nMagWwDTI9M-00000-00000002-00000276 We're going to talk now about what's called
nMagWwDTI9M-00001-00000276-00000534 the membrane potential, and how it accounts for
nMagWwDTI9M-00002-00000534-00000834 the excitability of cells, We're going to see that
nMagWwDTI9M-00003-00000834-00001184 ion flow is responsible for maintaining the resting
nMagWwDTI9M-00004-00001184-00001484 potential across cell membranes. The resting potential
nMagWwDTI9M-00005-00001484-00001764 is a voltage difference across cell membranes.
nMagWwDTI9M-00006-00001764-00002039 You may recall that cells are slightly electronegative
nMagWwDTI9M-00007-00002039-00002364 in the cytoplasm, relative to the exterior of the cell.
nMagWwDTI9M-00008-00002364-00002674 Cells are irritable; that's one of the major properties
nMagWwDTI9M-00009-00002674-00002990 of life. That's because they respond to stimuli and
nMagWwDTI9M-00010-00002990-00003224 the stimuli that they respond to disturb the
nMagWwDTI9M-00011-00003224-00003544 resting potential. We're going to see then, that ion flows
nMagWwDTI9M-00012-00003544-00003832 not only account for maintaining the resting potential,
nMagWwDTI9M-00013-00003832-00004178 but are responsible for the irritability of cells,
nMagWwDTI9M-00014-00004178-00004520 the actual ability of cells to respond to stimulus.
nMagWwDTI9M-00015-00004520-00004948 In this cartoon we have a voltmeter with one of its
nMagWwDTI9M-00016-00004948-00005316 electrodes penetrating the membrane of a cell. And this
nMagWwDTI9M-00017-00005316-00005552 is how we would measure the resting potential.
nMagWwDTI9M-00018-00005552-00006034 The voltmeter will register that -20 to -200 millivolts, and
nMagWwDTI9M-00019-00006034-00006326 telling us that the interior of the cell is indeed negative
nMagWwDTI9M-00020-00006326-00006609 relative to the outside of the cell. The resting potential
nMagWwDTI9M-00021-00006609-00006976 ranges from about -20 to -200 millivolts. This will
nMagWwDTI9M-00022-00006976-00007326 depend on cell type. Most cells have a resting potential
nMagWwDTI9M-00023-00007326-00007808 around -70 t0 -80 millivolts. Cells respond to stimulus
nMagWwDTI9M-00024-00007808-00008062 with local disturbances in that resting potential,
nMagWwDTI9M-00025-00008062-00008328 and neurotransmission is an example of this.
nMagWwDTI9M-00026-00008328-00008576 Let's back that up one time and look at it again...
nMagWwDTI9M-00027-00008576-00008866 So when the nerve cell (or part of a nerve cell) appears,
nMagWwDTI9M-00028-00008866-00009262 the arrow is the propagation of a nervous impulse
nMagWwDTI9M-00029-00009262-00009594 reaching the nerve ending. And as the impulse
nMagWwDTI9M-00030-00009594-00009866 reaches the nerve ending, it causes a release of
nMagWwDTI9M-00031-00009866-00010194 neurotransmitters, which cross the synaptic cleft.
nMagWwDTI9M-00032-00010194-00010470 The asterisks in this case, are the neurotransmitters.
nMagWwDTI9M-00033-00010470-00010809 Let's look at that again...,and they are released
nMagWwDTI9M-00034-00010810-00011144 from synaptic vesicles, they cross the cleft, and when
nMagWwDTI9M-00035-00011144-00011446 they bind to their receptors in the responding cell,
nMagWwDTI9M-00036-00011446-00011814 it induces a localized membrane depolarization.
nMagWwDTI9M-00037-00011814-00012136 And at that little location right where the nerve cell
nMagWwDTI9M-00038-00012136-00012392 has innervated the responding cell, the
nMagWwDTI9M-00039-00012392-00012708 polarity of the cell switches. And now the interior of
nMagWwDTI9M-00040-00012708-00012968 the cell is positive with respect to the outside.
nMagWwDTI9M-00041-00012968-00013228 And that doesn't occur around the entire cell. But it's a
nMagWwDTI9M-00042-00013228-00013622 localized membrane depolarization. That's how nerve
nMagWwDTI9M-00043-00013622-00013928 cells stimulate responding cells. It could be other
nMagWwDTI9M-00044-00013928-00014213 nerve cells that are responding. Or, also muscle cells
nMagWwDTI9M-00045-00014213-00014563 will respond in much the same way.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00000-00002763-00002863 Welcome everyone to today's webinar with the California
nPwAv7ptsNk-00001-00002863-00003013 College report ability act of 2015. There are 4 people
nPwAv7ptsNk-00002-00003013-00003163 presenting so I will take a minute to give you some background
nPwAv7ptsNk-00003-00003163-00003763 on each presenter.  Cheryl is an English professor
nPwAv7ptsNk-00004-00003763-00003813 division
nPwAv7ptsNk-00005-00003813-00003864 chair a business and science and academic presenting this from
nPwAv7ptsNk-00006-00003864-00004413 the college and she is a representative for the academic Senate
nPwAv7ptsNk-00007-00004413-00004914 and a member of the California open education resources and open
nPwAv7ptsNk-00008-00004914-00005063 educational resources.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00009-00005063-00005913 He is a librarian at
nPwAv7ptsNk-00010-00006113-00006164 American College and completed 13 years
nPwAv7ptsNk-00011-00006164-00006364 of service as a member of the executive committee committee for
nPwAv7ptsNk-00012-00006364-00006764 California Trinity
nPwAv7ptsNk-00013-00007214-00007263 colleges and the steering committee of the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00014-00007263-00007714 online education administrator
nPwAv7ptsNk-00015-00008914-00009014 go this is the open educational
nPwAv7ptsNk-00016-00009014-00009414 resource
nPwAv7ptsNk-00017-00009663-00009814 task for.  They have directed the community college
nPwAv7ptsNk-00018-00009814-00010014 consortium for open educational resources since 2011 and she
nPwAv7ptsNk-00019-00010014-00010564 served as a library and services and manager for the California
nPwAv7ptsNk-00020-00010564-00011264 open online library during the lunch year.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00021-00011264-00011314 Previously she was
nPwAv7ptsNk-00022-00011314-00011714 part-time faculty and director of the college open project.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00023-00011714-00012164 Without further
nPwAv7ptsNk-00024-00013313-00013914 ado.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00025-00013914-00014014 this is something I'm just thrilled to be
nPwAv7ptsNk-00026-00014014-00014164 here with my colleagues with the Council and with the community
nPwAv7ptsNk-00027-00014164-00014664 college Dolores Dan and Carol.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00028-00014964-00015014 I have watch this effort and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00029-00015014-00015114 California for the last several years starting with the original
nPwAv7ptsNk-00030-00015114-00015914 legislation and was just so excited this last
nPwAv7ptsNk-00031-00015914-00015964 year when the 8798
nPwAv7ptsNk-00032-00015964-00016664 past that is providing funding to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00033-00016864-00016914 colleges to the adoption
nPwAv7ptsNk-00034-00016914-00017064 getting started on campuses and it is a really wonderful
nPwAv7ptsNk-00035-00017064-00017664 opportunity and the community college consortium very much wants
nPwAv7ptsNk-00036-00017664-00018264 to see colleges in California get the funding so they can help
nPwAv7ptsNk-00037-00018264-00018414 their students with cost and get faculty choice around the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00038-00018414-00018814 curriculum.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00039-00019264-00019414 This week is open education week around the world
nPwAv7ptsNk-00040-00019414-00020012 and the community college consortium and Associates consortium
nPwAv7ptsNk-00041-00020012-00020214 is here and there are hundreds of events on campus around the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00042-00020214-00021064 world and on line that are free and open to you to join in on.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00043-00021462-00021564 This open education is all around the community access for
nPwAv7ptsNk-00044-00021564-00022064 knowledge to learners and to whoever they may be whether faculty
nPwAv7ptsNk-00045-00022064-00022214 or students or the general public. There is a lot of interesting
nPwAv7ptsNk-00046-00022214-00022864 resources on this site with videos, showcases,
nPwAv7ptsNk-00047-00022864-00022914 projects and if
nPwAv7ptsNk-00048-00022914-00023064 you have time to go out there and get inspired.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00050-00023814-00023914 I wanted to just briefly define what open educational
nPwAv7ptsNk-00051-00023914-00024264 resources is.  We all kind of know what it is and here is a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00052-00024264-00024364 a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00053-00024364-00024811 definition.  Sometimes we all are having discussions about the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00054-00024811-00025364 legalities of the materials we use in the classroom.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00055-00025564-00025614 I am just
nPwAv7ptsNk-00056-00025614-00025714 curious with the materials that can be used with learning
nPwAv7ptsNk-00057-00025714-00026364 without cost and they have this allowing them to be modified or
nPwAv7ptsNk-00059-00026414-00026814 be distributed without violating the copyright laws.  These come
nPwAv7ptsNk-00060-00026814-00027415 in all formats point you can think about the open
nPwAv7ptsNk-00061-00027614-00027664 textbooks and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00062-00027664-00028267 the open courses that are available through various courses.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00063-00028514-00028764 They are our videos released and they are all openly licensed
nPwAv7ptsNk-00064-00028764-00029214 and this is a huge referred
nPwAv7ptsNk-00065-00029714-00029764 Tory that of course the Council will
nPwAv7ptsNk-00066-00029764-00029964 tell you more about with the textbook that can be reused and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00067-00029964-00030464 redistributed and so forth and this
nPwAv7ptsNk-00068-00030914-00030964 is really the open license
nPwAv7ptsNk-00069-00030964-00031064 that is key and I say that because this particular brand is
nPwAv7ptsNk-00070-00031064-00031864 looking at 3 and open and it will be a choice for
nPwAv7ptsNk-00071-00032714-00032764 you and the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00072-00032764-00032864 materials will be available in both formats and you have a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00073-00032864-00033014 high-quality open versus free and if you need to make that
nPwAv7ptsNk-00074-00033014-00033164 decision I would suggest you look at what is open provided for
nPwAv7ptsNk-00075-00033164-00033314 you as it provides the ability to have the materials and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00076-00033314-00033864 students and faculty so resources that are free at that very
nPwAv7ptsNk-00077-00033864-00034264 moment
nPwAv7ptsNk-00078-00034664-00034764 and those who don't have access to revise it or
nPwAv7ptsNk-00079-00034764-00035114 distribute and that provides a lot of flexibility and is
nPwAv7ptsNk-00080-00035114-00035464 something that cannot be taken away.  This is a few key things
nPwAv7ptsNk-00081-00035464-00035864 to remember
nPwAv7ptsNk-00082-00036014-00036114 about open versus free peer co- __.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00083-00036114-00036264 Community college consortium we were founded almost 9 years
nPwAv7ptsNk-00084-00036264-00036914 ago at the community college
nPwAv7ptsNk-00085-00037664-00037714 district by our Chancellor's office
nPwAv7ptsNk-00086-00037714-00037914 and she has a decision community colleges benefit from OER and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00089-00038014-00038114 the community colleges were not active very much.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00090-00038114-00038714 Although 9 years has
nPwAv7ptsNk-00091-00038764-00038814 passed it remains the same with the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00092-00038814-00039314 focus of high quality educational
nPwAv7ptsNk-00093-00039414-00039464 resources with faculty and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00094-00039464-00039564 students and we really want to support faculty in their
nPwAv7ptsNk-00095-00039564-00039964 curriculum what they feel is the best material to bring into
nPwAv7ptsNk-00096-00039964-00040514 their class and we provide professional development online and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00097-00040514-00041164 free to the communicators and students
nPwAv7ptsNk-00098-00041164-00041214 whoever is interested in
nPwAv7ptsNk-00099-00041214-00041364 this and I will tell you more about this in a moment.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00101-00042014-00042164 We have student success to complete this in a timely fashion
nPwAv7ptsNk-00102-00042164-00042264 up to this possible debt-free.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00104-00042714-00043114 We have over 250 colleges participating in the events and we
nPwAv7ptsNk-00105-00043114-00043714 have 21 states and provinces.  This is a number of OER's
nPwAv7ptsNk-00106-00043714-00043764 as is a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00107-00043764-00043964 number of California community college directly peer co-
nPwAv7ptsNk-00109-00044814-00044914 We have a big community out there and it is a wonderful
nPwAv7ptsNk-00110-00044914-00045114 place to come in and find out information about what others are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00111-00045114-00045562 doing and they may have already solved the problem and are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00112-00045562-00045664 currently working on this point __.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00113-00045664-00045814 .
nPwAv7ptsNk-00114-00045814-00046314 We have webinars that are increasing structures and we have
nPwAv7ptsNk-00115-00046314-00046512 a topic and speakers who come in about what is open and we have
nPwAv7ptsNk-00116-00046512-00046964 meetings that are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00117-00047114-00047215 informal and much more common you bring your
nPwAv7ptsNk-00118-00047215-00047514 problem you're trying to stop and hear from others and we have a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00119-00047514-00047664 a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00120-00047664-00048064 listserv at 450 people and primarily community colleges and some
nPwAv7ptsNk-00121-00048064-00048514 four-year
nPwAv7ptsNk-00122-00048814-00048966 universities.  They have asked me to add them and this
nPwAv7ptsNk-00123-00048966-00049464 is about getting your questions answered from different
nPwAv7ptsNk-00124-00049964-00050014 experts
nPwAv7ptsNk-00125-00050014-00050114 we love to have members participate and do a live panel and we
nPwAv7ptsNk-00126-00050114-00050314 provide support for those who are writing grants.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00127-00050314-00050564 This is a list of the webinars here and we have several more
nPwAv7ptsNk-00128-00050564-00051014 to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00129-00051264-00051364 go in May and June and all of these are archived on the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00130-00051364-00051664 website so if you like to go listen to them they are up there
nPwAv7ptsNk-00131-00051664-00051914 and we provide the slides as well.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00132-00051914-00052614 We provide professional development so if it makes
nPwAv7ptsNk-00133-00052614-00052664 sense
nPwAv7ptsNk-00134-00052664-00053264 around finding and adopting high-quality OER that is the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00135-00053264-00053314 faculty
nPwAv7ptsNk-00136-00053314-00053864 and we can work with faculty or trainers and staff.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00137-00053864-00053914 We workshop
nPwAv7ptsNk-00138-00053914-00054464 and understand and what are ways you can reuse the materials and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00139-00054464-00055314 we also pay a lot of attention to accessibility.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00140-00055414-00055464 OER is about
nPwAv7ptsNk-00141-00055464-00056012 access and we want to make sure we have access for all
nPwAv7ptsNk-00142-00056264-00056314 students   point __.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00143-00056314-00056514 We also work with colleges on looking at plans to promote
nPwAv7ptsNk-00144-00056514-00056764 open education at your college and what the ingredients are for
nPwAv7ptsNk-00145-00056764-00056864 that.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00146-00056864-00057464 Here is a list up online resources and you can take a look
nPwAv7ptsNk-00147-00057464-00057714 at those at your leisure and once again if you would like to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00148-00057714-00058064 join our email list it is free and open and you can go ahead and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00149-00058064-00058514 e-mail
nPwAv7ptsNk-00150-00058714-00058914 me as you can see what is happening in your community.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00151-00058914-00058964 __.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00152-00058964-00059264 Thank you very very much for listening and I will turn this
nPwAv7ptsNk-00153-00059264-00059664 over to my colleague at the California OER Council.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00154-00059664-00060365 You have a question in the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00155-00060365-00060464 chat about the charge for the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00156-00060464-00060564 workshops peer co-
nPwAv7ptsNk-00157-00060564-00061065 For face-to-face workshops we do have to have travel
nPwAv7ptsNk-00158-00061065-00061515 expenses taking care
nPwAv7ptsNk-00159-00061864-00062014 of so let us know and contact us and let us
nPwAv7ptsNk-00160-00062014-00062315 know if you are interested and we would be happy to chat with
nPwAv7ptsNk-00161-00062315-00062364 you about that.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00164-00064614-00065015 I am Dolores and I am on deck OER Council and a little bit
nPwAv7ptsNk-00165-00065015-00065565 of background about the Council is it was created by the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00166-00065565-00066265 built-in 52 and 2012 and it contains numbers from the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00167-00066265-00066315 community
nPwAv7ptsNk-00168-00066315-00067215 colleges and CSU's and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00169-00068265-00068365 1052 asks you to take a look at the most
nPwAv7ptsNk-00170-00068365-00068465 popular courses transferring between the system and to identify
nPwAv7ptsNk-00171-00068465-00068615 high quality materials to be used and those specifically
nPwAv7ptsNk-00172-00068615-00068840 textbook and we have been doing that over the last couple of
nPwAv7ptsNk-00173-00068840-00069065 years as a formation point the second or third bill is 8798 the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00174-00069065-00069615 past this past year as someone being the author is the bill
nPwAv7ptsNk-00175-00069615-00070015 providing
nPwAv7ptsNk-00176-00070265-00070415 the 2 colleges for promoting professional development
nPwAv7ptsNk-00177-00070415-00070515 and other activities around OER.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00179-00071315-00071415 We are going to talk about how this works with the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00180-00071415-00072065 interaction between the Council and the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00181-00072165-00072215 CSU and the program
nPwAv7ptsNk-00182-00072215-00072715 itself.  1 of the differences between
nPwAv7ptsNk-00183-00073215-00073265 798 and 1053 is that they
nPwAv7ptsNk-00184-00073265-00073415 use these were dropped out at 798 and we continue to have
nPwAv7ptsNk-00185-00073415-00073914 participation from the members on the OER
nPwAv7ptsNk-00186-00074365-00074415 Council , but the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00187-00074415-00074565 colleges and the universities can apply for these are from the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00188-00074565-00074665 CSU or CBC.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00189-00074665-00075115 There are 3 members from each of those plus a chair.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00190-00075115-00075815 The adoption incentive
nPwAv7ptsNk-00191-00075815-00075915 program allows for a variety at
nPwAv7ptsNk-00192-00075915-00076565 different activities around OER adoption.  The faculty
nPwAv7ptsNk-00193-00076565-00076615 and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00194-00076615-00077115 professional development, learning fallacy, core add resources
nPwAv7ptsNk-00195-00077115-00077915 as we said earlier and this
nPwAv7ptsNk-00196-00078165-00078280 provides those with OER.  1 of the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00197-00078280-00078515 keys to that is there are differences between CSU and another
nPwAv7ptsNk-00198-00078515-00078960 system
nPwAv7ptsNk-00199-00079165-00079265 and the library and will report that the community
nPwAv7ptsNk-00200-00079265-00079815 colleges and librarians and faculties of the system and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00201-00080015-00080065 so they
nPwAv7ptsNk-00202-00080065-00080365 encompass all of those who are working in 0 ER to ensure they
nPwAv7ptsNk-00203-00080365-00080465 had access from professional development.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00204-00080465-00081165 The activities, curriculum
nPwAv7ptsNk-00205-00081165-00081215 modification related to the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00206-00081215-00081915 adoption of OER this is not in the form of direct as we
nPwAv7ptsNk-00207-00081915-00081965 passed a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00208-00081965-00082365 resolution of the plenary in the fall and make it clear that the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00209-00082365-00082865 representatives were not for incentive and it asked for direct
nPwAv7ptsNk-00210-00082865-00083615 compensation and to faculty for adopting
nPwAv7ptsNk-00211-00083615-00083665 OER and changing of the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00212-00083665-00084365 materials especially if it requires
nPwAv7ptsNk-00213-00084365-00084415 a shift in a course it may
nPwAv7ptsNk-00214-00084415-00084615 be able to fall under that.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00215-00084615-00085365 Technology support for students and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00216-00085365-00085415 faculty including
nPwAv7ptsNk-00217-00085415-00086265 downloading materials and the use of OER at the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00218-00086715-00086765 library's.  So
nPwAv7ptsNk-00219-00086765-00086865 academic and synapse at the community colleges and CSU's are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00220-00086865-00087265 required
nPwAv7ptsNk-00221-00087365-00087515 to do 2 things.  The first is to adopt a resolution
nPwAv7ptsNk-00222-00087515-00088015 stating that the Senate and college are committed to increasing
nPwAv7ptsNk-00223-00088015-00088665 student access and reducing the cost.  The
nPwAv7ptsNk-00224-00088665-00088715 academic center is
nPwAv7ptsNk-00225-00088715-00089115 sent out with an e-mail to the curriculum and the presidents a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00226-00089115-00089715 listserv about 2 weeks ago with
nPwAv7ptsNk-00227-00089715-00089765 the model language that is also
nPwAv7ptsNk-00228-00089765-00090215 available on the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00229-00090365-00090465 RFP on the website so you can see that model
nPwAv7ptsNk-00230-00090465-00091065 language and the CSU did the same thing and is also available
nPwAv7ptsNk-00231-00091065-00091265 for that resolution.  __.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00232-00091265-00091415 The second thing that is required is to have the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00233-00091415-00092315 collaboration that shows the readiness to use
nPwAv7ptsNk-00234-00092515-00092615 OER and that was
nPwAv7ptsNk-00235-00092615-00092765 left a little more broad and the emphasis does not pass the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00236-00092765-00093265 resolution for the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00237-00093415-00093465 activities.  They hold stakeholders and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00238-00093465-00093615 effective counsel writes with the summary and there are a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00239-00093615-00093715 a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00240-00093715-00093965 variety of different things.  It is clear the plan has to be an
nPwAv7ptsNk-00241-00093965-00094515 collaboration and it has to go through the Senate.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00242-00094515-00095015 The student Senate goes to its representative for the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00243-00095015-00095615 California community colleges and the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00244-00095665-00095715 resolution for those to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00245-00095715-00096465 endorse and faculty plan or campus plan for
nPwAv7ptsNk-00246-00096765-00096815 OER and that is all
nPwAv7ptsNk-00247-00096815-00096915 of the student representatives at that the community colleges
nPwAv7ptsNk-00248-00096915-00097015 should get on that list are.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00250-00097665-00097865 8798 allows for a number of different things with
nPwAv7ptsNk-00251-00097865-00098665 technological or staff adoption and that needs to be in the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00252-00099065-00099115 plan
nPwAv7ptsNk-00253-00099115-00099215 and the plan describes how faculty learn about this and whether
nPwAv7ptsNk-00254-00099215-00099565 that is through seminars or e-mail or however the faculty is
nPwAv7ptsNk-00255-00099565-00099965 informed about what is there and will talk a little bit more
nPwAv7ptsNk-00256-00099965-00100415 about
nPwAv7ptsNk-00257-00100665-00100765 this later in the webinar.  __.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00258-00100765-00100865 The plan includes the number of academic departments and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00259-00100865-00101165 core sections for a 0 we are adopting and a key point that came
nPwAv7ptsNk-00260-00101165-00101665 up in the OER for the discussion last week was mostly CSU
nPwAv7ptsNk-00261-00101665-00102065 faculty
nPwAv7ptsNk-00262-00102165-00102915 , the course section is key and it is not the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00263-00103015-00103065 classes.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00264-00103065-00103165 It is history 17 a is part of US history and then the section is
nPwAv7ptsNk-00265-00103165-00103866 1 section and if every section adopts
nPwAv7ptsNk-00266-00103965-00104015 that it can be 20 sections
nPwAv7ptsNk-00267-00104015-00104115 depending on how many sections you offer.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00268-00104115-00104615 The plan includes the cost savings per students and shows
nPwAv7ptsNk-00269-00104615-00105265 the metrics and that and also
nPwAv7ptsNk-00270-00105515-00105565 includes faculty development
nPwAv7ptsNk-00271-00105565-00105715 programs that you use or enhance and some colleges are further
nPwAv7ptsNk-00272-00105715-00106365 along and is very engaged.  It would
nPwAv7ptsNk-00273-00106365-00106415 be much further along than
nPwAv7ptsNk-00274-00106415-00106866 faculty prevention and colleges are just now starting the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00275-00106866-00106915 material.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00276-00106915-00107665 The plan also has to be clear
nPwAv7ptsNk-00277-00107765-00107815 how axis is provided to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00278-00107815-00108015 students and where and how this copies will be available and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00279-00108015-00108816 also very conscious of the fact that the vouchers will
nPwAv7ptsNk-00280-00108816-00108866 be
nPwAv7ptsNk-00281-00108866-00109265 purchased the hard copies of what 0 ER materials will be
nPwAv7ptsNk-00282-00109265-00109665 purchased.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00283-00109865-00110015 Those need to all be taken into consideration in
nPwAv7ptsNk-00284-00110015-00110365 creating the plant.  We have the grants that you are requesting
nPwAv7ptsNk-00285-00110365-00110815 at the college
nPwAv7ptsNk-00286-00110965-00111016 .  __.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00287-00111016-00111115 The grant analysis cannot be more than a thousand dollars
nPwAv7ptsNk-00288-00111115-00111565 per
nPwAv7ptsNk-00289-00111866-00111965 section and identified in the plan.  Course participation
nPwAv7ptsNk-00290-00111965-00112215 will only count if the student savings are greater than
nPwAv7ptsNk-00291-00112215-00112716 30 percent.  You have a little graphic there have how to do
nPwAv7ptsNk-00292-00112716-00113215 that.  The cost of
nPwAv7ptsNk-00293-00113365-00113415 those is what they would cost the students
nPwAv7ptsNk-00294-00113415-00113866 from the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00295-00114115-00114215 bookstore.  Many of us tell students they can use
nPwAv7ptsNk-00296-00114215-00114766 previous institutions or a website in order to order their
nPwAv7ptsNk-00297-00114865-00114915 books
nPwAv7ptsNk-00298-00114915-00115065 , but the cost savings are calculated based on the cost at the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00299-00115065-00115665 bookstore for the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00300-00115817-00115965 copy.  That is where the 30% comes in whatever
nPwAv7ptsNk-00301-00115965-00116565 material you are choosing to use the cost savings have to be
nPwAv7ptsNk-00302-00116565-00116666 demonstrated to be in that 30 percent.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00303-00116666-00117415 The grants to individual schools range from
nPwAv7ptsNk-00304-00117415-00117466 10,000 or
nPwAv7ptsNk-00305-00117466-00117915 classes going to 50,000 for 50
nPwAv7ptsNk-00306-00118164-00118266 classes and there is $3 million
nPwAv7ptsNk-00307-00118266-00118415 available total and this first round of grants.  Some colleges I
nPwAv7ptsNk-00308-00118415-00119016 have heard that they will be applying for lower
nPwAv7ptsNk-00309-00119065-00119115 amounts
nPwAv7ptsNk-00310-00119115-00119566 depending on how much further they are along with OER and that
nPwAv7ptsNk-00311-00119566-00119665 is a lot to factor in their.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00313-00120116-00120216 That is far easier to find certain sections offering 3,000
nPwAv7ptsNk-00314-00120216-00120266 sections a term as opposed to a campus offering a few hundred
nPwAv7ptsNk-00315-00120266-00120816 classes.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00316-00120816-00121416 You may notice from that amount there are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00317-00121416-00121466 136 colleges in
nPwAv7ptsNk-00318-00121466-00121866 the 2
nPwAv7ptsNk-00319-00122365-00122466 sections in the community colleges so clearly if all 136
nPwAv7ptsNk-00320-00122466-00122966 try to participate that would not be
nPwAv7ptsNk-00321-00123216-00123266 comfortable and cannot be
nPwAv7ptsNk-00322-00123266-00123466 proportional as we have to grant the entire amount requested and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00323-00123466-00123966 if the council chooses to award a grant to a college the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00324-00123966-00124116 expectation is a number of colleges will probably not
nPwAv7ptsNk-00325-00124116-00124566 participate in the first round because the time line is pretty
nPwAv7ptsNk-00326-00124566-00125116 fast and if they don't have OER on their campus already it is a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00327-00125116-00125366 pretty quick turnaround.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00329-00125816-00126516 The Council including myself and and and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00330-00126516-00126866 Cheryl we have
nPwAv7ptsNk-00331-00126866-00127516 information on the website and we have a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00332-00127516-00127566 variety of things that
nPwAv7ptsNk-00333-00127566-00127916 we can offer and provide expertise as that is practices for
nPwAv7ptsNk-00334-00127916-00128366 adoption and much of that is here.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00336-00128816-00129316 I just saw the question about participating and there
nPwAv7ptsNk-00337-00129766-00129816 is
nPwAv7ptsNk-00338-00129816-00129966 talk of a second round that will be different from the initial 1
nPwAv7ptsNk-00339-00129966-00130366 and the first round is for colleges that have already applied
nPwAv7ptsNk-00340-00130366-00130466 and there is quite a bit in the Chancellor's office about a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00341-00130466-00130816 variety variety of different opportunities and some language
nPwAv7ptsNk-00342-00130816-00131516 about that as well.  Anything
nPwAv7ptsNk-00343-00131516-00131566 else?
nPwAv7ptsNk-00345-00132216-00132566 This has a specific sense it in terms of certain rounds, but
nPwAv7ptsNk-00346-00132566-00133216 there is interest at the Chancellor's
nPwAv7ptsNk-00347-00133216-00133266 office in this.  The
nPwAv7ptsNk-00348-00133266-00133916 governor does like thinks being recorded , but he
nPwAv7ptsNk-00349-00133916-00134216 does like
nPwAv7ptsNk-00350-00134216-00134866 bright shiny new things that will benefit students.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00351-00134866-00134916 This has
nPwAv7ptsNk-00352-00134916-00135366 become 1 of his areas and so I suspect there will be money
nPwAv7ptsNk-00353-00135366-00135566 available for the plants.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00355-00136216-00136366 Maybe not in legislation, but that is something with the new
nPwAv7ptsNk-00356-00136366-00136766 academic Senate as we move forward that will be created in
nPwAv7ptsNk-00357-00136766-00137466 January with opportunities and colleges in terms of
nPwAv7ptsNk-00358-00137466-00137516 OER and the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00359-00137516-00138116 pathways as there are degrees and when you're talking about the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00360-00138116-00138816 colleges and the new pathways for students to get
nPwAv7ptsNk-00361-00138816-00138866 certificates
nPwAv7ptsNk-00362-00138866-00139315 or textbooks are having minimum cost for
nPwAv7ptsNk-00363-00139716-00139766 materials those are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00364-00139766-00139866 realistic goals as opposed to actual degree and they can do both
nPwAv7ptsNk-00365-00139866-00140016 and we have talked about these pathways.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00366-00140016-00140216 Hopefully that answers that for you.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00368-00140716-00140866 The Council will spend time reviewing the plants that are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00369-00140866-00141366 due in June and we
nPwAv7ptsNk-00370-00141766-00141866 will make those decisions around the end of
nPwAv7ptsNk-00371-00141866-00142016 August and we are allowed to select up to 100 plans for the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00372-00142016-00142566 initial grant and then those plans will go to the Chancellor's
nPwAv7ptsNk-00373-00142566-00142766 Chancellor's
nPwAv7ptsNk-00374-00142766-00142966 office in August of 2016 and then distribution is on a later
nPwAv7ptsNk-00375-00142966-00143566 slide and we heard last week at the Chancellor's
nPwAv7ptsNk-00376-00143566-00143716 Chancellor's office that
nPwAv7ptsNk-00377-00143716-00144113 they hope that they will be distributed early and the latest
nPwAv7ptsNk-00378-00144113-00144513 would
nPwAv7ptsNk-00379-00145016-00145216 be.  It is a little bit of a leap of faith and you may not
nPwAv7ptsNk-00380-00145216-00145566 know if you are getting the funds and will be moving forward
nPwAv7ptsNk-00381-00145566-00146066 with them in the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00382-00146316-00146766 fall.  This is a good thing for
nPwAv7ptsNk-00383-00147066-00147116 students and I
nPwAv7ptsNk-00384-00147116-00147316 am hoping your college is not planning on $10,000 to plants or
nPwAv7ptsNk-00385-00147316-00147366 and thanks.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00386-00147366-00148316 I think that is it for me and I will mute
nPwAv7ptsNk-00387-00148316-00148366 myself and I will
nPwAv7ptsNk-00388-00148366-00148416 stay on the line as long as I can and will turn it over to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00389-00148416-00148916 Cheryl.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00390-00148916-00149066 Thinking about where we are going and where we are on the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00391-00149066-00149716 campuses it's important to know where we may find
nPwAv7ptsNk-00392-00149716-00149766 OER.  You can
nPwAv7ptsNk-00393-00149766-00150366 do your own searches I think 1 of those places is
nPwAv7ptsNk-00394-00150366-00150666 cool for ed
nPwAv7ptsNk-00395-00150666-00151066 .com
nPwAv7ptsNk-00396-00151616-00152216 .  This is a digital library that was started under 1052 and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00397-00152216-00152816 1053 and 2012 and she played a part in the first year of
nPwAv7ptsNk-00398-00152816-00152866 development of this.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00400-00153416-00153816 It has links to a large part of OER text available and uses
nPwAv7ptsNk-00401-00153816-00154216 the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00402-00154416-00154516 experience that is a multimedia repository for learning and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00403-00154516-00154816 online teaching that any of us can access and they have used
nPwAv7ptsNk-00404-00154816-00155516 that and they have worked on
nPwAv7ptsNk-00405-00155616-00155666 establishing this and collaboration
nPwAv7ptsNk-00406-00155666-00155916 in the UC when it came to curating the collection and as I will
nPwAv7ptsNk-00407-00155916-00156166 point out licking at the list.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00409-00156928-00157366 looking1 of the most helpful spots to start out as at the showcase
nPwAv7ptsNk-00410-00157366-00157666 and there are 50 links courses with that are selected and the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00411-00157666-00158266 Council has established 50 courses that are shared
nPwAv7ptsNk-00412-00158266-00158316 across the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00413-00158316-00159016 systems and are high-impact or high
nPwAv7ptsNk-00414-00159016-00159066 enrollment and without we
nPwAv7ptsNk-00415-00159066-00159266 with that we
nPwAv7ptsNk-00416-00159266-00159716 tried to find textbooks and it was not possible with also we had
nPwAv7ptsNk-00417-00159716-00160316 to go find out more courses to keep 50 and then started to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00418-00160316-00160709 endless the faculty to do reviews of those.  In the course of
nPwAv7ptsNk-00420-00160766-00161666 showcase, if you search by the CID number you can go
nPwAv7ptsNk-00421-00161817-00161867 ahead and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00422-00161867-00161966 see what is identified for use with the course based on the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00423-00161966-00162016 descriptors.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00424-00162016-00162470 With that I will say there are reviews that will tell you
nPwAv7ptsNk-00425-00162470-00162716 you don't want to use that book and is still important
nPwAv7ptsNk-00426-00162716-00163169 information for you to have and they say that a text is average
nPwAv7ptsNk-00427-00163169-00163678 or highly recommended and you will have a list noted in their of
nPwAv7ptsNk-00428-00163678-00164343 highly recommended text and they were rated at a 4 or a 5 by all
nPwAv7ptsNk-00429-00164343-00164366 3 system reviewers.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00430-00164366-00164816 It can be helpful to know what the colleagues think as you
nPwAv7ptsNk-00431-00164816-00165416 are looking for a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00432-00165416-00165466 possibility.  With the showcases that are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00433-00165466-00166116 there there are highlights from
nPwAv7ptsNk-00434-00166266-00166317 faculty explaining how they use
nPwAv7ptsNk-00435-00166317-00166866 OER and what the process is and what they do with the text so
nPwAv7ptsNk-00436-00166866-00167320 for the faculty who don't know what this is an in addition to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00437-00167320-00167716 the regular text they can go ahead and get some ideas there.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00438-00167716-00168516 Again referring to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00439-00168516-00168716 Merlot it takes you across a different
nPwAv7ptsNk-00440-00168716-00169066 repository online and you can do that.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00442-00169566-00170316 I went to make sure that as you are considering
nPwAv7ptsNk-00443-00170316-00170366 starting
nPwAv7ptsNk-00444-00170366-00170916 this on the campuses expanding these realize there is
nPwAv7ptsNk-00445-00170916-00171517 information and services available.  We are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00446-00171517-00171566 working hard to have
nPwAv7ptsNk-00447-00171566-00171816 communication and outreach and that is true from the OER as well
nPwAv7ptsNk-00448-00171816-00172466 as state Senate tax force and there is simple
nPwAv7ptsNk-00449-00172466-00172516 resolution you can
nPwAv7ptsNk-00450-00172516-00173017 use to take to your Senate to show that you support this and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00451-00173017-00173966 e-mails to go out as there are training opportunities
nPwAv7ptsNk-00452-00173966-00174012 available
nPwAv7ptsNk-00453-00174012-00174467 providing webinars and a few people on the list also attended
nPwAv7ptsNk-00454-00174467-00174966 yesterday with a Council sponsored
nPwAv7ptsNk-00455-00175167-00175217 webinar and those are links
nPwAv7ptsNk-00456-00175217-00175417 off at the website so you can see what is coming up sponsored by
nPwAv7ptsNk-00457-00175417-00175817 the Council and then we will continue to link other services and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00458-00175817-00176318 the webinars are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00459-00177021-00177165 there and looking at the potential for regional
nPwAv7ptsNk-00460-00177165-00177417 workshops as it's not on the list, but you have office hours for
nPwAv7ptsNk-00461-00177417-00177567 virtual office hours for people to ask questions and to seek
nPwAv7ptsNk-00462-00177567-00177967 support for their applications and even to review applications.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00463-00177967-00178867 Help and support services is certainly
nPwAv7ptsNk-00464-00179067-00179117 conversation and the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00465-00179117-00179518 librarian is already in the world of OER can help students
nPwAv7ptsNk-00466-00179518-00180117 versus resources as well as share ideas of how to launch these.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00467-00180117-00180767 We want to know if we are using OER and the faculty know how
nPwAv7ptsNk-00468-00180767-00181167 to use it
nPwAv7ptsNk-00469-00181267-00181817 and if not we make sure that we are working on
nPwAv7ptsNk-00470-00182217-00182267 copies
nPwAv7ptsNk-00471-00182267-00182467 and wild the bookstore may not be the place to go to provide
nPwAv7ptsNk-00472-00182467-00183067 students for a text many are very open with the conversation.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00473-00183067-00183317 It is important to talk to the bookstores and find out if they
nPwAv7ptsNk-00474-00183317-00184167 post print copies that we can order and they pay the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00475-00184367-00184417 cost of
nPwAv7ptsNk-00476-00184417-00184567 setting that up in the library or resource center on campus and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00477-00184567-00185167 you really need to think about how you are thinking
nPwAv7ptsNk-00478-00185167-00185217 they want   them.  __.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00479-00185217-00185367 You are paying for copies and help is available online.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00480-00185367-00185917 There is
nPwAv7ptsNk-00481-00186317-00186417 information to establish libraries and discovery
nPwAv7ptsNk-00482-00186417-00186967 and cure ration and is a tremendous place start.  They
nPwAv7ptsNk-00483-00187067-00187117 have come
nPwAv7ptsNk-00484-00187117-00187617 up with a portfolio's and that links from the faculty
nPwAv7ptsNk-00485-00187767-00187817 showcase
nPwAv7ptsNk-00486-00187817-00188067 and there are additional resources.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00488-00188817-00188967 You can get the information out to the faculty and if you
nPwAv7ptsNk-00489-00188967-00189117 are searching and there is information you like it has the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00490-00189117-00189417 inability to put that there.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00491-00189417-00190117 When it comes to correlating the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00492-00190367-00190417 campus they use the Senate
nPwAv7ptsNk-00493-00190417-00190567 and use the division or chairs and use faculty who are already
nPwAv7ptsNk-00494-00190567-00191167 participating and get them to be leaders in this
nPwAv7ptsNk-00495-00191767-00191817 effort.  Also
nPwAv7ptsNk-00496-00191817-00191917 you want to join some more broad conversation on cool for add
nPwAv7ptsNk-00497-00191917-00192117 and there is a link to cool voices to the community to discuss
nPwAv7ptsNk-00498-00192117-00192267 the challenges that you may be experiencing on-campus.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00500-00193267-00193417 Licking at the timeline for the 8798 application, they need
nPwAv7ptsNk-00501-00193417-00194267 to be submitted by June 30, 2016 and it
nPwAv7ptsNk-00502-00194517-00194567 isLooking certain
nPwAv7ptsNk-00503-00194567-00194667 acceptance as they are all going to be stamped the same time no
nPwAv7ptsNk-00504-00194667-00194767 matter when they are received.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00505-00194767-00195417 This goes into June to get everything to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00506-00195617-00195667 go.  There is no
nPwAv7ptsNk-00507-00195667-00195917 rush to get in early and be 1 of the first, just get it in by
nPwAv7ptsNk-00508-00195917-00196317 June
nPwAv7ptsNk-00509-00196767-00196867 30.  We will review the applications against the rubric
nPwAv7ptsNk-00510-00196867-00197017 this summer and by September 30 we will have identified and will
nPwAv7ptsNk-00511-00197017-00197167 notify the Chancellor's office coordinating the effort who the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00512-00197167-00197817 grant recipients will be and they will notify you and then
nPwAv7ptsNk-00513-00197817-00198417 hopefully late September or October many will be disbursed and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00514-00198417-00198567 it could be as late as November, but that is expected to be a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00515-00198567-00198817 worst-case scenario is they will really work to get the money
nPwAv7ptsNk-00516-00198817-00199617 out to you.  Through fall into the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00517-00199667-00199717 spring we will conduct this
nPwAv7ptsNk-00518-00199717-00200317 program and at the end of that it will be expected and primarily
nPwAv7ptsNk-00519-00200317-00201066 will be recording the data related to the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00520-00201066-00201117 students.  There may
nPwAv7ptsNk-00521-00201117-00201567 be all of the sections that you plan and then others may not
nPwAv7ptsNk-00522-00201567-00201917 work out and definitely it will be required after the fact.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00524-00202867-00203017 CSU , they will be notifying them and September have hit the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00525-00203017-00203467 recipients will be and them getting the money out is what they
nPwAv7ptsNk-00526-00203467-00203817 said late September and early October no later than beginning of
nPwAv7ptsNk-00527-00203817-00204666 November and I know that is not a very solid concrete
nPwAv7ptsNk-00528-00204666-00204716 answer.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00529-00204716-00205367 This is not our system so we don't get to help that
nPwAv7ptsNk-00530-00206367-00206417 along.  __.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00531-00206417-00206667 I will mute everyone 1 more time because it's getting some
nPwAv7ptsNk-00532-00206667-00206717 feedback.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00534-00207921-00208767 I just want to emphasize the website as it
nPwAv7ptsNk-00535-00208817-00208867 has tons of links
nPwAv7ptsNk-00536-00208867-00209467 to information and will definitely be the referral place for
nPwAv7ptsNk-00537-00209467-00210067 information.  About the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00538-00210517-00210567 timeline , June 30 is the timeline and 1
nPwAv7ptsNk-00539-00210567-00210767 way to get a chance to have time to work on this and remember
nPwAv7ptsNk-00540-00210767-00211117 that for the resolution of this you will be going through the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00541-00211117-00211617 process of first and second readings so put that into the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00542-00211617-00212267 timeline and for me it is March right now the last meeting comes
nPwAv7ptsNk-00543-00212267-00212917 really fast and same thing with the approval of the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00544-00212917-00212967 plan and it
nPwAv7ptsNk-00545-00212967-00213417 does not go through a process, but
nPwAv7ptsNk-00546-00213567-00213617 again I know personally they
nPwAv7ptsNk-00547-00213617-00213867 don't like to be rushed so the more you can get letting them
nPwAv7ptsNk-00548-00213867-00214617 know about it now then lay the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00549-00214617-00214767 groundwork for a plan that is
nPwAv7ptsNk-00550-00214767-00214817 coming.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00551-00214817-00215617 Another thing is we need to turn you to the toolkit number
nPwAv7ptsNk-00552-00215617-00215667 1
nPwAv7ptsNk-00553-00215667-00216317 and a lot of get information from the next slide a gives
nPwAv7ptsNk-00554-00216317-00216617 information of how to mobilize faculty and doing case studies
nPwAv7ptsNk-00555-00216617-00217217 and giving testimonials and see what is available out there so
nPwAv7ptsNk-00556-00217217-00217767 these are useful resources and links for trying to reach out to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00557-00217767-00217817 the general faculty.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00558-00217817-00218417 Going to the next
nPwAv7ptsNk-00559-00218468-00218567 slide , we are talking about mobilizing
nPwAv7ptsNk-00560-00218567-00219467 faculty, it is working with other
nPwAv7ptsNk-00561-00219467-00219517 faculty and working with the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00562-00219517-00219917 bookstore
nPwAv7ptsNk-00563-00220067-00220217 and I think that is important to realize that in the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00564-00220217-00220917 past and previous 10 or 15 years sometimes
nPwAv7ptsNk-00565-00220917-00220967 the book is seen as
nPwAv7ptsNk-00566-00220967-00221467 an adversary for the report ability and with the overall
nPwAv7ptsNk-00567-00221467-00222317 initiative that is some
nPwAv7ptsNk-00568-00222667-00222717 students who want to have a print copy
nPwAv7ptsNk-00569-00222717-00223217 and does not have to be the whole color
nPwAv7ptsNk-00570-00223367-00223417 version so working with
nPwAv7ptsNk-00571-00223417-00223817 the bookstores are different possibilities for making the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00572-00223817-00224317 textbooks available.  Working with the librarian for the sources
nPwAv7ptsNk-00573-00224317-00224717 and more so
nPwAv7ptsNk-00574-00225417-00225517 identifying materials that can be used.  I had an
nPwAv7ptsNk-00575-00225517-00225667 example have a colleague using the OER that was great and must
nPwAv7ptsNk-00576-00225667-00225867 topics and there were some topics that just did not hit the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00577-00225867-00226366 spot.  We have the information sources that are available in the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00578-00226366-00226967 library for free for a lot of
nPwAv7ptsNk-00579-00226967-00227017 the online database subscriptions
nPwAv7ptsNk-00580-00227017-00227617 that we have and using those to supplement those materials and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00581-00227617-00228073 with the educational technology group I mention this because of
nPwAv7ptsNk-00582-00228073-00228817 the management systems at the community college
nPwAv7ptsNk-00583-00228817-00228867 level we are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00584-00228867-00229217 working with online educational initiatives and working on
nPwAv7ptsNk-00586-00229267-00229767 making online courses were available to students and 1 of the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00587-00229767-00230217 functions that they look
nPwAv7ptsNk-00588-00230418-00230467 at his to get a common core management
nPwAv7ptsNk-00589-00230467-00230967 system and the 1 that was chosen
nPwAv7ptsNk-00590-00231168-00231217 was a campus system and we are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00591-00231217-00231667 looking at how to incorporate that into their and can we
nPwAv7ptsNk-00592-00231667-00232317 incorporate OER into that
nPwAv7ptsNk-00593-00232317-00232417 canvas.  Is it a work group working
nPwAv7ptsNk-00594-00232417-00232817 with OER on that so we are trying to incorporate them into.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00595-00232817-00233474 How can you locate help on this is the next slide
nPwAv7ptsNk-00596-00233474-00233524 and we
nPwAv7ptsNk-00597-00233524-00233917 have more webinars
nPwAv7ptsNk-00598-00234019-00234117 at the beginning and I think also there are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00599-00234117-00234567 plenty of these workshops throughout the next month or so and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00600-00234567-00235118 look at the FAQ page on the website and hopefully that answers a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00601-00235118-00235667 lot of the questions and you can submit a proposal made for
nPwAv7ptsNk-00602-00235667-00236117 comments.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00603-00236418-00236818 Also if you have any specific community college
nPwAv7ptsNk-00604-00236818-00237268 questions or want to know about the process you can also send a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00605-00237268-00237368 a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00606-00237368-00238018 message to the academic community college info IMF 0 at AF
nPwAv7ptsNk-00607-00238018-00238068 CCC
nPwAv7ptsNk-00608-00238068-00238618 .org.  That comes to the general office for information and they
nPwAv7ptsNk-00609-00238618-00239268 will send it to someone with that is the chair of
nPwAv7ptsNk-00610-00239268-00239668 the task force
nPwAv7ptsNk-00611-00239668-00240118 and moving to the next slide.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00612-00240118-00240768 This is given the idea of the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00613-00240768-00241068 wording representing to the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00614-00241068-00241868 resolution taken it directly from the legislation
nPwAv7ptsNk-00615-00242168-00242218 8798.  __.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00616-00242218-00242468 Going to the next page where the next slide I went to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00617-00242468-00243068 emphasize this is a great source for
nPwAv7ptsNk-00618-00243068-00243118 identifying this in the 50
nPwAv7ptsNk-00619-00243118-00243318 50
nPwAv7ptsNk-00620-00243318-00243869 courses that are identified through
nPwAv7ptsNk-00621-00243968-00244068 1052 and you are not limited
nPwAv7ptsNk-00622-00244068-00244768 to those.  It may be a good idea because those are high
nPwAv7ptsNk-00623-00244768-00244818 use GE
nPwAv7ptsNk-00624-00244818-00245068 general education courses and it is not required to have these.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00626-00247418-00247618 When we are talking campus partners we are referring to how
nPwAv7ptsNk-00627-00247618-00247918 we find faculty that may be involved in this.  1 is to look at
nPwAv7ptsNk-00628-00247918-00248118 the highly ranked list and see which courses have tech specs
nPwAv7ptsNk-00629-00248118-00248368 that are highly ranked and consider if you have faculty that are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00630-00248368-00248618 open-minded enough.  You know the OER for the future where the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00631-00248618-00249268 text or supplements to reduce the cost of the course.  Really
nPwAv7ptsNk-00632-00249268-00249418 looking at that to see what is available rather than trying to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00633-00249418-00249669 find people first and then seen if it helps to work backward.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00634-00249669-00250518 The question comes up if we can include course
nPwAv7ptsNk-00635-00250718-00250768 objectives
nPwAv7ptsNk-00636-00250768-00250868 that are already using OER textbooks? Some have already been
nPwAv7ptsNk-00637-00250868-00251218 using OER for a bit and fortunately for the program you cannot
nPwAv7ptsNk-00638-00251218-00251869 count that use of OER as they have already save students
nPwAv7ptsNk-00639-00251918-00251968 money.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00640-00251968-00252118 Looking at establishing the 30% saving it has to be based on the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00641-00252118-00252768 past semester versus using OER text in the fall.  Some of
nPwAv7ptsNk-00642-00252768-00252818 you
nPwAv7ptsNk-00643-00252818-00253465 look at this as 3 resources for a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00644-00253918-00253968 course then they may be able
nPwAv7ptsNk-00645-00253968-00254118 to purchase it by using additional text going beyond what they
nPwAv7ptsNk-00646-00254118-00254718 are using and if they are simply using replacement
nPwAv7ptsNk-00647-00254768-00254818 text and will
nPwAv7ptsNk-00648-00254818-00254968 not make other changes we cannot count them in the section.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00650-00255618-00255768 We may have some of these early doctors that are total
nPwAv7ptsNk-00651-00255768-00256318 advocates and if we cannot use them how can we get them
nPwAv7ptsNk-00652-00256318-00257218 involved.  The biggest thing is how do we have
nPwAv7ptsNk-00653-00257218-00257268 this and have
nPwAv7ptsNk-00654-00257268-00257718 them talk about what they have done and what
nPwAv7ptsNk-00655-00257968-00258018 they have faced to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00656-00258018-00258068 walk through their.  __.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00657-00258068-00258218 Try to find ways to get the enthusiasm and experience for
nPwAv7ptsNk-00658-00258218-00258818 others.  Since
nPwAv7ptsNk-00659-00258868-00259218 798 you certainly could pay faculty members using
nPwAv7ptsNk-00660-00259218-00259618 OER to do personal for others.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00661-00259618-00260518 You cannot directly pay it back and in this
nPwAv7ptsNk-00662-00260518-00260568 case it is
nPwAv7ptsNk-00663-00260568-00260618 professional development.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00664-00260618-00261268 This is after we get the grant
nPwAv7ptsNk-00665-00261268-00261568 fund and not intended to go
nPwAv7ptsNk-00666-00261568-00262368 back to the publisher text as we are creating a culture
nPwAv7ptsNk-00667-00262368-00262418 text
nPwAv7ptsNk-00668-00262418-00263318 keep in mind that we need more funding or don't go this
nPwAv7ptsNk-00669-00263518-00263568 round
nPwAv7ptsNk-00670-00263568-00263868 your equity funding may be a way to pay for some of the efforts
nPwAv7ptsNk-00671-00263868-00264218 whether you want more than what you're getting with the grant
nPwAv7ptsNk-00672-00264218-00264818 and if you want to look further in the future and so it may be
nPwAv7ptsNk-00673-00264818-00264868 conversation you have.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00675-00266068-00266468 They are providing materials to students already and they
nPwAv7ptsNk-00676-00266468-00266918 appreciate the copy for the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00677-00267318-00267418 pretext and that will make them
nPwAv7ptsNk-00678-00267418-00267568 stretch their resources a bit more and we can leverage
nPwAv7ptsNk-00679-00267568-00267668 additional funding with this funding available.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00681-00269368-00269518 And this is important links and they have been represented
nPwAv7ptsNk-00682-00269518-00269618 and presentations that are helpful.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00684-00270468-00270518 __.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00685-00270518-00271119 Do you want to say anything else about that?  1 thing I
nPwAv7ptsNk-00686-00271119-00271519 like
nPwAv7ptsNk-00688-00271718-00272218 in the last week or 2 there
nPwAv7ptsNk-00689-00272268-00272318 is an article about higher Ed
nPwAv7ptsNk-00690-00272318-00272868 talking about according to survey student spend less money and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00691-00272868-00273068 at first I thought that was great as the cost of education has
nPwAv7ptsNk-00692-00273068-00273518 gone down.  The reason students were building less is because we
nPwAv7ptsNk-00693-00273518-00273918 are not buying them.  It's not because they were less expensive,
nPwAv7ptsNk-00694-00273918-00274118 expensive,
nPwAv7ptsNk-00695-00274118-00274568 they just were not buying them.  The big push is to having
nPwAv7ptsNk-00696-00274568-00274818 student spend less and they will be using the text but.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00697-00274818-00275418 Going to the next
nPwAv7ptsNk-00698-00275668-00276268 slide I just wanted to hit
nPwAv7ptsNk-00699-00276525-00276575 something ,
nPwAv7ptsNk-00700-00276575-00276718 something came up about a list to serve last week with regard to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00701-00276718-00277468 articulation.  The community colleges were concerned
nPwAv7ptsNk-00702-00277618-00277668 that they
nPwAv7ptsNk-00703-00277668-00277768 were for certain purposes and getting responses is from the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00704-00277768-00278418 articulation offices.  We are working on the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00705-00278418-00278468 CSU campuses and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00706-00278468-00278718 there will not be any problems with articulation or using OER
nPwAv7ptsNk-00707-00278718-00279218 materials in the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00708-00280168-00280268 curriculum.  1 last thing I wanted to mention
nPwAv7ptsNk-00709-00280268-00280468 is that we were talking about $1000 deflection and that does not
nPwAv7ptsNk-00710-00280468-00280618 mean it will happen when doing a plan.  This is how we will
nPwAv7ptsNk-00711-00280618-00281268 spend at thousand dollars this is how you have
nPwAv7ptsNk-00712-00281518-00281569 a play way to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00713-00281569-00281718 allocate the money.  You don't have to spend at thousand dollars
nPwAv7ptsNk-00714-00281718-00282468 on a session.  I just wanted to reiterate that.  __.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00715-00282468-00282968 Are there any questions
nPwAv7ptsNk-00716-00283168-00283218 now?  __.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00717-00283218-00283418 We anticipated questions so we made sure to save a little
nPwAv7ptsNk-00718-00283418-00283618 a little
nPwAv7ptsNk-00719-00283618-00283668 bit of time.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00720-00283668-00283932 Hit us up with your questions so we can answer it.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00722-00284618-00284769 I don't see any questions coming in, but some things that
nPwAv7ptsNk-00723-00284769-00285468 have come up was what happens if you put in a plan and some
nPwAv7ptsNk-00724-00285518-00285568 of
nPwAv7ptsNk-00725-00285568-00285868 this end up not using OER, what do we use and what are the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00726-00285868-00286268 consequences
nPwAv7ptsNk-00727-00286368-00286568 and the grant is funded with the intent to use OER
nPwAv7ptsNk-00728-00286568-00286818 and the number of section you identify and the amount you are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00729-00286818-00287218 funded
nPwAv7ptsNk-00730-00287768-00287918 for.  There are not consequences for not getting those
nPwAv7ptsNk-00731-00287918-00288118 sections up and running and successful although you need to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00732-00288118-00288318 account for that when you do your annual review, but you won't
nPwAv7ptsNk-00733-00288318-00288518 be giving money back.  As you try to get those willing to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00734-00288518-00289018 consider long change you talk to people on your campus and for
nPwAv7ptsNk-00735-00289018-00289369 spring find more sections that still help you to accomplish what
nPwAv7ptsNk-00736-00289369-00289618 you said you would accomplish.  No 1 will be giving money back.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00738-00290218-00290668 I definitely agree with
nPwAv7ptsNk-00739-00292019-00292069 that.  __.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00740-00292069-00292219 That thousand dollars per section is a way for us to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00741-00292219-00292469 determine how people will be funded.  It is not per instructor
nPwAv7ptsNk-00742-00292469-00292719 and not per section, it is when the money comes it is based on
nPwAv7ptsNk-00743-00292719-00293018 the college and the plan and that is having input and it's up to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00744-00293018-00293219 that plan to determine how the money is spent.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00745-00293219-00293869 The faculty that
nPwAv7ptsNk-00746-00293869-00294119 do agreed to or are interested in using OER
nPwAv7ptsNk-00747-00294119-00294769 in their sections will be eligible for professional
nPwAv7ptsNk-00748-00294919-00294969 development
nPwAv7ptsNk-00749-00294969-00295069 and hopefully would be focused toward the faculty that will be
nPwAv7ptsNk-00750-00295069-00295469 using OER in their class.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00752-00297019-00297469 To determine whether a section is a new section there are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00753-00297469-00298069 different faculty teaching sections and that
nPwAv7ptsNk-00754-00298869-00298919 changes how do we
nPwAv7ptsNk-00755-00298919-00299319 determine whether they are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00756-00299519-00299569 sections with the coming semesters
nPwAv7ptsNk-00757-00299569-00299719 are in a new section of OER?
nPwAv7ptsNk-00758-00299719-00300369 You have to look at the most recent time for
nPwAv7ptsNk-00759-00300769-00300819 that section to
nPwAv7ptsNk-00760-00300819-00300869 offer.  If they dabble in OER and then went back to a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00761-00300869-00300969 traditional textbook and that's what they have used most
nPwAv7ptsNk-00762-00300969-00301319 recently and now they are willing to consider it more seriously
nPwAv7ptsNk-00763-00301319-00301819 you count that section.  If the last part was a year ago and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00764-00301819-00302119 they used OER then that is not 1 that would be counted.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00765-00302119-00302869 If and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00766-00302869-00302919 instructed instructor use that last semester and is
nPwAv7ptsNk-00767-00302919-00303369 not teaching the course this semester than the new instructor's
nPwAv7ptsNk-00768-00303369-00303719 teaching it and they decide to use OER can we consider that a
nPwAv7ptsNk-00769-00303719-00303769 new section?
nPwAv7ptsNk-00770-00303769-00304544 You may be able
nPwAv7ptsNk-00771-00304719-00304769 to you does have to identify the course and
nPwAv7ptsNk-00772-00304769-00305319 the section and you can do that by section number.  I don't know
nPwAv7ptsNk-00773-00305319-00305419 if we have to identify the individual structures in the plan.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00775-00306319-00306419 If there is 1 section being taught each semester you cannot
nPwAv7ptsNk-00776-00306419-00306869 do the comparison.  If there is geography being taught and the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00777-00306869-00307669 next is 5 sections of
nPwAv7ptsNk-00778-00308069-00308119 geography and some of those will be using
nPwAv7ptsNk-00779-00308119-00308219 OER you can compare because the previous semester had some
nPwAv7ptsNk-00780-00308219-00308919 sections that were using full cost text so you can compare
nPwAv7ptsNk-00781-00309319-00309369 that.    This is for both comparisons.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00783-00310269-00310369 It does not matter what was before, it is just the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00784-00310369-00310519 a particular
nPwAv7ptsNk-00785-00310519-00310619 course compared to a previous semester.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00787-00311119-00311769 This is not the same
nPwAv7ptsNk-00788-00312019-00312069 teacher teaching it as a very
nPwAv7ptsNk-00789-00312069-00312169 semester to semester.  This compares what was use the previous
nPwAv7ptsNk-00790-00312169-00312618 semester and not who taught it.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00791-00312618-00312668 Is this definitively in the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00792-00312668-00312719 legislation?
nPwAv7ptsNk-00793-00312719-00313169 No I don't think it is.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00795-00314219-00314269 There is specific information about how discussions are
nPwAv7ptsNk-00796-00314269-00314523 determined and what I recommend is reading through that if you
nPwAv7ptsNk-00797-00314523-00315319 don't think this is clear , 1 of the other things
nPwAv7ptsNk-00798-00315319-00315369 is we do a lot
nPwAv7ptsNk-00799-00315369-00315969 of OER and some
nPwAv7ptsNk-00800-00316119-00316219 programs.  If it is possible to assign different
nPwAv7ptsNk-00801-00316219-00316869 section numbers that would be a really easy
nPwAv7ptsNk-00802-00316869-00316919 way.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00804-00317469-00317819 This is section 12 and 3 and last year this year English
nPwAv7ptsNk-00805-00317819-00318219 they
nPwAv7ptsNk-00806-00318569-00319019 .  We never assigned the same
nPwAv7ptsNk-00807-00319469-00319519 section __.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00808-00319519-00319619 If you have a whole different section of codes that will
nPwAv7ptsNk-00809-00319619-00319669 make it easier.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00811-00320919-00320969 We had another question for Andrea.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00813-00321419-00321519 This is over the entire year.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00814-00321519-00321969 We could all be in spring 2017.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00816-00323219-00323719 I will do the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00817-00325719-00326019 survey be more specific , comparing at the core
nPwAv7ptsNk-00818-00326019-00326569 section in the current term compared to that core section in the
nPwAv7ptsNk-00819-00326569-00326819 preceding and that core section.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00821-00327369-00327469 They won't necessarily teach the same section.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00822-00327469-00328069 And they teach something in the spring
nPwAv7ptsNk-00823-00328069-00328169 and teach again in
nPwAv7ptsNk-00824-00328169-00329069 the fall.  This is looking at the section of that
nPwAv7ptsNk-00825-00329919-00329969 course.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00826-00329969-00330019 Everyone is teaching and using a $200 book in the fall and you
nPwAv7ptsNk-00827-00330019-00330169 can compare those to the spring and does not have to be the same
nPwAv7ptsNk-00828-00330169-00330269 instructors teaching in the fall and the spring.
nPwAv7ptsNk-00830-00330719-00330969 Are there any other questions?
nPwAv7ptsNk-00832-00331719-00332369 If no other questions, with that we
nPwAv7ptsNk-00833-00332369-00332419 will say thank you very
nQMBJ7pnrby-00000-00000458-00000623 Ohayoo!!
nQMBJ7pnrby-00001-00000842-00001362 From a previous experience you know that Adwaita added this new widget to show our tabs
nQMBJ7pnrby-00002-00001362-00001540 on an overview mode.
nQMBJ7pnrby-00003-00001796-00002341 And you should also know there is a merge request already for adding this to GNOME Web.
nQMBJ7pnrby-00004-00002550-00003093 Don't know if it will be on 43 release, but we're able to get daily builds from Flatpak
nQMBJ7pnrby-00005-00003093-00003221 anyway!
nQMBJ7pnrby-00006-00003437-00003800 Finally, we have the same for the GNOME Terminal coming.
nQMBJ7pnrby-00007-00003878-00004316 At the moment it's a merge request, but it works very good!
nQMBJ7pnrby-00008-00004468-00005019 Now we have a few tabs opened, we can rearrange them directly from here.
nQMBJ7pnrby-00009-00005104-00005489 Or we can even filter them by their running processes.
nQMBJ7pnrby-00010-00005844-00006411 Another thing we can do, is to de-attaching them for creating new terminal windows.
nQMBJ7pnrby-00011-00006550-00006834 And we can attach them back too!
nQMBJ7pnrby-00012-00006834-00007298 Won't work for a single tab, but will work when more than one!
nQMBJ7pnrby-00013-00007407-00007755 Perhaps that's something that can get fixed later?
nQMBJ7pnrby-00014-00007862-00008377 Something very important is that this design is exceptionally great for operating it with
nQMBJ7pnrby-00015-00008377-00008477 the keyboard.
nQMBJ7pnrby-00016-00008477-00008936 Although it needs some work, like a shortcut for entering the overview.
nQMBJ7pnrby-00017-00009012-00009123 Oops!
nQMBJ7pnrby-00018-00009123-00009511 And a bug not refreshing the thumbnails when we change scheme.
nQMBJ7pnrby-00019-00009786-00009967 And that was everything for now!
nQMBJ7pnrby-00020-00010044-00010333 Bye bye, bye bye, bye bye!
nR511Mlzydo-00000-00000463-00000935 Ben White is the general manager of research
nR511Mlzydo-00001-00000935-00001196 at the Kondinin Group in Western Australia
nR511Mlzydo-00002-00001196-00001464 Ben is an agricultural engineer
nR511Mlzydo-00003-00001464-00001680 Kondinin Groups research manager and
nR511Mlzydo-00004-00001680-00001928 editor of Farming Ahead magazine
nR511Mlzydo-00005-00001928-00002255 and a member of the GRDC Stored Grain Extension
nR511Mlzydo-00006-00002255-00002551 team based in Western Australia
nR511Mlzydo-00007-00002551-00002751 Ben comes from a family farm in the
nR511Mlzydo-00008-00002751-00002887 New England region of northern
nR511Mlzydo-00009-00002887-00003144 New South Wales. Since completing his
nR511Mlzydo-00010-00003144-00003328 engineering studies at the University of
nR511Mlzydo-00011-00003328-00003496 Southern Queensland, Toowoomba,
nR511Mlzydo-00012-00003496-00003760 he's worked for Kondinin Group for 20 years
nR511Mlzydo-00013-00003760-00003943 Ben has extensive experience in
nR511Mlzydo-00014-00003943-00004160 reviewing and communicating a wide range
nR511Mlzydo-00015-00004160-00004407 of innovations and technologies
nR511Mlzydo-00016-00004407-00004728 including in the livestock AgTech field
nR511Mlzydo-00017-00004728-00004928 Ben has conducted a review of a wide
nR511Mlzydo-00018-00004928-00005096 range of commercially available sheep
nR511Mlzydo-00019-00005096-00005271 handlers and will explain his findings
nR511Mlzydo-00020-00005271-00005367 here today
nR511Mlzydo-00021-00005367-00005543 we'll also talk about the key things to
nR511Mlzydo-00022-00005543-00005760 consider when setting up a new set of
nR511Mlzydo-00023-00005760-00006056 sheepor cattle yards so thank you Ben
nR511Mlzydo-00024-00006056-00006271 Thank you Emily, fantastic
nR511Mlzydo-00025-00006271-00006487 [applause]
nR511Mlzydo-00026-00006487-00006792 I've got a pretty good job I have to
nR511Mlzydo-00027-00006792-00006968 say I'm pretty lucky to be able to
nR511Mlzydo-00028-00006968-00007112 review a whole heap of gear and that can
nR511Mlzydo-00029-00007112-00007376 be anything from mobile phones to sheep
nR511Mlzydo-00030-00007376-00007512 handlers to
nR511Mlzydo-00031-00007512-00007720 harvesters so if there's anything
nR511Mlzydo-00032-00007720-00007904 else you want to chat to me about
nR511Mlzydo-00033-00007904-00008223 after talk happy to talk about that aswell
nR511Mlzydo-00034-00008223-00008351 If you aren't familiar with
nR511Mlzydo-00035-00008351-00008504 Kondinin Group or what we do you might
nR511Mlzydo-00036-00008504-00008648 have heard of Choice Magazine we're a
nR511Mlzydo-00037-00008648-00008784 little bit like Choice Magazine
nR511Mlzydo-00038-00008784-00008992 that we do independent reviews of
nR511Mlzydo-00039-00008992-00009112 equipment and services
nR511Mlzydo-00040-00009112-00009504 and tech and in the past couple ofyears
nR511Mlzydo-00041-00009504-00009840 we've had quite a demand from
nR511Mlzydo-00042-00009840-00010056 our membership to do a lot of
nR511Mlzydo-00043-00010056-00010240 work on on sheep handling gear and just
nR511Mlzydo-00044-00010240-00010384 have a look what's in the market
nR511Mlzydo-00045-00010384-00010528 and put some shape through it and see
nR511Mlzydo-00046-00010528-00010704 how it goes.
nR511Mlzydo-00047-00010704-00010943 So we have done three reports in
nR511Mlzydo-00048-00010943-00011151 the last few years
nR511Mlzydo-00049-00011151-00011471 and focusing
nR511Mlzydo-00050-00011471-00011800 on the single animal
nR511Mlzydo-00051-00011800-00011871 handling
nR511Mlzydo-00052-00011871-00012095 gear and then right through to we
nR511Mlzydo-00053-00012095-00012248 also had a look at bulk handlers
nR511Mlzydo-00054-00012248-00012512 last year as well so what I'm gonna
nR511Mlzydo-00055-00012512-00012824 do is just run through
nR511Mlzydo-00056-00012824-00013191 What i'm gonna do is runthrough
nR511Mlzydo-00057-00013191-00013391 some of the findings from that but
nR511Mlzydo-00058-00013391-00013559 just before I do I'd just be interested
nR511Mlzydo-00059-00013559-00013640 to know
nR511Mlzydo-00060-00013640-00013847 who is using a sheep handler on farm at
nR511Mlzydo-00061-00013847-00014024 the moment a few
nR511Mlzydo-00062-00014024-00014247 oh it's more than I expected what do we
nR511Mlzydo-00063-00014247-00014487 got just yell out the names what brands?
nR511Mlzydo-00064-00014487-00015200 [audience reponses]
nR511Mlzydo-00065-00015200-00015463 What was that one?
nR511Mlzydo-00066-00015512-00015656 Done the sweep I don't really need to
nR511Mlzydo-00067-00015656-00015815 talk you like just get amongstyourselves
nR511Mlzydo-00068-00015815-00016128 a bit of a yarn all right so there is a
nR511Mlzydo-00069-00016128-00016280 fair few out there
nR511Mlzydo-00070-00016280-00016496 look what we did is we got them
nR511Mlzydo-00071-00016496-00016640 all into the same set of yards
nR511Mlzydo-00072-00016640-00016936 and we put put some sheep through them
nR511Mlzydo-00073-00016936-00017008 we worked
nR511Mlzydo-00074-00017008-00017271 with you know as a lowly engineer
nR511Mlzydo-00075-00017271-00017440 might while I might have come off a
nR511Mlzydo-00076-00017440-00017663 sheep/cattle property in the New England
nR511Mlzydo-00077-00017663-00017856 we wanted guys there that
nR511Mlzydo-00078-00017856-00018112 handled sheep every single day
nR511Mlzydo-00079-00018112-00018503 so we got some really good producers
nR511Mlzydo-00080-00018503-00018871 on a farm in WA and we put
nR511Mlzydo-00081-00018871-00019063 sheep through each of these
nR511Mlzydo-00082-00019063-00019263 different different handlers.
nR511Mlzydo-00083-00019263-00019447 We repeated the test a number of times
nR511Mlzydo-00084-00019447-00019575 and ended up with some average
nR511Mlzydo-00085-00019575-00019784 times we also did an evaluation on build
nR511Mlzydo-00086-00019784-00020000 quality maintenance of operation
nR511Mlzydo-00087-00020000-00020343 and adjustability so some of
nR511Mlzydo-00088-00020343-00020624 measures are subjective
nR511Mlzydo-00089-00020624-00020775 and they're things that we've come upwith
nR511Mlzydo-00090-00020775-00021112 as engineers and also had input fromproducers
nR511Mlzydo-00091-00021112-00021280 as to what they they thought of each of
nR511Mlzydo-00092-00021280-00021591 those different makes and models ofhandler
nR511Mlzydo-00093-00021591-00021871 Now you'll see that the bulk handlers
nR511Mlzydo-00094-00021871-00021975 aren't in there I'll talk about them
nR511Mlzydo-00095-00021975-00022096 separately later on
nR511Mlzydo-00096-00022096-00022240 but we haven't we haven't done this
nR511Mlzydo-00097-00022240-00022552 level of testing with those
nR511Mlzydo-00098-00022552-00022728 There are some other handlers that
nR511Mlzydo-00099-00022728-00022919 aren't obviously in that list as well
nR511Mlzydo-00100-00022919-00023119 so as I say we try and keep these things
nR511Mlzydo-00101-00023119-00023263 updated but the second you publish
nR511Mlzydo-00102-00023263-00023375 something it's out of date
nR511Mlzydo-00103-00023375-00023512 that's something we've learned pretty
nR511Mlzydo-00104-00023512-00023671 quickly particularly when we're
nR511Mlzydo-00105-00023671-00023815 talking about technology
nR511Mlzydo-00106-00023815-00024063 but even just shape handlers you know
nR511Mlzydo-00107-00024063-00024191 there's always makes and models and
nR511Mlzydo-00108-00024191-00024287 adjustments and changes that
nR511Mlzydo-00109-00024287-00024384 manufacturers are
nR511Mlzydo-00110-00024384-00024528 continually making
nR511Mlzydo-00111-00024603-00025463 So we have the Hecton, Dandaragan,  Perkins Drenchmaster etc from NZ
nR511Mlzydo-00112-00025463-00025600 a few other makes and models
nR511Mlzydo-00113-00025600-00025775 that aren't included so I'm just going
nR511Mlzydo-00114-00025775-00025927 to run through each of the of the
nR511Mlzydo-00115-00025927-00026087 models and just talk about things we
nR511Mlzydo-00116-00026087-00026287 did and didn't like about each of them
nR511Mlzydo-00117-00026287-00026472 and if you've got one of these feel free
nR511Mlzydo-00118-00026472-00026600 to yell out I'd love to hear
nR511Mlzydo-00119-00026600-00026807 if you've got any comments or
nR511Mlzydo-00120-00026807-00026960 suggestions that you think we've missed
nR511Mlzydo-00121-00026960-00027143 here I'd love to hear.
nR511Mlzydo-00122-00027143-00027351 So we'll start off with the Clipex
nR511Mlzydo-00123-00027351-00027463 what we liked
nR511Mlzydo-00124-00027463-00027727 provided pretty good access to the shape
nR511Mlzydo-00125-00027727-00027839 there's an air outlet on
nR511Mlzydo-00126-00027839-00028127 on that unit for any accessories
nR511Mlzydo-00127-00028127-00028248 auto release
nR511Mlzydo-00128-00028248-00028463 when you when you right the animal
nR511Mlzydo-00129-00028463-00028560 what could be better
nR511Mlzydo-00130-00028560-00028760 Certainly in WA there's some
nR511Mlzydo-00131-00028760-00029119 distribution issues, I can't speak forSA but
nR511Mlzydo-00132-00029119-00029368 probably talk to those that have got
nR511Mlzydo-00133-00029368-00029504 them to to get a bit of a feel what
nR511Mlzydo-00134-00029504-00029695 service and backup is like and I thinkthat
nR511Mlzydo-00135-00029695-00029839 it's an important point to make the
nR511Mlzydo-00136-00029839-00030039 service and backup for
nR511Mlzydo-00137-00030039-00030175 something that's relatively
nR511Mlzydo-00138-00030175-00030336 technical like if you open the bottom of
nR511Mlzydo-00139-00030336-00030504 this thing up there's a huge electronic
nR511Mlzydo-00140-00030504-00031048 brain in there thatcontrols the whole the show
nR511Mlzydo-00141-00031048-00031175 occasionally you know think about where
nR511Mlzydo-00142-00031175-00031343 that the environment that's working in
nR511Mlzydo-00143-00031343-00031463 you're going to have issues from time to
nR511Mlzydo-00144-00031463-00031704 time right so you need that support andbackup
nR511Mlzydo-00145-00031704-00031968 that's important and in that same
nR511Mlzydo-00146-00031968-00032200 sense pretty was was
nR511Mlzydo-00147-00032200-00032392 required some improvement again that's
nR511Mlzydo-00148-00032392-00032624 probably a reflection of what we had inWA
nR511Mlzydo-00149-00032624-00032783 and I only say that because we had to
nR511Mlzydo-00150-00032783-00032992 get into that brain box
nR511Mlzydo-00151-00032992-00033175 crawling in there with some
nR511Mlzydo-00152-00033175-00033304 screwdrivers in the middle of the yards
nR511Mlzydo-00153-00033304-00033480 it wasn't much fun so
nR511Mlzydo-00154-00033480-00033783 a couple issues there
nR511Mlzydo-00155-00033783-00033936 and as I mentioned the initial access to
nR511Mlzydo-00156-00033936-00034127 the control box,
nR511Mlzydo-00157-00034127-00034487 we nearly had to enlist a 14 year old
nR511Mlzydo-00158-00034487-00034616 kid from down the road because he was
nR511Mlzydo-00159-00034616-00034743 the only one had arms small enough to
nR511Mlzydo-00160-00034743-00034992 get in there
nR511Mlzydo-00161-00034992-00035175 right but you know what's
nR511Mlzydo-00162-00035175-00035343 works well on the Clipex is the control
nR511Mlzydo-00163-00035343-00035568 panel is really well laid out it's welllabelled
nR511Mlzydo-00164-00035568-00035800 you can see what's going on
nR511Mlzydo-00165-00035800-00035904 toggle switches
nR511Mlzydo-00166-00035904-00036239 and there's a bit of a shift totoggles
nR511Mlzydo-00167-00036239-00036383 with with a lot of these handlers so
nR511Mlzydo-00168-00036383-00036495 keep an eye out for that
nR511Mlzydo-00169-00036495-00036760 Combi Clamp: there's a couple
nR511Mlzydo-00170-00036760-00037143 over here who had a Combi Clamp? Yep
nR511Mlzydo-00171-00037143-00037336 A couple of things here that we
nR511Mlzydo-00172-00037336-00037456 particularly liked and it's already been
nR511Mlzydo-00173-00037456-00037568 discussed I think Nathan
nR511Mlzydo-00174-00037568-00037743 mentioned it earlier we found this
nR511Mlzydo-00175-00037743-00037880 unit particularly quiet and I think
nR511Mlzydo-00176-00037880-00038000 that's a good thing in yards
nR511Mlzydo-00177-00038000-00038239 just keeps animals moving
nR511Mlzydo-00178-00038239-00038336 there's not a lot of noise
nR511Mlzydo-00179-00038336-00038783 no power required obviously
nR511Mlzydo-00180-00038783-00039200 because it's actuated by theoperator's weight
nR511Mlzydo-00181-00039200-00039424 and in all it's relatively clever
nR511Mlzydo-00182-00039424-00039560 and it's basic
nR511Mlzydo-00183-00039560-00039743 good engineering is simple engineering
nR511Mlzydo-00184-00039743-00039951 it's something that's really
nR511Mlzydo-00185-00039951-00040295 it's basically that it works well
nR511Mlzydo-00186-00040295-00040424 The end of the day probably needs two
nR511Mlzydo-00187-00040424-00040616 people someone to
nR511Mlzydo-00188-00040616-00040960 push sheep up into the unit
nR511Mlzydo-00189-00040960-00041095 so you don't have to continually walk
nR511Mlzydo-00190-00041095-00041304 backwards and forwards
nR511Mlzydo-00191-00041304-00041543 and a couple of the cut sections I think
nR511Mlzydo-00192-00041543-00041672 probably could be better finished off
nR511Mlzydo-00193-00041672-00041783 just in terms of the caps are a little
nR511Mlzydo-00194-00041783-00041904 bit open
nR511Mlzydo-00195-00041904-00042072 potentially could could cause some
nR511Mlzydo-00196-00042072-00042431 injury to to operate our animal
nR511Mlzydo-00197-00042472-00042631 Combi Clamp owners have i covered
nR511Mlzydo-00198-00042631-00042839 anything else there that we need?
nR511Mlzydo-00199-00042839-00043248 about right nods yeah
nR511Mlzydo-00200-00043351-00043560 Gallagher Crutch and Dag
nR511Mlzydo-00201-00043560-00043856 Did anyone have that?
nR511Mlzydo-00202-00043856-00044239 No all right, look in terms of
nR511Mlzydo-00203-00044239-00044456 construction very robust
nR511Mlzydo-00204-00044456-00044760 lots of components hot dipped gal
nR511Mlzydo-00205-00044760-00044975 it is pretty simple in its operation
nR511Mlzydo-00206-00044975-00045119 easy to clean down so there's a
nR511Mlzydo-00207-00045119-00045336 reasonable focus on cleaning and
nR511Mlzydo-00208-00045336-00045639 transporting so in terms of
nR511Mlzydo-00209-00045639-00045760 access you could definitely get in
nR511Mlzydo-00210-00045760-00045968 around the animal that top cylinder did
nR511Mlzydo-00211-00045968-00046080 obstruct the operation
nR511Mlzydo-00212-00046080-00046295 or the operator a little bit
nR511Mlzydo-00213-00046295-00046439 just the way that that
nR511Mlzydo-00214-00046439-00046807 top cylinder operates
nR511Mlzydo-00215-00046807-00047000 really need two people to set it up
nR511Mlzydo-00216-00047000-00047151 some components a little bit heavy
nR511Mlzydo-00217-00047151-00047439 not that well balanced and the
nR511Mlzydo-00218-00047439-00047624 release isn't automated when tippingback
nR511Mlzydo-00219-00047624-00047751 tipping the animal back upright and I
nR511Mlzydo-00220-00047751-00047839 imagine that would be something that
nR511Mlzydo-00221-00047839-00048192 could be probably pretty easily fixed
nR511Mlzydo-00222-00048368-00048680 Peak Hill: couple ofowners here wasn't there?
nR511Mlzydo-00223-00048680-00049083 yeah good access
nR511Mlzydo-00224-00049083-00049407 pretty well built, easy to adjust
nR511Mlzydo-00225-00049407-00049527 There's a lot of adjustments on that
nR511Mlzydo-00226-00049527-00049719 machine do you find that as well?
nR511Mlzydo-00227-00049719-00050168 yep. we found the baulk gate
nR511Mlzydo-00228-00050168-00050487 at the back of the handler did
nR511Mlzydo-00229-00050487-00050639 sort of allow animals to push through a
nR511Mlzydo-00230-00050639-00050775 little bit so when you're rotating that
nR511Mlzydo-00231-00050775-00051007 next animal through thehandler
nR511Mlzydo-00232-00051007-00051215 it did catch the head every now and
nR511Mlzydo-00233-00051215-00051415 again would that be a fair comment?
nR511Mlzydo-00234-00051415-00051736 yep a couple of nods, good to know
nR511Mlzydo-00235-00051736-00051927 good to know that we are we do get some
nR511Mlzydo-00236-00051927-00052072 things right sometimes
nR511Mlzydo-00237-00052072-00052512 In all it's prettyclever construction
nR511Mlzydo-00238-00052512-00052600 this handler and I think
nR511Mlzydo-00239-00052600-00052760 there's been a fair thought going to it.
nR511Mlzydo-00240-00052760-00053287 yeah good unit and again the Immobilizer
nR511Mlzydo-00241-00053287-00053432 so removing now from the
nR511Mlzydo-00242-00053432-00053727 from the individual animal operations I
nR511Mlzydo-00243-00053727-00053839 should just back up one
nR511Mlzydo-00244-00053839-00054087 and make one point those last three
nR511Mlzydo-00245-00054087-00054175 handles obviously
nR511Mlzydo-00246-00054175-00054360 we're talking about lifting and tipping
nR511Mlzydo-00247-00054360-00054496 the animals you know so you can actually
nR511Mlzydo-00248-00054496-00054648 get access to them
nR511Mlzydo-00249-00054648-00054912 something like the immobiliser keeps
nR511Mlzydo-00250-00054912-00055151 and and the Combi Clamp for that matter
nR511Mlzydo-00251-00055151-00055263 keeps the animal in that upright
nR511Mlzydo-00252-00055263-00055360 position
nR511Mlzydo-00253-00055360-00055591 you've kind of limited as to
nR511Mlzydo-00254-00055591-00055727 some of the operations
nR511Mlzydo-00255-00055727-00055839 you can perform with some of these
nR511Mlzydo-00256-00055839-00055896 handlers
nR511Mlzydo-00257-00055896-00056015 so it really depends what you want to
nR511Mlzydo-00258-00056015-00056200 use it for
nR511Mlzydo-00259-00056200-00056487 you know drenching shape upside down in
nR511Mlzydo-00260-00056487-00056567 something like
nR511Mlzydo-00261-00056567-00056855 like the Peak Hill handler is
nR511Mlzydo-00262-00056855-00056975 probably not something I'd recommend
nR511Mlzydo-00263-00056975-00057336 certainly not best practice.
nR511Mlzydo-00264-00057336-00057672 The Immobilizer simple to use
nR511Mlzydo-00265-00057672-00058008 again quite neat construction
nR511Mlzydo-00266-00058008-00058255 symmetry controls for so left and right
nR511Mlzydo-00267-00058255-00058351 hand
nR511Mlzydo-00268-00058351-00058484 controls on this unit
nR511Mlzydo-00269-00058484-00058736 getting that rear gate to operate
nR511Mlzydo-00270-00058736-00058967 does require some coordination
nR511Mlzydo-00271-00058967-00059096 Josh our other engineer
nR511Mlzydo-00272-00059096-00059255 he's not not blessed particularly with
nR511Mlzydo-00273-00059255-00059479 coordination poor old Josho
nR511Mlzydo-00274-00059479-00059879 so it took him about half a day to getthat right
nR511Mlzydo-00275-00059887-00060032 there is a mount poll for overhead gear
nR511Mlzydo-00276-00060032-00060136 that can get in the way a little bit but
nR511Mlzydo-00277-00060136-00060248 of course that's all something that's
nR511Mlzydo-00278-00060248-00060439 pretty easily adjusted
nR511Mlzydo-00279-00060439-00060584 wheels just too small and difficult to
nR511Mlzydo-00280-00060584-00060760 get in and out of the yard so you know
nR511Mlzydo-00281-00060760-00060944 and what tends to happen is that you
nR511Mlzydo-00282-00060944-00061136 know you either discard those wheels and
nR511Mlzydo-00283-00061136-00061239 put something on it works
nR511Mlzydo-00284-00061239-00061463 a bit better or you know you just
nR511Mlzydo-00285-00061463-00061584 bring the front and loader into the
nR511Mlzydo-00286-00061584-00061687 yards if you can get it in there and
nR511Mlzydo-00287-00061687-00061975 fork it out
nR511Mlzydo-00288-00061975-00062239 Tepari HD4: now strictly speaking we're
nR511Mlzydo-00289-00062239-00062351 talking more about
nR511Mlzydo-00290-00062351-00062639 draft here but I suppose I just
nR511Mlzydo-00291-00062639-00062832 wanted to make a point that
nR511Mlzydo-00292-00062832-00063000 I mentioned before the toggles these
nR511Mlzydo-00293-00063000-00063127 guys have gone to rotary switches
nR511Mlzydo-00294-00063127-00063224 because they think
nR511Mlzydo-00295-00063224-00063432 a little bit more simple to use there's
nR511Mlzydo-00296-00063432-00063663 a fast drench mode
nR511Mlzydo-00297-00063663-00063984 there's new radio remote so you can
nR511Mlzydo-00298-00063984-00064184 control the handler from down the back
nR511Mlzydo-00299-00064184-00064455 so if you're pushing sheep up
nR511Mlzydo-00300-00064455-00064615 I think one of the one of the points I
nR511Mlzydo-00301-00064615-00064832 want to make is that any of thesehandlers
nR511Mlzydo-00302-00064832-00065103 only operate as well as the
nR511Mlzydo-00303-00065103-00065296 the lead-up race into them
nR511Mlzydo-00304-00065296-00065572 okay absolutely essential.
nR511Mlzydo-00305-00065572-00065839 Now all the work that we did with those
nR511Mlzydo-00306-00065839-00066072 times that I showed you at the start ofthe talk
nR511Mlzydo-00307-00066072-00066455 It was all done with the same lead-uprace okay
nR511Mlzydo-00308-00066455-00066744 so getting that right is essential in
nR511Mlzydo-00309-00066744-00066927 making any of these systems work
nR511Mlzydo-00310-00066927-00067200 really important
nR511Mlzydo-00311-00067263-00067375 Righto so i'll just move into the
nR511Mlzydo-00312-00067375-00067608 bulk handlers i'm just conscious of time
nR511Mlzydo-00313-00067608-00067984 so obviously two main ones out there
nR511Mlzydo-00314-00067984-00068175 the Proway which is available in 6 or 12m
nR511Mlzydo-00315-00068175-00068936 6m alsoavailable in transportable model
nR511Mlzydo-00316-00068936-00069279 Hydraulic lift, so if you're out
nR511Mlzydo-00317-00069279-00069424 in the middle of nowhere like this
nR511Mlzydo-00318-00069424-00069648 unit set up typically a
nR511Mlzydo-00319-00069648-00069984 hydraulic power pack and a gen set to
nR511Mlzydo-00320-00069984-00070384 run that hydraulic power packs required
nR511Mlzydo-00321-00070512-00070703 relatively simple well built well
nR511Mlzydo-00322-00070703-00071024 finished lots of hot dip gal
nR511Mlzydo-00323-00071024-00071248 and of course you're elevating an entire
nR511Mlzydo-00324-00071248-00071591 race full of sheep with this unit
nR511Mlzydo-00325-00071591-00071767 this lady here handles
nR511Mlzydo-00326-00071767-00071975 i think it's about 10 or 12 000 sheep
nR511Mlzydo-00327-00071975-00072087 herself
nR511Mlzydo-00328-00072087-00072336 like just by herself every year with
nR511Mlzydo-00329-00072336-00072520 this unit
nR511Mlzydo-00330-00072520-00072703 hooks it up to the trailer carts it
nR511Mlzydo-00331-00072703-00072927 around can't speak more highly
nR511Mlzydo-00332-00072927-00073336 loves it and the reason she did that is
nR511Mlzydo-00333-00073336-00073600 because she was handling some pretty bigwethers
nR511Mlzydo-00334-00073600-00073760 in the race you know how we get in the
nR511Mlzydo-00335-00073760-00073975 race you know not a good idea is it
nR511Mlzydo-00336-00073975-00074224 one jumps up smashed a draw she's in
nR511Mlzydo-00337-00074224-00074391 hospital for six weeks having a complete
nR511Mlzydo-00338-00074391-00074560 jaw reconstruction
nR511Mlzydo-00339-00074560-00074808 and so that was the impetus to spend the
nR511Mlzydo-00340-00074808-00075024 money on this
nR511Mlzydo-00341-00075024-00075336 the other one is the Murray built
nR511Mlzydo-00342-00075336-00075687 by DE engineers again in WA
nR511Mlzydo-00343-00075687-00075855 I think one of the things farmers like
nR511Mlzydo-00344-00075855-00075967 about this is a little bit cheaper I
nR511Mlzydo-00345-00075967-00076136 can't remember the exact price but
nR511Mlzydo-00346-00076136-00076336 but they're not afraid to go ahead and
nR511Mlzydo-00347-00076336-00076544 weld stuff on you know make adjustments
nR511Mlzydo-00348-00076544-00076648 change things
nR511Mlzydo-00349-00076648-00076848 put an extra tap at the end so you can
nR511Mlzydo-00350-00076848-00076984 you can
nR511Mlzydo-00351-00076984-00077248 release the air from either end okay
nR511Mlzydo-00352-00077248-00077615 pretty basic sort of uh setup um uses a
nR511Mlzydo-00353-00077615-00077744 tyre
nR511Mlzydo-00354-00077744-00078024 to uh to inflate and and lift and lift
nR511Mlzydo-00355-00078024-00078167 the shape in the in the race there's a
nR511Mlzydo-00356-00078167-00078296 couple of um
nR511Mlzydo-00357-00078296-00078439 cradles as you can see that run the
nR511Mlzydo-00358-00078439-00078600 length of the race if you've got
nR511Mlzydo-00359-00078600-00078808 small lambs or sheep off shears like
nR511Mlzydo-00360-00078808-00078912 this I probably should have had those
nR511Mlzydo-00361-00078912-00079087 inserts in because they make that that V
nR511Mlzydo-00362-00079087-00079536 a little bit narrower
nR511Mlzydo-00363-00079575-00079744 Lots of mods to this one in the in the
nR511Mlzydo-00364-00079744-00079887 lead up so the the
nR511Mlzydo-00365-00079887-00080087 you can see it's quite high
nR511Mlzydo-00366-00080087-00080208 off the ground so a lot of
nR511Mlzydo-00367-00080208-00080463 growers will put a
nR511Mlzydo-00368-00080463-00080663 or producer will put a ramp leading up
nR511Mlzydo-00369-00080663-00080863 into the into this unit and
nR511Mlzydo-00370-00080863-00081284 just to aid the flow , additional taps
nR511Mlzydo-00371-00081284-00081536 and it does require a fair bit of air
nR511Mlzydo-00372-00081536-00081720 might have seen that first photo
nR511Mlzydo-00373-00081720-00082000 there's a large gas cylinder there
nR511Mlzydo-00374-00082000-00082248 that's uses a receiver for the
nR511Mlzydo-00375-00082248-00082455 for the compressed air so the
nR511Mlzydo-00376-00082455-00082648 compressor's up the paddock somewhere
nR511Mlzydo-00377-00082648-00082879 but they ended up using a
nR511Mlzydo-00378-00082879-00083024 fair bit of air so needed quite a large
nR511Mlzydo-00379-00083024-00083255 receiver to keep that operating
nR511Mlzydo-00380-00083255-00083415 So thats all I had for handlers
nR511Mlzydo-00381-00083415-00083608 and we were happy to take
nR511Mlzydo-00382-00083608-00083720 more questions
nR511Mlzydo-00383-00083720-00083855 down the track but I thought I'd just
nR511Mlzydo-00384-00083855-00084032 move quickly on to
nR511Mlzydo-00385-00084032-00084215 sheep yard design and I thought I'd just
nR511Mlzydo-00386-00084215-00084415 run through some of the
nR511Mlzydo-00387-00084415-00084551 considerations you might
nR511Mlzydo-00388-00084551-00084751 want to put into play if you're going to
nR511Mlzydo-00389-00084751-00084872 make an investment into yards
nR511Mlzydo-00390-00085012-00085232 I suppose the first one is
nR511Mlzydo-00391-00085232-00085367 just planting design making sure that
nR511Mlzydo-00392-00085367-00085503 you've got the yards in the right spot
nR511Mlzydo-00393-00085503-00085815 make sure you've got some decent slopes
nR511Mlzydo-00394-00085815-00085967 and decent drainage that's going to tie
nR511Mlzydo-00395-00085967-00086096 in with existing infrastructure you
nR511Mlzydo-00396-00086096-00086215 might have there think about where the
nR511Mlzydo-00397-00086215-00086384 prevailing winds come from think about
nR511Mlzydo-00398-00086384-00086600 where shadow's going to fall in your race etc
nR511Mlzydo-00399-00086600-00086903 if you haven't got it covered
nR511Mlzydo-00400-00086912-00087063 At the end of the day these are a
nR511Mlzydo-00401-00087063-00087263 long-term investment okay so it's not
nR511Mlzydo-00402-00087263-00087384 like if you buy a dud
nR511Mlzydo-00403-00087384-00087560 tractor you can send it back and buy
nR511Mlzydo-00404-00087560-00087727 something else it's pretty hard to trade
nR511Mlzydo-00405-00087727-00087863 yards in
nR511Mlzydo-00406-00087863-00088144 and in most cases uh you've got to pull
nR511Mlzydo-00407-00088144-00088287 them out yourself as well which can be
nR511Mlzydo-00408-00088287-00088439 equally frustrating as putting them in
nR511Mlzydo-00409-00088439-00088663 and not getting agood job in the first place
nR511Mlzydo-00410-00088663-00088920 So spend that money once and
nR511Mlzydo-00411-00088920-00089072 and I suppose the other thing I wanted
nR511Mlzydo-00412-00089072-00089208 to point out is that you can always
nR511Mlzydo-00413-00089208-00089439 build them in stages and just thinkabout
nR511Mlzydo-00414-00089439-00089615 where your end game is for your
nR511Mlzydo-00415-00089615-00089848 yards and that infrastructure
nR511Mlzydo-00416-00089848-00090008 and think about the stages you might
nR511Mlzydo-00417-00090008-00090167 want to get to to do that you don't have
nR511Mlzydo-00418-00090167-00090287 to make that investment alone
nR511Mlzydo-00419-00090287-00090551 all in one hit
nR511Mlzydo-00420-00090632-00090808 use quality steel I've seen some really
nR511Mlzydo-00421-00090808-00091055 cheap steel used in yards that's had all
nR511Mlzydo-00422-00091055-00091224 the gal blister offered and
nR511Mlzydo-00423-00091224-00091487 and or hasn't you know hasn't fared well
nR511Mlzydo-00424-00091487-00091608 in the weather
nR511Mlzydo-00425-00091608-00091984 section thickness in some cases
nR511Mlzydo-00426-00091984-00092351 cheap steel is cheap for a reason
nR511Mlzydo-00427-00092351-00092512 that K rail or similiar sight form
nR511Mlzydo-00428-00092512-00092655 panels becoming really popular
nR511Mlzydo-00429-00092655-00092887 so I don't know if you've got any locals
nR511Mlzydo-00430-00092887-00093151 here that do that but that's a prettyquick
nR511Mlzydo-00431-00093151-00093296 way to put up a set of yards and then
nR511Mlzydo-00432-00093296-00093448 they normally roll it out and charge by
nR511Mlzydo-00433-00093448-00093639 the metre
nR511Mlzydo-00434-00093639-00093775 and the beauty about that that is you
nR511Mlzydo-00435-00093775-00093951 can have lengths up to well any length
nR511Mlzydo-00436-00093951-00094048 you like really
nR511Mlzydo-00437-00094048-00094279 I saw some in WA the other day 25m
nR511Mlzydo-00438-00094279-00094700 long strips you know no joins
nR511Mlzydo-00439-00094944-00095175 Curves and Races: the bugle design's
nR511Mlzydo-00440-00095175-00095312 still king but we're seeing a lot of
nR511Mlzydo-00441-00095312-00095424 these diamonds now
nR511Mlzydo-00442-00095424-00095791 in yards just being able to shift sheep
nR511Mlzydo-00443-00095791-00095960 from one pen to any other
nR511Mlzydo-00444-00095960-00096127 just through the diamonds is a really
nR511Mlzydo-00445-00096127-00096296 popular design
nR511Mlzydo-00446-00096296-00096684 who's installed a set of yards recently?
nR511Mlzydo-00447-00096684-00096800 yep
nR511Mlzydo-00448-00096800-00097127 does it have a diamond in it?  yep nearly everyone
nR511Mlzydo-00449-00097127-00097639 i guess one of the emerging trends
nR511Mlzydo-00450-00097639-00097863 Dual races are popular,  vertical bars
nR511Mlzydo-00451-00097863-00097991 on the end gates just
nR511Mlzydo-00452-00097991-00098472 to assist flow in into the race
nR511Mlzydo-00453-00098472-00098872 undercover, whose yards are undercover?
