?
2qyCD-dHfmA-01011-00312642-00313139 And, there's a report, and I'll flip and remember the name of it
2qyCD-dHfmA-01012-00313139-00313309 for anyone who wants to see it,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01013-00313309-00313569 that we did when I was at the White House.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01014-00313569-00313843 My friend John Bridgeland,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01015-00313843-00314243 who was George W Bush's Domestic Policy Advisor, really helped
2qyCD-dHfmA-01016-00314243-00314564 to lead the effort in getting that report done to look
2qyCD-dHfmA-01017-00314564-00314894 at what the economics are of this challenge
2qyCD-dHfmA-01018-00314894-00315088 because we wanted to have that data.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01019-00315088-00315314 So, I'm going to find the name of that.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01020-00315314-00315388 >> Yes. Please.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01021-00315388-00315521 Thank you.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01022-00315521-00315902 The second part to the question is given the pervasiveness
2qyCD-dHfmA-01023-00315902-00316135 of isms racism, classism, etcetera,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01024-00316135-00316616 aside from commercials, what are other sectors doing
2qyCD-dHfmA-01025-00316616-00316993 to change the mindsets about opportunity youth?
2qyCD-dHfmA-01026-00316993-00317063 >> Melody Barnes: Sure.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01027-00317063-00317183 Before I answer that,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01028-00317183-00317386 so the name of this report is the Economic Value
2qyCD-dHfmA-01029-00317386-00317557 of Opportunity Youth.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01030-00317557-00317747 So, it's the Economic Value of Opportunity Youth.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01031-00317747-00317904 And it goes through that.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01032-00317904-00318364 One example of can think of, I have a friend Trabian Shorters
2qyCD-dHfmA-01033-00318364-00318671 who was an official at the Knight Foundation
2qyCD-dHfmA-01034-00318671-00318981 who is now running an organization called Be Me.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01035-00318981-00319352 And, they specifically now focusing on boys and men
2qyCD-dHfmA-01036-00319352-00319766 of color and the fact that as opposed
2qyCD-dHfmA-01037-00319766-00320243 to seeing these young people as a challenge as a problem
2qyCD-dHfmA-01038-00320243-00320523 as a liability as a cost, that,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01039-00320523-00320890 we start to see these young men as assets.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01040-00320890-00321224 And, now only do we see them as assets, what he's also putting
2qyCD-dHfmA-01041-00321224-00321627 on the table are the facts that prove they are assets
2qyCD-dHfmA-01042-00321627-00322034 as entrepreneurs, as business owners, as civic leaders.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01043-00322034-00322402 And, in fact Trabian and Ben Jealous,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01044-00322402-00323156 who used to run the NAACP, just edited a book of essays by,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01045-00323156-00323386 I think all of these are by black men,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01046-00323386-00323743 talking about their experiences and the ways
2qyCD-dHfmA-01047-00323743-00323993 that they have contributed to society,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01048-00323993-00324210 to their community, to their country.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01049-00324210-00324530 And, over the course of this next year,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01050-00324530-00324921 they are launching an all-out campaign specifically focused
2qyCD-dHfmA-01051-00324921-00325138 on perception change.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01052-00325138-00325618 How do we get the country to stop repeating
2qyCD-dHfmA-01053-00325618-00326099 and hardening this narrative that has people seeing,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01054-00326099-00326539 in this instance, young black men as just a cost
2qyCD-dHfmA-01055-00326539-00327106 and just a problem as opposed to vital members of society
2qyCD-dHfmA-01056-00327106-00327333 that are adding and that are contributing?
2qyCD-dHfmA-01057-00327333-00327643 So, that's one example of what I'm seeing.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01058-00327643-00327934 I know that the My Brother's Keeper effort
2qyCD-dHfmA-01059-00327934-00328304 that the president launched a little over a year ago,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01060-00328304-00328735 includes in it a specific focus on perception change.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01061-00328735-00329045 And, in many ways, it is the thorniest and knottiest
2qyCD-dHfmA-01062-00329045-00329272 of all the problems that we have.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01063-00329272-00329642 And, it sits at the base of so many of the other challenges
2qyCD-dHfmA-01064-00329642-00329972 that we're trying to address.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01065-00329972-00330396 >> I have a question here from Twitter.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01066-00330396-00330740 They ask is it possible to make better use
2qyCD-dHfmA-01067-00330740-00331000 of our workforce development funds.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01068-00331000-00331317 The twitter user also indicates that stimulus dollars help
2qyCD-dHfmA-01069-00331317-00331537 but that is not a systematic change.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01070-00331537-00331641 >> Melody Barnes: Right.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01071-00331641-00331841 I mean, in stimulus dollars, we knew,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01072-00331841-00332405 as we were developing the policy that we couldn't do many things
2qyCD-dHfmA-01073-00332405-00332829 or anything that would have a tail because those are resources
2qyCD-dHfmA-01074-00332829-00333015 that would, that would run out.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01075-00333015-00333326 So, I refer back to the Workforce Innovation
2qyCD-dHfmA-01076-00333326-00333663 and Opportunity Act which was, you know, that rare piece
2qyCD-dHfmA-01077-00333663-00333923 of bipartisan legislation that passed Congress
2qyCD-dHfmA-01078-00333923-00334233 and was signed into law last July.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01079-00334233-00334774 And, that includes significant resources for opportunity youth
2qyCD-dHfmA-01080-00334774-00335098 and for communities to take on this issue of opportunity youth.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01081-00335098-00335278 I was mentioning a little bit of that.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01082-00335278-00335628 It allows, I think, communities to use up to about 75%
2qyCD-dHfmA-01083-00335628-00336099 of their resources to focus out on, or part of their resources
2qyCD-dHfmA-01084-00336099-00336389 to focus on young people and young adults
2qyCD-dHfmA-01085-00336389-00336642 who fall into this cohort.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01086-00336642-00337019 And, you know, that's a, that in
2qyCD-dHfmA-01087-00337019-00337403 and of itself can be a really important piece of policy.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01088-00337403-00337980 We're now in the regulation writing phase and just starting
2qyCD-dHfmA-01089-00337980-00338201 with to see implementation.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01090-00338201-00338434 But, it's something I know that both the Secretary
2qyCD-dHfmA-01091-00338434-00338885 of Labor Tom Perez, Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01092-00338885-00339011 and Arne Duncan, the Secretary
2qyCD-dHfmA-01093-00339011-00339338 of Education are all very, very focused on.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01094-00339338-00339806 And, we're hopeful that that legislation,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01095-00339806-00340159 having learned the lessons of the Workforce Innovation Act,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01096-00340159-00340399 we can improve upon and do some smart things.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01097-00340399-00340653 I think the other thing that's important that sits there is
2qyCD-dHfmA-01098-00340653-00340923 that there's a lot in there for evaluation.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01099-00340923-00341244 And, we have to understand what really is working
2qyCD-dHfmA-01100-00341244-00341370 and what is not.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01101-00341370-00341614 And, that has to be a continuous process
2qyCD-dHfmA-01102-00341614-00341808 so we can adjust accordingly.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01103-00341808-00342585 >> The next question is you mentioned that Detroit is one
2qyCD-dHfmA-01104-00342585-00342802 of the communities you work with currently
2qyCD-dHfmA-01105-00342802-00343009 under the Aspen Institute.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01106-00343009-00343456 What do you think about its recent experience in bankruptcy
2qyCD-dHfmA-01107-00343456-00343669 and being served under the Emergency Management
2qyCD-dHfmA-01108-00343669-00343900 and other ongoing challenges?
2qyCD-dHfmA-01109-00343900-00344217 What strategies do you hope to see happen in Detroit in order
2qyCD-dHfmA-01110-00344217-00344500 for the city to move forward successfully?
2qyCD-dHfmA-01111-00344500-00344821 >> Melody Barnes: Well, one of the things I'm excited about,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01112-00344821-00344947 and I'll go back for a second.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01113-00344947-00345414 I remember early on, probably between 2009 and 2010,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01114-00345414-00345701 and I was in the Administration and was invited to
2qyCD-dHfmA-01115-00345701-00346265 and attended a meeting in Detroit that, in many ways, was,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01116-00346265-00346616 I think, an example of collective impact.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01117-00346616-00347013 I mean, it really brought together a range
2qyCD-dHfmA-01118-00347013-00347373 of different sectors at the table to do,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01119-00347373-00347673 to think about what the plan would be
2qyCD-dHfmA-01120-00347673-00347917 for moving Detroit forward.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01121-00347917-00348354 And, that group or much of that group, I think,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01122-00348354-00348821 has held together and that's been in critical to get Detroit
2qyCD-dHfmA-01123-00348821-00349138 to where it is as it's, you know, coming out of,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01124-00349138-00349682 coming out of bankruptcy and focusing on the way forward.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01125-00349682-00350196 I think, you know, as with in every community, it's complex.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01126-00350196-00350656 I mean, there are kind of land management issues,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01127-00350656-00350987 there are cultural issues.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01128-00350987-00351424 And, in by that I mean there, our culture can be
2qyCD-dHfmA-01129-00351424-00351707 such an important driver to economic development.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01130-00351707-00352211 And, I think, people are focused on ways to use what's here
2qyCD-dHfmA-01131-00352211-00352495 and what's rich about the community to be able
2qyCD-dHfmA-01132-00352495-00352799 to help create economic development.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01133-00352799-00352982 You know, we saw the preservation
2qyCD-dHfmA-01134-00352982-00353186 of the artwork that's staying in Detroit.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01135-00353186-00353332 You know, all of those things, I think,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01136-00353332-00353536 people consider to be important.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01137-00353536-00354036 Also, you know, I go back and I give the administration
2qyCD-dHfmA-01138-00354036-00354383 that I was part of credit for preserving jobs
2qyCD-dHfmA-01139-00354383-00354554 in the auto industry and making sure
2qyCD-dHfmA-01140-00354554-00354991 that that remained important to the economic structure
2qyCD-dHfmA-01141-00354991-00355294 of the city and indeed the region and the country.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01142-00355294-00355608 So, I think there are a number of different ways
2qyCD-dHfmA-01143-00355608-00355978 that the plan is moving forward.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01144-00355978-00356222 But, it has involve philanthropic leaders,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01145-00356222-00356572 it's involved business leaders, it's involved, you know,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01146-00356572-00356973 economists and academics and other thinking about what
2qyCD-dHfmA-01147-00356973-00357313 that plan should be and the fact that everyone has
2qyCD-dHfmA-01148-00357313-00357677 to work together to be able to move it forward.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01149-00357677-00358050 So, you know, I'm excited and hopeful
2qyCD-dHfmA-01150-00358050-00358231 about what's happening in Detroit.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01151-00358231-00358588 I know several of the people who have been a part of that
2qyCD-dHfmA-01152-00358588-00358925 and local Michigan foundations that have been a part of that.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01153-00358925-00359302 And, I think it's really critical that the table was set
2qyCD-dHfmA-01154-00359302-00359749 to include so many different sectors and actors.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01155-00359749-00359959 >> So, you've spoken at a number of intersections
2qyCD-dHfmA-01156-00359959-00360293 about the importance of involving the private sector
2qyCD-dHfmA-01157-00360293-00360486 in all of these efforts.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01158-00360486-00360750 And, this question from the audience speaks to that.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01159-00360750-00361020 They're wondering, we're seeing a lot
2qyCD-dHfmA-01160-00361020-00361280 of movement towards corporate social responsibility.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01161-00361280-00361574 A lot of major corporations are implementing departments
2qyCD-dHfmA-01162-00361574-00361704 for that.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01163-00361704-00361938 Are you seeing it, some folks are commenting
2qyCD-dHfmA-01164-00361938-00362288 that this might appear to be a trend or a fad.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01165-00362288-00362462 Do you see this as a trend or something
2qyCD-dHfmA-01166-00362462-00362852 that is more sustainable in a real movement
2qyCD-dHfmA-01167-00362852-00362985 in the corporate community
2qyCD-dHfmA-01168-00362985-00363296 that will be continued long into the future?
2qyCD-dHfmA-01169-00363296-00363419 >> Melody Barnes: I do.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01170-00363419-00363826 And, what I believe and hope I'm seeing is maturation
2qyCD-dHfmA-01171-00363826-00364070 of corporate social responsibility
2qyCD-dHfmA-01172-00364070-00364524 because there's a form of it that's, you know,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01173-00364524-00364881 we've got our private sector, our foundation,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01174-00364881-00365218 our corporate foundation and we give money, you know,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01175-00365218-00365681 we're the Melody Barnes Corporation that builds widgets,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01176-00365681-00366042 and we give money to X cause that has nothing to do
2qyCD-dHfmA-01177-00366042-00366342 with our widgets which is great.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01178-00366342-00366516 You're giving money to a good cause.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01179-00366516-00366899 What I think is happening more and more now is we're seeing,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01180-00366899-00367433 kind of, CSR 2.0 or 3.0 by the best in class companies.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01181-00367433-00367703 And, what they're doing is saying okay what is it
2qyCD-dHfmA-01182-00367703-00368070 that we do and what is it that we're really good at?
2qyCD-dHfmA-01183-00368070-00368444 Let's use our resources on that.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01184-00368444-00368684 How do we take our existing assets
2qyCD-dHfmA-01185-00368684-00368985 and do something good for our community?
2qyCD-dHfmA-01186-00368985-00369125 Because, we know that
2qyCD-dHfmA-01187-00369125-00369362 and we understand it better than anyone.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01188-00369362-00369662 And, you know, I would use Starbucks as an example
2qyCD-dHfmA-01189-00369662-00369859 and I was talking about the work that they're doing
2qyCD-dHfmA-01190-00369859-00369969 with their supply chain.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01191-00369969-00370129 I mean, that is CSR.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01192-00370129-00370563 But, they also see that as a smart business model and,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01193-00370563-00370730 the support that they're providing,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01194-00370730-00370997 educational support for their workers.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01195-00370997-00371160 You know, I can go through a list of others.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01196-00371160-00371501 I mean, you look at the 10,000 small businesses,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01197-00371501-00371914 10,000 women small businesses effort by Goldman Sachs.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01198-00371914-00372235 Again, they're thinking about what it is that they do
2qyCD-dHfmA-01199-00372235-00372618 and how can they provide that kind of support
2qyCD-dHfmA-01200-00372618-00372972 in a corporate social responsibility context
2qyCD-dHfmA-01201-00372972-00373322 but building on what they're already best in class at.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01202-00373322-00373573 So, I don't think that it's a fad.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01203-00373573-00373923 I do think and hope that companies are starting
2qyCD-dHfmA-01204-00373923-00374263 to think more smartly about the way that they engage.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01205-00374263-00374520 Because, as I talk to people who are doing this work,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01206-00374520-00374764 what they're saying is it's more sustainable.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01207-00374764-00374997 We have more of our folks engaged,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01208-00374997-00375171 more of our people involved.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01209-00375171-00375528 We see the benefit to our company when we're doing it
2qyCD-dHfmA-01210-00375528-00375898 that way and it's less, the heart of our business is
2qyCD-dHfmA-01211-00375898-00376209 over here and the corporate responsibility work is
2qyCD-dHfmA-01212-00376209-00376305 over there.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01213-00376305-00376546 And, that's a nice thing that we do
2qyCD-dHfmA-01214-00376546-00376839 and instead seeing those two things coming closer
2qyCD-dHfmA-01215-00376839-00376986 and closer together.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01216-00376986-00377406 So, that's what I'm seeing and hopeful for.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01217-00377406-00377520 >> Thank you.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01218-00377520-00377673 So, this is going to be our ultimate question.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01219-00377673-00378070 Mira will take us home in a second here.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01220-00378070-00378377 This second to the last question will be about your time
2qyCD-dHfmA-01221-00378377-00378558 in the Obama Administration.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01222-00378558-00378778 And, this person is wondering if you could speak
2qyCD-dHfmA-01223-00378778-00379021 to your experience there and what, perhaps,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01224-00379021-00379469 surprised you the most about that job chairing the DPC.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01225-00379469-00380029 >> Melody Barnes: My experience there, I am hesitating
2qyCD-dHfmA-01226-00380029-00380309 because I could over a lot of territory everybody.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01227-00380309-00380606 I think, one of the things or some
2qyCD-dHfmA-01228-00380606-00380930 of the things I was surprised most about, you know,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01229-00380930-00381200 from the small to the large, I mean, when you walk
2qyCD-dHfmA-01230-00381200-00381607 in the White House, literally day one, so,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01231-00381607-00381777 it's inauguration day.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01232-00381777-00382038 And, everybody's outside and there's a parade
2qyCD-dHfmA-01233-00382038-00382325 and everybody's happy and there are balls that night.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01234-00382325-00382839 And, I remember going in and being freezing cold and,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01235-00382839-00383129 you know, fighting my way through the parade to get in,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01236-00383129-00383332 and literally the phones are ringing.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01237-00383332-00383636 I mean, it's like, I don't know where the bathroom is
2qyCD-dHfmA-01238-00383636-00383779 and the phones are ringing.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01239-00383779-00384153 And, because the assistants to the president all had to show up
2qyCD-dHfmA-01240-00384153-00384430 and go into the building on that day.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01241-00384430-00384824 And, there's the sense that it just,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01242-00384824-00385117 it never ever, it doesn't stop.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01243-00385117-00385431 And, what your role is and maintaining
2qyCD-dHfmA-01244-00385431-00385828 that peaceful transition that we talk about, but,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01245-00385828-00386205 it really is quite spectacular when you think about what we do
2qyCD-dHfmA-01246-00386205-00386402 after every election cycle.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01247-00386402-00386642 It's also the sense, particularly at the White House
2qyCD-dHfmA-01248-00386642-00386793 as compared to the rest
2qyCD-dHfmA-01249-00386793-00387156 of the Executive Branch, how tiny it is.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01250-00387156-00387500 I mean, literally, it is a physically small space.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01251-00387500-00387834 But, also, the number of people who are working there,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01252-00387834-00388311 it's a small number of people who are there and closest
2qyCD-dHfmA-01253-00388311-00388815 to the president and trying to act on both what he has promised
2qyCD-dHfmA-01254-00388815-00389021 and what his goals are and respond
2qyCD-dHfmA-01255-00389021-00389248 to what the big challenges are.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01256-00389248-00389889 And, that requires a real respect for,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01257-00389889-00390233 and it's something I think this country's lost and it's sad,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01258-00390233-00390726 a real respect for those who are career bureaucrats,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01259-00390726-00390997 I mean those bureaucrat is taken on pejorative,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01260-00390997-00391380 but people who have been there year after year administration
2qyCD-dHfmA-01261-00391380-00391761 after administration who have real expertise and can act
2qyCD-dHfmA-01262-00391761-00392301 on the big and the small that come about every single day.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01263-00392301-00392605 And, you are struck by what it takes to make that happen
2qyCD-dHfmA-01264-00392605-00392732 because there are so few of us
2qyCD-dHfmA-01265-00392732-00392995 who are literally in that building.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01266-00392995-00393196 So, that's striking.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01267-00393196-00393486 I think the other thing, coming out of the experience,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01268-00393486-00394233 is the range of policy experience that I've had, it is,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01269-00394233-00395001 there is no other place to get a clear 360 degree view
2qyCD-dHfmA-01270-00395001-00395311 of what it takes to get policy done.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01271-00395311-00395711 You know, I was there, I was the domestic policy director
2qyCD-dHfmA-01272-00395711-00396008 and I worked with communications people and, you know,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01273-00396008-00396252 national security and homeland and, you know, on,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01274-00396252-00396469 legislative affairs, on and on and on.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01275-00396469-00396779 And, the decisions that you think having nothing,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01276-00396779-00397056 that you might think have nothing to do with what you have
2qyCD-dHfmA-01277-00397056-00397440 to do can have absolutely everything to do
2qyCD-dHfmA-01278-00397440-00397804 with what you're able to execute on, when you're able to execute
2qyCD-dHfmA-01279-00397804-00398057 on it, and how you're able to do so.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01280-00398057-00398638 And, I deeply appreciate having had that experience as well.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01281-00398638-00399378 And then, there's just such a strong sense of what we do
2qyCD-dHfmA-01282-00399378-00399729 in this country and our form of government
2qyCD-dHfmA-01283-00399729-00399972 and how special it is.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01284-00399972-00400573 And, for all the criticism, for all the frustration we have,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01285-00400573-00400993 this is a pretty amazing system that we've created.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01286-00400993-00401227 And, we have to refine it and we have to improve it
2qyCD-dHfmA-01287-00401227-00401447 and requires individuals to go
2qyCD-dHfmA-01288-00401447-00401841 in with the best possible motivations and the desire
2qyCD-dHfmA-01289-00401841-00402014 to get something done and to compromise
2qyCD-dHfmA-01290-00402014-00402185 and work across lines.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01291-00402185-00402592 But, you know, as my boss, you know, as Senator Kennedy said
2qyCD-dHfmA-01292-00402592-00402925 to me once, sitting over at his kitchen table,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01293-00402925-00403156 when it works, it is amazing.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01294-00403156-00403362 And I have such a deep appreciation
2qyCD-dHfmA-01295-00403362-00403703 for that having worked in a couple different of branches
2qyCD-dHfmA-01296-00403703-00404043 of government and come out of this administration.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01297-00404043-00404253 >> Okay. Okay.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01298-00404253-00404827 For our last question, this is from Twitter.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01299-00404827-00405371 Any chance that we'll be able to see you back in the White House,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01300-00405371-00405731 specifically doing, specifically
2qyCD-dHfmA-01301-00405731-00406012 if the president is Hillary Clinton?
2qyCD-dHfmA-01302-00406012-00406215 >> Melody Barnes: I'm wondering if my husband wrote
2qyCD-dHfmA-01303-00406215-00406833 that question to make sure it wasn't going to happen.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01304-00406833-00407246 I have had spectacular experiences working
2qyCD-dHfmA-01305-00407246-00407383 in government.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01306-00407383-00407620 You know, when I left Senator Kennedy I thought I'm done.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01307-00407620-00407907 I loved working for him and, you know,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01308-00407907-00408074 no matter where you are ideologically,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01309-00408074-00408327 I was just at the Institute, Kennedy Institute opening,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01310-00408327-00408841 his institute opening two weeks ago and there was Trent Lot,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01311-00408841-00409242 Tom Daschle, John McCain, Elizabeth Warren, Ed Markey,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01312-00409242-00409652 you know, every part of the ideological spectrum speaking
2qyCD-dHfmA-01313-00409652-00409922 and talking about this man and what he's done.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01314-00409922-00410056 And, I loved that job.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01315-00410056-00410239 I thought, I'm done, I'll never work in the White House,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01316-00410239-00410503 never going to work on a campaign.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01317-00410503-00410930 Oops. So, and I went into the White House and it was just,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01318-00410930-00411167 it's the hardest thing I've ever done
2qyCD-dHfmA-01319-00411167-00411457 and the most amazing thing that I've ever done.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01320-00411457-00411614 But, I'm done.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01321-00411614-00411971 And, I'm, I wouldn't trade those experiences
2qyCD-dHfmA-01322-00411971-00412228 for anything, not one thing.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01323-00412228-00412565 I learned a lot and I want to take what I've learned
2qyCD-dHfmA-01324-00412565-00412909 and I want to use it in the ways that I'm doing it now.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01325-00412909-00413232 And I love the multiplicity of things that I'm doing
2qyCD-dHfmA-01326-00413232-00413466 and the different teams that I'm able to build and work
2qyCD-dHfmA-01327-00413466-00413723 with in the communities I'm able to work in.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01328-00413723-00414013 And, I'm excited to support the Federal Government,
2qyCD-dHfmA-01329-00414013-00414103 but, from out here.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01330-00414103-00414183 >> Thank you.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01331-00414183-00414343 >> Melody Barnes: Thank you.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01332-00414343-00415251 [ Applause ]
2qyCD-dHfmA-01333-00415351-00415521 >> Well, I'm so sorry I wasn't here
2qyCD-dHfmA-01334-00415521-00415778 to introduce our special guest.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01335-00415778-00416159 But, I'm delighted that I heard not only her really interesting
2qyCD-dHfmA-01336-00416159-00416699 presentation but also here very thoughtful and candid remarks
2qyCD-dHfmA-01337-00416699-00416949 in response to all of your questions.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01338-00416949-00417243 And so, let me, at this time, first thank all of you
2qyCD-dHfmA-01339-00417243-00417693 for joining us, for your, again, very thoughtful questions.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01340-00417693-00418044 This is the last of our policy talks for this year and I have
2qyCD-dHfmA-01341-00418044-00418357 to say a really wonderful way to end the series.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01342-00418357-00418851 But, we hope that you will join us back here again next year.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01343-00418851-00419168 But, before then we have a continuation of the conversation
2qyCD-dHfmA-01344-00419168-00419405 with a reception just outside of those doors.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01345-00419405-00419639 So, please stay and join us for that.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01346-00419639-00420026 But please also join me in a very special final round
2qyCD-dHfmA-01347-00420026-00420132 of thanks to Melody Barnes.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01348-00420132-00420199 Thank you.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01349-00420199-00420253 That was wonderful.
2qyCD-dHfmA-01350-00420253-00420686 [ Applause ]
2qUFw20-FTo-00000-00000000-00001041 уже закончился
2sNpD3E31E8-00000-00000312-00000680 There is something off about minecraft single player mode.
2sNpD3E31E8-00001-00000792-00001032 Now the game has been sold more than a billion times
2sNpD3E31E8-00002-00001032-00001312 and has an ever-growing online community and presence
2sNpD3E31E8-00003-00001312-00001600 people tend to forget what game was like in the early days
2sNpD3E31E8-00004-00001600-00001760 and still is to some degree.
2sNpD3E31E8-00005-00001928-00002312 Now, there are a hundred online servers people can join and play on
2sNpD3E31E8-00006-00002432-00002888 But it wasn't always like this. Back in the days people playing
2sNpD3E31E8-00007-00002888-00003232 the game were much more isolated since the game wasn't that popular
2sNpD3E31E8-00008-00003311-00003744 so they stuck to the single player mode where they explored a massive world,
2sNpD3E31E8-00009-00003856-00003920 all alone.
2sNpD3E31E8-00010-00004079-00004496 The player, a character named Steve, is a blank character.
2sNpD3E31E8-00011-00004576-00004872 He has no background or great destiny.
2sNpD3E31E8-00012-00004944-00005464 No goals or desires. All he is is the sock puppet of the player,
2sNpD3E31E8-00013-00005528-00005928 through which the player can see and travel the huge world called minecraft.
2sNpD3E31E8-00014-00006024-00006504 They punch a tree, make a crafting table and try to fight shelter before night falls.
2sNpD3E31E8-00015-00006592-00006895 The first night in minecraft is often the moment people realize
2sNpD3E31E8-00016-00006895-00007208 they are not as alone as they thought they were.
2sNpD3E31E8-00017-00007208-00007552 It's not rare that the player is hiding in a dirt hole their first night.
2sNpD3E31E8-00018-00007648-00008008 If they are lucky enough they have a furnace but most of the time they are completely
2sNpD3E31E8-00019-00008008-00008448 in the dark, listening to the sounds of monsters creeping over their heads.
2sNpD3E31E8-00020-00008568-00008944 From this point on the player knows better than to carelessly run around at night.
2sNpD3E31E8-00021-00009032-00009544 When day breaks and the monsters burn to a crisp under the light of the great sun
2sNpD3E31E8-00022-00009544-00010000 the player can finally escape their hole and continue his journey.
2sNpD3E31E8-00023-00010000-00010520 Steve's path is one of complete freedom they can explore more of the world
2sNpD3E31E8-00024-00010520-00010848 try to manufacture the tools to survive and combat the monsters
2sNpD3E31E8-00025-00010848-00011384 or build a city wherever they stand. The player is in this way almost a god.
2sNpD3E31E8-00026-00011512-00011792 If they are determined enough they can raise mountains
2sNpD3E31E8-00027-00011792-00012136 build cities or kill the monsters waiting for them in another dimension.
2sNpD3E31E8-00028-00012232-00012680 Seeing how the player is immortal and has literally all the time in the world
2sNpD3E31E8-00029-00012680-00013063 he can accomplish all of those feets as long as he puts his mind to it.
2sNpD3E31E8-00030-00013176-00013312 He is a child god.
2sNpD3E31E8-00031-00013408-00013776 The world is a sandbox that he can shape however he wants it to be.  
2sNpD3E31E8-00032-00013896-00014272 As the player travels the world he'll most likely run into man-made structures
2sNpD3E31E8-00033-00014336-00014744 a dungeon, an abandoned mineshaft or a temple hidden in the desert.
2sNpD3E31E8-00034-00014800-00015160 They all look like they were made by other players people like him
2sNpD3E31E8-00035-00015288-00015632 but whenever you try to enter them you won't find anyone else
2sNpD3E31E8-00036-00015719-00016040 It seems that whoever made these things is long forgotten
2sNpD3E31E8-00037-00016112-00016464 These ruins are the only evidence that someone like you was here before.
2sNpD3E31E8-00038-00016560-00017016 Sure there are pillagers and other human-like creatures but it’s clear that they are not
2sNpD3E31E8-00039-00017016-00017320 like you. They don't talk,
2sNpD3E31E8-00040-00017320-00017632 they don't build, they don't think like you.
2sNpD3E31E8-00041-00017688-00018480 And this is the painful nature of this infinite world you are truly alone.
2sNpD3E31E8-00042-00018560-00018880 The others aren't like you and the ones that were are long gone,
2sNpD3E31E8-00043-00018944-00019408 leaving only ruins. You can build a city that reaches the sky.
2sNpD3E31E8-00044-00019464-00019792 A kingdom that covers the entire continent.
2sNpD3E31E8-00045-00019792-00020112 Light up the entire world and drive away the darkness.
2sNpD3E31E8-00046-00020240-00020592 But the city you build will always be empty
2sNpD3E31E8-00047-00020592-00021088 you'll be the only citizen of your kingdom and there will always be more darkness
2sNpD3E31E8-00048-00021088-00021608 waiting for you. You are a god and yet completely alone
2sNpD3E31E8-00049-00021712-00021992 in this infinite world you are the loneliest god.
2sNpD3E31E8-00050-00022120-00022240 Forever Alone
2sNpD3E31E8-00051-00022392-00022672 And this is the true loneliness of minecraft
2sNpD3E31E8-00052-00022728-00023024 complete freedom in exchange for complete loneliness.
2sNpD3E31E8-00053-00023128-00023608 Minecraft’s story is an odd one a story completely unique to every player.
2sNpD3E31E8-00054-00023712-00024344 Yet I feel like someone everyone at some point in their game has experienced the
2sNpD3E31E8-00055-00024344-00024856 loneliness of minecraft. And maybe just maybe,
2sNpD3E31E8-00056-00024968-00025384 that makes all of us a little less alone
2tSjeueHjg0-00000-00000000-00000200 Short cut trick to insert various date in Microsoft Excel
2u2eUOEAe4U-00000-00000000-00000200 -Hello guys! Welcome back to Tech TacToe!
2u2eUOEAe4U-00001-00000200-00000448 I'm ABM Farhan Tajwar Khan and today,
2u2eUOEAe4U-00002-00000448-00000868 I'm going to review "Logitech G12 Prodigy Gaming Mouse."
2u2eUOEAe4U-00003-00000868-00001414 I hope you guys will like this video, and without any further adieu, lets get this video started!
2u2eUOEAe4U-00004-00001414-00002149 The first thing you will notice about the mouse when you hold it, is it's great build-quality.
2u2eUOEAe4U-00005-00002149-00002737 Black, Hard-coated plastic was used in making this mouse and,
2u2eUOEAe4U-00006-00002737-00003244 and this plastic is of great quality, and thus it gives you a premium experience to your hand!
2u2eUOEAe4U-00008-00003338-00003600 Now lets talk about the specifications of this mouse.
2u2eUOEAe4U-00009-00003600-00004172 Logitech Sensor was used in making this mouse, which can be set to "8000 Deep!"
2u2eUOEAe4U-00010-00004172-00004426 and its pulling rate is 1000 Hertz.
2u2eUOEAe4U-00011-00004578-00005211 Also, this mouse has 32 megabit microprocessor, arm architectural processor,
2u2eUOEAe4U-00012-00005211-00005594 which helps this mouse to function properly.
2u2eUOEAe4U-00013-00005594-00006308 It also has a storage of 512 Kilobytes, in which you can store the "RGB Settings."
2u2eUOEAe4U-00014-00006410-00007175 Another thing you will notice is the RGB Lighting. This mouse has "One Zone RGB Lighting,"
2u2eUOEAe4U-00015-00007175-00008028 which, through "G-Hub Software," you can choose 5 effects, or colors, which are displayed there.
2u2eUOEAe4U-00016-00008028-00008887 This mouse has 6 buttons, and each of these buttons are "Omral Switches," which are rated for 20 million clicks!
2u2eUOEAe4U-00018-00009014-00010164 There are "Primary Left, Right," "Scroll wheel" "Middle Click" and "DPI Switch, and two Macro switch, whose default work is to go back/front.
2u2eUOEAe4U-00019-00010164-00010861 But, you can change the functions of the mouse by the "G-Hub Software," gamewise.
2u2eUOEAe4U-00020-00010861-00011627 This is the "G-Hub Software" where you can change and customize several things as you want!
2u2eUOEAe4U-00021-00011627-00012513 There are three things that we can change. The first is light effects. There are 5 effects here.
2u2eUOEAe4U-00022-00012513-00013417 Audio Visualizer, Screen Sampler, Breathing cycle are fixed. We can choose the colors that are shown here.
2u2eUOEAe4U-00023-00013417-00014905 We can also choose how bright or dim we want the RGB to be. Also, there is Macro-Signing, where we can change the functions of the Macro Keys.
2u2eUOEAe4U-00024-00014905-00015500 We can even change or reverse the functions of the Primary, Middle and Secondary buttons.
2u2eUOEAe4U-00025-00015500-00016935 The next setting that we can change, is "Sensitivity or DPI" this setting can go to 8000 DPI approximately. However, nobody uses their mouse, in such high DPI.
2u2eUOEAe4U-00026-00016935-00017683 I use 400 DPS, which I use in First-Person Shooter games. INNilaikew
2u2eUOEAe4U-00027-00017683-00019018 Then there is 1000 DPI, which I use in everyday work, and then there is 1600 DPI, which I use when I have to do something fast.
2u2eUOEAe4U-00028-00019018-00019908 Another thing you can change is pulling rate, which can be maximum 1000! (suddenly cuts off lmao -_-)
2u2eUOEAe4U-00029-00019908-00020909 Now lets talk about the pricing. You can find it in many shops in Bangladesh, like StarTech BD for about 2500 BDT. 
2u2eUOEAe4U-00030-00020909-00022012 There is no such mouse which will give you such a premium feel for such low price. Then there is Chinese,
2u2eUOEAe4U-00031-00022012-00022612 companies, whose name you probably haven't heard, and their quality is very bad!
2u2eUOEAe4U-00032-00022612-00023164 And if you want more premium mouse, you will have to pay 3000-5000 BDT(no thanks)
2u2eUOEAe4U-00033-00023164-00024189 If you want a premium mouse, I'm surely recommending this mouse!
2u2eUOEAe4U-00034-00024189-00024666 This was all for today. I hope you guys loved this video (totally did)
2u2eUOEAe4U-00035-00024666-00025297 and if you did like this video, hit the like button so you are notified every time I upload! (already did) 
2u2eUOEAe4U-00036-00025297-00025854 And I hope that this review will help you in your purchase!
2u2eUOEAe4U-00037-00025854-00026285 That's all for today! See you all in the next video.
2ziwjqanTrE-00000-00000325-00000713 Hello, I'm Mahalia and here are today's headlines from Pinksixty.
2ziwjqanTrE-00001-00000713-00001157 One of Mexico's foremost advocates for trans rights was found brutally murdered this week.
2ziwjqanTrE-00002-00001157-00001455 Agnes Torres' body was found in front of her home and is the sixth
2ziwjqanTrE-00003-00001455-00001732 LGBT murder in the region this year.
2ziwjqanTrE-00004-00001732-00002052 The British Home Secretary has argued in the Times newspaper that
2ziwjqanTrE-00005-00002052-00002201 marriage should be for everybody.
2ziwjqanTrE-00006-00002201-00002657 She said, "I don’t believe the State should perpetuate discrimination and prejudice.”
2ziwjqanTrE-00007-00002657-00003044 The Christian captain of Australia's national rugby union squad
2ziwjqanTrE-00008-00003044-00003261 has also spoken in favour of gay marriage.
2ziwjqanTrE-00009-00003261-00003726 David Pocock said, "Jesus was on the side of the marginalised and the oppressed…
2ziwjqanTrE-00010-00003726-00004001 So as a Christian I can't just stand in silence…
2ziwjqanTrE-00011-00004001-00004328 My faith necessitates that I advocate for it."
2ziwjqanTrE-00012-00004328-00004828 Gay lawyer, Michael Fitzgerald has been approved by the US senate to become the country's 4th,
2ziwjqanTrE-00013-00004828-00005021 lifetime-tenured judge.
2ziwjqanTrE-00014-00005021-00005265 Fitzgerald passed with an overwhelming majority.
2ziwjqanTrE-00015-00005265-00005718 And finally, Kathleen Turner stars in new movie, The Perfect Family.
2ziwjqanTrE-00016-00005718-00006155 She plays a housewife awarded Catholic Woman of the Year and has to try and conceal her
2ziwjqanTrE-00017-00006155-00006537 real family's alcoholism, divorce and her pregnant lesbian daughter.
2ziwjqanTrE-00018-00006537-00006637 That's all from us today.
2ziwjqanTrE-00019-00006637-00006688 Join us again tomorrow.
2BpoaTnCVMI-00000-00000010-00000063 CENTER IS GETTING READY FOR THE
2BpoaTnCVMI-00001-00000063-00000070 CENTER IS GETTING READY FOR THE  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00002-00000070-00000437 CENTER IS GETTING READY FOR THE E CUBED FUND RAIDSER IN APRIL.
2BpoaTnCVMI-00003-00000437-00000443 E CUBED FUND RAIDSER IN APRIL.  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00004-00000443-00000493 E CUBED FUND RAIDSER IN APRIL. YOU CAN FIND OUT MORE
2BpoaTnCVMI-00005-00000493-00000500 YOU CAN FIND OUT MORE  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00006-00000500-00000563 YOU CAN FIND OUT MORE INFORMATION ABOUT IT ON THEIR
2BpoaTnCVMI-00007-00000563-00000570 INFORMATION ABOUT IT ON THEIR  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00008-00000570-00000600 INFORMATION ABOUT IT ON THEIR WEBSITE.
2BpoaTnCVMI-00009-00000600-00000607 WEBSITE.  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00010-00000607-00000673 WEBSITE. WOMEN IN BEMIDJI TONIGHT WERE
2BpoaTnCVMI-00011-00000673-00000680 WOMEN IN BEMIDJI TONIGHT WERE  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00012-00000680-00000737 WOMEN IN BEMIDJI TONIGHT WERE TREATED TO FREE MASSAGES.
2BpoaTnCVMI-00013-00000737-00000744 TREATED TO FREE MASSAGES.  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00014-00000744-00000800 TREATED TO FREE MASSAGES. WINE AND PRIZES THANKS TO
2BpoaTnCVMI-00015-00000800-00000807 WINE AND PRIZES THANKS TO  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00016-00000807-00001007 WINE AND PRIZES THANKS TO "SPINAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS".
2BpoaTnCVMI-00017-00001007-00001014 "SPINAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS".  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00018-00001014-00001071 "SPINAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS". THIS IS THEIR THIRD ANNUAL
2BpoaTnCVMI-00019-00001071-00001077 THIS IS THEIR THIRD ANNUAL  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00020-00001077-00001127 THIS IS THEIR THIRD ANNUAL "LADIES NIGHT OUT".
2BpoaTnCVMI-00021-00001127-00001134 "LADIES NIGHT OUT".  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00022-00001134-00001204 "LADIES NIGHT OUT". IT USUALLY DRAWS BETWEEN 150 TO
2BpoaTnCVMI-00023-00001204-00001211 IT USUALLY DRAWS BETWEEN 150 TO  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00024-00001211-00001347 IT USUALLY DRAWS BETWEEN 150 TO 200 WOMEN EACH YEAR.
2BpoaTnCVMI-00025-00001347-00001354 200 WOMEN EACH YEAR.  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00026-00001354-00001434 200 WOMEN EACH YEAR. THE EVENT SERVES TWO PURPOSES.
2BpoaTnCVMI-00027-00001434-00001441 THE EVENT SERVES TWO PURPOSES.  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00028-00001441-00001518 THE EVENT SERVES TWO PURPOSES. IT'S A FUNDRAISER FOR "THE GREAT
2BpoaTnCVMI-00029-00001518-00001524 IT'S A FUNDRAISER FOR "THE GREAT  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00030-00001524-00001798 IT'S A FUNDRAISER FOR "THE GREAT RIVER RESCUE" AND IT ALSO
2BpoaTnCVMI-00031-00001798-00001805 RIVER RESCUE" AND IT ALSO  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00032-00001805-00001918 RIVER RESCUE" AND IT ALSO BRINGS AWARENESS TO CHIROPRACTIC
2BpoaTnCVMI-00033-00001918-00001925 BRINGS AWARENESS TO CHIROPRACTIC  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00034-00001925-00002522 BRINGS AWARENESS TO CHIROPRACTIC CARE.
2BpoaTnCVMI-00035-00002522-00002529 CARE.  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00036-00002529-00002892 CARE. >> IT'S TO GET A FREE SPINAL
2BpoaTnCVMI-00037-00002892-00002899 >> IT'S TO GET A FREE SPINAL  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00038-00002899-00003119 >> IT'S TO GET A FREE SPINAL SCREENING FOR A CHIROPRACTIC
2BpoaTnCVMI-00039-00003119-00003126 SCREENING FOR A CHIROPRACTIC  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00040-00003126-00003269 SCREENING FOR A CHIROPRACTIC CLINIC, AND IF ANYBODY IS
2BpoaTnCVMI-00041-00003269-00003276 CLINIC, AND IF ANYBODY IS  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00042-00003276-00003466 CLINIC, AND IF ANYBODY IS INTERESTED, THE ENTIRE FEE WILL
2BpoaTnCVMI-00043-00003466-00003473 INTERESTED, THE ENTIRE FEE WILL  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00044-00003473-00003843 INTERESTED, THE ENTIRE FEE WILL BE DONATED TO THE GREAT RIVER
2BpoaTnCVMI-00045-00003843-00003850 BE DONATED TO THE GREAT RIVER  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00046-00003850-00004064 BE DONATED TO THE GREAT RIVER RESCUE, AND WE ALSO HAVE ABOUT
2BpoaTnCVMI-00047-00004064-00004070 RESCUE, AND WE ALSO HAVE ABOUT  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00048-00004070-00004277 RESCUE, AND WE ALSO HAVE ABOUT 16 VENDORS HERE, AND WE ARE
2BpoaTnCVMI-00049-00004277-00004284 16 VENDORS HERE, AND WE ARE  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00050-00004284-00004421 16 VENDORS HERE, AND WE ARE DOING MASSAGES FOR PEOPLE AND
2BpoaTnCVMI-00051-00004421-00004427 DOING MASSAGES FOR PEOPLE AND  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00052-00004427-00004644 DOING MASSAGES FOR PEOPLE AND OTHER THINGS COMPLETELY FREE,
2BpoaTnCVMI-00053-00004644-00004651 OTHER THINGS COMPLETELY FREE,  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00054-00004651-00004894 OTHER THINGS COMPLETELY FREE, MASSAGES, FREE WINE TASTING, AND
2BpoaTnCVMI-00055-00004894-00004901 MASSAGES, FREE WINE TASTING, AND  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00056-00004901-00005115 MASSAGES, FREE WINE TASTING, AND A SPA DAY.
