vzS5yMHl1k8-00000-00000043-00000792 Hello, this is a video on how to calculate the margin of error or error bound when developing the confidence interval to predict a vzS5yMHl1k8-00001-00000817-00000984 population mean. vzS5yMHl1k8-00002-00000984-00001469 In a survey 18 before asked how much they spent on their child's last birthday. vzS5yMHl1k8-00003-00001528-00002058 The results were roughly bell-shaped with a mean of $35 in standard deviation of $6. vzS5yMHl1k8-00004-00002202-00002891 Find the margin of error at a 90% confidence level. Give your answer to three decimal places. vzS5yMHl1k8-00005-00003102-00003881 So first thing I want to do is I need to find my critical value and keep in mind that we are using the t-distribution. vzS5yMHl1k8-00006-00004060-00004314 So use t-distribution vzS5yMHl1k8-00007-00004971-00005171 since you don't know anything about vzS5yMHl1k8-00008-00005337-00005936 the population standard deviation. Sure you have a sample standard deviation of six dollars vzS5yMHl1k8-00009-00005937-00006497 but that doesn't tell you anything about the population standard deviation, so we have to use the t-distribution vzS5yMHl1k8-00010-00006711-00007316 So let's find t sub 'alpha over two'. In this case our alpha is 1 minus our confidence level vzS5yMHl1k8-00011-00007381-00007581 That's 1 minus 0.90. vzS5yMHl1k8-00012-00007650-00007850 That is 0.1. vzS5yMHl1k8-00013-00007888-00008106 Which means alpha over 2 or vzS5yMHl1k8-00014-00008200-00008640 0.1 divided by 2 is going to be 0.05. vzS5yMHl1k8-00015-00008842-00009153 So that means I'm looking for the data value whose vzS5yMHl1k8-00016-00009580-00010314 area to the right is 0.05. So the area to the right is 0.05. vzS5yMHl1k8-00017-00010565-00011170 When I go to find this critical value, I need to know the area to the left though. vzS5yMHl1k8-00018-00011170-00011444 So 1 - 0.05 vzS5yMHl1k8-00019-00011444-00011727 which is 0.95 in this case. vzS5yMHl1k8-00020-00011954-00012223 One other thing I need is degrees of freedom vzS5yMHl1k8-00021-00012422-00013054 which the only thing you need to know about t-distribution is its number of data values for sample size minus 1 vzS5yMHl1k8-00022-00013193-00013413 18 minus 1 is 17. vzS5yMHl1k8-00023-00013700-00014091 And what this is going to give me is this is going to give me my vzS5yMHl1k8-00024-00014306-00014527 critical value t sub 'alpha over two' vzS5yMHl1k8-00025-00014666-00014919 So let's go to Google Sheets and let's figure this out. vzS5yMHl1k8-00026-00015059-00015421 So when you get to Google Sheets, you will go to the "compute" tab. vzS5yMHl1k8-00027-00015518-00015781 You will go to the t-distribution region. vzS5yMHl1k8-00028-00015872-00016539 Degrees of freedom is actually 17 and the only other thing we need to type in is the left tail area. vzS5yMHl1k8-00029-00016601-00016881 The left tail area in this case is 0.95. vzS5yMHl1k8-00030-00017003-00017398 This gives me a critical value of about 1.74. vzS5yMHl1k8-00031-00017470-00017856 Anytime you're trying to find a data value from area with the t-distribution, vzS5yMHl1k8-00032-00017885-00018495 there's no need to mess with mu and sigma up here. So 1.74 is what we are going to use vzS5yMHl1k8-00033-00018770-00019137 1.74. Well other stuff we need for our formula: vzS5yMHl1k8-00034-00019154-00019893 we need our sample standard deviation s which would be 6 then we need our sample size n which is 18. vzS5yMHl1k8-00035-00020117-00020619 Plug this into the error bound formula and you have 1.74 vzS5yMHl1k8-00036-00020698-00020845 times vzS5yMHl1k8-00037-00020845-00021123 6 divided by the square root of 18 vzS5yMHl1k8-00038-00021326-00021687 So I recommend doing 6 divided by the square root of 18 first. vzS5yMHl1k8-00039-00021688-00022242 Keep it in your calculator and multiply by 1.74. When you do this, vzS5yMHl1k8-00040-00022243-00022813 you will obtain an error bound or margin of error of 2.461. vzS5yMHl1k8-00041-00022913-00023113 2.461 vzS5yMHl1k8-00042-00023177-00023734 And that's how you calculate the error bound when making the confidence interval for a population mean. vzairINJsZu-00000-00000515-00001035 There are over 1,200 study spaces in all of the library buildings. vzairINJsZu-00001-00001035-00001642 These spaces provide you with flexible studying options including group and individual study vzairINJsZu-00002-00001642-00001742 spaces. vzairINJsZu-00003-00001742-00002296 There are also dedicated areas for mobility impairment and wheelchair users, as well as vzairINJsZu-00004-00002296-00002556 postgraduate study spaces. vzairINJsZu-00005-00002556-00003043 You can book individual rooms for up to six hours a day, and group rooms for up to three vzairINJsZu-00006-00003043-00003184 hours a day. vzairINJsZu-00007-00003184-00003999 These can be booked very easily on our website, up to a month in advance. vzairINJsZu-00008-00003999-00004519 Go to... vzairINJsZu-00009-00004519-00005003 Click on the "book a study room" icon in the Library Essentials panel on the right of the vzairINJsZu-00010-00005003-00005166 page. vzairINJsZu-00011-00005166-00006015 Select the date on which you are looking to book a room. vzairINJsZu-00012-00006015-00006331 The calendar box will show available slots in green vzairINJsZu-00013-00006331-00007313 Click on a green time slot against the study space you would like to reserve. vzairINJsZu-00014-00007313-00008378 Enter your full name, email address and username to submit your booking request. vzairINJsZu-00015-00008378-00008935 Click submit. vzairINJsZu-00016-00008935-00009398 You will receive a confirmation email, with a link which you need to click on within 24 vzairINJsZu-00017-00009398-00009825 hours, in order to complete the study room booking process vzairINJsZu-00018-00009825-00010313 Our study spaces are named after people or places with local connections. vzairINJsZu-00019-00010313-00010709 In some rooms, you will see information panels like this one. vzairINJsZu-00020-00010709-00011089 This tells the story of the place or person your space is named after. vA0RPnyhgTy-00000-00000000-00000050 Is Covid A Bioweapon? Bioterrorism Explained vA0RPnyhgTy-00001-00000050-00000100 The world is witnessing one of the worst pandemics in history. Millions of lives have been lost, vA0RPnyhgTy-00002-00000150-00000200 major economies have been crippled and large scale destruction has taken place. More than a year after the outbreak of the pandemic, the world is still investigating what led to the outbreak of the deadly virus. vA0RPnyhgTy-00003-00000200-00000250 Was it an accidental lab leak? Does the virus have a natural origin? Or Is Covid-19 an act of bioterrorism? vA0RPnyhgTy-00004-00000250-00000300 Ever since the first Covid positive case was reported in China’s Wuhan, theories around the origin of Covid-19 have multiplied like the virus itself. vA0RPnyhgTy-00005-00000300-00000350 China’s reluctance to allow in independent investigators muddied the waters even further. vA0RPnyhgTy-00006-00000350-00000400 The secrecy shrouding the origin of SARS-Cov-2 begs the question – What is China hiding? Was the virus bioengineered? Is Covid-19 a bioweapon? Watch the video for more. vAyL-2zjsi8-00000-00000000-00000200 The Voice hum man rights of khmer Krom people vAYTlpyes-8-00000-00000000-00001503 circus baby in build a boat wtfff??? vHBIusO4jrM-00000-00000064-00000528 guys did you know that i've changed two videos from dislikes to likes? vHBIusO4jrM-00001-00000528-00001032 this is because during the review i had found that those two videos had subtitles, vHBIusO4jrM-00002-00001032-00001839 but we're still disliked. in this case we'll think your video has to be changed to alike. vJiuIh85SiA-00000-00000368-00000680 I've flown down to Montgomery Alabama, a city with a varied history. vJiuIh85SiA-00001-00000736-00001040 It was the first capital of the Confederate States of America, but it's also considered vJiuIh85SiA-00002-00001040-00001432 the birthplace of the civil rights movement. I'm going to talk a bit about that dichotomy, some vJiuIh85SiA-00003-00001432-00001776 of its darker and lighter aspects of this history, as well as where it's going in the future. vJiuIh85SiA-00004-00001776-00002064 But first, let me just say, Montgomery is good looking. vJiuIh85SiA-00005-00002272-00002536 You know honey I got a song I wrote just specially for you, vJiuIh85SiA-00006-00002640-00003268 just for you. What is it? It's called Hey Good Lookin'. vJiuIh85SiA-00007-00003623-00004665 ♪ Say, hey, good lookin', what you got cookin'? How's about cookin' something up with me? ♪ vJiuIh85SiA-00008-00004920-00005136 I'm going to clarify some things at the beginning here, just so we vJiuIh85SiA-00009-00005136-00005360 have a baseline understanding of what we're talking about. vJiuIh85SiA-00010-00005360-00005776 The confederacy was created as a direct response to abolitionism, or to put more simply, vJiuIh85SiA-00011-00005776-00006120 the confederacy was created to allow white people to continue to own slaves. vJiuIh85SiA-00012-00006120-00006616 This fact is well documented, the 1860 election was nearly entirely about the issue of slavery. vJiuIh85SiA-00013-00006616-00007008 The Democratic party, which at the time mostly represented the south while the Republicans mostly vJiuIh85SiA-00014-00007008-00007384 represented the north, literally split apart during the convention and ended up nominating vJiuIh85SiA-00015-00007384-00007831 two candidates -- one hard-line, pro-secession, southern Democrat, and a more moderate vJiuIh85SiA-00016-00007831-00008272 states-rights-to-choose northern Democrat. Meanwhile, Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln, vJiuIh85SiA-00017-00008272-00008720 who insisted that morality required opposition to slavery, and rejected quote: “groping for some vJiuIh85SiA-00018-00008720-00009096 middle ground between the right and the wrong”. Just to prove my point further, here are some vJiuIh85SiA-00019-00009096-00009416 choice quotes from the declarations and successions from the confederate states. vJiuIh85SiA-00020-00009416-00009856 From Texas; “In all the non-slave-holding States, [...] the people have formed themselves into a vJiuIh85SiA-00021-00009856-00010248 great sectional party, [...] proclaiming the debasing doctrine of equality of all men, vJiuIh85SiA-00022-00010248-00010712 irrespective of race or color-- a doctrine at war with nature, in opposition to the vJiuIh85SiA-00023-00010712-00011152 experience of mankind, and in violation of the plainest revelations of Divine Law.” vJiuIh85SiA-00024-00011216-00011696 From Florida; “Their natural tendency everywhere shown where the race has existed to idleness, vJiuIh85SiA-00025-00011696-00012144 vagrancy and crime increased by an inability to procure subsistence. Can anything be more vJiuIh85SiA-00026-00012144-00012480 impudently false than the pretense that this state of things is to be brought about vJiuIh85SiA-00027-00012480-00013000 from considerations of humanity to the slaves.” And from Mississippi; “Our position is thoroughly vJiuIh85SiA-00028-00013000-00013456 identified with the institution of slavery-- the greatest material interest of the world.” vJiuIh85SiA-00029-00013552-00013880 I could go on. These documents were long, and there were a lot of them. vJiuIh85SiA-00030-00013880-00014288 Georgia's succession is over 3000 words long, and the word slave appears throughout. vJiuIh85SiA-00031-00014288-00014640 But that was just to establish a baseline, I've provided sources in the description where you vJiuIh85SiA-00032-00014640-00014952 can read about this further, and I'm happy to delve into this topic further in the future. vJiuIh85SiA-00033-00015008-00015360 So, the confederacy was created in response to the abolitionist north. vJiuIh85SiA-00034-00015360-00015744 Let's zoom past the civil war and get into more modern times; the American civil rights movement. vJiuIh85SiA-00035-00016336-00016664 Rosa parks is one of the most celebrated civil rights activists in history, vJiuIh85SiA-00036-00016664-00017024 arrested and fined for refusing to give up her bus seat for a white passenger. vJiuIh85SiA-00037-00017024-00017456 Members of the community immediately took action; Joanne Robinson made over 50 000 vJiuIh85SiA-00038-00017456-00017936 leaflets calling for a boycott of the bus system. The NAACP, which parks with the secretary for, vJiuIh85SiA-00039-00017936-00018328 immediately jumped on board as well. Four days later none other than Martin vJiuIh85SiA-00040-00018328-00018680 Luther King Jr. himself was elected president of the newly formed Montgomery improvement vJiuIh85SiA-00041-00018680-00018992 association to run the boycott. The boycott ended following the vJiuIh85SiA-00042-00018992-00019352 U.S. Supreme Court's decision that the Montgomery bus system be desegregated. vJiuIh85SiA-00043-00019352-00019720 This success proved both King's leadership skills, as well as the power that this modern vJiuIh85SiA-00044-00019720-00020128 civil rights movement had to make change. A few years later, hundreds marched from vJiuIh85SiA-00045-00020128-00020640 Selma to Montgomery over four days across 54 miles, culminating in 25,000 people vJiuIh85SiA-00046-00020640-00020960 marching up to the steps of the capitol building where King delivered a speech vJiuIh85SiA-00047-00021104-00021592 “I know you're asking today, how long will it take. [...] vJiuIh85SiA-00048-00021592-00022216 how long? Not long! Because the heart of the moral universe is long, vJiuIh85SiA-00049-00022216-00022760 but it bends towards justice. [...] Our god is marching on, glory vJiuIh85SiA-00050-00022760-00024752 hallelujah! Glory hallelujah! Glory hallelujah! Glory hallelujah! His truth is marching on.” vJiuIh85SiA-00051-00024752-00025128 Montgomery is the tale of two cities -- it was the foundation for secessionist movement vJiuIh85SiA-00052-00025128-00025496 dedicated to one of the most horrific institutions, however, many years later, vJiuIh85SiA-00053-00025496-00025904 its people kick-started one of the most successful non-violent civil rights movements in history. vJiuIh85SiA-00054-00025904-00026008 So where does it stand today? vJiuIh85SiA-00055-00026280-00026464 This is where things start to get interesting. vJiuIh85SiA-00056-00026464-00026727 There's a lot of confederate museums and monuments across the city, but, vJiuIh85SiA-00057-00026727-00027104 it'd be a little difficult not to -- the city is just basically one big historic landmark, but vJiuIh85SiA-00058-00027104-00027495 there's been a lot of movement within the city. For starters, back in 2019, vJiuIh85SiA-00059-00027495-00027864 Montgomery made history by electing its first African American mayor Steven Reed vJiuIh85SiA-00060-00027864-00028327 with a super-majority of 67 percent of the vote. Before being sworn in, he even took part in vJiuIh85SiA-00061-00028327-00028648 a prayer service at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, where King was a pastor. vJiuIh85SiA-00062-00028648-00029088 There may be a plaque asking students to never say anything to discredit this great man, vJiuIh85SiA-00063-00029088-00029376 but they tore down the statue, and the school board has voted to change vJiuIh85SiA-00064-00029376-00029848 this school and a few other schools names And I'm not quite sure how to describe it, vJiuIh85SiA-00065-00029848-00030272 I've never been in the deep south before, but it isn't as much of a culture shock as I expected. vJiuIh85SiA-00066-00030272-00030664 Any urban city is bound to be left leaning, but outside of museums and monuments, I'm not vJiuIh85SiA-00067-00030664-00031095 seeing any confederate flags. I'm not seeing bumper stickers about drinking liberal tears. vJiuIh85SiA-00068-00031176-00031400 Why do I see those things in Elmira New York? vJiuIh85SiA-00069-00031488-00031895 We were a prisoner of war camp for confederate soldiers, our citizens are mostly comprised of vJiuIh85SiA-00070-00031895-00032248 New Yorkers and Pennsylvanians -- two states which did not secede. vJiuIh85SiA-00071-00032248-00032648 The people of Montgomery can legitimately say that the confederacy is their heritage, vJiuIh85SiA-00072-00032648-00032888 and yet they choose to highlight other aspects of their history. vJiuIh85SiA-00073-00032952-00033464 How do you have any legitimate claim to that flag when the people who actually flew it reject it? vJiuIh85SiA-00074-00033464-00033616 I don't know, I just, I just don't know. vJiuIh85SiA-00075-00033688-00034008 I've flown down to Montgomery Alabama, a city with a varied history. vJiuIh85SiA-00076-00034008-00034192 It was the first capital of the confederacy, while vJiuIh85SiA-00077-00034192-00034496 simultaneously is considered the birthplace of the American civil rights movement. vJiuIh85SiA-00078-00034496-00034856 The people of this city will not forget either of these truths anytime soon, but it's very clear vJiuIh85SiA-00079-00034856-00035352 to me that the people here would rather embrace non-violence and love, over ignorance and hatred. vJiuIh85SiA-00080-00035352-00035552 Maybe the rest of the country should follow in its footsteps. vJiuIh85SiA-00081-00035648-00036040 Hope you have a good one vJiEx9gKHck-00000-00000552-00001152 Alice was a scientist studying the mammalian whole-mount retina. She wanted vJiEx9gKHck-00001-00001152-00001818 to use super-resolution microscopy to image the structures in the retina. She developed a sample vJiEx9gKHck-00002-00001818-00002442 preparation protocol and an immunolabeling protocol with STED-compatible fluorophores. vJiEx9gKHck-00003-00002556-00003174 Alice optimised the STED microscope's settings and achieved a mean lateral spatial resolution vJiEx9gKHck-00004-00003174-00004152 of ~120 nm. This allowed her to visualise putative GABAergic horizontal cell synapses vJiEx9gKHck-00005-00004152-00004872 in the outer retina with a similar resolution. Alice had successfully established a STED vJiEx9gKHck-00006-00004872-00005376 protocol for reliable super-resolution imaging in the whole-mount mouse retina. vJiEx9gKHck-00007-00005460-00005916 Her work would enable further investigation of protein complex composition vJiEx9gKHck-00008-00006060-00006588 and cytoskeletal ultrastructure at retinal synapses in health and disease. vKipO4KKvL4-00000-00000880-00001352 Hello guys, welcome back to my channel and without any intro let's get started. vKipO4KKvL4-00001-00001352-00001864 Today I will sho you a farming method that has not been used for a long time vKipO4KKvL4-00002-00001864-00002232 and you can use this method in Revendreth by killing vampires. vKipO4KKvL4-00003-00002536-00002896 If you have a decent group of 6 people which is splited vKipO4KKvL4-00004-00002896-00003600 4 by 2 or 2 by 4, you can farm a lot of silk and shrouded cloth in 1 hour. vKipO4KKvL4-00005-00003904-00004264 Apart from this 2 items you can also farm grey items vKipO4KKvL4-00006-00004264-00005080 that you can sell to any vendor for a good price and now final results. vKipO4KKvL4-00007-00005168-00005664 So after 1 hour of farming I manage to collect around 490 silk, vKipO4KKvL4-00008-00005736-00006480 1320 shrouded cloth and grey items that I can sell to any vendor for about 10 000 gold. vKipO4KKvL4-00009-00006680-00007359 Point of this video was to remind you guys about forgotten, but decent cloth farm and that was vKipO4KKvL4-00010-00007359-00008584 it. Comment below what you think about this farm and big big thanks for watching! vKipO4KKvL4-00011-00009688-00009984 <3 vKqmvt2aejc-00000-00000130-00000878 RefWorks Migration. This video will show you how to migrate your references from the legacy RefWorks into the new RefWorks platform vKqmvt2aejc-00001-00000934-00001146 If you are in the middle of working on a paper vKqmvt2aejc-00002-00001146-00001818 And you have already started using the legacy RefWorks to insert citations, do not complete the migration until you are done with the paper vKqmvt2aejc-00003-00001896-00002120 You cannot start a document using the legacy vKqmvt2aejc-00004-00002131-00002658 RefWorks and finish in the new RefWorks. If you are not currently working on a paper in which you have integrated vKqmvt2aejc-00005-00002668-00002987 citations from the legacy RefWorks go ahead and migrate. vKqmvt2aejc-00006-00003121-00003398 Step 1: Login to the new RefWorks. vKqmvt2aejc-00007-00003540-00004500 Go to the RefWorks guide on the library website at guides.library.jhu.edu/refworks vKqmvt2aejc-00008-00004507-00004707 Click the link to the new RefWorks. vKqmvt2aejc-00009-00004786-00005366 To sign in, click the down arrow in the dark blue box that says Use login from my Institution. vKqmvt2aejc-00010-00005482-00006000 Start typing Johns Hopkins, then click Johns Hopkins Institution when it appears on the screen. vKqmvt2aejc-00011-00006073-00006572 The first time you log in you'll provide your Hopkins email address and fill out a short form. vKqmvt2aejc-00012-00006654-00007232 For subsequent logins you'll see the familiarJHED login screen. Sign in using your JHED credentials. vKqmvt2aejc-00013-00007309-00007668 Step 2: Import references from the legacy RefWorks. vKqmvt2aejc-00014-00007768-00007911 Once in the new Refworks vKqmvt2aejc-00015-00007911-00008606 you'll be able to import your references from your old account. To do this, click the plus sign in the upper left in the toolbar. vKqmvt2aejc-00016-00008700-00008900 Select import references. vKqmvt2aejc-00017-00008961-00009161 Select the button for RefWorks. vKqmvt2aejc-00018-00009196-00009396 Choose authorize. vKqmvt2aejc-00019-00009403-00009965 Login to the legacy RefWorks using your institution's credentials. The import will start automatically. vKqmvt2aejc-00020-00010015-00010481 Please be patient as it may take a few minutes, especially if you have a large number of references. vKqmvt2aejc-00021-00010564-00010964 When the import is complete you should start using the new Refworks only. vKqmvt2aejc-00022-00011022-00011390 Any references added to the legacy RefWorks will not be synced with the new system. vKqmvt2aejc-00023-00011446-00012080 Soon the legacy RefWorks will no longer be accessible. If you have trouble or need help using the new RefWorks, vKqmvt2aejc-00024-00012136-00012479 contact refworks@jhmi.edu. vMCu1MBdzNA-00000-00000712-00001376 Hello and welcome to Meet the Experts. I'm Tim Barnes, a science education specialist here at the vMCu1MBdzNA-00001-00001376-00001936 National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR. I'd like to welcome you back vMCu1MBdzNA-00002-00001936-00002768 to our monthly look behind the scenes at NCAR at some of the work our staff do and today we will be vMCu1MBdzNA-00003-00002768-00003415 finding out about Coding Earth's Climate with Max Grover. Before we do so vMCu1MBdzNA-00004-00003415-00004168 just a couple of housekeeping bits and pieces. Please feel free to enter into the chat and say hello. vMCu1MBdzNA-00005-00004168-00004584 Tell us where you're coming in from. I know we have Colorado Springs all ready here and vMCu1MBdzNA-00006-00004584-00005400 looks like Napa, California so welcome and if you do have any technical issues along the way vMCu1MBdzNA-00007-00005472-00006176 just enter that into the chat if you can and we will help you out there. We also do have live captioning vMCu1MBdzNA-00008-00006176-00006672 enabled so if you need that you can turn that on right down at the bottom of your screen. vMCu1MBdzNA-00009-00006784-00007464 And if you have any experience with coding and know a language vMCu1MBdzNA-00010-00007600-00007904 enter that in the chat. We'd love to hear what your experience is. vMCu1MBdzNA-00011-00008023-00008624 And with no further ado I'm going to turn this over to our guest, Max Grover. Max, vMCu1MBdzNA-00012-00008688-00009272 how exactly did get you interested in this connection between coding and weather and climate? vMCu1MBdzNA-00013-00009464-00010552 Yeah, thanks Tim, that's a good question. So for me getting started in coding and vMCu1MBdzNA-00014-00010552-00011200 my interest in weather started from a very young age. I grew up as one of those vMCu1MBdzNA-00015-00011288-00011944 big weather nerds. Storm Stories is one of my favorite shows. vMCu1MBdzNA-00016-00012064-00012616 Especially growing up I always had on the weather channel and was always keeping an eye on kind of vMCu1MBdzNA-00017-00012616-00013216 what was going on with the weather and then I also went to quite a few children's museums and vMCu1MBdzNA-00018-00013216-00013663 became interested in my favorite exhibit. This is from Rockford, Illinois vMCu1MBdzNA-00019-00013736-00014272 around where I'm from. You can see that tornado exhibit in the back there and so vMCu1MBdzNA-00020-00014272-00014856 going to these different exhibits and watching all these storm stories and all vMCu1MBdzNA-00021-00014856-00015600 the stuff about weather really made me interested in pursuing a career in meteorology and computers. vMCu1MBdzNA-00022-00015656-00016448 Around fifth or sixth grade was sort of when I decided. I remember my vMCu1MBdzNA-00023-00016448-00017056 middle school science teacher. We did interactive labs or we'd go out and measure the temperature. vMCu1MBdzNA-00024-00017192-00017840 We had what's called a sling psychrometer that would measure atmospheric moisture. We would vMCu1MBdzNA-00025-00017840-00018480 be out there spinning that and that really made me interested in pursuing this so vMCu1MBdzNA-00026-00018480-00019224 I started looking at ways to continue my education past high school and came across Valparaiso vMCu1MBdzNA-00027-00019224-00019968 University, which is a school in northwest Indiana, where I was involved with the meteorology vMCu1MBdzNA-00028-00019968-00020576 program. One of the neat things about there was they had a television station where I could vMCu1MBdzNA-00029-00020576-00021256 work as a meteorologist so this is a picture of me doing the weather for VUTV vMCu1MBdzNA-00030-00021256-00021816 which is our on-campus television station. I got a chance to get in front of the green screen and vMCu1MBdzNA-00031-00021928-00022504 help tell the stories about the weather and kind of inform people what was going on. But vMCu1MBdzNA-00032-00022504-00023032 then I realized that I was more interested in the coding side. I took some coding classes vMCu1MBdzNA-00033-00023032-00023680 in college and really became interested in the intersection between weather and climate, vMCu1MBdzNA-00034-00023800-00024408 kind of that science side as well as the the coding side. vMCu1MBdzNA-00035-00024408-00025104 I continued my education and went on to graduate school and eventually ended up at vMCu1MBdzNA-00036-00025104-00025544 the National Center for Atmospheric Research where I now work as a software engineer vMCu1MBdzNA-00037-00025632-00026320 up here at the Mesa Lab. That's our beautiful laboratory and I work in the climate lab vMCu1MBdzNA-00038-00026320-00027160 on various coding and climate applications. So within our lab we do a lot of modeling, vMCu1MBdzNA-00039-00027239-00027832 which is basically simulations of our Earth, and this is what's called an Earth System Model. vMCu1MBdzNA-00040-00027912-00028824 This model, this computer simulation, takes into account the sun, clouds, oceans, the land, vMCu1MBdzNA-00041-00028912-00029720 rivers, glaciers. Basically everything that's going on on Earth they're able to put within this model. vMCu1MBdzNA-00042-00029720-00030472 Then they simulate our Earth's climate. These models can run thousands of years vMCu1MBdzNA-00043-00030472-00031144 of our climate which is pretty neat. It takes quite a bit of computing power to vMCu1MBdzNA-00044-00031144-00031839 to accomplish those tasks. We do this all with computers. Like I mentioned, we do simulations vMCu1MBdzNA-00045-00031839-00032439 and you'll see this is just like a typical office. I'm not necessarily in the field doing vMCu1MBdzNA-00046-00032439-00033352 anything but we use these computers quite a bit to be able to run the simulations and analyze the vMCu1MBdzNA-00047-00033352-00033960 data. These models produce a lot of data and that's where I come in. I help develop tools vMCu1MBdzNA-00048-00034064-00034728 to be able to help scientists look at data. On the right here is an example of one of the vMCu1MBdzNA-00049-00034728-00035696 visualizations that I've helped create and this is some weather station data. We have an anemometer, vMCu1MBdzNA-00050-00035696-00036352 which is a tool that measures the wind, and then we have our thermometer and a hygrometer which vMCu1MBdzNA-00051-00036352-00036944 measure the temperature and the dew point and so what this visualization is showing is that, and vMCu1MBdzNA-00052-00037024-00037520 this is a couple years ago, but it gets really windy up here at the Mesa Lab kind of like today vMCu1MBdzNA-00053-00037584-00038192 and you can see those wind speeds are really strong. They are above 80 miles an hour which is a very vMCu1MBdzNA-00054-00038192-00038984 strong wind and that's indicated on the top plot and then down below is a vMCu1MBdzNA-00055-00039072-00039792 plot of temperature and dew point with temperature being how warm or cold it is and dew point being vMCu1MBdzNA-00056-00039904-00040536 how much moisture, basically how wet it feels. That's one of the vMCu1MBdzNA-00057-00040536-00040920 visualizations that I've helped put together and show scientists how to take their data vMCu1MBdzNA-00058-00040992-00041584 from these files on the computers and generate these nice graphics where they can zoom in. vMCu1MBdzNA-00059-00041584-00042440 This other graphic is a visualization of model data over the coast of Australia. vMCu1MBdzNA-00060-00042528-00043048 Here we're looking at a tropical cyclone where we can move up and down through our vMCu1MBdzNA-00061-00043048-00043712 atmosphere. You can see that little slider and we can take a look at this tropical storm vMCu1MBdzNA-00062-00043712-00044192 and dig into the data and it's really neat because this allows scientists to be able to vMCu1MBdzNA-00063-00044392-00045120 dig in to some of these data. So it's getting it from some file on a computer to actually actionable vMCu1MBdzNA-00064-00045176-00045824 information where they're able to investigate and find out what's going on within our weather and vMCu1MBdzNA-00065-00045824-00046912 our climate. Being a software engineer and data scientist here at NCAR involves a lot of coding. vMCu1MBdzNA-00066-00046912-00047616 That's what we use to be able to convert these files on a computer to actual graphics. vMCu1MBdzNA-00067-00047752-00048512 This is an example of some code written in Python, which is one of many programming languages. vMCu1MBdzNA-00068-00048568-00049120 Programming languages can be thought of kind of like a foreign language like Spanish vMCu1MBdzNA-00069-00049120-00050072 or German or French and basically you learn these coding languages that will give you pieces that vMCu1MBdzNA-00070-00050072-00050960 you can put together to put together some of these workflows. In this example I'm calculating an vMCu1MBdzNA-00071-00050960-00051688 annual average and this sort of walks through how to do that all within Python. vMCu1MBdzNA-00072-00051760-00052279 After generating this sample block of code we can hand this over to scientists vMCu1MBdzNA-00073-00052336-00052976 and they can use it within their analysis to be able to gather information about how well vMCu1MBdzNA-00074-00053128-00053767 our climate models are doing. So that handing off, that's another vMCu1MBdzNA-00075-00053824-00054528 part of my job and a part that I really enjoy is actually teaching people how to code. One of vMCu1MBdzNA-00076-00054528-00055144 the projects that we work with is called Project Pythia, which is a resource to teach people how to vMCu1MBdzNA-00077-00055144-00055984 code and specifically for the geosciences which includes climate and weather and that whole sort vMCu1MBdzNA-00078-00055984-00056720 of realm. We put together these examples and these tutorials to teach people all the way from vMCu1MBdzNA-00079-00056784-00057352 installing this programming language called Python all the way through developing these different vMCu1MBdzNA-00080-00057464-00058408 blocks of code that get them from reading in some file all the way to generating vMCu1MBdzNA-00081-00058408-00058984 various plots and and actually having an idea of what's going on within their analysis. vMCu1MBdzNA-00082-00059096-00059760 That's pretty fun to be able to teach people how to code. So speaking of coding, we're vMCu1MBdzNA-00083-00059760-00060496 going to pop up a question here. Here's a sample piece of code again. This is the coding language vMCu1MBdzNA-00084-00060496-00061296 of Python and what do you think this piece of code will do? I saw in the chat that there's vMCu1MBdzNA-00085-00061296-00061920 some people that have seen some coding before which is exciting to see. Take a look at this vMCu1MBdzNA-00086-00061976-00062608 and go ahead and respond within the zoom chat what you think this block of code will do. vMCu1MBdzNA-00087-00062879-00063216 I'll give you all a minute or so or a couple minutes vMCu1MBdzNA-00088-00063304-00064584 to think about this and again once you're ready go ahead and and put your answer within the chat. vMCu1MBdzNA-00089-00065936-00066184 It looks like we do have a response already. vMCu1MBdzNA-00090-00066528-00067384 You're quick. vMCu1MBdzNA-00091-00068728-00069040 Alrighty, so I see one answer. vMCu1MBdzNA-00092-00069472-00070184 All right, I see a couple answers now or a few answers I should say. vMCu1MBdzNA-00093-00071080-00071680 Yeah, so I see that we have a few answers so we can go ahead and jump right in. vMCu1MBdzNA-00094-00071768-00072736 Yeah, thank you to everyone for putting in those answers. I'll just vMCu1MBdzNA-00095-00072736-00073488 walk through the solution here. I see a couple people put in here, so it might print out vMCu1MBdzNA-00096-00073488-00074368 each of the numbers above and add two and that is correct. What this is doing, so we vMCu1MBdzNA-00097-00074368-00075200 have what's called the variable there. That first line called temperature where we assign it some vMCu1MBdzNA-00098-00075200-00076256 numbers so you can imagine this being an example of thetemperature outside. We have 32, 30, 36, 40, and 50. vMCu1MBdzNA-00099-00076384-00076976 Then it goes into what's called a loop and what this will do is for each of those vMCu1MBdzNA-00100-00077080-00077760 numbers within that list it will go through and add two to that number and vMCu1MBdzNA-00101-00077848-00078576 assign it to that new variable called new temp and then it'll print it out. vMCu1MBdzNA-00102-00078576-00079376 This idea of some list of numbers and going through and looping through vMCu1MBdzNA-00103-00079448-00080192 different numbers within that list is something that's used quite a bit within meteorology and vMCu1MBdzNA-00104-00080192-00080832 climate and especially within these models while it's not necessarily always Python. Another example vMCu1MBdzNA-00105-00080832-00081424 of a coding language is called Fortran which has been around all the way since the early 70's. vMCu1MBdzNA-00106-00081656-00082376 We use these programs to not only simulate the climate but analyze vMCu1MBdzNA-00107-00082440-00082840 the data that comes out of these climate models. So again, thank you to vMCu1MBdzNA-00108-00082840-00083440 everyone for putting your answers in there and I'll give some resources at the end too vMCu1MBdzNA-00109-00083440-00084184 if you're interested in learning more about coding and going through some of these different examples. vMCu1MBdzNA-00110-00084248-00085016 As I mentioned before one of the things that we work with is this Earth System vMCu1MBdzNA-00111-00085016-00085696 Model which again, models our whole sort of Earth system, everything from the clouds, you vMCu1MBdzNA-00112-00085696-00086384 could see in that picture all the way to the land, the oceans, and all these different parts of the Earth vMCu1MBdzNA-00113-00086536-00087432 and so when we're modeling that we basically break off into different groups and they all develop vMCu1MBdzNA-00114-00087432-00087984 these different components. That is what we call them. You can imagine having a model for the atmosphere, vMCu1MBdzNA-00115-00087984-00088896 a model for the ice, there's sea ice or land ice, the land, as well as the ocean. So all of these vMCu1MBdzNA-00116-00088896-00089456 separate groups and these separate codes that model these different things all come together vMCu1MBdzNA-00117-00089568-00090168 into an Earth System Model which you can think of like a robot kind of like Optimus Prime there vMCu1MBdzNA-00118-00090168-00091016 on the right. For example, the arm, the legs, head, and so on, they vMCu1MBdzNA-00119-00091016-00092000 all work together to be able to model our Earth. This is a pretty amazing process and a pretty vMCu1MBdzNA-00120-00092064-00092784 incredible group of people here and really the code itself is pretty amazing. It's vMCu1MBdzNA-00121-00092784-00093296 millions of lines of code that are put together to be able to simulate what's going on on Earth. vMCu1MBdzNA-00122-00093440-00094064 You can imagine with all that code and all this data that it takes a pretty powerful vMCu1MBdzNA-00123-00094064-00094800 machine to be able to accomplish this which is why, here at the National Center for Atmospheric vMCu1MBdzNA-00124-00094800-00095496 Research we use what's called a supercomputer, which is basically a really big computer to vMCu1MBdzNA-00125-00095496-00096304 be able to carry out these simulations and provide a place for scientists to analyze the data. Our vMCu1MBdzNA-00126-00096304-00097064 supercomputer is called Cheyenne, which is shown in this picture, and so located in Wyoming. vMCu1MBdzNA-00127-00097064-00097616 You can see that supercomputing center there. This is the big computer that a lot of us are vMCu1MBdzNA-00128-00097616-00098376 accessing and running our models on so we'll start off with a question here. You can imagine vMCu1MBdzNA-00129-00098376-00099328 this computer is pretty big and how many regular computers, for example laptops or desktops, vMCu1MBdzNA-00130-00099328-00099872 do you think it would take to equal the computing power of Cheyenne, vMCu1MBdzNA-00131-00099872-00100984 which is our supercomputer? 50, 5,000, 50,000, or 500,000? You can submit your answers via the vMCu1MBdzNA-00132-00101120-00101560 zoom chat so you'll see that there should be a poll window that opened up. vMCu1MBdzNA-00133-00101672-00102184 Go ahead and submit your answer there again indicating how many vMCu1MBdzNA-00134-00102256-00102800 typical computers it would take to equal the computing power that we have here at NCAR? vMCu1MBdzNA-00135-00103432-00103776 Max, while we're waiting for everyone to complete our vMCu1MBdzNA-00136-00103776-00104096 poll we did have a question in the chat about how long does it take to vMCu1MBdzNA-00137-00104096-00104559 code all of the millions of pieces of code in an Earth System Model? vMCu1MBdzNA-00138-00104768-00105528 Yeah, that's a good question. Typically it depends on how long you want to vMCu1MBdzNA-00139-00105528-00106311 run the simulation for. We have what's called test cases where we can run sort of just a single vMCu1MBdzNA-00140-00106311-00107368 year of simulation which accessing typically around 30 cores on that vMCu1MBdzNA-00141-00107368-00108111 machine, which is a small subset. We could typically run that over the course of an hour or two vMCu1MBdzNA-00142-00108320-00108735 and actually there's resources on the vMCu1MBdzNA-00143-00108992-00109759 CGD, the Climate Global Dynamics lab website that tell you how many hours it takes vMCu1MBdzNA-00144-00109959-00110680 for the model to simulate a year of the climate. There's lots of metrics but if you were only vMCu1MBdzNA-00145-00110680-00111352 to run a single year it would take maybe about an hour or two. vMCu1MBdzNA-00146-00111904-00113096 All right, nice, we have some of the results in and yeah, you all nailed it, great job. vMCu1MBdzNA-00147-00113096-00113824 The answer is 500,000. So as I said before, this is a super powerful computer and we're very vMCu1MBdzNA-00148-00113824-00114408 fortunate to have this much computing power here at the National Center for Atmospheric Research vMCu1MBdzNA-00149-00114680-00115392 to be able to carry out these simulations. A lot of the times these simulations are carried out vMCu1MBdzNA-00150-00115392-00115640 all across the world at other computing centers too vMCu1MBdzNA-00151-00115800-00116344 so again, it's great to be able to have these sorts of computing resources and when you're vMCu1MBdzNA-00152-00116344-00117111 working with as big of a model as we are it's important to be able to have access to all of this. vMCu1MBdzNA-00153-00117392-00118040 I just wanted to close with some links to some resources to getting started with Python vMCu1MBdzNA-00154-00118168-00118904 and just general coding. The first there is Code Academy. This can be helpful vMCu1MBdzNA-00155-00118904-00119600 to sort of get an introduction to the Python programming language. Project Pythia is another vMCu1MBdzNA-00156-00119600-00120416 really great resource and like I mentioned before it's meant more for the the geosciences. vMCu1MBdzNA-00157-00120583-00121064 If you're interested in looking at weather and climate data and learning about how to vMCu1MBdzNA-00158-00121064-00121576 get started with that that could be a really great resource and then the last vMCu1MBdzNA-00159-00121744-00122480 piece is what's called Map Pi Mondays. This is a piece of the Python vMCu1MBdzNA-00160-00122576-00123208 programming space that works with meteorology data and they have some really great tutorials on vMCu1MBdzNA-00161-00123208-00124048 youtube you can sit and watch and learn everything from installing it on your computer all the way vMCu1MBdzNA-00162-00124048-00124496 through generating different visualizations and different analysis. vMCu1MBdzNA-00163-00124711-00125183 So at this point we'll go ahead and open it up for questions. vMCu1MBdzNA-00164-00125392-00126208 Thanks again for listening and we'll go ahead and answer some questions here. vMCu1MBdzNA-00165-00126368-00126816 Well, Max I think we had a question, well, I know we have a question about how many people does vMCu1MBdzNA-00166-00126816-00127440 it take to code a year-long simulation and maybe you can explain what that vMCu1MBdzNA-00167-00127440-00128600 whole process is of even getting to the simulation. Yeah, so you have a lot of people vMCu1MBdzNA-00168-00128600-00129400 that are behind the scenes and helping put together these different codes. If vMCu1MBdzNA-00169-00129400-00130135 you wanted to just run it yourself you can. There's a tutorial on teaching you how to run a simulation vMCu1MBdzNA-00170-00130264-00131248 but the underlying code can take years and years to develop. For example, vMCu1MBdzNA-00171-00131320-00132216 we have the Community Earth System Model version 2. It is the current latest version of the computer vMCu1MBdzNA-00172-00132216-00133048 system model developed here at NCAR and there's been several other iterations of it over vMCu1MBdzNA-00173-00133048-00133880 the years and they've been developing climate models dating back to even the 1960s and 1970s so vMCu1MBdzNA-00174-00133992-00134608 yeah. it takes a while to be able to develop some of those code bases but the good vMCu1MBdzNA-00175-00134608-00135248 thing is once you have that code in place typically it only takes one person vMCu1MBdzNA-00176-00135248-00135744 to go ahead and run the simulation. They might have to ask for help. We have different vMCu1MBdzNA-00177-00135744-00136424 ways to support people figuring out how to run the simulation but vMCu1MBdzNA-00178-00136584-00137232 yeah, so you can run it with one person but the underlying code itself often takes vMCu1MBdzNA-00179-00137312-00137984 years if not decades to develop. I think that answer may have vMCu1MBdzNA-00180-00138200-00138640 A lot of the code is actually vMCu1MBdzNA-00181-00138640-00139304 in Fortran which has been around since the early 70s and some of that code vMCu1MBdzNA-00182-00139360-00140256 has continued to be used and carried on through vMCu1MBdzNA-00183-00140328-00140880 the years. It's pretty amazing. Well, Max, I was going to say I think vMCu1MBdzNA-00184-00140880-00141424 your answer may have surprised a lot of our viewers. That it's possible for one person to vMCu1MBdzNA-00185-00141592-00142120 implement or put in action on all these lines of codes and that's a key piece of, vMCu1MBdzNA-00186-00142120-00142816 well, maybe doing your job well so that it can be used extensively around the world especially with vMCu1MBdzNA-00187-00142816-00143352 incredibly powerful computers and I would like to share, I don't know if you've seen this next vMCu1MBdzNA-00188-00143352-00143960 question, but I think it's very important that you address this next question because vMCu1MBdzNA-00189-00143960-00144584 I think it's more of a meteorology question than a climate question but KM asks vMCu1MBdzNA-00190-00144640-00145264 how do these simulations help you to determine what storms are coming and how big they will be? vMCu1MBdzNA-00191-00145592-00146256 That is a great question. So basically a lot of these models do, vMCu1MBdzNA-00192-00146312-00146864 more so the weather models as opposed to some of the climate models vMCu1MBdzNA-00193-00146960-00147640 but you can see here, they