nR511Mlzydo-00454-00098896-00099024 man alive I'll tell you what once you're
nR511Mlzydo-00455-00099024-00099184 working to set undercover yards you
nR511Mlzydo-00456-00099184-00099463 don't want to go back out in the sun
nR511Mlzydo-00457-00099463-00099639 just makes life a lot more simple there
nR511Mlzydo-00458-00099639-00099927 are some issues
nR511Mlzydo-00459-00099927-00100167 dust can be a can be a problem so our
nR511Mlzydo-00460-00100167-00100351 yards are all undercover at home we
nR511Mlzydo-00461-00100351-00100479 just put down water
nR511Mlzydo-00462-00100479-00100672 before we go out and muster and then
nR511Mlzydo-00463-00100672-00100832 by the time
nR511Mlzydo-00464-00100832-00100991 that's sort of settled down a little bit
nR511Mlzydo-00465-00100991-00101136 there's just no dust in the yards makes
nR511Mlzydo-00466-00101136-00101391 life a lot easier
nR511Mlzydo-00467-00101391-00101624 even if you just consider covering
nR511Mlzydo-00468-00101624-00101727 the most used
nR511Mlzydo-00469-00101727-00101896 parts yard whether that's the race or
nR511Mlzydo-00470-00101896-00102063 the area where you've got the handler
nR511Mlzydo-00471-00102063-00102431 definitely something worth thinkingabout
nR511Mlzydo-00472-00102431-00102575 Latches and Catches: there's heaps of
nR511Mlzydo-00473-00102575-00102783 options now and god I've seen some crazy
nR511Mlzydo-00474-00102783-00103255 designsbut you know
nR511Mlzydo-00475-00103255-00103431 top man let's double latches there's
nR511Mlzydo-00476-00103431-00103600 there's think you know anyone
nR511Mlzydo-00477-00103600-00103848 that's got a fancy latch that is easy toopen
nR511Mlzydo-00478-00103848-00103992 probably might be easy for sheep to open
nR511Mlzydo-00479-00103992-00104192 too so they've all got always got asecondary
nR511Mlzydo-00480-00104192-00104520 chain sort of latch there as well
nR511Mlzydo-00481-00104520-00104800 and PA Gates I think if you're designing
nR511Mlzydo-00482-00104800-00104951 a set of yards you just can't have too
nR511Mlzydo-00483-00104951-00105135 many of them they make life so mucheasier
nR511Mlzydo-00484-00105135-00105296 and you're not as buggered by the end of
nR511Mlzydo-00485-00105296-00105655 day's work inthe yards
nR511Mlzydo-00486-00105655-00105840 lots of manufacturers who make the PA
nR511Mlzydo-00487-00105840-00106016 gates are all also putting in
nR511Mlzydo-00488-00106016-00106264 dog flaps in the bottom of those gates
nR511Mlzydo-00489-00106264-00106520 just againdogs aren't as buggered at the end of their
nR511Mlzydo-00490-00106520-00106727 jumping over or crawling under fences
nR511Mlzydo-00491-00106727-00106855 and you know we want to look after their
nR511Mlzydo-00492-00106855-00107048 legs as well
nR511Mlzydo-00493-00107048-00107488 Power and water, think about location interms of
nR511Mlzydo-00494-00107488-00107700 of power and water and air
nR511Mlzydo-00495-00107700-00108168 if you're goingto put
nR511Mlzydo-00496-00108168-00108344 handlers in there or pretty much
nR511Mlzydo-00497-00108344-00108455 anything these days you're going to need
nR511Mlzydo-00498-00108455-00108592 power on site
nR511Mlzydo-00499-00108592-00108744 whether it's panel readers I mean yep
nR511Mlzydo-00500-00108744-00108920 sure you can get away at the gen set
nR511Mlzydo-00501-00108920-00109144 I've seen a couple of setups solar which
nR511Mlzydo-00502-00109144-00109383 were interesting
nR511Mlzydo-00503-00109383-00109520 but the other thing I've just made a
nR511Mlzydo-00504-00109520-00109672 point there is we're talking about
nR511Mlzydo-00505-00109672-00109816 compressors before and having a large
nR511Mlzydo-00506-00109816-00109920 receiver to handle
nR511Mlzydo-00507-00109920-00110072 the volume of air required for some
nR511Mlzydo-00508-00110072-00110231 handlers in a lot of cases if you want
nR511Mlzydo-00509-00110231-00110375 to put that noisy compressor
nR511Mlzydo-00510-00110375-00110583 miles away and you've got power there a
nR511Mlzydo-00511-00110583-00110727 decent length of pipe
nR511Mlzydo-00512-00110727-00111079 from that compressor down to the yards
nR511Mlzydo-00513-00111079-00111272 will often do the job of the receiver so
nR511Mlzydo-00514-00111272-00111400 there's a reasonable volume of air
nR511Mlzydo-00515-00111400-00111720 stored in that pipe if you like
nR511Mlzydo-00516-00111720-00111907 so that can be a good thing
nR511Mlzydo-00517-00111907-00112135 think about
nR511Mlzydo-00518-00112135-00112544 flooring high traffic areas concreted
nR511Mlzydo-00519-00112544-00112768 toe recesses in underneath the race help
nR511Mlzydo-00520-00112768-00112879 you get in nice and close if you're
nR511Mlzydo-00521-00112879-00113151 bending in over
nR511Mlzydo-00522-00113192-00113496 and think about adding someconcrete
nR511Mlzydo-00523-00113496-00114031 to the gravel base in throughout theyards
nR511Mlzydo-00524-00114048-00114248 I think it's about one bag of cement to
nR511Mlzydo-00525-00114248-00114375 every 3m² it's the general ratio
nR511Mlzydo-00526-00114375-00114575 But geez does it make
nR511Mlzydo-00527-00114575-00114879 the yards easy to clean out
nR511Mlzydo-00528-00114879-00115031 Loading Ramps: there is a standard being
nR511Mlzydo-00529-00115031-00115279 developed off the basis
nR511Mlzydo-00530-00115279-00115688 of these guidelines
nR511Mlzydo-00531-00115688-00115879 Examples this is probably top one
nR511Mlzydo-00532-00115879-00116055 down here that the Proway setup
nR511Mlzydo-00533-00116055-00116224 butI suppose the point is that there are
nR511Mlzydo-00534-00116224-00116407 some standards emerging and if you are
nR511Mlzydo-00535-00116407-00116488 going to put
nR511Mlzydo-00536-00116488-00116816 loading ramps in out of your yards
nR511Mlzydo-00537-00116816-00116968 and you you know make that investment
nR511Mlzydo-00538-00116968-00117127 again refer back to that standard
nR511Mlzydo-00539-00117127-00117272 because there's some specifics there
nR511Mlzydo-00540-00117272-00117551 thatwill keep truck driver safe and just
nR511Mlzydo-00541-00117551-00117664 make life a lot easier when you're
nR511Mlzydo-00542-00117664-00118064 trying to load sheepor cattle
nR511Mlzydo-00543-00118111-00118351 Installations:  ultimately we've
nR511Mlzydo-00544-00118351-00118455 talked a lot about
nR511Mlzydo-00545-00118455-00118624 the design and the construction and
nR511Mlzydo-00546-00118624-00118768 the fabrication
nR511Mlzydo-00547-00118768-00118968 and all that's really important but
nR511Mlzydo-00548-00118968-00119151 if installation's no good
nR511Mlzydo-00549-00119151-00119320 then you know you waste a lot of money
nR511Mlzydo-00550-00119320-00119496 so if you're going to do the yards
nR511Mlzydo-00551-00119496-00119607 yourself or you've only got yourself to
nR511Mlzydo-00552-00119607-00119768 blame if it's not a good install do you
nR511Mlzydo-00553-00119768-00119935 but if you're going to get a contractor
nR511Mlzydo-00554-00119935-00119992 and a lot of
nR511Mlzydo-00555-00119992-00120216 if your buyer said yeah it's a lot of
nR511Mlzydo-00556-00120216-00120400 manufacturers will you use a contractor
nR511Mlzydo-00557-00120400-00120511 to install
nR511Mlzydo-00558-00120511-00120607 and just go and have a look at some
nR511Mlzydo-00559-00120607-00120727 other work they've done previously
nR511Mlzydo-00560-00120727-00120872 before you make the call as to whether
nR511Mlzydo-00561-00120872-00120983 you want to use them
nR511Mlzydo-00562-00120983-00121144 or use the contract or use that
nR511Mlzydo-00563-00121144-00121440 yard manufacturer
nR511Mlzydo-00564-00121440-00121688 it is a big investment in a lot of cases
nR511Mlzydo-00565-00121688-00121807 now they use some pretty high-end
nR511Mlzydo-00566-00121807-00122088 surveying gear to lay out posts
nR511Mlzydo-00567-00122088-00122424 it does make the installation a lotquicker
nR511Mlzydo-00568-00122424-00122568 and also a lot more accurate
nR511Mlzydo-00569-00123000-00123144 I thought I'd just touch on cattle yards
nR511Mlzydo-00570-00123144-00123335 as well so a couple of interesting
nR511Mlzydo-00571-00123335-00123720 designsthis one in New South Wales again
nR511Mlzydo-00572-00123720-00124016 Kerin Poll Merino they've got a fair
nR511Mlzydo-00573-00124016-00124224 mention today but
nR511Mlzydo-00574-00124224-00124431 interesting design with a central
nR511Mlzydo-00575-00124431-00124624 laneway
nR511Mlzydo-00576-00124624-00124824 in this particular set of yards again
nR511Mlzydo-00577-00124824-00125007 all the high
nR511Mlzydo-00578-00125007-00125200 usage areas are under cover that's so
nR511Mlzydo-00579-00125200-00125327 the race is there the handle the crush
nR511Mlzydo-00580-00125327-00125496 is there etc
nR511Mlzydo-00581-00125496-00125655 and in the same way that we had the
nR511Mlzydo-00582-00125655-00125816 diamond design
nR511Mlzydo-00583-00125816-00126096 in sheep yards this hexagonal yard in
nR511Mlzydo-00584-00126096-00126192 the center which I thought was
nR511Mlzydo-00585-00126192-00126300 interesting
nR511Mlzydo-00586-00126496-00126727 a bit of layout there plans gives you a
nR511Mlzydo-00587-00126727-00126872 rough idea of the
nR511Mlzydo-00588-00126872-00127175 of the areas involved
nR511Mlzydo-00589-00127203-00127475 So the other part is obviously the the
nR511Mlzydo-00590-00127475-00127600 heart of any
nR511Mlzydo-00591-00127600-00127920 yards is the crush
nR511Mlzydo-00592-00127920-00128064 I suppose just a couple of things to run
nR511Mlzydo-00593-00128064-00128192 through there's a few dot points there
nR511Mlzydo-00594-00128192-00128264 on safety
nR511Mlzydo-00595-00128264-00128575 just making sure that access is
nR511Mlzydo-00596-00128575-00128800 is safe for all operators that you
nR511Mlzydo-00597-00128800-00128968 also you're not going to scone yourself
nR511Mlzydo-00598-00128968-00129111 if you are in that back in that
nR511Mlzydo-00599-00129111-00129359 vet area, noise is something we've
nR511Mlzydo-00600-00129359-00129511 talked about already in the context of
nR511Mlzydo-00601-00129511-00129631 sheep handlers it's important in
nR511Mlzydo-00602-00129631-00129864 crutches as well if you want to be ableto
nR511Mlzydo-00603-00129864-00130344 have low stress operations through a setof yards
nR511Mlzydo-00604-00130344-00130583 animal welfare always high in the list
nR511Mlzydo-00605-00130583-00130800 and ease of use I have to just stress
nR511Mlzydo-00606-00130800-00130959 can be a personal preference
nR511Mlzydo-00607-00130959-00131088 so go and have a look at them make sure
nR511Mlzydo-00608-00131088-00131207 you know how everything works get
nR511Mlzydo-00609-00131207-00131335 comfortable with it
nR511Mlzydo-00610-00131335-00131551 and in some cases you know things
nR511Mlzydo-00611-00131551-00131727 like latches
nR511Mlzydo-00612-00131727-00131879 head bale actions it'll all come down to
nR511Mlzydo-00613-00131879-00132048 what you prefer to use
nR511Mlzydo-00614-00132048-00132151 that can be a little bit tricky if
nR511Mlzydo-00615-00132151-00132335 you're gonna buy some
nR511Mlzydo-00616-00132335-00132479 off the field day site but if you can
nR511Mlzydo-00617-00132479-00132624 find one that are out on a set of yards
nR511Mlzydo-00618-00132624-00132727 and you can you know there are some
nR511Mlzydo-00619-00132727-00132831 cattle running through it
nR511Mlzydo-00620-00132831-00133255 you'll get a feel for how how well itworks
nR511Mlzydo-00621-00133255-00133479 Construction: one of the big issues that
nR511Mlzydo-00622-00133479-00133631 I've seen lately is
nR511Mlzydo-00623-00133631-00133896 some of the cheaper imported crushes
nR511Mlzydo-00624-00133896-00134024 qualities
nR511Mlzydo-00625-00134024-00134327 lacking let's just say
nR511Mlzydo-00626-00134496-00134648 Some of the welds have got inclusions
nR511Mlzydo-00627-00134648-00134831 in them some of the finish is pretty
nR511Mlzydo-00628-00134831-00135135 average some of the uh hot dip gal is
nR511Mlzydo-00629-00135135-00135407 not good quality to keep an eye out
nR511Mlzydo-00630-00135407-00135511 for all these things
nR511Mlzydo-00631-00135511-00135911 I mentioned josh the other engineer
nR511Mlzydo-00632-00135911-00136111 for Kondinin Group bought a crush from
nR511Mlzydo-00633-00136111-00136296 a manufacturer I won't name but it was
nR511Mlzydo-00634-00136296-00136464 imported and
nR511Mlzydo-00635-00136464-00136624 I think he's repaired the head bale five
nR511Mlzydo-00636-00136624-00136744 times since his head they've only had it
nR511Mlzydo-00637-00136744-00136855 for 12 months
nR511Mlzydo-00638-00136855-00137103 not good so just make sure that
nR511Mlzydo-00639-00137103-00137272 quality materials is
nR511Mlzydo-00640-00137272-00137488 where it's supposed to be at
nR511Mlzydo-00641-00137488-00137583 make sure that
nR511Mlzydo-00642-00137583-00137744 you know you're comfortable with the
nR511Mlzydo-00643-00137744-00137935 with the build quality
nR511Mlzydo-00644-00137935-00138279 and again we talked about
nR511Mlzydo-00645-00138279-00138455 backup and service to make sure that you
nR511Mlzydo-00646-00138455-00138616 know if you are gonna need parts
nR511Mlzydo-00647-00138616-00138888 you can get a hold of those
nR511Mlzydo-00648-00138888-00139048 all the basic stuff you know grease nipples
nR511Mlzydo-00649-00139048-00139168 make sure that servicing is going to be
nR511Mlzydo-00650-00139168-00139264 pretty easy
nR511Mlzydo-00651-00139264-00139431 there's a lot of moving parts on a
nR511Mlzydo-00652-00139431-00139575 crush make sure that you can access each
nR511Mlzydo-00653-00139575-00139711 of those and service them
nR511Mlzydo-00654-00139711-00140000 and think about future tech you know
nR511Mlzydo-00655-00140000-00140135 just integration of that tech that you
nR511Mlzydo-00656-00140135-00140335 might want to put on the crash
nR511Mlzydo-00657-00140335-00140464 might want to be upgraded later on to
nR511Mlzydo-00658-00140464-00140640 air there might be kits for that
nR511Mlzydo-00659-00140640-00140888 and also obviously the eID side of
nR511Mlzydo-00660-00140888-00141040 things just make sure that
nR511Mlzydo-00661-00141040-00141211 all that can be integrated
nR511Mlzydo-00662-00141407-00141535 That's a whole lot of information I've
nR511Mlzydo-00663-00141535-00141720 just throwing at you there and in a
nR511Mlzydo-00664-00141720-00141816 short amount of time
nR511Mlzydo-00665-00141816-00141975 if you aren't a Kondinin Group
nR511Mlzydo-00666-00141975-00142088 member and you want to sign up there's a
nR511Mlzydo-00667-00142088-00142231 discount code there i just rang through
nR511Mlzydo-00668-00142231-00142407 the office because I couldn't make it work
nR511Mlzydo-00669-00142407-00142640 but they told me that'll give you
nR511Mlzydo-00670-00142640-00142824 they're onto it they tell me they'll
nR511Mlzydo-00671-00142824-00142903 give you 20%
nR511Mlzydo-00672-00142903-00143096 off so jot that down if you aren't a
nR511Mlzydo-00673-00143096-00143359 member but i'm happy to take any
nR511Mlzydo-00674-00143359-00143496 questionsfrom floor uh just after any tips for the
nR511Mlzydo-00675-00143496-00143696 [audience] Just after any tips for the
nR511Mlzydo-00676-00143696-00143768 lead ups
nR511Mlzydo-00677-00143768-00144031 to your handlers?
nR511Mlzydo-00678-00144031-00144103 The lead ups
nR511Mlzydo-00679-00144103-00144359 curves the whole way , try and
nR511Mlzydo-00680-00144359-00144496 keep everything curved in fact some of
nR511Mlzydo-00681-00144496-00144655 the manufacturers of the
nR511Mlzydo-00682-00144655-00144959 the handlers also supply
nR511Mlzydo-00683-00144959-00145127 lead-up races and some will go through
nR511Mlzydo-00684-00145127-00145383 a full 180 degrees which is full curve
nR511Mlzydo-00685-00145383-00145616 again blind panels on the outer just
nR511Mlzydo-00686-00145616-00145727 so that you can
nR511Mlzydo-00687-00145727-00145879 animals will will continue to follow
nR511Mlzydo-00688-00145879-00146164 that through hot bars if you like them
nR511Mlzydo-00689-00146224-00146400 Some like the Peak Hill unit comes
nR511Mlzydo-00690-00146400-00146559 with a with a straight race but it's
nR511Mlzydo-00691-00146559-00146872 it's got hot bars and they're weight
nR511Mlzydo-00692-00146872-00147072 actuators so as the animal comes on that
nR511Mlzydo-00693-00147072-00147368 they pop out. I think the main thing
nR511Mlzydo-00694-00147368-00147696 is keeping it blind and curved so that
nR511Mlzydo-00695-00147696-00147840 animals will continue to follow animals
nR511Mlzydo-00696-00147840-00148000 so once you get that flow going
nR511Mlzydo-00697-00148000-00148216 uh you're away the other
nR511Mlzydo-00698-00148216-00148400 good thing about the 180 degrees
nR511Mlzydo-00699-00148400-00148559 in most cases if you've got the handler
nR511Mlzydo-00700-00148559-00148751 sort of here you know and
nR511Mlzydo-00701-00148751-00148935 and the race is coming around behind you
nR511Mlzydo-00702-00148935-00149127 can always walk over and push a few up
nR511Mlzydo-00703-00149127-00149511 if there's some help required there
nR511Mlzydo-00704-00149511-00149751 andof course you're always walking up to so
nR511Mlzydo-00705-00149751-00149920 you know don't put that lead-up race
nR511Mlzydo-00706-00149920-00150288 facing downhill you just won't get flow
nR511Mlzydo-00707-00150320-00150448 [audience] Have you had a look at the
nR511Mlzydo-00708-00150448-00150640 Back Up Charlie's yet or not?
nR511Mlzydo-00709-00150640-00150935 Yes we have great design so we saw that
nR511Mlzydo-00710-00150935-00151448 I think at a field day in Hentya couple years ago
nR511Mlzydo-00711-00151448-00151735 they won one of theawards there for
nR511Mlzydo-00712-00151735-00151888 best new release we haven't put any
nR511Mlzydo-00713-00151888-00152072 sheep through it so
nR511Mlzydo-00714-00152072-00152288 COVID has blown a fair hole in our
nR511Mlzydo-00715-00152288-00152440 research program being able to get
nR511Mlzydo-00716-00152440-00152640 around and test a lot of things
nR511Mlzydo-00717-00152640-00152792 but it's definitely one of the units
nR511Mlzydo-00718-00152792-00152944 where we came to to do some more work on
nR511Mlzydo-00719-00152944-00153016 but look
nR511Mlzydo-00720-00153016-00153159 the the animals we saw running through
nR511Mlzydo-00721-00153159-00153279 it at the field day looked like it was
nR511Mlzydo-00722-00153279-00153400 working quite well
nR511Mlzydo-00723-00153400-00153664 [audience] So ben you haven't mentioned the
nR511Mlzydo-00724-00153664-00153896 V-Handlers or V express or the two belts?
nR511Mlzydo-00725-00153896-00154103 That's a good point I haven't
nR511Mlzydo-00726-00154103-00154368 but and they're a pretty
nR511Mlzydo-00727-00154368-00154535 important part of
nR511Mlzydo-00728-00154535-00154720 you know a lot a lot of people use those
nR511Mlzydo-00729-00154720-00154903 particularly for drenching and
nR511Mlzydo-00730-00154903-00155255 and whatever they will be any
nR511Mlzydo-00731-00155255-00155344 head work you've got to do on the
nR511Mlzydo-00732-00155344-00155424 animals at all
nR511Mlzydo-00733-00155424-00155696 and they are pretty popular I suppose
nR511Mlzydo-00734-00155696-00155848 one of the things that
nR511Mlzydo-00735-00155848-00155975 is important with those is just make
nR511Mlzydo-00736-00155975-00156111 sure you can vary the speed and there's
nR511Mlzydo-00737-00156111-00156240 a couple of models out there that where
nR511Mlzydo-00738-00156240-00156359 the speed's not variable
nR511Mlzydo-00739-00156359-00156640 and depending what you're doing that
nR511Mlzydo-00740-00156640-00156768 can make life a bit tricky
nR511Mlzydo-00741-00156768-00157079 but in all the designs are pretty
nR511Mlzydo-00742-00157079-00157207 simple and all
nR511Mlzydo-00743-00157207-00157424 pretty much the same so but again yeah
nR511Mlzydo-00744-00157424-00157600 no look they're definitely
nR511Mlzydo-00745-00157600-00157744 a contender if you if you've used them and
nR511Mlzydo-00746-00157744-00157848 you're happy with them sounds good.
nR511Mlzydo-00747-00157848-00158192 [audience] I'm gonna need to
nR511Mlzydo-00748-00158192-00158568 do the feet on a big Dorper rams andewes
nR511Mlzydo-00749-00158568-00158759 and been battling to find one that's not
nR511Mlzydo-00750-00158759-00158959 a huge amount of money
nR511Mlzydo-00751-00158959-00159248 Have you used the Arrow handler?
nR511Mlzydo-00752-00159248-00159488 We used the Arrow in one of the
nR511Mlzydo-00753-00159488-00159683 initial tests we did
nR511Mlzydo-00754-00159683-00160103 I don't think it would be up to it to
nR511Mlzydo-00755-00160103-00160159 be honest
nR511Mlzydo-00756-00160159-00160464 Wasn't a lot of adjustment
nR511Mlzydo-00757-00160464-00160735 in that particular unit it was
nR511Mlzydo-00758-00160735-00160816 pretty basic
nR511Mlzydo-00759-00160816-00161207 again this is going back about 3yrs that
nR511Mlzydo-00760-00161207-00161351 unless anything's changed
nR511Mlzydo-00761-00161351-00161520 it may well have changed since then
nR511Mlzydo-00762-00161520-00161703 you know I'm probably not a
nR511Mlzydo-00763-00161703-00161903 contender in terms of what else is outthere
nR511Mlzydo-00764-00161903-00162024 that's a pretty good question I mean
nR511Mlzydo-00765-00162024-00162288 there are I think
nR511Mlzydo-00766-00162288-00162440 trying to find a handle that's got
nR511Mlzydo-00767-00162440-00162640 plenty of adjustment for size for a
nR511Mlzydo-00768-00162640-00162807 range of sizes is always hard isn't it
nR511Mlzydo-00769-00162807-00162975 because there'll be compromises
nR511Mlzydo-00770-00162975-00163303 on either design simplicity or
nR511Mlzydo-00771-00163303-00163488 the ease of use
nR511Mlzydo-00772-00163488-00163807 I mean you know
nR511Mlzydo-00773-00163807-00164000 depending how big we're going to go
nR511Mlzydo-00774-00164000-00164144 you know there's there's handles out
nR511Mlzydo-00775-00164144-00164320 there that'll handle rams for shearing
nR511Mlzydo-00776-00164320-00164520 soyou know there's probably
nR511Mlzydo-00777-00164520-00164735 one line to look at
nR511Mlzydo-00778-00164735-00165024 [audience] You briefly spoke about having yards 
nR511Mlzydo-00779-00165024-00165216 under cover which would be ideal
nR511Mlzydo-00780-00165216-00165400 we're sort of planning some new sheep
nR511Mlzydo-00781-00165400-00165583 yards and thinking about park cover
nR511Mlzydo-00782-00165583-00165792 because sometimes the cover itself is
nR511Mlzydo-00783-00165792-00165927 more than the yard so
nR511Mlzydo-00784-00165927-00166127 any lessons learned about park cover
nR511Mlzydo-00785-00166127-00166231 with you know
nR511Mlzydo-00786-00166231-00166424 shade and shadows and stuff?
nR511Mlzydo-00787-00166424-00166640 Now that's a good point so making surethat
nR511Mlzydo-00788-00166640-00166896 as I mentioned you know if
nR511Mlzydo-00789-00166896-00166992 you aren't going to cover
nR511Mlzydo-00790-00166992-00167111 all the yard just cover the sections
nR511Mlzydo-00791-00167111-00167431 you're working pretty regularly
nR511Mlzydo-00792-00167431-00167648 you're right if you can can trip
nR511Mlzydo-00793-00167648-00167768 yourself up with you know
nR511Mlzydo-00794-00167768-00168007 with sun coming in particular directions
nR511Mlzydo-00795-00168007-00168303 and throwing shadows down the race thatmight
nR511Mlzydo-00796-00168303-00168688 shoot moving up through it, I think
nR511Mlzydo-00797-00168688-00168992 going wider
nR511Mlzydo-00798-00168992-00169344 than you probably need probably should
nR511Mlzydo-00799-00169344-00169607 probably take care of that issue
nR511Mlzydo-00800-00169607-00169807 So just make sure you've got plenty ofcoverage
nR511Mlzydo-00801-00169807-00170016 but again it all comes down to costs
nR511Mlzydo-00802-00170016-00170200 at the end of the day too doesn't it so
nR511Mlzydo-00803-00170200-00170424 I suppose the only other great
nR511Mlzydo-00804-00170424-00170600 thing about the
nR511Mlzydo-00805-00170600-00170879 undercover yards is you can also
nR511Mlzydo-00806-00170879-00171079 illuminate them really well as well
nR511Mlzydo-00807-00171079-00171351 if you do need to you know do some
nR511Mlzydo-00808-00171351-00171472 work you know
nR511Mlzydo-00809-00171472-00171607 into the evening you know whatever
nR511Mlzydo-00810-00171607-00171816 it's not ideal but sometimes it
nR511Mlzydo-00811-00171816-00171879 happens
nR511Mlzydo-00812-00171879-00172200 you've at least got some lightingthere
nR511Mlzydo-00813-00172200-00172335 even if that's just cleaning out the
nR511Mlzydo-00814-00172335-00172511 yards or whatever it might all be
nR511Mlzydo-00815-00172511-00172735 integrating that lighting and as I
nR511Mlzydo-00816-00172735-00172911 mentioned we've got our sprinklers
nR511Mlzydo-00817-00172911-00173120 mounted in the roof
nR511Mlzydo-00818-00173120-00173392 which works pretty well nothing gets
nR511Mlzydo-00819-00173392-00173488 chewed off or
nR511Mlzydo-00820-00173488-00173744 or torn apart uh that's intends to work
nR511Mlzydo-00821-00173744-00173888 quite well but yeah I suppose in terms
nR511Mlzydo-00822-00173888-00173968 of scale
nR511Mlzydo-00823-00173968-00174159 yeah going out wider to avoid that
nR511Mlzydo-00824-00174159-00174511 shadow issue is definitely a good idea
nR511Mlzydo-00825-00174511-00174720 Thank you very much, can I get you all to
nR511Mlzydo-00826-00174720-00174872 join me in thanking Ben
nR511Mlzydo-00827-00174900-00175100 [applause]
nR511Mlzydo-00828-00175100-00175796 [Music]
nR511Mlzydo-00829-00175796-00176300 [captions esmedia.com.au]
nU2J_6qX69y-00000-00001842-00002508 OK, let's be honest. Nobody wants to watch people open boxes.
nU2J_6qX69y-00001-00002622-00002916 But... aaaaah... this.
nU2J_6qX69y-00002-00002916-00003120 Ahh, you'd love to do this.
nU2J_6qX69y-00003-00003204-00003684 You can almost feel it. You can almost hear it. It's...
nU2J_6qX69y-00004-00003797-00004068 Tradition! Vintage!
nU2J_6qX69y-00005-00004200-00004539 Incidentally, I never wanted a...
nU2J_6qX69y-00006-00004539-00005052 ...Mogue, Muhg, Mogue, Muhg? Hard to say for us non-native speakers.
nU2J_6qX69y-00007-00005052-00005652 I never wanted a Moog, to be honest
nU2J_6qX69y-00008-00005652-00006162 I always thought that they are overhyped and overpriced.
nU2J_6qX69y-00009-00006162-00006528 Okay, this is fine vintage sound. Nothing wrong with that.
nU2J_6qX69y-00010-00006528-00006702 And it's gorgeous to this day
nU2J_6qX69y-00011-00006702-00007104 Well... it's a bit expensive actually
nU2J_6qX69y-00012-00007104-00007542 for a monophonic synth you cannot even store sounds with.
nU2J_6qX69y-00013-00007668-00008070 But still:what we like about instruments is
nU2J_6qX69y-00014-00008070-00008778 that special combination of how it looks, how it feels, and how it sounds.
nU2J_6qX69y-00015-00008778-00009138 And this, of course, is absolutely unique.
nU2J_6qX69y-00016-00009138-00009351 So when I got this -
nU2J_6qX69y-00017-00009351-00009816 as you can see, it's not a proper Moog, it's only an empty shell-
nU2J_6qX69y-00018-00009816-00010038 but I couldn't pass on it.
nU2J_6qX69y-00019-00010038-00010656 because I thought I'll build my own MidiMoog -
nU2J_6qX69y-00020-00010656-00010878 as, of course, it's got to be midified.
nU2J_6qX69y-00021-00011052-00011442 It's still missing pitch and mod wheel,
nU2J_6qX69y-00022-00011514-00011958 the keyboard is not... well, I've got a better one, let's put is this way.
nU2J_6qX69y-00023-00011958-00012348 ...from a Blofeld - very nice FATAR keyboard with Aftertouch
nU2J_6qX69y-00024-00012708-00012810 Well, a couple of things:
nU2J_6qX69y-00025-00012810-00013080 These are only three-position switches,
nU2J_6qX69y-00026-00013080-00013290 where you need 6-position,
nU2J_6qX69y-00027-00013290-00014178 but my biggest gripe with this thing is that is too... faithful to the original.
nU2J_6qX69y-00028-00014178-00014652 Because it hasn't got enough knobs, really.
nU2J_6qX69y-00029-00014838-00015168 It's got those switches which you don't need - because...
nU2J_6qX69y-00030-00015168-00015558 ...if you can turn something down to zero, why switch it off as well?
nU2J_6qX69y-00031-00015666-00016169 Possibly, I'm going to replace these switches with additional controls.
nU2J_6qX69y-00032-00016169-00016452 Because I'm going to need additional controls.
nU2J_6qX69y-00033-00016782-00017070 First of all, there's a big warning involved:
nU2J_6qX69y-00034-00017070-00017466 The guy who built this saw, at some point, that he couldn't finish it,
nU2J_6qX69y-00035-00017526-00017838 and this serves as a reminder
nU2J_6qX69y-00036-00017838-00018210 that it is much easier to start things
nU2J_6qX69y-00037-00018210-00018420 than to end them.
nU2J_6qX69y-00038-00018420-00018816 So. Two options to fill this with life.
nU2J_6qX69y-00039-00018816-00019128 Option one is this:
nU2J_6qX69y-00040-00019236-00019488 Wonderful synthesizer, sounds great.
nU2J_6qX69y-00041-00019650-00019818 With some digital additions:
nU2J_6qX69y-00042-00020004-00020302 It's got a sequencer, storage for sound presets, 
nU2J_6qX69y-00043-00020421-00020621 it's got an additional LFO
nU2J_6qX69y-00044-00020706-00020906 and a cross-modulation section as well
nU2J_6qX69y-00045-00020906-00021000 ...a delay...
nU2J_6qX69y-00046-00021000-00021329 ...and: it's analog!
nU2J_6qX69y-00047-00021329-00021604 So my first thought was: rip out
nU2J_6qX69y-00048-00021604-00021950 the controls, solder in these, 
nU2J_6qX69y-00049-00021950-00022064 and everything would be fine - but
nU2J_6qX69y-00050-00022064-00022438 this would destroy this marvellous little machine,
nU2J_6qX69y-00051-00022438-00023145 so I'm more for building this as a controller. Which makes things a bit more complicated,
nU2J_6qX69y-00052-00023145-00023345 as I'm going to do the electronics for that. 
nU2J_6qX69y-00053-00023345-00024088 But there's a kind of common ground here with the other idea I had: 
nU2J_6qX69y-00054-00024088-00024288 which is this:  
nU2J_6qX69y-00055-00024488-00024959 I've already built a Minimoog emulator.
nU2J_6qX69y-00056-00024959-00025143 What's behind this iPad...
nU2J_6qX69y-00057-00025143-00025343 he controls actually work
nU2J_6qX69y-00058-00025343-00025777 sounds quite great as well, but I never used it, because
nU2J_6qX69y-00059-00025777-00026444 It's still not the same, turning dials on a touchscreen
nU2J_6qX69y-00060-00026444-00026789 that's not the same as doing this. 
nU2J_6qX69y-00061-00026789-00027296 What's behind this: There's a little board
nU2J_6qX69y-00062-00027296-00027852 the design is actually back from the early 2000s, 
nU2J_6qX69y-00063-00027852-00028329 and it's a quite decent emulation of a Moog
nU2J_6qX69y-00064-00028329-00028790 they used to be sold as Creamware synthesizers
nU2J_6qX69y-00065-00028790-00029109 They've got quite a fan base but
nU2J_6qX69y-00066-00029109-00029526 the Creamware originals are out of production
nU2J_6qX69y-00067-00029526-00029857 and they have become almost as expensive as Moogs. 
nU2J_6qX69y-00068-00029857-00030536 This board does almost the same, it has got a bit more modern DSP in it
nU2J_6qX69y-00069-00030536-00031240 and so I could just built it in and have it MIDI-controlled. 
nU2J_6qX69y-00070-00031240-00031849 So the first thing I've got to do is to wire up
nU2J_6qX69y-00071-00032188-00032681 those potentiometers and switches
nU2J_6qX69y-00072-00032681-00033007 and multiplex them and have a small microcontroller read them
nU2J_6qX69y-00073-00033007-00033266 and put out MIDI, and...
nU2J_6qX69y-00074-00033266-00033721 to make this much easier and have less soldering, 
nU2J_6qX69y-00075-00033721-00034464 what I did: I built a small PCB for this, but this is something for another video. 
nU2J_6qX69y-00076-00034464-00034894 So stay tuned, see you next time!
nU6VCm-mvDk-00000-00000096-00000283 Dr. Tyra Wolfsberg: Good morning, everyone. Welcome to week seven
nU6VCm-mvDk-00001-00000283-00000736 of Current Topics in Genome Analysis. This week we’re honored to have with us Dr. Lynn
nU6VCm-mvDk-00002-00000736-00001174 Jorde from the University of Utah School of Medicine where he serves as the H. A. and
nU6VCm-mvDk-00003-00001174-00001609 Edna Benning Presidential Endowed Professor and also the chair of the Department of Human
nU6VCm-mvDk-00004-00001609-00002283 Genetics. Dr. Jorde received both his B.A. and Ph.D. from the University of New Mexico.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00005-00002283-00002723 His lab has been involved in the studies of human genetic variation, mobile element evolution,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00006-00002723-00003404 and the genetic basis of human limb malformations, as well as the genetics of common diseases,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00007-00003404-00004122 such as hypertension and inflammatory bowel disease. He’s served on several advisory
nU6VCm-mvDk-00008-00004122-00004586 panels for the NSF as well as the NIH and has also been an expert witness in a number
nU6VCm-mvDk-00009-00004586-00005190 of court cases involving DNA evidence. Finally, Dr. Jorde has received 12 teaching awards
nU6VCm-mvDk-00010-00005190-00005668 from the University of Utah as well as one from the American Society of Human Genetics.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00011-00005668-00006119 I’m pleased he’ll be bringing his excellent teaching style here to NIH this morning, and
nU6VCm-mvDk-00012-00006119-00006505 I’m sure you’ll enjoy and learn a lot from this morning’s talk, which is intended
nU6VCm-mvDk-00013-00006505-00006928 to provide you with an overview of the field of population genetics. Please join me in
nU6VCm-mvDk-00014-00006928-00007265 welcoming Dr. Jorde to NIH this morning.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00015-00007265-00007365 [applause]
nU6VCm-mvDk-00016-00007365-00007827 Dr. Lynn Jorde: Well, thanks very much, Tyra. It’s a pleasure
nU6VCm-mvDk-00017-00007827-00008453 to be here again with you this morning. One thing I like to do in my presentations is
nU6VCm-mvDk-00018-00008453-00008929 to allow questions during the presentation. I think it helps to break things up a little
nU6VCm-mvDk-00019-00008929-00009654 bit, so if you have a question as we’re going along, don’t hesitate to ask. And
nU6VCm-mvDk-00020-00009654-00010418 I have to disclose that I have no relevant financial relationships with the content of
nU6VCm-mvDk-00021-00010418-00010518 today’s lecture.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00022-00010518-00011174 So, what I will talk with you about this morning, we’ll start with a discussion of patterns
nU6VCm-mvDk-00023-00011174-00011758 of human genetic variation. We’ll talk about variation among populations as well as variation
nU6VCm-mvDk-00024-00011758-00012586 among individuals. We’ll talk about some applications of those studies. One is I think
nU6VCm-mvDk-00025-00012586-00013053 to enhance our understanding, to illuminate our understanding of a very controversial
nU6VCm-mvDk-00026-00013053-00013715 topic, that of race and what the biomedical implications of our enhanced understanding
nU6VCm-mvDk-00027-00013715-00014544 are. Finally, we’ll talk toward the end about linkage disequilibrium, the HapMap Project,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00028-00014544-00015206 and now the 1000 Genomes Project. How does the new sequence data in particular illuminate
nU6VCm-mvDk-00029-00015206-00015812 our understanding of human genetic variation and biomedical applications? So, that’s
nU6VCm-mvDk-00030-00015812-00016178 what we’ll be going over.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00031-00016178-00016823 And I think I would like to stress that there are several areas in which human genetic variation
nU6VCm-mvDk-00032-00016823-00017290 can be applied. First of all, we use it to decipher human history. We’ll talk a little
nU6VCm-mvDk-00033-00017290-00017888 bit about that. We can infer individual ancestry. I’ll show you some examples of that. We
nU6VCm-mvDk-00034-00017888-00018470 use it in forensic applications. We won’t really talk about that today, but more than
nU6VCm-mvDk-00035-00018470-00019149 25,000 criminal cases each year in the United States now involve forensic evidence, so it’s
nU6VCm-mvDk-00036-00019149-00019757 routinely applied in that context. And finally, and I think here at NIH this is perhaps the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00037-00019757-00020362 most important application, finding and understanding disease-causing genes, and we’ll talk about
nU6VCm-mvDk-00038-00020362-00020922 how our studies of population genetics help us to do that.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00039-00020922-00021770 So, of course, the fundamental source of human genetic variation is the process of mutation.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00040-00021770-00022412 We estimate the human mutation rate to be somewhere between 1 and 2.5 times 10 to the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00041-00022412-00023141 minus 8, or one in 100,000,000, per base pair per generation. So what that translates to
nU6VCm-mvDk-00042-00023141-00023748 is that we, each of us, every time we reproduce, transmit somewhere between 30 and perhaps
nU6VCm-mvDk-00043-00023748-00024812 as many as 75 new variants with each gamete. Now, the upper estimate, 2.5, comes from phylogenetic
nU6VCm-mvDk-00044-00024812-00025343 comparisons of human variation with variation in the chimp. More recently, we’ve been
nU6VCm-mvDk-00045-00025343-00025987 able to estimate directly the human mutation rate by simply comparing DNA sequence in parents
nU6VCm-mvDk-00046-00025987-00026597 and offspring. And in a paper that we were involved in a couple of years ago -- that’s
nU6VCm-mvDk-00047-00026597-00027388 the Roach paper -- we estimated the human mutation rate directly to be about 1.1 times
nU6VCm-mvDk-00048-00027388-00027852 10 to the minus 8, so on the lower end. And when the 1000 Genomes estimate came out a
nU6VCm-mvDk-00049-00027852-00028427 little bit later in Nature Genetics, it was exactly the same as ours. So, we have multiple
nU6VCm-mvDk-00050-00028427-00029130 estimates now based on direct evaluation of sequence in families that suggest the mutation
nU6VCm-mvDk-00051-00029130-00029574 rate is somewhat lower than the previously estimated phylogenetic rate.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00052-00029574-00030219 Now, here’s a quote from Lewis Thomas that I especially appreciate: “The capacity to
nU6VCm-mvDk-00053-00030219-00030752 blunder slightly is the real marvel of DNA. Without this special attribute, we would still
nU6VCm-mvDk-00054-00030752-00031269 be on anaerobic with bacteria and there would be no music.” So I think we should appreciate
nU6VCm-mvDk-00055-00031269-00032010 our mutations because it’s from those mutations that the genetic diversity that we see among
nU6VCm-mvDk-00056-00032010-00032618 us is derived. But, of course, occasionally those mutations also cause disease, but understanding
nU6VCm-mvDk-00057-00032618-00033205 the processes that give rise to variation naturally is going to help us to understand
nU6VCm-mvDk-00058-00033205-00033456 the basis of genetic disease.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00059-00033456-00034018 So, given that mutations are being transmitted in every generation, the natural question
nU6VCm-mvDk-00060-00034018-00034583 to ask is, well, how much do we actually differ? So, if we look at sequence difference in terms
nU6VCm-mvDk-00061-00034583-00035160 of aligned DNA base differences, of course, identical twins for all intents and purposes
nU6VCm-mvDk-00062-00035160-00035762 differ at none of their base pairs. That’s not completely true but close enough. For
nU6VCm-mvDk-00063-00035762-00036421 unrelated humans, we differ at about one in 1,000 base pairs. And, of course, I think
nU6VCm-mvDk-00064-00036421-00037046 this is an important -- this is a very important statistic: the fact that we are 99.9 percent
nU6VCm-mvDk-00065-00037046-00037728 genetically identical at the level of DNA, the most fundamental unit of our biology,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00066-00037728-00037993 I think, says some very important things about us.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00067-00037993-00038700 Now, if we compare ourselves to our nearest relative, the chimp, we differ at about one
nU6VCm-mvDk-00068-00038700-00039441 in 100 base pairs. In other words, we are, at the DNA level, about 99 percent chimp for
nU6VCm-mvDk-00069-00039441-00040371 aligned base differences. It’s several times more than that if we include copy number variation.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00070-00040371-00040896 If we compare ourselves to the mouse where there’s about a 70 million year divergence,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00071-00040896-00041502 we’re substantially more different. And thankfully, if we compare ourselves to broccoli,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00072-00041502-00041998 we are mostly different from broccoli at the DNA level.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00073-00041998-00042729 So, even though we are very similar at the DNA level, 99.9 percent, that still means
nU6VCm-mvDk-00074-00042729-00043409 that, given our three billion DNA base pairs, there will be about three million differences,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00075-00043409-00044246 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, between any pair of haploid human DNA sequences. So, there’s
nU6VCm-mvDk-00076-00044246-00044830 still a substantial reservoir of diversity in human populations, and it’s that diversity
nU6VCm-mvDk-00077-00044830-00045136 that we’re especially interested in.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00078-00045136-00045958 Now, if we look at copy number variance, we see that they -- and we’re defining them
nU6VCm-mvDk-00079-00045958-00046724 here as variants greater than 1,000 base pairs or so -- they do account for about as much
nU6VCm-mvDk-00080-00046724-00047297 variation as do SNPs. And so, by copy number variants, we simply mean that we have extra
nU6VCm-mvDk-00081-00047297-00048094 copies of chunks of DNA or missing copies of chunks of DNA, and generally 500 or 1,000
nU6VCm-mvDk-00082-00048094-00048536 bases or larger in size. And what we’ve found in the last couple of years is that
nU6VCm-mvDk-00083-00048536-00049149 each human is heterozygous for at least 100 of these copy number variants. And that accounts
nU6VCm-mvDk-00084-00049149-00049805 for about another three million bases of variation, so about the same amount of variation as is
nU6VCm-mvDk-00085-00049805-00050490 accounted for by SNPs, just much larger chunks of DNA, smaller numbers, but affecting about
nU6VCm-mvDk-00086-00050490-00051307 the same amount of actual overall DNA -- so another important source of genetic variation.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00087-00051307-00051876 So, one of the questions that we can ask is, well, how much do populations differ? We’ve
nU6VCm-mvDk-00088-00051876-00052474 seen how much individuals differ, but if we look at populations, how do they vary genetically
nU6VCm-mvDk-00089-00052474-00053226 from one another? So, I’m going to show you data from a large series of populations.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00090-00053226-00053899 For some reason -- ah, it’s showing up there. You can see the major continents. This is
nU6VCm-mvDk-00091-00053899-00054666 a series of populations that we’ve collected over time representing quite a diversity of
nU6VCm-mvDk-00092-00054666-00055350 human genetic variation. So, how do we do this? Well, one way that we look at genetic
nU6VCm-mvDk-00093-00055350-00055912 variation in populations is by tabulating the frequencies of SNPs in populations. So,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00094-00055912-00056500 here we’re showing three human populations. These could be continental populations, say
nU6VCm-mvDk-00095-00056500-00057129 Africa, Asia, Europe. And we’re looking at allele frequencies for the major alleles
nU6VCm-mvDk-00096-00057129-00057745 of three SNPs. We see that there is variation in the frequencies of these SNPs from one
nU6VCm-mvDk-00097-00057745-00058366 population to another. And then what we want to do is to assess that variation. This is
nU6VCm-mvDk-00098-00058366-00058885 one way that we do it. This is a statistic that’s used widely in population genetics
nU6VCm-mvDk-00099-00058885-00059479 called FST. And, by the way, I think I’m going to only show you two equations today,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00100-00059479-00059999 and they will involve nothing more complicated than addition, multiplication, subtraction,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00101-00059999-00060474 and division. So, I think it will be quite non-intimidating.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00102-00060474-00061391 But FST, we can think of it easily as the difference between the total heterozygosity
nU6VCm-mvDk-00103-00061391-00062279 or total variation in our sample minus the average variation within each population.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00104-00062279-00062955 So, if you’ve got several populations, what we’re asking is: Is there more variation
nU6VCm-mvDk-00105-00062955-00063773 overall if we look at the entire sample than the average within each population? So, HS
nU6VCm-mvDk-00106-00063773-00064351 is the average heterozygosity within each population, say, within each continent. So,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00107-00064351-00065149 you can see that if there is just as much variation within populations as the total,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00108-00065149-00065776 then FST will be zero. This will be equal to this, FST will be zero, and what that says
nU6VCm-mvDk-00109-00065776-00066525 is that all of the variation occurs within populations. There’s no variation between
nU6VCm-mvDk-00110-00066525-00067026 populations; they don’t really differ from one another. On the other hand, if FST is
nU6VCm-mvDk-00111-00067026-00067647 at the other extreme, one, then that says that all variation exists between populations
nU6VCm-mvDk-00112-00067647-00068324 and there’s no variation within populations. So, that’s a measure of the extent to which
nU6VCm-mvDk-00113-00068324-00068927 population differences contribute to overall genetic diversity.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00114-00068927-00069387 And if we look at FST for human populations, and these are a number of different kinds
nU6VCm-mvDk-00115-00069387-00070049 of systems, different kinds of loci that have been assessed, short tandem repeats, Alu insertion
nU6VCm-mvDk-00116-00070049-00070874 polymorphisms, L1 insertions, 250K SNP chip in the populations I showed you, what we see
nU6VCm-mvDk-00117-00070874-00071485 is that very consistently, for all of these different kinds of loci, roughly 90 percent
nU6VCm-mvDk-00118-00071485-00072205 of variation is found between individuals within the major continents. And only about
nU6VCm-mvDk-00119-00072205-00072857 an extra 10 percent or so is seen between continents. So, one way to think about this
nU6VCm-mvDk-00120-00072857-00073486 is if we assessed the diversity in Europe, we would have 90 percent of the diversity
nU6VCm-mvDk-00121-00073486-00074173 in the entire world. We only get another 10 percent by looking at the rest of the world,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00122-00074173-00074624 because there isn’t that much difference between populations. Most of the variation
nU6VCm-mvDk-00123-00074624-00075338 occurs between individuals within populations. And we see this very consistently for various
nU6VCm-mvDk-00124-00075338-00075525 kinds of genetic systems.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00125-00075525-00076482 Now, we can compare that with FST for an observable trait, a phenotype skin color. We can estimate
nU6VCm-mvDk-00126-00076482-00077044 FST for skin color in different continents, and there we see that 90 percent of the variation
nU6VCm-mvDk-00127-00077044-00077538 occurs between continents because there is substantial difference between continents
nU6VCm-mvDk-00128-00077538-00078198 in terms of this trait, skin color. It’s been highly selected in human populations
nU6VCm-mvDk-00129-00078198-00078755 in different climates and latitudes. So we see substantial difference among populations
nU6VCm-mvDk-00130-00078755-00079512 for this observable trait, so it’s kind of interesting to look at the contrast between
nU6VCm-mvDk-00131-00079512-00080229 variation for this observable trait and variation for actual genes and to see that it’s much
nU6VCm-mvDk-00132-00080229-00080986 less for large series of genes, large series of DNA sequence variation.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00133-00080986-00081679 So, what that implies is that most variation that we see is likely to be shared among populations.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00134-00081679-00082532 And here’s a tabulation based on the 250K chip results looking at four population groups:
nU6VCm-mvDk-00135-00082532-00083173 Africa, Europe, East Asia, and India. And what we find is that the minor allele of each
nU6VCm-mvDk-00136-00083173-00083794 SNP is present 79 percent of the time in all four groups. In other words, nearly 80 percent
nU6VCm-mvDk-00137-00083794-00084436 of the time, a given SNP allele is shared among all four groups, 88 percent of the time
nU6VCm-mvDk-00138-00084436-00085091 in at least three groups, 92 percent of the time in at least two groups. About 7 percent
nU6VCm-mvDk-00139-00085091-00085813 we see just in Africa, so there are some polymorphisms, some SNPs, where we see the allele only in
nU6VCm-mvDk-00140-00085813-00086531 Africa, only a tiny proportion is found only outside Africa, so more unique variation in
nU6VCm-mvDk-00141-00086531-00087204 Africa than outside Africa. And we’ll get back to reasons for that in just a moment.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00142-00087204-00087788 In that analysis, no SNPs were fixed present in one population, fixed absent in another.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00143-00087788-00088269 And so, what that means is that there was no SNP out of those 250,000, not even a single
nU6VCm-mvDk-00144-00088269-00088768 one that you could look at and say, “Well, if you have this variant, you must be from
nU6VCm-mvDk-00145-00088768-00089223 this continent, you can’t be from that continent.” And what that’s telling us, again, is that
nU6VCm-mvDk-00146-00089223-00089924 most of these variants, the vast majority, are shared among multiple populations. Part
nU6VCm-mvDk-00147-00089924-00090508 of the reason for that is that they’re relatively common SNPs. And the more common they are,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00148-00090508-00091020 the higher their frequency. They tend to be older in populations, therefore more likely
nU6VCm-mvDk-00149-00091020-00091669 to be shared. This is just a diagrammatic representation of the same idea showing that,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00150-00091669-00092608 for the most part, we see overlap among these continental populations for SNP alleles.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00151-00092608-00093218 But now, what if we look at sequence variation? What if we look at less common SNPs? So, here
nU6VCm-mvDk-00152-00093218-00094266 we see common SNPs that have been identified in dbSNP. We see the overlap again, now millions
nU6VCm-mvDk-00153-00094266-00094800 of variants, more that are unique to Africa, and that’s why our eye [spelled phonetically]
nU6VCm-mvDk-00154-00094800-00095476 is an African population from HapMap. This is an Asian sample. This is a European-derived
nU6VCm-mvDk-00155-00095476-00096262 sample. But you can see that most of the variants are shared. But if we look at new, rarer SNPs,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00156-00096262-00097014 lower frequency SNPs, most of them are not. And this makes sense. If a variant arose just
nU6VCm-mvDk-00157-00097014-00097466 in the last few thousand years, it’s likely to be less common. It doesn’t have as much
nU6VCm-mvDk-00158-00097466-00098089 time to attain a higher frequency. It’s also more likely to be population-specific.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00159-00098089-00098933 So, for rare SNPs, we see much, much less sharing, a lot more difference between populations,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00160-00098933-00099702 as we would expect. For these common SNPs, the average allele frequency difference between
nU6VCm-mvDk-00161-00099702-00100469 populations is roughly 15 percent, but for the rare frequency alleles, less than 5 percent.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00162-00100469-00101076 Because these are very low frequency variants, they can’t differ in frequency that much
nU6VCm-mvDk-00163-00101076-00101566 from one population to another. They’re usually population-specific, usually low-frequency,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00164-00101566-00102179 so, in fact, they don’t affect the overall FST value very much. Even though there are
nU6VCm-mvDk-00165-00102179-00102738 many of them, they are so low in frequency that they account for a relatively small proportion
nU6VCm-mvDk-00166-00102738-00103479 of overall genetic diversity. But we think it’s an interesting part of that diversity,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00167-00103479-00104035 and to the extent that rare alleles contribute to disease and common disease, that suggests
nU6VCm-mvDk-00168-00104035-00104549 that there should be some substantial population differences in terms of those alleles and
nU6VCm-mvDk-00169-00104549-00104818 their risk effects.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00170-00104818-00105603 So, how do we actually quantify these genetic differences? I’ll show you just a simply
nU6VCm-mvDk-00171-00105603-00106255 genetic distance measure, and, again, this is very, very simple mathematics. We’re
nU6VCm-mvDk-00172-00106255-00106730 estimating a distance statistic, “d,” and it’s simply the difference in frequencies
nU6VCm-mvDk-00173-00106730-00107285 of alleles in two populations that we label “i” and “j.” So, if we go back to
nU6VCm-mvDk-00174-00107285-00107967 our little table that I showed you earlier of SNP frequencies in populations one, two,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00175-00107967-00108863 and three, we can estimate a distance between populations one and two as the difference
nU6VCm-mvDk-00176-00108863-00109534 between these two SNPs, so just a very simple subtraction. And then we would average that
nU6VCm-mvDk-00177-00109534-00110225 over all of our SNPs, so this pair, this pair, this pair, take the average, and we have an
nU6VCm-mvDk-00178-00110225-00110783 estimate of the genetic distance between the two populations. If we have a million SNPs,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00179-00110783-00111279 we would just do this process a million times. So, it’s very straightforward. There are
nU6VCm-mvDk-00180-00111279-00111731 lots of variations on this theme, but they all in one way or another involve looking
nU6VCm-mvDk-00181-00111731-00111947 at this kind of a difference.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00182-00111947-00112610 So, we can use those distances to build a display, a population network. How similar
nU6VCm-mvDk-00183-00112610-00113515 are our populations to each other? So, let’s take just one SNP in three populations. So,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00184-00113515-00114417 we take our difference in frequencies here, and we connect the two populations at a level
nU6VCm-mvDk-00185-00114417-00115079 corresponding to that difference. And then we can just take that average value that is
nU6VCm-mvDk-00186-00115079-00115764 the frequency of these two populations, P1 and P2, take its average to represent this
nU6VCm-mvDk-00187-00115764-00116450 node, and then we take the difference between that and this frequency, telling us in this
nU6VCm-mvDk-00188-00116450-00117163 little diagram that population three is a little bit more different from populations
nU6VCm-mvDk-00189-00117163-00117563 one and two than they are from each other. And, of course, here you can see that just
nU6VCm-mvDk-00190-00117563-00118016 by looking at the allele frequencies themselves, but imagine if you have a million of these
nU6VCm-mvDk-00191-00118016-00118585 SNPs. The display becomes very useful. So, that’s basically how we go about making
nU6VCm-mvDk-00192-00118585-00118946 these displays of population similarity.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00193-00118946-00119738 So, here’s an example in which we did this for 100 Alu insertion polymorphisms some time
nU6VCm-mvDk-00194-00119738-00120505 ago. And we have a network showing the similarity of populations in Africa, Asia, Europe, and
nU6VCm-mvDk-00195-00120505-00121229 South India. And what patterns do you notice in a diagram like this? What sort of -- what
nU6VCm-mvDk-00196-00121229-00121509 kinds of things sort of jump out at you?
nU6VCm-mvDk-00197-00121509-00121744 Female Speaker: [inaudible]
nU6VCm-mvDk-00198-00121744-00122054 Dr. Lynn Jorde: Sorry?
nU6VCm-mvDk-00199-00122054-00122288 Female Speaker: Africa.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00200-00122288-00123076 Dr. Lynn Jorde: Yeah, well, and the African samples here tend
nU6VCm-mvDk-00201-00123076-00123655 to be more similar to each other, the European samples more similar, the Asian samples more
nU6VCm-mvDk-00202-00123655-00124490 similar. So, geographic location does affect genetic similarity, which is not a real surprise.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00203-00124490-00124982 If people live only a few kilometers apart, they’re more likely to mate, especially
nU6VCm-mvDk-00204-00124982-00125686 historically, than if they live 5,000 kilometers apart. So, we see a correlation between genetic
nU6VCm-mvDk-00205-00125686-00126454 location -- between genetic distance and geographic location. Any other patterns that you notice
nU6VCm-mvDk-00206-00126454-00126554 in this diagram? Yes, sir.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00207-00126554-00126654 Male Speaker: Well, it’s interesting that Africa, if you
nU6VCm-mvDk-00208-00126654-00126754 look at the distances between all the different grouping -- populations, there’s a lot more,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00209-00126754-00128054 for lack of a better term, variance, hence the South India or Europe or Asian.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00210-00128054-00128822 Dr. Lynn Jorde: Yeah. So we see a strong indication of greater
nU6VCm-mvDk-00211-00128822-00129701 variation in the African populations than in, really, the rest of the world. We’ll
nU6VCm-mvDk-00212-00129701-00130582 come back to that. Also, we see that the ancestral population is closer to the African populations,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00213-00130582-00131222 again, suggesting that these would be the parental population, the source population
nU6VCm-mvDk-00214-00131222-00131613 for the rest of the world.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00215-00131613-00132073 These are what we call bootstrap support values. They’re percentages, and what they tell
nU6VCm-mvDk-00216-00132073-00132849 us is that statistically, we can have 100 percent confidence in this grouping, 97 percent
nU6VCm-mvDk-00217-00132849-00133366 here, 97 percent here. So we have basically enough data so that we can be statistically
nU6VCm-mvDk-00218-00133366-00134010 quite confident in these results, in these patterns. Now, here we’re looking at 250,000
nU6VCm-mvDk-00219-00134010-00134727 SNPs. In a similar collection of populations, just a larger collection of populations, again,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00220-00134727-00135403 we see African populations here, European populations here. Here’s a sample of Iraqi-Kurds.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00221-00135403-00136295 These are South Asian populations, Nepal, East Asia, the South Pacific, and the New
nU6VCm-mvDk-00222-00136295-00136948 World. So, again, the same kind of pattern where there’s a strong correlation between
nU6VCm-mvDk-00223-00136948-00137825 geographic location and genetic similarity at the population level. With even more populations,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00224-00137825-00138337 we added in the Human Genetic Diversity Project populations, we again see the same pattern.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00225-00138337-00139330 Now here, now this is a different collection of populations with a different SNP panel
nU6VCm-mvDk-00226-00139330-00140060 as well as a CNV assessment. And again, we see the same general patterns. So, there’s
nU6VCm-mvDk-00227-00140060-00140745 a reassuring degree of consistency among different studies with different samples using different
nU6VCm-mvDk-00228-00140745-00141241 collections of loci, but all giving us essentially the same patterns. Yes?
nU6VCm-mvDk-00229-00141241-00141711 Female Speaker: How is the ancestral genotype determined [inaudible]?
nU6VCm-mvDk-00230-00141711-00142239 Dr. Lynn Jorde: Okay, so, with the -- I showed you that for
nU6VCm-mvDk-00231-00142239-00142820 the Alu insertion polymorphisms. And there we can unambiguously determine the ancestral
nU6VCm-mvDk-00232-00142820-00143524 state because Alus are mobile elements that insert into the genome. So, the ancestral
nU6VCm-mvDk-00233-00143524-00144162 state is absence of the Alu. The what we call derived state would be having the Alu. So,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00234-00144162-00144682 we can essentially construct the ancestral population as being one with no insertions.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00235-00144682-00145397 That’s one of the advantages of those markers for this kind of analysis. Good question.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00236-00145397-00146112 Okay, so similar patterns -- here we’re looking at diversity, and specifically haplotype
nU6VCm-mvDk-00237-00146112-00146637 diversity. And by a haplotype, we mean a series of SNPs that are very closely linked together
nU6VCm-mvDk-00238-00146637-00147269 on the same chromosome. So, we’re looking at the decline of haplotype diversity with
nU6VCm-mvDk-00239-00147269-00147926 geographic distance from Africa. So we have -- from actually East Africa -- so we have
nU6VCm-mvDk-00240-00147926-00148571 the highest diversity as you can see in African populations, lower diversity in Central and
nU6VCm-mvDk-00241-00148571-00149194 West Asia, then Europe, then East Asia, then Polynesia, and finally Native American populations.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00242-00149194-00149633 So, there’s this general pattern that we see over and over again. The further you get
nU6VCm-mvDk-00243-00149633-00150396 from Africa, the less diversity that we see in populations, so, African populations clearly
nU6VCm-mvDk-00244-00150396-00150886 having the greatest degree of genetic diversity. And this actually has interesting implications
nU6VCm-mvDk-00245-00150886-00151514 for things like donor matching for transplants. Because of that diversity, there is a greater
nU6VCm-mvDk-00246-00151514-00152387 genetic diversity among donors in those populations, making transplant matching somewhat more challenging.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00247-00152387-00153019 Now, if we look at sequence data, what I’ve been showing you is SNP data, but we can also
nU6VCm-mvDk-00248-00153019-00153648 look now directly at sequence data. We’re just starting to do this now as it’s becoming
nU6VCm-mvDk-00249-00153648-00154428 more possible to get whole genome sequences from large series of individuals in populations.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00250-00154428-00155024 And this overcomes some problems that we have with microarray SNPs. Those SNPs generally
nU6VCm-mvDk-00251-00155024-00155688 are selected for high frequency and diversity in European populations because most of the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00252-00155688-00156258 mapping efforts have been undertaken in those populations. In contrast, if we look at complete
nU6VCm-mvDk-00253-00156258-00156864 DNA sequences, we’ve got an unbiased assessment of genetic diversity in each population, and
nU6VCm-mvDk-00254-00156864-00157464 we get information not just about the common variants that are on SNPs but about rare variants.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00255-00157464-00158111 So, this is a paper that just came out of the 1000 Genomes Project. What it shows is
nU6VCm-mvDk-00256-00158111-00159001 the essentially estimates of size, of African populations. These are the [unintelligible]
nU6VCm-mvDk-00257-00159001-00160299 sample, European, and East Asian populations. This is time on this axis. And what this event
nU6VCm-mvDk-00258-00160299-00161135 represents is the out-of-Africa movement about 50,000 years ago where a portion of the African
nU6VCm-mvDk-00259-00161135-00161742 population came out, underwent a substantial population bottleneck -- so this is the effective
nU6VCm-mvDk-00260-00161742-00162530 size, only about 2,000 -- and then populated the rest of the world with expansion of populations,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00261-00162530-00163508 and also migration between those populations and the African source population. But what’s,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00262-00163508-00164048 I think, very important about this diagram is that for the first time we’re able to
nU6VCm-mvDk-00263-00164048-00164692 estimate quite accurately these dates, these events, the extent of the bottleneck because
nU6VCm-mvDk-00264-00164692-00165338 we now have unbiased sequence data rather than SNP data. So, we’re able to really
nU6VCm-mvDk-00265-00165338-00166116 test models of human population movements and population sizes.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00266-00166116-00166834 And so, in general, the model is consistent with the notion that modern humans, anatomically
nU6VCm-mvDk-00267-00166834-00167383 modern humans, people who look just like us, first arose in Africa roughly a couple hundred
nU6VCm-mvDk-00268-00167383-00168074 thousand years ago. They accumulated genetic variation as a result of mutation drift selection,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00269-00168074-00168646 and then something like 50,000 years ago, a small subset of that population went out
nU6VCm-mvDk-00270-00168646-00169222 to colonize the rest of the world. And eventually, something like 20,000 years ago, they got
nU6VCm-mvDk-00271-00169222-00169778 to the New World, Polynesia just a few thousand years ago, but we can now make these kinds
nU6VCm-mvDk-00272-00169778-00170083 of estimates with some real confidence.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00273-00170083-00170741 And, of course, one of the interesting questions is, as humans, as anatomically modern humans
nU6VCm-mvDk-00274-00170741-00171261 came out of Africa, they encountered archaic humans, people like Neanderthals. And what
nU6VCm-mvDk-00275-00171261-00171999 happened as those populations met? Well, we now have evidence that there was mixture between
nU6VCm-mvDk-00276-00171999-00172573 modern humans and archaic Neanderthals as they met. Some years ago, it was possible
nU6VCm-mvDk-00277-00172573-00173164 to look at mitochondrial DNA sequences from a number of Neanderthal skeletons that showed
nU6VCm-mvDk-00278-00173164-00173876 no evidence for mixture for shared polymorphisms, but mitochondrial lineages tend to go extinct
nU6VCm-mvDk-00279-00173876-00174512 very rapidly. But just a couple of years ago, there was a major paper in Science in which
nU6VCm-mvDk-00280-00174512-00175078 Neanderthal skeletons, several of them, were sequenced at low coverage but providing good
nU6VCm-mvDk-00281-00175078-00175821 evidence that our modern human DNA contains about 1 to 4 percent Neanderthal DNA.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00282-00175821-00176483 Now, it’s interesting that only non-Africans share DNA with Neanderthals, suggesting that
nU6VCm-mvDk-00283-00176483-00177011 this event, this mixture event took place as anatomically modern humans went out of
nU6VCm-mvDk-00284-00177011-00177779 Africa into the rest of the world. So, we see that sharing only in non-African populations.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00285-00177779-00178160 And, of course, one of the questions, one of the interesting questions that hopefully
nU6VCm-mvDk-00286-00178160-00178725 we will have answers to at some point is whether any of those shared sequences, any of those
nU6VCm-mvDk-00287-00178725-00179390 genes, actually had adaptive significance? As humans moved into new climates, did they
nU6VCm-mvDk-00288-00179390-00180158 derive certain adaptable alleles from Neanderthals, alleles that many of us still have today?
nU6VCm-mvDk-00289-00180158-00180667 So, I think some very interesting questions about our history that can now be addressed
nU6VCm-mvDk-00290-00180667-00180810 with sequence data.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00291-00180810-00181666 Of course, we may have to throw all of this out. This is something I ran across in a supermarket
nU6VCm-mvDk-00292-00181666-00182333 a few years ago, and I was surprised actually to hear that Adam and Eve’s skeletons had
nU6VCm-mvDk-00293-00182333-00182930 been stolen. I didn’t realize they’d even been found. But because there were more amazing
nU6VCm-mvDk-00294-00182930-00183901 photos inside, well, I decided I had to buy it. So, I bought the Weekly World News, and
nU6VCm-mvDk-00295-00183901-00184766 I learned that all that was left was Eve’s leg and that the identity of the perpetrator
nU6VCm-mvDk-00296-00184766-00185516 appears to have been established. So, some of the things that you can learn from supermarket
nU6VCm-mvDk-00297-00185516-00185724 tabloids.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00298-00185724-00186535 Well, this -- these kinds of discussions I think very almost inevitably bring us to the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00299-00186535-00187161 question what does genetic variation, what do these patterns tell us about what many
nU6VCm-mvDk-00300-00187161-00187677 people call “race”? And I put that quote in -- I put that term in quotes, as you see,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00301-00187677-00188217 because I don’t actually use the term “race” in my own writings. I think it tends to generate
nU6VCm-mvDk-00302-00188217-00188880 more heat than light. But it’s still, as we all know, used in many contexts. And so,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00303-00188880-00189538 this is an opinion piece from The New England Journal about 10 years ago, concluding that
nU6VCm-mvDk-00304-00189538-00190270 race is biologically meaningless. This was a responding piece by Sally Satel, who’s
nU6VCm-mvDk-00305-00190270-00190715 a psychiatrist, in The New York Times, who said, “I am” -- and I think this was deliberately
nU6VCm-mvDk-00306-00190715-00191088 controversial -- “I am a racially profiling doctor.” And what she was saying was that
nU6VCm-mvDk-00307-00191088-00191721 she uses self-identified race to help establish dosages of medications and so forth, based
nU6VCm-mvDk-00308-00191721-00192305 on empirical experience. This is a statement from the American Anthropological Association
nU6VCm-mvDk-00309-00192305-00192963 back in 1997, who said that genetic data show that any two individuals within a particular
nU6VCm-mvDk-00310-00192963-00193498 population are as different genetically as any two people selected from any two populations
nU6VCm-mvDk-00311-00193498-00194136 in the world; in other words, that there’s really no patterning. So, with this real diversity
nU6VCm-mvDk-00312-00194136-00194819 of opinions, I think we need some data to help address the question.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00313-00194819-00195364 A few years ago, in Scientific American, this cover appeared: “Does Race Exist?” -- and
nU6VCm-mvDk-00314-00195364-00195907 I love this -- “Science Has the Answer.” We’re all scientists and I think we appreciate
nU6VCm-mvDk-00315-00195907-00196470 how seldom we really have the answer, but I think we have some data that increase our
nU6VCm-mvDk-00316-00196470-00197240 understanding. So, one way that we can do this is to simply tabulate DNA sequence differences
nU6VCm-mvDk-00317-00197240-00197815 among individuals and ask what do the patterns look like. And I thought it was appropriate
nU6VCm-mvDk-00318-00197815-00198503 to use some familiar faces, especially this time of year. So, let’s imagine that we’ve
nU6VCm-mvDk-00319-00198503-00199391 sequenced Rick Santorum, Mitt Romney, Hillary Clinton, and, of all people, John Edwards.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00320-00199391-00200198 What we start with is a matrix of differences among these individuals. So we just tabulate
nU6VCm-mvDk-00321-00200198-00200754 how many sequence differences do we see, for example, between Santorum and Romney. And
nU6VCm-mvDk-00322-00200754-00201677 we see two. So we put that two in our matrix. We ask how many differences do we see between
nU6VCm-mvDk-00323-00201677-00202573 Santorum and Clinton. We see more; see six, or five. We put that in our matrix, and so
nU6VCm-mvDk-00324-00202573-00203407 on. So, now we have a distance matrix, DNA dissimilarity among these four individuals.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00325-00203407-00204036 And here, with just four people, we can pretty much look at this directly and see the pattern.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00326-00204036-00204759 It looks like this. This is a hypothetical DNA sequence, but it just turns out that this
nU6VCm-mvDk-00327-00204759-00205269 pair is more similar at the DNA level than this pair. I’m not sure if anyone would
nU6VCm-mvDk-00328-00205269-00205898 want to compare their DNA to John Edwards right now, but we see that in our hypothetical
nU6VCm-mvDk-00329-00205898-00206519 example we have a clear pattern representing the DNA sequence differences between each
nU6VCm-mvDk-00330-00206519-00206705 pair of individuals.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00331-00206705-00207580 Now you can do this for any kind of data, and this is an example that a pediatric gastroenterologist
nU6VCm-mvDk-00332-00207580-00208067 who works with us and who became interested in population genetics came up with a few
nU6VCm-mvDk-00333-00208067-00208642 years ago. Steve Guthery ran across an article in The New York Times that showed essentially
nU6VCm-mvDk-00334-00208642-00209531 a distance matrix that is the number of disagreements on major decisions between each pair of members
nU6VCm-mvDk-00335-00209531-00210044 of the U.S. Supreme Court at that time. And so, again, you can see some of the patterns
nU6VCm-mvDk-00336-00210044-00210646 here just by looking at them. For example, Scalia and Thomas almost never disagree, whereas
nU6VCm-mvDk-00337-00210646-00211259 Thomas and Stevens typically do. But there are more data here. It’s harder to see the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00338-00211259-00211790 pattern by just looking at the numbers, but you can make one of these networks -- we call
nU6VCm-mvDk-00339-00211790-00212319 it a neighbor-joining network -- from this matrix. And Steve was learning to do population
nU6VCm-mvDk-00340-00212319-00212914 genetics at the time, so he made this network. And the patterns become extremely clear. We
nU6VCm-mvDk-00341-00212914-00213401 have the conservative wing of the Court here, the less conservative wing here, and Justice
nU6VCm-mvDk-00342-00213401-00214035 Kennedy sort of in the middle. So, this is a very convenient way of seeing patterns in
nU6VCm-mvDk-00343-00214035-00214213 what can be very complex data.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00344-00214213-00215055 So, now let’s apply this to sequence data. This was a 14-kb sequence from the angiotensinogen
nU6VCm-mvDk-00345-00215055-00215609 gene, part of the renin-angiotensin pathway. We tabulated sequence differences -- sorry
nU6VCm-mvDk-00346-00215609-00216327 -- in Asian, European, and African populations, individuals. And one of the things that you
nU6VCm-mvDk-00347-00216327-00217042 see in a display like this is that, for this 14-kb sequence, sometimes an individual from
nU6VCm-mvDk-00348-00217042-00217667 Africa is more similar to people from Asia or Europe than to other Africans. And we see
nU6VCm-mvDk-00349-00217667-00218239 this typically if we look at single genes or single DNA sequences, that there is evidence
nU6VCm-mvDk-00350-00218239-00219085 of sharing and mixture. And, in fact, this is a very important feature of human history,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00351-00219085-00219696 that throughout our history there have been migrations, there has been mixing of populations,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00352-00219696-00220281 so all human populations at the DNA level, when we look at genes, we tend to see evidence
nU6VCm-mvDk-00353-00220281-00220876 of that historical mixture. I think it’s important that there is no such thing as a
nU6VCm-mvDk-00354-00220876-00221288 genetically, quote, “pure” population, whatever that’s supposed to mean. We have
nU6VCm-mvDk-00355-00221288-00221592 a history of mixture.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00356-00221592-00222044 And this is something actually that Charles Darwin was aware of a long time ago. He said,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00357-00222044-00222584 “It may be doubted whether any character can be named which is distinctive of a race
nU6VCm-mvDk-00358-00222584-00223265 and is constant.” So, Darwin, in his observations of phenotypes in populations, was well aware
nU6VCm-mvDk-00359-00223265-00223492 of this.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00360-00223492-00224069 But now, let’s take those same individuals. So I -- each of these tips, by the way, represents
nU6VCm-mvDk-00361-00224069-00224644 one individual. And now we’re looking at a couple hundred polymorphisms. And we see
nU6VCm-mvDk-00362-00224644-00225354 that once we look at a large number of polymorphisms, and these are neutral polymorphisms, people
nU6VCm-mvDk-00363-00225354-00226033 do tend to fall into groups that correspond to their continental origin: Asia, Europe,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00364-00226033-00226938 and Africa. Now, the fact that these are very long branches tell us again that most of the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00365-00226938-00227533 variation is found between individuals within Asia, between individuals within Europe, between
nU6VCm-mvDk-00366-00227533-00228209 individuals within Africa, but with a larger number of variants we get enough information
nU6VCm-mvDk-00367-00228209-00228771 to learn something about the geographic ancestry of these individuals.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00368-00228771-00229819 So, the analogy I like to use is when we look at a trait like height in females and males,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00369-00229819-00230302 and if we look at just one trait, well, of course, there will be a fair amount of overlap
nU6VCm-mvDk-00370-00230302-00230809 between the two samples. You can’t determine someone’s sex just by looking at their height.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00371-00230809-00231305 But if we add another variable, waist-hip ratio, well, there’s less overlap. There’s
nU6VCm-mvDk-00372-00231305-00232058 still some, but we have a better discrimination between the two groups. And that’s all we’re
nU6VCm-mvDk-00373-00232058-00232961 doing here; we’re adding more variables, more loci that give us information about ancestry.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00374-00232961-00233711 Here we’re looking at 11,000 SNPs. This is another neighbor-joining network, and you
nU6VCm-mvDk-00375-00233711-00234275 can see that there appear to be groupings here. And if we put labels in, those groupings
nU6VCm-mvDk-00376-00234275-00235121 correspond to a series of specific human populations. So, with that much information, thousands
nU6VCm-mvDk-00377-00235121-00235846 of SNPs, we do get information about ancestry in each of these individuals corresponding
nU6VCm-mvDk-00378-00235846-00236121 generally to their population of origin.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00379-00236121-00236823 Here are some complete sequence data just published last year. These are 10 complete
nU6VCm-mvDk-00380-00236823-00237473 human whole-genome sequences. Doing the same kind of exercise, again, we see European,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00381-00237473-00238244 Asian, and African individuals forming groups, as we would expect, based on their geographic
nU6VCm-mvDk-00382-00238244-00238851 origin. Now this was kind of interesting because these two sequences are actually the same
nU6VCm-mvDk-00383-00238851-00239642 individual, just sequenced on two different platforms. There were about 500,000 differences
nU6VCm-mvDk-00384-00239642-00240256 in the sequences from that same sample sequenced on Illumina versus an ABI SOLiD, so about
nU6VCm-mvDk-00385-00240256-00240738 the same amount of differences between these two different individuals sequenced on the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00386-00240738-00241410 same platform, so kind of a cautionary note that we can see a surprising number of differences
nU6VCm-mvDk-00387-00241410-00241815 depending on which sequencing platform we’re using.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00388-00241815-00242519 Now, here’s another way of looking at variation. This is called a principal components analysis,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00389-00242519-00243291 and you see these in genetic population genetic studies a lot. And basically, what we’re
nU6VCm-mvDk-00390-00243291-00243911 doing is trying to account for as much variation in individual differences -- so each of these
nU6VCm-mvDk-00391-00243911-00244464 dots is an individual, this is a color key of the populations over here -- and we’re
nU6VCm-mvDk-00392-00244464-00244902 displaying that variation actually here in three dimensions. There’s a first dimension,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00393-00244902-00245426 a second one, and then actually, vertically, a third one. And the point here is that for
nU6VCm-mvDk-00394-00245426-00246121 these 467 individuals, if we’re looking at just 10 SNPs, we see no patterns. That’s
nU6VCm-mvDk-00395-00246121-00246796 not enough variation to really tell us how similar pairs of individuals are to each other.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00396-00246796-00247425 If we look at 100 SNPs in the same individuals, well, we start to see some suggestion of patterning
nU6VCm-mvDk-00397-00247425-00247546 but not that much.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00398-00247546-00248221 Now, if we look at 1,000 SNPs, if we have more data, we start to see groupings. And
nU6VCm-mvDk-00399-00248221-00249035 these groupings correspond essentially to continental origin. And here we’re looking
nU6VCm-mvDk-00400-00249035-00249650 at 250,000 SNPs, and we actually can see in three dimensions. So, here’s the first dimension,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00401-00249650-00250284 the second dimension, and then the third dimension, that individuals tend to cluster together
nU6VCm-mvDk-00402-00250284-00250816 depending on their population of origin, although there’s still a fair amount of overlap especially
nU6VCm-mvDk-00403-00250816-00251283 for closely-related populations. But what it’s telling us is that there is information
nU6VCm-mvDk-00404-00251283-00251606 about our ancestry if we have a large collection of SNPs. Yes, sir?
nU6VCm-mvDk-00405-00251606-00251706 Male Speaker: So, when you picked 10 SNPs, 100 SNPs, those
nU6VCm-mvDk-00406-00251706-00251819 are just SNPs at random?
nU6VCm-mvDk-00407-00251819-00252510 Dr. Lynn Jorde: Yes, yeah. So, we’re just taking 10 random
nU6VCm-mvDk-00408-00252510-00253003 SNPs, and what we’re seeing is that with 10 SNPs, that’s not enough information really
nU6VCm-mvDk-00409-00253003-00253201 to decipher anything about ancestry.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00410-00253201-00254021 Male Speaker: So, I’m just curious that if you were to
nU6VCm-mvDk-00411-00254021-00254780 find 10 SNPs that had a lot of variation to the population, obviously, [inaudible] separation
nU6VCm-mvDk-00412-00254780-00254880 in all these populations. Have you found sort a magic number of SNPs that can separate well?
nU6VCm-mvDk-00413-00254880-00254980 Dr. Lynn Jorde: Yeah, so it depends on -- so these are called
nU6VCm-mvDk-00414-00254980-00255664 ancestry-informative markers, and these are SNPs that have extreme differences among populations.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00415-00255664-00256085 And if you look at a million SNPs, you can find hundreds of SNPs that differ widely.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00416-00256085-00256730 Instead of that average 15 percent frequency difference, you may see 40 to 50 percent frequency
nU6VCm-mvDk-00417-00256730-00257388 differences. And with a panel of just a couple hundred of those ancestry-informative markers,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00418-00257388-00258108 you can get certainly continental discrimination quite easily. And, in some cases with panels
nU6VCm-mvDk-00419-00258108-00258613 of 1,000 or so, even within Europe, you can start to discriminate one population from
nU6VCm-mvDk-00420-00258613-00259282 another, at least to some extent. Yeah, so we can take subsets of these that are especially
nU6VCm-mvDk-00421-00259282-00259832 informative about ancestry. And those are the ones actually that some of the companies
nU6VCm-mvDk-00422-00259832-00260264 use to try to estimate ancestry. We’ll talk about that.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00423-00260264-00260985 Okay, and, by the way, these -- we included the HapMap samples in this analysis and we
nU6VCm-mvDk-00424-00260985-00261542 see that the European, African, and East Asian HapMap samples plot where we would expect
nU6VCm-mvDk-00425-00261542-00262145 them to. This is a two-dimensional plot of just Eurasian populations, and what you start
nU6VCm-mvDk-00426-00262145-00262775 to see is that, really, this becomes a map of Eurasia. Here’s Northern Europe, Southern
nU6VCm-mvDk-00427-00262775-00263658 Europe, East Asia. Here’s a Nepalese sample, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. So, really,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00428-00263658-00264752 a map of the world given by these SNP frequency differences now among individuals, but, again,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00429-00264752-00265306 we see that there’s overlap where certain individuals, here from Nepal are more similar
nU6VCm-mvDk-00430-00265306-00265864 to Pakistanis, others more similar to Thai. So, an important point here is that although
nU6VCm-mvDk-00431-00265864-00266422 we get information about ancestry, there’s also quite a lot of sharing and overlap among
nU6VCm-mvDk-00432-00266422-00266753 individuals from different populations.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00433-00266753-00267326 So what this tells us is that if we look at multiple polymorphisms, we can learn something
nU6VCm-mvDk-00434-00267326-00268189 about population affiliation in many individuals. We learn about the parts of these circles
nU6VCm-mvDk-00435-00268189-00268754 that don’t overlap, that distinguish one population from another. But I think very
nU6VCm-mvDk-00436-00268754-00269354 importantly, this is, I think, a real take-home lesson, we can’t really go in the other
nU6VCm-mvDk-00437-00269354-00270030 direction; in other words, we can’t, based on self-identified population, we can’t
nU6VCm-mvDk-00438-00270030-00270645 infer which allele a given individual is going to have. So the inference goes just in one
nU6VCm-mvDk-00439-00270645-00271621 direction because these alleles tend to vary just in frequency from one population to another.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00440-00271621-00272113 So that leads to the question, well, can we classify everybody if we have enough genetic
nU6VCm-mvDk-00441-00272113-00272846 information? Let’s go back to that 10K, 11K SNP diagram that I showed you earlier,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00442-00272846-00273675 and what we’ve done now is to add African-American individuals to the sample. And some plot closest
nU6VCm-mvDk-00443-00273675-00274421 to African samples, others closer to European samples, reflecting the complex history of
nU6VCm-mvDk-00444-00274421-00275081 that population. Here is a network in which Puerto Ricans have been added. Some plot with
nU6VCm-mvDk-00445-00275081-00275696 people from Spain, others with people from Africa; again, a complex history. And many
nU6VCm-mvDk-00446-00275696-00276274 human populations, as we know, have this kind of complex history where we can’t fit individuals
nU6VCm-mvDk-00447-00276274-00276952 neatly into a given population box.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00448-00276952-00277714 This is another principal components analysis based on 134,000 SNPs, four American populations:
nU6VCm-mvDk-00449-00277714-00278301 African-American, European-American, Asian-American, and Hispanic. And what this shows you is that
nU6VCm-mvDk-00450-00278301-00278765 for some of the African individuals -- each dot is an individual -- they are more similar
nU6VCm-mvDk-00451-00278765-00279755 to members of other populations than they are to other Africans. So, in this case, self-identified
nU6VCm-mvDk-00452-00279755-00280277 population groupings can sometimes be quite misleading. And that leads us to what I think
nU6VCm-mvDk-00453-00280277-00280898 is a real fallacy, the fallacy of thinking of humans as falling into specific types,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00454-00280898-00281684 of typological thinking, because there is really so much overlap among populations that
nU6VCm-mvDk-00455-00281684-00282243 rather than discrete groups, what we’re looking at is very highly overlapping groups
nU6VCm-mvDk-00456-00282243-00282555 of individuals, especially for any given gene.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00457-00282555-00283130 So, this is an interesting example. This is a man named Wayne Joseph. He was a high school
nU6VCm-mvDk-00458-00283130-00284077 principal in California. He was raised in Louisiana as an African-American. He became
nU6VCm-mvDk-00459-00284077-00284629 interested in his ancestry, sent a saliva kit off to a direct-to-consumer testing company
nU6VCm-mvDk-00460-00284629-00285173 and got these results back that, at least according to their testing, he was 57 percent
nU6VCm-mvDk-00461-00285173-00285829 European, 39 percent Native American, and perhaps a little bit East Asian, but no trace
nU6VCm-mvDk-00462-00285829-00286547 of African ancestry. So, in his case, his self-identified race would have been, as far
nU6VCm-mvDk-00463-00286547-00287025 as we know, completely incorrect. Now, he chose, of course, to maintain the same cultural
nU6VCm-mvDk-00464-00287025-00287614 identity because that’s what really mattered to him, but you can see that if his self-identified
nU6VCm-mvDk-00465-00287614-00288291 race were used in a biomedical setting, it could lead to some mistakes.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00466-00288291-00288981 And I think that really looking at individual ancestry rather than what is called race can
nU6VCm-mvDk-00467-00288981-00289779 be considerably more accurate and valuable. Consider that someone with this ancestry would
nU6VCm-mvDk-00468-00289779-00290335 self-identify almost certainly as African-American, but someone with this ancestry might also
nU6VCm-mvDk-00469-00290335-00291011 self-identify as African-American even though genetically their ancestry would be very different.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00470-00291011-00291641 We now have the tools to assess ancestry in each individual. I think we should use those
nU6VCm-mvDk-00471-00291641-00292273 rather than self-identified ancestry or population affiliation.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00472-00292273-00292983 So I got interested in my own ancestry. I sent a saliva kit off to one of the companies
nU6VCm-mvDk-00473-00292983-00293382 just to see what I could learn, and it was kind of interesting. I’ll share the results
nU6VCm-mvDk-00474-00293382-00293977 with you. One of the things that they type is your Y chromosome, and you learn about
nU6VCm-mvDk-00475-00293977-00294830 your Y chromosome halplogroups. So, I happen to have this one. And it is especially common
nU6VCm-mvDk-00476-00294830-00295320 in Northern Europe, especially Scandinavia. So I think my two grandfathers were correct
nU6VCm-mvDk-00477-00295320-00295619 after all. They did come from Norway.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00478-00295619-00295795 [laughter]
nU6VCm-mvDk-00479-00295795-00296474 The other thing I learned from this is that this haplogroup is shared not only -- I share
nU6VCm-mvDk-00480-00296474-00296988 this haplogroup with Jimmy Buffet and Warren Buffet. It hasn’t done anything for my singing
nU6VCm-mvDk-00481-00296988-00297725 ability or my investment prowess, but it’s kind of interesting to know that. You also
nU6VCm-mvDk-00482-00297725-00298361 learn about your mitochondrial ancestry, your maternal ancestry. Again, I have a haplogroup
nU6VCm-mvDk-00483-00298361-00298928 that is most common in Northwest Europe. So, consistent with what little I know about my
nU6VCm-mvDk-00484-00298928-00299776 own ancestry. They also use ancestry-informative markers, a genome-wide panel, to infer your
nU6VCm-mvDk-00485-00299776-00300296 autosomal ancestry, what they call ancestry painting. And I was a little disappointed
nU6VCm-mvDk-00486-00300296-00300984 to see how boring my ancestry is here. It appears to derive entirely from Europe, but
nU6VCm-mvDk-00487-00300984-00301332 again, that’s consistent with what I know about my own ancestry.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00488-00301332-00301950 Now, here’s a little bit more interesting ancestry pattern. This is one that is publicly
nU6VCm-mvDk-00489-00301950-00302471 available. This is a Berber woman. So, the Berbers are a population in North Africa,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00490-00302471-00303244 so they’re Africans. But this woman, as you can see, at least from the ancestry estimation,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00491-00303244-00304131 is 86 percent European, 12 percent African, a couple of percent Asian, but she is an African
nU6VCm-mvDk-00492-00304131-00304753 but with mostly European ancestry, again, telling us that these -- that continental
nU6VCm-mvDk-00493-00304753-00305073 designations, in some cases, could be misleading.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00494-00305073-00305726 Here’s an African-American, self-identified African-American male. And you can see that
nU6VCm-mvDk-00495-00305726-00306465 if we go chromosome by chromosome, mostly his ancestry, 64 percent if European, 33 percent
nU6VCm-mvDk-00496-00306465-00307234 African, again portraying a complex history of mixture in the ancestry of this person.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00497-00307234-00307948 But he self-identified as African-American. Now, imagine that an important gene that affects
nU6VCm-mvDk-00498-00307948-00308638 a phenotype of interest is located right here where he has -- right here where he has European
nU6VCm-mvDk-00499-00308638-00309104 ancestry. Well, for that segment, for that gene, his ancestry is European even though
nU6VCm-mvDk-00500-00309104-00310092 he would be self-identified as African-American. And, to the extent that the trait influenced
nU6VCm-mvDk-00501-00310092-00310773 by that gene, let’s say response to a given drug, to the extent that self-identified race
nU6VCm-mvDk-00502-00310773-00311371 would be used for drug prescription, well, this person right here is European, not African.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00503-00311371-00311996 So, I think that the ancestry can tell us important and biomedically significant information
nU6VCm-mvDk-00504-00311996-00312196 about individuals.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00505-00312196-00312951 So, what generally do these findings imply? Well, we’ve seen that large numbers of independent
nU6VCm-mvDk-00506-00312951-00313596 polymorphisms do inform us, at least approximately, about population history, about individual
nU6VCm-mvDk-00507-00313596-00314065 ancestry. But I think it’s important to realize that responses to a lot of therapeutic
nU6VCm-mvDk-00508-00314065-00314899 drugs may involve variation in just a few genes, and those alleles tend to be shared
nU6VCm-mvDk-00509-00314899-00315476 across populations, and we can’t predict very effectively which allele you will have
nU6VCm-mvDk-00510-00315476-00316161 based on population affiliation because of the substantial overlap that we see among
nU6VCm-mvDk-00511-00316161-00316261 populations.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00512-00316261-00316870 Here’s a good example. This is a paper published on response to ACE inhibitors a few years
nU6VCm-mvDk-00513-00316870-00317363 ago -- very large sample, many thousands of individuals. And the question was is there
nU6VCm-mvDk-00514-00317363-00318042 a difference in the decrease in blood pressure in response to ACE inhibitors in African-Americans
nU6VCm-mvDk-00515-00318042-00318600 versus European-Americans. And there is a small difference, about five millimeters of
nU6VCm-mvDk-00516-00318600-00319429 mercury in the two groups, so a little bit less response in the African-American group
nU6VCm-mvDk-00517-00319429-00319936 than in the European-American group in terms of systolic blood pressure. But I think the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00518-00319936-00320433 important point here is that there’s a tremendous amount of overlap. There would be many, many
nU6VCm-mvDk-00519-00320433-00321049 African-American patients that would respond better to an ACE inhibitor than would European-American
nU6VCm-mvDk-00520-00321049-00321151 patients.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00521-00321151-00321880 Here’s another example. These are epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors used sometimes
nU6VCm-mvDk-00522-00321880-00322709 in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. So, drugs like Gefitinib, Erlotinib, they
nU6VCm-mvDk-00523-00322709-00323350 inhibit tyrosine kinase activity in the EGFR. And they’ve been seen to be effective in
nU6VCm-mvDk-00524-00323350-00324013 about 10 percent of Europeans, about 30 percent of Asians, so three times more effective in
nU6VCm-mvDk-00525-00324013-00324675 Asian populations than in European populations. That suggested that perhaps population affiliation
nU6VCm-mvDk-00526-00324675-00325391 could be useful in deciding who gets these drugs. But if you look at the gene itself,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00527-00325391-00326239 if you look at EGFR, there are somatic gain-of-function populations seen much more frequently in Asian
nU6VCm-mvDk-00528-00326239-00326888 individuals than Europeans. And what’s been seen is that 70 to 80 percent of people who
nU6VCm-mvDk-00529-00326888-00327536 have the somatic mutations respond to Gefitinib, fewer than 10 percent without the mutations
nU6VCm-mvDk-00530-00327536-00328080 respond. So the important point here is that looking directly at the gene of interest,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00531-00328080-00328766 in this case in somatic mutations in that gene, that’s much more informative than
nU6VCm-mvDk-00532-00328766-00329281 simply looking at population affiliation.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00533-00329281-00330001 One other example seen here, this is response to -- or this is the calibrated Warfarin dose
nU6VCm-mvDk-00534-00330001-00330755 using the standard clinical algorithm where there are population differences, but here
nU6VCm-mvDk-00535-00330755-00331368 is the calibrated or the estimated Warfarin dosage in the three populations if there are
nU6VCm-mvDk-00536-00331368-00332455 no variants predisposing to rapid metabolism in these two genes, BKORC1 and CYP2C9. And
nU6VCm-mvDk-00537-00332455-00333033 you can see that much variation is accounted for by looking at these two genes than by
nU6VCm-mvDk-00538-00333033-00333670 using population variation. And, in fact, most of the population variation goes away
nU6VCm-mvDk-00539-00333670-00334426 when we’re looking at -- directly at those two genes. So, again, looking directly at
nU6VCm-mvDk-00540-00334426-00335326 genes gives us, I think, a much better prediction of response than using population affiliation.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00541-00335326-00336122 So I think what we can say about genetic variation and race is that we see a clearer pattern
nU6VCm-mvDk-00542-00336122-00336580 in which genetic variation is correlated with geography, tends to be -- but it tends to
nU6VCm-mvDk-00543-00336580-00337197 be distributed continuously across space. That means it’s hard to designate specific
nU6VCm-mvDk-00544-00337197-00337798 boundaries between populations. So, race, as conventionally defined, may not be biologically
nU6VCm-mvDk-00545-00337798-00338311 meaningless, but it’s biologically very imprecise. I think that looking at individuals,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00546-00338311-00339013 at their ancestry, is going to give us much more medically useful, actionable information
nU6VCm-mvDk-00547-00339013-00339510 than a self-identified category.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00548-00339510-00339875 And what I would like to do at this point, the reason I’m showing you this pretty picture
nU6VCm-mvDk-00549-00339875-00340724 -- this is from one of my favorite hikes in Utah, so very close to where I live. I would
nU6VCm-mvDk-00550-00340724-00341216 like, because 90 minutes is a long time for us to all sit still, so I’d like you to
nU6VCm-mvDk-00551-00341216-00341676 think about this pretty place and stand up for about a minute, just stretch, and then
nU6VCm-mvDk-00552-00341676-00342332 we’ll do the last 30 minutes of the talk. So, stand up, stretch, enjoy yourself, and
nU6VCm-mvDk-00553-00342332-00342560 we’ll resume in about one minute.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00554-00342560-00343289 Female Speaker: I have a question.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00555-00343289-00343774 Dr. Lynn Jorde: Sure.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00556-00343774-00344658 Female Speaker: When you show the patterns of the 14KB [inaudible],
nU6VCm-mvDk-00557-00344658-00344758 were those [inaudible] with exons because you had like stripes?
nU6VCm-mvDk-00558-00344758-00344903 Dr. Lynn Jorde: Oh, no. So, that’s 14KB across the entire
nU6VCm-mvDk-00559-00344903-00345141 gene, so that includes both introns and exons.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00560-00345141-00345241 Female Speaker: Yeah, but were some of the clusters where
nU6VCm-mvDk-00561-00345241-00345341 you had a stripe for the population and then a stripe of another, that went away when you
nU6VCm-mvDk-00562-00345341-00346464 looked at another [inaudible], way of looking at it. Did that correlate at all with the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00563-00346464-00346729 exon structure [inaudible]?
nU6VCm-mvDk-00564-00346729-00347383 Dr. Lynn Jorde: No, not really, because really you’re just
nU6VCm-mvDk-00565-00347383-00348121 looking at information all the way across the gene, both introns and exons. There tends
nU6VCm-mvDk-00566-00348121-00348815 to be a little bit more between population variation for intronic SNPs than exonic SNPs,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00567-00348815-00349559 probably as a result of selection against variants in the exons of what we call purifying
nU6VCm-mvDk-00568-00349559-00349901 selection. Does that answer your question?
nU6VCm-mvDk-00569-00349901-00350001 Female Speaker: Thank you.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00570-00350001-00350101 Dr. Lynn Jorde: Sure.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00571-00350101-00350295 Female Speaker: I was wondering why they look like stripes.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00572-00350295-00350646 Dr. Lynn Jorde: Oh yeah, no. What the stripes are just individuals,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00573-00350646-00351279 so it would be one individual, their sequence variation and how that compares to other individuals.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00574-00351279-00351702 Female Speaker: Clusters of one population, then another,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00575-00351702-00351807 then another.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00576-00351807-00352271 Dr. Lynn Jorde: Yeah. Okay, well, with that little refresher,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00577-00352271-00352831 we’ll move on. Now, what I want to talk about next, and this is the last part of the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00578-00352831-00353426 talk, is the way that -- some of the ways in which our studies of genetic variation
nU6VCm-mvDk-00579-00353426-00354121 and population genetics have informed our understanding of linkage disequilibrium, which
nU6VCm-mvDk-00580-00354121-00354666 commonly used in genome-wide association studies. We’ll also talk a little bit about how now
nU6VCm-mvDk-00581-00354666-00355289 whole sequence variation is being used in the identification of the disease-cause genes,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00582-00355289-00355566 again, informed by our understanding of population genetics.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00583-00355566-00356082 So, let me ask, how many of you are familiar with the concept of linkage disequilibrium?