2BpoaTnCVMI-00057-00005115-00005121 A SPA DAY.  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00058-00005121-00005208 A SPA DAY. >> Dennis: SPINAL HEALTH
2BpoaTnCVMI-00059-00005208-00005215 >> Dennis: SPINAL HEALTH  
2BpoaTnCVMI-00060-00005215-00005325 >> Dennis: SPINAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS SAY ANOTHER REASON
2CIqEIrKKk0-00000-00000030-00000585 Since I graduated from Purdue Engineering has changed tremendously and
2CIqEIrKKk0-00001-00000585-00001186 technology as a driving factor for example at Intel we have technology
2CIqEIrKKk0-00002-00001186-00001723 teams that are spread across the globe all enabled by the Internet we have a
2CIqEIrKKk0-00003-00001723-00002167 team in China and Russia India and in the United States all working on the
2CIqEIrKKk0-00004-00002167-00002743 same project the role of an engineer has changed as well when I graduated from
2CIqEIrKKk0-00005-00002743-00003339 Purdue engineers were doing low level design detail work these days you still
2CIqEIrKKk0-00006-00003339-00003657 find engineers doing their traditional jobs but you also find them throughout
2CIqEIrKKk0-00007-00003657-00004153 the corporation for example it Intel even our sales jobs we hire engineers
2CIqEIrKKk0-00008-00004153-00004719 because understanding technology is essential to doing a good job even with
2CIqEIrKKk0-00009-00004719-00005062 my engineering background I was a marketing manager during my time at
2CIqEIrKKk0-00010-00005062-00005419 Intel I didn't have a marketing background but I did know the technology
2CIqEIrKKk0-00011-00005419-00005937 and I learned the rest on the job when intel looks to hire engineers out of
2CIqEIrKKk0-00012-00005937-00006312 school or even those who have been working for a while we look for a few
2CIqEIrKKk0-00013-00006312-00006756 core skills of course math and science and a solid Educational Foundation is
2CIqEIrKKk0-00014-00006756-00007213 essential but we also look for some other behavioral skills for example
2CIqEIrKKk0-00015-00007213-00007792 problem solving critical thinking can someone think creatively to approach a
2CIqEIrKKk0-00016-00007792-00008200 problem from a different perspective do they have a passion for continuous
2CIqEIrKKk0-00017-00008200-00008632 learning after all your career isn't going to be just what you learned in
2CIqEIrKKk0-00018-00008632-00008995 school it's your ability to work with people and your ability to keep up with
2CIqEIrKKk0-00019-00008995-00009517 the latest technology trends so take advantage of your time at Purdue learn
2CIqEIrKKk0-00020-00009517-00010136 all that you can and never give up the passion for learning.
2CbSS7igKbo-00000-00001086-00001294 right now a lot of students are getting some rest
2CbSS7igKbo-00001-00001302-00001536 because they've been coding all night
2CbSS7igKbo-00002-00001538-00001712 at the same time they're eating a little bit having a little bit
2CbSS7igKbo-00003-00001712-00001936 of snack time and also getting a little bit further on
2CbSS7igKbo-00004-00001936-00002066 their work so we're expecting them to be
2CbSS7igKbo-00005-00002066-00002357 about the mid way point of their projects and maybe start to
2CbSS7igKbo-00006-00002357-00002711 polish it up a little bit from this point on at this point we also are having
2CbSS7igKbo-00007-00002711-00002986 our Smash tournament as well as Vive demos
2CbSS7igKbo-00008-00002986-00003272 courtesy of all of our members working
2CbSS7igKbo-00009-00003272-00003719 together trying to get equipment ready for that today
2CbSS7igKbo-00010-00003719-00004184 so HackUCI is a 36 hour hackathon which is basically a coding competition like simply put so
2CbSS7igKbo-00011-00004184-00004913 everyone gathers in this room and stays here for 36 hours you form teams some sponsors come up
2CbSS7igKbo-00012-00004913-00005398 they have some prizes to work on their APIs or some kind of hack or incorporating element that are
2CbSS7igKbo-00013-00005398-00005705 related to their company and such so we have
2CbSS7igKbo-00014-00005705-00005969 The HackUCI team is about 30 people right?
2CbSS7igKbo-00015-00005969-00006581 and we have currently around 400 450 participants
2CbSS7igKbo-00016-00006581-00006908 actually the first overnight of events at
2CbSS7igKbo-00017-00006908-00007142 UCI so it took a lot of planning and
2CbSS7igKbo-00018-00007142-00007403 negotiation with the student services here at
2CbSS7igKbo-00019-00007403-00007667 UCI because of the no camping rules within
2CbSS7igKbo-00020-00007667-00007895 the UC system however through a lot of negotiation
2CbSS7igKbo-00021-00007895-00008063 and proving that yes this is viable
2CbSS7igKbo-00022-00008063-00008270 we've had done this for a couple years and
2CbSS7igKbo-00023-00008270-00008471 it does bring a lot of positive promotion
2CbSS7igKbo-00024-00008471-00008678 to the campus as well as
2CbSS7igKbo-00025-00008678-00008927 to the computer science program we were able to have
2CbSS7igKbo-00026-00008927-00009071 this as the first big event that's
2CbSS7igKbo-00027-00009071-00009197 going to happen over the course of a
2CbSS7igKbo-00028-00009197-00009359 couple days without a break in the
2CbSS7igKbo-00029-00009359-00009617 middle because of closed hours lot of
2CbSS7igKbo-00030-00009617-00009821 people come with creative and different ideas
2CbSS7igKbo-00031-00009821-00010448 like the one that little toy someone brought a car just like rolling it up to the
2CbSS7igKbo-00032-00010448-00010892 registration desk we're like ok i guess it's making
2CbSS7igKbo-00033-00010892-00011132 self driving cars yeah I find that the students at UCI
2CbSS7igKbo-00034-00011132-00011378 guys are really diligent in their projects
2CbSS7igKbo-00035-00011378-00011585 they work as hard as they can throughout  the whole thing
2CbSS7igKbo-00036-00011585-00011836 I don't see a lot of students just here for the
2CbSS7igKbo-00037-00011836-00011907 food or something
2CbSS7igKbo-00038-00011907-00012201 like that i might see at other hacks and stuff so I
2CbSS7igKbo-00039-00012201-00012415 appreciate that from UCI students
2CbSS7igKbo-00040-00012415-00012592 and they've got good sleeping arrangements it's really a
2CbSS7igKbo-00041-00012592-00012822 yeah at other hackathons
2CbSS7igKbo-00042-00012822-00013159 you are like sleeping on a hard floor we've got carpet concrete floor
2CbSS7igKbo-00043-00013159-00013471 we've got couches a ton of space for your sleeping bag and coffee
2CbSS7igKbo-00044-00013472-00013740 coffee lots of coffee
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00000-00000003-00000593 >>Without further ado, I’m gonna let Sheila take- it is Sheila? Yes. Man it’s been a rough
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00001-00000593-00001094 morning. I’m gonna let Sheila take it away. [audience claps] >> Hi, it’s alright? Can you
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00002-00001948-00002449 hear? >>No! [from audience] >>Hi. Okay I don’t want to wreck something. It’s okay? Okay? Uh
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00003-00003136-00003673 hi everyone thanks for being here despite being Sunday morning umm I’m really happy to
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00004-00003673-00004174 be here sharing this moment with all of you- a little bit sleepy too. But uhh let me introduce
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00005-00004444-00005055 myself briefly my name is Sheila. I’m a offensive security researcher because I love
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00006-00005055-00005555 wrecking stuff. I come from Buenos Aires, Argentina a city 10,000 kilometers far from here,
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00007-00005845-00006343 near the end of the world. [laughs] And also a developer and assembly for
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00008-00006343-00006943 microcontrollers and microprocessors C, C plus plus, Python, and Go. And as a speaker
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00009-00006943-00007574 this is my second time giving a talk at DefCon. I shut the [inaudible] last year, and was
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00010-00007574-00008094 also a speaker at Black Hat, Ekoparty, Hacking the box and other security conferences. But
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00011-00008094-00008772 let’s go to the important thing. Uhh in the last month there were many many news about backdoors
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00012-00008772-00009272 inside hardware wars. We all know that this kind of backdoors exist and they could be inside
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00013-00009486-00009986 smartphones, computers, routers, BMT’s and so on. So backdoors. Backdoors everywhere! Uhh and
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00014-00010780-00011334 the year having published many research about different ways of factoring devices through their
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00015-00011334-00011835 own hardware components. However, most of those resource focuses on the devices based on
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00016-00012098-00012599 powerful microprocessors like RM, Intel or AMD instead of microcontrollers. So let’s see
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00017-00012839-00013340 some technical differences between them. On one hand we have microprocessors which are
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00018-00013543-00014197 entirely CPU. All the components that the microprocessor needs to work, like memories, input and
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00019-00014197-00014697 output uses um are physically separated. They are also bigger than a microcontroller and have
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00020-00015011-00015665 greater processing capacity because of their size and separated components. Umm most
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00021-00015665-00016166 microprocessor have a Modified-Harvard memory organization with 32 or 64 bits
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00022-00016389-00016836 of architecture. And in the other hand we have microcontrollers. They have
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00023-00016836-00017457 inside a little CPU and all the necessary components to get it working. I mean inside a
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00024-00017457-00017957 microcontroller we have the CPU, RAM, ROM, input and output uses, as well as other peripherals.
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00025-00018164-00018778 And the fact that microcontrollers are putting it all together in a very tiny
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00026-00018778-00019359 space makes them with a less processing capacity and are slower than microprocessors.
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00027-00019359-00019943 There are other technical differences too, um micro- microcontrollers have
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00028-00019943-00020367 harvard-memory organization and 16 bits of architecture. They also have a little stack. For
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00029-00020367-00020867 example, big a team, having a stack able to store up to 31 memory addresses, and it is kept
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00030-00021341-00021841 overflow, the big will reset itself. Just some information. So after seeing some technical
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00031-00022218-00022625 differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, a question
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00032-00022625-00023186 that could arise is, what sound would use a microcontroller instead of a powerful
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00033-00023186-00023687 microprocessor? Well usually microprocessors are implemented on multi docking devices that
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00034-00024000-00024547 need to run an entirely operative system. On the other hand microcontrollers are used
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00035-00024547-00025128 for doing a specific task. Usually the same work dealing with the same kind of inputs and
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00036-00025128-00025755 output like automatizing our routine. It’s a lot like comparing our raspberry pie
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00037-00025755-00026256 which has a ARM microprocessor to an Arduino which has an atmel microcontroller. Both are useful
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00038-00026509-00027010 devices but they are used for different purposes. Uh microcontrollers have evolved a
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00039-00027237-00027737 lot, and microchip will be our example. Too many years ago, pic 12, very simple pin out with
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00040-00028134-00028635 basic input and output parts, and a few peripherals. Pic 16 umm they have more peripherals,
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00041-00029129-00029586 it’s more friendlier for us maybe, some of us have to learn to program in microcontrollers
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00042-00029586-00030080 using these devices. They have more peripherals including user communication and CCP modules.
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00043-00030313-00030957 Pic 18, also called high performance microcontrollers, are my favorite ones, they have
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00044-00030957-00031484 a lot of peripherals supporting different communication protocols like, USB, GAM, as
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00045-00031484-00031985 some. As well all common peripherals such as timers, CCB modules and [inaudible]
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00046-00032198-00032719 converters among others. And finally we have the 72 bit microcontrollers, they are the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00047-00032719-00033219 most similar thing to a powerful microprocessor, uh even they use a cortex MTBU, but we still need
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00048-00033430-00033930 a microcontroller. So after all, targeting microcontrollers worth it for? Um, nowadays they are
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00049-00034371-00034878 responsible for controlling a widespread of systems like physical security system, somes
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00050-00034878-00035445 car’s ECU, semaphores, elevators, sensors, components of industrial systems uhh some
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00051-00035445-00035945 home appliances, and even robots. This an example, it’s a car’s ECU that handle the fuel
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00052-00036196-00036836 injection and is fully controlled by a Pic 18 microcontroller. So, very
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00053-00036836-00037337 interesting devices to target into. [speaker coughs] Eh, all microcontrollers need to be
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00054-00037674-00038311 programmed, otherwise they will do nothing. So as I said, there is a little CPU inside them,
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00055-00038311-00038828 which is able to ex- to execute every assembly structure of a program loaded in the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00056-00038828-00039429 microcontroller’s program memory. These are the steps for programming microcontrollers: um
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00057-00039429-00039929 we can level up the firmware in assembly or C, after compiling in assembly we’re going to get
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00058-00040143-00040737 the hex file, which is the firmware to load such hex file into the microcontroller, we
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00059-00040737-00041244 have to use the programmer’s software and hardware, usually provided by microcontroller’s
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00060-00041244-00041745 manufacturer. And similar to the world of microprocessors, umm every microcontroller
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00061-00041978-00042472 manufacturer has their own assembly instruction set for the CPU of the devices. This an
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00062-00042729-00043229 example to turning on a a LED in a pic microcontroller. I love programming them in assembly,
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00063-00043450-00043950 but you can use both uh assembly or C. For microchip devices we can use the MPLAB IDE, which is
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00064-00044290-00044958 free to double up and compile firmware. By building the project, we are going to get the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00065-00044958-00045382 hex file, which is the firmware ready to be written in the microcontroller’s firmware
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00066-00045382-00045882 memory. Um as I said, it is necessary to use the programmers software and hardware to to load
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00067-00046433-00046933 the firmware into the microcontroller. These are the microchip official tools- we can
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00068-00046933-00047434 use the MPLAB ID or IT or together with the PIC free and together load the firmware into
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00069-00047771-00048358 the microcontroller. Uh the interesting is that, as well as these tools can be used to read-
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00070-00048358-00048815 sorry to write the program memory from microcontroller, they can be used to read the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00071-00048815-00049315 program memory. I mean we can write the firmware or we can dump the firmware. So, let’s see
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00072-00049736-00050387 how we can dump the program memories- more interesting for us. Uh first of all, this is the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00073-00050387-00050887 memory organization um for microchip devices. We have the program memory where is the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00074-00051167-00051738 firmware is located and it’s the memory that we will dump, but there are other two memories:
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00075-00051738-00052392 the Ram memory, which contains the SFRs special function registers and GPR, general
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00076-00052392-00052999 purpose registers, and the ROM memory where the program can store data that won’t be lost
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00077-00052999-00053500 after I reset. So, the ROM and program memory are non-volatile, while the RAM is, is RAM is
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00078-00054030-00054584 volatile. Uh to make a memory dump, the first step is connecting the target
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00079-00054584-00055211 microcontroller to the Pic 3. There are other tools for doing this process, but I prefer to
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00080-00055211-00055829 use the official tool because it works very well, umm it’s cheap, it costs the RAM for 2 dollars.
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00081-00055829-00056329 So, this is an example of connection. We had to match the beams of the target device- the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00082-00056583-00057083 target microcontroller, with the beams of the Pic 3 connector. For example, the VPP pin of the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00083-00057327-00057947 microcontroller must be connected to the VPP pin of the pic 3 and so on with the other
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00084-00057947-00058448 pins. It’s, it’s very easy. Then, we connect the Pic 3 to our computer and then we can use
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00085-00058722-00059292 the MPLB IDE to write the firmware. The first step is creating a stand alone project
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00086-00059292-00059989 inside the MPLAB IDE, and specify what microcontroller has our target device. Fortunately
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00087-00059989-00060437 it is very easy to get this information because uh the pic model is printed on the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00088-00060437-00060937 microcontroller. And then we must set the parameter hardware in this case the Pic 3, and
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00089-00061284-00061785 finally we can use this option in the MPLAB IDE to read the firmware and dump in into our
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00090-00062115-00062615 hex file. The MPLAB IDE has a dis-assembler, so we can uh load the hex file and go to the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00091-00063103-00063603 target memory views, program memory, and there we will see the disassembly view, all the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00092-00063857-00064414 assembly instruction of the firmware, together with their respective out codes to be
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00093-00064414-00064981 executed by the CPU. And also the memory address is the memory address where each one is
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00094-00064981-00065482 located. Let’s compare, and on one side we have the source code and in the other side the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00095-00065712-00066206 disassembly view. Um this program after the start has file assembly instructions, and we
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00096-00066486-00067050 can find them in the disassembly view. The only- it’s, it’s very- it’s almost equal, the only
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00097-00067050-00067550 difference is the access word that is after some instructions. It means that uh data memory
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00098-00067757-00068258 access is performed because ports d and tres-D are special function registers located in
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00099-00068461-00068962 data ram- that’s why the access word is present. Umm the observing the out codes, we can
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00100-00069345-00069846 match the assembly instruction in the, in the hex dump. They’re gonna be better because of the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00101-00070120-00070543 [inaudible] formats like most microprocessors, microcontrollers use [inaudible]
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00102-00070543-00071044 to be restore bytes in memory. Okay and now that we learned how to dump a firmware, let’s see
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00103-00071334-00071948 how we can modify the hex file and reload the firmware with something infective uh in order
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00104-00071948-00072545 to alter the original behavior of the target device. When instructing a payload into a
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00105-00072545-00073143 binary process, it’s necessary to find a place where our payload gets executed at least
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00106-00073143-00073780 once. In this case we need the same, so the next step is to find a place inside the firmware
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00107-00073780-00074280 where we can inject a malicious code or a payload. I will explain three different
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00108-00074507-00075008 instruction techniques: The first one is about injecting at the entry point. I mean when the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00109-00075305-00075805 program starts. But where is the enter point? Well, this is the standard instructor of a program
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00110-00076149-00076800 for microchip devices. The first four sections are selif plane, and they are not important for
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00111-00076800-00077460 us at this moment, so let’s focus on the recent vector. This always present in every
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00112-00077460-00077961 microchip device of the memory address 0000 and is followed by a go to start, which is a jump
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00113-00078214-00078805 to the first assembly instruction of the program, basically the entry point. In
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00114-00078805-00079305 the middle the interrupt vector is present, at the address 8 or 18, but we’ll go deeper on that
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00115-00079529-00080029 later. And here we can observe a a jump through the entry point in the source code as well as
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00116-00080256-00080757 the disassembly view. Um this little program does not use interruptions, so the goto in
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00117-00081020-00081521 the receipt vector is making a very short jump, but in large programs, uh like this other
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00118-00081781-00082282 one, the jump gonna be quite longer. So remember there is a vector e- will be always at the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00119-00082495-00083149 address 0000, it’s the first line in the disassembly view. There we gonna find a a go to to
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00120-00083149-00083803 the entry point. Ummm in the first case, the entry point is of the address 06, and in the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00121-00083803-00084297 second case is at 7F84. Those are the memory addresses where we should inject our payload to
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00122-00084561-00085061 get it executed when the program starts. So the next question is, what payload we should inject or
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00123-00085325-00085982 how can we build a payload for these kind of devices? Well we have to use the specific
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00124-00085982-00086483 assembly instruction set for our target device. This an example to turning on two different LEDS
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00125-00086706-00087267 on a pic microcontroller. That’s- we need to get the out code of these instructions. And
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00126-00087267-00087831 I’ve tried to get them is by writing all the assembly instructions of our payload in
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00127-00087831-00088501 an assembly file inside and start up project in the MPLAB IDE and then compile it. So we
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00128-00088501-00089149 can see the disassembly view and get the out codes. Those gonna be the out codes of our payload,
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00129-00089149-00089649 but remember the little ending formats, so that’s gonna be our final payload. With the bytes in
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00130-00090166-00090767 barter. So we need to make an injection, in this example the entry point is at the address
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00131-00090767-00091267 28, so we have to locate this address in the hex sum, and we can look for the base memory
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00132-00091564-00092065 address first, 20 in this case, and then count until 8 bytes. This is where the entry point is
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00133-00092492-00093069 located and where we should inject the out codes as our payload. But there is something
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00134-00093069-00093717 we should keep in mind, is the check sum. It’s at the end of every line, and if we modify
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00135-00093717-00094397 something we must recalculate it for every affected line. But first we gonna inject our
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00136-00094397-00094898 payload at the entry point and the original byte in that part will be shift to the right, but
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00137-00095258-00095942 remember not to move the byte of check sum because we’re gonna recalculate it. This is the math
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00138-00095942-00096436 that we should do to recalculate the check sum- for example, if we have this line, we should
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00139-00096706-00097207 make a sum of all the byte of the line, and then make uh not plus 1, and the last byte of the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00140-00097630-00098261 out code gonna be our check sum. But there is always a lifesaver [laughs] we can use this website
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00141-00098261-00098892 to calculate the check sum quickly. So remember for every affected line after payload
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00142-00098892-00099559 injection we have to fix the check sum- if we don’t we gonna get an error at the moment of
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00143-00099559-00100060 loading this modified firmware into the target device. Okay so um we already, we can use the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00144-00100513-00101211 MBLAB IDE or IP to load this modified firmware into the target device- in the, in the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00145-00101211-00101711 microcontrollers program memory of our target device. And what is our result? This is the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00146-00101955-00102565 target device with the original firmware, and this is what happened after loading the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00147-00102565-00103246 modified firmware. And the first light is on because it’s part of the original program, but there
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00148-00103246-00103747 other two lights on because of our payload. So the proof of concept worked, this is like pop
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00149-00104060-00104561 a calc but hardware version. So let’s see a real case umm this is a dashboard for observing the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00150-00104788-00105288 behavior for a car’s ECU. Um the car’s ECU is um for handling the fuel injections, so we have four
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00151-00105718-00106219 blue led for the four petrol injectors, and other four yellow led or light for the CNG or CMB
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00152-00106619-00107120 injectors. In normal behaviors, the ECU starts injecting petrol and then switches on CNG. in the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00153-00107487-00107987 fuel of this car ECU, the entry point is at the address 15, 2, 8. I’d place a little payload
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00154-00108284-00108895 there to modify the right behavior and continue injecting petrol after switching. I mean
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00155-00108895-00109512 the ECU will be injecting both petrol and CNG at the same time, does match not, not match the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00156-00109512-00110013 code for the car. So let’s see a video. Uhh this is a car’s ECU uh we we start seeing the [loud
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00157-00111241-00111741 clicking]I will kill the sound, cause it’s very not good. So. We start seeing the normal
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00158-00112545-00113089 behavior, the blue lights are on because the car starts using petrol and then it switch to
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00159-00113089-00113730 CNG, so the petrol injectors stopped working and the car just using CNG. Now we are loading
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00160-00113730-00114224 the modified firmware into the, the microcontrollers of the ECU and it will repeat the process.
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00161-00114544-00115121 The car starts using petrol, I speed up the car to reach now the condition to automatically
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00162-00115121-00115622 switch to CNG. But when it took your- the car is, is using both, the ECU is injecting both petrol
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00163-00115975-00116476 and CNG at the same time. This is just an example, something bad for the car. Okay, let’s
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00164-00117187-00117687 talk about the second injection technique. Uh maybe we’d prefer to get our payload executed not
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00165-00117904-00118458 when the program start, but when a specific action occurs. It might be associated with an
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00166-00118458-00118958 interruption. Uh in big problems we always interruption because the microcontroller can’t
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00167-00119409-00119909 perform interruptions to alert us. For example converter transmit of different
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00168-00120503-00121004 communication protocols [speaker coughs] execution flow when matter what is doing it will
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00169-00121801-00122302 enter a vector located at the address A or high priority interruptions and 18 for low
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00170-00122969-00123470 priority interruptions. Once there, a procedure known as is used to detect who triggered the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00171-00123743-00124327 interruption. It’s [inaudible] the analog to ditch the converter or who it was. After
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00172-00124327-00124958 detecting who was, the corresponding code routine is executed. The red file
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00173-00124958-00125458 instruction at the end program at the memory address immediately after they execute
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00174-00125718-00126356 before the interruption occurred. There are some special function registers that’s aimed
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00175-00126356-00126856 interruption handed. When a program is using interruptions, the bits GIE and PEIE after
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00176-00127136-00127637 intcon register, will be set to one. In assembly it looks like this: the B, the BSF instruction
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00177-00127967-00128468 is used for sets to one bit of our register. So when we dump a firmware we can look for these
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00178-00128912-00129542 two instructions in the disassembly view. In order to know with interrupts are enabled
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00179-00129542-00130043 in our target device. For every peripheral that could trigger an interruption, there are two bits
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00180-00130373-00131057 inside a special register. The interruption enabled bit, and the interruption flagged bit. As
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00181-00131057-00131558 example, we can quote the timer zero, these interruption bits are located in the intcon
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00182-00131558-00132051 register. When a product wants to use this timer, the TMR0IE which in the intcon register
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00183-00132459-00132959 must be set to one. When the timer triggers an interruption, the TMR0IF will be automatically
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00184-00133253-00133940 set to one. When not, these flags will be to zero. Uhh due to in the latest
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00185-00133940-00134471 microcontrollers, there are too many peripherals the special registers pie one, pie two, and
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00186-00134471-00135125 even pie three have interruption enabled bits. While pier one, pier two and pier three have
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00187-00135125-00135625 their respective interruption flags for different hardware peripherals. So as I said a
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00188-00135942-00136436 procedure known as polling is used to interrupt vector to detect who triggers an
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00189-00136436-00137130 interruption. Uhh this process is done using the BTFSC instruction for testing the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00190-00137130-00137784 value of the interruption flags. In this example we have four peripherals that could help
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00191-00137784-00138234 trigger an interruption. The polling process will start testing the flag of one of them.
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00192-00138234-00138918 If the flag is set to one, the code below will be done. Jumping to a core routine that must be
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00193-00138918-00139589 executed every time there is a specific peripheral trigger sign interruption. If not, the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00194-00139589-00140089 polling will continue testing other flags and find the flags set to one. This is how the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00195-00140336-00140874 polling process looks in the disassembly view. By inspecting the polling we are able to know
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00196-00140874-00141538 what peripherals are being used for our target device. Remember that the polling will be always
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00197-00141538-00142038 located at the address 8 for high priority interruptions, or 18 for low priority. [coughs] If
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00198-00142305-00142806 we do some in one of the interruption flags, we’ll serve that the bit 5 is being tested
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00199-00143206-00143706 of the pier one register. But what is the bit 5? Umm in the, the machine that is our target
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00200-00143953-00144447 device, we found that the bit 5 corresponds to the error C interruption flag. This is used
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00201-00144691-00145205 by the communication peripherals, when, when the microcontroller receives data
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00202-00145205-00145769 from any communication protocol it will cheer an interruption that will set this specific flag
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00203-00145769-00146269 to one. In the polling process if this flag is to one, the call will be executed, jump into a
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00204-00146686-00147300 core routine that must be executed, in this case located at the address 48. Such core
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00205-00147300-00147801 routine will do something with the data received by this peripheral. So uh by inspecting
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00206-00148104-00148638 the polling, we not only know what peripherals are being used, but we can get different memory
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00207-00148638-00149139 addresses where we could inject our payload. For example, if we want to do something when the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00208-00149342-00149846 microcontroller receives data from that communication protocol, we should inject our
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00209-00149846-00150340 payload, at the error’s interruption routine. Umm in this case it’s located at the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00210-00150597-00151227 address 48. Or if we want to do something when the timer zero triggers an interruption, we
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00211-00151227-00151885 should inject at the address for e, and so on. The idea is being able to modify the, the original
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00212-00151885-00152489 behavior of the target device when the microcontroller is using it’s different hardware
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00213-00152489-00153039 peripherals. So let’s see an example of factoring the user communication using this
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00214-00153039-00153673 technique. The first step is locating where the error’s interruption routine begins. By
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00215-00153673-00154330 inspecting the polling we go to, in this case the memory address is 48. So we have to locate this
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00216-00154330-00155011 memory address in the hex dump, so we can look for the base memory address 14 and then count
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00217-00155011-00155578 until 8 byte. And there’s where the error’s interruption routine begins and where we should
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00218-00155578-00156072 inject our payload. But what payload? What- we cook a payload that makes or relying of the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00219-00156366-00156986 received data to a transmission port that we are able to monitor strongly. I mean, the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00220-00156986-00157640 microcontroller will receive data from anywhere, and if we trigger an interruption, at that
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00221-00157640-00158097 moment, our payload will be executed to catch such information and relay it to us.
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00222-00158097-00158598 This is the payload. And first we got the received data and we move it to the W register. Then
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00223-00159169-00159793 the the transmission is enabled, the operation mode is set as asynchronous and the TX pin is
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00224-00159793-00160490 set as an output. And finally we move the received data in W to the TXREG. Anything written in
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00225-00160490-00161087 such register will be transmitted through the TX pin to a USB interface or wireless
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00226-00161087-00161724 module. In my case I will use uh a um USB interface because it‘s easier to show you what
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00227-00161724-00162278 happened, but it could be a wireless module. This instruction vary a little
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00228-00162278-00162779 depending on the target device. These are the out codes of every assembly instruction and our
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00229-00163029-00163530 final payload. [coughs] So we are ready to make the injection. Um we have to inject the payload
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00230-00163957-00164537 factor when- where the error’s interruption routine begins, so in this case it’s at the address
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00231-00164537-00165038 48 and we’ll place the the payload in the same way that we did in previous examples. So
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00232-00165265-00165772 let’s see a demo. In the next video you will see hardware receiving information from a
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00233-00165772-00166286 smartphone, that’s when the interruption occurs and the data is relayed to our computer.
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00234-00166286-00166786 Mmmhmm Ok umm the vector firmware has to be loaded in the target device and we are
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00235-00168728-00169229 listening to the USB interface. So we send a message to the hardware bar. That’s when the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00236-00170136-00170713 interruption occurs and the information is relayed to our computer. So as I said, I’m
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00237-00170713-00171267 using a usb interface in this case but it could be replaced by a wireless module for
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00238-00171267-00171768 multi-connection and it’s gonna work in the same way. Oh. Nice. Okay umm, at the moment of
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00239-00172398-00172899 injecting a payload at wherever place, we are making a shifting byte that could affect the call
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00240-00173396-00173967 and go to instruction of the original program because now they are jumping to memory
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00241-00173967-00174561 addresses who’s original bytes had been moved. In large program, this is a real problem
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00242-00174561-00175121 that we had to solve. For example on the left we can see call instruction jumping to the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00243-00175121-00175622 address 10 while after payload injection it should be jumping to the address 16. We have to
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00244-00175829-00176486 fix this to avoid overflow corruption. These are the out codes, so GOTO code and NOP
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00245-00176486-00177126 instructions. In Pic 18 microcontrollers their assembly instructions are 16 bits in
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00246-00177126-00177817 length. So 8 bits are used for the out code and 8 bits for the memory address where you have to
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00247-00177817-00178508 jump to. But two more vital reserve in case of needing jumping more than two two
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00248-00178508-00179008 thousand- uhh sorry, two hundred fifty five position. Uh this this here we can see an example
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00249-00179232-00179732 with GOTO code the first jump is to the offset six and the second one to the offset 467. Um in the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00250-00180210-00180854 disassembly view we’re gonna see the memory address, so we have to make uh, we have to divide it
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00251-00180854-00181354 by two, to get the offset, and then be able to locate the jump in the hex sum. To fix it, we
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00252-00181661-00182162 have to keep in mind the memory address where we have injected our payload, and the payload
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00253-00182162-00182839 then. Umm we have to fix only those jumps to memory addresses located after the one where we
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00254-00182839-00183526 have injected. For example, if we inject our payload at the address 48, and we have a call
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00255-00183526-00184027 at 56, we have to recalculate the jump, by making a sum of the original memory address plus the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00256-00184524-00185024 payload land. So in log in log programs we’ll probably need to fix some jumps. In this case I
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00257-00185335-00185835 have to fix three call instructions. And make the injection fix the jumps and
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00258-00186125-00186626 check sum BT views, especially in large programs and that’s why I’m working on a little tool for
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00259-00187083-00187730 automating this process. The tool receives this parameter the hex sum, the payload the offset
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00260-00187730-00188281 where it has to be injected and the name of the output file. And basically the tool makes the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00261-00188281-00188781 wanna fix all the necessary things. I hope to be able to publish this tool on my github
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00262-00189152-00189652 in this page. So it stayed too. Oops. So let’s talk about the last second- last, sorry, the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00263-00189936-00190623 last injection technique. Uh I will explain how we can alter the microntroller’s stack, and
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00264-00190623-00191124 take control of the program flow. In microchip device there are 4 TL function registers to
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00265-00191397-00191898 manipulate this stack. The first one contains the stack pointer, and the TOSU, TOSH and TOSL
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00266-00192252-00192752 compose the top of the stack. In the graph we can see an example, the stack pointer is pointing to
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00267-00192952-00193453 the second entry of the stack. Uh which is why you is 0001834. Impractical implantation of
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00268-00193990-00194607 these registers, uh first we should increment this stack pointer and then write the TOSH
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00269-00194607-00195301 registers with the memory address where we want to jump to. And finally we have to
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00270-00195301-00195802 execute our return. This is how it looks in the in assembly. First we increment the stack
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00271-00196229-00196836 pointer, and then we write all the necessary values to the TOSS registers. In this case we jump
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00272-00196836-00197337 to the address 00-06rnt2, and finally the return. In the disassembly view we’re gonna see
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00273-00197704-00198361 something like this. When, when the return is executed, the program will jump to the memory
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00274-00198361-00198862 address 24 in this case. From this example we can get the out code of these instructions, so
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00275-00199162-00199836 regarding payload instruction at this moment we have 2 alternatives. And what have we
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00276-00199836-00200373 could inject our payload anywhere inside the firmware and then write the TOSH registers
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00277-00200373-00200874 with the corresponding memory address. Or well, we can do a ROP chain right in the TOSS with
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00278-00201104-00201604 memory addresses part of the call that we want to execute. I mean create a payload with
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00279-00201845-00202345 assembly instructions already written in the original program. [coughs] This is an example of
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00280-00202589-00203089 ROP. Um at the left we see all the memory addresses of our ROP gadgets, that means the memory
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00281-00203449-00204077 addresses from part of the call that we want to execute, and in, in the other side we see all the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00282-00204077-00204577 necessary out codes to write the memory addresses in the stack. All, all those out codes
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00283-00204811-00205461 including the final RET, will compose our payload. Uh microcontrollers use a lethal
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00284-00205461-00206135 stack too, so the first ROP gadget executed will be the one located at the address 28 in
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00285-00206135-00206636 this case. It’s the last one injected in the ROP chain. This an example of ROP gadget. It
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00286-00206890-00207390 starts at the address 40 and ends at 46 with our RETLW. All gadgets must end, or RETLW to
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00287-00207800-00208301 continue executing the other gadgets in the right way. So let’s see a demo start, um in
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00288-00208625-00209292 the next video you will see a light turning on for every ROP gadget being executed. It’s a
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00289-00209292-00209792 nice way that I found to view what happened. Hmm hmm hmm Okay. it’s mounted but you can observe
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00290-00211117-00211618 8 gadgets being executed, of course there could be more or less, but it’s just an example.
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00291-00212992-00213493 So finally, let’s talk about uh memory protections and from a security point of view, we
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00292-00213760-00214270 cannot avoid if someone overwrite the whole program memory of our microcontroller.
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00293-00214270-00214771 But we can protect it against memory dumps and with that avoid payload injections. And at the
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00294-00215108-00215578 beginning of the whole program before the main code, it’s necessary to set some
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00295-00215578-00216072 configuration bits for microchip devices. Among them is the code protection bit, but by enabling
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00296-00216336-00217036 only these ones, the memory dumps will work, so if you assemble your program with this
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00297-00217036-00217537 specific protections, umm as anyone else will be able to dump your program and disassemble it.
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00298-00217947-00218448 So to preventing memory dumps, we have to use the boot protection, which is the CPB bit
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00299-00218818-00219319 and also the data protection is useful too. If we enable these two bits, umm program memory
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00300-00219556-00220056 dumps won’t work, and if someone tried to dump your firmware, the hex file while contain only
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00301-00220286-00220923 zeros. This is an example of protection for microchip devices. Really I don’t have- I
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00302-00220923-00221424 didn’t have time to, to get VPN in protections, but it’s something that you can do. Uh
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00303-00221738-00222305 conclusions. Vectoring microcontroller is possible, and there are a lot of interesting
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00304-00222305-00222879 devices that are fully controlled by them. Umm I explained three different
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00305-00222879-00223503 injection techniques I wrote a white paper explaining each one of them in details. Um and
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00306-00223503-00224003 though I focus on microchip I think that most concepts can be extended to other vendors. And
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00307-00224337-00224908 finally, I want to thank to Saul and Nico Wiseman for their help while I was writing the white
2HLK3Cl9SE0-00308-00224908-00225408 paper, and also to the people of Dream Lab for all the support. And thanks to you! [applause]
2LRDT9_Qq6E-00000-00000114-00000798 beloved I pray you are well I just want us to take a minute with Jesus
2LRDT9_Qq6E-00001-00000906-00001794 why do you think Jesus would remind you of today I think he would remind you that for God so loved
2LRDT9_Qq6E-00002-00001794-00002406 the world that he gave his only begotten son that whoever believes in him should not perish but have
2LRDT9_Qq6E-00003-00002406-00002922 eternal life it would even go further to verse 17 and says for God did not send his
2LRDT9_Qq6E-00004-00002922-00003456 son into the world to condemn the world but that the world through him might be saved
2LRDT9_Qq6E-00005-00003594-00003996 I think one thing Jesus Christ would remind you of is that God loves you
2LRDT9_Qq6E-00006-00004074-00004674 and it doesn't doesn't want you to be condemned he doesn't want you to perish
2LRDT9_Qq6E-00007-00004674-00005124 he wants you to have an eternal life through his son Jesus Christ was the way the truth the life
2LRDT9_Qq6E-00008-00005304-00005958 friend I suggest you give your life to him have a blessed weekend God bless you bye
2N-Ml_5jdKu-00000-00000080-00000608 hey, did you know that the view rate stayed at 25 views per hour on our latest promotion
2N-Ml_5jdKu-00001-00000688-00001360 since 10 p.m except for one little dip. this is happening because a lot of people were going
2N-Ml_5jdKu-00002-00001360-00002136 into the video, maybe new users, which may click on the link. usually, i'd get about 400 or so views,
2N-Ml_5jdKu-00003-00002192-00002928 because, well, the ratio is 40 percent so this is normal. it's okay for that, and
2N-Ml_5jdKu-00004-00002928-00003640 for the previous video, it's looking okay. just getting about five views per hour as usual,
2N-Ml_5jdKu-00005-00003728-00004248 and there's nothing wrong with it. the two days of link support is already finished for that video.
2NNiVH0XcKM-00000-00000000-00000288 Irfan Shah Rabby
2QLOFK-KROE-00000-00000016-00000448 Hi, I'm Aiden Bettine, Community and Student Life Archivist in the University of Iowa
2QLOFK-KROE-00001-00000448-00000872 Libraries Special Collections & Archives. And I'm sitting in front of the Raising Our Voices
2QLOFK-KROE-00002-00000872-00001464 theme at the We Are Hawkeyes exhibit. And what this theme and exhibit case behind me shares
2QLOFK-KROE-00003-00001464-00002072 is a long legacy of protest of the University of Iowa campus, from the 1960s to the present.
2QLOFK-KROE-00004-00002136-00002800 And what I think most people remember and know and hear about in the legacy of protest on our campus
2QLOFK-KROE-00005-00002800-00003304 is particularly the Vietnam and the anti-Vietnam War protests that happened on campus. Students
2QLOFK-KROE-00006-00003304-00003872 were protesting the draft, they were protesting the use of Dow Chemicals, they were protesting the
2QLOFK-KROE-00007-00003872-00004528 ROTC and the Marines and their presence on campus in the late 1960s. And I think a lot of people
2QLOFK-KROE-00008-00004528-00005184 assume that protest got quiet on our campus in the decades that followed the 1960s and early 1970s.
2QLOFK-KROE-00009-00005296-00005880 We don't hear as much about the 1980s and the 90s, and this exhibit certainly tells a different tale.
2QLOFK-KROE-00010-00005952-00006559 There's a variety of local, national, and even global issues that students are protesting
2QLOFK-KROE-00011-00006559-00007176 throughout all of these decades on our campus. And what this theme in this exhibit really argues
2QLOFK-KROE-00012-00007176-00007600 is that a) campus has never been quiet when it comes to students raising their
2QLOFK-KROE-00013-00007600-00008120 voices for causes they care about, and b) that the Pentacrest is a site to gather.
2QLOFK-KROE-00014-00008208-00008672 And the Pentacrest as a place certainly blurs the lines between our campus and our community,
2QLOFK-KROE-00015-00008672-00009216 and the ways that protest bring together students and community members in Iowa City: to protest
2QLOFK-KROE-00016-00009216-00009744 what they care most about and to be ensured that they're heard, both by the university and the
2QLOFK-KROE-00017-00009744-00010232 city, and the State of Iowa. And so it's really exciting to be able to share this long legacy,
2QLOFK-KROE-00018-00010296-00010728 and I encourage you to come check out the exhibit or view the virtual exhibit to see the specific
2QLOFK-KROE-00019-00010728-00011384 details on all the different causes students have cared about, really throughout the last 60 years.
2UJQmXuXo20-00000-00000000-00000200 Hi, it's Yosuke Awata.
2UJQmXuXo20-00001-00000200-00000785 Today, I'm going to make a milk pack shaped Valentine's gift box.
2UJQmXuXo20-00002-00001186-00001763 I made these for my kids class as summer project,
2UJQmXuXo20-00003-00001763-00002386 and I thought that would be cute if I made Valentine's gift box like these.
2UJQmXuXo20-00004-00002386-00003000 Not only for Valentine's Day, it'll be a fun gift box for any occasions.
2UJQmXuXo20-00005-00003000-00003754 What we need are paper, glue, scissors and any drawing supplies.
2UJQmXuXo20-00006-00003754-00004261 I'm planning to use a pen like this and color pencils today.
2UJQmXuXo20-00007-00004261-00004612 Folding paper to make a milk pack,
2UJQmXuXo20-00008-00004612-00005034 but I'm not measuring with a ruler today.