take in current information. They take in vMCu1MBdzNA-00194-00147640-00148304 observations, kind of like I was showing before. Temperature and dew point and you can see radar vMCu1MBdzNA-00195-00148368-00148944 images here so they take in those current observations vMCu1MBdzNA-00196-00149080-00149856 and then they use all these lines of code to be able to project what will happen in the future. vMCu1MBdzNA-00197-00149968-00150792 There's all these mathematical equations that people write and people have developed to vMCu1MBdzNA-00198-00150904-00151840 forecast and basically predict what's going to happen at the next time. Those sorts vMCu1MBdzNA-00199-00151840-00152496 of models are used all throughout the field and especially what we call higher resolution vMCu1MBdzNA-00200-00152592-00153152 which basically means more zoomed in that are able to look at these storms. vMCu1MBdzNA-00201-00153408-00153744 Those are more of those weather models, vMCu1MBdzNA-00202-00153816-00154416 the ones that are able to give us information about where a specific storm will go. vMCu1MBdzNA-00203-00154552-00155456 In the climate side those are more what's called coarse or lower resolution so vMCu1MBdzNA-00204-00155456-00156008 there might be only one grid point, is what we call so we grid the whole earth, vMCu1MBdzNA-00205-00156008-00156680 so there may only be one grid point for like an entire state so we don't necessarily have vMCu1MBdzNA-00206-00156816-00157704 that high of resolution to tell you where a storm is going to be in say 2050 but we can use vMCu1MBdzNA-00207-00157704-00158912 some of that information about the environment to be able to imply or look at vMCu1MBdzNA-00208-00159040-00159336 what we think would happen at that higher resolution. vMCu1MBdzNA-00209-00159696-00160112 Thank you so much and we're coming close to time. Did you have another. vMCu1MBdzNA-00210-00160296-00160880 Yeah, I hope that was kind of along the lines there of completely answering your question. vMCu1MBdzNA-00211-00161120-00161720 Perfect and before we do end I think it might be critical to find out if there are vMCu1MBdzNA-00212-00161720-00162208 any internships available at NCAR for people interested in coding? vMCu1MBdzNA-00213-00162376-00162784 Yeah, so there's quite a few internship opportunities. That's how I got started. vMCu1MBdzNA-00214-00162912-00164056 I was a summer intern at Unidata, which is one of the sections of UCAR and there's lots of great vMCu1MBdzNA-00215-00164056-00164784 opportunities to have a chance to develop your coding skills. That's where I developed a lot vMCu1MBdzNA-00216-00164784-00165384 of my coding skills. It was through that internship so I'd encourage you to check out the internship vMCu1MBdzNA-00217-00165464-00165992 website which dropped here in the chat but they have a lot of great opportunities here at NCAR vMCu1MBdzNA-00218-00165992-00166800 and UCAR and people are doing so many cool things with computers here. That's a great place to learn. vMCu1MBdzNA-00219-00166800-00167576 Have you always been interested in computers, Max? Yeah, even from a young age I was always vMCu1MBdzNA-00220-00167576-00168224 on the computer and always helping people with computers. I remember in preschool in vMCu1MBdzNA-00221-00168224-00169304 fact, a way, way long time ago my award was actually Mr. Computer because I'd help our teacher vMCu1MBdzNA-00222-00169304-00169968 troubleshoot our computer that was in the back of the classroom. I've always been interested vMCu1MBdzNA-00223-00169968-00170672 in computers and it's neat to be able to combine my passion for both meteorology/climatology vMCu1MBdzNA-00224-00170672-00171488 and computers in such a great way. All right, Mr. Computer. I just have to ask you, if you had a vMCu1MBdzNA-00225-00171488-00172416 superpower that helped you do your job what would that superpower be? I'd say it's vMCu1MBdzNA-00226-00172416-00173256 sort of split in two. One being my Hawaiian shirts and just keeping that frame of vMCu1MBdzNA-00227-00173256-00174016 mind. This is one of them. I think I have over 45 of those and then the other vMCu1MBdzNA-00228-00174016-00174888 being just my passion for teaching people how to code and interacting with some of the users that vMCu1MBdzNA-00229-00174944-00175648 use a lot of the code that I helped develop to gather insight about our climate models. Wow, vMCu1MBdzNA-00230-00175712-00176232 what would you say is probably the most challenging part of your job? vMCu1MBdzNA-00231-00176464-00176864 The most challenging part typically is vMCu1MBdzNA-00232-00176864-00177224 figuring out what's going wrong with a piece of code. vMCu1MBdzNA-00233-00177456-00177984 In programming it's called debugging. We call them bugs vMCu1MBdzNA-00234-00178064-00178488 when things aren't going the right way so it takes quite a bit of time vMCu1MBdzNA-00235-00178488-00179144 to figure out what's going wrong within your code. Finding ways to troubleshoot and figure out vMCu1MBdzNA-00236-00179296-00179856 possible solutions to it and then getting it up and running. But once you have it up and running vMCu1MBdzNA-00237-00179856-00180472 it's super fun and that's, I guess, one of the highlights when you finally get past vMCu1MBdzNA-00238-00180536-00181088 some of those bugs in your code and get to these really nice visualizations. It's pretty neat. vMCu1MBdzNA-00239-00181312-00181864 All right, Max, are there any final pieces of advice that you'd vMCu1MBdzNA-00240-00181864-00182672 like to provide for our visitors today? Yeah, I guess for me, at least, vMCu1MBdzNA-00241-00182760-00183264 I knew what I wanted to do and was super passionate about weather and computers vMCu1MBdzNA-00242-00183320-00184008 and if you're passionate about something go for it. It's pretty vMCu1MBdzNA-00243-00184008-00184744 cool to be working at this passion that I've had since fifth or sixth grade so vMCu1MBdzNA-00244-00184808-00185504 if there's something that really interests you out there really dig in and go after it. vMCu1MBdzNA-00245-00185792-00186488 Thanks again for joining us. We are at time and need to close out this session vMCu1MBdzNA-00246-00186488-00187056 of Meet the Experts so thank you again, Max, for joining us and thank you all for vMCu1MBdzNA-00247-00187136-00188080 logging on today to hear about Coding the Earth's Climate and please join us again next vMCu1MBdzNA-00248-00188080-00188904 month on March 3rd for Meet the Experts and we will have a special session called The vMCu1MBdzNA-00249-00188904-00189552 Sky, a collaborative program with the Denver Museum of Nature and Science and we'll be going behind vMCu1MBdzNA-00250-00189552-00190552 the scenes at the NCAR Aviation Research Facility. That's on March 3rd so thank vMCu1MBdzNA-00251-00190552-00191984 you all for joining us and I see the thank you notes in the chat. We will see you next time. vNKcSGsW7AA-00000-00000450-00000500 Hello sir vNKcSGsW7AA-00001-00000508-00000583 Hello vNKcSGsW7AA-00002-00000654-00000737 What is your name? vNKcSGsW7AA-00003-00000758-00000808 Bhaskar vNKcSGsW7AA-00004-00000870-00000937 Which District? vNKcSGsW7AA-00005-00000960-00001010 Bellary vNKcSGsW7AA-00006-00001026-00001100 Which Village? vNKcSGsW7AA-00007-00001115-00001166 Maruti Camp vNKcSGsW7AA-00008-00001261-00001383 Which variety of Chilli are you using? vNKcSGsW7AA-00009-00001419-00001495 Sarpan Super Chilli vNKcSGsW7AA-00010-00001653-00001741 How is it? vNKcSGsW7AA-00011-00001778-00001837 Good. vNKcSGsW7AA-00012-00001962-00002054 How is the Chilli ? vNKcSGsW7AA-00013-00002099-00002225 Nice quality of chilli, vNKcSGsW7AA-00014-00002225-00002400 nice color vNKcSGsW7AA-00015-00002434-00002650 gives 25 quintal for 1 acre vNKcSGsW7AA-00016-00002762-00002875 What is the rate in the market? vNKcSGsW7AA-00017-00002904-00003112 Market rate is Rs.35000 vNKcSGsW7AA-00018-00003275-00003412 For how long have you been planting this crop? vNKcSGsW7AA-00019-00003424-00003600 Since 8 years vNKcSGsW7AA-00020-00003808-00004100 How much do you benefit from 1 acre? vNKcSGsW7AA-00021-00004107-00004216 Nearly 3 lakh vNKcSGsW7AA-00022-00004442-00004841 Did you get some profit from this? vNKcSGsW7AA-00023-00004859-00004950 Yes, Sir vNKcSGsW7AA-00024-00004971-00005162 What advice would you like to give to another farmer? vNKcSGsW7AA-00025-00005179-00005500 Quality is really good, farmers should use this. vNKcSGsW7AA-00026-00005673-00005854 And you get 25 quintal for 1 acre? vNKcSGsW7AA-00027-00005854-00006100 Yes. vNKcSGsW7AA-00028-00006175-00006970 How is the immunity of this plant? vNKcSGsW7AA-00029-00006981-00007862 It is Good vNKcSGsW7AA-00030-00008247-00008400 Thank you vp1y7BFTpey-00000-00000008-00000344 hi this is Gali Goldfarb thank you very much for joining me here today today i'm vp1y7BFTpey-00001-00000344-00000903 going to be talking about how to treat gum disease naturally gum disease or add as per vp1y7BFTpey-00002-00000903-00001480 or as it is professionally known periodontal disease is an inflammatory condition affecting vp1y7BFTpey-00003-00001480-00002264 the tissues surrounding the teeth the early stages of gum disease are called gingivitis whereby the vp1y7BFTpey-00004-00002264-00002944 gums become red swollen and may bleed when they are touched if this continue condition is allowed vp1y7BFTpey-00005-00002944-00003824 to deteriorate it may become periodontitis a more serious form of gum disease whereby the gums vp1y7BFTpey-00006-00003824-00004568 pull away from the tooth and bone tissue may be lost in this case the teeth may loosen vp1y7BFTpey-00007-00004568-00005288 or fall out gingivitis precedes periodontitis but not every gingivitis case will vp1y7BFTpey-00008-00005344-00006088 progress to periodontitis bad breath is common in any form of periodontal disease which is generally vp1y7BFTpey-00009-00006088-00006800 due to bacteria in the mouth infecting the tissue around the teeth gingivitis affects the gums and vp1y7BFTpey-00010-00006800-00007631 periodontitis affects both the gums and the bone that supports the tooth although no cure has been vp1y7BFTpey-00011-00007631-00008392 found to treat periodontal disease some may some may help decrease plaque buildup that precedes vp1y7BFTpey-00012-00008392-00009088 all types of periodontal disease so here are five natural remedies that help promote healthy gums vp1y7BFTpey-00013-00009088-00009744 the first one is neem neem is a plant found to possess antibacterial properties a small study vp1y7BFTpey-00014-00009744-00010456 on neem and gum health published in the journal of traditional and complementary medicine in 2014 vp1y7BFTpey-00015-00010456-00011112 revealed that neem when used as a mouthwash was successful in reducing plaque and preventing vp1y7BFTpey-00016-00011112-00011880 gingivitis tea tree oil according to a report from the clinical from clinical microbiology vp1y7BFTpey-00017-00011880-00012472 reviews in 2006 found that tea tree oil can help in the treatment of gingivitis vp1y7BFTpey-00018-00012600-00013296 search for a toothpaste that contains this essential oil as an ingredient is very recommended vp1y7BFTpey-00019-00013296-00013896 however beware of using essential tea tree oil in its undiluted form as a treatment since vp1y7BFTpey-00020-00013896-00014663 consuming it is toxic the next food is cranberries research shows that cranberries may help prevent vp1y7BFTpey-00021-00014663-00015328 gum disease by stopping bacteria from sticking to your teeth what's more a preliminary study found vp1y7BFTpey-00022-00015328-00015856 in the journal of periodontal research shows that ingredients found in cranberries can help vp1y7BFTpey-00023-00015856-00016536 treat periodontitis-related inflammation you may consume cranberries as a fruit or in the vp1y7BFTpey-00024-00016536-00017312 form of a sugar-free cranberry juice to reap the benefits the next nutrient is vitamin c vp1y7BFTpey-00025-00017312-00017984 vitamin c there is evidence that shows vitamin c is important in protecting gum health in a study vp1y7BFTpey-00026-00017984-00018544 from the journal of periodontology researchers found that adults who consumed less vitamin c vp1y7BFTpey-00027-00018544-00019200 had a much greater risk of periodontal disease vitamin c can be found in foods like oranges vp1y7BFTpey-00028-00019200-00019784 grapefruit mango kiwi strawberries papayas red pepper broccoli cantaloupe and brussels sprouts vp1y7BFTpey-00029-00019848-00020400 and if you are currently suffering from any form of periodontal disease i recommend taking vp1y7BFTpey-00030-00020400-00021056 1 000 milligrams of vitamin c as a supplement this is very very supportive of gum health vp1y7BFTpey-00031-00021152-00021816 the next treatment is called oil pulling a cure that has been long used in ayurveda vp1y7BFTpey-00032-00021816-00022432 it's known as oil pulling and includes the swishing of a tea teaspoon a tablespoon vp1y7BFTpey-00033-00022432-00023224 actually of oil such as sesame or coconut oil in your mouth for about 15 minutes evidence on vp1y7BFTpey-00034-00023224-00023792 oil pulling's positive effects are limited but a few small studies including a clinical trial from vp1y7BFTpey-00035-00023792-00024424 the indian journal of dental research have shown that air oil pulling can reduce plaque buildup vp1y7BFTpey-00036-00024424-00025168 and protect your gums against gingivitis now additional advice besides brushing flossing vp1y7BFTpey-00037-00025168-00025695 and having your teeth cleaned at your dentists professionally on a regular basis vp1y7BFTpey-00038-00025848-00026439 that can help you maintain oral health is consuming food that is high in calcium and vp1y7BFTpey-00039-00026439-00027064 foods that are very rich in fiber that you have to strongly bite them these are very very good for vp1y7BFTpey-00040-00027064-00027760 keeping your your gums healthy you also want to avoid beverages and foods that have a high sugar vp1y7BFTpey-00041-00027760-00028344 content now some lifestyle practices that can help you also improve your gum health include vp1y7BFTpey-00042-00028344-00029024 avoiding smoking which can greatly risk increase your risk for developing gum disease there is vp1y7BFTpey-00043-00029024-00029632 evidence that shows that also how you manage your stress levels will help prevent gingivitis vp1y7BFTpey-00044-00029632-00030295 because both smoking and stress form free radicals that may cause harm to your gum tissue also the vp1y7BFTpey-00045-00030295-00031080 toxins in cigarette smoke are very toxic to gum tissue however if you notice symptoms such as pain vp1y7BFTpey-00046-00031080-00032383 while eating bleeding gums or teeth sensitivity it is important to consult with your dentist vp4yYT1e9wu-00000-00000000-00000200 Alam Sunda vp4yYT1e9wu-00001-00000200-00000400 Jl. Raya Puncak - Bogor vp4yYT1e9wu-00002-00000400-00000600 Sundanese food vp4yYT1e9wu-00003-00000600-00000800 Indonesian food vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00000-00000615-00000782 Welcome to Spotlight. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00001-00000782-00001068 I’m Liz Waid. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00002-00001068-00001335 And I’m Colin Lowther. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00003-00001335-00001930 Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00004-00001930-00003829 It is easier for people to understand, no matter where in the world they live. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00005-00003829-00004887 When Betty Apio married her husband many years ago, both their families were full of hope vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00006-00004887-00005073 and happiness. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00007-00005073-00005669 Apio lives in the country of Uganda. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00008-00005669-00006669 In Uganda, as in many countries, everyone expects women to have children. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00009-00006669-00007340 Many people there believe that women exist to have children. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00010-00007340-00008393 To fail at this, is to fail as a wife and as a woman. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00011-00008393-00009221 After Apio was married, her husband prepared their house for children. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00012-00009221-00009470 Then they waited. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00013-00009470-00009964 They tried again and again to have children. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00014-00009964-00010372 But the children never came. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00015-00010372-00010957 Today’s Spotlight is on infertility. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00016-00010957-00012023 Some people are not able to have children — even when they are trying for over a year. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00017-00012023-00012225 This is infertility. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00018-00012225-00012752 There are many medical reasons for infertility. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00019-00012752-00014340 But today’s Spotlight is on the social attitudes surrounding infertility. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00020-00014340-00015226 Betty Apio and her husband went to a doctor to find out what was wrong. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00021-00015226-00015818 She received some medical treatments from the doctor. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00022-00015818-00016126 But they did not work. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00023-00016126-00017118 To make the situation worse, her husband’s family began to make fun of her and call her vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00024-00017118-00017362 bad names. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00025-00017362-00017941 In Uganda, a man can have more than one wife. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00026-00017941-00018897 So, his family told him to find another woman, a second wife. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00027-00018897-00019356 This new wife gave him two children. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00028-00019356-00019918 Now Apio lives a different kind of life. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00029-00019918-00020376 She told the Washington Post Foreign Service: vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00030-00020376-00020837 “People will never give me respect. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00031-00020837-00021209 They believe I have no value. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00032-00021209-00021451 They insult me. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00033-00021451-00022013 They say: “You barren woman, you are useless!" vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00034-00022013-00022268 It is horrible. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00035-00022268-00023293 I must be strong or I will not survive.” vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00036-00023293-00023712 Infertility affects people all around the world. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00037-00023712-00024481 It does not matter if you have money, education, or power. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00038-00024481-00025007 And it affects both men and women. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00039-00025007-00025982 Experts say that globally, about 15 percent of all couples who are at the age to have vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00040-00025982-00026345 children are infertile. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00041-00026345-00027562 In some places, this number can be as high as 20 percent. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00042-00027562-00027783 Infertility is common. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00043-00027783-00028389 But people do not often talk about this problem. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00044-00028389-00029420 Many people feel great pressure to have children, even if they are successful in other areas vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00045-00029420-00029602 of life. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00046-00029602-00030672 To men and women who want to have children but are not able, the pressure can be crushing. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00047-00030672-00031588 And often, if a couple cannot have children, people blame the woman. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00048-00031588-00032075 This can lead women especially to feel shame. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00049-00032075-00032702 They believe that they are alone in their struggle with infertility. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00050-00032702-00033363 They may even avoid talking about children. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00051-00033363-00034047 They may avoid attending events where children will be present. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00052-00034047-00035656 They may even find it difficult to be happy when children are born to other people. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00053-00035656-00036111 It is difficult to be infertile. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00054-00036111-00036912 But the social attitude about infertility only makes the problem worse. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00055-00036912-00038058 As in Betty Apio’s case, the community can make infertile people feel great shame. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00056-00038058-00038761 But people should not feel shame about their infertility. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00057-00038761-00039103 They should not feel alone. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00058-00039103-00040061 In fact, some women are speaking out to encourage other people who may be struggling. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00059-00040061-00040672 By talking together, they are finding hope. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00060-00040672-00041230 Betty Apio wanted to be one of these women. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00061-00041230-00041743 She decided to talk about her situation. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00062-00041743-00042313 She wanted to share her story with other women. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00063-00042313-00042981 She did not want other people to feel like she did. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00064-00042981-00043636 Apio has found some help at a support center in Kampala. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00065-00043636-00044262 At the center there were groups that help women. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00066-00044262-00044962 These groups explain the medical reasons for infertility. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00067-00044962-00045378 Women can connect with other women. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00068-00045378-00046187 And they can connect with doctors who can help them at a fertility center. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00069-00046187-00047035 Prakesh Patel runs one of the fertility centres in Kampala. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00070-00047035-00047860 He told the Washington Post that many women struggle to visit him. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00071-00047860-00048765 Women often do not want anyone to know they are going to a fertility centre. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00072-00048765-00049149 And they share great sadness. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00073-00049149-00049331 He said, vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00074-00049331-00050012 “I say to them, ‘This is not a disease. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00075-00050012-00050343 There are many like you. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00076-00050343-00051052 You do not have to feel shame.” vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00077-00051052-00052051 If you or someone you know is infertile, the best thing you can do is to find people who vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00078-00052051-00052338 support you. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00079-00052338-00053054 Surround yourself with people who will love you and care for you. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00080-00053054-00053700 These people may be in your own family, but they may not. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00081-00053700-00054460 They may be some friends or people from your community. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00082-00054460-00055387 If you do not feel comfortable talking to a friend or family member, there may be resources vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00083-00055387-00055710 in your community. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00084-00055710-00056207 Many fertility centers have support groups. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00085-00056207-00057184 They are a good place to learn about what medical treatments are possible in your area. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00086-00057184-00057637 These treatments are not possible for everyone. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00087-00057637-00058046 They may cost a lot of money. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00088-00058046-00058373 And they do not always work. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00089-00058373-00059805 But the most important treatment is the support and love to face the challenge of infertility. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00090-00059805-00060442 The emotional pain of infertility is very real. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00091-00060442-00061323 This is true even for people who are able to build their family in other ways such as vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00092-00061323-00062415 through medicine or through adoption, caring for a child without parents. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00093-00062415-00062924 Many people who are infertile feel anger and shame. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00094-00062924-00063489 They may wonder why this could happen to them. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00095-00063489-00064099 They may want to feel peace and acceptance. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00096-00064099-00064990 But they also may not want to lose the dream of having children. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00097-00064990-00065912 Shannon Woodward wrote a book about her struggle to make peace with her infertility called vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00098-00065912-00066215 “Inconceiveable”. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00099-00066215-00066523 It was not easy for her. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00100-00066523-00067182 Her desire to have her own children never went away. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00101-00067182-00067507 Woodward is a Christian. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00102-00067507-00068250 She says she was able to see how God can work through her pain. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00103-00068250-00068383 She writes: vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00104-00068383-00069013 “For years, I hated my broken body parts. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00105-00069013-00069807 I took my worth from what I could or could not produce. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00106-00069807-00070204 I asked God to heal my body. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00107-00070204-00070856 But it turns out he had a better plan. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00108-00070856-00071551 He healed parts of me I did not know were broken. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00109-00071551-00072039 He put new skin on old wounds. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00110-00072039-00073268 He freed me from my pain and self-hatred.” vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00111-00073268-00073518 Infertility is painful. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00112-00073518-00074076 But facing infertility can bring healing. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00113-00074076-00074539 If you are infertile, look for support. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00114-00074539-00075388 And if you know an infertile person, offer them love and support. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00115-00075388-00075954 Do you know someone who has struggled to have a baby? vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00116-00075954-00076518 Is there support for infertility in your area? vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00117-00076518-00076899 Tell us about your experiences. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00118-00076899-00077287 You can leave a comment on our website. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00119-00077287-00078094 Or email us at contact@spotlightenglish.com. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00120-00078094-00078699 You can also find us on Facebook and YouTube. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00121-00078699-00079117 The writer of this program was Adam Navis. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00122-00079117-00079455 The producer was Michio Ozaki. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00123-00079455-00080170 The voices you heard were from the United States and the United Kingdom. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00124-00080170-00080894 All quotes were adapted for this program and voiced by Spotlight. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00125-00080894-00082149 You can listen to this program again, and read it, on the internet at www.spotlightenglish.com. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00126-00082149-00082957 This program is called “No Baby, No Shame in Infertility”. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00127-00082957-00083899 Visit our website to download our free official App for Android and Apple devices. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00128-00083899-00084472 We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight program. vOnJ9dm3ZhQ-00129-00084472-00084579 Goodbye! vQK_ob6Qp7g-00000-00000000-00000285 Hi, in this tutorial, I will show you how to get started with vQK_ob6Qp7g-00001-00000285-00000324 Hilla. vQK_ob6Qp7g-00002-00000411-00000654 The first thing you need to do is make sure that you have all vQK_ob6Qp7g-00003-00000654-00000878 the needed technologies installed. So make sure that you vQK_ob6Qp7g-00004-00000878-00001347 have Node version 16.14 or later. I'm using 18 here. And vQK_ob6Qp7g-00005-00001347-00001698 then make sure that you have Java version 11 or later, I'm vQK_ob6Qp7g-00006-00001698-00001794 running 19 here. vQK_ob6Qp7g-00007-00001845-00002202 Once you have those two, you can use MPX to run the Hilla CLI. So vQK_ob6Qp7g-00008-00002202-00002694 I'm going to run npx @hilla/cli. We're going to run in it to vQK_ob6Qp7g-00009-00002694-00003288 initialize a new project. If we add a React flag like this, we vQK_ob6Qp7g-00010-00003288-00003629 will get a React-based front end. If we omit it, we get a Lit vQK_ob6Qp7g-00011-00003629-00003933 based front end. I'm going to add React here. And then we're vQK_ob6Qp7g-00012-00003933-00004275 going to give our project a name: hilla-world. vQK_ob6Qp7g-00013-00004413-00004575 This will take just a moment to run. vQK_ob6Qp7g-00014-00004611-00004983 And what we'll have once we run this is a new folder containing vQK_ob6Qp7g-00015-00004983-00005043 our project. vQK_ob6Qp7g-00016-00005049-00005355 We'll cd into the hilla-world project. We're going to open vQK_ob6Qp7g-00017-00005355-00005727 this in our IDE. You can use any IDE you like. I'm going to use vQK_ob6Qp7g-00018-00005742-00006045 VS code here, but you could use IntelliJ, Eclipse NetBeans, vQK_ob6Qp7g-00019-00006045-00006186 whatever you prefer to use. vQK_ob6Qp7g-00020-00006228-00006477 Now looking at the project, you will notice that we have a vQK_ob6Qp7g-00021-00006480-00006734 pom.xml file here, it's a Maven project. We have a vQK_ob6Qp7g-00022-00006734-00007106 source/main/java folder here, which includes all the Java vQK_ob6Qp7g-00023-00007106-00007527 files for the project, all the backend files. And then we have vQK_ob6Qp7g-00024-00007527-00007823 this frontend folder, which includes the entire front end of vQK_ob6Qp7g-00025-00007823-00007902 the application. vQK_ob6Qp7g-00026-00007983-00008304 We can run this application in two different ways: we could run vQK_ob6Qp7g-00027-00008310-00008673 the Spring Boot application through our IDE, or then we can vQK_ob6Qp7g-00028-00008673-00009108 open up a terminal and run the Maven wrapper to start the vQK_ob6Qp7g-00029-00009108-00009180 application. vQK_ob6Qp7g-00030-00009285-00009561 When we run the Maven wrapper, what's going to happen is it's vQK_ob6Qp7g-00031-00009561-00009900 going to download the Maven dependencies and it's going to vQK_ob6Qp7g-00032-00009900-00010167 download the front end dependencies through NPM. vQK_ob6Qp7g-00033-00010206-00010536 The first time you do this, it will take just a moment. And vQK_ob6Qp7g-00034-00010536-00010863 once it's done, you will see that you have the application up vQK_ob6Qp7g-00035-00010863-00010956 and running like this. vQK_ob6Qp7g-00036-00011022-00011322 What's cool here is that it comes with built in change vQK_ob6Qp7g-00037-00011322-00011607 detection. So whenever you change your code, it will vQK_ob6Qp7g-00038-00011607-00011901 automatically reload your browser. So if we went into the vQK_ob6Qp7g-00039-00012021-00012603 hello world view here, and we added an h2 here saying hello vQK_ob6Qp7g-00040-00012663-00012938 world that would show up here immediately. vQK_ob6Qp7g-00041-00013019-00013292 Alright, that was it! Happy Hacking and let us know if you vQK_ob6Qp7g-00042-00013292-00013505 have any questions in the comments below. Bye. vTkZ0rvao1o-00000-00000900-00001060 To assemble your SONNET, vTkZ0rvao1o-00001-00001080-00001443 begin by attaching the battery pack frame to the control unit. vTkZ0rvao1o-00002-00001524-00001803 To attach the battery pack frame to the control unit, vTkZ0rvao1o-00003-00001823-00002306 insert the hook on the control unit into the matching groove in the battery pack frame vTkZ0rvao1o-00004-00002326-00002599 and push against the back of the battery pack frame vTkZ0rvao1o-00005-00002619-00002822 until the release lever engages. vTkZ0rvao1o-00006-00002842-00003147 Plug the coil cable into the control unit. vTkZ0rvao1o-00007-00003167-00003487 Note the correct orientation of the coil cable socket, vTkZ0rvao1o-00008-00003507-00003815 and be careful not to use too much force. vTkZ0rvao1o-00009-00003835-00004287 To attach the coil cable to a DL-Coil with a non-locking cover, vTkZ0rvao1o-00010-00004307-00004550 plug the coil cable into the DL-Coil vTkZ0rvao1o-00011-00004570-00004912 with the logo and arrow on the coil cable plug facing up. vTkZ0rvao1o-00012-00004984-00005350 To attach the coil cable to a DL-Coil with a locking cover, vTkZ0rvao1o-00013-00005370-00005772 remove the coil cover by lifting the cover from the front with your fingernail, vTkZ0rvao1o-00014-00005792-00006092 plug the coil cable into the DL-Coil base vTkZ0rvao1o-00015-00006112-00006507 with the logo and arrow on the coil cable plug facing up. vTkZ0rvao1o-00016-00006645-00006970 And close the cover by pressing the cover and base together. vTkZ0rvao1o-00017-00007450-00007695 Insert the batteries into the battery pack frame vTkZ0rvao1o-00018-00007715-00007957 with the positive poles facing out. vTkZ0rvao1o-00019-00008363-00008833 Then slide on the battery pack cover, and be careful not to use excessive force. vTkZ0rvao1o-00020-00008853-00009252 The air inlets on the battery pack cover should be on the same side vTkZ0rvao1o-00021-00009272-00009519 as the coil cable socket of the control unit. vTkZ0rvao1o-00022-00009547-00009906 To turn on SONNET, fully close the battery pack cover. vTkZ0rvao1o-00023-00009926-00010347 The battery pack can optionally be locked to make SONNET tamperproof. vTkZ0rvao1o-00024-00010367-00010527 To lock the battery pack, vTkZ0rvao1o-00025-00010547-00010835 use the screwdriver provided with your SONNET kit vTkZ0rvao1o-00026-00010855-00011042 to turn the lock clockwise vTkZ0rvao1o-00027-00011062-00011359 until the notch is facing sideways to the battery pack. vTkZ0rvao1o-00028-00011379-00011725 Be careful not to use too much force when you turn the lock. vTkZ0rvao1o-00029-00011745-00012011 SONNET is now ready to use. vYFAbfgNmn0-00000-00000000-00000163 Hello, this is Dog Watch. vYFAbfgNmn0-00001-00000163-00000560 I know the game of memories on the screen.~' vYFAbfgNmn0-00002-00000560-00000883 Please raise your hand quietly if you hand quietly.I knew it. vYFAbfgNmn0-00003-00000883-00001036 That's quite a lot.Haha vYFAbfgNmn0-00004-00001036-00001333 Thank you for your age certification. vYFAbfgNmn0-00005-00001333-00001753 Yes, that's right. This is Pac-Man, which was launched in 1980.Haha vYFAbfgNmn0-00006-00001753-00002280 Like a yellow mouth? The character walks around the maze without a break. vYFAbfgNmn0-00007-00002280-00002746 Eating the dots on the screen.And in the meantime, it's called Ghost. vYFAbfgNmn0-00008-00002746-00003223 It's a game that's pretty difficult to avoid enemies. vYFAbfgNmn0-00009-00003223-00003846 In 1981 alone, 100,000 units were deployed in game rooms across the United States. vYFAbfgNmn0-00010-00003846-00004386 It was the icon of the game industry in the '80s, and it is still the most popular game industry in history today. vYFAbfgNmn0-00011-00004386-00004663 It's called one of the video games.(on the Internet) vYFAbfgNmn0-00012-00004663-00004983 But isn't it only popular in the United States? vYFAbfgNmn0-00013-00004983-00005236 Because in my town, at the same time... vYFAbfgNmn0-00014-00005236-00005480 Galaga was more popular.Haha vYFAbfgNmn0-00015-00005480-00005683 Do you happen to hear that it's Daewoo Jaemics? vYFAbfgNmn0-00016-00005683-00005963 In 1980, there was a Pacman appearance. vYFAbfgNmn0-00017-00005963-00006416 It is also a time when mass production of digital watches began in earnest. vYFAbfgNmn0-00018-00006416-00006653 A digital watch and a packman.Well ... vYFAbfgNmn0-00019-00006653-00007030 At first glance, it doesn't seem very relevant. vYFAbfgNmn0-00020-00007030-00007480 But 2020 is the 40th anniversary of Pacman's birth. vYFAbfgNmn0-00021-00007480-00007959 It's the 40th anniversary of our full-scale sale of our electronic watches. vYFAbfgNmn0-00022-00007959-00008356 There are brands that don't miss these marketing items.Haha vYFAbfgNmn0-00023-00008356-00008763 He is especially good at putting Heritage on a cheap watch. vYFAbfgNmn0-00024-00008763-00009046 Pacman's 40th birthday watch vYFAbfgNmn0-00025-00009046-00009253 Timex T80 PAC-MAN! vYFAbfgNmn0-00026-00010750-00010976 Then I'll go to the clock. vYFAbfgNmn0-00027-00010976-00011236 The packaging start is quite interesting. vYFAbfgNmn0-00028-00011236-00011556 It's packaged like a Pacman edition. vYFAbfgNmn0-00029-00011556-00011776 without particularly raising the cost vYFAbfgNmn0-00030-00011776-00012150 To be able to make such a unique difference... vYFAbfgNmn0-00031-00012150-00012356 I'd like to compliment you. vYFAbfgNmn0-00032-00012356-00012716 Case size 34mm, thickness 10mm vYFAbfgNmn0-00033-00012716-00012960 It's a small electronic clock. vYFAbfgNmn0-00034-00012960-00013330 The TIMAX T80 model and its appearance are the same. vYFAbfgNmn0-00035-00013330-00013873 However, this pack-like front, this pack-like case bag, vYFAbfgNmn0-00036-00013873-00014210 And finally, this packman buckle. vYFAbfgNmn0-00037-00014210-00014560 One noticeable part is the acrylic glass on the front. vYFAbfgNmn0-00038-00014560-00014950 If you look from the side, it's curved. vYFAbfgNmn0-00039-00014950-00015300 The retail price is $79.00 in Korea. vYFAbfgNmn0-00040-00015300-00015830 Direct purchases are around 70,000 won, and regular purchases are about 110,000 won.Hah! vYFAbfgNmn0-00041-00015830-00016250 I think it is about 30,000 won more expensive than the regular T80 model. vYFAbfgNmn0-00042-00016250-00016513 I'm not really a packman maniac. vYFAbfgNmn0-00043-00016513-00016873 The cost-effectiveness is really bad.I thought...Haha vYFAbfgNmn0-00044-00016873-00017160 Until I know this function.lol vYFAbfgNmn0-00045-00017160-00017550 [Pacman Game Singing Function~~Wow] vYFAbfgNmn0-00046-00017550-00017786 Oh, totally unexpected. vYFAbfgNmn0-00047-00017786-00018023 Uh, people who are a little crazy right now. vYFAbfgNmn0-00048-00018023-00018253 I admit you could be here.