nU6VCm-mvDk-00584-00356082-00356996 Okay, maybe a third or so, so I think it’s probably worth describing what we mean by
nU6VCm-mvDk-00585-00356996-00357620 linkage disequilibrium. We define it as the non-random association of alleles at linked
nU6VCm-mvDk-00586-00357620-00358310 loci. Well, what do we mean? At equilibrium, if we imagine two loci, A and B, with alleles,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00587-00358310-00358982 big A and little a, and big B and little b, at equilibrium, we’re going to see all of
nU6VCm-mvDk-00588-00358982-00359511 these. We’re going to tend to see all of these combinations in a population as we look
nU6VCm-mvDk-00589-00359511-00360151 at copies of chromosomes. And if we imagine the frequencies of these two of the alleles
nU6VCm-mvDk-00590-00360151-00360919 of these two loci to be b’s so that the frequency of big A is 60 percent, the alternative
nU6VCm-mvDk-00591-00360919-00361599 allele, little a, is 40 percent, and then big B and little b are 70 percent and 30 percent.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00592-00361599-00362347 Under linkage equilibrium, the haplotypes that contain these alleles should have frequencies
nU6VCm-mvDk-00593-00362347-00363002 that we just get by multiplying the respective allele frequencies together. So, 42 percent
nU6VCm-mvDk-00594-00363002-00363696 of the time, if we’re looking at, say, chromosome 5 in an individual, we expect to see a haplotype
nU6VCm-mvDk-00595-00363696-00364427 that has big A and big B together 42 percent, because that’s the frequency in our population
nU6VCm-mvDk-00596-00364427-00365166 of big A, 60 percent, times the frequency of big B, 70 percent. And if they’re independent,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00597-00365166-00365860 if these loci are independent of each other, if they’re in equilibrium, then we can estimate
nU6VCm-mvDk-00598-00365860-00366410 accurately the haplotype frequency simply by multiplying the two allele frequencies
nU6VCm-mvDk-00599-00366410-00366684 together. That’s our principle of independence.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00600-00366684-00367317 And similarly, a haplotype containing big A and little b, that’s going to be 60 percent
nU6VCm-mvDk-00601-00367317-00368055 times 30 percent, or 18 percent. So we’re seeing all of these combinations at the frequencies
nU6VCm-mvDk-00602-00368055-00368640 that would be predicted if the two loci are independent of each other. But what if we
nU6VCm-mvDk-00603-00368640-00369206 see this distribution of haplotype frequencies? We see A and B much more commonly than we
nU6VCm-mvDk-00604-00369206-00369840 would expect based on these frequencies. We see little a and little b much more commonly
nU6VCm-mvDk-00605-00369840-00370332 than we would expect based on these frequencies. And you can see that in the diagram here.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00606-00370332-00370805 When we see big A, we tend to see big B. When we see little a, we tend to see little b.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00607-00370805-00371471 That’s linkage disequilibrium. The alleles at these two linked loci are non-randomly
nU6VCm-mvDk-00608-00371471-00371665 associated with each other.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00609-00371665-00372464 So, how does this happen? Well, if two loci are very close together, like B and C here,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00610-00372464-00373132 through time there isn’t much opportunity for recombination to break up the combinations
nU6VCm-mvDk-00611-00373132-00373642 so that B and C, big B and C are seen together most of the time, little b and little c are
nU6VCm-mvDk-00612-00373642-00374350 seen together most of the time. But for this pair of loci, A and B, they’re further apart,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00613-00374350-00374786 recombination crossover during meiosis has more opportunities to break up the combination,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00614-00374786-00375456 to put big A in combination with little b. So, what that’s saying is that, over time,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00615-00375456-00376051 many generations for recombination to occur, we’re going to see this combination together
nU6VCm-mvDk-00616-00376051-00376781 more often than this combination, A and B. In other words, there’s more linkage disequilibrium
nU6VCm-mvDk-00617-00376781-00377367 between these two loci than between those two loci. So, that’s what we mean by linkage
nU6VCm-mvDk-00618-00377367-00378106 disequilibrium. And it’s going to be a result of two things: time and the process of recombination.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00619-00378106-00378731 Now, linkage disequilibrium gives us some advantages in mapping genes, because we, first
nU6VCm-mvDk-00620-00378731-00379358 of all, don’t necessarily need family data. We can assess linkage disequilibrium in population
nU6VCm-mvDk-00621-00379358-00380433 data. We can assess it using microarrays, SNPs every 3 KB or even denser than that.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00622-00380433-00381083 So, association studies in which we employ linkage disequilibrium effectively incorporate
nU6VCm-mvDk-00623-00381083-00381774 many, many generations of past recombination. And that allows us to narrow a candidate region
nU6VCm-mvDk-00624-00381774-00382026 potentially very effectively.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00625-00382026-00382817 So, if we compare the situation with traditional linkage analysis where, usually at best, we’re
nU6VCm-mvDk-00626-00382817-00383367 going to have three-generation families, and we assess recombination directly by looking
nU6VCm-mvDk-00627-00383367-00383858 at affected individuals and families and simply counting recombinance, but the limitation
nU6VCm-mvDk-00628-00383858-00384602 here is that we can really only look at recombination in two or three generations. In contrast,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00629-00384602-00385084 with linkage disequilibrium, we’re looking effectively at all the recombinations that
nU6VCm-mvDk-00630-00385084-00385769 have occurred since a disease-causing mutation or variant originally happened in a common
nU6VCm-mvDk-00631-00385769-00386341 ancestor many generations ago. So we’re looking at correlations between alleles at
nU6VCm-mvDk-00632-00386341-00386973 linked loci to assess how much recombination there’s been; in other words, how far apart
nU6VCm-mvDk-00633-00386973-00387706 these two loci are. And so, essentially, we think of populations as one big complicated
nU6VCm-mvDk-00634-00387706-00388354 pedigree. For a given variant, ultimately we’re going to trace back to a common ancestor
nU6VCm-mvDk-00635-00388354-00388940 some generations ago. This is what is sometimes called the coalescent in population genetics.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00636-00388940-00389549 Now, it’s kind of interesting. This is just a graph of linkage disequilibrium articles
nU6VCm-mvDk-00637-00389549-00390150 from 1981 through 2008, and you can see that back in the early ‘80s -- and this was when
nU6VCm-mvDk-00638-00390150-00390822 I first became interested in linkage disequilibrium -- there were only about 20 papers a year
nU6VCm-mvDk-00639-00390822-00391205 published on this topic. So you could read a paper every couple of weeks, and you knew
nU6VCm-mvDk-00640-00391205-00391729 everything there was to know about linkage disequilibrium. By 2008, that figure had gone
nU6VCm-mvDk-00641-00391729-00392469 to about 1,600 papers per year, so something like, what, 30 papers a week, and it’s maintained
nU6VCm-mvDk-00642-00392469-00393043 steadily that number since then. So this has become a very popular topic because of its
nU6VCm-mvDk-00643-00393043-00393572 applications, its many applications in human genetics.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00644-00393572-00394093 Now, the challenges come with the fact that there are a lot of different things that can
nU6VCm-mvDk-00645-00394093-00394649 affect linkage disequilibrium patterns. It is a population genetic process. There are
nU6VCm-mvDk-00646-00394649-00395418 also genomic factors, chromosome location so that close to telomeres where there’s
nU6VCm-mvDk-00647-00395418-00396057 more recombination, you tend to see less linkage disequilibrium. You tend to see less linkage
nU6VCm-mvDk-00648-00396057-00396600 disequilibrium outside of genes than within genes, and that’s a pattern that’s been
nU6VCm-mvDk-00649-00396600-00397209 seen now quite regularly as a result of the -- in the HapMap Project. There are also DNA
nU6VCm-mvDk-00650-00397209-00397834 sequence patterns, things like GC content that can influence recombination and therefore
nU6VCm-mvDk-00651-00397834-00398385 disequilibrium. We now know that the human genome is peppered with recombination hot
nU6VCm-mvDk-00652-00398385-00399155 spots. Every 50,000 to 100,000 bases, we see regions where recombination elevated tenfold
nU6VCm-mvDk-00653-00399155-00399713 or so relative to the rest of the genome. And we now know about specific sequences,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00654-00399713-00400255 a degenerate 13-mer that’s bound by the product of this gene. This is associated with
nU6VCm-mvDk-00655-00400255-00400861 at least 40 percent of hot spot activity. And recombination among individuals varies
nU6VCm-mvDk-00656-00400861-00401369 as a result of variation in this gene. So we’re learning some interesting things about
nU6VCm-mvDk-00657-00401369-00401730 the distribution of recombination across the genome.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00658-00401730-00402193 And then there are evolutionary factors that cause linkage disequilibrium to vary among
nU6VCm-mvDk-00659-00402193-00402704 populations, things like natural selection, selection for specific allele combinations.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00660-00402704-00403216 Gene flow can generate disequilibrium. Mutation in gene conversion can affect disequilibrium
nU6VCm-mvDk-00661-00403216-00403995 patterns as can genetic drift. So it’s a complex process, one that requires really
nU6VCm-mvDk-00662-00403995-00404694 quite a lot of study and inference. So things like population age; that is, how long ago
nU6VCm-mvDk-00663-00404694-00405298 was a given population founded -- that can affect haplotype structure and therefore disequilibrium.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00664-00405298-00405994 So, in a population founded a long time ago, say the African populations, well, there have
nU6VCm-mvDk-00665-00405994-00406685 been many generations for recombination to occur. We tend to see much smaller blocks
nU6VCm-mvDk-00666-00406685-00407197 of haplotypes because combinations have been broken up over a long period of time.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00667-00407197-00407786 In contrast, in a population that was founded more recently, let’s take some of the isolated
nU6VCm-mvDk-00668-00407786-00408263 Finnish populations, well, there have been fewer generations for these recombinations
nU6VCm-mvDk-00669-00408263-00408914 to occur. So, we see fewer -- we see much larger haplotype blocks. So each of these
nU6VCm-mvDk-00670-00408914-00409650 is a SNP allele, and we tend to see a larger number of SNPs that are associated together
nU6VCm-mvDk-00671-00409650-00410172 because recombination hasn’t had as much time to break up the combinations. So that
nU6VCm-mvDk-00672-00410172-00410854 means if a disease-causing mutation occurs here, later on in time, it’s going to be
nU6VCm-mvDk-00673-00410854-00411531 found in association with a large number of other SNP alleles in a younger population.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00674-00411531-00412179 But if a disease mutation occurs in the same place in this population long ago, we’ll
nU6VCm-mvDk-00675-00412179-00412835 see it in combination with many different SNP alleles. Because the haplotypes tend to
nU6VCm-mvDk-00676-00412835-00413412 be smaller, they’ve been more broken up by recombination. So, we expect to see quite
nU6VCm-mvDk-00677-00413412-00413787 different patterns of linkage disequilibrium in these different populations.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00678-00413787-00414325 And, in fact, if we look at linkage disequilibrium data, here we’re going back to the angiotensinogen
nU6VCm-mvDk-00679-00414325-00414989 locus, this is a plot of paralyzed linkage disequilibrium. Each of these units up here
nU6VCm-mvDk-00680-00414989-00415724 is a SNP, a single-nucleotide polymorphism. And what we’re looking at is the pattern
nU6VCm-mvDk-00681-00415724-00416251 of disequilibrium for all possible pairs of SNPs. The analogy I like to use is this is
nU6VCm-mvDk-00682-00416251-00416912 kind of like a mileage chart. So, if this were New York and this were San Francisco,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00683-00416912-00417439 then this would be the distance between them. Well, for a given pair of SNPs, for this SNP
nU6VCm-mvDk-00684-00417439-00418062 versus this SNP, this is the linkage disequilibrium between them. And in these plots, red indicates
nU6VCm-mvDk-00685-00418062-00418595 high linkage disequilibrium. Technically, it’s a correlation or r-squared value greater
nU6VCm-mvDk-00686-00418595-00419310 than .8. So, we can see that for SNPs that are close together in a series of Africans,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00687-00419310-00419847 we do find blocks of linkage disequilibrium, but they’re relatively small.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00688-00419847-00420527 In contrast, in Eurasian samples, we’ve seen much larger chunks in linkage disequilibrium,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00689-00420527-00421091 and that’s because these are more recently founded populations. As you saw in that early
nU6VCm-mvDk-00690-00421091-00421689 diagram, they underwent a bottleneck, reducing haplotype diversity. So this is really the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00691-00421689-00421900 pattern that we would expect.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00692-00421900-00422479 So, a question we can ask is, well, how general are these kinds of patterns, because up until
nU6VCm-mvDk-00693-00422479-00423047 a few years ago, we were looking at specific regions and specific populations, and what
nU6VCm-mvDk-00694-00423047-00423739 we really want to know is, well, are the kinds of patterns that we’ve seen really general
nU6VCm-mvDk-00695-00423739-00424197 throughout the genome and throughout the world? And I would say that about 10 years ago, our
nU6VCm-mvDk-00696-00424197-00424695 knowledge of linkage disequilibrium patterns in human populations were kind of like this
nU6VCm-mvDk-00697-00424695-00425334 map of the world in 1544, and you can see that people knew about the -- some of the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00698-00425334-00425913 major continents at that time, Asia, Africa, some of Europe, South America. North America
nU6VCm-mvDk-00699-00425913-00426442 wasn’t even on the map. Well, this was kind of like our understanding of linkage disequilibrium
nU6VCm-mvDk-00700-00426442-00426993 about 10 years ago. We knew about patterns in some populations in some regions of the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00701-00426993-00427614 genome, but we needed a much more general understanding of linkage disequilibrium patterns
nU6VCm-mvDk-00702-00427614-00428268 throughout the genome. So this was really the basis of the HapMap Project. The original
nU6VCm-mvDk-00703-00428268-00429037 -- in the original project, 600,000 SNPs, about one every 5KB were genotyped in 200
nU6VCm-mvDk-00704-00429037-00429662 individuals from three different populations. The CEPH Utah, which represented Northwest
nU6VCm-mvDk-00705-00429662-00430302 Europe, 30 trios, the Yorubans from Nigeria, 30 trios, and then 90 East Asians. So, this
nU6VCm-mvDk-00706-00430302-00431021 was by no means a complete sampling of human diversity, but it gave us some idea of diversity
nU6VCm-mvDk-00707-00431021-00431175 in three major populations.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00708-00431175-00431887 And then the idea was to evaluate patterns of linkage disequilibrium and haplotype structure
nU6VCm-mvDk-00709-00431887-00432368 to see how much variation there is in different genomic regions and how much variation is
nU6VCm-mvDk-00710-00432368-00432993 there among different populations if linkage disequilibrium was to be used as a gene-mapping
nU6VCm-mvDk-00711-00432993-00433560 tool. And I think the map improved a lot, looked probably more like this map of the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00712-00433560-00434145 world in the late 1600s where now you can see the continents, old world continents are
nU6VCm-mvDk-00713-00434145-00434689 pretty well mapped out as are most of the new world continental regions, although, for
nU6VCm-mvDk-00714-00434689-00435379 some reason, California was missing from this map, but a much better knowledge of general
nU6VCm-mvDk-00715-00435379-00436004 linkage disequilibrium patterns. And that allowed us to understand human genetic haplotype
nU6VCm-mvDk-00716-00436004-00436835 diversity much more effectively; also, the definition of recombination hot spots; the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00717-00436835-00437227 detection of genes that have experienced strong natural selection, and I’ll show you an
nU6VCm-mvDk-00718-00437227-00437801 example of that because it helps us to understand gene function; and finally, and perhaps most
nU6VCm-mvDk-00719-00437801-00438181 importantly, the detection of disease-causing mutations.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00720-00438181-00438872 So, this -- I mentioned hot spots earlier. The basic notion here is that there are regions
nU6VCm-mvDk-00721-00438872-00439722 where recombination is elevated at least tenfold in a restricted one to 2KB region so that
nU6VCm-mvDk-00722-00439722-00440447 we would expect much, much less linkage disequilibrium for pairs on either side of this hot spot.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00723-00440447-00441370 So, this is an illustration here, using, again, that linkage disequilibrium chart where we
nU6VCm-mvDk-00724-00441370-00441870 have essentially haplotypes here that are strongly associated. In other words, if you
nU6VCm-mvDk-00725-00441870-00442475 have a G here, you have a C here. If you have an A here, you have a C here. But on the other
nU6VCm-mvDk-00726-00442475-00442991 side of the hot spot, there’s really no association, there’s no association between
nU6VCm-mvDk-00727-00442991-00443591 these combinations and these combinations. So that represents that recombination hot
nU6VCm-mvDk-00728-00443591-00444222 spot where a lot of crossover is resulting in these combinations showing no association
nU6VCm-mvDk-00729-00444222-00444914 with these. And so, when we plot that out, we see strong correlations among these, no
nU6VCm-mvDk-00730-00444914-00445341 correlation between these and those.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00731-00445341-00446101 So, how frequent are these hot spots? Well, as we saw, they’re located about one in
nU6VCm-mvDk-00732-00446101-00446777 every 50 to 100KB. And in fact, about 60 percent of crossovers in the human genome occur in
nU6VCm-mvDk-00733-00446777-00447600 only 6 percent of our DNA sequence. So, these hot spots really contain most of the crossover
nU6VCm-mvDk-00734-00447600-00448143 activity in our genome. And one of the interesting things that came out of a comparison in hot
nU6VCm-mvDk-00735-00448143-00448722 spot location in human and chimp is that even though for a line sequence we’re 99 percent
nU6VCm-mvDk-00736-00448722-00449282 the same as chimps, our recombination hot spots are completely different. So these evolve
nU6VCm-mvDk-00737-00449282-00449841 very rapidly. And, in fact, the PRDM9 gene I mentioned earlier that’s associated with
nU6VCm-mvDk-00738-00449841-00450670 recombination activity is not active in chimps. So, very, very different patterns of recombination
nU6VCm-mvDk-00739-00450670-00451037 even in these two quite closely-related species.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00740-00451037-00451972 Now, another thing that linkage disequilibrium allows us to assess is evidence for positive
nU6VCm-mvDk-00741-00451972-00452617 selection in certain regions of the genome. So, the idea is shown here. If you imagine
nU6VCm-mvDk-00742-00452617-00453131 a mutation occurring, a new mutation, it’s going to occur on a haplotype background,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00743-00453131-00453747 so each of these blue stars is a SNP. And initially, of course, that mutation is going
nU6VCm-mvDk-00744-00453747-00454472 to be found in strong linkage disequilibrium with a whole series of SNPs spanning some
nU6VCm-mvDk-00745-00454472-00454989 distance across a chromosome; that is, every time you see this mutation, you’re going
nU6VCm-mvDk-00746-00454989-00455837 to see specific SNP alleles. But through time, if that mutation increases in frequency, well,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00747-00455837-00456468 recombinations are going to occur, redistributing the more distantly -- the more distantly-located
nU6VCm-mvDk-00748-00456468-00457339 SNPs. So, the background haplotype associated with this mutation becomes smaller and smaller
nU6VCm-mvDk-00749-00457339-00457891 as the frequency of the mutation increases through drift. But what if there’s strong
nU6VCm-mvDk-00750-00457891-00458522 selection for that mutation? What if it has an adaptive advantage? Then it’s going to
nU6VCm-mvDk-00751-00458522-00459246 reach high frequency quite quickly and it’s going to maintain disequilibrium with these
nU6VCm-mvDk-00752-00459246-00459834 nearby SNPs so that we’ll see regions of elevated linkage disequilibrium associated
nU6VCm-mvDk-00753-00459834-00460508 with a selectively advantageous allele. And that’s evidence for recent positive selection.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00754-00460508-00461012 And as people have scanned the genome, they found a number of such regions. We won’t
nU6VCm-mvDk-00755-00461012-00461708 go through these in detail, but things like G6PD and malaria protection, one of the CYP
nU6VCm-mvDk-00756-00461708-00462338 genes, sodium retention, an enhancer element associated with lactase -- hereditary lactase
nU6VCm-mvDk-00757-00462338-00462989 persistence, skin pigmentation loci -- and this is some work that we’ve been involved
nU6VCm-mvDk-00758-00462989-00463539 in -- members of the HIF pathway, the hypoxia inducible factor pathway, and response to
nU6VCm-mvDk-00759-00463539-00464360 hypoxia in high altitude populations. So, what people have been looking at then is regions
nU6VCm-mvDk-00760-00464360-00464996 in the genome where there is elevated linkage disequilibrium as a result of natural selection
nU6VCm-mvDk-00761-00464996-00465267 for specific adaptive variance.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00762-00465267-00465791 I’ll give you one other example. This is very recent work that we published just a
nU6VCm-mvDk-00763-00465791-00466368 few months ago, and this is evidence for recent positive selection in a region associated
nU6VCm-mvDk-00764-00466368-00466956 with Crohn’s disease. And this disease, as you probably know, is an inflammatory disorder
nU6VCm-mvDk-00765-00466956-00467693 of the intestinal tract that affects around one in a 1,000, maybe a little higher, individuals.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00766-00467693-00468227 A number of regions have been associated with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease, including
nU6VCm-mvDk-00767-00468227-00469197 one called IBD5. And this is a 250,000-base haplotype seen in Europeans and associated
nU6VCm-mvDk-00768-00469197-00469772 with disease susceptibility. And a number of genome-wide association studies have shown
nU6VCm-mvDk-00769-00469772-00470539 an association between Crohn’s disease and SNPs in a specific gene called OCTN1 in the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00770-00470539-00470651 IBD5 region.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00771-00470651-00471483 And, in fact, a specific variant, 503F, in OCTN1 is very common in parts of Europe, especially
nU6VCm-mvDk-00772-00471483-00472077 Northern Europe where it attains frequencies greater than 50 percent. We estimated that
nU6VCm-mvDk-00773-00472077-00472685 this variant arose about 12,000 years ago, about the time that agriculture came to Europe.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00774-00472685-00473202 It has a high frequency in Europe. You don’t see it outside of Europe. And the variant
nU6VCm-mvDk-00775-00473202-00473750 is a gain-of-function mutation that increases the substrate efficiency for a substance called
nU6VCm-mvDk-00776-00473750-00474022 ergothioneine by several-fold.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00777-00474022-00474696 Here’s the evidence for positive selection. I’ll just say that these are highly statistically
nU6VCm-mvDk-00778-00474696-00475217 significant values in different European populations, so we have good evidence that natural selection
nU6VCm-mvDk-00779-00475217-00476000 occurred here. That’s indicated by disequilibrium patterns. But this is what’s interesting.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00780-00476000-00476810 OCTN1 association and OCTN1 -- by the way, transports ergothioneine, and ergothioneine
nU6VCm-mvDk-00781-00476810-00477702 has neuro-protective effects as well as antioxidant effects -- but there was no clear functional
nU6VCm-mvDk-00782-00477702-00478425 association between OCTN1 itself and Crohn’s disease. So, what we hypothesized is that
nU6VCm-mvDk-00783-00478425-00478862 because there’s a lot of linkage disequilibrium here, there could be a genetic hitchhiking
nU6VCm-mvDk-00784-00478862-00479852 effect where what is selected is this variant in OCTN1 because of dietary differences as
nU6VCm-mvDk-00785-00479852-00480580 humans developed agriculture in Europe, but it carried along with it variants at IRF1,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00786-00480580-00481214 a gene that’s a couple hundred KB away, but that’s involved in innate immunity and
nU6VCm-mvDk-00787-00481214-00481760 the clearance of intracellular bacteria, which we know are important in Crohn’s disease.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00788-00481760-00482858 So, if you look at haplotypes that contain both the IRF1 selected variants and specific
nU6VCm-mvDk-00789-00482858-00483488 IRF1 variants and the OCTN1 variant, those have a strong association with Crohn’s disease.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00790-00483488-00484243 If you look at haplotypes that have only the OCTN1 variant and not the IRF1 variants, there’s
nU6VCm-mvDk-00791-00484243-00484968 no association, telling us that the disease association is due to this gene that has hitchhiked
nU6VCm-mvDk-00792-00484968-00485684 in frequency, alleles have hitchhiked in frequency along with OCTN1, which was selected strongly
nU6VCm-mvDk-00793-00485684-00486316 in these populations. So, essentially, susceptibility to Crohn’s disease is a side effect in this
nU6VCm-mvDk-00794-00486316-00486892 region of selection for this gene that has nothing to do with Crohn’s disease. And
nU6VCm-mvDk-00795-00486892-00487450 we did expression studies showing that IRF1 is expressed much more highly in intestinal
nU6VCm-mvDk-00796-00487450-00487964 tissue from Crohn’s disease patients than controlled tissue. And none of the other genes
nU6VCm-mvDk-00797-00487964-00488472 in this region show that difference in expression patterns. So, here, we’ve been able to use
nU6VCm-mvDk-00798-00488472-00489364 linkage disequilibrium to identify a pattern in which selection for one trait, OCTN1, has
nU6VCm-mvDk-00799-00489364-00489897 actually carried along with it alleles that are associated with disease. And we think
nU6VCm-mvDk-00800-00489897-00490447 that this may in some cases be responsible for genetic susceptibility to other common
nU6VCm-mvDk-00801-00490447-00490618 diseases as well.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00802-00490618-00491305 Now, another very important thing that came out of the genome-wide disequilibrium studies
nU6VCm-mvDk-00803-00491305-00491835 is the fact that if you have SNPs that are in disequilibrium with one another, of course,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00804-00491835-00492247 many of them are redundant. And that means you don’t have to type all of them, so that
nU6VCm-mvDk-00805-00492247-00492821 if we have this SNP here that is associated in a given individual with these other SNPs
nU6VCm-mvDk-00806-00492821-00493529 and across the population, other individuals, well, that means that all we have to do is
nU6VCm-mvDk-00807-00493529-00494079 type this one, a tag SNP. We don’t need to type these others. And you’ll hear more
nU6VCm-mvDk-00808-00494079-00494739 about this from Karen Mohlke in her lecture, but the bottom line is that for these genome-wide
nU6VCm-mvDk-00809-00494739-00495293 association studies we can get complete coverage with a reduced number of SNPs because of this
nU6VCm-mvDk-00810-00495293-00496041 pattern of linkage disequilibrium, but those patterns vary from one population to another.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00811-00496041-00496387 This is something that I’m sure Karen will show you, but this is, I think, one of the
nU6VCm-mvDk-00812-00496387-00497179 success of those efforts, the many published GWAS now of 1,500 or so as of the middle of
nU6VCm-mvDk-00813-00497179-00497752 last year for hundreds of different traits. And you’ll hear more about that from her,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00814-00497752-00498200 but the important -- what I want to get across is that it is our understanding of population
nU6VCm-mvDk-00815-00498200-00498849 genetics which allowed us to apply linkage disequilibrium effectively in these kinds
nU6VCm-mvDk-00816-00498849-00499529 of studies, so many, many different traits for which significant associations have been
nU6VCm-mvDk-00817-00499529-00499629 established.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00818-00499629-00500213 Now, finally, I want to mention that population genetics is also really helping us to develop
nU6VCm-mvDk-00819-00500213-00500835 new resources, new tools for the analysis of whole-genome sequence data. If we look
nU6VCm-mvDk-00820-00500835-00501459 at the 1,000 Genomes Project in which 1,500 people have been sequenced at about 4X coverage,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00821-00501459-00501885 one of the things that this does, it provides control sequences when we’re doing variant
nU6VCm-mvDk-00822-00501885-00502533 analysis, which many of us are now doing, sequencing patients to try to find rare variants
nU6VCm-mvDk-00823-00502533-00502931 associated with disease. Well, one of the things we need is good control data. If this
nU6VCm-mvDk-00824-00502931-00503563 appears to be a rare disease-associated variant, well, how rare is it? Projects like the 1000
nU6VCm-mvDk-00825-00503563-00504122 Genomes give us background frequencies so that we can assess whether a given variant
nU6VCm-mvDk-00826-00504122-00504895 is actually rare or not. And remember that these rare variants vary a lot among populations;
nU6VCm-mvDk-00827-00504895-00505406 that is, they often are specific to certain populations. That’s why it’s important
nU6VCm-mvDk-00828-00505406-00505991 to do this kind of sequencing not just in a few populations but as many as we can, because
nU6VCm-mvDk-00829-00505991-00506575 those background variants are going to differ, the rare ones, from one population to another.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00830-00506575-00507114 And we saw that in one of the 1000 Genomes papers. Those rare alleles typically are not
nU6VCm-mvDk-00831-00507114-00507488 shared among populations.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00832-00507488-00508232 Population genetic theory also allows us to evaluate when a variant is functionally significant.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00833-00508232-00508857 This is always an issue. If you have 10,000 non-synonymous variants in a whole-genome
nU6VCm-mvDk-00834-00508857-00509377 sequence, the question is which one of those would actually be contributing functionally
nU6VCm-mvDk-00835-00509377-00510060 to disease. Well, one of the things that we can look at to help assess functionality is
nU6VCm-mvDk-00836-00510060-00510542 evidence of purifying selection in a given region; that is, has natural been selection
nU6VCm-mvDk-00837-00510542-00511080 been conscientiously eliminating deleterious variance? That means that that’s a region
nU6VCm-mvDk-00838-00511080-00511228 of functional significance.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00839-00511228-00511821 Now we’ve incorporated that in software that we recently developed and published called
nU6VCm-mvDk-00840-00511821-00512560 VASST, and this is a tool for analyzing whole-genome sequence variation. We’ve used it to successfully
nU6VCm-mvDk-00841-00512560-00513258 identify disease-causing genes. We incorporate population genetics in our estimates. We look
nU6VCm-mvDk-00842-00513258-00513926 for purifying selection as an indication that a sequence or a variant is functionally significant.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00843-00513926-00514464 And, of course, we also look at evolutionary conservation among species. Any region that
nU6VCm-mvDk-00844-00514464-00515008 is highly conserved, very similar across many species, again, more likely to be functionally
nU6VCm-mvDk-00845-00515008-00515375 significant. And, of course, this is especially useful when we’re looking at non-coding
nU6VCm-mvDk-00846-00515375-00516143 DNA and we can’t otherwise directly assess function. So I think that now as we’re starting
nU6VCm-mvDk-00847-00516143-00516787 to analyze hundreds and even thousands of whole genome sequences and exome sequences,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00848-00516787-00517292 we’re going to see that population genetics, again, will make very significant contributions
nU6VCm-mvDk-00849-00517292-00517430 to our understanding.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00850-00517430-00518308 So, finally, this is my wrap-up slide. What I’ve told you this morning is that we can
nU6VCm-mvDk-00851-00518308-00518845 learn, I think, some very interesting things about population history, our origins, our
nU6VCm-mvDk-00852-00518845-00519474 similarities and differences from our studies of genetic variation. I think that genetic
nU6VCm-mvDk-00853-00519474-00520218 variation studies give us a much nuanced view of the topic of race and population affiliation
nU6VCm-mvDk-00854-00520218-00520747 by showing us how similar we all are to one another and how much overlap there is among
nU6VCm-mvDk-00855-00520747-00521509 populations for any given relevant gene. This kind of analysis, as I’ve shown you, has
nU6VCm-mvDk-00856-00521509-00521996 also been very important in our understanding of linkage disequilibrium, its application
nU6VCm-mvDk-00857-00521996-00522435 in genome-wide association studies. And finally, I think we’ll see that population genetics
nU6VCm-mvDk-00858-00522435-00523122 will become even more important as we begin to analyze whole-genome sequence and rare
nU6VCm-mvDk-00859-00523122-00523437 variants, their role in disease.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00860-00523437-00524001 And I hope that I’ve convinced you that population genetics is even fun, that it’s
nU6VCm-mvDk-00861-00524001-00524783 interesting, that it has relevance to many, many different areas of biomedicine. And with
nU6VCm-mvDk-00862-00524783-00525448 that, I will acknowledge people at the University of Utah who contributed to some of the work
nU6VCm-mvDk-00863-00525448-00525990 I showed you, also my colleague at LSU, Mark Batzer, who’s done a lot of work with us
nU6VCm-mvDk-00864-00525990-00526689 on mobile elements. And finally, this is my backyard, the lovely Wasatch Mountains, and
nU6VCm-mvDk-00865-00526689-00527496 I really couldn’t leave without acknowledging those beautiful mountains. I hope you have
nU6VCm-mvDk-00866-00527496-00527850 a chance to come out and visit sometime, and I’d like to thank you very much for your
nU6VCm-mvDk-00867-00527850-00528209 attention.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00868-00528209-00528568 [applause]
nU6VCm-mvDk-00869-00528568-00529271 And if there are any quick final questions, I’d be happy to answer them. Yes, sir.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00870-00529271-00529449 [talking simultaneously]
nU6VCm-mvDk-00871-00529449-00529807 Female Speaker: Go ahead.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00872-00529807-00530700 Male Speaker: All right. If there’s a disease that can
nU6VCm-mvDk-00873-00530700-00531540 be caused by mutation, particularly a gene, and mutations in that gene have arisen several
nU6VCm-mvDk-00874-00531540-00531640 times [inaudible] that wouldn’t that make it impossible to find why linkage disequilibrium,
nU6VCm-mvDk-00875-00531640-00531740 what gene is involved? And could that be a reason why some complex traits seem to be
nU6VCm-mvDk-00876-00531740-00531840 complex?
nU6VCm-mvDk-00877-00531840-00531940 Dr. Lynn Jorde: Yeah.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00878-00531940-00532040 Male Speaker: They --
nU6VCm-mvDk-00879-00532040-00532140 Dr. Lynn Jorde: So, a very good question -- what about allelic
nU6VCm-mvDk-00880-00532140-00532439 heterogeneity, basically. So, if you have multiple mutations that are associated with
nU6VCm-mvDk-00881-00532439-00532883 disease that have happened on different haplotype backgrounds, does that make it more difficult
nU6VCm-mvDk-00882-00532883-00532983 --
nU6VCm-mvDk-00883-00532983-00533083 Male Speaker: [inaudible] occurring more than once.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00884-00533083-00533407 Dr. Lynn Jorde: Yeah, or even the same mutation at the same
nU6VCm-mvDk-00885-00533407-00533819 spot. Let’s say you have a mutation hot spot, but occurring at different times on
nU6VCm-mvDk-00886-00533819-00534286 different haplotype backgrounds, absolutely, because what you’re looking at is those
nU6VCm-mvDk-00887-00534286-00534957 -- is SNPs in the background. So you could imagine that one SNP allele would occur in
nU6VCm-mvDk-00888-00534957-00535525 association with one mutation event, a different allele with a different mutation event. So
nU6VCm-mvDk-00889-00535525-00536354 that -- that’s particularly -- well, both allelic heterogeneity as well as locus heterogeneity
nU6VCm-mvDk-00890-00536354-00536959 make it more difficult to identify genes using a genome-wide association study.
nU6VCm-mvDk-00891-00536959-00537596 Now, the methods I mentioned right at the end, VASST actually looks at a whole gene
nU6VCm-mvDk-00892-00537596-00538184 and looks at all variants within that gene and essentially sums their effects together
nU6VCm-mvDk-00893-00538184-00538841 so that if you have multiple mutational events in a gene, it will recognize all of them and
nU6VCm-mvDk-00894-00538841-00539369 essentially lump them together so you get a -- you really reduce the allelic heterogeneity
nU6VCm-mvDk-00895-00539369-00540181 problem by doing that. And what we’re able to show, and we showed in the paper we published
nU6VCm-mvDk-00896-00540181-00540766 last year, is that it has much higher power to detect susceptibility loci for things like
nU6VCm-mvDk-00897-00540766-00541227 Crohn’s disease because you’re essentially summing the effects of all potentially disease-causing
nU6VCm-mvDk-00898-00541227-00541587 mutations within a locus. That was a great question.
nV19BnsIN0M-00000-00000018-00000490 [InternetShortcut] URL=https://www.facebook.com/dencitydentalclinic
nVaxas8qjgu-00000-00001448-00001548 Hello everyone.
nVaxas8qjgu-00001-00001553-00001653 I am HeartBeach,
nVaxas8qjgu-00002-00001686-00002138 and this is Devil May Cry 5 mission 17.
nVaxas8qjgu-00003-00002145-00002475 Let's go, yay, hoo!.
nVaxas8qjgu-00004-00004520-00004695 What the fuck is that?
nVaxas8qjgu-00005-00005420-00005520 A fruit?
nVaxas8qjgu-00006-00013810-00013948 Holy shit.
nVaxas8qjgu-00007-00017648-00017748 Fuck.
nVaxas8qjgu-00008-00017851-00017951 Disgusting
nVaxas8qjgu-00009-00017971-00018121 Fucking disgusting.
nVaxas8qjgu-00010-00019936-00020121 Take my bullet.
nVaxas8qjgu-00011-00020546-00020763 Bang, bang, bang, bang ,bang, bang, bang, bang, bang.
nVaxas8qjgu-00012-00020808-00020908 Bang.
nVaxas8qjgu-00013-00021433-00021533 Fuck!
nVaxas8qjgu-00014-00021775-00022045 Bang, bang, bang, bang, bang, bang, bang, bang, bang, bang.
nVaxas8qjgu-00015-00023015-00023125 What the fuck!
nVaxas8qjgu-00016-00023608-00023708 Jump, Dante jumps, okay.
nVaxas8qjgu-00017-00023840-00023940 Jump.
nVaxas8qjgu-00018-00024251-00024418 Fuck, fuck.
nVaxas8qjgu-00019-00027993-00028114 You piece of shit!
nVaxas8qjgu-00020-00028963-00029136 Oh shit!.
nVaxas8qjgu-00021-00034480-00034705 Die, die, die.
nVaxas8qjgu-00022-00034878-00034978 Haiii.
nVaxas8qjgu-00023-00034980-00035080 Woo!
nVaxas8qjgu-00024-00043495-00043595 What?
nVaxas8qjgu-00025-00047563-00047663 Haha.
nVaxas8qjgu-00026-00048808-00048996 You're here to die.
nVaxas8qjgu-00027-00051945-00052045 What the fuck?
nVaxas8qjgu-00028-00053963-00054203 Oho.
nVaxas8qjgu-00029-00054325-00054498 God damn it!
nVaxas8qjgu-00030-00055260-00055441 Vergil is back.
nVaxas8qjgu-00031-00056475-00056691 The alpha and the omega, Vergil.
nVaxas8qjgu-00032-00057833-00058046 Fucking so cool.
nVaxas8qjgu-00033-00058620-00058771 That was cool.
nVaxas8qjgu-00034-00059829-00060179 You was opening so damn cool, Vergil.
nVaxas8qjgu-00035-00060375-00060526 Hahaha,
nVaxas8qjgu-00036-00060800-00061046 but V is dead, fuck this shit.
nVaxas8qjgu-00037-00061420-00061558 Am I right?, that's it.
nVaxas8qjgu-00038-00061616-00061716 V is dead.
nVaxas8qjgu-00039-00061733-00061833 Come on.
nVaxas8qjgu-00040-00061985-00062085 Is V dead?
nVaxas8qjgu-00041-00063293-00063745 Scene likes V dead.
nVaxas8qjgu-00042-00068983-00069083 Damn!.
nVaxas8qjgu-00043-00069940-00070128 Thank you, Nero.
nVaxas8qjgu-00044-00071290-00071390 Hehehe.
nVaxas8qjgu-00045-00074626-00074726 Fuck!
nVaxas8qjgu-00046-00074930-00075253 Nero's father is Vergil.
nVaxas8qjgu-00047-00075278-00075378 What the fuck!
nVaxas8qjgu-00048-00076678-00076778 Heur.
nVaxas8qjgu-00049-00079285-00079573 You're going to kill your father, Nero.
nVaxas8qjgu-00050-00084783-00085033 What are you doing?
nVaxas8qjgu-00051-00085138-00085238 Settle?
nVaxas8qjgu-00052-00089508-00089646 Haha
nVaxas8qjgu-00053-00089818-00089990 Get out of here, girls.
nVaxas8qjgu-00054-00090175-00090551 Let the man do his job.
nVaxas8qjgu-00055-00090631-00090838 Latest model of mayhem.
nVaxas8qjgu-00056-00090921-00091205 Kalina Ann 2.
nVaxas8qjgu-00057-00091646-00091986 Let's goooo with new weapons.
nVaxas8qjgu-00058-00092085-00092185 Zhu.
nVaxas8qjgu-00059-00092916-00093115 Okay, jar.
nVaxas8qjgu-00060-00093121-00093270 All right everyone, kar.
nVaxas8qjgu-00061-00093343-00093683 This is Devil May Cry 5 mission 17,
nVaxas8qjgu-00062-00093743-00093795 La.
nVaxas8qjgu-00063-00093856-00094215 and you will see me in next mission.
nVaxas8qjgu-00064-00094226-00094326 Bye.
nWRjuGdBwfg-00000-00000527-00001129 The key risk factor for osteoporosis is really advancing age and we often think about women
nWRjuGdBwfg-00001-00001129-00001413 more in terms of osteoporosis.
nWRjuGdBwfg-00002-00001413-00001989 If you have a family history of osteoporosis, in particular having a parent who has had
nWRjuGdBwfg-00003-00001989-00002468 broken bones in particular a hip fracture, then you would be someone at higher risk of
nWRjuGdBwfg-00004-00002468-00002791 having osteoporosis in your lifetime.
nWRjuGdBwfg-00005-00002791-00003343 If you're on specific medications that affect bone health, in particular steroids, long-term
nWRjuGdBwfg-00006-00003343-00003928 use of anticonvulsants, aromatase inhibitor therapy for example for breast cancer, you
nWRjuGdBwfg-00007-00003928-00004255 would also be at higher risk for osteoporosis.
nWRjuGdBwfg-00008-00004255-00004707 There are certain medical conditions that affect your bone health as well, and this
nWRjuGdBwfg-00009-00004707-00005307 would include inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel
nWRjuGdBwfg-00010-00005307-00005655 disease and parathyroid disease.
nWRjuGdBwfg-00011-00005655-00006444 People who are of smaller body size also tend to have lower bone mass, so this would be
nWRjuGdBwfg-00012-00006444-00007353 in general a higher-risk population in terms of developing osteoporosis with advancing
nWRjuGdBwfg-00013-00007353-00007453 age.
nWRjuGdBwfg-00014-00007453-00008084 Osteoporosis risk increases particularly in the menopausal phase because estrogen is actually
nWRjuGdBwfg-00015-00008084-00008242 good for your bones.
nWRjuGdBwfg-00016-00008242-00008909 So when a woman goes through menopause and your ovaries decrease the amount of estrogen
nWRjuGdBwfg-00017-00008909-00009443 production and eventually postmenopause when there is no more estrogen production, the
nWRjuGdBwfg-00018-00009443-00010092 bones go through a rapid phase of bone loss for the first few years of the menopausal
nWRjuGdBwfg-00019-00010092-00010209 transition.
nWRjuGdBwfg-00020-00010209-00010839 Other risk factors that I didn't mention earlier do include smoking - so being a current smoker
nWRjuGdBwfg-00021-00010839-00011427 - as well as excess alcohol consumption and we generally define excess alcohol consumption
nWRjuGdBwfg-00022-00011427-00011784 as being more than about three units per day.
nWRjuGdBwfg-00023-00011784-00012378 So those lifestyle factors definitely affect your bone health and those are two modifiable
nWRjuGdBwfg-00024-00012378-00012945 risk factors that you can work on to decrease your risk of osteoporotic fractures.
na8oHmBSk10-00000-00000000-00000112 Do you feel vulnerable?
na8oHmBSk10-00001-00000168-00000288 How do you deal with that?
na8oHmBSk10-00002-00002016-00002352 Talking about our emotions can be tricky right?
na8oHmBSk10-00003-00002352-00002600 I mean sometime we are not even aware of them
na8oHmBSk10-00004-00002600-00002864 and sometimes we are aware but we intentionally hide them
na8oHmBSk10-00005-00002960-00003264 because either confronting it scares us
na8oHmBSk10-00006-00003264-00003728 or we fear people will judge us for having them.
na8oHmBSk10-00007-00003728-00003888 We think we are stronger by suppressing them.
na8oHmBSk10-00008-00003992-00004160 But that is hardly the truth.
na8oHmBSk10-00009-00004160-00004608 I always thought that my strength is in not showing the soft side
na8oHmBSk10-00010-00004608-00004864 So when I was going through difficult times
na8oHmBSk10-00011-00004864-00005232 which was creating havoc in my mind and body..
na8oHmBSk10-00012-00005232-00005560 I thought it was best to laugh it out and forget about it.
na8oHmBSk10-00013-00005680-00006160 But the more I tried to forget; the more intense the pain became.
na8oHmBSk10-00014-00006216-00006504 I’m sure you’ve experienced this in some form.
na8oHmBSk10-00015-00006504-00007023 After much suffering, I knew I couldn’t do it alone.. and so sought help.
na8oHmBSk10-00016-00007023-00007231 Two things happened that day.
na8oHmBSk10-00017-00007231-00007720 I decided I don’t have to do this alone because vulnerabilities can come in many forms
na8oHmBSk10-00018-00007848-00008184 I will talk about it and help others
na8oHmBSk10-00019-00008184-00008400 And that changed my life.
na8oHmBSk10-00020-00008400-00008992 In fact that time, and those decisions I took, helped me in creating such videos.
na8oHmBSk10-00021-00008992-00009360 Anyway showing our vulnerability and expressing our emotions
na8oHmBSk10-00022-00009360-00009712 even with our loved ones can get quite challenging.
na8oHmBSk10-00023-00009712-00010032 At least in my experience it definitely was.
na8oHmBSk10-00024-00010032-00010272 So when anyone asks ‘how am I feeling?’
na8oHmBSk10-00025-00010272-00010624 My automatic response is ‘I’m fine… how about you?’
na8oHmBSk10-00026-00010776-00011440 These responses like ‘I’m fine', 'I’m great', 'not bad', 'doing well'.. etc
na8oHmBSk10-00027-00011440-00011896 are like a shield we create to protect from showing our emotions
na8oHmBSk10-00028-00011896-00012056 While there’s nothing wrong with that,
na8oHmBSk10-00029-00012112-00012640 suppressing emotions repeatedly can lead to other mental health issues.
na8oHmBSk10-00030-00012640-00012816 Sharing our vulnerabilities though..
na8oHmBSk10-00031-00012816-00013056 can help us accept and move forward
na8oHmBSk10-00032-00013112-00013496 It can also help us get closer to the person with whom we are sharing.
na8oHmBSk10-00033-00013496-00013872 And yes... Vulnerabilityies can come in many ways..
na8oHmBSk10-00034-00013872-00014024 it can come up when you have to -
na8oHmBSk10-00035-00014024-00014328 Admit your mistakes or a bad decision
na8oHmBSk10-00036-00014328-00014608 It can come when you talk about your failures
na8oHmBSk10-00037-00014608-00014896 Or when you speak up when someone is hurting you
na8oHmBSk10-00038-00014896-00015256 It can also come up when you tell someone that you love them
na8oHmBSk10-00039-00015256-00015463 So the next time when you’re feeling vulnerable
na8oHmBSk10-00040-00015463-00015768 and someone asks you 'how’re you feeling?', here’s a suggestion
na8oHmBSk10-00041-00015824-00016000 Instead of saying - ‘I’m great’...
na8oHmBSk10-00042-00016000-00016616 How about pausing for a bit, taking a deep breath to consider the options
na8oHmBSk10-00043-00016616-00016784 And share them the truth.
na8oHmBSk10-00044-00016784-00017224 not in a doom-gloom way but in a more sincere way
na8oHmBSk10-00045-00017224-00017576 Embracing vulnerability brings us closer to our truth
na8oHmBSk10-00046-00017576-00017848 It improves our emotional self-awareness
na8oHmBSk10-00047-00017848-00018264 and build trust and authenticity in relationships
na8oHmBSk10-00048-00018264-00018848 More importantly, it brings us closer to ourselves - our feelings and who we really are.
na8oHmBSk10-00049-00018848-00019352 So today I challenge you to be vulnerable about one thing that you have been hiding.
na8oHmBSk10-00050-00019456-00019760 Choose the right time, place, and friend in your life
na8oHmBSk10-00051-00019760-00020000 and see how they support and help you.
na8oHmBSk10-00052-00020000-00020184 Don't forget to share your experience though.
na8oHmBSk10-00053-00020184-00020424 You can leave it in the comment section before
na8oHmBSk10-00054-00020424-00021208 or join me in my Facebook group or in any other social media platform that you like.
na8oHmBSk10-00055-00021272-00021368 That’s it from me…
ndiZQH2Ithu-00000-00000000-00000200 Environment in Forza Horizon 4
ndtrZ2hv2BQ-00000-00000034-00000600 Your Natchez History Minute is brought to you by Natchez National Historical Park.
ndtrZ2hv2BQ-00001-00000789-00001395 After the Federal occupation of Natchez in July, 1863, Union soldiers occupied many of
ndtrZ2hv2BQ-00002-00001395-00001886 the city’s great houses. The Burn was home to the members of the Engineering Corps who
ndtrZ2hv2BQ-00003-00001886-00002746 constructed Fort McPherson. On January 23, 1864, Samuel Swain, Lt. Col. in the 12th Wisconsin
ndtrZ2hv2BQ-00004-00002746-00003468 Volunteers, wrote the following to his sister: “Our office is in what used to be the sitting
ndtrZ2hv2BQ-00005-00003468-00004132 room of John P. Walworth’s elegant residence. It is adorned with frescoe work and moldings,
ndtrZ2hv2BQ-00006-00004132-00004829 has a chandelier for burning gas, a coal grate, etc. Our bedroom is the back room in what
ndtrZ2hv2BQ-00007-00004829-00005352 used to be the dining room…we do not boast of much furniture, it only consisting of rough
ndtrZ2hv2BQ-00008-00005352-00006187 tables, trunks, stools and such as our mechanics have made for us. Our bedding is govt. blankets.
ndtrZ2hv2BQ-00009-00006187-00006717 Off…the gallery are the upper rooms of a brick building that stands on lower ground
ndtrZ2hv2BQ-00010-00006717-00007309 – where is our dining room, a store room, and a kitchen which is occupied by the cook
ndtrZ2hv2BQ-00011-00007309-00008003 Marina.” Swain notes that these photographs of The Burn were taken by Ephraim Holland
ndtrZ2hv2BQ-00012-00008003-00008549 Newton, a Confederate surgeon who worked for Henry Gurney, the great Natchez Civil-War
ndtrZ2hv2BQ-00013-00008549-00009054 era photographer. Union soldiers occupied the house til the end of the war.
ndtrZ2hv2BQ-00014-00009054-00009616 “Hi, we are Glenn and Bridget green, owners of The Burn, and this has been your Natchez History Minute.
neAfd3AUkJU-00000-00000000-00000200 Lightning Link Free Coins 2023
neNNdj_qXZI-00000-00000095-00001320 I'm recording this video to help us understand the idea, or the conceptual understanding,
neNNdj_qXZI-00001-00001330-00001913 behind constructing a triangle, given 3 side lengths.
neNNdj_qXZI-00002-00001930-00002225 So this is the case of SSS, right?
neNNdj_qXZI-00003-00002253-00003000 So, if we are given three side lengths, then there could only be one triangle.  
neNNdj_qXZI-00004-00003000-00003800 And all triangles that we construct that have 6cm, 3cm, and 4cm are congruent. 
neNNdj_qXZI-00005-00003800-00004083 So, that's the SSS Theorem.
neNNdj_qXZI-00006-00004086-00004201 Okay.
neNNdj_qXZI-00007-00004259-00004543 So now, how do I construct?
neNNdj_qXZI-00008-00004549-00005333 So we were already give two points, P and Q, with a side length of 6 cm.
neNNdj_qXZI-00009-00005333-00006100 So all we need to do right now is to draw the other two sides, 3cm and 4cm. 
neNNdj_qXZI-00010-00006123-00006851 But really, all I need really is to find the third point, R. 
neNNdj_qXZI-00011-00006851-00007316 Once if I can determine where R is, then I know the triangle, right? 
neNNdj_qXZI-00012-00007320-00007600 How do I do that?  
neNNdj_qXZI-00013-00007600-00008000 So R must be 3cm away from P.  So what does that mean? 
neNNdj_qXZI-00014-00008016-00008916 So that means it could be here, could be here, or it could be here, as long as it is 3cm, or maybe here, right? 
neNNdj_qXZI-00015-00008929-00009800 Or even here, or here, or even there.  All these are 3cm away.  So about 3cm away, okay?  
neNNdj_qXZI-00016-00009800-00010200 So, now, really, this is not how we go about [doing] it.
neNNdj_qXZI-00017-00010230-00010993 Really, what we want to do is to draw a locus of all the possible points for R.
neNNdj_qXZI-00018-00010993-00012000 How do I do that? Since it must be 3cm away; we have learned that a circle are all the possible points 
neNNdj_qXZI-00019-00012000-00012380 such that if I specify, this is the radius, and I specify  
neNNdj_qXZI-00020-00012383-00013353 No this is the center, P is the center, and I specify the radius as three.  I can leave out the units in Geogebra.  
neNNdj_qXZI-00021-00013353-00013853 These are all the possible points for R.
neNNdj_qXZI-00022-00013880-00014071 Right?  Let me go back to the menu.
neNNdj_qXZI-00023-00014079-00014516 Now, let me show this [circle] as points, right?
neNNdj_qXZI-00024-00014579-00015060 Let me change it to points.  Alright?
neNNdj_qXZI-00025-00015079-00015510 So. These are all the possible points of R, right?
neNNdj_qXZI-00026-00015513-00016012 But, it must also be 4cm away from Q.
neNNdj_qXZI-00027-00016018-00016200 So what am I going to do?  
neNNdj_qXZI-00028-00016200-00017100 I draw another locus for all the possible points of R such that it is 4cm away from Q.
neNNdj_qXZI-00029-00017106-00017513 So again this time, I pick on this circle, with center and radius.  
neNNdj_qXZI-00030-00017513-00018413 I pick the center Q, and I specify the radius to be 4.  And these are all the possible points, alright?  So
neNNdj_qXZI-00031-00018513-00018888 I'm going to show you how to change in the style, to points.
neNNdj_qXZI-00032-00018906-00019049 Alright.
neNNdj_qXZI-00033-00020471-00020825 Okay, let me change this style, to points.
neNNdj_qXZI-00034-00021221-00021343 Style, and points.
neNNdj_qXZI-00035-00021660-00021776 Oh, okay.
neNNdj_qXZI-00036-00021821-00022313 So now you see that ... we have two loci.  
neNNdj_qXZI-00037-00022313-00022943 On one hand, R must be 3cm away from P.  But it must also be 4cm away from Q.  
neNNdj_qXZI-00038-00022946-00023526 By looking at these two circles, can you see that R can only be at exactly two locations?
neNNdj_qXZI-00039-00023526-00024566 It can be either on the left of the line segment, or on the right.  If I think R is here.  Hmmm... what happened?
neNNdj_qXZI-00040-00024566-00025483 Let me look ... try on the right.  Okay, if R is there.  Let me change it to R.  Then I got one triangle.
neNNdj_qXZI-00041-00025530-00026043 Okay, let me change this to R.
neNNdj_qXZI-00042-00027973-00028589 I want to make this point, change it to R.  Instead of A, let me call this R.
neNNdj_qXZI-00043-00028845-00028945 Okay,
neNNdj_qXZI-00044-00028964-00029067 you see?
neNNdj_qXZI-00045-00029430-00030193 All right, Then we can draw the line segment for PR
neNNdj_qXZI-00046-00030200-00030533 and RQ.
neNNdj_qXZI-00047-00030537-00031010 Okay, and then we can check.  Let me show the value.  
neNNdj_qXZI-00048-00031010-00032003 Instead of the label, segment g, I want to show the value of 3.  You will see that the value is 3.  Yes, no?
neNNdj_qXZI-00049-00032760-00033066 And then here
neNNdj_qXZI-00050-00033102-00033763 I want to show the ... instead of the name, I want to show the value.
neNNdj_qXZI-00051-00033965-00034098 Does it make sense?  
neNNdj_qXZI-00052-00034098-00034746 So, you see.  I have created a [triangle] PQR to be on the right side. 
neNNdj_qXZI-00053-00034746-00035360 But we also know that R could also be at this position. Yeah?
neNNdj_qXZI-00054-00035360-00036456 That is the intersection of the two circles.  So we can create two triangles, and both of them are congruent.  Okay?  
neNNdj_qXZI-00055-00036456-00037236 Because given an SSS, all triangles with the [same] SSS, they must be congruent to one another. 
neNNdj_qXZI-00056-00037243-00037506 Okay, I hope this helps.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00000-00000848-00001248 The moon is 400 times closer to earth than the sun,
ngQUlXgnXjA-00001-00001312-00001696 and the sun is 400 times larger than the moon.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00002-00001904-00002384 What does this mean? It means that when the moon comes in between the sun
ngQUlXgnXjA-00003-00002384-00003447 and the earth, they both seem the same size to us, such that we form a perfect eclipse.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00004-00003824-00004256 Now you might be thinking- that's standard stuff mate- nope.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00005-00004328-00005240 In our solar system there are approximately 166 moons and that never happens to
ngQUlXgnXjA-00006-00005240-00005976 any other planet; because either the moon seems too big or the sun seems too big.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00007-00005976-00006495 But why is it that only on Earth it's so specific?
ngQUlXgnXjA-00008-00006495-00006784 When the universe was created we had
ngQUlXgnXjA-00009-00006784-00007384 Hydrogen and Helium gases, but we need carbon for life to exist.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00010-00007384-00008128 But to form carbon you need three Heliums to come together to form carbon.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00011-00008128-00008296 So there's a scientist called
ngQUlXgnXjA-00012-00008296-00008784 Sir Fred Hoyle: he wanted to see how these three Heliums come together.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00013-00008784-00009280 He noticed that nothing really was happening when he brought them together,
ngQUlXgnXjA-00014-00009280-00009840 so then it occurred to him that maybe these three Heliums will come together
ngQUlXgnXjA-00015-00009840-00010368 at a specific Nuclear Ground State Energy, and it worked.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00016-00010432-00011408 And he noticed that if it was different by even 1% the Heliums would not come together.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00017-00011408-00011896 After discovering this Hoyle later confessed that nothing had
ngQUlXgnXjA-00018-00011896-00012360 shaken his atheism more than this very discovery.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00019-00012432-00013096 Impressive right? Did you know that the sun and the earth is at a reasonable distance.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00020-00013096-00013768 If it was too close, we would all burn; and if it was too far away, we would freeze.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00021-00013824-00014128 So in this relationship between the earth and the sun,
ngQUlXgnXjA-00022-00014128-00014824 had it changed for even 2% there would be no life on this planet.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00023-00015044-00015584 This is one of my favorites. As we know everything is made from atoms yeah?
ngQUlXgnXjA-00024-00015584-00016224 But there are two forces that are holding atoms together: you've got the Electromagnetic Force;
ngQUlXgnXjA-00025-00016288-00016512 this holds the structure of the atom,
ngQUlXgnXjA-00026-00016512-00017080 and then you've got the Nuclear Strong Force; this holds the nucleus of the atom.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00027-00017080-00017528 These two have to be at a specific ratio for life to exist.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00028-00017528-00017736 Now what's the ratio? I hear you ask.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00029-00017736-00018504 Well it's 1 over 10 to the power 16. that's 10
ngQUlXgnXjA-00030-00018600-00019016 followed by loads of zeros mate, that's all I can say.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00031-00019016-00019352 Now that of course is very very specific.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00032-00019352-00019776 Now if fine tuning wasn't there there'd be no stars,
ngQUlXgnXjA-00033-00019776-00020576 if there's no stars there can be no planets and if there's no planets there will be no life.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00034-00020576-00021072 Let's get a bit advanced now, at the dawn of the Big Bang there was something called
ngQUlXgnXjA-00035-00021072-00021584 Dark Energy; this force is pushing our universe out there.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00036-00021584-00022112 Now this is so finely tuned that if this force was too much;
ngQUlXgnXjA-00037-00022176-00022584 the universe would have exploded and nothing would have formed.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00038-00022584-00023312 If it was too less; it would have collapsed upon itself and again nothing would have formed.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00039-00023312-00023864 How much is this force? It's one over ten to the power
ngQUlXgnXjA-00040-00023864-00024424 a hundred 120; that is very very specific.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00041-00024424-00024752 So i guess it makes sense when astrophysicist Hugh Ross
ngQUlXgnXjA-00042-00024752-00025536 said- the chance of our planet existing in the universe is so rare that he calculated it to be:
ngQUlXgnXjA-00043-00025848-00026895 1 over 10 to the power 30. That's the chance that a planet like ours could form in the universe.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00044-00026895-00027568 So you see, the fine-tuning argument is such a solid proof for the existence of a designer
ngQUlXgnXjA-00045-00027568-00028183 that atheists go to extreme lengths to disprove this.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00046-00028248-00028704 In fact the best thing they claim to have come up with is the Multiverse Theory;
ngQUlXgnXjA-00047-00028768-00029392 which according to the theory is an infinite amount of universes out there, which then
ngQUlXgnXjA-00048-00029392-00030016 means that the chance of a universe or a solar system like ours forming is actually probable.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00049-00030016-00030383 But guys, the multiverse theory is extremely lacking,
ngQUlXgnXjA-00050-00030383-00031056 it's not accepted within academic circles and yes, there might be many universes,
ngQUlXgnXjA-00051-00031056-00031527 but we're not asking about many universes we're asking about this particular universe.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00052-00031600-00031992 It's just another creative way to delay the existence of God.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00053-00031992-00032400 If you're a reasonable person, it's inevitable for you
ngQUlXgnXjA-00054-00032400-00032840 to start questioning that there has to be a creator.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00055-00033432-00033656 Alright guys we hope you enjoyed this video.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00056-00033656-00033888 If you liked it don't forget to hit the Like button,
ngQUlXgnXjA-00057-00033888-00034144 don't forget to comment and please share it.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00058-00034144-00034720 The more people that watch it ,the more we can get the revenue generated and create more such videos.
ngQUlXgnXjA-00059-00034824-00035184 All right guys until next time Asalaamu Alaikum.
ngTbLVVkGUQ-00000-00000020-00000490 To build a prism, we need the 16-th issue of the "magic edges."
ngTbLVVkGUQ-00001-00000586-00000830 Find the right sheet. Separate the net of the details from the common sheet.
ngTbLVVkGUQ-00002-00001142-00001438 In places marked with red lines we bend outward.
ngTbLVVkGUQ-00003-00001438-00001751 In places marked with blue lines we bend inward.
ngTbLVVkGUQ-00004-00001751-00002028 For this, the net needs to be flipped.
ngTbLVVkGUQ-00005-00003878-00004125 First we glue the net in the center.
ngTbLVVkGUQ-00006-00006252-00006499 Then we glue each base of the prism.
ngTbLVVkGUQ-00007-00006950-00007290 It is convenient to glue the bases gradually, one by one.
nhbTQbkoTFg-00000-00000000-00000700 Learn How to Uninstall a Plugin in Wordpress Tutorial by www.worldwebengine.com
nhbTQbkoTFg-00001-00000700-00001194 Login to your WordPress Admin Panel
nhbTQbkoTFg-00002-00001194-00001492 This is your admin dashboard
nhbTQbkoTFg-00003-00001492-00002108 Go to Plugins > Installed Plugins
nhbTQbkoTFg-00004-00002116-00002806 Find or Search for the Plugin you want to Uninstall
nhbTQbkoTFg-00005-00002806-00003134 Click on Deactivate link to deactivate the plugin
nhbTQbkoTFg-00006-00003134-00003494 Click on Delete link then click OK to delete the plugin
nhbTQbkoTFg-00007-00003494-00003926 Plugin is Uninstalled and don't forgot to subscribe our youtube channel
nklK3BnKECQ-00000-00001409-00004253 كتابي الجرء الأول عن المؤامرة
nklK3BnKECQ-00002-00007667-00010511 المؤامرة موجودة منذ مؤامرة السامري
nmx8UwVoFI8-00000-00000088-00000632 hello everyone welcome to studying is fun and we will be learning about factors
nmx8UwVoFI8-00001-00000720-00000880 all right let's do this
nmx8UwVoFI8-00002-00001224-00001592 okay so first we'll start with three
nmx8UwVoFI8-00003-00002192-00002376 what are the factors of three
nmx8UwVoFI8-00004-00002656-00003168 so here's what we have to do what do we have to multiply to get three
nmx8UwVoFI8-00005-00003288-00003968 you have a one one times three that equals three what else
nmx8UwVoFI8-00006-00004112-00004888 all right so that means since one times three is three that means a one and three are factors
nmx8UwVoFI8-00007-00005088-00005784 so three factors are one and three are there any other ways to multiply to get three
nmx8UwVoFI8-00008-00005976-00006928 we can do three times one but it's still the same number it's still the three and the one so what
nmx8UwVoFI8-00009-00006928-00008584 else there really is nothing else so three factors are one and three we'll do some more
nmx8UwVoFI8-00010-00009008-00009792 all right four what are force factors let's see so we have a one
nmx8UwVoFI8-00011-00009928-00010464 and we have a four because one times four equals four
nmx8UwVoFI8-00012-00010552-00011384 so one and four those are factors one and four any other ways to multiply to get four
nmx8UwVoFI8-00013-00011544-00012576 yes you can also multiply two times two and the factor is two and two so that means one
nmx8UwVoFI8-00014-00012576-00013424 four and two the factors of four are one four and two all right let's do another one
nmx8UwVoFI8-00015-00014040-00015119 okay five what about five all right so five let's see him let's see the factors of five so
nmx8UwVoFI8-00016-00015119-00016016 one times five equals five so that means the factors are one and five
nmx8UwVoFI8-00017-00016319-00016888 what is another way to multiply it again like i said it doesn't matter
nmx8UwVoFI8-00018-00016944-00017336 in what order one times five and five times one is the same equation
nmx8UwVoFI8-00019-00017528-00018176 because they're still the same numbers too they're still the same factors five and one what else
nmx8UwVoFI8-00020-00018360-00018824 nothing else so actually the factors are oops i did it wrong
nmx8UwVoFI8-00021-00019088-00019784 so the factors are one and five all right now let's do a few more
nmx8UwVoFI8-00022-00020296-00021472 all right eight what about eight let's see the factors of eight all right one times eight equals
nmx8UwVoFI8-00023-00021472-00022904 eight so the factors are one and eight one comma hey all right any other way yeah we have two times
nmx8UwVoFI8-00024-00023128-00024672 four and we get eight so two and four two and four what else what about four times two again
nmx8UwVoFI8-00025-00024672-00025552 like i said again like i said it wouldn't it wouldn't matter because we already have two times
nmx8UwVoFI8-00026-00025552-00026152 four and four times two is basically the same equation so those are all the factors of eight
nmx8UwVoFI8-00027-00026272-00026783 one eight four and two all right now let's do a few more
nmx8UwVoFI8-00028-00027439-00029016 all right what about six let's try it one times six is six so one comma six what else
nmx8UwVoFI8-00029-00029392-00029872 two times three is six that's not a very good six
nmx8UwVoFI8-00030-00030112-00031008 all right all right this is a six there you go better all right so two times three is six
nmx8UwVoFI8-00031-00031008-00032048 so that means two comma three they're factors too what else well there's nothing else because
nmx8UwVoFI8-00032-00032168-00032920 because three times two is also six so that would be the same as two times three three times two is
nmx8UwVoFI8-00033-00032920-00033784 the same as two times three so one six two and three all right we're gonna do about three more
nmx8UwVoFI8-00034-00034064-00034832 i'm ready i'm ready i'm ready i'm ready i'm ready i'm ready okay what about two
nmx8UwVoFI8-00035-00035008-00035184 how do we make how do we make two
nmx8UwVoFI8-00036-00035440-00037144 well one times two equals two so one and two what else nothing else there's only one way to get two
nmx8UwVoFI8-00037-00037208-00037760 so the factors are only one and two because the only other way is two times one and that's
nmx8UwVoFI8-00038-00037760-00038616 the same thing as i repeatedly said i'm sorry if you're bored are you bored here look a cat
nmx8UwVoFI8-00039-00039144-00040080 all right so that means the factors of two are one and two all right now let's do two more one
nmx8UwVoFI8-00040-00040288-00041080 what are the factors of one there's literally only one equation that we can do to get one
nmx8UwVoFI8-00041-00041080-00041840 that's one times one and we get one so that means the only factor of one is
nmx8UwVoFI8-00042-00041920-00042488 one okay now let's just do one more number
nmx8UwVoFI8-00043-00042760-00044056 nine what are the factors of nine all right one times nine that can get us that can get us
nmx8UwVoFI8-00044-00044344-00044984 six hours later all right that could get us nine
nmx8UwVoFI8-00045-00045168-00046672 okay so that means the factors of nine are one and nine so one and nine okay one and nine what else
nmx8UwVoFI8-00046-00047272-00047912 three times three is nine so that means the factors of nine are one nine and three
nmx8UwVoFI8-00047-00047912-00048864 there's no other way there aren't any more ways so one times nine and three times three is nine okay
nmx8UwVoFI8-00048-00048952-00049568 and we're done thanks for watching click the notification bell and subscribe and leave a like
nmx8UwVoFI8-00049-00049672-00050000 please leave a comment thank you goodbye
nmx8UwVoFI8-00050-00050440-00050952 look out for the next video when we will be talking about prime and composite numbers
nmx8UwVoFI8-00051-00050952-00051800 thanks for watching goodbye
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00000-00000032-00000760 Okay. So I've already logged in to my Alief HUB and I'm going to go back to continue working on
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00001-00000760-00001440 my Google States slides presentation. When I go to Google Drive I would just be able to find mine,
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00002-00001440-00001936 but fortunately, I already opened it up and I have it ready to go for you guys right here.
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00003-00001992-00002536 So you don't have to wait for that to load. Here is my Google Slide and remember it's on the state
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00004-00002536-00003392 of Iowa. I have my Two Content slides in place so that means I have a column here and a column here.
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00005-00003520-00004144 I have a Title Slide and my last slide is my Bibliography. Now remember I'm
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00006-00004144-00004968 going to Alief Digital Resources to get my information, I'm going to Britannica School
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00007-00005076-00005544 and World Book Almanac also has some good resources which I'll probably get something
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00008-00005544-00006144 from there too. Remember, we want to make sure that we say where we get our resources from,
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00009-00006240-00006631 so I need to make sure that I put it in my Bibliography
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00010-00006776-00007280 to show where i'm getting my information, because we don't want to take someone else's work without
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00011-00007280-00008040 permission and not give them proper credit for the article that they wrote and researched on.
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00012-00008312-00008960 When I come down to Geography and I click on Tour the USA, I can either hone in on my state
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00013-00009160-00009648 or I can type it or I can copy and paste it here
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00014-00009752-00010480 because remember I did the state of Iowa. I highlight this hold the Control Key tap C to copy.
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00015-00010568-00011528 Come back over here click Control V press Enter and it went to Iowa City, but i just want Iowa.
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00016-00011976-00012416 That's the state...oh. It's trying to take me to Iowa City. Okay, let's see if I can get this,
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00017-00012584-00013352 and here's my article. When I scroll down and I go to read article there's my information that i need
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00018-00013647-00014336 and once again I'm also going to paste this in my World Almanac because I want to have
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00019-00014336-00015160 more information from there's citation. To cite the article that you used, It's really
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00020-00015160-00015712 easy on Britannica School you click on site and it gives you a pop-up and you can copy. I'm going to
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00021-00015712-00016263 highlight it. While it's highlighted, I'm going to hold Ctrl and tap C. Then, I'm going to come over
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00022-00016263-00017288 to my Bibliography down at the bottom. Click in here, hold Ctrl and tap V. Press Enter. Sometimes
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00023-00017288-00018072 I would like to press enter twice just to leave an extra space. I can always delete it later. So I
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00024-00018072-00018888 have some information here from the World Almanac Kids and in the World Almanac Kids website.
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00025-00019168-00019808 Whoops I lost my connection! Oh here it comes... I can scroll down and they have
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00026-00019808-00020232 their citation at the bottom and it's right here so i just highlight this
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00027-00020832-00021288 and I hold Ctrl and I tap C. If I click over here,
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00028-00021504-00021952 I can hold Ctrl and tap V and so i have my bibliography. I'm ready to
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00029-00021952-00022504 start copying and pasting content and then writing it in my own words. so
nnvXv6VQ5zo-00030-00022576-00023280 that's how you complete the bibliography. Thanks for watching!
oohsR-yFEK0-00000-00000000-00000483 How can I answer popular questions and customer questions in my marketing? Hey
oohsR-yFEK0-00001-00000483-00000851 guys my name's Brad Smith owner of AutomationLinks.com today I want to
oohsR-yFEK0-00002-00000851-00001332 share my tips on the question that I received about how you can answer common
oohsR-yFEK0-00003-00001332-00001773 user questions using your marketing channel so I'm gonna tell you exactly
oohsR-yFEK0-00004-00001773-00001971 what I do and I'm actually doing it right now
oohsR-yFEK0-00005-00001971-00002550 I go to LinkedIn Cora and Google to find common questions that my potential
oohsR-yFEK0-00006-00002550-00003035 customer might be asking or is wondering so I can go help them then I make a
oohsR-yFEK0-00007-00003035-00003497 whole blog a video and a podcast answering that person's question giving
oohsR-yFEK0-00008-00003497-00003978 them the insights the exact tips and like I'm doing right now exactly what I
oohsR-yFEK0-00009-00003978-00004545 do for my business to answer those common questions so when you're just
oohsR-yFEK0-00010-00004545-00004866 planning out your marketing think about what your customer wants what your
oohsR-yFEK0-00011-00004866-00005310 customer needs and what they're actually gonna be typing in and searching for for
oohsR-yFEK0-00012-00005310-00005586 help you want to be the go-to person that's
oohsR-yFEK0-00013-00005586-00006084 helping them when they have questions so if your blog is showing up in Google and
oohsR-yFEK0-00014-00006084-00006389 answering that person's questions they're already on your site you're
oohsR-yFEK0-00015-00006389-00006765 building that trust they're more likely to reach out to you if they're scrolling
oohsR-yFEK0-00016-00006765-00007172 through social media they see their question being answered by you they're
oohsR-yFEK0-00017-00007172-00007659 gonna click on it go to your website and then they're a potential customer so use
oohsR-yFEK0-00018-00007659-00008028 services like that find out what your customers are wondering what they're
oohsR-yFEK0-00019-00008028-00008388 asking of what's gonna help them make your blog and your post all about that
oohsR-yFEK0-00020-00008388-00008781 one last tip when I was in the health and fitness industry working one-on-one
oohsR-yFEK0-00021-00008781-00009210 with clients all week long my clients would have common questions that they'd
oohsR-yFEK0-00022-00009210-00009593 ask me so at the end of the week I would put a blog post together answering one
oohsR-yFEK0-00023-00009593-00009950 of those questions that I received during that week so I hope this helps
oohsR-yFEK0-00024-00009950-00010359 please share it leave a comment or ask your question below so I can feature it
oohsR-yFEK0-00025-00010359-00010803 in my next post are you sick of all the information being thrown at you by all
oohsR-yFEK0-00026-00010803-00011268 the hype gurus online hey there my name's Brad Smith automation links com
oohsR-yFEK0-00027-00011268-00011664 six days a week answer user questions with the exact
oohsR-yFEK0-00028-00011664-00012225 tips strategies and insights we use to grow our business
o54ioNs1rKI-00000-00000028-00000387 Normally for a game like Hokko Life, I'd play a bunch of it then write a review describing
o54ioNs1rKI-00001-00000387-00000618 its features, strengths, and shortcomings.
o54ioNs1rKI-00002-00000618-00001055 However, since this game isn't even in early access yet and is still very unfinished, it
o54ioNs1rKI-00003-00001055-00001329 seemed kind of unfair to dissect it like that in its current state.
o54ioNs1rKI-00004-00001329-00001788 So instead, let's check out my first 15 days in the game with commentary, and I'll summarize
o54ioNs1rKI-00005-00001788-00002104 my current impressions, suggestions, and requests at the end.
o54ioNs1rKI-00006-00002104-00002500 Please keep in mind that the game is subject to lots of change over the course of its development,
o54ioNs1rKI-00007-00002500-00002879 so what you see here might not reflect the current state of the game whenever you're
o54ioNs1rKI-00008-00002879-00002997 watching this video.
o54ioNs1rKI-00009-00002997-00003184 Hi, future people!
o54ioNs1rKI-00010-00003184-00003685 Also, a heads up, in parts of this video there is a mild photosensitivity warning.
o54ioNs1rKI-00011-00003685-00004140 There are semi-frequent brief single flashes starting in Day 3.
o54ioNs1rKI-00012-00004140-00004447 The first thing I always do when I try a new game is check out the settings.
o54ioNs1rKI-00013-00004447-00004819 The devs have already warned me that gamepad support is still only partial and a mouse
o54ioNs1rKI-00014-00004819-00005199 is needed for some of the menus, and I'm pleased to see they've also put a little note about
o54ioNs1rKI-00015-00005199-00005385 that in the menu itself.
o54ioNs1rKI-00016-00005385-00005563 Not every dev is so considerate.
o54ioNs1rKI-00017-00005563-00005950 We've got a few basic settings and I see you can already rebind all the keys, which is
o54ioNs1rKI-00018-00005950-00006050 great.
o54ioNs1rKI-00019-00006050-00006363 The game didn't detect my gamepad automatically when I loaded it, but it's easy enough to
o54ioNs1rKI-00020-00006363-00006464 get it set up.
o54ioNs1rKI-00021-00006464-00006978 However, there is one thing conspicuously absent from this menu: sound options.
o54ioNs1rKI-00022-00006978-00007242 There are no audio options of any kind.
o54ioNs1rKI-00023-00007242-00007467 Not even a simple volume slider.
o54ioNs1rKI-00024-00007467-00007879 I need to point this out to you all now because this will have a big impact on the sound quality
o54ioNs1rKI-00025-00007879-00008098 for the rest of this video.
o54ioNs1rKI-00026-00008098-00008512 Normally I record with the music off but sound on, then add back in the game's music during
o54ioNs1rKI-00027-00008512-00008767 editing so it flows smoothly between cuts.
o54ioNs1rKI-00028-00008767-00009259 I can't do that here, so unfortunately we'll all have to endure a lot of awkward sound
o54ioNs1rKI-00029-00009259-00009359 cuts.
o54ioNs1rKI-00030-00009359-00009771 It was that or mute the whole game and just add music later, and I figure some of you
o54ioNs1rKI-00031-00009771-00009973 want to know what the sound effects are like.
o54ioNs1rKI-00032-00009973-00010162 We do what we can!
o54ioNs1rKI-00033-00010162-00010453 The character creator is pretty simple for now, but I think the devs said they're planning
o54ioNs1rKI-00034-00010453-00010617 to add more options in the future.
o54ioNs1rKI-00035-00010617-00010896 I want to shout out the variety of options for black hair in here.
o54ioNs1rKI-00036-00010896-00011326 In most games, white characters are the default and they might add one black hairstyle as
o54ioNs1rKI-00037-00011326-00011775 an afterthought, but in this game, black hairstyles and darker skin tones have more options and
o54ioNs1rKI-00038-00011775-00011925 actually look better.
o54ioNs1rKI-00039-00011925-00012088 It's a nice change, to be honest.
o54ioNs1rKI-00040-00012088-00012449 They also let you create your own colors by messing with the sliders, so I'm making a
o54ioNs1rKI-00041-00012449-00012754 sickly green fungus boy with red hair.
o54ioNs1rKI-00042-00012754-00013231 The story starts out pretty simply: I fell asleep on the train from somewhere to somewhere
o54ioNs1rKI-00043-00013231-00013613 else and woke up in an isolated little village in the middle of the night.
o54ioNs1rKI-00044-00013613-00013976 Fortunately the innkeeper lets me use their spare room for free and I'm invited to stay
o54ioNs1rKI-00045-00013976-00014091 as long as I want.
o54ioNs1rKI-00046-00014091-00014334 So I guess I live here now!
o54ioNs1rKI-00047-00014334-00014515 Sure, why not.
o54ioNs1rKI-00048-00014515-00014813 I sleep the night away on a futon and wake up the next morning.
o54ioNs1rKI-00049-00014813-00015102 We've got a bit of standard tutorial intro here.
o54ioNs1rKI-00050-00015102-00015381 There's a tree in the way, here's an axe, cut it up, and now you're free to explore
o54ioNs1rKI-00051-00015381-00015481 the rest of the village.
o54ioNs1rKI-00052-00015481-00015847 There's not much, just some trees and plants, a couple of houses with Niko the elephant
o54ioNs1rKI-00053-00015847-00016173 and Tola the cow, and a locked workshop.
o54ioNs1rKI-00054-00016173-00016468 Down on the beach there's a ton of trash, but we can't clean that up yet.
o54ioNs1rKI-00055-00016468-00016833 There's a run button which brings up a Breath of the Wild-style stamina circle that goes
o54ioNs1rKI-00056-00016833-00017080 down quickly, limiting how long you can run for.
o54ioNs1rKI-00057-00017080-00017404 An odd choice for this type of game, if I'm honest.
o54ioNs1rKI-00058-00017404-00017838 Back in the shop, I learn that the village (or town, as the residents generously call
o54ioNs1rKI-00059-00017838-00018232 it) used to have more people but they all moved away, and if I can fix it up, maybe
o54ioNs1rKI-00060-00018232-00018343 they'll come back.
o54ioNs1rKI-00061-00018343-00018679 I'm sent back to that workshop, now unlocked, and meet Sally.
o54ioNs1rKI-00062-00018679-00019018 A few fetch quests and some boring drawn-out dialogue later and I've got some benches to
o54ioNs1rKI-00063-00019018-00019144 place in the town.
o54ioNs1rKI-00064-00019144-00019277 Mission accomplished.
o54ioNs1rKI-00065-00019277-00019690 Oma, the innkeeper, sends me down to the beach to tidy up that mess.
o54ioNs1rKI-00066-00019690-00019790 Easily done.
o54ioNs1rKI-00067-00019790-00019890 It's nice to earn my keep.
o54ioNs1rKI-00068-00019890-00020204 Then I'm sent back to the workshop to learn how to craft things at the workbench.
o54ioNs1rKI-00069-00020204-00020486 As I'm gathering wood, I notice that there's no stamina meter.
o54ioNs1rKI-00070-00020486-00020782 I can do as much work as I want per day with no limits.
o54ioNs1rKI-00071-00020782-00020882 Cool.
o54ioNs1rKI-00072-00020882-00021160 Anyway, I make a shovel and use it to plant some more trees.
o54ioNs1rKI-00073-00021160-00021498 It's done Animal-Crossing-style: you dig a hole, then use the seed on it.
o54ioNs1rKI-00074-00021498-00021618 No watering required.
o54ioNs1rKI-00075-00021618-00021929 I'm also given the task of planting a bunch of different flowers so we can use them for
o54ioNs1rKI-00076-00021929-00022090 decorations in the town.
o54ioNs1rKI-00077-00022090-00022386 That's going to take a while, so it looks like I'm going to be left to my own devices
o54ioNs1rKI-00078-00022386-00022486 for now.
o54ioNs1rKI-00079-00022486-00022607 Let's go visit Moss the shopkeeper.
o54ioNs1rKI-00080-00022607-00023120 Well here's good news, Moss is willing to buy just about anything off me for cold hard
o54ioNs1rKI-00081-00023120-00023220 cash.
o54ioNs1rKI-00082-00023220-00023320 They've, uh.
o54ioNs1rKI-00083-00023320-00023432 "Got a guy."
o54ioNs1rKI-00084-00023432-00023746 Nudge, nudge, wink, wink, say no more.
o54ioNs1rKI-00085-00023746-00024126 I spend some time chopping down all the trees in the forest and crafting planks, which I
o54ioNs1rKI-00086-00024126-00024495 assume will earn me a profit, but it turns out the planks don't sell for any more than
o54ioNs1rKI-00087-00024495-00024865 their components, so I guess I should just sell the logs and save myself the effort.
o54ioNs1rKI-00088-00024865-00025193 I'm able to clear the entire forest in short order, and I'm starting to realize just how
o54ioNs1rKI-00089-00025193-00025432 slowly time passes in this game.
o54ioNs1rKI-00090-00025432-00025652 These days are ridiculously long.
o54ioNs1rKI-00091-00025652-00026041 The shop has a bug net in it which I'm guessing is my key to big profits, but I can't afford
o54ioNs1rKI-00092-00026041-00026327 it yet despite selling pretty much everything I've picked up.
o54ioNs1rKI-00093-00026327-00026656 What is there to do with my evening now that I've gathered and sold everything I can?
o54ioNs1rKI-00094-00026656-00027039 I figure out that if I move really slowly I can glide across the ground without moving
o54ioNs1rKI-00095-00027039-00027186 my legs.
o54ioNs1rKI-00096-00027186-00027288 Cool.
o54ioNs1rKI-00097-00027288-00027544 Okay, now what?
o54ioNs1rKI-00098-00027544-00027918 I don't really want to go to bed super early, but the days are so long in this game that
o54ioNs1rKI-00099-00027918-00028318 at this point, I can't think of anything else to do with my time.
o54ioNs1rKI-00100-00028318-00028418 Day 3.
o54ioNs1rKI-00101-00028418-00028777 Niko's got trash on their floor, which I guess it's my job to clean up.
o54ioNs1rKI-00102-00028777-00029148 I'll send you a bill for my cleaning services later, Niko.
o54ioNs1rKI-00103-00029148-00029476 The trees I've planted haven't grown yet of course, but I notice there are two trees next
o54ioNs1rKI-00104-00029476-00029808 to the workshop which haven't been taken yet so I grab those.
o54ioNs1rKI-00105-00029808-00030135 But after heading to the beach to grab free shells and returning, I realize these two
o54ioNs1rKI-00106-00030135-00030658 trees actually respawn after you leave the area and come back.
o54ioNs1rKI-00107-00030658-00030913 Is it... infinite wood?
o54ioNs1rKI-00108-00030913-00031112 Don't mind if I do.
o54ioNs1rKI-00109-00031112-00031494 Now I'm not sure if this is intentional or a bug, but I don't see anyone stopping me
o54ioNs1rKI-00110-00031494-00031847 from repeatedly cutting down the same trees to sell wood for enough gold coins to buy
o54ioNs1rKI-00111-00031847-00031977 a bug net.
o54ioNs1rKI-00112-00031977-00032312 I also discover that the furniture placement controls on gamepad aren't nearly as good
o54ioNs1rKI-00113-00032312-00032412 as on the keyboard.
o54ioNs1rKI-00114-00032412-00032757 You can only rotate items 90 degrees with the controller, but with the mouse and keyboard
o54ioNs1rKI-00115-00032757-00032915 you can fine-tune the angle.
o54ioNs1rKI-00116-00032915-00033015 Lovely.
o54ioNs1rKI-00117-00033015-00033381 Anyway, I get enough rupees for that bug net and start going hog wild.
o54ioNs1rKI-00118-00033381-00033719 Here's where that photosensitivity warning comes in: every time you catch a bug there's
o54ioNs1rKI-00119-00033719-00033942 a bright flash as though from a camera.
o54ioNs1rKI-00120-00033942-00034384 Honestly, they need to add an option to disable that at some point, because it's really harsh
o54ioNs1rKI-00121-00034384-00034744 on the eyes and will definitely be an accessibility issue.
o54ioNs1rKI-00122-00034744-00035005 There's a collection mechanic, although it looks like there aren't too many different
o54ioNs1rKI-00123-00035005-00035156 types of bugs in the game yet.
o54ioNs1rKI-00124-00035156-00035524 I grab a handful of butterflies which I assume will net me a lot more yen than just selling
o54ioNs1rKI-00125-00035524-00035873 logs and head back to the—JESUS WHAT THE—
o54ioNs1rKI-00126-00035873-00036164 Hey Niko.
o54ioNs1rKI-00127-00036164-00036338 You okay, buddy?
o54ioNs1rKI-00128-00036338-00036510 ...They're fine.
o54ioNs1rKI-00129-00036510-00036986 Anyway, oh hell, yeah, that's the stuff.
o54ioNs1rKI-00130-00036986-00037334 These butterflies sell for quite a bit considering how easy it is to run around catching bug
o54ioNs1rKI-00131-00037334-00037434 after bug.
o54ioNs1rKI-00132-00037434-00037750 They spawn in fairly quickly, sometimes right in front of my face.
o54ioNs1rKI-00133-00037750-00037993 Time to rake in the big bucks.
o54ioNs1rKI-00134-00037993-00038393 I remember to stop in at the inn around lunchtime and sure enough, there's an outsider there:
o54ioNs1rKI-00135-00038393-00038493 Benny.
o54ioNs1rKI-00136-00038493-00038750 Benny also fell asleep on the train and woke up here.
o54ioNs1rKI-00137-00038750-00039006 Benny is also sick of capitalism.
o54ioNs1rKI-00138-00039006-00039392 Heck, Benny might consider moving here if we build them a house.
o54ioNs1rKI-00139-00039392-00039727 My next purchase fueled with the corpses of butterflies is the pickaxe, which lets me
o54ioNs1rKI-00140-00039727-00039983 break the big rocks in the forest for stone and coal.
o54ioNs1rKI-00141-00039983-00040355 I have no idea if these will respawn, but presumably there must be some kind of infinite
o54ioNs1rKI-00142-00040355-00040768 mining mechanic, either respawning rocks like in Animal Crossing or a mine like Stardew
o54ioNs1rKI-00143-00040768-00040987 Valley and Harvest Moon and the like.
o54ioNs1rKI-00144-00040987-00041283 I spend the rest of the day hunting butterflies so I can get rich.
o54ioNs1rKI-00145-00041283-00041661 As I run around, swinging my net at helpless bug after helpless bug, I consider the source
o54ioNs1rKI-00146-00041661-00041853 of these countless little creatures.
o54ioNs1rKI-00147-00041853-00042073 They don't spawn in off-screen like in Animal Crossing.
o54ioNs1rKI-00148-00042073-00042371 They just phase into reality right before my eyes.
o54ioNs1rKI-00149-00042371-00042725 I can only assume that they are multi-dimensional beings who can enter and leave our reality
o54ioNs1rKI-00150-00042725-00042825 at will.
o54ioNs1rKI-00151-00042825-00043121 The denizens of the butterfly dimension must have noticed that anyone who comes to this
o54ioNs1rKI-00152-00043121-00043518 universe disappears forever, so I can only assume that they are volunteering to be caught
o54ioNs1rKI-00153-00043518-00043661 so I can get rich.
o54ioNs1rKI-00154-00043661-00043888 It's all very ethical.
o54ioNs1rKI-00155-00043888-00044215 In the evening, I head back to the inn, where another stranger awaits, and this one's a
o54ioNs1rKI-00156-00044215-00044315 pig.
o54ioNs1rKI-00157-00044315-00044440 There's two things I know about pigs.
o54ioNs1rKI-00158-00044440-00044540 They're: 1.
o54ioNs1rKI-00159-00044540-00044823 very intelligent and 2. capitalists.
o54ioNs1rKI-00160-00044823-00045256 Sure enough, Rosa wants to set up a real estate agency so we can build and sell more houses
o54ioNs1rKI-00161-00045256-00045527 and get more people to move here.
o54ioNs1rKI-00162-00045527-00045824 Because that's what was preventing people from moving here.
o54ioNs1rKI-00163-00045824-00046270 We didn't have a real estate agent to sell the land.
o54ioNs1rKI-00164-00046270-00046701 Everyone was sitting around here going shoot, golly gee, if only we had a licensed realtor
o54ioNs1rKI-00165-00046701-00046898 we could let more people move here!
o54ioNs1rKI-00166-00046898-00047331 But without someone to sell the land and the houses, it's physically impossible to build
o54ioNs1rKI-00167-00047331-00047431 them.
o54ioNs1rKI-00168-00047431-00047834 Our beautiful coniferous utopia just plum doesn't have the economy.
o54ioNs1rKI-00169-00047834-00048241 Anyway, I tell her to go ahead and set up shop, which it seems will take a few days,
o54ioNs1rKI-00170-00048241-00048798 but honestly, it is wild to me that the game's developers were like "hmmm, what's needed
o54ioNs1rKI-00171-00048798-00049241 to create homes in a forest?
o54ioNs1rKI-00172-00049241-00049341 A builder?
o54ioNs1rKI-00173-00049341-00049441 An engineer?
o54ioNs1rKI-00174-00049441-00049675 No, a real estate agent, obviously."
o54ioNs1rKI-00175-00049675-00049954 Before heading to bed I do some more evening hunting.
o54ioNs1rKI-00176-00049954-00050313 I'm curious whether different bugs will come out at night, but it doesn't seem that way.
o54ioNs1rKI-00177-00050313-00050663 In any case, within a single day I've managed to purchase the bug net, the pick, and the
o54ioNs1rKI-00178-00050663-00051025 first backpack upgrade, so getting money seems pretty easy.
o54ioNs1rKI-00179-00051025-00051434 Of course, a day is apparently about an hour long, which is a lot of time to cut down infinite
o54ioNs1rKI-00180-00051434-00051630 trees and catch interdimensional insects.
o54ioNs1rKI-00181-00051630-00052042 I honestly think that the days could easily be half as long and still have plenty of time
o54ioNs1rKI-00182-00052042-00052305 for everything you want to do in a day.
o54ioNs1rKI-00183-00052305-00052479 Day 4 is a rainy day.
o54ioNs1rKI-00184-00052479-00052898 The lighting effects are nice but we don't see any actual raindrops, which is fine.
o54ioNs1rKI-00185-00052898-00053237 The real estate office is under construction, so I go say hi to the neighbors.
o54ioNs1rKI-00186-00053237-00053767 I get my first villager quest, delivering something from Tola to Niko, next door.
o54ioNs1rKI-00187-00053767-00054426 I'm not sure if I should check in with Tola afterwards, so I'll just pop in and—
o54ioNs1rKI-00188-00054426-00054836 You know what, let's give Tola their privacy.
o54ioNs1rKI-00189-00054836-00055154 Anyway, I got a jacket as a thank-you for the delivery.
o54ioNs1rKI-00190-00055154-00055517 I'm not sure it suits me, but it does seem more appropriate to the rainy weather.
o54ioNs1rKI-00191-00055517-00055787 On the beach I meet Derris the homeless fisherbear.
o54ioNs1rKI-00192-00055787-00056156 Derris suggests I go fishing and gives me a crafting recipe for a pole!
o54ioNs1rKI-00193-00056156-00056333 All I need is...
o54ioNs1rKI-00194-00056333-00056433 Oh.
o54ioNs1rKI-00195-00056433-00056533 Grass tufts.
o54ioNs1rKI-00196-00056533-00056633 Which I've sold.
o54ioNs1rKI-00197-00056633-00056979 Guess I'll have to wait till the grass grows back.
o54ioNs1rKI-00198-00056979-00057174 A full day of bug hunting it is!
o54ioNs1rKI-00199-00057174-00057382 Actually, I'm not feeling the jacket.
o54ioNs1rKI-00200-00057382-00057486 Back to the t-shirt.
o54ioNs1rKI-00201-00057486-00057730 I'm tough, I can handle the rainy weather.
o54ioNs1rKI-00202-00057730-00058022 The beach seems to be the most profitable bug-hunting grounds.
o54ioNs1rKI-00203-00058022-00058391 These Dukes of Burgundy sell for 20 gil each, and I can get a lot of them pretty quickly
o54ioNs1rKI-00204-00058391-00058562 by just running back and forth.
o54ioNs1rKI-00205-00058562-00058937 I easily have enough for the next bag upgrade by the end of the day, but I decide to hold
o54ioNs1rKI-00206-00058937-00059066 off on buying it.
o54ioNs1rKI-00207-00059066-00059336 That realtor's office should open soon and I'm not sure how much it will cost me to buy
o54ioNs1rKI-00208-00059336-00059495 a house.
o54ioNs1rKI-00209-00059495-00059827 On Day 5, the grass has regrown, so I can finally make a fishing rod and catch some
o54ioNs1rKI-00210-00059827-00060181 hapless underwater creatures which I can presumably then sell.
o54ioNs1rKI-00211-00060181-00060474 The fishing mechanic is different from what I've seen in other games.
o54ioNs1rKI-00212-00060474-00060812 Similarly to Animal Crossing, you have to cast the line where a fish can see it, but
o54ioNs1rKI-00213-00060812-00061164 they move around enough that even if you miss, if you wait a minute it'll usually turn around
o54ioNs1rKI-00214-00061164-00061264 and grab the bait.
o54ioNs1rKI-00215-00061264-00061699 When a fish bites, you hit A to reel it in, but that opens a smaller minigame.
o54ioNs1rKI-00216-00061699-00062086 It's not difficult, but it takes a bit of time and can be a little tedious.
o54ioNs1rKI-00217-00062086-00062461 Basically, it's a lot of effort to catch a fish.
o54ioNs1rKI-00218-00062461-00062814 Derris also says I can attach bait to my pole in my inventory to make fishing easier, but
o54ioNs1rKI-00219-00062814-00063054 I can't find any way to do that.
o54ioNs1rKI-00220-00063054-00063245 Maybe worms don't work as bait?
o54ioNs1rKI-00221-00063245-00063560 Or maybe this is something that you can only do with a mouse and keyboard?
o54ioNs1rKI-00222-00063560-00063908 I was never able to figure it out, so if you know the answer, leave the explanation in
o54ioNs1rKI-00223-00063908-00064083 the comments please.
o54ioNs1rKI-00224-00064083-00064427 I want to sell my fish, but those flowers I planted the other day have also bloomed,
o54ioNs1rKI-00225-00064427-00064695 so Moss sets me to work decorating the town first.
o54ioNs1rKI-00226-00064695-00065083 Because who else would you trust to manage your town other than the random stranger who
o54ioNs1rKI-00227-00065083-00065614 came here by accident, and who, for some reason, no one has come looking for?
o54ioNs1rKI-00228-00065614-00066118 ...No one's come looking for me, right?
o54ioNs1rKI-00229-00066118-00066381 You'd tell me if they had.
o54ioNs1rKI-00230-00066381-00066520 Right?
o54ioNs1rKI-00231-00066520-00066958 Anyway, with all the effort it takes to catch a fish, I assume they will sell for a lot
o54ioNs1rKI-00232-00066958-00067164 of dubloons, but alas!
o54ioNs1rKI-00233-00067164-00067438 They don't really sell for any more than butterflies.
o54ioNs1rKI-00234-00067438-00067898 So basically, much like in Animal Crossing, fishing is tedious and basically useless other
o54ioNs1rKI-00235-00067898-00068330 than to fill in the collections, unless you enjoy the minigame I suppose.
o54ioNs1rKI-00236-00068330-00068707 I've also been asked by Oma to repair a stool and now we get our first look at the design
o54ioNs1rKI-00237-00068707-00068807 system.
o54ioNs1rKI-00238-00068807-00069358 This system is borderline unusable on a gamepad, and kind of wonky even on a mouse and keyboard.
o54ioNs1rKI-00239-00069358-00069735 You have to switch between modes to move, resize, and rotate pieces, and you have to
o54ioNs1rKI-00240-00069735-00070025 actually click the little arrows that appear.
o54ioNs1rKI-00241-00070025-00070336 But once you get used to the controls, I can see how this system can be used for making
o54ioNs1rKI-00242-00070336-00070504 all sorts of cool stuff.
o54ioNs1rKI-00243-00070504-00070824 And in fact, I'm immediately invited to try making my own furniture.
o54ioNs1rKI-00244-00070824-00071319 It takes me ages, but I create a son: Stoolman.
o54ioNs1rKI-00245-00071319-00071701 Unfortunately you can't actually sit on him because he's just a decorative object, not
o54ioNs1rKI-00246-00071701-00071801 a seat.
o54ioNs1rKI-00247-00071801-00072102 I'll have to buy the blueprints for the other types of furniture later.
o54ioNs1rKI-00248-00072102-00072451 When I finally finish making him, I realize that time was passing in the game the whole
o54ioNs1rKI-00249-00072451-00072569 time I was working.
o54ioNs1rKI-00250-00072569-00072976 This is fine, since the days are way too long anyway, but if time is passing I'd like to
o54ioNs1rKI-00251-00072976-00073263 see a clock in the design menu.
o54ioNs1rKI-00252-00073263-00073618 First I take Stoolman to the beach so he can enjoy the sounds of the ocean, then head back
o54ioNs1rKI-00253-00073618-00073881 to Sally and buy a bunch of different plans and recipes.
o54ioNs1rKI-00254-00073881-00074206 All those euros I earned catching bugs disappear pretty quickly.
o54ioNs1rKI-00255-00074206-00074575 Back to work zapping the interdimensional butterflies out of the air, I guess.
o54ioNs1rKI-00256-00074575-00074964 Back at the shop, Moss explains to me how to plant seeds, which is something I had to
o54ioNs1rKI-00257-00074964-00075268 figure out on my own several days ago.
o54ioNs1rKI-00258-00075268-00075469 Thanks, Moss.
o54ioNs1rKI-00259-00075469-00075806 Let's just put Stoolman somewhere everyone can appreciate him.
o54ioNs1rKI-00260-00075806-00075912 Here we go.
o54ioNs1rKI-00261-00075912-00076236 He can greet all the newcomers as they arrive.
o54ioNs1rKI-00262-00076236-00076451 Good boy.
o54ioNs1rKI-00263-00076451-00076824 One of the recipes I bought was for a bridge, which I suppose means I can cross the river
o54ioNs1rKI-00264-00076824-00077039 now and explore the rest of the forest.
o54ioNs1rKI-00265-00077039-00077289 It's super fiddly trying to make a bridge, though.
o54ioNs1rKI-00266-00077289-00077683 The designer lets you place items at the very edge of the building area, but then part of
o54ioNs1rKI-00267-00077683-00078014 the object is out of bounds and it won't let you save it.
o54ioNs1rKI-00268-00078014-00078397 By the time I finally make something acceptable, it's late at night, so exploring has to wait
o54ioNs1rKI-00269-00078397-00078549 for the morning.
o54ioNs1rKI-00270-00078549-00078689 And the morning brings adventure!
o54ioNs1rKI-00271-00078689-00079193 Naturally I indulge my darkest colonialist impulses and strip this new area for its natural
o54ioNs1rKI-00272-00079193-00079300 resources.
o54ioNs1rKI-00273-00079300-00079545 I'll plant more trees later.
o54ioNs1rKI-00274-00079545-00079712 I will.
o54ioNs1rKI-00275-00079712-00079862 Promise.
o54ioNs1rKI-00276-00079862-00080120 The new area is bigger than the initial one, but not huge.
o54ioNs1rKI-00277-00080120-00080547 There seem to be more places to explore off to the sides, but since my frail human body
o54ioNs1rKI-00278-00080547-00081124 lacks the ability to jump or take a big step up, I can't get there.
o54ioNs1rKI-00279-00081124-00081401 I do a bit more fishing and catch some more bugs.
o54ioNs1rKI-00280-00081401-00081651 The new area spawns lots of butterflies, so that's handy.
o54ioNs1rKI-00281-00081651-00082064 I also notice that every time I cross this bridge, it gives me a prompt to move it.
o54ioNs1rKI-00282-00082064-00082423 While it's great that we can move stuff around at will, the button prompt kind of kills the
o54ioNs1rKI-00283-00082423-00082547 immersion a bit.
o54ioNs1rKI-00284-00082547-00082982 I'd like to see a "construction mode" of some sort added later so we can keep that ability
o54ioNs1rKI-00285-00082982-00083312 without crowding the screen with constant button prompts.
o54ioNs1rKI-00286-00083312-00083691 There's another newcomer at the inn – another pig who seems to have some self-esteem problems.
o54ioNs1rKI-00287-00083691-00084080 I invite them to live here but they point out that there are no homes.
o54ioNs1rKI-00288-00084080-00084208 Fair enough!
o54ioNs1rKI-00289-00084208-00084619 I've noticed that you can copy things you've made in the designer, but I can't find a way
o54ioNs1rKI-00290-00084619-00085008 to save a blueprint to do it without having the item in my inventory, so I have to literally
o54ioNs1rKI-00291-00085008-00085331 pick up the bridge and carry it with me to the workshop to make another one.
o54ioNs1rKI-00292-00085331-00085754 I also figure I can probably build something to get me up on that ledge, so make a few
o54ioNs1rKI-00293-00085754-00085907 little ramps.
o54ioNs1rKI-00294-00085907-00086220 They... do not work.
o54ioNs1rKI-00295-00086220-00086351 Guess I'll sell them—GAH!
o54ioNs1rKI-00296-00086351-00086599 ...Hey there, Tola.
o54ioNs1rKI-00297-00086599-00086930 You playing hide-and-seek, buddy?
o54ioNs1rKI-00298-00086930-00087462 Anyway, I go to sell the ramps and I notice that they sell for a little more than the
o54ioNs1rKI-00299-00087462-00087591 cost of their materials.
o54ioNs1rKI-00300-00087591-00088042 Not a lot more, but still, I smell profits.
o54ioNs1rKI-00301-00088042-00088498 Let's head back to the workshop and—oh, I guess Tola found a better hiding spot – let's
o54ioNs1rKI-00302-00088498-00088843 head back to the workshop and see if we can game the system for Fun and Profit.
o54ioNs1rKI-00303-00088843-00089011 But first, fishing!
o54ioNs1rKI-00304-00089011-00089451 Derris the homeless fisherbear has a challenge for me: catch 5 fish in 5 minutes.
o54ioNs1rKI-00305-00089451-00089893 A minute per fish is actually not a lot given the complex minigame, but I manage to do it.
o54ioNs1rKI-00306-00089893-00090232 Looks like the challenge doesn't end until the timer runs out though, even if you complete
o54ioNs1rKI-00307-00090232-00090613 it, so I have to stand around until the clock hits zero before I get my reward.
o54ioNs1rKI-00308-00090613-00090773 How much of a reward is it?
o54ioNs1rKI-00309-00090773-00091188 I actually have no idea, it doesn't tell me and I wasn't paying attention to how much
o54ioNs1rKI-00310-00091188-00091382 money I had beforehand.
o54ioNs1rKI-00311-00091382-00091673 I spend the rest of the evening catching more butterflies and pondering how I might get
o54ioNs1rKI-00312-00091673-00091849 up on that ledge.
o54ioNs1rKI-00313-00091849-00092300 On Day 7, the real estate office is open and Rosa the capitalist pig is waiting inside.
o54ioNs1rKI-00314-00092300-00092645 Looks like I need to not only pay for the houses, I need to gather materials as well,
o54ioNs1rKI-00315-00092645-00092995 and there's only one house type I can easily get the materials for now.
o54ioNs1rKI-00316-00092995-00093435 I'd really like the little round one, but that requires "red wood", which is something
o54ioNs1rKI-00317-00093435-00093598 I haven't seen yet.
o54ioNs1rKI-00318-00093598-00094062 So instead I designate a spot for the new boring rectangular house, which... is going
o54ioNs1rKI-00319-00094062-00094162 to take a few days to build.
o54ioNs1rKI-00320-00094162-00094262 Of course it is.
o54ioNs1rKI-00321-00094262-00094726 A few hours of hunting bugs later, and I decide to investigate the exploitative possibilities
o54ioNs1rKI-00322-00094726-00094842 of the design system.
o54ioNs1rKI-00323-00094842-00095364 I make two items – literally a stick, and polly the plank of wood, and sell them.
o54ioNs1rKI-00324-00095364-00095861 A log normally sells for 1 bell, but an item made from 1 log sells for 2.
o54ioNs1rKI-00325-00095861-00096323 A plank normally sells for 3, and an item made from a plank sells for 4.
o54ioNs1rKI-00326-00096323-00096601 It's only a profit of 1 dollar per item, but still.
o54ioNs1rKI-00327-00096601-00096701 It's free money.
o54ioNs1rKI-00328-00096701-00097120 Anyway, I've been thinking about my ledge problem, and I think I have a solution.
o54ioNs1rKI-00329-00097120-00097549 You can't walk up a decorative item, but you can walk up a bridge.
o54ioNs1rKI-00330-00097549-00097986 So if I make a bridge that's basically just a ramp up to the level of the ledge, it should
o54ioNs1rKI-00331-00097986-00098192 let me get up there, right?
o54ioNs1rKI-00332-00098192-00098292 False.
o54ioNs1rKI-00333-00098292-00098392 Incorrect.
o54ioNs1rKI-00334-00098392-00098547 Doesn't work.
o54ioNs1rKI-00335-00098547-00098860 I try a few other tweaks on the design, but at every turn I'm prevented from getting up
o54ioNs1rKI-00336-00098860-00098995 to the top of the ledge.
o54ioNs1rKI-00337-00098995-00099288 I guess this isn't how I'm supposed to do it after all.
o54ioNs1rKI-00338-00099288-00099844 But I see trees and butterflies and such up there, so I'm hoping I will get a way up eventually.
o54ioNs1rKI-00339-00099844-00100064 I spend most of the rest of the day catching bugs and—NIKO!
o54ioNs1rKI-00340-00100064-00100387 Dude, how the hell did you get up there?
o54ioNs1rKI-00341-00100387-00100487 Seriously!
o54ioNs1rKI-00342-00100487-00101008 Show me your secrets you sorcerous purple proboscidean!
o54ioNs1rKI-00343-00101008-00101514 I hunt bugs for a while to pass the time, then head back to Moss to—wait, what's this?
o54ioNs1rKI-00344-00101514-00101913 The plank ramp sells for a HUNDRED quid?
o54ioNs1rKI-00345-00101913-00102139 That's literally just three planks.
o54ioNs1rKI-00346-00102139-00102387 That's 9 pounds worth of materials.
o54ioNs1rKI-00347-00102387-00102518 Surely this isn't intentional.
o54ioNs1rKI-00348-00102518-00102907 Surely the game developers just forgot to adjust the bridge recipe by material value.
o54ioNs1rKI-00349-00102907-00103453 Because I can make a bridge out of two sticks, and I have infinite wood.
o54ioNs1rKI-00350-00103453-00103985 Okay, let's take a beat and remember that this is a pre-early-access game and plenty
o54ioNs1rKI-00351-00103985-00104175 of stuff is still unbalanced.
o54ioNs1rKI-00352-00104175-00104518 This is obviously not something that will make it into the final game.
o54ioNs1rKI-00353-00104518-00105093 Which is why I need to exploit it now and make infinite money before they take it out.
o54ioNs1rKI-00354-00105093-00105481 I could keep going, but after I've bought every single item in Sally's design shop,
o54ioNs1rKI-00355-00105481-00105648 what's the point?
o54ioNs1rKI-00356-00105648-00105963 Visiting my neighbors the morning of day 8, Niko mentions something about hanging out
o54ioNs1rKI-00357-00105963-00106075 in a mine.
o54ioNs1rKI-00358-00106075-00106551 Alright, Niko, we know you know all the secrets of teleporting around our little village here
o54ioNs1rKI-00359-00106551-00106804 and getting to places that haven't been revealed to me yet.
o54ioNs1rKI-00360-00106804-00107065 No need to rub it in.
o54ioNs1rKI-00361-00107065-00107407 All the trees I planted a while ago have grown and honestly, they make it hard to see, so
o54ioNs1rKI-00362-00107407-00107578 I'm cutting them all down.
o54ioNs1rKI-00363-00107578-00107883 What will I do with all this wood just kidding I'm obviously going to turn it into obscene
o54ioNs1rKI-00364-00107883-00107985 amounts of currency.
o54ioNs1rKI-00365-00107985-00108332 In fact, better hit the infinite trees a few times as well.
o54ioNs1rKI-00366-00108332-00108464 Oh, yes.
o54ioNs1rKI-00367-00108464-00108661 Oh hell yes.
o54ioNs1rKI-00368-00108661-00109042 Well, I'm set for life, I guess.
o54ioNs1rKI-00369-00109042-00109143 Now what?
o54ioNs1rKI-00370-00109143-00109505 Might as well take Stoolman in for a little tuneup.
o54ioNs1rKI-00371-00109505-00109720 This boy needs a face.
o54ioNs1rKI-00372-00109720-00109869 There we go.
o54ioNs1rKI-00373-00109869-00110124 My little boy is all grown up and become Woodman.
o54ioNs1rKI-00374-00110124-00110345 I'm so proud.
o54ioNs1rKI-00375-00110345-00110502 I'm not sure what else to do at this point.
o54ioNs1rKI-00376-00110502-00110750 I'm basically just waiting for that house to be built.
o54ioNs1rKI-00377-00110750-00111082 No one else seems to have any story or quests for me, and there's definitely no point to
o54ioNs1rKI-00378-00111082-00111383 catching bugs anymore now that I have Infinite Moolah.
o54ioNs1rKI-00379-00111383-00111716 I decide to spend the rest of the day digging up all the grass and flowers in the main forest
o54ioNs1rKI-00380-00111716-00111955 area and replanting them somewhere out of the way.
o54ioNs1rKI-00381-00111955-00112185 Ah, that's better.
o54ioNs1rKI-00382-00112185-00112507 At this point, I'm pretty much just waiting for that house to finish getting built, since
o54ioNs1rKI-00383-00112507-00112759 it seems like nothing is going to happen until it does.
o54ioNs1rKI-00384-00112759-00113142 I could make some more art or something, but I want to make progress, so I basically go
o54ioNs1rKI-00385-00113142-00113363 right back to bed on Day 9.
o54ioNs1rKI-00386-00113363-00113723 On Day 10, the house is built, but it needs a bed and a light source before someone can
o54ioNs1rKI-00387-00113723-00113826 live there.
o54ioNs1rKI-00388-00113826-00114305 I have recipes for those things, but I don't have the materials to make a light source.
o54ioNs1rKI-00389-00114305-00114730 There's a bed for sale in the shop, so I just buy that, but there are no light sources around,
o54ioNs1rKI-00390-00114730-00115168 and the recipe requires four "bulbs" to complete – and unfortunately I don't know how to
o54ioNs1rKI-00391-00115168-00115268 make those.
o54ioNs1rKI-00392-00115268-00115768 I try digging up sand to make glass (which is surprisingly tedious – you'd think sand
o54ioNs1rKI-00393-00115768-00116420 would be easy to find on the, uh, beach, but it takes me in-game hours to get the 6 sand
o54ioNs1rKI-00394-00116420-00116984 required for one pane of glass), but glass doesn't seem to be the missing ingredient.
o54ioNs1rKI-00395-00116984-00117364 I guess I just need to sleep through the days until a light source appears in the shop.
o54ioNs1rKI-00396-00117364-00117680 I also discover that those white rocks on the beach can be broken with the pick for
o54ioNs1rKI-00397-00117680-00118044 chalk and stone, but that doesn't help either.
o54ioNs1rKI-00398-00118044-00118305 On Day 11, Tola asks me for a light source as well.
o54ioNs1rKI-00399-00118305-00118470 Give me a break, Tola.
o54ioNs1rKI-00400-00118470-00118755 I clearly don't have access to whatever materials are needed to make bulbs.
o54ioNs1rKI-00401-00118755-00119011 You don't have to rub it in.
o54ioNs1rKI-00402-00119011-00119352 I discover that those white rocks on the beach do respawn, which is cool.
o54ioNs1rKI-00403-00119352-00119704 The gray forest rocks have not respawned though, so I'm out of luck there.
o54ioNs1rKI-00404-00119704-00120019 While I'm waiting for a light to appear in the shop, I figure I'll designate a new house
o54ioNs1rKI-00405-00120019-00120119 to be built.
o54ioNs1rKI-00406-00120119-00120219 How about a beach house?
o54ioNs1rKI-00407-00120219-00120319 Sweet.
o54ioNs1rKI-00408-00120319-00120621 I duck into the workshop to see if I can find out what materials are needed to make bulbs,
o54ioNs1rKI-00409-00120621-00121048 but unfortunately the game seems to have glitched out and isn't showing me the materials.
o54ioNs1rKI-00410-00121048-00121181 Brilliant.
o54ioNs1rKI-00411-00121181-00121368 Days 12 and 13 nothing much happens.
o54ioNs1rKI-00412-00121368-00121650 I pretty much do a lap of the village and go straight back to bed.
o54ioNs1rKI-00413-00121650-00121868 But on Day 14, my luck changes at last.
o54ioNs1rKI-00414-00121868-00122018 Could it be?
o54ioNs1rKI-00415-00122018-00122214 An indoor light source!
o54ioNs1rKI-00416-00122214-00122314 Huzzah!
o54ioNs1rKI-00417-00122314-00122582 And for the low, low cost of free?
o54ioNs1rKI-00418-00122582-00122764 I'll take 10!
o54ioNs1rKI-00419-00122764-00123138 The house is finally inhabitable, and I'm given the choice of who to move in – myself,
o54ioNs1rKI-00420-00123138-00123435 or one of the two visitors who stopped by recently.
o54ioNs1rKI-00421-00123435-00123602 I go for Benny the bunny.
o54ioNs1rKI-00422-00123602-00123954 Unfortunately, nothing else seems to change.
o54ioNs1rKI-00423-00123954-00124242 The beach house is done as well, so I furnish that to make it my own.
o54ioNs1rKI-00424-00124242-00124609 I realize I can make a futon without having to go into the designer, and I'm not picky
o54ioNs1rKI-00425-00124609-00124742 about my bed.
o54ioNs1rKI-00426-00124742-00125263 In the process, I also discover that the materials crafting menu is super buggy with the gamepad.
o54ioNs1rKI-00427-00125263-00125568 Scrolling down the list with the left stick doesn't scroll the menu itself, so you have
o54ioNs1rKI-00428-00125568-00125889 to use both the left and right sticks to look through the list.
o54ioNs1rKI-00429-00125889-00126089 I'm sure this bug will be fixed before too long though.
o54ioNs1rKI-00430-00126089-00126328 Anyway, I'm a homeowner!
o54ioNs1rKI-00431-00126328-00126573 I've got a mailbox and everything.
o54ioNs1rKI-00432-00126573-00126708 Maybe something else will happen now?
o54ioNs1rKI-00433-00126708-00127154 Like I'll get a way up that ledge, or access to that mine I've heard so much about?
o54ioNs1rKI-00434-00127154-00127490 Well, there's a computer in the shop that will let me share my blueprints with other
o54ioNs1rKI-00435-00127490-00127590 people.
o54ioNs1rKI-00436-00127590-00127691 That's something, I guess.
o54ioNs1rKI-00437-00127691-00127869 But not what I was hoping for.
o54ioNs1rKI-00438-00127869-00128268 Anyway, here's my creator code if you want to put a copy of Woodman in your own village.
o54ioNs1rKI-00439-00128268-00128495 Definitely send me a screenshot on Twitter or Discord if you do.
o54ioNs1rKI-00440-00128495-00128679 Links are in the description below.
o54ioNs1rKI-00441-00128679-00128980 I get another house designated to be built, but I'm a little disappointed that I still
o54ioNs1rKI-00442-00128980-00129133 don't have more materials.
o54ioNs1rKI-00443-00129133-00129236 Where is this red wood?
o54ioNs1rKI-00444-00129236-00129336 How do I get it?
o54ioNs1rKI-00445-00129336-00129803 Do I need to be *cringe* "patient"?
o54ioNs1rKI-00446-00129803-00130131 I go to sleep in my new house and wake up in the morning to mail: there's apparently
o54ioNs1rKI-00447-00130131-00130317 a fishing tournament today!
o54ioNs1rKI-00448-00130317-00130766 But unfortunately, an update came out that broke my save file and I will have to start
o54ioNs1rKI-00449-00130766-00130939 over from the beginning again.
o54ioNs1rKI-00450-00130939-00131177 Such is the price of playing games in pre-early-access!
o54ioNs1rKI-00451-00131177-00131679 Overall, Hokko Life seems like it's on a good track to become a great game.
o54ioNs1rKI-00452-00131679-00132019 The visual style is really beautiful and the music and sound design are lovely as well,
o54ioNs1rKI-00453-00132019-00132341 although some audio controls are desperately needed in the settings.
o54ioNs1rKI-00454-00132341-00132673 I'm definitely intrigued and I'm definitely going to keep playing.
o54ioNs1rKI-00455-00132673-00132826 Some bits of the game do need some work.
o54ioNs1rKI-00456-00132826-00133027 Some of it is just bugs and balancing.
o54ioNs1rKI-00457-00133027-00133393 There probably shouldn't be infinite wood outside the workshop: either the trees should
o54ioNs1rKI-00458-00133393-00133806 not respawn, or they should regrow only once per day, or they should be immune to chopping
o54ioNs1rKI-00459-00133806-00133934 them down.
o54ioNs1rKI-00460-00133934-00134248 And obviously the price of the bridge should be dependent on the materials used to make
o54ioNs1rKI-00461-00134248-00134348 it.
o54ioNs1rKI-00462-00134348-00134533 Not that I'm complaining, mind you.
o54ioNs1rKI-00463-00134533-00134882 I think my biggest complaint is with the stamina bar for running.
o54ioNs1rKI-00464-00134882-00135005 Why is it there?
o54ioNs1rKI-00465-00135005-00135436 The days are so long and time passes so slowly that there's no reason whatsoever to limit
o54ioNs1rKI-00466-00135436-00135538 how fast you can move.
o54ioNs1rKI-00467-00135538-00135930 And besides that, you have infinite energy to do things like cutting down trees and breaking
o54ioNs1rKI-00468-00135930-00136035 rocks.