2UJQmXuXo20-00009-00005034-00005209 It's an easy way!
2UJQmXuXo20-00010-00005209-00005780 You can measure if you want, but it's for lazy person like me!
2UJQmXuXo20-00011-00006184-00006485 You can use any size of paper,
2UJQmXuXo20-00012-00006485-00006756 but I got A4 size (letter size).
2UJQmXuXo20-00013-00006756-00007431 It's sketchbook paper and not thin but not extra thick.
2UJQmXuXo20-00014-00007431-00007688 Any paper can be good.
2UJQmXuXo20-00015-00007688-00008120 It should be thick but not too thick.
2UJQmXuXo20-00016-00008120-00008385 I recommend Kent paper.
2UJQmXuXo20-00017-00008385-00008686 Folding from center but not exact.
2UJQmXuXo20-00018-00008686-00008950 Take this much space.
2UJQmXuXo20-00019-00008950-00009539 Any space is okay, but it's about 8 mm (1/3 inch).
2UJQmXuXo20-00020-00009539-00010022 A little less than 1cm (1/2 inch) is enough.
2UJQmXuXo20-00021-00010022-00010273 I'll put glue on this space later.
2UJQmXuXo20-00022-00010273-00010447 I fold here.
2UJQmXuXo20-00023-00010554-00011189 If paper is too thick, when I fold it,
2UJQmXuXo20-00024-00011189-00011589 it'll get wrinkled here.
2UJQmXuXo20-00025-00011589-00011977 So, I got just a little thick one.
2UJQmXuXo20-00026-00012033-00012248 Folding very well,
2UJQmXuXo20-00027-00012265-00012495 I'll put glue on extra space.
2UJQmXuXo20-00028-00012495-00012848 and I fold extra space.
2UJQmXuXo20-00029-00013344-00013600 I fold extra space.
2UJQmXuXo20-00030-00013776-00014127 I used this edge here,
2UJQmXuXo20-00031-00014127-00014554 It's easy to fold if I do this.
2UJQmXuXo20-00032-00014829-00015000 After that,
2UJQmXuXo20-00033-00015000-00015389 I'll fold a half of this.
2UJQmXuXo20-00034-00015607-00015843 Put the edge to this line,
2UJQmXuXo20-00035-00015892-00016069 and fold.
2UJQmXuXo20-00036-00016303-00016734 And this side, without this extra space.
2UJQmXuXo20-00037-00016734-00017216 Without extra space,
2UJQmXuXo20-00038-00017611-00017795 fold like this
2UJQmXuXo20-00039-00018199-00018460 These 4 should be same length..
2UJQmXuXo20-00040-00018460-00018769 This'll be the width of a box
2UJQmXuXo20-00041-00018769-00018962 Hight will be different.
2UJQmXuXo20-00042-00018962-00019407 I think it can be a little smaller.
2UJQmXuXo20-00043-00019407-00019932 I guess shorter would be cuter.
2UJQmXuXo20-00044-00019932-00020181 I make it shorter.
2UJQmXuXo20-00045-00020181-00020451 You don't have to cut though,
2UJQmXuXo20-00046-00020451-00020746 but I don't want a tall milk pack,
2UJQmXuXo20-00047-00020746-00020951 so I'll cut it.
2UJQmXuXo20-00048-00020974-00021421 I'll cut off 3 cm (1 1/4 inch)
2UJQmXuXo20-00049-00021742-00022372 A little more than a half of this length.
2UJQmXuXo20-00050-00022706-00022847 Maybe about this much??
2UJQmXuXo20-00051-00023416-00023817 Then I fold a little longer here.
2UJQmXuXo20-00052-00024033-00024218 Maybe about this much??
2UJQmXuXo20-00053-00024714-00024922 Folding one more,
2UJQmXuXo20-00054-00024922-00025279 I folded this direction.
2UJQmXuXo20-00055-00025279-00025534 Now flip it,
2UJQmXuXo20-00056-00025534-00025982 and about 1cm (1/2 inch)
2UJQmXuXo20-00057-00025982-00026207 Put ruler like this,
2UJQmXuXo20-00058-00026305-00026673 and do this.
2UJQmXuXo20-00059-00026727-00026948 You can fold nice and neat!
2UJQmXuXo20-00060-00027317-00027479 I got it!
2UJQmXuXo20-00061-00027539-00027662 Now,
2UJQmXuXo20-00062-00027722-00027973 This side on top.
2UJQmXuXo20-00063-00028014-00028197 and, here and here
2UJQmXuXo20-00064-00028197-00028370 or here and here,
2UJQmXuXo20-00065-00028370-00028842 This center with out this extra space.
2UJQmXuXo20-00066-00028909-00029383 Folding like this to put a mark on center.
2UJQmXuXo20-00067-00029453-00029640 After that,
2UJQmXuXo20-00068-00029755-00029941 This part,
2UJQmXuXo20-00069-00029941-00030257 I fold this part.
2UJQmXuXo20-00070-00030450-00030590 Like this.
2UJQmXuXo20-00071-00030652-00030949 Same way on the other side.
2UJQmXuXo20-00072-00031030-00031422 If you want, you can use a ruler.
2UJQmXuXo20-00073-00031422-00031675 Maybe using ruler can be better.
2UJQmXuXo20-00074-00031675-00031893 On this mark,
2UJQmXuXo20-00075-00031893-00032192 Here to here.
2UJQmXuXo20-00076-00032192-00032686 Put a ruler like this and fold.
2UJQmXuXo20-00077-00032686-00033060 And same way on the other side.
2UJQmXuXo20-00078-00033060-00033148 Here.
2UJQmXuXo20-00079-00033148-00033296 Like this,
2UJQmXuXo20-00080-00033319-00033451 Here.
2UJQmXuXo20-00081-00033578-00033817 Fold like this.
2UJQmXuXo20-00082-00034137-00034393 Not here, just here.
2UJQmXuXo20-00083-00034714-00034952 Now, not here.
2UJQmXuXo20-00084-00034952-00035062 Here.
2UJQmXuXo20-00085-00035062-00035202 The same thing.
2UJQmXuXo20-00086-00035202-00035420 Put a mark on center.
2UJQmXuXo20-00087-00035520-00035635 Like this.
2UJQmXuXo20-00088-00035714-00035970 Hold center.
2UJQmXuXo20-00089-00036045-00036207 Put a mark here.
2UJQmXuXo20-00090-00036290-00036577 It's hard to see, so I put a mark.
2UJQmXuXo20-00091-00036769-00036897 Here to here.
2UJQmXuXo20-00092-00037929-00038078 Now I use scissors.
2UJQmXuXo20-00093-00038078-00038632 Using blade like that is easier to cut straight.
2UJQmXuXo20-00094-00038934-00039180 If you like scissors better,
2UJQmXuXo20-00095-00039339-00039603 please use scissors.
2UJQmXuXo20-00096-00039733-00039914 I like blades better.
2UJQmXuXo20-00097-00039970-00040288 I can't cut straight with scissors,
2UJQmXuXo20-00098-00040288-00040531 so I cut like this.
2UJQmXuXo20-00099-00041102-00041317 I'll cut this part off.
2UJQmXuXo20-00100-00041738-00041890 then,
2UJQmXuXo20-00101-00041946-00042360 it became a milk pack.
2UJQmXuXo20-00102-00042360-00042474 But,
2UJQmXuXo20-00103-00042568-00042969 it'll be too hard to draw after build it,
2UJQmXuXo20-00104-00042969-00043272 so I'll draw now!
2UJQmXuXo20-00105-00043331-00043613 I'll draw on this side.
2UJQmXuXo20-00106-00051074-00051417 I didn't use this pen but only color pencils.
2UJQmXuXo20-00107-00051417-00051716 Finally, I'll build it!
2UJQmXuXo20-00108-00051716-00052066 I'll glue on this extra space.
2UJQmXuXo20-00109-00052842-00053156 Sequence doesn't matter, any oder you like.
2UJQmXuXo20-00110-00053666-00053907 But I glue here first,
2UJQmXuXo20-00111-00054140-00054495 I hold from inside like this.
2UJQmXuXo20-00112-00054973-00055259 You can glue here too.
2UJQmXuXo20-00113-00055295-00055460 Then,
2UJQmXuXo20-00114-00055539-00055786 That spots won't be open like that.
2UJQmXuXo20-00115-00056238-00056435 I didn't cut straight here,
2UJQmXuXo20-00116-00056435-00056664 so I cut it off!
2UJQmXuXo20-00117-00056884-00057201 If I cut straight, it won't happen!
2UJQmXuXo20-00118-00057201-00057429 Last thing, glue here.
2UJQmXuXo20-00119-00057890-00058164 Here and here.
2UJQmXuXo20-00120-00058164-00058480 Reasons I used stick glue,
2UJQmXuXo20-00121-00058827-00059091 paper won't get wrinkled,
2UJQmXuXo20-00122-00059091-00059405 and it's easy to peel off.
2UJQmXuXo20-00123-00059926-00060190 Before glue this part,
2UJQmXuXo20-00124-00060190-00060458 I need to do one more thing!
2UJQmXuXo20-00125-00060458-00060706 I put candies here!
2UJQmXuXo20-00126-00061071-00061391 You can put anything you want!
2UJQmXuXo20-00127-00061391-00061714 Maybe you can put a tiny card!
2UJQmXuXo20-00128-00061934-00062086 Well, in the box,
2UJQmXuXo20-00129-00063296-00063681 You can put a card here.
2UJQmXuXo20-00130-00063681-00064052 It's dry already, so I glue again.
2UJQmXuXo20-00131-00064254-00064487 Here, here and here.
2UJQmXuXo20-00132-00065095-00065291 Now I finished!
2UJQmXuXo20-00133-00065291-00065622 Here is Valentine's Milk Pack!
2UJQmXuXo20-00134-00065622-00065959 Maybe depends on the situations,
2UJQmXuXo20-00135-00065959-00066422 but personally I think this size is too big.
2UJQmXuXo20-00136-00066422-00066698 Maybe some people like this size,
2UJQmXuXo20-00137-00066698-00067389 but I guess half of A4 (letter size) would be cuter.
2UJQmXuXo20-00138-00067389-00067884 There's a last years video "Valentine's Match Box"
2UJQmXuXo20-00139-00067884-00068246 please check it out if you are interested.
2UJQmXuXo20-00140-00068246-00068535 The link is on information below.
2UJQmXuXo20-00141-00068535-00068726 Well, that's it for today.
2UJQmXuXo20-00142-00068726-00069277 If you like this video, please consider subscribing.
2UJQmXuXo20-00143-00069277-00069500 Thank you for watching!
2UJQmXuXo20-00144-00069500-00069849 Happy Valentine's Day for everyone!
2UJQmXuXo20-00145-00069849-00070152 See you next time! Bye bye!!
2VMpEawO2Ay-00000-00000009-00000106 In this video,
2VMpEawO2Ay-00001-00000106-00000446 I will share with you seven ways to avoid burnout in
2VMpEawO2Ay-00002-00000446-00000649 running your small business.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00003-00000649-00000819 By following these tips,
2VMpEawO2Ay-00004-00000819-00001183 you'll be able to keep your energy up and your business
2VMpEawO2Ay-00005-00001183-00001313 running smoothly.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00006-00001313-00001637 We'll uncover these together right after this.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00007-00001637-00002014 Running a small business can be extremely rewarding,
2VMpEawO2Ay-00008-00002014-00002365 but it can also be very demanding and challenging.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00009-00002365-00002851 Therefore it's essential to take time for yourself to avoid burnout.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00010-00002851-00003119 And here are seven ways to do just that.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00011-00003119-00003436 One of the best ways to avoid burnout is to take
2VMpEawO2Ay-00012-00003436-00003552 regular breaks.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00013-00003552-00003878 When you're feeling overwhelmed or stressed.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00014-00003878-00004219 Step away from your work for a few minutes and take
2VMpEawO2Ay-00015-00004219-00004453 some time to relax or go for a walk,
2VMpEawO2Ay-00016-00004453-00004536 read a book,
2VMpEawO2Ay-00017-00004536-00004720 or take some deep breaths.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00018-00004720-00005103 This will help clear your mind and refresh your energy.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00019-00005217-00005556 Another critical way to avoid burnout is to ensure that you
2VMpEawO2Ay-00020-00005556-00005721 take time for yourself.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00021-00005796-00006276 It's easy to get caught up in running your business so
2VMpEawO2Ay-00022-00006276-00006516 that you forget to take care of yourself.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00023-00006594-00007044 Make sure that you schedule time each day or week for
2VMpEawO2Ay-00024-00007044-00007383 activities that you enjoy and make you feel good.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00025-00007425-00007683 This could be anything from going to the gym to taking
2VMpEawO2Ay-00026-00007683-00007779 a yoga class.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00027-00007887-00008199 One of the best ways to avoid burnout is to delegate
2VMpEawO2Ay-00028-00008199-00008385 some of your tasks to others.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00029-00008427-00008496 For example,
2VMpEawO2Ay-00030-00008499-00008838 if there are aspects of your business that you don't enjoy,
2VMpEawO2Ay-00031-00008847-00009054 or that are draining your energy,
2VMpEawO2Ay-00032-00009078-00009282 hire someone to take care of them for you.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00033-00009357-00009567 This will free up your time and energy.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00034-00009567-00009831 So you can focus on the parts of your business that
2VMpEawO2Ay-00035-00009831-00009954 you're passionate about.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00036-00010044-00010323 Another way to avoid burnout is to plan ahead.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00037-00010353-00010623 When you have a clear plan for what needs to be
2VMpEawO2Ay-00038-00010623-00011055 done, staying focused and motivated is more effortless.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00039-00011121-00011499 Make a list of tasks that need to be completed each
2VMpEawO2Ay-00040-00011499-00011844 week and block out time in your schedule to work on
2VMpEawO2Ay-00041-00011844-00012204 them. This will help you stay on track and avoid feeling
2VMpEawO2Ay-00042-00012204-00012639 overwhelmed. Another great way to avoid burnout is to have a
2VMpEawO2Ay-00043-00012639-00013110 coach or mentor having someone to talk to who understands the
2VMpEawO2Ay-00044-00013110-00013466 challenges of running a small business can be beneficial.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00045-00013533-00013608 In addition,
2VMpEawO2Ay-00046-00013626-00013974 they can offer advice and support when you feel stressed or
2VMpEawO2Ay-00047-00013974-00014034 burnt out.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00048-00014138-00014499 One of the best ways to avoid burnout is to prioritize
2VMpEawO2Ay-00049-00014499-00014607 your time and energy.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00050-00014663-00014822 When you're feeling overwhelmed,
2VMpEawO2Ay-00051-00014850-00015153 focusing on the most critical tasks is essential.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00052-00015194-00015566 So make a list of your priorities and ensure you're spending
2VMpEawO2Ay-00053-00015566-00015831 your time and energy on those things.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00054-00015866-00016212 This will help you stay focused and avoid getting bogged down
2VMpEawO2Ay-00055-00016212-00016464 in tasks that aren't as important.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00056-00016545-00016986 Another critical way to avoid burnout is to set boundaries when
2VMpEawO2Ay-00057-00016986-00017170 running a small business,
2VMpEawO2Ay-00058-00017170-00017378 it's easy to work all the time,
2VMpEawO2Ay-00059-00017378-00017777 but it's essential to set aside time for yourself and your
2VMpEawO2Ay-00060-00017777-00018210 family. Make sure you take weekends off and take vacation days
2VMpEawO2Ay-00061-00018210-00018302 when needed.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00062-00018302-00018710 This will help you recharge and come back to your business,
2VMpEawO2Ay-00063-00018710-00018893 refreshed and energized.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00064-00018893-00019368 Following these tips can avoid burnout and keep your small business
2VMpEawO2Ay-00065-00019368-00019501 running smoothly.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00066-00019567-00019969 Would you like to discover more about this and other topics
2VMpEawO2Ay-00067-00019969-00020264 essential to business success and growth?
2VMpEawO2Ay-00068-00020264-00020355 Yeah. Great.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00069-00020355-00020658 Then there are a few things that you need to do
2VMpEawO2Ay-00070-00020658-00020732 right now.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00071-00020732-00020888 First like this video,
2VMpEawO2Ay-00072-00020888-00021191 so I know that you got value and I'll make more
2VMpEawO2Ay-00073-00021191-00021339 videos like this one.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00074-00021339-00021741 Second, subscribe to this channel and click the bell to get
2VMpEawO2Ay-00075-00021741-00022110 notified whenever we post a new video so that you don't
2VMpEawO2Ay-00076-00022110-00022504 miss a single piece of the valuable information we share.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00077-00022603-00022992 Next, leave me a comment with your questions,
2VMpEawO2Ay-00078-00022992-00023504 suggestions, or just what you liked or didn't like about the
2VMpEawO2Ay-00079-00023504-00023647 video. And last,
2VMpEawO2Ay-00080-00023647-00024139 click the link in the description to register for our next
2VMpEawO2Ay-00081-00024139-00024272 live web class.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00082-00024272-00024784 We hold them on Thursdays and unearth the secrets to scaling
2VMpEawO2Ay-00083-00024784-00024917 your business.
2VMpEawO2Ay-00084-00024917-00025572 You can also register by going to www.businesssuccess.group/scalinglive
2VMpEawO2Ay-00085-00025572-00026023 that's www.businesssuccess.group/scalinglive.
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00000-00000081-00000311 International short stories volume to
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00001-00000379-00000525 English stories
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00002-00000525-00000941 This is a librivox recording all librivox recordings are in the public domain
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00003-00001000-00001362 for more information or to volunteer please visit librivox.org
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00004-00001546-00001746 Recording by edward Kirkby
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00005-00001755-00001955 international short stories volume 2
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00006-00002007-00002288 english stories edited by william pattern
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00007-00002341-00002515 section 18
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00008-00002515-00003081 the seared a mult wores door by RL stevenson part 2
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00009-00003196-00003452 Dennis made her a respectful inclination
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00010-00003550-00004289 Madam he said you have honored me by your confidence it remains for me to prove there. I'm not unworthy of the honor
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00011-00004351-00005078 His mercy read the motto at hand I believe he is writing in the Salle without she answered may
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00012-00005078-00005630 I lead you there the madam asked Dennis offering his hand with his most courtly bearing
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00013-00005668-00006318 She accepted it and the pair passed out of the chapel Blanche in a very drooping and shame fast condition
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00014-00006330-00006962 but Dennis strutting and ruffling in the consciousness of a mission and the boyish certainty of
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00015-00007018-00007183 accomplishing it with honor
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00016-00007183-00007643 The serum at Hwa rose to meet them with an ironical obeisance
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00017-00007729-00008126 sir said Dennis with the grandest possible air I
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00018-00008172-00008537 believe I am to have some say in the matter of this marriage and
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00019-00008554-00009072 Let me tell you at once I will be no party to foreseeing the inclination of this young lady
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00020-00009124-00009639 Had it been freely offered to me. I should have been proud to accept her hand for I perceive
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00021-00009657-00010334 She is as good as she is beautiful, but as things are I have now the rmz ray of refusing
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00022-00010393-00010668 Blanche looked at him with gratitude in her eyes
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00023-00010738-00011481 but the old gentleman only smiled and smiled and he'll his smile grew positively sickening to Dennis I
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00024-00011521-00012254 Am afraid he said Monsieur do bill you that you do not perfectly understand the choice. I have to offer you
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00025-00012307-00013008 Follow me I beseech you to this window, and he led the way to one of the large windows which stood open on the night
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00026-00013072-00013847 You observe he went on. There is an iron ring in the upper masonry and reeved through that a very efficacious rope
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00027-00013915-00014453 Now mark my words if you should find your distinct relation to my niece's person unsurmountable
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00028-00014466-00014808 I shall have you hanged out of this window before sunrise
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00029-00014815-00015390 I shall only proceed to such an extremity with the greatest regret you may believe me
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00030-00015406-00015708 For it is not at all your death at our desire
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00031-00015718-00016419 But my niece's establishment in life at the same time it must come to that if you prove obstinate
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00032-00016462-00017034 Your family Masood abulia is very well in its way, but if you're sprang from Charlemagne
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00033-00017034-00017355 You should not refuse the hand of a melt wha with impunity
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00034-00017407-00017702 Not if she had been as common as the pears Road
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00035-00017734-00018095 Not if she were so hideous as the gargoyle over my door
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00036-00018142-00018738 Neither my niece nor you nor my own private feelings move me at all in this matter
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00037-00018769-00019253 The honor of my house has been compromised I believe you to be the guilty
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00038-00019276-00019575 person at least you are now in the secret and
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00039-00019597-00020201 You can hardly wonder if I request you to wipe out the stain if you will not your blood
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00040-00020215-00020832 Be on your own head it will be no great satisfaction to me to have your interesting relics
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00041-00020857-00021398 Kicking their heels in the breeze below my windows, but half a loaf is better than no bread
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00042-00021398-00022058 and if I cannot cure the dishonor I shall at least stop the scandal there was a pause I
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00043-00022204-00022622 Believe there are other ways of settling such imbroglio among gentlemen
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00044-00022675-00023198 Said Dennis you were a sword, and I hear you have used it with distinction
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00045-00023260-00023696 The seared amount or made a signal to the chaplain who crossed the room with long
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00046-00023713-00024140 Silence strides and raised the Arras over the third of the three doors
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00047-00024178-00024885 It was only a moment before he let it fall again, but Dennis had time to see a dusky passage full of armed men
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00048-00024967-00025472 When I was a little younger I should have been delighted to honor you Monsieur W
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00049-00025513-00025851 Said seer Alan, but I'm now to old
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00050-00025926-00026369 Faithful retainers are the sinews of age, and I must employ the strength
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00051-00026370-00026846 I have this is one of the hardest things to swallow as a man and grows up in years
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00052-00026856-00027167 But with a little patience even this becomes habitual
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00053-00027228-00027731 You and the lady seem to prefer the sow for what remains of your two hours
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00054-00027731-00028418 And as I have no desire to cross your preference. I shall resign it to your use with all the pleasure in the world
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00055-00028522-00029120 No haste he added holding of his hand as he sought a dangerous look come into Denis
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00056-00029131-00029308 w's face if
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00057-00029308-00029963 your mind revolts against hanging it will be time enough two hours hence to throw yourself out of the window or
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00058-00029994-00030138 upon the pikes of my
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00059-00030138-00030905 retainers two hours of life are always two hours a great many things may turn up in even as little a while as that and
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00060-00030945-00031422 Besides if I understand her appearance my niece has still something to say to you
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00061-00031456-00031910 You will not disfigure your last hours by a want of politeness to a lady
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00062-00032011-00032400 Denis looked at Blanche and she made him an imploring gesture
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00063-00032458-00032946 it is likely that the old gentleman was hugely pleased at this symptom of an
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00064-00032974-00033549 Understanding for he smiled on both and added sweetly if he will give me your word of honor
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00065-00033549-00034149 Monsieur W to await my return at the end of two hours before attempting anything desperate
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00066-00034149-00034754 I shall withdraw my retainers and let you speak in great privacy with man Roselle
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00067-00034807-00035375 Denis again glanced at the girl who seemed to beseech him to agree. I'll give you my word of honor
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00068-00035406-00036179 He said misery the mounts were bowed and proceeded to limp about the apartment clearing his throat the while without odd
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00069-00036216-00036758 Musical chair, which had already grown so irritating in the ears of Denis that Balu
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00070-00036783-00037137 He first possessed himself of some papers which lay upon the table
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00071-00037146-00037724 then he went to the mouth of the passage and appeared to give an order to the men behind the Arras and
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00072-00037740-00038123 Lastly he hobbled out for the door by which Denis had come in
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00073-00038161-00038406 Turning upon the threshold to address a last
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00074-00038431-00039071 Smiling bow to the young couple and followed by the chaplain with a hand lamp no sooner were they alone than Blanche
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00075-00039084-00039812 Advanced toward Denis where their hands extended her face was flushed and excited and her eyes shone with tears
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00076-00039871-00040062 You shall not die
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00077-00040062-00040287 She cried you shall marry me after all
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00078-00040338-00040808 You seem to think Madame replied Denis that I stand much in fear of death
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00079-00040809-00041192 Oh, no. No. She said I see you on no poltroon
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00080-00041193-00041865 It is for my own sake I could not bear to have you slain for such a scruple. I'm afraid
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00081-00041932-00042536 Returned Denis that you under 8 the difficulty Madame what you may be too generous to refuse I?
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00082-00042559-00043266 May be too proud to accept in a moment of Noble feeling toward me you forget what you perhaps owed to others
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00083-00043330-00043860 He had the decency to keep his eyes upon the floor as he said this and after he had finished
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00084-00043882-00044345 So was not to spy upon her confusion she stood silent for a moment
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00085-00044346-00044937 Then walked suddenly away and falling on her uncle's chair fairly burst out sobbing
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00086-00044997-00045212 Denis was in the Acme of embarrassment
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00087-00045241-00045593 he looked round as if to seek for inspiration and
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00088-00045637-00046070 Seeing a stool plumped down upon it for something to do there
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00089-00046071-00046478 he sat playing with the guard of his rapier and wishing himself dead a
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00090-00046501-00047186 Thousand times over and buried in the nastiest kitchen heap in France his eyes wandered round the apartment
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00091-00047187-00047487 But found nothing to arrest them there were such wide
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00092-00047503-00048257 spaces between the furniture the light fell so boldly and cheerlessly over all the dark outside air looks so
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00093-00048280-00048932 Coldly through the windows that he thought he had never seen a church so vast nor a tomb so melancholy
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00094-00048976-00049451 The regular sobs have blanched a melt while measured at the time like the ticking of a clock
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00095-00049486-00049983 He read the device upon the shield over and over again until his eyes became
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00096-00050005-00050669 obscured he stirred into the shadowy corners until he imagined they were swarming with horrible animals and
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00097-00050694-00051446 Every now and again. He woke with a start to remember that his last two hours were running and death was on the March
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00098-00051528-00052025 Oftener and oftener as the time went on did his glance settle on the girl herself
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00099-00052062-00052379 Her face was bowed forward and covered with her hands
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00100-00052379-00052916 And she was shaken at intervals by the convulsive hiccup of grief even though
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00101-00052916-00053342 She was not an unpleasant object to dwell upon so plump and yet so fine
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00102-00053400-00053964 With a warm brown skin and the most beautiful hair Denis thought in the whole world womankind
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00103-00054019-00054214 Her hands were like her ankles
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00104-00054214-00054821 but there were more in place at the end of her young arms and looked infinitely soft and
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00105-00054844-00055373 caressing he remembered how her blue eyes had shone upon him full of anger pity and
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00106-00055416-00056112 Innocence and the more he dwelt on her perfections the uglier death looked and the more deeply was he smitten with
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00107-00056130-00056457 Penitence at her continued tears now
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00108-00056457-00057009 He felt that no man could have the courage to leave a world which contains a beautiful creature
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00109-00057009-00057638 And how he would have given 40 minutes of his last hour to have unsaid his cruel speech
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00110-00057673-00057924 Suddenly a hoarse and ragged peal of khakhra
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00111-00057934-00058709 Rose to their ears for the dark valley below the windows and this shattering noise in the silence of all around was like a light
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00112-00058710-00059088 In a dark place and shook them both out of their reflections
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00113-00059152-00059571 Alas I could do nothing to help you. She said looking up
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00114-00059623-00060225 Madame replied Denis with a fine irrelevance II if I have said anything to wound you
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00115-00060247-00060603 Believe me. It was for your own sake and not for mine
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00116-00060664-00060893 she thanked him with a tearful look I
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00117-00060949-00061728 Feel your position cruelly he went on the world has been bitter hard on you your uncle is a disgrace to mankind
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00118-00061777-00061890 believe me madam
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00119-00061890-00062132 There is no young gentleman in all France
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00120-00062146-00062708 But would be glad of my opportunity to die in doing you a momentary service
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00121-00062708-00063071 I know already that you can be brave and generous
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00122-00063121-00063758 She answered what I want to know is whether I can serve you now or afterward she added with the quiver
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00123-00063796-00064053 Most certainly he answered with a smile
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00124-00064078-00064640 Let me sit beside you as if I were a friend instead of a foolish intruder try to forget
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00125-00064641-00065115 How awkwardly, we are placed to one another make my last moments
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00126-00065115-00065624 Go pleasantly and you do me the chief service possible you are very gallant
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00127-00065647-00066279 She added with a yet deeper sadness Larry gallant, and it somehow pains me
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00128-00066283-00066713 But draw nearer if you please and if you find anything to say to me
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00129-00066714-00067074 you will at least make certain of a very friendly listener a
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00130-00067130-00067408 Monsieur w she broke forth ah
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00131-00067472-00067743 Monsieur w how can I look you in the face?
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00132-00067790-00068526 And she fell to weeping again with a renewed effusion Madame said Denis taking her hand in both of his
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00133-00068597-00069292 Reflect on the little time I have before me and the great bitterness into which I am cast by the sight of your distress
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00134-00069353-00070029 Spare me in my last moments the spectacle of what I cannot cure even with a sacrifice of my life
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00135-00070030-00070639 I am very selfish as a Blanche I will be braver monsieur de bill you for your sake
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00136-00070682-00071365 But think if I can do you no kindness in the future if you have no friends to whom I could carry your ideas
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00137-00071408-00072111 Charge me as heavily as you can every burden will lighten by so little the invaluable gratitude
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00138-00072112-00072565 I owe you put it in my power to do something more for you than weep
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00139-00072653-00072817 My mother is married again
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00140-00072817-00073411 And has a young family to care for my brother GU chard will inherit my feets
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00141-00073411-00073821 And if I'm not in error that will content him amply for my death
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00142-00073880-00074419 Life as a little vapor that passeth away as we are told by those in holy orders
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00143-00074477-00074953 When a man is in a fairway and sees or life open in front of him
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00144-00074953-00075342 He seemed to himself to make a very important figure in the world
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00145-00075392-00075696 His horse whinnies to him the trumpets blow
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00146-00075697-00076162 And the girls look out a window as he rides into town before his company
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00147-00076162-00076497 He receives many assurances of trust and regard
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00148-00076556-00077257 Sometimes my express in a letter sometimes face to face with persons of great consequence falling on his neck
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00149-00077285-00077404 It is not wonderful
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00150-00077404-00077626 If his head is turned for a time
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00151-00077666-00078210 But once he is dead where he is brave as Hercules or as wise as Solomon
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00152-00078211-00078386 He is soon forgotten
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00153-00078386-00079045 It is not ten years since my father fell with many other Knights around him and a very fierce encounter
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00154-00079045-00079645 I do not think that any of them nor so much as the name of the fight is now remembered
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00155-00079679-00079966 No, no madam the nearer. You come to it
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00156-00079966-00080224 You see the death as a dark and dusty
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00157-00080240-00080820 Corner, where a man gets into his tomb and has the door shut after him till the Judgment Day
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00158-00080831-00081340 I have few friends just now and once I am dead. I shall have none ah
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00159-00081461-00082080 Masood Loulou she exclaimed you forget blanche to melt wha you have a sweet nature Madame
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00160-00082081-00082561 And you are pleased to estimate a little service far beyond its worth it
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00161-00082616-00083352 is not that she answered you mistake me if you think I'm so easily touched by my own concerns I
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00162-00083381-00083611 Say so because you are the noblest man
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00163-00083611-00084274 I have ever met because I recognized in you a spirit that would have made even a common person
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00164-00084299-00085065 Famous in the land and yet here I die in a mousetrap with no more noise about it than my own squeaking
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00165-00085106-00085174 answer T
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00166-00085174-00085380 a look of pain crossed her face
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00167-00085406-00086047 And she was silent for a little while then a light came into her eyes and with a smile she spoke again
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00168-00086048-00086412 I cannot have my champion think meanly of himself
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00169-00086462-00087163 Anyone who gives his life for another would be met in paradise by all the heralds and angels of the Lord God
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00170-00087163-00087622 And you have no such cause to hang your head for pray
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00171-00087629-00087987 Do you think me beautiful she asked with a flush?
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00172-00088070-00088441 Indeed madam I do he said I am glad of that
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00173-00088493-00088661 She answered heartily
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00174-00088661-00089364 do you think there are many men in France who have been in marriage by a beautiful maiden with her own lips and
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00175-00089387-00089611 Who have refused her to her face?
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00176-00089611-00090093 I know you men would half despise such a triumph, but believe me
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00177-00090122-00090423 We women know more of what is precious in love
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00178-00090461-00090873 There is nothing that should set a person higher in his own esteem
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00179-00090874-00091348 And we women would prize nothing more dearly you are very good
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00180-00091364-00091960 He said but you can now to make me forget that I was asked in pity and not for love
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00181-00091964-00092406 I'm not sure of that she replied holding down her head
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00182-00092465-00092961 Hear me to an end Monsieur W. I know how you must despise me
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00183-00092962-00093545 I feel you are right to do, so I am too poor a creature to occupy one thought of your mind
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00184-00093585-00093881 Although alas you must die for me this morning
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00185-00093909-00094384 but when I asked you to marry me indeed and indeed it was because I
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00186-00094422-00095168 Respected and admired you and loved you with my whole soul from the very moment that you took my part against my uncle
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00187-00095205-00095383 If you had seen yourself
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00188-00095383-00095818 And how noble you looked you would pity rather than despise me
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00189-00095819-00096251 And now she went on hurriedly checking him with her hand
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00190-00096312-00096721 Although I have laid aside all reserve and told you so much
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00191-00096750-00097121 Remember that I know your sentiments toward me already
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00192-00097121-00097640 I would not believe me being nobly born weary you with
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00193-00097674-00097858 importuning into consent
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00194-00097858-00098083 I too have a pride of my own
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00195-00098083-00098374 And I declare before the Holy Mother of God
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00196-00098391-00098825 If you should now go back from your word already given
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00197-00098825-00099259 I would no more marry you than I would marry my uncle's groom
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00198-00099324-00099989 Then his smile a little bit early. It is a small love. He said that shiz at a little pride
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00199-00100071-00100450 She made no answer although. She probably had her own thoughts
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00200-00100521-00100984 Come hither to the window. He said with a sigh here is the dawn
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00201-00101061-00101645 And indeed the dawn was already beginning the hollow of the sky was full of his central daylight
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00202-00101685-00102215 colorless and clean and the valley underneath was flooded with a grey reflection a
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00203-00102243-00102823 Few thin vapors clung in the coves of the forest or lay along the winding course of the river
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00204-00102884-00103393 The scene disengaged a surprising effect of stillness which was hardly
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00205-00103425-00103853 Interrupted when the cocks began once more to crow among the steding. 'he's
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00206-00103923-00104482 Perhaps the same fellow who had made so horrid a clangor in the darkness not half an hour before
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00207-00104514-00104935 now sent up the merriest cheer to greet the coming day a
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00208-00104973-00105698 Little wind went bustling and eddying among the treetops underneath the windows and still the daylight kept flooding
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00209-00105732-00106433 insensibly out of the east which was soon to grow incandescent and cast up that red-hot cannonball the
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00210-00106458-00106608 Rising Sun
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00211-00106608-00106909 Denis looked out over all of this a bit of a shiver
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00212-00106961-00107450 He had taken her hand and retained it in his almost unconsciously
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00213-00107514-00108002 as the day began already she said and then illogical enough
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00214-00108045-00108613 The night has been so long alas. What shall we say to my uncle when he returns
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00215-00108723-00109142 What you will said Dennis, and he pressed her fingers in his?
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00216-00109230-00109430 She was silent
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00217-00109431-00110146 Blanche he said with a swift and certain passionate utterance you have seen whether I fear death
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00218-00110214-00110406 You must now know well enough
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00219-00110406-00110713 That I would as gladly leap out of that window
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00220-00110727-00111283 Into the empty air has lay a finger on you without your free and full consent
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00221-00111315-00111796 But if you care for me at all do not let me lose my life in a misapprehension
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00222-00111840-00112319 For I love you better than the whole world and though I will die for you blithely
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00223-00112326-00112894 It would be like all the joys of paradise to live on and spend my life in your service
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00224-00112983-00113708 As he stopped speaking a bell began to ring loudly in the interior of the house and a clatter of armor in the corridor
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00225-00113721-00114244 Showed that the retainers were returning to their post and the two hours were at an end
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00226-00114297-00114899 After all that you have heard she whispered leaning toward him with her lips and eyes
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00227-00114900-00115616 I have heard nothing he replied the captain's name was flora Mon dong shrim de verre
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00228-00115641-00115916 She said in his ear. I did not hear it
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00229-00115938-00116531 he answered taking her supple body in his arms and covering her wet face with kisses a
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00230-00116613-00117263 melodious chirping was audible behind followed by a beautiful chuckle and the voice of Missouri to melt wha
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00231-00117297-00117581 Wished his new nephew a good morning
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00232-00117825-00118005 End
2Z6_5v0KZmI-00233-00118005-00118507 of section 18 recording by Edward Kirk P Warwick, England
2bjBFmFKlp0-00000-00000000-00000200 Eating.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00000-00001441-00001653 - Most people when they think about human rights
2d-cO1NytmQ-00001-00001653-00001960 and populism, they think about how populism is
2d-cO1NytmQ-00002-00001960-00002282 a threat to human rights, and progressives then struggle
2d-cO1NytmQ-00003-00002282-00002656 to try and reinforce and protect human rights values.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00004-00002762-00002926 But actually, I think you can at it
2d-cO1NytmQ-00005-00002926-00003125 from a completely different angle.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00006-00003211-00003564 If you think about how human rights were born
2d-cO1NytmQ-00007-00003564-00003831 and conceived, it was after World War II.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00008-00003831-00004162 The people who wrote up and created human rights standards
2d-cO1NytmQ-00009-00004162-00004334 had one thing in mind and that is,
2d-cO1NytmQ-00010-00004334-00004736 how do we prevent a situation arising ever again
2d-cO1NytmQ-00011-00004736-00004961 where you could have something like Nazi Germany?
2d-cO1NytmQ-00012-00004961-00005166 Populist authoritarianism is basically
2d-cO1NytmQ-00013-00005166-00005490 the antithesis of human rights.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00014-00005490-00005820 Human rights is about guaranteeing human dignity.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00015-00005820-00006105 It's about creating an equal chance
2d-cO1NytmQ-00016-00006105-00006268 for everybody in society.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00017-00006268-00006586 So, making you into the best person that you can be.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00018-00006586-00006838 Someone who can contribute fully to society.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00019-00006838-00007114 So that's why you have a right to education
2d-cO1NytmQ-00020-00007114-00007502 and healthcare and housing and adequate standard of living.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00021-00007502-00007814 It's also about making you an active participant
2d-cO1NytmQ-00022-00007814-00008120 in democracy, so you should get a good education
2d-cO1NytmQ-00023-00008120-00008294 so you can understand what's going on.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00024-00008294-00008407 According to the right to education,
2d-cO1NytmQ-00025-00008407-00008682 you are suppose to teach tolerance and empathy
2d-cO1NytmQ-00026-00008682-00008901 and perspective taking and critical thinking
2d-cO1NytmQ-00027-00008901-00009082 and educate people about human rights.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00028-00009082-00009386 And these are all things that make you less likely
2d-cO1NytmQ-00029-00009386-00009651 to endorse authoritarian attitudes.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00030-00009651-00009904 It's why you have social and economic rights:
2d-cO1NytmQ-00031-00009904-00010216 so that populist authoritarians cannot exploit
2d-cO1NytmQ-00032-00010216-00010415 massive economic shocks that happen
2d-cO1NytmQ-00033-00010415-00010527 where you have a recession.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00034-00010527-00010971 So for example, the way that most of our governments
2d-cO1NytmQ-00035-00010971-00011219 responded to the recession was through austerity.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00036-00011219-00011403 They cut public services.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00037-00011403-00011750 Instead of maintaining spending on healthcare
2d-cO1NytmQ-00038-00011750-00012040 and housing and education, they took money out of that.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00039-00012040-00012325 And the thing is, these public services operated
2d-cO1NytmQ-00040-00012325-00012627 as a shield to protect people against the consequences
2d-cO1NytmQ-00041-00012627-00012915 of economic shock, so that people did not feel vulnerable.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00042-00012915-00013071 And this is why you're supposed to have
2d-cO1NytmQ-00043-00013071-00013315 a good welfare system - to protect people
2d-cO1NytmQ-00044-00013315-00013527 when they become unemployed.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00045-00013527-00013757 And so, human rights was really...
2d-cO1NytmQ-00046-00013893-00014057 it creates a structure,
2d-cO1NytmQ-00047-00014057-00014176 a system, an environment where
2d-cO1NytmQ-00048-00014176-00014553 populist authoritarianism cannot grow.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00049-00014553-00014768 Both types of authoritarians,
2d-cO1NytmQ-00050-00014768-00015047 the social dominators or ineglitarians
2d-cO1NytmQ-00051-00015047-00015288 and the right-wing authoritarians, the traditionalists,
2d-cO1NytmQ-00052-00015288-00015519 both of them dislike human rights,
2d-cO1NytmQ-00053-00015519-00015658 but for slightly different reasons.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00054-00015658-00015947 And this goes for all of the policies that they support.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00055-00015947-00016165 They kind of support similar sets of policies,
2d-cO1NytmQ-00056-00016165-00016341 but for different reasons.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00057-00016341-00016504 So if you ask them in the abstract,
2d-cO1NytmQ-00058-00016504-00016766 they say that they agree with human rights standards,
2d-cO1NytmQ-00059-00016766-00016973 usually, but once you start giving them
2d-cO1NytmQ-00060-00016973-00017306 a concrete situation, they change their tune.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00061-00017306-00017602 So for example, you might say, do you agree in free speech?
2d-cO1NytmQ-00062-00017602-00017742 And they'll say, yes we agree in free speech.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00063-00017742-00018158 And you say, do you think that it is okay for a group
2d-cO1NytmQ-00064-00018158-00018333 that is campaigning for access to abortion
2d-cO1NytmQ-00065-00018333-00018532 to be able to protest outside parliament?
2d-cO1NytmQ-00066-00018532-00018668 No, we don't.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00067-00018668-00018779 Because why?