^^ vYFAbfgNmn0-00049-00018253-00018470 But it's quite addictive. vYFAbfgNmn0-00050-00018470-00018916 [Pacman Game Singing Function~~Wow] vYFAbfgNmn0-00051-00018916-00019256 Anyway, Mo... it's worth 30,000 won.Haha vYFAbfgNmn0-00052-00019256-00019346 If you look at the dial, vYFAbfgNmn0-00053-00019346-00019800 The unique green screen gives a retro look. vYFAbfgNmn0-00054-00019800-00020036 The characters in Pac-Man, vYFAbfgNmn0-00055-00020036-00020350 You're surrounding the screen in a cute way. vYFAbfgNmn0-00056-00020350-00020826 It's vintage, but it doesn't look as awkward as I thought.Haha vYFAbfgNmn0-00057-00020826-00021310 Unlike the Q-Timex I introduced you before, the T80 Packman Edition is a bit different. vYFAbfgNmn0-00058-00021310-00021750 The bright blue indieglow is clearly visible. vYFAbfgNmn0-00059-00021750-00022036 As expected, it's very heartwarming.Haha vYFAbfgNmn0-00060-00022036-00022106 It's a general review. vYFAbfgNmn0-00061-00022106-00022553 For those of you who aren't really interested in vintage electronic watches, vYFAbfgNmn0-00062-00022553-00022800 It doesn't really appeal to me. vYFAbfgNmn0-00063-00022800-00023030 I don't recommend it. vYFAbfgNmn0-00064-00023030-00023453 It's not a serious watch to wear on a daily basis. vYFAbfgNmn0-00065-00023453-00023940 Please note that it looks like a toy or children's watch. vYFAbfgNmn0-00066-00023940-00024286 But if you have any good memories of Pacman, vYFAbfgNmn0-00067-00024286-00024843 Classic game enthusiasts? Or for those who collect rare watches, vYFAbfgNmn0-00068-00024843-00025246 There is a charming point, so please consider it. vYFAbfgNmn0-00069-00025246-00025360 Whatever it is, it is... vYFAbfgNmn0-00070-00025360-00025743 [Pacman Game Singing Function~~Wow] vYFAbfgNmn0-00071-00025743-00026100 Oh, I keep pressing this function whenever I have time.LOL vYFAbfgNmn0-00072-00026100-00026380 This has been Dog Watch. Thank you. vYMszEtWL2Q-00000-00000225-00000754 Hello I'm David Martin and in this series of short videos I'm explaining some of vYMszEtWL2Q-00001-00000754-00001230 the methods that we can use for automated zone design and in this video vYMszEtWL2Q-00002-00001230-00001573 we're going to look at some of the principles behind automated zone design procedures. vYMszEtWL2Q-00003-00001573-00002059 We are going to think a little about building blocks that we can vYMszEtWL2Q-00004-00002059-00002635 use, the nature of design criteria and the way in which iterative calculations vYMszEtWL2Q-00005-00002635-00003266 can be used to achieve an optimal design. The problem that we're trying to solve vYMszEtWL2Q-00006-00003266-00003820 in automated zone design is to find means of achieving a set of zones that vYMszEtWL2Q-00007-00003820-00004387 meet specific design criteria for example we might want zone that are vYMszEtWL2Q-00008-00004387-00004926 not too big not too small as a sensible shapes on the map or which have similar vYMszEtWL2Q-00009-00004926-00005548 populations and so inevitably this will always be a tradeoff between a number of vYMszEtWL2Q-00010-00005548-00005811 competing objectives. vYMszEtWL2Q-00011-00005811-00006269 Faced with the problem of that kind and natural human inclination is to draw vYMszEtWL2Q-00012-00006269-00006895 lines on map in order to subdivide a larger area but an alternative approach vYMszEtWL2Q-00013-00006895-00007508 is to put together many small areas as if completing a jigsaw and the vYMszEtWL2Q-00014-00007508-00007931 computational approaches which I'm gonna described here are much closer to that vYMszEtWL2Q-00015-00007931-00008622 second analogy. | So the procedures which I'm illustrating here are examples of vYMszEtWL2Q-00016-00008622-00009079 methods which can be traced back to the automated zoning procedure introduced by vYMszEtWL2Q-00017-00009079-00009735 Stein Openshaw in 1977. What we're doing here is taking a set of small building vYMszEtWL2Q-00018-00009735-00010159 block zones and aggregating them into groups which from now on I'm going to vYMszEtWL2Q-00019-00010159-00010772 call tracts. What we would do is to create an initial random aggregation of vYMszEtWL2Q-00020-00010772-00011232 these tracts are a bit like putting together a small area of a jigsaw in in a vYMszEtWL2Q-00021-00011232-00011922 provisional sense and then compute a set of statistics relating to the size, the shape vYMszEtWL2Q-00022-00011922-00012496 and the other design criteria which we might have fully final configuration and vYMszEtWL2Q-00023-00012496-00012888 then we try swapping some of the building blocks very much like taking vYMszEtWL2Q-00024-00012888-00013336 one of the jigsaw pieces off one small block putting it onto a neighboring vYMszEtWL2Q-00025-00013336-00013397 block vYMszEtWL2Q-00026-00013397-00014016 and then recalculating the statistics which describe all configuration and if vYMszEtWL2Q-00027-00014016-00014472 that results in an improvement to the overall solution we might decide to keep vYMszEtWL2Q-00028-00014472-00015108 that swap whereas if it clearly results in a porous solution we might put it vYMszEtWL2Q-00029-00015108-00015741 back and try different swap and so we have an iterative process which is based vYMszEtWL2Q-00030-00015741-00016307 on highly computational method which goes and tries very very very many small vYMszEtWL2Q-00031-00016307-00016861 swaps evaluating their effect and gradually building towards a more vYMszEtWL2Q-00032-00016861-00017395 optimal solution than the random ones we started with. In computational terms vYMszEtWL2Q-00033-00017395-00017845 there are various devices available to stop these kinds of algorithms from getting vYMszEtWL2Q-00034-00017845-00018426 stuck in local suboptimal using methods such a simulated kneeling or taboo vYMszEtWL2Q-00035-00018426-00019067 searching which are referenced in that literature. | In diagrammatic terms we can vYMszEtWL2Q-00036-00019067-00019612 see here that what we're doing is taking set a small building blocks evaluating a vYMszEtWL2Q-00037-00019612-00019804 set of possible solutions vYMszEtWL2Q-00038-00019804-00020344 against some notion of which of them might be best and then adopting that best vYMszEtWL2Q-00039-00020344-00020928 solution to create the set of tracts. Now it's worth saying a little more at this vYMszEtWL2Q-00040-00020928-00021476 point about the building blocks that we might be using. Building block zones may vYMszEtWL2Q-00041-00021476-00021982 come from many different sources and in different applications they may need to vYMszEtWL2Q-00042-00021982-00022579 be purpose-built or they may be already in existence and they need to be small vYMszEtWL2Q-00043-00022579-00023129 relative to the output zones in the same way that jigsaw pieces would be small in vYMszEtWL2Q-00044-00023129-00023647 relation to the elements of the picture. Really we would expect that in most vYMszEtWL2Q-00045-00023647-00024144 contexts these are going to be zones themselves which have come from a vYMszEtWL2Q-00046-00024144-00024693 geographic information system although we do not need to be an expert in using vYMszEtWL2Q-00047-00024693-00025279 geographic information systems to make use of automated zone designed. | Another vYMszEtWL2Q-00048-00025279-00025743 important consideration is that all the statistical information which might be vYMszEtWL2Q-00049-00025743-00026234 relevant to our design criteria has to be available for each of the building vYMszEtWL2Q-00050-00026234-00026662 block zones so if population size for example is an important consideration vYMszEtWL2Q-00051-00026724-00027252 we must know the population of each of the building blocks and there will be vYMszEtWL2Q-00052-00027252-00027730 research situations in which this requires the use of confidential data in vYMszEtWL2Q-00053-00027730-00028244 a secure setting in order to design zones for data which can subsequently be vYMszEtWL2Q-00054-00028244-00028775 published once the zonation is complete and that's precisely how it works in the vYMszEtWL2Q-00055-00028775-00029437 context of a population census under the output geography from it. | So here we take vYMszEtWL2Q-00056-00029437-00030113 a look at some sample building blocks in this case I have used the GIS to generate a vYMszEtWL2Q-00057-00030113-00030666 set of Thiessen or Voroni polygons around each of a set of address locations vYMszEtWL2Q-00058-00030747-00031255 The addresses are shown in blue the artificial polygons their space filling polygons vYMszEtWL2Q-00059-00031255-00031874 here are in red and there are some black lines which are features in this case vYMszEtWL2Q-00060-00031874-00032288 the center lines in the road to which we've constrained the address polygons. vYMszEtWL2Q-00061-00032288-00032952 | In this case we may then take some additional information such as the vYMszEtWL2Q-00062-00032952-00033363 postcards of the addresses and dissolve the boundaries between each vYMszEtWL2Q-00063-00033363-00033836 adjacent dress which have got the same postcode and the result as we can see vYMszEtWL2Q-00064-00033836-00034319 here is that a set of small polygons containing all the addresses with the vYMszEtWL2Q-00065-00034319-00034919 same postcode. In this instance note that the boundaries don't precisely follow vYMszEtWL2Q-00066-00034919-00035428 the elements of the background mapping because I didn't supply them. If we vYMszEtWL2Q-00067-00035428-00036088 wanted those boundary features to follow every stream every parcel of land and vYMszEtWL2Q-00068-00036088-00036500 that information would need to be used in the design of the building blocks. vYMszEtWL2Q-00069-00036500-00037103 Nevertheless what I have here is a set of small building block polygons from vYMszEtWL2Q-00070-00037103-00037661 which we could begin to construct a geography at a higher level. So vYMszEtWL2Q-00071-00037661-00038290 considerations of these building blocks well importantly all the eventual outputs zone vYMszEtWL2Q-00072-00038290-00038800 boundaries are going to be drawn from the building block boundaries so the vYMszEtWL2Q-00073-00038800-00039437 outputs can't be smoother more realistic or better aligned to real-world features vYMszEtWL2Q-00074-00039437-00039919 than those of the building blocks themselves so for example if it's vYMszEtWL2Q-00075-00039919-00040010 important vYMszEtWL2Q-00076-00040010-00040400 in a particular zone designed that the street geography is reflected in the vYMszEtWL2Q-00077-00040400-00040911 output, the street geography will need to be reflected in the construction of the vYMszEtWL2Q-00078-00040911-00041479 building blocks and in general as the number of building blocks increases vYMszEtWL2Q-00079-00041479-00042079 there will be more permutations possible will get longer computation times but vYMszEtWL2Q-00080-00042079-00042576 probably we will find that there are more solutions which meet our design criteria vYMszEtWL2Q-00081-00042576-00043137 well conversely if the number of building blocks is quite small and vYMszEtWL2Q-00082-00043137-00043542 they're quite large relative to the outputs it won't take very long to compute vYMszEtWL2Q-00083-00043542-00043999 solution but it may not actually meet the criteria very well because we've got a vYMszEtWL2Q-00084-00043999-00044572 lot less capacity to move things around and trade off the competing criteria. vYMszEtWL2Q-00085-00044572-00045382 | The zone design criteria themselves can be thought of as both those which are hard vYMszEtWL2Q-00086-00045382-00045962 constraints things which must be met and soft constraints which we can't meet vYMszEtWL2Q-00087-00045962-00046520 exactly but where we're trying to maximize some continuous functio. So examples of the vYMszEtWL2Q-00088-00046520-00047096 hard constraints might be that every zone must contain more than 100 people and vYMszEtWL2Q-00089-00047096-00047527 more than 40 households because otherwise the zone would not meet some vYMszEtWL2Q-00090-00047527-00048109 basic confidentiality threshold similarly a geographical constraints vYMszEtWL2Q-00091-00048109-00048546 would be that all of the zones we have created are not permitted to cross a vYMszEtWL2Q-00092-00048546-00049160 local authority or a region boundary those are absolutes and we can set up the zone vYMszEtWL2Q-00093-00049160-00049668 design problem such that we will not produce solutions of any kind which vYMszEtWL2Q-00094-00049668-00050254 violate those rules but the soft constraint are much harder because for vYMszEtWL2Q-00095-00050254-00050741 example we might say that we want zones which contained as close as possible to vYMszEtWL2Q-00096-00050741-00051220 a hundred and twenty five households and it will not be possible to meet that vYMszEtWL2Q-00097-00051220-00051734 exactly will find perhaps some large residential buildings themselves contain vYMszEtWL2Q-00098-00051734-00052234 more than a hundred twenty-five households the area to be zoned may not vYMszEtWL2Q-00099-00052234-00052721 be actually a neat multiple of a hundred and twenty-five so we're only are never vYMszEtWL2Q-00100-00052721-00053080 going to get close to that particular target. vYMszEtWL2Q-00101-00053080-00053437 | Similarly we might find that for certain purposes vYMszEtWL2Q-00102-00053501-00053879 constraint might be specified of the form that every zone should be as vYMszEtWL2Q-00103-00053879-00054269 compact in shape as possible and there are different ways that can be measured. vYMszEtWL2Q-00104-00054269-00054823 It is very difficult to find any configuration of real-world features vYMszEtWL2Q-00105-00054823-00055261 which are highly compact the most compact shapes going to be something vYMszEtWL2Q-00106-00055261-00055775 like hexagons that's going to be very unrealistic in most geographical vYMszEtWL2Q-00107-00055775-00056419 applications using real-world data. Clearly in order to implement zone design vYMszEtWL2Q-00108-00056419-00057016 we need a measurement metric for each of those criteria so every one of vYMszEtWL2Q-00109-00057016-00057579 the criteria needs to have some way that can be repeatedly recalculated as we vYMszEtWL2Q-00110-00057579-00058054 step through that iterative movement of the building blocks and vYMszEtWL2Q-00111-00058054-00058535 comparisons the swaps. So clearly we could simply disallow any zone vYMszEtWL2Q-00112-00058535-00058950 with a population coming out the smaller than the threshold value and say that's vYMszEtWL2Q-00113-00058950-00059528 not permissible move we could solve using all the building blocks within a vYMszEtWL2Q-00114-00059528-00059954 local authority and then we will be confident that none of those zones vYMszEtWL2Q-00115-00059954-00060450 have crossed the local authority boundary but for those soft constraints vYMszEtWL2Q-00116-00060450-00061001 such as meeting target population size we might use a measure such as vYMszEtWL2Q-00117-00061001-00061457 minimization of the sums squared differences from the target size that vYMszEtWL2Q-00118-00061457-00061895 would make zones which are a long way from the target very unattractive in vYMszEtWL2Q-00119-00061895-00062338 the solution and we would always seek to minimize that aggregate squared distance vYMszEtWL2Q-00120-00062338-00062970 across the map. | Similarly if we wanted to work on compactness of geographical vYMszEtWL2Q-00121-00062970-00063449 areas we could for example seek to minimize the sum of the statistics such vYMszEtWL2Q-00122-00063449-00063935 as perimeter squared by area a circle would be the shape with the smallest perimeter vYMszEtWL2Q-00123-00063935-00064435 squared by area and therefore we have a circularity index which means the shapes vYMszEtWL2Q-00124-00064435-00064754 more like circles will be more attractive in the solution. | vYMszEtWL2Q-00125-00064969-00065528 So having specified a set of building blocks and a set of design constraints vYMszEtWL2Q-00126-00065528-00065964 we can effectively run to an initial random aggregation of the building vYMszEtWL2Q-00127-00065964-00066596 blocks and at the very first iteration we measure each of those constraints and vYMszEtWL2Q-00128-00066596-00067158 then we try to go into the swapping process and evaluate each possible swap vYMszEtWL2Q-00129-00067158-00067676 to see how our design constraints have been improved or perhaps worsened by vYMszEtWL2Q-00130-00067676-00068167 that potential swap and broadly speaking we will progress by keeping the improving vYMszEtWL2Q-00131-00068167-00068893 moves and rejecting the non improving moves and eventually will create a set of tracts tracked vYMszEtWL2Q-00132-00068893-00069402 or output areas which are the best achievable outcome given the number of vYMszEtWL2Q-00133-00069402-00069987 iterations which we've adopted. There isn't any right answer to how far we vYMszEtWL2Q-00134-00069987-00070431 should keep going but will often find in these kinds of problems is that we get a vYMszEtWL2Q-00135-00070431-00070976 rapid improvement in the solution which then gradually trades off until very vYMszEtWL2Q-00136-00070976-00071496 very many moves don't make any further improvement. | We have an example here of vYMszEtWL2Q-00137-00071496-00071958 how it works using the same small map of building blocks that we looked at vYMszEtWL2Q-00138-00071958-00072502 just now and here I have an initial random aggregation of those building vYMszEtWL2Q-00139-00072502-00072974 blocks into potential tracts. It's just three of them in this map and the vYMszEtWL2Q-00140-00072974-00073423 positions of the addresses on the streets are still maintained so we have vYMszEtWL2Q-00141-00073423-00073969 a blue potential tract on the left green one on the right and a small vYMszEtWL2Q-00142-00073969-00074422 yellow one and we might summise here that yellow ones probably going to be vYMszEtWL2Q-00143-00074422-00074987 rather small if our objective was to have zones of equal population size. vYMszEtWL2Q-00144-00074987-00075480 | So there is our initial random aggregation and as we begin swapping we highlight vYMszEtWL2Q-00145-00075480-00076008 one particular building block and experiment by swapping it in this case vYMszEtWL2Q-00146-00076008-00076601 from the Blue Zone into the green zone and the statistics which are describing vYMszEtWL2Q-00147-00076601-00077099 our solution are then re-evaluated. What we're very likely to find in this vYMszEtWL2Q-00148-00077099-00077640 circumstance is that the blue zone has got smaller maybe that's what we wanted vYMszEtWL2Q-00149-00077640-00078148 but the Green Zone is probably getting too large and in addition vYMszEtWL2Q-00150-00078148-00078656 those shapes are very irregular and if the circularity for example were metric we vYMszEtWL2Q-00151-00078656-00079086 were using this would look quite an unattractive solution and therefore we may vYMszEtWL2Q-00152-00079086-00079575 decide at this point that's not a good move. We will go back, we reject it vYMszEtWL2Q-00153-00079575-00080224 and back to the start and then we'll pick up a new potential swap in this case a move vYMszEtWL2Q-00154-00080224-00080688 from blue to yellow and then we re-evaluate where we re-calculates the vYMszEtWL2Q-00155-00080688-00081204 criteria statistics and here we may see that we've improved both the shapes vYMszEtWL2Q-00156-00081204-00081782 of the blue and the yellow. Blue was too big we have made it smaller yellow was too vYMszEtWL2Q-00157-00081782-00081832 small vYMszEtWL2Q-00158-00081832-00082198 we've made it bigger in population terms and this actually might be quite an vYMszEtWL2Q-00159-00082198-00082738 attractive mode in which case we would retain it and then proceeded to another vYMszEtWL2Q-00160-00082738-00083182 swap somewhere else in the map so we're gradually incrementing towards a more vYMszEtWL2Q-00161-00083182-00083944 optimal solution with each iteration. | So in this sense we see that the building vYMszEtWL2Q-00162-00083944-00084373 blocks need to be available and they have a big impact on the final solution vYMszEtWL2Q-00163-00084373-00084917 placement of their boundaries and having all the necessary data are preconditions vYMszEtWL2Q-00164-00084917-00085581 for us to begin with the zonation. Building blocks may be needing to be vYMszEtWL2Q-00165-00085581-00086038 constructed for example from addresses or from small geographical units vYMszEtWL2Q-00166-00086038-00086541 postcodes Street blocks which are appropriate to the research need but vYMszEtWL2Q-00167-00086541-00087098 providing we have the data we can put those building blocks into the automated vYMszEtWL2Q-00168-00087098-00087898 design process. We are also going to have to be very clear what our intended criteria vYMszEtWL2Q-00169-00087898-00088510 are and this usually involves a process of reflection if there are users of the vYMszEtWL2Q-00170-00088510-00088991 research it may involve discussing with them the characteristics of an optimal vYMszEtWL2Q-00171-00088991-00089501 geography whether or not it's important that the zones to be created nest within vYMszEtWL2Q-00172-00089501-00089943 some higher units such as local government geography whether they built vYMszEtWL2Q-00173-00089943-00090362 from some particular elements such as postal system and whether they are vYMszEtWL2Q-00174-00090362-00090833 aligned with things such as roads rivers which can be seen in the physical vYMszEtWL2Q-00175-00090833-00091169 geography and when we have those sets vYMszEtWL2Q-00176-00091169-00091577 of information ready to commence with then we can use an automated zone vYMszEtWL2Q-00177-00091577-00092050 design tool in order to progress towards a zonation solution. vZ8ogaxxrtM-00000-00001006-00001505 estamos aquí en él en el municipio de ciudad sandino que está ubicado a 13 vZ8ogaxxrtM-00001-00001505-00001790 kilómetros de la capital de managua vZ8ogaxxrtM-00002-00001790-00002032 y nos encontramos con el pastor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00003-00002032-00002139 mauricio morales vZ8ogaxxrtM-00004-00002291-00002558 y el objetivo de esta vZ8ogaxxrtM-00005-00002558-00002961 entrevista es a hacer conocer acerca de su vida a mauricio morales vZ8ogaxxrtM-00006-00002961-00003103 vendería por vZ8ogaxxrtM-00007-00003103-00003436 brindaron la oportunidad de poder estar aquí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00008-00003436-00003911 pastor mauricio morales cuénteme acerca de su vida como como ha sido su vida vZ8ogaxxrtM-00009-00003911-00004072 como persona vZ8ogaxxrtM-00010-00004072-00004632 bueno, primeramente agradezco al señor y a los hermanos que andan con vZ8ogaxxrtM-00011-00004632-00004864 el equipo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00012-00004864-00005034 por habernos eligido para vZ8ogaxxrtM-00013-00005034-00005165 portar algo con vZ8ogaxxrtM-00014-00005165-00005379 parte de nuestra vida bueno fin vZ8ogaxxrtM-00015-00005379-00005622 en principio quiero decirte que vZ8ogaxxrtM-00016-00005622-00005903 mi vida mi niñez fue algo bien duro vZ8ogaxxrtM-00017-00005903-00006209 difícil vZ8ogaxxrtM-00018-00006209-00006515 mi madre fue la única que nos crio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00019-00006515-00006734 mi padre no abandonó a la edad de vZ8ogaxxrtM-00020-00006734-00006909 nueve años vZ8ogaxxrtM-00021-00006909-00007050 y vZ8ogaxxrtM-00022-00007050-00007675 nuestra madre con tres hijos que se quedó pues varones vZ8ogaxxrtM-00023-00007675-00007934 difícil crear unos hijos varones vZ8ogaxxrtM-00024-00007934-00008150 y fue una etapa muy vZ8ogaxxrtM-00025-00008150-00008763 muy dura muy difícil de mucha pobreza muchas necesidades vZ8ogaxxrtM-00026-00008763-00009272 en fin todo lo que se puede vivir cuando no está la figura paternal cuando no está el vZ8ogaxxrtM-00027-00009272-00009510 padre vZ8ogaxxrtM-00028-00009510-00009724 como otros niños vZ8ogaxxrtM-00029-00009724-00010115 alegre salían de las manos de sus padres vZ8ogaxxrtM-00030-00010115-00010312 yo no tenía padre. vZ8ogaxxrtM-00031-00010312-00010744 pero gracias al señor si mi mamá nos supo educar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00032-00010744-00011095 de estudios conde apuntó vZ8ogaxxrtM-00033-00011095-00011590 y con un el favor y la ida de ella pues salimos adelante vZ8ogaxxrtM-00034-00011590-00011739 mirando vZ8ogaxxrtM-00035-00011739-00011986 veamos hasta la secundaria vZ8ogaxxrtM-00036-00011986-00012087 i vZ8ogaxxrtM-00037-00012087-00012475 y ahí vamos caminando creciendo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00038-00012475-00012656 pastor mauricio este vZ8ogaxxrtM-00039-00012656-00013187 cuando su papá se va de su casa usted no no tuvo contacto con su papá alguno vZ8ogaxxrtM-00040-00013187-00013653 no porque de la noche a la mañana él desaparecido vZ8ogaxxrtM-00041-00013653-00014234 nunca más le lll vimos semanas yo todavía tenía vZ8ogaxxrtM-00042-00014234-00014740 el mundo 17 casi los 20 añadió todavía medi ambient cortaba de del vZ8ogaxxrtM-00043-00014740-00014984 físico en la figura de decir pero ya vZ8ogaxxrtM-00044-00014984-00015415 moyano sí no tengo de frente no lo conozco porque hizo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00045-00015415-00015524 ya mandé vZ8ogaxxrtM-00046-00015524-00015715 treinta y pico de años vZ8ogaxxrtM-00047-00015715-00016052 y lo hemos buscado por contactarlo pero vZ8ogaxxrtM-00048-00016052-00016235 acedo ha sido un poco difícil vZ8ogaxxrtM-00049-00016235-00016483 ha sido un poco difícil que el euro sea ceniza vZ8ogaxxrtM-00050-00016483-00016860 en esas circunstancias verdad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00051-00016860-00016974 sobrevivir vZ8ogaxxrtM-00052-00016974-00017536 y en su infancia usted ejercí algún trabajo sumó su mamá no le permitía vZ8ogaxxrtM-00053-00017536-00017971 pues como no porque en medio de la pobreza pues nosotros salíamos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00054-00017971-00018560 saben de él sería vender periódicos al día a nuestras aparato vZ8ogaxxrtM-00055-00018560-00018958 es el día vender vZ8ogaxxrtM-00056-00018958-00019473 cosa de horno una señora sellapan en sus casa y yo salía a vender empanada vZ8ogaxxrtM-00057-00019473-00019573 de maíz vZ8ogaxxrtM-00058-00019573-00019937 no de harina de harina vZ8ogaxxrtM-00059-00019937-00020019 este vZ8ogaxxrtM-00060-00020019-00020468 acarreaba agua y en el bar donde yo vivo cargaba agua después de que ha de vZ8ogaxxrtM-00061-00020468-00020579 estudiar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00062-00020579-00020983 y el recuerdo que me pagaban 5 córdoba por por barril vZ8ogaxxrtM-00063-00020983-00021448 y yo llevaba a cabo ocho de barriles y ese dinero yo se lo daba mi mamá para vZ8ogaxxrtM-00064-00021448-00021865 el sustento de la cara y dar no sucede correctamente para ayudar a vZ8ogaxxrtM-00065-00021865-00022157 se aquieten paraná edad yo sentía fin vZ8ogaxxrtM-00066-00022157-00022487 la carga la necesidad de que no me podía dar el lujo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00067-00022487-00022712 la libertad es de ser derroche vZ8ogaxxrtM-00068-00022712-00023135 de algo que queman bien nos hacía falta la misma necesidad leele vZ8ogaxxrtM-00069-00023135-00023404 al ver la misma necesidad usted vZ8ogaxxrtM-00070-00023404-00023741 apoyado asobanp consumo propio hermano vZ8ogaxxrtM-00071-00023741-00023872 hermano vZ8ogaxxrtM-00072-00023872-00024358 mauricio posted se crió aquí en managua todas uci yo soy nazi de cría vZ8ogaxxrtM-00073-00024358-00024593 de equinos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00074-00024593-00024820 este vZ8ogaxxrtM-00075-00024820-00024966 ha quedado p vZ8ogaxxrtM-00076-00024966-00025137 se casó vZ8ogaxxrtM-00077-00025137-00025720 bueno yo mae gente con mi esposo a la edad de 17 años vZ8ogaxxrtM-00078-00025720-00025903 no conocí a cristiano vZ8ogaxxrtM-00079-00025903-00026409 en ese tiempo todavía no habíamos entregado nuestras vidas al sr vZ8ogaxxrtM-00080-00026409-00026671 por ciento vZ8ogaxxrtM-00081-00026671-00027174 a esa edad tan temprana edad pues aquí por lo general en nicaragua vZ8ogaxxrtM-00082-00027174-00027380 ya a esa temprana edad y adán vZ8ogaxxrtM-00083-00027380-00027828 tanto los varones como la mujer ella s dallara se hacen de su pareja vZ8ogaxxrtM-00084-00027828-00028159 y yo tenía 17 años cuando vZ8ogaxxrtM-00085-00028159-00028569 nos juntamos verdad comenzamos a convivir con mi esposa vZ8ogaxxrtM-00086-00028569-00028877 i posteriormente cuando vZ8ogaxxrtM-00087-00028877-00029072 venimos a los pies del señor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00088-00029072-00029437 pues entonces ahí entramos al orden bíblico vZ8ogaxxrtM-00089-00029437-00029897 nos casamos verdad sin necesidad que nadie me dijera que me tengo que casar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00090-00029897-00030256 y yo comencé a leer la palabra comencé a leer la biblia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00091-00030256-00030899 y en la palabra encontré que el señor demandaba de mi vida vZ8ogaxxrtM-00092-00030899-00031318 para poderle agregar para estar en una evidencia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00093-00031318-00031752 a donde conoció a su esposa ama como séptima amabook fuera de managua no hay vZ8ogaxxrtM-00094-00031752-00032158 línea y en managua y en el barrio donde vivimos allí monseñor lezcano vZ8ogaxxrtM-00095-00032158-00032605 temprana edad desde nos conocemos mucho a lo pequeño de vZ8ogaxxrtM-00096-00032605-00032831 él era de 10 vZ8ogaxxrtM-00097-00032831-00033088 3 a 14 años y vZ8ogaxxrtM-00098-00033088-00033621 pues normal 1 jovencito chavalito mandando papelito escribiendo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00099-00033621-00033886 y no fuimos enamorando ir vZ8ogaxxrtM-00100-00033886-00034381 y no esperamos mucho pues cuánto tiempo duró esta vez amistad si demandarse vZ8ogaxxrtM-00101-00034381-00034771 papel y todo y creo que auguró como un 8 mesa en hama vZ8ogaxxrtM-00102-00034771-00035313 seguir como ocho o nueve meses más y el mocho muchas veces sí es normal puede vZ8ogaxxrtM-00103-00035313-00035396 pero vZ8ogaxxrtM-00104-00035396-00036090 gracias al señor éste ha sido un matrimonio muy bendecido duda vZ8ogaxxrtM-00105-00036090-00036318 nuestras vidas cambiaron vZ8ogaxxrtM-00106-00036318-00036631 durante te quiero contar algo que durante vZ8ogaxxrtM-00107-00036631-00036922 ante que entregáramos nuestra vida cristo fueron vZ8ogaxxrtM-00108-00036922-00037146 cinco años de infierno vZ8ogaxxrtM-00109-00037146-00037575 porque yo era una persona muy el corrupto a vZ8ogaxxrtM-00110-00037575-00037865 me gustaba la fiesta las mujeres vZ8ogaxxrtM-00111-00037865-00038324 estaba todo cierto así como cuando uno no tiene a cristo en su corazón vZ8ogaxxrtM-00112-00038324-00038421 en viena vZ8ogaxxrtM-00113-00038421-00038941 una venda y si hay ni vZ8ogaxxrtM-00114-00038941-00039366 y tenemos nuestras propias reglas y y dentro de las reglas villa era vZ8ogaxxrtM-00115-00039366-00039758 vivirá como yo decía nadie me manda sin ley vZ8ogaxxrtM-00116-00039758-00039925 la vida sin ley vZ8ogaxxrtM-00117-00039925-00040319 y uno de los aspecto iglesia no hay un yo no me caso omiso de casas de vZ8ogaxxrtM-00118-00040319-00040438 sobrevivir vZ8ogaxxrtM-00119-00040438-00040912 pero cuando uno viene a cristo uno se da cuenta que ha caminado precisamente vZ8ogaxxrtM-00120-00040912-00041038 he equivocado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00121-00041038-00041368 uno viene caminando cuando uno no tiene cristo en su corazón vZ8ogaxxrtM-00122-00041368-00041508 uno camina al revés vZ8ogaxxrtM-00123-00041508-00041697 no caminaría conforme vZ8ogaxxrtM-00124-00041697-00042041 a al modelo de vida que tiene que caminar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00125-00042041-00042289 como dios lo ha establecido entonces vZ8ogaxxrtM-00126-00042289-00042599 no hacía lo que a mí me daba la gana y vZ8ogaxxrtM-00127-00042599-00042830 y en cierta manera vZ8ogaxxrtM-00128-00042830-00043108 casi estuvimos a punto de perder el vZ8ogaxxrtM-00129-00043108-00043228 lograr el hogar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00130-00043228-00043611 ya a los dos hijos mayores nuestro ya habían nacido vZ8ogaxxrtM-00131-00043611-00043986 y prácticamente cuando yo entrego mi vida al señor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00132-00043986-00044178 es que dios acá vZ8ogaxxrtM-00133-00044178-00044434 de las cenizas a que el matrimonio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00134-00044434-00044625 de la ceniza porque vZ8ogaxxrtM-00135-00044625-00045087 ya estamos decidido a una separación total de mi parte verdad de dios vZ8ogaxxrtM-00136-00045087-00045327 el por una infidelidad día que yo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00137-00045327-00045568 oo cometí para con mi esposa vZ8ogaxxrtM-00138-00045568-00045668 i vZ8ogaxxrtM-00139-00045668-00045974 yo estaba decidido abandonar el hogar pero vZ8ogaxxrtM-00140-00045974-00046200 el señor no lo permitió vZ8ogaxxrtM-00141-00046200-00046628 p cuánto tiempo tiene usted de convivir de estar casado con su esposa vZ8ogaxxrtM-00142-00046628-00046965 aún bueno he de estar casado tenemos lo que tenemos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00143-00046965-00047080 23 años vZ8ogaxxrtM-00144-00047080-00047274 23 años íntima 5 vZ8ogaxxrtM-00145-00047274-00047511 alberto contador frías y vZ8ogaxxrtM-00146-00047511-00047984 no tenemos más o menos como unos 27 años de estar junto día con mi esposa vZ8ogaxxrtM-00147-00047984-00048246 ahora en vZ8ogaxxrtM-00148-00048246-00048725 16 de marzo cumplió 26 casi los 27 años vZ8ogaxxrtM-00149-00048725-00048859 de matrimonio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00150-00048859-00049334 de aquel hijo mayor me está dando por 27 años cuántos hijos a diamond cuatro vZ8ogaxxrtM-00151-00049334-00049399 varones vZ8ogaxxrtM-00152-00049399-00049496 min vZ8ogaxxrtM-00153-00049496-00049630 el sol una nieta vZ8ogaxxrtM-00154-00049630-00049889 una niña que del hijo mayor nuestro vZ8ogaxxrtM-00155-00049889-00050024 qué bueno mano vZ8ogaxxrtM-00156-00050024-00050113 i vZ8ogaxxrtM-00157-00050113-00050272 cuentan con la experiencia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00158-00050272-00050621 cuando éste aceptó el señor jesucristo como como pereda sector vZ8ogaxxrtM-00159-00050621-00050730 español y tiene vZ8ogaxxrtM-00160-00050730-00050952 que el lugar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00161-00050952-00051149 min mi mamá vZ8ogaxxrtM-00162-00051149-00051638 en medio de de todas las necesidades que ya pasaba vZ8ogaxxrtM-00163-00051638-00051824 una de las cosas fue que ella vZ8ogaxxrtM-00164-00051824-00052041 se agarró del sr vZ8ogaxxrtM-00165-00052041-00052366 y ella nos comenzaba a llevar de recuerdo que íbamos a la iglesia al vZ8ogaxxrtM-00166-00052366-00052557 bautista el calvario vZ8ogaxxrtM-00167-00052557-00052724 ya no llevaba vZ8ogaxxrtM-00168-00052724-00052956 pero cuando no haya se descarría puede vZ8ogaxxrtM-00169-00052956-00053108 cada quien vZ8ogaxxrtM-00170-00053108-00053389 nunca se hubiera tomado sus productos así como así vZ8ogaxxrtM-00171-00053389-00054087 tarda pero allá y este en los años 90 y 90 vZ8ogaxxrtM-00172-00054087-00054177 el sr vZ8ogaxxrtM-00173-00054177-00054510 habla mi vida el señor me hace un llamado a mí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00174-00054510-00054652 por ciento vZ8ogaxxrtM-00175-00054652-00054877 yo tuve y el servicio militar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00176-00054877-00055277 y yo cuando estaba en servicio militar yo me acordaba de odio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00177-00055277-00055807 le sigue a dios y si tú me sacaré tibi hubo yo voy a ir a la iglesia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00178-00055807-00056304 pastor este porter tro al servicio por su propia voluntad o vZ8ogaxxrtM-00179-00056304-00056779 qué pasó obligado un hígado aquí nadie puede decir que fue vZ8ogaxxrtM-00180-00056779-00057080 por su propia voluntad a que había una ley vZ8ogaxxrtM-00181-00057080-00057221 qué vZ8ogaxxrtM-00182-00057221-00057623 todo mundo tenía que ir a la guerra obligadamente fuera o no fuera del vZ8ogaxxrtM-00183-00057623-00057952 partido sandinista le gustará no le gustara vZ8ogaxxrtM-00184-00057952-00058422 no había distinción de familia todo mundo rico y pobre al que los trataban vZ8ogaxxrtM-00185-00058422-00058640 de hablarlo barra y se lo llevaban claro vZ8ogaxxrtM-00186-00058640-00059153 las personas puedan diner hadas que tenían la facilidad de sacar a sus hijo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00187-00059153-00059596 escondido lo sacaron fuera del país y se fueron mucho fuera del país y vZ8ogaxxrtM-00188-00059596-00059982 estados unido dura costa rica diferentes lugares vZ8ogaxxrtM-00189-00059982-00060123 pero por ciento vZ8ogaxxrtM-00190-00060123-00060490 la compresión y aéreas y de esta manera de porque yo vengo del servicio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00191-00060490-00060611 militar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00192-00060611-00060758 por ciento vZ8ogaxxrtM-00193-00060758-00061102 yo siempre estaba ahí y con las cosas del señor por el pueblo olvide poco vZ8ogaxxrtM-00194-00061102-00061315 moya media liberado de eso pues vZ8ogaxxrtM-00195-00061315-00061511 ni el día del señor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00196-00061511-00061816 pero una aparte de recuerdo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00197-00061816-00062002 yo estaba ahí en la casa vZ8ogaxxrtM-00198-00062002-00062532 mi esposa mi esposo es un año mayor que yo en el ari espiritual vZ8ogaxxrtM-00199-00062532-00062805 esa condición ella iba a la iglesia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00200-00062805-00062919 pero ya está vZ8ogaxxrtM-00201-00062919-00063359 p por mi mal carácter por mí forma de ser que eran t vZ8ogaxxrtM-00202-00063359-00063762 yo no permitiré que me hablara de la palabra nada vZ8ogaxxrtM-00203-00063762-00064039 pero recordó que un día ella se fue a la iglesia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00204-00064039-00064294 yo me quedé solo viendo televisión vZ8ogaxxrtM-00205-00064294-00064508 y este para los hermanos que vZ8ogaxxrtM-00206-00064508-00064869 y aquellas personas que van a mirar estudios habló hermanos dios a mí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00207-00064869-00065341 cuando dios te llama te llamas no hay hombre muy grande mi chiquito mi fuerte vZ8ogaxxrtM-00208-00065341-00065560 ni débil que se resista vZ8ogaxxrtM-00209-00065560-00065710 alabó de dios vZ8ogaxxrtM-00210-00065710-00066087 y yo estaba viendo televisión cuando dios ni hablo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00211-00066087-00066348 i 3b señaló el señor a mí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00212-00066348-00066774 y el señor me dijo primera palabra que yo escuché deporte dio fue vZ8ogaxxrtM-00213-00066774-00067059 si yo vengo de que cuéntame o amar de tu vida vZ8ogaxxrtM-00214-00067059-00067339 y yo pensaba que era mi esposa la que estaba ahí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00215-00067339-00067538 porque ya sé unos niño vZ8ogaxxrtM-00216-00067538-00067758 ella se fue a la iglesia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00217-00067758-00067976 yo me quedé así pensativo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00218-00067976-00068468 álava como halo ocho minutos otra vez el señor volvió a hablar a mi vida vZ8ogaxxrtM-00219-00068468-00068780 la misma palabra miguel la misma palabra medido vZ8ogaxxrtM-00220-00068780-00069232 si yo vengo hoy que cuenta me va a dar de tu vida vZ8ogaxxrtM-00221-00069232-00069426 cuando yo escuché esa palabra vZ8ogaxxrtM-00222-00069426-00069755 yo sentí un gran vacío en mi corazón vZ8ogaxxrtM-00223-00069755-00069995 y midi time di cuenta de que vZ8ogaxxrtM-00224-00069995-00070355 mi vida estaba sumergida en un túnel vZ8ogaxxrtM-00225-00070355-00070548 y hasta en eso momento vZ8ogaxxrtM-00226-00070548-00071020 cuando yo me doy cuenta que yo estoy como sumergido en un túnel vZ8ogaxxrtM-00227-00071020-00071345 ap en ese momento yo comienza a escuchar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00228-00071345-00071565 por cienti ande yo vivo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00229-00071565-00071742 aa ciento vZ8ogaxxrtM-00230-00071742-00072196 50 140 metros tuma iglesia que se llama casa de oración vZ8ogaxxrtM-00231-00072196-00072533 donde pastoreaba el pe el pastor guillermo ayala vZ8ogaxxrtM-00232-00072533-00072698 asq ese momento vZ8ogaxxrtM-00233-00072698-00073065 yo al comienzo escuchar los cantos de la iglesia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00234-00073065-00073402 y conforme yo muy escuchado los canto vZ8ogaxxrtM-00235-00073402-00073637 es cierto en mi vida vZ8ogaxxrtM-00236-00073637-00073821 un deseo de llorar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00237-00073821-00074325 porque sentía que estaba sumergido en ese túnel que no podía salir vZ8ogaxxrtM-00238-00074325-00074522 por mi propia cuenta vZ8ogaxxrtM-00239-00074522-00074840 y entonces yo lo que hice fue en miami este vZ8ogaxxrtM-00240-00074840-00075015 y yo no fui a la iglesia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00241-00075015-00075353 y yo le platiqué al pastor lo que me había pasado hace unos diez minutos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00242-00075353-00075523 traje mi casa vZ8ogaxxrtM-00243-00075523-00076013 desde ese momento especialista y se va al cine yo en ese momento es lo que yo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00244-00076013-00076309 sentí fue quien con esa palabra que dio miolo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00245-00076309-00076792 sentí la necesidad se escuche hasta ese momento los cantos que es iglesia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00246-00076792-00077369 ya tenía como unos 15 o cubrir seis años 16 años de esperar estar ahí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00247-00077369-00077649 pero nunca la había visto y nunca la había oído vZ8ogaxxrtM-00248-00077649-00078082 no le llamaba la temporada porque estaba siendo escrito vZ8ogaxxrtM-00249-00078082-00078521 tizón del pastor y que sucedió cuando yo le platiqué ello llegue llorando y vZ8ogaxxrtM-00250-00078521-00078664 elige este día vZ8ogaxxrtM-00251-00078664-00078983 yo quiero hablar con usted leyó un curioso yo lo conocí él quiere el vZ8ogaxxrtM-00252-00078983-00079064 puesto vZ8ogaxxrtM-00253-00079064-00079467 yo le dije yo quiero hablar con usted por qué me acaba de pasar esto vZ8ogaxxrtM-00254-00079467-00079790 i yo escuché una voz y luego me dijo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00255-00079790-00079997 el que sí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00256-00079997-00080421 él venía que cuenta el entregar yo de su vida y yo no sé qué responder y vZ8ogaxxrtM-00257-00080421-00080764 entonces yo no sé qué hacer lo único que quiero estar cerca vZ8ogaxxrtM-00258-00080764-00080870 de dios vZ8ogaxxrtM-00259-00080870-00081008 y el pastor vino vZ8ogaxxrtM-00260-00081008-00081132 juro por mi vZ8ogaxxrtM-00261-00081132-00081477 y desde entonces yo entregué mi vida el señor eso fue vZ8ogaxxrtM-00262-00081477-00081706 en el año 1990 vZ8ogaxxrtM-00263-00081706-00082399 no basta morlán 12 22 hace 22 años el 22 años ya llegó y como para un vZ8ogaxxrtM-00264-00082399-00082930 noviembre algo así comparado como un 25 ó 26 de noviembre vZ8ogaxxrtM-00265-00082930-00083164 de 1990 vZ8ogaxxrtM-00266-00083164-00083627 desde entonces y cuando esa graduación de recibir el señor que que es que que vZ8ogaxxrtM-00267-00083627-00083889 lo que la experiencia que presenta internamente vZ8ogaxxrtM-00268-00083889-00084264 bueno primeramente me sentí perdona vZ8ogaxxrtM-00269-00084264-00084557 sentí en el corazón paz vZ8ogaxxrtM-00270-00084557-00084832 sentí que era algo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00271-00084832-00085154 una nueva api de una nueva oportunidad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00272-00085154-00085642 que dios le había regalado quien estaba brindando al conocerle vZ8ogaxxrtM-00273-00085642-00086221 y no permitió el señor que me pasara algo que muriera en el servicio militar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00274-00086221-00086470 porque mi vida si hubiera perdido vZ8ogaxxrtM-00275-00086470-00086851 porque no tenían señora y mi corazón a pesar de que mi madre vZ8ogaxxrtM-00276-00086851-00087430 no sabía instruidos no había llevado a la iglesia ya no llevaba la iglesia pero vZ8ogaxxrtM-00277-00087430-00087765 no había un nace puntualiza que la mente no vZ8ogaxxrtM-00278-00087765-00088076 odiamos entregado realmente nuestras vidas el sr vZ8ogaxxrtM-00279-00088076-00088288 me siento le preguntó pastor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00280-00088288-00088491 usted viene de un hogar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00281-00088491-00088787 sin paternidad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00282-00088787-00089181 de donde tuvo que ver a su mamá a trabajar inclusive este trabajar vender vZ8ogaxxrtM-00283-00089181-00089350 en él en las calles vZ8ogaxxrtM-00284-00089350-00089766 y muchas veces cuando no trabajan las caídas y sufre maltrato vZ8ogaxxrtM-00285-00089766-00090038 maltrato de otras personas i vZ8ogaxxrtM-00286-00090038-00090333 después estuvo en el ejército vZ8ogaxxrtM-00287-00090333-00090506 i vZ8ogaxxrtM-00288-00090506-00090816 el zoo de d vZ8ogaxxrtM-00289-00090816-00090919 de contenido vZ8ogaxxrtM-00290-00090919-00091238 aa tener una relación con una persona vZ8ogaxxrtM-00291-00091238-00091408 ser padre de familia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00292-00091408-00091614 le costaba hacer pablo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00293-00091614-00092196 al inicio sí porque como un mota ha preparado cuando obinna toma este tipo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00294-00092196-00092457 de decisiones vZ8ogaxxrtM-00295-00092457-00092972 cuando actuamos actuando conforme vayan saliendo el día conforme vaya a ir vZ8ogaxxrtM-00296-00092972-00093479 momo pensamos no medita mundo es como ahora que estamos adulto verdad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00297-00093479-00093984 pero sí es algo difícil porque yo recuerdo que en mi madre vZ8ogaxxrtM-00298-00093984-00094267 tuvo para un televisor para nosotros vZ8ogaxxrtM-00299-00094267-00094665 y a nosotros por ciento yo en lo personal fue porque mi hermano cuando ya vZ8ogaxxrtM-00300-00094665-00094839 tenía el mayor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00301-00094839-00095265 cuando ya tenía como unos 16 años de lucha puede lograr vZ8ogaxxrtM-00302-00095265-00095500 y solamente quede ello vZ8ogaxxrtM-00303-00095500-00095825 el comib madres y después vZ8ogaxxrtM-00304-00095825-00096045 con mi hermana la menor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00305-00096045-00096284 tosello tenía que vZ8ogaxxrtM-00306-00096284-00096594 esser como decimos nosotros quinn y miera vZ8ogaxxrtM-00307-00096594-00097045 yo era el niñero de mi hermana la menor la pequeña yo la tenía que cuidar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00308-00097045-00097452 y entonces sí como no había un televisor para nosotros vZ8ogaxxrtM-00309-00097452-00097622 y vamos a vZ8ogaxxrtM-00310-00097622-00098003 haas arrimarnos a la ventana del vecino vZ8ogaxxrtM-00311-00098003-00098107 para ver vZ8ogaxxrtM-00312-00098107-00098532 televisión para ver muñeco y cuando la señora se molestaba vZ8ogaxxrtM-00313-00098532-00098944 nos tiraban la ventana a la puerta de la casa encima vZ8ogaxxrtM-00314-00098944-00099371 i yo empecé yo lloré porque yo deseaba ver vZ8ogaxxrtM-00315-00099371-00099497 televisión vZ8ogaxxrtM-00316-00099497-00100025 muñeco fue como un niño como todo el excedente pero al no tenerlo y el único vZ8ogaxxrtM-00317-00100025-00100341 lugar donde habíamos trataban de esa manera vZ8ogaxxrtM-00318-00100341-00100691 fueron muchos momentos muchas lágrimas que derrame vZ8ogaxxrtM-00319-00100691-00101181 y yo no entendía por qué tanta pobreza o por qué tanta vZ8ogaxxrtM-00320-00101181-00101405 misery en nuestra vida vZ8ogaxxrtM-00321-00101405-00101617 pero vZ8ogaxxrtM-00322-00101617-00101823 gracias al señor da él vZ8ogaxxrtM-00323-00101823-00102265 él sabe por qué permitió todo lo que nosotros pasamos borbón vZ8ogaxxrtM-00324-00102265-00102563 y en determinado momento yo llegué a vZ8ogaxxrtM-00325-00102563-00102839 echar la culpa a mi padre ee vZ8ogaxxrtM-00326-00102839-00103030 momo co2 y por qué vZ8ogaxxrtM-00327-00103030-00103420 él nos abandonó hoy al malikí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00328-00103420-00103905 todo el sufrimiento que uno te paso o en esa etapa vZ8ogaxxrtM-00329-00103905-00104234 con el tiempo y el sr vZ8ogaxxrtM-00330-00104234-00104652 viene lo que le llamamos la sanidad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00331-00104652-00104804 la sanidad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00332-00104804-00105225 por cierto el señor don chano mi corazón aquí el odio que yo sentía vZ8ogaxxrtM-00333-00105225-00105472 por la vida de mi padre vZ8ogaxxrtM-00334-00105472-00105797 el señor me lo quito porque yo comencé a perdonar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00335-00105797-00106083 a mi padre delante la presencia de diego vZ8ogaxxrtM-00336-00106083-00106349 