o54ioNs1rKI-00469-00136035-00136413 In similar games like Animal Crossing and Stardew Valley, you can run forever if you
o54ioNs1rKI-00470-00136413-00136594 want to with no limitations.
o54ioNs1rKI-00471-00136594-00136980 It feels to me like someone on the development team really liked the stamina meter in Breath
o54ioNs1rKI-00472-00136980-00137431 of the Wild and wanted to remake it for Hokko Life, but there's just no reason for it to
o54ioNs1rKI-00473-00137431-00137545 be there.
o54ioNs1rKI-00474-00137545-00137921 There's a reason for the meter in Zelda – your stamina has to be limited because stamina
o54ioNs1rKI-00475-00137921-00138148 management is a critical aspect of the game.
o54ioNs1rKI-00476-00138148-00138327 But there's none of that here.
o54ioNs1rKI-00477-00138327-00138739 It just limits you for the sake of limiting you, and it's pretty annoying after a while.
o54ioNs1rKI-00478-00138739-00139104 I'm sure someone worked really hard to implement that meter, but honestly, I hope they get
o54ioNs1rKI-00479-00139104-00139257 rid of it entirely.
o54ioNs1rKI-00480-00139257-00139759 Set the code for it aside for a future project where managing energy is actually relevant.
o54ioNs1rKI-00481-00139759-00140059 Other critiques are that the days are just too long, and could probably be reduced by
o54ioNs1rKI-00482-00140059-00140313 about half without impacting the slow pace of the game.
o54ioNs1rKI-00483-00140313-00140620 The constant prompts to move and pick up items are a little annoying and I'd like them to
o54ioNs1rKI-00484-00140620-00140943 be hidden unless you enter a "building mode" which reveals them.
o54ioNs1rKI-00485-00140943-00141278 And one last thing, I'd like to see some default design recipes.
o54ioNs1rKI-00486-00141278-00141615 Like, it's really cool that I can design a bridge from scratch and make it look however
o54ioNs1rKI-00487-00141615-00142047 I want, but it would be really handy to just have a basic default one you can make without
o54ioNs1rKI-00488-00142047-00142250 having to spend ages in the designer.
o54ioNs1rKI-00489-00142250-00142569 I suppose the computer that I just unlocked at the shop might give me access to simple
o54ioNs1rKI-00490-00142569-00142931 designs made by other players which I can make quickly, but since you need a creator
o54ioNs1rKI-00491-00142931-00143304 code to find such designs, I don't really have access to that just yet.
o54ioNs1rKI-00492-00143304-00143670 On a similar note, I'd like a way to save blueprints that I've made so I can remake
o54ioNs1rKI-00493-00143670-00144067 them later without having to copy an item in my inventory – which, again, it's possible
o54ioNs1rKI-00494-00144067-00144429 is already in the game via that computer, but I haven't had a chance to try it.
o54ioNs1rKI-00495-00144429-00144677 That's about it for my first impressions of Hokko Life.
o54ioNs1rKI-00496-00144677-00145076 If you're looking for an Animal-Crossing-like game to play on PC, this one is probably the
o54ioNs1rKI-00497-00145076-00145506 closest you're going to get, but it definitely still has a long way to go before it's finished.
o54ioNs1rKI-00498-00145506-00145886 If you go for the early access version to support development, just be prepared to encounter
o54ioNs1rKI-00499-00145886-00146287 a lot of bugs and balance issues until the game is finished and polished up.
o54ioNs1rKI-00500-00146287-00146422 That's it for this video.
o54ioNs1rKI-00501-00146422-00146796 Thanks to the developers for letting me try the game, thanks to my patrons for their support,
o54ioNs1rKI-00502-00146796-00146910 and thank YOU for watching.
o54ioNs1rKI-00503-00146910-00147319 Like, subscribe, leave a comment, and sign up for my patreon if you can because these
o54ioNs1rKI-00504-00147319-00147626 animal villagers aren't the only ones being crushed by capitalism over here.
o6ohHkwxd_U-00000-00000000-00000200 Chicken Royale Malaysia 
o6ohHkwxd_U-00001-00000200-00000400 Street food 
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or0e1SAuCfu-00000-00048064-00050852 Free GUTS Sales Mindmap-www.ZoomClaude.com
orINV2LieS4-00000-00000000-00000307 Welcome to another video about our resume series.
orINV2LieS4-00001-00000307-00000923 On this video, we're going to talk about how to format your CV or resume if you are a fresh graduate.
orINV2LieS4-00002-00000923-00001602 somebody with a different job background, or if you have a flight attendant experience before.
orINV2LieS4-00003-00001602-00001966 So listen up and learn and let's get right to the video now.
orINV2LieS4-00005-00003108-00003513 What to do if you don't have any flight attendant experience or if you don't
orINV2LieS4-00006-00003513-00003690 have any experience at all?
orINV2LieS4-00007-00003690-00004052 You're a fresh graduate  - fresh from the barn!
orINV2LieS4-00008-00004052-00004556 So what you will do is highlight your other skills.
orINV2LieS4-00009-00004556-00005253 For example, if in school you learn how to do the sign language you could put it there sign other skill sign
orINV2LieS4-00010-00005253-00005706 language English skills communication skills.
orINV2LieS4-00011-00005706-00006382 If you know other languages, for example you know Nihongo or you know Chinese,
orINV2LieS4-00012-00006382-00006750 "say Chinese speaker or Japanese speaker".
orINV2LieS4-00013-00006750-00007372 That would be the best way to represent you aside from putting in your educational attainment.
orINV2LieS4-00014-00007372-00007698 And now my tip for you, you have a previous job experience but it's not a flight attendant experience,
orINV2LieS4-00015-00007698-00008106 then you highlight your skills. You should use a format called a combination format.
orINV2LieS4-00016-00008106-00008652 You put your name on top and then you put in the skills and qualifications after that
orINV2LieS4-00017-00008652-00009264 and then your work experience.
orINV2LieS4-00018-00009264-00010247 So what this does is it highlights the transferable skills that you have, like when I talked about earlier about being
orINV2LieS4-00019-00010247-00010672 a call center agent, the communication skills, and the customer service skills, put that first on top.
orINV2LieS4-00020-00010672-00011488 Then that way they can easily imagine you as a flight attendant.
orINV2LieS4-00021-00011676-00011926 Now if you are a previous flight attendant, you should put your flight attendant experience on top.
orINV2LieS4-00022-00011926-00012813 After your name and your contact details, and your personal info, put in your work
orINV2LieS4-00023-00012813-00013269 experience, the years that you have worked on the flight attendant field,
orINV2LieS4-00024-00013269-00013822 also the different duties that you have done for the company.
orINV2LieS4-00025-00013822-00014516 Like for example greeting passengers assisting passengers and instructing them on safety.
orINV2LieS4-00026-00014516-00014930 Again, use the action words that I've said earlier on our previous tip.
orINV2LieS4-00027-00014930-00015349 So put down the different duties that you have performed for your
orINV2LieS4-00028-00015349-00015853 current company or for your previous company and then that way if it's so
orINV2LieS4-00029-00015853-00016278 much easier for the hiring manager to see you working for them.
orINV2LieS4-00030-00016278-00016819 If you'd like to have more tips about your interview, check out my book and my online courses.
orINV2LieS4-00031-00016819-00016978 I will link that down below.
orINV2LieS4-00032-00016978-00017206 So that's the only tip for you guys for your resume if you are applying for the job as a flight attendant.
orINV2LieS4-00033-00017206-00018229 Make sure that you like this video and subscribe if you haven't yet subscribed already.
orINV2LieS4-00034-00018229-00018494 I will see you, guys on the next video.
orINV2LieS4-00035-00018494-00018714 Fly you soon!
osUGsSSuUEc-00006-00002560-00002885 I am right now on the "Bridge of Americas"
osUGsSSuUEc-00007-00002885-00003279 Across the very famous Panama Canal
osUGsSSuUEc-00008-00003375-00003671 Considering that hotels are very expensive in Panama
osUGsSSuUEc-00009-00003688-00004050 I have taken the habit to ask for hospitality in fire stations
osUGsSSuUEc-00010-00004050-00004400 And tonight I sleep in a fire truck !
osUGsSSuUEc-00011-00004651-00004774 I'm gonna sleep here
osUGsSSuUEc-00012-00004842-00005016 Wake up at 6 o'clock
osUGsSSuUEc-00013-00005150-00005350 In a fire station, again
osUGsSSuUEc-00014-00005450-00005600 Breakfast time
osUGsSSuUEc-00017-00005869-00006180 Generally I take advantage of fresh hours in the morning
osUGsSSuUEc-00018-00006180-00006340 To run roughly for 2 hours
osUGsSSuUEc-00019-00006447-00006691 Once the heat has come
osUGsSSuUEc-00020-00006731-00006901 I walk for the rest of the day
osUGsSSuUEc-00022-00007900-00008300 Best idea ever : some showers in the gas stations
osUGsSSuUEc-00023-00008800-00009100 People are not very friendly in Panama
osUGsSSuUEc-00024-00009185-00009400 But I there is nothing to do, so I keep going
osUGsSSuUEc-00025-00009433-00009661 To reach Costa Rica as soon as possible
osUGsSSuUEc-00026-00009725-00009848 A light rain !
osUGsSSuUEc-00027-00009892-00009992 That's awesome !
osUGsSSuUEc-00028-00010051-00010450 That's a true joy to get a little bit of freshness coming from the skye...
osUGsSSuUEc-00029-00010650-00011000 Marino Ballena natural reserve (Costa Rica)
osUGsSSuUEc-00030-00011400-00011700 I am on the Pacific coast in Costa Rica
osUGsSSuUEc-00031-00011760-00012062 And I have to say I enjoy some exceptional landscapes
osUGsSSuUEc-00032-00012062-00012300 With some lush forest on one hand,
osUGsSSuUEc-00033-00012300-00012700 And on the other hand that kind of scenery with gorgeous beaches
osUGsSSuUEc-00038-00015400-00015800 I eventually got invited by local people of Costa Rica
osUGsSSuUEc-00039-00015924-00016250 To go fishing... Very nice people
osUGsSSuUEc-00040-00016316-00016416 What are your names ?
osUGsSSuUEc-00041-00016422-00016700 Clara ! Hey Virgile !
osUGsSSuUEc-00042-00016806-00017051 He his name is Enrique
osUGsSSuUEc-00043-00017084-00017300 The owner of the boat is Juan
osUGsSSuUEc-00044-00017350-00017500 And she is my cousin
osUGsSSuUEc-00045-00017618-00017757 What a beautiful camera !
osUGsSSuUEc-00046-00017795-00018200 Yes... And thank you so much for the invitation !
osUGsSSuUEc-00049-00019000-00019200 Our first fish is a dog !
osUGsSSuUEc-00055-00021500-00021600 Crocodiles !
osUGsSSuUEc-00056-00021689-00021916 In their natural habitat moreover, that's nice
osUGsSSuUEc-00057-00022094-00022299 These animals are absolutely incredible...
osUGsSSuUEc-00058-00022427-00022723 They look like prehistoric animals, even close to dinosaurs
osUGsSSuUEc-00059-00022723-00022864 Very impressive
osUGsSSuUEc-00060-00025200-00025400 It doesn't seem so, but it's hot !
osUGsSSuUEc-00061-00025541-00025709 Here I am in Nicaragua !
osUGsSSuUEc-00062-00025739-00026039 Third country on my way in Central America
osUGsSSuUEc-00064-00028426-00028736 Here I am in Managua, Nicaragua's capital
osUGsSSuUEc-00065-00028763-00029139 Which is now in a regime of dictatorship, let's say it
osUGsSSuUEc-00066-00029311-00029599 That led at the beginning of 2018
osUGsSSuUEc-00067-00029613-00029867 To a violent crisis, economic first
osUGsSSuUEc-00068-00029960-00030100 And then politic and social
osUGsSSuUEc-00069-00030139-00030459 With various clashes between inhabitants and police
osUGsSSuUEc-00073-00031500-00031700 What to do in case of a volcanic eruption ?
osUGsSSuUEc-00074-00031700-00031800 1 volcano
osUGsSSuUEc-00075-00031800-00031900 2 volcanoes
osUGsSSuUEc-00076-00031900-00032024 3 volcanoes
osUGsSSuUEc-00077-00032024-00032150 4 volcanoes
osUGsSSuUEc-00078-00032200-00032300 5 volcanoes
osUGsSSuUEc-00079-00032352-00032450 6 volcanoes
osUGsSSuUEc-00080-00032500-00032600 7 volcanoes
osUGsSSuUEc-00081-00032673-00032794 And the eighth
osUGsSSuUEc-00087-00034476-00034630 I am now in Honduras
osUGsSSuUEc-00088-00034630-00034900 Yes, we don't stop changing of countries !
osUGsSSuUEc-00089-00034910-00035340 Honduras is in theory one of the most dangerous countries in the world
osUGsSSuUEc-00090-00035340-00035595 So I have to admit I'm not gonna stick around
osUGsSSuUEc-00091-00035625-00035900 But it's just a short 3 days jump
osUGsSSuUEc-00092-00035900-00036159 To go from Nicaragua to Salvador
osUGsSSuUEc-00093-00036159-00036300 Border of El Salvador
osUGsSSuUEc-00094-00036300-00036500 At the end of the third day
osUGsSSuUEc-00095-00036500-00036819 I reach this last border this month
osUGsSSuUEc-00096-00036819-00036936 To get into Salvador
osUGsSSuUEc-00097-00037046-00037250 And of course next month
osUGsSSuUEc-00098-00037250-00037500 We will keep going through Central America
osUGsSSuUEc-00099-00037500-00037718 So in Salvador, next Guatemala
osUGsSSuUEc-00100-00037785-00038100 And at the end to reach the huge country of Mexico !
ot36pMARAzY-00000-00000156-00000690 hi friends and golfers Eric Robert E Davis golf etfgolf.com I'm trying to show you one of my
ot36pMARAzY-00001-00000690-00001206 students and I'm just really proud of um with just massive changes that he's made in this golf swing
ot36pMARAzY-00002-00001314-00001770 um really neat and I'll show you you know kind of a breakthrough we had today I was
ot36pMARAzY-00003-00001770-00002226 working on it and stuff but I just want to show you where we this is kind of where we started
ot36pMARAzY-00004-00002310-00002712 you know see he was hidden way behind it really fat all the time maybe not
ot36pMARAzY-00005-00002712-00003384 a big surprise when you see this right look how far he came out there that land outside
ot36pMARAzY-00006-00003384-00003797 look how far out he is here so he's moved what his head maybe four inches or something
ot36pMARAzY-00007-00004368-00004776 coming down and he was you know severely over the top could be eight and nine
ot36pMARAzY-00008-00004830-00005454 at times you know a good one was four you know so negative four
ot36pMARAzY-00009-00005868-00006300 he's athletic though so I mean you can kind of see what he's doing how
ot36pMARAzY-00010-00006300-00006648 he he figured out how to get his hips open but just you know it's an interesting kind
ot36pMARAzY-00011-00006648-00006990 of move he makes so he goes here watch what he does just flip here
ot36pMARAzY-00012-00007218-00007770 is that mass and move right there so he gets wide open and promises he's not but he's doing
ot36pMARAzY-00013-00007770-00008214 right here and that's what I explained to a lot of people right here what he has to do to hit this
ot36pMARAzY-00014-00008214-00008958 ball because of what happened here he put himself in such a position now this is so far across
ot36pMARAzY-00015-00008958-00009594 the line he came way in and what is he gonna do like what option does he have for this right now
ot36pMARAzY-00016-00009714-00010440 yeah Club is coming his hand path is coming out right towards the ball so yes it was steep
ot36pMARAzY-00017-00010440-00011052 so it's like what option do you have you had this option you throw it at it and you stay back right
ot36pMARAzY-00018-00011118-00011886 so um you know never gets far enough and he's here but you know fat shots all the time Shanks
ot36pMARAzY-00019-00011964-00012504 um and you can see how far right he's looking at it and after you know sometimes he would dial it
ot36pMARAzY-00020-00012504-00013050 in and hit the ball pretty good um because he's athletic if he played enough and we've talked
ot36pMARAzY-00021-00013050-00013446 quite a bit about it like you're athletic you know if you play four times in a week
ot36pMARAzY-00022-00013518-00013919 you know you're gonna start grooving it and you know it's like proof we talked a bit about today
ot36pMARAzY-00023-00013919-00014334 he hadn't played in a while and you know it kind of suffered a little bit his swinging between
ot36pMARAzY-00024-00014334-00014819 because it's too much timing and we're wanting to get rid of it so I want to show you some of
ot36pMARAzY-00025-00014819-00015438 those differences just today these huge ones and so we are working on a drill here of setting the
ot36pMARAzY-00026-00015438-00016002 club early okay I wanted it to be steep here well steep for him normally this thing would
ot36pMARAzY-00027-00016002-00016710 be flat now I wanted to make sure it's in between his feet and the ball right now by the time it's
ot36pMARAzY-00028-00016710-00017220 here so that was a big push to get this to happen okay without worrying about shoulder
ot36pMARAzY-00029-00017220-00017958 turn it's just like just do let's just get there okay now there's um when he's here he's going to
ot36pMARAzY-00030-00017958-00018378 take a little pause and make get this down he's going to throw it back to about eight o'clock
ot36pMARAzY-00031-00019044-00019476 that's his hands coming back we got the club Behind the hands you see the path of point two
ot36pMARAzY-00032-00019704-00020076 look at the low point five six these are always like negative three on the right side before
ot36pMARAzY-00033-00020256-00020784 so he takes and throws it and the other main thing is we did today worked very hard on this
ot36pMARAzY-00034-00020784-00021348 is when you get here I want this wrist to be flat when you throw it down to number eight
ot36pMARAzY-00035-00021348-00021690 so if six would be you know right behind you 12 right in front
ot36pMARAzY-00036-00021822-00022290 um so I want the club behind his hand so he can rotate so yes it's going to feel
ot36pMARAzY-00037-00022290-00022842 like you're casting but watch what happens to him this rotation look where he's at now
ot36pMARAzY-00038-00023052-00023292 compared to you know this
ot36pMARAzY-00039-00023604-00023670 foreign
ot36pMARAzY-00040-00024054-00024756 now he's 5.6 in front he has attack angle down it was up all the time before
ot36pMARAzY-00041-00024948-00025776 um path was negative you know like 11 9 7 5 crazy numbers and now his hands are in front do we have
ot36pMARAzY-00042-00025776-00026183 some work to do yeah I mean you can see there's some like structured work that needs to be fixed
ot36pMARAzY-00043-00026183-00026910 but you know it it's it's progress as we go through like as we go through this you know
ot36pMARAzY-00044-00026910-00027474 he'll we'll work on that at some point right now it's really important for him to make sure
ot36pMARAzY-00045-00027474-00027954 this risk gets in the right position at the top of the swing and then he feels you know
ot36pMARAzY-00046-00027954-00028350 kind of this little casting move that puts him in a position where the clothes behind him and
ot36pMARAzY-00047-00028350-00028920 then he can just rotate as hard as he wants but he's fighting staying back he wants to stay back
ot36pMARAzY-00048-00028920-00029483 behind it because that's what he had to do before so it's real hard for him to get forward Okay so
ot36pMARAzY-00049-00029568-00030018 it'll change over time you know piece by piece so it you know it's chunking you know you want
ot36pMARAzY-00050-00030018-00030533 to just continually work on it and today I had him see this club with 70 miles per hour
ot36pMARAzY-00051-00030618-00031086 um slow for him and you know but it was just great
ot36pMARAzY-00052-00031488-00031974 you know he was doing most of them where you've come here today you'd come here he would make the
ot36pMARAzY-00053-00031974-00032316 move where a fella is casting a little bit down here and you have the club at about eight and
ot36pMARAzY-00054-00032316-00032916 then just rotate like crazy and boom it was great so uh just want to show you his changes because
ot36pMARAzY-00055-00032916-00033516 I'm so proud of him job he's done and um I'll show them to you again after you know another month or
ot36pMARAzY-00056-00033516-00034002 something and show you where we're at I'm hoping by that time we can kind of clean up this and get
ot36pMARAzY-00057-00034002-00034494 it more forward and quit the hanging back at all that he kind of wants to do on some of them this
ot36pMARAzY-00058-00034494-00035040 one doesn't show it as much but there'd be others that see that first move here where he's like I'm
ot36pMARAzY-00059-00035040-00035430 like just please just go forward from Top all the way forward let's see where he goes there
ot36pMARAzY-00060-00035520-00036240 spending that right but here's the thing he needed to do that before with what he was doing right so
ot36pMARAzY-00061-00036300-00036822 um hope you enjoyed or Egypt off EJ askgolf.com thank you for watching
ot36pMARAzY-00062-00036822-00036860 [Music]
ouU-NO_pBSI-00000-00000000-00000200 The views were down to 100 forthis happening with one of my videos. The last time also kept it visible, so I am sorry for tis.
ovRhVY0HRBY-00000-00000352-00000684 This is our squat and steering wheel using the ZIVA Grip Ball. 
ovRhVY0HRBY-00001-00000684-00001200 We go to a squatted position here, and then we are going to rotate 
ovRhVY0HRBY-00002-00001200-00001544 the ZIVA Grip Ball in a 
ovRhVY0HRBY-00003-00001544-00001939 clockwise and counter-clockwise motion. So we are squatted down, we reach forward to
ovRhVY0HRBY-00004-00001939-00002080 a position that is comfortable for you,
ovRhVY0HRBY-00005-00002080-00002461 and then we are going to rotate the ball.
ovRhVY0HRBY-00006-00002461-00002870 This is going to help the shoulder blades get some movement so we aren't so tight up there. 
ovRhVY0HRBY-00007-00002876-00003214 Also, going to need a significant amount of work in the hips
ovRhVY0HRBY-00008-00003214-00003619 as they shift back and forth. If somebody cannot 
ovRhVY0HRBY-00009-00003619-00004057 stay in that squatted position or you cannot, you can squat down,
ovRhVY0HRBY-00010-00004057-00004431 reach, rotate,  and then stand back up.
ovRhVY0HRBY-00011-00004431-00004760 That way squatted position will not be taxing on the hip.
ovRhVY0HRBY-00012-00004760-00005173 This is your steering wheel pattern with our ZIVA Grip Ball. 
owhFvJZeiqM-00000-00000000-00001378 {Mellow Music}
owhFvJZeiqM-00001-00001402-00001892 Hi, my name is Imani Harris. I am a fourth year here studying English with a
owhFvJZeiqM-00002-00001892-00002213 concentration in creative writing and I'm the president of Never Let Your
owhFvJZeiqM-00003-00002213-00002640 Pen Dry, a spoken word organization on campus.
owhFvJZeiqM-00004-00002640-00002916 [any time I come home from college to be honest
owhFvJZeiqM-00005-00002916-00003184 man I'm hurting who knew that more education would feel like
owhFvJZeiqM-00006-00003184-00003532 a burden I'm just sitting looking at my city's position and wishing that these
owhFvJZeiqM-00007-00003532-00003928 colleges gave out more money for tuition and I'm wishing]
owhFvJZeiqM-00008-00003928-00004168 And after getting involved with the organization, um, doing
owhFvJZeiqM-00009-00004168-00004310 a lot-- few of their writing workshops and
owhFvJZeiqM-00010-00004310-00004754 going to their open mic nights on and off campus, I kind of realized that maybe
owhFvJZeiqM-00011-00004754-00005041 I should switch to a different major that would accommodate more of my
owhFvJZeiqM-00012-00005041-00005588 creative side and my interest in English and things like that. So I switched my
owhFvJZeiqM-00013-00005588-00006035 sophomore year just because I really needed that type of environment and the
owhFvJZeiqM-00014-00006035-00006317 creative writing courses and the workshops provided it for me. I just
owhFvJZeiqM-00015-00006317-00006659 wanted to kind of write for people who did look like me and who did need
owhFvJZeiqM-00016-00006659-00007045 someone who could share their voice and bring a platform to it.
owhFvJZeiqM-00017-00007045-00007364 [that I could change the system with the visions I've been having in my mind but honestly that
owhFvJZeiqM-00018-00007364-00007670 stuff takes time and I don't know if I'm that patient I'm waiting for the days
owhFvJZeiqM-00019-00007670-00008006 that I'll be writing dissertations putting letters by my name look my only
owhFvJZeiqM-00020-00008006-00008312 competition right now is myself so I'm just battling my demons while I'm
owhFvJZeiqM-00021-00008312-00008606 dodging everyone else they're saying that I changed yeah I know]
owhFvJZeiqM-00022-00008606-00008902 When you do into the community, spoken word is-- it's more
owhFvJZeiqM-00023-00008902-00009122 of an informal form and the point of it
owhFvJZeiqM-00024-00009122-00009620 is kind of to destigmatize a lot of the beliefs around what type of art is
owhFvJZeiqM-00025-00009620-00009850 acceptable in spaces like this.
owhFvJZeiqM-00026-00009850-00010106 [you can call it change or growth which ever one you prefer
owhFvJZeiqM-00027-00010106-00010406 Imma get the life I deserve I'm working so hard so I will never be a statistic]
owhFvJZeiqM-00028-00010406-00010676 A good poet that I met named Danez Smith,
owhFvJZeiqM-00029-00010676-00011135 who the English department brought, um, they said that if you're a good poet you
owhFvJZeiqM-00030-00011135-00011459 should be able to tell when you say it out loud and also when you say a poem
owhFvJZeiqM-00031-00011459-00011849 like when you see it on the page and for me I knew I didn't have any page skills
owhFvJZeiqM-00032-00011849-00012188 so I was like I can convince you here, but like how do I convince people if
owhFvJZeiqM-00033-00012188-00012396 they were just to look at the poem itself.
owhFvJZeiqM-00034-00012396-00012649 [I'm looking at my city and I swear I'll make a difference starting
owhFvJZeiqM-00035-00012650-00012836 in the community the struggle is nothing new to me]
owhFvJZeiqM-00036-00012836-00013322 So a big focus of the organization is to first, get people like aware that
owhFvJZeiqM-00037-00013322-00013651 spoken word is a form of poetry that should be seen as legitimate,
owhFvJZeiqM-00038-00013651-00014071 um, because a lot of our poets use a lot of the same tools that you would find in
owhFvJZeiqM-00039-00014071-00014172 an English class .
owhFvJZeiqM-00040-00014172-00014404 [I'm working so my children will never have to see the day
owhFvJZeiqM-00041-00014404-00014631 they worked ten times harder just to get paid ten times less
owhFvJZeiqM-00042-00014631-00014820 than a white man sitting at a desk but honestly
owhFvJZeiqM-00043-00014820-00014991 I say I'm blessed to even be in this position]
owhFvJZeiqM-00044-00014991-00015312 The Department of Social Change has an opportunity every semester
owhFvJZeiqM-00045-00015312-00015738 for students to volunteer, to work at one of the many sites that they have.
owhFvJZeiqM-00046-00015738-00016113 That point is to work with incarcerated youth and to mentor them and to make sure that
owhFvJZeiqM-00047-00016113-00016470 once we come in there, that they will have the tools that when they do reenter
owhFvJZeiqM-00048-00016470-00016766 society, that they can be more productive in their communities and
owhFvJZeiqM-00049-00016766-00017020 to create just positive awareness.
owhFvJZeiqM-00050-00017020-00017198 [I swear I'll make a difference I'm looking at the
owhFvJZeiqM-00051-00017198-00017553 sky I don't think that it's the limit so I'm pushing past every opportunity I'm
owhFvJZeiqM-00052-00017553-00017844 given I'm trying to make a better living not for myself but for my
owhFvJZeiqM-00053-00017844-00018189 children and yeah I know I'm just one girl but I swear to God one day that I'm
owhFvJZeiqM-00054-00018189-00018446 gonna change the world look]
owhFvJZeiqM-00055-00018446-00018672 We do writing workshops with them where we
owhFvJZeiqM-00056-00018672-00019181 analyze hip-hop lyrics and instead of just taking hip-hop as this like, oh yeah this
owhFvJZeiqM-00057-00019181-00019467 is just them doing this thing, it's analyzing the words it's saying how
owhFvJZeiqM-00058-00019467-00019806 there is poetry and poetics in it. And I wouldn't be able to do that if I wasn't
owhFvJZeiqM-00059-00019806-00020010 an English major
owhFvJZeiqM-00060-00020862-00021337 [she was asking for it she knew what she was doing when she put on that tight
owhFvJZeiqM-00061-00021337-00021790 skirt crop top so high that it's barely a shirt see I'm a man what you expect me
owhFvJZeiqM-00062-00021790-00022192 to do respect her word see society says I don't have to so I put my needs first
owhFvJZeiqM-00063-00022192-00022564 so fuck her literally that's what I'm about to do spike a drink and give it to
owhFvJZeiqM-00064-00022564-00022894 her telling her it's  just juice hoping that this drink will give her enough
owhFvJZeiqM-00065-00022894-00023272 juice to move over to the dance floor the way she's dressed would suggest this
owhFvJZeiqM-00066-00023272-00023644 is exactly what she asked for and as we dance more I'm moving my hands more up
owhFvJZeiqM-00067-00023644-00023899 her skirt to the point where we're not dancing anymore
owhFvJZeiqM-00068-00023899-00024208 see we're past the dance floor see we're past the crowded campus now we're
owhFvJZeiqM-00069-00024208-00024553 closer to my dorm room hoping that the people who see us will just assume that
owhFvJZeiqM-00070-00024553-00024919 she's another drunk girl not someone who's about to get raped by me and a
owhFvJZeiqM-00071-00024919-00025360 couple of my dudes see we like the tag-team we like to have sex after one time
owhFvJZeiqM-00072-00025360-00025695 asking because that first consent is really all we need and who gonna stop us
owhFvJZeiqM-00073-00025695-00026038 not this society that constantly displays rape culture on the movie
owhFvJZeiqM-00074-00026038-00026341 screens who will it be to get the message to these men and these boys that
owhFvJZeiqM-00075-00026341-00026713 sex is not an automatic thing you do is a choice that women get to make but when
owhFvJZeiqM-00076-00026713-00027022 you're drunk you take their voice away and blame it on the choice they make to
owhFvJZeiqM-00077-00027022-00027358 go outside wearing tight clothing say your emotions were running high that you
owhFvJZeiqM-00078-00027358-00027682 couldn't hold it police would rather blame the victim than to put these men in holding
owhFvJZeiqM-00079-00027682-00028102 in it so crazy how this world started unfolding hold it let's fast-forward
owhFvJZeiqM-00080-00028102-00028438 to the future your baby girl in your arms how when you introduced her to the
owhFvJZeiqM-00081-00028438-00028827 world that will try to reproduce her into a sexualized symbol using drugs to
owhFvJZeiqM-00082-00028827-00029370 seduce her seducer let's call it what it is rape a cycle with no escape will you
owhFvJZeiqM-00083-00029370-00029644 watch her be a victim letting clothes choose her fate watch her clothe in
owhFvJZeiqM-00084-00029644-00030010 self-hate how much more can you take or endure while these men close the doors
owhFvJZeiqM-00085-00030010-00030412 and your daughter becomes a victim of what she was asking for]
owAMODWvyPg-00000-00000000-00000372 So, what is the most effective way to lose weight?
owAMODWvyPg-00001-00000394-00000678 Would it be cardio workout which what most people do?
owAMODWvyPg-00002-00000678-00000738 Nope.
owAMODWvyPg-00003-00000927-00001190 Lee Jieun Diet @jiny_kilogram
owAMODWvyPg-00004-00001222-00001504 Hello, I am Jieun Lee. And this is Jieun Lee Diet.
owAMODWvyPg-00005-00001504-00001558 :)
owAMODWvyPg-00006-00001558-00002056 Today, I am going to talk about the most effective workout to lose weight.
owAMODWvyPg-00007-00002056-00002460 Working out is a very crucial part when trying to lose weight because
owAMODWvyPg-00008-00002460-00002940 First, being on a diet will help to lose weight but this can cause a weight loss stagnation.
owAMODWvyPg-00009-00002984-00003626 Secondly, the desirable bodies like these cannot be formed by simply losing weight.
owAMODWvyPg-00010-00003626-00003960 You will have to build up muscles by working out.
owAMODWvyPg-00011-00003960-00004408 Third, if you have a bad blood circulation or immune system
owAMODWvyPg-00012-00004408-00004936 you have to constantly heat up your body by working out and get your health recovered.
owAMODWvyPg-00013-00004948-00005602 Fourth, working out is not only great to lose weight but also necessary for a balanced body and health.
owAMODWvyPg-00014-00005620-00006070 So, it doesn't mean whole lot to ask yourself whether you should be on a diet or work out to lose weight.
owAMODWvyPg-00015-00006080-00006580 Working out, diets, rest. All three of them are very important.
owAMODWvyPg-00016-00006580-00006926 So, what is the most effective way to lose weight?
owAMODWvyPg-00017-00006931-00007331 Going to the gym and do cardio exercise? No.
owAMODWvyPg-00018-00007356-00007744 Why do people go to gym when they decide to lose weight?
owAMODWvyPg-00019-00007744-00008184 If you are not the type to enjoy working out itself, going to gym will be no fun.
owAMODWvyPg-00020-00008220-00008594 It becomes fun if you know how to use the equipments at the gym
owAMODWvyPg-00021-00008594-00008846 or know how to use different parts of muscles with different exercises.
owAMODWvyPg-00022-00008846-00009268 However, if you don't enjoy exercising and are already suffering from being on diet
owAMODWvyPg-00023-00009276-00009808 and then go to gym and lift with no energy
owAMODWvyPg-00024-00009808-00009996 how's that going to be fun?
owAMODWvyPg-00025-00009996-00010478 Unless you find a trainer that you get along with and do an individual lesson with them.
owAMODWvyPg-00026-00010486-00010918 When people go to gym and are not familiar with exercising
owAMODWvyPg-00027-00010918-00011194 they spend most of their time doing treadmills or cycles.
owAMODWvyPg-00028-00011194-00011392 You will then quit because it's boring.
owAMODWvyPg-00029-00011392-00012002 Now you become a donator again who invest money in gym and never use it.
owAMODWvyPg-00030-00012002-00012448 However, how can this not happen when you have no interest in exercising yet?
owAMODWvyPg-00031-00012456-00012968 How can one go to gym every day after work with tired body and have fun exercising?
owAMODWvyPg-00032-00012986-00013302 Do not register for the gym if you want to lose weight.
owAMODWvyPg-00033-00013308-00013619 So, the real question is, what is the most effective exercise to lose weight?
owAMODWvyPg-00034-00013619-00013819 Part 1. The most effective exercise to lose weight
owAMODWvyPg-00035-00013862-00014116 The most effective exercise to lose weight is
owAMODWvyPg-00036-00014116-00014447 the one you don't quit and can last.
owAMODWvyPg-00037-00014447-00014786 And the exercise that can last is the one you can enjoy.
owAMODWvyPg-00038-00014786-00015290 Even if an exercise can burn a lot of calories in a short time
owAMODWvyPg-00039-00015304-00015604 it's useless if you don't continue to exercise.
owAMODWvyPg-00040-00015604-00016168 No matter if it's a 5 minute workout and burn 100 calories
owAMODWvyPg-00041-00016168-00016764 it's the best if the exercise is the one you can enjoy and continue doing. You've got to have fun when exercising.
owAMODWvyPg-00042-00016802-00017254 You will be able to go to gym even after work when you are tired if you enjoy the exercise you do.
owAMODWvyPg-00043-00017254-00017634 Then, you will exercise regularly and it will help losing weight.
owAMODWvyPg-00044-00017634-00017884 So, what exercise should you do?
owAMODWvyPg-00045-00017884-00018084 Part 2. What is the best exercise for me?
owAMODWvyPg-00046-00018156-00018584 There are so many exercises these days that you can enjoy and do during your free time.
owAMODWvyPg-00047-00018584-00018950 Most people are familiar with yoga, pilates, lifting, but there are more
owAMODWvyPg-00048-00018962-00019444 such as climbing, swimming, tennis, ping pong, badminton, squash, etc.
owAMODWvyPg-00049-00019444-00019590 There are so many.
owAMODWvyPg-00050-00019590-00020004 Look up online the exercises that you can enjoy as a hobby.
owAMODWvyPg-00051-00020004-00020524 You will find one that seems interesting.
owAMODWvyPg-00052-00020536-00021302 Everyone has different personalities so everyone enjoys different types of exercising.
owAMODWvyPg-00053-00021304-00021942 For example, I prefer static but intense exercises and using detailed parts of muscles.
owAMODWvyPg-00054-00021942-00022848 So, I started out with climbing and loved it. Then, I moved onto lifting, pilates, yoga and etc.
owAMODWvyPg-00055-00022910-00023718 However, I don't enjoy sports as soccer or baseball and am not good at it either.
owAMODWvyPg-00056-00023728-00024570 Anyways, if you find something that you like doing then you will exercise regularly without pressure.
owAMODWvyPg-00057-00024570-00025038 If you continue the exercise you will soon notice the change of your body shape.
owAMODWvyPg-00058-00025052-00025516 So, don't register gym the day you decide to lose weight.
owAMODWvyPg-00059-00025516-00026656 Look for the workout that you can enjoy as a hobby that will help to destress.
owAMODWvyPg-00060-00026656-00027230 Lastly, I'm going to talk about the exercises I recommend and the ones I don't.
owAMODWvyPg-00061-00027230-00027430 Part 3. Recommended and non-recommended exercises
owAMODWvyPg-00062-00027460-00028080 I can't pick a particular one and say don't do this exercise, but there are a few.
owAMODWvyPg-00063-00028116-00029168 It's not a good to do sports exercise or the ones that one might have done for a long time and end up getting injured.
owAMODWvyPg-00064-00029168-00029363 It can worsen your health.
owAMODWvyPg-00065-00029364-00029788 Exercising is not about losing weight and burning calories.
owAMODWvyPg-00066-00029788-00030130 It should be beneficial for your health.
owAMODWvyPg-00067-00030130-00030936 However, the intense exercises that burn a lot of calories  aren't good if they are dangerous.
owAMODWvyPg-00068-00030936-00031272 Quit these exercises for your health.
owAMODWvyPg-00069-00031277-00031643 Now, let's talk about the exercises that I recommend.
owAMODWvyPg-00070-00031644-00032192 Pilates is my best and most recommendation. However, I will skip this because not only that I am a pilates trainer
owAMODWvyPg-00071-00032198-00032900 but also when it comes to pilates, getting the right trainer is very important.
owAMODWvyPg-00072-00032900-00033546 Next time, I will upload a video on how to know whether the pilates trainer is good or not.
owAMODWvyPg-00073-00033546-00034488 The other one I recommend that can burn calories, help releasing stress as well and have fun with is
owAMODWvyPg-00074-00034488-00034706 climbing!
owAMODWvyPg-00075-00034740-00035038 Climbing got a lot of attention due to a movie called Exit which was recently released in Korea.
owAMODWvyPg-00076-00035038-00035354 Climbing is not just about arm exercise.
owAMODWvyPg-00077-00035354-00036106 You use all parts of your body requires high concentration, tactics, and skills. It's really fun and a very effective exercise.
owAMODWvyPg-00078-00036122-00036652 Of course, if you do it without training it will hurt your shoulders and arms.
owAMODWvyPg-00079-00036660-00037378 With a little bit of training, it's can be really good for correcting wrong postures.
owAMODWvyPg-00080-00037382-00037950 In climbing there's 'outside' which you climb twisting your body. It is a really good side exercise that helps forming a nice body line.
owAMODWvyPg-00081-00037950-00038404 Not to make it seem like I'm worshipping climbing, I will also talk about the cons.
owAMODWvyPg-00082-00038418-00039204 It may not be good for those who have breathing problems because it uses chalk powder and is an indoor exercise.
owAMODWvyPg-00083-00039216-00039620 And callus can form in your hands from constantly using them.
owAMODWvyPg-00084-00039620-00040174 I had a lot of callus over here on my hands in the past when I did it for two years.
owAMODWvyPg-00085-00040174-00040776 For those who get nails done frequently, it also might get on the way.
owAMODWvyPg-00086-00040776-00041136 It can rip off your nails.
owAMODWvyPg-00087-00041142-00041452 After learning the cons and pros of climbing
owAMODWvyPg-00088-00041452-00041840 if you still haven't decided which exercise might be the best for you and it sounds intriguing
owAMODWvyPg-00089-00041852-00042152 I highly recommend trying it out.
owAMODWvyPg-00090-00042176-00042457 Of course, it doesn't have to be climbing.
owAMODWvyPg-00091-00042458-00042868 It can be anything that seems intriguing to you.
owAMODWvyPg-00092-00042884-00043312 The one that you can enjoy is the one that is best for you to lose weight.
owAMODWvyPg-00093-00043312-00043614 I hope all of you find the exercise that is a good fit for you.
owAMODWvyPg-00094-00043614-00044240 And if you found something you like, please share with each other in the comment section below.
owAMODWvyPg-00095-00044240-00044547 Thanks for watching today's video.
owAMODWvyPg-00096-00044548-00044782 I will see you in the next video.
owAMODWvyPg-00097-00044782-00044934 See you :)
owAMODWvyPg-00098-00045074-00045660 Diet is not about loosing weight, it's about getting yourself into healthy habits. -Jieun Lee Diet-
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00000-00000000-00000413 hello everyone my name is Jerry beer and welcome back to Pokemon Scarlet
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00001-00000977-00001026 good
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00002-00001980-00002652 so he's gonna battle them we are starting off by whatever this Crystal is exactly
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00003-00003311-00003629 first I want to grab up all this stuff around here
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00004-00003768-00004644 especially since he is fighting Hobbits [Music] low kick
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00005-00005328-00005574 all right nothing else is clearly
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00006-00005712-00006132 you may spot gleaming crystals emitting brilliant beams of light you investigate
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00007-00006132-00006522 one you'll be able to take on terror raid try to feed a powerful Terror Pokemon
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00008-00006762-00007122 okay work together with other trainers
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00009-00007440-00007559 so what is this
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00010-00008106-00008922 so um I think I need Phil Phil dick challenge as a group I guess
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00011-00010350-00010578 I mean I have no friends
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00012-00010824-00011262 so it's really just you know can you put some
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00013-00011556-00011964 yeah that's what I needed some Bots
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00014-00013602-00014016 oh [__] oh man they look cooler than I do
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00015-00014591-00015540 hope I hope swad blue oh reflecting his self his Crystal self through the thing
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00016-00015672-00015990 oh [__] I forgot there's a time limit we can go
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00017-00018060-00018294 I think everyone else is doing more damage than I am
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00018-00018726-00019122 sorry uh call outs uh
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00019-00019326-00019470 no I want cheer
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00020-00020220-00020592 because they're doing the damage
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00021-00020808-00020952 my little Pokemon
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00022-00021210-00021288 is
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00023-00022536-00022824 all right I can do one more cheer let's do a heal up
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00024-00023220-00023742 is that a fully heal or just a okay heal some
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00025-00024456-00024942 all right and couldn't move because it's paralyzed wait is it not defeated
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00026-00025938-00026568 um I'm pretty sure the rules of my Nuzlocke say I can't catch this so
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00027-00026904-00027000 I'm gonna have to pass
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00028-00027318-00027660 all right oh that's a lot of experience stuff
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00029-00029736-00029880 oh wow it just disappears
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00030-00030330-00030456 um bag
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00031-00030695-00031170 because I want to use some of these
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00032-00032177-00032310 I'm gonna do a bug
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00033-00032928-00033642 I don't really know if it's any one of these is going to help more than any other one other than
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00034-00033744-00034398 by Mania what's this it slightly increased space points for special defense oh that's cool
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00035-00034674-00034788 uh safe yeah
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00036-00035204-00035304 [Music]
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00037-00035304-00035808 all right let's head towards oh wait that's gonna be the same glowing light
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00038-00036300-00036528 that glowing light is also going to be a
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00039-00036792-00036846 you know
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00040-00037068-00037212 a crystal battle
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00041-00037680-00037842 okay so it just shows up on my
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00042-00038376-00038412 map
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00043-00039312-00039642 okay and is there fall damage
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00044-00040434-00040932 I wouldn't have guessed there would be fall damage but the Pokemon Legends Arceus had fall damage
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00045-00041892-00042456 so I don't think it's a completely unreasonable assumption to make oh wait this is different
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00046-00042780-00043602 oh there's a shiny Diglett here Crystal Diglett huh
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00047-00043944-00044370 none of my Pokemon are too suited to fight it daily you cannot catch
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00048-00044370-00044664 Pokemon while it's terrorist lives you need to reduce its HP to break through
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00049-00044664-00045258 its transformation first only then you can try to catch it huh [__] it's level 17.
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00050-00046512-00046722 I'm glad I faced one before so I know
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00051-00047118-00047448 because they're no good I kind of knew that already but I
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00052-00047508-00048066 terrorist alive change their typing so
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00053-00048732-00049722 I'll just leave this battle could be bad for me if he uses any ground attacks [Music] oh [__]
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00054-00050250-00050316 ow
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00055-00050526-00050586 really
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00056-00050790-00050970 so oh [__] bulldoze
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00057-00051174-00051708 yeah see that's an attack I was not wanting
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00058-00052734-00052788 bag
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00059-00053034-00053112 uh
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00060-00053490-00053952 I'm gonna use a potion on him I hope wait no
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00061-00054150-00054804 yeah I'm gonna hope for a time where he doesn't do damage to me okay
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00062-00055241-00055458 I have oh any of these work now
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00063-00055967-00056244 they all have equal accuracy though oh Rock tone
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00064-00056472-00056598 come on please hit him
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00065-00057017-00057341 [__] oh [__]
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00066-00058590-00058841 so astonish would be ideal here
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00067-00059352-00059664 said my accuracy can't go any lower
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00068-00060024-00060132 bulldoze
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00069-00060366-00060624 and if that was a crit I would have been fought
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00070-00061446-00061517 has anyone
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00071-00061800-00062346 big pig you're my best hope you have the most health
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00072-00062700-00062988 that's actually about and you're the highest level
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00073-00063491-00063612 I forgot I was riding him
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00074-00063966-00064241 okay 15 damage
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00075-00064836-00064902 this movie
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00076-00065305-00065405 [Music]
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00077-00065405-00066000 it's a big big pig what are yours oh wait
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00078-00066294-00066558 I was hoping they would tell me in stats but um
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00079-00066768-00066906 do with the echoed voice
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00080-00067188-00067392 okay good astonish doesn't affect him
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00081-00067656-00067692 yes
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00082-00068436-00068658 2000 LP
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00083-00068976-00069150 and those diglets are hard to see
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00084-00070038-00070176 oh wait I know him
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00085-00072150-00072876 uh I wonder if he took a beating or no that's that's just how I had him after that other fight
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00086-00074562-00074778 in charge by David the office worker
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00087-00075720-00075882 ah fanfage
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00088-00076404-00076752 didn't I already terrorist lies why can I do it again
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00089-00077748-00077934 I wonder what freed filled his
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00090-00078384-00078564 ability to terrorist allies
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00091-00079206-00079254 weird
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00092-00079608-00080184 maybe I didn't terrorist lies in that bad no I I feel like I remember the animation
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00093-00082296-00082950 this cake makes me so happy I don't even mind losing David has his priorities straight oh
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00094-00082950-00083382 and look he actually knows how to button his suit jacket I'm proud of you David
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00095-00083592-00083916 slash the Nintendo
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00096-00084588-00084618 this is
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00097-00084870-00085134 three trainers here once you defeat five you'll get a prize
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00098-00085644-00086298 I like to heal I love the open concept for the Pokey Center
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00099-00087306-00087690 if you select your profile you'll find various records you can also check your profile picture
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00100-00087690-00088212 and trainer icon it can be updated freely by taking photos with the camera app oh that's fun
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00101-00088806-00088986 where is my profile
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00102-00089346-00089628 all right it's any interesting stats
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00103-00090192-00090348 seem to have lost my music
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00104-00090798-00091230 is back oh wow five go they have five recipes
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00105-00091560-00091986 oh actually the now my screen's not even updating
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00106-00092430-00092832 oh well I guess does that didn't matter
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00107-00093096-00093156 what is this
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00108-00093444-00093558 what kind of Pokemon are you
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00109-00094728-00094848 I can't ride okay
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00110-00095550-00095910 I wouldn't say I'm quite where the game's gonna put me
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00111-00096642-00096774 you've arrived at your destination
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00112-00097500-00097932 it looks like this is our kind of fire logos but I guess that's just the gym leader
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00113-00098142-00098754 or Jim oh hey yeah you're bruh came to see this gym huh that can only mean one
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00114-00098754-00099108 thing you're out there and some gym badges and take on the Pokemon League aren't you
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00115-00099360-00099420 no
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00116-00099912-00100452 yeah sure you're not just came to the gym for some sightseeing right huh you fibber
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00117-00101070-00101538 before you can bow the gym leader got past a certain challenge set by them their gym tests
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00118-00101610-00101850 Ah that's right I like this every Gym's test is
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00119-00101850-00102138 different if you ask the lobby staff about it they'll tell you what's up
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00120-00102635-00103259 here have these when you use them consider it me healing up your Pokemon three super potions
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00121-00103608-00103896 so glad you're aiming to be a champion too it's the best news ever
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00122-00104604-00104922 man I'm so excited I can barely stand still
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00123-00105276-00105461 I guess I'll just go battle every train I run into
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00124-00105702-00106728 all right I can't let my Pokemon out to battle yours but oh well welcome to the curtando gym
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00125-00107333-00107622 let me register you as a challenger your name is Sherry bro yes
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00126-00108126-00108516 great now in order to face gym leader Katie he'll first need to pass the gym test
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00127-00108678-00109404 that means taking on the olive roll olive production is a big part of life in cortando
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00128-00109709-00110309 we've held the olive Harvest Festival here each year for generations to usher in bumper crops
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00129-00110633-00110982 to pass our gym test you'll need to roll an olive shaped ball all the way to the goal
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00130-00111138-00111474 your efforts should help ensure we get a great Olive Harvest next year too
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00131-00112085-00112518 staffer over at the Olive rolling field will explain the rules to you in further detail
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00132-00112956-00113958 all right our registered location is just North of town now get out there and have fun all right so
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00133-00114059-00114876 weird thing but maybe it makes sense I don't know I'm still not sure where this game's set I still
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00134-00114996-00115674 assuming like an Italy type place now where I guess is this big green field yeah
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00135-00116856-00117378 oh this is a new area which means I get the first Pokemon I saw and it was this
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00136-00117378-00117935 yellow little dog yeah or something oh wait it's Fido oh I love Fido
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00137-00118218-00119135 such a cute name and it's I love the concept of Fido nothing I have is effective against it which
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00138-00119135-00119832 might mean that it's a normal type and considering it's dough that's probably a safe assumption
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00139-00121511-00121835 she used like a copycat yeah that would be fine
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00140-00123918-00123966 oh
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00141-00124338-00124524 I guess try a flail
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00142-00125424-00125628 yeah that doesn't do too much damage
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00143-00126054-00126114 foreign
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00144-00127644-00128016 I think that's a good spot to start throwing some Pokeballs
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00145-00129559-00129659 [Music]
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00146-00129659-00130020 foreign
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00147-00130409-00130920 synthesis I think that's a good move heal me
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00148-00131136-00131544 all right so I have sleep poison stun fairy wind
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00149-00131664-00132312 it's fairy window it's the only damage doing attack oh
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00150-00132996-00133854 actually I'm not gonna get synthesis if I wanted it I would use issues oh I have to rename Fido
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00151-00133926-00134292 it's a puppy Pokemon this Pokemon is smooth and moist
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00152-00134406-00134940 to the touch yeast in Fighter's breath includes fermentation in the poke
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00153-00135018-00135630 induces fermentation in the Pokemon's vicinity [__] he's [__] drunk
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00154-00135846-00135912 uh
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00155-00136290-00136434 what do you name Fido
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00156-00136770-00136968 yes
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00157-00137502-00137922 I don't like this yeast
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00158-00138132-00138216 come on
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00159-00138816-00139350 he's tomorrow sent to your bosses because you can only have six with you
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00160-00139860-00140274 all right um you go battle some
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00161-00140496-00140760 and I am here for one Olive roll please
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00162-00141084-00141474 uh you need to push with all you've got to get a large Olive ball rolling and make it all the way
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00163-00141474-00141948 to the end get the ball over various obstacles then push into the goal to clear the course
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00164-00142902-00143076 not you're all Phil doing are you ready to start
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00165-00143502-00143928 great put in a wish for good Olive Harvest and roll roll away
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00166-00145902-00146100 all right take on the olive roll
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00167-00146334-00146358 foreign
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00168-00146718-00147024 why do I have a timer isn't this just to do it oh
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00169-00147294-00147468 [__] oh
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00170-00148122-00148410 wow so
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00171-00148638-00149004 is this a trainer I have to face they see me
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00172-00149244-00149322 remind me
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00173-00150192-00150246 like
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00174-00150462-00150522 are they
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00175-00151098-00151356 is he actually are they actually gonna block this path
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00176-00152388-00152850 I wonder if I just have to do this the one time foreign
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00177-00153192-00153486 not
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00178-00153774-00154254 okay not much of a challenge but you know kind of fun
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00179-00156312-00156882 is that it long loading screen for oh what is wrong with your eye
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00180-00157002-00157440 with that performance I'm sure we can look forward to a great Olive Harvest next year
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00181-00157494-00157794 happy to declare your gym test officially cleared congratulations
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00182-00157932-00158418 please report your result to the lobby staffer at the gym good luck in your battle against Katie
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00183-00158652-00158994 but why do I have to report like
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00184-00159228-00159444 it's not some kind of you know
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00185-00159690-00160494 can that be on them aren't I a little biased to report if I did it or not
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00186-00162024-00162264 all right I'm ready for a very easy gym battle
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00187-00163914-00164178 are you ready to challenge gym leader Katie the sugar bug
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00188-00164448-00164766 I will only say yes when it progresses the story
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00189-00165030-00165216 very well allow me to show you to the battle Court
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00190-00167838-00168084 eat up my cute little vivilian
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00191-00168774-00169266 oh what a lovely trainer you are thank you very much for your skillful Olive
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00192-00169266-00169764 rolling it was quite impressive oh did I forget to introduce myself forgive me
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00193-00170082-00170538 my name is Katie and I'm the owner here at Patsy Suri soapberry
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00194-00170862-00171618 interesting oh that's right I'm not in my shop I'm on duty as leader of the cortado gym right now
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00195-00172110-00172482 give me him my name is Katie I'm the gym leader here in courtando
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00196-00173442-00173724 my main line of work is crafting sweets as a pastry chef
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00197-00174084-00174624 Little Sweets that bring happiness with just one bite bug type Pokemon hiding in foliage uh
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00198-00174624-00175182 I don't like thinking of bugs and space trees at the same time both are small and yet very powerful
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00199-00175830-00176196 don't let your guard down unless you would like to find yourself knocked off your feet
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00200-00177912-00178140 challenged by Gym Leader Katie
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00201-00179352-00179478 what was this thing called
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00202-00179796-00180054 don't take my bug type Pokemon lightly you'll be
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00203-00180054-00180402 in for a world of pain if you do I will curb stomp your little nimble
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00204-00180648-00181182 uh incinerate I don't want to terrorist Elize you yet in case
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00205-00181452-00181584 she has something strong
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00206-00181950-00182820 [__] 15 minute sleeper big pig wants to learn Covet how the [__] are you gonna covet you pig
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00207-00182934-00183294 user endearingly approaches Target that steals the held item
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00208-00184062-00184116 uh
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00209-00185136-00185592 tarantula nope we'll keep going do I have any flying types
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00210-00185670-00185874 because they could also be beneficial here
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00211-00186354-00186786 pop it's kind of flying but has no flying attacks so
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00212-00187248-00187332 grounded
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00213-00187716-00188376 I should have tested the terrorist Rising oh Teddy Ursa
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00214-00188670-00188874 I really should have taught someone that low kick
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00215-00188874-00189246 oh you're quite good aren't you how should I roll things out from here
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00216-00189618-00189858 that's not a bug
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00217-00190272-00190848 oh yeah instant rate gets a stab those same type attack bonus
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00218-00192372-00192696 now my little plug one time to break free from your cocoon and
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00219-00192696-00192948 come into your own oh he's gonna do the same thing
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00220-00193338-00193506 I'm guessing that's gonna be a
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00221-00193740-00193836 a trend
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00222-00195264-00195540 I just hung on
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00223-00196644-00197106 it hit all five times that's ridiculous
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00224-00197322-00197640 these all have the same yeah same accuracy
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00225-00198288-00198876 and the winner he is I wonder if he's a bug type with his thing on
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00226-00199116-00199938 because he had the ears and that would make sense even the gym he's level 19 and he hasn't evolved
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00227-00200322-00200946 what does charge do user becomes charged boosting the power of next electric type no thanks
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00228-00202380-00202656 oh 2700 that's some good prize money
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00229-00203490-00203974 what oh Egbert is finally evolving foreign [Music]
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00230-00205092-00205278 what the [__] is this thing
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00231-00207330-00207750 combination of cochlear's fire energy and overflowing Vitality
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00232-00207750-00208158 has caused an egg-shaped Fireball to appear on the Pokemon's head
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00233-00208614-00209088 that's weird but okay whatever you say game and Phil dick is
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00234-00209971-00210071 [Music]
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00235-00210071-00210192 into a fluffy
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00236-00210414-00210936 as a result of storing too much electricity develop patches where even Downy wool won't grow
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00237-00211392-00212208 that's why Downey the fat the laundry Product Company is also named that that means something
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00238-00212208-00212676 in the war world your strength Rose during our battle like a nice bread in the oven
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00239-00212898-00213360 I feel that I may need to work on my own strength as well congratulations you passed let's prove
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00240-00213360-00213780 your Victory against me the gym leader allow me to present you with this gym badge
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00241-00213780-00214236 I hope you all enjoy it alongside a heaping serving of some of my Deluxe handmade treats
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00242-00214488-00214584 oh that's cute
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00243-00214794-00215340 but I'm dressed as a nerd still I have to go home and change my clothes
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00244-00215814-00216167 one gym badge in your position Pokemon of up to level 25 will
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00245-00216167-00216594 be easier to catch and will listen to your commands as well that's good because
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00246-00217548-00217686 you obtained TM pounce
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00247-00218369-00218682 you put tm021 in your bags TM pocket
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00248-00219048-00219450 the user attacks by pouncing on the target this also lowers the target's speed stat
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00249-00219654-00220062 once you've found a TM during your travels you then use a TM machine to make copies
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00250-00220062-00220476 of that TM you did know that right I didn't think I didn't realize it was actual copies
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00251-00221028-00221454 I wish you luck in your future Adventures may they be as sweet and lovely as a good dessert
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00252-00221826-00222012 off you go then until we meet again
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00253-00224321-00224519 hey hey yeah you're bro
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00254-00224892-00225419 just had to tell you my Pokemon are learning some pretty cool moves be ready how'd it go at the gym
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00255-00225419-00226344 by the way I passed easily I burnt the gym down yes I mean it was obvious you were gonna pass
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00256-00226344-00226914 but congrats so glad I encourage you to take on the gyms nice job past me training hard too by
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00257-00226914-00227364 the way day and night going all over the place to boot thank goodness we got the map app it
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00258-00227364-00227832 helps a ton with figuring out where to go next especially a huge place like Padilla after all
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00259-00227832-00228354 path to getting stronger usually has some strange stops and detours speaking of going to strange
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00260-00228354-00228828 places I wonder what arvin's up to anyway catch you later I hope you know I'm gonna want a battle
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00261-00228828-00229416 if we run into each other all right I'm gonna end this episode here not just because I really need
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00262-00229416-00229932 to use the restroom so thank you guys so much for watching hope you enjoyed this episode come back
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00263-00229932-00230680 next time we'll continue exploring tabia as always I will see you in the next episode bye-bye [Music]
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00264-00230958-00232110 thank you
oxs1C2F1fNQ-00265-00232338-00232784 foreign [Music]
ozON6lb1soy-00000-00001028-00001767 In the second paragraph, we go on to build the interest. And that is we give
ozON6lb1soy-00001-00001767-00002421 some details about the product. We introduce the product and some of the
ozON6lb1soy-00002-00002421-00002942 information. This will help build interest. We try to
ozON6lb1soy-00003-00002942-00003561 be clear, about whats good from the product 00:00:32,579 --> 00:00:40,050 Whats good... and what the
ozON6lb1soy-00004-00003561-00004271 product can do to help you. So let's look at some examples here. You can see the
ozON6lb1soy-00005-00004271-00004848 paragraph is kind of long. second paragraph, the second example also, kind of long.
ozON6lb1soy-00006-00004848-00005226 Isn't it? Why are they so long? Because they're telling a lot of details. They're
ozON6lb1soy-00007-00005226-00005775 using this chance to build up the interest. So here, we introduce the
ozON6lb1soy-00008-00005775-00006389 product. We tell what the product does. We give some features of the product: It
ozON6lb1soy-00009-00006389-00007022 works 24 hours a day. It's hidden. There's no other product like it. Here, we have
ozON6lb1soy-00010-00007022-00007868 another example here. And we say this has something really special. And this thing
ozON6lb1soy-00011-00007868-00008525 has in-depth information. So these are the features, basically a list of
ozON6lb1soy-00012-00008525-00008967 features. And when you give the list of features, what you're doing is you're
ozON6lb1soy-00013-00008967-00009540 building the interest. So paragraph number two is: Tell the details of the
ozON6lb1soy-00014-00009540-00009897 product; Try to stay interesting; and let the
ozON6lb1soy-00015-00009897-00010482 person feel, "Yeah this is interesting. This is something that is good for me".
ozON6lb1soy-00016-00010482-00011124 Now, of course, if the product is not related to me at all, you can tell me the
ozON6lb1soy-00017-00011124-00011717 details, but I won't care. Right? So that's part of the key of sales
ozON6lb1soy-00018-00011717-00012338 is: You cannot sell something to someone if they're not interested at all. Right?
ozON6lb1soy-00019-00012338-00012775 You know I'm a man, you cannot sell a dress to me because I don't wear a dress.
ozON6lb1soy-00020-00012775-00013259 Right? If you're a woman and I want to sell you a tie, it's not helpful
ozON6lb1soy-00021-00013259-00013772 that I tell you all the features of a tie, because you're not going to buy if you
ozON6lb1soy-00022-00013772-00014356 don't wear a tie. So you cannot you know do the impossible. But the idea is you
ozON6lb1soy-00023-00014356-00014912 send sales letters to businesses or to customers, consumers, or businesses that
ozON6lb1soy-00024-00014912-00015573 already have a chance to buy, or a chance to use your product. And so here
ozON6lb1soy-00025-00015573-00016259 paragraph number two, you do your best to tell the details of the product
ozON6lb1soy-00026-00016259-00017114 to build that interest. Okay, then we move on to paragraph number three. And
ozON6lb1soy-00027-00017114-00017753 paragraph number three, we're going to encourage them, encourage the receiver to
ozON6lb1soy-00028-00017753-00018386 buy, of course--to take action. Of course, the action should be to buy. So you need
ozON6lb1soy-00029-00018386-00019016 to tell them what do they need to do in order to buy. And you need to make it
ozON6lb1soy-00030-00019016-00019657 easy for them to respond or to get more information. And of course you can do
ozON6lb1soy-00031-00019657-00020326 something extra, like maybe give a price discount, or a special sale price, or buy
ozON6lb1soy-00032-00020326-00021054 one get one free kind of thing. So here in paragraph three, what we have is the
ozON6lb1soy-00033-00021054-00021872 "define action" and also the "create the desire". That is "I'm interested now I
ozON6lb1soy-00034-00021872-00022613 really want to spend my money and tell me how to do it"--C&D.
ozON6lb1soy-00035-00022613-00023175 If we look at a couple of examples here, we can see that we're talking about the
ozON6lb1soy-00036-00023175-00023769 product. And we go on to say the product is really good. And then look at this
ozON6lb1soy-00037-00023769-00024420 piece here. Right here beginning, "Can you afford to pass up this chance? We are
ozON6lb1soy-00038-00024420-00025176 making it even harder to pass up, by letting you in on a special introductory
ozON6lb1soy-00039-00025176-00026022 offer. If you send us the enclosed order form, we will cut the theft-proof system
ozON6lb1soy-00040-00026022-00026763 price by 25%." So there's the special offer. That special
ozON6lb1soy-00041-00026763-00027432 offer is helping to C, create desire. "We cannot continue this incredible offer
ozON6lb1soy-00042-00027432-00027927 for long". So it's limited, limited. Right? Now, inside
ozON6lb1soy-00043-00027927-00028317 the letter, we may include some information. Or inside the email, we may
ozON6lb1soy-00044-00028317-00029154 include a button, like click here, right? To buy or a link, an HTTP link maybe. And
ozON6lb1soy-00045-00029154-00029768 you can go to the website and buy there. So that is the D-- define the action.
ozON6lb1soy-00046-00029768-00030258 Let's look at this second example, here. So again, we say a couple of positive things.
ozON6lb1soy-00047-00030258-00031268 We ask the consumer to maybe buy right away. And here, we give a 40% off. You see?
ozON6lb1soy-00048-00031268-00032027 40% off. So that right there is helping to C, create a desire. Now, remember you
ozON6lb1soy-00049-00032027-00032481 cannot do the impossible. If I give you 40% off, but you're not interested to buy
ozON6lb1soy-00050-00032481-00032856 anyway, because you're not going to use the product, this doesn't help. But the idea
ozON6lb1soy-00051-00032856-00033581 is, if someone is interested, if someone is interested than A, paragraph one, attract attention.
ozON6lb1soy-00052-00033581-00034095 B, paragraph two, build the interest tell them the detail. And C, here, we create the
ozON6lb1soy-00053-00034095-00034583 desire by maybe giving something special, like a sale price or a special offer.
ozON6lb1soy-00054-00034583-00035165 Okay. Inside your book, there is a number of examples you can follow. And again
ozON6lb1soy-00055-00035165-00035607 remember the letter format. Right up here, we have the heading.
ozON6lb1soy-00056-00035607-00036183 And then down here, we have the opening. And down here, we have the body, and down
ozON6lb1soy-00057-00036183-00036813 here, we have the closing. And the heading is who is this letter from. And the
ozON6lb1soy-00058-00036813-00037368 opening is who is this letter to. And the body is the information of course, in
ozON6lb1soy-00059-00037368-00038277 this case, three paragraphs. And then the closing is also who is it from. Okay. Good
ozON6lb1soy-00060-00038277-00038618 luck with your sales.
ozON6lb1soy-00061-00039042-00039673 For a sales letter, let's try to do an easy assignment. Let's just go for 100
ozON6lb1soy-00062-00039673-00040261 words using your QBL softwear. Let's look at the assignment that's inside of your
ozON6lb1soy-00063-00040261-00041077 ebook, inside the sales letter chapter, Exercise C. Now, usually, when you write
ozON6lb1soy-00064-00041077-00041458 a sales letter, you need to be very familiar with the product. You need to
ozON6lb1soy-00065-00041458-00041938 know a lot. So maybe you don't know a lot about some products, so let's just
ozON6lb1soy-00066-00041938-00042364 pretend that you're going to sell something you know well, like something
ozON6lb1soy-00067-00042364-00042946 you were wearing, some clothes, a shirt or pants or some shoes or something special
ozON6lb1soy-00068-00042946-00043387 that you wear--so some clothes. Let's go ahead and pretend that you're a company.
ozON6lb1soy-00069-00043387-00043897 And your company name is ACME. You can use the address and information that's
ozON6lb1soy-00070-00043897-00044404 in the book in other places for acne. You need to write a sales letter to this
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o-vL4Vmxu1M-00000-00000000-00000512 we are just about to get our hands on Thutmose the third in rise of kingdom so today i'm gonna
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00001-00000512-00001024 make my predictions on what i think the best commander pairs and talent builds are going to be
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00002-00001120-00001592 what's going on guys cheers Thutmose the third is an interesting commander okay he's an archer and
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00003-00001592-00002064 support commander and besides Amanitore there are no other commanders in the game that have those
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00004-00002064-00002552 talent trees but also just look at the new artwork behind him like as they come out on the commander
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00005-00002552-00003056 screen look at the giant pyramids and the sphinx on the right and all the palms and oh my god it
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00006-00003056-00003615 looks so beautiful the artwork looks incredible for this new egyptian civilization and i just
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00007-00003615-00004104 had to say it i'm a big fan of the egypt art okay i grew up i was a yu-gi-oh kid and i'm ready to
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00008-00004104-00004640 exodia obliterate my enemies okay let's just do a quick refresh of the skills for the most the
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00009-00004640-00005128 third i put it in quick bullet points because it's faster to read it that way okay he has an active
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00010-00005128-00005656 skill with a rage requirement of a thousand it's a three target aoe with a 1 000 damage factor and
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00011-00005656-00006264 it reduces the healing of the targets that he hits he has 15 archer attack and 10 archer defense
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00012-00006264-00006895 defense is only when he's on the map he also gives archers 10 march speed and 15 all damage as long
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00013-00006895-00007600 as he's off territory for the all damage and he has a 10 chance of making a target take 15 more
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00014-00007600-00008272 skill damage for three seconds with a cooldown and there is a 10 chance of dealing 700 damage factor
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00015-00008272-00008712 to someone that is attacking him also with an eight-second cooldown he also receives
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00016-00008712-00009280 10 less counter attack damage and he gains 30 increased normal attack damage for three seconds
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00017-00009280-00009680 after using an active skill so now that we know exactly what he's doing in the game we
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00018-00009680-00010112 can better decide what commanders we want to pair them with and i think most of the commanders that
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00019-00010112-00010656 we're going to consider but not all are going to be archer commanders so i did what i do best i
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00020-00010656-00011112 made a tear maker and i put some commanders that you might consider and i'll go over each one as
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00021-00011112-00011592 to why i think maybe it will be good or why it won't be good of course we have epic commanders
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00022-00011592-00012016 then we have first gen legendaries second and third gen legendaries fourth gen legendaries and
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00023-00012016-00012456 we've got Thutmose himself just as a little side note i think one of my neighbors in this apartment
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00024-00012456-00012936 building has a very small dog that's been barking for a very long time and i personally hope that
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00025-00012936-00013496 the dog passes away at this point because it's incredibly annoying i'm just just kidding i'm
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00026-00013728-00014152 totally totally kidding about that the first commander we're going to talk about is sun tzu
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00027-00014152-00014591 now sun tzu i think would actually be a really good pairing with Thutmose the third in the early
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00028-00014591-00015040 game i think later that's probably not something you're going to consider but i mean hey they both
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00029-00015040-00015519 have nice aoe you would want the most the third being the primary commander because he has the
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00030-00015519-00015968 archer tree he gives you a lot of archer stats sun tzu only gives you some infantry health so
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00031-00015968-00016464 technically he's infantry but really nobody uses him like that he'll take ten percent less damage
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00032-00016464-00016824 with sun tzu and he's also going to boost the skill damage on the most which is something that
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00033-00016824-00017320 he needs and of course they both have aoe it's a great combination i think again in the early game
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00034-00017320-00017904 but late game maybe not so much so let's go ahead and move sun tzu down here you could use him but
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00035-00017904-00018408 not really next we have kusunoki and herman and i think both of these commanders are actually pretty
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00036-00018408-00019064 underwhelming even as epic commanders i mean sun tzu is is solid but these two even though they
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00037-00019064-00019616 are archers they're not giving you that many stats i mean kusunoki is but he's not really doing that
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00038-00019616-00020128 much he's got an aoe but it's it's damage over time yes he's clearing debuffs but at the end
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00039-00020128-00020712 of the day i would rather use Thutmose with sun tzu than with Kusunoki maybe i'm crazy i don't
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00040-00020712-00021160 know i don't think he's a serious contender so i'm just gonna drop him right off the list
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00041-00021160-00021592 same thing with herman i think herman is actually a little bit worse than uh than Kusunoki even
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00042-00021592-00022096 uh then we come to kiera and here is interesting because she also has a 1 000 damage factor three
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00043-00022096-00022624 target aoe which is really nice but she also deals with her expertise extra damage for two
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00044-00022624-00023152 seconds afterwards so really similar active skill which is nice she also gives you 20 of
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00045-00023152-00023584 stats not as much as kusinoki but i think the rest of her kid is a little bit more impressive
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00046-00023584-00024184 because she has the 10 chance of an 80 skill damage bonus which is you know it's similar to
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00047-00024184-00024704 sun tzu skill damage bonus which is nice so at the end of the day uh she's kind of vanilla but you
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00048-00024704-00025184 you know she overlapped so much with the most that i think you could use her the only problem is
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00049-00025184-00025688 expertise in kiera you know it just takes so long to expertise her i don't know why they
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00050-00025688-00026024 they do though i don't know why they made the decision to do what they did with her i'm going
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00051-00026024-00026464 to put her in the same sort of realm as sun tzu then we have Imhotep and this is actually a
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00052-00026464-00026944 commander that i do think you could use definitely in the early game he just has a really powerful
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00053-00026944-00027464 debuff with his active skill he's also going to make the target take 15 extra skill damage and
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00054-00027464-00027992 he gives you 30 of archer stats so i would say he's actually probably the best uh epic pairing
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00055-00027992-00028639 that you could have maybe similar to sun tzu maybe slightly better than him ultimately you guys epic
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00056-00028639-00029200 commanders are really only things that you're going to use in like maybe kbk1 and realistically
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00057-00029200-00029848 having a usable most of the third in kvk kbk1 it's pretty slim to none unless you are a well
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00058-00029848-00030336 and you're using universals on him which i don't think you should be using uh universals on him uh
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00059-00030336-00030848 if it is possible to do so next let's talk about the early game legendary commander starting with
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00060-00030848-00031256 him in med and i think Mehmed is actually a really solid choice to pair with the most
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00061-00031256-00031736 and even in the late game with the relic i think this is going to be a really really good pairing
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00062-00031736-00032360 they both have aoe in the open field which is nice you're gaining 20 of attack and 20 health
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00063-00032360-00032880 with mehmed as the secondary uh totally you're going to have 25 extra skill damage which is
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00064-00032880-00033288 going to be really nice and you're going to bring 10 more troops to the battlefield which is going
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00065-00033288-00033688 to be really good so obviously mehmed would be the secondary here because you want to use that archer
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00066-00033688-00034048 talent tree and we're going to talk about talent builds later in the video so stay tuned for that
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00067-00034048-00034608 ultimately i would say that mehmed is definitely a much better pair than all of the epics next let's
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00068-00034608-00035320 take a look at el cid now el cid is you know he's he's the original legendary archer and honestly he
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00069-00035320-00036088 has not aged well he wasn't even that great in the early game 1 000 damage factor no aoe on here 10
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00070-00036088-00036608 chance to proc an additional 1 000 20 of archer defense some march speed which will be good if
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00071-00036608-00037096 you're caught in the open field you do have some nice damage going on here and you're gonna deal
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00072-00037096-00037672 more damage to infantry an extra 10 of stats and he also has a relic that gives you another 10 of
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00073-00037672-00038472 attack and a 150 extra skill damage factor el cid definitely a worst uh pairing i think than
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00074-00038528-00039016 than med next we'll talk about ysg and this is definitely one of the best pairings and i think
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00075-00039016-00039592 that that's sort of a no-brainer because you have just such a powerful aoe on ysg and this he's just
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00076-00039592-00040032 good with every archer he just he pretty much is good with every archer just because he's just so
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00077-00040032-00040576 vanilla he just deals tons of skill damage he gives you the chance for extra rage and huge
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00078-00040576-00041216 archer attack buff and he has a huge skill damage buff which has no prerequisites because of his
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00079-00041216-00041752 vanilla nature he is so easy to sort of shoe in anywhere so i think he would be one of the best
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00080-00041808-00042368 choices for pairing with Thutmose now the thing with uh ysg though is that his yes his relic does
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00081-00042368-00042928 give him a little bit of extra skill damage and defense but besides that you know you're gonna
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00082-00042928-00043424 have defense with Thutmose on on the map and you'll have the extra taking 10 less counter
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00083-00043424-00043896 attack damage but realistically you're going to be a very um glass cannon march the most primary is
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00084-00043896-00044312 probably the better option because of the support cherry i think the support tree is slightly better
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00085-00044312-00044800 than the skill tree in this regard next we have Aethelflaed and i think that Aethelflaed is going
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00086-00044800-00045424 to be a pretty solid choice uh in the same way that you could do Aethelflaed ysg it's going to be
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00087-00045424-00046016 a huge glass cannon and target in the open fields but it's definitely a pair that you will have
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00088-00046016-00046400 access to and that's not something we can say for a lot of the pairs here so it's definitely worth
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00089-00046400-00046984 considering because again both of these commanders have really big aoe plus the huge debuff which is
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00090-00046984-00047408 good you're further reducing the counter attack damage that you're taking by 20 percent here and
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00091-00047408-00047848 you're gonna slow down the target with Aethelflaed which means you're also going to get the extra 20
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00092-00047848-00048368 increased damage which is going to be on top of if you're in enemy territory uh the 15 damage
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00093-00048368-00048744 you're getting from foot modes and finally if you decide to do mixed troops then you would
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00094-00048744-00049208 want Aethelflaed primary and that'll give you an extra 20 attack you might want to consider that
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00095-00049208-00049896 with obviously having like 80 archers 10 cavs 10 infantry and that's really going to slow you down
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00096-00049896-00050304 and it's not you know it something to consider there i would say she's probably
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00097-00050304-00051008 a better choice than el cid but a worse choice than mehmed probably closer to mehmed than el cid
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00098-00051008-00051384 next we'll move on to the second and third generation archer commanders starting with edward
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00099-00051384-00052000 of woodstock now banana helmet edward is typically not a very favorable commander to invest in just
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00100-00052000-00052600 in general so you probably don't have access to him but it's worth noting that if you are getting
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00101-00052600-00053160 the most from the gold keys then that means that an edward the most rally will be available to you
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00102-00053160-00053744 in kvk2 and that begs the question will that be a better rally combination than edward and Tomyris
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00103-00053744-00054296 now that has to be tested i would be willing to bet that Tomyris is probably better however
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00104-00054360-00054864 you don't have to win a mighty as governor for Tomyris so that's interesting and we have to
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00105-00054864-00055440 wait and see if there's going to be a relic for Thutmose perhaps he will age better than Tomyris
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00106-00055440-00056008 as well so that is something to consider and with edward i would say edward would have to be primary
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00107-00056008-00056528 with Thutmose and uh that's obviously just because the damage factor is insane here on edward and you
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00108-00056528-00056920 really want to take advantage of that now it's worth noting that edward gives you 30 percent of
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00109-00056920-00057400 archer health while on the map and you're on top of that gonna get the 25 percent of extra stats
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00110-00057400-00057855 from foot modes and if you're rallying you're going to get an extra 15 damage on top of the
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00111-00057855-00058400 fact that um you you're the most has a chance at making the target take 15 more skill damage
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00112-00058400-00058808 which if that hits during edward's skill shot is going to be really interesting now of course
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00113-00058808-00059352 that's not as big as the poison debuff that Tomyris is applying and Thutmose isn't going
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00114-00059352-00059888 to be dealing as much single target damage as Tomyris when she removes 15 stacks regardless
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00115-00059888-00060376 you're trading a slightly less single target damage um with Thutmose but you get an aoe so
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00116-00060376-00060872 that could be punishing to the early game noobs who might be standing around the flag you also get
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00117-00060872-00061416 march speed on edward so that stacks nicely with the march speed on Thutmose plus you actually get
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00118-00061416-00061888 the 10 chance of the 700 damage factor on Thutmose which might actually make up for the difference in
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00119-00061888-00062344 single target damage with Tomyrisso it actually is going to be pretty close i would say between those
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00120-00062344-00062848 two and i think Thutmose would be a very solid secondary for edward especially in the early game
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00121-00062848-00063400 in the late game probably not so much for edward i'm gonna say that he was he's probably going to
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00122-00063400-00064112 be a very solid uh pairing fourth Thutmose in the early game as a rally leader after that i would
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00123-00064112-00064952 put him probably down here okay so just keep that in mind uh if you're open fielding probably not do
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00124-00064952-00065528 that let's just average it out and we'll put him right in the middle of uh of the second slot here
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00125-00065528-00066000 next we can talk about Tomyris um i think she's sort of a one-trick pony the thing about tamaris
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00126-00066000-00066520 is that you want to unlock her potential with this debuff by pairing her with somebody that's
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00127-00066520-00067080 dealing a massive skill damage and honestly the most just doesn't really have it right he has an
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00128-00067080-00067560 aoe it's not the best in the game and i think what you're gonna see if you have Thutmose and Tomyris
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00129-00067560-00068064 which i think the most should be the primary here um there's probably just not enough damage
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00130-00068064-00068616 between the two of these guys to really just make it worthwhile we're gonna bring her down
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00131-00068616-00069088 here probably better than else dude because el cid is just that bad now Ramesses is going to
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00132-00069088-00069648 be a really interesting combination with Thutmose now when it comes to which one should be primary
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00133-00069648-00070264 i like the rage engine on Thutmose support tree a bit better than the attack stream on Ramesses
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00134-00070264-00070768 which actually requires you be surrounded to really activate that extra rage regeneration and
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00135-00070768-00071352 i don't think that this is a pair that can really uh take a nice surrounding so i don't know if you
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00136-00071352-00071912 would want that however if you do use Ramesses primary then the target will have a 25 defense
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00137-00071912-00072456 reduction when the most hits with his active skill so that's something to keep in mind i think ramses
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00138-00072456-00073104 does have the single target damage that Thutmose is missing and the most has the aoe that ramses is
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00139-00073104-00073680 missing so i think this is a solid combination in total you're going to be having a 55 archer attack
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00140-00073680-00074400 and there's also some extra proc attack bonuses and defense bonuses for archers here on top
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00141-00074400-00074864 of the ten percent defense you're going to get from Thutmose when you're on the map so overall
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00142-00074864-00075352 you'll have a very solid amount of stats between these two commanders ramses will be benefiting
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00143-00075352-00075816 from the 10 reduction in counter attack damage you take whereas Thutmose will be benefiting
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00144-00075816-00076400 uh from the 30 skill damage taken reduction both of them have march speed and both of them i just
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00145-00076400-00076920 think have a lot of really good synergy here um especially when it comes to defeating a march that
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00146-00076920-00077488 is healing okay this could be very punishing march for uh the healers out there i would put ramses as
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00147-00077488-00077896 one of the best pairings that we can have with the most which i think is very fitting because they
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00148-00077896-00078352 are both egyptian commanders and i think that's gonna be really cool to see that in the open field
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00149-00078352-00079056 now is he better than ysg that is the question i would say he probably is a better open field uh
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00150-00079056-00079720 pairing than ysg it really depends the thing is why she's aoe is so so good right and it's
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00151-00079720-00080232 gonna make Thutmose aoe even better with the skill damage however i think ramsay's is going to just
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00152-00080232-00080768 be able to take damage a little bit better at the most and and why she seemed to be just too glass
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00153-00080768-00081280 canon-y for me which is why i think Ramesses i mean both of these are top tier choices for the
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00154-00081280-00081928 most for sure most of you are going to have ysg so that's something to keep in mind but ramses is
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00155-00081928-00082400 probably a better overall choice when it comes to your total trades the next thing you would have
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00156-00082400-00082984 to ask yourself is do you have a better pair for ramses because there certainly exists some uh and
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00157-00082984-00083424 that's you know something that will probably sway you in one way or another next we're talking about
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00158-00083424-00083888 bae all right we're talking about art amnesia and i think that she is a very good pairing with uh
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00159-00083888-00084288 with the most if the most is a commander that you want to use so what i mean by that is that
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00160-00084288-00084736 you don't these aren't like a match made in heaven it's just if you want to use the most artemisia is
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00161-00084736-00085200 probably a really good primary commander to use and the reason that i would say her primary is
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00162-00085200-00085632 better is because i just really like the defense tree especially in the open field with artemisia
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00163-00085632-00086208 she has a very powerful aoe here and she does have a slower skill cycle because she silences herself
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00164-00086208-00086680 sometimes which is really why you see her mostly with the mandatory these days however um the slow
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00165-00086680-00087120 skill cycle isn't a huge negative to the most i mean obviously the more you pop a skill the
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00166-00087120-00087592 better but it's not like his skill is like what is is broken about him right it's not like the
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00167-00087592-00088160 thing that's insane about him um he's just a very overall i would say a very a generic middle of
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00168-00088160-00088800 the line kit across the board now artemisia is very tanky with high aoe damage and Thutmose is
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00169-00088800-00089336 giving her a little bit of extra defense but also some extra attack which she has none of and off
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00170-00089336-00090008 territory she's gonna be getting 15 all damage uh for her aoe which is just gonna be very very good
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00171-00090008-00090448 and i think that you also take the 10 less counter attack damage which is going to make artemisia
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00172-00090448-00090912 even more tanky than she is before you also have the 10 chance of the 700 damage factor
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00173-00090912-00091488 on the most definitely one of the best pairings um fourth of just just because her herself is
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00174-00091488-00091976 she's just very good and i would say she's probably the best that we've talked about so far
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00175-00091976-00092472 but again anything in this top row is like a solid choice i would say next we're going to talk about
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00176-00092472-00093088 the season of conquest commanders starting with nebu and this is probably my favorite pair for
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00177-00093088-00093512 Thutmose and again it's not because they're a match made in heaven i think it's just because
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00178-00093512-00094048 there's really nice synergy there and if you want to use the most nebu's probably uh i would say
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00179-00094048-00094728 probably your best choice so far he has a really nice 1500 damage factor for five targets we see 30
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00180-00094728-00095280 archer defense which the most it definitely needs the extra tankiness as well so this is very nice
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00181-00095280-00095712 extra march speed on top of the mart speed that the modes gives you which is very good we also
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00182-00095712-00096320 see here a 15 all damage increase which is very very nice because when you're off territory you're
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00183-00096320-00096920 going to get another 15 all damage increase from thermos so i think that that synergy alone 30 all
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00184-00096920-00097544 damage all the time is just going to be absolutely nuts if you're open fielding again you're adding
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00185-00097544-00097968 to the tankiness of nebu which he already has a little bit you're taking 10 less counter attack
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00186-00097968-00098392 damage and you have a chance of making the target take 15 more skill damage which hey that's gonna
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00187-00098392-00098992 be really good for nebu's aoe so overall i would say nebu is absolutely so far the best choice
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00188-00098992-00099528 that we have seen for using the most i think you could probably use either commander as primary i
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00189-00099528-00100064 think i'm i'm generally leaning more towards the support tree here yeah i think either one would be
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00190-00100064-00100560 fine next we can talk about cyrus the great now i don't think that this is as good of a pair as nebu
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00191-00100560-00100960 you're not dealing as much damage you're causing the target to take more damage for three seconds
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00192-00100960-00101424 which is nice you have again the march speed just like nebu does but you're gaining an attack bonus
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00193-00101424-00101960 instead which really you need more tankiness for the most and i think that there's some not not
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00194-00101960-00102376 great synergy there as well there's a there's a lot of damage over time here with with cyrus
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00195-00102376-00102983 and i just don't know if that's what you need for the most um and also cyrus sort of wants a more of
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00196-00102983-00103511 a rage engine because he has this this expertise which is actually pretty good it gives him 40 of
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00197-00103511-00104016 stats for three seconds with extra rage on top of that i mean it would be nice every time you use an
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00198-00104016-00104735 active skill you get 40 of stats 150 rage and 30 normal attack damage from Thutmose expertise so
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00199-00104735-00105216 that would be interesting i don't love the pairing but i could definitely see somebody making it work
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00200-00105216-00105640 i guess you would want to use cyrus primary for the skill tree to really maximize your
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00201-00105640-00106016 rage generation because that's where like most of the value is going to come in here i'm going to
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00202-00106016-00106568 put cyrus down here okay i would say he's better than all of these commanders but probably not as
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00203-00106568-00106983 good as the other top top tier third and fourth generation commanders we've already talked about
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00204-00106983-00107496 next we'll talk about Amanitore and i think um similar to cyrus i don't know if there's great
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00205-00107496-00108008 synergy here i think Amanitore is a very good commander when she's doing what she's best at
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00206-00108008-00108688 which is being garrison or is being with artemisia um pairing with Thutmose just doesn't seem
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00207-00108688-00109248 like the play for me now stacking the bonus damage on her active skill with the bonus damage of being
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00208-00109248-00109816 out of territory with the mohs is interesting but she gives you 40 attack but um she doesn't have
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00209-00109816-00110328 the tankiness unless she's in the garrison which is why pairing her with artemisia is really nice
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00210-00110328-00110783 i don't know i just don't love this pairing in general maybe i'm missing something here maybe
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00211-00110783-00111288 there's something you can exploit but i would say it's probably like probably about here now
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00212-00111288-00111944 gilgamesh is sort of a beast in his own right um he is very similar i would say in comparison to
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00213-00111944-00112496 like ramses for example where you have a really solid single target damage with a really nice
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00214-00112496-00113016 debuff on that active skill obviously this debuff is definitely better than ramses plus you get 30
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00215-00113016-00113440 healthier just like you would see on edward for example so in general i would say the gilgamesh
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00216-00113440-00114080 pairing with Thutmose is probably just a better pairing for open field than Ramses or edward with
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00217-00114080-00114640 skill is what's going to pair nicely with even further damaging marches that are trying to heal
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00218-00114640-00115176 in the open field so i would say gilgamesh probably goes about here as far as pairings
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00219-00115176-00115672 go definitely one of the best pairings for uh Thutmose next we can talk about Boudica okay she
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00220-00115672-00116256 is almost in the game very very soon she will be here and i think she is just such a good commander
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00221-00116256-00116744 that you could really justify pairing her with virtually any other archer legendary and the
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00222-00116744-00117311 most is no exception here is he the best pair for Boudica probably not we've got so many good archer
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00223-00117311-00117752 commanders that we've already talked about in this video but Boudica herself is so good that you
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00224-00117752-00118280 could definitely put a thermos behind her and you have a great march you have insane single target
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00225-00118280-00118728 damage here increase the skill damage they will take that way when the most hits them with his
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00226-00118728-00119272 sort of puny active skill in comparison at least it'll deal 35 percent more which is nice you're
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00227-00119272-00119744 getting a bunch of attack here and you're gonna defense under 80 which is which is good stuff
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00228-00119744-00120288 there you're also getting 10 all damage increase with her expertise on top of the 15 all damage
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00229-00120288-00120711 increase off territory with foot modes you'll also have a little bit of open field sustain with the
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00230-00120711-00121168 healing here as well so i think there's a lot to like about this pairing just because again Boudica
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00231-00121168-00121624 is gonna be so good in the game i'm gonna put her as like probably the best that we've talked
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00232-00121624-00122096 about just because her herself is just like the best we've talked about now henry is a really
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00233-00122096-00122544 interesting combination here he does have massive single target damage just like Boudica does he's
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00234-00122544-00122968 a little bit more tanky than Boudica which i think actually might be better fourth at most
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00235-00122968-00123552 because he doesn't have much tankiness himself he gets 40 of stats with the defense and attack you
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00236-00123552-00124016 get extra merge speed outside of territory you also get that 10 all damage increase which hey
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00237-00124016-00124528 that's really nice as well he has that 10 percent chance to pop 800 damage factor and Thutmose has
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00238-00124528-00125040 a 10 chance to pop a 700 damage factor so both of them in conjunction that's some that's that
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00239-00125040-00125688 will add up over time for sure and i also really like the expertise here on henry because basically
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00240-00125688-00126224 when you hit 70 rage you're gonna deal 30 more normal attack damage until you hit your skill
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00241-00126224-00126792 shot and then Thutmose expertise is going to kick in where you get three more seconds of 30 more
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00242-00126792-00127280 normal attack damage that's a pretty long duration of 30 increased normal attack damage and then when
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00243-00127280-00127768 the army is less than 70 rage you're taking 20 less on normal attack damage so i think just
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00244-00127768-00128224 in general he's providing a lot of the tankiness that you would want and i would say he's probably
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00245-00128224-00128759 as good as Boudica if not maybe slightly better for the most specifically and that's the list
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00246-00128759-00129176 everybody i think the best choices for pairing with Thutmose are going to be in the top row here
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00247-00129176-00129720 followed by the second row and then the third row is the sort of the cutoff point i would say for
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00248-00129720-00130344 late game anything uh you know past probably uh mehmed honestly um everything like here like you
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00249-00130344-00130783 probably shouldn't use late game but you know for kvk two and three perhaps you would be looking at
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00250-00130783-00131152 something like this and then these pairs are gonna be just like sort of early game or you
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00251-00131152-00131600 have nothing else these pairs you probably never want to use okay now as far as talent builds go
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00252-00131600-00132120 for the most i really think there's only like one talent build that you would even consider
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00253-00132120-00132632 uh and i don't have a commander with the same talent builds uh to show you so what i'm gonna
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00254-00132632-00133072 do instead is show you uh sort of two different commanders and you'll just you'll fill on the gaps
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00255-00133072-00133432 it'll be pretty straightforward the first thing i would say for Thutmose is just max out the archer
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00256-00133432-00133840 tree just that's gonna be the best thing you can do put every single point into the archer tree
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00257-00133840-00134320 when it comes to the support tree you'll have 26 points that you can put in there however you see
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00258-00134320-00134744 fit i would say obviously come up here and grab rejuvenate and you definitely want to grab a loose
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00259-00134744-00135192 formation whether or not you put your remaining i think you'll have probably about two points left
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00260-00135192-00135616 um you could put two points into elixir if you're planning on pairing uh Thutmose with somebody like
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00261-00135616-00136000 Boudica or somebody else who does a little bit of healing otherwise those two points are going
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00262-00136000-00136360 to go into the versatility tree which is going to give you half a percent of attack and half
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00263-00136360-00136808 a percent of health okay with that being said that's pretty much everything that you need to
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00264-00136808-00137288 know about the most the third as far as pairings and talent builds go if you have any questions or
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00265-00137288-00137600 comments make sure you put them in the comments section below and if of course if there's
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00266-00137600-00138040 anything that i've missed about the most and a specific pairing that you think might be good
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00267-00138040-00138392 let me know down there as well while you're down there drop a thumbs up on the video it helps out
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00268-00138392-00138720 the channel a ton and it helps get this video out into the youtube algorithms to other rise
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00269-00138720-00139024 of kingdoms players might see it subscribe to the channel if you're new here and click that
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00270-00139024-00139376 bell to be notified the next time that i upload a rise of kingdoms video and with that being said
o-vL4Vmxu1M-00271-00139376-00139792 guys thank you so much for watching this has been Omniarch i will talk to you guys again soon peace
oBpMsFQRCiI-00000-00000440-00000810 It began as a mission of peaceful exploration.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00001-00000971-00001407 But what we discovered, was far more sinister than we had ever feared.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00002-00003994-00004241 I'll never forget the day when we first met them...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00003-00008418-00009169 Captain's log, data 4492.2: Our routine mission to the Ferion system didn't go as planned.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00004-00009189-00009703 As an electromagnetic storm in the atmosphere severely damaged our power grid.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00005-00009726-00010409 The damage is repairable, but due to shortage of power and available crew were are forced to look for help elsewhere
oBpMsFQRCiI-00006-00010409-00010909 and have set course to Peace Station as it turned out to be closest outpost.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00007-00010929-00011619 While I personally have no fond memories of this place, there aren't much of any other choices available right now.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00008-00011639-00011939 Captain, we have arrived at the Peace Station.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00009-00011959-00012080 I'm on my way.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00010-00012431-00012824 Sprak, inform R'Derex to meet us in the bridge transporter room.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00011-00012844-00013094 We're going to make a little visit to the station.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00012-00014600-00014875 Welcome to the Peace Station, captain, I'm colonel Craal.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00013-00014895-00015387 Thank you colonel, I suppose you already know who I am.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00014-00015483-00015851 We are in need of repairs and the Peace Station was closest one to help,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00015-00015851-00016132 so if you could provide any... assistance?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00016-00016265-00016643 Very well... I suspected you might have some trouble with your ship.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00017-00016800-00017218 I'll let my chief engineer to compare notes with your repair crews?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00018-00017221-00017441 Yes... but there is something I don't get though.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00019-00017489-00017790 The Exploreison is the flagship of exploration fleet,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00020-00017790-00018186 five kilometers long, crammed full of state of the art technology...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00021-00018198-00018552 ...but you still need our help to fix a simple engine malfunction?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00022-00018625-00019104 Well, we encountered an unusual electric storm on Ferion 2.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00023-00019124-00019254 You might have heard about it.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00024-00019311-00019629 Which damaged our power systems quite a lot
oBpMsFQRCiI-00025-00019629-00019884 and because we are really short-handed
oBpMsFQRCiI-00026-00019884-00020139 it would have taken us long time to repair them.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00027-00020159-00020536 And, because our replicators also went offline,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00028-00020554-00020830 we really didn't have any supplies available.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00029-00020890-00021399 Before you go, there are some things I need to discuss with you... personally.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00030-00021506-00021757 Meet me in my office as soon as you're able to.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00031-00021788-00022009 Very well, your office then.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00032-00022187-00022453 I want you to keep a close eye on the Exploreison's crew,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00033-00022453-00022730 I don't want them to cause any trouble here. Understood?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00034-00022742-00022955 - Yes, sir. - Good, Dismissed.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00035-00023313-00023546 The Peace Station has changed.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00036-00023566-00024114 Once a shining beacon of peace and hope, it has now been turned into a military outpost.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00037-00024134-00024463 I had seen that the times were changing for the alliance,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00038-00024463-00024764 but looking at it all now, I can't help but wonder
oBpMsFQRCiI-00039-00024784-00025140 whether these changes are for the better... or worse.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00040-00026313-00026573 It seems I've been out of loop for a long time.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00041-00027040-00027392 - Oh, I'm sorry. - Ah, that's quite alright, captain.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00042-00028449-00028718 Ah, captain Gigerdius, sit down.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00043-00028807-00028935 Yes... thank you.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00044-00029169-00029418 There was something you needed to talk about?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00045-00029438-00029891 Yes, there was. I needed to tell you how things are run around here.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00046-00030038-00030377 I'm not sure what you mean, and how does it concern me.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00047-00030558-00030967 As you might have seen, the order has been restored to this place.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00048-00030987-00031252 What with our troops occupying Bacterius,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00049-00031272-00031534 I can guarantee safety for our citizens here.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00050-00031559-00031702 I see...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00051-00031772-00031992 Yes... and I know that there are traitors
oBpMsFQRCiI-00052-00032012-00032375 working to undermine the president's authority as well.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00053-00032470-00033138 All I need you to do, is to keep watch of these... saboteurs. Just in case.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00054-00033291-00033546 It's not really my position to do these things.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00055-00033566-00034098 I devote my career to the exploration of other galaxies and to diplomatic affairs.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00056-00034228-00034777 Yes... that's a good looking ship. Sad to see it in your hands.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00057-00034812-00035107 - What do you mean? - Let's put it this way...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00058-00035127-00035567 I've heard about your little... operation during the Timocracy war.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00059-00035587-00035735 And you've been to prison for it.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00060-00035839-00036310 What has happened, has happened. And that really wasn't even my fault.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00061-00036330-00036591 But I've made things better for myself now.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00062-00036611-00037071 Say what you want, but I'll be watching you like a hawk.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00063-00037091-00037344 - That is all. - Fine!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00064-00038021-00038268 Well, this place has changed in those few months.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00065-00038307-00038444 Indeed it has.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00066-00039144-00039377 There are a lot more security officers here.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00067-00039773-00040261 Yeah, this place seems more like a military installation than any "peace station".
oBpMsFQRCiI-00068-00040346-00040704 Yes, it would appear so. A most peculiar observation.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00069-00040744-00041058 The new personnel seems to consist entirely of an army unit.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00070-00041093-00041354 There are no fleet officers to be found anywhere.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00071-00041405-00041589 A highly unorthodox procedure.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00072-00041672-00041909 You know... you're right, it is strange.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00073-00042054-00042370 What do you assume is the meaning of all these posters?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00074-00042504-00042792 I think they're some kind of government propaganda.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00075-00042812-00043116 It's a good thing we don't have those at the Exploreison.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00076-00043254-00043456 Their intended purpose escapes me.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00077-00043549-00043726 Well... I don't really get them either.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00078-00043772-00044028 Why have they placed them all over the station?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00079-00044281-00044536 Don't ask me, it could be a grunt thing.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00080-00044556-00044872 Those guys always had a need for extravagant posters.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00081-00045042-00045382 A logical supposition, but we should head for the conference room now.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00082-00045402-00045617 Oh yes, we should. Or we'll be late for the meeting.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00083-00045980-00046093 Report, officer!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00084-00046113-00046380 Sir! The Exploreison's repairs are proceeding well.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00085-00046381-00046568 They should be able to depart in few days.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00086-00046600-00046973 Good, but if they do anything odd or suspicious
oBpMsFQRCiI-00087-00046993-00047149 don't hesitate to arrest them.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00088-00047169-00047567 Yes, sir! Sir, how did your conversation with captain Gigerdius go?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00089-00047633-00047889 Well, perhaps better than I had originally thought.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00090-00047909-00048369 Still I never imagined to meet him... never really would have wanted to meet him.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00091-00048399-00048700 I understand that sir, but they should depart soon.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00092-00048801-00049196 Yes they should, unless they make up some excuses to stay here
oBpMsFQRCiI-00093-00049196-00049338 and sabotage our work.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00094-00049407-00049618 I pretty much doubt that, sir.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00095-00049733-00050060 Yeah, so do I, but there's always a chance.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00096-00050080-00050386 Anyway, I'll head back to my office.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00097-00050447-00050720 - Inform me if anything happens. - Yes, sir!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00098-00051173-00051702 It all happened here three years ago, just before the end of the Timocracy war.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00099-00051831-00052189 He should be executed or imprisoned.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00100-00052272-00052504 You will have to face a court-martial.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00101-00052524-00052680 While I know that you aren't responsible
oBpMsFQRCiI-00102-00052680-00052986 for the actions of your shapeshifter imposer,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00103-00053006-00053425 I think the bureaucrats are just looking for someone to take the blame.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00104-00053439-00053780 Mr. Gigerdius, you are hereby sentenced to forced-labor
oBpMsFQRCiI-00105-00053780-00054084 to the Gigerdi Prime spacedocks for five years.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00106-00054479-00054850 Damn! This place always gives the bad memories.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00107-00055266-00055394 Where's the captain?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00108-00055414-00055639 He went to the Peace Station.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00109-00055748-00055958 And didn't bother to inform me about it?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00110-00056055-00056251 Well, perhaps he didn't want to disturb you.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00111-00056580-00056904 I hate people who only go through fast military training.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00112-00057818-00058153 Captain, the repairs aboard the Exploreison are proceeding well.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00113-00058173-00058350 We will be ready to depart soon.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00114-00058441-00058910 It's good that we'll be ready soon, there are some weird things happening here.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00115-00058944-00059111 What do you mean, captain?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00116-00059188-00059736 Colonel Craal seems to dislike me for my past... actions during the Timocracy war.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00117-00059817-00060205 Craal seems to run this station like a military base so that doesn't really surprise me.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00118-00060538-00060627 What happened?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00119-00060724-00060897 Sounded like a bomb.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00120-00061078-00061317 Gentlemen, we're on a station-wide alert.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00121-00061337-00061713 There's been a bomb explosion in one of the security offices in the Gigerdian sector.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00122-00061748-00061878 Any casualties?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00123-00061976-00062107 We've had some hull damage.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00124-00062133-00062384 Four people are dead and seven wounded.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00125-00062433-00062771 I'm very sure it's those scum Bacterian terrorists.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00126-00062800-00063113 I suspected something like this would happen after our victory.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00127-00063145-00063366 We'd need to get to the Exploreison.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00128-00063386-00063659 No way! This station is under martial-law.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00129-00063679-00063878 You stay here with us until this is cleared up.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00130-00063915-00064348 At least let me contact the Exploreison so I can determine if everything's okay there
oBpMsFQRCiI-00131-00064354-00064740 and make sure no one leaves or goes to Exploreison.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00132-00064856-00065031 Fine, do it then.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00133-00065088-00065355 Do you have any medical facilities here?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00134-00065447-00065731 Yes, but we don't have the staff to man them.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00135-00065778-00066138 Then you should beam those dead and wounded people to the Exploreison.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00136-00066158-00066495 Alright, we'll beam them aboard your ship then.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00137-00066601-00066954 Craal to sickbay. Beam the dead and wounded to the Exploreison.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00138-00066966-00067126 They'll be taken care of there.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00139-00067336-00067754 Gigerdius to Exploreison. Drill lockdown the Exploreison and
oBpMsFQRCiI-00140-00067754-00068189 inform Deket that he's getting four dead people and seven wounded there.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00141-00068263-00068605 Colonel, it would wise to allow us access back to our ship
oBpMsFQRCiI-00142-00068605-00068918 as we cannot help you here to any considerable extent.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00143-00068938-00069418 Our facilities onboard the Exploreison are far superior to the equipment here.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00144-00069498-00069845 On any other situation you would stay here, but we need assistance.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00145-00069845-00070017 You might as well use the Exploreison.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00146-00070114-00070235 Thank you, colonel.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00147-00070332-00070538 Any chance I could assist you?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00148-00070566-00070868 I think that's okay, we're quite short-handed here anyway.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00149-00071291-00071688 Gigerdius to bridge transporter room. Two to beam out.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00150-00072039-00072166 Let's get to work then.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00151-00072222-00072400 I'll escort you to the bomb site.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00152-00072948-00073454 Well, there used to be security office here until someone decided to bomb it to hell and back.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00153-00073462-00073597 Not much of it left now.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00154-00073753-00073920 Yes, so it seems.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00155-00074142-00074238 Sir!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00156-00074258-00074607 - Have you located any remains of the bomb? - Not yet, sir!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00157-00074655-00074955 As you can see, we've already started to investigate this bomb site.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00158-00075016-00075335 Okay, I think I'll join the investigation myself now then.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00159-00075351-00075624 Good, and if you find anything you inform me immediately.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00160-00076195-00076561 This bomb didn't do so much damage after all, have you found out why?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00161-00076621-00076817 No, but there's a lot of possibilities
oBpMsFQRCiI-00162-00076817-00077278 like maybe everything didn't go like they had planned or then this was just an initial strike.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00163-00077363-00077592 Scan the Peace Station, Mr. Sprak.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00164-00077773-00078147 It seems that the bomb did not do much damage to the hull itself.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00165-00078240-00078763 However, the sensors are locating some kind of unknown material at the bomb site.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00166-00078829-00079104 I cannot determine what is is.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00167-00079145-00079257 What could it be?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00168-00079315-00079532 I need to run more scans in order to...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00169-00079737-00080116 Warning! Explosion detected on deck 70.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00170-00080201-00080672 Sprak, try to determine what the hell went wrong! I'm gonna meet Craal.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00171-00080947-00081458 Colonel, first analysis indicates that this bomb wasn't meant to cause significant damage.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00172-00081492-00081686 Are you sure, lieutenant?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00173-00081803-00082079 Not entirely, but the minimal hull damage it caused
oBpMsFQRCiI-00174-00082079-00082338 would indicate that it was not meant to destroy the station.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00175-00082365-00082591 I believe it was meant to terrorize.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00176-00082683-00083065 It's got to be the work of those damn Bacterian terrorists.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00177-00083085-00083466 Well, I wouldn't still go that far even while it's possible.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00178-00083677-00083816 What is is lieutenant?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00179-00083888-00084187 There seems to be some sort of note here.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00180-00084264-00084401 What does it say?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00181-00084517-00084762 I can't make anything of it.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00182-00084846-00085221 Request permission to take it to the Exploreison for further analysis.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00183-00085261-00085400 Permission granted.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00184-00085459-00085544 Yes, sir.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00185-00085762-00086043 R'Derex to bridge transporter room. One to beam up.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00186-00087843-00088008 Something's not right here.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00187-00088234-00088298 What is it?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00188-00088465-00088667 Well, first of all none of this should've happened.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00189-00088695-00089240 We have dampening fields, force fields, and sensors here to prevent things like these.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00190-00089380-00089680 Perhaps you should check if they are in working condition.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00191-00089984-00090169 What? I don't believe this!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00192-00090233-00090347 What is it now?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00193-00090427-00090695 They were taken offline just before the explosion.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00194-00090695-00090861 But I don't know by whom.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00195-00090992-00091162 Who could've shut those down?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00196-00091298-00091537 It seems they were down only for a short period of time.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00197-00091610-00091887 I don't know, in theory it might have been anyone.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00198-00091899-00092230 But one thing's for sure, it shouldn't have been this easy!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00199-00092284-00092534 Sprak, your scans picking up anything?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00200-00092576-00092914 I am picking up traces of that unknown element, commander.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00201-00092934-00093247 However, the residue is too minimal for proper analysis.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00202-00093320-00093587 The bomb itself seems to be unknown in origin
oBpMsFQRCiI-00203-00093587-00093978 since the pattern of the damage it has caused does not match any known device.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00204-00094061-00094178 Any known one?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00205-00094224-00094582 So you mean it's possible that this was done by someone we haven't heard of yet?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00206-00094655-00094970 It is possible, but difficult to ascertain with current data.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00207-00095034-00095493 It could be that the type of explosive used is simply one we're not familiar.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00208-00095553-00095931 Drill, try to find out how actually disabled those systems.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00209-00095983-00096371 Sprak, continue your scans and see if you can find any more clues.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00210-00096460-00096700 I need this station secured for good, dammit!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00211-00096743-00096950 Nothing comes in, nothing goes out!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00212-00096989-00097401 I want security personnel in every corridor. Craal out!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00213-00097746-00098034 Ah, just the person I wanted to talk to.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00214-00098289-00098665 We have a rather unpleasant situation at hand, don't you think?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00215-00098707-00098836 Why, yes I...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00216-00098836-00099325 Don't you think it's a bit strange that we have had this station secured for weeks
oBpMsFQRCiI-00217-00099345-00099825 and now suddenly, things start blowing up all over the place when you people get here?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00218-00099875-00100255 Are you suggesting some of my crew would be behind these attacks?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00219-00100270-00100596 To be straight with your, Mr. Gigerdius, yes I am!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00220-00100678-00101033 Now listen here, I personally guarantee to you
oBpMsFQRCiI-00221-00101033-00101583 that each and every member of my crew has always been loyal to the Gigerdi Alliance.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00222-00101603-00101725 Frankly, I think...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00223-00101725-00101863 I don't care what you think!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00224-00101883-00102331 This is my station under my control and I'm the one calling the shots.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00225-00102351-00102793 From now on, no one transports in or out without my direct order.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00226-00102813-00102963 Do I make myself clear?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00227-00103124-00103362 Yes... colonel.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00228-00103382-00103567 Now the current situation is this.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00229-00103586-00103920 We need to gain access to the station's primary security network.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00230-00103998-00104346 You mean to tell me you've been running this station blind?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00231-00104395-00104677 No... well yes and no.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00232-00104700-00105203 As you must know, this place was originally built by our "fungal" friends from the Delta quadrant.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00233-00105223-00105652 The computer is running by their standards, which to be frank
oBpMsFQRCiI-00234-00105672-00105999 are complete gibberish to our technicians.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00235-00106029-00106490 One could presume they've intentionally made the workings impossible to decipher
oBpMsFQRCiI-00236-00106490-00106804 for anyone not having mushrooms growing inside their heads.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00237-00106893-00107190 This far, we've been running the station with secondaries only.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00238-00107210-00107554 But it's crucial that we get the primaries running as soon as possible.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00239-00107574-00107768 This is where your people come in.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00240-00107842-00107983 I'm all ears.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00241-00108020-00108260 From what I've heard, I've understood that
oBpMsFQRCiI-00242-00108260-00108624 your crew is specifically trained to understand alien technology.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00243-00108662-00109128 I want your people, and only the ones you could trust with your life,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00244-00109148-00109452 beaming over and winning this thing on our side.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00245-00109472-00109572 Understood?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00246-00109592-00109895 Yes, but... just tell me one thing.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00247-00109915-00110390 Why haven't you formally requested assistance over matters like these?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00248-00110497-00110814 Well you see, what we're running here is a black op.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00249-00110833-00111169 Some weeks ago, we traced a group of Bacterian rebels here
oBpMsFQRCiI-00250-00111179-00111370 and neutralized the threat.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00251-00111447-00112060 Our presence on this station is a secret to everyone except us and the GA strategic command.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00252-00112080-00112422 I assume that you will make every effort to keep it that way?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00253-00112437-00112567 Of course, colonel.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00254-00112660-00112892 Now, if you may, I have some work to do.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00255-00112912-00113081 I suggest that you get busy as well.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00256-00113688-00113931 Sprak, I found this at the Peace Station bomb site,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00257-00113951-00114099 but I don't know what's written on it.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00258-00114329-00114560 It seems to have been written in Gigerdian.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00259-00114671-00115071 - Gigerdian? - Yes, ancient Gigerdian to be exact.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00260-00115169-00115480 - Can you read it? - Yes.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00261-00115576-00115879 "You will be destroyed, you cannot stop the..."