2d-cO1NytmQ-00068-00018779-00019132 Well because that threatens traditional values
2d-cO1NytmQ-00069-00019132-00019325 and because it tries to alter
2d-cO1NytmQ-00070-00019325-00019504 the position of women in society.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00071-00020073-00020239 Governments also have a responsibility in terms
2d-cO1NytmQ-00072-00020239-00020521 of the narratives and the policies that they push themselves
2d-cO1NytmQ-00073-00020521-00020747 so they need to stop using hate speech.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00074-00020747-00021051 They need to stop scapegoating migrants.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00075-00021051-00021268 They would have to find alternative ways
2d-cO1NytmQ-00076-00021268-00021463 of funding good, quality media.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00077-00021463-00021864 That could be by developing non-profit models of media.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00078-00021864-00022174 So for example, in the Netherlands you have a news outlet
2d-cO1NytmQ-00079-00022174-00022307 called The Correspondent which is
2d-cO1NytmQ-00080-00022307-00022533 a non-profit-making news outlet.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00081-00022533-00022784 Governments could also give them tax breaks.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00082-00022784-00023282 Another way that you could try and address the triggers
2d-cO1NytmQ-00083-00023282-00023703 used by populist authoritarians is through
2d-cO1NytmQ-00084-00023703-00024075 what's called contact or mixing or integration.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00085-00024075-00024407 When you have mixing between groups
2d-cO1NytmQ-00086-00024407-00024869 under fairly normal circumstances, you find that levels
2d-cO1NytmQ-00087-00024869-00025169 of prejudice between those different groups drop.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00088-00025169-00025390 And so does support for populist authoritarians.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00089-00025390-00025799 So this is why in urban areas where there is mixing
2d-cO1NytmQ-00090-00025799-00026055 and where groups aren't fighting over resources,
2d-cO1NytmQ-00091-00026055-00026266 there's lower support for populist authoritarians.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00092-00026266-00026581 That's why London didn't vote for Brexit for example.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00093-00026581-00026920 Whereas in the countryside where you don't have this mixing
2d-cO1NytmQ-00094-00026920-00027201 there is greater support for populist authoritarians
2d-cO1NytmQ-00095-00027201-00027483 because they're able to scare people about migrants
2d-cO1NytmQ-00096-00027483-00027649 and then there's no counterbalance to that
2d-cO1NytmQ-00097-00027649-00027793 because nobody's met any migrants
2d-cO1NytmQ-00098-00027793-00027977 and doesn't realize they're just normal people.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00099-00027977-00028362 NGOs can get funding and work with local authorities,
2d-cO1NytmQ-00100-00028362-00028804 for example, to create contact projects.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00101-00028804-00029127 That can be exchanges between different schools
2d-cO1NytmQ-00102-00029127-00029294 in different communities or exchanges
2d-cO1NytmQ-00103-00029294-00029477 between schools in different countries.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00104-00029477-00029701 It can be housing projects where you mix
2d-cO1NytmQ-00105-00029701-00029985 different majority and minority groups
2d-cO1NytmQ-00106-00029985-00030208 who build houses together for example.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00107-00030208-00030380 And all of these projects will bring people
2d-cO1NytmQ-00108-00030380-00030595 into greater contact with each other to develop
2d-cO1NytmQ-00109-00030595-00030852 social relations, friendships, and these things would,
2d-cO1NytmQ-00110-00030852-00031151 as I said before, help to diminish prejudice.
2d-cO1NytmQ-00111-00031151-00031425 So there are things that NGOs can do as well.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00000-00000012-00000105 - I'm Dan Mogulof from
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00001-00000105-00000344 the Campus Office Of Communications And Public Affairs
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00002-00000344-00000537 and I'm really pleased to be joined today
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00003-00000537-00000711 by Eugene Whitlock,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00004-00000711-00001065 our new, as of August, Assistant Vice-Chancellor
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00005-00001065-00001228 for Human Resources.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00006-00001228-00001401 Again, just to remind everyone,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00007-00001401-00001605 you have index cards on your seats.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00008-00001605-00001796 If you have questions now, fill out the card,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00009-00001796-00001966 hold it up, they'll be gathered.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00010-00001966-00002154 And also during the course of the conversation,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00011-00002154-00002452 if something occurs to you, please fill out a card
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00012-00002452-00002603 and they'll be gathered during the course
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00013-00002603-00002735 of the conversation.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00014-00002735-00002964 So just a brief introduction.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00015-00002964-00003228 For five years, Eugene served as vice-chancellor
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00016-00003228-00003379 for Human Resources,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00017-00003379-00003570 as well as the general counsel for
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00018-00003570-00003934 the San Mateo County Community College District.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00019-00003934-00004198 A district that serves 45000 students
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00020-00004198-00004380 across three different colleges.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00021-00004380-00004476 While there, he led
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00022-00004476-00004813 the district's equity-focused recruitment operations
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00023-00004813-00005103 or programs, which resulted in the increased hiring
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00024-00005103-00005481 of staff and faculty from underrepresented backgrounds.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00025-00005481-00005716 He championed professional development opportunities
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00026-00005716-00005933 for employees, developed workshops and training
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00027-00005933-00006126 on harassment and discrimination,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00028-00006126-00006390 and led efforts to support faculty and staff
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00029-00006390-00006679 in order to enhance the employee experience.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00030-00006679-00007069 In 2017, Eugene's work was recognized by his peers,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00031-00007069-00007402 who selected him for the Progress And Diversity Award
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00032-00007402-00007521 that was given for, quote,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00033-00007521-00007735 "Outstanding achievement in support of diversity
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00034-00007735-00007970 "in the higher education community."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00035-00007970-00008196 In his role, parallel role, two roles,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00036-00008196-00008398 as general counsel at the district,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00037-00008398-00008635 Eugene advised the district on, among other things,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00038-00008635-00008859 general litigation, privacy and data security,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00039-00008859-00009020 and HR rules and laws.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00040-00009020-00009384 He also led the district's international student program
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00041-00009384-00009596 and during that period, focused on growing
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00042-00009596-00009752 the program's enrollment of students
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00043-00009752-00009989 from Africa and South America.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00044-00009989-00010204 Prior to joining the Community College District,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00045-00010204-00010510 Eugene's professional background includes legal,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00046-00010510-00010847 investment banking and project management roles
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00047-00010847-00011181 in the US, Germany, Japan and Venezuela.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00048-00011181-00011450 He has a strong affinity for academia,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00049-00011450-00011622 that seems pretty obvious,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00050-00011622-00011849 and learning that brought him both to
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00051-00011849-00012137 the Community College District and now to Berkeley.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00052-00012137-00012297 Here comes the difficult part.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00053-00012297-00012536 Eugene obtained his undergraduate degree
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00054-00012536-00012676 in biological sciences
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00055-00012676-00012883 from Stanford. - [Everyone] Stanford.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00056-00012883-00012977 - All right.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00057-00013091-00013374 I see a couple people in here wearing red.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00058-00013634-00013927 - And earned his law degree from a somewhat better place,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00059-00013927-00014049 University of Michigan.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00060-00014296-00014596 He's also a fluent speaker of Spanish and German
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00061-00014596-00014750 so guten tag, buenos dias.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00062-00014858-00015032 Why don't you start by telling us a little bit more
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00063-00015032-00015234 about yourself and what brought you to Berkeley.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00064-00015234-00015369 - Thank you, so I'm excited to be here
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00065-00015369-00015601 and I'm very happy to see my fellow HR folks
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00066-00015601-00015824 who've packed the room with friendly faces,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00067-00015824-00016137 because I am a little bit nervous but I'll get going.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00068-00016137-00016343 The most important part about my life,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00069-00016343-00016569 and for those of you who've met me before or heard me speak,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00070-00016569-00016663 it's my family.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00071-00016663-00016773 So I have three little kids,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00072-00016773-00016923 a five year old boy, Dante,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00073-00016923-00017076 a three year old girl, Seychelle,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00074-00017076-00017223 and a one year old son, Ellis,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00075-00017223-00017372 and my wife, Romena.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00076-00017372-00017516 And my wife is from Argentina,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00077-00017516-00017792 so we have a multiracial family.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00078-00017792-00018018 And when I think about the diversity that exists
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00079-00018018-00018245 in California, it exists in my own house.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00080-00018245-00018584 And so when I think about why do I do human resources,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00081-00018584-00018711 which is probably one of the questions,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00082-00018711-00018893 maybe I jumped the gun a bit here,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00083-00018893-00019061 I think a lot about what sort of experience are
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00084-00019061-00019184 my kids gonna have when they grow up,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00085-00019184-00019485 and what sort of workplaces are they going to encounter.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00086-00019485-00019680 And so, when I look at the work that we do here
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00087-00019680-00019925 at UC Berkeley and the work that we can do,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00088-00019925-00020174 I think we have an opportunity to be a model,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00089-00020174-00020477 to set the example for what it is that other workplaces do.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00090-00020477-00020665 So if we get it right here at UC Berkeley
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00091-00020665-00020805 and other people pay attention to us
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00092-00020805-00020919 as much as they always do,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00093-00020919-00021078 for the bad as well as the good,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00094-00021078-00021293 then maybe that will influence other organizations
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00095-00021293-00021446 in how they think about the experience
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00096-00021446-00021539 that their employees have
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00097-00021539-00021726 so that when my kids, and your kids,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00098-00021726-00021833 get older and go to work,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00099-00021833-00021945 that they'll have a better experience
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00100-00021945-00022080 than they would have today.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00101-00022179-00022482 - [Dan] That's it? (audience laughing)
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00102-00022482-00022615 - Should I add to that?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00103-00022615-00022921 In my free time... (audience laughing)
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00104-00022921-00023163 So in my, I will talk about this
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00105-00023163-00023292 if you're opening the door for me.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00106-00023292-00023600 So I'm a rabid sports fan, so I do like college football.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00107-00023600-00023706 So this is big game week,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00108-00023706-00023871 so as we touched upon earlier,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00109-00023871-00024026 this is an important week in my life.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00110-00024026-00024322 It honestly is, in my life, it's an important week.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00111-00024322-00024480 But I grew up playing all kinds of sports,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00112-00024480-00024643 now I watch sports a lot on TV
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00113-00024643-00024801 and I play tennis once a week,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00114-00024801-00025047 and I ride my bike pretty often for long bike rides,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00115-00025047-00025231 like five or six hours at a time.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00116-00025231-00025457 And for those of you who are familiar with road biking,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00117-00025457-00025618 a couple of years ago, I did a death ride
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00118-00025618-00025835 up in what they call the California Alps,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00119-00025835-00026027 which was a 12 hour bike ride,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00120-00026027-00026369 125 miles in the mountains and I survived.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00121-00026369-00026452 - So there you go.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00122-00026452-00026823 Obviously, in appropriate physical and mental condition
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00123-00026823-00027045 to run HR at Berkeley. - [Eugene] Yes.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00124-00027045-00027249 (audience laughing)
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00125-00027249-00027472 - So, on that front, let me ask you,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00126-00027472-00027660 in all seriousness, why HR?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00127-00027660-00028033 I mean, you have a law degree, experience in finance,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00128-00028033-00028200 traveled the world,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00129-00028200-00028461 and we know the stereotypical image.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00130-00028461-00028762 People say HR and there's always like a roll of the eye
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00131-00028762-00028998 and, in many places that I've worked
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00132-00028998-00029254 and I think many of us have worked, it's not held
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00133-00029254-00029408 in the highest esteem.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00134-00029408-00029556 Why HR?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00135-00029556-00029777 - So I haven't seen a whole lot of eye rolling
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00136-00029777-00029936 when people refer to human resources,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00137-00029936-00030087 but in the places where I worked,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00138-00030087-00030339 so I worked in a corporate law firm on Wall Street,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00139-00030339-00030527 I did the banking and so HR was just sort of
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00140-00030527-00030623 an ancillary function,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00141-00030623-00030900 so I didn't think much about it in my prior jobs.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00142-00030900-00031087 When I was working for the County of San Mateo,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00143-00031087-00031329 one of my clients was the Community College District
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00144-00031329-00031522 as well as a lot of K-12 school districts,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00145-00031522-00031764 and I got involved in a lot of employee relations
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00146-00031764-00031906 and labor relations things,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00147-00031906-00032270 so I was on the outside looking in a little bit for HR.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00148-00032270-00032556 But then one of my clients at the college district retired
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00149-00032556-00032722 and they said, "Hey, why don't you apply for his job?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00150-00032722-00032924 "We think you can do this HR thing."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00151-00032924-00033076 And I said, "I'm a lawyer."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00152-00033076-00033282 I said, "Well, what do I know about HR?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00153-00033282-00033552 "Don't worry about it, you'll figure it out."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00154-00033552-00033805 And so when I look back at my experience,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00155-00033805-00034032 I ultimately realize that I did do a lot of stuff
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00156-00034032-00034222 that was related to HR and that a lot of it,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00157-00034222-00034385 you can learn if you're interested in it.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00158-00034385-00034645 And for me, I like doing human resources
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00159-00034645-00034977 because of the people support, the employee engagement.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00160-00034977-00035182 I like psychology, I like sociology,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00161-00035182-00035352 so those things are interesting to me.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00162-00035352-00035570 So when I think about the kinds of things that we can do
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00163-00035570-00035809 as an employer to make the employee experience better,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00164-00035809-00036064 and how do we make choices,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00165-00036064-00036303 how do employees make choices about things they want to do
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00166-00036303-00036403 or don't want to do,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00167-00036403-00036536 I find it just very fascinating.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00168-00036536-00036711 I like to read a lot of the research
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00169-00036711-00037021 around employee experience, around the role of the employer.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00170-00037021-00037255 So for me, it's a lot of fun and it's very interesting.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00171-00037255-00037463 And then the opportunity to have an impact
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00172-00037463-00037612 on people's lives, right?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00173-00037612-00037828 You come to work, it's a job, it's about getting paid
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00174-00037828-00038142 but we as an employer really need to think about,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00175-00038142-00038370 what's the impact that we can have on people's lives?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00176-00038370-00038623 Because what we do to you here affects what you're able
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00177-00038623-00038865 to do when you go home, when you're with your families.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00178-00038865-00038987 So if we make you happy here
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00179-00038987-00039125 and make you feel satisfied here,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00180-00039125-00039361 how much more is your life gonna be improved
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00181-00039361-00039509 when you go outside and do things that are
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00182-00039509-00039671 much more important than work?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00183-00039768-00039933 - So you've been here since August.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00184-00039933-00040139 Not that long a time,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00185-00040139-00040328 but long enough to get some initial impressions
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00186-00040328-00040622 and just always curious, somebody who's new to campus,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00187-00040622-00040868 what's consistent with what your expectations were,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00188-00040868-00041210 what surprised you and where do you think we are right now?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00189-00041210-00041440 In the human resources realm.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00190-00041440-00041644 - In the human resources realm.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00191-00041644-00041832 So consistent with my expectations,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00192-00041832-00042080 I would say it's that people are very, very smart
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00193-00042080-00042192 and very committed.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00194-00042192-00042471 And so, Berkeley has this wonderful reputation
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00195-00042471-00042602 and when I applied, you know,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00196-00042602-00042787 I went through probably what a lot of you experienced,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00197-00042787-00042923 "Am I good enough for Berkeley?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00198-00042923-00043124 I certainly had that conversation with myself.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00199-00043124-00043331 Even after I was selected for the job,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00200-00043331-00043642 I was telling my wife, "Well, the letter hasn't arrived yet.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00201-00043642-00043771 "They could always change their minds.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00202-00043771-00043943 "Do they really, really want me?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00203-00043943-00044144 And I got it, and I signed it within 10 minutes.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00204-00044144-00044264 I said, "It's too late."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00205-00044433-00044607 That's the impression and the reputation,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00206-00044607-00044871 and since I've been here, it's turned out to be quite true.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00207-00044871-00045109 Especially, the folks that I've been able to work with
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00208-00045109-00045336 in human resources, they're very, very smart,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00209-00045336-00045440 very committed.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00210-00045440-00045644 And to, sort of, without saying negative things
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00211-00045644-00045747 about where I worked before,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00212-00045747-00045910 the people were committed there
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00213-00045910-00046130 but it was, you know, "Good is good enough."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00214-00046130-00046274 Here, good is not good enough.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00215-00046274-00046384 The people I work with are like,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00216-00046384-00046498 "How can we make it better?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00217-00046498-00046712 And people aren't waiting around for me to come in
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00218-00046712-00046897 and say, "Do this differently, do that differently.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00219-00046897-00047007 "Make it better."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00220-00047007-00047210 People come to me and say, "Eugene, here's an idea.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00221-00047210-00047340 "Let's try this, let's think about that,"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00222-00047340-00047618 and that makes it exciting for me to come to work every day.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00223-00047618-00047855 And so when I go home after my day at work,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00224-00047855-00048062 I'm talking to my wife on the phone in the car
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00225-00048062-00048317 and I'm telling her about 45 minutes talking about
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00226-00048317-00048572 these things that happened and this crazy thing happened.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00227-00048572-00048761 And she's like, "Do you want to hear about my day?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00228-00048761-00048917 "It was good too."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00229-00048917-00049147 So I have to balance that.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00230-00049147-00049391 What surprised me a little bit is that,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00231-00049526-00049837 how much Berkeley has suffered because of budget.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00232-00049837-00050124 How much the employees have suffered, losing their friends.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00233-00050124-00050399 People losing their jobs and just how, you know,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00234-00050399-00050620 we're asking people really to do more with less
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00235-00050620-00050922 and it doesn't feel to me like its been
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00236-00050922-00051173 completely dealt with in terms of the aftermath
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00237-00051173-00051339 of having to cut back all of those employees.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00238-00051339-00051529 And also, what are we gonna do now
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00239-00051529-00051758 to make people feel good again about working here?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00240-00051758-00051948 People feel good about working here
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00241-00051948-00052179 but there's more that I think can be done.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00242-00052179-00052276 - So one of the things you've done,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00243-00052276-00052427 we've been talking about human resources,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00244-00052427-00052721 you're in process of changing the name of your department.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00245-00052721-00052929 What's the change and why is it happening?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00246-00052929-00053125 - So we're talking about changing the name
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00247-00053125-00053247 to People And Culture,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00248-00053247-00053533 and it's going to happen unless somebody makes a
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00249-00053533-00053695 very loud objection.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00250-00053695-00053966 But we've gone and we've talked to different stakeholders
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00251-00053966-00054050 about this idea,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00252-00054050-00054308 and the idea is I think human resources,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00253-00054308-00054465 the eye-rolling human resources,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00254-00054465-00054651 is compliance, it's a black hole,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00255-00054651-00054808 this is where you go to because you have
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00256-00054808-00054910 to get papers filled out,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00257-00054910-00055010 or it's a roadblock
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00258-00055010-00055352 or, "Oh we wanna do this, but HR might say no."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00259-00055352-00055592 And we in HR, before I got here, with Joe (murmurs)
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00260-00055592-00055736 and the team in place,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00261-00055736-00055935 for the last couple of years, they've been trying
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00262-00055935-00056183 to change that reputation by how they do work,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00263-00056183-00056386 the programs that have been developed.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00264-00056386-00056650 And so calling ourselves People And Culture is really
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00265-00056650-00056952 to make it clear, both internally and externally,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00266-00056952-00057199 that we're an organization about supporting the people
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00267-00057199-00057372 and developing the people who work here.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00268-00057372-00057599 Yes, there are those compliance aspects to it,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00269-00057599-00057732 but that's not the focus of it.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00270-00057732-00057945 And some people it's just a name,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00271-00057945-00058191 but there's a lot to a name.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00272-00058191-00058471 The name does make a difference to how people perceive us
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00273-00058471-00058614 and, hopefully, it should make a difference
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00274-00058614-00058821 in terms of what people expect from us,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00275-00058821-00058986 so that people can hold us accountable and say,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00276-00058986-00059203 "Well, you're People And Culture now,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00277-00059203-00059549 "treat me in a way that matches that name."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00278-00059549-00059764 And I also think, internally, for the folks who work
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00279-00059764-00059890 on the HR team,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00280-00059890-00060119 they want to be more about focused on people,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00281-00060119-00060216 more focused on culture
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00282-00060216-00060359 and less on compliance.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00283-00060359-00060527 And so, I think that's also recognition of what it is
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00284-00060527-00060743 that the team wants to do going forward.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00285-00060829-00060986 - So what's the, sort of,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00286-00060986-00061310 what's the state of the UC Berkeley workforce?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00287-00061310-00061583 I read comments you offered at a recent Town Hall.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00288-00061583-00061894 You talked about an engagement survey in 2019.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00289-00061894-00061977 How we doing?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00290-00061977-00062108 How are people feeling?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00291-00062108-00062438 What are the areas we're doing well
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00292-00062438-00062542 and what are the areas that you see
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00293-00062542-00062741 that need to be addressed?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00294-00062741-00062904 - So, this'll be just based on
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00295-00062904-00063229 the employment engagement survey that went out system-wide
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00296-00063229-00063467 in April and May of this year,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00297-00063467-00063754 and so it surveys only staff who aren't represented.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00298-00063754-00063897 So it's not Berkeley as a whole,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00299-00063897-00064065 we also have our poll survey.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00300-00064065-00064404 But what the engagement survey tells us is that 96%
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00301-00064404-00064641 of the employees here at UC Berkeley are proud
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00302-00064641-00064808 to be associated with the brand.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00303-00064904-00065197 77% of our employees feel like they can be themselves
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00304-00065197-00065298 at work.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00305-00065298-00065515 87% of the employees feel like they have
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00306-00065515-00065648 a good work-life balance.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00307-00065648-00065855 So those are the highlights and those are great numbers.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00308-00065855-00066007 When you look at a company in the private sector
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00309-00066007-00066316 like Google, that has oodles of money and can pay
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00310-00066316-00066511 to make problems go away
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00311-00066511-00066655 or pay to make people feel good,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00312-00066655-00066855 in reality they can afford to do that,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00313-00066855-00067220 their numbers on employee engagement are in the low 90s
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00314-00067220-00067307 so-- - [Dan] Let me stop you
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00315-00067307-00067556 for a sec, what does that mean, "employee engagement"?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00316-00067556-00067711 - So, do I show up at work,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00317-00067711-00067864 do I feel like I have a purpose?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00318-00067864-00068053 Do I feel like I'm committed to the work?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00319-00068053-00068196 Am I doing the work?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00320-00068196-00068584 Am I doing, not necessarily more in terms of quantity,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00321-00068584-00068798 but do I feel like I really make a difference here
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00322-00068798-00068912 in the workplace? - [Dan] Got it.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00323-00068912-00069073 - As opposed to disengaged employees,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00324-00069073-00069323 that's the person who's just punching the clock.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00325-00069323-00069493 And so those are the highlights,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00326-00069493-00069689 but when you look at the opposite,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00327-00069689-00069957 so 77% of the employees say they feel like
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00328-00069957-00070075 they can be themselves at work,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00329-00070075-00070269 23% don't feel that way,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00330-00070269-00070453 and when you disaggregate the data,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00331-00070453-00070868 that 23%, women, people of color are lower paid employees.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00332-00070868-00071083 And so if one-in-four to one-in-five
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00333-00071083-00071256 of our employees don't feel good at work,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00334-00071256-00071373 that's a big number.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00335-00071373-00071668 So yeah, 77% is good but I'm more worried about,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00336-00071668-00071818 and I said this at the Town Hall,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00337-00071818-00072103 those one-in-four, one-in-five who don't feel good at work
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00338-00072103-00072378 because that's not really a question of money.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00339-00072378-00072534 Money isn't gonna make you feel better at work,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00340-00072534-00072734 it's about how people treat you at work.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00341-00072821-00073023 - So you're saying that regardless
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00342-00073023-00073151 of levels of compensation,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00343-00073151-00073411 'cause I think it's often reported and discussed here
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00344-00073411-00073704 on campus, that many of those who are on
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00345-00073704-00073981 the university staff are paid less than peers
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00346-00073981-00074151 in the private sector,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00347-00074151-00074396 that that is not the deciding factor in terms of
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00348-00074396-00074573 how people feel about working here?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00349-00074573-00074784 It's not a matter of compensation or long commutes,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00350-00074784-00075075 that there are other factors that are more important?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00351-00075075-00075298 - So I don't know what the answer is for UC Berkeley
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00352-00075298-00075523 because we don't have the data analyzed in that way,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00353-00075523-00075812 but when you look at research on employee engagement
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00354-00075812-00075921 in general,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00355-00075921-00076004 purpose.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00356-00076004-00076140 So "do I have a purpose" comes out as one of
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00357-00076140-00076328 the main drivers of employee satisfaction,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00358-00076328-00076548 and then what kind of relationship that employee has
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00359-00076548-00076631 with their supervisor.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00360-00076631-00076881 People quit jobs, not because the work isn't interesting.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00361-00076881-00077098 People quit jobs because their supervisor doesn't treat
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00362-00077098-00077310 them well, and that's not a question of money.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00363-00077310-00077393 - Okay.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00364-00077393-00077538 So I'm gonna mix in, a little bit, some of the questions
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00365-00077538-00077717 that are coming from the audience, keep them coming.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00366-00077717-00077956 Just try to write legibly, please.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00367-00077956-00078205 There's one here I'm gonna struggle with but...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00368-00078205-00078288 Here's one.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00369-00078288-00078380 "Thanks for being here.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00370-00078380-00078618 "What's the latest with the work to expand,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00371-00078618-00079033 "create actually, baby bonding leave for new parents,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00372-00079033-00079501 "both birth moms and the parent who did not give birth?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00373-00079501-00079755 - Sure, so there was a working group
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00374-00079755-00079974 that I wasn't part of but there's been a working group
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00375-00079974-00080089 over a long period of time
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00376-00080089-00080300 that made recommendations to the chancellor.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00377-00080300-00080489 The chancellor carried those recommendations,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00378-00080489-00080770 just last maybe two or three weeks ago,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00379-00080770-00080945 to the Council of Chancellors,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00380-00080945-00081189 so that's for all of the chancellors of the UC campuses,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00381-00081189-00081336 and they agreed there that,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00382-00081336-00081526 "Yes, this is something we want to do,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00383-00081526-00081760 "the question is how do we do it, not if we do it
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00384-00081760-00081879 "but how do we do it,"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00385-00081879-00082084 and so I think the next steps in the process are
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00386-00082084-00082282 for the vice-chancellors' administration
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00387-00082282-00082474 throughout the system to meet and discuss
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00388-00082474-00082714 the finance and the mechanics of how we can do it.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00389-00082714-00082959 So I think it's something that there's definitely a will
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00390-00082959-00083221 to do, and I wanna thank all of the staff,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00391-00083221-00083472 especially who spoke up and said, "We have to have this,"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00392-00083472-00083669 because that really helped push things forward
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00393-00083669-00083876 to bring it to that level where it's getting the attention
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00394-00083876-00083959 that it needs.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00395-00083959-00084156 And so I can't give you a time horizon
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00396-00084156-00084289 but it's something that, eventually,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00397-00084289-00084410 I believe should happen.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00398-00084611-00084694 - Here's another one.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00399-00084694-00084777 "Welcome to Cal.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00400-00084777-00084998 "Number one, managers are often elevated based
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00401-00084998-00085391 "on individual performance but not given the tools
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00402-00085391-00085492 "to manage.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00403-00085492-00085981 "What are your views on 360 management training needed
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00404-00085981-00086159 "by our leadership?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00405-00086159-00086525 "A 360 reviews and management training needed
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00406-00086525-00086626 "by our leadership."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00407-00086626-00086938 So just some input, what you're feeling about that.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00408-00086938-00087249 - So I can't say that every manager needs training.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00409-00087249-00087368 But what I'll say is this,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00410-00087368-00087559 that there's a culture around training here
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00411-00087559-00087785 that "Mandatory" is a dirty word,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00412-00087785-00087969 and that if you try to make people do something,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00413-00087969-00088157 they're gonna resist.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00414-00088157-00088450 We can call it required, we can say it in nicer ways,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00415-00088450-00088761 but there is some training that needs to happen.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00416-00088761-00089001 Caveat being that I've only been here two and a half months
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00417-00089001-00089290 so I don't know everything, or I know very little.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00418-00089290-00089598 But in other organizations where I've been,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00419-00089598-00089711 when you become a new manager,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00420-00089711-00089929 you get trained on being a manager.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00421-00089929-00090053 That's just part and parcel.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00422-00090053-00090317 So you show up your first day as a manager,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00423-00090317-00090460 "Here are the classes that you're gonna take
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00424-00090460-00090587 "on how to manage,"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00425-00090587-00090807 so that we equip you to be successful.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00426-00090807-00091028 Nobody really comes to work and says,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00427-00091028-00091142 "I wanna be a bad manager.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00428-00091142-00091349 "I wanna mistreat my employees," right?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00429-00091349-00091475 That doesn't happen.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00430-00091475-00091663 But if we don't give them the skills so
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00431-00091663-00091905 that they're prepared to manage to the best of their ability
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00432-00091905-00092190 then people are gonna have uneven experiences,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00433-00092190-00092434 and while we, as a managed person might experience
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00434-00092434-00092526 something and say, "It's obvious!
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00435-00092526-00092752 "What kind of an idiot would do something like that?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00436-00092752-00092969 No, it's not always that obvious when you're a manager
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00437-00092969-00093134 and as a manager, you're thinking about a hundred
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00438-00093134-00093343 different things and a hundred different people,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00439-00093343-00093650 you may not know what to do in certain situations
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00440-00093650-00093786 unless you've had that training.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00441-00093786-00094000 So I think we really need to decide,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00442-00094000-00094278 do we want to train our managers and let them
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00443-00094278-00094515 all get trained so that they all understand
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00444-00094515-00094639 what the expectations are,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00445-00094639-00094915 and there's consistency across the campus?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00446-00094915-00095126 And if we're gonna do that, then we have that training,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00447-00095126-00095389 actually, of the Berkeley People Management Program.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00448-00095389-00095623 Managers take it, the feedback has been fantastic,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00449-00095623-00095826 but not everybody does it.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00450-00095826-00096049 - So, second question along the same lines
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00451-00096049-00096155 from the same person.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00452-00096155-00096399 "What are your expectations of how our
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00453-00096399-00096735 senior managers behave in the workplace and
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00454-00096735-00097083 what is your feedback on how to bring workplace bullying
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00455-00097083-00097175 to light?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00456-00097175-00097452 So obviously, behind this, some concerns about
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00457-00097452-00097723 how staff are treated by senior managers
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00458-00097723-00097899 and about some of the human relationships
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00459-00097899-00098188 that, I'm sure, impact the engagement you spoke about.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00460-00098188-00098420 So what do you expect and do you see that
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00461-00098420-00098610 as a challenge for us?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00462-00098610-00098834 - Okay, so somebody's trying to trick me
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00463-00098834-00099179 into going off-script. (audience laughing)
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00464-00099179-00099569 So I would say I expect all managers,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00465-00099569-00099884 including senior leadership, to model behavior.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00466-00099884-00100147 Model the behavior that it is that we expect.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00467-00100147-00100317 One of the first things I would like to see
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00468-00100317-00100606 all of the senior leadership do is go to training, right?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00469-00100606-00100895 If there is a program on bullying prevention that we have,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00470-00100895-00101125 what better statement to make about how important it is
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00471-00101125-00101222 than if all of the senior leadership,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00472-00101222-00101489 that everybody in cabinet went to that training?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00473-00101489-00101741 And then they can go, and they need to put,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00474-00101741-00102049 they need to require of their managers, go to the training.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00475-00102049-00102286 And it's much easier for me to say, for example,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00476-00102286-00102411 "Tommy, go to that training.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00477-00102411-00102592 "I went, you need to go too.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00478-00102592-00102929 "Do as I say and do as I do," right?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00479-00102929-00103183 And it's also, I think, by participating in this training,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00480-00103183-00103380 you learn a lot in these sorts of training programs.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00481-00103380-00103659 I've done all kinds of training, I'm a believer in training,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00482-00103659-00103844 but it also helps you empathize a lot better
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00483-00103844-00104017 with employees who are experience bullying.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00484-00104017-00104301 And in terms of bringing bullying to light,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00485-00104301-00104401 I sent out an email,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00486-00104401-00104652 it was Bullying Prevention Month in October,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00487-00104652-00104830 announcing some training classes around that.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00488-00104830-00105152 But again, when we're talking about required training...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00489-00105152-00105264 I guess I should back up.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00490-00105264-00105435 I don't think there's a few couple of trainings
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00491-00105435-00105540 that should be required.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00492-00105540-00105847 Really, the way I would imagine it as a new employee here,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00493-00105847-00106021 perhaps also as a new manager,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00494-00106021-00106215 your first week, we don't expect you to work.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00495-00106215-00106402 You show up on day one, and here's a list of all
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00496-00106402-00106560 of the different kinds of training that we,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00497-00106560-00106761 as a community, have decided are important.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00498-00106761-00106949 I think bullying is important thing.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00499-00106949-00107115 Things around diversity, equity, inclusion,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00500-00107115-00107358 that you spend your first week, you do your campus tour,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00501-00107358-00107474 you go to NERO,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00502-00107474-00107595 you get certain side of training
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00503-00107595-00107803 so that as an employee here,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00504-00107803-00108109 you have a common understanding of how we treat each other.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00505-00108109-00108358 So yes, it's senior leadership, but it's also everybody.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00506-00108358-00108561 Senior leadership can set the example.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00507-00108561-00108864 And also related to bullying, we have statistics,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00508-00108864-00109154 how many people have seen the bullying data?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00509-00109154-00109309 We don't talk about it a whole lot.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00510-00109309-00109510 We have the data, we need to share the data.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00511-00109510-00109703 If we are going to hold ourselves accountable,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00512-00109703-00109867 what are we going to hold ourselves accountable to
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00513-00109867-00110138 if we never tell anybody what's really going on?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00514-00110138-00110375 - So now we're gonna keep you off-script here.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00515-00110375-00110590 That was not bad for ad-libbing by the way.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00516-00110730-00110881 And that's another set of relationships,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00517-00110881-00111152 and that's the relationship between staff and faculty.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00518-00111152-00111333 I mean, this is a interesting workplace,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00519-00111333-00111517 it reminds me of my time at CBS News.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00520-00111517-00111721 There were two categories of employees.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00521-00111721-00112015 There were those who were on the air and the rest of us.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00522-00112015-00112158 And there was different pay scale,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00523-00112158-00112342 different patterns of deference,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00524-00112342-00112488 different relationships.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00525-00112600-00112838 What are your expectations, and a question just came in,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00526-00112838-00113077 "What role can faculty or do faculty play
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00527-00113077-00113440 "in creating a culture of employee engagement?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00528-00113440-00113685 What does your experience teach you
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00529-00113685-00113799 about those relationships?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00530-00113799-00113894 What do you hope to see?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00531-00113894-00114084 What should expectations be
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00532-00114084-00114321 and what's your sense of what's happening at Berkeley now?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00533-00114321-00114530 - So I have anecdotal information and,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00534-00114530-00114634 sort of, data information.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00535-00114634-00114828 So where I worked before, it was always, you know,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00536-00114828-00115050 staff came after faculty and the students.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00537-00115050-00115278 And I've heard that here anecdotally as well.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00538-00115278-00115432 And I'll hear stories from time to time
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00539-00115432-00115681 about how a faculty member was disrespectful
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00540-00115681-00115908 or went off on a staff person,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00541-00115908-00116119 but I just came out of a presentation where
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00542-00116119-00116361 we were looking at some data, asking staff
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00543-00116361-00116664 about "disrespectful encounters," I'll call it like that,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00544-00116664-00116934 and it wasn't primarily faculty who were doing these things,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00545-00116934-00117093 it was other staff.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00546-00117093-00117258 And so I think there's a lot of, you know,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00547-00117258-00117461 the stereotype or the myth of the faculty
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00548-00117461-00117722 who are obnoxious to staff, some of it is true
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00549-00117722-00117818 as in any organization,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00550-00117818-00118013 but it's not always true.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00551-00118013-00118311 But when you look at who faculty say treat faculty
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00552-00118311-00118581 disrespectfully, it's their fellow faculty members.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00553-00118581-00118783 And when you ask staff, it's their fellow coworkers.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00554-00118783-00118986 So I don't know how much of a problem it is
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00555-00118986-00119274 that there's a faculty-to-staff,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00556-00119274-00119483 but what I do think is that when we have situations
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00557-00119483-00119633 where faculty are managing staff,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00558-00119633-00119839 I think what we run into is a problem of people
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00559-00119839-00120034 who weren't prepared to be managers.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00560-00120034-00120283 You're an expert, you're world-renowned in whatever field
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00561-00120283-00120477 it is, and you've worked your way up the ranks,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00562-00120477-00120674 how many stops along the way have you made
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00563-00120674-00120867 to get trained on how to manage people?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00564-00120867-00121123 And do you actually see yourself as an employer?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00565-00121123-00121341 Do you see yourself as a leader of people?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00566-00121341-00121583 I don't know that we place that expectation on people
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00567-00121583-00121838 and because we don't place that expectation,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00568-00121838-00122003 people don't engage in that way.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00569-00122107-00122257 - So this brings to mind, something else you brought up
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00570-00122257-00122411 in your Town Hall (mumbles).
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00571-00122411-00122696 You said that you want us to be people-centric.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00572-00122803-00123030 You want us to have a people-centric workplace.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00573-00123030-00123159 What does that mean to you?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00574-00123159-00123391 And if we're not already people-centric,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00575-00123391-00123611 we are what-centric at the moment?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00576-00124128-00124421 - So I would say we are mission-centric.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00577-00124421-00124728 Our mission, public service, research and teaching.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00578-00124728-00124890 And so when we make a lot of our decisions,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00579-00124890-00125001 how does it affect research?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00580-00125001-00125201 How does it affect our teaching mission?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00581-00125291-00125516 We don't ask the question very often, again,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00582-00125516-00125741 I'll do the two-and-a-half-month caveat,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00583-00125741-00125993 how does this decision affect the people?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00584-00125993-00126238 Or when we were making decisions because of budget cutbacks
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00585-00126238-00126350 and we had to make the layoffs,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00586-00126350-00126574 how is that going to affect the people in the department?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00587-00126574-00126711 How are we explaining this to them?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00588-00126711-00126795 Are then we going into the department
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00589-00126795-00127083 and talking to the people who are left?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00590-00127083-00127405 How much, when we're having meetings at cabinet
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00591-00127405-00127566 or at the senior levels and when we're saying,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00592-00127566-00127685 "this is what we need to do or that is what we need to do,"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00593-00127685-00127940 does somebody say, "what are people going
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00594-00127940-00128024 "to think about that?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00595-00128024-00128195 "How is this going to make people feel?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00596-00128195-00128343 Again, as I said at the beginning,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00597-00128343-00128616 how we act as leaders affects how people live their lives
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00598-00128616-00128845 and I don't know that that's the narrative here.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00599-00128845-00129027 I don't hear people talking like that.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00600-00129027-00129299 And that's not common in other organizations either,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00601-00129299-00129460 but I think in higher ed,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00602-00129460-00129608 because the mission is so important
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00603-00129608-00129834 and we're all here for the mission,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00604-00129834-00129933 we're focused on that.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00605-00129933-00130118 We don't think of ourselves as an employer,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00606-00130118-00130344 and so we don't ask those kinds of questions.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00607-00130344-00130488 - So Eugene, I'm struck that just in the
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00608-00130488-00130636 first 15, 20 minutes talking,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00609-00130636-00130994 we've touched on some really big cultural issues
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00610-00130994-00131261 that go to the heart of how we're set up here
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00611-00131261-00131398 and how we operate.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00612-00131398-00131614 And a lot of what you're talking about represents change
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00613-00131614-00131797 so I'm curious what your style is.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00614-00131797-00132237 How, in your past positions, have you gotten things done,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00615-00132237-00132566 have you brought people to your vision?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00616-00132566-00132771 How do you operate in the workplace?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00617-00132771-00133010 - So I've learned a lot over the years about my style
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00618-00133010-00133215 because my style wasn't necessarily the best
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00619-00133215-00133298 when I first started.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00620-00133298-00133557 Particularly in my last job with the community college.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00621-00133557-00133973 So I'm a lawyer and part of how I interact with the world is
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00622-00133973-00134073 as a lawyer,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00623-00134073-00134243 and so I tend to be very direct.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00624-00134243-00134387 I'll ask a lot of questions
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00625-00134387-00134677 and there wasn't a whole lot of finesse to my game,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00626-00134677-00134787 let's say.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00627-00134787-00135236 And so I actually had 360 feedback in my prior job,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00628-00135236-00135319 and one of the things is that,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00629-00135319-00135543 "Eugene always sounds angry in his emails."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00630-00135543-00135713 And I said, "But I'm not angry,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00631-00135713-00135833 I'm trying to do a lot at once,"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00632-00135833-00136061 and so somebody would send me an email with a question,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00633-00136061-00136269 and I'd write back yes or no.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00634-00136269-00136464 They'd write three or four sentences
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00635-00136464-00136611 and there was a question at the end, yes or no.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00636-00136611-00136840 I'm not angry, I just answered your question.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00637-00136840-00137063 And so I learned that that's not necessarily the best way
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00638-00137063-00137181 to interact with people.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00639-00137181-00137440 I need to take a little bit more time and slow down,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00640-00137440-00137650 and acknowledge people and interact with people,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00641-00137650-00137809 and have conversations with people,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00642-00137809-00137980 rather than just talk, talk, talk, talk.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00643-00137980-00138063 So I've learned that.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00644-00138063-00138390 So now what I try to do more is to be more
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00645-00138390-00138481 of an engaging person,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00646-00138481-00138744 and part of this is I've learned this from my 360,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00647-00138744-00138911 I've learned this in training
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00648-00138911-00139145 and just also watching how other people interact,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00649-00139145-00139421 and building those relationships and taking the time
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00650-00139421-00139542 to get to know people.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00651-00139542-00139869 And I'll add to this because what I've observed here is
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00652-00139869-00140020 that because people are so busy
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00653-00140020-00140152 and their schedules are so packed,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00654-00140152-00140330 it's actually very hard to take the time
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00655-00140330-00140452 to get to know people.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00656-00140452-00140638 As I've had a couple of conversations with folks
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00657-00140638-00140747 over the last couple of days
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00658-00140747-00141049 where if I just wanted to grab lunch with somebody,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00659-00141049-00141182 that's almost impossible to do
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00660-00141182-00141428 because either I'm booked or they're booked.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00661-00141428-00141717 Even if I just wanted to pick up the phone and call somebody
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00662-00141717-00141874 to get their opinion on something,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00663-00141874-00142132 that's really, really hard to do,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00664-00142132-00142439 and I think we need to question, are we...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00665-00142439-00142667 We're busy and we wanna get all of this done
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00666-00142667-00142839 but at what price?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00667-00142839-00143055 At the price of building relationships.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00668-00143055-00143276 And I think if we were to be more conscientious
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00669-00143276-00143463 about how we schedule our own time
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00670-00143463-00143871 and schedule time for ourselves during the work day,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00671-00143871-00144099 but also schedule time to interact with our colleagues,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00672-00144099-00144451 we might be more productive as we go about our jobs,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00673-00144451-00144601 and I'm pretty sure we'd be happier
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00674-00144601-00144738 as we build those relationships.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00675-00144738-00145134 I mean, we have different research centers on campus.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00676-00145134-00145260 I'm blanking on the...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00677-00145260-00145504 Good Science... - [Audience Member] (murmurs)
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00678-00145504-00145587 - Thank you!