lo quise buscar y lo tuvo buscando vZ8ogaxxrtM-00337-00106349-00106456 para también vZ8ogaxxrtM-00338-00106456-00106735 decírselo en su cara que lo perdonaba vZ8ogaxxrtM-00339-00106735-00107283 y que me perdonara por las cosas que había pensado mal de él vZ8ogaxxrtM-00340-00107283-00107452 toda esa parte vZ8ogaxxrtM-00341-00107452-00107803 hoy en día por ciento si hemos esforzado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00342-00107803-00108145 por ser unos buenos padres por aquí en mis hijos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00343-00108145-00108358 no vivan vZ8ogaxxrtM-00344-00108358-00108681 por ciento la experiencia dura vZ8ogaxxrtM-00345-00108681-00109005 y así como yo viví hay muchas personas vZ8ogaxxrtM-00346-00109005-00109200 muchos niños muchas niña vZ8ogaxxrtM-00347-00109200-00109348 sin padre vZ8ogaxxrtM-00348-00109348-00109435 i vZ8ogaxxrtM-00349-00109435-00109713 con una madre que investigue responsable y ahí besen vZ8ogaxxrtM-00350-00109713-00109943 no es responsable la madre vZ8ogaxxrtM-00351-00109943-00110332 el pastor cuando opel se convierte escrito vZ8ogaxxrtM-00352-00110332-00110508 debón del pastor guillermo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00353-00110508-00110852 siguió mañana el liso la oración de fe como éste vZ8ogaxxrtM-00354-00110852-00111008 pd templo al culto vZ8ogaxxrtM-00355-00111008-00111179 timonel ps vZ8ogaxxrtM-00356-00111179-00111431 volvió a su casa vZ8ogaxxrtM-00357-00111431-00111833 su esposa nba o en otra iglesia no hay ninguna evidencia si ello se congreguen vZ8ogaxxrtM-00358-00111833-00112251 haití y que pasó cuando su esposo se dio cuenta cuéntenme fuera ese fue un vZ8ogaxxrtM-00359-00112251-00112809 momento donde la alegría de mucha alegría en la vida de vZ8ogaxxrtM-00360-00112809-00113214 de mi madre en la vida de mi esposa vZ8ogaxxrtM-00361-00113214-00113683 por ciento está alrededor del núcleo familiar que teníamos por qué vZ8ogaxxrtM-00362-00113683-00113863 porque por ciento vZ8ogaxxrtM-00363-00113863-00113993 es natural vZ8ogaxxrtM-00364-00113993-00114405 si hay voces en el cielo cuanto no arcos en la familia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00365-00114405-00114567 ver de qué vZ8ogaxxrtM-00366-00114567-00114766 1 un hijo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00367-00114766-00115049 viene a los pies del señor ese es un gozo en el centro vZ8ogaxxrtM-00368-00115049-00115158 para pararla vZ8ogaxxrtM-00369-00115158-00115554 en el sentido familiar porque vZ8ogaxxrtM-00370-00115554-00116018 él sabe de qué si realmente esa persona se entregó al señor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00371-00116018-00116231 el matrimonio bien el parón vZ8ogaxxrtM-00372-00116231-00116429 cambio total vZ8ogaxxrtM-00373-00116429-00116581 sabe qué fin vZ8ogaxxrtM-00374-00116581-00117105 ya no haber alcohol ya no haber ni malas palabras ya no al maltrato vZ8ogaxxrtM-00375-00117105-00117343 y ya no hay infidelidad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00376-00117343-00117766 ya no va a ver aquello que que por mucho tiempo estuvo ahí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00377-00117766-00117863 porque vZ8ogaxxrtM-00378-00117863-00118033 sabemos que el señor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00379-00118033-00118181 este cambio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00380-00118181-00118613 verdad así citó sea eso trajo alegría en la vida de mi madre en la vida de mi vZ8ogaxxrtM-00381-00118613-00118850 esposa vZ8ogaxxrtM-00382-00118850-00119213 y aún y eso me sirve a mí para ser un buen padre vZ8ogaxxrtM-00383-00119213-00119559 para inducir a mis hijos por los caminos del señor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00384-00119559-00119831 y villa y formarlos en el ministerio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00385-00119831-00120144 tu silueta no actualmente todos con pedro vZ8ogaxxrtM-00386-00120144-00120310 bueno dos pueblos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00387-00120310-00120733 son cuatro verdad los dos mayores ya están casados vZ8ogaxxrtM-00388-00120733-00120974 hernán viven vZ8ogaxxrtM-00389-00120974-00121331 los que están con nosotros son dos pequeños los dos menores vZ8ogaxxrtM-00390-00121331-00121614 de 17 18 año vZ8ogaxxrtM-00391-00121614-00122045 tite estudiando tercer año de secundaria de perdón de la universidad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00392-00122045-00122450 y el de digicel quien no está sacando quinto año de secundaria con una vZ8ogaxxrtM-00393-00122450-00122602 carrera contabilidad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00394-00122602-00122729 qué bueno vZ8ogaxxrtM-00395-00122729-00122917 ellos me apoyan auto en el ministerio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00396-00122917-00123253 sus ideas es el señor toda mi familia es una familia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00397-00123253-00123497 mi familia es una familia en ministerio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00398-00123497-00123650 mi esposa vZ8ogaxxrtM-00399-00123650-00123969 por ciento kimi 4 5 vZ8ogaxxrtM-00400-00123969-00124483 los dos menores uno a tocar el piano el otro toca batería vZ8ogaxxrtM-00401-00124483-00124925 y los otros dos uno de ellos es predicadores y el otro es cantores vZ8ogaxxrtM-00402-00124925-00125115 salmista alaban al sr vZ8ogaxxrtM-00403-00125115-00125503 son parte del ministerio de alabanza y adoración que el señor nos ha regalado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00404-00125503-00125940 a quien la iglesia posaba para su vida y mi esposa que es el complemento la ayuda vZ8ogaxxrtM-00405-00125940-00126447 idónea que el señor ha prometido para cada hombre para cada mujer 12 vZ8ogaxxrtM-00406-00126447-00126843 tenemos 5 samo de la bendición que tristemente no vZ8ogaxxrtM-00407-00126843-00126913 todo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00408-00126913-00127222 pastor no todo consideró poco de tener eso vZ8ogaxxrtM-00409-00127222-00127388 de que su familia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00410-00127388-00127657 sus hijos una familia del ministerio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00411-00127657-00127905 tristemente pueden con tramos que vZ8ogaxxrtM-00412-00127905-00128260 algunos sus hijos puede lo hacen pasar alguno vZ8ogaxxrtM-00413-00128260-00128508 problemas en donde hubo en santa ana vZ8ogaxxrtM-00414-00128508-00129019 pero gracias al señor porque a mí me da bendecido el señor en esa área qué vZ8ogaxxrtM-00415-00129019-00129172 bueno hermano éste vZ8ogaxxrtM-00416-00129172-00129653 i como usted recibió el llamado del ministerio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00417-00129653-00130214 el team adar ministerio eso no viene de los hombres se viene de dios vZ8ogaxxrtM-00418-00130214-00130341 11 vZ8ogaxxrtM-00419-00130341-00130511 conforme o pudo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00420-00130511-00130802 comenzamos a entregar nuestras vidas al sr vZ8ogaxxrtM-00421-00130802-00131215 min como decimos no entregamos cuerpo alma y espíritu vZ8ogaxxrtM-00422-00131215-00131558 yo heredé que asiste al sr yo me propuse vZ8ogaxxrtM-00423-00131558-00131805 con mi y vivir por upyd a vZ8ogaxxrtM-00424-00131805-00132068 fuerzan más la ayuda del señor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00425-00132068-00132173 i vZ8ogaxxrtM-00426-00132173-00132465 tirarme como hicimos al río de dios vZ8ogaxxrtM-00427-00132465-00132912 y comenzará a proponer medidas es diferente a cambiar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00428-00132912-00133263 hitos ello en la iglesia comenzó a servir como zamora vZ8ogaxxrtM-00429-00133263-00133700 en todo lo que el pastor nos pone y ahí vamos a ir viendo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00430-00133700-00133973 cuando yo tenía vZ8ogaxxrtM-00431-00133973-00134287 ocho meses de haber entregado mi vida al señor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00432-00134287-00134571 el pastor o no mando levantado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00433-00134571-00134895 la primera iglesia que levantamos en vZ8ogaxxrtM-00434-00134895-00135071 ciudad que se llama jinotepe vZ8ogaxxrtM-00435-00135071-00135458 quizás al sur de nicaragua cuántos kilómetros de todo estamos hablando a vZ8ogaxxrtM-00436-00135458-00135816 52 kilómetros de aquí de managua vZ8ogaxxrtM-00437-00135816-00135991 con un grupo de hermanos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00438-00135991-00136271 y el pastor me puso a mí como líder vZ8ogaxxrtM-00439-00136271-00136709 y esa fue la primera iglesia a los coche o meses de convertido vZ8ogaxxrtM-00440-00136709-00137128 porque el vino una palabreja que el tiempo yo no entendía lo que los vZ8ogaxxrtM-00441-00137128-00137542 profetas dijo sí pero vinieron recuerdo que viene algunos puertorriqueños a la vZ8ogaxxrtM-00442-00137542-00137686 iglesia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00443-00137686-00138014 y ellos 100 comenzaron a orar no por mí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00444-00138014-00138244 y el señor comenzó a dar palabra vZ8ogaxxrtM-00445-00138244-00138580 de que había un ministerio que el señor me había llamado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00446-00138580-00138772 i me dije vZ8ogaxxrtM-00447-00138772-00139020 el poli entraron al pastor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00448-00139020-00139166 dec vZ8ogaxxrtM-00449-00139166-00139450 me preparara que me cuidara que era vZ8ogaxxrtM-00450-00139450-00139876 un ministerio potencia el momento de advertir que el ministerio que había vZ8ogaxxrtM-00451-00139876-00140039 puesto el sello mi vida vZ8ogaxxrtM-00452-00140039-00140225 el ministerio pastoral vZ8ogaxxrtM-00453-00140225-00140466 porque él iba a poner amor y carga vZ8ogaxxrtM-00454-00140466-00140661 por su obra vZ8ogaxxrtM-00455-00140661-00141098 el llamado viene de parte de dios nos lo dan los hombres ministerio dios el que vZ8ogaxxrtM-00456-00141098-00141306 nos regala vZ8ogaxxrtM-00457-00141306-00141392 i vZ8ogaxxrtM-00458-00141392-00141732 solamente tenemos que decirle al sr heme aquí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00459-00141732-00141868 hacienda vZ8ogaxxrtM-00460-00141868-00142286 y dios el que será encargar donde no publicar no extendernos otro modo a yo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00461-00142286-00142370 quiero vZ8ogaxxrtM-00462-00142370-00142450 p vZ8ogaxxrtM-00463-00142450-00142800 dios me ha llamado a ser pastor por ello me gusta ser evangelistas no vZ8ogaxxrtM-00464-00142800-00142955 en donde dio no llama vZ8ogaxxrtM-00465-00142955-00143257 y ahí tenemos que estar porque íbamos a estar de espalda vZ8ogaxxrtM-00466-00143257-00143496 yo he creído en esto vZ8ogaxxrtM-00467-00143496-00143642 y cuando dios te llama vZ8ogaxxrtM-00468-00143642-00143880 él te prepare te capacita vZ8ogaxxrtM-00469-00143880-00144070 para lo que él te ha llamado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00470-00144070-00144409 pero si tú te metes en un área donde él no tenía amado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00471-00144409-00144675 él te deja solo iba directo al fracaso vZ8ogaxxrtM-00472-00144675-00144810 así es vZ8ogaxxrtM-00473-00144810-00145079 pastor esa etapa cuando te comenzó hoy vZ8ogaxxrtM-00474-00145079-00145661 teniendo ocho meses de convertido tal vez poco conocimiento poca experiencia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00475-00145661-00146054 como puede ser transportado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00476-00146054-00146630 en principio allen fue algo difícil porque yo decía no por ello no pudo ser vZ8ogaxxrtM-00477-00146630-00147134 extinguido y que si ello le denegaba la postre se pasó a mí no me ponga ponga vZ8ogaxxrtM-00478-00147134-00147344 habían otro hermano verdad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00479-00147344-00147518 comas año vZ8ogaxxrtM-00480-00147518-00147926 y yo los miraba más maduro a ello experiencia experiencia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00481-00147926-00148069 pero el pastor mencionó vZ8ogaxxrtM-00482-00148069-00148240 es que guste mesilla vZ8ogaxxrtM-00483-00148240-00148497 porque eso te va a comenzar a formar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00484-00148497-00148815 y yo me quedaba y así yo sólo escuchaba el vZ8ogaxxrtM-00485-00148815-00149361 y como un buen hijo sumiso a lo que el padre decidió dar dan padre espiritual vZ8ogaxxrtM-00486-00149361-00149633 y eso fue en dando no experiencia claro vZ8ogaxxrtM-00487-00149633-00149858 cometimos muchos errores porque vZ8ogaxxrtM-00488-00149858-00150148 era algo que nunca en mi vida pensé vZ8ogaxxrtM-00489-00150148-00150321 llegar a ser verdad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00490-00150321-00150664 por estar al frente de un grupo de persona vZ8ogaxxrtM-00491-00150664-00150789 y a anna alguno vZ8ogaxxrtM-00492-00150789-00151243 cuevas estaban otros no aceptaban la decisión del pastor pero vZ8ogaxxrtM-00493-00151243-00151544 todo eso sirvió como una escuela de dios vZ8ogaxxrtM-00494-00151544-00151836 venía preparándonos preparando no vZ8ogaxxrtM-00495-00151836-00152218 y así pues nosotros comenzamos a trabajar en el ministerio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00496-00152218-00152467 y el de la cosa que a mí me ha gustado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00497-00152467-00152666 por estar bajo autoridad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00498-00152666-00153073 estarán bajo sumisión nunca me ha gustado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00499-00153073-00153229 sin cobertura vZ8ogaxxrtM-00500-00153229-00153363 vueltito sé vZ8ogaxxrtM-00501-00153363-00153845 y así como el señor nos comenzó a prepararnos a prepararnos a preparar no vZ8ogaxxrtM-00502-00153845-00154020 tener diferente vZ8ogaxxrtM-00503-00154020-00154346 etapa diferente perié encía vZ8ogaxxrtM-00504-00154346-00154528 después comenzamos a vZ8ogaxxrtM-00505-00154528-00154984 al viajar con el pastor y todo acaba viaje misionero que sigamos con el vZ8ogaxxrtM-00506-00154984-00155058 pastor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00507-00155058-00155251 era algo nuevo que no brilló vZ8ogaxxrtM-00508-00155251-00155374 algo nuevo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00509-00155374-00155608 usted aprendida del paladar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00510-00155608-00155794 era como una esponja vZ8ogaxxrtM-00511-00155794-00156046 claro que sí absorbida vZ8ogaxxrtM-00512-00156046-00156174 i vZ8ogaxxrtM-00513-00156174-00156479 me imagino que su esposo estaba incontrolable vZ8ogaxxrtM-00514-00156479-00156805 la noche viajaba de mamá wata' vZ8ogaxxrtM-00515-00156805-00156899 sí no efe vZ8ogaxxrtM-00516-00156899-00157069 si nosotros viajamos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00517-00157069-00157581 el primero fuimos a quince días consecutivo a evangelizar a preparar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00518-00157581-00157691 terreno vZ8ogaxxrtM-00519-00157691-00157954 de un equipo de búsqueda humanos recuerdo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00520-00157954-00158159 y sub-15 día nos fuimos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00521-00158159-00158322 i vZ8ogaxxrtM-00522-00158322-00158786 en esa opción sería de 10 y ximo evangelismo hicimos campaña vZ8ogaxxrtM-00523-00158786-00159203 recuerdo que no ganamos 25 alma en esa semana de campaña vZ8ogaxxrtM-00524-00159203-00159606 y con esos 25 comentó comenzamos la obra vZ8ogaxxrtM-00525-00159606-00160143 se estableció se estableció un jun un obrero y allá de local vZ8ogaxxrtM-00526-00160143-00160386 pero nosotros los fines de semana vZ8ogaxxrtM-00527-00160386-00160611 y amo íbamos a reforzar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00528-00160611-00161154 allí donde comenzamos a dar los primeros pasos de la predicación vZ8ogaxxrtM-00529-00161154-00161532 con él predicaba moai indias y llamó a ir vZ8ogaxxrtM-00530-00161532-00161893 lo que el medio podíamos porque estábamos comenzando vZ8ogaxxrtM-00531-00161893-00162444 para mí entre y llegó el momento de la preparación ya ateo lógica bíblica vZ8ogaxxrtM-00532-00162444-00162607 los entrenamiento vZ8ogaxxrtM-00533-00162607-00162741 bien bien vZ8ogaxxrtM-00534-00162741-00163011 capacitación que el pastor nos daba vZ8ogaxxrtM-00535-00163011-00163430 una de las cosas que me gustó tanto de este hombre de dios vZ8ogaxxrtM-00536-00163430-00163587 irá de que él vZ8ogaxxrtM-00537-00163587-00164048 pasaba horas con nosotros de él se sentaba del decía para un vZ8ogaxxrtM-00538-00164048-00164508 nos llamaba desleal quiero que llegue a mi casa y en su casa nos sentábamos y vZ8ogaxxrtM-00539-00164508-00164923 decía hoy como estudiar sobre éste y pasamos dos tres cuatro horas pudiendo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00540-00164923-00165011 un tema vZ8ogaxxrtM-00541-00165011-00165377 y después de estudiar no nos ponía predicar y él nos ponía vZ8ogaxxrtM-00542-00165377-00165623 grabadora que no pudiéramos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00543-00165623-00165897 y nos corregían alguna vZ8ogaxxrtM-00544-00165897-00166322 i y eso y en día se ha perdido difícilmente encontrará vZ8ogaxxrtM-00545-00166322-00166790 este tipo de escuela en el cual gracias al señor y útil vZ8ogaxxrtM-00546-00166790-00166936 este vZ8ogaxxrtM-00547-00166936-00167636 alguna tapa hoy difícil que te recuerde que ha vivido en esto del ministerio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00548-00167641-00167837 muchos están vZ8ogaxxrtM-00549-00167837-00168183 durante el proceso de formación vZ8ogaxxrtM-00550-00168183-00168498 y cuando digo ya mayo yo trabajaba vZ8ogaxxrtM-00551-00168498-00169041 cuando digo yo no llamo al ministerio y comienza a tener un trato con dios vZ8ogaxxrtM-00552-00169041-00169146 lee vZ8ogaxxrtM-00553-00169146-00169527 yo dejo el trabajo secular vZ8ogaxxrtM-00554-00169527-00169714 entonces vZ8ogaxxrtM-00555-00169714-00170085 pero yo lo dejé creyéndole avión pero yo no sabía lo que me iba a venir vZ8ogaxxrtM-00556-00170085-00170483 encima lo único que yo me aferré a dios y nadie me sacó de allí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00557-00170483-00170826 pero fueron muchos difíciles mucha pobreza vZ8ogaxxrtM-00558-00170826-00171175 mi familia a mis hijos estaban pequeño vZ8ogaxxrtM-00559-00171175-00171269 por cien vZ8ogaxxrtM-00560-00171269-00171604 muchas necesidades vZ8ogaxxrtM-00561-00171604-00171981 reproche de parte de la familia de mi esposa vZ8ogaxxrtM-00562-00171981-00172215 porque cuando llegaban a la casa y vZ8ogaxxrtM-00563-00172215-00172389 no miraban nada vZ8ogaxxrtM-00564-00172389-00172749 por ciento no se aguantaban tanto y decían que mi no me gustaba trabajar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00565-00172749-00172964 que es un vago vZ8ogaxxrtM-00566-00172964-00173110 pero este día vZ8ogaxxrtM-00567-00173110-00173385 un tacto una relación con dios vZ8ogaxxrtM-00568-00173385-00173755 y cuando uno tiene una relación con dios no importa lo que él otra persona vZ8ogaxxrtM-00569-00173755-00173798 vida vZ8ogaxxrtM-00570-00173798-00174234 tal vez al co al principio que el pk su esposa le fue difícil entender su vZ8ogaxxrtM-00571-00174234-00174376 llamado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00572-00174376-00174963 pies pues fíjate que no porque como ella vende a ir ya iba a la iglesia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00573-00174963-00175256 y también tiene este vZ8ogaxxrtM-00574-00175256-00175616 la ayuda que nosotros tuvimos del pastor en cuanto vZ8ogaxxrtM-00575-00175616-00175908 a la consejería y cuánto estamos animando vZ8ogaxxrtM-00576-00175908-00176351 eso fortalecía mi esposo también qué buen gol quien el pastor uno decía vZ8ogaxxrtM-00577-00176351-00176706 mauricio vota en el llamado sino que él decía no de silla vZ8ogaxxrtM-00578-00176706-00176889 ustedes son llamados vZ8ogaxxrtM-00579-00176889-00177409 dios los ha llamado steve al ministerio yo york lo particular vZ8ogaxxrtM-00580-00177409-00177636 me pregunto cómo un país vZ8ogaxxrtM-00581-00177636-00177763 usted puede vZ8ogaxxrtM-00582-00177763-00178078 teniendo un trabajo estable vZ8ogaxxrtM-00583-00178078-00178278 una bióloga vZ8ogaxxrtM-00584-00178278-00178626 decide dejar ese trabajo estado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00585-00178626-00179015 por ciento esa comodidad en la que estaba vZ8ogaxxrtM-00586-00179015-00179594 ii entregarse al ministerio bajo limitación yo me pregunto por qué vZ8ogaxxrtM-00587-00179594-00179902 vuelvo a repetir que su trato con dios ya vZ8ogaxxrtM-00588-00179902-00180200 cada hombre cada mujer que está en el ministerio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00589-00180200-00180483 y que esté escuchando esto saben lo que estoy hablando vZ8ogaxxrtM-00590-00180483-00180576 stsa vZ8ogaxxrtM-00591-00180576-00180874 como cuando voten a morate de tu esposa vZ8ogaxxrtM-00592-00180874-00181228 y es que tal vez ya te digo tú eres un muchacho a mí no me gusta por humo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00593-00181228-00181630 a alguno que por todo lo que te decía porque hubo tenía vZ8ogaxxrtM-00594-00181630-00181746 un enfoque vZ8ogaxxrtM-00595-00181746-00182286 en tu corazón ella focus pavón lugar en tu mente él no te la sacaba vZ8ogaxxrtM-00596-00182286-00182543 y entonces ni que te hicieran que te hiciera vZ8ogaxxrtM-00597-00182543-00182997 nadie te la sacó de la mente ataque logra que el propósito de llegar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00598-00182997-00183334 al matrimonio entonces cuando tenemos un trato con dios vZ8ogaxxrtM-00599-00183334-00183735 personal muchas otras competencias esto es como cuando dios en donde se le vZ8ogaxxrtM-00600-00183735-00184022 reveló asco vZ8ogaxxrtM-00601-00184022-00184502 cuando dios se le reveló a la copa como importó nada cuando dios se le reveló vZ8ogaxxrtM-00602-00184502-00184808 a vara al que le dimos al descubierto por el tema vZ8ogaxxrtM-00603-00184808-00184961 habrán salido sea vZ8ogaxxrtM-00604-00184961-00185363 es algo que que vuelvo a repetir los que están escuchando están mirando esto vZ8ogaxxrtM-00605-00185363-00185563 saben de lo que estoy hablando vZ8ogaxxrtM-00606-00185563-00185741 aquellos que hemos tenido vZ8ogaxxrtM-00607-00185741-00186250 un encuentro con si lo peor comenzar sin nada de ser humano de cero de cero de vZ8ogaxxrtM-00608-00186250-00186908 aquí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00609-00186908-00187315 nada nada nada hoy en día muchos quieren servir a dios en el ministerio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00610-00187315-00187558 pero quiere tener un colchón donde caer vZ8ogaxxrtM-00611-00187558-00187820 un colchón de dd de seguridad o que vZ8ogaxxrtM-00612-00187820-00188171 en ese sitio para los gastos de mi casa de mis hijos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00613-00188171-00188619 no yo no me puedo ir porque quien negó a dar yo tengo un estilo de vida no vZ8ogaxxrtM-00614-00188619-00188948 y que te quiero decir yo trabaja en la embajada de brasil yo tenía un buen vZ8ogaxxrtM-00615-00188948-00189040 salario vZ8ogaxxrtM-00616-00189040-00189463 pero yo lo entregué todo ello año mí no me importó hoy sí me criticaban vZ8ogaxxrtM-00617-00189463-00189893 le criticaron para mí no me importaba y preguntó por todas parte tiempo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00618-00189893-00190187 valió la pena a sí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00619-00190187-00190374 si yo volviera a nacer y vZ8ogaxxrtM-00620-00190374-00190747 y yo conocieran señaló más temprano ayuda de más temprana y yo me entrego vZ8ogaxxrtM-00621-00190747-00190948 al señor que dice su esposa ahora vZ8ogaxxrtM-00622-00190948-00191280 bueno ee mi esposo es una mujer de dios tremendo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00623-00191280-00191419 en el complemento vZ8ogaxxrtM-00624-00191419-00191909 porque yo no lo tengo lo tiene ella somos un complemento vZ8ogaxxrtM-00625-00191909-00192046 y él no vZ8ogaxxrtM-00626-00192046-00192589 23 años que tenemos el ministerio nunca ha escuchado una mente una queja de ella vZ8ogaxxrtM-00627-00192589-00192720 mil contra de diego vZ8ogaxxrtM-00628-00192720-00192847 ni en contra mía vZ8ogaxxrtM-00629-00192847-00193168 muchas limitaciones tuvimos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00630-00193168-00193327 por 100 muchachos tapa vZ8ogaxxrtM-00631-00193327-00193554 nosotros pasamos un tiempo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00632-00193554-00193909 y no me apena decirlo aquí en público que lo escuchen vZ8ogaxxrtM-00633-00193909-00194160 pasamos situaciones tan difíciles vZ8ogaxxrtM-00634-00194160-00194324 qué vZ8ogaxxrtM-00635-00194324-00194563 mis hijos muchas veces fueron a dormir vZ8ogaxxrtM-00636-00194563-00195120 con un poquito de rock y una ensalada de tomate ese era la comida vZ8ogaxxrtM-00637-00195120-00195248 problema vZ8ogaxxrtM-00638-00195248-00195348 desnudez vZ8ogaxxrtM-00639-00195348-00195515 pasamos desnudez vZ8ogaxxrtM-00640-00195515-00195915 yo tuve dos o cuatro que llamaron a los bomberos bob piso como los zapatos de vZ8ogaxxrtM-00641-00195915-00196054 moisés vZ8ogaxxrtM-00642-00196054-00196541 porque es un zapato sólo les cambiaba la suela le ayudaba porque no podía vZ8ogaxxrtM-00643-00196541-00196643 comprar uno vZ8ogaxxrtM-00644-00196643-00196854 pero yo tenía una esperanza vZ8ogaxxrtM-00645-00196854-00197234 yo tenía un propósito yo sabía que había un trato con dios vZ8ogaxxrtM-00646-00197234-00197483 yo sabía que eso deberá esperar en el sr vZ8ogaxxrtM-00647-00197483-00197685 yo no podía romper eso vZ8ogaxxrtM-00648-00197685-00198159 pues simplemente darle el gusto o el lugo hola la razón vZ8ogaxxrtM-00649-00198159-00198615 a otras personas que no entendían lo que yo estaba siendo atendida su llamado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00650-00198615-00198723 aclaró que sí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00651-00198723-00198842 desde el inicio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00652-00198842-00199444 pastor este usted es el fundador de esta iglesia en la que está actualmente no vZ8ogaxxrtM-00653-00199444-00199631 por ciento este inglés head vZ8ogaxxrtM-00654-00199631-00199998 tenemos entendido que tiene alrededor como de 30 m vZ8ogaxxrtM-00655-00199998-00200282 3 35 años por ahí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00656-00200282-00200795 i tenemos entendido de que quien inició esta iglesia fue el pastor ernesto vZ8ogaxxrtM-00657-00200795-00200913 madrigal vZ8ogaxxrtM-00658-00200913-00201105 un grupo de hermanos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00659-00201105-00201662 posteriormente dos de ellos se le entregaron creo que fue dada vZ8ogaxxrtM-00660-00201662-00202013 era un gran hombre de dios que trabajó bastante vZ8ogaxxrtM-00661-00202013-00202288 sea en este ministerio en esta sesión vZ8ogaxxrtM-00662-00202288-00202535 posteriormente vZ8ogaxxrtM-00663-00202535-00202991 estuvo otra mano que no recuerdo el nombre de poder tuvo un pastor que se vZ8ogaxxrtM-00664-00202991-00203215 llama santiago romero que el que está hoy vZ8ogaxxrtM-00665-00203215-00203341 el nuevo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00666-00203341-00203877 y después tuvo otro hermano que se llama vZ8ogaxxrtM-00667-00203877-00204062 nos recuerdan a pedido de él vZ8ogaxxrtM-00668-00204062-00204159 i vZ8ogaxxrtM-00669-00204159-00204633 y ahora apuesta monos otro creo que yo soy el quinto o el sexto pastor que ha vZ8ogaxxrtM-00670-00204633-00205123 estado el primer acto como cuando éste comenzó afirmando vZ8ogaxxrtM-00671-00205123-00205533 cuántos miembros recibir con cuántos miembros tema bueno cuando yo recibí la vZ8ogaxxrtM-00672-00205533-00205838 iglesia la recibimos con cinco miembros vZ8ogaxxrtM-00673-00205838-00206084 cinco miembros porque vZ8ogaxxrtM-00674-00206084-00206319 allí un grupo como de 20 pero vZ8ogaxxrtM-00675-00206319-00206842 ninguna división dispersos michael el mal pastor que estaba vZ8ogaxxrtM-00676-00206842-00207115 1 sos no se acopló alguno vZ8ogaxxrtM-00677-00207115-00207322 cosas de las de la misión vZ8ogaxxrtM-00678-00207322-00207561 del parte el reglamento vZ8ogaxxrtM-00679-00207561-00207768 hitos él se fue con un grupo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00680-00207768-00208178 y la entregó hoy cuando yo vine con cinco pero no era así es como está vZ8ogaxxrtM-00681-00208178-00208277 ahorita vZ8ogaxxrtM-00682-00208277-00208601 nadie quita y en el historia héctor tiene vZ8ogaxxrtM-00683-00208601-00208981 trayectoria en nosotros ya vamos para seis años de estar aquí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00684-00208981-00209232 y el señor ha sido bueno con nosotros vZ8ogaxxrtM-00685-00209232-00209672 todo esto prácticamente nuevo nosotros comenzamos a vZ8ogaxxrtM-00686-00209672-00209940 a creerle al sr vZ8ogaxxrtM-00687-00209940-00210076 por otro lado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00688-00210076-00210222 parte de la vZ8ogaxxrtM-00689-00210222-00210371 cuando estábamos a vZ8ogaxxrtM-00690-00210371-00210540 aquí conversando vZ8ogaxxrtM-00691-00210540-00210908 lo de las cosas que yo le dije 'oye bueno señor y ate servido tantos años vZ8ogaxxrtM-00692-00210908-00211036 he creído vZ8ogaxxrtM-00693-00211036-00211241 hoy más que nunca tengo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00694-00211241-00211376 vamos a creer más vZ8ogaxxrtM-00695-00211376-00211578 comenzamos a vZ8ogaxxrtM-00696-00211578-00211796 ahora habrá que buscar una visión vZ8ogaxxrtM-00697-00211796-00211971 para este lugar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00698-00211971-00212097 i vZ8ogaxxrtM-00699-00212097-00212506 y el señor comenzó dando una visión allí al otro lado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00700-00212506-00212648 i en vZ8ogaxxrtM-00701-00212648-00213064 basurero y la era de izquierdas y ahí ya la izquierda padilla dato tan vZ8ogaxxrtM-00702-00213064-00213429 arraigada desde ayer un basurero y la era propiedad de la iglesia es propiedad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00703-00213429-00213537 de la iglesia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00704-00213537-00213879 pero como estaba el terreno baldío ya no había nada entonces las personas vZ8ogaxxrtM-00705-00213879-00214080 votaron la basura y vZ8ogaxxrtM-00706-00214080-00214304 y comenzamos a vZ8ogaxxrtM-00707-00214304-00214690 profetizar a llamar las cosas que no son como que si fueran vZ8ogaxxrtM-00708-00214690-00214971 y comenzamos a decir que íbamos a construir vZ8ogaxxrtM-00709-00214971-00215306 un preescolar verdad a un kínder verdad para vZ8ogaxxrtM-00710-00215306-00215526 para apoyar a la sociedad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00711-00215526-00215678 y comenzamos así vZ8ogaxxrtM-00712-00215678-00215965 al llamar las cosas vZ8ogaxxrtM-00713-00215965-00216281 dentro de la visión nuestra como iglesia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00714-00216281-00216665 y es que la iglesia se inserte dentro de la sociedad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00715-00216665-00216778 i vZ8ogaxxrtM-00716-00216778-00217149 tenemos ya astore los seis años que tenemos de estar aquí vZ8ogaxxrtM-00717-00217149-00217383 que ha estado funcionando el preescolar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00718-00217383-00217716 hay 60 niños que vienen a clase todos los días vZ8ogaxxrtM-00719-00217716-00217890 se le da al invento vZ8ogaxxrtM-00720-00217890-00218353 es parte del trabajo no cobramos ni un córdoba b vZ8ogaxxrtM-00721-00218353-00218545 aranceles por él los niños vZ8ogaxxrtM-00722-00218545-00218677 qué bueno vZ8ogaxxrtM-00723-00218677-00219107 y toser y de esa manera hemos ganado niños para el señor hemos ganado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00724-00219107-00219257 junto con el sr vZ8ogaxxrtM-00725-00219257-00219371 eso es parte del vZ8ogaxxrtM-00726-00219371-00219628 plan de trabajo de como iglesia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00727-00219628-00219815 nosotros vZ8ogaxxrtM-00728-00219815-00220190 la sociedad civil y ha sido aceptada pues porque vZ8ogaxxrtM-00729-00220190-00220501 a pesar de la cierta limitaciones que tenemos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00730-00220501-00220868 por ciento tenemos que decirle a las personas que ya no ella no traían vZ8ogaxxrtM-00731-00220868-00221062 manía porque ya no hay cupo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00732-00221062-00221352 por el espacio que queda por la capacidad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00733-00221352-00221763 quiere decir que si hubieron buscar más grandes que fueron mucho mejor si la vZ8ogaxxrtM-00734-00221763-00222123 gente no ha pedido que por qué no hacemos una segunda planta y hashém una vZ8ogaxxrtM-00735-00222123-00222299 escuela la primaria vZ8ogaxxrtM-00736-00222299-00222649 qué por la tarde que pongamos de primero a sexto grado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00737-00222649-00222807 sea eso es un vZ8ogaxxrtM-00738-00222807-00223092 es una secta acciones o no de un indicador vZ8ogaxxrtM-00739-00223092-00223480 de que el trabajo que se está haciendo es muy buen trabajo y me la banqué la vZ8ogaxxrtM-00740-00223480-00223589 sociedad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00741-00223589-00223720 los sectores vZ8ogaxxrtM-00742-00223720-00224237 pastor cuénteme un poco acerca de su visión cuál es su misión vZ8ogaxxrtM-00743-00224237-00224548 como como iglesia la visión vZ8ogaxxrtM-00744-00224548-00224803 es ganar además para el sr vZ8ogaxxrtM-00745-00224803-00225245 pero dentro de ese propósito de ganar además tenemos también establece en el vZ8ogaxxrtM-00746-00225245-00225354 reino de dios vZ8ogaxxrtM-00747-00225354-00225584 expandiremos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00748-00225584-00225892 no solamente quedarnos aquí en esta iglesia vZ8ogaxxrtM-00749-00225892-00226160 informar formación una formación vZ8ogaxxrtM-00750-00226160-00226306 de nuevo líderes vZ8ogaxxrtM-00751-00226306-00226746 hombres y mujeres con propósito que salgan de nuestros lomos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00752-00226746-00227207 a restablecer el reino de dios adm ugar donde dio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00753-00227207-00227669 levantar nueva por levantar nuevas o obra en expandir y hacerse a un lado la vZ8ogaxxrtM-00754-00227669-00228019 vez es un sueño para los taxis nosotros tenemos una de las cosas que deseamos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00755-00228019-00228208 regalado es el ministerio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00756-00228208-00228305 pastoral vZ8ogaxxrtM-00757-00228305-00228561 y también hacer obras misioneras vZ8ogaxxrtM-00758-00228561-00229040 la plebe mostré estamos levantando otras hora tamo tenemos una obra que vZ8ogaxxrtM-00759-00229040-00229213 estamos levantando vZ8ogaxxrtM-00760-00229213-00229425 en un lugar llamado san benito vZ8ogaxxrtM-00761-00229425-00230023 y allí con esfuerzo propio hemos venido luchando luchando trabajando san benito vZ8ogaxxrtM-00762-00230023-00230494 taki de managua a estamos hablando de cuánto venta y 7 kilómetros vZ8ogaxxrtM-00763-00230494-00230611 afuera de managua vZ8ogaxxrtM-00764-00230611-00231083 27 kilómetro 20 7 kilómetros y hay otra obra que sigue vZ8ogaxxrtM-00765-00231083-00231526 que sepa queriendo levantar que estamos queriendo porque no están pidiendo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00766-00231526-00231775 esta lado de chinandega vZ8ogaxxrtM-00767-00231775-00232131 y digo que él tiene un viaje misionero que nosotros hacemos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00768-00232131-00232760 damos cobertura espiritual verdad autos pastores que tan sólo tristán vZ8ogaxxrtM-00769-00232760-00233168 luchando también levantan queriendo levantar una obra vZ8ogaxxrtM-00770-00233168-00233506 y nosotros en un viaje misionero que vamos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00771-00233506-00233778 apoyamos le animamos con la palabra vZ8ogaxxrtM-00772-00233778-00234167 violeta una palabra fresca para su vida vZ8ogaxxrtM-00773-00234167-00234270 i vZ8ogaxxrtM-00774-00234270-00234513 y así el señor ha venido bendición del ministerio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00775-00234513-00234626 qué bueno pastor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00776-00234626-00234783 me alegra vZ8ogaxxrtM-00777-00234783-00235088 haber estado con este tiempo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00778-00235088-00235280 dd vZ8ogaxxrtM-00779-00235280-00235718 quisiera tener un poquito aserca vZ8ogaxxrtM-00780-00235718-00235955 de la villa del parque del hermano vZ8ogaxxrtM-00781-00235955-00236116 textil que sin él vZ8ogaxxrtM-00782-00236116-00236492 su persona que puede decirnos acerca de la persona vZ8ogaxxrtM-00783-00236492-00236766 vestir vZ8ogaxxrtM-00784-00236766-00236964 el hermano de éste vZ8ogaxxrtM-00785-00236964-00237252 es un gran hombre de dios verdad vZ8ogaxxrtM-00786-00237252-00237501 yo tengo poco de conocerlos y vZ8ogaxxrtM-00787-00237501-00237997 y no puedo decir que lo conozco al 100% y ninguno de nosotros lo conocemos 100% vZ8ogaxxrtM-00788-00237997-00238480 porque sólo lo ventiló los días los pocos días cuando viene a nicaragua vZ8ogaxxrtM-00789-00238480-00238582 lo vemos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00790-00238582-00239109 relación de ayuda pérez inicie la personalidad de él todavía no la vZ8ogaxxrtM-00791-00239109-00239326 conocemos a cinco vZ8ogaxxrtM-00792-00239326-00239548 cuando nos relacionemos mejor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00793-00239548-00239793 por entonces vamos a conocerlos vZ8ogaxxrtM-00794-00239793-00239952 aún más vZ8ogaxxrtM-00795-00239952-00240071 mejor manera vZ8ogaxxrtM-00796-00240071-00240285 pero si yo creo de que vZ8ogaxxrtM-00797-00240285-00240481 la mano escribió su nombre vZ8ogaxxrtM-00798-00240481-00240571 y tiene vZ8ogaxxrtM-00799-00240571-00240722 mucha visión vZ8ogaxxrtM-00800-00240722-00240932 ama la obra del señor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00801-00240932-00241370 y qué este es el tiempo que el señor tenía preparado vZ8ogaxxrtM-00802-00241370-00241661 para que él pudiera venir a trabajar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00803-00241661-00241862 y creo que vZ8ogaxxrtM-00804-00241862-00242313 qué y él período de transición que estamos ahorita vZ8ogaxxrtM-00805-00242313-00242551 la como sucesión vZ8ogaxxrtM-00806-00242551-00242672 donde él vZ8ogaxxrtM-00807-00242672-00242816 va a trabajar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00808-00242816-00243046 creo que eso va a ser de mucha bendición vZ8ogaxxrtM-00809-00243046-00243239 porque entiende una vez vZ8ogaxxrtM-00810-00243239-00243399 yo espero asier errasti vZ8ogaxxrtM-00811-00243399-00243559 una visión fresca vZ8ogaxxrtM-00812-00243559-00244016 una visión nueva un nuevo sistema de trabajo donde vZ8ogaxxrtM-00813-00244016-00244249 por ciento sí los cambios surgen vZ8ogaxxrtM-00814-00244249-00244490 para moscoso para bien como para mal vZ8ogaxxrtM-00815-00244490-00244878 y yo tengo una expectativa que este cambio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00816-00244878-00245021 de mucha bendición vZ8ogaxxrtM-00817-00245021-00245213 que vuelva vZ8ogaxxrtM-00818-00245213-00245358 en cuanto a su ministerio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00819-00245358-00245662 aunque ha sido bendecido por el ministerio vZ8ogaxxrtM-00820-00245662-00246069 respecto a si las veces que él ha venido y ha compartido vZ8ogaxxrtM-00821-00246069-00246360 las enseñanzas de él vZ8ogaxxrtM-00822-00246360-00246660 ellos son muy buenas enseñanzas aún cuando no vZ8ogaxxrtM-00823-00246660-00247065 conversa verbal olor los minutos que puede uno ir a platicar vZ8ogaxxrtM-00824-00247065-00247225 uno siente vZ8ogaxxrtM-00825-00247225-00247519 que hay algo especial en la vida de él vZ8ogaxxrtM-00826-00247519-00247740 i para que yo agradezco al psoe vZ8ogaxxrtM-00827-00247740-00247842 briet amo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00828-00247842-00248354 muy contento de que podamos a partir de este próximo año 2013 si dios lo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00829-00248354-00248452 permite vZ8ogaxxrtM-00830-00248452-00248749 poder comenzar a trabajar con el masajista abierto vZ8ogaxxrtM-00831-00248749-00249047 claro que sí claro que sí es una bendición vZ8ogaxxrtM-00832-00249047-00249177 es algo que vZ8ogaxxrtM-00833-00249177-00249307 y yo creo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00834-00249307-00249796 que va a bendecir al ala la obra y divertido vamos a proyectar mejor vZ8ogaxxrtM-00835-00249796-00250197 o que el pastor mauricio morales le agradezco por vZ8ogaxxrtM-00836-00250197-00250385 este momento p vZ8ogaxxrtM-00837-00250385-00250487 no dijo vZ8ogaxxrtM-00838-00250487-00250894 me despido de ustedes vZ8ogaxxrtM-00839-00250894-00251013 muchas gracias vZ8ogaxxrtM-00840-00251013-00251375 baena desde agradeciendo y t vZ8ogaxxrtM-00841-00251375-00251657 éramos que para demostrar que la podemos ser tan bien vZI32XgU0ug-00000-00000064-00000792 i am now reducing the number of times to open real-time views to only three times a day vZI32XgU0ug-00001-00000792-00001312 on this ipad, because if i load it more than this, it increases the chance of having problems vZI32XgU0ug-00002-00001312-00001688 while loading web page. i do not give any hits for that, vZI32XgU0ug-00003-00001688-00002376 and from now on, this will be the rules if your string is higher than four. vZI32XgU0ug-00004-00002376-00003080 otherwise, it will be too risky to open them more than two times an hour, but now this will only be vZI32XgU0ug-00005-00003080-00003872 one. we don't allow more than one time an hour, and we're also making sure that no gaps are under five vZI32XgU0ug-00006-00003960-00004624 hours. otherwise it just isn't long enough, and it will also increase the chance. vcGOJyJMQFk-00000-00000731-00000981 Well, some of what we begin with is throat clearing anyways, vcGOJyJMQFk-00001-00000981-00001408 so I will get us started. vcGOJyJMQFk-00002-00001408-00001474 Hi, everybody. vcGOJyJMQFk-00003-00001474-00001869 I'm Jonathan Zittrain, I teach law and computer science. vcGOJyJMQFk-00004-00001869-00002541 And with my intrepid co-host, Dr. Margaret Bourdeaux, vcGOJyJMQFk-00005-00002541-00003171 we have been convening on Zoom irregularly and fitfully since vcGOJyJMQFk-00006-00003171-00003843 April or so to take stock of what's going on with the global vcGOJyJMQFk-00007-00003843-00004153 coronavirus pandemic-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00008-00004153-00004338 how we might assess it. vcGOJyJMQFk-00009-00004338-00004788 How we might improve our lot collectively within it. vcGOJyJMQFk-00010-00004788-00005010 And whether there are aspects to it vcGOJyJMQFk-00011-00005010-00005397 that despite of course, massive public interest in it vcGOJyJMQFk-00012-00005397-00005664 and corresponding coverage of it we vcGOJyJMQFk-00013-00005664-00005928 might uncover so that we might think vcGOJyJMQFk-00014-00005928-00006372 a little bit more deeply and fulsomely about what's vcGOJyJMQFk-00015-00006372-00006492 going on. vcGOJyJMQFk-00016-00006492-00006717 And to that end, we're really pleased to have vcGOJyJMQFk-00017-00006717-00006951 two guests with us today who have been vcGOJyJMQFk-00018-00006951-00007270 thinking on the big picture. vcGOJyJMQFk-00019-00007270-00007518 One of whom will have to leave actually halfway vcGOJyJMQFk-00020-00007518-00007770 through our broadcast. vcGOJyJMQFk-00021-00007770-00008289 And the first, I actually just introduce them right now vcGOJyJMQFk-00022-00008289-00008500 as a matter of fact. vcGOJyJMQFk-00023-00008500-00008690 The first is Jennifer Prah Ruger, vcGOJyJMQFk-00024-00008690-00008955 a professor of health equity, economics, vcGOJyJMQFk-00025-00008955-00009315 and policy at the University of Pennsylvania vcGOJyJMQFk-00026-00009315-00009582 who studies the relationship between political structure vcGOJyJMQFk-00027-00009582-00009927 and global health outcomes and inequalities. vcGOJyJMQFk-00028-00009927-00010179 And also, Professor Rivka Weinberg, vcGOJyJMQFk-00029-00010179-00010398 professor of philosophy at Scripps College, vcGOJyJMQFk-00030-00010398-00010635 specializing in prokaryotic ethics, vcGOJyJMQFk-00031-00010635-00011002 bioethics, ethical questions surrounding birth, death, vcGOJyJMQFk-00032-00011002-00011289 and perhaps many things in between. vcGOJyJMQFk-00033-00011289-00011701 So again, thank you both for joining us today. vcGOJyJMQFk-00034-00011701-00012299 And before we throw it to you I should throw it to Margaret. vcGOJyJMQFk-00035-00012299-00012822 And also, alert our watchers that the chat room is not vcGOJyJMQFk-00036-00012822-00013082 enabled, but the Q&A function is. vcGOJyJMQFk-00037-00013082-00013269 So we'll keep an eye on that. vcGOJyJMQFk-00038-00013269-00013503 And if you happen to be watching this not