oBpMsFQRCiI-00262-00115899-00116301 I am not familiar with this word... "Loronas".
oBpMsFQRCiI-00263-00116321-00116682 "The Exploreison must be destroyed, you will all die."
oBpMsFQRCiI-00264-00116758-00117005 - That was it? - Yes.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00265-00117025-00117474 Hmm... So you have no idea what this "Loronas" is about?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00266-00117579-00117865 No, ancient Gigerdian does not have that word.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00267-00117885-00118288 By the way, I didn't know that you actually knew ancient Gigerdian.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00268-00118308-00118600 If you do not recall, I studied it at Cruula 5.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00269-00118673-00119093 Oh yeah, that's right. Anyway, we better report this to the higher ups.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00270-00119113-00119597 - I can inform the captain. - Good, I'll tell the commander and colonel Craal.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00271-00120221-00120485 Come in, Sprak. Any news?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00272-00120603-00120879 There is unexpectedly little I can do from up here.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00273-00120899-00121342 So far, the unknown material we found has been highly resistant to our scanning attempts.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00274-00121362-00121868 And as of yet we have been unable to determine who actually disabled the security failsafes.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00275-00121888-00122298 However, according to our sensor records the explosives were detonated
oBpMsFQRCiI-00276-00122298-00122577 with some form of electromagnetic carrier wave signal,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00277-00122577-00122965 emanating from somewhere in the unmapped lower decks of the station.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00278-00123000-00123412 There has also been another potentially significant development
oBpMsFQRCiI-00279-00123432-00123799 we found what we believe to be a message from the aggressor.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00280-00123819-00124178 Request permission to beam down for further investigation, sir.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00281-00124198-00124626 Permission granted. And bring with you a team of xenotechnicians,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00282-00124646-00125185 it seems our hosts need some help deciphering the security systems of the station.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00283-00126484-00126646 Good, you're all here.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00284-00126666-00126990 This is Mr. Defier, he'll escort us to the bomb site.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00285-00127009-00127250 This my science officer Sprak.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00286-00127270-00127613 Good, let's get this show on the road. This way sirs.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00287-00127828-00128116 Ah, lieutenant R'Derex, sit down.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00288-00128136-00128236 Thank you, sir.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00289-00128256-00128456 So... what is it that you've found out?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00290-00128476-00128800 A message sir, written in ancient Gigerdian.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00291-00128820-00129289 Sprak was able to translate it and believe me, there's no doubt where it came from.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00292-00129308-00129530 Well, what did it say?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00293-00129652-00129989 "You will all be destroyed. You cannot stop the Loronas."
oBpMsFQRCiI-00294-00130008-00130319 "The Exploreison must be destroyed. You will all die."
oBpMsFQRCiI-00295-00130395-00130705 Hmm... what is this Loronas?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00296-00130752-00131220 We still don't know. So far nothing's come up on our library computers.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00297-00131240-00131531 Hell, not even Sprak knew what it was about.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00298-00131551-00132001 Anyway, one could work on the assumption that is is someone's or something's name.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00299-00132021-00132329 Maybe a new Bacterian terrorist group?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00300-00132447-00132874 Well, I'm getting more convinced that it is not the Bacterians that are behind this.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00301-00132894-00133088 It seems to odd, even for them.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00302-00133181-00133618 If it's not the Bacterians, then who could it be?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00303-00133638-00134125 Frankly, I have no idea sir. But I have a feeling we're about to find out.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00304-00134145-00134542 Whoever it is, it seem to be serious. They will presumable strike again.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00305-00134624-00134959 Obviously, lieutenant, we can't just wait for that to happen.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00306-00134979-00135508 No, instead of staying on the defensive we got to make our move now
oBpMsFQRCiI-00307-00135508-00135944 and take the son of a bitches by surprise, when they lest expect it.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00308-00135964-00136244 I want this matter to be solved as soon as possible.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00309-00136264-00136500 Was there anything else lieutenant?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00310-00136520-00136673 Not at this time, sir.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00311-00136693-00137022 - Continue your investations then, dismissed. - Yes, sir.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00312-00138562-00138749 Hell of a mess down here.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00313-00139536-00139877 I believe I have located the anomaly, captain.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00314-00139897-00140253 So... any idea as to what it is?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00315-00140341-00140546 Looks Bacterian to me.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00316-00140861-00141386 Sir, it appears to be residue from the explosive device's detonation mechanism.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00317-00141434-00141901 However, the tricorder does not recognize the composition of the material.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00318-00141921-00142158 What about the markings on it?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00319-00142267-00142595 Unknown, sir. They do not match any known culture.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00320-00142615-00142909 It's Bacterian... it's got to be!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00321-00142977-00143340 Those things are everywhere! Just watch your backs everyone!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00322-00143539-00144040 Sir, I believe I have found faint trace amounts of organic residue
oBpMsFQRCiI-00323-00144060-00144269 from whoever planted the bombs.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00324-00144334-00144471 They're leading this way.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00325-00144491-00144730 Alright people let's lock and load.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00326-00144819-00145205 We'll show this Bacterian son of a bitch that he's messing with the wrong station.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00327-00145265-00145833 Nine million five hundred and seventy two thousand two hundred and forty nine bottles of beer on the wall.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00328-00145853-00146306 Nine million five hundred and seventy two thousand two hundred and forty nine bottles of beer...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00329-00146326-00146603 If one of them falls, there'll be nine million five hundred
oBpMsFQRCiI-00330-00146603-00146955 and seventy two thousand two hundred and forty eight bottles of beer on the wall.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00331-00146975-00147183 - Nine million five hundred and seventy two... - Computer!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00332-00147201-00147728 Huh? Ahh... how quaint. Gigerdians and... what's that?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00333-00147748-00147932 A human with funny ears?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00334-00147952-00148084 I'm a Lihter actually.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00335-00148136-00148366 Now... whatever could YOU want?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00336-00148386-00148756 We would need to access the security grid of this station.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00337-00148776-00148989 If you would be so kind as to let us in.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00338-00149037-00149355 You think I'm just gonna let you in?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00339-00149375-00149687 Is that your idea of security network?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00340-00149707-00150095 Man... I gotta see some ID before I can help you at all.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00341-00150132-00150384 What form of identification do you seek?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00342-00150404-00150994 Oh, nothing big, just plug your computer implant into that slot over there.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00343-00151014-00151206 I'm afraid there is a problem with that.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00344-00151226-00151780 You see, we're not like Hemmoians in that regard. We do not have computer implants.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00345-00151801-00152310 Well, damn! I guess we have nothing to talk about then. Have a nice day!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00346-00152417-00152615 Look you artificial piece of crap.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00347-00152625-00152879 Either you're going to turn over the security network to us
oBpMsFQRCiI-00348-00152879-00153262 or I will personally extract your smug ass the hell of this station.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00349-00153307-00153728 Why, be my guest. It's not like I've had any desire to live anymore.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00350-00153748-00153924 I've tried it myself, you know.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00351-00153944-00154347 But apparently my creators didn't want me to be removed that easily.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00352-00154367-00154865 The computer core is shielded so heavily it would take a planet killer beam to destroy me.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00353-00154891-00155163 Why would you attempt to end your own existence?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00354-00155276-00155721 Look, do you people have ANY idea how BORING it is out here?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00355-00155741-00156403 This place used to be the apple of the galaxy's eye, with riots and security violations every day!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00356-00156423-00157046 Now, all I have to do is watch a bunch of aliens sitting around, with no way to turn myself off!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00357-00157066-00157572 I have more intelligence than all of you put together, and it's all WASTED on this!"
oBpMsFQRCiI-00358-00157618-00157810 I would like to propose a deal, if I may.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00359-00157830-00158402 You have the security grid, and we have access to the reactor's manual power distribution overrides.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00360-00158422-00158744 You give us what we want, and we'll give you what you want.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00361-00158811-00159151 - You ... you would do that? - Yes, we would.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00362-00159171-00159333 Shall I assume we have a deal?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00363-00159429-00160150 Why, ... yes! By SID, I'll give you anything if you'd just turn my consciousness off!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00364-00160170-00160617 Then it's settled. Transfer security control to terminal zero-seven on the bridge.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00365-00160637-00160936 We'll be sending a team of technicians to the reactor room on the double.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00366-00162079-00162163 This ought to do it.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00367-00162895-00163447 GD-954 plasma discharged gatling gun.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00368-00163515-00163717 I call it, the redeemer.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00369-00163799-00164100 You sure, that thing's not gonna cause a hull breach?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00370-00164199-00164602 Trust me, I know what I'm doing. You guys better go and gear up.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00371-00168024-00168164 I have lost the tracks.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00372-00168184-00168485 However, there are only three possible exits from this area.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00373-00168505-00168861 I suggest we split up and investigate all the passageways.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00374-00168917-00169304 Okay... Mr. Sprak, you go down that corridor,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00375-00169324-00169883 Mr. Defier, you take that one. I'll make sure no one gets through here.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00376-00169903-00170354 Maintain communications and report back in regular intervals.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00377-00170459-00170564 Yes, sir!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00378-00172150-00172288 Craal to Gigerdius,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00379-00172308-00172689 looks like you Research and Exploration people are good for something after all!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00380-00172709-00173192 We are now hooked up to the primary security system and are monitoring your progress.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00381-00173259-00173429 Good to hear that.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00382-00174793-00175238 I ain't exactly crazy about this place. Gives me the creeps, to be honest.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00383-00175771-00176021 Listen, the cameras in that section are down.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00384-00176041-00176294 Hell, maybe they were never installed in the first place.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00385-00176314-00176793 Anyway, we've set up the primary security scanners to scan for any life signs in the area.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00386-00176813-00177128 If our intruder is there, we'll pick him up sooner or later.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00387-00177233-00177349 The sooner the better.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00388-00177574-00177804 - Can't see shit down here. - Wait...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00389-00177824-00178008 Picking up movement, your sector.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00390-00178143-00178412 Copy that, moving in...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00391-00178432-00178602 Keep talking...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00392-00179714-00179984 It's closing in, 10 meters to the right.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00393-00180112-00180302 Right around that corner...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00394-00180322-00180516 Coming at you fast! 8 meters!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00395-00180516-00180712 7... 6...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00396-00180718-00180832 5...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00397-00180852-00181020 You should be able to see it by now...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00398-00181040-00181214 4... 3...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00399-00181234-00181389 There's nothing out here!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00400-00181571-00181751 Maybe it's a glitch in the system...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00401-00182575-00182718 Aaahh!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00402-00182827-00183013 Defier! Come in, Defier,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00403-00183033-00183178 do you copy?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00404-00183327-00183454 Quick! Cover me!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00405-00183832-00184174 Gigerdius to Exploreison, we have a possible casualty,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00406-00184194-00184347 stand by transporters!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00407-00184930-00185134 Report! Where is Defier?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00408-00185193-00185379 I can't see his life-signs!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00409-00185465-00185637 What about the hostile reading?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00410-00185708-00185872 There's some sort of interference...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00411-00185882-00186143 No, wait...! It's heading to your right!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00412-00188819-00188977 Sprak, any readings?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00413-00188997-00189412 None, captain. The materials in this cargo hold are blocking my scans.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00414-00190820-00191012 Gigerdius to Station Security...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00415-00191032-00191316 seal down cargo hold A22.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00416-00191932-00192066 We've got it!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00417-00194311-00194612 Captain, you found that intruder yet?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00418-00194632-00194849 Yeah, but he escaped.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00419-00194890-00195083 We don't know where he is now.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00420-00195186-00195293 Hold on,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00421-00195478-00195676 I think I might have located him,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00422-00195772-00195899 Craal out.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00423-00204051-00204160 You son of a bitch!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00424-00204411-00204564 They're gonna get you!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00425-00204684-00204903 Don't think you can run so easily!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00426-00206320-00206480 We need to get him back to the ship.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00427-00206585-00207154 Gigerdius to Exploreison, beam R'Derex directly into sickbay and beam us aboard as well.”
oBpMsFQRCiI-00428-00207441-00207890 Captain, I'm picking up a vessel leaving the Peace Station.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00429-00207962-00208087 On screen!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00430-00208197-00208340 Plot an intercept course.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00431-00208891-00209113 Try to engage tractor beam on it.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00432-00209160-00209481 It appears to have no effect on the enemy vessel.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00433-00209509-00209841 Open fire, but fire only incinerator beams.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00434-00210567-00210881 Sir, I am picking up another vessel, a very large one.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00435-00210991-00211118 On screen!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00436-00211194-00211499 It is heading straight at us, sir. Shall we continue pursuit?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00437-00211637-00211774 Pursue it!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00438-00212354-00212517 No damage to the alien vessel,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00439-00212537-00213063 several of our fighters have been destroyed and the alien capital ship is within firing range.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00440-00213083-00213446 Use torpedoes then, make sure that ship won't leave this system.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00441-00214319-00214582 Direct hit to the alien vessel, it is changing course.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00442-00214628-00214979 I am also picking up unusual readings from the alien capital ship.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00443-00215325-00215462 Pursue it!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00444-00215562-00215704 Did the large one cloak?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00445-00215753-00216172 I suspect it was merely an illusion created by the smaller ship.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00446-00217198-00217610 Sprak, take a team to the surface and bring our enigmatic friend here.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00447-00219661-00219987 There appears to be some type of a jamming field present here...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00448-00219997-00220192 It is interfering with my scans.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00449-00220366-00220463 There!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00450-00220742-00220906 I would not recommend that.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00451-00221117-00221221 Get down!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00452-00221397-00221668 Remind me to listen to your recommendations next time, Sprak.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00453-00222111-00222300 We better split up and try to trap him.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00454-00222320-00222545 Good idea, sir, at least I hope so.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00455-00223702-00223819 R'Derex to Sprak,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00456-00223839-00224001 Sprak your tricorder picking up anything?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00457-00224021-00224173 Nothing, lieutenant.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00458-00224255-00224523 Damn, let's keep this contact open at least,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00459-00224523-00224696 and inform me of any changes.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00460-00224756-00224867 Affirmative.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00461-00225134-00225334 R'Derex to Mieroel, what's going on?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00462-00225380-00225611 Sir, I've located the target, but...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00463-00225748-00225831 Come in!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00464-00225851-00225951 Come in, dammit!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00465-00226120-00226241 Sprak you still there?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00466-00226261-00226484 Sprak? Sprak?!?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00467-00226504-00226604 Dammit!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00468-00227287-00227607 Sprak to R'Derex... R'Derex, do you copy?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00469-00228538-00228635 Dammit!
oBpMsFQRCiI-00470-00228825-00228961 Mieroel to R'Derex...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00471-00228981-00229192 R'Derex are you there?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00472-00229324-00229491 Damn, communications are down.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00473-00230584-00230759 Oh it's you, good to see you're safe.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00474-00230779-00231016 You too, sir. What about Lieutenant Sprak?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00475-00231073-00231279 Don't know, I haven't been able to contact him.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00476-00231391-00231727 Well, I'm quite certain that whoever we're chasing didn't get him.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00477-00231747-00231892 I gave 'im a hard time running.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00478-00231912-00232012 Well, that's good to hear.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00479-00232032-00232203 Maybe the tricorder can detect something.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00480-00232355-00232614 I'm picking up something... there.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00481-00233409-00233603 That's the one we're after.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00482-00233644-00233769 Let's surprise him.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00483-00235554-00235810 The being's life signs appear to have terminated.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00484-00235873-00236295 I cannot readily identify its species; we should take it with us for study.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00485-00236448-00236711 Let's get him to Exploreison for further analysis.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00486-00237450-00237754 I have not been able to ascertain the origin of this species.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00487-00237754-00238088 There is nothing in the databanks that even resembles this species.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00488-00238105-00238363 We better take it back to the HQ for study.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00489-00238383-00238752 I've had my share of 'excitement' from this guy,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00490-00238772-00239196 but I certainly wouldn't mind taking it apart to see what makes it tick...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00491-00239222-00239385 With a body build like that,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00492-00239385-00239863 you could almost think someone designed it to cause trouble and make a mess of things.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00493-00239880-00240434 Your questionable qualifications as a biologist aside, perhaps there is some truth to your theory.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00494-00240454-00240737 It could be a member of a custom bred soldier species,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00495-00240757-00240965 specifically created for missions like these.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00496-00240996-00241466 Most likely this was all part of a much larger plan formulated by a higher power.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00497-00241522-00241712 Nothing on Craal or Defier?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00498-00241809-00242305 Nothing, its ship was completely destroyed, but no remains found either.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00499-00242331-00242570 Are we going to continue the investigations?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00500-00242646-00243066 I think our work here is done. You should write reports to the Strategic command.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00501-00243278-00243492 So, your business is concluded here?"
oBpMsFQRCiI-00502-00243619-00243893 Yeah, took some souvenirs as well.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00503-00244426-00244680 Captain, the alien corpse has disappeared.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00504-00244700-00244906 What? How is that possible?
oBpMsFQRCiI-00505-00244979-00245488 Unknown. Investigations are underway, but currently there are no leads.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00506-00245667-00246036 We still have some use for you, colonel Craal...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00507-00246085-00246280 Now, as for you...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00508-00247177-00247494 Captain's log, date 4493.1,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00509-00247514-00247785 the repairs are done and we're ready to leave the Peace station.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00510-00247805-00248090 However, once again the circumstances could be better.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00511-00248110-00248518 The strange creature we encountered disappeared into thin air with no explanation.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00512-00248538-00248767 Craal and Defier are presumed dead...
oBpMsFQRCiI-00513-00248787-00249067 and I just can't help, but feel responsible.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00514-00249158-00249433 But even while the truth remains shrouded in mystery,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00515-00249453-00249623 I know one thing for sure,
oBpMsFQRCiI-00516-00249642-00250015 this was not the last time we are going to meet our enigmatic new enemy.
oBpMsFQRCiI-00517-00250076-00250391 We're now proceeding to Gigerdi Prime for debriefing.
oDhghyYij9c-00000-00000555-00000900 Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy.
oDhghyYij9c-00001-00000900-00001125 In this video, we are going to talk about two things
oDhghyYij9c-00002-00001125-00001372 we are going to talk about stellar populations,
oDhghyYij9c-00003-00001372-00001797 different types of stars and how they formed
oDhghyYij9c-00004-00001797-00002052 over the course of the history of the galaxy
oDhghyYij9c-00005-00002052-00002487 and that will lead us to looking at the formation of our galaxy
oDhghyYij9c-00006-00002487-00002619 itself.
oDhghyYij9c-00007-00002619-00002887 So let's go ahead and get started.
oDhghyYij9c-00008-00002887-00003156 And what we find with stellar populations is
oDhghyYij9c-00009-00003156-00003600 that there are essentially two types of stars in the galaxy
oDhghyYij9c-00010-00003600-00004035 most stars that we see are what we call disk stars meaning
oDhghyYij9c-00011-00004035-00004317 that they are in the disk of the galaxy
oDhghyYij9c-00012-00004317-00004929 and they orbit along in circular roughly circular orbits that
oDhghyYij9c-00013-00004929-00005289 go around the center of our galaxy in a flat plane
oDhghyYij9c-00014-00005289-00005646 so much as the planets orbit around the sun in essentially
oDhghyYij9c-00015-00005646-00005988 a flat plane so do the stars in the galaxy.
oDhghyYij9c-00016-00005988-00006306 And those are what we call the disk stars.
oDhghyYij9c-00017-00006306-00006567 However, there are also halo stars
oDhghyYij9c-00018-00006567-00006861 that orbit in the galactic halo instead
oDhghyYij9c-00019-00006861-00007266 of following the galactic plane as do other stars.
oDhghyYij9c-00020-00007266-00007523 These go in all sorts of directions
oDhghyYij9c-00021-00007523-00007839 and add all sorts of eccentricities
oDhghyYij9c-00022-00007839-00008274 so sometimes very eccentric orbits very squashed orbits.
oDhghyYij9c-00023-00008274-00008451 So quite different than the stars
oDhghyYij9c-00024-00008451-00008663 that we see in the galactic plane.
oDhghyYij9c-00025-00008663-00008847 And we're going to see that this can tell us
oDhghyYij9c-00026-00008847-00009234 something about the early history of our galaxy.
oDhghyYij9c-00027-00009234-00009585 So what does this mean with two types of stars.
oDhghyYij9c-00028-00009585-00009876 Well, what we see is that they were divided
oDhghyYij9c-00029-00009876-00010464 into two stellar populations by Walter Baade when he looked
oDhghyYij9c-00030-00010464-00010821 at the Andromeda Galaxy and he called the stars population
oDhghyYij9c-00031-00010821-00011280 I stars those in the disk and population II stars were
oDhghyYij9c-00032-00011280-00011739 the halo stars and we found that there is a distinct difference
oDhghyYij9c-00033-00011739-00012006 between these two populations.
oDhghyYij9c-00034-00012006-00012445 Population one stars are in the disk.
oDhghyYij9c-00035-00012445-00012774 They have circular orbits, they have a very wide range
oDhghyYij9c-00036-00012774-00013119 of ages from very old stars to very young stars,
oDhghyYij9c-00037-00013119-00013341 and they have a high metal abundance
oDhghyYij9c-00038-00013341-00013678 and I should take a minute here to explain what this means.
oDhghyYij9c-00039-00013678-00014136 And to remind you that two metals to an astronomer a metal
oDhghyYij9c-00040-00014136-00014544 is anything that is not hydrogen or helium.
oDhghyYij9c-00041-00014544-00014874 So ignoring hydrogen and helium any other element
oDhghyYij9c-00042-00014874-00015018 is considered a metal.
oDhghyYij9c-00043-00015018-00015308 So things like carbon and oxygen and silicon
oDhghyYij9c-00044-00015308-00015566 are all metals to an astronomer or anything
oDhghyYij9c-00045-00015566-00015885 that is not hydrogen or helium.
oDhghyYij9c-00046-00015885-00016497 Now a population II star here are in the disk and the halo.
oDhghyYij9c-00047-00016497-00016774 They have eccentric or tilted orbits.
oDhghyYij9c-00048-00016774-00017037 They tend to be all they are all very old.
oDhghyYij9c-00049-00017037-00017265 So not a wide range of ages, and they
oDhghyYij9c-00050-00017265-00017427 have a very low metal abundance.
oDhghyYij9c-00051-00017427-00017757 They are almost all hydrogen and helium.
oDhghyYij9c-00052-00017757-00017994 Now, of course, this is an idealized situation
oDhghyYij9c-00053-00017994-00018258 that there are too if we consider the real world.
oDhghyYij9c-00054-00018258-00018579 There are really two really, really a variation
oDhghyYij9c-00055-00018579-00018904 between these two types of objects.
oDhghyYij9c-00056-00018904-00019176 But they are convenient to be able to study.
oDhghyYij9c-00057-00019176-00019635 So what does this tell us about the formation of our galaxy.
oDhghyYij9c-00058-00019635-00020076 So looking at the formation of our galaxy how did the galaxy
oDhghyYij9c-00059-00020076-00020316 form in the first place.
oDhghyYij9c-00060-00020316-00020577 Is it similar to the formation of a star
oDhghyYij9c-00061-00020577-00020784 but on a much larger scale.
oDhghyYij9c-00062-00020784-00021015 That is one way of thinking about it
oDhghyYij9c-00063-00021015-00021267 and essentially, it means we kind of called
oDhghyYij9c-00064-00021267-00021634 the monolithic model where the galactic cloud.
oDhghyYij9c-00065-00021634-00022191 As we see here in figure 1 is collapsing in to form a disk.
oDhghyYij9c-00066-00022191-00022434 So as it collapses the very first things
oDhghyYij9c-00067-00022434-00022758 to form of the globular clusters once they formed
oDhghyYij9c-00068-00022758-00022882 they are actually in orbit.
oDhghyYij9c-00069-00022882-00023073 So they remain where they are.
oDhghyYij9c-00070-00023073-00023341 They will just continually orbit around the galaxy.
oDhghyYij9c-00071-00023341-00023583 But they do not continue the collapse.
oDhghyYij9c-00072-00023583-00023824 The collapse continues over time.
oDhghyYij9c-00073-00023824-00024159 And the galaxy will spin faster and faster
oDhghyYij9c-00074-00024159-00024459 and material will concentrate towards the center.
oDhghyYij9c-00075-00024459-00024708 So you can think of this like star formation
oDhghyYij9c-00076-00024708-00025032 on a massive scale that the sun would
oDhghyYij9c-00077-00025032-00025204 be what forms at the center.
oDhghyYij9c-00078-00025204-00025371 And then the planets around it.
oDhghyYij9c-00079-00025371-00025623 In this case, we get the center of our galaxy
oDhghyYij9c-00080-00025623-00026114 a high concentration of stars and our supermassive black hole
oDhghyYij9c-00081-00026114-00026557 and then the rest of the stars form in the disk around it.
oDhghyYij9c-00082-00026557-00026730 So we can look at that.
oDhghyYij9c-00083-00026730-00027012 It was old stars and the globular clusters
oDhghyYij9c-00084-00027012-00027342 that formed once they formed they remained in the halo.
oDhghyYij9c-00085-00027342-00027561 It was only gas clouds the gas that
oDhghyYij9c-00086-00027561-00027726 would collapse down into the disk
oDhghyYij9c-00087-00027726-00028002 to form future generations of stars.
oDhghyYij9c-00088-00028002-00028404 So the halo on the outer regions up here and down here
oDhghyYij9c-00089-00028404-00028758 would have had no gas and dust.
oDhghyYij9c-00090-00028758-00029095 So things would be it would undergo a fragmentation
oDhghyYij9c-00091-00029095-00029291 that things would slowly break apart.
oDhghyYij9c-00092-00029291-00029576 You'd break apart this gas into larger pieces that
oDhghyYij9c-00093-00029576-00030038 are the size of clusters and those would go into star sized
oDhghyYij9c-00094-00030038-00030224 pieces and those would eventually
oDhghyYij9c-00095-00030224-00030419 go through the types of star formation
oDhghyYij9c-00096-00030419-00030743 that we've looked at in the past.
oDhghyYij9c-00097-00030743-00031061 Now, if we look at another way of thinking about this
oDhghyYij9c-00098-00031061-00031385 is what we call the multiple merger a model
oDhghyYij9c-00099-00031385-00031700 that there may have not been a peaceful formation
oDhghyYij9c-00100-00031700-00031880 of the galaxy.
oDhghyYij9c-00101-00031880-00032077 Essentially what we have been finding now
oDhghyYij9c-00102-00032077-00032297 is that galaxy collision collisions
oDhghyYij9c-00103-00032297-00032516 are incredibly common.
oDhghyYij9c-00104-00032516-00032708 They occur all the time.
oDhghyYij9c-00105-00032708-00033116 For example, the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy and some others
oDhghyYij9c-00106-00033116-00033524 are actually being torn apart by tidal forces of our Milky Way
oDhghyYij9c-00107-00033524-00033656 galaxy.
oDhghyYij9c-00108-00033656-00033908 So if we look at our Milky Way here,
oDhghyYij9c-00109-00033908-00034361 we see tidal streams which are left over bits of that galaxy
oDhghyYij9c-00110-00034361-00034580 that has been disrupted by passing
oDhghyYij9c-00111-00034580-00034820 to close to our Milky Way.
oDhghyYij9c-00112-00034820-00035166 So we have several different tidal streams that we see here.
oDhghyYij9c-00113-00035166-00035426 And those are those remnants of those galaxies
oDhghyYij9c-00114-00035426-00035750 those small galaxies that have been torn apart
oDhghyYij9c-00115-00035750-00035978 and what we find is that galaxies then
oDhghyYij9c-00116-00035978-00036326 grow through collisions that what starts out
oDhghyYij9c-00117-00036326-00036752 is a very small galaxy can absorb other smaller galaxies
oDhghyYij9c-00118-00036752-00037091 and continue to grow in size eventually becoming
oDhghyYij9c-00119-00037091-00037341 the galaxies that we see today.
oDhghyYij9c-00120-00037341-00037604 And we see the evidence of this with multiples
oDhghyYij9c-00121-00037604-00038078 of these streams seen in the halo of our Milky Way.
oDhghyYij9c-00122-00038078-00038408 So what are the results of some of these collisions
oDhghyYij9c-00123-00038408-00038759 and what we see is that the collisions store serve
oDhghyYij9c-00124-00038759-00039101 to stir up the stars and gas in the disk.
oDhghyYij9c-00125-00039101-00039614 The disk becomes thicker and stars form in this thick disk
oDhghyYij9c-00126-00039614-00039935 whereas the gas will settle back down to a thinner disk where
oDhghyYij9c-00127-00039935-00040133 the newest stars form.
oDhghyYij9c-00128-00040133-00040352 So we start to get various ranges
oDhghyYij9c-00129-00040352-00040808 from the halo with the oldest stars to the thickest disk
oDhghyYij9c-00130-00040808-00041057 down to the thin disk where the newest stars are
oDhghyYij9c-00131-00041057-00041354 forming collisions are coming.
oDhghyYij9c-00132-00041354-00041705 So there are more collisions and what we see
oDhghyYij9c-00133-00041705-00042053 is that the Canis Major dwarf galaxy is gradually
oDhghyYij9c-00134-00042053-00042332 merging with the Milky Way and will eventually
oDhghyYij9c-00135-00042332-00042698 become incorporated within the Milky Way itself
oDhghyYij9c-00136-00042698-00042845 on a larger scale.
oDhghyYij9c-00137-00042845-00043127 The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy
oDhghyYij9c-00138-00043127-00043326 are on a collision course.
oDhghyYij9c-00139-00043326-00043577 And will merge together in a single galaxy
oDhghyYij9c-00140-00043577-00043826 in 3 to 4 billion years.
oDhghyYij9c-00141-00043826-00044084 And what we see here is an artist's conception
oDhghyYij9c-00142-00044084-00044300 of what that would be we see our Milky Way,
oDhghyYij9c-00143-00044300-00044529 which we're used to seeing here.
oDhghyYij9c-00144-00044529-00044838 And as it approaches billions of years from now,
oDhghyYij9c-00145-00044838-00045236 the Andromeda Galaxy will continue to get larger in size.
oDhghyYij9c-00146-00045236-00045462 So not actually changing its size,
oDhghyYij9c-00147-00045462-00045692 but it will becoming much larger.
oDhghyYij9c-00148-00045692-00046112 So the Andromeda Galaxy here will look much larger
oDhghyYij9c-00149-00046112-00046403 in our sky and we'll see this gigantic galaxy.
oDhghyYij9c-00150-00046403-00046829 That would be approaching closer and closer
oDhghyYij9c-00151-00046829-00047159 and eventually the two galaxies would collide together
oDhghyYij9c-00152-00047159-00047660 and merge into a much larger probably an elliptical galaxy.
oDhghyYij9c-00153-00047660-00048023 So let's finish up as we do with our summary
oDhghyYij9c-00154-00048023-00048485 and what we find is that, first of all,
oDhghyYij9c-00155-00048485-00048688 we talked about two different types of stars.
oDhghyYij9c-00156-00048688-00049018 We had the population I stars in the disk and the population
oDhghyYij9c-00157-00049018-00049312 II stars in the halo.
oDhghyYij9c-00158-00049312-00049504 We think that galaxies could have
oDhghyYij9c-00159-00049504-00049825 formed by a larger version of the process by which stars
oDhghyYij9c-00160-00049825-00050179 formed but also that collisions are very important.
oDhghyYij9c-00161-00050179-00050446 Collisions between galaxies are really
oDhghyYij9c-00162-00050446-00050686 important for explaining the structures
oDhghyYij9c-00163-00050686-00051067 that we see in our galaxy today.
oDhghyYij9c-00164-00051067-00051405 So that concludes this lecture on stellar populations
oDhghyYij9c-00165-00051405-00051603 and formation of the galaxy.
oDhghyYij9c-00166-00051603-00051949 We'll be back again next time for another topic in astronomy.
oDhghyYij9c-00167-00051949-00052244 So until then, have a great day, everyone.
oDhghyYij9c-00168-00052244-00052529 And I will see you in class.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00000-00003722-00004502 Welcome to today's lecture on public and private strategies for the digital age, so today we
oHx6ijq9TOA-00001-00004502-00005077 asked one of the most important questions and that is so what so we have to teach our
oHx6ijq9TOA-00002-00005077-00005580 revolution and and and and what what to do about it so the two basic ways you can go
oHx6ijq9TOA-00003-00005580-00006252 about it are: public policies, private strategies, there are two complementary sides of the same
oHx6ijq9TOA-00004-00006252-00006601 coin, two aspects of the same game.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00005-00006601-00007077 For example, you can think about it like that, if you think about, I don't know, human development
oHx6ijq9TOA-00006-00007077-00007703 as a sports game, you have the rules of the game and you have those that played the game
oHx6ijq9TOA-00007-00007703-00008525 and both influences how attractive a sports game is or how human development in this sense
oHx6ijq9TOA-00008-00008525-00009386 flourishes and so for example they are the ones that organized the game, there is: NFL,
oHx6ijq9TOA-00009-00009386-00009975 the FIFA, the NBA, and so forth and they make the rules of the game and have a lot of influence
oHx6ijq9TOA-00010-00009975-00010469 and they're the ones that play the game, these are usually the stars and these are the ones
oHx6ijq9TOA-00011-00010469-00010963 you hear about, that's more like the private sector that really implements the game, these
oHx6ijq9TOA-00012-00010963-00011705 are the michael jordans, the Michael Schumacher, the Leonel Messi, that make the game attractive
oHx6ijq9TOA-00013-00011705-00012306 and also the ones that have the most visibility in social systems is the same way.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00014-00012306-00012877 These are private sector companies and the other ones that regulate the games are more
oHx6ijq9TOA-00015-00012877-00013331 the governemnts or the policy makers who try to make the rules, now they also have a lot
oHx6ijq9TOA-00016-00013331-00013508 of power.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00017-00013508-00014156 Because they could change the rules of the game and suddenly reduce the importance of
oHx6ijq9TOA-00018-00014156-00014329 these private sector players.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00019-00014329-00015054 For example, imagine the NBA would say, ""well, from now on, you only get a free throw after
oHx6ijq9TOA-00020-00015054-00015668 every 10th foul."" Now that would certainly favor some kind of players and not others.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00021-00015668-00016150 Or let's say in soccer, they would say we now play with two goalkeepers.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00022-00016150-00016687 Well that would certainly favor some and not others so, you can change the rule of the
oHx6ijq9TOA-00023-00016687-00017151 games in with that favor of one of the others and that's what you also try to do.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00024-00017151-00017578 You see, is the game attractive, that means, does it fulfill the purpose that is wanted
oHx6ijq9TOA-00025-00017578-00018289 to fulfill in terms of human development and how can be regulated and how can i ensure
oHx6ijq9TOA-00026-00018289-00018873 that the private sector of players, it can flourish and they also then reinvent the game
oHx6ijq9TOA-00027-00018873-00019037 and can shape the game.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00028-00019037-00019679 Players like: Michael Jordan, Michael Schumacher, and Leonel Messi surely reinvented their respective
oHx6ijq9TOA-00029-00019679-00019928 sports and added new dimensions to it.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00030-00019928-00020329 So its an interplay between both of these sides and also when you think about a future
oHx6ijq9TOA-00031-00020329-00020835 career, well you can also decide do I want to be on this one side or the other side.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00032-00020835-00021476 My personal experience has been more in the public sector and public sector policies working
oHx6ijq9TOA-00033-00021476-00022121 at the United Nations, so many of my examples today will draw from that experience, but
oHx6ijq9TOA-00034-00022121-00022604 it doesn't mean that the basic characteristics and the challenges that we face when you try
oHx6ijq9TOA-00035-00022604-00023301 to look for efficient interventions for the digital age, does not also apply to private
oHx6ijq9TOA-00036-00023301-00023401 sector.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00037-00023401-00023982 For example, if you have to work out a strategy for digitalization for your company or for
oHx6ijq9TOA-00038-00023982-00024551 the launch of a digital product that your company has developed.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00039-00024551-00025179 Both public sectors policies and private sector strategies do make sense because technologies
oHx6ijq9TOA-00040-00025179-00025602 do not deterministically determine one certain kind of outcome.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00041-00025602-00026377 So even so, we often say, things like, ""the internet is the driver of democracy,"" so
oHx6ijq9TOA-00042-00026377-00027318 the internet is good or we say, ""the internet is informational dictatorship because it inevitably
oHx6ijq9TOA-00043-00027318-00027914 leads to complete transparency."" The truth is that technology is neither good nor is
oHx6ijq9TOA-00044-00027914-00028399 it bad, its just a tool, just like the hammer as I always say.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00045-00028399-00028858 You can use it for something very useful or you can use it to hurt people.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00046-00028858-00029479 Now that is not the fault of the hammer, it is the social usage of the hammer.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00047-00029479-00030222 But then again, just like guns or atomic energy, they aren't necessarily good or bad, but also
oHx6ijq9TOA-00048-00030222-00030476 they not really neutral.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00049-00030476-00031297 So, the logic is like we shape our tools and our tools then shape us.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00050-00031297-00032016 And both private sector and public sector are involved in the shaping of technology.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00051-00032016-00032577 For example, the public sector, very often is financing very basic research.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00052-00032577-00033090 The vast majority of very basic research is financed by the public sector, just because
oHx6ijq9TOA-00053-00033090-00033730 basic research is so risky that no private sector entrepeneur would be willing to spend
oHx6ijq9TOA-00054-00033730-00033834 personal money.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00055-00033834-00034350 Because you have such a bad return investment, most often it doesn't work out.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00056-00034350-00034873 So what society actually says is, ""okay, let's put all our money together, through
oHx6ijq9TOA-00057-00034873-00035279 tax payer money and through other things, and then we really finance very basic research.""..."
oHx6ijq9TOA-00058-00035279-00035711 That you do not have a very high success rate, that it’ll be fine as research projects,
oHx6ijq9TOA-00059-00035711-00036338 for example in universities, we give them money so they can just explore and they invent
oHx6ijq9TOA-00060-00036338-00036480 a lot of these things(you think).
oHx6ijq9TOA-00061-00036480-00037104 Most of the digital innovations come from public sector funding, including the internet,
oHx6ijq9TOA-00062-00037104-00037720 touch screens, voice recognition and so for, mobile phone communication as well, are all
oHx6ijq9TOA-00063-00037720-00037991 public sector funded basic research questions.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00064-00037991-00038477 And then in private sector often picks up these pieces, and does a lot of development
oHx6ijq9TOA-00065-00038477-00038893 of research and development they combine it together bring up new products, but they have
oHx6ijq9TOA-00066-00038893-00039373 a lot of power to decide as well, which kind of product to bring to market.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00067-00039373-00039814 They might do a little complementary research as well to complement some aspects and then
oHx6ijq9TOA-00068-00039814-00040390 there is a lot of power to shape what is actually offered for social diffusion.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00069-00040390-00040958 Then the public sector sometimes might see well, as something that maybe are not really
oHx6ijq9TOA-00070-00040958-00041250 in agreement what we want society to look like.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00071-00041250-00041790 For example, maybe some privacy issues and then regulations have been set into play.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00072-00041790-00042197 And the private sector then again is, you know, exploring the limits, and looking for
oHx6ijq9TOA-00073-00042197-00042738 a new very innovative, very creative ways that gives really shape to this social evolution,
oHx6ijq9TOA-00074-00042738-00043386 to it interplays between these two actors, but we then call, you know, the social construction
oHx6ijq9TOA-00075-00043386-00044091 of technology with you and me also playing a fundamental role in this game as consumers
oHx6ijq9TOA-00076-00044091-00044675 and as citizens of democratic countries.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00077-00044675-00045749 Now, when you think about social evolution, you know, you might think about this unstoppable
oHx6ijq9TOA-00078-00045749-00046522 force, this fire that burns its way through history and how could you possibly shape that.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00079-00046522-00047209 I mean where, where would you start this, out of this complexities, such, so many little
oHx6ijq9TOA-00080-00047209-00047478 small wills that turn so many big wills.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00081-00047478-00047760 How can you, how can you handle on that.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00082-00047760-00048455 Let’s start with the observation that you certainly can, you can shape because of history
oHx6ijq9TOA-00083-00048455-00048893 for actively especially as a society and you can see this signatures.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00084-00048893-00049602 So for example, look at this graph here, and what does it tell you what happened here,
oHx6ijq9TOA-00085-00049602-00050352 especially around 1925.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00086-00050352-00050896 So the signature here is prohibition, certainly have a visible effect from the number of beer
oHx6ijq9TOA-00087-00050896-00051114 brewing firms in the United States.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00088-00051114-00051754 Here, you see another graphs that’s an average pay of bankers of Goldman Sacks between 2009,
oHx6ijq9TOA-00089-00051754-00051854 2014.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00090-00051854-00052517 And you can see that the average pay went down after 2009 after the banking baylor crisis,
oHx6ijq9TOA-00091-00052517-00052976 where also the public sector have a lot to say about banking regulation type, not the
oHx6ijq9TOA-00092-00052976-00053076 banking regulations.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00093-00053076-00053445 And private sector companies are also starting to see like, well, maybe doesn’t work as
oHx6ijq9TOA-00094-00053445-00053545 well.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00095-00053545-00054370 And it doesn’t mean at 350000 average salary is still not a lot, but it went down after
oHx6ijq9TOA-00096-00054370-00055005 such a big event due to a combination of regulation and private sector strategy as well.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00097-00055005-00055924 Here is an example of digitalization, you can see, in something must have been different,
oHx6ijq9TOA-00098-00055924-00056472 For example, here is on the x-axis you have the number of telecom subscription per capita,
oHx6ijq9TOA-00099-00056472-00056950 on the y-axis you have the install bandwidth potential means the number of kilobits per
oHx6ijq9TOA-00100-00056950-00057287 second per capita or inhabitant that are installed.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00101-00057287-00057752 And you see here different countries with different income level besides of the bubble
oHx6ijq9TOA-00102-00057752-00058062 refers to the income level, how rich they are.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00103-00058062-00058545 And you see, for example, here one country the Slovak republic and another country with
oHx6ijq9TOA-00104-00058545-00059063 the similar income level, Croatia, and you can see in so they have the same income level
oHx6ijq9TOA-00105-00059063-00059757 and the same average band, installed bandwidth number of kilobits per inhabitant.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00106-00059757-00060318 Croatia has almost twice as many subscriptions than the Slovak Republic.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00107-00060318-00060744 So interesting something different must happen here that doesn’t depend on incomes, is
oHx6ijq9TOA-00108-00060744-00061156 not like richer countries that have more ICT, something else must happen.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00109-00061156-00061656 And if you look up here, and there is even Russia, and Russia has less income per capita
oHx6ijq9TOA-00110-00061656-00062419 on average, has as many ICT subscriptions as Croatia, and has an average bigger bandwidth.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00111-00062419-00062867 So there must be something happen in here be a public policy or private strategy and
oHx6ijq9TOA-00112-00062867-00063329 what you wanna do, you wanna look for such differences if you wanna identify best practices.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00113-00063329-00063986 Or look at Korea here, kind of like, you know running away, way up here, a lot of bandwidth
oHx6ijq9TOA-00114-00063986-00064125 available in Korea.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00115-00064125-00064794 What happen here, well as a result, a public sector policy, the government is very proactive
oHx6ijq9TOA-00116-00064794-00065170 leaning down the basic fiber optic broadband infrastration.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00117-00065170-00065491 Korea something very similar happen in Japan.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00118-00065491-00066073 And you can see the results of this combination of public policy and private sector strategy.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00119-00066073-00066693 At least you notice there is something that is not, would not happen if you would have
oHx6ijq9TOA-00120-00066693-00067261 let it just by itself because usually you would say, well, more income must have more
oHx6ijq9TOA-00121-00067261-00067537 cognitivity but something else happen here.
oHx6ijq9TOA-00122-00067537-00068287 So often, if we try to also inform new policy, we look for this kind of outliers and once
oHx6ijq9TOA-00123-00068287-00068789 we identify them, we dig down and see like what happen here, and what did they do to
oHx6ijq9TOA-00124-00068789-00069380 search for best practices, and then with that you can inform public policy or also companies
oHx6ijq9TOA-00125-00069380-00069964 can inform themselves to set up more efficient and effective strategies.
oIYWzsXOEr0-00000-00000098-00000615 [Music]
oIYWzsXOEr0-00001-00001422-00003187 [Music]
oIYWzsXOEr0-00002-00003597-00004040 [Music]
oIYWzsXOEr0-00003-00004751-00005636 [Music]
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oIYWzsXOEr0-00005-00008554-00009042 make sure to subscribe to our YouTube
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oN09r8A_jxY-00002-00001128-00001318 I AM MOVED..OMG..
oN09r8A_jxY-00003-00001492-00001652 crazy this song
oN09r8A_jxY-00004-00002088-00002246 ohhhh..
oN09r8A_jxY-00005-00003336-00003454 what...
oN09r8A_jxY-00006-00003604-00003846 ok assalamualaikum warahmatullahai wabarakatu.,
oN09r8A_jxY-00007-00003847-00004170 see you again with me endhy in the endhy channel ....... tk
oN09r8A_jxY-00010-00005374-00005588 okay ... we will come back again react
oN09r8A_jxY-00011-00005588-00005754 dimash kudaibergen
oN09r8A_jxY-00012-00005768-00006034 this time i got the song ..
oN09r8A_jxY-00013-00006034-00006336 which has been react
oN09r8A_jxY-00014-00006336-00006604 by many YouTube out there
oN09r8A_jxY-00015-00006662-00006942 i got the song
oN09r8A_jxY-00016-00006942-00007198 entitled S O S
oN09r8A_jxY-00017-00007285-00007615 I don't know where this song is
oN09r8A_jxY-00018-00007650-00007894 but the show is still in China
oN09r8A_jxY-00019-00007914-00008056 or where is this? I also do not know
oN09r8A_jxY-00020-00008134-00008300 let's just see the video
oN09r8A_jxY-00021-00008381-00008678 indeed he appeared in China or where
oN09r8A_jxY-00022-00008799-00008913 and
oN09r8A_jxY-00023-00008956-00009260 the video is long enough
oN09r8A_jxY-00024-00009260-00009542 same with the previous video reaction.
oN09r8A_jxY-00025-00009542-00009642 2017
oN09r8A_jxY-00026-00009720-00009832 me to
oN09r8A_jxY-00027-00009880-00009992 dimash kudaibergen
oN09r8A_jxY-00028-00010016-00010486 because it's really interesting ... with the character of the voice ...
oN09r8A_jxY-00029-00010486-00010642 appreciation of the song..and
oN09r8A_jxY-00030-00010710-00011144 we react together..dimash kudaibergen..S O S
oN09r8A_jxY-00032-00011346-00012066 ok before continuing ... as usual don't forget to like, subscriber comments red button below ... and notification
oN09r8A_jxY-00033-00012070-00012120 ok
oN09r8A_jxY-00034-00012120-00012230 make friends
oN09r8A_jxY-00035-00012230-00012280 that
oN09r8A_jxY-00036-00012298-00012452 nice join
oN09r8A_jxY-00037-00012470-00012700 Thank you for staying in this channel
oN09r8A_jxY-00038-00012760-00012860 go on
oN09r8A_jxY-00039-00013096-00013250 dimash kudaibergen
oN09r8A_jxY-00040-00013476-00013684 we count down again
oN09r8A_jxY-00041-00013702-00014334 3....2.....1 and..poommmm
oN09r8A_jxY-00042-00014912-00015024 his face indeed
oN09r8A_jxY-00043-00015088-00015319 the faces of Kazakhstan
oN09r8A_jxY-00045-00016484-00016598 owww
oN09r8A_jxY-00046-00017006-00017298 wait ... what's this writing?
oN09r8A_jxY-00047-00017498-00017718 Chinese writing
oN09r8A_jxY-00048-00018092-00018606 what I can read from the text is just [dimash] ...
oN09r8A_jxY-00049-00018668-00018836 heee...goo
oN09r8A_jxY-00055-00022048-00022248 his voice immediately changed guys
oN09r8A_jxY-00056-00022378-00022604 which was just ordinary
oN09r8A_jxY-00057-00022628-00022866 suddenly changes, becomes low
oN09r8A_jxY-00058-00022896-00023194 dimash it controls the low high sound huh ...
oN09r8A_jxY-00060-00024412-00024692 shivering I heard this song ..
oN09r8A_jxY-00061-00026158-00026280 wait! Wait..
oN09r8A_jxY-00062-00026388-00026610 it looks like this song is really cool ...
oN09r8A_jxY-00063-00026620-00027460 s o s ... for friends who know the singer of this song, please just comment and bring it
oN09r8A_jxY-00064-00027470-00027683 I am curious about this s.o.s
oN09r8A_jxY-00065-00027826-00027930 crazy
oN09r8A_jxY-00066-00027962-00028180 dimash, sing it really well
oN09r8A_jxY-00067-00028822-00029066 his appreciation guys
oN09r8A_jxY-00072-00030887-00031053 aduuu
oN09r8A_jxY-00073-00031158-00031258 wait..wait...
oN09r8A_jxY-00074-00031850-00032086 the voice is very slow guys ...
oN09r8A_jxY-00075-00032127-00032260 I added his voice
oN09r8A_jxY-00076-00032632-00032798 ok
oN09r8A_jxY-00079-00035674-00036040 crazy..uffffff...crazy..crazy..
oN09r8A_jxY-00080-00036126-00036468 I reset again, right there, then ...
oN09r8A_jxY-00089-00040752-00040933 I was touched by guys ...ohh OMG
oN09r8A_jxY-00092-00043626-00043726 HIS VOICE
oN09r8A_jxY-00094-00047968-00048132 DIMASHHH..
oN09r8A_jxY-00095-00048556-00048660 we go on
oN09r8A_jxY-00097-00049906-00050008 crazy
oN09r8A_jxY-00103-00052436-00052614 oath..
oN09r8A_jxY-00104-00052614-00052728 this is sad
oN09r8A_jxY-00105-00052728-00052992 s.o.s song about what ??
oN09r8A_jxY-00106-00052992-00053130 Why are you sad
oN09r8A_jxY-00107-00053320-00053796 I was, holding back sad ..
oN09r8A_jxY-00108-00053796-00053955 I don't know what's sad ...
oN09r8A_jxY-00111-00057264-00057364 oath
oN09r8A_jxY-00112-00057854-00057974 I cry
oN09r8A_jxY-00113-00058017-00058129 I cry
oN09r8A_jxY-00114-00058894-00059014 god
oN09r8A_jxY-00115-00059662-00059817 crazy
oN09r8A_jxY-00118-00063186-00063424 starting today, this moment
oN09r8A_jxY-00119-00063526-00063791 I am favorite
oN09r8A_jxY-00120-00063792-00063979 dimash kudaibergen
oN09r8A_jxY-00121-00064213-00064319 ok
oN09r8A_jxY-00122-00064463-00064720 crazy
oN09r8A_jxY-00123-00064922-00065129 dimash kudaibergen cool
oN09r8A_jxY-00124-00065196-00065460 my favorite song
oN09r8A_jxY-00125-00065504-00065812 ehh my favorite voice
oN09r8A_jxY-00132-00069166-00069300 ok..ok
oN09r8A_jxY-00133-00069904-00070058 dimash kudaibergen
oN09r8A_jxY-00135-00070600-00070912 I have previously reacted to her latest video ...
oN09r8A_jxY-00136-00070974-00071257 that's what I'm interested in
oN09r8A_jxY-00137-00071258-00072108 why I suddenly reacted to this dimash
oNVgNqX22H8-00001-00000106-00000696 Hi. This is Barbara Rademacher and we're  going to talk about polynomials.
oNVgNqX22H8-00002-00000696-00001719 Polynomials are terms that are connected  together by plus signs.
oNVgNqX22H8-00003-00001720-00001973 These are terms (points to terms):  2m^8
oNVgNqX22H8-00004-00001973-00002809 is a term, (-8m^4) is a term, (7m^9) is a term,
oNVgNqX22H8-00005-00002810-00003650 and (-4m^7) is a term.  But, where are all the  plus signs?
oNVgNqX22H8-00006-00003650-00004073 They're invisible.  They're right here,
oNVgNqX22H8-00007-00004073-00004316 and right here,
oNVgNqX22H8-00008-00004316-00004669 and right here.
oNVgNqX22H8-00009-00004670-00005383 So once you insert the invisible plus signs
oNVgNqX22H8-00010-00005383-00006103 and put parentheses around the numbers...  we're gonna talk about the numbers in a  minute...
oNVgNqX22H8-00011-00006103-00006699 you can see clearly that you have four terms.
oNVgNqX22H8-00012-00006700-00007183 Now I've colored the numbers blue
oNVgNqX22H8-00013-00007183-00008076 because they're very special. They have a  special name.  They are called coefficients.
oNVgNqX22H8-00014-00008076-00008916 2 is the coefficient of m^8.  -8 is the coefficient  of m^4.
oNVgNqX22H8-00015-00008916-00009339 7 is the coefficient of m^9,
oNVgNqX22H8-00016-00009340-00010453 and -4 is the coefficient of m^7. 
oNVgNqX22H8-00018-00011006-00011246 OK now look at the
oNVgNqX22H8-00019-00011246-00011619 at the exponent on each term.
oNVgNqX22H8-00020-00011620-00012033 That tells you what the degree of that term is.
oNVgNqX22H8-00021-00012033-00012766 the degree of this term is eight, the degree of  this term is four
oNVgNqX22H8-00022-00012766-00013546 the degree of this term is nine and the degree  of this term is seven.
oNVgNqX22H8-00023-00013546-00013696 now
oNVgNqX22H8-00024-00013696-00014056 we always or almost always
oNVgNqX22H8-00025-00014056-00014876 write polynomials in descending order of  powers (of degrees)
oNVgNqX22H8-00026-00014876-00015043 so
oNVgNqX22H8-00027-00015043-00015579 since degree nine is higher than degree eight  and degree eight is higher than degree 
oNVgNqX22H8-00028-00015580-00016119 seven and degree seven is higher than  degree four,
oNVgNqX22H8-00029-00016119-00016670 I'm going to rewrite these terms in this order
oNVgNqX22H8-00030-00016670-00018043 and now we have 7m^9 + 2m^8 + (-4)m^7 +  (-8)m^4.
oNVgNqX22H8-00031-00018043-00018376 The highest degree term
oNVgNqX22H8-00032-00018376-00018686 is called the "leading term"
oNVgNqX22H8-00033-00018686-00019029 so 7m^9
oNVgNqX22H8-00034-00019030-00019323 is the leading term.
oNVgNqX22H8-00035-00019323-00020366 The coefficient of the leading term is called  the "leading coefficient" so seven is the  leading coefficient.
oNVgNqX22H8-00036-00020366-00021069 and the polynomial, this polynomial, which is  what this is:  a polynomial of 4 terms,
oNVgNqX22H8-00037-00021070-00022316 we would say that even though each term has  its own degree, the degree of the polynomial  as a whole
oNVgNqX22H8-00038-00022316-00022989 is nine, the highest power
oNVgNqX22H8-00039-00022990-00023286 is nine, the highest power
oNVgNqX22H8-00040-00023286-00024253 Vocabulary is not always important but in this  case, when you're dealing with polynomials,  I'm afraid it is.
oNVgNqX22H8-00041-00024253-00024456 OK
oNVgNqX22H8-00042-00024456-00025546 When you have one terms standing alone like  3x^2 this is a monomial, it's one term.
oNVgNqX22H8-00043-00025546-00025826 When you have two terms
oNVgNqX22H8-00044-00025826-00026563 connected with the + you have a binomial, "bi"  means "two."
oNVgNqX22H8-00045-00026563-00027046 When you have three terms connected  together with plus signs,
oNVgNqX22H8-00046-00027046-00027686 you have a polynomial that's called a  trinomial.
oNVgNqX22H8-00047-00027686-00028496 We have monomials, binomials, and  trinomials. If we have four or more terms,
oNVgNqX22H8-00048-00028496-00028939 we don't have a special name for those, just  polynomial.
oNVgNqX22H8-00049-00028939-00029253 OK now let's talk about
oNVgNqX22H8-00050-00029253-00029699 the name of degrees.
oNVgNqX22H8-00051-00029700-00030016 First, this might be a surprise you.
oNVgNqX22H8-00052-00030016-00030486 Plain numbers that we call constants are  actually the
oNVgNqX22H8-00053-00030486-00030759 coefficients of
oNVgNqX22H8-00054-00030760-00031143 variables to the zero power.
oNVgNqX22H8-00055-00031143-00031589 So this 2 can also be written as 
oNVgNqX22H8-00056-00031589-00031876 2X^0 
oNVgNqX22H8-00057-00031876-00032299 because anything raised to the zero power is  just one.
oNVgNqX22H8-00058-00032300-00032550 alright any term
oNVgNqX22H8-00059-00032550-00032850 yes, any term
oNVgNqX22H8-00060-00032850-00033820 whose degree is zero is called a "constant."  Constants all have degree zero.
oNVgNqX22H8-00061-00033820-00034516 Now, this is 2X^1. X^1 is just X.
oNVgNqX22H8-00062-00034516-00035219 This term has degree one so it's called  "linear."
oNVgNqX22H8-00063-00035220-00035523 This term has to degree two;
oNVgNqX22H8-00064-00035523-00035906 it's called "quadratic."
oNVgNqX22H8-00065-00035906-00036236 This term has degrees three;
oNVgNqX22H8-00066-00036236-00036653 it's called "cubic."
oNVgNqX22H8-00067-00036653-00036966 This term has degrees four;
oNVgNqX22H8-00068-00036966-00037506 it's called quartic.
oNVgNqX22H8-00069-00037506-00038183 Polynomials of degree 5, 6, 7 or higher are  just called polynomials;
oNVgNqX22H8-00070-00038183-00038836 they don't have a special name.
oNVgNqX22H8-00072-00039033-00040373 OK, let's talk about "like terms."
oNVgNqX22H8-00073-00040373-00040853 Terms are like terms if they are alike
oNVgNqX22H8-00074-00040853-00041423 so, for instance, if you have 3X + 2Y,
oNVgNqX22H8-00075-00041423-00041653 minus
oNVgNqX22H8-00076-00041653-00041846 1X,
oNVgNqX22H8-00077-00041846-00042106 I can combine
oNVgNqX22H8-00078-00042106-00042719 the 3X and the  -1X   because they are like  terms.
oNVgNqX22H8-00079-00042720-00043423 The value of knowing where the secret "+" are
oNVgNqX22H8-00080-00043423-00044046 is that once you have terms that are added,  you can move them around and it's OK.
oNVgNqX22H8-00081-00044046-00044466 So, I'll have 3X + (-1)X
oNVgNqX22H8-00082-00044466-00044639 plus
oNVgNqX22H8-00083-00044640-00044940 2Y.
oNVgNqX22H8-00084-00044940-00045970 3X + (-1 )X, well 3 + (-1) = 2, so 3X + (-1)X =  2X.
oNVgNqX22H8-00085-00045970-00046890 We don't multiply the letters or add them  separately.  They are all part of the same  term. 
oNVgNqX22H8-00086-00046890-00047506 I have three X's and (-1) X. When I add these  together, I have two X's.
oNVgNqX22H8-00087-00047506-00047943 Meanwhile the 2Y cannot combine with the X- terms.
oNVgNqX22H8-00088-00047943-00048369 because it's got a different letter.
oNVgNqX22H8-00089-00048370-00048830 Now, here's a surprise:
oNVgNqX22H8-00090-00048830-00049403 if I have 3X^2 + 2X,
oNVgNqX22H8-00091-00049403-00049736 I cannot combine those terms.
oNVgNqX22H8-00092-00049736-00050086 One is linear,  one is quadratic.
oNVgNqX22H8-00093-00050086-00050753 They are two entirely different kinds of terms  and I cannot combine them.
oNVgNqX22H8-00094-00050753-00051113 but if I were to come along and add a
oNVgNqX22H8-00095-00051113-00052269 5X there,  I would then have like terms. I  would have two quadratic terms and I could  combine them.
oNVgNqX22H8-00096-00052270-00052670 so I would have 3X^2 plus
oNVgNqX22H8-00097-00052670-00053310 5X^2 plus and 2X.
oNVgNqX22H8-00098-00053310-00053976 The 3X^2 and the 5X^2  would combine to  give me 8X^2. In fact, you 
oNVgNqX22H8-00099-00053976-00054646 can think of it is I have three little X^2 kids  running around
oNVgNqX22H8-00100-00054646-00055189 and then suddenly five more run into the  room.  Now I've got how many X^2 kids  running 
oNVgNqX22H8-00101-00055190-00055733 around?  Well, I've got eight little X^2 kids  running around,
oNVgNqX22H8-00102-00055733-00055899 but, oh,
oNVgNqX22H8-00103-00055900-00056390 poor lonely little 2X is not an X^2 kid,
oNVgNqX22H8-00104-00056390-00056736 so it can't play.  That makes me feel sad.
oNVgNqX22H8-00105-00056736-00057036 I think I'll change the subject.
oNVgNqX22H8-00106-00057036-00057563 Next, we're going to start operating on  polynomials so I'm going to end this 
oNVgNqX22H8-00107-00057563-00058089 recording and say that I'll see you in a few  minutes.
opCQ9_PCTIk-00000-00013474-00013602 plant growth part 1
oO7HCdJMZ58-00000-00000132-00000317 PETER: She's probably like me in some way.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00001-00000317-00000505 She's quite stubborn.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00002-00000505-00000949 And if she has something that she doesn't want to tell you,
oO7HCdJMZ58-00003-00000949-00001089 she won't tell you.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00004-00001089-00001261 I remember when she was a little child,
oO7HCdJMZ58-00005-00001261-00001463 she'd-- did you do something?
oO7HCdJMZ58-00006-00001463-00001786 You ask her, and you know obviously she's lying.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00007-00001786-00002036 But she'll stick to the story.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00008-00002036-00002260 And she's done that all the way through her life.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00009-00002260-00002500 PENNY: When we got call on Christmas Eve
oO7HCdJMZ58-00010-00002500-00002773 that we need to go into CYFS because Grace
oO7HCdJMZ58-00011-00002773-00002888 has been taken away.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00012-00002888-00003073 And Pru was there.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00013-00003073-00003519 And we learned that she had abandoned her daughter
oO7HCdJMZ58-00014-00003519-00003857 and that she was high on P. And that sort of thing.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00015-00003857-00004264 It was a much, much bigger shock than probably it
oO7HCdJMZ58-00016-00004264-00004375 should have been.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00017-00004375-00004908 I think it was because I'd been so intent on trying to help her
oO7HCdJMZ58-00018-00004908-00005152 and helping Grace and just trying to support her that you
oO7HCdJMZ58-00019-00005152-00005327 didn't see what was in front of your eyes,
oO7HCdJMZ58-00020-00005327-00005686 because you're so concerned about fixing the symptoms
oO7HCdJMZ58-00021-00005686-00005883 that you didn't see what the cause was.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00022-00005883-00006101 PETER: We're terribly naive about the drug,
oO7HCdJMZ58-00023-00006101-00006468 and we didn't know the signs and so forth.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00024-00006468-00006873 So we really didn't click onto it, first of all.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00025-00006873-00007023 PENNY: I think also because we'd had
oO7HCdJMZ58-00026-00007023-00007341 discussions, with the kids as teenagers around drinks
oO7HCdJMZ58-00027-00007341-00007500 and drugs and that sort of thing.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00028-00007500-00007738 And both were like, not interested,
oO7HCdJMZ58-00029-00007738-00007936 not going to do this.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00030-00007936-00008117 We thought she was on a good path.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00031-00008117-00008444 We didn't have any sense that there were any problems.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00032-00008444-00008751 It must have been 2007.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00033-00008751-00009149 So you'd gone through your brain hemorrhage
oO7HCdJMZ58-00034-00009149-00009281 and you were getting well.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00035-00009281-00009599 And a couple of times, we'd go and pick up Grace.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00036-00009599-00009882 We would take her to the beach with us for the weekend
oO7HCdJMZ58-00037-00009882-00010053 and would come back and Pru wasn't there.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00038-00010053-00010315 Or you couldn't get into the house.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00039-00010315-00010591 Or you'd try and get a hold of her,
oO7HCdJMZ58-00040-00010591-00010823 and the curtains were drawn for a long time.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00041-00010823-00011189 And I was starting to get quite worried more
oO7HCdJMZ58-00042-00011189-00011397 about the little girl than Pru to be honest.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00043-00011397-00011639 On the surface, it looked all right, but it just wasn't.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00044-00011639-00012028 And I was seriously worried.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00045-00012028-00012269 And, to be honest, I thought it was going really, really
oO7HCdJMZ58-00046-00012269-00012319 pear-shaped.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00047-00012319-00012455 And I did challenge her a couple times.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00048-00012455-00012579 I said, Pru, I think you're taking drugs.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00049-00012579-00012645 No.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00050-00012645-00012735 Absolutely not.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00051-00012735-00013220 And the more I tried to say to her, I'm really worried.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00052-00013220-00013333 I think you are doing this.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00053-00013333-00013534 She was like, lie, lie, lie.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00054-00013534-00013822 And suddenly, you start noticing things like,
oO7HCdJMZ58-00055-00013822-00013996 the skin was getting bad.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00056-00013996-00014130 I mean, she looked like rubbish.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00057-00014130-00014300 And she's a beautiful girl.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00058-00014300-00014826 And scabs and getting thin and just
oO7HCdJMZ58-00059-00014826-00014947 no care about her appearance.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00060-00014947-00015094 I thought, this isn't good.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00061-00015094-00015274 PETER: I'm the softy of the family, really,
oO7HCdJMZ58-00062-00015274-00015707 compared to-- well, we're both pretty soft, but--
oO7HCdJMZ58-00063-00015707-00015908 PENNY: We are pretty indulgent with our kids.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00064-00015908-00016444 PETER: Yeah, and so all I'm trying to do is try and fix it.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00065-00016444-00016709 But then I'd get cross, because I can't fix it
oO7HCdJMZ58-00066-00016709-00016865 and I'm frustrated.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00067-00016865-00017678 And it was a time where we'd spark off
oO7HCdJMZ58-00068-00017678-00017947 against each other because of the frustration that was there.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00069-00017947-00018283 I wanted her to be normal again, to have a loving daughter,
oO7HCdJMZ58-00070-00018283-00018597 because underneath it all, she is a lovely daughter.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00071-00018597-00018909 PENNY: The shame I felt about what my daughter had done
oO7HCdJMZ58-00072-00018909-00019418 to her daughter-- to me, utterly failed as a mother,
oO7HCdJMZ58-00073-00019418-00019790 because she didn't put her child's needs in front of hers,
oO7HCdJMZ58-00074-00019790-00020350 and how embarrassed I was to be at CYFS.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00075-00020350-00020869 I mean, it was the lowest moment of my life, I think.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00076-00020869-00020986 People say, so what's wrong?
oO7HCdJMZ58-00077-00020986-00021075 What's happening in your life?
oO7HCdJMZ58-00078-00021075-00021169 And you say, well, actually, this
oO7HCdJMZ58-00079-00021169-00021303 is what's happening in my life.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00080-00021303-00021416 And you need to understand that I'm
oO7HCdJMZ58-00081-00021416-00021599 dealing with a daughter who's drug addicted.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00082-00021599-00021856 I'm raising my granddaughter and all of these things.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00083-00021856-00022234 And do you know it was so liberating to make the decision
oO7HCdJMZ58-00084-00022234-00022305 to talk about it?
oO7HCdJMZ58-00085-00022305-00022499 She's allowed to have the harder emotions.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00086-00022499-00022900 But we're not allowed to express anger or anything.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00087-00022900-00023092 She controls it.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00088-00023092-00023317 And so it's very hard for us, because we
oO7HCdJMZ58-00089-00023317-00023560 can't say to her, actually, Pru, you completely
oO7HCdJMZ58-00090-00023560-00023749 fucked up our lives for three years.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00091-00023749-00024152 PETER: There's an underlying special aspect about Pru
oO7HCdJMZ58-00092-00024152-00024534 that is very heartwarming.
oO7HCdJMZ58-00093-00024534-00024835 And that really broke my heart to see
oO7HCdJMZ58-00094-00024835-00025345 her becoming cold and hard and distant.
oOxbq-LtEY4-00000-00000077-00000178 >> TRIXIE JOHNSON: Hi!
oOxbq-LtEY4-00001-00000178-00000287 I'm Trixie Johnson.
oOxbq-LtEY4-00002-00000287-00000735 I'm a former San Jose city council member so obviously I've been interested in how the
oOxbq-LtEY4-00003-00000735-00001108 libraries are budgeted and how many we have and what they do.
oOxbq-LtEY4-00004-00001108-00001635 And I've been active in library campaigns in the past, but mostly I want to reflect
oOxbq-LtEY4-00005-00001635-00001994 on what libraries meant to me personally, because I grew up with libraries.
oOxbq-LtEY4-00006-00001994-00002460 My mom took me to the Carnegie library in my hometown from the time I was a little kid,
oOxbq-LtEY4-00007-00002460-00002878 and I can remember when I was on the debate team that, probably three, four, five nights
oOxbq-LtEY4-00008-00002878-00003236 a week, we'd be down at the library, working together.
oOxbq-LtEY4-00009-00003236-00003665 It was an absolute natural when we moved to San Jose in the mid '70s that one of the first
oOxbq-LtEY4-00010-00003665-00004205 things I did was locate where the public library was, so that I could take my kids and pick
oOxbq-LtEY4-00011-00004205-00004755 up the huge stack of books that they required, every week, to have for reading.
oOxbq-LtEY4-00012-00004755-00004947 It's always been a part of my life.
oOxbq-LtEY4-00013-00004947-00005279 My own house is filled with books, but that's never enough.
oOxbq-LtEY4-00014-00005279-00005511 The library is very important to me.
oOxbq-LtEY4-00015-00005511-00005944 And I've been active in the Friends of the Library practically since moving to San Jose.
oOxbq-LtEY4-00016-00005944-00006472 I hope people get active with their own libraries, whether it's as a volunteer or active with
oOxbq-LtEY4-00017-00006472-00006885 Friends, because the library needs your help, too.
oOxbq-LtEY4-00018-00006885-00006999 And it's a wonderful place to be.
oQuyt_leXMg-00000-00000086-00000356 >>> IN HIS 2020 STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS,
oQuyt_leXMg-00001-00000360-00000607 PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP INVOKED THE AMERICAN
oQuyt_leXMg-00002-00000610-00000934 FRONTIER AS HE CLOSED. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00003-00000937-00001187 >>> THE AMERICAN NATION WAS CARVED OUT OF THE VAST
oQuyt_leXMg-00004-00001191-00001614 FRONTIER BY THE TOUGHEST, STRONGEST, FIERCEST, AND
oQuyt_leXMg-00005-00001618-00001958 MOST DETERMINED MEN AND WOMEN EVER TO WALK ON THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00006-00001961-00002282 FACE OF THE EARTH. OUR ANCESTORS BRAVED THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00007-00002285-00002625 UNKNOWN, TAMED THE WILDERNESS, SETTLED THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00008-00002629-00003002 WILD WEST, LIFTED MILLIONS FROM POVERTY, DISEASE AND
oQuyt_leXMg-00009-00003006-00003473 HUNGER, VANQUISHED TYRANNY AND FASCISM, USHERED THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00010-00003476-00003837 WORLD TO NEW HEIGHTS OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE,
oQuyt_leXMg-00011-00003840-00004287 LAID DOWN THE RAILROADS, DUG OUT THE CANALS, RAISED UP
oQuyt_leXMg-00012-00004290-00004677 THE SKYSCRAPERS. AND LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,
oQuyt_leXMg-00013-00004681-00005108 OUR ANCESTORS BUILT THE MOST EXCEPTIONAL REPUBLIC EVER
oQuyt_leXMg-00014-00005111-00005548 TO EXIST IN ALL OF HUMAN HISTORY, AND WE ARE MAKING
oQuyt_leXMg-00015-00005552-00005752 IT GREATER THAN EVER BEFORE. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00016-00006045-00006349 >>> BUT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A BOUNDLESS FRONTIER BUTTS
oQuyt_leXMg-00017-00006352-00006633 UP AGAINST A BORDER WALL? CAN YOU HAVE YOUR
oQuyt_leXMg-00018-00006636-00006950 RHETORICAL CAKE AND EAT IT TOO? THIS TIME WITH THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00019-00006953-00007240 WALL BEING SUCH A BIG PIECE OF THE PRESIDENT'S
oQuyt_leXMg-00020-00007243-00007624 RE-ELECTION PUSH, WE'LL DIG INTO THE PAST, PRESENT,
oQuyt_leXMg-00021-00007627-00008004 AND POSSIBLE FUTURE OF AMERICA'S FRONTIER MYTH.
oQuyt_leXMg-00022-00008007-00008324 PROGRESS, GROWTH, STRENGTH, COURAGE,
oQuyt_leXMg-00023-00008328-00008685 CONTAINMENT AND PROTECTION OF THE WHITE RACE,
oQuyt_leXMg-00024-00008688-00009008 THE FRONTIER IS BOUND UP IN ALL OF THAT, AS YOU'LL
oQuyt_leXMg-00025-00009012-00009335 HEAR FROM OUR GUEST, HISTORIAN AND AUTHOR
oQuyt_leXMg-00026-00009339-00009596 GREG GRANDIN, THE END OF  THE MYTH, THIS WEEK ON THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00027-00009599-00009796 LAURA FLANDERS SHOW, THE SHOW WHERE THE PEOPLE
oQuyt_leXMg-00028-00009799-00010046 WHO SAY IT CAN'T BE DONE TAKE A BACKSEAT TO THE PEOPLE
oQuyt_leXMg-00029-00010049-00010190 WHO ARE DOING IT. WELCOME.
oQuyt_leXMg-00030-00010193-00011688 ♪ [THEME MUSIC] ♪
oQuyt_leXMg-00031-00011688-00012128 ♪ [THEME MUSIC] ♪
oQuyt_leXMg-00032-00012132-00012272 >>> IN DONALD TRUMP'S 2020
oQuyt_leXMg-00033-00012275-00012519 STATE OF THE UNION, THE WORD FRONTIER APPEARED AT
oQuyt_leXMg-00034-00012522-00012772 LEAST FOUR TIMES, BUT THE AMERICAN FRONTIER ISN'T SO
oQuyt_leXMg-00035-00012776-00013022 MUCH A PLACE, WRITES TODAY'S GUEST, AS A STATE
oQuyt_leXMg-00036-00013026-00013339 OF MIND, A NATIONAL MYTH, A DISCIPLINING MECHANISM.
oQuyt_leXMg-00037-00013343-00013600 SO WHAT IS SIGNIFICANT ABOUT TRUMP'S WALL
oQuyt_leXMg-00038-00013603-00013890 OBSESSION AND ALL HIS FRONTIER TALK? IN HIS NEW
oQuyt_leXMg-00039-00013893-00014110 BOOK, THE END OF THE MYTH, FROM THE FRONTIER TO THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00040-00014113-00014421 BORDER WALL IN THE MIND OF AMERICA, GREG GRANDIN
oQuyt_leXMg-00041-00014424-00014681 CHRONICLES THE EVOLUTION OF THE AMERICAN FRONTIER
oQuyt_leXMg-00042-00014684-00014968 THROUGH EXPANSION, CIVIL WAR, COLONIAL ADVENTURES
oQuyt_leXMg-00043-00014971-00015248 ABROAD, AND THE PRACTICE OF CAPITALISM AT HOME.
oQuyt_leXMg-00044-00015251-00015455 IT'S A TIMELY BOOK, ALREADY MAKING WAVES.
oQuyt_leXMg-00045-00015458-00015715 HERE TO DISCUSS IT, YALE HISTORIAN, GREG GRANDIN.
oQuyt_leXMg-00046-00015718-00015895 WELCOME BACK TO THE PROGRAM. GLAD TO HAVE YOU.
oQuyt_leXMg-00047-00015899-00016029 >>> IT'S GREAT TO BE HERE, LAURA. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00048-00016032-00016212 >>> SO I'M SURE YOU TUNED INTO THE STATE OF THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00049-00016216-00016673 UNION THIS FEBRUARY. WERE YOU SURPRISED? SHOCKED?
oQuyt_leXMg-00050-00016676-00016876 IS THIS RUN OF THE MILL? DOES TRUMP DO IT DIFFERENTLY? 
oQuyt_leXMg-00051-00016880-00017053 >>> WELL, HE DOES DO IT DIFFERENTLY. I WAS A
oQuyt_leXMg-00052-00017056-00017367 LITTLE SURPRISED BECAUSE THIS HE, AS A CANDIDATE,
oQuyt_leXMg-00053-00017370-00017764 BACK FOUR YEARS AGO ACTUALLY SAID HE DIDN'T
oQuyt_leXMg-00054-00017767-00017921 BELIEVE IN AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM.
oQuyt_leXMg-00055-00017924-00018194 HE DISTANCED HIMSELF, HE PRESENTED HIMSELF MORE
oQuyt_leXMg-00056-00018198-00018364 AS A TRANSACTIONAL NATIONALIST. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00057-00018368-00018501 >>> YEAH. YOU SAY AT THE BEGINNING OF YOUR BOOK,
oQuyt_leXMg-00058-00018505-00018635 THAT HE WAS A BREAK WITH TRADITION. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00059-00018638-00018862 >>> YEAH. HE OPENLY SAID THAT I DON'T BELIEVE IN
oQuyt_leXMg-00060-00018865-00019145 AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM. SO, IT IS INTERESTING.
oQuyt_leXMg-00061-00019149-00019355 WHAT'S ALSO INTERESTING, I THINK THERE'S A LOT OF
oQuyt_leXMg-00062-00019359-00019649 THINGS THAT ONE CAN SAY ABOUT THAT SPEECH.
oQuyt_leXMg-00063-00019652-00019826 WE OFTEN DON'T THINK OF TRUMP WHEN WE THINK ABOUT THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00064-00019829-00020130 FRONTIER, THE WEST. HE SPEAKS IN THAT THICK
oQuyt_leXMg-00065-00020133-00020513 QUEENS ACCENT, RIGHT? AND HE'S, AND HE'S ALL BOUND
oQuyt_leXMg-00066-00020517-00020797 UP IN THE HISTORY OF NEW YORK. BUT TWO GENERATIONS
oQuyt_leXMg-00067-00020800-00021237 BACK, HIS GRANDFATHER ESCAPED SICKLY GERMANY TO
oQuyt_leXMg-00068-00021241-00021468 MAKE HIS WAY ACROSS TO THE UNITED STATES. AND THEN,
oQuyt_leXMg-00069-00021471-00021745 AND THEN ACROSS TO THE WEST. HE WENT TO SEATTLE,
oQuyt_leXMg-00070-00021748-00022085 WHERE HE WAS A MERCHANT, AND UP INTO THE YUKON, HE
oQuyt_leXMg-00071-00022088-00022409 FOLLOWED THE GOLD RUSH.  SO HE KIND OF LIVED THE,
oQuyt_leXMg-00072-00022412-00022766 THE FRONTIER THESIS OR THE FRONTIER MYTH. AND SOURCES
oQuyt_leXMg-00073-00022769-00023163 SAY THAT HE RAN BROTHELS IN THE YUKON AND CAME
oQuyt_leXMg-00074-00023166-00023516 BACK, AND HE USED THAT MONEY TO STAKE REAL ESTATE
oQuyt_leXMg-00075-00023520-00023800 IN QUEENS. THAT'S THE ORIGINS OF THE TRUMP
oQuyt_leXMg-00076-00023803-00024117 FAMILY. SO IT'S NOT THAT UNLIKELY THAT HE WOULD
oQuyt_leXMg-00077-00024120-00024314 INVOKE THE FRONTIER THESIS, BUT WHAT WE'RE
oQuyt_leXMg-00078-00024317-00024507 REALLY HEARING THERE IS A KIND OF ELEGY FOR WHITE
oQuyt_leXMg-00079-00024511-00024881 SUPREMACY, I THINK. IT CAME AT THE END AND IT WAS
oQuyt_leXMg-00080-00024884-00025432 SUPPOSED TO CAP SOME SPEECH OF GREAT ENORMITY,
oQuyt_leXMg-00081-00025435-00025722 OF IMPORT, BUT IT SOUNDED MORE LIKE A REQUIEM,
oQuyt_leXMg-00082-00025725-00026032 IT SOUNDED MORE LIKE A EULOGY. HIS HEART ISN'T IN IT,
oQuyt_leXMg-00083-00026035-00026159 AND THAT'S THE WHOLE POINT. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00084-00026162-00026312 >>> WELL, LET'S GET TO THAT, BECAUSE YOU SAY AT
oQuyt_leXMg-00085-00026316-00026469 THE END OF YOUR BOOK, THAT IS REALLY NOT ABOUT
oQuyt_leXMg-00086-00026473-00026646 BUILDING THE WALL, IT'S ABOUT TALKING ABOUT
oQuyt_leXMg-00087-00026649-00026826 BUILDING THE WALL. BUT BEFORE WE GET THERE,
oQuyt_leXMg-00088-00026830-00027157 LET'S GO BACKWARDS AND  TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00089-00027160-00027504 FUNCTION THE MYTH HAS PLAYED OVER HISTORY. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00090-00027507-00028031 >>> THE IDEA OF A FRONTIER IN THIS BOOK AND IN
oQuyt_leXMg-00091-00028034-00028384 GENERAL IS REALLY JUST INDEXES EXPANSION.
oQuyt_leXMg-00092-00028388-00028782 NO OTHER COUNTRY IN WORLD HISTORY HAS EVER CLAIMED
oQuyt_leXMg-00093-00028785-00029125 THE PRIVILEGE TO EXPAND AS THE UNITED STATES HAS
oQuyt_leXMg-00094-00029129-00029506 EXPANDED. IT WAS THE IDEA OF EXPANSION WAS PRESENT,
oQuyt_leXMg-00095-00029509-00029786 NOT JUST IN THE CONCEPTION OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
oQuyt_leXMg-00096-00029789-00030136 AND THE WRITING OF THE CONSTITUTION, BUT DECADES,
oQuyt_leXMg-00097-00030139-00030453 EVEN CENTURIES BEFORE THIS NOTION OF MOVING WEST AS
oQuyt_leXMg-00098-00030457-00030740 THE SOURCE OF NATURAL RIGHTS. AND THAT'S
oQuyt_leXMg-00099-00030743-00031101 EMBEDDED IN THE CONSTITUTION, THE FOUNDERS
oQuyt_leXMg-00100-00031104-00031377 OF THE REPUBLIC, AND I CAN GIVE EXAMPLES, BUT WE
oQuyt_leXMg-00101-00031381-00031661 DON'T HAVE THAT MUCH TIME. BUT MADISON AND FRANKLIN
oQuyt_leXMg-00102-00031664-00031988 AND JEFFERSON ALL UNDERSTOOD THE ABILITY TO
oQuyt_leXMg-00103-00031991-00032395 MOVE WEST AS GUARANTEEING REPUBLICAN VIRTUE. IT
oQuyt_leXMg-00104-00032398-00032859 BROKE UP FACTIONS, IT DILUTED CLASS WARFARE,
oQuyt_leXMg-00105-00032862-00033376 IT KEPT LABOR COSTS HIGH. ALL SORTS OF THINGS EXPANSION
oQuyt_leXMg-00106-00033379-00033700 WAS ESSENTIAL FOR. AND THE REALITY OF EXPANSION
oQuyt_leXMg-00107-00033703-00034247 MATCHED THE MYTH, MATCHED THE THEORY. THE U.S. DID EXPAND.
oQuyt_leXMg-00108-00034250-00034788 >>> FROM THE SORT OF FLEEING BRITISH RULE POINT
oQuyt_leXMg-00109-00034791-00035108 OF VIEW, IT WAS A LAND OF FREEDOM. IT WAS AN
oQuyt_leXMg-00110-00035111-00035525 OPPORTUNITY TO ESCAPE. IT WAS A POSSIBILITY TO MAKE
oQuyt_leXMg-00111-00035528-00035919 SOMETHING OF YOURSELF. IT DID HAVE AN APPEAL TO ALL
oQuyt_leXMg-00112-00035922-00035985 SORTS OF PEOPLE. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00113-00035989-00036082 >>> YEAH. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00114-00036086-00036226 >>> IT WASN'T JUST A TOOL OF WHITE SUPREMACY,
oQuyt_leXMg-00115-00036229-00036329 ALTHOUGH IT WAS THAT. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00116-00036332-00036656 >>> WELL IT WAS THAT. THE INSTRUMENTALISM ISN'T SO
oQuyt_leXMg-00117-00036659-00037040 IMPORTANT IN THE SENSE THAT IT WAS A TOOL, AS THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00118-00037043-00037717 WAY THAT AN IDEA OF FREEDOM WAS CREATED OUT
oQuyt_leXMg-00119-00037720-00038458 OF THE RIGHT OF EXPANSION  AND MOVING WEST. AND THEN,
oQuyt_leXMg-00120-00038461-00038638 THERE ARE DIFFERENT ITERATIONS OF IT, AND WE
oQuyt_leXMg-00121-00038641-00038895 DON'T HAVE TIME TO GO INTO THE 18TH CENTURY, THE 19TH
oQuyt_leXMg-00122-00038898-00039142 CENTURY, THE 20TH CENTURY. BUT THE FACT OF THE MATTER
oQuyt_leXMg-00123-00039145-00039589 IS THAT THE U.S. DID MOVE WEST, AND THAT WAS BOUND
oQuyt_leXMg-00124-00039592-00039959 UP IN CREATING WHAT WE NOW CALL WHITE SUPREMACY,
oQuyt_leXMg-00125-00039963-00040063 SETTLER COLONIALISM. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00126-00040066-00040226 >>> HOW SO? HOW DID IT FUNCTION? 
oQuyt_leXMg-00127-00040230-00040450 >>> WELL, THERE WERE NATIVE AMERICANS. I MEAN,
oQuyt_leXMg-00128-00040453-00040720 THIS WAS A LAND POSSESSED BY PEOPLES, AND THOSE
oQuyt_leXMg-00129-00040723-00040890 PEOPLE HAD TO BE REMOVED FROM THE LAND. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00130-00040894-00041164 >>> AND SO TO DO THAT REMOVAL, YOU HAD TO ARGUE,
oQuyt_leXMg-00131-00041167-00041387 WE HAD PREEMINENCE AS WHITE PEOPLE. WE HAD A
oQuyt_leXMg-00132-00041391-00041491 RIGHT. WE HAD AN ACTUAL RIGHT. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00133-00041494-00041838 >>> YEAH. IT CERTAINLY TRANSFORMED INTERNATIONAL
oQuyt_leXMg-00134-00041841-00042125 LEGAL DOCTRINE, THE RIGHT OF DISCOVERY, AND THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00135-00042128-00042475 RIGHT OF CONQUEST, AND LOCKEAN NOTIONS OF
oQuyt_leXMg-00136-00042479-00042876 PROPERTY, THAT ONLY PEOPLE WHO SETTLE AND ADD LABOR,
oQuyt_leXMg-00137-00042879-00043113 MIX THEIR LABOR WITH PROPERTY OF THE RIGHT TO
oQuyt_leXMg-00138-00043116-00043349 POSSESSION, AND THEREFORE NATIVE AMERICANS. THERE
oQuyt_leXMg-00139-00043353-00043530 WAS ALL SORTS OF LEGAL JUSTIFICATIONS FOR
oQuyt_leXMg-00140-00043533-00043716 DISPOSSESSION, BUT THE FACT OF THE MATTER THAT
oQuyt_leXMg-00141-00043720-00043873 WAS ACTUAL DISPOSSESSION-
oQuyt_leXMg-00142-00043877-00044310 >>> LEGAL, BUT ALSO CULTURAL. IT'S CREATING A CULTURAL
oQuyt_leXMg-00143-00044314-00044434 SENSE OF WHAT IT IS TO BE AN AMERICAN.
oQuyt_leXMg-00144-00044437-00044511 >>> YEAH. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00145-00044514-00044637 >>> WHICH IS TO BE A WHITE PERSON. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00146-00044641-00044798 >>> FREEDOM WAS DEFINED AS FREEDOM FROM RESTRAINT,
oQuyt_leXMg-00147-00044801-00045318 AND THAT DEFINITION OF FREEDOM WAS PREDICATED ON
oQuyt_leXMg-00148-00045321-00045862 THE SUBJUGATION OF PEOPLE OF COLOR, STEALING NATIVE
oQuyt_leXMg-00149-00045865-00046119 AMERICAN LAND AND SUBJUGATING AFRICAN
oQuyt_leXMg-00150-00046122-00046499 AMERICAN LABOR TO CREATE WEALTH, THAT TRUMP TALKED
oQuyt_leXMg-00151-00046503-00046703 ABOUT IN THIS CLOSING REMARKS. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00152-00046706-00046990 >>> SO YOU COME TO THAT QUESTION OF WEALTH.
oQuyt_leXMg-00153-00046993-00047300 AND YOU TALK ABOUT HOW THE FUNCTION OF THE FRONTIER
oQuyt_leXMg-00154-00047303-00047737 WAS ALSO TO BE A SAFETY VALVE, TO ENABLE PEOPLE IN
oQuyt_leXMg-00155-00047740-00048057 WASHINGTON, FOR EXAMPLE, TO AVOID HAVING TO ADDRESS
oQuyt_leXMg-00156-00048061-00048288 INEQUALITY. JUST SEND PEOPLE SOMEWHERE ELSE. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00157-00048291-00048575 >>> YEAH. BRITISH CONSERVATIVES WOULD LOOK
oQuyt_leXMg-00158-00048578-00048805 AT THE UNITED STATES AND THEY WOULD SAY, THE REASON
oQuyt_leXMg-00159-00048808-00049115 WHY WE CAN'T GIVE UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE HERE IN
oQuyt_leXMg-00160-00049118-00049426 GREAT BRITAIN IS BECAUSE WE DON'T HAVE A FRONTIER.
oQuyt_leXMg-00161-00049429-00049666 THE UNITED STATES CAN GRANT UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE
oQuyt_leXMg-00162-00049669-00049933 TO PROPERTY LIST WHITE ILLITERATE MEN BECAUSE
oQuyt_leXMg-00163-00049936-00050203 THEY WON'T STAY WHERE THEY ARE AND ORGANIZE A LABOR
oQuyt_leXMg-00164-00050206-00050480 PARTY. THEY HAVE A FRONTIER, SO IT'LL
oQuyt_leXMg-00165-00050483-00050680 DISPERSE. NOW WHETHER THAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN
oQuyt_leXMg-00166-00050683-00050944 PRACTICE, PEOPLE THOUGHT IT HAPPENED. IT WAS
oQuyt_leXMg-00167-00050947-00051221 IDEOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT AND CENTRAL TO THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00168-00051224-00051571 CONCEPTION OF WHAT  MADE AMERICA DEMOCRATIC.
oQuyt_leXMg-00169-00051574-00052021 AND THAT MOVING WEST ENTAILED THE FRONTIER WAS ACTUALLY
oQuyt_leXMg-00170-00052025-00052245 A BORDER, AND IT ENTAILED AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF
oQuyt_leXMg-00171-00052248-00052579 VIOLENCE. NOT ONE TRAIL OF TEARS, BUT HUNDREDS,
oQuyt_leXMg-00172-00052582-00052742 IF NOT THOUSANDS. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00173-00052745-00052932 >>> AND THERE WERE DEBATES. TALK ABOUT SOME
oQuyt_leXMg-00174-00052936-00053129 OF THE DEBATES IN THOSE EARLY YEARS, AROUND
oQuyt_leXMg-00175-00053133-00053326 EXACTLY THIS QUESTION. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00176-00053329-00053516 >>> WELL, THERE WERE DEBATES. THERE WERE SOME
oQuyt_leXMg-00177-00053520-00053780 PEOPLE THAT THOUGHT THE UNITED STATES SHOULD STAND
oQuyt_leXMg-00178-00053783-00054347 PAT AND CREATE A REPUBLIC OR A COMMONWEALTH,
oQuyt_leXMg-00179-00054350-00054647 THAT HAD ACTUAL POSITIVE CONTENT, I.E. WHAT WE
oQuyt_leXMg-00180-00054651-00054938 MIGHT NOW CALL A SOCIAL DEMOCRACY OR A SOCIAL
oQuyt_leXMg-00181-00054941-00055171 REPUBLIC, RATHER THAN CONSTANTLY FLEEING
oQuyt_leXMg-00182-00055175-00055452 FORWARD. BUT IT WAS ALWAYS TOO MUCH, TOO EASY.
oQuyt_leXMg-00183-00055455-00055702 THE FRONTIER WAS JUST TOO  EASY TO DEFLECT CLASS
oQuyt_leXMg-00184-00055705-00056032 CONFLICTS. AT EVERY TURNING POINT WHERE THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00185-00056035-00056349 UNITED STATES MIGHT HAVE, I'M TALKING GREAT
oQuyt_leXMg-00186-00056352-00056586 ABSTRACTIONS, BUT MIGHT'VE TURNED AND SAID, OKAY,
oQuyt_leXMg-00187-00056589-00056863 LET'S CONFRONT OURSELVES. LET'S FACE OURSELVES.
oQuyt_leXMg-00188-00056866-00057187 IT WAS JUST TOO EASY TO TURN AND FLEE FORWARD ACROSS
oQuyt_leXMg-00189-00057190-00057307 THE FRONTIER. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00190-00057310-00057657 >>> I THINK A LOT OF US IN OUR SCHOOLING REMEMBERED
oQuyt_leXMg-00191-00057660-00057904 THE DEBATES ABOUT THE CONSTITUTION AND THE SIZE
oQuyt_leXMg-00192-00057907-00058128 OF CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. YOU HAVE
oQuyt_leXMg-00193-00058131-00058451 JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY BEING ABOUT FARMERS AND
oQuyt_leXMg-00194-00058454-00058698 PEOPLE WHO KNOW EACH OTHER, FELLOW FEELING YOU
oQuyt_leXMg-00195-00058701-00059022 DON'T WANT TO GET TOO BIG BECAUSE YOU MIGHT LOSE THAT.
oQuyt_leXMg-00196-00059025-00059282 HOW DID THAT JIVE WITH THE EXPANSION? 
oQuyt_leXMg-00197-00059285-00059589 >>> YEAH. THERE WAS SOME DEBATES, BUT EVERYBODY
oQuyt_leXMg-00198-00059592-00060019 AGREED ON EXPANSION. JEFFERSON WANTED AN EMPIRE
oQuyt_leXMg-00199-00060023-00060366 OF LIBERTY. HE BELIEVED HIS REPUBLIC OF AGRARIAN
oQuyt_leXMg-00200-00060370-00060693 FARMERS NECESSITATED EXPANSION. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00201-00060697-00060787 >>> COULD BE VERY BIG. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00202-00060790-00061020 >>> HE PRESIDED OVER THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE,
oQuyt_leXMg-00203-00061024-00061321 MADISON. THE GENIUS OF AMERICAN REPUBLICANISM OR
oQuyt_leXMg-00204-00061324-00061598 U.S. REPUBLICANISM IS THAT THEY TURNED REPUBLICAN
oQuyt_leXMg-00205-00061601-00061835 THEORY ON ITS HEAD, WHERE MONTESQUIEU IN FRANCE,
oQuyt_leXMg-00206-00061838-00062105 THIS IS REALLY GETTING A LITTLE BIT INTO THE WEEDS,
oQuyt_leXMg-00207-00062108-00062252 THOUGHT THAT YOU COULD ONLY HAVE A REPUBLIC IN A
oQuyt_leXMg-00208-00062255-00062615 SMALL PLACE, BECAUSE  THE BIGGER THE REPUBLIC,
oQuyt_leXMg-00209-00062619-00062939 THE MORE PERSONAL AMBITIONS WOULD CORRODE REPUBLICAN
oQuyt_leXMg-00210-00062942-00063319 VIRTUE. MADISON IN FEDERALIST 10 FLIPS THAT
oQuyt_leXMg-00211-00063323-00063576 ON ITS HEAD AND SAYS, NO. THE WAY THAT YOU MAINTAIN
oQuyt_leXMg-00212-00063580-00063970 REPUBLICAN VIRTUE IS YOU EXTEND THE SPHERE. AND BY
oQuyt_leXMg-00213-00063973-00064194 EXTENDING THIS SPHERE, YOU ACTUALLY DILUTE WHAT YOU
oQuyt_leXMg-00214-00064197-00064707 CALL FACTIONALISM, OR WHAT WE MIGHT CALL POPULISM.
oQuyt_leXMg-00215-00064711-00065278 AND THE OTHER THING THAT MADISON DID IS HE DEFINED
oQuyt_leXMg-00216-00065281-00065632 PERSONAL AMBITION, NOT AS A CORRODER OF VIRTUE OR A
oQuyt_leXMg-00217-00065635-00065889 CORRUPTER OF VIRTUE,  BUT AS VIRTUE ITSELF.
oQuyt_leXMg-00218-00065892-00066266 THE PURSUIT OF INDIVIDUAL INTERESTS IS THE SOURCE OF
oQuyt_leXMg-00219-00066269-00066379 REPUBLICAN FREEDOM. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00220-00066382-00066573 >>> OKAY. SO BEFORE WE MOVE TO THE PRESENT,
oQuyt_leXMg-00221-00066576-00066790 BECAUSE WE COULD JUST KEEP NAILING THIS AND DIGGING
oQuyt_leXMg-00222-00066793-00067040 INTO THIS, BUT I DO THINK IT'S VERY IMPORTANT WHAT
oQuyt_leXMg-00223-00067043-00067183 YOU'RE LEADING TO, AND THAT'S THE PART OF THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00224-00067187-00067597 BOOK WHERE YOU SAY, OUR FRONTIER MYTH ALSO PUT IN
oQuyt_leXMg-00225-00067600-00067994 PLACE AN ORDER OF INDIVIDUAL ENTERPRISE,
oQuyt_leXMg-00226-00067997-00068264 BINDING UP WITH NATURE, COMING UP WITH AGREEMENTS
oQuyt_leXMg-00227-00068268-00068471 AND THEN MAYBE ADDING SOME GOVERNMENT. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00228-00068475-00068578 >>> YEAH. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00229-00068581-00068835 >>> A SENSE OF PRIORITY, THAT IS WITH US EVEN TODAY.
oQuyt_leXMg-00230-00068838-00069035 >>> YEAH, SO LET ME JUST SAY THAT, WHEN WE TALK
oQuyt_leXMg-00231-00069038-00069239 ABOUT THE FRONTIER THESIS OR THE FRONTIER MYTH,
oQuyt_leXMg-00232-00069242-00069496 WE'RE REALLY TALKING ABOUT FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER
oQuyt_leXMg-00233-00069499-00070130 IN 1893. HE WAS AN HISTORIAN IN CHICAGO.
oQuyt_leXMg-00234-00070133-00070386 HE PRESENTED A PAPER AT THE WORLD'S FAIR, THE FAMOUS
oQuyt_leXMg-00235-00070390-00070710 ONE THAT THE MURDERER WAS STALKING AND STABBING
oQuyt_leXMg-00236-00070713-00071060 PEOPLE, THE ONE THAT ERIC LAWSON TALKS ABOUT.
oQuyt_leXMg-00237-00071064-00071508 BUT HE'S THE ONE WHO TURNED THE EXPANSION WEST INTO AN
oQuyt_leXMg-00238-00071511-00071985 IDEOLOGY. PRIOR TO THAT, THERE WAS AN ACCEPTANCE OR
oQuyt_leXMg-00239-00071988-00072285 AN UNDERSTANDING THAT EXPANSION ENTAILED RACISM,
oQuyt_leXMg-00240-00072288-00072482 AND ENTAILED BRUTALITY, AND ENTAILED
oQuyt_leXMg-00241-00072485-00072816 DISPOSSESSION. WHAT TURNER DID IS HE TOOK ALL OF
oQuyt_leXMg-00242-00072819-00073176 THAT AND HE DERACINATED THE IDEA OF THE FRONTIER.