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00679-00145587-00145836 And they do a lot of research around happiness
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00680-00145836-00145997 in the workplace and when you look at that,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00681-00145997-00146210 part of it is are people building relationships
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00682-00146210-00146305 and making friends at work?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00683-00146305-00146389 It's important.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00684-00146389-00146636 And do we have the time to do that?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00685-00146636-00146901 And I would say, again, some of us do do rocket science here
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00686-00146901-00147100 and some of us do do brain surgery,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00687-00147100-00147235 but not all of us are doing that.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00688-00147235-00147503 And some of the things that we do can probably wait
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00689-00147503-00147745 an extra day or two so that we can take the time,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00690-00147745-00147882 so that we have time to interact
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00691-00147882-00148023 and build those relationships.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00692-00148023-00148241 We talk a lot about the Berkeley community
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00693-00148241-00148378 but, don't raise your hands,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00694-00148378-00148681 but how many people here actually feel like they have time
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00695-00148681-00148912 to engage with the Berkeley community?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00696-00148912-00148995 - All right.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00697-00148995-00149119 So I'm pretty sure this next question came from one
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00698-00149119-00149333 of your direct reports who wants to help you out
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00699-00149333-00149505 a little bit. - [Eugene] All right.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00700-00149620-00149799 - "Who will win the big game?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00701-00149962-00150092 - What's the spread?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00702-00150209-00150445 I'm taking all bets with points,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00703-00150445-00150665 because I think Stanford is a dog this year.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00704-00150792-00150908 - Here's another personal one.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00705-00150908-00151109 That was an actual question.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00706-00151109-00151375 Do you miss practicing law?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00707-00151375-00151483 Do...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00708-00151483-00151571 I'm sorry.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00709-00151571-00151926 Do you feel it's limiting or more freeing...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00710-00151926-00152076 Do you feel that H...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00711-00152076-00152454 Does HR feel like its more limiting or more freeing
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00712-00152454-00152603 than working as a lawyer?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00713-00152603-00152794 P.S. Go blue.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00714-00152794-00152877 - All right.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00715-00152877-00153263 So I do not miss being a lawyer.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00716-00153263-00153480 We get to do, in HR, the compliance piece,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00717-00153480-00153734 there's a little bit of practicing law everyday.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00718-00153734-00154001 But doing the HR piece of the job
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00719-00154001-00154296 just is much more creative and much more engaging
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00720-00154296-00154449 of the part of my brain that is,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00721-00154449-00154622 you know, the right side of my brain.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00722-00154622-00154828 Just trying to figure out how to make things better
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00723-00154828-00155155 and having these sort of conversations around how to build
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00724-00155155-00155340 something, something that's better,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00725-00155340-00155708 is much more exciting than, for me at least,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00726-00155708-00155913 there's other lawyers in the room who I've seen,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00727-00155913-00156149 than writing a brief or making an argument in front
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00728-00156149-00156256 of the Supreme Court.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00729-00156256-00156451 Things that I participated in which can be fun,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00730-00156451-00156611 but this is just so much better.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00731-00156801-00156907 - Not quite sure what this...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00732-00156907-00157056 I'm hoping you're already know what this
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00733-00157056-00157215 next question refers to.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00734-00157215-00157525 "What are the campus plans for responding
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00735-00157525-00157954 "to the Senate bill which makes late payments illegal?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00736-00157954-00158131 - This is Senate bill 698,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00737-00158131-00158520 which as of January 1st, 2020,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00738-00158520-00158720 people can sue the University of California
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00739-00158720-00158862 if you don't get paid on time.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00740-00158862-00159237 So University of California is exempt from any of the parts
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00741-00159237-00159365 of the Labor Code because it's a
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00742-00159365-00159601 separate constitutional entity in the state of California,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00743-00159601-00159950 and so prior to this, private institutions could get sued
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00744-00159950-00160069 from not paying people on time,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00745-00160069-00160354 but UC and other public entities were exempt.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00746-00160354-00160488 So what is the response?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00747-00160488-00160771 So Rich Lau and the compensation of benefits team is working
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00748-00160771-00161030 with a group of people to identify the root causes
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00749-00161030-00161265 of why people aren't getting paid on time.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00750-00161265-00161416 Some of it's human behavior,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00751-00161416-00161710 where we're not providing the information enough in advance
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00752-00161710-00161959 to enter it into the system so people get paid on time.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00753-00161959-00162135 Some of it is systematic errors,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00754-00162135-00162432 and Rich has identified, as of a couple of weeks ago,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00755-00162432-00162678 Rich and the team, a list of 29 different reasons
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00756-00162678-00162804 for why people are getting paid late.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00757-00162804-00163016 And they're going through that, item by item,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00758-00163016-00163211 to try to figure out, "Okay, what can we do to address
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00759-00163211-00163396 "all of these different sorts of things?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00760-00163396-00163636 So there is a plan in place and it's getting worked on
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00761-00163636-00163835 because we really don't want to start getting sued
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00762-00163835-00163959 on January 1st.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00763-00164165-00164281 - Another question from the audience.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00764-00164281-00164481 Taking us back to something we were talking about before,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00765-00164481-00164618 a little bit of a follow up.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00766-00164618-00165044 "What is the actual plan for change and training
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00767-00165044-00165509 "better supervisors and creating leaders/mentors
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00768-00165509-00165715 "versus bosses?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00769-00165715-00165852 - Yeah, so this is the, you know,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00770-00165852-00166085 "Are you my manager or are you my coach?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00771-00166085-00166364 So one of the big components that we're doing around this is
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00772-00166364-00166489 the Achieve Together program.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00773-00166489-00166658 Most of you, if not all of you, have probable heard
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00774-00166658-00166741 about it now.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00775-00166741-00166953 We're changing how we do performance management.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00776-00166953-00167243 And so instead of having an annual meeting every year
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00777-00167243-00167408 where your boss looks at your goals and says,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00778-00167408-00167598 "Great, and here's some competency,"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00779-00167598-00167834 we're changing it so that your boss, your coach,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00780-00167834-00168050 will have four conversations with you over the course
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00781-00168050-00168133 of the year.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00782-00168133-00168310 Ideally, you would be talking with your...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00783-00168310-00168393 Oh, three.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00784-00168393-00168521 I'm getting the sign, three!
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00785-00168625-00168750 Three conversations ov...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00786-00168750-00168855 There should be four.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00787-00168996-00169224 Ideally, and this is again based on research,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00788-00169224-00169406 your supervisor would be having a one-on-one
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00789-00169406-00169502 with you every week.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00790-00169502-00169800 The employees who feel most engaged have that conversation
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00791-00169800-00169891 every week and it's not,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00792-00169891-00170083 doesn't have to be an hour sit down.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00793-00170083-00170317 It can be 15 minutes where you discuss, you know,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00794-00170317-00170413 "What are your priorities?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00795-00170413-00170589 "How can your supervisor support you?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00796-00170589-00170752 "What can your supervisor continue to do
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00797-00170752-00170909 "or what should your supervisor do less of
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00798-00170909-00171134 "that's hindering you from accomplishing your goals?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00799-00171134-00171295 But this is a start in that direction
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00800-00171295-00171434 to having these three conversations,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00801-00171434-00171687 because, again, we haven't really prepared our managers
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00802-00171687-00171923 to just, all of a sudden, go from manager to coach.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00803-00171923-00172120 So this is the entry into doing that
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00804-00172120-00172366 and having those regular conversations with your employees,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00805-00172366-00172524 and also getting employees used to having
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00806-00172524-00172665 these regular conversations,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00807-00172665-00172896 because it is not as if every employee wants
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00808-00172896-00173116 to have that conversation with their supervisor.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00809-00173116-00173327 It's a little bit about changing how we do things
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00810-00173327-00173501 and then giving it time, right?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00811-00173501-00173719 Maybe after the first couple of conversations,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00812-00173719-00173915 there are gonna be a section of the population
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00813-00173915-00174071 that's gonna say, "Well what was the point of that?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00814-00174071-00174195 "That didn't feel very good"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00815-00174195-00174449 or, "We could've just waited 'til the end of the year."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00816-00174449-00174684 It's not gonna be a magic where you're going to feel,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00817-00174684-00174846 "Oh, all of a sudden, I can understand
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00818-00174846-00175010 "and I'm so much more engaged at work."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00819-00175010-00175137 Things don't work like that.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00820-00175137-00175312 We're learning on both sides
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00821-00175312-00175447 about how to use this process
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00822-00175447-00175542 and that's where we're gonna evolve.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00823-00175542-00175753 And in terms of training, as I mentioned before,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00824-00175753-00176029 I don't have a plan where I'm going to say,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00825-00176029-00176186 partly because it's not the Berkeley way,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00826-00176186-00176493 to, "As of July 1st, everybody has to get trained."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00827-00176493-00176692 Not for something, other things maybe I would say that,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00828-00176692-00176844 but not around how we do management training.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00829-00176844-00177088 That's gonna require me to spend more time on campus,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00830-00177088-00177196 getting know more people,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00831-00177196-00177461 getting to know what our capacity is to absorb training
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00832-00177461-00177681 as well as our capacity to provide training.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00833-00177681-00177884 - And the same person is wondering whether
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00834-00177884-00178190 there is a role for how we recruit.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00835-00178190-00178439 And specifically asks, you know,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00836-00178439-00178805 "How do we train people in recruitment to have more,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00837-00178805-00179188 "or recruit more emotionally intelligent applicants?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00838-00179188-00179483 Do you see as that part of the process, the plan to...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00839-00179483-00179623 - So, I don't know if we have
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00840-00179623-00179997 an issue recruiting emotionally intelligent candidates,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00841-00179997-00180177 so I can't really speak to that.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00842-00180177-00180314 - Even if we don't have an issue,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00843-00180314-00180554 does recruitment also play a role in terms of
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00844-00180554-00180781 how we build, not just the workforce,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00845-00180781-00180989 but the supervisorial workforce?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00846-00180989-00181078 - Yes, it does.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00847-00181078-00181213 So the workforce in general.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00848-00181213-00181355 So, excuse me,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00849-00181355-00181567 so if we wanna change the culture here or get people
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00850-00181567-00181697 to treat people in different ways,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00851-00181697-00181970 part of that is setting that expectation
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00852-00181970-00182146 for people who join the organization.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00853-00182146-00182365 And that starts with what do we say on our website,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00854-00182365-00182574 what do we say on our job announcements about
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00855-00182574-00182679 the kind of community that we are
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00856-00182679-00182823 and what we expect from people.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00857-00182823-00183070 So we have several searches going on in HR,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00858-00183070-00183305 particularly in the employee and labor relations.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00859-00183305-00183465 If you have friends who are looking for jobs,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00860-00183465-00183605 tell them to go the website.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00861-00183703-00184027 But we changed the About Berkeley section for that
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00862-00184027-00184130 because before it was, you know,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00863-00184130-00184353 "Berkeley is the number one public institution in the world.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00864-00184353-00184468 "We're great at this, we're great at that,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00865-00184468-00184552 "we're great at the other thing,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00866-00184552-00184691 "things that everybody knows."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00867-00184691-00184866 And so I changed that to say,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00868-00184866-00185110 "No, Berkeley is looking for this kind of person.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00869-00185110-00185328 "A candidate who is this, a candidate who is that,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00870-00185328-00185446 "who can engage with people.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00871-00185446-00185690 "A candidate who supports the equity mission.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00872-00185690-00186011 "Read the strategic plan, read the principles of community.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00873-00186011-00186217 "If you feel that those things resonate with your own,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00874-00186217-00186470 "personal values, then apply for a job here."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00875-00186470-00186615 So we set the expectation
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00876-00186615-00186786 and then part of it is having in place,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00877-00186786-00186927 now you come for orientation
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00878-00186927-00187138 and it builds on that expectation.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00879-00187138-00187427 So that's how I envision making that shift
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00880-00187427-00187529 in involving training.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00881-00187529-00187800 Part of the hiring process that I wanna see change,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00882-00187800-00187933 where I was alluding to earlier,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00883-00187933-00188129 that might say "as of July 1..."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00884-00188129-00188341 is that, in the community college system,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00885-00188341-00188517 if you wanted to serve on a screening committee,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00886-00188517-00188744 you had to have training on the benefits of diversity
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00887-00188744-00188839 and unconscious bias.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00888-00188839-00188948 It was the law!
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00889-00188948-00189078 And so when I got here, I thought,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00890-00189078-00189266 "Oh, they must do the same thing at UC Berkeley
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00891-00189266-00189421 "'cause Berkeley's the big brother."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00892-00189421-00189545 Nope, not at all.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00893-00189545-00189749 Well, do we do this at all?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00894-00189749-00189855 It's optional
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00895-00189855-00189979 and I was stunned by that.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00896-00189979-00190210 And I've told folks and I will say it here,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00897-00190210-00190356 I don't want that to be optional.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00898-00190356-00190476 It's too important.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00899-00190476-00190716 If you look, again, at our strategic plan,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00900-00190716-00190799 our principles of community,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00901-00190799-00191096 it talks about diversity and equity,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00902-00191096-00191256 are we teaching that to people?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00903-00191256-00191518 We want you to endorse these ideas
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00904-00191518-00191698 or at least have an understanding of why they're important.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00905-00191698-00191893 We want you to understand unconscious bias.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00906-00191893-00192068 Have we taught you about it?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00907-00192068-00192331 If we haven't, we should and it should be a requirement
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00908-00192331-00192462 because, again, we want,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00909-00192462-00192593 especially when we're hiring people,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00910-00192593-00192709 we want...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00911-00192709-00192985 We're all gonna have biases, there's not a cure for it,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00912-00192985-00193192 but we wanna be aware of those when we're making decisions.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00913-00193192-00193404 We wanna understand why diversity matters,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00914-00193404-00193537 why it works, what is equity
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00915-00193537-00193752 and what does it look like and how does it work
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00916-00193752-00193898 so that when we're selecting candidates,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00917-00193898-00194014 we have that in mind.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00918-00194014-00194274 But also, this training is beneficial for us as a community
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00919-00194274-00194638 because it's not only how I behave in a screening committee,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00920-00194638-00194846 it's how I behave everyday when I show up to work,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00921-00194846-00195159 how I treat my colleagues, how I make them feel.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00922-00195159-00195300 - We've opened up the subject
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00923-00195300-00195534 or you've talked at some length about diversity.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00924-00195534-00195705 We've also talked about recruitment.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00925-00195705-00195909 The chancellor has made clear that one of her
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00926-00195909-00196259 key priorities is enhancing and increasing the diversity
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00927-00196259-00196500 of all the various campus populations.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00928-00196609-00196783 One has to assume that, to some extent,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00929-00196783-00197037 that's been on people's minds in the past.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00930-00197037-00197238 There are laws that limit what we can do.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00931-00197238-00197384 What can change there?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00932-00197384-00197674 What are the things that we can do within the context
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00933-00197674-00198096 of the law, and I'm talking now specifically about staff,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00934-00198096-00198458 to meet the chancellor's goals, priorities and objectives
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00935-00198458-00198564 in that realm?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00936-00198564-00198786 - So I have had the opportunity to talk with the chancellor
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00937-00198786-00198869 about these things.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00938-00198869-00199126 During my interview, she raised these issues around staff
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00939-00199126-00199298 and diversity and the strategic plan,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00940-00199298-00199564 and I've spoken with her and the executive vice-chancellor
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00941-00199564-00199674 on a couple occasion about this,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00942-00199674-00199886 so I know that these are very important issues
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00943-00199886-00200048 and the chancellor has said to me,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00944-00200048-00200132 "What can we..."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00945-00200132-00200413 You know, one of her interview questions was around
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00946-00200413-00200544 how can we engage staff better?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00947-00200544-00200728 So I know this is something that she's thinking about,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00948-00200728-00200935 she's reminded me about it since I've gotten here
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00949-00200935-00201074 and she has her own ideas.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00950-00201074-00201204 And so one of the things, you know,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00951-00201204-00201408 she's excited about the sponsored tuition program.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00952-00201408-00201741 So these are things that she's definitely thinking about,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00953-00201741-00202010 so the expectation is clear that we're gonna be doing
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00954-00202010-00202109 some of these things.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00955-00202109-00202286 And so, I don't think the law...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00956-00202286-00202448 You've got Prop 209 as a barrier,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00957-00202448-00202656 but Prop 209's been around for 25 years
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00958-00202656-00202888 and we figured out lots of things that we can do
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00959-00202888-00203081 that have no implication with Prop 209,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00960-00203081-00203318 so I wouldn't use it as an excuse for why things look
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00961-00203318-00203403 the way they are,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00962-00203403-00203507 even when it, you know,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00963-00203507-00203696 I'm speaking a little bit out of school here,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00964-00203696-00203852 but even when it comes to recruiting students,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00965-00203852-00204048 Prop 209 is there but it's not the big barrier
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00966-00204048-00204231 that people tend to think it is.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00967-00204231-00204470 And so when we do our recruiting and our outreach,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00968-00204470-00204748 we can do targeted recruiting and targeted outreach.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00969-00204748-00204963 I think we need to leverage our ethnic staff
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00970-00204963-00205164 and other identity-based organizations
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00971-00205164-00205305 to help us do the recruiting.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00972-00205305-00205565 But part of what's gonna help us do the recruiting
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00973-00205565-00205844 the best is for those people in the marginalized groups
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00974-00205844-00206019 to have great experiences when they're here,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00975-00206019-00206253 then they become our champions, right?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00976-00206253-00206556 And I can envision a website, a recruiting website,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00977-00206556-00206791 where we have people who represent all
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00978-00206791-00207123 of the sorts of variety that we have here at UC Berkeley,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00979-00207123-00207300 talking about their Berkeley experience.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00980-00207300-00207464 Why they chose Berkeley and what they've experienced
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00981-00207464-00207556 when they got here
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00982-00207556-00207814 so that people, no matter what your walk of life is,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00983-00207814-00208003 when you're coming and you're flipping through our website
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00984-00208003-00208146 and you're looking for somebody like you
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00985-00208146-00208310 because you're wondering, as a lot of us do,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00986-00208310-00208563 as I did, how am I gonna feel when I show up there?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00987-00208563-00208748 Am I gonna be able to be myself?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00988-00208748-00208933 I can show you the engagement survey data
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00989-00208933-00209232 and, you know, there's 75% chance that you're gonna feel
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00990-00209232-00209414 like you can be yourself,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00991-00209414-00209590 but we need more than that.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00992-00209590-00209740 People wanna be able to talk to somebody
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00993-00209740-00209919 who's living that experience already,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00994-00209919-00210011 and so I think that's how we do it.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00995-00210011-00210237 - So we met about a week ago and we talked about
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00996-00210237-00210461 some of the subjects we'd be talking about today.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00997-00210461-00210899 You mentioned an un-contestable fact that the higher you go
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00998-00210899-00211137 in this particular hierarchy on campus,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-00999-00211137-00211294 the less diverse it is.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01000-00211294-00211586 And so, do you see that as being a major issue
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01001-00211586-00212012 and challenge and, if so, how does that get addressed?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01002-00212012-00212256 - So I don't think it's a major challenge.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01003-00212256-00212419 It's a major issue.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01004-00212419-00212642 And I think part of it, when I talked about accountability,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01005-00212642-00212883 so my guess is a lot of folks are aware of that,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01006-00212883-00213100 maybe anecdotally, or they can feel it
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01007-00213100-00213250 but most folks haven't seen the data.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01008-00213250-00213436 So one of the things that we've talked about
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01009-00213436-00213594 since I've been here, and even before I got here,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01010-00213594-00213802 was making this data available
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01011-00213802-00214096 because how are we going to hold ourselves accountable
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01012-00214096-00214301 if nobody knows what the numbers look like?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01013-00214301-00214517 So we've talked about and we've got blueprints
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01014-00214517-00214790 for a diversity dashboard and other data as well,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01015-00214790-00214926 so people can see what it looks like.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01016-00214926-00215137 And so, to Dan's point,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01017-00215137-00215505 so our hiring, basically as you join the organization,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01018-00215505-00215826 reflects the community around here in terms of an ethnicity,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01019-00215826-00216103 but when you look at who gets to go from the, sort of,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01020-00216103-00216338 entry/middle level positions up into higher management,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01021-00216338-00216625 it falls off a cliff for all of our staff of color.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01022-00216625-00216979 And so, I don't believe that staff of color look
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01023-00216979-00217156 at themselves and say, "I'm not qualified
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01024-00217156-00217273 for upper management."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01025-00217273-00217583 I don't believe women say, "I don't wanna do that."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01026-00217583-00217753 In the community college, it was the same way.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01027-00217753-00217973 You would get faculty, especially in the (mumbles),
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01028-00217973-00218384 faculty and deans but not the senior leaders.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01029-00218384-00218552 And so what I think happens is we have to look
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01030-00218552-00218736 at the people who are making the hiring decisions.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01031-00218736-00218956 This is where I want training for hiring committees
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01032-00218956-00219157 around that because it's ultimately the people
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01033-00219157-00219453 who make the decisions, also around the mentoring.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01034-00219453-00219864 So a lot of the ways that you get up in an organization is
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01035-00219864-00220129 somebody who's already up there already sees you
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01036-00220129-00220523 and says, "You remind me of myself when I was younger.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01037-00220523-00220747 "Come let me take you under my wing
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01038-00220747-00220939 "and I'm gonna help you advance through the organization.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01039-00220939-00221136 "I'm gonna give you tips here, tips there."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01040-00221136-00221313 That doesn't work, right?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01041-00221313-00221594 Because it's random and it depends on that person being
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01042-00221594-00221792 benevolent and identifying you,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01043-00221792-00222138 and quite frankly, people tend, in those circumstances,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01044-00222138-00222294 to identify with people,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01045-00222294-00222462 "Remind me of myself when I was younger,"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01046-00222462-00222775 if I am an African-American male, which I am,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01047-00222775-00223013 I typically do not see an Asian female
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01048-00223013-00223162 and remember myself when I was younger.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01049-00223162-00223331 That's just human nature, right?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01050-00223331-00223644 And it's not because I'm biased or racist,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01051-00223644-00223866 it's just, where is my natural affinity?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01052-00223866-00224079 So that's where we have to have programs in place
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01053-00224079-00224330 that make sure that the mentoring and the sponsoring,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01054-00224330-00224596 which requires more affirmative action,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01055-00224596-00225032 is actually something that happens by design, not by chance.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01056-00225032-00225171 - So we're talking a lot about change.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01057-00225171-00225431 I'm going back to a question from the audience.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01058-00225431-00225689 And so, how do you see change trickling down,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01059-00225689-00225896 and you might contest the presumption of the question,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01060-00225896-00226199 but how do you see change trickling down across campus?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01061-00226199-00226487 So many employees work in units so far removed,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01062-00226487-00226864 physically and culturally, from the central campus climate.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01063-00227075-00227331 - So I'm going to, a little bit,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01064-00227331-00227487 kick this one to the side.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01065-00227487-00227803 So I've heard that Berkeley is very decentralized.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01066-00227803-00227947 There's all of these silos.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01067-00227947-00228173 (mumbles) How do we something all at once?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01068-00228173-00228446 I don't know that we need to do something all at once,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01069-00228446-00228596 like, "This is the Berkeley way!
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01070-00228596-00228713 "This is the Berkeley culture!"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01071-00228713-00228887 There are certain things that we should...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01072-00228887-00229137 Values that we should all have in common.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01073-00229137-00229496 But I haven't thought enough about the decentralized aspects
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01074-00229496-00229673 of Berkeley and how to implement change,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01075-00229673-00229869 but what my guess is, is that probably
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01076-00229869-00230027 throughout the campus, there are people
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01077-00230027-00230180 who care about these issues,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01078-00230180-00230402 and so if we can identify who those people are
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01079-00230402-00230605 and empower them and support them,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01080-00230605-00230909 by policy or by senior leadership taking a position.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01081-00230909-00231277 So for example, I want to implement mandatory training
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01082-00231277-00231550 for hiring committees on diversity and unconscious bias,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01083-00231550-00231871 if senior leadership, chancellor, executive vice-chancellor,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01084-00231871-00232036 come out and say, "This is very important,"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01085-00232036-00232242 now when I'm out there on the ground level,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01086-00232242-00232363 trying to do this, I can say,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01087-00232363-00232512 "This is part of the strategic plan.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01088-00232512-00232694 "The chancellor is supporting this."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01089-00232694-00232913 It's more easy to accomplish that,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01090-00232913-00233142 by the same token of other people hear me talking about
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01091-00233142-00233323 certain things and then they're going out
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01092-00233323-00233435 to their departments or division,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01093-00233435-00233716 you know, "Eugene was talking about this, we wanna do this."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01094-00233716-00233889 It makes it easier for you as opposed to being
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01095-00233889-00234023 that lone voice for change.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01096-00234205-00234406 - Two questions around the same subject
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01097-00234406-00234501 and let me read them both.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01098-00234501-00234723 "What is UC Berkeley's response to
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01099-00234723-00235004 "high employee turnover rates in certain departments?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01100-00235004-00235087 One.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01101-00235087-00235347 Two, "How do you feel about the staff turnover rate?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01102-00235347-00235748 "Are there analytics around the full cost of turnover?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01103-00235748-00235884 - This is a soft ball.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01104-00235884-00236276 So I have presentation to cabinet in a couple of weeks
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01105-00236276-00236571 on the issue of turnover because the chancellor wanted
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01106-00236571-00236654 to understand this,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01107-00236654-00236863 because, again, we've had conversations about
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01108-00236863-00237156 the staff experience and she's aware that there is turnover
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01109-00237156-00237269 and so they asked me to present it.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01110-00237269-00237667 So at UC Berkeley, turnover is at about 15%,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01111-00237667-00237967 which is consistent with the national average for higher ed
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01112-00237967-00238100 but what I say is,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01113-00238100-00238294 we're Berkeley, do we wanna be average?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01114-00238294-00238442 Probably not.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01115-00238442-00238654 And when you look at what that costs us,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01116-00238654-00238882 it costs us about a $100 million per year.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01117-00238882-00239151 So there's the hard cost of staff time trying
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01118-00239151-00239271 to fill a position,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01119-00239271-00239509 but there's also the cost and burden of now,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01120-00239509-00239683 instead of having three people in a department,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01121-00239683-00239766 there are only two.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01122-00239766-00239989 So now these two people have to do that other job.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01123-00239989-00240133 The morale has a negative impact
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01124-00240133-00240276 and maybe they're gonna quit as well.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01125-00240276-00240414 And now there's only one person.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01126-00240414-00240682 So in human resources, as many of you know,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01127-00240682-00240915 Employee And Labor Relations has experienced a lot
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01128-00240915-00241196 of attrition, and every time somebody leaves,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01129-00241196-00241378 it makes it that much harder for those folks left
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01130-00241378-00241517 to feel good about doing the job,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01131-00241517-00241791 and then somebody else goes and you can't blame them.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01132-00241791-00242088 And so, the solution to turnover, again,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01133-00242088-00242198 part of it is compensation.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01134-00242198-00242484 We have to take a serious look at how we do compensation.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01135-00242484-00242698 Can we get more for compensation?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01136-00242698-00242927 That's not just the chancellor or two
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01137-00242927-00243010 or three people saying,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01138-00243010-00243111 "We're gonna pay everybody more!"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01139-00243111-00243259 It doesn't work like that.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01140-00243259-00243452 A lot of what we're able to do depends on
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01141-00243452-00243725 what the regents say that we're allowed to do,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01142-00243725-00244031 and the regents have the entire UC system
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01143-00244031-00244114 that they're concerned with.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01144-00244114-00244197 They're not, you know,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01145-00244197-00244310 they're concerned about each of the campuses
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01146-00244310-00244546 but our interests aren't always aligned.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01147-00244546-00244794 So we have to look at some alternative ways
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01148-00244794-00244971 to engage employees, some of the things
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01149-00244971-00245133 that I've talked about now.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01150-00245133-00245459 We have a high number of voluntary separations
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01151-00245459-00245801 among the 15% turnover.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01152-00245801-00246007 Again, why are those people leaving?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01153-00246007-00246254 We don't have an exit survey that we've yet implemented.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01154-00246254-00246519 Part of that is because UC, system-wide,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01155-00246519-00246670 has said, "We have an exit survey that we're going
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01156-00246670-00246837 "to implement, don't do your own yet."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01157-00246837-00247004 And so we've been waiting for that.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01158-00247004-00247155 But that will provide good information
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01159-00247155-00247332 about why are people leaving.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01160-00247332-00247546 Anecdotally, we know people are leaving for more money
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01161-00247546-00247689 but what are the other reasons?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01162-00247689-00247948 What are the things, the levers that we can really push
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01163-00247948-00248232 to say, "Okay, you wanna have more of a sense of purpose
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01164-00248232-00248493 "in your job or more flexibility around your work schedule.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01165-00248493-00248644 "Yes, maybe you get to leave at five,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01166-00248644-00248871 "but do we let you work at home, two or three days a week
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01167-00248871-00249013 "so that you don't have to sit in your car
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01168-00249013-00249129 "and commute everyday?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01169-00249129-00249228 These are the sorts of things that
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01170-00249228-00249376 we should be thinking about.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01171-00249376-00249721 And when we have the discussion about employee turnover,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01172-00249721-00249944 that's again where, you asked about people-centric,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01173-00249944-00250119 it's like, this is where need to think about
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01174-00250119-00250273 what our people are experiencing
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01175-00250273-00250473 that's causing them to leave?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01176-00250473-00250617 - Some of what you said touched on a question
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01177-00250617-00250700 that came in, actually,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01178-00250700-00250841 one of the first questions that came in early,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01179-00250841-00250924 and I apologize.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01180-00250924-00251184 There's parts I'm just heavy, I'm struggling to read here
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01181-00251184-00251356 but I think I've got the gist.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01182-00251356-00251765 "Are there any plans to change the merit program
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01183-00251765-00251968 "for policy-covered staff?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01184-00251968-00252128 "The three percent pool doesn't allow
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01185-00252128-00252471 "for meaningful rewards and recognition,"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01186-00252471-00252744 and also goes on to talk about how it has to come out
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01187-00252744-00252892 of the unit's budget,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01188-00252892-00253346 and just, generally, the question here notes a number
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01189-00253346-00253683 of areas of what the questioner believes to be, sort of,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01190-00253683-00254159 insufficiencies and, in terms of both the amount
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01191-00254159-00254371 and the burden it places on departments,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01192-00254371-00254735 to really reward outstanding employees to the extent
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01193-00254735-00254888 that they might be justified.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01194-00254975-00255135 - A couple of thoughts on that.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01195-00255135-00255254 In the time that I've been here,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01196-00255254-00255573 I don't think anybody believes that the system is adequate
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01197-00255573-00255801 the way it is or sufficient or, you know,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01198-00255801-00256010 nobody's surprised that people are dissatisfied
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01199-00256010-00256302 with the compensation or the merit system.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01200-00256302-00256457 I'm not aware of a plan.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01201-00256457-00256564 People are constantly talking about,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01202-00256564-00256650 what can we do differently,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01203-00256650-00256733 what can we do better,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01204-00256733-00257067 but I'm not privy to a plan that is about to take place
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01205-00257067-00257269 or something different that's going to change.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01206-00257269-00257444 One of the things that I would say is, okay,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01207-00257444-00257686 so we have a three percent merit pool
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01208-00257686-00257886 and, again, this is based on (mumbles)
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01209-00257886-00258106 that a lot of managers tend to, sort of,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01210-00258106-00258311 "I don't wanna make anybody mad so I'm gonna give everybody
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01211-00258311-00258448 "kind of the same thing."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01212-00258448-00258619 And you don't reward your star performers
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01213-00258619-00258833 because you don't wanna upset people.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01214-00258833-00259137 The way distributions work in the workforce and in the world
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01215-00259137-00259362 in general is that you have a few star performers
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01216-00259362-00259535 and a lot of people down here in the middle.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01217-00259535-00259800 You have to reward your star performers like they're stars
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01218-00259800-00260014 and not worry about how it's gonna make you look.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01219-00260014-00260198 'Cause if you wanna keep your stars, you have to treat them
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01220-00260198-00260437 like that and a pat on the back isn't enough.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01221-00260437-00260635 So we have guidelines that we give
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01222-00260635-00260969 but people always end up doing this normal distribution
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01223-00260969-00261082 where most people fall in the middle,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01224-00261082-00261253 when the fact is work performance isn't
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01225-00261253-00261400 where most people fall in the middle.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01226-00261400-00261542 It's more, it goes...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01227-00261542-00261775 Let's see from your point of view, like this!
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01228-00261775-00261989 And I think as managers, we need to think about having
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01229-00261989-00262298 more courage about rewarding based on the star performers,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01230-00262298-00262421 rather than just trying to spread it out
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01231-00262421-00262581 and keep everybody a little bit happy.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01232-00262581-00262682 - Yeah, but if we do that,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01233-00262682-00262845 if there's a bell curve,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01234-00262845-00263099 a lot of the people that we wanna be centric about
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01235-00263218-00263406 might be in that group that doesn't get the
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01236-00263406-00263645 highest merit raises
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01237-00263645-00264064 and, in terms of engagement, that also might have an impact.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01238-00264064-00264354 We want those people, we want everyone to feel engaged,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01239-00264354-00264550 but if there's that sort of differentiation,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01240-00264550-00264740 doesn't that conflict with some of the other goals
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01241-00264740-00264823 that we have?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01242-00264823-00265037 - I would say if our engagement depends on compensation
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01243-00265037-00265274 then we're never gonna have engaged employees.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01244-00265480-00265563 - Okay.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01245-00265790-00265908 And that's based on what?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01246-00265908-00266107 Have you seen that in past places where you've worked?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01247-00266107-00266277 Was that true in the-- - Oh no, that's just based
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01248-00266277-00266479 on research, compensation is not the biggest driver
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01249-00266479-00266698 for employee engagement and when you think about
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01250-00266698-00266887 probably most of the employees who came here,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01251-00266887-00267117 they knew they were not going to get paid top dollar,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01252-00267117-00267349 but it's the mission of the university, right?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01253-00267349-00267543 And the promise of doing work that matters.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01254-00267543-00267663 And it's a real promise, right?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01255-00267663-00267850 The work we do here matters tremendously.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01256-00267850-00268001 That's what lures people in
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01257-00268001-00268134 and then when they're here,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01258-00268134-00268289 treating them the way they wanna be treated,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01259-00268289-00268549 that's what's going to tackle retention.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01260-00268549-00268855 If we pay people 20% more but we don't treat them well,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01261-00268855-00268992 they're still gonna leave.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01262-00268992-00269170 - And so what's the message then to...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01263-00269170-00269345 You know, it's really interesting what you're bringing up
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01264-00269345-00269539 and it will represent a profound change,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01265-00269539-00269695 'cause I think that's true in a lot of units.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01266-00269695-00269831 This sort of leveling off,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01267-00269831-00270101 everybody gets the three or whatever.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01268-00270101-00270537 So what's the message then, as change happens in that arena,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01269-00270537-00270894 to those employees who, suddenly, they're getting two or one
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01270-00270894-00271135 or maybe none when they've been used to,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01271-00271135-00271434 for many, many years, getting the standard three or as
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01272-00271434-00271733 many years as we've been giving three percent annual raises?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01273-00271733-00271882 - So I wouldn't just, all of a sudden,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01274-00271882-00272229 show up the next merit cycle and say, "We changed it!"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01275-00272229-00272431 This is a communication.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01276-00272431-00272626 So this is me sitting here today after two
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01277-00272626-00272850 and a half months telling you, based on research,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01278-00272850-00273027 the way it would work,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01279-00273027-00273130 does it work here?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01280-00273130-00273213 I don't know, maybe.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01281-00273213-00273386 I've had conversations with Tommy about it
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01282-00273386-00273513 and we've theoretically discussed it
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01283-00273513-00273678 but this would be a larger conversation
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01284-00273678-00273863 and certainly, as a manager, if this is something
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01285-00273863-00273966 that you think you'd wanna do,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01286-00273966-00274113 you should understand why you're doing it.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01287-00274113-00274319 Don't do it because I just sat here and said so.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01288-00274319-00274514 You really need to understand the data behind
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01289-00274514-00274597 why you would do that,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01290-00274597-00274795 and then you have to communicate it to your team.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01291-00274795-00274914 And so I would say,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01292-00274914-00275181 I wouldn't implement it this cycle but maybe the next cycle,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01293-00275181-00275293 if this is what you wanna do
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01294-00275293-00275425 and you've had these conversations,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01295-00275425-00275627 and you really understand the research why,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01296-00275627-00275774 and you can explain it to your team
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01297-00275774-00275903 and people can understand,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01298-00275903-00276139 then maybe you think about doing that progressively
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01299-00276139-00276302 but not just, all of sudden, you show up
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01300-00276302-00276487 and say, "I was at the campus conversation,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01301-00276487-00276604 "Eugene told me to."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01302-00276848-00277199 - Moving back to another area about cultural change.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01303-00277285-00277432 The member of the audience asked,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01304-00277432-00277643 "if what we're looking at is cultural change
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01305-00277643-00277927 "to people-centrism, what can I do
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01306-00277927-00278299 "as an individual contributor to help make the change?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01307-00278299-00278461 - So one of the things that we can all do,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01308-00278461-00278563 and it's very challenging,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01309-00278563-00278876 so understand that as I say this I understand it's hard,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01310-00278876-00279075 is that when you see something,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01311-00279075-00279284 people engaging with somebody who's inappropriate,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01312-00279284-00279428 don't just be a bystander.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01313-00279428-00279645 Be a bystander who actually intervenes.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01314-00279645-00279885 We talk a lot about that around sexual violence
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01315-00279885-00280199 and sexual harassment, but extends to just simple kindness.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01316-00280199-00280458 Where we've all read an email or heard somebody
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01317-00280458-00280581 or overheard something where somebody was
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01318-00280581-00280807 just unnecessarily nasty or harsh,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01319-00280807-00280925 and everybody sort of agrees, like,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01320-00280925-00281151 "Wow, I can't believe they said that or they did that."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01321-00281151-00281363 But nobody circles back with that person who said that
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01322-00281363-00281545 and say, "Hey, you know what?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01323-00281545-00281762 "Maybe next time you could've had a conversation different."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01324-00281762-00281956 I think that would be the biggest change is that
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01325-00281956-00282284 if we become more comfortable holding each other accountable
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01326-00282284-00282508 for that behavior, not in a confrontational way,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01327-00282508-00282706 'cause I don't want people coming out like, "You jerk!