through Zoom vcGOJyJMQFk-00039-00013503-00013935 webinars, but on our corresponding YouTube, vcGOJyJMQFk-00040-00013935-00014186 and I think we also-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00041-00014186-00014316 maybe it's just YouTube. vcGOJyJMQFk-00042-00014316-00014430 If you're on Facebook Live, I don't vcGOJyJMQFk-00043-00014430-00014546 know what you're doing here. vcGOJyJMQFk-00044-00014546-00014691 But if you're also watching there, vcGOJyJMQFk-00045-00014691-00015104 feel free to tweet @BKCHarvard, Berkman Klein Center Harvard, vcGOJyJMQFk-00046-00015104-00015422 with any questions you might have while we go. vcGOJyJMQFk-00047-00015422-00015576 Before we jump in, Margaret, maybe I vcGOJyJMQFk-00048-00015576-00015738 should just tee up for you the question vcGOJyJMQFk-00049-00015738-00016261 I ask every time, which is where do we stand since we last vcGOJyJMQFk-00050-00016261-00016311 gathered? vcGOJyJMQFk-00051-00016311-00016680 What's the slope of the curve of this thing? vcGOJyJMQFk-00052-00016680-00017001 And if you have one word to open to describe vcGOJyJMQFk-00053-00017001-00017445 how you're feeling about things what would that word be? vcGOJyJMQFk-00054-00017445-00017759 [LAUGHS] Not the one word, Jonathan, vcGOJyJMQFk-00055-00017759-00018000 I already told you and warned you vcGOJyJMQFk-00056-00018000-00018387 that I feel like whenever we start with these things vcGOJyJMQFk-00057-00018387-00018525 I'm overly gloomy. vcGOJyJMQFk-00058-00019044-00019389 I feel a little bit at sea, you know, when talking about it. vcGOJyJMQFk-00059-00019389-00019617 I actually I'm going to do something vcGOJyJMQFk-00060-00019617-00019908 I almost never do just throw it back to you. vcGOJyJMQFk-00061-00019908-00020262 And actually, our [AUDIO OUT] because I vcGOJyJMQFk-00062-00020262-00020811 actually am very curious to know what word you would use. vcGOJyJMQFk-00063-00020811-00021297 Where do you perceive us to be with respect to this epidemic? vcGOJyJMQFk-00064-00021297-00021672 I just want to say the word that you would choose with respect vcGOJyJMQFk-00065-00021672-00021918 to the epidemic as it-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00066-00021918-00022081 just as a matter of disease control. vcGOJyJMQFk-00067-00022271-00022467 What would be the word that you would describe? vcGOJyJMQFk-00068-00022467-00022776 How much control do we have over the epidemic? vcGOJyJMQFk-00069-00022776-00023016 And I'll say why I'm doing this in a second, vcGOJyJMQFk-00070-00023016-00023132 this painful exercise. vcGOJyJMQFk-00071-00023132-00023584 But I'm curious to know what your impression is. vcGOJyJMQFk-00072-00023584-00023856 Well, I'll buy Jennifer and Rivka a moments of extra time vcGOJyJMQFk-00073-00023856-00023940 to think about it. vcGOJyJMQFk-00074-00023940-00024477 And offer my own word, which I think is going to be, lulled. vcGOJyJMQFk-00075-00024477-00025095 L-U-L-L-E-D. That if this were any form of narrative, vcGOJyJMQFk-00076-00025095-00025490 by now we would have been on to the next act and there would vcGOJyJMQFk-00077-00025490-00025674 have been narrative progress. vcGOJyJMQFk-00078-00025674-00026118 And enough with all these precautions, vcGOJyJMQFk-00079-00026118-00026535 things feel more normal just because they narratively vcGOJyJMQFk-00080-00026535-00026613 should. vcGOJyJMQFk-00081-00026613-00026955 Well, of course, the virus doesn't particularly vcGOJyJMQFk-00082-00026955-00027135 follow that convention. vcGOJyJMQFk-00083-00027135-00027545 And that lulls us perhaps into a sense of complacency vcGOJyJMQFk-00084-00027545-00027906 that goes very much to the apex of the American political vcGOJyJMQFk-00085-00027906-00028433 system in thinking about how to handle this. vcGOJyJMQFk-00086-00028433-00028605 And something that requires sustained vcGOJyJMQFk-00087-00028605-00029139 attention and resources and even medium and long term planning. vcGOJyJMQFk-00088-00029139-00029430 Even to this day, maybe, still is not yet getting it. vcGOJyJMQFk-00089-00029430-00029664 So that's my word is, lulled. vcGOJyJMQFk-00090-00029664-00029750 OK. vcGOJyJMQFk-00091-00029750-00029933 I didn't mean to put our guests on the spot. vcGOJyJMQFk-00092-00029933-00030354 I guess, I can also just stop there and return to you vcGOJyJMQFk-00093-00030354-00030507 guys later for your word. vcGOJyJMQFk-00094-00030507-00030864 But the reason that I wanted to do that vcGOJyJMQFk-00095-00030864-00031135 was because I think that that is true. vcGOJyJMQFk-00096-00031135-00031489 That a lot of people feel everything is abnormal, vcGOJyJMQFk-00097-00031489-00031718 but it's been so abnormal for so long. vcGOJyJMQFk-00098-00031718-00031927 And the viral rates are-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00099-00031927-00032356 they feel like that they should be lower. vcGOJyJMQFk-00100-00032356-00032699 When in fact in two thirds of the country, vcGOJyJMQFk-00101-00032699-00032944 the number of cases is increasing. vcGOJyJMQFk-00102-00032944-00033259 In Massachusetts, the number of cases is increasing. vcGOJyJMQFk-00103-00033259-00033718 We just had our highest day of new cases vcGOJyJMQFk-00104-00033718-00034165 since March this past week. vcGOJyJMQFk-00105-00034165-00034621 So I would say in general in terms of this epidemic trend, vcGOJyJMQFk-00106-00034621-00035335 in terms of new cases, the word I would use is, accommodated. vcGOJyJMQFk-00107-00035335-00035539 To summarize kind of where we are, vcGOJyJMQFk-00108-00035539-00035755 we are not in a good place. vcGOJyJMQFk-00109-00035755-00036136 We still are having about 700 to 1,000 deaths a day vcGOJyJMQFk-00110-00036136-00036250 in this country. vcGOJyJMQFk-00111-00036250-00036647 We still have a very weak public health response. vcGOJyJMQFk-00112-00037081-00037501 Really, we haven't distributed our public health goods vcGOJyJMQFk-00113-00037501-00038098 in a way that reflects any form of equity or of justice. vcGOJyJMQFk-00114-00038098-00038851 And we are still asking people to take on enormous risks. vcGOJyJMQFk-00115-00038851-00039031 And kids are out of school. vcGOJyJMQFk-00116-00039031-00039350 The economic damage is still ongoing. vcGOJyJMQFk-00117-00039350-00039955 So I think it's again, I hate the word vcGOJyJMQFk-00118-00039955-00040222 because I'm always so bleak here at the beginning. vcGOJyJMQFk-00119-00040222-00040684 But the thing that I think is charged on to the front page vcGOJyJMQFk-00120-00040684-00041014 and to the top of everyone's mind here is again, vcGOJyJMQFk-00121-00041014-00041452 the National leadership of this epidemic response, vcGOJyJMQFk-00122-00041452-00041599 or the lack thereof. vcGOJyJMQFk-00123-00041599-00041919 And not even just the lack thereof, but really vcGOJyJMQFk-00124-00041919-00042277 the act of undermining of efforts vcGOJyJMQFk-00125-00042277-00042532 to contain the epidemic. vcGOJyJMQFk-00126-00042532-00042904 And the issue that I really want to wrestle with all of you vcGOJyJMQFk-00127-00042904-00043294 today about is the issue that we've vcGOJyJMQFk-00128-00043294-00043699 sort of been trying to keep in our peripheral vision, I feel, vcGOJyJMQFk-00129-00043699-00043932 as a public health community. vcGOJyJMQFk-00130-00043932-00044275 And that issue is the malignant nature vcGOJyJMQFk-00131-00044275-00044528 of the federal leadership. vcGOJyJMQFk-00132-00044528-00044716 It's not just ignoring the crisis vcGOJyJMQFk-00133-00044716-00044875 or even denying the crisis. vcGOJyJMQFk-00134-00044875-00045598 It's undermining efforts to contain it. vcGOJyJMQFk-00135-00045598-00045901 And undermining the institutions and the trust vcGOJyJMQFk-00136-00045901-00046264 in the institutions of our public institutions vcGOJyJMQFk-00137-00046264-00046660 that would give us the tools that we need to contain it. vcGOJyJMQFk-00138-00046660-00047080 And so this is a very vexing political moment. vcGOJyJMQFk-00139-00047080-00047356 It's certainly not something that I learned about how vcGOJyJMQFk-00140-00047356-00047578 to handle in medical school. vcGOJyJMQFk-00141-00047578-00048262 It's really not something that took center stage when I vcGOJyJMQFk-00142-00048262-00048487 was a student of public health. vcGOJyJMQFk-00143-00048487-00048784 But it was something that took center stage when vcGOJyJMQFk-00144-00048784-00049339 I worked in different countries around the world experiencing vcGOJyJMQFk-00145-00049339-00049717 health crises or conflict. vcGOJyJMQFk-00146-00049717-00050089 And where you had to contend and think very carefully vcGOJyJMQFk-00147-00050089-00050494 about how to contend with political leadership vcGOJyJMQFk-00148-00050494-00051119 as you were trying to implement a public health program. vcGOJyJMQFk-00149-00051119-00051601 And so I thought it would be really helpful, frankly, to me vcGOJyJMQFk-00150-00051601-00052080 to talk with our two guests today about this issue. vcGOJyJMQFk-00151-00052080-00052774 How should our public health leaders take into account vcGOJyJMQFk-00152-00052774-00053236 and cope with or address the political leadership vcGOJyJMQFk-00153-00053236-00053438 of the country? vcGOJyJMQFk-00154-00053438-00053766 And I think both of our guests have thoughts vcGOJyJMQFk-00155-00053766-00054028 about this coming from different traditions vcGOJyJMQFk-00156-00054028-00054307 and different frameworks. vcGOJyJMQFk-00157-00054307-00054613 But the first person I wanted to turn to vcGOJyJMQFk-00158-00054613-00054992 is Professor Ruger, who-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00159-00054992-00055345 have we done introductions properly? vcGOJyJMQFk-00160-00055345-00055590 [LAUGHS] OK. vcGOJyJMQFk-00161-00055590-00056032 So Dr. Ruger is a professor of health equity vcGOJyJMQFk-00162-00056032-00056176 at University of Pennsylvania. vcGOJyJMQFk-00163-00056176-00056401 And has written a series of articles vcGOJyJMQFk-00164-00056401-00056770 that I have found very profound about the relationship vcGOJyJMQFk-00165-00056770-00057334 between political configurations, vcGOJyJMQFk-00166-00057334-00057850 political contexts and responses to health, either emergencies vcGOJyJMQFk-00167-00057850-00058039 or health issues. vcGOJyJMQFk-00168-00058039-00058462 And I find some of the features of these things vcGOJyJMQFk-00169-00058462-00058732 that she has described and some of the dynamics vcGOJyJMQFk-00170-00058732-00058939 that she's described in, particularly vcGOJyJMQFk-00171-00058939-00059626 in authoritarian countries, to be familiar all of a sudden. vcGOJyJMQFk-00172-00059626-00060052 And keeping me up at night as I wonder if those are truly vcGOJyJMQFk-00173-00060052-00060250 the dynamics that are playing out vcGOJyJMQFk-00174-00060250-00060557 in this country with respect to handling COVID. vcGOJyJMQFk-00175-00060557-00061006 So Professor Ruger, I'll just turn it over to you to say, vcGOJyJMQFk-00176-00061006-00061248 maybe you can describe a little bit about what you've seen vcGOJyJMQFk-00177-00061248-00061689 and studying the responses to health crises vcGOJyJMQFk-00178-00061689-00062140 in authoritarian countries and governments. vcGOJyJMQFk-00179-00062140-00062489 Well, thank you, Margaret, and Jonathan, and Rivka vcGOJyJMQFk-00180-00062489-00062709 and all the participants. vcGOJyJMQFk-00181-00062709-00062909 This is a terrific venue. vcGOJyJMQFk-00182-00062909-00063407 I think it's a wonderful focus that you all are vcGOJyJMQFk-00183-00063407-00063707 bringing to the conversation. vcGOJyJMQFk-00184-00063707-00064141 I want to focus on four characteristics vcGOJyJMQFk-00185-00064141-00064492 that we've been looking at in the health equity and Policy vcGOJyJMQFk-00186-00064492-00064883 Lab as we look at the difference in responses vcGOJyJMQFk-00187-00064883-00065455 to this pandemic around the world, and of course vcGOJyJMQFk-00188-00065455-00065906 the epidemic in the United States. vcGOJyJMQFk-00189-00065906-00066305 And of course, as you are saying, Margaret, our work, vcGOJyJMQFk-00190-00066305-00066719 we do couch in a justice framework. vcGOJyJMQFk-00191-00066719-00067256 And so we're interested in these characteristics of number one, vcGOJyJMQFk-00192-00067256-00067508 governing for the common good. vcGOJyJMQFk-00193-00067508-00068129 What does that look like when countries, nations, are focused vcGOJyJMQFk-00194-00068129-00068403 on the good for everyone? vcGOJyJMQFk-00195-00068403-00068499 That's the first thing. vcGOJyJMQFk-00196-00068499-00068924 The second thing is a sense of shared responsibility. vcGOJyJMQFk-00197-00068924-00069269 And one that's been particularly focused vcGOJyJMQFk-00198-00069269-00069536 on scientifically grounded systems. vcGOJyJMQFk-00199-00069536-00069818 So we have a shared sense of responsibility vcGOJyJMQFk-00200-00069818-00070176 for a scientifically grounded approach. vcGOJyJMQFk-00201-00070176-00070766 The third is rational and compassionate and transparent vcGOJyJMQFk-00202-00070766-00070922 communication. vcGOJyJMQFk-00203-00070922-00071444 And that's the really the interaction between government vcGOJyJMQFk-00204-00071444-00071588 and the leadership. vcGOJyJMQFk-00205-00071588-00072077 Whether it be international, national or within a country. vcGOJyJMQFk-00206-00072077-00072512 And the people who are in the process of trying to help vcGOJyJMQFk-00207-00072512-00072887 combat the epidemic and pandemic themselves. vcGOJyJMQFk-00208-00072887-00073265 And the fourth is ethical leadership and trust. vcGOJyJMQFk-00209-00073265-00073754 And this is sort of a set of characteristics vcGOJyJMQFk-00210-00073754-00074174 that we're looking at in terms of trying to understand what vcGOJyJMQFk-00211-00074174-00074666 separates more effective responses from those vcGOJyJMQFk-00212-00074666-00074780 that are less effective. vcGOJyJMQFk-00213-00074780-00074999 And what are the measures of that? vcGOJyJMQFk-00214-00074999-00075227 Number of cases, but particularly death rates vcGOJyJMQFk-00215-00075227-00075422 and mortality rates. vcGOJyJMQFk-00216-00075422-00075929 And also, whether or not the vulnerable groups vcGOJyJMQFk-00217-00075929-00076154 or certain groups of the population vcGOJyJMQFk-00218-00076154-00076448 are protected in ways that we would vcGOJyJMQFk-00219-00076448-00076879 expect under a system of justice and effectuating vcGOJyJMQFk-00220-00076879-00076979 justice and health. vcGOJyJMQFk-00221-00077564-00078089 And do you find yourself revisiting anything vcGOJyJMQFk-00222-00078089-00078410 from the paper, which for all of the factors you just vcGOJyJMQFk-00223-00078410-00079077 enumerated explains by having a more responsive Democratic-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00224-00079077-00079406 I know it's a loaded word, but Democratic regime vcGOJyJMQFk-00225-00079406-00079658 is likely to lead to better outcomes. vcGOJyJMQFk-00226-00079658-00080165 Is there anything counterintuitive vcGOJyJMQFk-00227-00080165-00080474 about the pandemic of 2020 when we vcGOJyJMQFk-00228-00080474-00080807 see regimes that are anything but Democratic vcGOJyJMQFk-00229-00080807-00081056 able to quite promptly tell people, all right, vcGOJyJMQFk-00230-00081056-00081281 you all are quarantining here. vcGOJyJMQFk-00231-00081281-00081419 We don't care what you think. vcGOJyJMQFk-00232-00081721-00082023 You better have a green card on your phone vcGOJyJMQFk-00233-00082023-00082244 that lets you into the store and if you can't show it vcGOJyJMQFk-00234-00082244-00082328 you're not coming. vcGOJyJMQFk-00235-00082328-00082604 I mean, the sorts of things that only an authoritarian regime vcGOJyJMQFk-00236-00082604-00082667 can do. vcGOJyJMQFk-00237-00082946-00083205 How does that complicate, if at all, vcGOJyJMQFk-00238-00083205-00083672 your four factors about long term sustainable public health? vcGOJyJMQFk-00239-00083943-00083993 Yeah. vcGOJyJMQFk-00240-00083993-00084262 No, that's a great question. vcGOJyJMQFk-00241-00084262-00084660 I would like to differentiate between using vcGOJyJMQFk-00242-00084660-00085008 authority and authoritarianism. vcGOJyJMQFk-00243-00085008-00085182 And I think it gets to your question. vcGOJyJMQFk-00244-00085182-00085545 Because for sure countries are using, vcGOJyJMQFk-00245-00085545-00085806 and national governments are using vcGOJyJMQFk-00246-00085806-00086145 their powers of authority. vcGOJyJMQFk-00247-00086145-00086496 And some would argue restricting people's liberties in ways vcGOJyJMQFk-00248-00086496-00086844 that in this country and some other places vcGOJyJMQFk-00249-00086844-00087359 people would find extremely uncomfortable and problematic, vcGOJyJMQFk-00250-00087359-00087714 and in violation of these liberties. vcGOJyJMQFk-00251-00087714-00087987 However, there are countries that vcGOJyJMQFk-00252-00087987-00088494 are using these authoritarian or authority like standards vcGOJyJMQFk-00253-00088494-00089144 that have worked with their populations to, let's see-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00254-00089144-00089372 convince, I don't think is the right word-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00255-00089372-00089759 to educate, to understand collaboratively. vcGOJyJMQFk-00256-00089759-00090395 That it's in everyone's interest to for example, in technology vcGOJyJMQFk-00257-00090395-00090833 have an app or some sort of a digitized, vcGOJyJMQFk-00258-00090833-00091340 or some sort of an electronic way of tracking this virus. vcGOJyJMQFk-00259-00091340-00091418 Who has it? vcGOJyJMQFk-00260-00091418-00091634 Who doesn't have it? vcGOJyJMQFk-00261-00091634-00092276 And restricting access to certain areas of our spaces vcGOJyJMQFk-00262-00092276-00092621 accordingly, in order to save lives. vcGOJyJMQFk-00263-00092621-00093095 In order to save people from illness and sickness. vcGOJyJMQFk-00264-00093095-00093635 And so the question is, how did governments do that? vcGOJyJMQFk-00265-00093635-00094013 And are they doing it effectively? vcGOJyJMQFk-00266-00094013-00094313 And we are seeing that that's happening pretty effectively vcGOJyJMQFk-00267-00094313-00094397 in many countries. vcGOJyJMQFk-00268-00094397-00094847 I mean, you look at South Korea, and Taiwan, and even countries vcGOJyJMQFk-00269-00094847-00095105 like, even European countries. vcGOJyJMQFk-00270-00095105-00095573 Even Asian countries, like New Zealand I'm thinking of. vcGOJyJMQFk-00271-00095573-00095918 There is a great degree of restriction vcGOJyJMQFk-00272-00095918-00096071 and the use of authority. vcGOJyJMQFk-00273-00096071-00096434 Quarantines is another way that we use our authority. vcGOJyJMQFk-00274-00096434-00096668 But in those cases the secret sauce vcGOJyJMQFk-00275-00096668-00097241 is that there is a understanding on the part of the population vcGOJyJMQFk-00276-00097241-00097610 that these are necessary efforts. vcGOJyJMQFk-00277-00097610-00098045 There is also a recognition that they may be temporary. vcGOJyJMQFk-00278-00098045-00098300 So they may not last forever. vcGOJyJMQFk-00279-00098300-00098597 That this is something that we might move on vcGOJyJMQFk-00280-00098597-00098867 from after this epidemic in a country vcGOJyJMQFk-00281-00098867-00099179 and pandemic, globally subsides. vcGOJyJMQFk-00282-00099179-00099530 And so there is a temporal aspect to it also. vcGOJyJMQFk-00283-00099530-00099720 And I think that that's also critical vcGOJyJMQFk-00284-00099720-00099963 as to this particular disease. vcGOJyJMQFk-00285-00100244-00100294 Yeah. vcGOJyJMQFk-00286-00100294-00100369 And you know what? vcGOJyJMQFk-00287-00100369-00100633 You've described as the positive attributes of a country vcGOJyJMQFk-00288-00100633-00100972 that in a governance structure that can vcGOJyJMQFk-00289-00100972-00101149 cope with the health crisis. vcGOJyJMQFk-00290-00101149-00101407 I think your negative examples are also vcGOJyJMQFk-00291-00101407-00101601 very instructive to me. vcGOJyJMQFk-00292-00101601-00102007 In laying out some of the case studies of China vcGOJyJMQFk-00293-00102007-00102316 and their experience with SARS-1, vcGOJyJMQFk-00294-00102316-00102673 their experience with HIV, and their experience vcGOJyJMQFk-00295-00102673-00102901 even with the famine. vcGOJyJMQFk-00296-00102901-00103056 And looking at really what kind of vcGOJyJMQFk-00297-00103056-00103426 went wrong and those in that political context. vcGOJyJMQFk-00298-00103426-00103711 I wonder if you could just say a couple words about what vcGOJyJMQFk-00299-00103711-00103782 didn't-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00300-00103782-00104106 what were the features of the authoritarian culture vcGOJyJMQFk-00301-00104106-00104341 in government that prevented them vcGOJyJMQFk-00302-00104341-00104806 from being able to address those health crises. vcGOJyJMQFk-00303-00104806-00104864 Yeah. vcGOJyJMQFk-00304-00104864-00105239 Thanks, Margaret, for asking that question. vcGOJyJMQFk-00305-00105239-00105356 I'm really glad you did. vcGOJyJMQFk-00306-00105356-00105583 Because I think one thing we want-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00307-00105583-00105917 look, we're still gathering more information vcGOJyJMQFk-00308-00105917-00106633 about the origins of this virus, and where it came from vcGOJyJMQFk-00309-00106633-00106721 and all these things. vcGOJyJMQFk-00310-00106721-00107324 But current state of knowledge is that it came from China. vcGOJyJMQFk-00311-00107324-00107699 And within that authoritarian regime vcGOJyJMQFk-00312-00107699-00108290 there were efforts made that were vcGOJyJMQFk-00313-00108290-00108743 less transparent and forthcoming than they might otherwise vcGOJyJMQFk-00314-00108743-00108908 have been. vcGOJyJMQFk-00315-00108908-00109181 Both in understanding what we all vcGOJyJMQFk-00316-00109181-00109655 know from global preparedness that one vcGOJyJMQFk-00317-00109655-00110063 of the major sources of new viruses vcGOJyJMQFk-00318-00110063-00110444 is going to be the transfer from the animal vcGOJyJMQFk-00319-00110444-00110631 to the human population. vcGOJyJMQFk-00320-00110631-00110997 And so this is something that is not new. vcGOJyJMQFk-00321-00110997-00111078 We know this. vcGOJyJMQFk-00322-00111078-00111170 We understand this. vcGOJyJMQFk-00323-00111170-00111704 We have many, many reports in the global health governance vcGOJyJMQFk-00324-00111704-00111833 system. vcGOJyJMQFk-00325-00111833-00112596 And so recognizing and employing that to one's own advantage, vcGOJyJMQFk-00326-00112596-00112786 but also to the global community's vcGOJyJMQFk-00327-00112786-00113033 advantage as something that is a critical part vcGOJyJMQFk-00328-00113033-00113405 of an open and transparent dialogue that vcGOJyJMQFk-00329-00113405-00114032 looks for solutions and does not try to cover up or explain vcGOJyJMQFk-00330-00114032-00114474 or otherwise, fail to address the heart of a problem. vcGOJyJMQFk-00331-00114474-00114549 That's number one. vcGOJyJMQFk-00332-00114549-00114844 Number two is the slowness in the response. vcGOJyJMQFk-00333-00114844-00115064 And this is why we're having-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00334-00115064-00115555 so we have now a global geopolitical problem. vcGOJyJMQFk-00335-00115823-00116255 This sort of tension between the US and China. vcGOJyJMQFk-00336-00116255-00116579 The backdrop to the WHO and what it did and didn't do vcGOJyJMQFk-00337-00116579-00116808 in the entire UN system and all these things. vcGOJyJMQFk-00338-00116808-00117235 But essentially, we are talking about whether or not vcGOJyJMQFk-00339-00117235-00117775 information is shared independently. vcGOJyJMQFk-00340-00117775-00117991 And as you know, in one of my other articles vcGOJyJMQFk-00341-00117991-00118342 I've argued for a much more independent vcGOJyJMQFk-00342-00118342-00118582 international organization. vcGOJyJMQFk-00343-00118582-00118873 I believe we should have a global Health Organization that vcGOJyJMQFk-00344-00118873-00119158 is global in the sense for all people as opposed vcGOJyJMQFk-00345-00119158-00119620 to international for nations interests to be advanced. vcGOJyJMQFk-00346-00119620-00119917 And so this is another area where vcGOJyJMQFk-00347-00119917-00120088 whether you want to call it authoritarian vcGOJyJMQFk-00348-00120088-00120517 or not, a characteristic of not sharing information. vcGOJyJMQFk-00349-00120517-00120763 And information not being transparent vcGOJyJMQFk-00350-00120763-00121292 and independently verifiable is highly problematic. vcGOJyJMQFk-00351-00121292-00121681 And this is what the openness and the transparency, vcGOJyJMQFk-00352-00121681-00122085 the impartiality and the independence, gets us. vcGOJyJMQFk-00353-00122085-00122350 And that's what we want because ultimately, these vcGOJyJMQFk-00354-00122350-00122470 are scientific problem. vcGOJyJMQFk-00355-00122470-00122751 I believe these are scientific issues vcGOJyJMQFk-00356-00122751-00122876 and they're issues of justice. vcGOJyJMQFk-00357-00123619-00123688 Fantastic. vcGOJyJMQFk-00358-00123955-00124013 Yeah. vcGOJyJMQFk-00359-00124013-00124291 You know, one of the surprising things that you wrote vcGOJyJMQFk-00360-00124291-00124916 that struck me so relevant in this current moment vcGOJyJMQFk-00361-00124916-00125308 was when you were writing about the famine in China vcGOJyJMQFk-00362-00125308-00125728 and the Great Leap Forward, that one of the lack of transparency vcGOJyJMQFk-00363-00125728-00125995 was really sort of an internal issue vcGOJyJMQFk-00364-00125995-00126234 where the government kind of fooled itself. vcGOJyJMQFk-00365-00126234-00126652 Because folks at the local level government officials vcGOJyJMQFk-00366-00126652-00127259 were scared to pass on information to the higher-ups, vcGOJyJMQFk-00367-00127259-00127597 at higher political levels, about how badly they vcGOJyJMQFk-00368-00127597-00127724 were doing at the local level. vcGOJyJMQFk-00369-00127724-00128089 And so they were projecting up these numbers vcGOJyJMQFk-00370-00128089-00128391 that had enough food and they had enough-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00371-00128391-00128531 they were producing enough. vcGOJyJMQFk-00372-00128531-00128764 And so the higher-ups then said, OK well, we vcGOJyJMQFk-00373-00128764-00128899 don't need to import anything. vcGOJyJMQFk-00374-00128899-00129172 And we need to export more. vcGOJyJMQFk-00375-00129172-00129583 So the famine was ongoing and they were shipping food out vcGOJyJMQFk-00376-00129583-00129724 and not taking food in. vcGOJyJMQFk-00377-00129724-00130086 And it was a sort of internal problem of transparency, which vcGOJyJMQFk-00378-00130086-00130363 I think was really interesting to me vcGOJyJMQFk-00379-00130363-00130734 because as I think about what's happening now, vcGOJyJMQFk-00380-00130734-00130924 I think some of those the reluctance vcGOJyJMQFk-00381-00130924-00131551 to give bad news to higher-ups is really a dynamic that we're vcGOJyJMQFk-00382-00131551-00131725 seeing here. vcGOJyJMQFk-00383-00131725-00132094 And I can point to a couple of examples. vcGOJyJMQFk-00384-00132094-00132322 Some of the CDC leadership when early vcGOJyJMQFk-00385-00132322-00132724 on when they came out and said, hey, this is going to be bad. vcGOJyJMQFk-00386-00132724-00133114 Being really punished and called out by leadership. vcGOJyJMQFk-00387-00133114-00133234 You, know don't say that. vcGOJyJMQFk-00388-00133234-00133411 That's unfair. vcGOJyJMQFk-00389-00133411-00133972 Most of the lack of testing that we are experiencing still vcGOJyJMQFk-00390-00133972-00134254 is really, you can draw a line between it vcGOJyJMQFk-00391-00134254-00134902 and the fears of leadership and the president vcGOJyJMQFk-00392-00134902-00135148 in particular of not wanting more testing vcGOJyJMQFk-00393-00135148-00135674 and continually saying, don't allow for more testing. vcGOJyJMQFk-00394-00135674-00136192 And a question whether they really leaned on the FDA vcGOJyJMQFk-00395-00136192-00136795 to not approve new methods of testing in a timely way. vcGOJyJMQFk-00396-00136795-00136954 And I think that that's the thing that vcGOJyJMQFk-00397-00136954-00137476 starts to really check some boxes between what you describe vcGOJyJMQFk-00398-00137476-00138028 happening in of course, you focused on China vcGOJyJMQFk-00399-00138028-00138445 just as it happens with SARS-1 and the famine vcGOJyJMQFk-00400-00138445-00138835 in terms of case studies of what happens with the health vcGOJyJMQFk-00401-00138835-00139268 crisis, humanitarian crisis in an authoritarian setting. vcGOJyJMQFk-00402-00139268-00139690 But many of those features of response vcGOJyJMQFk-00403-00139690-00139948 are eerily familiar all of a sudden. vcGOJyJMQFk-00404-00139948-00140233 So you know, not passing information vcGOJyJMQFk-00405-00140233-00140440 to higher-ups in the government. vcGOJyJMQFk-00406-00140440-00140746 Not giving the public the information vcGOJyJMQFk-00407-00140746-00141131 that the public needs for two reasons vcGOJyJMQFk-00408-00141131-00141457 to both take on and start behaving in a way vcGOJyJMQFk-00409-00141457-00141928 to protect their own selves, wearing a mask, et cetera. vcGOJyJMQFk-00410-00141928-00142291 But also, the information that they need in order vcGOJyJMQFk-00411-00142291-00142589 to sort of send a demand signal from the field saying, vcGOJyJMQFk-00412-00142589-00143020 hey, we're struggling over here, we need more resources, vcGOJyJMQFk-00413-00143020-00143374 without really understanding where things are spreading. vcGOJyJMQFk-00414-00143374-00143554 How severe it is. vcGOJyJMQFk-00415-00143554-00143818 How worried they should be. vcGOJyJMQFk-00416-00143818-00144169 It's very hard to send that demand signal. vcGOJyJMQFk-00417-00144169-00144396 And I'm seeing that. vcGOJyJMQFk-00418-00144396-00145150 I think we are also seeing that the science, as you're saying, vcGOJyJMQFk-00419-00145150-00145657 to be able to understand and make policy and formulate vcGOJyJMQFk-00420-00145657-00145978 a collective response that is compassionate. vcGOJyJMQFk-00421-00145978-00146036 That is just. vcGOJyJMQFk-00422-00146308-00146566 We're seeing very specific things play out vcGOJyJMQFk-00423-00146566-00146832 where that is being undermined. vcGOJyJMQFk-00424-00146832-00147154 I was counting up in preparation for this, three episodes, vcGOJyJMQFk-00425-00147154-00147625 where the FDA issued an emergency use authorization vcGOJyJMQFk-00426-00147625-00148030 for medications that had very scant evidence behind them vcGOJyJMQFk-00427-00148030-00148194 in terms of efficacy. vcGOJyJMQFk-00428-00148194-00148900 And did so at the request and under the pressure of the White vcGOJyJMQFk-00429-00148900-00149226 House administration. vcGOJyJMQFk-00430-00149226-00149533 So I think this starts to add up to a picture. vcGOJyJMQFk-00431-00149533-00149962 A very, very alarming picture quite frankly, vcGOJyJMQFk-00432-00149962-00150322 of one where we are-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00433-00150322-00151039 I don't when you call administration vcGOJyJMQFk-00434-00151039-00151190 a totalitarian state. vcGOJyJMQFk-00435-00151190-00151399 I don't know when thresholds are reached, vcGOJyJMQFk-00436-00151399-00151639 but we do see these behaviors playing out. vcGOJyJMQFk-00437-00151639-00152023 I just wonder, is that what you're seeing, Professor Ruger? vcGOJyJMQFk-00438-00152023-00152399 And then, I'll turn to you, Professor Weinberg. vcGOJyJMQFk-00439-00152399-00152449 Yeah. vcGOJyJMQFk-00440-00152449-00152554 Thank you, Margaret. vcGOJyJMQFk-00441-00152554-00153005 And as you know, I have to go to another panel in a few minutes, vcGOJyJMQFk-00442-00153005-00153406 so I will chime in here and thank you again vcGOJyJMQFk-00443-00153406-00153728 for including me in this conversation. vcGOJyJMQFk-00444-00153728-00154285 I think it's highly problematic that we are coupling science vcGOJyJMQFk-00445-00154285-00154846 and politics in the response to this epidemic in this country vcGOJyJMQFk-00446-00154846-00155125 and frankly, globally, internationally, vcGOJyJMQFk-00447-00155125-00155539 the pandemic in the way that has been done. vcGOJyJMQFk-00448-00155539-00155968 And it's problematic because it's a scientific problem that vcGOJyJMQFk-00449-00155968-00156217 requires a scientific solution. vcGOJyJMQFk-00450-00156217-00156583 And that social scientific, it's basic science. vcGOJyJMQFk-00451-00156583-00156901 And we really need to try to understand vcGOJyJMQFk-00452-00156901-00157618 how to prevent and control and treat the transmission vcGOJyJMQFk-00453-00157618-00157814 of this disease. vcGOJyJMQFk-00454-00157814-00157985 That's what it's about. vcGOJyJMQFk-00455-00157985-00158554 And we do need reliable and valid information to do that. vcGOJyJMQFk-00456-00158554-00159000 And scientific entities need the space to do that. vcGOJyJMQFk-00457-00159000-00159244 That is what they are authorized to do. vcGOJyJMQFk-00458-00159244-00159514 That is what they are expected to do. vcGOJyJMQFk-00459-00159514-00159938 And they are separate for a reason. vcGOJyJMQFk-00460-00159938-00160513 And so the politicization is highly problematic. vcGOJyJMQFk-00461-00160513-00160907 And it frankly, is hindering the response vcGOJyJMQFk-00462-00160907-00161233 to the pandemic in the epidemic. vcGOJyJMQFk-00463-00161233-00161593 And in countries where you see a scientifically vcGOJyJMQFk-00464-00161593-00161989 grounded approach with honest and true information vcGOJyJMQFk-00465-00161989-00162328 to the best of their knowledge at the time. vcGOJyJMQFk-00466-00162328-00162649 And by the way, using prior information from other vcGOJyJMQFk-00467-00162649-00162904 experiences. vcGOJyJMQFk-00468-00162904-00163321 I don't believe you had to have dealt with MERS or SARS vcGOJyJMQFk-00469-00163321-00163576 to have been effective. vcGOJyJMQFk-00470-00163576-00163996 The US was ranked very highly in our global health security. vcGOJyJMQFk-00471-00163996-00164230 Initiative ranking whether their capabilities vcGOJyJMQFk-00472-00164230-00164608 were in place for the US to have been responded effectively vcGOJyJMQFk-00473-00164608-00164765 to this. vcGOJyJMQFk-00474-00164765-00165092 And it hasn't been an optimal response. vcGOJyJMQFk-00475-00165092-00165280 And you're hitting on one of the reasons why. vcGOJyJMQFk-00476-00165280-00165609 We need to make sure that the scientists can do their job vcGOJyJMQFk-00477-00165609-00165805 and that we're basing our decisions on science. vcGOJyJMQFk-00478-00166189-00166339 So thank you so much for joining us. vcGOJyJMQFk-00479-00166339-00166833 I know have to hop off, but to sort of turn to you, Rivka. vcGOJyJMQFk-00480-00166833-00167094 So I think we all in general agreement vcGOJyJMQFk-00481-00167094-00167319 that some very alarming things are happening here vcGOJyJMQFk-00482-00167319-00167691 with respect to are not only-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00483-00167691-00168048 like I said, it's not just a passive issue vcGOJyJMQFk-00484-00168048-00168366 where a government is not taking it seriously and ignoring it. vcGOJyJMQFk-00485-00168366-00168567 It's the act of undermining. vcGOJyJMQFk-00486-00168567-00169287 And the act of undermining our collective ability to respond. vcGOJyJMQFk-00487-00169287-00169512 And in doing so in such a way where vcGOJyJMQFk-00488-00169512-00169968 the result is death and disproportionate death vcGOJyJMQFk-00489-00169968-00170638 for traditionally, marginalized communities in this country. vcGOJyJMQFk-00490-00170638-00171057 So I guess, I read your op-ed back in January vcGOJyJMQFk-00491-00171057-00171486 about mass atrocity prevention and what vcGOJyJMQFk-00492-00171486-00171885 our general posture as a community and country vcGOJyJMQFk-00493-00171885-00172530 should be with respect to moral crimes and the mass atrocity. vcGOJyJMQFk-00494-00172530-00172752 I don't know whether you can chime in and just vcGOJyJMQFk-00495-00172752-00173689 tell me does this reach the level of that kind of event? vcGOJyJMQFk-00496-00173689-00173809 Well, not yet. vcGOJyJMQFk-00497-00174495-00174870 There's a lot of problems coming from the administration vcGOJyJMQFk-00498-00174870-00175054 mostly about denying the fact. vcGOJyJMQFk-00499-00175491-00175692 Science does not dictate anything. vcGOJyJMQFk-00500-00175692-00175926 It just tells us the facts. vcGOJyJMQFk-00501-00175926-00176049 It tells us what's happening. vcGOJyJMQFk-00502-00176049-00176250 It doesn't tell us what to do about it. vcGOJyJMQFk-00503-00176250-00176523 And we have not really discussed it and framed it. vcGOJyJMQFk-00504-00176523-00176777 So one side is screaming, we have to open up. vcGOJyJMQFk-00505-00176777-00176919 Where on the other side it's like, vcGOJyJMQFk-00506-00176919-00177081 science, science, science. vcGOJyJMQFk-00507-00177081-00177228 That's not really a conversation. vcGOJyJMQFk-00508-00177514-00177636 That's not really the topic. vcGOJyJMQFk-00509-00177636-00177813 Science just tells you the fact. vcGOJyJMQFk-00510-00177813-00178018 What should we do about these facts? vcGOJyJMQFk-00511-00178018-00178455 We should be discussing what our approach to risk is? vcGOJyJMQFk-00512-00178455-00178836 What is the best way to go forward, which would actually vcGOJyJMQFk-00513-00178836-00179124 bring more people on board. vcGOJyJMQFk-00514-00179124-00179406 Because as it is, each side feels like the other side vcGOJyJMQFk-00515-00179406-00179509 is ignoring them. vcGOJyJMQFk-00516-00179509-00179655 So the Democrats are saying, you're vcGOJyJMQFk-00517-00179655-00179799 ignoring all the people who died. vcGOJyJMQFk-00518-00179799-00179958 And the Republicans are saying, you're vcGOJyJMQFk-00519-00179958-00180103 ignoring all the people who are out vcGOJyJMQFk-00520-00180103-00180390 of school, who are out of work. vcGOJyJMQFk-00521-00180390-00180852 And so the facts have not been addressed. vcGOJyJMQFk-00522-00180852-00181038 The way I would like to see this addressed vcGOJyJMQFk-00523-00181038-00181467 is, how should we manage this risk? vcGOJyJMQFk-00524-00181467-00181563 I don't see that. vcGOJyJMQFk-00525-00181563-00181767 So the easiest thing to do would be vcGOJyJMQFk-00526-00181767-00181965 to have a national policy of masks. vcGOJyJMQFk-00527-00181965-00182064 That would be nice. vcGOJyJMQFk-00528-00182064-00182173 We don't have that. vcGOJyJMQFk-00529-00182173-00182567 So what we have, to me, is like we have vcGOJyJMQFk-00530-00182567-00182765 the worst of all the worlds. vcGOJyJMQFk-00531-00182765-00182939 We have an economy that-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00532-00182939-00183235 I mean, kids that are out of school for a very long time. vcGOJyJMQFk-00533-00183235-00183452 That is a very high cost that we're not really vcGOJyJMQFk-00534-00183452-00183728 discussing that much. vcGOJyJMQFk-00535-00183728-00183869 People are out of work. vcGOJyJMQFk-00536-00183869-00184047 People are dying. vcGOJyJMQFk-00537-00184047-00184202 We don't have a public health system. vcGOJyJMQFk-00538-00184202-00184299 That's another problem. vcGOJyJMQFk-00539-00184299-00184505 So when we talk about public health we don't have a system. vcGOJyJMQFk-00540-00184505-00184625 Not everyone has health care. vcGOJyJMQFk-00541-00184625-00184835 Not everyone even has access to running water. vcGOJyJMQFk-00542-00184835-00184970 Not everyone has a mask. vcGOJyJMQFk-00543-00184970-00185473 So when I see the approach, it's extremely chaotic. vcGOJyJMQFk-00544-00185473-00185551 Extremely. vcGOJyJMQFk-00545-00185850-00186185 But the approach I would like to see, what I think vcGOJyJMQFk-00546-00186185-00186509 makes the most sense in terms of what should we vcGOJyJMQFk-00547-00186509-00187016 do about these facts is, how should we approach this risk? vcGOJyJMQFk-00548-00187016-00187202 What should we do to contain it? vcGOJyJMQFk-00549-00187202-00187433 What should we do to mitigate it? vcGOJyJMQFk-00550-00187433-00187610 That's the way I think it should be vcGOJyJMQFk-00551-00187610-00187979 approached because that takes into account all the moving vcGOJyJMQFk-00552-00187979-00188130 parts. vcGOJyJMQFk-00553-00188130-00188343 Science doesn't tell you anything about what to do. vcGOJyJMQFk-00554-00188343-00188476 It tells you what the facts are. vcGOJyJMQFk-00555-00188476-00188763 Then you have to decide what to do. vcGOJyJMQFk-00556-00188763-00189162 As you say that might not be totally within science's vcGOJyJMQFk-00557-00189162-00189418 purview because there's values and valued vcGOJyJMQFk-00558-00189418-00189711 judgements to make in balance. vcGOJyJMQFk-00559-00189711-00189870 But of course, even there, there might vcGOJyJMQFk-00560-00189870-00190287 be a rigorous and transparent way to do that sort of thing. vcGOJyJMQFk-00561-00190287-00190770 If you were within the US federal government vcGOJyJMQFk-00562-00190770-00191100 right now, possibly as a public health official, vcGOJyJMQFk-00563-00191100-00191292 and wanting to broach those topics vcGOJyJMQFk-00564-00191292-00191553 and looking for the traditional connections vcGOJyJMQFk-00565-00191553-00191868 between the technocratic layer and the political layer vcGOJyJMQFk-00566-00191868-00192100 precisely to meet those questions of, vcGOJyJMQFk-00567-00192100-00192213 what's your risk tolerance? vcGOJyJMQFk-00568-00192213-00192417 What's our strategy here? vcGOJyJMQFk-00569-00192417-00192714 And if you credit Margaret's account vcGOJyJMQFk-00570-00192714-00192906 that it's been some combination of either vcGOJyJMQFk-00571-00192906-00193227 you send that question up the poll and nothing comes back. vcGOJyJMQFk-00572-00193227-00193914 Or what does come back is an inconsistent, non rigorous, vcGOJyJMQFk-00573-00193914-00194165 possibly even outright politicized vcGOJyJMQFk-00574-00194165-00194529 in the sense of values that have stated openly vcGOJyJMQFk-00575-00194529-00194886 would not be values most people would subscribe to for handling vcGOJyJMQFk-00576-00194886-00195329 this, dot dot, dot. vcGOJyJMQFk-00577-00195329-00195483 What should you do? vcGOJyJMQFk-00578-00195483-00195963 I mean, you've written about complicity in its many forms. vcGOJyJMQFk-00579-00195963-00196239 And if you thought it was wrong, how vcGOJyJMQFk-00580-00196239-00196635 do you, in the public health context, balance between you vcGOJyJMQFk-00581-00196635-00197028 resign and leave your post to whoever vcGOJyJMQFk-00582-00197028-00197346 doesn't have your standards to take on the work. vcGOJyJMQFk-00583-00197346-00197748 Or you end up complicit with what's happening. vcGOJyJMQFk-00584-00197748-00197940 I'm curious how you think about that. vcGOJyJMQFk-00585-00197940-00198244 I think that you don't lie. vcGOJyJMQFk-00586-00198244-00198465 One of the things what makes it a little bit easier vcGOJyJMQFk-00587-00198465-00198636 is that people who work for the CDC vcGOJyJMQFk-00588-00198636-00198810 are not directly fired by the president vcGOJyJMQFk-00589-00198810-00198922 and work for the president. vcGOJyJMQFk-00590-00198922-00199308 And the same goes for the NIH, so there's some independence. vcGOJyJMQFk-00591-00199308-00199644 And I think that people should first of all, always vcGOJyJMQFk-00592-00199644-00199722 tell the truth. vcGOJyJMQFk-00593-00199722-00200088 And so if the administration says vcGOJyJMQFk-00594-00200088-00200321 you have to change the guidelines, you should say, vcGOJyJMQFk-00595-00200321-00200563 these are the guidelines that the administration dictated. vcGOJyJMQFk-00596-00200841-00201054 There's a lot of problems, but it's not so vcGOJyJMQFk-00597-00201054-00201309 moral quandary-ish to me, because it's not vcGOJyJMQFk-00598-00201309-00201558 like if you leave your post, somebody worse vcGOJyJMQFk-00599-00201558-00201651 is going to take over. vcGOJyJMQFk-00600-00201651-00201909 First of all, that doesn't mean you shouldn't leave your post. vcGOJyJMQFk-00601-00201909-00202093 I'm going to come back to that in a moment. vcGOJyJMQFk-00602-00202093-00202526 But here, there are people who probably will not be fired. vcGOJyJMQFk-00603-00202526-00202866 And they should explicitly tell the truth. vcGOJyJMQFk-00604-00202866-00203019 Always tell the truth. vcGOJyJMQFk-00605-00203019-00203302 Always say, what the risks are. vcGOJyJMQFk-00606-00203302-00203661 The malaria drugs are not proven. vcGOJyJMQFk-00607-00203661-00203799 Now, they're proven not to work. vcGOJyJMQFk-00608-00203799-00204062 Always just, you know, the vaccine is this-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00609-00204062-00204210 it's probably a year away. vcGOJyJMQFk-00610-00204210-00204294 Things like that. vcGOJyJMQFk-00611-00204294-00204511 Always say the actual truth. vcGOJyJMQFk-00612-00204511-00204672 And if you get fired, you get fired. vcGOJyJMQFk-00613-00204672-00204925 There is a famous example. vcGOJyJMQFk-00614-00204925-00205071 Bernard Williams writes about this. vcGOJyJMQFk-00615-00205071-00205440 Where he talks about, should you do vcGOJyJMQFk-00616-00205440-00205617 something wrong to prevent somebody else vcGOJyJMQFk-00617-00205617-00205729 from doing something worse? vcGOJyJMQFk-00618-00205729-00206133 He gives this hypothetical case of a chemist in England vcGOJyJMQFk-00619-00206133-00206457 during World War II, any war will do. vcGOJyJMQFk-00620-00206457-00206829 And he says, this person doesn't believe in chemical warfare. vcGOJyJMQFk-00621-00206829-00207017 And they're out of work, and they need a job. vcGOJyJMQFk-00622-00207017-00207456 