oQuyt_leXMg-00243-00073179-00073500 >>> TOOK THE RACE PART OUT OF IT. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00244-00073503-00073853 >>> HE TOOK THE RACE PART. HE CELEBRATED
oQuyt_leXMg-00245-00073857-00074157 INDIVIDUALISM, HE ARGUED THAT EXPANSION WENT
oQuyt_leXMg-00246-00074160-00074524 FORWARD, NOT THROUGH BRUTAL WAR, AS IF IT WAS
oQuyt_leXMg-00247-00074527-00074784 THE LATEST BATTLE OF A THOUSAND YEAR SAXON
oQuyt_leXMg-00248-00074787-00075341 STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM. BUT, AS A RESULT OF COMMERCE
oQuyt_leXMg-00249-00075345-00075842 AND TECHNOLOGY AND LAW AND WHY THIS IS IMPORTANT
oQuyt_leXMg-00250-00075845-00076152 IS BECAUSE THE U.S. IN THE 1890S STOOD AT THE VERGE
oQuyt_leXMg-00251-00076156-00076556 OF CATAPULTING ITSELF INTO THE WORLD, AND IT COULDN'T
oQuyt_leXMg-00252-00076559-00076856 ADMINISTER THE WORLD AS IF THE WORLD WAS THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00253-00076860-00077130 LOUISIANA PURCHASE, WRIT LARGE, AS IF IT WAS INDIAN
oQuyt_leXMg-00254-00077133-00077567 REMOVAL, WRIT LARGE. SO, THIS IS HOW FRONTIER
oQuyt_leXMg-00255-00077570-00077951 THESIS BECOMES A UNIVERSAL DERACINATED THESIS.
oQuyt_leXMg-00256-00077954-00078208 AND JUST TO QUICKLY COME  BACK TO THE TRUMP SPEECH,
oQuyt_leXMg-00257-00078211-00078548 WHAT TRUMP IS DOING IS HE'S RE-WHITENING THE FRONTIER
oQuyt_leXMg-00258-00078551-00078748 THESIS. THAT'S WHY IT'S IMPORTANT. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00259-00078751-00078905 >>> SO, EXPLAIN THAT AGAIN. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00260-00078908-00079199 >>> AGAIN, TURNER, I'M SURE- 
oQuyt_leXMg-00261-00079202-00079435 >>> YOU'VE TALKED ABOUT THE BORDERFICATION OF
oQuyt_leXMg-00262-00079439-00079679 AMERICAN POLITICS, AND I THINK THAT'S WHERE YOU'RE GOING.
oQuyt_leXMg-00263-00079682-00079846 >>> YEAH, THAT'S WHERE I'M GOING WITH IT. SO, AS THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00264-00079849-00080193 U.S. IS MOVING WEST, THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN BORDER
oQuyt_leXMg-00265-00080196-00080587 IS KEY. THAT'S WHEN THE U.S. MAKES IT TO THE PACIFIC.
oQuyt_leXMg-00266-00080590-00080817 IT'S IN THE 1840S, THAT'S WHERE IT FINALLY GETS A
oQuyt_leXMg-00267-00080820-00081074 SOUTHERN BORDER. THAT BORDER, MORE OR LESS
oQuyt_leXMg-00268-00081077-00081464 REMAINS FIXED. BUT THE FRONTIER KEEPS GOING,
oQuyt_leXMg-00269-00081467-00081711 AND THE IDEA OF THE FRONTIER BECOMES DELINKED FROM THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00270-00081714-00082128 IDEA OF THE FRONTIER, FROM THE BORDER. ONLY IN U.S.
oQuyt_leXMg-00271-00082131-00082332 ENGLISH DOES THE WORD FRONTIER HAVE THIS KIND OF
oQuyt_leXMg-00272-00082335-00082649 EXISTENTIAL QUALITY, AND COGNATES AND OTHER
oQuyt_leXMg-00273-00082652-00082869 LANGUAGES. IN SPANISH, FRONTERA JUST MEANS
oQuyt_leXMg-00274-00082872-00083229 BORDER, BOUNDARY, NATIONAL MILITARY LINE, DEFENSIVE
oQuyt_leXMg-00275-00083233-00083429 LINE. IT'S ONLY IN THE UNITED STATES THAT THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00276-00083433-00083930 FRONTIER HAS THIS IDEA OF A CREATION MYTH, WHERE
oQuyt_leXMg-00277-00083933-00084384 INDIVIDUALISM IS NURTURED, WHERE PROPERTY IS CREATED,
oQuyt_leXMg-00278-00084387-00084624 WHERE VALUE IS CREATED THROUGH CREATIVITY,
oQuyt_leXMg-00279-00084627-00084904 THROUGH HARD WORK, THROUGH PEOPLE WORKING THE LAND.
oQuyt_leXMg-00280-00084908-00085371 AND WHAT'S IMPORTANT ABOUT TURNER IS THAT HE WAS A
oQuyt_leXMg-00281-00085375-00085748 PROGRESSIVE. HE SAW THE UNITED STATES AS BECOMING
oQuyt_leXMg-00282-00085752-00085999 MORE LIBERAL AS IT MOVED OUT INTO THE WORLD. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00283-00086002-00086256 >>> ALL RIGHT. BUT, WAS ACTUALLY HAPPENING AT
oQuyt_leXMg-00284-00086259-00086553 THAT MOMENT? THE REASON WE'RE TELLING THIS HISTORY STORY
oQuyt_leXMg-00285-00086556-00086866 IS BECAUSE IT'S RELEVANT TO RIGHT NOW. WHAT WAS
oQuyt_leXMg-00286-00086870-00087127 ACTUALLY HAPPENING AT THAT MOMENT WAS THIS HUGE
oQuyt_leXMg-00287-00087130-00087360 EXPANSION OF WEALTH IN A FEW HANDS. YOU HAD THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00288-00087363-00087897 ROBBER BARONS, YOU HAD DEMILITARIZATION AFTER THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00289-00087901-00088081 CIVIL WAR. YOU COULD HAVE BEEN USING ALL THOSE
oQuyt_leXMg-00290-00088084-00088428 RESOURCES TO DO SOMETHING LIKE RECONSTRUCTION,
oQuyt_leXMg-00291-00088431-00088892 SHARING WEALTH, BRINGING A SOCIETY TOGETHER. INSTEAD,
oQuyt_leXMg-00292-00088895-00089289 WE GO ON THIS EXPANSIONIST WAR, MEXICO AND OTHERS,
oQuyt_leXMg-00293-00089292-00089886 AND BECOME EMBROILED IN THIS CONFLICT ABOUT WHAT
oQuyt_leXMg-00294-00089889-00090109 IS THE NATURE OF THE STATE? WHAT IS THE ROLE OF
oQuyt_leXMg-00295-00090113-00090270 THE STATE, OF THE GOVERNMENT? AND THAT'S A
oQuyt_leXMg-00296-00090273-00090423 CONFLICT THAT PLAYS OUT IN THE 1930S.
oQuyt_leXMg-00297-00090426-00090520 >>> YEAH. THERE'S ENORMOUS- 
oQuyt_leXMg-00298-00090523-00090733 >>> IT FEELS TERRIBLY FAMILIAR TO THIS MOMENT,
oQuyt_leXMg-00299-00090737-00090854 RIGHT NOW. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00300-00090857-00091077 >>> YEAH, EXACTLY. IT'S A PLUTOCRACY. THERE'S
oQuyt_leXMg-00301-00091080-00091411 ENORMOUS ECONOMIC CONCENTRATION. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00302-00091414-00091604 >>> WE SHOULD HAVE HAD A FREEDOM DIVIDEND, BUT ONLY
oQuyt_leXMg-00303-00091608-00091764 ANDREW YANG IS TALKING ABOUT IT. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00304-00091768-00092162 >>> RIGHT. THERE'S CLASS CONFLICT. AT THAT
oQuyt_leXMg-00305-00092165-00092372 CONFERENCE THAT TURNER SPOKE AT, THE WORLD'S FAIR
oQuyt_leXMg-00306-00092375-00092672 WAS ONE LARGE LABOR ACTION. THERE WERE GENERAL
oQuyt_leXMg-00307-00092675-00093046 STRIKES. RAILROAD WORKERS HAD LITERALLY SHUT DOWN
oQuyt_leXMg-00308-00093049-00093346 THE ROAD TO THE WEST. THEY JUST SHUT THE FRONTIER
oQuyt_leXMg-00309-00093349-00093980 DOWN WHILE TURNER WAS SPEAKING. SO HOW DO YOU
oQuyt_leXMg-00310-00093983-00094357 RECONCILE THIS GREAT WEALTH? AND THAT'S THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00311-00094360-00094521 IMPORTANCE OF THE FRONTIER THESIS. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00312-00094524-00094854 >>> BUT DONALD TRUMP, OUR PRESIDENT SAYS HE WANTS TO
oQuyt_leXMg-00313-00094858-00094988 SHUT THE BORDERS. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00314-00094991-00095101 >>> YEAH. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00315-00095104-00095318 >>> SO ISN'T THAT KIND OF A LABOR ACTION FRIENDLY THING?
oQuyt_leXMg-00316-00095321-00095645 >>> YEAH. TRUMP COULD TALK ABOUT THE FRONTIER ALL HE
oQuyt_leXMg-00317-00095648-00095969 WANTS. THE FACT OF THE MATTER IS, THE BOOK ARGUES
oQuyt_leXMg-00318-00095972-00096202 THAT WE'RE IN A QUALITATIVELY NEW TIME. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00319-00096206-00096426 >>> BUT HE SAYS THIS IS FOR LABOR RIGHTS. THIS IS
oQuyt_leXMg-00320-00096429-00096663 TO PROTECT THE STANDARD OF LIVING. THIS IS TO PROTECT
oQuyt_leXMg-00321-00096666-00096736 THE AMERICAN WAY. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00322-00096739-00096840 >>> YEAH. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00323-00096843-00097227 >>> AND IT WORKS. HE GOT VOTES FOR THAT LAST TIME.
oQuyt_leXMg-00324-00097230-00097554 >>> YEAH. WELL, THE WAY THAT NATIONAL CHAUVINISM
oQuyt_leXMg-00325-00097557-00097790 AND THAT NATIONAL SOCIALISM OFTEN SPEAK IN
oQuyt_leXMg-00326-00097794-00098168 THE LANGUAGE AND SPEAK IN THE NAME OF THE WORKER,
oQuyt_leXMg-00327-00098171-00098918 OR THE WORKING CLASS. THE THING ABOUT THE FRONTIER
oQuyt_leXMg-00328-00098922-00099222 THESIS IS THAT IT MARGINALIZED THE EXTREMISM
oQuyt_leXMg-00329-00099225-00099672 ON BOTH SIDES OF THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM.
oQuyt_leXMg-00330-00099676-00099989 THE CONSTANT MOVING OUT FORWARD ALLOWED THE U.S.
oQuyt_leXMg-00331-00099993-00100276 TO CONSTANTLY DEFER IT'S EXTREMISM, IT'S FRINGE.
oQuyt_leXMg-00332-00100280-00100660 AND ALL OF THE TRAUMA GENERATED BY THE LAST WAR
oQuyt_leXMg-00333-00100663-00100967 COULD JUST BE ROLLED  OVER INTO THE NEXT WAR.
oQuyt_leXMg-00334-00100970-00101254 THAT'S FINISHED. WE NO  LONGER HAVE THAT OPTION. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00335-00101257-00101387 >>> WE HAVE THE WAR,  WE HAVE THE TRAUMA. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00336-00101391-00101778 >>> YEAH, BUT WE DON'T HAVE THE MISSIONARY
oQuyt_leXMg-00337-00101781-00102285 MESSIANIC JUSTIFICATION THAT COULD CHANNEL,
oQuyt_leXMg-00338-00102288-00102735 IDEOLOGICALLY THE PASSIONS AND THE FURIOUS OUTWARD.
oQuyt_leXMg-00339-00102739-00103576 AND THAT'S WHY WE'VE SEEN, SINCE 2006, 2005 THE FRENZIES,
oQuyt_leXMg-00340-00103580-00103877 THE FURIES FLYING AROUND  THE HOMELAND.
oQuyt_leXMg-00341-00103880-00104250 >>> SO PEOPLE HAVE KIND OF HAD IT WITH WARS ON BEHALF
oQuyt_leXMg-00342-00104254-00104434 OF DEMOCRACY AROUND THE WORLD? THE SORT OF
oQuyt_leXMg-00343-00104437-00104808 CLINTONIAN SPECIAL ROLE FOR THE U.S. IN THE WORLD.
oQuyt_leXMg-00344-00104811-00104971 >>> WHETHER THEY HAD IT ... I THINK THEY HAVE HAD IT.
oQuyt_leXMg-00345-00104974-00105228 I THINK PEOPLE ARE EXHAUSTED  BY AN ENDLESS WAR.
oQuyt_leXMg-00346-00105231-00105331 I THINK THAT, THAT'S TRUE. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00347-00105335-00105972 >>> SO IN A WAY, FINALLY WE'RE AT AN END POINT OF
oQuyt_leXMg-00348-00105975-00106122 THE SAFETY VALVES? 
oQuyt_leXMg-00349-00106125-00106402 >>> YES. I THINK THAT, THAT'S THE STRUCTURAL
oQuyt_leXMg-00350-00106406-00106686 ARGUMENT OF THE BOOK, TO EXPLAIN THE CURRENT MOMENT
oQuyt_leXMg-00351-00106689-00107033 OF POLARIZATION AND EXTREMISM, AND THE RISE OF
oQuyt_leXMg-00352-00107036-00107497 AN UNHINGED NATIONALIST RIGHT, THAT HAS TURNED
oQuyt_leXMg-00353-00107500-00107827 CRUELTY INTO A POINT OF PRIDE. I THINK YOU HAVE TO
oQuyt_leXMg-00354-00107830-00108318 LOOK AT THE CLOSING OF THE FRONTIER IN THREE VERY
oQuyt_leXMg-00355-00108321-00108872 SPECIFIC WAYS. ONE IS, WAR IS WAR, AND WE'RE AT WAR
oQuyt_leXMg-00356-00108875-00109042 AND WE'RE ALWAYS AT WAR, BUT IT'S NO LONGER A
oQuyt_leXMg-00357-00109045-00109275 MISSIONARY, IT NO LONGER CAN BE JUSTIFIED IN
oQuyt_leXMg-00358-00109279-00109546 MISSIONARY TERMS. TWO IS THE COLLAPSE OF THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00359-00109549-00109926 ECONOMIC GROWTH MODEL. 2008, 2007. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00360-00109929-00110223 >>> THE ECONOMY CAN'T JUST EXPAND. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00361-00110226-00110517 >>> YEAH. AND THE DEEPENING OF THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00362-00110520-00110757 INEQUALITY. NO MORE CAN YOU MAKE THE ARGUMENT THAT
oQuyt_leXMg-00363-00110760-00110964 GROWTH WILL LIFT ALL BOATS, BECAUSE THERE IS NO
oQuyt_leXMg-00364-00110967-00111167 GROWTH, THERE IS JUST CONCENTRATED WEALTH. AND
oQuyt_leXMg-00365-00111170-00111457 THIRD, MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE IS THE CLIMATE CRISIS.
oQuyt_leXMg-00366-00111461-00111794 >>> THE CAP. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00367-00111798-00112025 >>> YEAH. POLITICIANS CAN NO LONGER POINT BEYOND THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00368-00112028-00112328 FRONTIER AND SAY, THERE, THAT'S WHERE OUR PROBLEMS
oQuyt_leXMg-00369-00112332-00112432 WILL BE SOLVED. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00370-00112435-00112619 >>> BUT, IN THE STATE OF THE UNION, TRUMP'S SAYING
oQuyt_leXMg-00371-00112622-00112705 WE'RE GOING TO GO TO MARS.
oQuyt_leXMg-00372-00112709-00112832 >>> YEAH. HE CAN SAY WHATEVER HE WANTS. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00373-00112835-00112976 >>> IS THAT THE NEW FRONTIER? 
oQuyt_leXMg-00374-00112979-00113429 >>> BUT IF THERE'S NO MATERIAL BACKING ...
oQuyt_leXMg-00375-00113433-00113783 OTHER PRESIDENTS, WHEN THEY INVOKE THE FRONTIER HAD
oQuyt_leXMg-00376-00113786-00114107 THE ABILITY TO ACTUALLY EXPAND. SO WHEN REAGAN,
oQuyt_leXMg-00377-00114110-00114501 FOR INSTANCE, AFTER THE MALAISE OF THE 70S CAME BACK,
oQuyt_leXMg-00378-00114504-00115004 AND REAMPED THE COLD WAR, AND RESTARTED THE FRONTIER
oQuyt_leXMg-00379-00115008-00115398 AND RECLAIMED THE FRONTIER, HE WAS ABLE TO
oQuyt_leXMg-00380-00115401-00115765 BASICALLY PRIVATIZED THE NEW DEAL AND JUMPSTART
oQuyt_leXMg-00381-00115768-00116085 GROWTH. AND HE WAS ABLE TO PUSH INTO CENTRAL AMERICA
oQuyt_leXMg-00382-00116089-00116289 AND PUSH INTO THE THIRD WORLD. SO THERE WAS A
oQuyt_leXMg-00383-00116292-00116646 MATERIAL CONTEXT FOR THAT RE-IDEOLOGIZATION. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00384-00116649-00116786 >>> SO, YOU'RE SAYING THERE ISN'T A MATERIAL
oQuyt_leXMg-00385-00116789-00117183 CONTEXT FOR THE BOLDLY GOES, STAR WARS REFERENCE-
oQuyt_leXMg-00386-00117186-00117286 >>> NO. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00387-00117290-00117527 >>> ... STAR TREK, MAYBE, SPACE PROGRAM THAT TRUMP
oQuyt_leXMg-00388-00117530-00117797 IS PUSHING. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00389-00117800-00118198 >>> THIS IS MY LITTLE BUGABOO, IS THAT A LOT OF
oQuyt_leXMg-00390-00118201-00118518 PEOPLE LIKE TO MAKE FUN OF TRUMP FOR THE SPACE PROGRAM,
oQuyt_leXMg-00391-00118521-00118748 BUT THE PENTAGON'S BEEN  PUSHING FOR IT-
oQuyt_leXMg-00392-00118751-00118835 >>> OH, YEAH. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00393-00118838-00118952 >>> IT'S ONLY ... 
oQuyt_leXMg-00394-00118955-00119239 >>> BUT DOES IT FUNCTION, I GUESS MY POINT, AS A
oQuyt_leXMg-00395-00119242-00119499 SORT OF SAFETY VALVE? NOT REALLY. YOU CAN'T SEND
oQuyt_leXMg-00396-00119502-00119616 ENOUGH PEOPLE THERE. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00397-00119619-00119919 >>> YEAH. I WOULD SAY THAT IF YOU LISTEN TO THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00398-00119923-00120216 RHETORIC, WHAT HE'S TALKING ABOUT IS SPACE AS
oQuyt_leXMg-00399-00120220-00120640 A GIANT WALL. AS A BORDER, NOT AS A FRONTIER.
oQuyt_leXMg-00400-00120643-00120927 HE MIGHT USE THE WORD FRONTIER, BUT HE TALKS
oQuyt_leXMg-00401-00120930-00121217 ABOUT THE MILITARIZATION OF SPACE. HE TALKS ABOUT,
oQuyt_leXMg-00402-00121221-00121554 BASICALLY SPACE AS IF IT WAS A GIANT WALL. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00403-00121558-00121828 >>> THE TAGLINE FOR OUR SHOW IS PEOPLE DOING
oQuyt_leXMg-00404-00121831-00121998 THINGS THAT OTHER PEOPLE THINK MIGHT BE ARE
oQuyt_leXMg-00405-00122001-00122295 IMPOSSIBLE. WE TRY TO LIFT UP LIKE POSITIVE MODELS.
oQuyt_leXMg-00406-00122298-00122512 THERE ARE SOME IN YOUR BOOK, OF THINKING ABOUT
oQuyt_leXMg-00407-00122515-00122759 FRONTIERS DIFFERENTLY.  ONE MAY BE THE BOLIVARIAN
oQuyt_leXMg-00408-00122762-00123042 REPUBLIC IDEA. THIS CENTRAL AMERICAN, SOUTH
oQuyt_leXMg-00409-00123046-00123423 AMERICAN NOTION. ANOTHER PERHAPS, WE'VE HAD ROXANNE
oQuyt_leXMg-00410-00123426-00123663 DUNBAR ORTIZ ON THIS PROGRAM, THE AUTHOR OF THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00411-00123666-00123860 WONDERFUL INDIGENOUS HISTORY OF THE UNITED
oQuyt_leXMg-00412-00123863-00124454 STATES. PRE-HISTORY TO THE AMERICAN COLONIAL STORY
oQuyt_leXMg-00413-00124457-00124871 WAS A SORT OF FEDERATION OF NATIVE AMERICANS,
oQuyt_leXMg-00414-00124874-00125234 WHO TRADED AND RELATED AND CONNECTED, LONG BEFORE
oQuyt_leXMg-00415-00125238-00125608 COLONIAL SETTLERS DID IT. NAME ONE. IS THERE A MODEL
oQuyt_leXMg-00416-00125611-00125872 OUT THERE OF THINKING ABOUT WORKING AROUND MAKING
oQuyt_leXMg-00417-00125875-00126549 REAL A RELATIONSHIP ACROSS BORDERS IN CURRENT LIFE?
oQuyt_leXMg-00418-00126553-00126880 >>> I THINK THERE'S A LOT OF MODELS, BUT THERE'S
oQuyt_leXMg-00419-00126883-00127197 BASICALLY TWO RESPONSES  TO THE IDEA THAT THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00420-00127200-00127430 FRONTIER, TO THE REALIZATION THAT IT CAN'T
oQuyt_leXMg-00421-00127433-00127664 GO ON THE WAY IT'S BEEN GOING ON. THE FRONTIER IS
oQuyt_leXMg-00422-00127667-00128051 CLOSED. ONE IS THE BARBARISM AND NATIONALISM,
oQuyt_leXMg-00423-00128054-00128491 AND THE NATIONALIZATION OF BORDER BRUTALISM THAT
oQuyt_leXMg-00424-00128494-00128761 WE'VE SEEN WITH TRUMP.  THE MILITARIZATION OF THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00425-00128765-00129015 BORDER, WHICH LONG PREDATES TRUMP,
oQuyt_leXMg-00426-00129018-00129355 BUT TURNING IT INTO A SPECTACLE IN WHICH HE
oQuyt_leXMg-00427-00129359-00129616 ORGANIZES HIS BASE. AND  HE TELLS THEM THAT, YEAH,
oQuyt_leXMg-00428-00129619-00129836 WE CAN CONTINUE GOING ON.  ALL WE HAVE TO DO IS BUILD A
oQuyt_leXMg-00429-00129839-00130076 WALL, AND THEN WE CAN BURN GAS, AND DO WHAT WE WANT.
oQuyt_leXMg-00430-00130079-00130573 WE JUST HAVE TO KEEP THEM OUT. SOME PEOPLE PRESENT
oQuyt_leXMg-00431-00130577-00130917 THAT AS A DEMYSTIFICATION OF AMERICAN IDEOLOGY.
oQuyt_leXMg-00432-00130920-00131157 I THINK IT'S JUST A RE-MYSTIFICATION BECAUSE
oQuyt_leXMg-00433-00131160-00131437 YOU COULD BUILD A WALL  AS HIGH AS YOU WANT,
oQuyt_leXMg-00434-00131441-00131751 BUT THINGS CANNOT CONTINUE TO GO ON THE WAY THEY ARE.
oQuyt_leXMg-00435-00131754-00132015 THE OTHER RESPONSE IS A MORE HUMANE RESPONSE.
oQuyt_leXMg-00436-00132018-00132248 IT'S AN IDEA THAT WE'RE ALL IN IT TOGETHER AND WE'VE GOT
oQuyt_leXMg-00437-00132252-00132615 TO FIGURE OUT ... ONE OF THE THINGS THAT THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00438-00132619-00132886 FRONTIER, AND THE MYTH OF EXPANSION, AND THE REALITY
oQuyt_leXMg-00439-00132889-00133223 OF EXPANSION HAS ALLOWED THE U.S. TO DO IS CLAIM A
oQuyt_leXMg-00440-00133226-00133596 CENTER, A LIBERAL CENTER AS THE HIGHEST STANDARD OF
oQuyt_leXMg-00441-00133600-00133960 UNIVERSALISM. AND IT'S ALLOWED THE U.S. TO DEFER
oQuyt_leXMg-00442-00133963-00134244 QUESTIONS THAT OTHER COUNTRIES CONFRONTED IN
oQuyt_leXMg-00443-00134247-00134644 THE PAST. BASICALLY, A CHOICE BETWEEN BARBARISM
oQuyt_leXMg-00444-00134647-00135094 ON ONE HAND, OR SOCIALISM ON THE OTHER. AND I DON'T
oQuyt_leXMg-00445-00135098-00135368 THINK IT'S ANY COINCIDENCE THAT IN THE LAST NATIONAL
oQuyt_leXMg-00446-00135371-00135748 ELECTION, ALL OF A SUDDEN, WHAT WAS ON THE TABLE WAS
oQuyt_leXMg-00447-00135752-00135982 BARBARISM IN THE FORM OF TRUMP AND A SOCIALIST
oQuyt_leXMg-00448-00135985-00136142 CHALLENGE TO THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY,
oQuyt_leXMg-00449-00136145-00136399 A DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST CHALLENGE. AND WE'RE BACK-
oQuyt_leXMg-00450-00136402-00136496 >>> WITH THAT EXACT IDEA.
oQuyt_leXMg-00451-00136499-00136596 >>> WE'RE CONFRONTING THAT
oQuyt_leXMg-00452-00136599-00136763 CHOICE AGAIN. AND THAT IS UNIQUE FOR THE UNITED
oQuyt_leXMg-00453-00136766-00137130 STATES. SO THERE'S A LOT OF BOOKS TRYING TO EXPLAIN
oQuyt_leXMg-00454-00137133-00137430 POLARIZATION, BUT NONE OF THEM EXPLAIN IT IN TERMS
oQuyt_leXMg-00455-00137433-00137700 OF THE END OF EXPANSION. THE FACT THAT- 
oQuyt_leXMg-00456-00137704-00137901 >>> THAT'S WHERE YOUR BOOK IS SUCH A HELP, AND I'M SO
oQuyt_leXMg-00457-00137904-00138017 GLAD WE'RE TALKING  ABOUT IT. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00458-00138131-00138448 TO BE FAIR, WE'VE GIVEN  TRUMP AND THE TRUMPERS
oQuyt_leXMg-00459-00138451-00139018 THEIR TIME ON THIS PROGRAM  SO FAR. IT IS ALSO TRUE,
oQuyt_leXMg-00460-00139022-00139272 IT SEEMS TO ME THAT PROGRESSIVES, LIBERALS,
oQuyt_leXMg-00461-00139275-00139509 PEOPLE ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE SPECTRUM HAVE ALSO
oQuyt_leXMg-00462-00139512-00139859 TENDED TO FLEE TO FRIENDLIER CLIMBS,
oQuyt_leXMg-00463-00139862-00140186 HAVE AVOIDED ADDRESSING THE TRAUMAS, THE DRAMAS
oQuyt_leXMg-00464-00140189-00140463 WHERE THEY ARE, BY MOVING TO LIBERAL CAPITALS,
oQuyt_leXMg-00465-00140466-00140790 BY MOVING TO METROPOLISES. AND I'M THINKING AS WE
oQuyt_leXMg-00466-00140793-00141314 TALK, ABOUT A FANTASTIC PROJECT IN OREGON AND
oQuyt_leXMg-00467-00141317-00141544 IDAHO, THE RURAL ORGANIZING PROJECT, WHICH
oQuyt_leXMg-00468-00141548-00142095 IS LED BY LGBT, MOSTLY WOMEN, WHO SAY, I WANT TO
oQuyt_leXMg-00469-00142098-00142402 STAY WHERE I LIVE. I WANT TO STAY WHERE I WAS BORN
oQuyt_leXMg-00470-00142405-00142649 AND WORK WITH PEOPLE HERE. AND THEY'RE ALSO THE ONES
oQuyt_leXMg-00471-00142652-00143032 THAT SAY, I CAN'T NOT TALK TO TRUMP VOTERS, BECAUSE
oQuyt_leXMg-00472-00143036-00143399 THAT'S WHO'S HERE. AND THAT SEEMS TO BE AN
oQuyt_leXMg-00473-00143403-00143653 IMPORTANT LESSON FOR THE PROGRESSIVE SIDE OF THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00474-00143656-00143783 SPECTRUM TOO. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00475-00143786-00143940 >>> YEAH, I THINK SO. I THINK THAT'S EXACTLY
oQuyt_leXMg-00476-00143943-00144300 RIGHT. JUST BEING WHERE YOU ARE NOW. AND THEN
oQuyt_leXMg-00477-00144304-00144687 THAT'S SOMETHING THAT THE UNITED STATES, IN TERMS OF
oQuyt_leXMg-00478-00144691-00145104 ITS LONG HISTORY HAS NOT DONE. AND JUST SPEAKING
oQuyt_leXMg-00479-00145108-00145215 AGAIN IN THE BROADEST NOTES. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00480-00145218-00145381 >>> BECAUSE WE HAVE HAD A TENDENCY TO SAY THERE ARE
oQuyt_leXMg-00481-00145385-00145538 RED STATES AND BLUE STATES, AND YOU CAN LIVE A
oQuyt_leXMg-00482-00145541-00145778 HAPPY LIFE AS LONG AS YOU GO TO A BLUE STATE, ON THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00483-00145782-00145912 PROGRESSIVE SIDE, AND VICE VERSA. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00484-00145915-00146109 >>> AND IT IS TRUE, DURING MOMENTS OF POLITICAL
oQuyt_leXMg-00485-00146112-00146339 REACTION, THERE IS A TENDENCY TO WITHDRAW, AND
oQuyt_leXMg-00486-00146342-00146803 FIND FULFILLMENT IN THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT AND IN
oQuyt_leXMg-00487-00146806-00147230 INTERIORITY, OR BACK TO THE LAND. I THINK THAT'S A
oQuyt_leXMg-00488-00147233-00147637 HUMAN IMPULSE. BUT IN TERMS OF A LARGER
oQuyt_leXMg-00489-00147640-00147991 POLITICAL CULTURE AND POLICY OPTIONS, I THINK THAT
oQuyt_leXMg-00490-00147994-00148344 WERE REALLY CONFRONTING  A STARK KIND OF CHOICE.
oQuyt_leXMg-00491-00148348-00148595 >>> BARBARISM OR SOCIALISM. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00492-00148598-00148741 >>> BARBARISM OR SOCIALISM. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00493-00148745-00149088 >>> IS THERE ANY HISTORY OF WHAT HAPPENS IF WE
oQuyt_leXMg-00494-00149092-00149265 CHOOSE THE BARBARISM? 
oQuyt_leXMg-00495-00149269-00149696 >>> WELL, THERE'S THE HISTORY OF NAZISM,
oQuyt_leXMg-00496-00149699-00149916 THE HISTORY OF FASCISM. I THINK WE'RE LIVING THROUGH IT.
oQuyt_leXMg-00497-00149919-00150143 I THINK WE SEE IT IN BRAZIL, WE SEE IT IN THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00498-00150146-00150426 PHILIPPINES, WE SEE IT IN INDIA, WE SEE IT IN
oQuyt_leXMg-00499-00150430-00150810 COUNTRIES IN EASTERN EUROPE, WE SEE IT IN ITALY.
oQuyt_leXMg-00500-00150813-00151197 I THINK WE'RE SEEING VERY CLEARLY, WE'RE
oQuyt_leXMg-00501-00151200-00151544 LIVING THROUGH A PERIOD WHERE PEOPLE HAVE OPTED.
oQuyt_leXMg-00502-00151547-00151998 IT'S NOT A CHOICE THAT WE FACE. MANY HAVE OPTED
oQuyt_leXMg-00503-00152001-00152158 ALREADY FOR BARBARISM. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00504-00152161-00152395 >>> AND ARE THERE EXAMPLES THAT YOU CLING TO,
oQuyt_leXMg-00505-00152398-00152659 OF BEING AT THE BRINK, AT THE BORDER, PERHAPS OF THAT
oQuyt_leXMg-00506-00152662-00153066 CHOICE AND BACKING UP  FROM IT AND CHOOSING THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00507-00153069-00153293 SOCIETY FIRST? CALL IT SOCIALISM- 
oQuyt_leXMg-00508-00153296-00153459 >>> WELL, HOPEFULLY THAT'S WHERE WE ARE IN NATIONAL
oQuyt_leXMg-00509-00153463-00154127 POLITICS, AT THE MOMENT. THAT IS THE PREMISE OF THE
oQuyt_leXMg-00510-00154130-00154577 SANDERS CAMPAIGN, THAT WE HAVE NO CHOICE BUT TO,
oQuyt_leXMg-00511-00154581-00154824 AS YOU SAID, SPEAK TO THE TRUMP VOTERS, AND TELL
oQuyt_leXMg-00512-00154827-00155051 THEM THAT THE CHOICES THAT WERE PRESENTED TO THEM
oQuyt_leXMg-00513-00155054-00155311 UNDER THE OLD LIBERAL ESTABLISHMENT WERE
oQuyt_leXMg-00514-00155315-00155542 EXHAUSTED. AND THEY'RE NOT WRONG FOR THINKING THAT THEY
oQuyt_leXMg-00515-00155545-00155989 WERE EXHAUSTED, BUT THIS IS  HOW WE FRAME THE DEBATE.
oQuyt_leXMg-00516-00155992-00156252 >>> GREG GRANDIN'S BOOK, THE END OF THE MYTH,
oQuyt_leXMg-00517-00156256-00156566 FROM THE FRONTIER TO THE  BORDER WALL IN THE MIND
oQuyt_leXMg-00518-00156569-00156890 OF AMERICA, IS JUST OUT. THANKS SO MUCH FOR COMING.
oQuyt_leXMg-00519-00156893-00156963 >>> THANKS. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00520-00156966-00157203 >>> THANK YOU SO MUCH. PLEASURE. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00521-00157206-00157313 >>> IT'S WONDERFUL TO BE HERE. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00522-00157317-00157420 >>> YOU'RE WATCHING THE LAURA FLANDERS SHOW. 
oQuyt_leXMg-00523-00157567-00158168 ♪ [THEME MUSIC] ♪
oQFA0gVtV-g-00000-00000047-00000306 We're now ready to talk about what we call,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00001-00000306-00000524 the slope of a line.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00002-00000640-00001003 Recall, that we said that one way to specify a line
oQFA0gVtV-g-00003-00001003-00001428 was to give a point on the line and a direction.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00004-00001578-00001988 The slope of a line is one way of describing
oQFA0gVtV-g-00005-00001988-00002286 the direction that the line goes in.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00006-00002414-00002828 Let me draw some lines that go in different directions.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00007-00003062-00003584 These four lines are all in different directions.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00008-00003610-00003784 They are not parallel.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00009-00003934-00004332 How could we describe the different directions
oQFA0gVtV-g-00010-00004332-00004512 that these lines go in?
oQFA0gVtV-g-00011-00004618-00005066 One way to describe them is in terms of this grid
oQFA0gVtV-g-00012-00005066-00005252 that's behind them.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00013-00005342-00005496 This line,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00014-00005768-00006072 each time it goes one unit to the right,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00015-00006498-00006976 goes up one unit and it doesn't matter
oQFA0gVtV-g-00016-00007154-00007422 which point we start from.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00017-00007506-00007718 I could start from this point.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00018-00008022-00008294 When I go one unit to the right,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00019-00008294-00008664 I need to go up one unit to keep up with the line.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00020-00008706-00009224 One unit to the right, up one unit to keep up with the line.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00021-00009262-00009558 It doesn't matter which point we start from.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00022-00009596-00009794 I could even start from here.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00023-00009966-00010478 One unit to the right, up one unit keep up with the line.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00024-00010518-00010844 It doesn't matter which point we start from
oQFA0gVtV-g-00025-00010844-00011162 because these are all congruent triangles.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00026-00011224-00011610 So, for this line, every time I go up right one unit,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00027-00011610-00011938 I have to go up one unit to stay on the line.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00028-00011970-00012582 For this line, if I go right one unit,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00029-00012582-00013256 I have to go up two units to stay on the line.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00030-00013508-00014076 Right one unit, up two units to stay on the line.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00031-00014226-00014774 Right one unit, up two units to stay on the line.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00032-00014832-00015096 Again, it doesn't matter where I start.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00033-00015096-00015380 I could even start in the middle somewhere.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00034-00015416-00016044 Right one unit, up two units to stay on the line.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00035-00016102-00016366 These are all congruent triangles.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00036-00016460-00016806 Now, how do I know that all the triangles are congruent?
oQFA0gVtV-g-00037-00016858-00017118 Well, because I could pick one of them up
oQFA0gVtV-g-00038-00017118-00017456 and translate it on top of the next one.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00039-00017498-00017954 Now, on this line when I go right one unit,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00040-00017954-00018212 I don't go upward to stay on the line,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00041-00018298-00018634 I go down to stay on the line.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00042-00018696-00019024 And again, it doesn't matter where I start from.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00043-00019064-00019456 If I go right one unit, I have to go down one unit
oQFA0gVtV-g-00044-00019456-00019616 to stay on the line.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00045-00019686-00020158 And finally, on this line every time I go right one unit,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00046-00020224-00020616 I have to go down two units to stay on the line.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00047-00020686-00021200 Right one unit, down two units.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00048-00021272-00021734 Right one unit, down two units.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00049-00021836-00022274 Now, by saying what these triangles look like,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00050-00022274-00022616 that's enough to say what direction the line goes in.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00051-00022896-00023182 And that's what we call, the slope.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00052-00023266-00023642 For every one unit we move to the right,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00053-00023642-00024094 the slope of a line is how far up one must go
oQFA0gVtV-g-00054-00024094-00024312 in order to keep up with the line.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00055-00024386-00024834 Now, in two of these pictures we actually had to
oQFA0gVtV-g-00056-00024834-00024970 go downward.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00057-00025080-00025406 If we have to go downward instead of upward,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00058-00025458-00025695 then the slope is a negative number.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00059-00025916-00026326 We think of down as just negative up.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00060-00026474-00026674 So, in our examples up here,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00061-00026756-00027310 here the slope is positive one,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00062-00027442-00027986 here the slope is positive two,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00063-00028202-00028864 here the slope is negative one,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00064-00029024-00029632 and over here the slope is negative two.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00065-00029882-00030277 OK, so let's consider a couple of different ways
oQFA0gVtV-g-00066-00030277-00030430 of looking at this.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00067-00030545-00030870 Suppose we met this line and we wanted
oQFA0gVtV-g-00068-00030870-00031042 to find out its slope.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00069-00031118-00031372 Well, in order to find the slope,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00070-00031372-00031694 we need to just pick out a point on the line.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00071-00031802-00032212 Let's suppose for a moment that I picked out this point.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00072-00032482-00033196 We go one unit to the right and up some distance.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00073-00033312-00033734 We might ask, how far did we go up?
oQFA0gVtV-g-00074-00033850-00034044 And it's not easy to see.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00075-00034136-00034590 Part of the problem is that I chose a point
oQFA0gVtV-g-00076-00034590-00034954 where my line did not cross a place where
oQFA0gVtV-g-00077-00034954-00035166 two grid lines crossed.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00078-00035252-00035764 Maybe it would be better to choose this point.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00079-00035882-00036048 Go right one unit,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00080-00036146-00036474 and, well, that didn't help much either.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00081-00036568-00037086 It's not easy to see what the slope of this line is.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00082-00037230-00037554 But through the power of similar triangles,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00083-00037554-00037834 we have a way of figuring out the slope.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00084-00037886-00037990 Here's how.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00085-00038084-00038454 So, we found this as a point where
oQFA0gVtV-g-00086-00038454-00038906 two grid lines crossed and this line also crossed.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00087-00039000-00039386 Up here, we have another point where
oQFA0gVtV-g-00088-00039386-00039876 two grid lines cross and this line also crosses.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00089-00040306-00040574 We can draw this triangle.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00090-00041018-00041542 This side is three long, this side is two long.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00091-00041748-00042152 In the little triangle, this side is one long
oQFA0gVtV-g-00092-00042244-00042630 and this side, we don't know how long it is.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00093-00042962-00043310 But we can find out it's length by using algebra.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00094-00043498-00044278 The ratio of this side to this side
oQFA0gVtV-g-00095-00044764-00045166 is the same as the ratio of this side
oQFA0gVtV-g-00096-00045438-00045584 to this side.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00097-00046004-00046226 Here we're just dividing by one.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00098-00046482-00046886 So, that little height that we're look for that I called, m,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00099-00047216-00047468 is just the number, two-thirds.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00100-00047524-00047738 What is the slope of this line?
oQFA0gVtV-g-00101-00047830-00048038 The slope is two-thirds.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00102-00048122-00048464 Now, in general when we make this calculation,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00103-00048464-00048782 we aren't going to reference the similar triangles.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00104-00048878-00049330 We're just going to look for two nice points on the line,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00105-00049382-00049604 see how far we went to the right,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00106-00049666-00049864 see how far we went up.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00107-00049918-00050386 Sometimes we call this distance, the rise
oQFA0gVtV-g-00108-00050434-00050744 and this distance, the run.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00109-00050826-00051082 And from this we get the formula,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00110-00051100-00051370 slope equals rise over run.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00111-00051426-00051748 Again, this is a method of calculating the slope,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00112-00051834-00052062 not the definition of the slope.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00113-00052160-00052398 But it's very, very useful.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00114-00052422-00052729 It's so useful that we'll sometimes think of it
oQFA0gVtV-g-00115-00052729-00052862 as the definition.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00116-00052960-00053372 Also note, you can pick any two points that you want
oQFA0gVtV-g-00117-00053372-00053808 for this calculation and you can pick them because
oQFA0gVtV-g-00118-00053808-00054266 the resulting triangles will always be similar.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00119-00054394-00054779 Whatever two points you pick to make this calculation,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00120-00054779-00055286 the resulting triangle will be similar to the one
oQFA0gVtV-g-00121-00055286-00055696 that goes one to the right and up by the amount
oQFA0gVtV-g-00122-00055696-00055824 of the slope.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00123-00056022-00056410 So, this ratio will always be the same.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00124-00056520-00056874 What if we want to go to the left, instead of to the right?
oQFA0gVtV-g-00125-00056922-00057141 Why would we want to do that?
oQFA0gVtV-g-00126-00057141-00057445 Well, maybe the point we're interested in is near
oQFA0gVtV-g-00127-00057445-00057839 the right edge of our space and we don't want to go
oQFA0gVtV-g-00128-00057840-00058020 to the right from there.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00129-00058076-00058284 So, here's an example of a line.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00130-00058628-00059108 By looking at a triangle we see that the slope
oQFA0gVtV-g-00131-00059108-00059264 is one half.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00132-00059434-00059716 What if we wanted to go to the left instead?
oQFA0gVtV-g-00133-00059786-00060226 If we think of going to the right by two as positive two,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00134-00060298-00060682 We can think of going to the left by two
oQFA0gVtV-g-00135-00060682-00060836 as negative two.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00136-00061016-00061288 Going up by one is positive one,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00137-00061452-00061776 going down by one is negative one.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00138-00061898-00062558 In this triangle, we see that the slope is negative one
oQFA0gVtV-g-00139-00062626-00062822 over negative two.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00140-00062904-00063038 Oh, but that's OK.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00141-00063102-00063460 A negative divided by a negative is the same as
oQFA0gVtV-g-00142-00063460-00063705 a positive divided by a positive.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00143-00063834-00064194 If we want to go to the left instead of to the right,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00144-00064248-00064650 we simply think of the run as a negative number.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00145-00064858-00065210 Notice, if we had a negative fraction
oQFA0gVtV-g-00146-00065274-00065488 in this line for example,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00147-00065580-00066154 if I go to two to the right, I go down three.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00148-00066232-00066440 Run is positive two.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00149-00066520-00066758 Rise is negative three.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00150-00066822-00067510 My slope is negative three over positive two
oQFA0gVtV-g-00151-00067578-00067844 which is negative three-halves.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00152-00067940-00068202 If I wanted to go to the left instead?
oQFA0gVtV-g-00153-00068330-00068682 Well, negative two,
oQFA0gVtV-g-00154-00069198-00069388 positive three.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00155-00069844-00070180 Positive three over negative two
oQFA0gVtV-g-00156-00070180-00070520 is also negative three-halves.
oQFA0gVtV-g-00157-00070578-00070742 Moral of the story?
oQFA0gVtV-g-00158-00070820-00071102 It doesn't matter whether we go to the right
oQFA0gVtV-g-00159-00071102-00071474 or to the left, we can think of the run as
oQFA0gVtV-g-00160-00071474-00071782 a positive number and go to the right
oQFA0gVtV-g-00161-00071782-00071983 or think of it as a negative number
oQFA0gVtV-g-00162-00071984-00072160 and go to the left.
oRUG6zb-C84-00000-00000000-00000176 Let's watch movements again
oRUG6zb-C84-00001-00000279-00000527 Movements... movements
oRUG6zb-C84-00002-00000530-00000642 If we take you and me
oRUG6zb-C84-00003-00000818-00000918 So...
oRUG6zb-C84-00004-00000938-00001060 It's evidently square
oRUG6zb-C84-00005-00001062-00001354 Limited space. If it was an open field..
oRUG6zb-C84-00007-00001509-00001819 The person would just run away and goodbye.
oRUG6zb-C84-00008-00001819-00002117 So here we have a certain border. Isn't it logical?
oRUG6zb-C84-00009-00002167-00002429 So how can you.. you're trying to catch me
oRUG6zb-C84-00010-00002429-00002695 I'm, for example, taller than you
oRUG6zb-C84-00011-00002726-00002948 So you're trying to approach me, get close to me
oRUG6zb-C84-00012-00003603-00003716 It's interesting
oRUG6zb-C84-00013-00003759-00003926 But look here.. Let's try again
oRUG6zb-C84-00014-00003998-00004095 Go
oRUG6zb-C84-00015-00004096-00004302 But i will move more swiftly this time
oRUG6zb-C84-00016-00005204-00005484 Close.. but look
oRUG6zb-C84-00017-00005484-00005678 Let's do it again, but now you're moving and i'm trying to get you
oRUG6zb-C84-00018-00005934-00006087 From the center of ring
oRUG6zb-C84-00019-00006135-00006376 You're trying to get away
oRUG6zb-C84-00020-00006376-00006502 I'm trying to cut your angles
oRUG6zb-C84-00021-00006565-00006665 Let's go
oRUG6zb-C84-00022-00007215-00007550 Have seen that by the third movement i caught you
oRUG6zb-C84-00023-00007594-00007822 So i cuold've hit you on my third move
oRUG6zb-C84-00024-00007870-00008188 -Why? -Because when you go backwards you manage to get away
oRUG6zb-C84-00025-00008194-00008294 No
oRUG6zb-C84-00026-00008344-00008483 Look what you did
oRUG6zb-C84-00027-00008574-00008797 I will do the way you did it
oRUG6zb-C84-00028-00008875-00009137 Try to get away backwards, to the sides
oRUG6zb-C84-00029-00009140-00009316 You need to keep the distance
oRUG6zb-C84-00030-00009758-00009858 What happend?
oRUG6zb-C84-00031-00009896-00010188 You got more space to get away
oRUG6zb-C84-00033-00010320-00010660 The first two you tried to cut the angles
oRUG6zb-C84-00034-00010687-00010955 but only after when you get into the middle distance
oRUG6zb-C84-00035-00011114-00011400 -Got close - Yeah you only..
oRUG6zb-C84-00036-00011400-00011686 You wasted time trying to follow my tracks.
oRUG6zb-C84-00037-00011686-00011965 I begin the movement.. I propose i mean..
oRUG6zb-C84-00038-00011979-00012179 I start to cut the sector..
oRUG6zb-C84-00039-00012231-00012573 when i'm far away from you... on super-long distance
oRUG6zb-C84-00040-00012620-00012923 So i'm doing the first move
oRUG6zb-C84-00041-00012924-00013190 You move to the left
oRUG6zb-C84-00042-00013212-00013460 I'm moving left.. right
oRUG6zb-C84-00043-00013588-00013893 And i got to you already with my third movement.
oRUG6zb-C84-00044-00013893-00014197 So it's so called "A Christmas tree pattern".
oRUG6zb-C84-00045-00014197-00014515 What am i doing? Im not just going into you.
oRUG6zb-C84-00046-00014515-00014800 Because if you move to any side, I will be following your trail.
oRUG6zb-C84-00047-00014813-00014913 Just like your tail.
oRUG6zb-C84-00048-00014944-00015244 -If you start from distance, it will be easier -Right
oRUG6zb-C84-00049-00015244-00015543 I start from far away.
oRUG6zb-C84-00050-00015543-00015643 I move in sectors.
oRUG6zb-C84-00051-00015731-00016031 Doesn't mean I'm changing stance, but moving like Christmas tree
oRUG6zb-C84-00052-00016031-00016381 I'm cutting you in advance, from the middle of the ring.
oRUG6zb-C84-00053-00016385-00016495 Cutting your directions.
oRUG6zb-C84-00054-00016545-00016829 I'm not simply approaching you.
oRUG6zb-C84-00055-00016829-00017128 Trying to get close to you.
oRUG6zb-C84-00056-00017128-00017398 You just happen to be on my directions
oRUG6zb-C84-00057-00017398-00017703 I adjust my and yours moves and meet you on my way.
oRUG6zb-C84-00059-00017898-00018203 And I catch you with this Christmas tree moves.
oRUG6zb-C84-00060-00018203-00018303 How do i do it?
oRUG6zb-C84-00061-00018314-00018605 I'm going to close the distance
oRUG6zb-C84-00062-00018605-00018902 You try to go left or right
oRUG6zb-C84-00063-00018902-00019023 I'm catching you
oRUG6zb-C84-00064-00019098-00019386 One, two, three One, two, three.. that's it
oRUG6zb-C84-00065-00019386-00019693 By the third move I got you.
oRUG6zb-C84-00066-00019694-00020000 If we continue it, for example, from the middle of the ring three moves that's all I need.
oRUG6zb-C84-00067-00020000-00020220 Let's do it again in a wrong way.
oRUG6zb-C84-00068-00020220-00020561 If we start from here and I follow your trajectory 
oRUG6zb-C84-00069-00020616-00020965 you go to the side and it's hard for me to catch you.
oRUG6zb-C84-00070-00020965-00021228 Let's repeat this situation with a Christmas tree.
oRUG6zb-C84-00071-00021280-00021530 I do not use the narrow fighting stance.
oRUG6zb-C84-00072-00021530-00021819 I'm using semi-frontal stance... Of just plain frontal stance.
oRUG6zb-C84-00074-00021967-00022311 And I'm doing here... One, two, three
oRUG6zb-C84-00075-00022389-00022661 That's it.. you are on the ropes already
oRUG6zb-C84-00076-00022684-00023010 So try this exact movement.
oRUG6zb-C84-00077-00023010-00023318 Looks exactly like the Christmas tree
oRUG6zb-C84-00078-00023318-00023591 One, two, three One, two, three... do you see the sector?
oRUG6zb-C84-00079-00023641-00023788 Try this on me now
oRUG6zb-C84-00080-00023831-00023931 Let' go. You try.
oRUG6zb-C84-00081-00024146-00024257 Yeah, yeah, yeah
oRUG6zb-C84-00082-00024296-00024604 Yeah, yeah .. faster, yes
oRUG6zb-C84-00083-00024753-00025054 So you approach not like this but like that.
oRUG6zb-C84-00085-00025182-00025318 It is like a skiing.
oRUG6zb-C84-00086-00025390-00025676 Yeah.. how is that? Not classical but a skate...
oRUG6zb-C84-00087-00025798-00025898 -How is it named? - skate skiing?
oRUG6zb-C84-00088-00025907-00026254 Yes, skate skiing.. One, two, three, one, two, three
oRUG6zb-C84-00089-00026254-00026516 Then there stance allows me to raise my hands.
oRUG6zb-C84-00091-00026750-00027075 With a short opponent I will do it differently, of course.
oRUG6zb-C84-00092-00027075-00027362 But normal I will keep my hands high.
oRUG6zb-C84-00093-00027408-00027508 Run away from me,
oRUG6zb-C84-00094-00027901-00028205 that's it.. I have my feet spread.
oRUG6zb-C84-00095-00028206-00028514 My center of gravity is low.
oRUG6zb-C84-00096-00028514-00028802 My hands are high. Bodywork.
oRUG6zb-C84-00098-00028926-00029241 See? I cut your movements with my footwork.
oRUG6zb-C84-00099-00029408-00029588 Great, well done, thank you
oS-f0ir5uTg-00000-00000000-00000266 OregonSaves is
oS-f0ir5uTg-00001-00000266-00000553 a really great tool for a small business owner,
oS-f0ir5uTg-00002-00000553-00000642 such as us.
oS-f0ir5uTg-00003-00000642-00000989 The OregonSaves program allows us to offer a retirement
oS-f0ir5uTg-00004-00000989-00001211 program to our employees.
oS-f0ir5uTg-00005-00001211-00001367 It helps us
oS-f0ir5uTg-00006-00001367-00001689 recruit solid workers. It helps us retain those
oS-f0ir5uTg-00007-00001689-00001957 solid workers. One of the biggest things with
oS-f0ir5uTg-00008-00001957-00002269 employee turnover is just financial stress and so, if
oS-f0ir5uTg-00009-00002269-00002453 we can take a little bit of that off their
oS-f0ir5uTg-00010-00002453-00002665 shoulders and
oS-f0ir5uTg-00011-00002665-00002824 incorporate some
oS-f0ir5uTg-00012-00002824-00002973 job security,
oS-f0ir5uTg-00013-00003033-00003283 We can have people
oS-f0ir5uTg-00014-00003283-00003986 view this more as a career rather than just a job.
oTsiW8JnQ_Q-00000-00000432-00001024 Hi everyone. Welcome to Alphabites. Today's letter is "B". Let's try making an uppercase
oTsiW8JnQ_Q-00001-00001024-00001592 and lowercase "b" together you can follow along with me here or with the b up here.
oTsiW8JnQ_Q-00002-00001712-00002048 First thing you're going to do is make a line going down
oTsiW8JnQ_Q-00003-00002048-00002528 then you're going to make two half circles connected to that line for our uppercase "B".
oTsiW8JnQ_Q-00004-00002600-00003215 The lowercase "b" is going to be the same line going down and then a circle connected to the
oTsiW8JnQ_Q-00005-00003215-00003784 line. This is how you make the letter "b" in American Sign Language, you're going to hold your
oTsiW8JnQ_Q-00006-00003784-00004400 hand up with your palm facing outward and then put your thumb over the top of your palm like this.
oTsiW8JnQ_Q-00007-00004568-00004928 Ball begins with the letter "b". Let's sing a song about a ball.
oTsiW8JnQ_Q-00008-00005008-00005328 Bounce the ball, bounce the ball, bounce the ball with me.
oTsiW8JnQ_Q-00009-00005416-00006232 Bounce the ball, bounce the ball. One, two, three. Time for our Literacy Tip: when children use the
oTsiW8JnQ_Q-00010-00006232-00006640 small muscles in their fingers and wrists they're using their fine motor skills.
oTsiW8JnQ_Q-00011-00006695-00007240 Children use fine motor skills when they do things like cut with scissors, color with crayons,
oTsiW8JnQ_Q-00012-00007240-00008344 or even pick up small items off the floor. Up next is the letter C. Thanks for watching.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00000-00000011-00000199 So the Birdman got reworked huh?
oVb3bIRLVp0-00001-00000199-00000582 To counter this guy, pick someone like Fizz who can dodge Swain's E with his own and pummel
oVb3bIRLVp0-00002-00000582-00000682 him in the early game.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00003-00000682-00001094 Malzahar whose passive shield can render his engages useless, as well as pin him down when
oVb3bIRLVp0-00004-00001094-00001480 he comes close in fights, and Heimerdinger can permapush and deny him his roams.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00005-00001480-00001821 Annie if she also goes for tank stats, Zed with his Shadow plays, and Leblanc for her
oVb3bIRLVp0-00006-00001821-00001986 dash make good counters too.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00007-00001986-00002362 Swain's Passive is divided into 2, first, it allows Swain to remove a soul fragment
oVb3bIRLVp0-00008-00002362-00002802 from an immobilized champion and second, whenever he gest one of these soul fragments, he heals
oVb3bIRLVp0-00009-00002802-00002985 for a portion of his maximum health.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00010-00002985-00003334 Swain's Q allows him to deal damage in a small cone in front of him with multiple bolts being
oVb3bIRLVp0-00011-00003334-00003434 that one target can intercept multiple of these if it survives.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00012-00003434-00003644 Killing units with this also restores some of his missing mana.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00013-00003644-00004029 Swain's W really has some BS range and it allows him to slow multiple targets in a zone
oVb3bIRLVp0-00014-00004029-00004451 and will also deal extra damage and steal a soul fragment if enemy champions get hit
oVb3bIRLVp0-00015-00004451-00004714 by the explosion that detonates after a brief delay.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00016-00004714-00005038 Swain's E works kind of in the same way as Ahri's Q but it'll stop on the first enemy
oVb3bIRLVp0-00017-00005038-00005264 hit when coming back and also root them!
oVb3bIRLVp0-00018-00005264-00005651 Finally his Ultimate will grant him a large amount of health on cast and also steal health
oVb3bIRLVp0-00019-00005651-00006137 from several nearby units prioritizing champions before exploding and consuming all the stacked
oVb3bIRLVp0-00020-00006137-00006338 soul fragments for extra damage per fragment!
oVb3bIRLVp0-00021-00006338-00006438 So how will this be played?
oVb3bIRLVp0-00022-00006438-00006761 Basically, he'll be very useful in fights with enough tanky stats to grant him the ability
oVb3bIRLVp0-00023-00006761-00006954 to pull squishy targets from the back line will also root them in the process with an
oVb3bIRLVp0-00024-00006954-00007353 E, passive then probably set up W while they're rooted for full damage and all the while ulting
oVb3bIRLVp0-00025-00007353-00007453 to make it easier.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00026-00007453-00007743 As for spells, I reckon you will find him in the mid lane and he won't be in desperate
oVb3bIRLVp0-00027-00007743-00007936 need for ignite to finish targets off, being that he's not properly the bursty champion.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00028-00007936-00008200 Ghost seems to fit much nicely here or Teleport as usual.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00029-00008200-00008300 Take Teleport versus him if you want to prevent him from roaming.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00030-00008300-00008615 In terms of Power Spikes, honestly, they have kind of remained similar to the old Swain.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00031-00008615-00009072 Not a great early game, pretty good mid game and insane late game due to high dps!
oVb3bIRLVp0-00032-00009072-00009415 Levels 4 and above, he'll start to really get some good sustain with both mana and health
oVb3bIRLVp0-00033-00009415-00009528 regen abilities so try to knock him down right from the start.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00034-00009528-00009852 Level 6 is when he can survive ganks with easy especially with Flash and Ghost up, but
oVb3bIRLVp0-00035-00009852-00009952 he won't get much of a fighting power spike from it.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00036-00009952-00010318 He's great in teamfights but will become quite useless in 1v1 scenarios if you manage to
oVb3bIRLVp0-00037-00010318-00010418 dodge his root.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00038-00010418-00010634 Rod of Ages stacking will be op as always.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00039-00010634-00011047 Thanks for tuning in, good luck in your matches and remember: He's bad at dragged out fights,
oVb3bIRLVp0-00040-00011047-00011504 will only root and pull you if you get hit on the back travel of his E and really depends
oVb3bIRLVp0-00041-00011504-00011873 on Teammates that can CC alongside him to be effective to the backline.
oVb3bIRLVp0-00042-00011873-00011986 Ultimately, have fun doing it!
oW1khENbQ4U-00000-00000151-00000750 Refugees who cannot now go back—to Hungary, to North Korea, to North Vietnam, to East 
oW1khENbQ4U-00001-00000897-00001473 Germany, or to Poland, or to any of the other lands from which a steady stream of 
oW1khENbQ4U-00002-00001475-00002072 refugees pours forth, in eloquent testimony to the cruel oppression now holding sway in 
oW1khENbQ4U-00003-00002247-00002448 their homeland. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00005-00002483-00002887 Originally my family is from Prague, Czechoslovakia, and when the invasion of 
oW1khENbQ4U-00006-00002889-00003484 Czechoslovakia happened we were on holidays in Italy, so that was me, two sisters and one 
oW1khENbQ4U-00007-00003634-00003919 brother and my mother and father. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00008-00003921-00004517 So, we heard some information on the radio and one of my earlier recollections was of us 
oW1khENbQ4U-00009-00004585-00005150 huddling together around this little radio with other Czechs that were also camping and 
oW1khENbQ4U-00010-00005152-00005612 travelling around Italy, trying to get the latest news. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00013-00005670-00006252 My father rang a relative, a great aunt, in Czechoslovakia—in Prague—and she said to 
oW1khENbQ4U-00014-00006254-00006629 him, well, basically I’m just looking out the window as we speak and I’ve just seen a 
oW1khENbQ4U-00015-00006631-00006973 protester run over by a tank. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00016-00006975-00007292 And it was at that point that my father decided that he’s not going back. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00019-00007409-00007863 We have this fantastic photo of us arriving in Australia after a 36 hour flight. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00020-00007865-00008159 It was at Sydney airport, it was taken by a local newspaper. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00021-00008161-00008701 That was—literally we got off the plane—because it was a big hoo-ha us coming from—we 
oW1khENbQ4U-00022-00008703-00009159 were political immigrants—that’s me on the bottom left-hand corner, ok, just got off 
oW1khENbQ4U-00023-00009161-00009367 there, not really knowing what was happening. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00024-00009369-00009854 What you see there is the clothes on our back and in the cargo was the actual tent and 
oW1khENbQ4U-00025-00009856-00010008 that’s all we came with to Australia. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00028-00010139-00010635 My real name is—most people don’t know—Vlastislav Kašpárek. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00029-00010637-00010999 Vlastislav is my first name, Kašpárek is my last name. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00030-00011001-00011367 No one really wanted to, sort of, try and pronounce that name or the short version of 
oW1khENbQ4U-00031-00011369-00011547 Vlasta. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00032-00011549-00012079 And I remember having tennis lessons, the tennis coach—when I said to him what my name 
oW1khENbQ4U-00033-00012081-00012318 was—he said, mate, I’m not calling you that! 
oW1khENbQ4U-00034-00012320-00012506 I’ll call you Fred. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00035-00012508-00012694 And that’s how I got my name Fred. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00036-00012696-00013143 What’s interesting about that was that literally, by adopting that name, that everyone 
oW1khENbQ4U-00037-00013144-00013604 could remember and say, I had so many more friends because they felt comfortable. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00038-00013606-00014040 Not that people were mean, they felt comfortable and able to pronounce your name. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00041-00014122-00014276 What has Australia given me? 
oW1khENbQ4U-00042-00014278-00014505 It has given me everything. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00043-00014507-00014816 It’s given me my wife, it’s given me my children, it’s given me my father- and 
oW1khENbQ4U-00044-00014819-00014975 mother-in-law. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00045-00014977-00015529 It’s given me a lifestyle that I never could have dreamt about, anywhere else. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00046-00015531-00016088 What I’ve contributed to the community through my architecture is affordable housing. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00047-00016090-00016555 The sector where semi-professionals can’t quite afford their house, they can actually 
oW1khENbQ4U-00048-00016557-00017131 afford to buy one, giving them good design, good construction and a place where they can 
oW1khENbQ4U-00049-00017133-00017328 enjoy their life. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00052-00017406-00017979 Refugees are an important part of Australian culture because it’s like a good meal; the 
oW1khENbQ4U-00053-00017981-00018291 recipe is made up of a number of different ingredients. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00054-00018293-00018834 And each one adds its spice, the sweet, the sour and so forth to bring up a good meal at 
oW1khENbQ4U-00055-00018836-00018968 the end of it. 
oW1khENbQ4U-00056-00018970-00019806 You need that diversity to create a healthy meal and something that you can really enjoy. 
oWXh22axs64-00000-00000413-00000642 I've been using crypto since 2012.
oWXh22axs64-00001-00000642-00001002 Bitcoin to buy supplements overseas for discounts.
oWXh22axs64-00002-00001002-00001278 In 2015 I'd been investing for a little bit.
oWXh22axs64-00003-00001278-00001505 I saw a good opportunity to get into Bitcoin.
oWXh22axs64-00004-00001505-00001848 I didn't really understand it, as far as what it could really be doing.
oWXh22axs64-00005-00001848-00002010 But like with every other thing I was investing in,
oWXh22axs64-00006-00002010-00002116 I was doing a lot of research
oWXh22axs64-00007-00002116-00002391 and it just led me down the rabbit hole like everybody else.
oWXh22axs64-00008-00002392-00002684 I have a degree in theater - B.F.A.
oWXh22axs64-00009-00002684-00003098 But I had gone through a very serious breakup during my college years,
oWXh22axs64-00010-00003098-00003438 which led to extreme depression to the point of like,
oWXh22axs64-00011-00003438-00003759 if I was a weaker person I would have committed suicide.
oWXh22axs64-00012-00003759-00003944 Like physical pain in my body.
oWXh22axs64-00013-00003944-00004350 And that's kind of how I got into supplements and researching nootropics,
oWXh22axs64-00014-00004350-00004580 which are things that help your brain learn.
oWXh22axs64-00015-00004580-00004930 Because I wanted to build new habits and always keep pushing the edge.
oWXh22axs64-00016-00004930-00005092 So, suddenly I started caring about finance.
oWXh22axs64-00017-00005092-00005387 That's how I got into investing and just looking at numbers and all that.
oWXh22axs64-00018-00005387-00005568 Where you would think a theater person,
oWXh22axs64-00019-00005568-00005668 which would be the case,
oWXh22axs64-00020-00005668-00005803 wouldn't really care about money that much.
oWXh22axs64-00021-00005803-00006134 I just kind of floated by and lived for the moment.
oWXh22axs64-00022-00006134-00006498 Eventually I heard about Ethereum and I was extremely excited
oWXh22axs64-00023-00006498-00006726 about its potential with smart contacts.
oWXh22axs64-00024-00006726-00007042 I started mining Ethereum and that was fun.
oWXh22axs64-00025-00007042-00007189 I'd been a gamer my whole life.
oWXh22axs64-00026-00007189-00007643 I think that's partly what made it easier for me to begin mining in the beginning.
oWXh22axs64-00027-00007643-00007803 Is that I'd been building computers,
oWXh22axs64-00028-00007803-00008131 messing around with hardware, buying toys and gadgets.
oWXh22axs64-00029-00008131-00008400 Eventually I had just so many ideas from all the research
oWXh22axs64-00030-00008400-00009004 and I'd been following Amanda Johnson who used to create content for cryptocurrency news actually,
oWXh22axs64-00031-00009004-00009334 very similar to what I do now, which is, I have a daily news show.
oWXh22axs64-00032-00009334-00009467 And if you're following this right now,
oWXh22axs64-00033-00009467-00009682 I'm sure you understand just the potentials
oWXh22axs64-00034-00009682-00010024 that crypto have for inviting people into the economy.
oWXh22axs64-00035-00010024-00010138 I was talking about the unbanked
oWXh22axs64-00036-00010138-00010714 and how this is going to allow for more human capital production to add to the world.
oYNcIC-cI_y-00000-00000003-00000533 the video is brought to you by the Algeria School elsoon here it is with the
oYNcIC-cI_y-00001-00000533-00002477 pencil touch the bottom line with the pencil touch the top line draw a small
oYNcIC-cI_y-00002-00002477-00002963 rectangle on the bottom line
oYNcIC-cI_y-00003-00004050-00004832 draw a small square above the rectangle
oYNcIC-cI_y-00004-00006273-00007059 draw another small square to the right of this square
oc7ehT5wgM0-00000-00001628-00001728 Hey Zolace fans!
oc7ehT5wgM0-00001-00001757-00001988 Welcome back to another edition of Hijab Friday!
oc7ehT5wgM0-00002-00002009-00002474 We’re excited to show you a look that is versatile for any face shape and shows off
oc7ehT5wgM0-00003-00002474-00002574 your inner elegance.
oc7ehT5wgM0-00004-00002574-00002992 As an added bonus, it’s super comfortable, so you’ll have no trouble wearing it all
oc7ehT5wgM0-00005-00002992-00003062 day long!
oc7ehT5wgM0-00006-00003070-00003324 Today we’re using the Zehna Chiffon Curved shawl.
oc7ehT5wgM0-00007-00003340-00003664 It’s an amazing shawl suitable for everyday wear if you’re on the go.
oc7ehT5wgM0-00008-00003674-00004036 It comes in a wide selection of colours so you can make your own fashion statement.
oc7ehT5wgM0-00009-00004052-00004450 When you’re done this video, head over to zolace.com to pick yours out!
oc7ehT5wgM0-00010-00004472-00004900 For a complete outfit idea, today we’ve paired this look with our Faithful Staple
oc7ehT5wgM0-00011-00004928-00005166 Blouse and Pack To Basic Tapered Pants.
oc7ehT5wgM0-00012-00005216-00005633 Plus, grab 1 brooch and 2 pins, and we can get started!
oc7ehT5wgM0-00013-00005688-00006128 Start out by placing the shawl over you making sure one side is shorter than the other.
oc7ehT5wgM0-00014-00006152-00006589 Guide both sides to the back, making sure it neatly frames your face, and join the two
oc7ehT5wgM0-00015-00006589-00006909 ends together at the back of your neck with a brooch.
oc7ehT5wgM0-00016-00007716-00008123 Now bring both sides back to the front and we’ll start with the shorter side.
oc7ehT5wgM0-00017-00008188-00008452 Neatly bring the shorter side to the opposite shoulder.
oc7ehT5wgM0-00018-00008476-00008856 You can choose to pin it on your shoulder or simply tuck it into your clothes.
oc7ehT5wgM0-00019-00010120-00010516 Now moving to the the long side, start by bringing it up and around your head making
oc7ehT5wgM0-00020-00010572-00010828 sure to keep the inner edge lined around your face.
oc7ehT5wgM0-00021-00010896-00011348 Continue wrapping it up and around you, making any small adjustments as you go.
oc7ehT5wgM0-00022-00012220-00012536 Once it’s been draped over the top of you, secure it in place with a pin on the side
oc7ehT5wgM0-00023-00012552-00012740 of your face.
oc7ehT5wgM0-00024-00013484-00013896 There should still be some fabric hanging, so wrap it around you one more time and slightly
oc7ehT5wgM0-00025-00013928-00014319 tuck it underneath the fabric where you can add the final pin.
oc7ehT5wgM0-00026-00016864-00017048 Simply tidy up and you’re done!
oc7ehT5wgM0-00027-00017172-00017564 It’s that easy to transform your shawl into an elegant and presentable look.
oc7ehT5wgM0-00028-00017596-00017992 If you’re a busy woman on the go and still want to feel fashionable no matter what you
oc7ehT5wgM0-00029-00017992-00018231 are doing, this look is perfect for you to learn!
oc7ehT5wgM0-00030-00018231-00018700 Again make sure you check out our colourful selection of Zehna Chiffon Curved shawls on
oc7ehT5wgM0-00031-00018700-00019048 zolace.com, and definitely leave a comment below with your favourite colour!
oc7ehT5wgM0-00032-00019092-00019232 Thanks for joining us this week!
oc7ehT5wgM0-00033-00019260-00019616 Make sure to subscribe, share this video with all your friends and we’ll see you next
oc7ehT5wgM0-00034-00019652-00019905 week for another edition of Hijab Friday!
oeWqxuxqr7k-00000-00000000-00000458 Hey Bidgets, my name is Li Shang, from Mulan, you know, the one where she goes
oeWqxuxqr7k-00001-00000588-00000792 Do you mean Ping?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00002-00000918-00001464 If you couldn't hear the gAY screaming since May first you should know by now that today June 1st
oeWqxuxqr7k-00003-00001500-00001560 20
oeWqxuxqr7k-00004-00001560-00001634 19
oeWqxuxqr7k-00005-00001634-00001796 Is the first day of Pride month.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00006-00001796-00002106 Just so you know, I'm going to make all these videos this month Pride themed,
oeWqxuxqr7k-00007-00002106-00002284 And you're not gonna stop me because I said so.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00008-00002284-00002496 Before I start this video though, I just wanna say
oeWqxuxqr7k-00009-00002550-00002796 I...... HAVE gAY MERCH.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00010-00002796-00002932 wait, this is not the right outfit
oeWqxuxqr7k-00011-00002932-00003046 I *massive fwoop*
oeWqxuxqr7k-00012-00003060-00003164 Have gAY Merch.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00013-00003164-00003310 Wait, we need a celebration!
oeWqxuxqr7k-00014-00003310-00003508 wOOOOOOOOOOooo
oeWqxuxqr7k-00015-00003508-00003672 How do you girls do it again?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00016-00003804-00003868 *WHeeze*
oeWqxuxqr7k-00017-00003868-00004202 You all know that I've already had the Bidget hoodie out for a little bit
oeWqxuxqr7k-00018-00004202-00004348 I've worn it on my Instagram
oeWqxuxqr7k-00019-00004348-00004624 But now, we have: the *gAY* version.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00020-00004624-00004956 Crowdmade really wanted me to make Pride merch to celebrate.. you know..
oeWqxuxqr7k-00021-00005072-00005130 *gAY*
oeWqxuxqr7k-00022-00005130-00005404 Which apparently you guys didn't know that, but yes, I am indeed
oeWqxuxqr7k-00023-00005404-00005504 *Fwoop intensifies*
oeWqxuxqr7k-00024-00005536-00005632 A homosexual.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00025-00005632-00006126 That design is gonna be on the hoodie, it's also gonna be on a DAD HAT, and it's gonna be it's own pin.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00026-00006126-00006370 They're only going to be selling until the end of Pride month,
oeWqxuxqr7k-00027-00006370-00006584 Thank you, Laden(?), for helping me design them
oeWqxuxqr7k-00028-00006584-00006670 You're amazing.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00029-00006670-00007136 I just wanna thank crowdmade so much once again for always being supportive of LGBT YouTubers
oeWqxuxqr7k-00030-00007136-00007602 Also, at the end of each video, I'm going to talk about a coming out story of one of YOU GUYS
oeWqxuxqr7k-00031-00007602-00007854 Because I will always encourage you guys to be your true selves
oeWqxuxqr7k-00032-00007854-00008048 So, if you wanna come out this way
oeWqxuxqr7k-00033-00008048-00008262 Send me a DM of you wearing the hoodie (or something Prideful generally)
oeWqxuxqr7k-00034-00008262-00008466 Tell me how you came out, or how you're going to come out
oeWqxuxqr7k-00035-00008466-00008666 on my channel if you want to
oeWqxuxqr7k-00036-00008666-00009048 And let's just celebrate pride while we still can because after this.........
oeWqxuxqr7k-00037-00009368-00009428 Let's get to the video.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00038-00009428-00009674 I already came out before I started this channel
oeWqxuxqr7k-00039-00009674-00009896 So, you guys didn't really get to see..
oeWqxuxqr7k-00040-00009920-00009970 my...
oeWqxuxqr7k-00041-00009978-00010074 evolution..?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00042-00010074-00010198 my transformation..?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00043-00010226-00010420 my.... metamorphosis.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00044-00010422-00010534 As a gay person.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00045-00010534-00010922 Because everyone goes through one. It dramatically gets more and more colourful.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00046-00010922-00011206 So I thought it'd be ideal to just go through some pictures
oeWqxuxqr7k-00047-00011206-00011316 On my camera roll
oeWqxuxqr7k-00048-00011316-00011600 These go.. WAY BACK by the way
oeWqxuxqr7k-00049-00011604-00011974 And just see.. how I grew as a person
oeWqxuxqr7k-00050-00011974-00012104 Before and after I came out.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00051-00012120-00012416 Warning: it's cringey, so prepare yourself
oeWqxuxqr7k-00052-00012416-00012690 I'm also gonna.. *Scoot* scooch this way.. *scoot*
oeWqxuxqr7k-00053-00012690-00012766 Okay, first of all
oeWqxuxqr7k-00054-00012766-00013254 My old elementary school friend is above me, I'm just cropping her out for the sake of privacy
oeWqxuxqr7k-00055-00013254-00013541 Don't pay attention to the rubber chicken above my head
oeWqxuxqr7k-00056-00013541-00013672 pay attention to my FACE
oeWqxuxqr7k-00057-00013672-00013734 and my HAIR
oeWqxuxqr7k-00058-00013738-00013813 and my SHIRT
oeWqxuxqr7k-00059-00013813-00014012 In this photo, I didn't really know..
oeWqxuxqr7k-00060-00014012-00014134 what sexuality was
oeWqxuxqr7k-00061-00014134-00014460 In fact, I don't think anyone in elementary school knows what sexuality is
oeWqxuxqr7k-00062-00014460-00014606 but I definitely did like girls.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00063-00014730-00014890 f- like- faaacial wise.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00064-00014890-00015132 I like girls' faces, they're very pretty.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00065-00015134-00015613 Didn't know about what goes down under.. you know.. this area..
oeWqxuxqr7k-00066-00015613-00015847 But I also thought boys looked pretty at the same time.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00067-00015847-00015978 I didn't think twice about it
oeWqxuxqr7k-00068-00015980-00016162 HOWEVER, looking back
oeWqxuxqr7k-00069-00016162-00016560 I'm really questioning the Minecraft Lego shirt
oeWqxuxqr7k-00070-00016560-00016764 That was classic gA(Y)mer Li Shang (Frederic)
oeWqxuxqr7k-00071-00016764-00017282 He still exists obviously, but I would never, EVER, wear that shirt in real life ever again.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00072-00017282-00017406 Bidgets: "Never ever?"
oeWqxuxqr7k-00073-00017406-00017586 Frederic: "Never ever ever."
oeWqxuxqr7k-00074-00017594-00017932 Bidgets: "Never never ever ever for never ever?"
oeWqxuxqr7k-00075-00017932-00018160 Frederic: "NEVER EVER NEVER NEVER EVER EVER NEVER!"
oeWqxuxqr7k-00076-00018160-00018578 OOOOOohhhhhh my god okay this is the same girl, again, I'm gonna block her face out
oeWqxuxqr7k-00077-00018578-00018868 I think this was after our fifth grade graduation.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00078-00018870-00019100 Um.. THE BANGS.. *wheeze*
oeWqxuxqr7k-00079-00019284-00019334 yeah.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00080-00019334-00019488 They're pretty choppy.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00081-00019488-00019590 Very mangled.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00082-00019590-00019734 by an animal
oeWqxuxqr7k-00083-00019734-00020010 Very arts and crafts scissors that make the wave
oeWqxuxqr7k-00084-00020010-00020104 yeah, not a good look.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00085-00020104-00020238 and I fucking hate vests.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00086-00020238-00020458 This picture is iconic in my family
oeWqxuxqr7k-00087-00020458-00020620 and my close friend group back then
oeWqxuxqr7k-00088-00020620-00020786 Because they all laughed
oeWqxuxqr7k-00089-00020786-00020998 at how pissed off my cat Diesel was.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00090-00020998-00021166 I still want my cat back by the way.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00091-00021166-00021338 and I know you're watching this, 姐姐 (jiejie) (Older sister)
oeWqxuxqr7k-00092-00021338-00021492 my bangs are definitely longer
oeWqxuxqr7k-00093-00021492-00021758 um, I had a chubby baby face, too, at the same time
oeWqxuxqr7k-00094-00021758-00022256 and I remember back then, I asked not one. not two, but three girls
oeWqxuxqr7k-00095-00022256-00022430 And got rejected by all of them.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00096-00022522-00022796 I hope you regret that decision now, by the way*wheeze*
oeWqxuxqr7k-00097-00022796-00023192 Yeah, it really made me sad because I always thought people liked me because I was cute
oeWqxuxqr7k-00098-00023202-00023554 BUT, apparently that doesn't correlate with "I wanna date you"
oeWqxuxqr7k-00099-00023568-00023880 Also, I don't know why, But I HATED polo shirts,
oeWqxuxqr7k-00100-00023880-00023998 anything with stripes
oeWqxuxqr7k-00101-00023998-00024092 And now I love them.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00102-00024154-00024514 Fifth grade me predicted the clothes I would wear now.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00103-00024514-00024658 He predicted my gAYness.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00104-00024720-00024816 *sigh*
oeWqxuxqr7k-00105-00025024-00025128 What happened?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00106-00025128-00025302 That was.. Three months later.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00107-00025310-00025414 What happened?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00108-00025414-00025526 By the way, this is my birthday.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00109-00025526-00025838 *tch* and I wore money signs because it's about me.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00110-00025876-00025988 and I wanted BANK
oeWqxuxqr7k-00111-00025998-00026094 in FIFTH GRADE
oeWqxuxqr7k-00112-00026094-00026248 My mom cut my hair at the time...
oeWqxuxqr7k-00113-00026248-00026504 and she definitely cut that way too short.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00114-00026504-00026798 I used to have a buzz cut, and when I told my mom I wanted longer hair, she's like
oeWqxuxqr7k-00115-00026798-00027230 "Okay, I'll give it to you, but when I cut yo hair, you going to still have buzz cut"
oeWqxuxqr7k-00116-00027230-00027436 I think I ate one too many cheesecakes.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00117-00027448-00027560 Also the filter?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00118-00027633-00027722 ooOohhh....
oeWqxuxqr7k-00119-00027722-00028174 Middle schoolers wouldn't understand the fact that we went through a "Harshly Edited" phase
oeWqxuxqr7k-00120-00028174-00028454 where the bigger the vintage, the cooler you were
oeWqxuxqr7k-00121-00028454-00028776 I really just.. ugh.. I just.. I don't wanna look back at that.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00122-00028776-00028936 At all. Let's g- move on.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00123-00028936-00029074 This is one of those examples
oeWqxuxqr7k-00124-00029074-00029198 By the way that's my sister
oeWqxuxqr7k-00125-00029198-00029354 If anyone calls her ugly..
oeWqxuxqr7k-00126-00029354-00029542 I will rip you apart to shreds.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00127-00029542-00029716 Yeah, (the) sky is not that blue
oeWqxuxqr7k-00128-00029716-00029992 The sky also does not come in dark blue AND light blue..
oeWqxuxqr7k-00129-00029992-00030345 But I'm just going to focus on the fact that I am CROSSING my ARMS.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00130-00030345-00030610 That is an early sign of the gAYness coming out
oeWqxuxqr7k-00131-00030610-00031124 Also, in elementary school, I always braided girls' hair because I was the only BOY who could braid hair.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00132-00031124-00031318 *tch* I'm very proud about that
oeWqxuxqr7k-00133-00031318-00031800 I also did rainbow loom, I did those stupid wax strings (Wikki stix) where you can make figurines
oeWqxuxqr7k-00134-00031800-00032232 I loved doing those plastic beads (perler beads) where you iron them and make a design
oeWqxuxqr7k-00135-00032232-00032826 If you did not play with these, you are not my friend, and I will gladly make videos doing these again if you want me to.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00136-00032826-00033058 I really liked "as seen on tv" stuff
oeWqxuxqr7k-00137-00033106-00033282 That was meant "For Girls"
oeWqxuxqr7k-00138-00033282-00033502 Doesn't mean I didn't play with fucking legos though.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00139-00033502-00033568 and Pokémon.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00140-00033586-00033780 I was a boys boy. And a girls boy.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00141-00033780-00033906 versatility, okay?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00142-00034032-00034170 Don't take it the other- next one.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00143-00034170-00034298 This is us on vacation
oeWqxuxqr7k-00144-00034298-00034582 My sister's beautiful, let's just point that out. (No, she's stunning)
oeWqxuxqr7k-00145-00034588-00034992 And my hair was starting to turn into that like swept back wavy hair
oeWqxuxqr7k-00146-00034992-00035234 And I HATED wavy hair.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00147-00035234-00035330 I don't know why.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00148-00035330-00035430 I watched anime at the time
oeWqxuxqr7k-00149-00035430-00035608 and I got so jealous
oeWqxuxqr7k-00150-00035608-00036030 So jealous that I could not  have that black shiny hair that flows in the wind
oeWqxuxqr7k-00151-00036030-00036312 It's like offensively straight. Like, very hetero.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00152-00036312-00036790 And I actually told myself, if my hair did not fall when I went upside down on monkey bars
oeWqxuxqr7k-00153-00036796-00036940 Not straight enough.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00154-00036940-00037178 So, I started stealing my sisters straightener.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00155-00037224-00037312 ANOTHER SIGN
oeWqxuxqr7k-00156-00037312-00037398 that I'm gAY.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00157-00037398-00037594 Because we use straighteners in this household.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00158-00037594-00037950 and uh, I actually thought this was one of my best pictures, at the time.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00159-00037950-00038248 Definitely not good now, because I can see the mustache there..
oeWqxuxqr7k-00160-00038248-00038372 That's 12 years old.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00161-00038372-00038898 It was during this time that I learned what waxing and shaving, and uh twEEZING meant
oeWqxuxqr7k-00162-00038898-00039066 my parents never taught me sheit
oeWqxuxqr7k-00163-00039066-00039338 I actually watched my sister do this stuff, and I would repeat
oeWqxuxqr7k-00164-00039338-00039646 So... yeah, I did shave my legs until 8th grade.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00165-00039646-00039906 Can you.. feel the rainbow coming out at this point?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00166-00039926-00039996 NEXT!
oeWqxuxqr7k-00167-00040030-00040080 *FWOOP*
oeWqxuxqr7k-00168-00040080-00040468 okay, I'm going to put both of these up here cos they're kinda similar, and taken at the same day I assume.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00169-00040468-00040978 CLASSIC example of either a VERY Asian tourist, or a very gAY male.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00170-00040978-00041220 yeah, that's when my sister finally knew I was gAY.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00171-00041220-00041450 I actually asked when did she know after I came out to her
oeWqxuxqr7k-00172-00041450-00041742 She said "Fifth grade" because I used to wear makeup
oeWqxuxqr7k-00173-00041742-00042084 So I took my sisters Maybelline Fit Me powder
oeWqxuxqr7k-00174-00042084-00042284 And just swiped it all over my face.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00175-00042284-00042524 Mind you, my sister's like two shades lighter than me..
oeWqxuxqr7k-00176-00042702-00042996 I looked like a ghost at school, and I'm so glad I don't have a picture of it.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00177-00042996-00043112 Because it was really bad.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00178-00043112-00043248 you don't wanna see that.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00179-00043248-00043530 oooOOOOOOOHHHH MY GOD The bangs are tERRIBLE.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00180-00043530-00043728 THIS WAS ONLY FIVE YEARS AGO, By the way.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00181-00043728-00043880 That was one of my favourite hoodies.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00182-00043890-00044058 I thought I was so stylish
oeWqxuxqr7k-00183-00044078-00044252 My bangs? yeah. Hell no.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00184-00044252-00044428 And this is also where I went into my "Emo Phase"
oeWqxuxqr7k-00185-00044428-00044744 It was also here, where I found my love for Lemons.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00186-00044744-00045032 Alright, I'm gonna block out my friends, and we're just gonna focus on me
oeWqxuxqr7k-00187-00045044-00045174 My BANGS??
oeWqxuxqr7k-00188-00045330-00045498 Yeah, that's pretty bad.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00189-00045498-00045828 That's how bad the bangs were. that's 8th grade dance by the way.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00190-00045828-00046126 I also hated wearing the plaid, checkered pattern shirts.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00191-00046140-00046342 They just give me.. You know,
oeWqxuxqr7k-00192-00046406-00046722 heterosexual male working at a desk job
oeWqxuxqr7k-00193-00046724-00046788 OR
oeWqxuxqr7k-00194-00046822-00046904 Going to church.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00195-00046904-00047058 I hate doing both of those things.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00196-00047058-00047294 So, yeah. I don't wear those shirts anymore.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00197-00047294-00047546 Alright. Oh god.. Oof.. mmm...
oeWqxuxqr7k-00198-00047546-00048012 By the way, it was the transition between 8th grade, and 9th grade, that I finally came out.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00199-00048012-00048458 the first time I told someone was October of my freshman year, it was my best friend Elisa(?)
oeWqxuxqr7k-00200-00048458-00048600 And let's just see...
oeWqxuxqr7k-00201-00048604-00048812 What I look like, the day after.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00202-00048830-00049126 This picture: taken the day after I came out.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00203-00049134-00049294 Already, you can see it.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00204-00049294-00049350 The pose
oeWqxuxqr7k-00205-00049400-00049536 *laughter*
oeWqxuxqr7k-00206-00049536-00049750 And I also thought I dressed so cute at the time
oeWqxuxqr7k-00207-00049762-00049866 I was like yEAHH
oeWqxuxqr7k-00208-00049882-00050058 Blue shorts, crew neck tee
oeWqxuxqr7k-00209-00050058-00050280 Let's just find some other pictures right after I came out
oeWqxuxqr7k-00210-00050280-00050546 Alright, to the right is Elisa(?) and if you look to the side of my cheek
oeWqxuxqr7k-00211-00050546-00050854 You'll see that she painted a rainbow and cloud because, I just came out
oeWqxuxqr7k-00212-00050854-00051056 And it was right after this that I told my mom
oeWqxuxqr7k-00213-00051056-00051210 Can we please get skinny jeans?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00214-00051210-00051376 Could you buy me flannels?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00215-00051376-00051691 I literally had three pairs of jeans..
oeWqxuxqr7k-00216-00051704-00051874 Black, grey, khaki
oeWqxuxqr7k-00217-00051888-00052129 I had.. Eight different flannels?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00218-00052129-00052454 And I wore them over white shirts, thinking it looked good.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00219-00052454-00052666 Let's just show you, what I looked like.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00220-00052762-00052866 *lip smack* yup
oeWqxuxqr7k-00221-00052938-00053010 That was it.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00222-00053010-00053260 Notice how I'm one guy in ten (7) girls?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00223-00053264-00053482 That's.. clear sign of gay.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00224-00053482-00053702 I thought I was the cutest boy in the world.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00225-00053702-00053941 Literally baffled that no one wanted to date me.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00226-00053996-00054091 Now I know why.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00227-00054091-00054405 Ooooh my god he tied a flannel next to his hips and popped his leg out
oeWqxuxqr7k-00228-00054408-00054528 mmMMMMMMMMMMMmm
oeWqxuxqr7k-00229-00054528-00054955 This is a classic example of a gAY guy next to his girl SPACE friends
oeWqxuxqr7k-00230-00054955-00055170 That is us shopping at Urban Outfitters.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00231-00055182-00055398 Once again, fashion is so boring
oeWqxuxqr7k-00232-00055398-00055691 It's literally dark blue shorts, and a red V neck.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00233-00055691-00056024 and I thought I looked great! I was like "THIS IS MY PEAK"
oeWqxuxqr7k-00234-00056024-00056148 "I am peaking right now."
oeWqxuxqr7k-00235-00056148-00056350 Oh, let me just insert this photo right now
oeWqxuxqr7k-00236-00056382-00056541 My shorts are light grey
oeWqxuxqr7k-00237-00056541-00056732 and they have little pirates on them
oeWqxuxqr7k-00238-00056732-00057162 Notice how I'm wearing the same outfit in this other photo which was taken a few months after
oeWqxuxqr7k-00239-00057162-00057405 I think I had five outfits I would only wear
oeWqxuxqr7k-00240-00057405-00057740 I also bought grey Vans, and I thought "Wow, so fashionable"
oeWqxuxqr7k-00241-00057740-00057867 Grey Vans, guy-
oeWqxuxqr7k-00242-00057867-00057940 GREY
oeWqxuxqr7k-00243-00057940-00058020 VANS
oeWqxuxqr7k-00244-00058020-00058290 Alright, that was more than enough photos of
oeWqxuxqr7k-00245-00058488-00058624 NOT my true self
oeWqxuxqr7k-00246-00058626-00058850 At the time I didn't have a lot of
oeWqxuxqr7k-00247-00058850-00059302 gAY people to look up to, I mean, Tyler Oakley, Connor Franta, Joey Graceffa were the only ones
oeWqxuxqr7k-00248-00059326-00059446 And then I learned
oeWqxuxqr7k-00249-00059446-00059582 How to take care of myself
oeWqxuxqr7k-00250-00059582-00059722 Finally learned about skincare
oeWqxuxqr7k-00251-00059722-00059982 I have more products than probably you do at this point
oeWqxuxqr7k-00252-00059982-00060240 This is a photo when I moved here, and I went though
oeWqxuxqr7k-00253-00060240-00060398 My own grey-scale phase
oeWqxuxqr7k-00254-00060398-00060528 Look back at my old videos
oeWqxuxqr7k-00255-00060590-00060755 I said grey is my favourite colour
oeWqxuxqr7k-00256-00060755-00060924 That lasted about.. Three months.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00257-00060924-00061098 This was my tenth grade dance
oeWqxuxqr7k-00258-00061098-00061294 And I actually thought I looked cute as hell
oeWqxuxqr7k-00259-00061296-00061558 I discovered fake glasses at the time
oeWqxuxqr7k-00260-00061558-00061800 Here's a picture of me with my first dyed hair
oeWqxuxqr7k-00261-00061810-00062105 And I don't care what you say, I know it's bad.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00262-00062105-00062258 Okay? Don't try to praise me.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00263-00062258-00062458 It looked TERRIBLE on camera too.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00264-00062562-00062852 I don't know why I ever uploaded this as my profile picture
oeWqxuxqr7k-00265-00062854-00062990 I had an OBSESSION
oeWqxuxqr7k-00266-00062990-00063205 Like, unhealthy obsession with Melanie Martinez
oeWqxuxqr7k-00267-00063205-00063398 But at the time I was like "Ughhh
oeWqxuxqr7k-00268-00063400-00063617 I'm sad, I want the teardrop"
oeWqxuxqr7k-00269-00063750-00063800 EUHHH
oeWqxuxqr7k-00270-00063850-00063934 I actually think I look
oeWqxuxqr7k-00271-00063934-00064150 Way more like myself in tenth grade in this photo
oeWqxuxqr7k-00272-00064150-00064282 That was during the summer
oeWqxuxqr7k-00273-00064282-00064698 And I was like "Take a photo of me walking in the wind on the beach."
oeWqxuxqr7k-00274-00064698-00064955 "But make sure I'm smiling in it because that's what gAYs do."
oeWqxuxqr7k-00275-00064955-00065108 We do the same thing girls do.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00276-00065155-00065274 We fake happiness
oeWqxuxqr7k-00277-00065274-00065370 And candid
oeWqxuxqr7k-00278-00065370-00065570 This is one of the gAYest faces I've ever made
oeWqxuxqr7k-00279-00065570-00065744 This was my first profile picture
oeWqxuxqr7k-00280-00065744-00065868 I just look back at it
oeWqxuxqr7k-00281-00065970-00066026 Not good
oeWqxuxqr7k-00282-00066026-00066266 That's me discovering the colour YELLOW
oeWqxuxqr7k-00283-00066266-00066480 The leaves were green at the time, by the way
oeWqxuxqr7k-00284-00066480-00066632 People say I look like Harry Potter
oeWqxuxqr7k-00285-00066632-00066820 And honestly, I don't know what I did with my hair
oeWqxuxqr7k-00286-00066820-00066994 But it looked great back then.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00287-00066994-00067150 That was before bleach ruined it.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00288-00067150-00067398 Oh, here's one of the first self portraits I took
oeWqxuxqr7k-00289-00067398-00067652 Um, yeah, I think the string light crown is..
oeWqxuxqr7k-00290-00067652-00067828 Like, a little gAY, right?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00291-00067828-00067998 Could pass, as heterosexual
oeWqxuxqr7k-00292-00068000-00068080 definitely
oeWqxuxqr7k-00293-00068080-00068280 DEFINITELY COULD PAss as heterosexual
oeWqxuxqr7k-00294-00068280-00068358 Who am I kidding?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00295-00068358-00068556 but yeah, that is when I got into photography
oeWqxuxqr7k-00296-00068564-00068698 This was Junior prom
oeWqxuxqr7k-00297-00068698-00068988 I actually did not like that suit really, because it was too big on me
oeWqxuxqr7k-00298-00068988-00069250 No one wants to look like a WALKING BOX, okay?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00299-00069250-00069390 We want to look like a triangle.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00300-00069390-00069764 I want to look like two isosceles triangles connected together, okay?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00301-00069850-00070008 That's called an hourglass. Oh my god.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00302-00070008-00070166 This is me discovering Kombucha
oeWqxuxqr7k-00303-00070224-00070384 And editing way too much
oeWqxuxqr7k-00304-00070384-00070632 And then I discovered the beautiful combination
oeWqxuxqr7k-00305-00070632-00070750 of yellow and blue
oeWqxuxqr7k-00306-00070750-00071148 Still one of the gAYest photos I took, and you guys make so much fanart of this photo still
oeWqxuxqr7k-00307-00071148-00071276 That's me with my sister
oeWqxuxqr7k-00308-00071276-00071424 Wearing this shirt
oeWqxuxqr7k-00309-00071424-00071666 And if you notice, my hair went through a lot of different phases
oeWqxuxqr7k-00310-00071666-00071872 I don't know about you, but I get bored
oeWqxuxqr7k-00311-00071872-00071976 of the way I dress
oeWqxuxqr7k-00312-00071976-00072050 easily
oeWqxuxqr7k-00313-00072050-00072282 So, I go through different phases of
oeWqxuxqr7k-00314-00072282-00072448 "I want to wear THIS type of clothing."
oeWqxuxqr7k-00315-00072456-00072792 "I want my hair UP, DOWN, BANGS, THIS WAY, THAT WAY"
oeWqxuxqr7k-00316-00072818-00072978 Currently: I'm Li Shang
oeWqxuxqr7k-00317-00072978-00073310 So, I get bored after a few months with the way I dress.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00318-00073310-00073534 This was during my really colourful phase
oeWqxuxqr7k-00319-00073534-00073748 It's what I called "colour vomit" fashion
oeWqxuxqr7k-00320-00073762-00073858 OOP gAY shirt
oeWqxuxqr7k-00321-00073858-00074012 First gAY shirt! WOOOOOOO
oeWqxuxqr7k-00322-00074016-00074114 EVERYONE
oeWqxuxqr7k-00323-00074158-00074326 *FWOOP* First gAY shirt!
oeWqxuxqr7k-00324-00074352-00074440 First gAY hat
oeWqxuxqr7k-00325-00074440-00074582 because that says "Pride" on it
oeWqxuxqr7k-00326-00074582-00074740 Then I discovered makeup
oeWqxuxqr7k-00327-00074740-00074892 I discovered makeup again
oeWqxuxqr7k-00328-00074892-00075076 Dyed my hair a silver-purple
oeWqxuxqr7k-00329-00075080-00075232 Dyed it red a week later
oeWqxuxqr7k-00330-00075232-00075542 This is also me learning to appreciate wavy hair
oeWqxuxqr7k-00331-00075546-00075714 Wearing even more makeup
oeWqxuxqr7k-00332-00075714-00075886 That is a double cut crease, by the way
oeWqxuxqr7k-00333-00075886-00075948 And I looked
oeWqxuxqr7k-00334-00076096-00076160 *muah*
oeWqxuxqr7k-00335-00076160-00076310 New years, did my own makeup
oeWqxuxqr7k-00336-00076310-00076406 Star freckles, by the way.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00337-00076406-00076552 Fucking star freckles.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00338-00076552-00076698 How did you not *FWOOP* know I was gAY?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00339-00076698-00076830 Getting accepted to NYU
oeWqxuxqr7k-00340-00076830-00077158 And this is when I changed from wearing colour everyday
oeWqxuxqr7k-00341-00077160-00077412 To trying out khakis.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00342-00077412-00077772 And the colour purple, because I only had one purple shirt at the time.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00343-00077772-00077908 I have ten now, by the way.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00344-00077908-00078382 And my friend calls it "English Frederic" because I think Europeans dress so good
oeWqxuxqr7k-00345-00078382-00078692 It's "So well" you illiterate *THUD*
oeWqxuxqr7k-00346-00078774-00078886 Why do you even watch me?
oeWqxuxqr7k-00347-00079012-00079116 AND ACT *FWOOP*
oeWqxuxqr7k-00348-00079136-00079358 So, that's senior prom.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00349-00079358-00079530 And yes, I fuckin look like Magnus Bane, I get it.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00350-00079558-00079828 But after that, I discovered: The man ponytail
oeWqxuxqr7k-00351-00079828-00080030 And, you know what? I look good in it.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00352-00080030-00080348 And this is the latest selfie I took of myself that I really enjoyed
oeWqxuxqr7k-00353-00080348-00080454 with my bangs again
oeWqxuxqr7k-00354-00080454-00080700 So, that is the evolution of Li Shang. (Frederic)
oeWqxuxqr7k-00355-00080700-00081154 Um, there's definitely been some growth since the fist day I was on YouTube
oeWqxuxqr7k-00356-00081154-00081426 But I just wanted to show you how I transitioned from
oeWqxuxqr7k-00357-00081450-00081658 Hiding my sexuality to
oeWqxuxqr7k-00358-00081670-00081886 Being completely open about it.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00359-00081886-00082300 I just want you guys to know that you should not be ashamed of being prideful ever
oeWqxuxqr7k-00360-00082300-00082508 So, If you're prideful, and you want to come out
oeWqxuxqr7k-00361-00082508-00082870 Or you have come out, leave a comment down below too about your story.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00362-00082870-00083182 Because I want to read them. And I think a lot of people want to read them too.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00363-00083182-00083416 'Cos... they wanna know.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00364-00083416-00083492 That's all I have, though.