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01328-00282706-00282790 "Why did you say..."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01329-00282790-00283001 No, that's just escalating things, right?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01330-00283001-00283256 Calling each other jerks isn't gonna get it done,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01331-00283256-00283497 but just, in a kind way, being able to have
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01332-00283497-00283723 that conversation privately with somebody and say,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01333-00283723-00283909 "Maybe you could've handled that differently.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01334-00283909-00284189 "You know how that other person might've received this."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01335-00284189-00284289 - Here's a question.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01336-00284289-00284609 Hoping to clear up a little organizational confusion
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01337-00284609-00284741 and where is it, right here?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01338-00284741-00284824 Oh.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01339-00284824-00285093 "What is the relationship between campus shared services
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01340-00285093-00285273 "and central HR?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01341-00285273-00285528 "It is confusing for middle managers."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01342-00285613-00285812 Is that like the third rail or something?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01343-00286111-00286461 - It was very confusing for me during the interview process.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01344-00286461-00286753 I was convinced there was something I did not understand.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01345-00286753-00286902 I was reading the website, I said,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01346-00286902-00287003 "If they ask me about this,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01347-00287003-00287244 I'm not gonna be able to answer these questions."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01348-00287244-00287422 And it is confusing.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01349-00287513-00287728 And because the HR structure has changed,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01350-00287728-00287950 there was shared services, there was Fourth Street,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01351-00287950-00288184 everything was centralized and it was put out to the regents
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01352-00288184-00288390 but the way I think it should work,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01353-00288390-00288644 and the conversations we're having now,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01354-00288644-00288930 is that we want as many HR related decisions
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01355-00288930-00289185 to be made locally as possible,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01356-00289185-00289289 but we want them to be,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01357-00289289-00289510 talking about Berkeley being decentralized,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01358-00289510-00289727 to be consistent from region to region,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01359-00289727-00289841 department to department.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01360-00289841-00290077 And so what that requires is, again, training.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01361-00290077-00290360 So once we decide, and we're in the process of deciding
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01362-00290360-00290518 with the regions, "Okay.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01363-00290518-00290654 "What should that structure look like?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01364-00290654-00290828 "What should the workflow be when somebody has
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01365-00290828-00290933 "an HR-related question?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01366-00290933-00291093 "Where do they ask that question first
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01367-00291093-00291257 "and then how does it get escalated?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01368-00291257-00291413 "Which ones actually get escalated
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01369-00291413-00291649 "to central human resources where we provide,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01370-00291649-00291898 "not necessarily approval or disapproval, but advice,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01371-00291898-00292012 "where you consult with us."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01372-00292012-00292200 And so, we just had a meeting yesterday
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01373-00292200-00292307 where we had started talking about this
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01374-00292307-00292454 so there's some folks working on that.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01375-00292454-00292617 So once we've figured out that workflow
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01376-00292617-00292724 and what things get escalated,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01377-00292724-00293054 it should be a much experience for people in terms of,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01378-00293054-00293256 at least, time for getting a response
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01379-00293256-00293345 and getting things resolved
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01380-00293345-00293586 because once we empower people locally
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01381-00293586-00293704 to make more of those decisions
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01382-00293704-00293842 because now we've said you can do it,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01383-00293842-00294052 and we've trained you and we told you how to do it,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01384-00294052-00294274 it should be a much better experience for all of our clients
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01385-00294274-00294441 and employees.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01386-00294441-00294615 - A simple but complicated question.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01387-00294615-00294938 "Will we ever have staff evaluations of management?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01388-00295078-00295409 - So I can't promise anything here
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01389-00295409-00295694 but I think it's tricky
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01390-00295694-00296148 because, you know, staff evaluations of management
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01391-00296148-00296481 often end up, and this isn't attributing anybody personal
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01392-00296481-00296769 but just, again, looking at research, complaints.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01393-00296769-00296881 You know, "My boss was mean."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01394-00296881-00297012 It's not a developmental thing.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01395-00297012-00297226 We want all evaluations to be developmental,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01396-00297226-00297429 to help somebody to perform better.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01397-00297429-00297641 Again, I think people come to work wanting to do
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01398-00297641-00297738 the best they can,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01399-00297738-00297916 same holds true for managers.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01400-00297916-00298098 And so if we just open it up and say,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01401-00298098-00298398 "Tell us what you think about your supervisor,"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01402-00298398-00298497 how many of those comments are
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01403-00298497-00298709 actually gonna be developmental in nature?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01404-00298709-00298852 And so when we do 36...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01405-00298852-00299071 We do do some 360 evaluations here
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01406-00299071-00299248 but it's developmental in nature
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01407-00299248-00299527 where we talk to the people who are gonna provide
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01408-00299527-00299838 some of the 360 feedback and explain what it is
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01409-00299838-00300018 and why it is and how it's supposed to work,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01410-00300018-00300276 and then when that person receives the 360 feedback,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01411-00300276-00300526 they're with a coach to help them navigate the information.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01412-00300526-00300747 Again, so I did the 360 feedback
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01413-00300747-00300981 and some of the elements that I described were part of it,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01414-00300981-00301110 and so I read a lot of it and I'm like,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01415-00301110-00301328 "Why do these people hate me?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01416-00301328-00301583 And I was mad and defensive but some of it was good,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01417-00301583-00301783 but there was the coach there with me to say,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01418-00301783-00302002 "In every 360, there's the people who are just mad
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01419-00302002-00302191 "about something and are gonna blast you,"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01420-00302191-00302334 and to help me understand it.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01421-00302334-00302654 And so once we scale up in human resources and have
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01422-00302654-00302861 more people who are trained and equipped to do that,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01423-00302861-00303156 then we can think about rolling that out on a larger scale.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01424-00303267-00303459 Part of the way we addressed this as well is
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01425-00303459-00303707 with the Achieve Together program and these conversations.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01426-00303707-00303890 The conservations are supposed to be two-way
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01427-00303890-00304069 where the manager should be asking you,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01428-00304069-00304300 "What can I do to support your work?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01429-00304300-00304464 That's one of the guided questions that we have
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01430-00304464-00304626 that we want all of the managers to ask,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01431-00304626-00304798 "How can I support your work better?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01432-00304798-00304935 Again, that's not for you to say,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01433-00304935-00305073 "Stop being mean to me!"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01434-00305073-00305381 But this is more about providing developmental feedback
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01435-00305381-00305477 for your manager,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01436-00305477-00305753 and so creating a culture of where we do give feedback
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01437-00305753-00306049 and constructive feedback and being okay receiving it.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01438-00306049-00306208 Some of the training that you'll hear out there
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01439-00306208-00306493 around candid conversations or crucial conversations,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01440-00306493-00306620 that's somewhat related,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01441-00306620-00306800 where we equip people with the skills to have
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01442-00306800-00306987 tough conversations about difficult subjects
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01443-00306987-00307070 with each other,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01444-00307070-00307288 not only to initiate it but also to be capable
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01445-00307288-00307378 of receiving it.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01446-00307378-00307511 So part of it is, you know, Berkeley,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01447-00307511-00307651 a lot of people like to speak up,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01448-00307651-00307894 so people will say exactly what's on their mind.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01449-00307894-00308107 But how they say it matters, right?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01450-00308107-00308347 Here, I don't know that there's really a culture around
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01451-00308347-00308514 how we say things to each other.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01452-00308514-00308630 I've been here two and a half months
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01453-00308630-00308919 but I've had enough experience, as in heard enough stories,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01454-00308919-00309067 where people will say what they want
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01455-00309067-00309256 but how isn't so important.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01456-00309256-00309438 "I got it off my chest!"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01457-00309438-00309760 "Yeah, but did you get what you want at the end of the day?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01458-00309760-00309968 "Probably not," and so I think there's some work
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01459-00309968-00310128 that can be done around that as well.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01460-00310128-00310253 - All right, we only have a few more minutes
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01461-00310253-00310473 to try get through these last few questions.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01462-00310706-00310915 "In regards to turnover, do you have plan to monitor
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01463-00310915-00311112 "for higher rates in particular departments?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01464-00311112-00311460 "How you deal with leadership in those high turnover units?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01465-00311460-00311602 - Yes, we do have a plan to look at.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01466-00311602-00311895 So the turnover data that we have is very high level
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01467-00311895-00312111 but we can do it lower levels
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01468-00312111-00312298 and I actually, this past weekend,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01469-00312298-00312483 had a conversation with an unnamed department
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01470-00312483-00312705 about higher than average levels of turnover,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01471-00312705-00312998 and so we just had a brief initial conversation about it.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01472-00312998-00313345 But I think what we would like to do is be more proactive
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01473-00313345-00313461 about those sorts of things,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01474-00313461-00313692 and as I said, we're gonna have a data dashboard,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01475-00313692-00313991 diversity issues, but other things as well
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01476-00313991-00314114 that we will be looking at,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01477-00314114-00314278 so that we can then come in and say,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01478-00314278-00314438 "Hey, we've noticed that there's been a change here,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01479-00314438-00314667 "a bunch of people left or they're leaving this department,"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01480-00314667-00314904 and so we can call and have a conversation
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01481-00314904-00315134 because what happens a lot of times is
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01482-00315134-00315367 as a manager, you're doing a bunch of different things,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01483-00315367-00315506 and people are leaving, people are coming
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01484-00315506-00315802 and you don't really notice that, you know, in a year,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01485-00315802-00316056 25% of the people have left 'cause you're just kind of
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01486-00316056-00316231 always hiring and you don't know,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01487-00316231-00316507 and that's where I think we, as People And Culture,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01488-00316507-00316761 can be proactive about reaching out to that manager and say,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01489-00316761-00316965 "Hey, did you know you're at 25% this year?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01490-00316965-00317049 "No, I didn't."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01491-00317049-00317226 "Well, let's have a conversation and see if we can dive
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01492-00317226-00317542 "deeper into the data and see what's going on."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01493-00317542-00317678 - Two more, if we can get through 'em.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01494-00317678-00317912 "How do we support our senior staff that have been here 10
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01495-00317912-00318190 "to 15 plus years, who wanna stay
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01496-00318190-00318489 "and so they won't be replaced by younger,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01497-00318489-00318782 "inexperienced staff because this person believes
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01498-00318782-00319117 "we're losing a lot of good people as a result of this?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01499-00319229-00319596 - So I don't know that we're losing more senior staff
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01500-00319596-00319724 at a higher rate.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01501-00319724-00319936 At the very senior level, so below vice-chancellor
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01502-00319936-00320217 but above, that turnover rate is the same
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01503-00320217-00320459 as the entry-level folks' turnover rate.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01504-00320459-00320698 What I do notice about that is that there are
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01505-00320698-00321024 more voluntary departures at that level,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01506-00321024-00321206 and for those, for what we understand,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01507-00321206-00321337 it's more about compensation.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01508-00321337-00321594 "So now I have a great set of skills and I'm very senior
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01509-00321594-00321848 "and one of these rich tech companies around here wants
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01510-00321848-00322103 "to pay me another $100000 a year."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01511-00322103-00322225 That's a lot of money.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01512-00322225-00322423 I don't know that there's a whole lot that we could do
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01513-00322423-00322622 to have those folks depart.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01514-00322622-00322903 And I detect a little bit of bias in the question
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01515-00322903-00322986 around the younger,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01516-00322986-00323237 more inexperienced staff, and what I would say
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01517-00323237-00323547 about experience is experience doesn't mean everything.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01518-00323547-00323744 And so there's some people who will work five years
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01519-00323744-00323904 in a job and do barely anything,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01520-00323904-00324021 and we all know people like that,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01521-00324021-00324122 we also all know people who,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01522-00324122-00324351 in that same period of five years, do a ton!
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01523-00324351-00324530 And so just to say that somebody has a certain years
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01524-00324530-00324748 of experience isn't very meaningful.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01525-00324748-00325034 The other thing I believe is that people might come in
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01526-00325034-00325271 for a job without particular industry experience
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01527-00325271-00325390 or some other kind of experience,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01528-00325390-00325621 but they're highly motivated and they're intelligent.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01529-00325621-00325770 We need to be hiring for talent
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01530-00325770-00325908 and then train them with what they need to know
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01531-00325908-00326009 to get the job done.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01532-00326009-00326247 Not just say, "Oh, they haven't done this before."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01533-00326247-00326361 No, we need to think about
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01534-00326361-00326603 if we wanna get those talented people here,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01535-00326603-00326834 what can we do to make sure that they're successful?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01536-00326834-00327021 Again, that's thinking as an employer
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01537-00327021-00327310 and not just, "People should be happy to be here."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01538-00327310-00327619 - So the last wrap-up, all-encompassing question here.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01539-00327619-00327841 I mean, it's really remarkable the number
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01540-00327841-00328107 of subjects we've covered and the ambitiousness
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01541-00328107-00328198 of the agenda
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01542-00328291-00328629 that you have and the things that you have on your plate.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01543-00328629-00328862 What do you think the biggest challenges are
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01544-00328862-00329155 and what level of confidence do you have
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01545-00329155-00329432 that they can be surmounted to achieve the sort of vision
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01546-00329432-00329616 that you've laid out for us today?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01547-00329616-00329758 - I don't think any of the things that
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01548-00329758-00330153 I've suggested are challenges that can't be surmounted.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01549-00330153-00330343 I think, from the people I've interacted with,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01550-00330343-00330541 people want to see change and improvement.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01551-00330541-00330751 Again, people come here wanting to be their best selves
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01552-00330751-00330930 at work, so I think there's a lot of buy-in
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01553-00330930-00331163 and just, more of the question is, you know,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01554-00331163-00331248 "Who's gonna lead us?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01555-00331248-00331339 "How are we gonna do it?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01556-00331339-00331483 "Where can I pitch in?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01557-00331483-00331772 So I won't go say its easy, 'cause I've also heard
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01558-00331772-00331903 that Berkeley's like the Titanic,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01559-00331903-00332070 it takes really hard to change it.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01560-00332070-00332336 But part of it is, you know...
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01561-00332336-00332580 People say that but I refuse to believe it
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01562-00332580-00332877 and I won't work with that sort of mentality.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01563-00332877-00333145 Maybe I'm naive enough to believe that things can change
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01564-00333145-00333313 and I will continue to behave in that way
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01565-00333313-00333594 until somebody tells me, "No, we can't do it."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01566-00333594-00333907 And so, what will it take to do it?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01567-00333907-00334033 It will just take people who believe
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01568-00334033-00334234 in doing it speaking up,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01569-00334234-00334379 telling me, telling your colleagues
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01570-00334379-00334724 and showing support for things that you think are important.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01571-00334724-00334938 So when we send out a survey,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01572-00334938-00335168 a poll survey or any other kind of survey asking
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01573-00335168-00335390 what you think, people need to answer the survey
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01574-00335390-00335640 because then when I go to my boss or somebody else and say,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01575-00335640-00335827 "This is what employees say they want,"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01576-00335827-00335942 what do they always ask?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01577-00335942-00336107 "How many people responded?"
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01578-00336107-00336310 "Oh, you know, only 25% responded."
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01579-00336310-00336686 "Well, we don't know if that's really true then," right?
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01580-00336686-00336802 It's a one minute survey
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01581-00336802-00336902 or any other kind of thing,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01582-00336902-00337073 people need to take the time to do it.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01583-00337073-00337301 I talked before about having limited time and so on
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01584-00337301-00337552 but this is part of it.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01585-00337552-00337946 And it enables me, when I go and make the argument,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01586-00337946-00338056 to get things done.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01587-00338186-00338334 - So, before we wrap up,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01588-00338334-00338662 just to note the last campus conversation of this semester
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01589-00338662-00338787 will be on December 18th,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01590-00338899-00338982 thank you, (murmurs),
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01591-00338982-00339204 with none other than Chancellor Carol Christ.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01592-00339204-00339445 I look forward to seeing you all there
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01593-00339445-00339776 and just wanna thank Eugene for a truly excellent,
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01594-00339776-00340119 detailed and kind of inspiring conversation.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01595-00340119-00340276 Thank you very much. - Thank you.
2gRxG4Sd4QI-01596-00340276-00340518 (audience applauding)
2j7C0_0xIxu-00000-00000010-00000083 SARA WINKELMANN, LAKELAND NEWS 
2j7C0_0xIxu-00001-00000083-00000090 SARA WINKELMANN, LAKELAND NEWS   
2j7C0_0xIxu-00002-00000090-00000150 SARA WINKELMANN, LAKELAND NEWS  >>> THE PILLAGER PUZZLERS 
2j7C0_0xIxu-00003-00000150-00000156 SARA WINKELMANN, LAKELAND NEWS  >>> THE PILLAGER PUZZLERS   
2j7C0_0xIxu-00004-00000156-00000233 SARA WINKELMANN, LAKELAND NEWS  >>> THE PILLAGER PUZZLERS  FINISHED OVER A MINUTE AHEAD OF 
2j7C0_0xIxu-00005-00000233-00000240 >>> THE PILLAGER PUZZLERS  FINISHED OVER A MINUTE AHEAD OF   
2j7C0_0xIxu-00006-00000240-00000303 >>> THE PILLAGER PUZZLERS  FINISHED OVER A MINUTE AHEAD OF  SECOND PLACE WINNERS. >>>  IT
2j7C0_0xIxu-00007-00000303-00000310 FINISHED OVER A MINUTE AHEAD OF  SECOND PLACE WINNERS. >>>  IT  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00008-00000310-00000467 FINISHED OVER A MINUTE AHEAD OF  SECOND PLACE WINNERS. >>>  IT WAS AN EXPERIENCE OF A LIFETIME
2j7C0_0xIxu-00009-00000467-00000473 SECOND PLACE WINNERS. >>>  IT WAS AN EXPERIENCE OF A LIFETIME  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00010-00000473-00000704 SECOND PLACE WINNERS. >>>  IT WAS AN EXPERIENCE OF A LIFETIME FOR SOME ELEMENTARY STUDENTS
2j7C0_0xIxu-00011-00000704-00000710 WAS AN EXPERIENCE OF A LIFETIME FOR SOME ELEMENTARY STUDENTS  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00012-00000710-00001027 WAS AN EXPERIENCE OF A LIFETIME FOR SOME ELEMENTARY STUDENTS FROM THE RED LAKE RESERVATION
2j7C0_0xIxu-00013-00001027-00001034 FOR SOME ELEMENTARY STUDENTS FROM THE RED LAKE RESERVATION  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00014-00001034-00001171 FOR SOME ELEMENTARY STUDENTS FROM THE RED LAKE RESERVATION THIS PAST WEEKEND. THE KIDS
2j7C0_0xIxu-00015-00001171-00001177 FROM THE RED LAKE RESERVATION THIS PAST WEEKEND. THE KIDS  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00016-00001177-00001604 FROM THE RED LAKE RESERVATION THIS PAST WEEKEND. THE KIDS PERFORMED IN FRONT OF  HUNDREDS
2j7C0_0xIxu-00017-00001604-00001611 THIS PAST WEEKEND. THE KIDS PERFORMED IN FRONT OF  HUNDREDS  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00018-00001611-00001691 THIS PAST WEEKEND. THE KIDS PERFORMED IN FRONT OF  HUNDREDS OF SPECTATORS AT THE NICOLLETE  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00019-00001691-00001698 PERFORMED IN FRONT OF  HUNDREDS OF SPECTATORS AT THE NICOLLETE    
2j7C0_0xIxu-00020-00001698-00001785 PERFORMED IN FRONT OF  HUNDREDS OF SPECTATORS AT THE NICOLLETE   THEY WERE ASKED BY THE HOST 
2j7C0_0xIxu-00021-00001785-00001791 OF SPECTATORS AT THE NICOLLETE   THEY WERE ASKED BY THE HOST   
2j7C0_0xIxu-00022-00001791-00001858 OF SPECTATORS AT THE NICOLLETE   THEY WERE ASKED BY THE HOST  COMMITTEE TO HELP BRING SOME 
2j7C0_0xIxu-00023-00001858-00001865 THEY WERE ASKED BY THE HOST  COMMITTEE TO HELP BRING SOME   
2j7C0_0xIxu-00024-00001865-00002238 THEY WERE ASKED BY THE HOST  COMMITTEE TO HELP BRING SOME  CULTURE TO THE SUPER BOWL EXPER.
2j7C0_0xIxu-00025-00002238-00002245 COMMITTEE TO HELP BRING SOME  CULTURE TO THE SUPER BOWL EXPER.  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00026-00002245-00002562 COMMITTEE TO HELP BRING SOME  CULTURE TO THE SUPER BOWL EXPER. >> WE GOT TO SHOW OFF YOUR
2j7C0_0xIxu-00027-00002562-00002569 CULTURE TO THE SUPER BOWL EXPER. >> WE GOT TO SHOW OFF YOUR  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00028-00002569-00002592 CULTURE TO THE SUPER BOWL EXPER. >> WE GOT TO SHOW OFF YOUR STUFF.
2j7C0_0xIxu-00029-00002592-00002599 >> WE GOT TO SHOW OFF YOUR STUFF.  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00030-00002599-00002782 >> WE GOT TO SHOW OFF YOUR STUFF. >> I LIKE TO GET THE KIDS VERY
2j7C0_0xIxu-00031-00002782-00002789 STUFF. >> I LIKE TO GET THE KIDS VERY  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00032-00002789-00002936 STUFF. >> I LIKE TO GET THE KIDS VERY INVOLVED IN OTHER CULTURES.
2j7C0_0xIxu-00033-00002936-00002942 >> I LIKE TO GET THE KIDS VERY INVOLVED IN OTHER CULTURES.  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00034-00002942-00003359 >> I LIKE TO GET THE KIDS VERY INVOLVED IN OTHER CULTURES. I -- I ALSO WANT
2j7C0_0xIxu-00035-00003359-00003366 INVOLVED IN OTHER CULTURES. I -- I ALSO WANT  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00036-00003366-00003480 INVOLVED IN OTHER CULTURES. I -- I ALSO WANT TO MAKE SURE THEY GO OUT AND
2j7C0_0xIxu-00037-00003480-00003486 I -- I ALSO WANT TO MAKE SURE THEY GO OUT AND  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00038-00003486-00003610 I -- I ALSO WANT TO MAKE SURE THEY GO OUT AND REPRESENT WHO THEY ARE, WHO THEY
2j7C0_0xIxu-00039-00003610-00003616 TO MAKE SURE THEY GO OUT AND REPRESENT WHO THEY ARE, WHO THEY  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00040-00003616-00003817 TO MAKE SURE THEY GO OUT AND REPRESENT WHO THEY ARE, WHO THEY ARE INSIDE AS WELL AS THE
2j7C0_0xIxu-00041-00003817-00003823 REPRESENT WHO THEY ARE, WHO THEY ARE INSIDE AS WELL AS THE  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00042-00003823-00003887 REPRESENT WHO THEY ARE, WHO THEY ARE INSIDE AS WELL AS THE OUTSIDE.
2j7C0_0xIxu-00043-00003887-00003893 ARE INSIDE AS WELL AS THE OUTSIDE.  
2j7C0_0xIxu-00044-00003893-00004270 ARE INSIDE AS WELL AS THE OUTSIDE. AND THEY CAN DO ANYTHING.
2jGWlsF63oI-00000-00000245-00001040 [Erik] Hello everyone, welcome to another edition of the Summer Seminar Series. My name is Erik
2jGWlsF63oI-00001-00001040-00001672 Henderson; I am a recent graduate from the School of Library and Information Science here at the
2jGWlsF63oI-00002-00001672-00002312 University of Iowa and today I'll be discussing Esther Walls and the role of a black librarian.
2jGWlsF63oI-00003-00002584-00003176 Esther Jean Walls was a black librarian who sought social justice in her home state before
2jGWlsF63oI-00004-00003176-00003679 starting a significant career with the New York Public Library and other prominent institutions
2jGWlsF63oI-00005-00003679-00004200 such as the Library of Congress. Her impact was not only felt in New York, where most
2jGWlsF63oI-00006-00004200-00004896 of her professional career took place, but she also left impressions on Mason City, Iowa City,
2jGWlsF63oI-00007-00004896-00005568 and overseas over the years by implementing community center activities such as drum lessons,
2jGWlsF63oI-00008-00005568-00006152 talks by black authors like Langston Hughes, and Writing Workshops to foster new and progressive
2jGWlsF63oI-00009-00006152-00006800 relationships to increase information literacy. Walls was an example of someone who had put others
2jGWlsF63oI-00010-00006800-00007480 before herself. She had a passion for helping those that needed it. In the same breath, she
2jGWlsF63oI-00011-00007480-00008224 pushed others to see the potential in themselves that she saw in them. This has to be one of my
2jGWlsF63oI-00012-00008224-00008848 favorite photos from the Iowa Women's Archives. The book that Walls is holding, "La Vida" by
2jGWlsF63oI-00013-00008848-00009680 Oscar Lewis, is a story of a Puerto Rican family that migrated or immigrated over to New York
2jGWlsF63oI-00014-00009680-00010528 City. So Oscar Lewis was known for his theory 'The Culture of Poverty', so in connecting this story
2jGWlsF63oI-00015-00010528-00011432 of this Puerto Rican family to New York, Walls was trying to place a common ground for the citizens
2jGWlsF63oI-00016-00011432-00011920 and understanding that their stories aren't very different from many many other peoples.
2jGWlsF63oI-00017-00012008-00012520 Esther Walls was born to Eldist and Jewette Lewis Walls on May 1st,
2jGWlsF63oI-00018-00012592-00013247 1929. Her father was a cement worker and her mother was a housewife.
2jGWlsF63oI-00019-00013247-00014000 She had one older sister, Madeline, born in 1924, who also became a librarian.
2jGWlsF63oI-00020-00014000-00014712 According to the family, the Walls sisters' grandparents arrived in northern Iowa around 1870.
2jGWlsF63oI-00021-00014824-00015376 Walls raised her consciousness of black history and culture through the library; in an oral
2jGWlsF63oI-00022-00015376-00016072 history interview from 1986 preserved in the Iowa Women's Archives she reported that, quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00023-00016072-00016600 "As a youngster in Mason City, Iowa, I do remember my mother and my sister and myself frequently
2jGWlsF63oI-00024-00016600-00017048 going to the library and coming home with the equivalent of a shopping cart full of books,"
2jGWlsF63oI-00025-00017048-00017104 End quote.
2jGWlsF63oI-00026-00017208-00017416 She recalled that, quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00027-00017416-00017600 "Anything that we could read about the black
2jGWlsF63oI-00028-00017600-00017880 experience was something that was terribly important to us."
2jGWlsF63oI-00029-00017880-00017968 End quote.
2jGWlsF63oI-00030-00017968-00018448 From an early age information literacy was a priority that progressed throughout Walls's
2jGWlsF63oI-00031-00018448-00019000 life. Walls and her sister wanted to gain knowledge of a community and a culture they
2jGWlsF63oI-00032-00019000-00019592 were disconnected from geographically, but still tied to, and the library was, quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00033-00019592-00019976 "A bridge that connected us with what was going on in places
2jGWlsF63oI-00034-00019976-00020176 where there were numbers of black people."
2jGWlsF63oI-00035-00020176-00020224 End quote
2jGWlsF63oI-00036-00020448-00021000 Mason City was the information environment in which Walls wanted to fulfill her personal goals
2jGWlsF63oI-00037-00021000-00021552 of learning more about black history and culture; a precursor to developing social consciousness
2jGWlsF63oI-00038-00021552-00022048 and her academic success goals. Her love for books began at a young age,
2jGWlsF63oI-00039-00022048-00022496 and her drive to excel scholastically began to deepen in the seventh grade.
2jGWlsF63oI-00040-00022496-00022960 Walls became determined to be valedictorian of her class, and she accomplished that goal.
2jGWlsF63oI-00041-00023016-00023504 During her time as a librarian, these experiences of her younger years would
2jGWlsF63oI-00042-00023504-00023984 push her to advocate for information literacy through programming targeted towards Harlem youth.
2jGWlsF63oI-00043-00024072-00024560 One of the memories of her childhood she mentioned in the oral history interview was
2jGWlsF63oI-00044-00024560-00025136 the Just Right Club, an all-black woman club her mother was a member of. Walls's mother,
2jGWlsF63oI-00045-00025136-00025584 and the other women of the group, would tell the young women of the community, quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00046-00025584-00025864 "You have to excel, you have to be someone.
2jGWlsF63oI-00047-00025864-00026232 You have to work harder than anyone else does in order to achieve."
2jGWlsF63oI-00048-00026232-00026295 End quote.
2jGWlsF63oI-00049-00026368-00026880 That statement hits home. I was told those same things as a youngster,
2jGWlsF63oI-00050-00026880-00027383 and I know countless other black children being told the same thing as well. Pushing
2jGWlsF63oI-00051-00027383-00028183 through adversity as a child led her to become the leader that she rose to be later in life.
2jGWlsF63oI-00052-00028248-00028664 Walls's academic achievement at the University of Iowa entwined
2jGWlsF63oI-00053-00028664-00029239 success and firsts for black women. Before transferring to the state University of Iowa,
2jGWlsF63oI-00054-00029239-00029848 where she received her BA in 1948, Walls attended Mason City Junior College.
2jGWlsF63oI-00055-00029960-00030327 At Iowa, she was the first black woman to be elected
2jGWlsF63oI-00056-00030327-00030624 to the Alpha of Iowa chapter of Phi Beta Kappa,
2jGWlsF63oI-00057-00030624-00031056 the oldest and most prestigious undergraduate honors organization in the United States.
2jGWlsF63oI-00058-00031136-00031592 Money was a critical factor in higher education for her. Walls ensured that
2jGWlsF63oI-00059-00031592-00032144 she or her family would not have to pay a dime for her academic journey. Walls would achieve
2jGWlsF63oI-00060-00032144-00032832 significant academic recognition at the University of Iowa. As for extracurricular activities,
2jGWlsF63oI-00061-00032832-00033472 Walls sang in a jazz orchestra on campus; when she had let her mother know what she was doing,
2jGWlsF63oI-00062-00033472-00034008 her mother told her not to pivot from her initial goals. She wanted her to be more than a norm,
2jGWlsF63oI-00063-00034008-00034408 and to reach new heights for young people of Iowa to aspire to be.
2jGWlsF63oI-00064-00034656-00035208 As some of you may know from this photo, in 1946 Esther Walls, Virginia Harper,
2jGWlsF63oI-00065-00035208-00035824 Leanne Howard, Gwen Davis, and Nancy Henry protested the segregated housing policy
2jGWlsF63oI-00066-00035824-00036224 at the University of Iowa. Walls later recalled, quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00067-00036224-00036536 "It seemed to be something so normal that should have happened.
2jGWlsF63oI-00068-00036536-00036816 I had a right to be in Currier Hall. Why not?"
2jGWlsF63oI-00069-00036816-00036912 End quote
2jGWlsF63oI-00070-00036912-00037168 Walls shared her credentials, which predicted the
2jGWlsF63oI-00071-00037168-00037672 trajectory of her academic and professional achievements in the years ahead. Quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00072-00037672-00038144 "I was a valedictorian of my high school class, and I was from the state of Iowa."
2jGWlsF63oI-00073-00038144-00038200 End quote
2jGWlsF63oI-00074-00038264-00038632 The commitment, focus, and determination involved in actions
2jGWlsF63oI-00075-00038632-00039312 towards an issue so personal yet challenging as a young college student is wondrous yet
2jGWlsF63oI-00076-00039312-00040056 daunting. In the interview, she does not detail her experience at the University of Iowa nor does
2jGWlsF63oI-00077-00040056-00040728 she mention the Currier 5 incident. Although the event was foundational for her childhood,
2jGWlsF63oI-00078-00040728-00041232 in the end, we know that it happened, and the legacy that it carries today.
2jGWlsF63oI-00079-00041416-00042248 While working at the Mason C Public Library, after graduating from the University of Iowa in 1948,
2jGWlsF63oI-00080-00042248-00042752 convinced walls to become a professional librarian. Madeline also became a staff
2jGWlsF63oI-00081-00042752-00043616 member at the Public Library, and would spend 43 years in adult services in Mason City.
2jGWlsF63oI-00082-00043616-00044376 Later in her career, Esther Walls recalled Linda Barrett, who hired her for her first library job,
2jGWlsF63oI-00083-00044376-00044912 as the person that eagerly took her in. Other comments on the first library position,
2jGWlsF63oI-00084-00044976-00045432 however, revealed that her start was in fact conditional. Quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00085-00045432-00045976 "In those times, they weren't hiring black people in any kind of jobs of that sort.
2jGWlsF63oI-00086-00045976-00046480 But Barry looked at my transcript and decided that I could work in a library. I started off
2jGWlsF63oI-00087-00046480-00047024 as an apprentice, and worked two months without pay whatsoever in the Mason City Public Library.
2jGWlsF63oI-00088-00047088-00047320 After that, I became a regular staff member."
2jGWlsF63oI-00089-00047384-00048104 Let's just let that digest, and think about that. She worked for free to show her commitment,
2jGWlsF63oI-00090-00048104-00048616 her focus, and her dedication to her craft, her skill, and what she wanted to do in life.
2jGWlsF63oI-00091-00048616-00049184 How many of you think you can work your job currently, for no pay for two months?
2jGWlsF63oI-00092-00049272-00049848 There are other indications too, in Walls's collections of her post-graduate years, that
2jGWlsF63oI-00093-00049944-00050424 despite having graduated with honors and having been admitted to a University of
2jGWlsF63oI-00094-00050424-00051104 Iowa Graduate program, she had still found many doors were closed to her as a black woman. Walls
2jGWlsF63oI-00095-00051104-00051679 explained that the experience of working at the local public library was transformative; quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00096-00051679-00052055 "At the time it was just a job, but they're growing me a concern for
2jGWlsF63oI-00097-00052055-00052488 putting people and books together. A deeper sense of public service."
2jGWlsF63oI-00098-00052488-00052536 End quote.
2jGWlsF63oI-00099-00052616-00053200 This brief period, then, was influential for Walls giving her a sense of librarianship as
2jGWlsF63oI-00100-00053200-00053760 a meaningful career and encouraging her to follow the profession her sister also chose.
2jGWlsF63oI-00101-00054391-00054944 It was not long before Walls left the Midwest and moved to Manhattan to develop her career. From
2jGWlsF63oI-00102-00054944-00055632 1950 to 1965, she worked at the infamous New York Public Library, whose Harlem branch was associated
2jGWlsF63oI-00103-00055632-00056264 with notable black librarians and authors. The library branches at 135th and 136th Street
2jGWlsF63oI-00104-00056264-00056800 served Harlem residents and those interested in black life, history, and culture. When walls
2jGWlsF63oI-00105-00056800-00057367 started working at the branch, renamed in honor of Harlem renaissance poet County Cullen in 1951,
2jGWlsF63oI-00106-00057367-00057888 she became part of a library that would be described by the New York Times as circulating
2jGWlsF63oI-00107-00057888-00058479 over 30 thousand books and the neighbor to the Schomburg Center for Research and Black Culture,
2jGWlsF63oI-00108-00058479-00059079 with even more books, newspapers, and African Language records, manuscripts, and microfilm.
2jGWlsF63oI-00109-00059144-00059312 Simultaneously while working,
2jGWlsF63oI-00110-00059376-00059984 she completed her Library Degree at Columbia University, earning her degree in 1951.
2jGWlsF63oI-00111-00060064-00060520 While learning about librarianship, she also learned about New York's black culture
2jGWlsF63oI-00112-00060520-00061128 through the people and materials she encountered. Working at the County Cullen Library, quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00113-00061128-00061488 "Was the thing that really opened up all kinds of horizons for me
2jGWlsF63oI-00114-00061488-00061840 and made me understand in depth what the black experience was all about."
2jGWlsF63oI-00115-00061840-00061944 End quote
2jGWlsF63oI-00116-00061944-00062560 Walls's excitement and energy at being amid so many creators are evident in her words,
2jGWlsF63oI-00117-00062560-00062896 photos from library programs, and her
2jGWlsF63oI-00118-00062896-00063608 personal photos. For a time, she led the North Manhattan Library Project. A, quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00119-00063608-00064184 "Pilot project located in the Schomburg Collection and the County Cullen Regional Library
2jGWlsF63oI-00120-00064184-00064824 to test the effectiveness of enriched library service in a disadvantaged community."
2jGWlsF63oI-00121-00064824-00064912 End quote
2jGWlsF63oI-00122-00064912-00065248 Her responsibilities included service to young people and adults.
2jGWlsF63oI-00123-00065312-00065648 Walls's recollections indicate that Harlem community members
2jGWlsF63oI-00124-00065648-00066168 responded enthusiastically to her as a black woman. with one saying to her, quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00125-00066168-00066464 "We're so glad you're here and we're so glad you're black."
2jGWlsF63oI-00126-00066464-00066512 End quote
2jGWlsF63oI-00127-00066632-00066984 It could have been that Walls's philosophy of service
2jGWlsF63oI-00128-00066984-00067488 was to provide non-judgmental services and resources. Quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00129-00067488-00067768 "We don't preach. We don't tell people what to do.
2jGWlsF63oI-00130-00067864-00068448 But what we do is to introduce them to material that they need in order to live enriched lives
2jGWlsF63oI-00131-00068448-00069024 and more constructive lives. I would like to believe that my presence in the Harlem community
2jGWlsF63oI-00132-00069024-00069528 helped some young people, and some of the young adults, to perhaps at least dream a little bit."
2jGWlsF63oI-00133-00069656-00070256 She valued community engagement and fostering a relationship with the patrons the library serves,
2jGWlsF63oI-00134-00070256-00070896 particularly in young people. Walls learned about trends and young adults' interests. She attested
2jGWlsF63oI-00135-00070896-00071616 in a speech for the New York College Department of Library Education Geneoso that she, quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00136-00071616-00072336 "Read as many books on dating hot rods — which meant cars and space travel — as she could."
2jGWlsF63oI-00137-00072336-00072392 End quote
2jGWlsF63oI-00138-00072504-00072856 In a New York Times article, Walls stated, quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00139-00072944-00073520 "Central Harlem is a transient area for people just up from the south, but there is a feeling
2jGWlsF63oI-00140-00073520-00073992 of community here that you don't get anywhere else. We might be helping the daughter of a
2jGWlsF63oI-00141-00073992-00074472 judge one moment, and the son of a woman who just sent him over to get warm the next."
2jGWlsF63oI-00142-00074472-00074520 End quote
2jGWlsF63oI-00143-00074648-00075144 Walls recalled that teens of color appreciated her willingness to meet them where they were,
2jGWlsF63oI-00144-00075144-00075464 and to expect them to make the best of their lives. Quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00145-00075528-00075944 "Something beautiful happened to me, a black librarian, and them.
2jGWlsF63oI-00146-00075944-00076280 They were proud of me as a black person who had achieved."
2jGWlsF63oI-00147-00076280-00076344 End quote
2jGWlsF63oI-00148-00076624-00077160 Walls was asked to talk about her experience in Africa in the oral history interview. She shared
2jGWlsF63oI-00149-00077160-00077752 an incredible story that could move a crowd. Her first experience going to Africa came with the
2jGWlsF63oI-00150-00077752-00078400 help of a supervisor who suggested Walls visit. She explained to her that transportation alone
2jGWlsF63oI-00151-00078456-00078872 at that time would be at least a thousand dollars. The supervisor then said,
2jGWlsF63oI-00152-00078872-00079328 "Okay." And the next day when Walls came into work, there was a check on her desk
2jGWlsF63oI-00153-00079328-00079784 for one thousand dollars. I don't know about y'all, but if somebody offered me
2jGWlsF63oI-00154-00079848-00080216 a check of a thousand dollars to take a trip and then the next day it was there?
2jGWlsF63oI-00155-00080272-00080720 Best believe I will be going the next day, but that is neither here nor there.
2jGWlsF63oI-00156-00080800-00081352 Esther Walls shifted the consciousness of those from the same country, the same culture,
2jGWlsF63oI-00157-00081352-00081888 and the same customs as herself. Her greatest challenge would be to expand the mindset of
2jGWlsF63oI-00158-00081888-00082512 those from distant countries and cultures. While still working for the Franklin Book Project,
2jGWlsF63oI-00159-00082512-00083120 a non-profit organization dedicated to stimulating book and library programs in developing countries,
2jGWlsF63oI-00160-00083120-00083632 she created an extensive reading list of African literature. It was called,
2jGWlsF63oI-00161-00083632-00083976 "African Encounter: A Selected Bibliography of Books,
2jGWlsF63oI-00162-00083976-00084536 Films, and Other Materials for Promoting an Understanding of Africa Among Young Adults."
2jGWlsF63oI-00163-00084632-00085240 This list was used by the American Library Association in several programs they held
2jGWlsF63oI-00164-00085240-00085744 internationally. Further, she served on ALA's
2jGWlsF63oI-00165-00085824-00086384 International Relations roundtable and represented other divisions in leadership roles.
2jGWlsF63oI-00166-00086384-00087040 She was appointed as Director of the US Secretary to promote UNESCO's International Book Year
2jGWlsF63oI-00167-00087040-00087928 in 1972. Within the Iowa Women's Archives and the Iowa Digital Library is a copy of the scrapbook
2jGWlsF63oI-00168-00087928-00088432 from the International Book Year. You will find articles, photos, newsletters, and more within it.
2jGWlsF63oI-00169-00088512-00089160 In addition, there is a speech titled "People in Places", where Walls remembers her life in her
2jGWlsF63oI-00170-00089160-00089992 hometown of Mason City, that she gave at the First United Methodist Church in Mason City in 1969.
2jGWlsF63oI-00171-00090064-00090560 She articulated to the audience a consciousness of societal challenges, quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00172-00090560-00091016 "Although I was given almost complete freedom and choice of topic; I could talk about the
2jGWlsF63oI-00173-00091016-00091600 generation gap, about student unrest, about air pollution, about our materialistic society,"
2jGWlsF63oI-00174-00091600-00091688 End quote
2jGWlsF63oI-00175-00091688-00092064 In the end, she chose to voice her memoir, quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00176-00092064-00092336 "So what I propose to do is to share with you all some of
2jGWlsF63oI-00177-00092336-00092672 my own personal reflections and observations of a life,
2jGWlsF63oI-00178-00092672-00093208 which has been blessed by associations and situations which were enriching and unique.
2jGWlsF63oI-00179-00093208-00093264 End quote
2jGWlsF63oI-00180-00093368-00093816 Knowing that she was in the church of her hometown, she had to be personal and moving
2jGWlsF63oI-00181-00093816-00094296 with her words. She knew that she could talk about everything she's learned in life and the
2jGWlsF63oI-00182-00094296-00094880 people that she's met. Therefore, talking about the place and the experiences that helped shape
2jGWlsF63oI-00183-00094880-00095504 her into who she became was only fitting. She wanted to bring the audience into her world; she
2jGWlsF63oI-00184-00095504-00096080 wanted them to understand her unique experience. Her experience of being a black woman from Iowa.
2jGWlsF63oI-00185-00096160-00096704 Walls spent over 30 years as a librarian, and her related work with literacy and social issues
2jGWlsF63oI-00186-00096704-00097320 resulted in an expansive professional career and a leadership profile. When she retired
2jGWlsF63oI-00187-00097320-00098184 from the Stony Library Systems in 1988, she had worked at multiple public and academic libraries,
2jGWlsF63oI-00188-00098272-00098848 as well as book and literacy oriented organizations. In her final professional
2jGWlsF63oI-00189-00098848-00099424 position as Associate Director of Libraries for the State University of New York at Stony Brook,
2jGWlsF63oI-00190-00099496-00100272 the Mason City Globe Gazette recognized her as a noted and accomplished librarian.
2jGWlsF63oI-00191-00100272-00100848 Walls had been recognized within Iowa rather than as a national leader,
2jGWlsF63oI-00192-00100848-00101456 because her materials are being held in a local Archive rather than at a National Library
2jGWlsF63oI-00193-00101456-00101888 like the New York Public Library and the Library of Congress.
2jGWlsF63oI-00194-00102048-00102576 Whether as a public librarian or as an international literacy ambassador, she wanted
2jGWlsF63oI-00195-00102576-00103200 to understand the communities whose lives could be improved by access to information and ideas.
2jGWlsF63oI-00196-00103272-00103816 Her presence in the field that is historically white shows young black and brown children
2jGWlsF63oI-00197-00103816-00104032 that they are part of a larger community,
2jGWlsF63oI-00198-00104032-00104448 and that they can be more than the norm — which her mother wanted her to be.
2jGWlsF63oI-00199-00104576-00105176 Public Libraries are places where people go to socialize to learn a new skill or to simply
2jGWlsF63oI-00200-00105176-00105680 read around other moving bodies. Fostering relationships with the community you serve
2jGWlsF63oI-00201-00105896-00106424 shows them that you are invested in them wholeheartedly, and not just for capital gain.
2jGWlsF63oI-00202-00106535-00106920 As I begin to wrap up my presentation, I want to leave you with an activity.
2jGWlsF63oI-00203-00106920-00107296 Now that you know more about Esther Walls and what she did for her community,
2jGWlsF63oI-00204-00107296-00107848 think back to your personal education journey. Think back to the people that you experienced and
2jGWlsF63oI-00205-00107848-00108280 develop relationships with. Think back to the people who are responsible for educating you.
2jGWlsF63oI-00206-00108383-00108776 Did they leave a lasting impression on you? did they change your life for the better?
2jGWlsF63oI-00207-00108888-00109408 This is how many of the young girls and boys felt when Esther Walls helped them,
2jGWlsF63oI-00208-00109408-00110032 as if they were getting their lives changed for the better. She wanted to embed the love of books,
2jGWlsF63oI-00209-00110032-00110511 knowledge, and learning in the minds of young people. She has stated, quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00210-00110511-00111072 "The most fulfilling moment in [her] life came from traveling the world 24
2jGWlsF63oI-00211-00111072-00111408 times to promote reading to children of different countries."
2jGWlsF63oI-00212-00111408-00111504 End quote
2jGWlsF63oI-00213-00111504-00112072 No matter the community, or the status of the people, Walls wanted to make sure equity was
2jGWlsF63oI-00214-00112072-00112704 being upheld. As a young man in this field, I truly appreciate the sacrifices made by Walls.
2jGWlsF63oI-00215-00112759-00113120 Just the simple fact that her presence touched one person goes a long way.
2jGWlsF63oI-00216-00113216-00113920 In closing, because obviously I love quotes, it only seemed right to end with one. Quote,
2jGWlsF63oI-00217-00113976-00114800 "Yet, I am emotionalizing, even in Iran. With no common racial background, I felt one with the
2jGWlsF63oI-00218-00114800-00115576 people, But no, it was different in Africa. I kept seeing faces that made me think of a face at home,
2jGWlsF63oI-00219-00115648-00116383 A face of an aunt or a cousin, and I found myself thinking, 'Could this possibly be where I'm from?
2jGWlsF63oI-00220-00116456-00117000 Might this be the tribe from which my mother's and father's ancestors were drawn?'"
2jGWlsF63oI-00221-00117064-00117783 Thank you so much for listening, have a good rest of your day
2neJ96dBF9k-00000-00000000-00000192 chop-chop-chop-chop-chop
2neJ96dBF9k-00001-00000332-00000451 [spaceship sounds]
2neJ96dBF9k-00002-00000568-00000644 [cape flapping sounds]
2neJ96dBF9k-00003-00000858-00000934 [sunset sounds]
31BnWJkbeg8-00000-00000012-00000274 - Good morning everybody, welcome back to another vlog
31BnWJkbeg8-00001-00000274-00000430 today is Wednesday.