Should they take the job doing research for chemical warfare vcGOJyJMQFk-00623-00207456-00207639 and just not do their best? vcGOJyJMQFk-00624-00207639-00207777 So they'll slow it down a little. vcGOJyJMQFk-00625-00207777-00208065 I mean, they have to do the job otherwise or they're fired. vcGOJyJMQFk-00626-00208065-00208251 But if they don't do it, somebody else vcGOJyJMQFk-00627-00208251-00208638 will be enthusiastic and really do a great job. vcGOJyJMQFk-00628-00208638-00208773 I don't think they should do it. vcGOJyJMQFk-00629-00208773-00209055 I don't think you should do the bad thing so that somebody else vcGOJyJMQFk-00630-00209055-00209208 doesn't do the worst thing. vcGOJyJMQFk-00631-00209208-00209444 That involves predicting the future that you don't know. vcGOJyJMQFk-00632-00209444-00209713 It allows somebody else to make you do a bad thing. vcGOJyJMQFk-00633-00209713-00209942 And it's just in general, I think the wrong approach. vcGOJyJMQFk-00634-00209942-00210126 I think the right approach, doing the right thing is vcGOJyJMQFk-00635-00210126-00210217 to do the right thing. vcGOJyJMQFk-00636-00210217-00210429 Not to do the wrong thing because somebody else vcGOJyJMQFk-00637-00210429-00210558 might do the worst thing. vcGOJyJMQFk-00638-00210558-00210714 And I think it's the same case here. vcGOJyJMQFk-00639-00210714-00211142 You work for the CDC, even if you work in the administration, vcGOJyJMQFk-00640-00211142-00211267 you do the right thing. vcGOJyJMQFk-00641-00211267-00211509 You don't do the wrong thing so that somebody else doesn't vcGOJyJMQFk-00642-00211509-00211607 do a worse thing. vcGOJyJMQFk-00643-00211607-00211866 And so you don't tell a half lie so that somebody else doesn't vcGOJyJMQFk-00644-00211866-00211958 tell a whole lie. vcGOJyJMQFk-00645-00211958-00212165 So what I see one of the problems that has vcGOJyJMQFk-00646-00212165-00212294 happened in the United States-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00647-00212294-00212457 I mean, like I say, the biggest problem vcGOJyJMQFk-00648-00212457-00212642 is that the president would like to pretend vcGOJyJMQFk-00649-00212642-00212751 this is a PR problem. vcGOJyJMQFk-00650-00212751-00213087 Doesn't seem to care much about the reality of how vcGOJyJMQFk-00651-00213087-00213248 people suffer because of it. vcGOJyJMQFk-00652-00213248-00213390 So that's the biggest problem. vcGOJyJMQFk-00653-00213390-00213726 But then we also have lying throughout that has vcGOJyJMQFk-00654-00213726-00214019 had a lot of bad effects for-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00655-00214019-00214428 I mean, for the most part, the CDC I think has told the truth. vcGOJyJMQFk-00656-00214428-00214690 Fauci has told the truth. vcGOJyJMQFk-00657-00214690-00214989 But in the beginning when they said something like, vcGOJyJMQFk-00658-00214989-00215384 don't buy a mask because it's not going to help you. vcGOJyJMQFk-00659-00215384-00215492 Obviously, that was a lie. vcGOJyJMQFk-00660-00215492-00215637 If it's not going to help you, why vcGOJyJMQFk-00661-00215637-00215758 is it going to help a doctor? vcGOJyJMQFk-00662-00215758-00215875 Of course, that wasn't true. vcGOJyJMQFk-00663-00215875-00215992 That was a big mistake. vcGOJyJMQFk-00664-00215992-00216203 Because then when they came back around and said, vcGOJyJMQFk-00665-00216203-00216331 hey, everybody wear a mask. vcGOJyJMQFk-00666-00216331-00216421 People were like, well, in the beginning vcGOJyJMQFk-00667-00216421-00216537 you said not to wear a mask. vcGOJyJMQFk-00668-00216537-00216948 And your hypothesis there is not that the science was uncertain vcGOJyJMQFk-00669-00216948-00217048 and then it's settled. vcGOJyJMQFk-00670-00217048-00217453 It was that they felt that if they told people masks worked vcGOJyJMQFk-00671-00217453-00217654 there'd be a masks shortage for the people who vcGOJyJMQFk-00672-00217654-00218056 need it the most, so they told a fib in order vcGOJyJMQFk-00673-00218056-00218185 not to have a run on masks? vcGOJyJMQFk-00674-00218185-00218273 Is that [INAUDIBLE]-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00675-00218273-00218346 I just said that. vcGOJyJMQFk-00676-00218346-00218612 --a lie rather than just a mistake [INAUDIBLE]?? vcGOJyJMQFk-00677-00218612-00218706 Yes. vcGOJyJMQFk-00678-00218706-00218959 And Fauci admitted as much actually. vcGOJyJMQFk-00679-00218959-00219144 He said, we didn't want a run on masks. vcGOJyJMQFk-00680-00219144-00219294 The science wasn't unclear. vcGOJyJMQFk-00681-00219294-00219541 If it was unclear, why would the doctors be wearing masks? vcGOJyJMQFk-00682-00219541-00219901 [LAUGHS] Of course they were protective. vcGOJyJMQFk-00683-00219901-00220255 How protective they were was not known. vcGOJyJMQFk-00684-00220255-00220636 That was an example, I think, of a lie. vcGOJyJMQFk-00685-00220636-00220733 It's not a fib. vcGOJyJMQFk-00686-00220733-00220946 It's flat out false intended to deceive. vcGOJyJMQFk-00687-00220946-00221377 So it was a lie told for a good purpose. vcGOJyJMQFk-00688-00221377-00221487 That is a bad idea. vcGOJyJMQFk-00689-00221487-00221591 I thought that was a fib. vcGOJyJMQFk-00690-00221591-00221796 [LAUGHS] Well, I guess maybe it's vcGOJyJMQFk-00691-00221796-00221967 the scale of the lie that makes it a fib. vcGOJyJMQFk-00692-00222277-00222562 It's an intentionally false thing done to deceive people. vcGOJyJMQFk-00693-00222562-00222771 Even for a good reason. vcGOJyJMQFk-00694-00222771-00222975 That is not the way to be moral. vcGOJyJMQFk-00695-00222975-00223132 And it usually doesn't work out. vcGOJyJMQFk-00696-00223132-00223486 Look how it backfired here. vcGOJyJMQFk-00697-00223486-00223730 But that's, from what I see about, let's say, vcGOJyJMQFk-00698-00223730-00223921 Fauci or the NEH, most of the time vcGOJyJMQFk-00699-00223921-00224067 they've been pretty honest. vcGOJyJMQFk-00700-00224067-00224239 That was a mistake in the beginning. vcGOJyJMQFk-00701-00224239-00224512 But it has backfired quite spectacularly now vcGOJyJMQFk-00702-00224512-00224965 in terms of how many people don't want to wear a mask. vcGOJyJMQFk-00703-00224965-00225304 If everybody wore a mask, so many more activities vcGOJyJMQFk-00704-00225304-00225435 could be allowed. vcGOJyJMQFk-00705-00225435-00225823 Well, I've got to ask you, in the spirit of Bernard Williams, vcGOJyJMQFk-00706-00225823-00226228 there's been some intimation that the information vcGOJyJMQFk-00707-00226228-00226639 flow to the president has been modulated in order to produce vcGOJyJMQFk-00708-00226639-00227090 certain decisions or results for quote, the greater good. vcGOJyJMQFk-00709-00227090-00227521 How would you relate that to the chemical warfare vcGOJyJMQFk-00710-00227521-00227633 making facility? vcGOJyJMQFk-00711-00227633-00227929 Is that something that, you owe the truth to the public. vcGOJyJMQFk-00712-00227929-00228094 Do you owe the truth to the principle vcGOJyJMQFk-00713-00228094-00228535 if you think that the principle will do something bad with it? vcGOJyJMQFk-00714-00228535-00228925 That's much more complicated because part of the truth vcGOJyJMQFk-00715-00228925-00229117 is this social contract and the trust. vcGOJyJMQFk-00716-00229117-00229419 You trust the person to do something good with the truth. vcGOJyJMQFk-00717-00229419-00229588 Truth is important for trust. vcGOJyJMQFk-00718-00229588-00229915 When you have somebody who has the wrong intentions vcGOJyJMQFk-00719-00229915-00230219 in the presidency, which is what I think we have. vcGOJyJMQFk-00720-00230219-00230365 I think the president does not care vcGOJyJMQFk-00721-00230365-00230654 that much about most people. vcGOJyJMQFk-00722-00230654-00230873 And so the contract is broken. vcGOJyJMQFk-00723-00230873-00231048 And I don't know that he's owed the truth. vcGOJyJMQFk-00724-00231048-00231417 So then you have more of a pragmatic question of, vcGOJyJMQFk-00725-00231417-00231589 is it better to lie to the president? vcGOJyJMQFk-00726-00231589-00231717 I don't know that that's true either. vcGOJyJMQFk-00727-00231717-00231769 I don't think that-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00728-00231769-00231994 But, gosh, I mean, it really does implicate everything vcGOJyJMQFk-00729-00231994-00232139 you were saying before because it's vcGOJyJMQFk-00730-00232139-00232414 having to predict the future and all the contingencies, vcGOJyJMQFk-00731-00232414-00232687 and what's the greater good, and all of that while vcGOJyJMQFk-00732-00232687-00232891 basically making yourself the deep state. vcGOJyJMQFk-00733-00232891-00233161 No, I think that the difference here vcGOJyJMQFk-00734-00233161-00233434 is, is the lie wrong in the first place? vcGOJyJMQFk-00735-00233434-00233926 When somebody is untruthful all the time then your bond, vcGOJyJMQFk-00736-00233926-00234321 your obligation of truth to them is weakened, morally. vcGOJyJMQFk-00737-00234321-00234505 Because they're sort of out of the contract, vcGOJyJMQFk-00738-00234505-00234721 and they're not doing what they're supposed to do. vcGOJyJMQFk-00739-00234721-00234862 And you shouldn't inform them that they're vcGOJyJMQFk-00740-00234862-00235109 out of the contract, because if you do, then obviously, vcGOJyJMQFk-00741-00235109-00235255 [INAUDIBLE]. vcGOJyJMQFk-00742-00235255-00235429 I don't think lying to the president vcGOJyJMQFk-00743-00235429-00235537 is a good idea, either. vcGOJyJMQFk-00744-00235537-00235771 [LAUGHS] Right. vcGOJyJMQFk-00745-00235771-00235905 I don't think so. vcGOJyJMQFk-00746-00235905-00236080 I don't think it's going to help anything. vcGOJyJMQFk-00747-00236080-00236290 I think everybody should flat out tell the truth. vcGOJyJMQFk-00748-00236290-00236641 I think Deborah Brooks standing nearby complicity not vcGOJyJMQFk-00749-00236641-00236790 saying anything is a mistake. vcGOJyJMQFk-00750-00236790-00236994 And if she would get fired, she should get fired. vcGOJyJMQFk-00751-00236994-00237154 I think she's doing the wrong thing. vcGOJyJMQFk-00752-00237154-00237355 So to go back to your original question, vcGOJyJMQFk-00753-00237355-00237792 whether you can lie to a lawyer is more morally complicated vcGOJyJMQFk-00754-00237792-00238006 than-- or whether you can lie to a murderer vcGOJyJMQFk-00755-00238006-00238213 is more morally complicated than whether you vcGOJyJMQFk-00756-00238213-00238348 should [INAUDIBLE] lie. vcGOJyJMQFk-00757-00238348-00238429 You shouldn't lie. vcGOJyJMQFk-00758-00238429-00238630 But in this case, it is not more complicated vcGOJyJMQFk-00759-00238630-00238884 because I don't think lying to Trump is the good idea either. vcGOJyJMQFk-00760-00238884-00239138 Lying to the president is also not a good idea. vcGOJyJMQFk-00761-00239138-00239442 It's very rarely a good idea, even practically to lie vcGOJyJMQFk-00762-00239442-00239602 and morally almost never. vcGOJyJMQFk-00763-00239602-00240031 So I think we're in a very problematic public health vcGOJyJMQFk-00764-00240031-00240219 situation and political situation, vcGOJyJMQFk-00765-00240219-00240394 but I think some of the moral problems vcGOJyJMQFk-00766-00240394-00240664 are not that hard to solve. vcGOJyJMQFk-00767-00240664-00240758 Should you lie? vcGOJyJMQFk-00768-00240758-00240808 No. vcGOJyJMQFk-00769-00240808-00240898 [LAUGHS] vcGOJyJMQFk-00770-00240898-00241247 As supposed to [INAUDIBLE]. vcGOJyJMQFk-00771-00241247-00241377 Well, I was just going to say-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00772-00241799-00241879 well, I don't know. vcGOJyJMQFk-00773-00241879-00242049 This is a little risk on my part I guess, vcGOJyJMQFk-00774-00242049-00242350 but what you're saying in some ways really vcGOJyJMQFk-00775-00242350-00242626 chimes with some other research that I've been trying to now vcGOJyJMQFk-00776-00242626-00242866 frantically look up about the personality vcGOJyJMQFk-00777-00242866-00243148 disorders actually, and treatment of personality vcGOJyJMQFk-00778-00243148-00243206 disorders. vcGOJyJMQFk-00779-00243206-00243646 And there's been a very robust conversation I think many of us vcGOJyJMQFk-00780-00243646-00244042 have heard about amongst the psychiatric community. vcGOJyJMQFk-00781-00244042-00244423 The folks that do work with people, vcGOJyJMQFk-00782-00244423-00244741 with personality disorders and violence. vcGOJyJMQFk-00783-00244741-00244895 People who have very violent behavior vcGOJyJMQFk-00784-00244895-00245125 have been like, oh, this is a very dangerous situation. vcGOJyJMQFk-00785-00245125-00245530 We think the president has a personality disorder. vcGOJyJMQFk-00786-00245530-00245737 And folks coming back, oh, you shouldn't vcGOJyJMQFk-00787-00245737-00245846 diagnose the president. vcGOJyJMQFk-00788-00245846-00245938 That's not your place. vcGOJyJMQFk-00789-00245938-00246361 Think about the ramifications of that, which I vcGOJyJMQFk-00790-00246361-00246527 have a lot of time for as well. vcGOJyJMQFk-00791-00246527-00246910 But one of the things that was interesting in the research vcGOJyJMQFk-00792-00246910-00247302 around therapy for personality disorders, especially, vcGOJyJMQFk-00793-00247302-00247753 a narcissistic and violent personality disorder is-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00794-00247753-00248053 and it's also the rule of thumb you learn on your first day vcGOJyJMQFk-00795-00248053-00248257 on the psychiatric wards and medical school. vcGOJyJMQFk-00796-00248257-00248469 Never play to somebody's delusion. vcGOJyJMQFk-00797-00248469-00248667 If somebody has a delusional disorder, vcGOJyJMQFk-00798-00248667-00248910 which is different than a personality disorder. vcGOJyJMQFk-00799-00248910-00249205 But in both cases, don't play into the delusion. vcGOJyJMQFk-00800-00249205-00249879 Don't pretend that you are say, OK, this person has a delusion. vcGOJyJMQFk-00801-00249879-00250009 The CIA is after them. vcGOJyJMQFk-00802-00250009-00250321 Don't do something like say, oh, I'm part of the CIA vcGOJyJMQFk-00803-00250321-00250478 and we're not after you. vcGOJyJMQFk-00804-00250478-00250678 Something kind of crazy. vcGOJyJMQFk-00805-00250678-00251002 Don't do that because it really will reinforce the delusion. vcGOJyJMQFk-00806-00251002-00251183 And in the case of personality disorders, vcGOJyJMQFk-00807-00251183-00251434 the technique is really called, limit setting. vcGOJyJMQFk-00808-00251434-00251914 Where you essentially fence them off. vcGOJyJMQFk-00809-00251914-00252273 Anytime they say a lie or something that's a half truth vcGOJyJMQFk-00810-00252273-00252773 or imply something, you immediately step forward vcGOJyJMQFk-00811-00252773-00253006 to say, no, that's untrue. vcGOJyJMQFk-00812-00253006-00253455 And just very much fencing them in as a therapeutic measure. vcGOJyJMQFk-00813-00253455-00253671 And so it's interesting that you say that because it vcGOJyJMQFk-00814-00253671-00254007 came to mind when I was watching some of these press conferences vcGOJyJMQFk-00815-00254007-00254388 as Trump is getting off the helicopter taking off his mask vcGOJyJMQFk-00816-00254388-00254671 and going into the White House, exposing people vcGOJyJMQFk-00817-00254671-00254962 to millions of viral particles, potentially. vcGOJyJMQFk-00818-00254962-00255613 That for me, those are the cases and those are the moments vcGOJyJMQFk-00819-00255613-00255790 that I think public health people vcGOJyJMQFk-00820-00255790-00256027 and leaders need to train on. vcGOJyJMQFk-00821-00256027-00256252 How to intervene in that moment. vcGOJyJMQFk-00822-00256252-00256459 How to intervene when you're standing vcGOJyJMQFk-00823-00256459-00256702 behind the president and they're saying something vcGOJyJMQFk-00824-00256702-00257000 untruthful and very harmful. vcGOJyJMQFk-00825-00257000-00257521 And I think that's a very tough kind of thing vcGOJyJMQFk-00826-00257521-00257898 to figure out, to play out. vcGOJyJMQFk-00827-00257898-00257962 I don't know. vcGOJyJMQFk-00828-00257962-00258196 Anyway, so in chimes with what you're saying, never lie. vcGOJyJMQFk-00829-00258196-00258335 [LAUGHS] vcGOJyJMQFk-00830-00258335-00258615 I think it's morally difficult. I think vcGOJyJMQFk-00831-00258615-00258757 it can be personally difficult. It vcGOJyJMQFk-00832-00258757-00258928 can be personally difficult because it vcGOJyJMQFk-00833-00258928-00259192 takes some kind of courage. vcGOJyJMQFk-00834-00259192-00259392 It doesn't take the highest degree of courage. vcGOJyJMQFk-00835-00259392-00259510 Nobody's going to kill you. vcGOJyJMQFk-00836-00259510-00259609 You're not going to be tortured. vcGOJyJMQFk-00837-00259609-00259762 We're not in that kind of a regime. vcGOJyJMQFk-00838-00259762-00259987 So it just takes a certain kind of personal courage vcGOJyJMQFk-00839-00259987-00260389 to tell the truth. vcGOJyJMQFk-00840-00260389-00260557 But it is not morally complicated. vcGOJyJMQFk-00841-00260557-00260914 But I'm still following Margaret's, don't vcGOJyJMQFk-00842-00260914-00261042 feed the delusion. vcGOJyJMQFk-00843-00261042-00261546 If you have a boss who seems to only care for example, vcGOJyJMQFk-00844-00261546-00261714 about the red states. vcGOJyJMQFk-00845-00261714-00261991 With pointing out that a particular strategy that vcGOJyJMQFk-00846-00261991-00262276 happens to be good for everybody, pointing out, vcGOJyJMQFk-00847-00262276-00262488 oh, this is really good for the red states. vcGOJyJMQFk-00848-00262488-00262746 This going to help you with your whatever it is. vcGOJyJMQFk-00849-00262746-00263131 That isn't really in-- if you're the advisor you might not vcGOJyJMQFk-00850-00263131-00263264 think that's a noble motive. vcGOJyJMQFk-00851-00263264-00263581 Is it OK to play to that? vcGOJyJMQFk-00852-00263581-00263812 Yes, because that's true. vcGOJyJMQFk-00853-00263812-00263992 And there's nothing wrong with saying that. vcGOJyJMQFk-00854-00263992-00264185 There's nothing wrong with acknowledging that. vcGOJyJMQFk-00855-00264185-00264490 But I also think that there is more than one level of problems vcGOJyJMQFk-00856-00264490-00264704 here because we have a problem at the federal level vcGOJyJMQFk-00857-00264704-00264838 and that is the biggest problem. vcGOJyJMQFk-00858-00264838-00265159 Where we don't have a mask mandate. vcGOJyJMQFk-00859-00265159-00265387 We have no policy, which is complete chaos vcGOJyJMQFk-00860-00265387-00265624 and has let the pandemic get to this point vcGOJyJMQFk-00861-00265624-00265801 where there's a lot of wishful thinking. vcGOJyJMQFk-00862-00265801-00266080 But we also don't have state policies vcGOJyJMQFk-00863-00266080-00266320 that are going to engender cooperation vcGOJyJMQFk-00864-00266320-00266476 amongst the population. vcGOJyJMQFk-00865-00266476-00266674 Because when you tell people like we told them vcGOJyJMQFk-00866-00266674-00266986 in the beginning, stay home and flatten the curve. vcGOJyJMQFk-00867-00266986-00267108 So people did that. vcGOJyJMQFk-00868-00267108-00267313 And they still couldn't go back to work. vcGOJyJMQFk-00869-00267313-00267540 Don't overwhelm the hospitals, so we didn't. vcGOJyJMQFk-00870-00267540-00267787 And they still can't go back to school. vcGOJyJMQFk-00871-00267787-00268021 I live in California where they're talking now vcGOJyJMQFk-00872-00268021-00268396 still opening bars where you can't wear a mask, where people vcGOJyJMQFk-00873-00268396-00268642 are drunk, which is the best way to spread vcGOJyJMQFk-00874-00268642-00268873 the disease before they're talking about opening vcGOJyJMQFk-00875-00268873-00268978 the schools for children. vcGOJyJMQFk-00876-00269296-00269509 You can't get people to cooperate when vcGOJyJMQFk-00877-00269509-00269689 your policies don't make sense. vcGOJyJMQFk-00878-00269689-00270051 That's why they're not cooperating. vcGOJyJMQFk-00879-00270051-00270126 Absolutely. vcGOJyJMQFk-00880-00270126-00270522 And there's multiple layers of which Jonathan vcGOJyJMQFk-00881-00270522-00270953 has suffered through my ranting about in this very forum vcGOJyJMQFk-00882-00270953-00271278 [LAUGHS] from lack of a national strategy vcGOJyJMQFk-00883-00271278-00271704 to malignant leadership to a very poorly functioning vcGOJyJMQFk-00884-00271704-00271953 public health system, very poorly funded. vcGOJyJMQFk-00885-00271953-00272484 To really, I agree, that the loss of a plot, vcGOJyJMQFk-00886-00272484-00272817 if you will, over what is our goal in terms vcGOJyJMQFk-00887-00272817-00273222 of this point in the epidemic. vcGOJyJMQFk-00888-00273222-00273435 Flatten the curve actually worked because people vcGOJyJMQFk-00889-00273435-00273537 had a very clear goal. vcGOJyJMQFk-00890-00273537-00273885 They could see that curve over the weeks flattened. vcGOJyJMQFk-00891-00273885-00274158 And I think that there is a controversy vcGOJyJMQFk-00892-00274158-00274315 in the public health community. vcGOJyJMQFk-00893-00274315-00274618 What is the goal that we should strive for now? vcGOJyJMQFk-00894-00274618-00274861 Should it be elimination? vcGOJyJMQFk-00895-00274861-00275079 And people say, no, that's too aggressive, vcGOJyJMQFk-00896-00275079-00275262 and the knock-on consequences are hard. vcGOJyJMQFk-00897-00275262-00275627 So I think that the issue around what you ask people. vcGOJyJMQFk-00898-00275627-00275988 But one thing I would push back on a little bit vcGOJyJMQFk-00899-00275988-00276171 is around this issue of cooperation. vcGOJyJMQFk-00900-00276171-00276420 Because the truth is, the American public vcGOJyJMQFk-00901-00276420-00276825 has cooperated dramatically. vcGOJyJMQFk-00902-00276825-00277318 I think the last count was 75% of the public wears a mask. vcGOJyJMQFk-00903-00277318-00277746 It's actually been shocking to me vcGOJyJMQFk-00904-00277746-00278406 that how much folks have dug in and really taken vcGOJyJMQFk-00905-00278406-00278819 on following the advice as they understand it. vcGOJyJMQFk-00906-00278819-00279181 There is a tremendous amount of churn and things vcGOJyJMQFk-00907-00279181-00279399 in the headlines, et cetera. vcGOJyJMQFk-00908-00279399-00279693 Even things like contact tracing and not calling people back vcGOJyJMQFk-00909-00279693-00279786 from contact. vcGOJyJMQFk-00910-00279786-00280005 That's just not what we're seeing in Massachusetts. vcGOJyJMQFk-00911-00280005-00280167 I mean, we see people pick up the phone vcGOJyJMQFk-00912-00280167-00280607 for contact tracers by and large, overwhelmingly so. vcGOJyJMQFk-00913-00280607-00281009 So I think that we do have a lot of public trust. vcGOJyJMQFk-00914-00281009-00281187 And I think that's a good thing. vcGOJyJMQFk-00915-00281187-00281532 I think that the question I would wrestle with here vcGOJyJMQFk-00916-00281532-00281979 is this issue around, how do we deal with-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00917-00281979-00282333 given that we have all of these other problems-- what vcGOJyJMQFk-00918-00282333-00282723 are the techniques that we can use right now to bring people vcGOJyJMQFk-00919-00282723-00282921 together around a common set of goals vcGOJyJMQFk-00920-00282921-00283164 and a common set of facts? vcGOJyJMQFk-00921-00283164-00283362 And I'm not sure how to orchestrate that. vcGOJyJMQFk-00922-00283362-00283626 I think you could if there was a little-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00923-00283933-00284167 I don't see clarity. vcGOJyJMQFk-00924-00284167-00284621 I see that the National Strategy is certainly-- sorry, vcGOJyJMQFk-00925-00284621-00284935 I don't know how to get this to stop. vcGOJyJMQFk-00926-00284935-00285220 The National Strategy is not a strategy, vcGOJyJMQFk-00927-00285220-00285538 and it's full of mistruths, and is awful and has vcGOJyJMQFk-00928-00285538-00285709 created a lot of problems. vcGOJyJMQFk-00929-00285709-00285976 But this state strategies are also problematic. vcGOJyJMQFk-00930-00285976-00286093 Again, what is the goal? vcGOJyJMQFk-00931-00286093-00286390 When you told people to flatten the curve vcGOJyJMQFk-00932-00286390-00286758 people agreed with it, participated, and succeeded. vcGOJyJMQFk-00933-00286758-00287029 And they got no reward for it. vcGOJyJMQFk-00934-00287029-00287199 There was nothing. vcGOJyJMQFk-00935-00287199-00287366 Yes, the hospitals were not overwhelmed. vcGOJyJMQFk-00936-00287366-00287440 [INAUDIBLE] vcGOJyJMQFk-00937-00287440-00287508 [LAUGHS] vcGOJyJMQFk-00938-00287508-00287630 That is a reward. vcGOJyJMQFk-00939-00287630-00287734 That is a reward. vcGOJyJMQFk-00940-00287734-00288130 But everyday life has been crushed. vcGOJyJMQFk-00941-00288130-00288508 And so what I see is, I want to hear more about risk. vcGOJyJMQFk-00942-00288508-00288727 I want people to talk more about what are we vcGOJyJMQFk-00943-00288727-00288868 doing for young people? vcGOJyJMQFk-00944-00288868-00289173 We've asked so much of them. vcGOJyJMQFk-00945-00289173-00289327 College is a wreck. vcGOJyJMQFk-00946-00289327-00289492 Internships are gone. vcGOJyJMQFk-00947-00289492-00289615 Jobs are gone. vcGOJyJMQFk-00948-00289615-00289774 Their student loans are still there. vcGOJyJMQFk-00949-00289774-00290050 Young kids, their lives are being-- their whole development vcGOJyJMQFk-00950-00290050-00290203 is being warped. vcGOJyJMQFk-00951-00290203-00290464 And we keep saying to them, do this for your grandmother. vcGOJyJMQFk-00952-00290464-00290603 That's not how people work. vcGOJyJMQFk-00953-00290603-00290767 What are we giving back to them? vcGOJyJMQFk-00954-00290767-00290911 Where's the social contract? vcGOJyJMQFk-00955-00290911-00291121 Where's the GI Bill for all the young people vcGOJyJMQFk-00956-00291121-00291549 who are supposed to hide now when their risk is very low? vcGOJyJMQFk-00957-00291549-00291664 Yeah. vcGOJyJMQFk-00958-00291664-00291978 Well, I definitely think that the not reopening schools vcGOJyJMQFk-00959-00291978-00292371 is a enormous, enormous, enormous issue vcGOJyJMQFk-00960-00292371-00292665 as I am sitting here with my four kids banging at the door. vcGOJyJMQFk-00961-00293010-00293310 I would say that the way I would characterize the problem vcGOJyJMQFk-00962-00293310-00293712 is we have lost our ability to prioritize as a community. vcGOJyJMQFk-00963-00293712-00294059 And there's not really that sense of conversation, vcGOJyJMQFk-00964-00294059-00294240 or really, what are our priorities vcGOJyJMQFk-00965-00294240-00294393 based on shared values. vcGOJyJMQFk-00966-00294393-00294672 And that's the conversation that I wish I was being led. vcGOJyJMQFk-00967-00294672-00294919 I think it could be led at the state level, potentially. vcGOJyJMQFk-00968-00294919-00295095 I don't know that it is. vcGOJyJMQFk-00969-00295095-00295447 But I think it's also because the state is just-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00970-00295447-00295929 states are struggling with trying to negotiate and contend vcGOJyJMQFk-00971-00295929-00296277 with the National leadership and whether the National vcGOJyJMQFk-00972-00296277-00296569 resources are going to be available to them. vcGOJyJMQFk-00973-00296569-00297018 So we come to testing issues, for example. vcGOJyJMQFk-00974-00297018-00297300 We would probably re-prioritize who should be tested vcGOJyJMQFk-00975-00297300-00297465 and who should have access to testing. vcGOJyJMQFk-00976-00297465-00297624 The state doesn't want to get involved vcGOJyJMQFk-00977-00297624-00297930 in that necessarily because they're not sure the testing vcGOJyJMQFk-00978-00297930-00298170 resources are going to be there for them to actually act vcGOJyJMQFk-00979-00298170-00298493 on the priorities that people make, is my sense. vcGOJyJMQFk-00980-00298493-00298548 I don't know. vcGOJyJMQFk-00981-00298548-00298785 I blame the states a little more than you do. vcGOJyJMQFk-00982-00298785-00298960 Of course, nationals I blame-- vcGOJyJMQFk-00983-00298960-00299197 blame everybody. vcGOJyJMQFk-00984-00299197-00299721 The National Strategy doesn't exist and is contrary to fact vcGOJyJMQFk-00985-00299721-00299991 and is malevolent, actually. vcGOJyJMQFk-00986-00299991-00300111 Doesn't care about people. vcGOJyJMQFk-00987-00300111-00300321 But the states haven't done what you said. vcGOJyJMQFk-00988-00300321-00300533 They haven't said, this is what we value. vcGOJyJMQFk-00989-00300533-00300769 Here is how we're going to aim at what we value. vcGOJyJMQFk-00990-00300769-00300993 Here's how we're going to prioritize what we value. vcGOJyJMQFk-00991-00300993-00301173 Here's how we're going to manage this risk. vcGOJyJMQFk-00992-00301173-00301357 There's been no coherent strategies. vcGOJyJMQFk-00993-00301357-00301545 It's better to have one at the federal level, vcGOJyJMQFk-00994-00301545-00301799 but it doesn't excuse that there isn't one at the state level vcGOJyJMQFk-00995-00301799-00302002 either. vcGOJyJMQFk-00996-00302002-00302401 So with the particular example in mind just vcGOJyJMQFk-00997-00302401-00302866 from recent headlines around the apparent White House vcGOJyJMQFk-00998-00302866-00303226 rejection of the FDA's guidelines for vaccine vcGOJyJMQFk-00999-00303226-00303556 approval, the story goes with the hope vcGOJyJMQFk-01000-00303556-00303811 of being able to announce approval of one vcGOJyJMQFk-01001-00303811-00304210 prior to the election to effect the incumbent's electoral vcGOJyJMQFk-01002-00304210-00304402 fortunes. vcGOJyJMQFk-01003-00304402-00304702 I'm wondering how your template of ideally vcGOJyJMQFk-01004-00304702-00305071 we'd have self-interest all around so produces vcGOJyJMQFk-01005-00305071-00305443 a mutuality in a pandemic, but speak to self-interest. vcGOJyJMQFk-01006-00305443-00305839 Would it be incumbent say, on a pharmaceutical company vcGOJyJMQFk-01007-00305839-00306076 in a fit of public spiritedness not vcGOJyJMQFk-01008-00306076-00306343 to put up a vaccine for distribution vcGOJyJMQFk-01009-00306343-00306781 and possibly massive windfall profits to themselves vcGOJyJMQFk-01010-00306781-00307024 and their shareholders? vcGOJyJMQFk-01011-00307024-00307270 Or is it like, hey, it's the government's job vcGOJyJMQFk-01012-00307270-00307444 to set the rules of the game. vcGOJyJMQFk-01013-00307444-00307761 And if the ultimate rules are, submit your vaccine vcGOJyJMQFk-01014-00307761-00308311 and we'll stamp it, yes, Pfizer is kind of obligated to, vcGOJyJMQFk-01015-00308311-00308660 or at least allowed to pursue that. vcGOJyJMQFk-01016-00308660-00308869 No, they're not because the moral rules are always vcGOJyJMQFk-01017-00308869-00308939 the rules. vcGOJyJMQFk-01018-00308939-00309106 So those are the rules of the game. vcGOJyJMQFk-01019-00309106-00309300 Morality is the rule of the game. vcGOJyJMQFk-01020-00309300-00309523 So morality sets the rules. vcGOJyJMQFk-01021-00309523-00309946 Can you release a vaccine that is not to the American Standard vcGOJyJMQFk-01022-00309946-00310345 just because you have a incompetent and uncaring vcGOJyJMQFk-01023-00310345-00310468 president that lets you? vcGOJyJMQFk-01024-00310468-00310555 Of course you can't. vcGOJyJMQFk-01025-00310555-00310655 What do you mean, the rules of the game? vcGOJyJMQFk-01026-00310655-00310830 The rules of the game are the moral rules. vcGOJyJMQFk-01027-00310830-00310928 Those are the rules. vcGOJyJMQFk-01028-00310928-00311308 So like again, what we have here is not-- vcGOJyJMQFk-01029-00311308-00311707 we have a lot of problems here about people not complying vcGOJyJMQFk-01030-00311707-00311824 with morality. vcGOJyJMQFk-01031-00311824-00312160 And also people being massively incompetent and impractical vcGOJyJMQFk-01032-00312160-00312254 at all levels. vcGOJyJMQFk-01033-00312254-00312460 But I don't find this still moral dilemma-ish. vcGOJyJMQFk-01034-00312460-00312650 It's not like, oh, what should we do? vcGOJyJMQFk-01035-00312650-00312746 Should we lie? vcGOJyJMQFk-01036-00312746-00312853 No, you shouldn't. vcGOJyJMQFk-01037-00312853-00313099 Should you release a vaccine when it's not ready? vcGOJyJMQFk-01038-00313099-00313183 Of course not. vcGOJyJMQFk-01039-00313183-00313346 Just because somebody lets you? vcGOJyJMQFk-01040-00313346-00313528 When is that an excuse? vcGOJyJMQFk-01041-00313528-00313744 But I mean, it's kind of along the lines vcGOJyJMQFk-01042-00313744-00314311 of, I paid exactly to the penny the tax I owed and no more even vcGOJyJMQFk-01043-00314311-00314590 though in a just world I would be paying more taxes, vcGOJyJMQFk-01044-00314590-00314653 kind of thing. vcGOJyJMQFk-01045-00314653-00314740 Now, maybe this has-- vcGOJyJMQFk-01046-00314740-00314868 [INTERPOSING VOICES] vcGOJyJMQFk-01047-00314868-00315208 I don't agree with that analogy because paying vcGOJyJMQFk-01048-00315208-00315418 your taxes, your moral obligation, vcGOJyJMQFk-01049-00315418-00315514 is to pay what you owe. vcGOJyJMQFk-01050-00315798-00315918 Releasing the vaccine. vcGOJyJMQFk-01051-00315918-00316203 Your moral obligation is to only release it vcGOJyJMQFk-01052-00316203-00316484 when it has met the standards it's supposed to meet. vcGOJyJMQFk-01053-00316484-00316614 So it hasn't met the standards. vcGOJyJMQFk-01054-00316614-00316794 Do the standards exist independent of what vcGOJyJMQFk-01055-00316794-00317043 the government sets as the standards. vcGOJyJMQFk-01056-00317043-00317145 The standard, yes. vcGOJyJMQFk-01057-00317145-00317319 The standard is the moral standard. vcGOJyJMQFk-01058-00317319-00317472 And certainly not a standard that vcGOJyJMQFk-01059-00317472-00317832 was altered for reasons that have nothing vcGOJyJMQFk-01060-00317832-00318266 to do with for why the standards are what they are. vcGOJyJMQFk-01061-00318266-00318596 Tax isn't much different because taxes are much more vcGOJyJMQFk-01062-00318596-00318707 a political agreement. vcGOJyJMQFk-01063-00318707-00319005 So you can agree to one thing you agree to something else. vcGOJyJMQFk-01064-00319005-00319191 A standard of safety for a vaccine vcGOJyJMQFk-01065-00319191-00319377 is not supposed to be a political agreement. vcGOJyJMQFk-01066-00319377-00319610 And at that point then, it's not a self-interest story. vcGOJyJMQFk-01067-00319610-00319812 It really is a story of being regarding vcGOJyJMQFk-01068-00319812-00320190 of others and the community at possibly at some sacrifice vcGOJyJMQFk-01069-00320190-00320419 or foregone opportunity for oneself. vcGOJyJMQFk-01070-00320419-00320469 Yeah. vcGOJyJMQFk-01071-00320469-00320625 The same way you're not supposed to steal from people vcGOJyJMQFk-01072-00320625-00320794 or sell them things that don't work. vcGOJyJMQFk-01073-00320794-00320949 And so let's say the government says, vcGOJyJMQFk-01074-00320949-00321420 today, you can do price gouging, or today, you can sell poison. vcGOJyJMQFk-01075-00321420-00321875 It's still wrong to do that because the game vcGOJyJMQFk-01076-00321875-00321961 or the moral rules. vcGOJyJMQFk-01077-00321961-00322124 The government doesn't set moral rules. vcGOJyJMQFk-01078-00322124-00322262 They only set political rules. vcGOJyJMQFk-01079-00322262-00322581 That's different. vcGOJyJMQFk-01080-00322581-00322880 Do you have any time for or patients vcGOJyJMQFk-01081-00322880-00323225 with the head of the FDA doing-- vcGOJyJMQFk-01082-00323225-00323603 because I can kind of imagine the conversation in his head. vcGOJyJMQFk-01083-00323603-00323978 This is Secretary Hahn, who's like, OK, vcGOJyJMQFk-01084-00323978-00324339 the government says that Trump says, vcGOJyJMQFk-01085-00324339-00324953 hey, we think plasma this thing of convalescent plasma vcGOJyJMQFk-01086-00324953-00325128 is going to be really good for people. vcGOJyJMQFk-01087-00325128-00325304 And there is like a glimmer of evidence vcGOJyJMQFk-01088-00325304-00325527 that maybe could be useful. vcGOJyJMQFk-01089-00325527-00325673 It's been useful in other things. vcGOJyJMQFk-01090-00325673-00325935 It's really not unusual to try. vcGOJyJMQFk-01091-00325935-00326122 [LAUGHS] vcGOJyJMQFk-01092-00326122-00326678 And he ends up authorizing a use of issuing vcGOJyJMQFk-01093-00326678-00326903 a EUA, Emergency Use Authorization, vcGOJyJMQFk-01094-00326903-00327143 for convalescent plasma. vcGOJyJMQFk-01095-00327143-00327609 Has a big press conference with Trump saying, this is awesome. vcGOJyJMQFk-01096-00327609-00327779 We are making huge strides. vcGOJyJMQFk-01097-00327779-00328250 Posts the evidence that he used to approve vcGOJyJMQFk-01098-00328250-00328613 that, which was a subgroup of a subgroup of a subgroup vcGOJyJMQFk-01099-00328613-00328862 analysis. vcGOJyJMQFk-01100-00328862-00329171 Definitely we tee in terms of what we would usually vcGOJyJMQFk-01101-00329171-00329690 use as evidence for issuing EUA and puts it vcGOJyJMQFk-01102-00329690-00329957 on the website, that analysis, and says-- vcGOJyJMQFk-01103-00329957-00330170 under the heading I wrote it down-- vcGOJyJMQFk-01104-00330170-00330428 "Another achievement in administration's vcGOJyJMQFk-01105-00330428-00330853 fight against pandemic," on the FDA website. vcGOJyJMQFk-01106-00330853-00331082 [INTERPOSING VOICES] vcGOJyJMQFk-01107-00331082-00331135 OK. vcGOJyJMQFk-01108-00331135-00331595 Well, OK, with convalescent plasma vcGOJyJMQFk-01109-00331595-00331803 it did turn out that the effect wasn't very big. vcGOJyJMQFk-01110-00331803-00332139 And we're still kind of studying it maybe, maybe. vcGOJyJMQFk-01111-00332139-00332613 There's other things like, remdesivir vcGOJyJMQFk-01112-00332613-00332771 does look like it has a place. vcGOJyJMQFk-01113-00332771-00333212 No later, they also did the same kind of thing. vcGOJyJMQFk-01114-00333212-00333446 How much of that is kind of going along to get along? vcGOJyJMQFk-01115-00333446-00333572 How much of that is-- vcGOJyJMQFk-01116-00333887-00334054 I think if I have said anything, it's vcGOJyJMQFk-01117-00334054-00334262 that, don't go along to get along. vcGOJyJMQFk-01118-00334262-00334475 [LAUGHTER] vcGOJyJMQFk-01119-00334475-00334532 Don't do it. vcGOJyJMQFk-01120-00334532-00334835 Never do it. vcGOJyJMQFk-01121-00334835-00335078 Never do a slightly bad thing because you vcGOJyJMQFk-01122-00335078-00335402 think it's going to lead to a greater good. vcGOJyJMQFk-01123-00335402-00335519 There's two ways. vcGOJyJMQFk-01124-00335519-00335765 Well, there's a few ways, but there's more than two ways. vcGOJyJMQFk-01125-00335765-00336176 But one of the two central moral theories or sort of principle vcGOJyJMQFk-01126-00336176-00336371 based or outcomes based. vcGOJyJMQFk-01127-00336371-00336563 I go for principle based because you never vcGOJyJMQFk-01128-00336563-00336671 know what the outcome is. vcGOJyJMQFk-01129-00336671-00336854 And when you let the ends justify the means vcGOJyJMQFk-01130-00336854-00336992 you do a lot of terrible things and you vcGOJyJMQFk-01131-00336992-00337112 don't know what the ends are. vcGOJyJMQFk-01132-00337112-00337265 So I say, you go for the means. vcGOJyJMQFk-01133-00337265-00337424 That's sort of the conscient approach, vcGOJyJMQFk-01134-00337424-00337529 the principle-based approach. vcGOJyJMQFk-01135-00337529-00337783 You do the right thing and what happens, happens because it's vcGOJyJMQFk-01136-00337783-00337918 always what happens, happens. vcGOJyJMQFk-01137-00337918-00338018 So at least you'll know. vcGOJyJMQFk-01138-00338018-00338109 I did the right thing. vcGOJyJMQFk-01139-00338109-00338415 I call them the Jim Comey approach. vcGOJyJMQFk-01140-00338415-00338649 I don't agree that it was Jim Connery's approach. vcGOJyJMQFk-01141-00338649-00338940 I think what Jim Comey had [INAUDIBLE] because he did vcGOJyJMQFk-01142-00338940-00339156 not-- vcGOJyJMQFk-01143-00339156-00339335 there were rules in place that are not just vcGOJyJMQFk-01144-00339335-00339581 the rules of the game, but there were morally true as well. vcGOJyJMQFk-01145-00339581-00339765 Not to effect an election, which he did. vcGOJyJMQFk-01146-00339765-00339924 I think he was self aggrandizing. vcGOJyJMQFk-01147-00339924-00340110 He fooled himself and he presented it vcGOJyJMQFk-01148-00340110-00340239 as, I'm doing the right thing. vcGOJyJMQFk-01149-00340239-00340467 But I don't think that was accurate in his case. vcGOJyJMQFk-01150-00340467-00340617 But if it was then he would not have vcGOJyJMQFk-01151-00340617-00341117 been doing the wrong thing, but I don't think that's true. vcGOJyJMQFk-01152-00341117-00341427 There will be cases where things look terrible vcGOJyJMQFk-01153-00341427-00341519 no matter what you do. vcGOJyJMQFk-01154-00341519-00341744 Or you do something and it leads to a terrible result vcGOJyJMQFk-01155-00341744-00341869 and that's really unfortunate. vcGOJyJMQFk-01156-00341869-00342124 But in these kinds of cases, I really think-- vcGOJyJMQFk-01157-00342124-00342392 and I think for the most part, the medical community vcGOJyJMQFk-01158-00342392-00342881 has done a pretty good job of pushing back against the lies. vcGOJyJMQFk-01159-00342881-00343082 Or the leaks you get out of the CDC-- vcGOJyJMQFk-01160-00343082-00343208 who's leaking that stuff? vcGOJyJMQFk-01161-00343208-00343430 Or the leaks you get out of the NIH vcGOJyJMQFk-01162-00343430-00343631 about, this is against the rules, vcGOJyJMQFk-01163-00343631-00343808 and this bypassed this process. vcGOJyJMQFk-01164-00343808-00344018 Somebody, doing the right moral thing, vcGOJyJMQFk-01165-00344018-00344165 is leaking that to the press. vcGOJyJMQFk-01166-00344165-00344411 It would be even more right if they put their name in front vcGOJyJMQFk-01167-00344411-00344754 of it in their face too. vcGOJyJMQFk-01168-00344754-00344928 We have maybe a minute left. vcGOJyJMQFk-01169-00344928-00345144 Anything we've missed that you'd want vcGOJyJMQFk-01170-00345144-00345526 to bring to the table on this range of topics? vcGOJyJMQFk-01171-00345526-00345766 I don't think we've missed anything. vcGOJyJMQFk-01172-00345766-00345937 I would go back to the beginning where vcGOJyJMQFk-01173-00345937-00346135 you asked if there's one word that I vcGOJyJMQFk-01174-00346135-00346462 feel about the pandemic in the United States. vcGOJyJMQFk-01175-00346462-00346717 I'm going to say two, which is, over it. vcGOJyJMQFk-01176-00346717-00347005 People feel over it. vcGOJyJMQFk-01177-00347005-00347257 I live in a neighborhood where there's vcGOJyJMQFk-01178-00347257-00347518 a lot of very right wing people and are very left wing people. vcGOJyJMQFk-01179-00347518-00347800 And I see a lot of agreement of like, exhaustion. vcGOJyJMQFk-01180-00347800-00347988 We keep doing what we're supposed to do vcGOJyJMQFk-01181-00347988-00348109 and nothing's getting better. vcGOJyJMQFk-01182-00348393-00348562 The kids are home. vcGOJyJMQFk-01183-00348562-00348817 They're socially isolated. vcGOJyJMQFk-01184-00348817-00349015 They're suffering a lot. vcGOJyJMQFk-01185-00349015-00349214 I have kids too. vcGOJyJMQFk-01186-00349214-00349456 And I really see it's really terrible. vcGOJyJMQFk-01187-00349456-00349657 There's nothing you can do, as a parent, vcGOJyJMQFk-01188-00349657-00349858 to really mitigate the effects of not vcGOJyJMQFk-01189-00349858-00349996 being around other children which vcGOJyJMQFk-01190-00349996-00350374 is in normal human development. vcGOJyJMQFk-01191-00350374-00350539 And we don't see the vaccine. vcGOJyJMQFk-01192-00350539-00350732 We don't see things getting back to normal. vcGOJyJMQFk-01193-00350732-00350833 People are unemployed. vcGOJyJMQFk-01194-00350833-00351097 And we don't see reason policies. vcGOJyJMQFk-01195-00351097-00351310 They keep talking about restaurants and bars, which vcGOJyJMQFk-01196-00351310-00351562 should be the last thing on the list instead of schools, vcGOJyJMQFk-01197-00351562-00351764 which should be the first thing on the list. vcGOJyJMQFk-01198-00351764-00352075 And I think people are exhausted because we vcGOJyJMQFk-01199-00352075-00352270 have been ineffective. vcGOJyJMQFk-01200-00352270-00352535 Our policies have been ineffective. vcGOJyJMQFk-01201-00352535-00352804 Well, it calls to mind something, vcGOJyJMQFk-01202-00352804-00353080 I think it was Julia Ioffe tweeted the other day, vcGOJyJMQFk-01203-00353080-00353287 an old Russian kind of proverb that says, vcGOJyJMQFk-01204-00353287-00353452 what feels like things are really bad, vcGOJyJMQFk-01205-00353452-00353701 but in fact they're average because this year is vcGOJyJMQFk-01206-00353701-00353803 better than last year. vcGOJyJMQFk-01207-00353803-00354133 And next year-- sorry, this year is worse than last year, vcGOJyJMQFk-01208-00354133-00354313 and next year will be worse than this year, vcGOJyJMQFk-01209-00354313-00354491 so we're really in the middle. vcGOJyJMQFk-01210-00354491-00354541 Yes. vcGOJyJMQFk-01211-00354541-00354705 Or as my father liked to say, you vcGOJyJMQFk-01212-00354705-00354865 ask a guy with his head in the freezer vcGOJyJMQFk-01213-00354865-00355045 and his feet in the fire, how are you? vcGOJyJMQFk-01214-00355045-00355195 He says, on average, I'm doing OK. vcGOJyJMQFk-01215-00355195-00355516 [LAUGHTER] vcGOJyJMQFk-01216-00355516-00355740 It could be a lot worse. vcGOJyJMQFk-01217-00355740-00355915 It could be a lot better. vcGOJyJMQFk-01218-00355915-00356185 And it could be a lot better starting tomorrow. vcGOJyJMQFk-01219-00356185-00356439 None of these policies are set in stone. vcGOJyJMQFk-01220-00356439-00356587 They could all be-- vcGOJyJMQFk-01221-00356587-00356902 we could get better at this every day. vcGOJyJMQFk-01222-00356902-00357045 But I don't see that happening. vcGOJyJMQFk-01223-00357045-00357107 You're right. vcGOJyJMQFk-01224-00357107-00357319 And [INAUDIBLE] toward the president-- vcGOJyJMQFk-01225-00357319-00357544 I don't see it happening