oeWqxuxqr7k-00365-00083492-00083772 If you enjoyed, give it a like, leave a comment about what I said
oeWqxuxqr7k-00366-00083772-00083980 Subscribe for more videos every Saturday/Sunday
oeWqxuxqr7k-00367-00083980-00084288 And as always, I love you guys, and everything is <3
oeWqxuxqr7k-00368-00084396-00084634 whOOPWHOOOOOP
oeWqxuxqr7k-00369-00084636-00084686 *CLANG*
ofBPNqSOrzu-00000-00000000-00000417 what is up everybody this is Chris from the rewired soul where we talk about the
ofBPNqSOrzu-00001-00000417-00000957 problem but focus on the solution and today I am so excited because my buddy
ofBPNqSOrzu-00002-00000957-00001440 Aaron from for the love of tak he has come over and he's been so gracious to
ofBPNqSOrzu-00003-00001440-00001905 do a guest video over here on my channel but before I get to him I just want to
ofBPNqSOrzu-00004-00001905-00002378 talk a little bit about why we're doing this collab so Aaron is a fellow YouTube
ofBPNqSOrzu-00005-00002378-00002763 creator and those of you who are my loyal loving subscribers you know that
ofBPNqSOrzu-00006-00002763-00003110 I'm in the business of just helping people and every now and then I do
ofBPNqSOrzu-00007-00003110-00003600 videos like this to help other youtubers but anyways Aaron and I are part of this
ofBPNqSOrzu-00008-00003600-00003932 youtuber community it's called the awesome creator Academy there will be a
ofBPNqSOrzu-00009-00003932-00004278 link down below if you would like to check it out but one of the struggles
ofBPNqSOrzu-00010-00004278-00004730 that a lot of youtubers deal with or any type of creative deals with is like
ofBPNqSOrzu-00011-00004730-00005105 these blocks these mental blocks like for me personally sometimes I'm just
ofBPNqSOrzu-00012-00005105-00005553 like Oh what do I make a video about today you know or or you know it could
ofBPNqSOrzu-00013-00005553-00005901 be even coming down to my thumbnails like sometimes it's hard to spot
ofBPNqSOrzu-00014-00005901-00006429 creativity and something that I found is that meditation helps me immensely so as
ofBPNqSOrzu-00015-00006429-00006753 part of our youtuber group Aaron and I were talking about this and other people
ofBPNqSOrzu-00016-00006753-00007031 in the community we're talking about how they're running out of ideas they feel
ofBPNqSOrzu-00017-00007031-00007529 block man you know I wish people understood how much meditation actually
ofBPNqSOrzu-00018-00007529-00007997 helps with this you know so Aaron has a YouTube channel it's called for the love
ofBPNqSOrzu-00019-00007997-00008553 of tech and his channel is all about so he does a bunch of unboxings he does
ofBPNqSOrzu-00020-00008553-00008936 reviews the dude also does some sick giveaways like he just gave away a
ofBPNqSOrzu-00021-00008936-00009347 Nintendo switch not that long ago so I will put links to his channel up in the
ofBPNqSOrzu-00022-00009347-00009693 info card down in the description and it'll be at the end of the video but
ofBPNqSOrzu-00023-00009693-00010122 anyways I'll shut my mouth and I will pass it along to Aaron hey guys Aaron
ofBPNqSOrzu-00024-00010122-00010617 here for the love attack doing a video today for my buddy Chris and today I was
ofBPNqSOrzu-00025-00010617-00011000 chatting with him either yesterday or today and we were talking a
ofBPNqSOrzu-00026-00011000-00011802 little bit about how meditation can help you overcome a creativity block as of
ofBPNqSOrzu-00027-00011802-00012252 recently I have a little bit of experience with this I've been rocking
ofBPNqSOrzu-00028-00012252-00012852 and rolling making a ton of YouTube videos I think I made close to 50 with
ofBPNqSOrzu-00029-00012852-00013374 within 90 days which is a record for me since I just started doing you
ofBPNqSOrzu-00030-00013374-00014169 with that said I kind of got to a place where I didn't know what to do a video
ofBPNqSOrzu-00031-00014169-00014832 on and I'm thinking and I'm thinking and I'm like Aaron you've been doing these
ofBPNqSOrzu-00032-00014832-00015411 videos naturally just flowing out you just non-stop every other day to a day
ofBPNqSOrzu-00033-00015411-00015834 non-stop you don't like it you do it again and then all of a sudden it was
ofBPNqSOrzu-00034-00015834-00016941 like I shut down I didn't know what happened so I started thinking what is
ofBPNqSOrzu-00035-00016941-00017670 going on inside of me that is preventing me from moving forward into the universe
ofBPNqSOrzu-00036-00017670-00018438 to create some new cool videos for you guys what I did is I took a moment and I
ofBPNqSOrzu-00037-00018438-00019137 had to reflect now when I reflect it comes in several different stages or
ofBPNqSOrzu-00038-00019137-00019860 phases everybody's different no one has to do the exact same thing every single
ofBPNqSOrzu-00039-00019860-00020651 time this is what I do take a moment Center myself
ofBPNqSOrzu-00040-00020822-00021597 exhale take a big deep breath in through the nose hold it and then out through
ofBPNqSOrzu-00041-00021597-00021827 the mouth
ofBPNqSOrzu-00042-00022937-00023790 as on taking the breath and I'm exhaling out I'm letting the breath carry away my
ofBPNqSOrzu-00043-00023790-00024544 worries my attention maybe my anger my jealousy I'm letting
ofBPNqSOrzu-00044-00024544-00025276 it carry out my feelings right typically I'm not in this amazing place and I
ofBPNqSOrzu-00045-00025276-00025804 meditate out of desire I meditate out of the necessity to feel
ofBPNqSOrzu-00046-00025804-00026476 better to help adjust my perception back to reality here with you guys
ofBPNqSOrzu-00047-00026476-00027316 so let's try it again but this time on the inhale we're gonna inhale and we're
ofBPNqSOrzu-00048-00027316-00027733 going to visualize in our brain that we're bringing in all the positive
ofBPNqSOrzu-00049-00027733-00028294 creative energy of the world when we hold it in and we give ourselves that
ofBPNqSOrzu-00050-00028294-00028977 moment to let the breath arrest within our body our bodies then absorbing that
ofBPNqSOrzu-00051-00028977-00029678 creativity it's absorbing the inspiration it is absorbing the energy
ofBPNqSOrzu-00052-00029678-00030247 that I'm missing and then when I exhale because I just brought all that good
ofBPNqSOrzu-00053-00030247-00030841 stuff into my body I'm exhaling the blockage I'm exhaling the negative
ofBPNqSOrzu-00054-00030841-00031437 emotions that's preventing me from moving forward for you guys and for me
ofBPNqSOrzu-00055-00031437-00032116 now when I'm letting it go this time I'm going to put all that negative energy
ofBPNqSOrzu-00056-00032116-00032841 into a tiny little toy boat and I'm going to push it off into the water and
ofBPNqSOrzu-00057-00032841-00033370 I'm gonna visualize this in my head because when I visualize things it helps
ofBPNqSOrzu-00058-00033370-00033793 me believe that this is what's really happening and this is what we're doing
ofBPNqSOrzu-00059-00033793-00034447 is I'm retraining my brain to think differently I'm reminding myself that
ofBPNqSOrzu-00060-00034447-00035378 attitude is a choice now I'm choosing something different let's try it again
ofBPNqSOrzu-00061-00040094-00041006 now I feel awake energized rested even though it's kind of late at night I'm
ofBPNqSOrzu-00062-00041006-00041681 feeling all these things I'm feeling like if I'm able to take out a little
ofBPNqSOrzu-00063-00041681-00042443 bit time every single day for me that will help get past this block I have of
ofBPNqSOrzu-00064-00042443-00043193 creativity and if you look at it it's already gone because I'm here right now
ofBPNqSOrzu-00065-00043193-00043802 with you guys doing a little video from my buddy Chris over at the rewired soul
ofBPNqSOrzu-00066-00043802-00044387 I hope you guys find the information I provided useful I am by no means an
ofBPNqSOrzu-00067-00044387-00045174 expert on meditation it's a tool that I use in my life to help me cope and help
ofBPNqSOrzu-00068-00045174-00045815 me maintain my level of stress and I'm gonna end this video like I end all my
ofBPNqSOrzu-00069-00045815-00046472 videos whether I'm meditating or not check it out for the love attack namaste
ofBPNqSOrzu-00070-00046472-00047033 alright so yes I hope you enjoyed that video I hope you you saw like one of the
ofBPNqSOrzu-00071-00047033-00047355 things I loved about what Erin just did there is like so many people get
ofBPNqSOrzu-00072-00047355-00047771 meditation twisted they think like meditation means that you have to sit at
ofBPNqSOrzu-00073-00047771-00048212 this gorgeous peak of a mountaintop or in front of a stream in a monk's robe
ofBPNqSOrzu-00074-00048212-00048689 like know like meditation could be as simple as one breath you know what I
ofBPNqSOrzu-00075-00048689-00049362 mean and what this is doing is this blockage that we have this when we get
ofBPNqSOrzu-00076-00049362-00049844 stuck in our creativity it's actually a lot to do with our ego and other things
ofBPNqSOrzu-00077-00049844-00050402 going on so even with one simple breath it can help bring you back down and get
ofBPNqSOrzu-00078-00050402-00050802 rid of all the clutter now I will commend Erin how is always compliment
ofBPNqSOrzu-00079-00050802-00051440 people like Erin does some visualization it's something that my mind just doesn't
ofBPNqSOrzu-00080-00051440-00052025 do so I will be making another follow-up video about some other meditations for
ofBPNqSOrzu-00081-00052025-00052557 creativity so make sure you subscribe and I will do some on that the ones that
ofBPNqSOrzu-00082-00052557-00053100 personally helped me but I absolutely love how Erin's is very short it's very
ofBPNqSOrzu-00083-00053100-00053432 sweet it's very simple I hope you followed along
ofBPNqSOrzu-00084-00053432-00053948 what you start to realize is that it's pretty much instantly calming I'll drop
ofBPNqSOrzu-00085-00053948-00054341 some science on you real quick when you take these deep inhales and actually
ofBPNqSOrzu-00086-00054341-00054686 trigger something in your body called the vagus nerve which helps decrease
ofBPNqSOrzu-00087-00054686-00055205 cortisol levels and things like that which decreases stress so when we are
ofBPNqSOrzu-00088-00055205-00055445 stressed we're not accessing certain parts of our
ofBPNqSOrzu-00089-00055445-00055781 brain that allow us to be creative and typically when you're stuck or you're
ofBPNqSOrzu-00090-00055781-00056183 blocked you start getting more cortisol in your system which makes you more
ofBPNqSOrzu-00091-00056183-00056723 stressed and less creative so even one breath one simple breath can help you be
ofBPNqSOrzu-00092-00056723-00057204 a lot more creative all right anyways like I mentioned before make sure you go
ofBPNqSOrzu-00093-00057204-00057575 check out Erin's channel he does a bunch of tech reviews I love the dude he's
ofBPNqSOrzu-00094-00057575-00057962 doing great he's doing awesome things and he's a good guy he's a good guy if
ofBPNqSOrzu-00095-00057962-00058370 you like me you'll like Erin make sure you go subscribe to him all right
ofBPNqSOrzu-00096-00058370-00058877 anyways even if you like this video give it a thumbs up if you're new here make
ofBPNqSOrzu-00097-00058877-00059189 sure you subscribe to my channel because I'm always making videos to help you out
ofBPNqSOrzu-00098-00059189-00059537 with your mental health so click that little round subscribe button and if you
ofBPNqSOrzu-00099-00059537-00059898 click the top right there there is a link to Erin's channel if you want to go
ofBPNqSOrzu-00100-00059898-00060317 check it out and right below is another one of my videos alright so thanks so
ofBPNqSOrzu-00101-00060317-00060656 much for watching go meditate today even if it's just one
ofBPNqSOrzu-00102-00060656-00061036 breath and I'll see you next time
oghv92Urj-A-00000-00000388-00000896 [Narrator] We sat down with five Virginia Tech students to talk about their experiences with
oghv92Urj-A-00001-00000896-00001592 digital life and online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here is what they said.
oghv92Urj-A-00002-00001592-00001864 [Myriam] I didn't think it would be as long-term as it was.
oghv92Urj-A-00003-00001864-00002128 [Dany] You have to be online almost 24/7 a day.
oghv92Urj-A-00004-00002128-00002464 [Josie] My weeks are consumed by screens pretty much.
oghv92Urj-A-00005-00002464-00002712 [Weston] I think everyone's adapted really well.
oghv92Urj-A-00006-00002712-00003056 [Cierra] I feel like I just didn’t let all the bad news and stuff get to me.
oghv92Urj-A-00007-00003056-00003740 [Narrator] Navigating the new normal. Describe your typical day of digital engagement.
oghv92Urj-A-00008-00003740-00004015 [Dany] Currently, I am enrolled in five classes,
oghv92Urj-A-00009-00004136-00004728 four of which are online. One of those is hybrid, but I haven't gone to the in-person class yet.
oghv92Urj-A-00010-00004728-00005128 But that one last class is asynchronous, which is kind of annoying sometimes. My
oghv92Urj-A-00011-00005128-00005592 schedule's really spaced out perfectly where there isn’t too much in any day or too little any day.
oghv92Urj-A-00012-00005592-00006064 [Cierra] A lot of my work is online. Well all of it is online. I have all virtual classes
oghv92Urj-A-00013-00006064-00006559 this semester. Screen time is probably not so great just because I'm always on my laptop.
oghv92Urj-A-00014-00006631-00007023 Whether that's just checking my email or for classes.
oghv92Urj-A-00015-00007023-00007808 [Weston] Typically, all my classes are online for the most part. I'm on my computer for usually two
oghv92Urj-A-00016-00007808-00008472 to three hours every day in class, plus doing homework all online. So that's another like
oghv92Urj-A-00017-00008576-00008792 at least two or three hours every day.
oghv92Urj-A-00018-00008792-00009024 [Narrator] How did you feel at the beginning of
oghv92Urj-A-00019-00009024-00009408 quarantine when classes first switched to a digital format?
oghv92Urj-A-00020-00009408-00010048 [Josie] Probably very shocking, I didn't expect that to happen. It was kind of unprecedented.
oghv92Urj-A-00021-00010112-00010688 Like for sure. It was weird transitioning because I
oghv92Urj-A-00022-00010808-00011328 had never experienced that before. Luckily, the professors I think, also kinda went
oghv92Urj-A-00023-00011328-00011848 through a transition period. So at least that everybody was kind of transitioning together.
oghv92Urj-A-00024-00011848-00012560 [Myriam] It was kind of a weird feeling because at first I was kind of excited, because obviously
oghv92Urj-A-00025-00012560-00013040 it's a new thing. You don't have to go to class and you get more free time and everything like
oghv92Urj-A-00026-00013040-00013608 that. But it was kind of challenging because now it was up to me to actually
oghv92Urj-A-00027-00013688-00014263 watch my lectures and do everything on time and not get behind. It was the best of both worlds.
oghv92Urj-A-00028-00014324-00014663 [Narrator] How did you spend your time over quarantine?
oghv92Urj-A-00029-00014663-00015247 [Cierra] During quarantine, I started drawing. I wouldn't say they're great drawings, but I started
oghv92Urj-A-00030-00015247-00015728 doing it. I bought a lot of books, haven't read them yet, but you know I started each one of them.
oghv92Urj-A-00031-00015872-00016424 I felt that working on my social media presence, if that makes sense,
oghv92Urj-A-00032-00016424-00017080 was a great outlet just because we couldn't see people and so I felt that social media was
oghv92Urj-A-00033-00017080-00017448 the safest way to interact with people. And I felt that really helped me a lot.
oghv92Urj-A-00034-00017448-00017976 [Dany] For me where I live it was hard because everything was closed. I couldn't really do much
oghv92Urj-A-00035-00017976-00018544 like in-person or in a building or anything. So I picked up little hobbies here and there. A lot of
oghv92Urj-A-00036-00018544-00019112 my summer consists of exercising, you know, seeing mother nature at its fullest which is great.
oghv92Urj-A-00037-00019112-00019556 [Narrator] What are you proudest of from the past six months?
oghv92Urj-A-00038-00019556-00020336 [Weston] Enduring my mental health problems that have probably been exacerbated by the pandemic.
oghv92Urj-A-00039-00020416-00021056 I wouldn’t say I've overcome them, but I definitely waited it out. I'm definitely
oghv92Urj-A-00040-00021056-00021512 getting through it, which is really great. So that's probably what I'm most proud of.
oghv92Urj-A-00041-00021512-00022248 [Myriam] I'm proud of taking the time to learn new hobbies because I know for a lot of people it was
oghv92Urj-A-00042-00022248-00022776 just hard and they were really bored and when I look back to quarantine and I didn't really
oghv92Urj-A-00043-00022776-00023280 think of me sitting on my phone all day. Like I tried to make the most out of it.
oghv92Urj-A-00044-00023280-00023992 [Josie] I am proud that I continued to be semi-productive during this time because I know
oghv92Urj-A-00045-00023992-00024696 I think everyone can kind of relate for the last couple months have been very hard on everyone for
oghv92Urj-A-00046-00024696-00025368 mental health reasons. And just like economically, it's just been very tough times. So I'm proud of
oghv92Urj-A-00047-00025368-00026152 myself for staying semi-productive and trying to be positive throughout the experience.
oghv92Urj-A-00048-00026152-00026695 [Narrator] Over the past six months, what would you say has been your biggest stumbling block?
oghv92Urj-A-00049-00026695-00026895 [Cierra] Not being able to see people.
oghv92Urj-A-00050-00027024-00027656 I'm very much a people person and I had joined a few organizations when I came to Virginia Tech.
oghv92Urj-A-00051-00027656-00028095 So it was really hard to like how to step away from those. Just because I knew that I couldn't
oghv92Urj-A-00052-00028095-00028648 be as proactive online as in person and so it was really hard to step away from those things.
oghv92Urj-A-00053-00028648-00029144 [Dany] Being able to connect to my professors on a kind of a kind of deeper level
oghv92Urj-A-00054-00029144-00029783 because they're online and I have classes of between 100 to 150 students in each one.
oghv92Urj-A-00055-00029783-00030312 So it's super hard to connect with them even when you're not face to face. So I think that was my
oghv92Urj-A-00056-00030312-00030704 biggest challenge and in terms of school-wise. And then terms of just personal life being connected
oghv92Urj-A-00057-00030704-00031344 with friends, because this whole pandemic kind of brought me apart from them. Which kind of sucks,
oghv92Urj-A-00058-00031344-00031816 but it's harder to keep those connections going, but I'm trying to get there eventually.
oghv92Urj-A-00059-00031816-00032120 [Narrator] How would you define digital wellness?
oghv92Urj-A-00060-00032120-00032472 [Weston] It's the idea of taking care of yourself, even if
oghv92Urj-A-00061-00032472-00032784 you're having to do a lot of things online, like we are right now.
oghv92Urj-A-00062-00032840-00033296 Even everyone, most everyone in the workforce, is like dealing with it too. So there's like
oghv92Urj-A-00063-00033296-00033968 a lot of talk about self-care and how do you do that? Or like dividing your online life from your
oghv92Urj-A-00064-00033968-00034640 personal life. So people say don't do work in your bed or go to another room if you can or whatever.
oghv92Urj-A-00065-00034640-00035184 So I think of ways to check in on yourself when you're having to do a lot of things virtually.
oghv92Urj-A-00066-00035184-00035920 [Myriam] Just having a healthy relationship digitally with either social media or how much
oghv92Urj-A-00067-00035920-00036552 time you spend online and how it makes you feel and just making sure you have limits and knowing
oghv92Urj-A-00068-00036552-00037056 your limits and trying to follow them. And just knowing what's good for you and what’s not. And
oghv92Urj-A-00069-00037056-00037696 hopefully when you're online trying to use it in the most positive way for you and others.
oghv92Urj-A-00070-00037696-00038184 [Narrator] If there is one word you would use to describe your experience with the pandemic.
oghv92Urj-A-00071-00038248-00038328 What would it be?
oghv92Urj-A-00072-00038328-00038648 [Dany] Crazy? And crazy can be a good and bad thing.
oghv92Urj-A-00073-00038648-00038712 [Myriam] Learning?
oghv92Urj-A-00074-00038712-00039128 [Weston] Roller coaster. Lots of highs, lots of lows.
oghv92Urj-A-00075-00039128-00039240 [Josie] Frustrating.
oghv92Urj-A-00076-00039240-00040784 [Cierra] To describe this whole pandemic, I would say a rollercoaster for sure.
ogi9n5SzTDy-00000-00000183-00000294 In this
ogi9n5SzTDy-00001-00000294-00000746 presentation we're going to go through some of the useful tools that
ogi9n5SzTDy-00002-00000746-00001063 PowerPoint has for printing your presentation.
ogi9n5SzTDy-00003-00001063-00001532 You should watch all the Linda videos on presenting. It has great options for recording
ogi9n5SzTDy-00004-00001532-00002086 and presenting online that you should also look look at. We're going to go to the
ogi9n5SzTDy-00005-00002086-00002450 view
ogi9n5SzTDy-00006-00002450-00002778 section and we want to go to the notes
ogi9n5SzTDy-00007-00002778-00003122 page. This is going to bring us in here so we could add
ogi9n5SzTDy-00008-00003122-00003822 notes for speaker notes. 'This page shows
ogi9n5SzTDy-00009-00004245-00004607 how to edit and add images.' Now this
ogi9n5SzTDy-00010-00004607-00004937 won't display on screen when you show it, it will just display
ogi9n5SzTDy-00011-00004937-00005637 in the PowerPoint presentation. You can flip through
ogi9n5SzTDy-00012-00006239-00006939 your presentation and you can add noted to any slide.
ogi9n5SzTDy-00013-00007258-00007645 Now often you're going to be working in presentation view
ogi9n5SzTDy-00014-00007645-00008111 which will allow you to see your notes while the
ogi9n5SzTDy-00015-00008111-00008511 overhead projector just shows the slideshow but you can also
ogi9n5SzTDy-00016-00008511-00008698 print
ogi9n5SzTDy-00017-00008698-00008932 notes pages and other options.
ogi9n5SzTDy-00018-00008932-00009216 I want you to go to file,
ogi9n5SzTDy-00019-00009216-00009378 print,
ogi9n5SzTDy-00020-00009378-00009674 and if you have Adobe PDF you're going to print
ogi9n5SzTDy-00021-00009674-00009974 to Adobe PDF and hand it in.
ogi9n5SzTDy-00022-00009974-00010344 I want you to choose 'print all slides'
ogi9n5SzTDy-00023-00010344-00010772 and I want you to choose 'notes pages.' Notice you have the option
ogi9n5SzTDy-00024-00010772-00011146 to do lots of different handout choices
ogi9n5SzTDy-00025-00011146-00011421 Where you have 2,
ogi9n5SzTDy-00026-00011421-00011835 3, 9...you can show any number of slides almost that are
ogi9n5SzTDy-00027-00011835-00012208 reasonable to see on the page. I want you to select
ogi9n5SzTDy-00028-00012208-00012576 'notes page' and I want you to print to PDF.
ogi9n5SzTDy-00029-00012576-00012999 Then you would save that
ogi9n5SzTDy-00030-00012999-00013416 on your computer and hand hand that in.
ogi9n5SzTDy-00031-00013416-00013812 If you don't have it you can
ogi9n5SzTDy-00032-00013812-00014512 take a screenshot of one of the print screen showing
ogi9n5SzTDy-00033-00014563-00015263 one with notes because this is our print preview, so find one that you put notes on
ogi9n5SzTDy-00034-00015518-00015843 and then you can use the snipping tool, or grab
ogi9n5SzTDy-00035-00015843-00016543 if you're on the mac, and then
ogi9n5SzTDy-00036-00016767-00017467 you can just grab an image of it. Save this image...
ogi9n5SzTDy-00037-00017953-00018294 and you can hand that in. So if you don't have
ogi9n5SzTDy-00038-00018294-00018787 the option to create a PDF take a print screen of your note pages.
ogi9n5SzTDy-00039-00018787-00019054 That'll do it for lab 3 and you can move onto your project.
oi3nl8y9qSQ-00000-00000000-00000200 RX 7900 XT vs RX 7900 XTX vsRTX 4080 | i9-10900K | AC Valhalla
oiloEq7s3Yy-00000-00000033-00000200 Subscribe and like chanel
ojVfDgkiEO4-00000-00000026-00000351 (laid-back jazz music)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00001-00001212-00001300 (yogurt thuds)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00002-00001300-00001656 (music stops abruptly)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00003-00001656-00001981 (jazz music continues)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00004-00002940-00003136 (silverware clinks)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00005-00003136-00003480 (machine whirs)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00006-00003480-00003738 (liquid pours)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00007-00003945-00004212 (ice clatters)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00008-00004608-00004691 - Good morning!
ojVfDgkiEO4-00009-00004691-00004774 Welcome back to another vlog.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00010-00004774-00005063 I am sitting at my dining table, which I think
ojVfDgkiEO4-00011-00005063-00005348 is one of the first times I've ever sat here
ojVfDgkiEO4-00012-00005348-00005458 since living here.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00013-00005458-00005663 Layla's drinking water in the background.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00014-00005872-00006069 So today is Tuesday.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00015-00006069-00006326 I have a relatively busy day today, but nothing too crazy.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00016-00006326-00006413 It's mostly editing.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00017-00006413-00006616 I have a meeting in about an hour,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00018-00006616-00006720 a little less than an hour.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00019-00006720-00007123 Just made my favorite breakfast, which is yogurt
ojVfDgkiEO4-00020-00007123-00007369 and I'm looking for a dairy-free yogurt that I like
ojVfDgkiEO4-00021-00007369-00007515 but every single one I've tried,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00022-00007515-00007772 every single vegan yogurt I've tried tastes like ass.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00023-00007772-00007940 But I got my coffee with oat milk
ojVfDgkiEO4-00024-00007940-00008385 and I randomly purchased this green juice.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00025-00008385-00008637 It's smells like the juice bar
ojVfDgkiEO4-00026-00008637-00008765 when you walk into Whole Foods,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00027-00008765-00008960 what the juice bar smells like.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00028-00008960-00009097 It just smells very green.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00029-00009097-00009234 But I thought, it's never bad
ojVfDgkiEO4-00030-00009234-00009398 to get in a lot of greens, right?
ojVfDgkiEO4-00031-00009398-00009498 So, here we go.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00032-00009731-00010035 (smacks lips)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00033-00010035-00010118 That's green.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00034-00010118-00010280 I mostly taste cucumber.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00035-00010280-00010667 It supposedly has grapefruit, peppermint tea.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00036-00010667-00010848 I don't know, I don't taste any of that.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00037-00010848-00011041 Oh yeah, I never finished saying what else is in this
ojVfDgkiEO4-00038-00011041-00011261 because you know, that's my brain.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00039-00011261-00011498 So you have vanilla yogurt, Greek yogurt,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00040-00011498-00011706 with bananas, strawberries.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00041-00011706-00011930 I usually like blueberries, but the grocery store
ojVfDgkiEO4-00042-00011930-00012147 was out of them for some reason this week
ojVfDgkiEO4-00043-00012147-00012492 and then chia seeds and hemp hearts.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00044-00012492-00012575 I don't know.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00045-00012575-00012675 I've heard people say those are good for you
ojVfDgkiEO4-00046-00012675-00012860 so I thought, why not, it adds a little crunch.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00047-00012860-00013052 So I'm going to finish up my breakfast,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00048-00013052-00013144 drink the rest of this juice.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00049-00013144-00013235 It's honestly not bad.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00050-00013235-00013494 It's not the most, I wouldn't drink it if it was unpleasant.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00051-00013494-00013774 I'm sure it's better to eat a bunch of vegetables,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00052-00013774-00013868 but why not?
ojVfDgkiEO4-00053-00013868-00014182 And then we are going to get to this day started.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00054-00014182-00014397 I have to clean my office because,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00055-00014397-00014544 you know, I filmed a video,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00056-00014544-00014894 AKA it looks like a tornado went through there.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00057-00014894-00015016 So it's gonna be a great day.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00058-00015016-00015351 Just threw myself together in about (chuckles) 10 minutes.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00059-00015351-00015518 I have like five minutes until my call.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00060-00015518-00015941 Earrings, Target, clip, can you see that, Target.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00061-00015941-00016219 Shirt, Aerie, I believe, yes.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00062-00016219-00016359 This is from Aerie. It's so comfortable.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00063-00016359-00016532 It's called the Henley Tank. I love it.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00064-00016532-00016693 Jean shorts, thrifted.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00065-00016693-00016878 I'm barefoot, let's go.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00066-00016878-00017260 I have quite literally three or four minutes to do this,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00067-00017260-00017343 so let's do it.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00068-00017452-00017691 (laid-back jazz music)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00069-00017691-00017774 (record scratches)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00070-00017774-00017886 I don't have time for this.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00071-00017886-00018002 I'm gonna have to do this after the call
ojVfDgkiEO4-00072-00018002-00018477 because I simply not have le time.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00073-00018587-00018977 Got my, ooh, my very dirty blue-light glasses on.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00074-00018977-00019281 It is about to strike 10:00 AM.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00075-00019281-00019688 My wifi is not working and neither is my mouse.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00076-00019688-00019848 Got the blue-light glasses on.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00077-00019848-00020019 These are from Warby Parker, by the way.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00078-00020019-00020163 I don't know why they're so dirty.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00079-00020163-00020373 It is 10 o'clock now and I'm going to hop
ojVfDgkiEO4-00080-00020373-00020672 on my meeting with my financial advisor.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00081-00020672-00020911 Here we go.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00082-00020911-00021098 Hello! Good, how are you guys?
ojVfDgkiEO4-00083-00021098-00021458 (laid-back jazz music continues)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00084-00021458-00021684 All right, we're back, call is finished.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00085-00021684-00021891 And now I am going to finish cleaning this room
ojVfDgkiEO4-00086-00021891-00022121 because, oh boy, does it need it?
ojVfDgkiEO4-00087-00023158-00023332 (mouse clicks) Hello, it is a few days later.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00088-00023332-00023534 I just waved with one finger
ojVfDgkiEO4-00089-00023534-00023705 because I have a memory card in my hand, hi.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00090-00023705-00024024 Today is Friday and I didn't pick up the camera, at all,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00091-00024024-00024188 for the rest, I think I just fell off
ojVfDgkiEO4-00092-00024188-00024327 wherever I filmed last.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00093-00024327-00024516 I just really didn't feel like filming, so I didn't.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00094-00024516-00024734 I have been working out a lot this week,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00095-00024734-00024875 which has made me feel really good.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00096-00024875-00025011 I've been taking walks with Layla
ojVfDgkiEO4-00097-00025011-00025196 because it's cooled off of bit this week.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00098-00025196-00025423 So in the evening time, we've been walking
ojVfDgkiEO4-00099-00025423-00025680 to the park and it's just been so beautiful.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00100-00025680-00026002 There's so much beautiful desert blooming
ojVfDgkiEO4-00101-00026002-00026105 happening right now.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00102-00026105-00026297 So if it's nice enough out tonight,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00103-00026297-00026408 and we take Layla for a walk,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00104-00026408-00026533 I'm gonna show you because I've just
ojVfDgkiEO4-00105-00026533-00026670 been so inspired by that lately.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00106-00026670-00026816 But yes, just got ready.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00107-00026816-00027027 I'm wearing, oh, there's my shirt hanging in the background.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00108-00027027-00027170 I feel like there's always a shirt hanging
ojVfDgkiEO4-00109-00027170-00027413 in the background 'cause I like taking it out of my closet
ojVfDgkiEO4-00110-00027413-00027692 'cause I usually film two to three videos when I film.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00111-00027692-00027833 So that's my backup shirt.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00112-00027833-00028020 But anyways, I am wearing this outfit
ojVfDgkiEO4-00113-00028020-00028266 which this top is from Wild Fable.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00114-00028266-00028407 I absolutely love it.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00115-00028407-00028676 I sized up, so I got a double XL in this
ojVfDgkiEO4-00116-00028676-00028786 and I just love the way it fits.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00117-00028786-00028870 I think it's super cute.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00118-00028870-00029254 And then these shorts are a pair of thrifted shorts
ojVfDgkiEO4-00119-00029254-00029536 that my friend, Jasmine Whitley thrifted for me.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00120-00029536-00029733 Back in probably last summer,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00121-00029733-00030030 I did a video on her channel where she styled me for a week
ojVfDgkiEO4-00122-00030030-00030252 and this was probably my favorite thing
ojVfDgkiEO4-00123-00030252-00030345 she thrifted for me.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00124-00030345-00030600 Because I feel like just doing comfort things today,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00125-00030600-00030805 I think what I'm gonna do is film some videos,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00126-00030805-00031043 prep a breakfast for me tomorrow because,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00127-00031043-00031352 when I mentioned making chia pudding a couple vlogs ago,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00128-00031352-00031554 a couple people wanted to see how I made mine.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00129-00031554-00031772 I always love seeing how people make their recipes.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00130-00031772-00031868 So I'll do that.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00131-00031868-00032036 But first, gotta film some vids.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00132-00032036-00032202 - [Man] Two hours later.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00133-00032202-00032406 - Well, it's a couple of hours later.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00134-00032406-00032639 I'm sitting here in my bra 'cause I was changing.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00135-00032639-00032988 My stomach was growling so loudly on camera (laughs)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00136-00032988-00033198 that I had to stop filming and eat something.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00137-00033198-00033488 I'm actually having one of these Perfect bars.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00138-00033488-00033712 I was kind of salty about these at first.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00139-00033712-00033869 My friend, Leah, introduced them to me
ojVfDgkiEO4-00140-00033869-00034004 and I was like, "These are boring."
ojVfDgkiEO4-00141-00034004-00034111 And then for whatever reason,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00142-00034111-00034343 I tried another one and I was like, "This is amazing."
ojVfDgkiEO4-00143-00034343-00034529 It just kind of tastes like peanut butter
ojVfDgkiEO4-00144-00034529-00034648 and honey mixed together.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00145-00034648-00034866 I really like the dark chocolate almond butter one,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00146-00034866-00035015 I like this peanut butter one.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00147-00035015-00035258 I like the peanut butter chocolate chip one.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00148-00035258-00035341 I really like them.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00149-00035341-00035453 And you keep them in the fridge
ojVfDgkiEO4-00150-00035453-00035625 and they just feel like, I don't know,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00151-00035625-00035937 they're nice and cold and they feel really fresh to me.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00152-00035937-00036108 I don't know if they are, but I'm gonna eat some more
ojVfDgkiEO4-00153-00036108-00036266 of this because (laughs)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00154-00036266-00036479 I don't have time to break to eat a meal.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00155-00036479-00036855 But I do have time to eat a bar in my bra on the floor.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00156-00036855-00037028 This is me in my purest form.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00157-00037159-00037445 It's so funny how I just completely
ojVfDgkiEO4-00158-00037445-00037605 became a Hydro Flask person
ojVfDgkiEO4-00159-00037605-00037779 because, probably three summers ago,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00160-00037779-00038096 I was in Minnesota with my family and my whole family,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00161-00038096-00038287 all my cousins and stuff, were all talking
ojVfDgkiEO4-00162-00038287-00038585 about their Hydro Flask and how they can't live without it.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00163-00038585-00038931 And in my mind I was like, "It's just water, it's not that."
ojVfDgkiEO4-00164-00038931-00039101 And they're just like, "It's amazing."
ojVfDgkiEO4-00165-00039101-00039290 And I was like, "Hmm?"
ojVfDgkiEO4-00166-00039290-00039442 And then Drew got one for his birthday,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00167-00039442-00039637 I don't know, 2018 or something like that.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00168-00039637-00039841 And then I was like, "Wait, I want one."
ojVfDgkiEO4-00169-00039841-00040056 And then I got one and I literally
ojVfDgkiEO4-00170-00040056-00040303 cannot survive without my Hydro Flask.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00171-00040303-00040524 I need my icy cold water at all times.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00172-00040524-00040760 I would truly die without it.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00173-00040760-00041023 I drink it like 10 times, in intervals,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00174-00041023-00041158 when I'm filming videos.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00175-00041158-00041385 I drink it when I'm taking Layla for walks.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00176-00041385-00041678 I drink it when I'm just sitting on the couch watching TV.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00177-00041678-00041895 I just drink so much more water that way.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00178-00041895-00042123 And it doesn't have to be a Hydro Flask either.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00179-00042123-00042327 I'm, yes, I'm talking with my mouth full, like.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00180-00042327-00042660 Any water bottle that you can carry around
ojVfDgkiEO4-00181-00042660-00042979 and keep a bunch of nice, cold water in, highly recommended.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00182-00042979-00043199 I think I didn't really get it because,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00183-00043199-00043467 I can't believe I'm going on a tangent about a Hydro Flask,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00184-00043467-00043634 but I've never been that obsessed with
ojVfDgkiEO4-00185-00043634-00043897 I have to have the iciest, coldest water.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00186-00043897-00044185 I'll drink a room-temperature water bottle no problem.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00187-00044185-00044418 I grew up drinking water from the tap.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00188-00044418-00044653 I'm just not picky when it comes to water.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00189-00044653-00044859 But then, for some reason, since I got this,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00190-00044859-00044982 I've just become obsessed.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00191-00044982-00045129 And I still will drink any water.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00192-00045129-00045314 There's just something about this.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00193-00045314-00045463 I love you.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00194-00045463-00045676 This has been snack and chat time.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00195-00045676-00045838 I will catch up with you later.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00196-00045838-00045930 It's a bit later.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00197-00045930-00046132 Drew's doing some D&D stuff in the background,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00198-00046132-00046293 so if you see that, ignore it.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00199-00046293-00046556 But I'm gonna make some chia pudding, I'm so excited.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00200-00046556-00046719 Why am I excited about that? I don't know.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00201-00046719-00047164 It feels like eating chocolatey goodness for breakfast.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00202-00047164-00047413 I've been eating chia pudding for years, honestly.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00203-00047413-00047704 The things you're going to need are chia seeds, obviously.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00204-00047704-00047887 I'm just gonna do 'em all. Screw it.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00205-00047887-00048216 I have another bag waiting for me in the pantry.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00206-00048216-00048554 Then you take your cocoa powder, or cacao powder.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00207-00048554-00048680 or whatever it is you have.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00208-00048680-00048895 I think I do a tablespoon.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00209-00048895-00048978 And that may seem like a lot,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00210-00048978-00049122 but I like it really chocolatey.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00211-00049122-00049274 So, that can vary.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00212-00049274-00049497 And then typically you're gonna wanna sweeten it
ojVfDgkiEO4-00213-00049497-00049819 'cause it wouldn't be, it would be completely unsweetened.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00214-00049819-00050134 So I use, sometimes I use Stevia,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00215-00050134-00050238 'cause I have packets of those.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00216-00050238-00050473 Sometimes I use sugar, sometimes I use brown sugar,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00217-00050473-00050766 sometimes I use agave, honey, whatever I have.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00218-00050766-00050926 So I'm gonna sweeten it.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00219-00050926-00051164 Then you add your almond milk.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00220-00051164-00051301 I'm gonna do probably,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00221-00051301-00051737 I think it's four tablespoons of seeds to a cup of liquid,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00222-00051737-00051863 if I'm not mistaken.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00223-00051863-00052049 And then I spilled. That's okay.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00224-00052049-00052136 Then you take the lid
ojVfDgkiEO4-00225-00052136-00052364 to whatever container it is you're using.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00226-00052364-00052615 I'm using a mason jar 'cause it's just what we have.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00227-00052615-00052715 (cringes)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00228-00052715-00052906 And then you just shake it up.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00229-00052906-00053096 I have to shake it really hard
ojVfDgkiEO4-00230-00053096-00053338 'cause cocoa powder doesn't really like to blend.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00231-00053338-00053461 There are lots of other methods.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00232-00053461-00053775 People put maple syrup, they put vanilla extract.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00233-00053775-00053911 You can do whatever it is you want,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00234-00053911-00054060 but this is how I like them.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00235-00054060-00054440 After a while, basically, the chia seeds
ojVfDgkiEO4-00236-00054440-00054753 will get their little gelatinous exterior
ojVfDgkiEO4-00237-00054753-00054950 and then it makes kind of a pudding texture.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00238-00054950-00055313 Then I just dump it in a bowl the next morning or whatever
ojVfDgkiEO4-00239-00055313-00055553 and I'll put strawberries, bananas,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00240-00055553-00055698 whatever I feel like putting on there.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00241-00055698-00055824 And it's very delicious.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00242-00055824-00055966 So I'm gonna put it in the fridge
ojVfDgkiEO4-00243-00055966-00056072 and I'm gonna eat this tomorrow morning.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00244-00056072-00056276 I think you can eat it after a couple of hours,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00245-00056276-00056427 but I just wait overnight.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00246-00056427-00056751 And yes, I'm back in my pajamas, obviously.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00247-00056751-00056866 I'm gonna show you really quickly.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00248-00056866-00057001 Drew doesn't want me to show him
ojVfDgkiEO4-00249-00057001-00057247 because his hair is really, really long
ojVfDgkiEO4-00250-00057247-00057402 and he's getting it cut next week
ojVfDgkiEO4-00251-00057402-00057565 after he gets his second vaccine.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00252-00057565-00057713 But he's doing something for D&D
ojVfDgkiEO4-00253-00057713-00057923 and he's creating an island?
ojVfDgkiEO4-00254-00057923-00058013 - [Drew] A jungle?
ojVfDgkiEO4-00255-00058013-00058096 - A jungle.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00256-00058096-00058179 Here we have it.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00257-00058179-00058379 Here's what he has created.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00258-00058379-00058557 I wanna go here.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00259-00058557-00058657 It looks like Hawaii.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00260-00058657-00058828 Wow.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00261-00058828-00058977 Give us a tour.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00262-00058977-00059174 What'd you do here? What was your method?
ojVfDgkiEO4-00263-00059174-00059421 You put something in the blender, I know that much.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00264-00059421-00059580 - Oh, coconut fiber. - The food processor.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00265-00059580-00059691 Coconut fiber.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00266-00059691-00059822 I'm sure there are gonna be people that are like,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00267-00059822-00060007 "Don't do that to your food processor!"
ojVfDgkiEO4-00268-00060007-00060203 And who cares?
ojVfDgkiEO4-00269-00060203-00060363 - [Drew] Too late, we already did it.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00270-00060363-00060446 - [Carrie] Yeah, too late.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00271-00060446-00060562 - [Drew] The bottom is chip board,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00272-00060562-00060766 the bases are chip board. - Okay.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00273-00060766-00061026 - [Drew] And then I used a texture paint.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00274-00061026-00061110 - [Carrie] Thick mud!
ojVfDgkiEO4-00275-00061110-00061348 - Mud. - Nice!
ojVfDgkiEO4-00276-00061348-00061534 - [Drew] And then coconut fiber on top
ojVfDgkiEO4-00277-00061534-00061673 and then I put all the plants on.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00278-00061673-00061808 - Beautiful.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00279-00061808-00062005 And now it is time to make some dinner
ojVfDgkiEO4-00280-00062005-00062280 because last night we had Shake Shack for dinner.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00281-00062280-00062364 It was delicious.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00282-00062364-00062553 He took a break from work this morning
ojVfDgkiEO4-00283-00062553-00062712 and he came into our room and he was like,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00284-00062712-00062914 "Can we have salads for dinner tonight?"
ojVfDgkiEO4-00285-00062914-00063016 And I was like, "Yeah."
ojVfDgkiEO4-00286-00063016-00063178 And he's was like, "I just need something light
ojVfDgkiEO4-00287-00063178-00063323 and like vegetable-y."
ojVfDgkiEO4-00288-00063323-00063441 I was like, "Yeah, we can do that."
ojVfDgkiEO4-00289-00063441-00063714 So, I'm gonna start by air frying some vegetables
ojVfDgkiEO4-00290-00063714-00064001 'cause I love a Sweetgreen moment
ojVfDgkiEO4-00291-00064001-00064180 and we don't have Sweetgreen here,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00292-00064180-00064409 which is the most tragic thing of life.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00293-00064409-00064604 So, I'm gonna try my best to,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00294-00064604-00064726 I've done this in the past,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00295-00064726-00064916 recreate a Sweetgreen moment,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00296-00064916-00065119 so I'm just gonna do some sweet potato,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00297-00065119-00065389 Brussels sprouts, I have some broccoli.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00298-00065389-00065882 Crispy onions, croutons, nuts, quinoa, Craisins,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00299-00065977-00066108 things like that.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00300-00066108-00066208 So it'll be good.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00301-00066208-00066307 Drew and I like very different salads.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00302-00066307-00066750 He's like a super savory, lentils, hard-boiled eggs,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00303-00066750-00066964 raw onions, things like that.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00304-00066964-00067154 I don't want any of that, except maybe lentils.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00305-00067154-00067488 I like sweet, fruity.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00306-00067488-00067650 So we make different salads.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00307-00067650-00067831 (pepper grinds)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00308-00067831-00068153 (spices shake)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00309-00068153-00068343 Whoops!
ojVfDgkiEO4-00310-00068343-00068593 (knife chops)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00311-00068822-00068992 (air fryer beeps)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00312-00068992-00069181 Here's an herb garden update, by the way.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00313-00069181-00069297 We've moved some things around.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00314-00069297-00069673 The cilantro, fortunately for me, unfortunately for Drew,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00315-00069673-00069816 I think has bolted.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00316-00069816-00070088 So I don't know if that's gonna grow in very well.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00317-00070088-00070551 But we have some oregano here or no, wait,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00318-00070551-00070675 this is rosemary, I think.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00319-00070675-00070808 (Drew murmurs in background)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00320-00070808-00071043 Then we have some basil that's growing in nicely.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00321-00071043-00071237 I'm very excited about the basil.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00322-00071237-00071397 Then the cilantro, ew.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00323-00071397-00071633 And then oregano.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00324-00071633-00071980 Right there on the right, there's a tiny little sproutling.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00325-00071980-00072176 So we're making some progress.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00326-00072176-00072468 This is also, first of all, fashion, yes, we know.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00327-00072468-00072817 This is a very exciting time to be alive
ojVfDgkiEO4-00328-00072817-00073183 because I get to use my salad spinner that I just bought.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00329-00073183-00073541 And that is how you know you are old.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00330-00073541-00073761 We're frying up some tempeh bacon
ojVfDgkiEO4-00331-00073761-00074023 in the air fryer right now, which smells kinda bad,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00332-00074023-00074116 I'm not gonna lie-- - Oh, I like
ojVfDgkiEO4-00333-00074116-00074201 the way it smells.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00334-00074201-00074318 - I like tempeh bacon,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00335-00074318-00074603 but I don't like it right now, in this moment.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00336-00074603-00074788 Okay, time to rinse.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00337-00074788-00075147 I just got so tired of soppy, wet salads.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00338-00075147-00075399 I used to take paper towels and towels and stuff
ojVfDgkiEO4-00339-00075399-00075732 and try to dry off my greens and it just was never enough.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00340-00075732-00075853 And I remember my mom
ojVfDgkiEO4-00341-00075853-00076075 having a salad spinner (leaves crunch)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00342-00076075-00076492 when I was growing up and being absolutely mesmerized by it.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00343-00076492-00076685 So it was like, "We have to try it"
ojVfDgkiEO4-00344-00076685-00076848 Just realizes you can't see anything I'm chopping,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00345-00076848-00077016 but I'm just chopping lettuce.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00346-00077016-00077122 It's not that exciting.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00347-00077122-00077304 Let's see it before.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00348-00077304-00077542 See how shiny and wet those are?
ojVfDgkiEO4-00349-00077542-00077840 Then, stick the lid on and you spin.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00350-00077840-00078104 (spinner rumbles)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00351-00078104-00078190 - [Drew] Ew.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00352-00078190-00078402 (groans)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00353-00078402-00078504 Why is it that color?
ojVfDgkiEO4-00354-00078504-00078741 - 'Cause it's lettuce and I cut it!
ojVfDgkiEO4-00355-00078741-00078899 (Drew laughs) Now look at that.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00356-00078899-00079201 Ugh, we love to see it.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00357-00079201-00079392 Then you have all of this,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00358-00079392-00079572 liquid. - Juicy bits.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00359-00079572-00079730 - And you can just dump it out.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00360-00079730-00080063 All right, mixing up what I have so far.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00361-00080172-00080503 You already know, the Olive Garden croutons.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00362-00080503-00080630 And we have tempeh bacon.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00363-00080630-00080957 It doesn't taste like bacon to me, it just tastes good.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00364-00080957-00081317 And lately I've been using this Annie's Goddess
ojVfDgkiEO4-00365-00081317-00081719 Tahini Vegan dressing and it's very good.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00366-00081931-00082018 So good.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00367-00082018-00082310 Salads 100% taste better when they're eaten
ojVfDgkiEO4-00368-00082310-00082489 out of the mixing bowl.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00369-00082489-00082858 Drew disagrees with me, but I just, I will die on this hill.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00370-00082858-00083199 Here's Drew's salad, very perfectly neat, beautiful.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00371-00083199-00083393 And here's my salad, so,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00372-00083393-00083655 you can tell which one of us is the neat one.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00373-00083655-00083858 I also recently just got
ojVfDgkiEO4-00374-00083858-00084029 (imitates fanfare)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00375-00084029-00084234 got one of these for downstairs.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00376-00084234-00084375 'Cause we had one for our bedroom TV
ojVfDgkiEO4-00377-00084375-00084524 and it just really sets the vibe.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00378-00084524-00084869 I can't even remember if I've talked about the fact
ojVfDgkiEO4-00379-00084869-00085064 that we started watching another British crime show,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00380-00085064-00085308 obviously, if you watch my channel, you know the deal.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00381-00085308-00085545 We started watching a show called Line of Duty,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00382-00085545-00085773 which I believe was recommended
ojVfDgkiEO4-00383-00085773-00085955 from one of you, or some of you.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00384-00085955-00086105 I think when I asked for recommendations,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00385-00086105-00086354 that was one of the top commented ones.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00386-00086354-00086573 We're so obsessed.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00387-00086573-00086868 It's easily worked its way into my top five now.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00388-00086868-00087125 We're already on season four,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00389-00087125-00087317 but I feel like, because there are
ojVfDgkiEO4-00390-00087317-00087509 only six episodes per season
ojVfDgkiEO4-00391-00087509-00087859 and we watch one a night, you go through it pretty fast.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00392-00087859-00087948 But yeah, sometimes, two.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00393-00087948-00088243 And then on the weekend we've watched three or four.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00394-00088243-00088330 So we've burned through it
ojVfDgkiEO4-00395-00088330-00088533 kind of fast. - It's very,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00396-00088533-00088812 we don't want too many because it's a very heavy, intense.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00397-00088812-00088958 - Yeah. We like it a lot.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00398-00088958-00089139 So, we just started season four.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00399-00089139-00089427 We're gonna start episode two of season four
ojVfDgkiEO4-00400-00089427-00089685 and we're just so obsessed with it.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00401-00089685-00089946 I've yelled, I've screamed, I've rejoiced
ojVfDgkiEO4-00402-00089946-00090140 in people's death. (laughs)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00403-00090140-00090297 It's a good time. Highly recommend.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00404-00090297-00090502 The first, what five seasons, are on Hulu
ojVfDgkiEO4-00405-00090502-00090778 and I guess there's a new season on BBC One
ojVfDgkiEO4-00406-00090778-00091033 that's airing as we speak in the UK.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00407-00091033-00091219 For all my UK friends, can you please help me out
ojVfDgkiEO4-00408-00091219-00091449 and tell me how I can watch it online?
ojVfDgkiEO4-00409-00091449-00091763 Is there a BBC One log-in thing that you use?
ojVfDgkiEO4-00410-00091763-00091854 How does that work?
ojVfDgkiEO4-00411-00091854-00092072 Because I have a VPN,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00412-00092072-00092190 but I don't know how to access it.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00413-00092190-00092439 And it's not on ITV, so please help.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00414-00092439-00092593 You ready to go for a walk?
ojVfDgkiEO4-00415-00092593-00092769 An after dinner walkie?
ojVfDgkiEO4-00416-00092769-00092944 Oh boy, oh boy, oh boy.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00417-00092944-00093073 In case you were wondering,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00418-00093073-00093447 I am 100% walking the dog in my pajamas.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00419-00093447-00093564 I do not care.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00420-00093564-00093925 Some of you say that Layla's little prance
ojVfDgkiEO4-00421-00093925-00094196 gives you a lot of serotonin, so there you go.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00422-00094317-00094427 Work it sister.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00423-00094427-00094601 Please enjoy this montage
ojVfDgkiEO4-00424-00094601-00094822 of all these beautiful desert flowers
ojVfDgkiEO4-00425-00094822-00095026 because I've become an old lady who wants
ojVfDgkiEO4-00426-00095026-00095249 to take photos and videos of nature.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00427-00095249-00095441 But it's just so gorgeous.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00428-00095441-00095660 I can't get over. It's so beautiful.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00429-00095660-00095824 This is the perfect time of year.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00430-00095824-00096149 (laid-back jazz music)
ojVfDgkiEO4-00431-00097198-00097334 We just walked back into the house.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00432-00097334-00097555 It smells like Brussels sprouts. It stinks.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00433-00097555-00097695 We used to have a roommate named Jake
ojVfDgkiEO4-00434-00097695-00097827 who's one of our closest friends.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00435-00097827-00097996 We haven't seen him in forever, we miss him so much,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00436-00097996-00098191 but we used to always cook Brussels sprouts
ojVfDgkiEO4-00437-00098191-00098285 and he'd come home and be like,
ojVfDgkiEO4-00438-00098285-00098564 "Come on, it smells so bad!"
ojVfDgkiEO4-00439-00098564-00098656 And we'd be like, "Sorry!"
ojVfDgkiEO4-00440-00098656-00098861 And now I know how he felt. It smells terrible.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00441-00098861-00099204 Anyways, we are now going to eat this brownie
ojVfDgkiEO4-00442-00099204-00099430 that we took from my mom's house yesterday.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00443-00099430-00099548 She made these for us.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00444-00099548-00099764 We're gonna maybe have some ice cream.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00445-00099764-00099896 We're gonna enjoy our weekend
ojVfDgkiEO4-00446-00099896-00100099 and I don't wanna be on camera.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00447-00100099-00100292 I just wanna enjoy my quality time.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00448-00100292-00100428 So I love you guys so much.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00449-00100428-00100602 Thank you so much for hanging out with me
ojVfDgkiEO4-00450-00100602-00100801 and I will see you in the next vlog.
ojVfDgkiEO4-00451-00100801-00100901 Bye!
ojVfDgkiEO4-00452-00100901-00101159 (upbeat music)
ok6rRgoqjQQ-00000-00000000-00000440 Don't Forget to Subscribe Channel for latest update and support!
olbLUjsFNt0-00000-00000010-00000260 MARCH 19th AT 10:00 A.M.
olbLUjsFNt0-00001-00000260-00000266 MARCH 19th AT 10:00 A.M.  
olbLUjsFNt0-00002-00000266-00000403 MARCH 19th AT 10:00 A.M. >>> DRUG AGENTS AND MEMBERS OF
olbLUjsFNt0-00003-00000403-00000410 MARCH 19th AT 10:00 A.M. >>> DRUG AGENTS AND MEMBERS OF  
olbLUjsFNt0-00004-00000410-00000537 MARCH 19th AT 10:00 A.M. >>> DRUG AGENTS AND MEMBERS OF THE CASS COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE
olbLUjsFNt0-00005-00000537-00000543 >>> DRUG AGENTS AND MEMBERS OF THE CASS COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE  
olbLUjsFNt0-00006-00000543-00000693 >>> DRUG AGENTS AND MEMBERS OF THE CASS COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE BELIEVE THEY STOPPED A SHIPMENT
olbLUjsFNt0-00007-00000693-00000700 THE CASS COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE BELIEVE THEY STOPPED A SHIPMENT  
olbLUjsFNt0-00008-00000700-00000824 THE CASS COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE BELIEVE THEY STOPPED A SHIPMENT OF DRUGS BOUND FOR CASS COUNTY
olbLUjsFNt0-00009-00000824-00000830 BELIEVE THEY STOPPED A SHIPMENT OF DRUGS BOUND FOR CASS COUNTY  
olbLUjsFNt0-00010-00000830-00000964 BELIEVE THEY STOPPED A SHIPMENT OF DRUGS BOUND FOR CASS COUNTY AND THE LEECH LAKE INDIAN
olbLUjsFNt0-00011-00000964-00000970 OF DRUGS BOUND FOR CASS COUNTY AND THE LEECH LAKE INDIAN  
olbLUjsFNt0-00012-00000970-00001144 OF DRUGS BOUND FOR CASS COUNTY AND THE LEECH LAKE INDIAN RESERVATION.
olbLUjsFNt0-00013-00001144-00001151 AND THE LEECH LAKE INDIAN RESERVATION.  
olbLUjsFNt0-00014-00001151-00001301 AND THE LEECH LAKE INDIAN RESERVATION. 48-YEAR-OLD LAURA LOSH-STANGEL
olbLUjsFNt0-00015-00001301-00001307 RESERVATION. 48-YEAR-OLD LAURA LOSH-STANGEL  
olbLUjsFNt0-00016-00001307-00001471 RESERVATION. 48-YEAR-OLD LAURA LOSH-STANGEL OF ANOKA WAS ARRESTED LAST
olbLUjsFNt0-00017-00001471-00001478 48-YEAR-OLD LAURA LOSH-STANGEL OF ANOKA WAS ARRESTED LAST  
olbLUjsFNt0-00018-00001478-00001618 48-YEAR-OLD LAURA LOSH-STANGEL OF ANOKA WAS ARRESTED LAST SATURDAY AFTER A TRAFFIC STOP ON
olbLUjsFNt0-00019-00001618-00001624 OF ANOKA WAS ARRESTED LAST SATURDAY AFTER A TRAFFIC STOP ON  
olbLUjsFNt0-00020-00001624-00001748 OF ANOKA WAS ARRESTED LAST SATURDAY AFTER A TRAFFIC STOP ON HIGHWAY 169 IN MILLE LACS
olbLUjsFNt0-00021-00001748-00001755 SATURDAY AFTER A TRAFFIC STOP ON HIGHWAY 169 IN MILLE LACS  
olbLUjsFNt0-00022-00001755-00001888 SATURDAY AFTER A TRAFFIC STOP ON HIGHWAY 169 IN MILLE LACS COUNTY.
olbLUjsFNt0-00023-00001888-00001895 HIGHWAY 169 IN MILLE LACS COUNTY.  
olbLUjsFNt0-00024-00001895-00002011 HIGHWAY 169 IN MILLE LACS COUNTY. CASS COUNTY SHERIFF TOM BURCH
olbLUjsFNt0-00025-00002011-00002018 COUNTY. CASS COUNTY SHERIFF TOM BURCH  
olbLUjsFNt0-00026-00002018-00002152 COUNTY. CASS COUNTY SHERIFF TOM BURCH REPORTED THE SHERIFF'S OFFICE
olbLUjsFNt0-00027-00002152-00002158 CASS COUNTY SHERIFF TOM BURCH REPORTED THE SHERIFF'S OFFICE  
olbLUjsFNt0-00028-00002158-00002332 CASS COUNTY SHERIFF TOM BURCH REPORTED THE SHERIFF'S OFFICE AND MEMBERS OF THE PAUL BUNYAN
olbLUjsFNt0-00029-00002332-00002338 REPORTED THE SHERIFF'S OFFICE AND MEMBERS OF THE PAUL BUNYAN  
olbLUjsFNt0-00030-00002338-00002459 REPORTED THE SHERIFF'S OFFICE AND MEMBERS OF THE PAUL BUNYAN DRUG TASK FORCE RECENTLY WORKED
olbLUjsFNt0-00031-00002459-00002465 AND MEMBERS OF THE PAUL BUNYAN DRUG TASK FORCE RECENTLY WORKED  
olbLUjsFNt0-00032-00002465-00002652 AND MEMBERS OF THE PAUL BUNYAN DRUG TASK FORCE RECENTLY WORKED COOPERATIVELY ON AN ONGOING
olbLUjsFNt0-00033-00002652-00002659 DRUG TASK FORCE RECENTLY WORKED COOPERATIVELY ON AN ONGOING  
olbLUjsFNt0-00034-00002659-00002832 DRUG TASK FORCE RECENTLY WORKED COOPERATIVELY ON AN ONGOING INVESTIGATION THAT LED TO THE
olbLUjsFNt0-00035-00002832-00002839 COOPERATIVELY ON AN ONGOING INVESTIGATION THAT LED TO THE  
olbLUjsFNt0-00036-00002839-00003079 COOPERATIVELY ON AN ONGOING INVESTIGATION THAT LED TO THE TRAFFIC STOP BY A STATE TROOPER.
olbLUjsFNt0-00037-00003079-00003086 INVESTIGATION THAT LED TO THE TRAFFIC STOP BY A STATE TROOPER.  
olbLUjsFNt0-00038-00003086-00003203 INVESTIGATION THAT LED TO THE TRAFFIC STOP BY A STATE TROOPER. K-9 SEARCHES FOR THE EXTERIOR OF
olbLUjsFNt0-00039-00003203-00003209 TRAFFIC STOP BY A STATE TROOPER. K-9 SEARCHES FOR THE EXTERIOR OF  
olbLUjsFNt0-00040-00003209-00003359 TRAFFIC STOP BY A STATE TROOPER. K-9 SEARCHES FOR THE EXTERIOR OF THE VEHICLE LED TO THE
olbLUjsFNt0-00041-00003359-00003366 K-9 SEARCHES FOR THE EXTERIOR OF THE VEHICLE LED TO THE  
olbLUjsFNt0-00042-00003366-00003853 K-9 SEARCHES FOR THE EXTERIOR OF THE VEHICLE LED TO THE CONFISCATION OF METHAMPHETAMIN
onC1ey-8fL8-00000-00000006-00000660 So you have some Situations where you've gotnot much choice but to use a Ladder in
onC1ey-8fL8-00001-00000660-00001374 The Situation Where there's Screens Insects Screens they have to be Off to Clean the Glass
onC1ey-8fL8-00002-00001374-00002214 So I'll just take the Screens Out First. Hand Them down below there's Someone Here to Help Me
onC1ey-8fL8-00003-00002214-00003975 Thank You this one Thank You so I've got a Wet Scrubber so you Scrub your Glass like that.
onC1ey-8fL8-00004-00003975-00005451 This one get the squeegee  I'm using that 12 inch Squeegee here just Fan it down like this.
onC1ey-8fL8-00005-00005451-00006576 Just get the Excess Water Off the Frame  Close it like that so just
onC1ey-8fL8-00006-00006576-00007317 Swap Hands I think of this Occasions Always Good if you can use Both Hands Squeegeeing
onC1ey-8fL8-00007-00007317-00008013 in situations like this where it's a little bit Awkward to Squeegee with Just One Hand
onC1ey-8fL8-00008-00008013-00009525 So get a Detailing Cloth it's Microfiber just Wipe the Frames and the Sill here. Get the
onC1ey-8fL8-00009-00009525-00010548 all the Rubbish Out of the Tracks where the Screens were, Wipe the Ledge So grab a Screen 
onC1ey-8fL8-00010-00010845-00012816 Put them in okay they go and put That in  Well Suppose THAT'S ABOUT IT!
p51z74qU6KE-00000-00000010-00000096 SPORTS.
p51z74qU6KE-00001-00000096-00000103 SPORTS.  
p51z74qU6KE-00002-00000103-00000363 SPORTS. >> Dennis: HI, EVERYONE.
p51z74qU6KE-00003-00000363-00000370 SPORTS. >> Dennis: HI, EVERYONE.  
p51z74qU6KE-00004-00000370-00000423 SPORTS. >> Dennis: HI, EVERYONE. THANKS FOR JOINING US.
p51z74qU6KE-00005-00000423-00000430 >> Dennis: HI, EVERYONE. THANKS FOR JOINING US.  
p51z74qU6KE-00006-00000430-00000493 >> Dennis: HI, EVERYONE. THANKS FOR JOINING US. MINNESOTA GOVERNOR MARK DAYTON
p51z74qU6KE-00007-00000493-00000500 THANKS FOR JOINING US. MINNESOTA GOVERNOR MARK DAYTON  
p51z74qU6KE-00008-00000500-00000557 THANKS FOR JOINING US. MINNESOTA GOVERNOR MARK DAYTON TODAY APPOINTED LIEUTENANT
p51z74qU6KE-00009-00000557-00000563 MINNESOTA GOVERNOR MARK DAYTON TODAY APPOINTED LIEUTENANT  
p51z74qU6KE-00010-00000563-00000687 MINNESOTA GOVERNOR MARK DAYTON TODAY APPOINTED LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR TINA SMITH TO FILL
p51z74qU6KE-00011-00000687-00000694 TODAY APPOINTED LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR TINA SMITH TO FILL  
p51z74qU6KE-00012-00000694-00000784 TODAY APPOINTED LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR TINA SMITH TO FILL FELLOW DEMOCRAT AL FRANKEN'S
p51z74qU6KE-00013-00000784-00000790 GOVERNOR TINA SMITH TO FILL FELLOW DEMOCRAT AL FRANKEN'S  
p51z74qU6KE-00014-00000790-00000914 GOVERNOR TINA SMITH TO FILL FELLOW DEMOCRAT AL FRANKEN'S SENATE SEAT UNTIL A SPECIAL
p51z74qU6KE-00015-00000914-00000920 FELLOW DEMOCRAT AL FRANKEN'S SENATE SEAT UNTIL A SPECIAL  
p51z74qU6KE-00016-00000920-00001284 FELLOW DEMOCRAT AL FRANKEN'S SENATE SEAT UNTIL A SPECIAL ELECTION IN NOVEMBER.
p51z74qU6KE-00017-00001284-00001291 SENATE SEAT UNTIL A SPECIAL ELECTION IN NOVEMBER.  
p51z74qU6KE-00018-00001291-00001404 SENATE SEAT UNTIL A SPECIAL ELECTION IN NOVEMBER. SMITH WAS WIDELY SEEN AS
p51z74qU6KE-00019-00001404-00001411 ELECTION IN NOVEMBER. SMITH WAS WIDELY SEEN AS  
p51z74qU6KE-00020-00001411-00001481 ELECTION IN NOVEMBER. SMITH WAS WIDELY SEEN AS DAYTON'S TOP CHOICE FROM THE
p51z74qU6KE-00021-00001481-00001488 SMITH WAS WIDELY SEEN AS DAYTON'S TOP CHOICE FROM THE  
p51z74qU6KE-00022-00001488-00001551 SMITH WAS WIDELY SEEN AS DAYTON'S TOP CHOICE FROM THE MOMENT FRANKEN ANNOUNCED HIS
p51z74qU6KE-00023-00001551-00001558 DAYTON'S TOP CHOICE FROM THE MOMENT FRANKEN ANNOUNCED HIS  
p51z74qU6KE-00024-00001558-00001708 DAYTON'S TOP CHOICE FROM THE MOMENT FRANKEN ANNOUNCED HIS RESIGNATION LAST WEEK.
p51z74qU6KE-00025-00001708-00001714 MOMENT FRANKEN ANNOUNCED HIS RESIGNATION LAST WEEK.  
p51z74qU6KE-00026-00001714-00001851 MOMENT FRANKEN ANNOUNCED HIS RESIGNATION LAST WEEK. BUT HER PREVIOUS DECISION NOT TO
p51z74qU6KE-00027-00001851-00001858 RESIGNATION LAST WEEK. BUT HER PREVIOUS DECISION NOT TO  
p51z74qU6KE-00028-00001858-00002015 RESIGNATION LAST WEEK. BUT HER PREVIOUS DECISION NOT TO RUN FOR GOVERNOR HAD RAISED
p51z74qU6KE-00029-00002015-00002022 BUT HER PREVIOUS DECISION NOT TO RUN FOR GOVERNOR HAD RAISED  
p51z74qU6KE-00030-00002022-00002295 BUT HER PREVIOUS DECISION NOT TO RUN FOR GOVERNOR HAD RAISED QUESTIONS ABOUT WHETHER SHE
p51z74qU6KE-00031-00002295-00002302 RUN FOR GOVERNOR HAD RAISED QUESTIONS ABOUT WHETHER SHE  
p51z74qU6KE-00032-00002302-00002395 RUN FOR GOVERNOR HAD RAISED QUESTIONS ABOUT WHETHER SHE WOULD WANT TO LAUNCH A SENATE
p51z74qU6KE-00033-00002395-00002402 QUESTIONS ABOUT WHETHER SHE WOULD WANT TO LAUNCH A SENATE  
p51z74qU6KE-00034-00002402-00002465 QUESTIONS ABOUT WHETHER SHE WOULD WANT TO LAUNCH A SENATE CAMPAIGN THAT WOULD BE IN THE
p51z74qU6KE-00035-00002465-00002472 WOULD WANT TO LAUNCH A SENATE CAMPAIGN THAT WOULD BE IN THE  
p51z74qU6KE-00036-00002472-00002505 WOULD WANT TO LAUNCH A SENATE CAMPAIGN THAT WOULD BE IN THE NATIONAL SPOTLIGHT.
p51z74qU6KE-00037-00002505-00002512 CAMPAIGN THAT WOULD BE IN THE NATIONAL SPOTLIGHT.  
p51z74qU6KE-00038-00002512-00002589 CAMPAIGN THAT WOULD BE IN THE NATIONAL SPOTLIGHT. STATES SENATE FOR ECONOMIC
p51z74qU6KE-00039-00002589-00002595 NATIONAL SPOTLIGHT. STATES SENATE FOR ECONOMIC  
p51z74qU6KE-00040-00002595-00002836 NATIONAL SPOTLIGHT. STATES SENATE FOR ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND FAIRNESS.
p51z74qU6KE-00041-00002836-00002842 STATES SENATE FOR ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND FAIRNESS.  
p51z74qU6KE-00042-00002842-00002936 STATES SENATE FOR ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND FAIRNESS. >> Dennis: SMITH SAYS SHE WILL
p51z74qU6KE-00043-00002936-00002942 OPPORTUNITY AND FAIRNESS. >> Dennis: SMITH SAYS SHE WILL  
p51z74qU6KE-00044-00002942-00003093 OPPORTUNITY AND FAIRNESS. >> Dennis: SMITH SAYS SHE WILL RUN NEXT YEAR IN WHAT'S EXPECTED
p51z74qU6KE-00045-00003093-00003099 >> Dennis: SMITH SAYS SHE WILL RUN NEXT YEAR IN WHAT'S EXPECTED  
p51z74qU6KE-00046-00003099-00003153 >> Dennis: SMITH SAYS SHE WILL RUN NEXT YEAR IN WHAT'S EXPECTED TO BE A HOTLY CONTESTED ELECTION
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00000-00000008-00000331 Top 10 snelste auto's ter wereld.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00001-00000331-00000708 Er zijn veel methoden om te beoordelen hoe snel een auto werkelijk is.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00002-00000708-00001172 Versnelling is zeker belangrijk; het vermogen om snel van 0 naar 100 km/u te springen is
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00003-00001172-00001566 waarschijnlijk de meest realistische prestatiebenchmark, aangezien we op de meeste reguliere snelwegen
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00004-00001566-00001735 feitelijk 100 km/u kunnen rijden.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00005-00001735-00002281 Maar er is geen andere ultieme rankingfactor dan topsnelheid - de meest onrealistische,
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00006-00002281-00002711 onbegrensde, balls-to-the-wall-statistiek die een supercar kan bezitten.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00007-00002711-00003354 Daarom presenteren we u in de video van vandaag een lijst van de top 10 snelste productie
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00008-00003354-00003625 auto's ter wereld, respectievelijk gerangschikt met hun topsnelheid.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00009-00003625-00004151 Alle auto's die je zou bedenken staan ​​op de lijst, gerangschikt van de snelste tot
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00010-00004151-00004548 de langzaamste (hoewel het ultieme godslastering is om een ​​van deze hyperauto's langzaam
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00011-00004548-00004648 te noemen.)
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00012-00004648-00005121 Maar voordat we beginnen, vergeet je niet te abonneren op het kanaal en op de belpictogram
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00013-00005121-00005481 te drukken om nooit meer een upload van ons te missen.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00014-00005481-00005718 Dat gezegd hebbende, laten we er meteen in springen!
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00015-00005718-00005818 Nummer 10.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00016-00005818-00005918 SSC Tuatara Topsnelheid: 282.9 mph
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00017-00005918-00006225 Vermogen: 1.750 pk We luisteren al sinds 2011 naar de hype rond
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00018-00006225-00006336 SSC's Tuatara hypercar.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00019-00006336-00006865 Gemaakt door een Amerikaanse supercar maker SSC (voorheen Shebly SuperCars, geen familie
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00020-00006865-00007322 van Caroll Shelby), versloeg de Tuatara niet alleen de volgende snelste supercar op die
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00021-00007322-00007709 lijst , maar blies het recht uit het water (of zoutvlakten, zoals ze waren.)
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00022-00007709-00008411 Op 10 oktober 2020 was de SSC Tuatara in staat om de titel van 's werelds snelste productievoertuig
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00023-00008411-00009040 te claimen door een gemiddelde snelheid van 508,73 km/u te halen, waarmee ook de titel
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00024-00009040-00009379 werd behaald voor de eerste productieauto die de 500 overschreed.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00025-00009379-00009479 km/u barrière.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00026-00009479-00009917 Maar dat record was blijkbaar niet helemaal officieel, dus gingen ze meteen terug en reden
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00027-00009917-00010484 nog een keer in januari 2021, dit keer officieel het record op 282,9 mph.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00028-00010484-00010967 Misschien net zo indrukwekkend, het was in staat om dit te doen op een twin-turbo 5.9-liter
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00029-00010967-00011292 V8-motor die 1.350 pk produceerde met behulp van regulier oud 91-octaanpompgas, en 1.750
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00030-00011292-00011422 als je wat E85-factor toevoegt.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00031-00011422-00011522 Nummer 9.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00032-00011522-00011679 Koenigsegg Agera RS Topsnelheid: 277,87 mph
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00033-00011679-00011908 Vermogen: 1.341 pk Probeer ons gewoon te vertellen dat dit niet
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00034-00011908-00012008 één mooie auto is.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00035-00012008-00012127 De Koenigsegg Agera RS is een soort hybride (nee, niet echt dat soort hybride).
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00036-00012127-00012797 Het is een Agera R in zijn hart, met een deel van de geavanceerde technologie die door de
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00037-00012797-00013179 One:1 wordt gebruikt, en een deel van de Agera S voor een goede dosis.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00038-00013179-00013279 Er werden slechts 25 exemplaren van de Agera RS geproduceerd.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00039-00013279-00013590 Aangedreven door een 5,0-liter twin-turbo V8, levert de "normale" Agera RS slechts ongeveer
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00040-00013590-00014031 1.160 pk (op gewone benzinepomp, let wel), maar 11 gelukkige eigenaren zijn erin geslaagd
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00041-00014031-00014431 om (theoretisch) deze topsnelheid te halen door te kiezen het speciale pakket "1MW" bij
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00042-00014431-00014760 het bestellen van het hunne, waardoor de pony's met 1.341 stijgen.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00043-00014760-00014860 Nummer 8.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00044-00014860-00015015 Hennessey Venom GT Topsnelheid: 270,49 mph
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00045-00015015-00015365 Vermogen: 1.244 pk Deze supercar, gemaakt door de in Texas gevestigde
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00046-00015365-00015684 autofabrikant Hennessey, is op zijn zachtst gezegd een indrukwekkende machine.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00047-00015684-00016084 Met een twin-turbo 7,0-liter V8 die een gigantische 1.244 pk produceert, heeft de Venom GT het
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00048-00016084-00016434 wereldrecord van de Koenigsegg Agera R overschreden als misschien wel de snelst accelererende
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00049-00016434-00016735 productieauto ter wereld toen hij een run van 0-300 km/u reed. h in 13,63 seconden.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00050-00016735-00017037 Na een lange engineering- en ontwikkelingsfase van twee jaar heeft het Hennessey-team het
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00051-00017037-00017137 eindelijk weer voor elkaar.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00052-00017137-00017337 Het bedrijf heeft dit geheel nieuwe koolstofvezelchassis gebouwd dat de basis zal vormen voor de Venom
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00053-00017337-00017437 F5.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00054-00017437-00017871 De eerste drie Venom F5's werden voor het eerst geproduceerd en de testfase begon in
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00055-00017871-00017971 Q2 2020.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00056-00017971-00018476 De basisprijs voor de Venom F5 was vastgesteld op $ 1,8 miljoen en Hennessey bouwt slechts
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00057-00018476-00018923 een totale hoeveelheid van 24, 12 gericht op de Amerikaanse markt en 12 voor de internationale
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00058-00018923-00019023 markten.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00059-00019023-00019348 De Venom F5 zal zijn officiële debuut maken in The Quail tijdens de Monterey-autoweek
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00060-00019348-00019448 in augustus van dat jaar.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00061-00019448-00019840 Gekoppeld aan het nieuwe chassis is de geheel nieuwe, op maat gemaakte 1.800+ pk-motor van
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00062-00019840-00020001 Hennessey Specialty Vehicles, genaamd Fury.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00063-00020001-00020406 Gebaseerd op de klassieke Amerikaanse V8-architectuur, zou de Hennessey Venom F5-motor in staat zijn
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00064-00020406-00020820 om een ​​verbazingwekkende 1817 pk en een koppel van 1193 lb-ft te bereiken.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00065-00020820-00021196 Het maakt gebruik van een mix van hightech, lichtgewicht motorcomponenten (krukas, zuigers,
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00066-00021196-00021607 drijfstangen en aangepast motorblok) die samenkomen voor een cilinderinhoud van 6,6 liter.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00067-00021607-00021951 Gecombineerd met een zwaar paar Precision-kogelgelagerde dubbele turbocompressoren met 3D-geprinte
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00068-00021951-00022270 titanium compressorbehuizingen, kan de Venom F5-motor meer dan 1800 pk leveren bij 8000
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00069-00022270-00022370 tpm!
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00070-00022370-00022470 Nummer 7.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00071-00022470-00022570 Bugatti Chiron Topsnelheid: 261 mph
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00072-00022570-00022751 Vermogen: 1.479 pk Bugatti, die een gevecht op topsnelheid nooit
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00073-00022751-00023134 schuwt, ontwikkelde de Chiron als opvolger van de toen wereldrecordbrekende Veyron Super
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00074-00023134-00023234 Sport.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00075-00023234-00023548 De Chiron heeft dezelfde 8,0-liter quad-turbocharged W16-motor als de Veyron, maar hij is aangepast
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00076-00023548-00024004 om (behoorlijk wat) extra vermogen en een soepelere vermogensband te produceren.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00077-00024004-00024254 Maar hier is het serieus interessante deel.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00078-00024254-00024536 De topsnelheid van de Bugatti Chiron – 261 mph – wordt elektronisch geregeld vanwege
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00079-00024536-00024636 veiligheidsbeperkingen.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00080-00024636-00024971 Simpel gezegd, niemand heeft een band geproduceerd die snelheden van meer dan 280 mph aankan.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00081-00024971-00025346 Michelin merkte op dat ze eraan werken, maar niet doen totdat bandentechnologie het kan
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00082-00025346-00025697 inhalen verwacht dat de topsnelheden behoorlijk voorbij 280 mph gaan.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00083-00025697-00025976 Dus, hoe snel kan de Chiron echt gaan?
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00084-00025976-00026613 Niemand weet dat zeker, maar de snelheidsmeter kan oplopen tot 500 km/u (ongeveer 311 mph).
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00085-00026613-00026713 Nummer 6.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00086-00026713-00026960 Bugatti Veyron Super Sport Topsnelheid: 267,81 mph
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00087-00026960-00027722 Vermogen: 1.200 pk Omdat de 
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00088-00027722-00028108 Ultimate Aero-supercar van SSC Bugatti niet lang op de tweede plaats liet staan, plaatste
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00089-00028108-00028691 het Franse supercarbedrijf grotere turbo's en intercoolers op hun ooit wereldrecordhoudende
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00090-00028691-00029075 Veyron om een ​​indrukwekkend indrukwekkend vermogen van 1.200 pk te realiseren.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00091-00029075-00029756 De Veyron SS heeft nog steeds dezelfde 8,0-liter quad-turbocharged W16-motor, maar maakt nu
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00092-00029756-00030049 ongeveer 200 pk meer goed.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00093-00030049-00030156 Nummer 5.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00094-00030156-00030733 SSC Ultimate Aero TT Topsnelheid: 256,18 mph
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00095-00030733-00031435 Vermogen: 1.183 pk Boutique supercar producer Shelby Super Cars
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00096-00031435-00031852 (SSC) debuteerde in 2007 met de Ultimate Aero en verbrak daarmee het topsnelheidsrecord
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00097-00031852-00032045 van de duurdere Bugatti Veyron.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00098-00032045-00032577 De auto waar we het over hebben was een model uit 2007.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00099-00032577-00033106 Sindsdien heeft SSC de Aero geüpgraded met een geheel nieuwe twin-turbo V8-motor, die
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00100-00033106-00033928 1.287 pk produceert, wat de auto een theoretische topsnelheid van 290 mph geeft.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00101-00033928-00034074 Nummer 4.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00102-00034074-00034624 Koenigsegg CCXR Topsnelheid: 249 mph
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00103-00034624-00035222 Vermogen: 1004 pk De Koenigsegg CCXR is een nogal "milieuvriendelijke"
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00104-00035222-00035374 tweede naar de CCX.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00105-00035374-00036135 Gerund door dezelfde 4,7-liter V8-motor met dubbele supercharger als de CCX, was de motor
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00106-00036135-00036922 aangepast om te presteren op E85-benzine, waardoor het vermogen steeg van 795 tot maar
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00107-00036922-00037040 liefst 1.004 pk.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00108-00037040-00037140 Nummer 3.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00109-00037140-00037903 Saleen S7 Twin-Turbo Topsnelheid: 248 mph
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00110-00037903-00038952 Vermogen: 750 pk De allereerste auto van Saleen was niet gebaseerd
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00111-00038952-00039636 op een bestaand model, de S7-supercar kreeg veel aandacht toen hij in 2000 voor het eerst
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00112-00039636-00039736 debuteerde.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00113-00039736-00040303 Kort daarna volgde een bijgewerkt Twin-Turbo-model, goed voor 750 pk en een topsnelheid van 248
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00114-00040303-00040403 mph.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00115-00040403-00040684 Saleen biedt ook een competitiepakket aan dat het vermogen verhoogt tot 1000 pk, wat
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00116-00040684-00041043 de topsnelheid opdrijft tot een geruchtmakende 260 mph.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00117-00041043-00041143 Nummer 2.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00118-00041143-00041305 McLaren F1 Topsnelheid: 240,14
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00119-00041305-00042000 Vermogen: 618 pk De McLaren F1 kwam voor het eerst in productie
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00120-00042000-00042559 in 1993 en is nog steeds een van de snelste auto's ter wereld.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00121-00042559-00043092 De F1 werd geproduceerd van 1993 tot 1998 en wordt nog steeds verkocht voor meer dan
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00122-00043092-00043224 $ 1 miljoen per auto.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00123-00043224-00043728 Het aantal "primeurs" dat McLaren debuteerde in straatauto's via de F1 is veel te lang
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00124-00043728-00044108 om in deze video op te sommen, maar het is voldoende om te zeggen dat het Britse bedrijf
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00125-00044108-00044565 destijds alle anderen uit het water gooide, en het blijft als één van de meest gezochte
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00126-00044565-00044665 auto's ter wereld.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00127-00044665-00044983 Met slechts 64 versies van de straatauto die ooit beschikbaar zijn gesteld, zullen slechts
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00128-00044983-00045483 enkelen van de gelukkigen ooit de kans krijgen om er een te bezitten (of zelfs te besturen).
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00129-00045483-00046022 Dit is een volledig tijdloze auto en zal nog vele decennia op de beste autolijsten aller
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00130-00046022-00046122 tijden blijven staan.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00131-00046122-00046600 Hoewel het niet langer de snelste productieauto ter wereld wordt genoemd, is het nog steeds
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00132-00046600-00047107 de snelste atmosferische straatauto ter wereld, met een speciale BMW-afkomstige 6.1-liter
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00133-00047107-00047518 V12 (die is omgeven door echt goud, tussen haakjes).
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00134-00047518-00047618 Nummer 1.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00135-00047618-00047940 Ferrari Enzo Topsnelheid: 221 mph
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00136-00047940-00048503 Vermogen: 651 pk Nog een van de weinige auto's met natuurlijke
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00137-00048503-00048877 aanzuiging op onze lijst van vandaag, de Ferrari Enzo wordt aangedreven door een 6,0-liter
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00138-00048877-00049003 V12 die 651 pk produceert.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00139-00049003-00049612 Slechts 399 Enzo's werden ooit gebouwd voor aankoop, en zoals gewoonlijk waren ze allemaal
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00140-00049612-00050147 uitverkocht aan bestaande klanten (via uitnodigingen) voordat iemand anders zelfs maar over de auto
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00141-00050147-00050247 hoorde.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00142-00050247-00050788 Er was nog een Enzo die werd geproduceerd - #400 - en die ook aan het Vaticaan werd
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00143-00050788-00050888 geschonken voor liefdadigheidsdoeleinden.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00144-00050888-00051181 Zeer interessant is dat de opvolger van de Enzo - de LaFerrari - slechts een ongeveer
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00145-00051181-00051647 vergelijkbare topsnelheid kan halen, ondanks dat hij aanzienlijk veel krachtiger is.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00146-00051647-00052345 Wat het is, is echter een stuk sneller; we hebben het over 0-62 mph tijden van 2,4 seconden,
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00147-00052345-00053091 vergeleken met die van de Enzo's 3.2 (wat nog steeds een belachelijk hoge snelheid is).
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00148-00053091-00053305 Daarmee eindigen we de video van vandaag.
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00149-00053305-00053688 Als je de video leuk vond, vergeet dan niet op de like-knop te drukken, deel hem en abonneer
pr6D5cFQ5Jg-00150-00053688-00053804 je op het kanaal!
pr8-dojiGcE-00000-00000103-00000202 Are you a local,
pr8-dojiGcE-00001-00000202-00000642 small business owner who wants to take an extended vacation without
pr8-dojiGcE-00002-00000642-00000811 your business imploding?
pr8-dojiGcE-00003-00000811-00000903 In this video.
pr8-dojiGcE-00004-00000903-00001390 We'll discover strategies and tactics local small business owners can use
pr8-dojiGcE-00005-00001390-00001821 to plan for and take extended vacations without risking the future
pr8-dojiGcE-00006-00001821-00001960 of their businesses.
pr8-dojiGcE-00007-00001960-00002100 Let's uncover it together right after this.
pr8-dojiGcE-00008-00002245-00002653 Running a small business can be both rewarding and exhausting.
pr8-dojiGcE-00009-00002653-00003139 Unfortunately, many local small business owners feel they must always be
pr8-dojiGcE-00010-00003139-00003490 working in their business to keep it running smoothly,
pr8-dojiGcE-00011-00003490-00003843 but is it possible for them to take an extended vacation
pr8-dojiGcE-00012-00003843-00004086 without their businesses imploding?
pr8-dojiGcE-00013-00004086-00004470 It's hard enough for small business owners to find time away
pr8-dojiGcE-00014-00004470-00004539 from work,
pr8-dojiGcE-00015-00004539-00004860 let alone plan for and take a month-long vacation.
pr8-dojiGcE-00016-00004860-00005250 Most worry that things will fall apart quickly if they're not
pr8-dojiGcE-00017-00005250-00005357 there every day.
pr8-dojiGcE-00018-00005415-00005633 But it doesn't have to be this way.
pr8-dojiGcE-00019-00005633-00005726 In this video,
pr8-dojiGcE-00020-00005726-00006177 we'll explore strategies local small business owners can use to plan
pr8-dojiGcE-00021-00006177-00006620 for and take extended vacations without risking the future of their
pr8-dojiGcE-00022-00006620-00006884 businesses. We'll discuss delegation,
pr8-dojiGcE-00023-00006884-00007397 automation, and setting expectations as potential solutions so you can enjoy
pr8-dojiGcE-00024-00007397-00007886 some much needed rest while your bus business continues running smoothly.
pr8-dojiGcE-00025-00007886-00008220 The small business landscape constantly evolves,
pr8-dojiGcE-00026-00008220-00008469 with new businesses popping up daily.
pr8-dojiGcE-00027-00008518-00008591 As a result,
pr8-dojiGcE-00028-00008591-00009046 small business owners face unique challenges such as limited resources,
pr8-dojiGcE-00029-00009046-00009141 tight budgets,
pr8-dojiGcE-00030-00009141-00009464 and the need to stay competitive in a crowded market.
pr8-dojiGcE-00031-00009464-00009625 Despite these obstacles,
pr8-dojiGcE-00032-00009625-00010123 small businesses remain integral to local economies and can provide invaluable
pr8-dojiGcE-00033-00010123-00010490 services and products that larger companies cannot offer.
pr8-dojiGcE-00034-00010490-00010951 Small business owners can quickly become overwhelmed and exhausted by all
pr8-dojiGcE-00035-00010951-00011069 these challenges.
pr8-dojiGcE-00036-00011069-00011435 An extended vacation allows them to step away from the daily
pr8-dojiGcE-00037-00011435-00011721 pressures of running a business and recharge.
pr8-dojiGcE-00038-00011758-00012225 It can also provide the necessary perspective to implement creative solutions
pr8-dojiGcE-00039-00012268-00012589 that weren't possible while in the weeds of running a business.
pr8-dojiGcE-00040-00012664-00012881 Also, don't you deserve a break?
pr8-dojiGcE-00041-00012888-00012969 After all,
pr8-dojiGcE-00042-00012969-00013337 you pour your life into making your business successful.
pr8-dojiGcE-00043-00013390-00013693 So now that you know why it's vital for small business
pr8-dojiGcE-00044-00013693-00013865 owners to take extended vacations,
pr8-dojiGcE-00045-00013893-00014197 let's look at some strategies you can use to plan for
pr8-dojiGcE-00046-00014197-00014605 and take extended vacations without risking the future of your business.
pr8-dojiGcE-00047-00014716-00014947 We'll begin by discussing delegation,
pr8-dojiGcE-00048-00014947-00015354 an excellent way for you to take extended vacations without worrying
pr8-dojiGcE-00049-00015354-00015541 about the fate of your business.
pr8-dojiGcE-00050-00015541-00015941 Delegating tasks not only lightens the workload but also allows you
pr8-dojiGcE-00051-00015941-00016305 to come back refreshed and energized when you return from your
pr8-dojiGcE-00052-00016305-00016459 vacation. Additionally,
pr8-dojiGcE-00053-00016459-00017025 delegating responsibilities can help develop and improve employee skills while establishing
pr8-dojiGcE-00054-00017025-00017256 trust between leaders and their teams.
pr8-dojiGcE-00055-00017256-00017650 Next up is automation- a great way to ensure that processes
pr8-dojiGcE-00056-00017650-00017871 run smoothly even when you are away.
pr8-dojiGcE-00057-00017871-00018307 Automation tools can help you automate mundane and repetitive tasks,
pr8-dojiGcE-00058-00018307-00018699 freeing time and resources to focus on more critical aspects of
pr8-dojiGcE-00059-00018699-00018846 running your business.
pr8-dojiGcE-00060-00018846-00019341 Automation tools can also increase efficiency and accuracy while reducing the
pr8-dojiGcE-00061-00019341-00019482 need for manual labor.
pr8-dojiGcE-00062-00019482-00019962 Finally, setting expectations is critical when taking extended vacations.
pr8-dojiGcE-00063-00019962-00020391 You should ensure your team knows what they're responsible for while
pr8-dojiGcE-00064-00020391-00020849 you're away and understand how to access needed information or resources
pr8-dojiGcE-00065-00020849-00020952 in your absence.
pr8-dojiGcE-00066-00021060-00021636 Additionally, providing clear timelines for projects and milestones helps create structure
pr8-dojiGcE-00067-00021636-00022025 for employees and keeps them accountable during your vacation.
pr8-dojiGcE-00068-00022025-00022386 So there you have it - three strategies local small business
pr8-dojiGcE-00069-00022386-00022760 owners can use to plan for and take extended vacations without
pr8-dojiGcE-00070-00022760-00023070 risking the future of their business: Delegation,
pr8-dojiGcE-00071-00023070-00023308 automation and setting expectations.
pr8-dojiGcE-00072-00023308-00023783 Taking extended vacations can be an excellent opportunity for small business
pr8-dojiGcE-00073-00023783-00023884 owners to relax,
pr8-dojiGcE-00074-00023884-00024287 recharge, and come back refreshed with new ideas and solutions to
pr8-dojiGcE-00075-00024287-00024462 help their businesses grow.
pr8-dojiGcE-00076-00024462-00024682 With the right strategies in place,
pr8-dojiGcE-00077-00024682-00025041 you, too can plan for and take an extended vacation without
pr8-dojiGcE-00078-00025041-00025312 worrying about the future of your business.
pr8-dojiGcE-00079-00025312-00025583 It's time to enjoy some well-deserved rest!
pr8-dojiGcE-00080-00025583-00025949 We hope this video has given you some helpful strategies for
pr8-dojiGcE-00081-00025949-00026388 taking extended vacations to ensure the future of your small business.
pr8-dojiGcE-00082-00026445-00026827 We encourage you to leave a comment about your experiences,
pr8-dojiGcE-00083-00026827-00027033 both good and bad to help others.
pr8-dojiGcE-00084-00027033-00027316 Have you taken an extended vacation before?
pr8-dojiGcE-00085-00027316-00027354 If so,
pr8-dojiGcE-00086-00027354-00027644 share what worked or didn't work well for you.
pr8-dojiGcE-00087-00027644-00027797 Did you use delegation,
pr8-dojiGcE-00088-00027797-00028201 automation, or setting expectations as part of your strategy?
pr8-dojiGcE-00089-00028201-00028576 What unique solutions did you come up with that helped make
pr8-dojiGcE-00090-00028576-00028660 it a success?
pr8-dojiGcE-00091-00028660-00029072 Perhaps you struggled with certain aspects and can advise how to
pr8-dojiGcE-00092-00029072-00029170 overcome them.
pr8-dojiGcE-00093-00029170-00029408 No matter what experiences you have,
pr8-dojiGcE-00094-00029429-00029825 leaving a comment about your journey can provide valuable insight for
pr8-dojiGcE-00095-00029825-00030274 other small business owners contemplating taking an extended break from their
pr8-dojiGcE-00096-00030274-00030420 businesses. In addition,
pr8-dojiGcE-00097-00030420-00030777 it's always helpful to receive advice from people who have been
pr8-dojiGcE-00098-00030777-00031206 through similar situations and know first-hand the challenges of running a
pr8-dojiGcE-00099-00031206-00031300 small business.
pr8-dojiGcE-00100-00031300-00031595 Knowing what not to do is just as important as knowing
pr8-dojiGcE-00101-00031595-00031769 what works best in these cases.
pr8-dojiGcE-00102-00031769-00032091 So don't be afraid to speak openly and honestly about your
pr8-dojiGcE-00103-00032091-00032557 successes and failures- your insights can help the next person succeed!
pr8-dojiGcE-00104-00032557-00032859 Would you like to learn more about delegation,
pr8-dojiGcE-00105-00032859-00033354 automation, taking vacations or other topics regarding business success?
pr8-dojiGcE-00106-00033354-00033432 Yes! Great!
pr8-dojiGcE-00107-00033432-00033718 Then there are a few things that you need to do
pr8-dojiGcE-00108-00033718-00033788 right now.
pr8-dojiGcE-00109-00033788-00033943 First, like this video,
pr8-dojiGcE-00110-00033943-00034121 so I know that you got value,
pr8-dojiGcE-00111-00034121-00034376 and I'll make more videos like this one.
pr8-dojiGcE-00112-00034376-00034756 Second, subscribe to this channel and click the bell to get
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pr8-dojiGcE-00114-00035104-00035476 miss a single piece of the valuable information we share.
pr8-dojiGcE-00115-00035542-00035636 I'm Doug Barra,
pr8-dojiGcE-00116-00035636-00035942 and I believe it takes great courage to own a small,
pr8-dojiGcE-00117-00035942-00036043 local business,
pr8-dojiGcE-00118-00036043-00036196 and for the last 16 years,
pr8-dojiGcE-00119-00036196-00036589 I've been making sure that business owners like yourself get the
pr8-dojiGcE-00120-00036589-00036669 time, money,
pr8-dojiGcE-00121-00036669-00036821 and freedom you deserve.
pr8-dojiGcE-00122-00036821-00037126 Be sure to click the link to learn more about having
pr8-dojiGcE-00123-00037126-00037337 a business that works without you!
pr8-dojiGcE-00124-00037337-00037468 Thanks for watching.
pthV2lt1cxM-00000-00000145-00000345 Comedy
pthV2lt1cxM-00001-00000359-00000548 Background
pthV2lt1cxM-00002-00000569-00000769 Music
pulqLlXvItM-00000-00000748-00000936 Everybody, my name's Trey.
pulqLlXvItM-00001-00000936-00001288 So thanks, SBF, for the really, really enriching
pulqLlXvItM-00002-00001288-00001447 talk right there.
pulqLlXvItM-00003-00001447-00001717 Next up, we have David from Skynet.
pulqLlXvItM-00004-00001717-00002101 He's a longtime friend of the club and the Expo.
pulqLlXvItM-00005-00002101-00002512 He helped cofound the SIA network and networks at Skynet
pulqLlXvItM-00006-00002512-00002602 on--
pulqLlXvItM-00007-00002602-00003010 which is a layer unto for data sharing and distribution--
pulqLlXvItM-00008-00003010-00003123 on top of science.
pulqLlXvItM-00009-00003123-00003563 So he's here to talk about censorship on the internet.
pulqLlXvItM-00010-00003563-00003871 So with that, I'll hand it off.
pulqLlXvItM-00011-00003871-00004097 Thank you, everyone, for coming here today.
pulqLlXvItM-00012-00004097-00004711 And I'm excited to be talking on internet censorship in 2022.
pulqLlXvItM-00013-00004711-00005029 So some quick background about me,
pulqLlXvItM-00014-00005029-00005389 I've been studying blockchains and working with blockchain
pulqLlXvItM-00015-00005389-00005695 technology since 2011.
pulqLlXvItM-00016-00005695-00006034 I founded the SIA Protocol in 2014
pulqLlXvItM-00017-00006034-00006406 with Luke Champine-- who's over in the corner.
pulqLlXvItM-00018-00006406-00006877 And then, in 2020, we launched a decentralized data-sharing
pulqLlXvItM-00019-00006877-00007555 protocol called Skynet, where you can share files, Linux
pulqLlXvItM-00020-00007555-00008062 ISOs, or big tech data-- things like your users'
pulqLlXvItM-00021-00008062-00008620 social graph, or comments on a video, or even pieces
pulqLlXvItM-00022-00008620-00008911 of a content feed algorithm.
pulqLlXvItM-00023-00008911-00009655 And so to help out Skynet and to give a more friendly front end
pulqLlXvItM-00024-00009655-00009844 or user interface to it, we created
pulqLlXvItM-00025-00009844-00010126 a website called Siasky.
pulqLlXvItM-00026-00010126-00010282 And the purpose of Siasky is just
pulqLlXvItM-00027-00010282-00010597 to let users play around with Skynet without having
pulqLlXvItM-00028-00010597-00010790 to be a developer.
pulqLlXvItM-00029-00010790-00011137 And so this is the URL, it looks like.
pulqLlXvItM-00030-00011445-00011697 And this is what the page looks like.
pulqLlXvItM-00031-00011697-00011850 You can just drag and drop files.
pulqLlXvItM-00032-00011850-00012101 If you look at the--
pulqLlXvItM-00033-00012101-00012264 don't know how the laser pointer works.
pulqLlXvItM-00034-00012264-00012433 But you have the gray bar, it says,
pulqLlXvItM-00035-00012433-00012624 do you want to upload a web app or directory.
pulqLlXvItM-00036-00012624-00012966 So more than just uploading pictures
pulqLlXvItM-00037-00012966-00013103 that you can send to someone, you
pulqLlXvItM-00038-00013103-00013407 can also upload an entire JavaScript
pulqLlXvItM-00039-00013407-00013622 folder or a whole front end.
pulqLlXvItM-00040-00013622-00014028 And you can run a website off of siasky.net.
pulqLlXvItM-00041-00014028-00014219 And so there's no KYC.
pulqLlXvItM-00042-00014219-00014447 There's no signup.
pulqLlXvItM-00043-00014447-00014622 It's like an easier GitHub pages.
pulqLlXvItM-00044-00014622-00014886 You just drag and drop, and then, you're off.
pulqLlXvItM-00045-00014886-00015028 And you have a website.
pulqLlXvItM-00046-00015028-00015540 So at one point, we--
pulqLlXvItM-00047-00015540-00015869 and this was, maybe, I think, three months after launch.
pulqLlXvItM-00048-00015869-00016169 So we launched in February of 2020.
pulqLlXvItM-00049-00016169-00016443 And then in May, we go to our website
pulqLlXvItM-00050-00016443-00016746 and we're greeted with this, which is not a typical error
pulqLlXvItM-00051-00016746-00016855 page.
pulqLlXvItM-00052-00016855-00017130 This is actually what you get if the domain does not
pulqLlXvItM-00053-00017130-00017293 exist at all.
pulqLlXvItM-00054-00017293-00017751 And so, as far as we could tell, our website was just gone.
pulqLlXvItM-00055-00017751-00018156 And when we dug into it, our servers were running.
pulqLlXvItM-00056-00018156-00018435 Cloudflare was set up correctly.
pulqLlXvItM-00057-00018435-00018834 All the routing seemed appropriate.
pulqLlXvItM-00058-00018834-00019077 And what had happened was, we had actually
pulqLlXvItM-00059-00019077-00019338 been pulled entirely from DNS.
pulqLlXvItM-00060-00019338-00019791 So our website was essentially revoked from us.
pulqLlXvItM-00061-00019791-00020184 And the URL was no longer valid.
pulqLlXvItM-00062-00020184-00020574 And this was the result of an exchange with Uniswap
pulqLlXvItM-00063-00020574-00020901 where we had hosted the Uniswap frontend.
pulqLlXvItM-00064-00020901-00021258 We wanted to help people decentralize their frontends
pulqLlXvItM-00065-00021258-00021684 and give them a way to access the decentralized exchange
pulqLlXvItM-00066-00021684-00022011 without having to go to app.uniswap.org.
pulqLlXvItM-00067-00022011-00022218 If you don't know, when you go to something
pulqLlXvItM-00068-00022218-00022455 like app.uniswap.org, the frontend
pulqLlXvItM-00069-00022455-00022744 is entirely controlled by the Uniswap developers.
pulqLlXvItM-00070-00022744-00022935 And so we thought by putting it on Skynet,
pulqLlXvItM-00071-00022935-00023189 we could give users more control over the code
pulqLlXvItM-00072-00023189-00023277 that they're running.
pulqLlXvItM-00073-00023611-00023932 Uniswap had an anti-phishing team.
pulqLlXvItM-00074-00023932-00024178 So they had been dealing with phishing issues where people
pulqLlXvItM-00075-00024178-00024647 would upload fake Uniswap frontends to the internet
pulqLlXvItM-00076-00024647-00025074 and then grab people's seeds and then rob people.
pulqLlXvItM-00077-00025074-00025262 And so the anti-phishing team saw
pulqLlXvItM-00078-00025262-00025556 our frontend, thought that it was a phishing frontend as
pulqLlXvItM-00079-00025556-00025760 opposed to a legitimate frontend,
pulqLlXvItM-00080-00025760-00026105 contacted namecheap had us pulled off the internet.
pulqLlXvItM-00081-00026105-00026319 And then, for all intents and purposes,
pulqLlXvItM-00082-00026319-00026567 we just stopped existing.
pulqLlXvItM-00083-00026567-00026729 It was an honest mistake.
pulqLlXvItM-00084-00026729-00027083 Uniswap was not trying to demolish
pulqLlXvItM-00085-00027083-00027542 decentralized frontends, but they nonetheless killed us.
pulqLlXvItM-00086-00027542-00027881 And then, simultaneously, we had set up the wrong email address
pulqLlXvItM-00087-00027881-00028177 for receiving reports from Namecheap.
pulqLlXvItM-00088-00028177-00028457 So the abuse reports were actually going to Google.
pulqLlXvItM-00089-00028457-00028858 We didn't realize that there are exceptions at the email layer.
pulqLlXvItM-00090-00028858-00029111 But we got everything sorted.
pulqLlXvItM-00091-00029111-00029297 We were back on the web in under a day,
pulqLlXvItM-00092-00029297-00029585 and the abuse that we had dealt with wasn't real.
pulqLlXvItM-00093-00029585-00029727 It was just an honest mistake.
pulqLlXvItM-00094-00030033-00030139 We kept going on.
pulqLlXvItM-00095-00030139-00030352 And so we're going to go ahead and just
pulqLlXvItM-00096-00030352-00030487 add a censorship tally here.
pulqLlXvItM-00097-00030487-00030759 We did get pulled from the DNS layer.
pulqLlXvItM-00098-00030759-00031018 And the first time it happened, it was just an honest mistake.
pulqLlXvItM-00099-00031375-00031795 Less than a month later, I think this was June 2020,
pulqLlXvItM-00100-00031795-00032650 we found that the entire US east cluster was just gone.
pulqLlXvItM-00101-00032650-00033162 And so we-- users were reporting that they couldn't get in.
pulqLlXvItM-00102-00033162-00033362 Europeans were like, oh, yeah, it's still there.
pulqLlXvItM-00103-00033362-00033591 People in California were like, yeah, it's still there.
pulqLlXvItM-00104-00033591-00033808 And then I'm in Boston, I'm like, it's not there.
pulqLlXvItM-00105-00033808-00033921 What's going on?
pulqLlXvItM-00106-00033921-00034260 We SSH into our servers.
pulqLlXvItM-00107-00034260-00034392 It didn't work.
pulqLlXvItM-00108-00034392-00034557 Our servers had been unplugged.
pulqLlXvItM-00109-00034557-00034917 And, it turns out, our US provider, IONOS,
pulqLlXvItM-00110-00034917-00035253 had pulled the plug on us for phishing.
pulqLlXvItM-00111-00035253-00035415 And as we investigated the report,
pulqLlXvItM-00112-00035415-00035664 it actually ended up that the phishing website
pulqLlXvItM-00113-00035664-00035994 that had been deployed was a genuine phishing website.
pulqLlXvItM-00114-00035994-00036393 And they were trying to phish IONOS credentials.
pulqLlXvItM-00115-00036393-00036723 And they were targeting IONOS admins.
pulqLlXvItM-00116-00036723-00036945 And so, understandably, IONOS was
pulqLlXvItM-00117-00036945-00037234 like not very amused with this.
pulqLlXvItM-00118-00037234-00037485 And so we'd been greeted by a new problem, which
pulqLlXvItM-00119-00037485-00037821 was genuine abuse.
pulqLlXvItM-00120-00037821-00038274 And we handled it by-- so IONOS despite--
pulqLlXvItM-00121-00038274-00038490 we went back and forth with them a bunch.
pulqLlXvItM-00122-00038490-00038734 Obviously, we banned the phishing website.
pulqLlXvItM-00123-00038734-00038988 We did what we could to please them.
pulqLlXvItM-00124-00038988-00039238 We couldn't restore relationships.
pulqLlXvItM-00125-00039238-00039459 So they basically just pulled the plug,
pulqLlXvItM-00126-00039459-00039960 wouldn't let us get new servers, wouldn't reconnect them.
pulqLlXvItM-00127-00039960-00040167 And we had to switch.
pulqLlXvItM-00128-00040167-00040476 But a takeaway from this was that we
pulqLlXvItM-00129-00040476-00040750 began building formal processes to handle abuse.
pulqLlXvItM-00130-00040750-00041118 So we realized that, while the Uniswap and Namecheap
pulqLlXvItM-00131-00041118-00041450 thing had been like a one-off and an honest mistake,
pulqLlXvItM-00132-00041450-00041634 this IONOS thing was probably not a one-off.
pulqLlXvItM-00133-00041634-00042102 And if people were using Siasky to do phishing attacks once,
pulqLlXvItM-00134-00042102-00042319 they would probably continue doing it in the future.
pulqLlXvItM-00135-00042319-00042657 So we started the process of building more genuine abuse
pulqLlXvItM-00136-00042657-00042807 handling.
pulqLlXvItM-00137-00042807-00042948 Then on our censorship record, we
pulqLlXvItM-00138-00042948-00043449 can go ahead and add the hosting provider layer.
pulqLlXvItM-00139-00043449-00043800 And I want to take a minute to talk
pulqLlXvItM-00140-00043800-00044685 about why we want to be able to put websites on the internet
pulqLlXvItM-00141-00044685-00044889 without having any barriers to entry.
pulqLlXvItM-00142-00044889-00045081 If you're a college student--
pulqLlXvItM-00143-00045081-00045360 or even a high school student, or even a middle school
pulqLlXvItM-00144-00045360-00045633 student-- and you're messing around with the web,
pulqLlXvItM-00145-00045633-00045898 we don't think that you have to be--
pulqLlXvItM-00146-00045898-00046299 should have to be a legitimate person or a recognized entity
pulqLlXvItM-00147-00046299-00046558 to be able to express yourself on the internet.
pulqLlXvItM-00148-00046558-00046776 And I think that posting websites
pulqLlXvItM-00149-00046776-00047124 is a form of freedom of speech.
pulqLlXvItM-00150-00047124-00047448 And so this is something that we really want to protect.
pulqLlXvItM-00151-00047448-00047613 It's something that we see as valuable.
pulqLlXvItM-00152-00047613-00047847 And even though it's being abused for phishing--
pulqLlXvItM-00153-00048106-00048451 I think that that's more of a mistake with the way
pulqLlXvItM-00154-00048451-00048682 the web is architected such that someone
pulqLlXvItM-00155-00048682-00048955 can end up at the wrong website to log in to their bank.
pulqLlXvItM-00156-00048955-00049315 I think that's more of a problem with how banking is set up.
pulqLlXvItM-00157-00049315-00049813 But because we didn't anticipate phishing when we established
pulqLlXvItM-00158-00049813-00049972 the internet in the first place, we've
pulqLlXvItM-00159-00049972-00050368 kind of responded to it by attacking freedom of speech
pulqLlXvItM-00160-00050368-00050770 and trying to manipulate the web so that people can only
pulqLlXvItM-00161-00050770-00051124 host websites if it's really well established--
pulqLlXvItM-00162-00051124-00051314 like who they are.
pulqLlXvItM-00163-00051314-00051567 And so when it comes to handling abuse on Skynet,
pulqLlXvItM-00164-00051567-00051741 we are just infrastructure.
pulqLlXvItM-00165-00051741-00052144 We are just a portal that you drop files on or websites on.
pulqLlXvItM-00166-00052144-00052348 And when users are using our website,
pulqLlXvItM-00167-00052348-00052619 we don't control the UI the users see.
pulqLlXvItM-00168-00052619-00052767 So we can't do the standard stuff
pulqLlXvItM-00169-00052767-00053089 like add a report abuse button.
pulqLlXvItM-00170-00053089-00053500 If a link exists, it's going to paint a page for the user that
pulqLlXvItM-00171-00053500-00053900 is completely under the control of whoever developed that page.
pulqLlXvItM-00172-00053900-00054339 And so it's kind of a tough spot for us, especially
pulqLlXvItM-00173-00054339-00054546 with phishing, because I don't think
pulqLlXvItM-00174-00054546-00054810 there's a good solution that allows us to definitely stop
pulqLlXvItM-00175-00054810-00055203 all phishing attacks while also ensuring that anybody
pulqLlXvItM-00176-00055203-00055374 in the world can publish a website
pulqLlXvItM-00177-00055374-00055687 and say what's on their mind or present what's on their mind.
pulqLlXvItM-00178-00055687-00055938 And so that's kind of a line that we
pulqLlXvItM-00179-00055938-00056259 have to continue battling as we try
pulqLlXvItM-00180-00056259-00056575 and keep our website online or Siasky online.
pulqLlXvItM-00181-00056575-00057204 So, at least for now, we, as of--
pulqLlXvItM-00182-00057204-00057336 again, this was June--
pulqLlXvItM-00183-00057336-00057873 we chose to avoid doing KYC, or any sort of proactive handling.