31BnWJkbeg8-00002-00000430-00000663 I started out this vlog outside
31BnWJkbeg8-00003-00000663-00000921 because I really wanted to sit outside
31BnWJkbeg8-00004-00000921-00001092 in this like beautiful weather and talk to you
31BnWJkbeg8-00005-00001092-00001270 while I was eating my snack, and like
31BnWJkbeg8-00006-00001270-00001547 I just finished filming a main channel video out there,
31BnWJkbeg8-00007-00001547-00001684 but then my neighbor came outside
31BnWJkbeg8-00008-00001684-00001864 and like things got kind of awkward.
31BnWJkbeg8-00009-00002520-00002622 I just feel awkward being like
31BnWJkbeg8-00010-00002622-00002836 what's up guys, like, I don't know
31BnWJkbeg8-00011-00002836-00003029 when my neighbors are out in their backyard.
31BnWJkbeg8-00012-00003029-00003224 So I'm just gonna let them have their peace and quiet,
31BnWJkbeg8-00013-00003224-00003557 but I just finished my snack, I have a lot to do today.
31BnWJkbeg8-00014-00003557-00003757 But like I said, oh yes, also hi,
31BnWJkbeg8-00015-00003757-00003999 pimple patches galore, so many of them.
31BnWJkbeg8-00016-00003999-00004226 Are these as distracting to you as they are for me?
31BnWJkbeg8-00017-00004226-00004397 Sorry, hi, it's me now.
31BnWJkbeg8-00018-00004397-00004612 My face is breaking out so badly,
31BnWJkbeg8-00019-00004612-00004972 I mentioned it in the last vlog I think it's hormonal.
31BnWJkbeg8-00020-00004972-00005245 I don't know, like I washed my makeup brushes,
31BnWJkbeg8-00021-00005245-00005562 I changed my pillowcases once to twice a week,
31BnWJkbeg8-00022-00005562-00005912 I am like diligent, like vigilant even
31BnWJkbeg8-00023-00005912-00006082 about my skincare routine.
31BnWJkbeg8-00024-00006082-00006281 So I don't really know what's going on.
31BnWJkbeg8-00025-00006281-00006495 I think it's hormonal, but anyways,
31BnWJkbeg8-00026-00006495-00006995 this is just real life and I've really been struggling
31BnWJkbeg8-00027-00007062-00007230 with my appearance lately.
31BnWJkbeg8-00028-00007230-00007515 It's been a really sore spot for me,
31BnWJkbeg8-00029-00007515-00007859 I, we're just jumping right into it, aren't we?
31BnWJkbeg8-00030-00007859-00008277 I'm just being honest like I am not in a good place
31BnWJkbeg8-00031-00008277-00008434 with the way I look.
31BnWJkbeg8-00032-00008434-00008773 And I also think I put way too much emphasis
31BnWJkbeg8-00033-00008773-00008897 on what I look like,
31BnWJkbeg8-00034-00008897-00009121 and the fact that I'm putting this on the internet
31BnWJkbeg8-00035-00009121-00009406 and that I like get like this for the internet,
31BnWJkbeg8-00036-00009406-00009631 is huge for me, it's always been huge for me,
31BnWJkbeg8-00037-00009631-00009929 but also it's really hard when I'm editing.
31BnWJkbeg8-00038-00009929-00010053 I have a really hard time,
31BnWJkbeg8-00039-00010053-00010472 like just grappling with my appearance at times,
31BnWJkbeg8-00040-00010472-00010833 and that's a really toxic thing for your mental health.
31BnWJkbeg8-00041-00010833-00011089 And so I'm trying to break out of that, and I don't know,
31BnWJkbeg8-00042-00011089-00011406 maybe some of you are also dealing with the same thing
31BnWJkbeg8-00043-00011406-00011540 and are struggling with, I don't know,
31BnWJkbeg8-00044-00011540-00011819 I just feel ugly, I feel ugly all the time.
31BnWJkbeg8-00045-00011819-00011940 And I know that's not the case
31BnWJkbeg8-00046-00011940-00012141 and ugly is such a subjective word.
31BnWJkbeg8-00047-00012141-00012313 And also I feel like it's a word meant
31BnWJkbeg8-00048-00012313-00012513 to like oppress people, particularly women,
31BnWJkbeg8-00049-00012513-00012838 but I've just been having a hard time with the way I look.
31BnWJkbeg8-00050-00012838-00013237 Like my face and my hair, my features,
31BnWJkbeg8-00051-00013237-00013553 the amount of body hair I have in random places
31BnWJkbeg8-00052-00013553-00014011 because of like my hormones, my weight especially.
31BnWJkbeg8-00053-00014011-00014159 So it's just, it's been rough.
31BnWJkbeg8-00054-00014159-00014521 And I think I'm zooming out right now in my head
31BnWJkbeg8-00055-00014521-00014731 and realizing that it's been two,
31BnWJkbeg8-00056-00014731-00015033 almost two years of this shit,
31BnWJkbeg8-00057-00015033-00015263 and that I obviously need to be more gentle with myself
31BnWJkbeg8-00058-00015263-00015572 and I think I'm in the process of doing that.
31BnWJkbeg8-00059-00015572-00015872 And this week, particularly I've been moving my body
31BnWJkbeg8-00060-00015872-00016084 a little bit more and it's been feeling really good.
31BnWJkbeg8-00061-00016084-00016430 And also, I'm very proud to say
31BnWJkbeg8-00062-00016430-00016700 that I have actually gone back to therapy,
31BnWJkbeg8-00063-00016700-00016925 which is something that I haven't done since,
31BnWJkbeg8-00064-00016925-00017118 I mean the last time I was in therapy,
31BnWJkbeg8-00065-00017118-00017500 almost I was like 20, I'm 33.
31BnWJkbeg8-00066-00017500-00017820 Your girl's got trauma like, it's way past due.
31BnWJkbeg8-00067-00017820-00018320 I think in the past I have really put off therapy
31BnWJkbeg8-00068-00018330-00018805 because I wasn't ready to like open old wounds.
31BnWJkbeg8-00069-00018805-00019138 And it takes a lot sometimes when you're in therapy,
31BnWJkbeg8-00070-00019138-00019305 like it takes a toll on you mentally.
31BnWJkbeg8-00071-00019305-00019667 And so, I knew that things were gonna have to get unearthed
31BnWJkbeg8-00072-00019667-00019849 and things were definitely gonna have to get worse
31BnWJkbeg8-00073-00019849-00019976 before they got better.
31BnWJkbeg8-00074-00019976-00020218 And I've only just started,
31BnWJkbeg8-00075-00020218-00020437 but I'm already feeling really good
31BnWJkbeg8-00076-00020437-00020843 in that I'm taking this step towards bettering myself
31BnWJkbeg8-00077-00020843-00020975 and it makes me really happy.
31BnWJkbeg8-00078-00020975-00021097 And you know, my therapist,
31BnWJkbeg8-00079-00021097-00021299 like the very first thing she said was, you know,
31BnWJkbeg8-00080-00021299-00021497 you doing this takes a lot of courage.
31BnWJkbeg8-00081-00021497-00021744 It's like a lot of bravery involved to do something
31BnWJkbeg8-00082-00021744-00022070 like this and to kind of want to better yourself
31BnWJkbeg8-00083-00022070-00022325 and to take these steps for you and your mental health.
31BnWJkbeg8-00084-00022325-00022517 And I was just like, wow, thanks.
31BnWJkbeg8-00085-00022517-00022637 So I did bring that up,
31BnWJkbeg8-00086-00022637-00022855 the whole thing I was talking about before in therapy,
31BnWJkbeg8-00087-00022855-00023196 where I have a really hard time with my appearance.
31BnWJkbeg8-00088-00023196-00023434 In fact, it becomes like an obsession
31BnWJkbeg8-00089-00023434-00023726 and I obsess over little, every angle and thing.
31BnWJkbeg8-00090-00023726-00023885 And it probably doesn't seem that way,
31BnWJkbeg8-00091-00023885-00024052 by the way I feel myself,
31BnWJkbeg8-00092-00024052-00024195 but it's always just something
31BnWJkbeg8-00093-00024195-00024360 that's in here, do you know what I mean?
31BnWJkbeg8-00094-00024360-00024573 Conversations for first thing in the morning
31BnWJkbeg8-00095-00024573-00024825 what the heck, it's not even 11:00 a.m.,
31BnWJkbeg8-00096-00024825-00025085 but hi, just coming right out of the gate,
31BnWJkbeg8-00097-00025085-00025352 just with what's fresh on my mind.
31BnWJkbeg8-00098-00025352-00025645 I know you all appreciate when I have these talks
31BnWJkbeg8-00099-00025645-00025864 and you know, just kind of like get real with you.
31BnWJkbeg8-00100-00025864-00026200 And I mean, doesn't get much realer than this.
31BnWJkbeg8-00101-00026200-00026429 So anyways, today I have quite a bit of filming to do.
31BnWJkbeg8-00102-00026429-00026833 I just filmed my like portion of a main channel video
31BnWJkbeg8-00103-00026833-00027001 that was outside, that was really fun.
31BnWJkbeg8-00104-00027001-00027266 I think maybe in this video, this vlog,
31BnWJkbeg8-00105-00027266-00027508 I'm just in the mood to talk, you know,
31BnWJkbeg8-00106-00027508-00027719 I don't really have much to show.
31BnWJkbeg8-00107-00027719-00027908 I'm not really doing anything this week
31BnWJkbeg8-00108-00027908-00028064 other than like hunkering down
31BnWJkbeg8-00109-00028064-00028239 and doing as much work as possible.
31BnWJkbeg8-00110-00028239-00028451 I don't think, maybe in the next vlog
31BnWJkbeg8-00111-00028451-00028677 I might do some fall things, excuse me.
31BnWJkbeg8-00112-00028677-00028811 I'm really just kind of preparing
31BnWJkbeg8-00113-00028811-00028968 to go out of town next week
31BnWJkbeg8-00114-00028968-00029222 and I have like a lot of deadlines and stuff before then.
31BnWJkbeg8-00115-00029222-00029444 So I don't, I kinda just wanna chat.
31BnWJkbeg8-00116-00029444-00029932 But first, okay, I'm gonna try not, I'm trying, I'm trying.
31BnWJkbeg8-00117-00029932-00030111 I'm just being honest, I was just about to say
31BnWJkbeg8-00118-00030111-00030303 we need to do something about this.
31BnWJkbeg8-00119-00030412-00030638 I still feel that way, but I'm working on it.
31BnWJkbeg8-00120-00030638-00030919 Let's reconvene after I've had a shower.
31BnWJkbeg8-00121-00030919-00031265 All right it's about an hour later I'm feeling much better,
31BnWJkbeg8-00122-00031265-00031431 I'm not gonna lie.
31BnWJkbeg8-00123-00031431-00031737 It really is crazy how much like showering,
31BnWJkbeg8-00124-00031737-00032008 washing your hair and getting your shit together
31BnWJkbeg8-00125-00032008-00032236 literally makes you feel like a million bucks.
31BnWJkbeg8-00126-00032236-00032723 So, I am doing some bulk filming again today as usual.
31BnWJkbeg8-00127-00032723-00033013 One day I will only have one channel.
31BnWJkbeg8-00128-00033013-00033338 And then it will just feel much more manageable,
31BnWJkbeg8-00129-00033338-00033560 but for now I've got to.
31BnWJkbeg8-00130-00033560-00033792 So here we go, my hair is blow-dried,
31BnWJkbeg8-00131-00033792-00033945 and I mean, it's pretty straight,
31BnWJkbeg8-00132-00033945-00034254 but I like it to be, you know, stick straight.
31BnWJkbeg8-00133-00034254-00034481 So I'm just gonna like run this straightener
31BnWJkbeg8-00134-00034481-00034567 through it really quick.
31BnWJkbeg8-00135-00034567-00034859 I feel like a different person with straight hair.
31BnWJkbeg8-00136-00034859-00035093 Like who is she, I don't know?
31BnWJkbeg8-00137-00035093-00035316 And I like straightening my hair.
31BnWJkbeg8-00138-00035316-00035593 However, it doesn't last on me
31BnWJkbeg8-00139-00035593-00035802 because I have a ton of hair,
31BnWJkbeg8-00140-00035802-00036105 but it's really fine and so it doesn't last.
31BnWJkbeg8-00141-00036105-00036414 Like if I straightened my hair right now,
31BnWJkbeg8-00142-00036414-00036587 and then took a nap on the couch,
31BnWJkbeg8-00143-00036587-00036726 it would like, look like this,
31BnWJkbeg8-00144-00036726-00036886 and then it would never recover.
31BnWJkbeg8-00145-00036886-00037232 So, because I only wash my hair like twice a week,
31BnWJkbeg8-00146-00037232-00037491 I really don't like to straighten it that much
31BnWJkbeg8-00147-00037491-00037686 because I like to curl it and it lasts
31BnWJkbeg8-00148-00037686-00037912 for like days and days afterwards, you know.
31BnWJkbeg8-00149-00037912-00038154 My hair is so long right now,
31BnWJkbeg8-00150-00038154-00038353 like I'm just realizing how long it is.
31BnWJkbeg8-00151-00038353-00038540 It literally covers my boob.
31BnWJkbeg8-00152-00038857-00039212 But a little bonkers if you ask me.
31BnWJkbeg8-00153-00039212-00039406 I think the last time I got it, like, you know,
31BnWJkbeg8-00154-00039406-00039891 really actually cut was probably back in like March.
31BnWJkbeg8-00155-00039891-00040121 Honestly, February or March, and I got,
31BnWJkbeg8-00156-00040121-00040539 it was probably like up to here, that is wild.
31BnWJkbeg8-00157-00040539-00040676 All right, we are almost ready.
31BnWJkbeg8-00158-00040676-00040921 I am actually going to be filming a video.
31BnWJkbeg8-00159-00040921-00041092 I don't know when this video
31BnWJkbeg8-00160-00041092-00041243 that I'm about to film up it's gonna go up,
31BnWJkbeg8-00161-00041243-00041720 but I actually am gonna film a video on my experience,
31BnWJkbeg8-00162-00041720-00041971 telling story times on the internet.
31BnWJkbeg8-00163-00041971-00042210 And like the things I never said,
31BnWJkbeg8-00164-00042210-00042391 like if I got any backlash,
31BnWJkbeg8-00165-00042391-00042648 if it got me into any trouble, you know, that kind of stuff.
31BnWJkbeg8-00166-00042648-00042921 Like who I had from, and I thought it would be interesting
31BnWJkbeg8-00167-00042921-00043239 to share some lessons that I've learned along the way.
31BnWJkbeg8-00168-00043239-00043452 So, that is what I'm going to be doing.
31BnWJkbeg8-00169-00043452-00043746 And then I've got a really fun Halloween-themed video.
31BnWJkbeg8-00170-00043746-00043979 Even though it's not like costumes,
31BnWJkbeg8-00171-00043979-00044216 it's like costumes, I'm not gonna give it away,
31BnWJkbeg8-00172-00044216-00044532 but I've had it planned for like months now.
31BnWJkbeg8-00173-00044532-00044732 And I'm so excited, I ordered everything,
31BnWJkbeg8-00174-00044732-00045003 it's been sitting in my closet waiting and it's time.
31BnWJkbeg8-00175-00045003-00045354 I feel a bajillion times better.
31BnWJkbeg8-00176-00045354-00045532 I don't know if that says anything
31BnWJkbeg8-00177-00045532-00045829 like the fact that I did my hair and have makeup on now,
31BnWJkbeg8-00178-00045829-00046030 but truly I feel amazing.
31BnWJkbeg8-00179-00046030-00046263 I know that I'm equally beautiful now
31BnWJkbeg8-00180-00046263-00046424 as I was at the beginning of the video,
31BnWJkbeg8-00181-00046424-00046569 it's just hard, I'm working through it.
31BnWJkbeg8-00182-00046569-00046800 So anyways, okay I'll show you my outfit real quick
31BnWJkbeg8-00183-00046800-00046935 before we go filming.
31BnWJkbeg8-00184-00046935-00047196 And I can show you the changes
31BnWJkbeg8-00185-00047196-00047455 that I made to my little filming office room,
31BnWJkbeg8-00186-00047455-00047736 I changed it up for fall, so I'll show you that.
31BnWJkbeg8-00187-00047736-00048053 But here is the outfit I'm obviously.
31BnWJkbeg8-00188-00048053-00048293 There's my bra and my Spanx, that's fine.
31BnWJkbeg8-00189-00048293-00048464 This is not like a full outfit,
31BnWJkbeg8-00190-00048464-00048627 I'm not wearing shoes or anything
31BnWJkbeg8-00191-00048627-00048854 because I'm literally just gonna go sit on the floor,
31BnWJkbeg8-00192-00048854-00049268 but this little halter top bodysuit is from Abercrombie.
31BnWJkbeg8-00193-00049268-00049469 It's actually like a sweater material,
31BnWJkbeg8-00194-00049469-00049566 It's so freaking cute.
31BnWJkbeg8-00195-00049566-00049894 And then I saw these trousers hanging up in my closet
31BnWJkbeg8-00196-00049894-00050044 with this kind of like slacks.
31BnWJkbeg8-00197-00050044-00050300 And I was like, oh my gosh, these would be so cute
31BnWJkbeg8-00198-00050300-00050442 and I was right.
31BnWJkbeg8-00199-00050442-00050599 It's about that time by the way.
31BnWJkbeg8-00200-00050599-00050682 I don't know if I mentioned
31BnWJkbeg8-00201-00050682-00051027 this, but in the winter time or like fall and winter,
31BnWJkbeg8-00202-00051027-00051212 it gets so hot in our bedroom
31BnWJkbeg8-00203-00051212-00051400 because of the way the sun is positioned.
31BnWJkbeg8-00204-00051400-00051585 So, we have to keep our blinds closed
31BnWJkbeg8-00205-00051585-00051797 after like noon, it's crazy.
31BnWJkbeg8-00206-00051797-00052297 Anyways, here is my new set up for the fall time,
31BnWJkbeg8-00207-00052299-00052428 I absolutely love it.
31BnWJkbeg8-00208-00052428-00052527 So we kept the checker
31BnWJkbeg8-00209-00052527-00052830 because I can't live without this rug, I love it so much.
31BnWJkbeg8-00210-00052830-00053091 But then we just changed up the color palette in here.
31BnWJkbeg8-00211-00053091-00053484 So, I put my little out of the box painting right here
31BnWJkbeg8-00212-00053484-00053733 that my friend Deena made, got a Beatles record there,
31BnWJkbeg8-00213-00053733-00053958 that's the "Sgt Pepper Album" I believe.
31BnWJkbeg8-00214-00053958-00054179 We have some of the same stuff,
31BnWJkbeg8-00215-00054179-00054354 it's really not that different.
31BnWJkbeg8-00216-00054354-00054626 And then I put on the red bulb in my light bulb,
31BnWJkbeg8-00217-00054626-00054883 I added some books and like candlesticks
31BnWJkbeg8-00218-00054883-00055136 and just kinda more earth toned things up there.
31BnWJkbeg8-00219-00055136-00055419 I hung up my hats, which honestly that's great
31BnWJkbeg8-00220-00055419-00055727 because these hats are so big and they take up so much space
31BnWJkbeg8-00221-00055727-00055946 in my closet, in this little closet here.
31BnWJkbeg8-00222-00055946-00056087 And I wanna keep that open
31BnWJkbeg8-00223-00056087-00056317 for like filming stuff, you know.
31BnWJkbeg8-00224-00056317-00056575 So I decided to move those over here
31BnWJkbeg8-00225-00056575-00056780 and I think they just compliment it so well.
31BnWJkbeg8-00226-00056780-00056979 And then of course I moved
31BnWJkbeg8-00227-00056979-00057203 all of my kind of like fall toned stuff,
31BnWJkbeg8-00228-00057203-00057335 there's a lot of browns,
31BnWJkbeg8-00229-00057335-00057658 I need to move my like orange, burnt orange vans down here,
31BnWJkbeg8-00230-00057658-00057954 but we have like some deeper tones down here as well,
31BnWJkbeg8-00231-00057954-00058083 It's just so cute.
31BnWJkbeg8-00232-00058083-00058329 I moved my little smiley face planter mug
31BnWJkbeg8-00233-00058329-00058592 that I got from Etsy and I planted a little cactus
31BnWJkbeg8-00234-00058592-00058877 that we already had in it, got my fake tree, my globe.
31BnWJkbeg8-00235-00058877-00059202 I think I got this globe at the Melrose Trading Post
31BnWJkbeg8-00236-00059202-00059538 I wanna say back in like 2017/2018.
31BnWJkbeg8-00237-00059538-00060019 And then some random glasses and sunglasses because why not?
31BnWJkbeg8-00238-00060019-00060276 So yeah, here's my cute new little setup,
31BnWJkbeg8-00239-00060276-00060454 I absolutely love it, I'm gonna film in it
31BnWJkbeg8-00240-00060454-00060552 for the first time today,
31BnWJkbeg8-00241-00060552-00060909 and then actually I also ordered this closet.
31BnWJkbeg8-00242-00060909-00061216 I know I did an entire video organizing this closet
31BnWJkbeg8-00243-00061216-00061424 and to you it might not look that organized,
31BnWJkbeg8-00244-00061424-00061782 but to me it is so organized.
31BnWJkbeg8-00245-00061782-00061978 So, there we have like all the stuff
31BnWJkbeg8-00246-00061978-00062176 that was on the shelves before.
31BnWJkbeg8-00247-00062176-00062339 So all of like the pastel things
31BnWJkbeg8-00248-00062339-00062532 that I'll bring back out during spring time,
31BnWJkbeg8-00249-00062532-00062628 they're just gonna wait up there,
31BnWJkbeg8-00250-00062628-00062887 it's like the hat, teen-linked faces and things like that.
31BnWJkbeg8-00251-00062887-00063287 Then we have just like random, extra overflow shoe storage,
31BnWJkbeg8-00252-00063287-00063571 and also shoes that I wear a lot in videos.
31BnWJkbeg8-00253-00063571-00063748 We have a couple of things here that I am saving
31BnWJkbeg8-00254-00063748-00063904 for a video coming very soon,
31BnWJkbeg8-00255-00063904-00064145 and then this is the stuff that I'm filming today
31BnWJkbeg8-00256-00064145-00064287 which you will see very soon.
31BnWJkbeg8-00257-00064287-00064403 These boots are so tall
31BnWJkbeg8-00258-00064403-00064540 that I don't really have anywhere to put them.
31BnWJkbeg8-00259-00064540-00064664 So that'll stay there for now.
31BnWJkbeg8-00260-00064664-00064863 Those need to get shipped out to friends,
31BnWJkbeg8-00261-00064863-00065175 that is packed for a future trip that's coming very soon,
31BnWJkbeg8-00262-00065175-00065371 these things actually need to be returned,
31BnWJkbeg8-00263-00065371-00065590 so I'm gonna do that pretty soon.
31BnWJkbeg8-00264-00065590-00065953 And then yeah, it's just you can actually walk in here.
31BnWJkbeg8-00265-00065953-00066191 And I mean, that was not the case before.
31BnWJkbeg8-00266-00066191-00066406 This will eventually get moved,
31BnWJkbeg8-00267-00066406-00066560 like obviously after I travel.
31BnWJkbeg8-00268-00066560-00066786 It's some things that I packed for a video
31BnWJkbeg8-00269-00066786-00067013 that I'm filming when I'm out of town if that makes sense.
31BnWJkbeg8-00270-00067013-00067430 So, honestly moving all my Poshmark stuff out of this closet
31BnWJkbeg8-00271-00067430-00067684 and down into the garage has been so helpful.
31BnWJkbeg8-00272-00067807-00068210 I have a lot of stuff to go through and I'm contemplating,
31BnWJkbeg8-00273-00068210-00068383 there's stuff in there that I've been meaning
31BnWJkbeg8-00274-00068383-00068576 to list on Poshmark for like two years.
31BnWJkbeg8-00275-00068576-00068988 I'm contemplating just donating it all to a woman's shelter.
31BnWJkbeg8-00276-00068988-00069269 But I don't know, part of me does feel better
31BnWJkbeg8-00277-00069269-00069423 about putting it on Poshmark
31BnWJkbeg8-00278-00069423-00069742 because I can guarantee that it goes somewhere
31BnWJkbeg8-00279-00069742-00069825 if that makes sense
31BnWJkbeg8-00280-00069825-00070057 and that it's not gonna like end up in a landfill, you know.
31BnWJkbeg8-00281-00070057-00070155 I dunno thrift stores
31BnWJkbeg8-00282-00070155-00070372 are like already overwhelmed with clothes,
31BnWJkbeg8-00283-00070372-00070582 but we'll see, we'll see about that.
31BnWJkbeg8-00284-00070582-00070680 I would have to dedicate
31BnWJkbeg8-00285-00070680-00071002 I think like an entire work week to Poshmark,
31BnWJkbeg8-00286-00071002-00071193 like that's how long it would take
31BnWJkbeg8-00287-00071193-00071339 or at least like three days.
31BnWJkbeg8-00288-00071339-00071546 So to be determined on that, no one cares,
31BnWJkbeg8-00289-00071546-00071633 why am I talking about that?
31BnWJkbeg8-00290-00071633-00071789 Okay anyways, I'm gonna go film now,
31BnWJkbeg8-00291-00071789-00072078 I have a lot more talking to do so I need to.
31BnWJkbeg8-00292-00072078-00072282 And we'll we'll reconvene later.
31BnWJkbeg8-00293-00072282-00072594 All right, just finished like one of my favorite videos
31BnWJkbeg8-00294-00072594-00072759 I've filmed in a long time,
31BnWJkbeg8-00295-00072759-00072943 the one I was just talking about, it went so well
31BnWJkbeg8-00296-00072943-00073066 I'm very happy with it.
31BnWJkbeg8-00297-00073066-00073284 But oh my God, hello, I'm I in heaven?
31BnWJkbeg8-00298-00073284-00073660 It is time for lunch, it is actually like two o'clock.
31BnWJkbeg8-00299-00073660-00073935 So, I waited a little long and I had a late breakfast
31BnWJkbeg8-00300-00073935-00074140 `cause I filmed a workout earlier.
31BnWJkbeg8-00301-00074140-00074548 So, I think I am just going to have some leftovers.
31BnWJkbeg8-00302-00074548-00074911 By the way, I got so many comments on this fridge.
31BnWJkbeg8-00303-00074911-00075154 We had bought some of these with Drew's nieces
31BnWJkbeg8-00304-00075154-00075305 and we have some on our garage,
31BnWJkbeg8-00305-00075305-00075452 and then some right here, it's very cute.
31BnWJkbeg8-00306-00075452-00075662 But I think I'm going to heat up
31BnWJkbeg8-00307-00075662-00075909 some of this soup we made last night,
31BnWJkbeg8-00308-00075909-00076128 which you guys saw that a few days ago,
31BnWJkbeg8-00309-00076128-00076248 but it was last night for me.
31BnWJkbeg8-00310-00076248-00076536 So I'm gonna heat up this little,
31BnWJkbeg8-00311-00076536-00076781 Drew even garnished it for me, he's so sweet.
31BnWJkbeg8-00312-00076781-00077180 This is potato leek soup, it's so fricking good, I love it.
31BnWJkbeg8-00313-00077180-00077332 (microwave beeping)
31BnWJkbeg8-00314-00077332-00077453 So we're gonna heat that up.
31BnWJkbeg8-00315-00077453-00077625 I would prefer to heat it up in a pot,
31BnWJkbeg8-00316-00077625-00077801 but have a lot of work to do.
31BnWJkbeg8-00317-00077801-00078122 I'm also going to make a piece of this sourdough bread.
31BnWJkbeg8-00318-00078122-00078350 I can't decide if I want just like the bread with butter
31BnWJkbeg8-00319-00078350-00078678 or if I want toast, I think I'm gonna toast it actually.
31BnWJkbeg8-00320-00078678-00078901 My mom is coming over for dinner tonight
31BnWJkbeg8-00321-00078901-00079190 and we are having taco salad for dinner,
31BnWJkbeg8-00322-00079190-00079491 and then we're also gonna have the rest of the apple pie.
31BnWJkbeg8-00323-00079491-00079670 How comes, put this in the fridge glow.
31BnWJkbeg8-00324-00079670-00079852 We're gonna have the rest of the apple pie
31BnWJkbeg8-00325-00079852-00080041 that we got at the apple orchard.
31BnWJkbeg8-00326-00080041-00080237 We have done quite well with this pie,
31BnWJkbeg8-00327-00080237-00080426 we only have three sizes left,
31BnWJkbeg8-00328-00080426-00080618 we also have some ice cream in the freezer,
31BnWJkbeg8-00329-00080618-00080772 so that'll be delicious.
31BnWJkbeg8-00330-00080772-00081115 And I'm gonna have one of my La Croix with this obviously.
31BnWJkbeg8-00331-00081115-00081485 I am fully addicted, like I'm actually okay admitting that.
31BnWJkbeg8-00332-00081485-00081729 And I remember one time my cousin told me
31BnWJkbeg8-00333-00081729-00082027 that her dentist said that it like gave her cavities,
31BnWJkbeg8-00334-00082027-00082229 like he was like, "Do you drink sparkling water?"
31BnWJkbeg8-00335-00082229-00082328 And she was like, "Yeah."
31BnWJkbeg8-00336-00082328-00082520 And he was like, "That's, what's giving you cavities."
31BnWJkbeg8-00337-00082520-00082603 Which I find interesting.
31BnWJkbeg8-00338-00082603-00082883 I just went to the dentist like a couple months ago,
31BnWJkbeg8-00339-00082883-00083009 and I didn't have any cavities,
31BnWJkbeg8-00340-00083009-00083199 but let me know if you've had that experience
31BnWJkbeg8-00341-00083199-00083371 `cause I found that really interesting.
31BnWJkbeg8-00342-00083371-00083491 I was like, huh?
31BnWJkbeg8-00343-00083491-00083648 Something about the bubbles at her.
31BnWJkbeg8-00344-00083648-00083999 Anyways, it's literally insane how much better I feel,
31BnWJkbeg8-00345-00083999-00084181 it's I do this every time.
31BnWJkbeg8-00346-00084181-00084390 I think I've talked about this in vlogs before.
31BnWJkbeg8-00347-00084390-00084682 But like you know how, go figure,
31BnWJkbeg8-00348-00084682-00084870 when you feel like shit, right?
31BnWJkbeg8-00349-00084870-00085043 You're not feeling great about yourself,
31BnWJkbeg8-00350-00085043-00085276 you're probably not taking the best care of yourself,
31BnWJkbeg8-00351-00085276-00085620 physically, mentally, whatever, and you just kinda feel.
31BnWJkbeg8-00352-00085620-00085963 And you know that like, if you do put some effort
31BnWJkbeg8-00353-00085963-00086299 and like get ready, move your body occasionally,
31BnWJkbeg8-00354-00086299-00086571 eat nutritious foods, drink more water, sleep better,
31BnWJkbeg8-00355-00086571-00086761 you're gonna ultimately feel better.
31BnWJkbeg8-00356-00086761-00086972 But you don't want to do that because you don't feel good
31BnWJkbeg8-00357-00086972-00087116 so you don't feel like putting in the effort
31BnWJkbeg8-00358-00087116-00087226 to do those things that you know
31BnWJkbeg8-00359-00087226-00087331 are gonna make you feel better,
31BnWJkbeg8-00360-00087331-00087560 and it's just like a vicious cycle, does that make sense?
31BnWJkbeg8-00361-00087560-00087708 That's kinda where I've been at.
31BnWJkbeg8-00362-00087708-00088033 So like I wasn't feeling so hot the last couple of days,
31BnWJkbeg8-00363-00088033-00088213 and now I feel pretty amazing.
31BnWJkbeg8-00364-00088213-00088508 Like I feel pretty good, I dunno, very interesting.
31BnWJkbeg8-00365-00088508-00088715 Oh baby, that is hot.
31BnWJkbeg8-00366-00088715-00089005 This Irish butter, this Kerrygold Irish Butter
31BnWJkbeg8-00367-00089005-00089241 is like truly the best thing that's ever happened to me.
31BnWJkbeg8-00368-00089241-00089583 But it is so fricking hard to spread on bread
31BnWJkbeg8-00369-00089583-00089872 and like toast and stuff, how do you guys do it?
31BnWJkbeg8-00370-00089872-00090149 I bought the kind that comes in like the little pot,
31BnWJkbeg8-00371-00090149-00090351 you know, like the spreadable kind,
31BnWJkbeg8-00372-00090351-00090510 but it was the exact same,
31BnWJkbeg8-00373-00090510-00090649 no difference because it's butter.
31BnWJkbeg8-00374-00090649-00091002 But this butter is absolutely life-changing.
31BnWJkbeg8-00375-00091002-00091228 I only tried it like, I think I literally tried it
31BnWJkbeg8-00376-00091228-00091389 for the first time this year.
31BnWJkbeg8-00377-00091389-00091680 See, I'm messing myself up here
31BnWJkbeg8-00378-00091680-00091907 because it just tears up my bread.
31BnWJkbeg8-00379-00091907-00092222 And like this bread is hot, I don't understand.
31BnWJkbeg8-00380-00092222-00092417 If anyone has any tips, please let me know
31BnWJkbeg8-00381-00092417-00092678 because I'm not gonna leave my butter out on the counter.
31BnWJkbeg8-00382-00092678-00092836 I'm sorry, I'm just not.
31BnWJkbeg8-00383-00092836-00093113 All right, well, whatever, there we go.
31BnWJkbeg8-00384-00093113-00093295 I swear if you're a fan of soup,
31BnWJkbeg8-00385-00093295-00093476 you have to try this, it's so good.
31BnWJkbeg8-00386-00093978-00094173 We didn't have fresh time this time
31BnWJkbeg8-00387-00094173-00094472 `cause they ran out at the grocery store, so we used dried.
31BnWJkbeg8-00388-00094472-00094758 So it's not as good, but like still really, really good.
31BnWJkbeg8-00389-00094758-00094924 (toast crunches)
31BnWJkbeg8-00390-00094924-00095117 (chews loudly)
31BnWJkbeg8-00391-00095117-00095257 I'm so happy right now.
31BnWJkbeg8-00392-00095257-00095457 But you know what would make me happier?
31BnWJkbeg8-00393-00095821-00095957 (table thuds)
31BnWJkbeg8-00394-00095957-00096111 Oh my God, it's so good.
31BnWJkbeg8-00395-00096111-00096219 I never thought I would be this person.
31BnWJkbeg8-00396-00096219-00096535 I hated sparkling water, I thought it was so disgusting,
31BnWJkbeg8-00397-00096535-00096634 I thought it was a sham.
31BnWJkbeg8-00398-00096634-00096886 I remember my grandparents used to drink it.
31BnWJkbeg8-00399-00096886-00097223 They drank the like raspberry flavor I wanna say,
31BnWJkbeg8-00400-00097223-00097610 and I remember being like, oh, sweet going into their fridge
31BnWJkbeg8-00401-00097610-00097828 when I was little and thinking it was soda
31BnWJkbeg8-00402-00097828-00098050 and then taking a sip and being like.
31BnWJkbeg8-00403-00098050-00098146 But now I love it.
31BnWJkbeg8-00404-00098266-00098349 I don't know.
31BnWJkbeg8-00405-00098349-00098609 I honestly think that's probably gonna do it for this vlog
31BnWJkbeg8-00406-00098609-00098845 because I have a lot more work to do today,
31BnWJkbeg8-00407-00098845-00099153 and then my mom gets here shortly, well in a couple hours,
31BnWJkbeg8-00408-00099153-00099373 And then Drew gets home and all that fun stuff.
31BnWJkbeg8-00409-00099373-00099704 So, I hope you enjoyed hanging out with me on my workday.
31BnWJkbeg8-00410-00099704-00099839 I know it was nothing special,
31BnWJkbeg8-00411-00099839-00100098 but hopefully you enjoyed it, nonetheless.
31BnWJkbeg8-00412-00100098-00100222 I love you all so much.
31BnWJkbeg8-00413-00100222-00100342 Thank you for being here
31BnWJkbeg8-00414-00100342-00100551 and I will see you in the next vlog, bye.