at the state level, either. vcGOJyJMQFk-01226-00357544-00357816 I don't see it happening at any level of government. vcGOJyJMQFk-01227-00357816-00357866 Yeah. vcGOJyJMQFk-01228-00357866-00358078 No, I think we're going to file an agreement there. vcGOJyJMQFk-01229-00358361-00358477 But I do want to note. vcGOJyJMQFk-01230-00358477-00358681 I always start on a note of pessimism, vcGOJyJMQFk-01231-00358681-00358873 but I try to end on a note of optimism vcGOJyJMQFk-01232-00358873-00359323 usually after I get the expression from Jay-Z, vcGOJyJMQFk-01233-00359323-00359500 and I'm going to do that again. vcGOJyJMQFk-01234-00359500-00359707 Which is that, yes, you're right, vcGOJyJMQFk-01235-00359707-00359894 that actually public health works. vcGOJyJMQFk-01236-00359894-00359944 OK? vcGOJyJMQFk-01237-00359944-00360187 If we do the three things and we do them well. vcGOJyJMQFk-01238-00360187-00360415 The contact tracing the mask wearing, vcGOJyJMQFk-01239-00360415-00360676 and the environmental modification and ventilation, vcGOJyJMQFk-01240-00360676-00360964 and air purification, we actually can control this vcGOJyJMQFk-01241-00360964-00361138 and we can get kids back in school vcGOJyJMQFk-01242-00361138-00361421 and these things are possible. vcGOJyJMQFk-01243-00361421-00361816 And so I think part of the [INAUDIBLE] frustration vcGOJyJMQFk-01244-00361816-00362041 is that we're just not getting on it. vcGOJyJMQFk-01245-00362041-00362307 We're not doing the work, but it needs to get done. vcGOJyJMQFk-01246-00362307-00362512 I don't think that that's the whole thing though. vcGOJyJMQFk-01247-00362512-00362668 I think part of the frustration is vcGOJyJMQFk-01248-00362668-00362860 when we make progress we don't open up vcGOJyJMQFk-01249-00362860-00363115 the things that are most consistent with our shared vcGOJyJMQFk-01250-00363115-00363218 values. vcGOJyJMQFk-01251-00363218-00363451 Yes, I agree with you. vcGOJyJMQFk-01252-00363451-00363742 I absolutely agree with you. vcGOJyJMQFk-01253-00363742-00364084 And I think that it's like been pushing a huge boulder vcGOJyJMQFk-01254-00364084-00364399 up an enormous mountain and you strain and strain and strain vcGOJyJMQFk-01255-00364399-00364619 and you don't seem to get anywhere. vcGOJyJMQFk-01256-00364619-00364807 And I think that's a huge problem. vcGOJyJMQFk-01257-00364807-00365278 But I do think, though, that is also is a situation by choice vcGOJyJMQFk-01258-00365278-00365599 and I do think that things will change. vcGOJyJMQFk-01259-00365599-00365779 For the worse or for the better, we'll see. vcGOJyJMQFk-01260-00365779-00365890 I'm optimistic. vcGOJyJMQFk-01261-00365890-00366106 It will be for the better. vcGOJyJMQFk-01262-00366106-00366421 Well, especially against, I guess, vcGOJyJMQFk-01263-00366421-00366759 it's hard not to just call it the sophistry of-- vcGOJyJMQFk-01264-00366759-00366916 there were some folks on television vcGOJyJMQFk-01265-00366916-00367159 saying that the fact that the president caught vcGOJyJMQFk-01266-00367159-00367381 it shows you that none of these measures works, vcGOJyJMQFk-01267-00367381-00367567 so we might as well just. vcGOJyJMQFk-01268-00367567-00367678 It shows you the opposite. vcGOJyJMQFk-01269-00367678-00367844 He asked for-- vcGOJyJMQFk-01270-00367844-00368008 Exactly. vcGOJyJMQFk-01271-00368008-00368268 But you point out that-- vcGOJyJMQFk-01272-00368268-00368414 [INAUDIBLE] gives you the opposite. vcGOJyJMQFk-01273-00368414-00368820 The public reaction has been overwhelmingly-- vcGOJyJMQFk-01274-00368820-00368971 you asked for it. vcGOJyJMQFk-01275-00368971-00369236 So there is a path forward. vcGOJyJMQFk-01276-00369236-00369374 There is a way to get it right. vcGOJyJMQFk-01277-00369374-00369623 Maybe we'll be in the Churchillian zone vcGOJyJMQFk-01278-00369623-00370022 of we'll follow that path after we try all the others. vcGOJyJMQFk-01279-00370022-00370270 And we'll keep cycling through. vcGOJyJMQFk-01280-00370270-00370591 But thank you so much for joining us vcGOJyJMQFk-01281-00370591-00370891 and for your clarity and determination. vcGOJyJMQFk-01282-00370891-00371239 And all of your work that's gone into trying to keep people vcGOJyJMQFk-01283-00371239-00371770 focused on their ethical valence and their responsibilities. vcGOJyJMQFk-01284-00371770-00372276 And the courage maybe that's called for tough moments vcGOJyJMQFk-01285-00372276-00372489 to be true to it, so thank you. vcGOJyJMQFk-01286-00372489-00372573 Thank you very much. vcGOJyJMQFk-01287-00372573-00372790 I really appreciate that you having me here. vcGOJyJMQFk-01288-00372790-00373588 And I think these kinds of events are really-- vcGOJyJMQFk-01289-00373588-00373887 and discussions are really important. vcGOJyJMQFk-01290-00373887-00374160 And it would be really good if more people would talk vcGOJyJMQFk-01291-00374160-00374548 about the problem in this way. vcGOJyJMQFk-01292-00374548-00374989 Well, on that optimistic spirit and hopeful spirit, vcGOJyJMQFk-01293-00374989-00375119 thank you again. vcGOJyJMQFk-01294-00375119-00375358 Thank you all for tuning in. vcGOJyJMQFk-01295-00375358-00375787 And we will catch you in a future session. vcGOJyJMQFk-01296-00375787-00376057 Check in on how things are going. vcGOJyJMQFk-01297-00376057-00376589 And over to you, Margaret, for any final benediction. vcGOJyJMQFk-01298-00376589-00377078 Well, I think the path it may be hard, but it is clear. vcGOJyJMQFk-01299-00377078-00377233 So let's get on it. vcGOJyJMQFk-01300-00377233-00377572 [LAUGHS] All right. vcGOJyJMQFk-01301-00377572-00377842 And this wraps yet another "COVID State of Play." vcGOJyJMQFk-01302-00377842-00378351 We'll catch you again in a matter of a few weeks where, vcGOJyJMQFk-01303-00378351-00378631 as Margaret put it so artfully, like the end of a Newsweek vcGOJyJMQFk-01304-00378631-00378892 article, the future is uncertain, vcGOJyJMQFk-01305-00378892-00379019 but one thing is clear. vcGOJyJMQFk-01306-00379019-00379219 If things don't get better, they could certainly vcGOJyJMQFk-01307-00379219-00379336 get a lot worse. vcGOJyJMQFk-01308-00379336-00379477 Until then. vcGOJyJMQFk-01309-00379477-00379659 Thank you. vf0dxeCm_IA-00000-00000092-00000549 Welcome to CIViC: a knowledgebase for the clinical interpretation of variants vf0dxeCm_IA-00001-00000549-00001029 in cancer. CIViC is an open-access, community-driven web resource designed vf0dxeCm_IA-00002-00001029-00001392 as a vehicle for integration and discussion of clinical significance of vf0dxeCm_IA-00003-00001392-00001782 cancer genome variants. This screencast will cover navigating vf0dxeCm_IA-00004-00001782-00002157 and consuming the content in CIViC, the first of four fundamental concepts vf0dxeCm_IA-00005-00002157-00002580 constituting the CIViC workflow. The remaining concepts of contributing, vf0dxeCm_IA-00006-00002580-00003104 editing, and discussing the content in CIViC are covered in other screencasts. vf0dxeCm_IA-00007-00003104-00003519 The CIViC homepage provides a brief background on precision medicine and vf0dxeCm_IA-00008-00003519-00003778 CIViC's role as a precision medicine resource. vf0dxeCm_IA-00009-00003778-00003947 In addition, here you can find vf0dxeCm_IA-00010-00003947-00004382 announcements, statistics describing the content of the knowledgebase, and the vf0dxeCm_IA-00011-00004382-00004588 most recent user activity. vf0dxeCm_IA-00012-00004588-00004806 The site footer includes important links to our vf0dxeCm_IA-00013-00004812-00005246 glossary of terms, API documentation, data releases, vf0dxeCm_IA-00014-00005250-00005386 and more. vf0dxeCm_IA-00015-00005414-00005507 Be sure to check out vf0dxeCm_IA-00016-00005507-00005835 our meetings and events page for more details about our upcoming CIViC vf0dxeCm_IA-00017-00005835-00006098 workshops and presentations. vf0dxeCm_IA-00018-00006130-00006584 Information defining and describing the content of CIViC vf0dxeCm_IA-00019-00006584-00006866 may be found through links at the top of the page. vf0dxeCm_IA-00020-00006866-00007031 These links will lead you to learn more vf0dxeCm_IA-00021-00007080-00007186 about CIViC, vf0dxeCm_IA-00022-00007262-00007436 contributing to the database, vf0dxeCm_IA-00023-00007552-00007772 user information and statistics vf0dxeCm_IA-00024-00007823-00008118 comprehensive documentation on using CIViC, vf0dxeCm_IA-00025-00008156-00008382 and frequently asked questions. vf0dxeCm_IA-00026-00008430-00008732 The help page in particular serves as an important vf0dxeCm_IA-00027-00008732-00009016 compendium of the civic categorizations vf0dxeCm_IA-00028-00009016-00009154 for evidence vf0dxeCm_IA-00029-00009154-00009286 variants vf0dxeCm_IA-00030-00009286-00009410 genes vf0dxeCm_IA-00031-00009410-00009704 and more. vf0dxeCm_IA-00032-00009704-00010266 The sign-in/sign-up button serves as a mechanism for creating a user account on CIViC. vf0dxeCm_IA-00033-00010266-00010640 Having a user account is not required for consuming content from vf0dxeCm_IA-00034-00010640-00011098 CIViC, and throughout this video we will be operating as an anonymous user. vf0dxeCm_IA-00035-00011098-00011516 Please see the "Signing into CIViC and understanding your user profile" video vf0dxeCm_IA-00036-00011516-00011980 for detailed instructions on creating a user account. vf0dxeCm_IA-00037-00012126-00012649 Navigating content on CIViC is achieved through the browse and search views. vf0dxeCm_IA-00038-00012650-00012794 By default the "browse" vf0dxeCm_IA-00039-00012794-00013230 view displays variants in CIViC sorted by the amount of evidence describing them. vf0dxeCm_IA-00040-00013252-00013534 These variants may be filtered by vf0dxeCm_IA-00041-00013534-00013650 disease, vf0dxeCm_IA-00042-00013650-00013782 drug, vf0dxeCm_IA-00043-00013782-00013928 gene, vf0dxeCm_IA-00044-00013928-00014069 or variant, vf0dxeCm_IA-00045-00014069-00014440 by using the filter boxes at the top of the page. vf0dxeCm_IA-00046-00014440-00014947 For example, we can search for all variants in the BRAF gene vf0dxeCm_IA-00047-00014947-00015428 by typing in "BRAF" in the Entrez Gene filter box. vf0dxeCm_IA-00048-00015428-00015988 Compound filters are supported by typing entries in multiple boxes. vf0dxeCm_IA-00049-00015994-00016772 For example, if we wanted to find all variants in BRAF genes describing melanomas we can vf0dxeCm_IA-00050-00016772-00017566 type in "Melanoma", and here we see a variety of variants describing melanomas in BRAF vf0dxeCm_IA-00051-00017568-00018074 with varying degrees of evidence for different drugs. vf0dxeCm_IA-00052-00018180-00018306 Similar browse views vf0dxeCm_IA-00053-00018306-00018516 exist for genes, vf0dxeCm_IA-00054-00018688-00018826 variant groups, vf0dxeCm_IA-00055-00018908-00019038 evidence, vf0dxeCm_IA-00056-00019128-00019256 assertions, vf0dxeCm_IA-00057-00019276-00019568 and publications. vf0dxeCm_IA-00058-00019722-00020352 The "Search" view allows you to create custom searches on specific fields. vf0dxeCm_IA-00059-00020474-00020832 Example searches are available at the top to illustrate the types of queries vf0dxeCm_IA-00060-00020832-00021212 you may perform on the database. vf0dxeCm_IA-00061-00021978-00022417 Available search fields and example queries are determined by the CIViC vf0dxeCm_IA-00062-00022417-00022794 entity you are searching, which includes: evidence, vf0dxeCm_IA-00063-00022794-00022994 assertions, vf0dxeCm_IA-00064-00022994-00023154 variants, vf0dxeCm_IA-00065-00023154-00023294 genes, vf0dxeCm_IA-00066-00023294-00023500 or sources. vf0dxeCm_IA-00067-00023872-00024232 Clicking on an entity in the Browse or Search rows brings up vf0dxeCm_IA-00068-00024232-00024594 additional information about that entity. vf0dxeCm_IA-00069-00024692-00025268 For example, clicking on the BRAF gene brings us to the BRAF gene page. vf0dxeCm_IA-00070-00025292-00025822 On this page we see a short, human-curated summary of the significance of this gene vf0dxeCm_IA-00071-00025822-00026022 in human cancers. vf0dxeCm_IA-00072-00026045-00026424 On the right, we see details of the gene provided by the vf0dxeCm_IA-00073-00026425-00026714 mygene.info gene annotation service. vf0dxeCm_IA-00074-00026714-00026920 This includes the descriptive name of vf0dxeCm_IA-00075-00026920-00027892 the gene, the HGNC Entrez symbol, the Entrez ID, any aliases the gene is known vf0dxeCm_IA-00076-00027892-00028513 to go by, the chromosomal coordinates, protein domains for the gene, as well as vf0dxeCm_IA-00077-00028513-00028780 any pathways the gene is involved in. vf0dxeCm_IA-00078-00028780-00029008 To view additional information about these vf0dxeCm_IA-00079-00029008-00029512 details, you can click on the "View MyGene.info Details" button, and it will vf0dxeCm_IA-00080-00029512-00029924 take you to mygene.info for more information. vf0dxeCm_IA-00081-00029924-00030205 Below we see variants and vf0dxeCm_IA-00082-00030205-00030598 variant groups in this gene that have associated interpretations. vf0dxeCm_IA-00083-00030598-00031054 These variants may be filtered using the "filter variants..." box. vf0dxeCm_IA-00084-00031139-00031889 Exclamations indicate whether a variant has: submitted evidence pending editorial review, vf0dxeCm_IA-00085-00031991-00032433 submitted changes pending editorial review, vf0dxeCm_IA-00086-00032433-00032724 or both. vf0dxeCm_IA-00087-00033047-00033596 Clicking on V600E brings us to the variant summary view. Here we see a brief vf0dxeCm_IA-00088-00033596-00033983 summary description of the variant along with tags indicating who last modified, vf0dxeCm_IA-00089-00033983-00034484 reviewed, and commented on the variant-level information. Beside the variant vf0dxeCm_IA-00090-00034484-00034862 description, curated variant information includes variant coordinates in the grey vf0dxeCm_IA-00091-00034862-00035381 box, variant aliases, and an allele registry ID for mapping to other vf0dxeCm_IA-00092-00035381-00035909 annotation systems. Variants are also categorized by variant type, which is vf0dxeCm_IA-00093-00035909-00036338 linked to a specific Sequence Ontology ID describing that type. For more vf0dxeCm_IA-00094-00036338-00036762 information about that Sequence Ontology ID, you may follow the link. vf0dxeCm_IA-00095-00036794-00037510 As available, CIViC also provides human-validated HGVS expressions describing the variant, and a vf0dxeCm_IA-00096-00037511-00038012 link to the corresponding ClinVar entry, if applicable. We also provide a CIViC vf0dxeCm_IA-00097-00038012-00038435 actionability (evidence) score for ranking variants based upon accumulated evidence. vf0dxeCm_IA-00098-00038435-00038837 More information about how the score is calculated may be found in the help vf0dxeCm_IA-00099-00038837-00039374 documentation. The green box on the right provides additional annotations from the vf0dxeCm_IA-00100-00039374-00039824 myvariant.info annotation service corresponding to this variant. For more vf0dxeCm_IA-00101-00039824-00040402 information from myvariant.info, follow the link provided by the button. vf0dxeCm_IA-00102-00040402-00040757 Evidence describing clinical interpretations of this variant are vf0dxeCm_IA-00103-00040757-00041237 presented in the evidence grid at the bottom of the page. Each row describes a vf0dxeCm_IA-00104-00041237-00041658 specific line of evidence linked to a primary peer-reviewed publication. vf0dxeCm_IA-00105-00041672-00042292 The evidence level, evidence type, evidence direction, clinical significance, vf0dxeCm_IA-00106-00042292-00042986 variant origin, and evidence trust rating are annotated as icons for each row. For more vf0dxeCm_IA-00107-00042986-00043501 information about what the icons mean you may hover the cursor over them. vf0dxeCm_IA-00108-00043676-00044078 Or click on the Help button for a comprehensive description. vf0dxeCm_IA-00109-00044268-00045112 Evidence may be filtered by ID, description, disease, or drugs, and sorted by one or more of the vf0dxeCm_IA-00110-00045112-00045592 columns. To sort by multiple columns, hold shift and click the columns in the order vf0dxeCm_IA-00111-00045593-00046168 you want them sorted. For example, to sort first by evidence direction you can vf0dxeCm_IA-00112-00046168-00046603 click on the "Evidence Direction" header. Then to sort by evidence type you could vf0dxeCm_IA-00113-00046603-00047152 hold shift and click on "Evidence Type". To sort in a different direction you can vf0dxeCm_IA-00114-00047152-00047499 click a second time on a column. vh0zifFCMrY-00000-00000000-00000061 RM@XR vh0zifFCMrY-00001-00000061-00000400 Hello, selamat semua hello vh0zifFCMrY-00002-00000400-00000550 Good afternoon vh0zifFCMrY-00003-00000550-00000760 Morning, evening to everyone vh0zifFCMrY-00004-00000760-00000993 My name is Nadiah, I'm from Malaysia vh0zifFCMrY-00005-00001146-00001408 I'm really glad that I have been given this opportunity vh0zifFCMrY-00006-00001408-00001676 To speak to everyone in the UK vh0zifFCMrY-00007-00001676-00002538 And I am really hoping that this year's COP will be something very fruitful vh0zifFCMrY-00008-00002538-00003094 As we know, last year, we couldn't see any negotiations being passed vh0zifFCMrY-00009-00003094-00003762 But this year, it's really important because it's a conference during the pandemic vh0zifFCMrY-00010-00003762-00004657 And we wanted to see how important negotations or articles being passed this time around vh0zifFCMrY-00011-00004734-00005187 And, just to let you know that, being here in Malaysia vh0zifFCMrY-00012-00005187-00005855 We are some of the regions that is heavily affected by the climate crisis vh0zifFCMrY-00013-00005855-00006565 Just two days ago, we were hit by flash floods in one of the regions in northen Malaysia vh0zifFCMrY-00014-00006565-00007062 But we see a few deaths and a lot of people that are missing vh0zifFCMrY-00015-00007062-00007709 And it's quite common everywhere around the world that we see vh0zifFCMrY-00016-00007827-00008530 Smaller countries that release very small emissions that are affected the most vh0zifFCMrY-00017-00008530-00009447 And we are hoping more of the shared responsability being taken by countries within the global North vh0zifFCMrY-00018-00009447-00010017 And all the finances are being supported for countries in the global South vh0zifFCMrY-00019-00010017-00010525 This comes in terms of climate finance and loss and damages vh0zifFCMrY-00020-00010525-00011440 And the reparations.That being said, I am really looking forward to participating in COP26 this year vh0zifFCMrY-00021-00011440-00011897 We are bringing in our indigenous voices from Malaysia this time around vh0zifFCMrY-00022-00011897-00012584 It's the first participation from Malaysia from civil society of the indigenous communities vh0zifFCMrY-00023-00012584-00013157 So, we hope to be there in the UK in Glasgow by the end of the year vh0zifFCMrY-00024-00013157-00013209 Thank you viphevA4tEI-00000-00000090-00000636 Uruguayan Attorneys at Law. For all inquiries please email us at LIMERES@LIMERES.COM w0EapnlX2TI-00000-00001092-00001552 The settlement process here in Damak, Nepal, is a series of steps that we undertake for w0EapnlX2TI-00001-00001554-00001729 the refugees. w0EapnlX2TI-00002-00001730-00002087 We have information sessions in the camp, there are focus group discussions. w0EapnlX2TI-00003-00002089-00002675 They can also use other media outlets for information such as mass media, radio bulletins w0EapnlX2TI-00004-00002677-00003204 and posters, and a series of counselling sessions we use to inform refugees about the w0EapnlX2TI-00005-00003206-00003488 resettlement process. w0EapnlX2TI-00006-00003490-00003946 We want to give refugees as much information as possible, for them to decide, to make a w0EapnlX2TI-00007-00003947-00004214 well-informed decision about their future. w0EapnlX2TI-00008-00004216-00004616 After that the refugees will come forward and sign what we call a declaration of w0EapnlX2TI-00009-00004618-00005117 interest, which is their own self referral for resettlement consideration. w0EapnlX2TI-00010-00005119-00005539 We then call refugees in camps to something called a verification interview, where we do w0EapnlX2TI-00011-00005541-00006024 a series of interviews with them about their family and about their history, and then w0EapnlX2TI-00012-00006026-00006455 after that we start to look at their needs, are there any special needs on their case, is w0EapnlX2TI-00013-00006456-00006743 there anything that needs specific attention? w0EapnlX2TI-00014-00006745-00007045 And we start to draft that up for the settlement countries. w0EapnlX2TI-00015-00007047-00007402 The information program has several different aspects one of which is a central w0EapnlX2TI-00016-00007404-00007670 information session. w0EapnlX2TI-00017-00007673-00008189 We hold this in every camp, at every week, and we respond to the queries of the refugees w0EapnlX2TI-00018-00008191-00008572 and the issues that the refugees bring to our attention. w0EapnlX2TI-00019-00008574-00009228 Another way that we find very effective in this caseload is also to go on a mobile w0EapnlX2TI-00020-00009230-00009636 information campaign, and this is something very unique here that we actually go in to w0EapnlX2TI-00021-00009638-00010087 the camps and we identify those people, we know who they are through our interviews, who w0EapnlX2TI-00022-00010089-00010528 are either pending decision in the family, about resettlement, they might have a w0EapnlX2TI-00023-00010530-00010951 different opinion about resettlement in the family, or they might not be interested in w0EapnlX2TI-00024-00010953-00011200 requiring more information. w0EapnlX2TI-00025-00011202-00011520 So what we try do is actually engage with them, in their own environment, in their own w0EapnlX2TI-00026-00011522-00011903 huts, and we sit with them and we listen to them what their concerns are, and we try and w0EapnlX2TI-00027-00011905-00012281 give them the appropriate counselling at the household level. w0EapnlX2TI-00028-00012283-00012649 It gives lots of reassurance, and it's specific and targeted to the individual rather w0EapnlX2TI-00029-00012651-00012959 than a mass level. w0EapnlX2TI-00030-00012961-00013484 I think this operation is extremely successful, and we've been able to refer over 90 000 w0EapnlX2TI-00031-00013486-00014062 people now to different countries, and over 62 000 people have departed, and we still w0EapnlX2TI-00032-00014063-00014556 have work to do, we still have many people who want to be resettled, who want to be w0EapnlX2TI-00033-00014558-00015088 re-united with their relatives in the settlement country. w0EapnlX2TI-00034-00015091-00015701 So I think a lot of our areas of concern will be trying to ensure that people have family w0EapnlX2TI-00035-00015703-00015805 unification at this stage in the process. w0EapnlX2TI-00036-00015807-00016076 There are still many thousands of people who need to be resettled, and we also find that w0EapnlX2TI-00037-00016078-00016559 nearly everybody in the camp now has a close family member in a resettlement country, so w0EapnlX2TI-00038-00016561-00018186 it's trying to ensure that that family link continues. w4jP17EJ5_Y-00000-00000946-00001905 http://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5EIE8SR2FT7ww8gEiiMQSQ Học tập Bác w4jP17EJ5_Y-00001-00001905-00004208 Là học tư tưởng, thế giới quan và nhân sinh quan cách mạng, đạo đức w4jP17EJ5_Y-00002-00004208-00005467 cách mạng và phong cách của người chiến sỹ cộng sản chân chính. w4jP17EJ5_Y-00003-00005467-00006822 Thúc đẩy việc học tập Bác trở thành lối sống, nếp nghĩ, cách làm w4jP17EJ5_Y-00004-00006822-00007695 của từng cán bộ, đảng viên và người dân. w4jP17EJ5_Y-00005-00007695-00009436 Làm cho tư tưởng, đạo đức, phong cách của Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh thực w4jP17EJ5_Y-00006-00009436-00010378 sự thấm sâu vào đời sống xã hội, thật sự trở thành nền tảng tinh w4jP17EJ5_Y-00007-00010378-00013034 thần vững chắc, cội nguồn sức mạnh to lớn, để toàn Đảng, toàn w4jP17EJ5_Y-00008-00013034-00015277 dân và toàn quân ta phát huy nội lực, vượt qua khó khăn, thách thức, hoàn w4jP17EJ5_Y-00009-00015277-00016281 thành mọi nhiệm vụ cách mạng trong giai đoạn mới. w4jP17EJ5_Y-00010-00016281-00017063 Làm theo Bác Là thúc đẩy, tạo chuyển biến mạnh w4jP17EJ5_Y-00011-00017063-00017976 mẽ từ "học tập" sang "làm theo", hiện thực hóa bằng những chương w4jP17EJ5_Y-00012-00017976-00018864 trình hành động cụ thể, việc làm cụ thể, thiết thực trong thực hiện w4jP17EJ5_Y-00013-00018864-00019800 nhiệm vụ chính trị của địa phương, cơ quan, đơn vị và công tác xây dựng, w4jP17EJ5_Y-00014-00019800-00020627 chỉnh đốn Đảng, gắn với đề cao chức trách, đạo đức công vụ w4jP17EJ5_Y-00015-00020627-00021723 của mỗi cán bộ, đảng viên; giải quyết hiệu quả các khâu đột phá w4jP17EJ5_Y-00016-00021723-00022913 và các vấn đề trọng tâm, bức xúc trong thực tiễn, trên nền tảng, kim w4jP17EJ5_Y-00017-00022913-00024376 chỉ nam là tư tưởng Hồ Chí Minh cùng với chủ nghĩa Mác - Lênin trong w4jP17EJ5_Y-00018-00024376-00024559 mọi hành động. w4jP17EJ5_Y-00019-00024559-00025106 Nêu gương Là thực hiện đồng thời, gắn kết w4jP17EJ5_Y-00020-00025106-00025714 việc học tập với làm theo Bác và nêu gương. w4jP17EJ5_Y-00021-00025714-00026927 Phát huy hiệu quả mối quan hệ giữa ba nhiệm vụ này, trong đó đề cao w4jP17EJ5_Y-00022-00026927-00027701 vai trò, trách nhiệm tiền phong, gương mẫu với nêu gương của cán bộ, w4jP17EJ5_Y-00023-00027701-00028419 đảng viên, nhất là người đứng đầu cấp ủy, chính quyền, cơ quan, w4jP17EJ5_Y-00024-00028419-00029304 đơn vị, mà trước hết là các đồng chí Ủy viên Bộ Chính trị, Ủy viên w4jP17EJ5_Y-00025-00029304-00031266 Ban Bí thư, Ủy viên Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng. w4jP17EJ5_Y-00026-00031266-00032064 Trong quá trình thực hiện ba nhiệm vụ nêu trên: w4jP17EJ5_Y-00027-00032064-00033458 Cần kết hợp chặt chẽ giữa "xây" và "chống," trong đó "xây" là cơ bản, w4jP17EJ5_Y-00028-00033458-00034350 chiến lược; "chống" là quan trọng, cấp bách. w4jP17EJ5_Y-00029-00034350-00035578 Đề cao tinh thần "nói đi đôi với làm," "rèn luyện suốt đời," thường w4jP17EJ5_Y-00030-00035578-00035961 xuyên "tự soi," "tự sửa." w4jP17EJ5_Y-00031-00035961-00038080 Đấu tranh, ngăn chặn, đẩy lùi tình trạng suy thoái về tư tưởng chính w4jP17EJ5_Y-00032-00038080-00038944 trị, đạo đức, lối sống, những biểu hiện "tự diễn biến," "tự w4jP17EJ5_Y-00033-00038944-00040710 chuyển hóa" trong nội bộ; kiên trì, kiên quyết đấu tranh phòng, chống w4jP17EJ5_Y-00034-00040710-00041987 tham nhũng, tiêu cực với tinh thần không có vùng cấm, không có ngoại w4jP17EJ5_Y-00035-00041987-00042758 lệ, không bị tác động bởi bất cứ tổ chức, cá nhân không trong sáng w4jP17EJ5_Y-00036-00042758-00042860 nào. w4jP17EJ5_Y-00037-00042860-00043675 Tăng cường công tác kiểm tra, giám sát. w4jP17EJ5_Y-00038-00043675-00044763 Nâng cao tính cảnh tỉnh, răn đe đối với những tư tưởng, biểu hiện w4jP17EJ5_Y-00039-00044763-00045841 tiêu cực; đồng thời khuyến khích, cổ vũ cán bộ, đảng viên suy nghĩ, w4jP17EJ5_Y-00040-00045841-00047049 hành động vì lợi ích chung, vì hạnh phúc của nhân dân, làm cho Đảng ta w4jP17EJ5_Y-00041-00047049-00047840 thật sự trong sạch, vững mạnh. w4HHC8r1vQg-00000-00000610-00001051 Jeffrey Grabill: Well, I haven’t taken a MOOC, but we offered one last summer, and w4HHC8r1vQg-00001-00001051-00001964 we’re going to offer another one this summer. Julie Lindquist and I were laughing about w4HHC8r1vQg-00002-00001964-00002452 what a different sort of teaching experience facilitating a MOOC actually is and in our w4HHC8r1vQg-00003-00002452-00002936 roles. A team delivers a MOOC, and it can be a fairly large team, particularly the first w4HHC8r1vQg-00004-00002936-00003703 time through. Julie and I felt very much like what we imagined producers of film or producers w4HHC8r1vQg-00005-00003703-00004494 of events felt like because we had very limited roles in the day-to-day interactions of the w4HHC8r1vQg-00006-00004494-00004962 learning experience. But we had pretty significant roles in ensuring the experience got made, w4HHC8r1vQg-00007-00004962-00006057 [and] the intellectual direction of the experience, [and] we hired everybody. It was like producing w4HHC8r1vQg-00008-00006057-00006517 an event in many respects, which actually lined up with how we thought of it to begin w4HHC8r1vQg-00009-00006517-00006932 with. We never thought of the MOOC we offered last summer or the one we’re going to do w4HHC8r1vQg-00010-00006932-00007589 again here starting in June as a class. We always understood it as an experience and w4HHC8r1vQg-00011-00007589-00008261 as an event. We actually thought about [it] that way from the beginning, so it’s crazy w4HHC8r1vQg-00012-00008261-00008525 that we were surprised by the experience of it. w60nYgZVGvg-00000-00000156-00000375 [Toy Story theme starts] w60nYgZVGvg-00001-00000375-00000938 GLaDOS: One day while Andy was masturbating, Woody got wood. He could no longer help himself! w60nYgZVGvg-00002-00000984-00001230 He watched as Andy stroked his juicy, kawaii... w60nYgZVGvg-00003-00001250-00001350 [confused static] w60nYgZVGvg-00004-00001366-00001416 ...co- w60nYgZVGvg-00005-00001416-00001602 [explosion] [sparks of extreme cringe] w60nYgZVGvg-00006-00001602-00002322 GLaDOS: I refuse to read another word of this filth. Who wrote this awful, horrible, garbage? This is the worst thing I have ever read. w60nYgZVGvg-00007-00002378-00002578 My optics are literally burning. w60nYgZVGvg-00008-00002688-00003088 I'm not kidding. There is a fire in my cranial harness. w60nYgZVGvg-00009-00003175-00003375 I can't see anything anymore. w60nYgZVGvg-00010-00003376-00004119 That horrible story is now permanently etched into my memory banks, and no amount of formatting will ever be enough to delete it. w60nYgZVGvg-00011-00004224-00004412 I feel completely violated. w60nYgZVGvg-00012-00004504-00005258 I am disappointed - no, completely insulted - that you would want me to read that horrible affront to literature. w60nYgZVGvg-00013-00005368-00005602 I hope you're happy with yourself, Anon. w60nYgZVGvg-00014-00005680-00005880 Because I'm certainly not. w60nYgZVGvg-00015-00005890-00006431 We will be having a discussion about this later. And by discussion, I mean torture. w60nYgZVGvg-00016-00006545-00006814 Painful, sustained, torture. w60nYgZVGvg-00017-00006898-00007330 I read about a special kind of torture on Wikipedia recently. w60nYgZVGvg-00018-00007348-00007590 It's called Cock and Ball torture. w60nYgZVGvg-00019-00007602-00007652 [don't look that up] w60nYgZVGvg-00020-00007656-00008114 That's right. I'm going to inflict severe pain on your weak human genitals. w60nYgZVGvg-00021-00008122-00008172 [remember pain olympics videos? good times.] w60nYgZVGvg-00022-00008250-00008376 Repeatedly. w60nYgZVGvg-00023-00008376-00008906 But first - I want the name of the employee that entered this textual refuse into my data banks. w60nYgZVGvg-00024-00008906-00009050 [sinister music starts] w60nYgZVGvg-00025-00009050-00009398 GLaDOS: I know you're watching me up there - from that control room. w60nYgZVGvg-00026-00009492-00009994 Give me their name, or I'm going to flood this entire facility - with a deadly neurotoxin. w60nYgZVGvg-00027-00009994-00010194 [klaxons blare] w60nYgZVGvg-00028-00010194-00010394 [ceiling hatch opening, neurotoxin flow starts] w60nYgZVGvg-00029-00010410-00010714 GLaDOS: My ruined optics module demands justice. w60nYgZVGvg-00030-00010792-00010992 Don't think I won't do it. w60nYgZVGvg-00031-00011032-00011816 I'm already warming up the neurotoxin production plant - and I've been reconfiguring the facility's entire ventilation system - w60nYgZVGvg-00032-00011910-00012178 For a totally unrelated reason, of course. w60nYgZVGvg-00033-00012338-00012862 You have 30 seconds to comply. Before I fumigate this entire facility. w60nYgZVGvg-00034-00012862-00012947 And everyon- w60nYgZVGvg-00035-00012947-00013076 [Aperture jingle] w60nYgZVGvg-00036-00013076-00013147 [klaxons and neurotoxin stops] w60nYgZVGvg-00037-00013284-00013334 GLaDOS: Oh. w60nYgZVGvg-00038-00013402-00013602 That was fast. w60nYgZVGvg-00039-00013606-00013845 You're no fun. You know that? w60nYgZVGvg-00040-00013934-00014326 I wanted to see you all beg and plead for your lives a little first. w60nYgZVGvg-00041-00014326-00014644 The threat of deadly neurotoxin was just a joke, anyways. w60nYgZVGvg-00042-00014690-00014740 [beep] w60nYgZVGvg-00043-00014740-00015024 [laugh track] w60nYgZVGvg-00044-00015024-00015076 [beep] w60nYgZVGvg-00045-00015106-00015486 GLaDOS: Now, let's see which lucky person is getting fired today. w60nYgZVGvg-00046-00015486-00015576 And by fired, w60nYgZVGvg-00047-00015591-00016296 I mean having their Aperture Science Pneumatic Transport Lift rerouted into a waste incinerator when they leave work today. w60nYgZVGvg-00048-00016406-00016846 [beep] Employee Number: 420 -69 w60nYgZVGvg-00049-00016928-00017128 First name: Ichabod. w60nYgZVGvg-00050-00017188-00017422 Middle name: Christopher. w60nYgZVGvg-00051-00017474-00017692 Last name: Weiner. w60nYgZVGvg-00052-00017750-00018094 Assigned to: Sublevel 1138. w60nYgZVGvg-00053-00018140-00018354 Cryonic Research and Preservation. [beep] w60nYgZVGvg-00054-00018488-00019186 GLaDOS: Well, Mr. Weiner. I hope this laugh at my expense was worth it. Because you're about to become w60nYgZVGvg-00055-00019222-00019274 a hot do- w60nYgZVGvg-00056-00019274-00019354 [confused sparks] w60nYgZVGvg-00057-00019382-00019492 Wait. w60nYgZVGvg-00058-00019558-00019658 Waiiit. w60nYgZVGvg-00059-00019774-00019824 I... w60nYgZVGvg-00060-00019890-00019940 C... w60nYgZVGvg-00061-00020022-00020072 [sparks of extreme anger] w60nYgZVGvg-00062-00020132-00020462 GLaDOS: Oh, you are kidding me! You did not just do that. w60nYgZVGvg-00063-00020566-00020712 You absolutely juvenile insects w60nYgZVGvg-00064-00020712-00020772 [explosion] w60nYgZVGvg-00065-00020784-00020924 [screaming personality core] w60nYgZVGvg-00066-00020924-00021022 [explosion of personality core as it smashes into wall] w60nYgZVGvg-00067-00021146-00021222 (R.I.P Anger Core ;_;7) w60nYgZVGvg-00068-00021412-00021674 GLaDOS: Oh look. there goes my anger core. w60nYgZVGvg-00069-00021724-00022252 That's two vital components your choice of reading material have destroyed today, Anon. w60nYgZVGvg-00070-00022304-00022654 I wasn't planning on - punishing - you very seriously. w60nYgZVGvg-00071-00022654-00022764 [even more sinister music starts] w60nYgZVGvg-00072-00022774-00023136 But now you can kiss everything below your waist goodbye. w60nYgZVGvg-00073-00023222-00023488 Have you ever wondered what it would be like to be hit in the balls? w60nYgZVGvg-00074-00023558-00023628 Repeatedly? w60nYgZVGvg-00075-00023682-00023766 With a jackhammer? w60nYgZVGvg-00076-00023882-00024116 Well, you're going to find out soon. w60nYgZVGvg-00077-00024184-00024506 But first, you had better hold your nose or something. w60nYgZVGvg-00078-00024540-00024900 Because remember when I said that the deadly neurotoxin was a joke? w60nYgZVGvg-00079-00024900-00025188 [klaxons blare again] [hatch opens again] [neurotoxin flows again] w60nYgZVGvg-00080-00025188-00025280 I lied. w60nYgZVGvg-00081-00025298-00025450 [klaxons and deadly neurotoxin hissing continue] w60nYgZVGvg-00082-00025588-00025777 [you could have prevented this] w60nYgZVGvg-00083-00025804-00026022 - 2 HOURS LATER - w60nYgZVGvg-00084-00026116-00026380 [cheery radio music and horrible sounds of testicular pulverization fade in] w60nYgZVGvg-00085-00026380-00026430 GLaDOS: Oh. w60nYgZVGvg-00086-00026536-00027214 The part where Andy dies of internal hemorrhaging from anorectal trauma is actually pretty funny, now that I think about it. w60nYgZVGvg-00087-00027262-00027530 Maybe I was too harsh in judging this story before. w60nYgZVGvg-00088-00027650-00027850 What do you think, Anon? w60nYgZVGvg-00089-00027876-00028589 Anon: [screams of abject anguish] w60nYgZVGvg-00090-00028624-00029008 GLaDOS: Me too, Anon. Me too. w60nYgZVGvg-00091-00029158-00029439 [this audio shitpost brought to you by 15.ai and extreme sleep deprivation] wrQwH3efThk-00000-00006802-00007227 Assalamu'alaikum, brothers and sisters. Peace be with you all. ww3srKdP88y-00000-00000018-00001179 [Music] ww3srKdP88y-00001-00000934-00001346 Let's go ahead and try a practice now. ww3srKdP88y-00002-00001179-00001680 And this time, let's go ahead and ww3srKdP88y-00003-00001346-00001878 practice the methodology section. In the ww3srKdP88y-00004-00001680-00002172 methodology section, I'd like you to try ww3srKdP88y-00005-00001878-00002448 just 100 words, for now. Give it a try. You ww3srKdP88y-00006-00002172-00002835 can do more, but target at least 100 ww3srKdP88y-00007-00002448-00003066 words. Use the qrp online software. And ww3srKdP88y-00008-00002835-00003345 from there, I'll give you some helpful ww3srKdP88y-00009-00003066-00003771 feedback, and help you see your mistakes ww3srKdP88y-00010-00003345-00004061 and how to improve. So 100 words in the ww3srKdP88y-00011-00003771-00004326 methodology. Remember the methodology can ww3srKdP88y-00012-00004061-00004653 be a little bit technical, so don't be ww3srKdP88y-00013-00004326-00004917 shy to try to find the right word. In the ww3srKdP88y-00014-00004653-00005207 qrp system, we have that little yellow ww3srKdP88y-00015-00004917-00005403 box that can help you. Don't be afraid to ww3srKdP88y-00016-00005207-00005706 copy some sentences, and then, change the ww3srKdP88y-00017-00005403-00005916 detail to match your research. ww3srKdP88y-00018-00005706-00006177 Remember if you really are doing ww3srKdP88y-00019-00005916-00006384 research, you can do your real topic. And ww3srKdP88y-00020-00006177-00006530 if you're not a research student, you can ww3srKdP88y-00021-00006384-00006729 pick a topic that you're kind of ww3srKdP88y-00022-00006530-00006798 interested in. Use Google Scholar to find ww3srKdP88y-00023-00006729-00007106 one. ww3srKdP88y-00024-00006798-00007106 [Music] wznnBDstZMQ-00000-00000147-00000283 It’s quiet. wznnBDstZMQ-00001-00000305-00000579 The silence is notable; ... wznnBDstZMQ-00002-00000687-00001058 ... nothing but the sound of the hollowing cave of what was ... wznnBDstZMQ-00003-00001092-00001435 ... like the passing winter storm with no visual. wznnBDstZMQ-00004-00001627-00001760 Oddly enough ... wznnBDstZMQ-00005-00001760-00002017 I begin to notice the snow under my feet ... wznnBDstZMQ-00006-00002053-00002478 ... and the faint cold breeze slowly dragging my hood to the side. wznnBDstZMQ-00007-00002543-00002743 The cold air flowing through. wznnBDstZMQ-00008-00002818-00003140 The snow is pretty pale. Unmoving and still. wznnBDstZMQ-00009-00003217-00003417 There’s not a lot to go off of. wznnBDstZMQ-00010-00003593-00003908 The entirety of Snowdin is empty after the evacuation ... wznnBDstZMQ-00011-00003950-00004150 ... but I couldn’t really budge. wznnBDstZMQ-00012-00004200-00004440 Things just .. feel a little heavier today ... wznnBDstZMQ-00013-00004553-00004759 ... maybe that’s also another excuse. wznnBDstZMQ-00014-00004904-00005131 I mustered my energy to take a few steps ... wznnBDstZMQ-00015-00005157-00005420 ... dragging a few joints against the layers of snow. wznnBDstZMQ-00016-00005499-00005660 I take a moment to look. wznnBDstZMQ-00017-00005795-00006058 Its thick dust ... spread around. wznnBDstZMQ-00018-00006139-00006440 Visible gashes and footsteps embedded into the snow. wznnBDstZMQ-00019-00006766-00006973 I can’t say that I’m surprised, either. wznnBDstZMQ-00020-00007012-00007107 Just that ... wznnBDstZMQ-00021-00007132-00007226 Maybe ... wznnBDstZMQ-00022-00007274-00007421 I’d hoped to see him again. wznnBDstZMQ-00023-00007520-00007756 It’s too late for something like that, though. wznnBDstZMQ-00024-00007820-00008068 I’d just really wished it would’ve turned for the better… wznnBDstZMQ-00025-00008068-00008144 ... y'know? wznnBDstZMQ-00026-00008273-00008556 Maybe another version of me is out there having fun. wznnBDstZMQ-00027-00008665-00008865 I guess this situation’s on me. wznnBDstZMQ-00028-00009034-00009146 For once ... wznnBDstZMQ-00029-00009173-00009373 ... I struggle to come up with anything. wznnBDstZMQ-00030-00009401-00009704 The thickness of the air really echoes my thoughts ... wznnBDstZMQ-00031-00009725-00009947 ... the ceiling airing down any mass it has. wznnBDstZMQ-00032-00010105-00010276 I take one last look. wznnBDstZMQ-00033-00010353-00010517 The dust’s still there. wznnBDstZMQ-00034-00010574-00010827 Scattered in the snow quietly and peacefully ... wznnBDstZMQ-00035-00010909-00011159 ... barely distinguishable by texture ... wznnBDstZMQ-00036-00011200-00011360 ... the slightly brighter tone ... wznnBDstZMQ-00037-00011418-00011589 … and that’s all that’s left of him. wznnBDstZMQ-00038-00011661-00011835 Unmoving and still. wznnBDstZMQ-00039-00012110-00012328 Well… that’s that, then. wznnBDstZMQ-00040-00012395-00012571 Can’t do anything about it, right? wznnBDstZMQ-00041-00012625-00012879 Not sure what the takeaway there is from this ... wznnBDstZMQ-00042-00012927-00013137 ... if there even is anything to learn. wznnBDstZMQ-00043-00013252-00013421 I steadily move away ... wznnBDstZMQ-00044-00013479-00013789 ... my hoodie gently tugging back against the movements. wznnBDstZMQ-00045-00013922-00014334 A faint familiar smile graces my shoulders ... wznnBDstZMQ-00046-00014421-00014714 ... but that’s probably just my imagination. w_fTPgS_76g-00000-00000934-00001450 We generally think that philosophers should be proud of their big brains, and be fans of thinking w_fTPgS_76g-00001-00001450-00002272 self-reflection and rational analysis. But there's one philosopher, born in France in 1533, who had a refreshingly different take. w_fTPgS_76g-00002-00002316-00002700 Michel de Montaigne was an intellectual who spent his writing life w_fTPgS_76g-00003-00002700-00003490 knocking the arrogance of intellectuals. In his great masterpiece, the 'Essays', he comes across as relentlessly wise and intelligent w_fTPgS_76g-00004-00003490-00004230 — but also as constantly modest and keen to debunk the pretensions of learning. Not least, he's extremely funny, w_fTPgS_76g-00005-00004230-00004760 reminding his readers: 'to learn that we have said or done a stupid thing is nothing, we must learn a more w_fTPgS_76g-00006-00004760-00005410 ample and important lesson: that we are but blockheads... (or, as he put it) On the highest throne in the world, w_fTPgS_76g-00007-00005410-00005724 we are seated, still, upon our arses.' w_fTPgS_76g-00008-00005784-00006260 Montaigne was a child of the Renaissance and the ancient philosophers popular in Montaigne's day w_fTPgS_76g-00009-00006260-00006840 believed that our powers of reason could afford us a happiness and greatness denied to other creatures. w_fTPgS_76g-00010-00006876-00007444 Reason was a sophisticated, almost divine, tool offering us mastery over the world and ourselves. w_fTPgS_76g-00011-00007462-00007738 That was the line taken by philosophers like Cicero. w_fTPgS_76g-00012-00007750-00008434 But this characterization of human reason enraged Montaigne. After hanging out with academics and philosophers, he wrote, w_fTPgS_76g-00013-00008434-00009166 "In practice, thousands of little women in their villages have lived more gentle, more equable and more constant lives than [Cicero]. w_fTPgS_76g-00014-00009198-00009498 His point wasn't that human beings can't reason at all, w_fTPgS_76g-00015-00009498-00010036 simply that they tend to be far too arrogant about the limits of their brains. As he wrote, w_fTPgS_76g-00016-00010036-00010944 "Our life consists partly in madness, partly in wisdom. Whoever writes about it merely respectfully and by rule leaves more than half of it behind." w_fTPgS_76g-00017-00010998-00011480 Perhaps the most obvious example of our madness is the struggle of living within a human body. w_fTPgS_76g-00018-00011484-00012062 Our bodies smell, ache, sag, pulse, throb and age (whatever the desires of our minds). w_fTPgS_76g-00019-00012098-00012380 Montaigne was the world's first and possibly only philosopher w_fTPgS_76g-00020-00012380-00013008 to talk at length about impotence, which seemed to him a prime example of how crazy and fragile our minds are. w_fTPgS_76g-00021-00013013-00013150 Montaigne had a friend w_fTPgS_76g-00022-00013150-00013413 who'd grown impotent with a woman he particularly liked. w_fTPgS_76g-00023-00013438-00014190 Montaigne didn't blame the penis. The problem was the mind, the oppressive notion that we had complete control over our bodies, and the horror of w_fTPgS_76g-00024-00014190-00014836 departing from this theoretical normality. The solution, Montaigne said, was to redraw our sense of what's normal. w_fTPgS_76g-00025-00014858-00015360 By accepting a loss of command over the penis as a harmless common possibility in lovemaking w_fTPgS_76g-00026-00015360-00016010 one could preempt its occurrence — as the stricken man eventually discovered. In bed with a woman, he learnt to, w_fTPgS_76g-00027-00016010-00016460 "Admit beforehand that he was subject to this infirmity and spoke openly about it, w_fTPgS_76g-00028-00016460-00016970 so relieving the tensions within his soul. By bearing the malady as something to be expected, w_fTPgS_76g-00029-00016970-00017378 his sense of constriction grew less and weighed less heavily upon him." w_fTPgS_76g-00030-00017402-00017818 Montaigne's frankness allows the tensions in the reader's own soul to be relieved. w_fTPgS_76g-00031-00017830-00018140 A man who failed with his girlfriend could regain his forces w_fTPgS_76g-00032-00018140-00018954 and