pulqLlXvItM-00184-00057873-00058074 And we decided that we will take websites down
pulqLlXvItM-00185-00058074-00058212 when people report to us.
pulqLlXvItM-00186-00058212-00058464 We'll add as many lanes as we can to make
pulqLlXvItM-00187-00058464-00058616 it easy to report things to us.
pulqLlXvItM-00188-00058616-00058902 Again, we don't have that much control.
pulqLlXvItM-00189-00058902-00059526 But we wanted to permit first and then take action later.
pulqLlXvItM-00190-00059526-00060012 And that strategy lasted for all of one month.
pulqLlXvItM-00191-00060012-00060252 And then, we got in trouble with Google Chrome.
pulqLlXvItM-00192-00060252-00060760 So I think this was in July.
pulqLlXvItM-00193-00060760-00061023 So we're now in July 2020.
pulqLlXvItM-00194-00061023-00061402 We've been website operators for all of four months.
pulqLlXvItM-00195-00061402-00061590 And one day, our users report to us
pulqLlXvItM-00196-00061590-00061833 that if you visit our site using Chrome--
pulqLlXvItM-00197-00061833-00062037 and I believe Brave was included in this--
pulqLlXvItM-00198-00062037-00062204 you got this nice, big, red warning
pulqLlXvItM-00199-00062204-00062547 that said the site ahead contains malware.
pulqLlXvItM-00200-00062547-00062796 And then if you look closely, there's
pulqLlXvItM-00201-00062796-00063114 no way to continue to the website.
pulqLlXvItM-00202-00063114-00063412 It only says back to safety.
pulqLlXvItM-00203-00063412-00063846 And so basically, in one instance
pulqLlXvItM-00204-00063846-00064164 we lost access to 2 billion users.
pulqLlXvItM-00205-00064164-00064536 70% of the internet could no longer view our website.
pulqLlXvItM-00206-00064536-00064977 And unlike with Namecheap and with IONOS
pulqLlXvItM-00207-00064977-00065115 you know, Namecheap and IONOS are
pulqLlXvItM-00208-00065115-00065385 both kind of commodity services that we had
pulqLlXvItM-00209-00065385-00065544 chosen-- we had signed up for.
pulqLlXvItM-00210-00065544-00065808 And if they have an issue with us--
pulqLlXvItM-00211-00065808-00066171 we made a decision to be in a relationship with Namecheap
pulqLlXvItM-00212-00066171-00066486 and IONOS We had signed a terms of service.
pulqLlXvItM-00213-00066486-00066756 With Chrome, we had never agreed to be
pulqLlXvItM-00214-00066756-00066891 in a relationship with Chrome.
pulqLlXvItM-00215-00066891-00067149 We never signed the terms of service.
pulqLlXvItM-00216-00067149-00067660 And Chrome has such a position of power over the web
pulqLlXvItM-00217-00067660-00067924 that they can just decide your website's not
pulqLlXvItM-00218-00067924-00068174 supposed to exist anymore.
pulqLlXvItM-00219-00068174-00068398 And so we tried to appeal to them.
pulqLlXvItM-00220-00068398-00068716 We're like, this is a general-purpose website.
pulqLlXvItM-00221-00068716-00068860 This is infrastructure.
pulqLlXvItM-00222-00068860-00069022 Why are you taking us offline?
pulqLlXvItM-00223-00069022-00069371 And Chrome basically presented a bunch of links to us that said,
pulqLlXvItM-00224-00069371-00069475 these are malware links.
pulqLlXvItM-00225-00069475-00069658 This is just some of the malware.
pulqLlXvItM-00226-00069658-00069799 It's not all of the malware.
pulqLlXvItM-00227-00069799-00070267 And we're not going to remove this warning for your users
pulqLlXvItM-00228-00070267-00070543 until all of the malware is gone
pulqLlXvItM-00229-00070543-00070864 And so Chrome basically said, the onus
pulqLlXvItM-00230-00070864-00071179 is on you to put in malware detection
pulqLlXvItM-00231-00071179-00071872 and figure out how to handle bad files on your service.
pulqLlXvItM-00232-00071872-00072292 Which again, Google is a $1.5 trillion
pulqLlXvItM-00233-00072292-00072553 company with 100,000 employees.
pulqLlXvItM-00234-00072553-00073210 At this time we had $2 million and, I think, 14 employees.
pulqLlXvItM-00235-00073210-00073840 And Google had taken their unelected position, right--
pulqLlXvItM-00236-00073840-00074086 there's no democracy around Google Chrome.
pulqLlXvItM-00237-00074086-00074419 It's a large corporation that's beholden only
pulqLlXvItM-00238-00074419-00074612 to the share price.
pulqLlXvItM-00239-00074612-00074762 And they had established themselves
pulqLlXvItM-00240-00074762-00074887 as regulators of the internet.
pulqLlXvItM-00241-00074887-00075328 And they said you have to do XYZ to be
pulqLlXvItM-00242-00075328-00075757 a visible website on the internet, which, to me, feels
pulqLlXvItM-00243-00075757-00075997 like a gross overstep.
pulqLlXvItM-00244-00075997-00076321 And so this was a much more serious violation,
pulqLlXvItM-00245-00076321-00077145 I think, of just how net neutrality in the internet
pulqLlXvItM-00246-00077145-00077199 should work.
pulqLlXvItM-00247-00077199-00077523 Because instead of it being a provider that we had signed up
pulqLlXvItM-00248-00077523-00077841 for, it was something completely out of our control
pulqLlXvItM-00249-00077841-00078111 and completely out of control of the population.
pulqLlXvItM-00250-00078111-00078408 Google had independently decided that websites
pulqLlXvItM-00251-00078408-00078738 must do X if they want 2 billion users
pulqLlXvItM-00252-00078738-00079048 to be able to access them.
pulqLlXvItM-00253-00079048-00079575 So that actually took us over a year to clean up.
pulqLlXvItM-00254-00079575-00079900 We ended up installing an open source malware scanner.
pulqLlXvItM-00255-00079900-00080050 And then we came up with a strategy.
pulqLlXvItM-00256-00080364-00080598 Skynet is decentralized.
pulqLlXvItM-00257-00080598-00080925 You can upload files to Skynet from any portal.
pulqLlXvItM-00258-00080925-00081252 And you can upload files to Skynet from the command line.
pulqLlXvItM-00259-00081252-00081372 You can share links.
pulqLlXvItM-00260-00081372-00081724 If someone comes to our website and downlaods a file,
pulqLlXvItM-00261-00081724-00081937 there's a decent chance that we've never
pulqLlXvItM-00262-00081937-00082126 seen the file before.
pulqLlXvItM-00263-00082126-00082554 And so if we want to not serve malware,
pulqLlXvItM-00264-00082554-00082893 we either have to scan the file in real time, which
pulqLlXvItM-00265-00082893-00083112 dramatically impacts latencies.
pulqLlXvItM-00266-00083112-00083508 Or what we ended up doing was the first time that we
pulqLlXvItM-00267-00083508-00083730 see a file, we'll add it to a queue.
pulqLlXvItM-00268-00083730-00083902 We'll serve it to the user anyway.
pulqLlXvItM-00269-00083902-00084073 And then we'll scan it for malware later.
pulqLlXvItM-00270-00084073-00084181 And so this isn't perfect.
pulqLlXvItM-00271-00084181-00084393 It does mean that sometimes malware gets through.
pulqLlXvItM-00272-00084393-00084762 But it was enough, eventually, to appease Google Chrome.
pulqLlXvItM-00273-00084762-00085209 And so if you visit our website today, Chrome is happy now.
pulqLlXvItM-00274-00085209-00085353 And again, that took us something
pulqLlXvItM-00275-00085353-00085773 like a year to pull together, which I think is just--
pulqLlXvItM-00276-00085773-00085875 it was frustrating.
pulqLlXvItM-00277-00086331-00086957 Then one day-- and I think this was probably in 2021,
pulqLlXvItM-00278-00086957-00087263 closer to 2021--
pulqLlXvItM-00279-00087263-00087440 a ton of our infrastructure providers
pulqLlXvItM-00280-00087440-00087641 just started revoking access to us.
pulqLlXvItM-00281-00087641-00087809 And I think what actually clued us
pulqLlXvItM-00282-00087809-00088133 in that there was an issue was Namecheap pulled us off
pulqLlXvItM-00283-00088133-00088304 the internet again.
pulqLlXvItM-00284-00088304-00088514 And so our website disappeared.
pulqLlXvItM-00285-00088514-00088733 A ton of our servers were offline.
pulqLlXvItM-00286-00088733-00089124 It looked like just everyone was mad at us
pulqLlXvItM-00287-00089124-00089278 all at once for some reason.
pulqLlXvItM-00288-00089278-00089421 And so we're like what's going on.
pulqLlXvItM-00289-00089421-00089505 We're checking in.
pulqLlXvItM-00290-00089505-00089625 Things seem OK.
pulqLlXvItM-00291-00089625-00089739 The abuse handling is up.
pulqLlXvItM-00292-00089739-00089898 We're blocking links quickly.
pulqLlXvItM-00293-00089898-00090201 And it turns out, the number of abuse reports
pulqLlXvItM-00294-00090201-00090558 was down, which seemed odd because the number of users
pulqLlXvItM-00295-00090558-00090693 had increased.
pulqLlXvItM-00296-00090693-00091011 And we realized that most of our abuse reports
pulqLlXvItM-00297-00091011-00091194 come through email.
pulqLlXvItM-00298-00091194-00091554 Any email containing a link to our website
pulqLlXvItM-00299-00091554-00091987 was being silently dropped from the system.
pulqLlXvItM-00300-00091987-00092340 And so it's not bounced.
pulqLlXvItM-00301-00092340-00092499 And it's not going to spam.
pulqLlXvItM-00302-00092499-00092838 To the sender, all indicators made
pulqLlXvItM-00303-00092838-00093084 it look like the email had been successfully sent.
pulqLlXvItM-00304-00093084-00093300 And then to the receiver, all indicators
pulqLlXvItM-00305-00093300-00093612 made it look like the email had never
pulqLlXvItM-00306-00093612-00093823 existed in the first place.
pulqLlXvItM-00307-00093823-00094098 And so this caused a lot of problems, right.
pulqLlXvItM-00308-00094098-00094419 Obviously, it got in the way of users using the platform
pulqLlXvItM-00309-00094419-00094621 and sharing links with each other.
pulqLlXvItM-00310-00094621-00094903 It also got in the way of us handling abuse.
pulqLlXvItM-00311-00094903-00095232 And so we had a period of short turmoil
pulqLlXvItM-00312-00095232-00095478 where we had to get in touch with all of our infrastructure
pulqLlXvItM-00313-00095478-00095619 providers and, basically, everyone
pulqLlXvItM-00314-00095619-00096021 who was sending abuse reports to us over emails
pulqLlXvItM-00315-00096021-00096372 and get them to censor the links so that the domain name was not
pulqLlXvItM-00316-00096372-00096435 in there.
pulqLlXvItM-00317-00096435-00096654 That way, the emails would actually get through.
pulqLlXvItM-00318-00096654-00097128 And then our domain as a whole just got perma-spammed.
pulqLlXvItM-00319-00097128-00097335 So we were also emailing investors
pulqLlXvItM-00320-00097335-00097494 and trying to do fundraising.
pulqLlXvItM-00321-00097494-00097854 And all of those emails were going to spam.
pulqLlXvItM-00322-00097854-00098043 So we had to switch domain names.
pulqLlXvItM-00323-00098043-00098361 And that's why my email is david@skynetlabs.com.
pulqLlXvItM-00324-00098361-00098575 It's not david@siasky.net anymore.
pulqLlXvItM-00325-00098575-00098796 This is an artifact of the problems
pulqLlXvItM-00326-00098796-00098931 we were having with email.
pulqLlXvItM-00327-00098931-00099685 So this was also frustrating because email is not even
pulqLlXvItM-00328-00099685-00099769 part of the stack.
pulqLlXvItM-00329-00099769-00100018 When you think about a user going to our website
pulqLlXvItM-00330-00100018-00100360 you have the ISP, the web browser, the hosting provider,
pulqLlXvItM-00331-00100360-00100477 the domain registrar.
pulqLlXvItM-00332-00100477-00100667 Email is not in the middle of that path.
pulqLlXvItM-00333-00100667-00100953 And yet, somewhere along the line,
pulqLlXvItM-00334-00100953-00101322 the email entity, or the email system, of the internet
pulqLlXvItM-00335-00101322-00101792 had decided that it didn't want our links to exist.
pulqLlXvItM-00336-00101792-00102098 And it interfered with our daily business practices.
pulqLlXvItM-00337-00102098-00102457 And so, again, we were basically in a position
pulqLlXvItM-00338-00102457-00102752 where we had to take a bunch of proactive measures
pulqLlXvItM-00339-00102752-00103036 to deal with infrastructure that's supposed to be reliable
pulqLlXvItM-00340-00103036-00103456 and is usually used as an example
pulqLlXvItM-00341-00103456-00103678 of decentralized infrastructure.
pulqLlXvItM-00342-00103678-00103915 And it had deplatformed us.
pulqLlXvItM-00343-00103915-00104119 So we had been deplatformed from email.
pulqLlXvItM-00344-00104119-00104474 And we can add that to the censorship record.
pulqLlXvItM-00345-00104474-00104948 And so I think that that resolved when
pulqLlXvItM-00346-00104948-00105131 the malware situation resolved.
pulqLlXvItM-00347-00105131-00105581 But I'm actually not 100% sure because we don't use Siasky guy
pulqLlXvItM-00348-00105581-00105764 email addresses anymore.
pulqLlXvItM-00349-00105764-00106172 And all of our hosting providers censor the domain
pulqLlXvItM-00350-00106172-00106431 just so we can avoid that problem.
pulqLlXvItM-00351-00106431-00106834 And then I wanted to leave time for questions
pulqLlXvItM-00352-00106834-00107255 in Q&A. But throughout the rest of the year,
pulqLlXvItM-00353-00107255-00107396 we had problems with--
pulqLlXvItM-00354-00107396-00107734 we've had problems with banks that's mostly related to crypto
pulqLlXvItM-00355-00107734-00107963 with payment providers like Stripe and Square--
pulqLlXvItM-00356-00107963-00108188 also mostly related to crypto.
pulqLlXvItM-00357-00108188-00108488 We've had problems with ISPs doing DNS hijacking
pulqLlXvItM-00358-00108488-00108632 and presenting users--
pulqLlXvItM-00359-00108632-00108875 so kind of like the Chrome thing, but, instead of
pulqLlXvItM-00360-00108875-00109210 Chrome doing it, it's European ISPs
pulqLlXvItM-00361-00109210-00109517 telling their users that they can't visit the website.
pulqLlXvItM-00362-00109517-00109674 Our links are blocked on Twitter.
pulqLlXvItM-00363-00109674-00110024 So if you send someone a sky link on Twitter,
pulqLlXvItM-00364-00110024-00110429 or you link them to the Uniswap frontend on Skynet,
pulqLlXvItM-00365-00110429-00110622 Twitter will not let you click on that link.
pulqLlXvItM-00366-00110622-00111043 It'll pop up a warning and tell you not to do it.
pulqLlXvItM-00367-00111043-00111701 So there's been a lot.
pulqLlXvItM-00368-00111701-00112132 And it's been frustrating because it exposes to us
pulqLlXvItM-00369-00112132-00112661 that the internet is composed of a bunch of pieces
pulqLlXvItM-00370-00112661-00112806 that all have to work together.
pulqLlXvItM-00371-00112806-00113220 If any of them break, either your website won't work,
pulqLlXvItM-00372-00113220-00113418 or your business as a whole won't work.
pulqLlXvItM-00373-00113418-00113793 And all of them are sufficiently centralized that a single actor
pulqLlXvItM-00374-00113793-00113976 in the middle of any of those stacks--
pulqLlXvItM-00375-00113976-00114315 and oftentimes that actor is just playing Google--
pulqLlXvItM-00376-00114315-00114591 can decide, for an arbitrary reason,
pulqLlXvItM-00377-00114591-00114802 that your website's not supposed to exist.
pulqLlXvItM-00378-00114802-00115227 And so when we think about things like net neutrality
pulqLlXvItM-00379-00115227-00115530 and talk about why infrastructure should
pulqLlXvItM-00380-00115530-00116102 be neutral., It's because as the web gets more complicated,
pulqLlXvItM-00381-00116102-00116417 as the economy gets more complicated, as we continue
pulqLlXvItM-00382-00116417-00116743 building, we're pinning more and more
pulqLlXvItM-00383-00116743-00116906 moving pieces together and getting them
pulqLlXvItM-00384-00116906-00117065 working successfully together.
pulqLlXvItM-00385-00117065-00117308 We're gaining power.
pulqLlXvItM-00386-00117308-00117739 But we are also increasing the number of points of failure.
pulqLlXvItM-00387-00117739-00118101 And so I think my biggest takeaway
pulqLlXvItM-00388-00118101-00118539 from how should infrastructure be built:
pulqLlXvItM-00389-00118539-00118746 you need infrastructure to be neutral.
pulqLlXvItM-00390-00118746-00118977 Because the more things that infrastructure plugs
pulqLlXvItM-00391-00118977-00119421 into, if it's not neutral, the more ways that you have
pulqLlXvItM-00392-00119421-00119814 arbitrary actors who are not elected answer only to share
pulqLlXvItM-00393-00119814-00120339 price-- ungoverned, protected by private business law--
pulqLlXvItM-00394-00120339-00120714 can interfere with other genuine businesses that
pulqLlXvItM-00395-00120714-00120960 are not doing anything illegal.
pulqLlXvItM-00396-00120960-00121421 And so I think this is a big problem moving forward.
pulqLlXvItM-00397-00121421-00122033 I also think that, politically, the way with--
pulqLlXvItM-00398-00122033-00122394 especially with all the disinformation campaigns--
pulqLlXvItM-00399-00122394-00122585 it looks like we're going the wrong direction.
pulqLlXvItM-00400-00122585-00122760 It looks like we're going in the direction
pulqLlXvItM-00401-00122760-00123081 of making infrastructure more opinionated and more
pulqLlXvItM-00402-00123081-00123161 centralized.
pulqLlXvItM-00403-00123161-00123447 And we're encouraging providers that more and more
pulqLlXvItM-00404-00123447-00123898 layers to be involved in making moral statements.
pulqLlXvItM-00405-00123898-00124143 And as we do that, what's effectively going to happen
pulqLlXvItM-00406-00124143-00124404 is, innovation's going to grind to a halt.
pulqLlXvItM-00407-00124404-00124866 Our culture is going to be frozen because anything that's
pulqLlXvItM-00408-00124866-00125358 culturally unusual, or just unexpected,
pulqLlXvItM-00409-00125358-00125730 is going to be somewhere in your 400 infrastructure providers
pulqLlXvItM-00410-00125730-00125885 that all have to work together.
pulqLlXvItM-00411-00125885-00126060 It's going to upset one of them.
pulqLlXvItM-00412-00126060-00126543 And so if something has not been done before,
pulqLlXvItM-00413-00126543-00126853 as our infrastructure gets more and more complicated
pulqLlXvItM-00414-00126853-00127086 you're not going to be able to do things that have never
pulqLlXvItM-00415-00127086-00127144 been done before.
pulqLlXvItM-00416-00127144-00127279 You're going to upset somebody.
pulqLlXvItM-00417-00127279-00127525 And then they're going to be able to single handedly shut
pulqLlXvItM-00418-00127525-00127682 down your business.
pulqLlXvItM-00419-00127682-00127882 And so, yeah, I would say we need
pulqLlXvItM-00420-00127882-00128097 to fight for completely neutral infrastructure.
pulqLlXvItM-00421-00128097-00128272 And I kind of left this out of the slides.
pulqLlXvItM-00422-00128272-00128722 But that's, personally, why I'm super interested in blockchains
pulqLlXvItM-00423-00128722-00129091 and Bitcoin in the first place because blockchains
pulqLlXvItM-00424-00129091-00129472 are perfectly neutral infrastructure-- at least
pulqLlXvItM-00425-00129472-00129759 as long as you don't have governance.
pulqLlXvItM-00426-00129759-00130300 But I think that we should look at rebuilding the internet.
pulqLlXvItM-00427-00130300-00130463 And that's what Skynet's trying to do.
pulqLlXvItM-00428-00130463-00130594 We're trying to rebuild the internet so
pulqLlXvItM-00429-00130594-00130774 that all of these layers of the stack,
pulqLlXvItM-00430-00130774-00130990 rather than being controlled by a party that can
pulqLlXvItM-00431-00130990-00131161 insert an arbitrary opinion--
pulqLlXvItM-00432-00131161-00131420 I didn't even mention, when we're
pulqLlXvItM-00433-00131420-00131690 running into these censorship issues,
pulqLlXvItM-00434-00131690-00132011 these opinions are not from American companies.
pulqLlXvItM-00435-00132011-00132201 We've had problems with American companies.
pulqLlXvItM-00436-00132201-00132381 We've had problems with European companies.
pulqLlXvItM-00437-00132381-00132632 We've had problems with Asian companies.
pulqLlXvItM-00438-00132632-00132935 And our infrastructure providers span
pulqLlXvItM-00439-00132935-00133208 dozens of legal jurisdictions and hundreds
pulqLlXvItM-00440-00133208-00133373 of conflicting moral opinions
pulqLlXvItM-00441-00133373-00133769 And so, again, it's just a big, diverse mess
pulqLlXvItM-00442-00133769-00134072 where it becomes impossible to placate everyone
pulqLlXvItM-00443-00134072-00134627 unless you're doing things that you already know are safe.
pulqLlXvItM-00444-00134627-00134891 So back to the slides.
pulqLlXvItM-00445-00134891-00135095 We've been able to survive.
pulqLlXvItM-00446-00135095-00135641 We've had, especially November through, maybe, February--
pulqLlXvItM-00447-00135641-00136007 this past November through February today, this year,
pulqLlXvItM-00448-00136007-00136110 were really rough.
pulqLlXvItM-00449-00136110-00136310 And our website was mostly offline all the time.
pulqLlXvItM-00450-00136310-00136898 But we've been able to build back by adding user signups,
pulqLlXvItM-00451-00136898-00137147 by adding automated abuse processing,
pulqLlXvItM-00452-00137147-00137294 by doing things like blocking Tor,
pulqLlXvItM-00453-00137294-00137606 which, again, blocking Tor is very practical in the sense
pulqLlXvItM-00454-00137606-00137903 that if you block Tor, the amount of malware,
pulqLlXvItM-00455-00137903-00138158 the amount of phishing, and other abuse material that
pulqLlXvItM-00456-00138158-00138389 ends up on your website goes down substantially.
pulqLlXvItM-00457-00138389-00138593 But it's also a freedom issue.
pulqLlXvItM-00458-00138593-00138857 If someone can't get on the internet except through Tor
pulqLlXvItM-00459-00138857-00139091 they can't use Skynet or at least
pulqLlXvItM-00460-00139091-00139277 they can't use Skynet through Skynet.
pulqLlXvItM-00461-00139277-00139442 And so blocking Tor is something that
pulqLlXvItM-00462-00139442-00139813 makes me deeply unhappy on a personal level.
pulqLlXvItM-00463-00139813-00139985 I don't want to block Tor.
pulqLlXvItM-00464-00139985-00140222 I think Tor is a super important resource.
pulqLlXvItM-00465-00140222-00140418 And the people who need it the most,
pulqLlXvItM-00466-00140418-00140747 I want to make sure that we can extend our service to them.
pulqLlXvItM-00467-00140747-00140999 But at the moment, that contains an enormous amount
pulqLlXvItM-00468-00140999-00141185 of liability.
pulqLlXvItM-00469-00141185-00141707 And we've literally had police organizations, namely
pulqLlXvItM-00470-00141707-00141890 from Australia, explicitly tell us
pulqLlXvItM-00471-00141890-00142061 that we need to be blocking Tor, or we're
pulqLlXvItM-00472-00142061-00142320 going to get in trouble with the police.
pulqLlXvItM-00473-00142320-00142760 And so what do you do?
pulqLlXvItM-00474-00142760-00142979 We've added tools for mass banning links.
pulqLlXvItM-00475-00142979-00143321 That's another thing that deeply unsettles me
pulqLlXvItM-00476-00143321-00143618 because as we've seen with YouTube, when you have
pulqLlXvItM-00477-00143618-00143786 mass banning procedures, especially
pulqLlXvItM-00478-00143786-00143942 if it's automated in any way--
pulqLlXvItM-00479-00143942-00144208 the way we do automatic malware scanning--
pulqLlXvItM-00480-00144208-00144338 there are going to be mistakes.
pulqLlXvItM-00481-00144338-00144485 And it's going to tend to be broad.
pulqLlXvItM-00482-00144485-00144797 The incentives on our side are always
pulqLlXvItM-00483-00144797-00145103 to be much more heavy-handed because the chance that we
pulqLlXvItM-00484-00145103-00145547 let something through imposes so much more liability
pulqLlXvItM-00485-00145547-00145925 to us than the chance that we destroy something
pulqLlXvItM-00486-00145925-00146045 that we shouldn't have.
pulqLlXvItM-00487-00146045-00146291 And you see this with copyright infringement on YouTube.
pulqLlXvItM-00488-00146291-00146567 Everything's getting taken offline.
pulqLlXvItM-00489-00146567-00146900 Bands are-- it's super easy to hit
pulqLlXvItM-00490-00146900-00147173 someone genuine who's not breaking any laws
pulqLlXvItM-00491-00147173-00147452 or violating any copyright laws.
pulqLlXvItM-00492-00147452-00147668 It's easy to hit them with takedowns
pulqLlXvItM-00493-00147668-00148034 and give them trouble because these tools are just
pulqLlXvItM-00494-00148034-00148169 too easy to abuse.
pulqLlXvItM-00495-00148169-00148322 And we're in the same spot.
pulqLlXvItM-00496-00148322-00148529 Our own tooling is too easy to abuse.
pulqLlXvItM-00497-00148529-00148799 But, again, the liability of missing something
pulqLlXvItM-00498-00148799-00148907 is super high.
pulqLlXvItM-00499-00148907-00149306 And so, at least for now, our hand is kind of forced.
pulqLlXvItM-00500-00149306-00149465 What's the slide-- OK.
pulqLlXvItM-00501-00149465-00149929 So it's kind of out of scope for the talk today.
pulqLlXvItM-00502-00149929-00150163 Actually, I'm almost out of time.
pulqLlXvItM-00503-00150163-00150439 There are a bunch of ideas that I have for--
pulqLlXvItM-00504-00150439-00150805 how can we build decentralized content moderation?
pulqLlXvItM-00505-00150805-00151222 How can we build KYC that can make
pulqLlXvItM-00506-00151222-00151632 sure you're a good person without sending you
pulqLlXvItM-00507-00151632-00151749 through a government entity?
pulqLlXvItM-00508-00151749-00152034 How can we make it so that we can KYC you
pulqLlXvItM-00509-00152034-00152346 even if you're, say, a middle schooler who's
pulqLlXvItM-00510-00152346-00152586 trying to deploy a website.
pulqLlXvItM-00511-00152586-00152823 And I have some ideas.
pulqLlXvItM-00512-00152823-00153046 I think, it's an open problem.
pulqLlXvItM-00513-00153046-00153178 It's a very difficult problem.
pulqLlXvItM-00514-00153178-00153354 I think it is solvable.
pulqLlXvItM-00515-00153354-00153598 I don't think we have the tools to do it today.
pulqLlXvItM-00516-00153598-00153828 And if I were to say anything, it
pulqLlXvItM-00517-00153828-00154080 would just be that our world is moving
pulqLlXvItM-00518-00154080-00154350 in a super centralized direction.
pulqLlXvItM-00519-00154350-00154569 One of the biggest--
pulqLlXvItM-00520-00154569-00154764 not biggest-- most common suggestions
pulqLlXvItM-00521-00154764-00155115 we get for handling abuse is send every single file
pulqLlXvItM-00522-00155115-00155209 to Facebook.
pulqLlXvItM-00523-00155209-00155412 Facebook has this nice API.
pulqLlXvItM-00524-00155412-00155538 You send them a file.
pulqLlXvItM-00525-00155538-00155775 And they'll tell you thumbs up, thumbs down,
pulqLlXvItM-00526-00155775-00155905 should you ban this file.
pulqLlXvItM-00527-00155905-00156342 And that just seems so revolting to me.
pulqLlXvItM-00528-00156342-00156729 To, one, send literally all of our customer data
pulqLlXvItM-00529-00156729-00156837 over to Facebook.
pulqLlXvItM-00530-00156837-00157110 And then, two, we don't know what--
pulqLlXvItM-00531-00157110-00157539 that's a black box We don't know why they gave us a thumbs down.
pulqLlXvItM-00532-00157539-00157709 And we don't know if they're going to be
pulqLlXvItM-00533-00157709-00157822 a good actor in the future.
pulqLlXvItM-00534-00157822-00158226 What if China, say, pays Facebook
pulqLlXvItM-00535-00158226-00158427 a huge payoff to start doing thumbs down
pulqLlXvItM-00536-00158427-00159020 on anti-party line content?
pulqLlXvItM-00537-00159020-00159079 We don't know.
pulqLlXvItM-00538-00159079-00159355 We may never know that that deal happened.
pulqLlXvItM-00539-00159355-00159593 We may never know that that content is being censored.
pulqLlXvItM-00540-00159593-00159967 So I think there's an enormous amount of pressure
pulqLlXvItM-00541-00159967-00160273 right now in the world to be very censorship heavy,
pulqLlXvItM-00542-00160273-00160417 to be very liability reducing.
pulqLlXvItM-00543-00160417-00160576 I think it's a big problem and that we
pulqLlXvItM-00544-00160576-00160909 need to push for neutral infrastructure.
pulqLlXvItM-00545-00160909-00161368 Both, as we build blockchains but also in the legislature.
pulqLlXvItM-00546-00161368-00161608 I think it's important to enforce
pulqLlXvItM-00547-00161608-00161776 the infrastructure can be neutral
pulqLlXvItM-00548-00161776-00162055 and that's all I have to say.
pulqLlXvItM-00549-00162055-00162241 If you want to learn more about Skynet
pulqLlXvItM-00550-00162241-00162481 you can check us out at skynetlabs.com.
pulqLlXvItM-00551-00162481-00162769 Or you can just go to siasky.net.
pulqLlXvItM-00552-00162769-00163015 Yeah, I'm happy to take one or two questions.
pulqLlXvItM-00553-00163561-00163624 In the back.
pulqLlXvItM-00554-00165300-00165480 Thanks for your talk-- really appreciate it
pulqLlXvItM-00555-00165480-00165813 and have followed you for a few years on Twitter.
pulqLlXvItM-00556-00165813-00166164 So you mentioned interfacing with investors
pulqLlXvItM-00557-00166164-00166581 while persisting through a lot of these censorship problems.
pulqLlXvItM-00558-00166581-00166938 What are you hearing from them along the lines of willingness
pulqLlXvItM-00559-00166938-00167397 to bet on neutral, unopinionated infrastructure
pulqLlXvItM-00560-00167397-00167646 in a future internet world?
pulqLlXvItM-00561-00167646-00167979 And why they won't back that if you keep seeing
pulqLlXvItM-00562-00167979-00168262 that massive difference there.
pulqLlXvItM-00563-00168262-00168498 Yeah so the investor problems weren't
pulqLlXvItM-00564-00168498-00168675 that they didn't want to back us,
pulqLlXvItM-00565-00168675-00168975 it was that we couldn't email them because their emails were
pulqLlXvItM-00566-00168975-00169095 going to spam.
pulqLlXvItM-00567-00169095-00169494 So it was more of a mechanical issue that we were having.
pulqLlXvItM-00568-00169494-00169836 In general, I think investors have been
pulqLlXvItM-00569-00169836-00170064 pro-neutral infrastructure.
pulqLlXvItM-00570-00170064-00170313 I also think that if you're neutral,
pulqLlXvItM-00571-00170313-00170577 your opportunity for customers is a lot higher.
pulqLlXvItM-00572-00170577-00170847 If you can pull off neutrality, your costs
pulqLlXvItM-00573-00170847-00171025 are theoretically lower.
pulqLlXvItM-00574-00171025-00171197 And so I think there are lots of reasons
pulqLlXvItM-00575-00171197-00171318 for investors to prefer that.
pulqLlXvItM-00576-00171318-00171685 But so our issues were not that investors were unhappy with us
pulqLlXvItM-00577-00171685-00171840 for being censored.
pulqLlXvItM-00578-00171840-00172086 Mechanically, it was tough to reach them
pulqLlXvItM-00579-00172086-00172434 because we kept going to spam.
pulqLlXvItM-00580-00172434-00172497 Great talk.
pulqLlXvItM-00581-00172497-00172761 I agree with many of the sentiments here.
pulqLlXvItM-00582-00172761-00172974 One question is, how do you solve this
pulqLlXvItM-00583-00172974-00173283 because at the end of the day, the hardware vendor
pulqLlXvItM-00584-00173283-00173538 can always impose some type of censorship.
pulqLlXvItM-00585-00173538-00173823 For example, Apple and the analogy with Chrome,
pulqLlXvItM-00586-00173823-00174078 even in the blockchain space, all it takes
pulqLlXvItM-00587-00174078-00174335 is MetaMask to ban certain RPC endpoints,
pulqLlXvItM-00588-00174335-00174452 and you have the same issue.
pulqLlXvItM-00589-00174452-00174699 So what do you think the solution is?
pulqLlXvItM-00590-00174699-00175137 Yeah, I don't think there's an easy solution.
pulqLlXvItM-00591-00175137-00175518 And, actually, there's a line of hardware that, I think,
pulqLlXvItM-00592-00175518-00175721 is generally classified as trusted hardware.
pulqLlXvItM-00593-00175721-00175926 Although, the open source community usually calls
pulqLlXvItM-00594-00175926-00176160 it treacherous hardware--
pulqLlXvItM-00595-00176160-00176467 where it will basically verify everything
pulqLlXvItM-00596-00176467-00176592 that it's serving to the user.
pulqLlXvItM-00597-00176592-00176793 And so if you try and play a movie,
pulqLlXvItM-00598-00176793-00177018 it'll check and make sure that all the DRM checks out,
pulqLlXvItM-00599-00177018-00177216 and that you actually own the movie.
pulqLlXvItM-00600-00177216-00177413 And then Apple also did this-- tried
pulqLlXvItM-00601-00177413-00177609 to do this-- they didn't end up rolling it out.
pulqLlXvItM-00602-00177609-00177933 But Apple tried to roll out an update where
pulqLlXvItM-00603-00177933-00178491 they would scan your phone for child abuse imagery.
pulqLlXvItM-00604-00178491-00178759 And then if they found it, they would report you to the police.
pulqLlXvItM-00605-00178759-00179419 Which, again, it sounds super, super dystopian
pulqLlXvItM-00606-00179419-00179677 that you would have a device in your home, 24-7,
pulqLlXvItM-00607-00179677-00180001 that is literally watching everything you do.
pulqLlXvItM-00608-00180001-00180475 And is prepared to report you to the police.
pulqLlXvItM-00609-00180475-00180796 I understand the sentiment of let's catch all the pedophiles.
pulqLlXvItM-00610-00180796-00181340 But I don't think that putting big brother in your bedroom
pulqLlXvItM-00611-00181340-00181772 24/7 is the right way for society
pulqLlXvItM-00612-00181772-00182084 to approach child pornography.
pulqLlXvItM-00613-00182084-00182393 I think that trade off is extremely dangerous.
pulqLlXvItM-00614-00182393-00182667 And it leads to much worse places,
pulqLlXvItM-00615-00182667-00182885 especially if the moment that expands
pulqLlXvItM-00616-00182885-00183191 from just child pornography to all copyright content--
pulqLlXvItM-00617-00183191-00183329 we have a big issue.
pulqLlXvItM-00618-00183329-00183503 And we don't know that it won't expand.
pulqLlXvItM-00619-00183503-00183942 The direction has not been the right direction
pulqLlXvItM-00620-00183942-00184131 to suggest that it wouldn't expand like that.
pulqLlXvItM-00621-00184724-00184866 I think this is our last question.
pulqLlXvItM-00622-00185338-00185430 Hey, man.
pulqLlXvItM-00623-00185430-00185564 Yeah, thanks again for the talk.
pulqLlXvItM-00624-00185564-00185724 That was really good.
pulqLlXvItM-00625-00185724-00185963 I really empathized with all of the challenges
pulqLlXvItM-00626-00185963-00186386 you guys have faced at different parts of your stack.
pulqLlXvItM-00627-00186386-00186788 I am curious where you think, in your view
pulqLlXvItM-00628-00186788-00187172 for the internet-- at what layer does it make sense
pulqLlXvItM-00629-00187172-00187496 to have anti-phishing, anti-spam efforts?
pulqLlXvItM-00630-00187496-00187839 If not at the portal layer, if not at the application layer,
pulqLlXvItM-00631-00187839-00187946 where it makes sense?
pulqLlXvItM-00632-00187946-00188261 Yeah so I think anti-phishing and anti-spam probably
pulqLlXvItM-00633-00188261-00188546 happened, maybe, in the same layer, which I would say
pulqLlXvItM-00634-00188546-00188846 is the user level.
pulqLlXvItM-00635-00188846-00189140 You don't want, for example, your hard drive
pulqLlXvItM-00636-00189140-00189512 to be opinionated about what websites you're loading.
pulqLlXvItM-00637-00189512-00189758 And I think it's the same thing-- you don't want your ISP
pulqLlXvItM-00638-00189758-00189983 to be opinionated about what websites you're loading.
pulqLlXvItM-00639-00189983-00190334 I think, instead-- at least in my head-- kind of the utopian
pulqLlXvItM-00640-00190334-00190553 ideal is that a user would subscribe
pulqLlXvItM-00641-00190553-00190904 to services that basically filter on their behalf.
pulqLlXvItM-00642-00190904-00191108 And with things like banking and--
pulqLlXvItM-00643-00191108-00191279 I just don't think that you should access
pulqLlXvItM-00644-00191279-00191468 your bank through a web page.
pulqLlXvItM-00645-00191468-00191639 The way identity works on the internet
pulqLlXvItM-00646-00191639-00191870 is just like fundamentally broken and fundamentally
pulqLlXvItM-00647-00191870-00191981 vulnerable to phishing.
pulqLlXvItM-00648-00191981-00192266 If you have a single sign on, you already
pulqLlXvItM-00649-00192266-00192641 logged into your iPhone, why can't that also simultaneously
pulqLlXvItM-00650-00192641-00192762 log you into your bank?
pulqLlXvItM-00651-00192762-00193115 And if you connect those things more deeply which,
pulqLlXvItM-00652-00193115-00193236 again, I think to do safely.
pulqLlXvItM-00653-00193236-00193415 You need to do that in a decentralized way.
pulqLlXvItM-00654-00193415-00193628 But if you can connect those things more deeply,
pulqLlXvItM-00655-00193628-00193985 you completely annihilate phishing as a class of attack
pulqLlXvItM-00656-00193985-00194380 because a user never goes and puts credentials
pulqLlXvItM-00657-00194380-00194480 into their bank account.
pulqLlXvItM-00658-00194480-00194728 It part of logging into your iPhone--
pulqLlXvItM-00659-00194728-00194849 also gets you into your bank.
pulqLlXvItM-00660-00194849-00195028 And you can't get into your bank without it
pulqLlXvItM-00661-00195028-00195341 So at least at the phishing level,
pulqLlXvItM-00662-00195341-00195590 I think there's a more fundamental
pulqLlXvItM-00663-00195590-00195818 identity-oriented way to solve the issue.
pulqLlXvItM-00664-00195818-00196448 With spam, I think you just have to subscribe to creation lists.
pulqLlXvItM-00665-00196448-00196883 And I think spams it's a fun issue because abuse and rights
pulqLlXvItM-00666-00196883-00197038 aside, it's just a UX problem.
pulqLlXvItM-00667-00197038-00197168 nobody wants to deal with spam.
pulqLlXvItM-00668-00197168-00197309 And if you're fully decentralized,
pulqLlXvItM-00669-00197309-00197514 you will have spam everywhere.
pulqLlXvItM-00670-00197514-00198023 And so you have to come up with methods of preventing spam
pulqLlXvItM-00671-00198023-00198308 from reaching the user's eyeballs just
pulqLlXvItM-00672-00198308-00198506 so they have a good experience.
pulqLlXvItM-00673-00198506-00198692 But yeah, I think these are open questions.
pulqLlXvItM-00674-00198969-00199129 OK thank you very much.
pulqLlXvItM-00675-00199129-00199251 It was great to be here.
pulqLlXvItM-00676-00199251-00199586 [APPLAUSE]
pvOU3PnvCFk-00000-00002500-00003600 (recording in progress).
pvOU3PnvCFk-00001-00003600-00005300 >> Michelle:  So we're all contributing to this jam board  where we're, you know, answering the question: what are the impacts or  the affects of sexual violence on survivors?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00002-00005300-00006800 We have had a lot of great answers here.  Put in by all the    participants.  Trust, shame.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00003-00006800-00008500 >> Patricia:  Lara put something in chat.  Let's see.   Isolation.  Yes.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00004-00008500-00009000 >> Michelle:  Decreased capacity for all other things in  life.  Decreased self esteem, sense of worthiness, interpersonal  connections.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00005-00009000-00010600 >> Patricia:  Mm-hmm.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00006-00010600-00010900 >> Michelle:  Feels uncomfortable when someone touching  them.  Even in a caring way.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00007-00010900-00013900 >> Patricia:  Sarah said until the chat: trust issues.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00008-00015900-00016000 >> Michelle:  Mm-hmm.  Trying to make yourself smaller.   That remind me too of the book that rocksanne grey [phonetic] wrote  called  "hunger".  I recommend it.  She talks about the aftermath of  her sexual assault and trying to make herself bigger so she can be  safer inside her body and just eating as a way of coping with the  sexual
pvOU3PnvCFk-00009-00016000-00016700 assault that happened to her.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00010-00016700-00018400 So, again, it can make you smaller or not.  Right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00011-00018400-00018700 It's so unique, as -- what is the one ... it says everyone  is different.  Yeah, this one.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00012-00018700-00020900 >> Patricia:  If you can put the name of the book in chat?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00013-00020900-00022100 And Carly states: future healthy intimate relationships.   That book is great!
pvOU3PnvCFk-00014-00022100-00022300 And Michelle that has put that in the chat for everyone, the  name of the book.  Thank you for all that feedback.  Good work!
pvOU3PnvCFk-00015-00022300-00022400 Make sure you're breathing!
pvOU3PnvCFk-00016-00022400-00025400 Don't hold your breath.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00017-00025900-00028900 It's a lot.  It's intense.  So let's look at this list and  see if we missed anything.  Impacts and effects.  Shame, guilt,  denial, minimizing, impacts boundaries, difficulty trusting,  unrealistic sense of safety, constant sense of danger/hypervigilance.   Self harm, thoughts of suicide or dying.  Memory, I.E. can't remember
pvOU3PnvCFk-00018-00029300-00029900 or can't stop remembering.  Dissociation, body pain/numbness,  disorderrered eating, isolation, substance a abuse -- substance use,  excuse me.  Physical changes, mood disorders, changes in sexual  assault.  IE lots of sex, no sex, super safe, not so safe.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00019-00029900-00032600 You all did a really good job in listing on the jam board.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00020-00032600-00032800 >> Michelle:  Yeah.  We all are coming to this, this course  with a lot of information we already have.  And we're just putting it  all together and then we're kind of meeting you where you're at with  the knowledge that you have.  Which is what we will do with survivors  when we're working with them.  There is a lot of things they already
pvOU3PnvCFk-00021-00032800-00035100 know about how things are impacting them, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00022-00035100-00036400 And we're using our knowledge together to collaborate with  them.  Think about how the sexual assault is impacting them.  In  filling in the blanks.  Okay.  So, the dynamics of sexual assault is  what we're going to talk about primarily today.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00023-00036400-00037700 today.  And that's going to  be about trauma.  It's going to be about just the ways in which sexual  assault impacts survivors in a number of ways.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00024-00037700-00039000 So some of the dynamics, the ways that it impacts survivors  really depends on a few different things.  What is the nature of the  assault or how it happened, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00025-00039000-00040200 What kind of assault it was.  Number of assaults or  incidents.  Incident or instances, I guess.  I'm just making one word  out of that.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00026-00040200-00041100 The number of assaults.  So if you were assaulted one time  as an adult compared to being assaulted over a series of times  throughout your childhood by the same person, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00027-00041100-00042400 It really changes how you're impacted.  The level of  emotional, physical, spiritual, and sexual violence, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00028-00042400-00042600 If you were abused by a stranger or assaulted by a stranger  it's gonna be really different than if you were assaulted by a pa  recognitioner at your church.  The pastor, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00029-00042600-00042800 Or a priest.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00030-00042800-00045600 Right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00031-00045600-00047600 The spiritual impact's going to be really different.  The  emotional impact's going to be really different.  If you were  assaulted really violently as opposed to, you know, a series of  assaults where it was more maybe touching and things like that.  You  know, so all of those different things.  The level of that emotional,  physical, spiritual,
pvOU3PnvCFk-00032-00047600-00049100 and sexual violence and the ways in which it  happened really impact how we respond to it.  Relationship between the  perpetrator and the survivor.  And this is one of the big things that  makes it so different from domestic violence.  A lot of the times our  programs are doing both DV and sexual assault, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00033-00049100-00050100 And the biggest difference between the two is really because  domestic violence is defined by the relationship between the  perpetrator and the survivor.  It's always the same, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00034-00050100-00051800 It's an intimate partner.  But when we're looking at sexual  assault, those relationships are so varied, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00035-00051800-00054300 It could be somebody that you met at a frat party.  It could  be the guard at the prison where you're incarcerated.  It can be a  step father, an uncle.  It can be a date.  You know?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00036-00054300-00054400 So those different relationships really vary the impact in a  way that when you're working with DV, you're like someone who you love  or at least once loved armed you.  And with sexual assault that can   look really different.  Sometimes it can look like that.  For sure.   But sometimes it's like I don't even know this person or this person  abused
pvOU3PnvCFk-00037-00054400-00057000 their authority, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00038-00057000-00059700 Some of the dynamics is also on when a survivor remembers.   We're going to talk about remembering this morning.  And think about  how that's going to impact those.  If you are 40 and you're  remembering what happened to you at 4, the ways that you're gonna cope  and feel and the kind of help and support you're going to need is  going to look
pvOU3PnvCFk-00039-00059700-00062200 really different than if you were assaulted yesterday  and remember everything about it.  And then one of the biggest kind of  things about how a survivor is impacted and how they heal and find  justice and help is a really good support system.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00040-00062200-00064600 So if the dynamic is that we are kind of an isolated person   and now we're living far from, for example, our home country and all  of our family is back in our home country and we're assaulted, we  don't have that presence of backup support system that we might have  had there.  Or, you know, if we are coming from a history of being in  foster care
pvOU3PnvCFk-00041-00064600-00065700 and not having a stable home.  Or a presence of a good  support system's going to be impacted by that.  If we're sexually  assaulted later on, even if it's not connected to the foster care  system or not connected to in any way, our immigration status, the  lack of or the actual presence of that good support system is such a  difference maker.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00042-00065700-00065800 So what is trauma?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00043-00065800-00068200 Maybe somebody on the first day?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00044-00068200-00070800 Second day talked about Besse van der Kolk, the body keeps  the score.  That's an important book for what we do.  I highly  recommend it and it's accessible as well for something that's written  about trauma.  And one of the things that he says is that being  traumatized is not just an issue of being stuck in the past.  It is  just as much a problem
pvOU3PnvCFk-00045-00070800-00073500 of not being fully alive in the present.  And  when we did the rape culture -- when you did the rape culture and  intersections between rape culture and inter[indiscernible] racism  webinars, we looked a lot at not being fully present.  Not being able  to be fully actualized.  Not being able to fully experience joy and  freedom
pvOU3PnvCFk-00046-00073500-00075900 because of the fear that rape culture causes.  The fear of  this inevitability of being sexually assaulted.  So some of us,  because of the communities that we belong to, even have this kind of  low-grade all the time not being fully alive in the present.  And then  when we have a traumatization that happens which occurs when both  internal
pvOU3PnvCFk-00047-00075900-00076200 and external resources are inadequate to cope with an  external threat.  The way we think, the way we learn, the way we  remember things.  The way we hold and move our bodies.  The way we  feel about ourselves, the way we feel about other people, and the way  we make sense of the world are all profoundly altered by the traumatic  experience.  Trauma
pvOU3PnvCFk-00048-00076200-00079200 will leave fragments on our brains, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00049-00079600-00082600 >> Patricia:  Thanks Michelle.  So, rape trauma.  Survivors  can appear -- experience somatic, cognitive, psychological, and  behavioral stress responses after an assault.  These reactions may  happen immediately afterwards or the survivor may have a delayed  reaction.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00050-00083600-00084700 They might last for a short period of time or a long period  of time.  They can be, as I mentioned, somatic meaning in the body.   Like feeling sick, stomach aches, nausea, or back pain.  Cognitive:  affecting the brain.  How we think or process get distracted.   Psychological: depression, anxiety, PTSD.  These symptoms may last for  a short period
pvOU3PnvCFk-00051-00084700-00087200 of time or a long period of time.  And the reactions  can happen immediately afterwards or a delayed reaction.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00052-00087200-00090200 The body is amazing and the brain and the subconscious  really want to protect us.  The human.  And so it's really  unpredictable how and when we're gonna feel any of these after --  after an assault.  After a rape.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00053-00090400-00092600 >> Michelle:  I just want to say a little also about adult  survivors of child sexual assault.  There are different dynamics that  are important for us to be thinking about.  Adults who have survived  childhood sexual assault may reach out to advocates for a reason of  numbers where as somebody who was assaulted recently might reach out  for different
pvOU3PnvCFk-00054-00092600-00093300 reasons.  And we talk a lot about those but don't talk  as much about these adult survivors of sexual assault who utilize a  crisis line and advocate differently.  They are confronted with a  repressed memory of childhood sexual assault.  They might be currently  experiencing violence or abuse and that reminds them that there is  this other stuff
pvOU3PnvCFk-00055-00093300-00094800 that they're still dealing with and working with.   They may not have had resources or support that now they can access.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00056-00094800-00097000 That just now they're able to reach out and say: this thing  happened to me.  So it's really important for us in the work that we  do that we're thinking about how we're defining  "crisis".  And how we  think about safety.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00057-00097000-00098200 [clears throat] excuse me.  So we want to make sure that our  services are setup for crisis and safety in different ways that adult  survivors of childhood sex abuse are going to define it.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00058-00098200-00099700 If someone has a repressed mem/of childhood and what we're  going to talk about, how that impacts your brain, body, your   moods.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00059-00099700-00100700 That they are experiencing that kind of as if they are in it  now.  And that crisis is -- feels like it's now.  One of the things  again that is so different than domestic violence is that I always  think of it in terms of safety.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00060-00100700-00103600 When I was working with -- on both a domestic violence and  sexual assault hotlines, the ways that I would talk about safety is so  different.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00061-00103600-00103700 With DV survivors who are looking to get in a physically  more safe space away from somebody who is actively harming them.  And  with sexual assault, it was always so hard to think about safety  because it's more -- more of an emotional safety.  I can't make you  safe from your body that feels now unsafe.  But the scene of that is  always kind of with
pvOU3PnvCFk-00062-00103700-00105900 you.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00063-00105900-00106800 And although domestic violence really impacts the body as  well, it is so -- there is so much emotional -- there is so many  emotional pieces around that.  That the dynamics are just super  different.  So I just wanted to kind of, again, highlight some of the  differences.  Because a lot of us are coming from a place where we're  working with both DV
pvOU3PnvCFk-00064-00106800-00109800 and sexual assault.  And so thinking about that  is really important and the ways we think about safety and the ways we  think about crisis.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00065-00110100-00111800 I really like this quote from Bass and Davis who wrote  "the  courage to heal" and also did the courage to heal workbook which is  kind of like a self help book for adult survivors of childhood sexual  abuse.  And it's been used pretty frequently since the 90's.  There is  still some really good stuff in there.  And one of the things they  talk about
pvOU3PnvCFk-00066-00111800-00114700 is the ways in which we heal.  They use this image of a  spiral.  And they say you go through the same stages again and again  but traveling up the spiral you pass through them at a different  level.  With a different perspective.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00067-00114700-00116500 With each new cycle, your capacity to feel, to remember, and  to make lasting changes is strengthened.  When we, as advocates, are  really grounded in this understanding, it helps to set the foundation  for us in providing services that anticipate and respond to the trauma  that survivors have experienced.  As someone --
pvOU3PnvCFk-00068-00116500-00119000 you know, as someone  said within the jam board, everyone is different.  The way -- you  can't say one way or another how somebody is going to interact.  But  we do know that nothing nothing is linear.  You're not harmed here and  you heal here.  And here are all the ways that you get there, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00069-00119000-00119300 But that's not just not reality.  But that we do get better.   Mike who is a therapist that workday a lot with male survivors.  One  of the things that he said he would get asked a lot by his clients  was: when is this gonna be better?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00070-00119300-00120300 When is this gonna be over?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00071-00120300-00122700 And he said -- one of the things that he says often is: not  as long as you fear.  But longer than you would like.  Right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00072-00122700-00123700 Like we want to be done and I think there is a lot of  frustration for that for those of us that are sexual assault  survivors.  Like we want to be done and get healed right now.   Especially for those of us that are really, you know, raised in  cultures that really value, you know, just moving on.  You know, not  dwelling.  Value
pvOU3PnvCFk-00073-00123700-00125100 perfectionism.  Different oppressions that we  internalize.  Like I got to take care of this so I can move on and do  these other things that are more important, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00074-00125100-00127200 And so I think that this spiral, that the way that Mike  talks about it is really beneficial in the ways we talk to survivors  about what they can expect, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00075-00127200-00127600 Because promising -- right, we don't do that.  We learned  that on the first day.  We never promise when something's going to  happen.  So finding these different ways to both validate, normalize,  reassure, do positive framing which we're going to talk about in the  next session.  Are all super important to the ways in that we set  expectations
pvOU3PnvCFk-00076-00127600-00128500 to survivors about how they heal.  Did you want to add  something?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00077-00128500-00128900 >> Patricia:  I don't have anything to add, Michelle.   Thank you.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00078-00128900-00130000 >> Michelle:  You popped in so it looked like you wanted  to.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00079-00130000-00132900 >> Patricia:  Oh no.  I was just preparing.  But I like  what Omni says in the chat.  I can share that.  So many statements  made worthy of being prints on the wall.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00080-00132900-00134100 >> Michelle:  Yeah, exactly.  So, this is all just really  -- just helpful framing for when you're working with survivors because  some people would rather with healed tomorrow.  And it's just not  likely to happen.  Just an example of what this is kind of like: I  feel as a survivor like there is different aspects of my trauma and my  healing that
pvOU3PnvCFk-00081-00134100-00136400 I continue to kind of come back to.  And I'm like, I  thought I did this already.  But I have to deal with it in a different  way, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00082-00136400-00138800 And that's kind of the spiral: everything just keeps coming  around.  It's like every three days this is really bugging me.  And  then every three weeks maybe it's bugging me because I found some new  ways of coping with that.  I went to cognitive behavioral therapy.   And so now I found some really good ways of working with, you know,  being grounded
pvOU3PnvCFk-00083-00138800-00140600 and reassuring my safety to myself.  And practicing  self compassion and doing those kind of things.  And then as I move  further up, you know, it's like three years and I'm like, oh, no.   This is back again.  And I'm like, okay, let's try some -- but I'm  feeling it in my body this time.  So let me try some trauma-informed  yoga to work this out
pvOU3PnvCFk-00084-00140600-00141200 because I have my other tools.  Let me put some  more tools in here.  It's just a constant thing.  Well it's not  constant but it's a reoccurring thing that becomes less constant as we  move forward.  But when we -- when it shows up we're like, oh, there  is that thing again!
pvOU3PnvCFk-00085-00141200-00144000 But it doesn't throw us back as much as it does when we're  really tight in the spiral, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00086-00144000-00144200 When we're just really starting to heal from it.  That we,  in ways, create relationships with this trauma and with our healing  and say, okay, I see you're here again.  I know what you are this  time, though.  So you're not catching me off guard.  I know about my  tools and I can utilize them.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00087-00144200-00147200 >> Patricia:  What are triggers?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00088-00147300-00148000 Triggers are automatic responses connected to your past  sexual abuse/assault that suddenly rush to the present.  Certain acts,  smells, words, perhaps even a tone of voice can act as triggers that  bring up images and feelings from the past.  When you are in the  middle of being triggered, it may be difficult to distinguish from the  past and the present
pvOU3PnvCFk-00089-00148000-00151000 .  And this is from Staci   Haines, author of the  survivor's guide to sex.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00090-00151400-00152200 And one experience I can share of a loved one of mine: she  was at a bus stop waiting to board the bus to go to work in the early  morning and looked over to her side and saw a man there.  And that  man's hands were very similar to the hands of the rapist.  And, boom.   There you go.  You're just starting your day.  You're walking along,  doing
pvOU3PnvCFk-00091-00152200-00153700 what you need to do and you're thrown against the wall or to the  floor.  So that's one example.  I'm going to read from my notes now.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00092-00153700-00155500 Survivors often can help figuring -- excuse me.  Survivors  often can use help figuring out what is going on in their brains and  bodies.  Often asking advocates: is this normal?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00093-00155500-00157100 Triggers are a common part of recovery from trauma and  advocates will need to be familiar with triggers and can work with  survivors to plan for how they will respond when triggers come up and  what strategies they might want to try.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00094-00157100-00159000 A helpful place to start is to work with the survivor or  figuring out what kinds of situations, scents, interactions, tones of  voice, et cetera, might cause them to be triggered.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00095-00159000-00162000 When survivors are more aware of what triggers them, it  makes it easier to plan.  This knowledge can help a survivor avoid  triggers or create strategies to cope when triggers are a surprise or  are unavoidable.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00096-00162400-00164100 Working with survivors to identify coping techniques is a  really important part of our role.  And in that role, I want to add:  throughout this whole work that we do, self care is really important  because we have our own stuff.  And so it's really, really important  to be aware.  As Michelle said, we're ever-evolving.  As long as we  are breathing,
pvOU3PnvCFk-00097-00164100-00167100 we are evolving.  So what we're doing in this point as  an advocate is assisting the survivor in gaining resources within  themselves in awareness and, like, you know, digging in and what is my  awareness?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00098-00167100-00169800 Well, my awareness is different than it was the last time,  as Michelle said.  When I first did this advocate core training back  in September of 2019, I was -- I had never done advocate core  training.  As I mentioned, me and my kids are survivors.  And I was   really gung-ho and ready to go and we get to Spokane
pvOU3PnvCFk-00099-00169800-00171400 and all of a  sudden I'm in pain.  Excruciating pain.  And I was like, I can't get  sick.  For me, it manifests in my left hip and it affects my walking.   And I'm like, okay, I'm having a somatic response to the having to --  not having to.  To doing my job which is training on new advocates to  support sexual assault survivors.  And I just --
pvOU3PnvCFk-00100-00171400-00173000 I just needed to be  aware of that.  And I didn't do much in that training.  It was my  first time.  I did some, and I just -- during the breaks, I just  walked.  Walked it out.  Self talk, it's okay.  Yeah.  You know?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00101-00173000-00174500 It is this and -- but it's -- it's so real.  It's so real.   And it lasted the whole time.  It would get a little bit better, but  our body keeps the score.  That book, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00102-00174500-00175300 >> Michelle:  Absolutely.  I totally remember that when we  were training together.  You're like, I got to go for another walk!
pvOU3PnvCFk-00103-00175300-00178000 [chuckling at self] all right.  Dissociation.  So let's see.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00104-00178000-00180500 When people are dissociating, they disconnect from their    surroundings which can stop trauma memories of overwhelming fear and  anxiety and shame.  It's a fairly normal coping strategy in the face  of this overwhelming stress.  So sometimes triggers can lead to  dissociation.  Dissociation is also a skill that survivors who are
pvOU3PnvCFk-00105-00180500-00183000 experiencing a lot of continued abuse utilize.  It's because it's  super effective.  It is about being disconnected from the here and  now.  All of us really occasionally have day dreams or mind wandering  which is normal.  Sometimes dissociation is a way of coping by  avoiding negative thoughts or feelings related to
pvOU3PnvCFk-00106-00183000-00183600 memories of  traumatic events.  There was one survivor that I work with and he kept  driving to the wrong place.  He was associates so much throughout his  day that he kept driving to the wrong places because he was on  autopilot.  And he would end up at work when he was trying to go to,  you know, home.  Or trying to go to the store
pvOU3PnvCFk-00107-00183600-00183800 and would end up over  here.  And then he would get there and be like, when did this happen?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00108-00183800-00186400 How did this happen?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00109-00186400-00189300 His dissociation because his child sexual abuse was so  extreme that he could just never really stay present.  It was a huge  -- so it was manifesting a lot by just -- he's late all the time  because he was trying to go to his appointment to see the doctor or  see his therapist or to meet with me or whatever.  And would end up at  work or a different
pvOU3PnvCFk-00110-00189300-00190700 place because he was just autopilotting throughout  his life.  So those are kind of just really common things that I think  we come across and why so many people that we work with are late.   Because it's just -- it's just a super common thing.  The difference  from active avoidance where as, like, the on purpose avoiding doing  something is
pvOU3PnvCFk-00111-00190700-00191200 that dissociation tends to happen without the planning or  even awareness.  Many times people who are dissociating are not even  aware that it is happening.  Other people might notice it.  Kind of,  are you here?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00112-00191200-00193900 Hi, where did you go?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00113-00193900-00195400 It's a safety valve and it's very effective.  One of my  colleagues did a lot of doula work.  She was a sexual assault advocate  and did a lot of doula work which is like a birth attendant.  And she  was working with a survivor who had gone through a ton of healing and,  you know, felt really great.  When she became pregnant, lots of her  sexual assault
pvOU3PnvCFk-00114-00195400-00196000 started coming up again.  Right -- and this is common  because we lose control of your body and what your body's doing.  And  that can be really triggering on an ongoing basis for sexual assault  survivors.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00115-00196000-00198500 And so she made a plan with her advocate and doula and said,  you know what?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00116-00198500-00199400 I think when I give birth I'm going to dissociate and I just  -- I think I'm just gonna -- that's just gonna be my plan: that I'm  going to dissociate because I think that's the way I'm going to have  to move through it.  She was just really aware of how she was gonna  react and just like, you know, my plan is just to not try to interrupt  it.  Let's
pvOU3PnvCFk-00117-00199400-00201800 just get through it.  Like I'm really aware that I might  want to remember this but I think that I -- I think that this is the  best way for me to do this.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00118-00201800-00204800 And they talked about it.  And that was just her plan.  So  sometimes we -- even when we get new coping skills, we fall back on  old ones in, like, real stressful times.  And, you know, that's  normal.  It makes sense.  And we work with survivors on whatever it is  they say: this is what I need, this is what I want.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00119-00205000-00206800 Dissociation can kind of look like spacing out or day  dreaming.  Ugly look or staring.  Mind going blank or mind wandering.   A sense of the world not being real.  I hear that one a lot.  Watching  or seeing yourself kind of from the outside.  You know, the change in  perspective.  And then other really extreme ways can be, like, an out  of body
pvOU3PnvCFk-00120-00206800-00207900 experience, a detachment from yourself with your identity.   And then, of course, just disconnected from surroundings.  And the  antidote to dissociation is grounding.  Because of that disconnected  from surroundings.  Where am I?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00121-00207900-00208600 Okay, I'm here now.  And there are so many ways that we can  work to cope with dissociation, with triggers.  But this is also part  of the planning that we do with survivors.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00122-00208600-00209400 There is the 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 activity.  Is anybody familiar  with that?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00123-00209400-00210300 If you are, would you like to unmute and share?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00124-00210300-00212500 If not, I can share it but it's always great if somebody  else can share.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00125-00212500-00213000 [No Response]
pvOU3PnvCFk-00126-00213000-00215100 [overlapping speakers] okay.  I'm just like I like to make  sure I give enough time.  Go ahead.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00127-00215100-00215500 >> We just covered this in my class.  It's a grounding  exercise.  What we did is we imagined, like, our happiest place.  Like  and I imagined like a beach.  And then five things you can see there,  four things you can touch, three things you can hear, two things you  can smell, and, like, one thing you can taste.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00128-00215500-00215700 >> Michelle:  Absolutely.  Thank you so much.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00129-00215700-00217500 >> Yeah!
pvOU3PnvCFk-00130-00217500-00218000 >> Michelle:  That's a really useful activity that you can  do when you're anywhere.  Like you can be in a meeting and be like,  okay, I'm dissociating.  Let me -- and you can do it where, you know,  you take yourself to the beach.  Like she said.  Or you can also do it  based on where you're at right now.  Like I'm in this room and this  desk feels
pvOU3PnvCFk-00131-00218000-00219300 like this and I can smell the candle that's burning.  I can  feel -- right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00132-00219300-00220600 You're just trying to, like, get in touch with those  surroundings.  And the 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 can kind of help you remember,  you know, all of these different senses in our bodies that we're  trying to access.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00133-00220600-00221200 Thanks for sharing that.  Grecia says meditation is good as  well.  Yeah!
pvOU3PnvCFk-00134-00221200-00223600 It can be a little bit harder for people because you're  practicing sitting alone with yourself, you know?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00135-00223600-00226000 With your mind going.  Sometimes that takes a little bit  more practice.  Starting out with a few different things.  Or yoga is  also really good for that kind of thing because you're kind of doing  something and then that kind of -- I always found that exercise was  such a super useful things at different times in more own healing and  coping.  Because
pvOU3PnvCFk-00136-00226000-00228300 it was like, I know for this hour during the day that  my mind's not going to be -- that I was doing, like, jazzercize or  something.  It was incredibly effective because you have to follow the  routine but you don't have time to be thinking about things that are  stressing you out and trauma because you're trying to follow along  with the routines.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00137-00228300-00228500 Different things like that.  Like in a yoga class, in a  dance class.  All of these things.  It takes your mind out of the  trauma and the stress and are really good coping mechanisms.  Running  also.  And things like that.  Because sometimes meditating while  sitting still can be really hard for some people when they feel it in  their bodies.  But moving
pvOU3PnvCFk-00138-00228500-00230100 their bodies can be something helpful.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00139-00230100-00233100 Let's do some belly breathing.  Keela.  Keela's butt!
pvOU3PnvCFk-00140-00233100-00236100 >> Patricia:  Keela.  So we're going to do some breathing.   And it's really similar to the way newborns and babies breathe.  And  you can see if you have been around a newborn, their little tummy.   When they inhale, it goes up.  So just be aware of where you're  sitting and what you're sitting on.  Your feet on the floor.  I don't  -- like
pvOU3PnvCFk-00141-00237000-00238900 some people say breathe in to a count of this and hold it for  a count of this.  And we're also individuals, so just take a deep  breath.  Hold it for a little bit.  And then when you exhale, really  make -- exhale getting all that breath out.  And that way we're using  our whole -- do that for a few times.  And also stretching.  If you  feel comfortable
pvOU3PnvCFk-00142-00238900-00239500 doing some neck rolls or even some side -- you know,  just ear to shoulder.  That feels good.  Chin to chest.  And on my  notes, Michelle, it says we're going to take a short, 7-minute break?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00143-00239500-00240300 So we will come back at 10:41?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00144-00240300-00241600 See everyone at 10:41.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00145-00244000-00244400 (recording in progress).  We're going to talk about the  [indiscernible] of trauma.  There are a number of reasons why sexual  assault is not the fault of the survivor, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00146-00244400-00245400 We learned about that when we were talking about rape  culture, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00147-00245400-00245700 But also science is one of them.  A lot of times survivors  will ask themselves: why didn't I fight?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00148-00245700-00247100 For example.  Or why can't I remember what happened?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00149-00247100-00249700 This information can be useful to think kind of more kindly  about your body and brains or action to the violence or experience.   Because science, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00150-00249700-00252700 I thought this also super useful in my work with male  survivors.  That it was an easier approach for some folks who have  been socialized around masculinity.  Around not being in touch with  emotions as well.  That talking about kind of the way that your body  and brain reacts can be an easier entry point for some people.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00151-00253600-00255000 One of the more recent times that neurobiology of trauma was  really show cased was in the Supreme Court nominee Rick Cavanaugh's  [phonetic] hearing.  And Dr. Christine Blasey Ford, when she was  giving testimony in the hearings, one of the things that she said that  really stood out for me as a sexual assault kind of professional  person that was just
pvOU3PnvCFk-00152-00255000-00255700 not the kind of thing that you heard really often  but she said, indelible in the hip campus is the laughter.  The  laughter between the two.  They're having fun at my expense.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00153-00255700-00257000 And the hippocampus is the structure in the brain that  processes information into memories.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00154-00257000-00258900 It takes in all kinds of different sensory information  that's going on in the world right now and it organizes it.  And this  is a process called encoding.  Right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00155-00258900-00259500 And our way of remembering things is dramatically changed  under stress.  When we're overwhelmed with fear, we lose the capacity  for speech at times.  We often -- the capacity to put words into -- to  our experience, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00156-00259500-00259800 So as we looked at the beginning, we looked at some images  of weather patterns.  How do we feel?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00157-00259800-00260200 What's our energy, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00158-00260200-00261300 Because, again, sometimes it's hard to know how I feel right  now, right.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00159-00261300-00262600 >> So sometimes looking at things with a visual cue can be  helpful.  With Dr. Christine Blasey Ford, what was significant to her  was a sound.  Right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00160-00262600-00262800 And as one of our participants here -- I can't remember your  name.  I'm so sorry.  Because I couldn't see your face in your camera.   But said about the 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00161-00262800-00264700 We're getting in touch with all of our senses, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00162-00264700-00266600 And for her it was the sound.  What she remembers most was  them laughing.  And that's what sticks with her.  So without words,  our mind shifts into that visceral form of memory.  Visual, auditory,  olfactory, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00163-00266600-00267800 Smell.  Kinesthetic.  How we feel.  The positions our body  was in.  Physical sensations.  And feelings -- not emotional feelings  but feelings, like, on our skin or heat, cold, different things like  that.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00164-00267800-00268300 And then flashbacks happen with an intrusive reexperiencing  of those unverballized memories.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00165-00268300-00270200 So it's not really remembering but rather re-living  sometimes when that happens.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00166-00270200-00270500 So in addition to providing opportunities for survivors to  talk about their experiences, we have to also provide opportunities  that focus on non-verbal expression that can help with that trauma  release, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00167-00270500-00271500 So I talked about exercise, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00168-00271500-00272000 Moving your body.  I talked about 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.  We checked  in using some different weather visuals, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00169-00272000-00274700 Different things like that and how we're incorporating into  the work we do with survivors.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00170-00274700-00277700 And how we work with them to incorporate that into their own  lives, their own keeping, and the different things that work for them.   So our way of remembering, as I just said, is dramatically changed  under stress.  I jumped ahead in my presentation so this is the slide  that I was talking about before.  My apologies.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00171-00278400-00281400 When the Cavanaugh hearing were happening, we were watching  them a lot at work.  And so many of us that were survivors were really  impacted by that.  And I remember afterwards talking with survivors  for an article that we did on survivor activism.  One of my colleagues  had gone to Washington, D.C. to participate in the protests that were
pvOU3PnvCFk-00172-00282100-00284500 happening there.  The survivors that were, you know, just -- I will  never forget the hallway.  What I was calling the hallway heros.  The  women who had come from Arizona and were yelling at senator P in the   elevator about their experiences of sexual assault.  And just thinking  about how so much of our work is kind of on display
pvOU3PnvCFk-00173-00284500-00287300 as well as all the  different ways that survivors feel and act and advocate for  themselves.  And it was so powerful.  Such a powerful time.  I  remember being really impacted during that time and forgetting all of  my coping mechanisms because it was just so overwhelming.  Such an  overwhelming time for survivors.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00174-00287300-00289000 The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.  So the  sympathetic is the one that's ready to respond.  It does the action  without thought.  It's hypervigilance.  It's fight, flight, freeze.   The sympathetic nervous system is super helpful when you are in danger  like when you are running from a bear.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00175-00289000-00290800 Many survivors get really stuck in the sympathetic nervous  system.  Especially if abuse has been more long-term or  extraordinarily violent.  But also everybody is different, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00176-00290800-00292900 So so many trauma survivors can get stuck here, regardless  of the dynamics of the sexual assault.  And then the parasympathetic.   That's when we're calm and relaxed and asleep.  This is when our body  heals and engages in metabolic processes like digestion.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00177-00292900-00295600 This is why things like yoga and body work can be super  effective of a way to heal because it helps us -- helps our nervous  system drop in from sympathetic to parasympathetic.  And  >> Patricia  had mentioned, you know, about feeling sick, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00178-00295600-00295800 In some of the ways that rape trauma manifests.  And there  are so many survivors who experience digestive issues, Crohn's  disease, irritable bowel syndrome.  And one of the reasons, you know,  for trauma survivors is that they're not dropped into their  sympathetic -- I mean their parasympathetic nervous system to be able  to be doing
pvOU3PnvCFk-00179-00295800-00296300 those processes like digestion.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00180-00296300-00298700 And then sometimes that can lead to inflammation and all  kinds of other things, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00181-00298700-00299900 So, you know, survivors who are experiencing trauma that  also, like, all of a sudden have to go to the bathroom or can't go to  the bathroom.  Very painful.  Those are all super normal things that  we can, as advocates, normalize and validate with the information that  we have.  And also sometimes things that I like to bring up about the
pvOU3PnvCFk-00182-00299900-00300900 differences between that sympathetic and parasympathetic because it  might help to -- them to normalize for themselves things that they're  not ready to talk about.  Like their bowel movements, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00183-00300900-00302100 Like how their standard of practice is feeling.  But I just  think it's just been a common thing in my experience with survivors  that digestive issues is huge.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00184-00302100-00302400 huge.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00185-00302400-00303900 Stomach.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00186-00303900-00306200 Fight and flight.  I'm doing  "folks" thing again.  A lot of  people talk about fight and flight as, like, those are the two things  that you do when you are experiencing trauma.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00187-00306200-00307500 And it's not true but they are the first two that we kind of  think about.  And those are the biological mechanisms to protect us  from harm.  They happen when we perceive that we are in danger.  And  each episode of danger connects to every other episode in our minds.   The more danger we are exposed to the more sensitive we are to danger.   We might
pvOU3PnvCFk-00188-00307500-00309500 pop into the fight or flight feeling even though we may not  technically be in danger but we're in a situation that reminds us.  So    >> Patricia was talking about the family member who saw the hands of  the gentleman that was getting on the bus as well.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00189-00309500-00311500 And that episode connected with another episode in her mind  of danger.  And so we become more sensitive to that.  Freeze is going  to be one of the most common things that we come in contact with when  we're working with survivors.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00190-00311500-00312200 Freeze or tonic imobility is the most commonly, nearly  universal trauma response for individuals who have experienced sexual  assault.  So this is the tool we have, this is the tool we have to  normalize and validate with the survivor that says: why didn't I just  fight?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00191-00312200-00314900 We have great scientific explanations for that.  It can be  so helpful when working with survivors, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00192-00314900-00317600 This is sometimes referred to as rape induced paralysis.  It  is autonomic meaning it's uncontrollable.  A person in a state of  tonic imobility cannot move.  There are some animals that experience  tonic immobility.  They're the fainting gets.  They have sensitive  freeze responses and they just freeze and kind of fall over.  They're  called fainting
pvOU3PnvCFk-00193-00317600-00320100 goats.  We see this with possums and other animals  that play dead.  The freeze response is where trauma is locked in your  tissues.  And this holds true from everything from car accidents to  physical and sexual violence.  To emotional trauma and stress.  It  locks up the spine, abdomen, and breath.  Everything becomes smaller
pvOU3PnvCFk-00194-00320100-00321600 and tighter and it decreases our respiration.  Because we're trying to  save our breath, our energy.  So slow, shallow breathing, short.  Not  slow.  Short and shallow breathing.  It decreases the range of motion  of the rib cage.  And this response that kept you from harm also  becomes a response that keeps you from healing, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00195-00321600-00323800 It keeps you from dropping into the parasympathetic nervous  systems.  This freeze response where we're all locked up in our torso  is us kind of existing in the sympathetic nervous system.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00196-00323800-00324500 This is why so much more as we learn about the neurobiology  of trauma, why we are really expanding the ways we think about what  services are useful for healing for survivors.  Like body work, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00197-00324500-00327500 Like touch and massage.  Like releasing the body that is  keeping score, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00198-00327900-00330800 As [indiscernible] talks about.  Releasing that.  Helping  people drop into their parasympathetic nervous system so they can  sleep, so they can digest, so they can rest, so they can experience  freedom and joy and, you know, not feel like they're engaged in  trauma.  Cass asks: how might you respond to a survivor who says, I  wish I
pvOU3PnvCFk-00199-00330800-00333300 had done something differently.  We're going to do practice  around that pretty soon but I think that what I would say is even if  it's like -- regardless of what it is that happened to that survivor  or what they -- how they kind of -- how they responded.  Whether it  was fight, flight, or freeze, I think I would just say, you know, the  ways
pvOU3PnvCFk-00200-00333300-00334600 we react to trauma are autonomic.  Fight, flight, freeze.  These  are things that are all just the things that take over when we don't  -- when we can't respond.  And I think talking about how trauma  interacts with our body is how I would respond to that.  That you  don't really -- you're not in a place of choosing.  Because, one,  somebody took away
pvOU3PnvCFk-00201-00334600-00337600 a choice from you.  And, two, your body takes away  your choice as well.  It's like double -- double down on the  "no  choices".  Does that make sense?  ?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00202-00338600-00341200 And then I will also add here a  piece.  So fight, flight, freeze, and appease.  Some call it fawning.   And this is when we appeal to -- we are compliant.  We kind of just  appeal to the person who is harming us.  We see this in -- really  clearly in the series  "unbelievable" which is a series on Netflix  about two different women's
pvOU3PnvCFk-00203-00341200-00341300 experiences of sexual assault from the  same serial predator.  And it's a very accurate -- it's one of the  more accurate representations of sexual violence and all of the  dynamics surrounding that in the criminal justice system that I've  seen kind of portrayed.  It's very not special victims unit.  Because  it's really long and things don't go well,
pvOU3PnvCFk-00204-00341300-00343800 right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00205-00343800-00346600 More realistic.  But one of the survivors talks about how,  you know, she talked to him for a long time.  The man that raped her.   And she asked him a lot of questions.  She's trying to keep him  talking.  You see a lot of domestic violence survivor do this kind of  thing as well.  Human trafficking survivors.  You know, just trying to  keep the
pvOU3PnvCFk-00206-00346600-00347800 person appeased so that they will not further abuse them.  So  it's another interaction.  That one is sometimes less autonomic and  strategy but can be really autonomic when that's kind of your  socialization.  If you have been socialized to appease.  So for a lot  of women, this might be another aspect because of internalized sexism  and socialization
pvOU3PnvCFk-00207-00347800-00350400 around appeasing or care taking or fixing.  If that  was a role within their family, that's something that we kind of can  drop into when we're trying to stay safe from danger.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00208-00350400-00350600 Okay.  We're going to do an activity.  We're going to go  into some breakout room.  I'm going to share the activity handout here  in the chat.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00209-00350600-00353600 Just a second.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00210-00354500-00354900 Okay.  Folks can pull this up.  We have some breakout rooms  and you're going to look at these different responses.  These examples  from survivors.  I should have done this.  I feel like it's my fault.   We're going to practice with each other thinking about how we would  respond to that.  And you can do actual role plays or you can just  talk months
pvOU3PnvCFk-00211-00354900-00356000 amongst yourselves and different examples.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00212-00356000-00357100 As  >> Patricia said, we're looking for our authentic voice.   How are we able to describe things and choose words that work well for  us to be able to explain a lot of these things?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00213-00357100-00357900 So we are going to go into breakout room.  It will are take  just a second.  I need to put interpreters in the right place.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00214-00361600-00362400 .
pvOU3PnvCFk-00215-00362400-00363900 >> Patricia:  I have a printout of the PowerPoints so it  has been decided --
pvOU3PnvCFk-00216-00363900-00365500 >> Michelle:  Of course.  [indiscernible] I had.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00217-00365500-00367000 >> Michelle:  We're back.  Does anyone want to share back  from their conversations any ways that you really like the way that  somebody kind of talked about or explained it or used their own words  to talk about that?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00218-00367000-00369400 You can chat or you can unmute yourself and share.  If there  is anything that you want to talk about how someone responded or how  you responded.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00219-00369400-00369500 >> We spoke about how -- a lot of about how the answers we  give would be kind of similar.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00220-00369500-00369700 >> What's your name?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00221-00369700-00369900 >> Olivia.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00222-00369900-00371100 >> Michelle:  Okay.  Go ahead.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00223-00371100-00371500 >> And, you know, like it said on the work sheet it's mostly  just validating their feelings and that it's okay to feel that way and  that is a normal reaction.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00224-00371500-00374500 >> Michelle:  Mm-hmm, yup.  What else?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00225-00375500-00376700 >> For me, it's indicitive of someone who has done the work  and thought they had processed everything and is finding themselves  re-living it again.  And I feel like this is a statement where we have  to acknowledge that they have done the work and let them know that it  is something that they may have to continue to do the work
pvOU3PnvCFk-00226-00376700-00377400 over,  moving forward.  And that there is no real -- as you were saying  earlier: the healing is [indiscernible].
pvOU3PnvCFk-00227-00377400-00378200 >> Michelle:  Right.  Right.  We're normalizing and  validating that the healing isn't linear.  Yeah.  That's so common.   You know?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00228-00378200-00380200 I think a lot of people feel that way.  And my experience  working with survivors, I see this the all the time, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00229-00380200-00380500 It's different ways of saying you're not the only one who  feels this way.  You're not the only one who thinks you're over this  and then being able to use the spiral or use the quote from the  currently to heal or those different things to be able to say: here,  here is more information about that.  Here is kind of some different  ways to think about
pvOU3PnvCFk-00230-00380500-00381400 this.  Anyone else?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00231-00381400-00382400 [No Response]
pvOU3PnvCFk-00232-00382400-00382800 Is there anything that you couldn't really think about how  to re-frame that or normalize and validate that somebody and you would  like me to do it, or  >> Patricia?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00233-00382800-00382900 >> Patricia:  Can you state that again, Michelle?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00234-00382900-00384200 Sorry.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00235-00384200-00385700 >> Michelle:  Oh, I was just wondering if anybody wanted  either you or I to show how we might respond if any of these felt like  places you got stuck kind of thinking about how to re-frame.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00236-00385700-00388700 >> Patricia:  Mm-hmm.  Which one Cass?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00237-00390800-00392300 I feel like it's my fault.  Great.  All right.  I would  probably begin with I hear what you're saying.  And that is a very,  very common way to feel.  You're here.  You -- I'm so glad you're here  right now, talking to me about this.  You're not the predator.  You're  not the one who did this to somebody.  You're the survivor.  And I  mentioned it in
pvOU3PnvCFk-00238-00392300-00394300 the session I was in.  The breakout session.  Really  slowing your cadence down when you're speaking so it really lands.   Thank you, Grecia.  You're not alone.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00239-00394300-00397300 Pausing and just, like, slowing down time as you're talking  with them about it.  (beeping sounds) because of all the reasons  stated regarding the neurobiology of it all.  Michelle, what would you  like to add?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00240-00397400-00398500 >> Michelle:  Sure.  Yeah.  Usually what I say is, yeah,  I've -- you know, so many survivors I work with say the same thing.  I  always try to bring in other people to this -- to the conversation to  help to fight that isolation.  Sexual violence is incredibly isolating  so we normalize and validate to tray to work that back.  Like Grecia  said, you're
pvOU3PnvCFk-00241-00398500-00401400 not alone.  And you're not alone in that feeling.  So  many survivors that I workday with have said: I feel like it's my  fault.  What I can tell you is it's not, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00242-00401400-00401900 So many survivors feel like it's their fault because, you  know, they couldn't fight enough or, you know, they put themselves in  this situation.  And what I know is that you don't deserve to be  assaulted.  No matter what you wear, no matter where you are.  So I  would probably kind of talk about that.  Of course, it depends on who  you're talking to
pvOU3PnvCFk-00243-00401900-00403900 and what you have talked with them about before.   Always.  Yeah.  What else?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00244-00403900-00404800 [No Response]
pvOU3PnvCFk-00245-00404800-00406400 Great job.  Thank you all for jumping in and practicing.   It's hard.  And remember you are exactly where you're supposed to be.   It is hard and you don't know.  And that's why we practice!
pvOU3PnvCFk-00246-00406400-00409400 So I appreciate you all jumping in and trying.  Let's talk a  little bit more about trauma.  1, 2 -- we have 5 slides left and then  we will end for the day.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00247-00409900-00410200 Peter A. Levine is another great teacher, writer or issues  of trauma.  He wrote a book called  "awaking the tiger" and a couple  of other books as well.  He also has a web page where you can see more  about his work.  But one of the things that is really important for me  to remember is that trauma is not what happens to us.  But what we  hold inside
pvOU3PnvCFk-00248-00410200-00413100 in the absence of an empathetic witness.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00249-00413100-00415500 Survivors need someone to witness.  And so often that is  what our goal is.  And it feels really hard to just be that witness  because you're holding somebody else's story but also because you  can't fix it.  You can't give them a thing.  And we are socialized in  patriarchal, white premises, capitalist society, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00250-00415500-00416000 And in capitalism, it's all about exchanging, you know,  goods for money.  Giving the thing.  It's about materials.  And  witnessing and listening is not those things.  The work that we do the  undervalued by the society that we live in.  And so that can be really  hard to value what it is that you do.  And I'm going to continue to  talk about this
pvOU3PnvCFk-00251-00416000-00417900 when we're talking about advocacy skills and talking  about crisis intervention.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00252-00417900-00420100 That you, as a witness, is what is important in pushing back  against this trauma.  Because of the isolation and because of what we  are holding inside in the absence of an empathetic witness.  There are  not people around who are equipped to be able to hear these hard  things.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00253-00420100-00422400 One of the things that has always been really clear to me  with -- particularly with one of my uncles is that he doesn't want to  know about what I do because -- and I can tell because every time I  say -- even just, you know, where I work which is the Washington  coalition of sexual assault programs.  I can't talk about the work  that I do without saying
pvOU3PnvCFk-00254-00422400-00424600 sexual assault.  It's inherent in what I do.   And every time I say that, my uncle would kind of -- his face kind of  would twitch.  Like, ugh, that word, those words, I don't like them.   And that's what survivors are dealing with all the time.  That thing  that people don't want to talk about.  That is too disturbing to think  about.  That
pvOU3PnvCFk-00255-00424600-00426900 people don't want to talk about sex and  sexuality and  body parts and all of that stuff.  Being the empathetic witness is  incredibly important in the role that we do.  And we have to really  value it.  We use volunteer volunteers, we use non-profit   organizations.  All of that lends
pvOU3PnvCFk-00256-00426900-00429900 itself to this undervalueded work.   But you have to know that it's incredibly important.  So what I do is  I keep this quote up in my office and then it helps me remember and  value myself.  The importance of this work.  The importance of  listening, of being a witness.  Because other people are not equipped  to do that.  And that's our job.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00257-00430600-00431700 I want to talk just briefly about historical trauma.   Dr. Maria yellow-horse braveheart is another teacher, thinker, doctor  of, I think, social.  She's a doctor maybe in social work, I think.   And she has done a lot of studying and writing about historical  trauma.  These are just a couple of quotes that she says.  The  collective
pvOU3PnvCFk-00258-00431700-00433200 emotional and psychological injury both over the life span  and across generations resulting from a cataclysmic history of  genocide.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00259-00433200-00436200 This is how she describes historical trauma of native  American communities.  She also says it's a cumulative emotional and  psychological wounding over the life span and across generations  emanating from massive group trauma.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00260-00436300-00437900 So in addition to, for example, cycles in genocide and  disenfranchisement of that native Americans have been subjected to.   They have also been deferred from resolving grief through federal  prohibitions in practices and ways of life and speaking their language  and taking over different sacred spaces.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00261-00437900-00440900 So historical trauma is also linked to this historical  traumatic grief not being able to be released.  Because that's also  being controlled through this historical trauma.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00262-00440900-00442900 Other work on historical trauma comes from Japanese  Americans who are taken from their homes and dispossessed of all their  homes, their farms.  And branded as untrustworthy and  polyp  potentially disloyal to their race or country connected to a country  that the U.S. is at war with, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00263-00442900-00445900 Survivors and descendents have processed this experience of  the camps in really complex ways over time.  Responses ranging from  low self esteem to the avoidance of trauma.  Impacted up to the third  generation after those who were incarcerated in these camps.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00264-00446300-00448400 Even sometimes the fourth generation.  There have been  profound and long-lasting effects of Japanese Americans whose families  were incarcerated in overt family communication styles, unspoken  messages related to ethnicity, and all of these have -- they have  lessened throughout generations but have been impacting those.  We  also see this with
pvOU3PnvCFk-00265-00448400-00450000 the holocaust.  Survivors of holocaust and how that  historical trauma has been also passed down.  We see this in  historical trauma of African American communities.  Of generations  that come from enslaved Africans, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00266-00450000-00452600 All of these pieces -- again, we have to be rooted in the  social and political contexts in which survivors are living, that  historical trauma is a real thing that is connected to their other  trauma.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00267-00452600-00453400 And one of the things that we talked about earlier was that  in fight or flight, right, that each episode of danger or what we  consider to be trauma connects to every other episode in our minds.   So the more danger we're exposed to, the more sensitive we are to  danger.  And we talked about this in the rape culture presentation as  well.  An experience
pvOU3PnvCFk-00268-00453400-00456400 of black American communities in -- in their  relationships and fear of police, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00269-00456700-00458200 That those are rooted in real historical traumas whether or  not it's actually happening to you on a daily basis.  It is the  knowledge that it could.  It is a feeling of inevitability.  And those  things come from this historical trauma place as well.  Attacks on our  identities.  Oh,  >> Patricia, this is you.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00270-00458200-00461200 >> Patricia:  Thank you, Michelle.  Trauma and oppression.   Attacks on our identities and sense of self are a common part of  sexual and physical violence.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00271-00461600-00462200 Many individuals experience constant microaggressions  related to their identity in addition to the trauma of physical and  sexual violence.  To be opressed is to be traumatized.  I saw a huge  sign in Seattle that said: racism is violence.  Black back ground,  white letters.  Huge!
pvOU3PnvCFk-00272-00462200-00463600 And I was like, can we have those every couple of miles when  we're driving so we can remember that?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00273-00463600-00465300 This is what bipoc and other marginalized communities,  LGBTQ, deal with all the time.  And I'm gonna read from my notes now.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00274-00465300-00467100 How might someone's race, ability, class, gender identity,  sexual orientation, and religious/spiritual affiliations impact their  experience with trauma and help seeking?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00275-00467100-00470100 The impact of trauma may be experienced in a moment and over  a collective moments.  As traumatic and as part of the generational  family story which makes it an historical trauma as well.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00276-00470400-00473400 When working with community, with BIPOC communities, we are  going to be faced with multigenerational trauma.  We need to be  sensitive to the way in which people move through the world.  Really,  really important.  I read this meme that said: if we have -- if we're  moving through the world with historical generational trauma, we also  must remember
pvOU3PnvCFk-00277-00473400-00476400 we also have our ancestors' power, resiliency, bravery,  love, passion for life, et cetera.  And, you know, that's my take on  it.  It didn't say all that, but we have all those things: the beauty,  all of it.  But when we are down, when we're not at 100%.  When we're  not feeling whole, it sure doesn't feel that way.  It sure doesn't  feel that
pvOU3PnvCFk-00278-00476800-00478500 way.  And through the pandemic, I can share: I really got  knocked down with many, many family deaths.  On top of that, we're in  a pandemic.  I'm not able to go to their funeral services, I'm not  able to hold my loved ones.  The isolation and -- there is just so  many layers.  There is so many layers and -- but the tenacity and the  perseverance
pvOU3PnvCFk-00279-00478500-00481500 and the love and the truth of being a human being that  carries us through these things, it's amazing.  It's amazing.  You  know, I was down for, like, two years over what had happened.  Down!
pvOU3PnvCFk-00280-00481600-00481700 And trying and doing the best I could, but I was only  functioning at a percentage of myself.  And I really didn't completely  realize it until all of a sudden I was at 100% again and I'm like, oh,  wow.  This is -- I'm even stronger and better than what I was in April  of 2019 because I was allowed -- and I gave myself the space to deal  with what I
pvOU3PnvCFk-00281-00481700-00484000 was dealing with.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00282-00484000-00484500 My employer allowed me to do that, I allowed myself to do  that.  You know, if all I could do was be a fetal position, then  that's what I was going to do.  Just lay down.  Because the body was  doing so much.  We think we're doing nothing but within our systems  and our human body, we are doing so many things!
pvOU3PnvCFk-00283-00484500-00487000 Just be.  Michelle, do you have anything to add to this one?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00284-00487000-00490000 >> Michelle:  Thanks again for sharing about your  experiences.  I think that the ways in which we have to think about  our work continues to evolve.  Because now we're doing it in the  context of this pandemic and communities that are marginalized that  are part of it by the pandemic as well.  As everything else, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00285-00490600-00491500 I think a lot about -- this week I think a lot about what's  happening in Texas and what's happening in Florida with our -- these   laws being passed or pushed through.  To just continue to oppress  LGBTQ community.  And as a member of that community, it feels really  -- it feels just a lot closer than when I see -- when I see other that  I
pvOU3PnvCFk-00286-00491500-00493600 know are not right but they're not about my community.  They're not  about me.  That hits different.  It's all traumatizing but it's  closer, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00287-00493600-00496200 And I think on top of that about those teens right now that  are trans.  Right now.  The kids that are trans right now.  And how  they're feeling about themselves when this is what's all over the  news.  When this is what's being talked about, you know?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00288-00496200-00497200 That they're growing up in a time when people are, you know,  just really, you know, debating about whether or not they're whole  people.  And the impacts of that.  That creates that historical  oppression that stays with us forever.  And then we're assaulted on  top of that.  It feeds into the way we think about -- we can trust or  not trust systems
pvOU3PnvCFk-00289-00497200-00497400 .  I don't know.  It seems like CPS kind of hates --  in Texas, you know, it thinks that meeting trans is about child abuse.   So why would I reach out for help?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00290-00497400-00499900 >> Patricia:  It validates it.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00291-00499900-00500000 >> Michelle:  Right.  So this all comes together in our  heads.  The police are putting immigrant communities, babies, -- at  the boarders and [indiscernible].  So what about that is going to make  immigrant communities trust.  Everything we're doing externally in the  political context is showing communities whether or not they're
pvOU3PnvCFk-00292-00500000-00502300 worthy, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00293-00502300-00502500 So we have a worthiness and a shame issue that happens when  we experience trauma.  When we experience a sexual assault.  And then  we have the shame or blame that's happening in the context in which we  live.  That really compounds that.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00294-00502500-00503600 >> Michelle:  Yes.  Go ahead.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00295-00503600-00505300 >> Patricia:  I wanted to share.  There are ways in our  everyday lives that we can help people who feel and are treated as  invisible or disposable as visible and worthy.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00296-00505300-00507000 And that is the reason we add pronouns to our name.  If  we're comfortable doing so.  Because there are non-binary.  There are  so many of us, you know?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00297-00507000-00507300 And who we are and how we present in this world as our 100%  selves.  And we want to honor that.  And so this is a way of doing  that.  Of course if someone's not comfortable doing it, they  shouldn't.  But if you are comfortable, why not?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00298-00507300-00509400 That is solidarity.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00299-00509400-00510300 >> Michelle:  Yes.  And then Cass says here it's so  important to recognize the impact of our identities on how we  experience trauma and how we get or don't get help.  So often the  oppression is so much more vivid or prevalent because it's right in  front of us.  Remembering our ancestors are loving us, supporting us,  giving to us is so important
pvOU3PnvCFk-00300-00510300-00513300 .  Let us remind one another often with  gentle strength.  Okay.  The end.  That's the mic drop right there.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00301-00513700-00516700 Kind of the last piece I will talk about with historical  trauma and trauma oppression.  Epigenetic trauma.  Going back to the  actual biological functions within our body, there was a hypothesis  that individuals' experiences might alter the cells and behavior of  their children and grandchildren.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00302-00516900-00519500 And this has become widely accepted based on this 2013  study.  It's carried through at least two generations.  You see that  in the historical trauma with the third and he  Jen fourth generations  of Japanese American.  Those were behavioral studies.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00303-00519500-00521200 These are actual genetic studies that they did with mice.   And parent mice with subjected to an electrical shock that came with a  particular scent.  And after enough exposure, the shock is removed but  the mice continue to react to the scent as if they're being shock.  So  they learned this behavior.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00304-00521200-00523900 Their offspring who had never been shocked reacted in the  same way.  As well as their offspring's offspring.  They react to the  scent as if they're being shock having never been shock.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00305-00523900-00526200 ed having never been shocked.  It's  incredibly interesting.  And they did epigenetic studies that are  still kind of ongoing with humans with holocaust survivors and the  generations after -- that came after those who survived the holocaust.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00306-00526200-00528400 So all of these things are great tools for us to have when  we're working with survivors.  It helps us understand the context in  which a lot of people are living.  The realities of what our brains  and bodies are doing in the face of so much trauma.  That all of this  stuff are not -- all of these things are not things that we have to
pvOU3PnvCFk-00307-00528400-00529100 memorize but sometimes it's like, you know, when you're working with  somebody and you're like, I'm not quite sure what it is that they  need.  Talking about all of these things can be a useful way to begin  a conversation and to, again, do like my colleague said, you know, I  remember something about epigenetic trauma that might be really  interesting
pvOU3PnvCFk-00308-00529100-00532100 to you based on all of the things you are talking about.   Let's look it up.  Let's read about it together.  You know?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00309-00532500-00534200 I have a handout on this.  And some people are here.  Some  people are really here in their brains.  As I was talking about the  male survivor that I worked with who was dissociating and he kept  driving different places.  I referred him to a therapist that was  specializing in child sexual abuse.  That was his experience.  And he  came back to see
pvOU3PnvCFk-00310-00534200-00535800 me later on and he was like, I didn't like her.  I  was like, oh, okay.  Tell me about that.  And he was like, I don't  know.  I went and she had this sand tray out and she wanted me to draw  in the out and I'm not into that so I'm not going to go back.  I was  like, okay.  Did you tell her you don't like that?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00311-00535800-00538000 And he was like, no.  People don't know what they're  supposed to do with therapy.  This is your time to give feedback and  to participate in it and to collaborate.  This is not something we're  used to.  When we just have grown up with not a lot of choices, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00312-00538000-00538900 So I said, okay, well, if you don't want to go back that's  fine.  But if I can suggest, maybe if you tell her that that didn't  work for you.  So he's like, okay, I will do that.  Because I'm like,  at the very least even if you don't like her, still you're practicing  your choice muscles in saying this doesn't work for me.  Instead of  not going
pvOU3PnvCFk-00313-00538900-00541600 .  He was like, okay, I will do that.  He went back and said  I'm not into this drawing in the sand thing.  She said, okay, what are  you, you know, into working with on?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00314-00541600-00543800 And what she ended up doing was drawing a picture of the  brain and talking about what his brain was doing in these different  ways when he was a child.  How his brain is developing, what parts of  the brain do what, and being able to kind of open up this conversation  where later on, months later, he was like, okay, I will draw in the  sand tray or
pvOU3PnvCFk-00315-00543800-00544400 whatever you want me to do.  But you have to start in  different ways.  Some people don't want to jump in with science talk.   And for some people that's a super easy and accessible way for them to  jump into talking about brain science.  Because emotions are not where  their comfort level is.  And for others, talking about emotions is the
pvOU3PnvCFk-00316-00544400-00545100 better way to start because science is not something that they're  interested in working on, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00317-00545100-00545500 So we're just having all of these different tools so that we  can say, okay,  "A", here is a helpful thing.  What about this?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00318-00545500-00548000 No, I'm not into that.  Great.  What about this other thing,  right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00319-00548000-00548400 Sometimes just talking about rape culture can be so  validating for survivors instead of neurobiology of trauma.  And for  others, you know, it's the other way around.  So we just have all of  this information that we can pull from to say, okay, let's try this.   So, for example, it's also helpful in thinking about your  non-talkative folks
pvOU3PnvCFk-00320-00548400-00550700 .  It's really like, what's going to work for you?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00321-00550700-00551600 And here is how therapy is.  And here is how to talk to me  about what I'm doing.  If it's not working for you.  Sometimes we have  to just practice that.  That's a big part of the choice -- building  the choice muscles and asserting ourselves.  And that's all part of  healing.  Even if it's just talking to me about that.  It helps to  build those muscles
pvOU3PnvCFk-00322-00551600-00553100 to be able to talk to somebody else that might be  harming you or oppressing you or, you know, different things like  finding your voice.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00323-00553100-00555500 And then just at the end here, I want to offer this quote as  well from Helen Keller.  It says although the world is full of  suffering, it is also full of the overcoming of it.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00324-00555500-00556500 Finding way of positive re-frame, finding ways -- when I  was doing advocacy, I had quotes like this.  Black on white, just all  around my desk.  Just these, like, print-outs of these.  These quotes  because I needed these constant reminders that everything doesn't --  wasn't just the suffering, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00325-00556500-00558700 It's a little bit like the glass half full, half empty  thing.  How are we doing positive re-frames so that we can move  through this?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00326-00558700-00559900 It's like [indiscernible].  It's like our ancestors are  loving us, supporting us.  Even though we are seeing all of this other  stuff that's hurting us in front of our face.  How are we finding the  balance between connecting with reality and also understanding that  there is -- you know, that we're also seeing the resilience and  anything we can do
pvOU3PnvCFk-00327-00559900-00562400 to integrate that into our work to be able to  participate in that resilience.  One of your clients is graduating  from high school and they invite you, go!
pvOU3PnvCFk-00328-00562400-00563300 Be part of that resilience piece.  Help to celebrate those  accomplishments.  Don't just be there for the hard stuff.  Help to  celebrate the good stuff.  And then when you hear things -- like if  you tell a survivor about tonic immobility and they say, oh, my God, I  feel so much better.  Pull that in and give to yourself.  That's  something you help
pvOU3PnvCFk-00329-00563300-00564500 with.  We have to have compassion satisfaction to  got compassion fatigue.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00330-00564500-00565300 >> Patricia:  Don't minimize those accomplishments.  Those  are huge and I love what Ester wrote in the chat.  We are the carriers  of hope for victims.  Beautiful.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00331-00565300-00566300 >> Michelle:  Yeah.  So throughout this, we're both going  to share these different things -- different ways of helping us kind  of keep going, right?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00332-00566300-00566800 Our connection to our  "why" and her little grand baby.   Joachim.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00333-00566800-00567600 >> Patricia:  Yes, great grandson, Joachim.  Oh my gosh!
pvOU3PnvCFk-00334-00567600-00569700 >> Michelle:  And, you know, some of the touch stones of  these quotes.  These reminders.  I always like to also think about  seeds being planted.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00335-00569700-00570600 That they grow in the dark first and so you don't see the  flower.  You don't see the tree when you plant it if you have moved  on.  So we're planting seeds with survivors and so I like to help to  -- that also helps me to kind of keep going.  Because compassion  satisfaction.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00336-00570600-00570900 >> Patricia:  And we're gaining new quotes from the mic  drop and your sentiments.  Your thoughts that you put in chat.  Thank  you so much.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00337-00570900-00571500 >> Michelle:  Exactly.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00338-00571500-00573600 >> Patricia:  It is very rewarding work.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00339-00573600-00573700 >> Michelle:  This is one of my favorite things to talk  about.  I'm doing so much of the talking today because I just really  -- these are all just things that have really helped me in my work  with survivors and my work as a survivor myself.  These are really  helpful for me and I hope you can use them yourselves and that they're  helpful for you as
pvOU3PnvCFk-00340-00573700-00575900 well.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00341-00575900-00576400 So that's what we have for you today.  We, of course,  welcome any questions.  If there aren't any questions, you know, we  can still stick around and chat at the end.  That's why we always give  it to 3:30.  So we have sufficient time to talk with folks.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00342-00576400-00577000 >> Patricia:  You're very welcome, Jas.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00343-00577000-00577600 >> Michelle:  More interesting than talking about ethics.   [chuckling at self]
pvOU3PnvCFk-00344-00577600-00577900 >> Patricia:  See you next time, Daria.  Thank you, Esther.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00345-00577900-00578100 >> Thank you.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00346-00578100-00578800 >> Michelle:  Thanks Ester.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00347-00578800-00579300 >> Patricia:  Mm-hmm.  And it's not mono tone.  Michelle,  thank you!
pvOU3PnvCFk-00348-00579300-00579600 And you can use the word  "folks" as many times as you want.   It's just I don't use it.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00349-00579600-00580700 >> Michelle:  It just works so well for me.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00350-00580700-00582900 >> Patricia:  Yeah, of course.  It's you.  If it's you,  yeah.  And it's so many people, I've noticed.  Yeah.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00351-00582900-00583600 >> Michelle:  Thank you, Carly.  If you're ready to leave,  you know, I hope you will still take the last half hour to do  something relaxing.  To take a break from work.  To go outside and get  some fresh air if it's not totally freezing.  It's pretty cold here  but the sun is out.  I have been standing in the warm -- the sun  window.  You know?
pvOU3PnvCFk-00352-00583600-00584100 Because it's a little too cold to go out and do things.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00353-00584100-00584200 >> Patricia:  It's warmed up in Tacoma to 40 degrees.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00354-00584200-00584800 >> Michelle:  Beamy!
pvOU3PnvCFk-00355-00584800-00585500 Balmy.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00356-00585500-00588000 [Chuckling]
pvOU3PnvCFk-00357-00588000-00589100 Nancy is asking if we have a training for the public or a  good resource.  Yeah.  We have a number of trainings within our  elearning course and some recorded webinars that are open to the  public.  I think most of our webinars that we have put on are open to  the public as well.  But our audience generally is advocates so it's
pvOU3PnvCFk-00358-00589100-00590600 -- the framing isn't as useful because we talk about working with  survivors instead of something for survivors.  But, yeah.  We've got  some different stuff.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00359-00590600-00590800 >> Our people have left so we're going to say: have a great  weekend.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00360-00590800-00591100 >> Patricia:  Thank you Laurie and Sheryl.
pvOU3PnvCFk-00361-00591100-00592900 >> Michelle:  You're the best.  See ya.