31BnWJkbeg8-00415-00100551-00100868 (bright upbeat music)
320TU9sKlhQ-00000-00000000-00000120 WHITE NIGHT PARTY
320TU9sKlhQ-00001-00000120-00000200 COSTA CRUISE 2018
32ipRIYWab0-00000-00000000-00000425 hey kids now that James Charles has come out with his side of the story do you
32ipRIYWab0-00001-00000425-00002235 have any words of wisdom for him what is up everybody this is Chris from the
32ipRIYWab0-00002-00002235-00002640 rewired soul where we talk about the problem but focus on the solution and if
32ipRIYWab0-00003-00002640-00002880 you're new to my channel what I like to do is take a look at the YouTube
32ipRIYWab0-00004-00002880-00003285 community all of this drama going on and take this mess and turn it into a
32ipRIYWab0-00005-00003285-00003777 message because what good is watching all of this insanity go on if we're not
32ipRIYWab0-00006-00003777-00004209 taking lessons from it to improve our own lives so if you're into that stuff
32ipRIYWab0-00007-00004209-00004721 make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell so I was on Twitter
32ipRIYWab0-00008-00004721-00005175 yesterday and I mentioned this in my last video and I talked about how it's
32ipRIYWab0-00009-00005175-00005639 crazy watching these subscriber numbers go back and forth right Totti westbrook
32ipRIYWab0-00010-00005639-00006005 releases her video James Hall starts losing millions of subscribers she
32ipRIYWab0-00011-00006005-00006353 starts gaining millions of subscribers right James Charles comes out with his
32ipRIYWab0-00012-00006353-00006773 video now of a sudden tati Westbrook is losing subscribers Jeffree star is
32ipRIYWab0-00013-00006773-00007247 losing subscribers and James Charles is gaining subscribers and it's nuts so my
32ipRIYWab0-00014-00007247-00007823 girl Olly she was like yeah like it's it shows how loyal people are and I'm like
32ipRIYWab0-00015-00007823-00008340 shout out to you ollie that is a great great great topic especially because
32ipRIYWab0-00016-00008340-00008936 Olly Olly is a rather died rewired soldier and I appreciate all the as well
32ipRIYWab0-00017-00008936-00009429 as many of you out there who stuck with me through my whole controversy and
32ipRIYWab0-00018-00009429-00009834 everything like that like reading your comments and all of these were like yeah
32ipRIYWab0-00019-00009834-00010232 I stuck around and like I didn't you know agree with what they were doing to
32ipRIYWab0-00020-00010232-00010614 you and just you waited until you heard my full side of the story I appreciate
32ipRIYWab0-00021-00010614-00011106 all of you so so so much but yeah so in this video we're gonna be talking about
32ipRIYWab0-00022-00011106-00011457 a lot of things we're gonna be talking about groupthink we're going to be
32ipRIYWab0-00023-00011457-00011771 talking about black-and-white thinking we're gonna be talking about loyalty
32ipRIYWab0-00024-00011771-00012332 okay like looking at these subscriber counts it's absolutely mind-blowing like
32ipRIYWab0-00025-00012332-00012789 be an end of independent thinker like for the love of God be an independent
32ipRIYWab0-00026-00012789-00013159 thinker like when I see these numbers just going back and forth
32ipRIYWab0-00027-00013159-00013809 like I just imagine these like mindless zombies just like oh oh well Tati Westbrook said
32ipRIYWab0-00028-00013809-00014365 James did this and then Jeffree Star tweeted so I'm going over here oh well
32ipRIYWab0-00029-00014365-00014891 James Charles said this so now I'm gonna come back over here like be an
32ipRIYWab0-00030-00014891-00015403 independent thinker okay like just because somebody comes out with an
32ipRIYWab0-00031-00015403-00015865 exposed video or what I'm like I don't know if you guys have never just had
32ipRIYWab0-00032-00015865-00016333 friends like this or whatever like people are fickle people are emotional
32ipRIYWab0-00033-00016333-00016920 people get hurt in insane ways right like so they I was talking about with
32ipRIYWab0-00034-00016920-00017566 someone yesterday is my toffee Westbrook her emotions got the best of her like I
32ipRIYWab0-00035-00017566-00017959 don't think toffee Westbrook is this horrible awful terrible person in fact I
32ipRIYWab0-00036-00017959-00018418 don't think anybody involved is like a horrible person I think they are messing
32ipRIYWab0-00037-00018418-00018882 up on a massive scale but Tongzhi Westbrook is a great example
32ipRIYWab0-00038-00018882-00019642 about how your perception is not always reality okay and that can perpetuate a
32ipRIYWab0-00039-00019642-00020073 false narrative in your own head and it's dangerous for us youtubers or
32ipRIYWab0-00040-00020073-00020692 anybody with a platform to to publicly say these things when our perception is
32ipRIYWab0-00041-00020692-00021253 not reality like something that James Charles proved with facts was a couple
32ipRIYWab0-00042-00021253-00021694 things he has promoted Totti westbrook's products in the past and he did try to
32ipRIYWab0-00043-00021694-00022213 reach out to her before he made his sugar bear hair post alright but one of
32ipRIYWab0-00044-00022213-00022470 the issues that we struggle with especially when it comes to black and my
32ipRIYWab0-00045-00022470-00022891 thinking is our brain has a problem separating the truth from the false so
32ipRIYWab0-00046-00022891-00023263 talking Westbrook not knowing or not being in her mind or anything like that
32ipRIYWab0-00047-00023263-00023800 what it seems like is that she's not so caught up in her emotions that she was
32ipRIYWab0-00048-00023800-00024231 incapable of separating the truth from the false her brain was not allowing her
32ipRIYWab0-00049-00024231-00024720 to remember that James Charles has promoted her products in the past and if
32ipRIYWab0-00050-00024720-00025122 she was able to remember that then she wouldn't have gone on that initial
32ipRIYWab0-00051-00025122-00025659 Instagram live story where she was crying and sobbing about this okay but
32ipRIYWab0-00052-00025659-00026076 this video is mainly about you you the viewers okay look us
32ipRIYWab0-00053-00026076-00026605 as a watch human behavior I'm just blown away because like we're allowing other
32ipRIYWab0-00054-00026605-00027169 people to tell us how to think and feel about other people okay and I couldn't
32ipRIYWab0-00055-00027169-00027750 help but think of this story so those of you who don't know I'm half black so my
32ipRIYWab0-00056-00027750-00028365 son he is a quarter black and he was about five or six years old and it's not
32ipRIYWab0-00057-00028365-00028653 race isn't something that we talked about much or you know anything like
32ipRIYWab0-00058-00028653-00029011 that like I don't think at that point like you really like understood that I'm
32ipRIYWab0-00059-00029011-00029547 half black he's a quarter black because my dad is full black but anyways one of
32ipRIYWab0-00060-00029547-00030031 my son's best friends was black and I can't remember I can't remember the
32ipRIYWab0-00061-00030031-00030394 exact context but it might be like around Martin Luther King Day and they
32ipRIYWab0-00062-00030394-00030753 were doing some school project or something like that and he was asking me
32ipRIYWab0-00063-00030753-00031590 about racism okay and I I was talking to him I said okay so listen Dylan one of
32ipRIYWab0-00064-00031590-00031977 his best friends was black and let's just call him Johnny I was like okay
32ipRIYWab0-00065-00031977-00032305 you're your best friends with Johnny right he's like yeah I'm like you think
32ipRIYWab0-00066-00032305-00032652 Johnny's cool he's like yeah he's like do you think Johnny's nice he's like
32ipRIYWab0-00067-00032652-00033056 yeah I'm like do you think Johnny's family is nice and he's like yeah well
32ipRIYWab0-00068-00033056-00033606 imagine a bunch of people who said Johnny and his family were awful human
32ipRIYWab0-00069-00033606-00034047 beings just because the color of their skin would you believe what they said
32ipRIYWab0-00070-00034047-00034537 he's like no I know Johnny and I'm like exactly alright
32ipRIYWab0-00071-00034537-00035109 the point being like don't let other people tell you how to think or feel
32ipRIYWab0-00072-00035109-00035616 about a situation right so like here's the thing and I think it was
32ipRIYWab0-00073-00035616-00036127 unintentional on takis part but she was upset at Gabriel Zamora for telling her
32ipRIYWab0-00074-00036127-00036915 how to feel about the betrayal of James child's right but her words were telling
32ipRIYWab0-00075-00036915-00037434 other people how to feel about James Charles you see what I mean now again I
32ipRIYWab0-00076-00037434-00037866 do not think that was intentional ontake westbrook's product but as influencers
32ipRIYWab0-00077-00037866-00038550 when we do commentary when we you know expose somebody we are pretty much
32ipRIYWab0-00078-00038550-00039039 telling you how to think or feel about a person so the next thing I want to talk
32ipRIYWab0-00079-00039039-00039539 about is the commentary community the drama channels and everything out there
32ipRIYWab0-00080-00039539-00040060 right so we're all gonna screw up well then screw up like I talked to a few
32ipRIYWab0-00081-00040060-00040613 fellow youtubers who do commentary and stuff like that yesterday and some
32ipRIYWab0-00082-00040613-00041303 people are you know it sucks because the story is taking so many twists and turns
32ipRIYWab0-00083-00041303-00041786 right and basically what I'll say is this like I made one video when it first
32ipRIYWab0-00084-00041786-00042080 came out when all this started bubbling up I think it might have been before
32ipRIYWab0-00085-00042080-00042446 talked to Wes Rhodes video but I said something that James Charles didn't
32ipRIYWab0-00086-00042446-00043073 address was the accusations of predatory behavior so yeah I was after his apology
32ipRIYWab0-00087-00043073-00043748 video that's what I was yeah like I mentioned it but I tried to be fair in
32ipRIYWab0-00088-00043748-00044168 this situation because I when I was watching a lot of commentary channels
32ipRIYWab0-00089-00044168-00044627 and drama channels like when this first started going off like a lot of people
32ipRIYWab0-00090-00044627-00045083 were neglecting the fact that both the situations that confirm situations with
32ipRIYWab0-00091-00045083-00045512 gauge and that waiter Sam were consensual a lot of people were
32ipRIYWab0-00092-00045512-00045986 neglecting that and but Toxie Westbrook created a narrative that James Charles
32ipRIYWab0-00093-00045986-00046366 for us to trick people into being gay which we just found out what James
32ipRIYWab0-00094-00046366-00046802 Charles video is not true all right now if it is true and there's just more
32ipRIYWab0-00095-00046802-00047210 information that we don't know that's still up in the air but what I'm getting
32ipRIYWab0-00096-00047210-00047831 at is I think we as youtubers who do commentary or the drama channels or
32ipRIYWab0-00097-00047831-00048365 whatever it is above all else we have more of a responsibility to be
32ipRIYWab0-00098-00048365-00048836 independent thinkers because I get it I get it like I've screwed up we've all
32ipRIYWab0-00099-00048836-00049415 screwed up but what I'll do is sometimes I'll watch other channels to get filled
32ipRIYWab0-00100-00049415-00049826 in on stories and things like that and find out maybe parts that are missing
32ipRIYWab0-00101-00049826-00050204 before I form my own opinion and make a video about it and everything like that
32ipRIYWab0-00102-00050204-00050744 but when I'm watching other people cover the story I have to be cognizant of the
32ipRIYWab0-00103-00050744-00051077 fact that they might have been doing the same thing I am and they might have
32ipRIYWab0-00104-00051077-00051524 formed an opinion or bias based on what they've been watching based on what
32ipRIYWab0-00105-00051524-00052078 they've been researching you see what I mean so this can this can cause an issue
32ipRIYWab0-00106-00052078-00052752 with us youtubers covering these stories is where we perpetuate a narrative and a
32ipRIYWab0-00107-00052752-00053388 lot of people got caught up in that with with seeing what was happening and the
32ipRIYWab0-00108-00053388-00054054 hate mob and everything and perpetuating a narrative but I do I do admire some of
32ipRIYWab0-00109-00054054-00054405 the youtubers out there who have like you know collected themselves on Twitter
32ipRIYWab0-00110-00054405-00054823 and acknowledge this or take him down videos or whatever it is because at the
32ipRIYWab0-00111-00054823-00055104 end of days that's the most we can do by Philip DeFranco does a great job of that
32ipRIYWab0-00112-00055104-00055432 where he goes back and corrects himself a corrected story that he might have
32ipRIYWab0-00113-00055432-00055948 gone wrong and this is a dude who has like an entire team working with them
32ipRIYWab0-00114-00055948-00056391 you know what I mean so us most of us were independent and stuff but I just
32ipRIYWab0-00115-00056391-00056797 want to remind everybody out there like it's important for us to sit back and
32ipRIYWab0-00116-00056797-00057282 form our own opinions on the situation and try to look at these situations as
32ipRIYWab0-00117-00057282-00057685 objectively as possible now the last thing I'm going to talk about a touch
32ipRIYWab0-00118-00057685-00058116 long is everybody's waiting for this jeffree star exposed video everybody is
32ipRIYWab0-00119-00058116-00058554 waiting for this jeffree star exposed video here are my thoughts on that and
32ipRIYWab0-00120-00058554-00059232 less jeffree star comes out with video proof or some kind of receipts of James
32ipRIYWab0-00121-00059232-00059844 Charles confessing to criminal activities like something he could be
32ipRIYWab0-00122-00059844-00060316 charged for then I think Jeffrey's ours should just save it because here's the
32ipRIYWab0-00123-00060316-00060775 thing was Jeffrey stall gonna do is he gonna expose James Charles for
32ipRIYWab0-00124-00060775-00061407 being a 19 year old egotistical dick we already know that alright but the fact
32ipRIYWab0-00125-00061407-00061873 of the matter is Jeffrey star is a dick too and so if he's coming out to expose
32ipRIYWab0-00126-00061873-00062341 James and it's nothing illegal or criminal we we already got the memo a
32ipRIYWab0-00127-00062341-00062851 lot of people in the beauty community are just a-holes alright so like this
32ipRIYWab0-00128-00062851-00063151 whole tit-for-tat and going back and forth unless there is something where
32ipRIYWab0-00129-00063151-00063570 charges going are going to be brought up against James Charles it's just
32ipRIYWab0-00130-00063570-00063991 ridiculous so I will be covering the updates but I want all of you out there
32ipRIYWab0-00131-00063991-00064522 to be independent thinkers because I can already picture it Jeff this star is
32ipRIYWab0-00132-00064522-00064869 gonna come out with an exposed video on James Falls and James hauls numbers are
32ipRIYWab0-00133-00064869-00065069 gonna start again and then Jeffrey star these
32ipRIYWab0-00134-00065069-00065452 numbers are gonna start going up again it's just absolutely madness just please
32ipRIYWab0-00135-00065452-00065816 be an independent thinker and help make this world a better place all right
32ipRIYWab0-00136-00065816-00066113 hey anyways that's all I got for this video if you like this video please give
32ipRIYWab0-00137-00066113-00066392 it a thumbs up if you're new make sure you subscribe and ring that notification
32ipRIYWab0-00138-00066392-00066740 bell because I make a ton of videos and a huge huge thank you to everybody
32ipRIYWab0-00139-00066740-00067079 supporting the channel over on patreon you are all amazing if you'd like to
32ipRIYWab0-00140-00067079-00067361 support what I'm doing here on this channel and get your name in the credits
32ipRIYWab0-00141-00067361-00067670 access to our monthly Q&A and some other perks and benefits
32ipRIYWab0-00142-00067670-00068072 click the tap right there alright thanks again so so much for watching I'll see
32ipRIYWab0-00143-00068072-00068329 you next time
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00000-00000056-00000448 Hi students welcome to Monday of what we're calling week two
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00001-00000448-00000888 of chemistry. Let me explain really quick what's gonna happen today.
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00002-00000888-00001312 First things first, make sure you have all of week one material done.
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00003-00001312-00001688 If you click on that folder you can see that each item has a little check mark
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00004-00001688-00001935 that lets you know whether that item was complete.
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00005-00001935-00002264 Do your best to make sure that those are completed to the best of your ability.
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00006-00002264-00002640 If you haven't completed week one stuff by today then you're already behind and
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00007-00002640-00002864 you're gonna need to set some time at home today
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00008-00002864-00003240 to make sure to get that stuff done.
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00009-00003264-00003728 Let's take a look at week two. If you open up the week two folder you'll see
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00010-00003728-00004047 the stuff that needs to get done today, except for the exam.
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00011-00004047-00004400 You can see the exam because i want to let you know that that's coming up.
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00012-00004400-00004800 At the very top there is a social activity that you may have already done
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00013-00004800-00005000 but, the social activity you're getting
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00014-00005000-00005392 together with group partners both online and in class and just
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00015-00005392-00005648 getting to know each other a little bit better.
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00016-00005648-00006160 The first half of class is dedicated to this item called the unit one portfolio
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00017-00006160-00006519 review. This should take you the entire
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00018-00006519-00006840 first half of the class. At first glance if you
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00019-00006840-00007095 look at the item it might not seem like it's much,
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00020-00007095-00007552 but it's there to get you to prepare for the test. What it's going to have you do
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00021-00007552-00008040 is go to your portfolio as well as look at your notes and kind of combine the
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00022-00008040-00008279 two. Just to note, to make sure you did things
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00023-00008279-00008688 correctly, this is my portfolio. I have a lot of different portfolios but
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00024-00008688-00009032 this is my chemistry portfolio.  It's one item.
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00025-00009032-00009447 If i click on that portfolio i'll have lots of learning target pages in there.
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00026-00009447-00009864 Now for you, you'll just have one for each
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00027-00009864-00010447 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3, as well as safety and syllabus.  So you'll only have
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00028-00010447-00010847 these top four. But eventually over time we'll add more.
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00029-00010847-00011247 In that portfolio review assignment, what you guys are going to do is, review
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00030-00011247-00011632 your notes, ask questions, and do different things  the
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00031-00011632-00011952 put them in this portfolio. So these portfolio items
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00032-00011952-00012439 should be filled up with content, hopefully by the end of the hour
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00033-00012439-00012800 if not by the end of the day. This will be
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00034-00012800-00013128 a graded assignment so make sure you take your time
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00035-00013128-00013487 to do it correctly because it's there to get you to help prepare
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00036-00013487-00014200 for the exam that's happening tomorrow. All right going back to the
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00037-00014200-00014640 week two folder, the first half of class is dedicated at unit one portfolio
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00038-00014640-00014847 review. The second half of class you're gonna
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00039-00014847-00015223 start on the unit two content. So you're gonna prepare your
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00040-00015223-00015608 portfolio with two more targets. I won't be checking these targets
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00041-00015608-00015944 for this portfolio review, but for the next portfolio review i will. So this
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00042-00015944-00016240 sets you up with those targets. Then you're going to do this weird
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00043-00016240-00016592 periodic table project thingy. Basically you're finding a periodic
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00044-00016592-00017000 table online that is unlike a normal periodic table
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00045-00017000-00017280 and this will explain, it as well as give you an example.
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00046-00017280-00017608 Then you'll end up with just taking some simple notes. These go fairly
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00047-00017608-00017951 quickly, but take these in your in your science notebook and then answer
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00048-00017951-00018368 the questions. Be prepared tomorrow morning, the very
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00049-00018368-00018568 first thing we're gonna we're all going to do is take an exam.
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00050-00018568-00019215 This exam is 30 questions long. It's multiple choice, true/false,
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00051-00019215-00019615 matching, and rearranging.This is going to be the first thing
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00052-00019615-00019912 we do tomorrow so take today and tonight to
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00053-00019912-00020231 be prepared and study for that exam. It's on targets
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00054-00020231-00020672 1.1 through 1.3 that are put in your portfolio. So you can go to that
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00055-00020672-00021040 portfolio and see what the objectives are or what
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00056-00021040-00021487 the expectations are for this test. Alright that that's it!
33Q-z1Bc4ru-00057-00021487-00021951 Good luck today everybody!
33RFqEbkjP0-00000-00000008-00000195 Good morning Hank it’s Tuesday May 18th
33RFqEbkjP0-00001-00000195-00000579 which means the Anthropocene Reviewed book is out today.
33RFqEbkjP0-00002-00000579-00000797 I have to do a TV thing I am somewhat nervous about.
33RFqEbkjP0-00003-00000797-00001134 But first, a while back I discussed the strange joy of
33RFqEbkjP0-00004-00001134-00001450 having my books go to places I will never go.
33RFqEbkjP0-00005-00001450-00001550 Like starting
33RFqEbkjP0-00006-00001550-00001719 today the book has a life separate from its author and it
33RFqEbkjP0-00007-00001719-00002032 gets to go on all kinds of adventures around the world forging
33RFqEbkjP0-00008-00002032-00002319 whatever connections it can from whoever reads it.
33RFqEbkjP0-00009-00002319-00002419 Anyways,
33RFqEbkjP0-00010-00002419-00002580 in response to my talking about that, Nerdfighters Jim and Rhett
33RFqEbkjP0-00011-00002580-00002975 made theanthropocenereviewed.com, a domain name I am now very
33RFqEbkjP0-00012-00002975-00003272 grateful I never bought, and built a website where people
33RFqEbkjP0-00013-00003272-00003602 can share the approximate location of their books and also
33RFqEbkjP0-00014-00003602-00003706 review that location.
33RFqEbkjP0-00015-00003706-00003904 It has been such a joy to watch the
33RFqEbkjP0-00016-00003904-00004191 books start to travel and this morning to start to read your
33RFqEbkjP0-00017-00004191-00004309 reviews of your locations.
33RFqEbkjP0-00018-00004309-00004435 So if you have a moment go
33RFqEbkjP0-00019-00004435-00004803 to the anthropocenereviewed.com and let people know where your
33RFqEbkjP0-00020-00004803-00004903 book ended up.
33RFqEbkjP0-00021-00004903-00005106 Also share a picture of your signature if you
33RFqEbkjP0-00022-00005106-00005219 got an autographed one.
33RFqEbkjP0-00023-00005219-00005356 I’m very interested to know where
33RFqEbkjP0-00024-00005356-00005456 all the signatures went.
33RFqEbkjP0-00025-00005456-00005608 Ok I have to go do this TV thing.
33RFqEbkjP0-00026-00005608-00005885 Cut to me looking nervous.
33RFqEbkjP0-00027-00005885-00005985 Here we are, I’m getting my
33RFqEbkjP0-00028-00005985-00006112 makeup done Hank.
33RFqEbkjP0-00029-00006112-00006384 This is my favorite thing.  It feels like a nice
33RFqEbkjP0-00030-00006384-00006648 person is putting a protective shield on me.
33RFqEbkjP0-00031-00006648-00006886 That’s how I always feel when I’m getting my makeup done.
33RFqEbkjP0-00032-00006886-00006986 And I’m ready.
33RFqEbkjP0-00033-00006986-00007086 There’s also a discord channel where you can
33RFqEbkjP0-00034-00007086-00007266 discuss the book with other people in the community,
33RFqEbkjP0-00035-00007266-00007366 link in the dooblydoo.
33RFqEbkjP0-00036-00007366-00007505 Also, reviews are coming in and
33RFqEbkjP0-00037-00007505-00007793 so far they are very nice, like San Francisco chronicle
33RFqEbkjP0-00038-00007793-00007968 said, I want to make sure I quote this correctly:
33RFqEbkjP0-00039-00007968-00008199 “The Anthropocene Reviewed is the perfect book to read over lunch
33RFqEbkjP0-00040-00008199-00008449 or to keep on your nightstand whenever you need a reminder
33RFqEbkjP0-00041-00008449-00008874 of what it is to feel small and human in the best possible way.”
33RFqEbkjP0-00042-00008874-00009178 By the way that review also says, Green is a ravenous and tender
33RFqEbkjP0-00043-00009178-00009287 polymath.
33RFqEbkjP0-00044-00009287-00009614 Which is very kind even though I feel like proper polymaths
33RFqEbkjP0-00045-00009614-00009973 know how to say that word, and I’ve never been totally confident
33RFqEbkjP0-00046-00009973-00010128 about my pronunciation of it.
33RFqEbkjP0-00047-00010128-00010228 Ok now I really have to
33RFqEbkjP0-00048-00010228-00010328 do this TV thing.
33RFqEbkjP0-00049-00010328-00010455 Here’s a picture of Drew Barrymore
33RFqEbkjP0-00050-00010455-00010775 hugging my book after he said she loved it so that was nice.
33RFqEbkjP0-00051-00010775-00010875 I’m back.
33RFqEbkjP0-00052-00010875-00011044 I hope that TV thing went ok, but the most important
33RFqEbkjP0-00053-00011044-00011505 thing is that it’s over and I am where I belong, in my basement.
33RFqEbkjP0-00054-00011505-00011683 Also another great review just came in, I hope you don’t
33RFqEbkjP0-00055-00011683-00011917 mind if I read a little bit of it, it made me really happy.
33RFqEbkjP0-00056-00011917-00012017 “Lyrical
33RFqEbkjP0-00057-00012017-00012284 and beautiful, funny and hopefully, intricate and entertaining all
33RFqEbkjP0-00058-00012284-00012589 at once, Green may have made his name by writing fiction and
33RFqEbkjP0-00059-00012589-00012925 for good reason, but this first foray into non fiction is his
33RFqEbkjP0-00060-00012925-00013281 most mature, compelling, and beautifully written book yet.”
33RFqEbkjP0-00061-00013281-00013381 What else?
33RFqEbkjP0-00062-00013381-00013501 The virtual tour started last night with the
33RFqEbkjP0-00063-00013501-00013813 brilliant Clint Smith, and it was so fun that for a little while I
33RFqEbkjP0-00064-00013813-00014012 forgot I was even on zoom.
33RFqEbkjP0-00065-00014012-00014115 The tour rolls on tonight with
33RFqEbkjP0-00066-00014115-00014480 special guest radio lab co-host Latif Nasser and Sarah Urist Green.
33RFqEbkjP0-00067-00014480-00014744 And then on Wednesday with Hank and Sarah, and then on
33RFqEbkjP0-00068-00014744-00014988 Saturday with Ashley C Ford and Sarah.
33RFqEbkjP0-00069-00014988-00015088 It’s going to be
33RFqEbkjP0-00070-00015088-00015188 a lot of fun!
33RFqEbkjP0-00071-00015188-00015288 Tickets in the dooblydoo.
33RFqEbkjP0-00072-00015288-00015579 It’s been a long 3 years and a really, really long year and a
33RFqEbkjP0-00073-00015579-00015951 half and I’m just so grateful that the book is here.
33RFqEbkjP0-00074-00015951-00016051 I wrote the book
33RFqEbkjP0-00075-00016051-00016397 because I wanted to write my way back to wonder, and hope,
33RFqEbkjP0-00076-00016397-00016591 and sustained attention.
33RFqEbkjP0-00077-00016591-00016740 And it gave me that gift.
33RFqEbkjP0-00078-00016740-00017044 And I hope it can give you something of that gift too.
33RFqEbkjP0-00079-00017044-00017471 Last thing from me, and it may not be easy for me to say, but Hank this
33RFqEbkjP0-00080-00017471-00017665 book started with you.
33RFqEbkjP0-00081-00017665-00017928 It started with big, sprawling conversations
33RFqEbkjP0-00082-00017928-00018272 about our human moment and how to make sense of it, and it
33RFqEbkjP0-00083-00018272-00018614 started with belly laughs on a tour bus during a cross country
33RFqEbkjP0-00084-00018614-00018720 road trip.
33RFqEbkjP0-00085-00018720-00019053 Like so much of my work and life, it starts with you.
33RFqEbkjP0-00086-00019053-00019284 There’s a long standing inside joke around here that the
33RFqEbkjP0-00087-00019284-00019659 protagonists of all my novels are only children because I
33RFqEbkjP0-00088-00019659-00020022 don’t like to write about siblings, but that’s not true.
33RFqEbkjP0-00089-00020022-00020353 The truth is that
33RFqEbkjP0-00090-00020353-00020709 writing about siblings is too close to my vulnerable and
33RFqEbkjP0-00091-00020709-00020831 beating heart.
33RFqEbkjP0-00092-00020831-00021125 This book finally does have a main character with a sibling,
33RFqEbkjP0-00093-00021125-00021439 and you are at the beginning and middle and end of it, telling me
33RFqEbkjP0-00094-00021439-00021954 what I need to hear with wit and empathy and love, just like in real life.
33RFqEbkjP0-00095-00021954-00022346 I loved writing about you almost as much as I love and miss being
33RFqEbkjP0-00096-00022346-00022890 able to hang out with you so thank you, thank you for inspiring this book
33RFqEbkjP0-00097-00022890-00023202 and for supporting me every step of the way.
33RFqEbkjP0-00098-00023202-00023384 Thank you, thank you,
33RFqEbkjP0-00099-00023384-00023600 thank you Hank I’ll see you on Friday.
35lJqQOMht4-00000-00000400-00000976 A lot of people really get stuck on these types of puzzles, but keep watching for one simple trick
35lJqQOMht4-00001-00000976-00001792 to make it much simpler! Hello, Haskellings, and welcome to day 14! We first split the input
35lJqQOMht4-00002-00001792-00002432 into the two sections using interactg, then we can parse each of the lines in the second section
35lJqQOMht4-00003-00002488-00003215 using a parser that parses the characters and the ASCII arrow like this. The first section is only
35lJqQOMht4-00004-00003215-00003808 one line, so we can use pattern matching to grab it. For the second section, we can use parselist.
35lJqQOMht4-00005-00004000-00004608 We need to step through 10 iterations and for each we will look up the inserted Char for each
35lJqQOMht4-00006-00004608-00005264 adjacent pair, so let's break it down into a getpairs function and a function g that will
35lJqQOMht4-00007-00005264-00006048 do the lookup. So, g will take the pair and return a list with the new item and then also
35lJqQOMht4-00008-00006048-00006631 the second of the original pair. Lookup returns a Maybe, so let's just do a fromMaybe ' '. Getpairs
35lJqQOMht4-00009-00006952-00007512 will then just return all adjacent items as a list of pairs. And yes,
35lJqQOMht4-00010-00007512-00008120 I really should instead be using zipWith for this. Anyway, the last thing we need to do is to get
35lJqQOMht4-00011-00008120-00008640 the popularity counts and we can use our histo function that we developed on day 6 for this.
35lJqQOMht4-00012-00009120-00009544 And then once we subtract the highest popcount from the lowest, we are done!
35lJqQOMht4-00013-00009872-00010512 Part two is exactly what I feared: more iterations. This is a problem because the
35lJqQOMht4-00014-00010512-00011056 resulting String will grow exponentially and completely blow out the memory requirements.
35lJqQOMht4-00015-00011168-00011528 So we need to find another approach that doesn't use so much memory.
35lJqQOMht4-00016-00011680-00012216 The trick is to avoid doing all the insertions together, so for each pair,
35lJqQOMht4-00017-00012216-00012784 we can keep track of which iteration it's on and just work on these in a depth-first way.
35lJqQOMht4-00018-00012936-00013504 Let's start by removing the stuff we don't need from part one. Then we can write a function,
35lJqQOMht4-00019-00013504-00014016 d, that takes one of these 3-tuples and returns the histogram for the end result.
35lJqQOMht4-00020-00014144-00014712 If we're on the last iteration, just return the second item and its population of 1, but
35lJqQOMht4-00021-00014712-00015288 if there are more iterations to go, use recursion to combine the results after doing the insertion.
35lJqQOMht4-00022-00015456-00015768 The way we get the inserted Char is the same as before.
35lJqQOMht4-00023-00016000-00016768 To reduce appended histograms, we need to group by the Char and then sum all the population counts
35lJqQOMht4-00024-00016768-00017416 for each one. Let's not forget about the very first element, which we can add in to
35lJqQOMht4-00025-00017416-00018176 the concatenation of running d over the rest of the pairs, then combine it and then sort by the
35lJqQOMht4-00026-00018176-00018984 popcount. If we rename that to h, then we can just uncomment the old definition of f, but before we
35lJqQOMht4-00027-00018984-00019688 do that, I'd like to try to make this a bit more efficient by memoising the d function. To do that,
35lJqQOMht4-00028-00019688-00020548 it's as simple as importing MemoTrie, then replacing d everywhere with a call to memo d.
35lJqQOMht4-00029-00020704-00021744 I guess I haven't got that installed, so let's do that now. And, typos aside,
35lJqQOMht4-00030-00021848-00023464 that now looks good. And so with that, we're done for today! So, as always, happy Haskelling!
3rw8jbkiKZU-00000-00000000-00000852 obviously the Sun hats etc is more limited in terms of your reading ability
3rw8jbkiKZU-00001-00000852-00001962 even assess in you'll find it something quite remarkable any country in which you
3rw8jbkiKZU-00002-00001962-00003309 had a continuity of democracy that's not exactly India remarkable stability of many
3rw8jbkiKZU-00003-00003309-00004155 institutions of liberal democracy you see here at the visa and micro level talent and violence
3rw8jbkiKZU-00004-00004155-00005574 liberal democracies for all the criticism you have 510 black people killed by the police and
3rw8jbkiKZU-00005-00005574-00006509 you will have this country you can houses of Muslims nobody gets this done it's anything
3rw8jbkiKZU-00006-00008542-00009292 University I say this and I said Steve latest example what is today Chile had
3rw8jbkiKZU-00007-00009292-00009808 limited democracy for much longer we do the disappearances that you 40 South
3rw8jbkiKZU-00008-00009808-00010570 Chile was one of the few countries that has a much longer history it only got over that
3rw8jbkiKZU-00009-00010570-00011671 level in 1973 at only much later has a bit reversed Chile whose rule is what was the
3rw8jbkiKZU-00010-00011671-00012331 big factor which led to build a dictatorship it was the growing power the working class
3rw8jbkiKZU-00011-00012331-00013021 that was the big trend by partying is that this question of a reversal of democracy
3rw8jbkiKZU-00012-00013021-00013615 its connection to the working class movement is also related to what is this
3rw8jbkiKZU-00013-00014532-00015084 working-class power at interpreting force and if that is not the case there so what
3rw8jbkiKZU-00014-00015084-00015738 I am saying right internationalism today tries to imaginaries and
3rw8jbkiKZU-00015-00015738-00016275 respect democracy to in Fidelis target groups but not to completely destroyed
3rw8jbkiKZU-00016-00018329-00018429 [Music]
3rw8jbkiKZU-00017-00018329-00020783 [Music]
3rw8jbkiKZU-00018-00023882-00024392 boxes believe the possibility of fascism
3rw8jbkiKZU-00019-00024392-00025933 because capitalism there is going to be a threat sub boxes system this is marvelous
3rw8jbkiKZU-00020-00026001-00026358 because capacitive is not simply the most elegant form of distribution
3rw8jbkiKZU-00021-00026358-00028661 [Music] as for the
3rw8jbkiKZU-00022-00033054-00034350 okay just a bit a bit perceptive Wojtek my mood when he said that the father who's one who is
3rw8jbkiKZU-00023-00034350-00035214 very much connected to the self-consciousness of the middle class or particular see Marxist
3rw8jbkiKZU-00024-00035214-00035961 used to say that the most important social base for Hitler Mussolini was the anti-bush machine
3rw8jbkiKZU-00025-00035961-00036831 uh actually would research since then has shown this to be mystical both Hitler and Mussolini
3rw8jbkiKZU-00026-00036831-00037491 had a much stock in multi class service yes what is called the middle classes the petty-bourgeois
3rw8jbkiKZU-00027-00037491-00038118 was very much committed to it but it had more support than you give it credit for
3rw8jbkiKZU-00028-00038118-00039036 even below that but trustees point was that the most stable social base for the classes
3rw8jbkiKZU-00029-00039036-00039999 is the middle class their possibility to the by bhagavata to democracy and their
3rw8jbkiKZU-00030-00039999-00040905 support for the fascist party was absolutely central to their similarity and they squeeze
3rw8jbkiKZU-00031-00040905-00041850 everybody recognizes that the working class is not squeezing disaster whatever
3rw8jbkiKZU-00032-00041850-00042747 it's extremely weak and the consciousness of that before this thing here is related
3rw8jbkiKZU-00034-00051022-00051934 very important so many ways this again as I say it's a weakness because he is a huge
3rw8jbkiKZU-00035-00052164-00052764 it is a continent in fact look at the question of language Europe has the same
3rw8jbkiKZU-00036-00052764-00053715 territory as South Asian safe territory size it has the lower population it has less religious
3rw8jbkiKZU-00037-00053715-00054438 diversity it is less linguistic diversity it has less diversity before not after all
3rw8jbkiKZU-00038-00054438-00056307 less diversity topographically climate but my point here is that this diversity of in here
3rw8jbkiKZU-00039-00056307-00057096 also makes the Jews problem for any party to establish this very strong can be of scepter
3rw8jbkiKZU-00040-00057096-00057741 lies this is going to be a problem for the beaches we can foster thing is that one of
3rw8jbkiKZU-00041-00057741-00058529 the biggest barriers with the far-right you very much but what a night we have a
3rw8jbkiKZU-00042-00058529-00059076 weakness of opposition forces but the other hand is objective diversity rather than the
3rw8jbkiKZU-00043-00059076-00059982 strength of those struggle against it it was the biggest obstacle I am suggesting
3rw8jbkiKZU-00044-00059982-00061960 [Music] into the category of a very into fascism features serious that online I will put another
3rw8jbkiKZU-00045-00061960-00062971 category general category which is really a budget 70s the name 1970s I thought you'll
3rw8jbkiKZU-00046-00062971-00063862 notice is that in the period after 1945 1970s this is a period where everywhere there was some
3rw8jbkiKZU-00047-00063862-00064459 optimism about the future even in third-world countries that have become newly decolonize
3rw8jbkiKZU-00048-00064459-00065023 we will make the future all that was there will be a signal where we take the best of
3rw8jbkiKZU-00049-00065023-00065803 this most of the resistance movement citizens was secular in that part of the world we you
3rw8jbkiKZU-00050-00065803-00066952 now Islamic fundamentalism you have ghazal ISM you have Maxim you had the PLO these are all
3rw8jbkiKZU-00051-00066952-00069022 secular movements it is only half tusk useless enormously popular yeah it's only now this is
3rw8jbkiKZU-00052-00069022-00069940 protected what are these pockets of cultural exclusivism ethnicity religion issue and they
3rw8jbkiKZU-00053-00069940-00070771 have the worldwide once again what am I saying I'm saying that also look at the rise of the
3rw8jbkiKZU-00054-00070771-00071341 BJP because up to the early seventies they were doing yoga they can't support
3rw8jbkiKZU-00055-00071665-00072886 twenty-five would steal my skin and you begin to see all kinds everywhere worldwide the politics of
3rw8jbkiKZU-00056-00072886-00074386 the form do communalism the form of is nothing but what about Christian fundamentalisms what
3rw8jbkiKZU-00057-00074386-00074914 about Judaism ultimate wisdom what about Buddhism baptisms whether you're talking
3rw8jbkiKZU-00058-00074914-00075442 about whether you're talking about Sri Lanka the ships will do all this by the goodness
3rw8jbkiKZU-00059-00075442-00076447 they accept what you fight in the former second word the grandest nationalisms bitter fighting an
3rw8jbkiKZU-00060-00076447-00077407 ex super snobby the fighting that's taking place what if X is odd the shock of all of us the tiny
3rw8jbkiKZU-00061-00077407-00078295 seventeenth nineteen eighties of fact asylum wars between countries that calls itself socials China
3rw8jbkiKZU-00062-00078295-00079489 Russia China attacking midnight 1979 and Cuccia all of these things you will Serbia and Russia
3rw8jbkiKZU-00063-00079489-00080539 this and what did you find that the first one the right idea and racism you find all of these
3rw8jbkiKZU-00064-00080539-00081494 60 global the sphere after the late night for this international problem is dead gets in fact
3rw8jbkiKZU-00065-00081494-00082628 in different ways - - the business specificities they have [Music] expresses itself ships itself
3rw8jbkiKZU-00066-00082628-00084032 a very specific democracy and is deciding what are the big differences and this is we have to
3rw8jbkiKZU-00067-00084032-00084821 recognize and accept this today the only force that has dedicated ideologically committed kala
3rw8jbkiKZU-00068-00084821-00085655 other son but there are various associations you know what has happened to the base - you left
3rw8jbkiKZU-00069-00085655-00086324 which was supported by development indicator in Kerala and West be God on that hill what
3rw8jbkiKZU-00070-00086324-00086822 is important for a cater for this I think is the difference between the far left and the far right
3rw8jbkiKZU-00071-00086822-00088262 website and other parties for the far left and the far right and what is most important is not
3rw8jbkiKZU-00072-00088262-00088846 what they do it's a good practical electric paper it's what they do outside in terms of mobilization
3rw8jbkiKZU-00073-00088846-00089503 this together and this is true for the far left and this is true for the far right the
3rw8jbkiKZU-00074-00089503-00090046 sub today is the one force that has its gathers at the poles of civil society I wanted this to
3rw8jbkiKZU-00075-00090046-00090898 either off-site the electoral political arena is what became but supported time the left at
3rw8jbkiKZU-00076-00090898-00091447 least certain regions over here have this kind of capacities that I God is and what the site
3rw8jbkiKZU-00077-00091447-00091972 was what actually had to propel them there we are not like the far left at the far way are not like
3rw8jbkiKZU-00078-00091972-00093091 your mainstream in both of them should have to talk about the weight shift left his father of
3rw8jbkiKZU-00079-00093091-00093667 course doesn't make sense that's what obvious point but what the far left the far might have
3rw8jbkiKZU-00080-00093667-00094315 both of them is profoundly transformative vision of the kind of society they would what would you
3rw8jbkiKZU-00081-00094315-00094846 very reactionary the other of course what we subscribed and that cooperative vision comes
3rw8jbkiKZU-00082-00094846-00095449 from having Gators were mobilized that what is the big difference today between the cases of the
3rw8jbkiKZU-00083-00095449-00096100 left revolutionary canis left one wine during the period when fascism was the biggest event
3rw8jbkiKZU-00085-00102940-00103171 the question is how do we find him
3rw8jbkiKZU-00086-00103325-00104659 [Music] historically there was a debate a divide between what was called the Popular
3rw8jbkiKZU-00087-00104659-00105272 Front to fight fascism at the United Front the bottom line came here it talked about the fact
3rw8jbkiKZU-00088-00105272-00105886 that popularity like we talked about that so I don't need to very briefly the United Front
3rw8jbkiKZU-00089-00105886-00107405 ocean both are basically tactics together is that you have more abilities like here or was
3rw8jbkiKZU-00090-00107405-00108416 it peasants but in here unlike United States but it fit in your honor that's the exception
3rw8jbkiKZU-00091-00108416-00109157 you had a few parties that have a solid market caspase here in fact parties that
3rw8jbkiKZU-00092-00109157-00109919 have a much larger base within that year so the list if we speak if you are going
3rw8jbkiKZU-00093-00109919-00110584 to recognize that we have to fight against of some but I see it is far right but I see right
3rw8jbkiKZU-00094-00110746-00110846 [Music]
3rw8jbkiKZU-00095-00110746-00111379 [Music]
3rw8jbkiKZU-00096-00113698-00115741 but yes I do there is no getting away that you have to have some kind of a tactical Popular
3rw8jbkiKZU-00097-00115741-00116634 Front at some times to fight it what kind of lights can you just the tactical tactical
3rw8jbkiKZU-00098-00116634-00117238 Isis for a specific cause a specific issue for a specific time and even when you have
3rw8jbkiKZU-00099-00117238-00117931 alliances what it's very tricky how to have that alliances when you have an Isis magazine
3rw8jbkiKZU-00100-00117931-00118507 a sickle issue a particular issue whatever what you guys use is more importantly what
3rw8jbkiKZU-00101-00118507-00119269 divides you have to recognize that at the same time there's always a sense about what is not
3rw8jbkiKZU-00102-00119269-00119878 separate we will strike together there has to be freedom for you even within the context of
3rw8jbkiKZU-00103-00119878-00119883 [Music]
3rw8jbkiKZU-00105-00124420-00125782 these Tea Party and the BJP these are the only two parties that have expected inhibited not sure
3rw8jbkiKZU-00106-00125782-00126735 about the rock we'll have to see what happens it go on and what happens is you know uncomfortable
3rw8jbkiKZU-00107-00126735-00127668 sick you would recognize Spears be jumping because I by local intelligence because you say
3rw8jbkiKZU-00108-00128098-00128980 but we have to be agency if they excitement the other party with upset doubts as the BJP
3rw8jbkiKZU-00109-00128980-00129676 once upon a time it is not conducted today like we told that is going infinity it's their little son
3rw8jbkiKZU-00110-00129676-00132514 it's suffering because after if it wins it you witnesses back you know that if it loses some
3rw8jbkiKZU-00111-00132514-00133102 breathing space what is our perspective for even in the short term having a breathing space but
3rw8jbkiKZU-00112-00133102-00134449 not that I'm struggling in your liberalism if you like the question of the reaction because
3rw8jbkiKZU-00113-00134449-00135205 understand new liberalism as characterizing not the state of affairs but a certain direction that
3rw8jbkiKZU-00114-00135205-00135955 the economy is taking everywhere if you see the Z direction then you will realize that different
3rw8jbkiKZU-00115-00135955-00136549 countries are starting at different points and have different histories and they're moving in
3rw8jbkiKZU-00116-00136549-00137068 that direction uneven ways phase sequence but they are moving in that direction but
3rw8jbkiKZU-00117-00137068-00137638 they be differences in the state of affairs you're including Scandinavia are moving in
3rw8jbkiKZU-00118-00137638-00138262 a neoliberal direction history starting point of United States and therefore things are still
3rw8jbkiKZU-00119-00138262-00139090 better than that there are states China and India are both moving in the new liberal direction but
3rw8jbkiKZU-00120-00139090-00139474 there are great differences what it means in terms of the state of affairs but they
3rw8jbkiKZU-00121-00139474-00140119 are moving in that direction but you cannot have a right-wing movement on the economic
3rw8jbkiKZU-00122-00140119-00140740 level with doubt cannot be stable unless you also have this right-wing politics and
3rw8jbkiKZU-00123-00140740-00142249 ideology and we are going to continue to live in a globalized capitalism the stabilization
3rw8jbkiKZU-00124-00142249-00142252 [Music]
3rw8jbkiKZU-00125-00145531-00146972 - I've got my quarter plus so this kind of relationship you so you have
3rw8jbkiKZU-00126-00146972-00147494 to situate the process it might be what I've just written a book which
3rw8jbkiKZU-00127-00147494-00147830 should be coming out abroad in about three months
3rw8jbkiKZU-00128-00147830-00148727 here to pick it out three four five months also it's all this issue of
3rw8jbkiKZU-00129-00148727-00149225 the fact communities of the transistor and all that and I can tell all of you
3rw8jbkiKZU-00130-00149225-00149957 who are interested how you can get the book free all you have to do to get it
3rw8jbkiKZU-00131-00149957-00150365 free is please put your hand into the pocket of the person sitting next to you
3rw8jbkiKZU-00132-00151848-00151948 [Music]
3rw8jbkiKZU-00134-00158925-00159402 if they're going to fight its defeat we look for the long term the one it is a
3rw8jbkiKZU-00135-00159402-00160002 long tough struggle number two important as it is that it should not win in state elections
3rw8jbkiKZU-00137-00166267-00167389 you will have to get a job they're changing houses Jason what's happening is that the association's
3rw8jbkiKZU-00138-00167389-00168919 journalist repeatedly accountants will be to be a father eh do you normally sit there and we cannot
3rw8jbkiKZU-00139-00168919-00169702 fight I had with this force is only on the level of separatism it has to be an honorable fight they
3rw8jbkiKZU-00140-00169702-00170806 have transformer division and their weak spot today these spots jobs whether it is you peel
3rw8jbkiKZU-00141-00170806-00171757 over this year they cannot provide enough decent jobs they are not when we are another things here
3rw8jbkiKZU-00142-00171757-00172666 that is the caribou soul nor the covered here this period resentments but the fact that there
3rw8jbkiKZU-00143-00172666-00173047 is going to be resentment that frustration doesn't guarantee that they will lose out I
3rw8jbkiKZU-00144-00173047-00173698 say this because it is living politics that will decide the direction that ideas and frustrations
3rw8jbkiKZU-00145-00173698-00174385 would take place living politics in terms of what political activists do such a frustration
3rw8jbkiKZU-00146-00174688-00176662 two reasons one is that if there are chiefly some extent it's good but the fact that they
3rw8jbkiKZU-00147-00176662-00177202 cannot be achieved with the existing framework also strengthens doors it look you can't get it
3rw8jbkiKZU-00148-00177202-00177955 down you have to have a much more efficient and cost something that's very very the anti-castro
3rw8jbkiKZU-00149-00177955-00178519 is very they are the lessons they're not only appropriate to be shots that make a
3rw8jbkiKZU-00150-00178519-00179392 lot of success but they also learn to try at the local level planets and titles of
3rw8jbkiKZU-00151-00179392-00179830 all kinds of local myths local heroes and heroines is this an exception they're also
3rw8jbkiKZU-00152-00179830-00180589 appropriating them as I take it new taxes of the system it's still difficult for them but
3rw8jbkiKZU-00153-00180589-00181270 they charge but still in politics its identity politics but you have somebody like Jignesh their
3rw8jbkiKZU-00154-00181270-00181807 body educationally body is very interesting because he's the person who said we cannot
3rw8jbkiKZU-00155-00181807-00182395 simplicity politics we must also understand the material this becomes actually left