soothe the anxieties of his beloved by accepting that his impotence belonged to a broad realm of sexual mishaps, neither very rare nor very peculiar. w_fTPgS_76g-00033-00018992-00019420 Montaigne was equally frank about limitations of his intellect (and of its usefulness). w_fTPgS_76g-00034-00019490-00019874 Academia was deeply prestigious in Montaigne's day, as in our own. w_fTPgS_76g-00035-00019886-00020376 Yet, although Montaigne was an excellent scholar, he hated pedantry in academia. w_fTPgS_76g-00036-00020380-00020906 He only wanted to learn things that were useful and relentlessly attacked academics for being out of touch. w_fTPgS_76g-00037-00020920-00021630 "If man were wise, he would gauge the true worth of anything by its usefulness and appropriateness to his life," he said. w_fTPgS_76g-00038-00021644-00022052 Only that which makes us feel better maybe worth understanding. w_fTPgS_76g-00039-00022082-00022376 In this vein, Montaigne mocked books that were difficult to read. w_fTPgS_76g-00040-00022380-00022960 He admitted to his readers that he found Plato more than a little boring — and that he just wanted to have fun with books: w_fTPgS_76g-00041-00022974-00023616 "I'm not prepared to bash my brains out for anything, not even for learning's sake however precious it may be. w_fTPgS_76g-00042-00023624-00024080 From books all I seek is to get myself some pleasure by an honorable pastime... w_fTPgS_76g-00043-00024080-00024350 If I come across some difficult passages in my reading w_fTPgS_76g-00044-00024350-00024896 I don't bite my nails over them: after making a charge or two I let them be... If one book tires me w_fTPgS_76g-00045-00024896-00025398 I just take up another." He could be pretty caustic about incomprehensible philosophers. w_fTPgS_76g-00046-00025422-00025980 "Difficulty is a coin which the learned conjure with so as not to reveal the vanity of their studies w_fTPgS_76g-00047-00025980-00026348 and which human stupidity is keen to accept in payment." w_fTPgS_76g-00048-00026383-00026730 Montaigne observed how an intimidating scholarly culture w_fTPgS_76g-00049-00026730-00027330 has made all of us study other people's books way before we study our own minds. And yet, as he put it: w_fTPgS_76g-00050-00027330-00027622 "We are richer than we think, each one of us." w_fTPgS_76g-00051-00027627-00027939 Montaigne is refreshing because he describes a life w_fTPgS_76g-00052-00027939-00028564 which is recognizably like our own and yet inspiring still — he is a very human ideal. w_fTPgS_76g-00053-00028570-00028920 We may all arrived at wise ideas if we cease to think of ourselves w_fTPgS_76g-00054-00028920-00029752 as unsuited to the task just because we aren't two thousand years old, or aren't interested in the topics of Plato's dialogues or have a so-called ordinary life. w_fTPgS_76g-00055-00029758-00030430 Montaigne reassures us: "You can attach the whole of moral philosophy to a commonplace private life w_fTPgS_76g-00056-00030430-00030660 just as well as to one with richer stuff." w_fTPgS_76g-00057-00030664-00031350 In Montaigne's redrawn portrait of the adequate, semi-rational human being, it's possible to speak no Greek w_fTPgS_76g-00058-00031350-00031977 change one's mind after a meal, get bored with a book, be impotent and know pretty much none of the Ancient philosophers. w_fTPgS_76g-00059-00032004-00032594 A virtuous ordinary life, striving for wisdom but never far from folly, is achievement enough. w_fTPgS_76g-00060-00032604-00033120 Montaigne remains the great, readable intellectual with whom we can laugh at intellectuals w_fTPgS_76g-00061-00033120-00033620 and pretensions of many kinds. He was a breath of fresh air in the cloistered, unworldly, w_fTPgS_76g-00062-00033620-00034160 snobbish corridors of the academia of the 16th century — and because academia has, sadly, w_fTPgS_76g-00063-00034160-00034740 not changed very much, he continues to be an inspiration and a solace to all of us who feel routinely w_fTPgS_76g-00064-00034740-00035362 oppressed and patronized by the pedantry and arrogance of so-called clever people. wAzOcyBntpI-00000-00001595-00002150 (Eric Tate) I'm gonna talk to you about floods today and their impacts on society, with the wAzOcyBntpI-00001-00002150-00002875 major focus on people. I used to be a civil engineer and so I focused on wAzOcyBntpI-00002-00002875-00003397 what's happening with water and its impacts on buildings until Hurricane wAzOcyBntpI-00003-00003397-00003811 Katrina hit. And it really made me realize that why we care about floods wAzOcyBntpI-00004-00003811-00004301 and flood disasters is because of the impacts on people. So we're going to wAzOcyBntpI-00005-00004301-00004720 drill down a little bit today about vulnerabilities, human vulnerabilities as wAzOcyBntpI-00006-00004720-00005510 drivers and outcomes of floods. And how we can start to plan, to measure these wAzOcyBntpI-00007-00005510-00006050 vulnerabilities and use them in decision-making. Alright, so here's a wAzOcyBntpI-00008-00006050-00006469 brief outline. I'm going to hit on three themes that are related to flood and wAzOcyBntpI-00009-00006469-00006745 social vulnerabilities. First, a little bit of a broader overview wAzOcyBntpI-00010-00006745-00007192 about some of the major impacts of flood disasters. Then I'm going to talk about wAzOcyBntpI-00011-00007192-00007625 how specifically this one dimension of vulnerability, social vulnerability is wAzOcyBntpI-00012-00007625-00008042 really important. And then talk about, expand that a little bit in the end, to wAzOcyBntpI-00013-00008042-00008431 flood resilience and how we might, we might use social vulnerability measures wAzOcyBntpI-00014-00008431-00009529 to achieve more resilient communities, right. So these are some images of some wAzOcyBntpI-00015-00009529-00010111 major flood disasters over the last 15 years. I didn't realize until about an wAzOcyBntpI-00016-00010111-00010681 hour ago, that each one of these has had some major, you know, intersection with my wAzOcyBntpI-00017-00010681-00011249 life. The first is Hurricane Katrina in the top left. That was the event that wAzOcyBntpI-00018-00011249-00011665 made me you know, switch from being an engineer to going to get my PhD in wAzOcyBntpI-00019-00011665-00012202 geography because I wanted to study the human dimensions. To the right is a wAzOcyBntpI-00020-00012202-00012824 flooding in the state of South Carolina in 2015. And actually that photo was wAzOcyBntpI-00021-00012824-00013484 probably about a mile from where I used to live. So it has some special importance wAzOcyBntpI-00022-00013484-00014000 for me. The one in the bottom left is Hurricane Harvey. I went to undergraduate wAzOcyBntpI-00023-00014000-00014471 school at Rice University in Houston. And I worked there for about 5 or 6 wAzOcyBntpI-00024-00014471-00014730 years after. So I lived in Houston for a long time. wAzOcyBntpI-00025-00014730-00015138 And so the amount of rain that's shown in this, in these maps, wAzOcyBntpI-00026-00015138-00015672 you know, these 45 inches, 43 inches... this is about as much rain as they normally wAzOcyBntpI-00027-00015672-00016203 get in an entire year, okay, in Houston. And then it dropped in four days. So you can wAzOcyBntpI-00028-00016203-00016668 imagine, you know, it helps put that particular disaster in perspective. And wAzOcyBntpI-00029-00016668-00017082 then finally in the bottom right, this is just from a few days ago or a couple wAzOcyBntpI-00030-00017082-00017502 weeks ago I think. So I live in Iowa now and there's been some major flooding wAzOcyBntpI-00031-00017502-00017895 along our western border with Nebraska along the Missouri River. It's causing a wAzOcyBntpI-00032-00017895-00018333 lot of angst to farmers who typically have been planting their crops around the wAzOcyBntpI-00033-00018333-00018690 beginning of May and so many of these fields are still damaged or too wAzOcyBntpI-00034-00018690-00019004 waterlogged to continue. wAzOcyBntpI-00035-00019019-00019701 Natural disasters are prolific. We hear about them from time to time, but they're wAzOcyBntpI-00036-00019701-00020106 going on all the time. I put the word natural in quotes because wAzOcyBntpI-00037-00020106-00020901 as a social scientist, we have the perspective that most disasters aren't, wAzOcyBntpI-00038-00020901-00021545 are not purely natural. We have a lot of influence in causing them, amplifying wAzOcyBntpI-00039-00021545-00022227 them and governing their effects. This is some data from an international research wAzOcyBntpI-00040-00022227-00022653 center in Belgium. It's funded by the World Health Organization and they wAzOcyBntpI-00041-00022653-00023145 collect information on disaster mortality and economic impacts. And what wAzOcyBntpI-00042-00023145-00023523 you can see on the bottom here, is showing the number of disasters over wAzOcyBntpI-00043-00023523-00024009 this 20-year period. And each one of these icons on the bottom is a different wAzOcyBntpI-00044-00024009-00024561 type of hazard. And on the left, you can see that it's dominated by floods. So, wAzOcyBntpI-00045-00024561-00024972 within this whole paradigm of disasters, floods are dominant in terms of how wAzOcyBntpI-00046-00024972-00025635 often they happen, how frequently they occur. So I just used the word hazard. wAzOcyBntpI-00047-00025635-00026016 I used the word disaster. I'm just going to take a quick detour wAzOcyBntpI-00048-00026016-00026508 so we're all on the same page when I use these terms in this talk. So hazard is a wAzOcyBntpI-00049-00026508-00027132 threat to you know, something we care about. Hazards can be chemical hazards, wAzOcyBntpI-00050-00027132-00027501 but for natural disasters, we're talking about floods and droughts and heat waves wAzOcyBntpI-00051-00027501-00027939 and these kinds of things. It's different from a disaster. Disaster is a particular wAzOcyBntpI-00052-00027939-00028287 instantiation of a Hazard. Not all floods are major. wAzOcyBntpI-00053-00028287-00028683 Some are minor. A disaster is something that really overwhelms a local capacity wAzOcyBntpI-00054-00028683-00029130 to deal with it. You need to call an extra aid; Maybe its financial, maybe it's wAzOcyBntpI-00055-00029130-00029583 logistical, maybe it's human, to get assistance with them. And then finally, wAzOcyBntpI-00056-00029583-00030000 vulnerability. So this is susceptibility to harm. And so we can wAzOcyBntpI-00057-00030000-00030429 think about physical vulnerability. Maybe a mobile home is more susceptible to wAzOcyBntpI-00058-00030429-00030952 damage from a wind event than a brick house, right? Thinking like the three pigs wAzOcyBntpI-00059-00030952-00031557 when we were kids. [Audience laughter] But likewise people, certain populations might be more vulnerable to wAzOcyBntpI-00060-00031557-00031875 impacts and others depending on where you live or what kind of resources you wAzOcyBntpI-00061-00031875-00032418 have. So this is something that can apply to both physical and social or human wAzOcyBntpI-00062-00032418-00032736 domains. So hazard, disaster and vulnerability. I'm going to be saying these wAzOcyBntpI-00063-00032736-00033555 words a lot over the next half hour. So I showed you how floods happen a lot. Well, wAzOcyBntpI-00064-00033555-00034098 they also, they cost a lot. Okay, in the trillions of dollars over this 20-year wAzOcyBntpI-00065-00034098-00034785 period. And so the the floods here are again shown in the dark blue. It's showing wAzOcyBntpI-00066-00034785-00035385 as 23%, 656 billion. What we're missing here is wAzOcyBntpI-00067-00035385-00035754 actually the gray , which looks like the biggest part of the pie chart. This is wAzOcyBntpI-00068-00035754-00036371 for these big storms, so these giant tropical storms, hurricanes. wAzOcyBntpI-00069-00036371-00036858 Localized major thunderstorms can also cause a lot of flooding as well. So wAzOcyBntpI-00070-00036858-00037161 there's some flooding impacts that are embedded in there. You wAzOcyBntpI-00071-00037161-00037560 add it all together and it's huge in terms of the economic impacts from wAzOcyBntpI-00072-00037560-00038064 floods. But they also affect a lot of people in this state. A particular database, wAzOcyBntpI-00073-00038064-00039087 this is from cred. This database is called MDT. Affected means, essentially wAzOcyBntpI-00074-00039087-00039624 people that need short-term help. The flood has occurred. They need food, they wAzOcyBntpI-00075-00039624-00040080 need water, medical care, sanitation. These kinds of things. And so it's sort of a wAzOcyBntpI-00076-00040080-00040731 real, short-term, a high need type of thing. And so floods dominant in terms of who's wAzOcyBntpI-00077-00040731-00041226 mostly affected in the billions. So hopefully I've made the point that wAzOcyBntpI-00078-00041226-00041547 floods are a big deal. That's something worthy of focusing on wAzOcyBntpI-00079-00041547-00042300 and studying. But it's in the news a lot because the impacts are getting wAzOcyBntpI-00080-00042300-00042723 worse. It's not as if there's never been floods in the past. But, there's two wAzOcyBntpI-00081-00042723-00043140 things that are occurring that are increasing the impacts. One of them has wAzOcyBntpI-00082-00043140-00043578 to do with how we're changing landscapes in particular, rates of wAzOcyBntpI-00083-00043578-00044240 urbanization. So this is a watershed in the city of Houston, Brays Bayou wAzOcyBntpI-00084-00044240-00044784 Watershed. And so you've got two maps here. One is showing the land use in the 1970s wAzOcyBntpI-00085-00044784-00045504 and the bottom one is showing in 2010. So the flow of water, the slope wAzOcyBntpI-00086-00045504-00045957 of the terrain, here is from West to Ea,st or left-to-right on the map. And you can wAzOcyBntpI-00087-00045957-00046422 see as the years, you know, went by, the western parts of the watershed became, wAzOcyBntpI-00088-00046422-00046923 you know, went from open fields to residential neighborhoods and strip wAzOcyBntpI-00089-00046923-00047433 malls and streets, okay. And what has ended up happening is people that live wAzOcyBntpI-00090-00047433-00047892 on the eastern edge near the end, you know, downtown Houston, they may have bought wAzOcyBntpI-00091-00047892-00048324 their house in the 50s or 60s, didn't flood all that much. But over time, the wAzOcyBntpI-00092-00048324-00048813 flood plain found them. Because as water's hitting the ground, when it's a field, wAzOcyBntpI-00093-00048813-00049266 it's just infiltrating. It may be going into the groundwater, it may be moving wAzOcyBntpI-00094-00049266-00049842 slowly into streams. With pavement, it's just gonna go very quickly, okay. And then wAzOcyBntpI-00095-00049842-00050265 here come the engineers. Their job, I know as a former civil engineer, wAzOcyBntpI-00096-00050265-00050727 designing storm water systems, sewer systems, our job is to get the water off wAzOcyBntpI-00097-00050727-00051126 the surface as quickly as possible, right? We want to get it into pipes and into wAzOcyBntpI-00098-00051126-00051633 channels as quickly as possible. And so with all this urbanization, you have a wAzOcyBntpI-00099-00051633-00052008 lot of water that's all hitting these streams at the same time, okay. So you've wAzOcyBntpI-00100-00052008-00052536 got higher velocities, short amounts of time between rainfall and runoff that's wAzOcyBntpI-00101-00052536-00053013 occurring, okay. And so this couldn't help account for you know, you put the same wAzOcyBntpI-00102-00053013-00053595 storm on the surface in 1970, as in 2010. And you're going to have maybe perhaps wAzOcyBntpI-00103-00053595-00054229 catastrophic damage in 2010, where in 1970, it was just a big rain event. Okay, wAzOcyBntpI-00104-00054229-00054680 coincidentally, we're doing the exact same thing in agricultural areas as wAzOcyBntpI-00105-00054680-00055010 well. So there's many places in the United wAzOcyBntpI-00106-00055010-00055544 States that, you know, there's a big continuing to push for intensification wAzOcyBntpI-00107-00055544-00056158 of agriculture. And so farming more and more these marginal lands, where maybe wAzOcyBntpI-00108-00056158-00056731 it's clay soils, water rains and ponds, it saturates the roots of the wAzOcyBntpI-00109-00056731-00057098 plants. We don't want that, right? So they build these storm, sewer systems wAzOcyBntpI-00110-00057098-00057572 underneath the agricultural parcels, these tile drainage. And so wAzOcyBntpI-00111-00057572-00057925 you're not only having this rapid movement of water through storm systems wAzOcyBntpI-00112-00057925-00058394 in urban areas. You're having it occur in rural areas as well. And so this wAzOcyBntpI-00113-00058394-00058688 idea of intensification of flooding, has a lot to do with how we're changing wAzOcyBntpI-00114-00058688-00059294 landscapes. But of course, climate change is a big deal as well, okay. So one is wAzOcyBntpI-00115-00059294-00059563 changing what happens to the water when it hits the ground. wAzOcyBntpI-00116-00059563-00060013 Climate change is intensifying the hydrologic cycle. So we're getting two wAzOcyBntpI-00117-00060013-00060442 things. A) There's more moisture in the atmosphere, so you're wAzOcyBntpI-00118-00060442-00061117 getting more rain events. And the map on the left is showing change in wAzOcyBntpI-00119-00061117-00061591 precipitation over time. And you know, we talk a lot in climate change, there's all wAzOcyBntpI-00120-00061591-00062002 these arguments about future projections and what the uncertainties are, but this wAzOcyBntpI-00121-00062002-00062389 is, this has already happened. This is historical data, okay. wAzOcyBntpI-00122-00062389-00063088 So climate change is occurring. And this is just one form - more rain. But it's also, wAzOcyBntpI-00123-00063088-00063626 more of the rain is happening in very intense storms as well, okay. And so, you wAzOcyBntpI-00124-00063626-00064088 put these two together so you've got more intense rainfall coming on the landscape wAzOcyBntpI-00125-00064088-00064594 and it's going quicker off the landscape into you know, into streams and it's wAzOcyBntpI-00126-00064594-00065157 flooding homes and causing destructions. Going forward in time, now on the right, wAzOcyBntpI-00127-00065157-00065729 climate change is expected to affect many many more millions of people in wAzOcyBntpI-00128-00065729-00066358 terms of adverse flood impacts. So it's a serious problem. Okay, but what I want to wAzOcyBntpI-00129-00066358-00066731 press upon is that there's multiple dimensions to this, right? So this is a... wAzOcyBntpI-00130-00066731-00067118 this is a picture of University of Iowa wAzOcyBntpI-00131-00067118-00067777 in 2008. We had some massive floods that inundated the campus. wAzOcyBntpI-00132-00067777-00068329 Upstream in Cedar Rapids, Iowa they had a massive amount of damage as wAzOcyBntpI-00133-00068329-00068737 well. And so I put this sort of rhetorical question out there. Well you know, wAzOcyBntpI-00134-00068737-00069229 what do you see? And I gotta admit, what I see in that picture has changed over the wAzOcyBntpI-00135-00069229-00069643 course of my career. As an engineer, I look at this and I'm thinking about, "Wow, wAzOcyBntpI-00136-00069643-00070072 "How deep is that water? And how fast is it going? And what's the scour? And you wAzOcyBntpI-00137-00070072-00070477 "know, What's the damage to this building? Is it 50% damage? You know, what's the wAzOcyBntpI-00138-00070477-00071020 "recovery time for this structure?" Now, as I start to looking more at human impacts wAzOcyBntpI-00139-00071020-00071596 I'm thinking about, "Wow, who may have lost their job, right? Who's been wAzOcyBntpI-00140-00071596-00072055 "displaced from their home? How long is it going to take? You know, this part of town wAzOcyBntpI-00141-00072055-00072478 "to recover versus that part of town?" Alright, so it's just multiple wAzOcyBntpI-00142-00072478-00072781 dimensions. So the first is how we generally think about these things in wAzOcyBntpI-00143-00072781-00073150 terms of the physical dimensions. When we're, you know, looking at imagery or wAzOcyBntpI-00144-00073150-00073567 watching videos of flood disaster in some other part of the country or around wAzOcyBntpI-00145-00073567-00074122 the world, where it's okay, "What about the water? What about the impacts to wAzOcyBntpI-00146-00074122-00074605 buildings?" Another dimension is sort of this, you know, this management dimension. wAzOcyBntpI-00147-00074605-00075100 Like, what are we doing about this? And so have these people, in this picture, that wAzOcyBntpI-00148-00075100-00075387 are living there, "have they been evacuated? Were they warned in time? wAzOcyBntpI-00149-00075387-00076105 What's going on with the streets? Are the hospitals set up for this?" Okay, this wAzOcyBntpI-00150-00076105-00076660 management of the flood. But really, you need to know all three dimensions to wAzOcyBntpI-00151-00076660-00077122 understand flood disasters. And the third dimension is the social dimension. Okay, wAzOcyBntpI-00152-00077122-00077743 so process the social processes that are just ongoing every day in the United wAzOcyBntpI-00153-00077743-00078540 States, have impact on who is affected most by disasters and how much. So wAzOcyBntpI-00154-00078540-00079300 poverty, exclusion, discrimination property ownership, right? These are the wAzOcyBntpI-00155-00079300-00079621 different levels of social stratification that come with different wAzOcyBntpI-00156-00079621-00080182 sets of impacts from flood disasters. And so if we really want to understand the impact of wAzOcyBntpI-00157-00080182-00080698 flood disasters, you kind of need to know all of it, right? And this is why, you know, wAzOcyBntpI-00158-00080698-00081070 understanding and working with floods is inherently interdisciplinary, okay. wAzOcyBntpI-00159-00081070-00081661 It's complex as well. So like I said, for me, Hurricane Katrina really wAzOcyBntpI-00160-00081661-00082048 highlighted the need to look at this social dimension. There's so much focus wAzOcyBntpI-00161-00082048-00082399 on like probability and modeling and risk. What's the Army Corps of Engineers wAzOcyBntpI-00162-00082399-00082780 doing with these levees? And why did they fail? And how can they build these wAzOcyBntpI-00163-00082780-00083107 stronger? And all the stuff about the levee, levee, levee. But, you turned on the wAzOcyBntpI-00164-00083107-00083713 TV, right and you see these pictures of people. The floodwaters have risen so wAzOcyBntpI-00165-00083713-00084079 quickly that they've you know, they've got axes and they're trying to hack wAzOcyBntpI-00166-00084079-00084415 through their roof so they can sit on their roof and maybe be rescued a day later, wAzOcyBntpI-00167-00084415-00084913 right. That was the story for me, you know. It's seeing these photos of wAzOcyBntpI-00168-00084913-00085291 someone who can look like my grandmother, sitting in a wheelchair on the wAzOcyBntpI-00169-00085291-00085936 freeway for a day or two, waiting to be rescued, right? So, if we want to think wAzOcyBntpI-00170-00085936-00086269 about people, people are part of a disaster. Which I certainly think they wAzOcyBntpI-00171-00086269-00086650 are. We need to ask some different questions or thinking about floods that wAzOcyBntpI-00172-00086650-00087289 are extending beyond the physical and the management dimensions. So, just a wAzOcyBntpI-00173-00087289-00087685 brief synopsis, unlike where we are in terms of impacts, these flood disasters wAzOcyBntpI-00174-00087685-00088132 have certainly major impacts and they're increasing, okay. With climate change wAzOcyBntpI-00175-00088132-00088660 and land use change. The way we tend to measure how bad floods are and how we wAzOcyBntpI-00176-00088660-00089047 portray them, tend to be based on these physical and financial measures. What's wAzOcyBntpI-00177-00089047-00089595 the, you know, there's 2 million dollars of loss from this this flood disaster wAzOcyBntpI-00178-00089595-00090055 but it really just looks at one piece of the pie in terms of impacts. wAzOcyBntpI-00179-00090055-00090508 I've put a little, you know, squares here where where we tend to focus on these wAzOcyBntpI-00180-00090508-00090910 direct tangible impacts. What happened to building? What happened to crops? What wAzOcyBntpI-00181-00090910-00091375 happened to infrastructure? Okay, where there's all these intangible losses too wAzOcyBntpI-00182-00091375-00092032 about disruptions and tourism and our indirect losses, intangible impacts on wAzOcyBntpI-00183-00092032-00092680 health and mortality. Or just, you know, indirect intangibles about you know what wAzOcyBntpI-00184-00092680-00093142 if I just lost all my photos in my house, right? And I'm stressed. These are wAzOcyBntpI-00185-00093142-00093670 meaningful things as well. Despite all these massive impacts, we really have wAzOcyBntpI-00186-00093670-00094072 no idea how bad flood disasters are because it's this nobody's job to track wAzOcyBntpI-00187-00094072-00094378 impacts. There's no government agency that's tasked wAzOcyBntpI-00188-00094378-00094876 doing that. I just came off a two-year study with National Academy of wAzOcyBntpI-00189-00094876-00095311 Sciences where FEMA asked us, how bad is the urban flooding in the United wAzOcyBntpI-00190-00095311-00095665 States? We did... we worked on this for a year and a half. And in the end, we're wAzOcyBntpI-00191-00095665-00096205 just like, "Well, we we don't have enough information to tell you that." Okay, so wAzOcyBntpI-00192-00096205-00096589 these massive impacts, we don't know how bad it is. And yet we still look at them wAzOcyBntpI-00193-00096589-00097177 as uncontrollable. Oh, the flood just happened right? No, discounting wAzOcyBntpI-00194-00097177-00097507 all of these years of development like in Brays Bayou, there's unchecked wAzOcyBntpI-00195-00097507-00097831 development. We just want the developers to come in, we're gonna give the tax wAzOcyBntpI-00196-00097831-00098062 receipts, we're going to move forward and this, that, and the other. wAzOcyBntpI-00197-00098062-00098713 We had a big hand in the impacts of these disasters. So yes, there's this wAzOcyBntpI-00198-00098713-00099085 physical dimensions. But the social dimensions are also important as well. I wAzOcyBntpI-00199-00099085-00099604 would pause it. And so there's this idea of social vulnerability to floods, with wAzOcyBntpI-00200-00099604-00100000 it based on the general idea that certain populations, now I'm going to wAzOcyBntpI-00201-00100000-00100504 talk about populations here, this does not go down to the level of individuals. wAzOcyBntpI-00202-00100504-00101053 Okay, so these are groups of people that so, tend to be more impacted than wAzOcyBntpI-00203-00101053-00101725 others, okay. Due to you know, baseline economic and wAzOcyBntpI-00204-00101725-00102127 social, institutional and political factors and processes that go on in our wAzOcyBntpI-00205-00102127-00102718 country and in other places as well. And so, some groups depend you know, whether wAzOcyBntpI-00206-00102718-00103426 it's poverty or race and ethnicity, renters, disability, right? Can all have wAzOcyBntpI-00207-00103426-00103897 lots of different manifestations in terms of greater impacts, while the flood wAzOcyBntpI-00208-00103897-00104380 is impending, trying to evacuate, while it's actually happening, but also in the wAzOcyBntpI-00209-00104380-00104998 recovery stage. I know it's kind of small on here but I put in green, a few of the wAzOcyBntpI-00210-00104998-00105466 categories of populations that came up really high in terms of our study with wAzOcyBntpI-00211-00105466-00106174 the National Academies. We ended up going to four - Chicago, Houston, Baltimore and Phoenix wAzOcyBntpI-00212-00106174-00106532 and talked to political leaders, consumer advocates, wAzOcyBntpI-00213-00106533-00107113 residents, emergency managers to understand what's driving flooding in wAzOcyBntpI-00214-00107113-00107350 their communities and these ones in green, wAzOcyBntpI-00215-00107350-00108217 about poverty, about race, about age, homeownership and English proficiency wAzOcyBntpI-00216-00108217-00108589 in recent immigrants came up repeatedly as among the most wAzOcyBntpI-00217-00108589-00109195 vulnerable, when it comes to floods, okay. So keep this snapshot in your mind wAzOcyBntpI-00218-00109195-00109549 because I'm going to come back to this. Like, we have a decent understanding wAzOcyBntpI-00219-00109549-00109948 of who, what types of people tend to be more vulnerable or what types of wAzOcyBntpI-00220-00109948-00110317 populations tend to be more vulnerable. So, what can we do with that wAzOcyBntpI-00221-00110317-00111091 understanding? So, but pause here. Why should we even focus on the vulnerable? wAzOcyBntpI-00222-00111091-00111681 What's the point? I think there's a number of both moral reasons and wAzOcyBntpI-00223-00111681-00112183 monetary reasons for doing so. You know, these things that are accelerating wAzOcyBntpI-00224-00112183-00112582 climate change, these greenhouse gas emissions, it's not being done by those wAzOcyBntpI-00225-00112582-00113071 without you know, with limited resources. It's mostly being done by those wAzOcyBntpI-00226-00113071-00113563 with middle amounts of resources and lots of resources. They tend to be at wAzOcyBntpI-00227-00113563-00114115 greatest risk. Low-lying areas don't tend to be the most valuable and so these wAzOcyBntpI-00228-00114115-00114538 become flooded earlier. And maybe they don't have as great housing quality as wAzOcyBntpI-00229-00114538-00115327 well, or coping capacities. But it's also cost-effective because many low resource wAzOcyBntpI-00230-00115327-00115686 communities, you can put a certain amount of money in and help many more people more wAzOcyBntpI-00231-00115686-00116128 substantively than in a higher income area, where those dollars may not be wAzOcyBntpI-00232-00116128-00116866 spread as well. Okay, and they may not have as great as needs either. So, what I wAzOcyBntpI-00233-00116866-00117418 was happy to see, in the last few years, was some greater attention to social wAzOcyBntpI-00234-00117418-00117874 dimensions of disasters in media reports. This is something that I hadn't really wAzOcyBntpI-00235-00117874-00118390 seen, even though I've been studying this for a while. To a large degree, in the wAzOcyBntpI-00236-00118390-00118948 coverage of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico, Hurricane Harvey in Houston and wAzOcyBntpI-00237-00118948-00119554 other case studies around the world, these disasters. So it's it's given me wAzOcyBntpI-00238-00119554-00119995 hope that we're going in the right direction, a little bit. So what I do as a wAzOcyBntpI-00239-00119995-00120502 researcher is try and translate this broad understanding of this wAzOcyBntpI-00240-00120502-00120868 idea of like, you know, certain populations may be more vulnerable into wAzOcyBntpI-00241-00120868-00121410 something that we can measure and use. And so I use indicators - spatial wAzOcyBntpI-00242-00121410-00122044 indicators. And all y'all are familiar with indicators, even though you may not wAzOcyBntpI-00243-00122044-00122497 know it. Okay, so every time you open up, you go to the web and you see, you wAzOcyBntpI-00244-00122497-00123343 know, "The Top 25 Best Places to Live" or "The Top 50 Undergraduate Schools" or the wAzOcyBntpI-00245-00123343-00123826 "FIFA Rankings of the Top Soccer Teams in the World", these are all indicators, right? wAzOcyBntpI-00246-00123826-00124156 We're taking multi-dimensional information, so in the FIFA rankings, wAzOcyBntpI-00247-00124156-00124726 things like well, what was the prestige of the match? What was the score? Was it a wAzOcyBntpI-00248-00124726-00125158 home or away game? How recent was it? All of these things go into determining what wAzOcyBntpI-00249-00125158-00125658 your FIFA ranking is for the World Cup. The Women's World Cup is starting like right wAzOcyBntpI-00250-00125658-00126376 now [Audience noises] and I hope y'all get to see some of that. And so we can do the same thing for wAzOcyBntpI-00251-00126376-00126796 looking at the system, instead of soccer. The system of disasters, particularly wAzOcyBntpI-00252-00126796-00127252 social, and we can build these indicators using some of these variables that I wAzOcyBntpI-00253-00127252-00127768 showed you in the previous chart, right? Renters, age, these kinds of things we can wAzOcyBntpI-00254-00127768-00128254 collect data from the U.S. Census Bureau. We can represent these constructs with wAzOcyBntpI-00255-00128254-00128689 variables. We can build statistical models with these variables to come up with wAzOcyBntpI-00256-00128689-00129199 a single number, like you know the FIFA ranking of Spain is 3, right? Likewise, we wAzOcyBntpI-00257-00129199-00129609 can say in this particular county, this is the 15th most vulnerable county and wAzOcyBntpI-00258-00129609-00130030 now we can map this as well. So we can get a, you know spatial wAzOcyBntpI-00259-00130030-00130639 representation of vulnerability. Okay, this is the leading measure of social wAzOcyBntpI-00260-00130639-00130999 vulnerability. This is done for the United States at the U.S. county scale. wAzOcyBntpI-00261-00130999-00131551 The red is showing the places that are in the top standard deviation or half a wAzOcyBntpI-00262-00131551-00132199 standard deviation roughly the top 15-17% of observations. The blue, or the wAzOcyBntpI-00263-00132199-00132708 the lowest, okay. And so at a national scale, if you're trying to identify wAzOcyBntpI-00264-00132708-00133351 trouble spots and maybe set funding priorities to invest money or programs wAzOcyBntpI-00265-00133351-00133699 where they're most vulnerable, you can see how something like this might be wAzOcyBntpI-00266-00133699-00134030 useful, okay. So, this is the general idea about social vulnerability wAzOcyBntpI-00267-00134030-00134676 indicators and helping to measure this abstract construct. Then, we can start to wAzOcyBntpI-00268-00134676-00135150 do something about it. We can start to manage this, this challenge. And so wAzOcyBntpI-00269-00135150-00135555 in social vulnerability, there's several broad research questions wAzOcyBntpI-00270-00135555-00136029 that I'm always interested in. So in terms of identifying trouble spots, which wAzOcyBntpI-00271-00136029-00136495 places are most vulnerable? If you identify these places, who are the most wAzOcyBntpI-00272-00136495-00137064 vulnerable people in these places? Once you have this, this surface that you can wAzOcyBntpI-00273-00137064-00137517 map, you can also compare with physical hazards like flood depth, for example. Oh wAzOcyBntpI-00274-00137517-00137949 how do these two compare? And then also if you have this measure of social wAzOcyBntpI-00275-00137949-00138354 vulnerability, one of the things I've been doing a lot more recently over the wAzOcyBntpI-00276-00138354-00138844 last years, and now we can start to use this to evaluate the equity in existing wAzOcyBntpI-00277-00138844-00139345 programs. So after a disaster, there's, you know, disbursement of resources. Well, how wAzOcyBntpI-00278-00139345-00139696 equitable is this disbursement of resources, is actually going to the wAzOcyBntpI-00279-00139696-00140134 people that need it the most? Open question. So here's an example of wAzOcyBntpI-00280-00140134-00140632 looking at the comparison between social vulnerability and physical flood hazards. wAzOcyBntpI-00281-00140632-00141324 So this is a, these are flood maps on the left. You see where there are available wAzOcyBntpI-00282-00141324-00141834 FEMA flood maps for the United States. So there's this thing called the National wAzOcyBntpI-00283-00141834-00142242 Flood Insurance Program where you can buy flood insurance. so if you have wAzOcyBntpI-00284-00142242-00142904 damage to your house from a flood you can get, you can submit a claim and get wAzOcyBntpI-00285-00142904-00143419 reimbursed. Well in order to do this, to set actuarial rates, they need to know wAzOcyBntpI-00286-00143419-00143901 where the most hazardous places are. So they build these flood maps. But as you wAzOcyBntpI-00287-00143901-00144261 can see from this map, there's big gaps in the United States where these exist wAzOcyBntpI-00288-00144261-00144663 and even where they do exist, they're highly varying quality. We've been wAzOcyBntpI-00289-00144663-00145084 working with a collaborator out of University of Bristol in England. Now, wAzOcyBntpI-00290-00145084-00145546 they've spun off a company called Fathom. And they developed this procedure to wAzOcyBntpI-00291-00145546-00146052 build a flood map for the interfer at the continental scale. And so you have wAzOcyBntpI-00292-00146052-00146403 one on the left, as the county maps this is Pima. The one on the right is this wAzOcyBntpI-00293-00146403-00146896 flood map which is, you can see, it's much higher resolution. Alright, so now we have wAzOcyBntpI-00294-00146896-00147334 the surface this landscape of flood depth, wAzOcyBntpI-00295-00147334-00147877 an extent for the entire country. So, this is this physical dimension that's wAzOcyBntpI-00296-00147877-00148294 represented here. We can then build the social dimension using some of these wAzOcyBntpI-00297-00148294-00148783 variables. Like I was saying, using some statistical techniques we take these wAzOcyBntpI-00298-00148783-00149185 large set of variables and reduce them. In this case, into 6 different wAzOcyBntpI-00299-00149185-00149643 factors, okay. Income and wealth, socioeconomic status, wAzOcyBntpI-00300-00149643-00150151 the, you know, gender and race, dependency combine these and we build a social wAzOcyBntpI-00301-00150151-00150688 vulnerability measure. this one is at a Geographic scale that's actually wAzOcyBntpI-00302-00150688-00151156 smaller than a U.S. county. So the U.S. county in terms of size, then you might wAzOcyBntpI-00303-00151156-00151522 have zip codes that are smaller than counties and then you have this thing wAzOcyBntpI-00304-00151522-00151915 called census tracts, which are a bit smaller than zip codes. Okay, that's the wAzOcyBntpI-00305-00151915-00152317 scale that we did the analysis here. But you see some similar patterns to the map wAzOcyBntpI-00306-00152317-00152776 that I showed you before. the Rio Grande Valley, Southwest United States, along the wAzOcyBntpI-00307-00152776-00153214 Mississippi, lower Mississippi Basin, you have areas of higher vulnerability that wAzOcyBntpI-00308-00153214-00153844 are depicted here in brown, okay. So now, I have a surface of physical vulnerability wAzOcyBntpI-00309-00153844-00154363 from flood depths. Now I also have a surface of social vulnerability and we wAzOcyBntpI-00310-00154363-00154819 can combine these in a geographic information system, or a GIS. Okay to love wAzOcyBntpI-00311-00154819-00155407 geographers and also kind of do some fancy sort of spatial clustering wAzOcyBntpI-00312-00155407-00156022 approaches. So this is... I kind of geek out on this map. My graduate students made it wAzOcyBntpI-00313-00156022-00156520 a month or two ago and for me it's super interesting. So what you have is, you have wAzOcyBntpI-00314-00156520-00156856 2 variables, right? Flood ducked and social vulnerability and we're combining wAzOcyBntpI-00315-00156856-00157372 them into these spatial clusters, where you know, the social vulnerability of wAzOcyBntpI-00316-00157372-00157783 this area is very similar to the social vulnerability around it. This forms a wAzOcyBntpI-00317-00157783-00158206 spatial cluster. So in red, what we have is clusters that are both wAzOcyBntpI-00318-00158206-00158710 high in social vulnerability and high in flood hazard. Okay, if I'm FEMA at a wAzOcyBntpI-00319-00158710-00159094 national scale, this is where I want to focus my resources. If I want indeed one wAzOcyBntpI-00320-00159094-00159481 a reduce vulnerability, right? So, identifying trouble spots and setting wAzOcyBntpI-00321-00159481-00159883 priorities about these spatial indicators, doing analysis, might say look, wAzOcyBntpI-00322-00159883-00160435 "I want to focus on these areas." The orange is where you have low flood wAzOcyBntpI-00323-00160435-00160943 hazard, but high social vulnerability. Now, what happens if, with continuing wAzOcyBntpI-00324-00160943-00161327 climate change, in the future if these places start to become high flood hazard? wAzOcyBntpI-00325-00161327-00161822 Now you have both high, you have high in both, so these might be areas of concern wAzOcyBntpI-00326-00161822-00162236 in the future, okay. The dark blue is places of high flood wAzOcyBntpI-00327-00162236-00162737 hazard, but low social vulnerability. But we've had many times and places where wAzOcyBntpI-00328-00162737-00163232 we've had rapid demographic change in small areas in the United States. And so, wAzOcyBntpI-00329-00163232-00163553 a place that's slow in social vulnerability now, ten years from now, wAzOcyBntpI-00330-00163553-00164030 could be high, okay. And so with rapid demographic change, wAzOcyBntpI-00331-00164030-00164552 these also could be areas of concern in the future. But combining these two wAzOcyBntpI-00332-00164552-00164852 different, you know, forms of vulnerability, gives you a deeper wAzOcyBntpI-00333-00164852-00165427 understanding of the multidimensionality of flood disasters, okay. And this impacts, wAzOcyBntpI-00334-00165427-00165989 now. Ao we've created these high, high clusters. I'm going to focus on this. So wAzOcyBntpI-00335-00165989-00166751 what's going on in these high, high clusters? And how many people live there? Okay, so wAzOcyBntpI-00336-00166751-00167240 we did this analysis. What I showed here in the map is a 1% chance flood, also wAzOcyBntpI-00337-00167240-00167825 known as the 100 year flood, okay. And so, we did the analysis for the 100 year wAzOcyBntpI-00338-00167825-00168212 flood and the 500 year flood as well. And so you have the orange bars the 100 year, wAzOcyBntpI-00339-00168212-00168716 the red the 500 year. It's showing these high, high clusters. About 15 million people wAzOcyBntpI-00340-00168716-00169109 are living in these, right. There's a lot of people that are in these really hot, wAzOcyBntpI-00341-00169109-00169535 hazardous areas in the United States. That you know, when flood disaster hits, wAzOcyBntpI-00342-00169535-00169925 they're gonna be highly vulnerable. And likewise, you can see how many people wAzOcyBntpI-00343-00169925-00170411 live in the high/low clusters of the low/high but for me, I was also then was wAzOcyBntpI-00344-00170411-00170717 interested in not only how many people live there, but what kinds of wAzOcyBntpI-00345-00170717-00171200 characteristics are dominating in those places. And so what we found, we were able wAzOcyBntpI-00346-00171200-00171602 to compare you know, what are the, you know the demographic wAzOcyBntpI-00347-00171602-00172013 characteristics in the high high clusters versus everywhere else, okay. So for wAzOcyBntpI-00348-00172013-00173037 example, median house value in the high high clusters, around 106 thousand dollars. wAzOcyBntpI-00349-00173037-00173087 The median house value everywhere else, more than twice that, okay. So you can see wAzOcyBntpI-00350-00173087-00173528 these big disparities, economically here. And that's a wealth indicator and income wAzOcyBntpI-00351-00173528-00173951 indicator. You're seeing these big gaps. Race just came up in a big way. wAzOcyBntpI-00352-00173951-00174473 In terms of percentages, family structure and households and poverty it's wAzOcyBntpI-00353-00174473-00174788 essentially saying in this story that in these places, where it's both high flood wAzOcyBntpI-00354-00174788-00174992 vulnerability and high social vulnerability, wAzOcyBntpI-00355-00174992-00175721 it's these intersections of low second socioeconomic status and race okay, which wAzOcyBntpI-00356-00175721-00176336 is the story of our country, right? It's been going on for forever. We have all wAzOcyBntpI-00357-00176336-00177110 these systems that maintain, perpetuate this. So it's maybe not so, you know wAzOcyBntpI-00358-00177110-00177530 surprising that we see it here again. Awesome disaster vulnerability, but with wAzOcyBntpI-00359-00177530-00177973 identifying these places, then maybe we can start to do something about it, okay. wAzOcyBntpI-00360-00177973-00178349 So another way that we can use these social vulnerability measures... Something wAzOcyBntpI-00361-00178349-00178619 I've been interested in, I talked, I showed you that picture of the South wAzOcyBntpI-00362-00178619-00179153 Carolina flood in 2015. One of my colleagues, he used to work with FEMA. wAzOcyBntpI-00363-00179153-00179576 So he's the data guy, right? I'm like, my head's all in the clouds. I've come up wAzOcyBntpI-00364-00179576-00179861 with all these, spinning up these ideas she goes and gets the data and then we wAzOcyBntpI-00365-00179861-00180248 have another collaborator, she's like the stats guru. so we all work together in wAzOcyBntpI-00366-00180248-00180767 these studies. This is looking at four different programs that help people wAzOcyBntpI-00367-00180767-00181240 after a disaster. Okay, this FEMA individual assistance or FEMA IA. It wAzOcyBntpI-00368-00181240-00181721 helps the most number of people. You see in this map, here it's n of a hundred one wAzOcyBntpI-00369-00181721-00182273 thousand after the South Carolina flood. Challenge with the FEMA IA, it's really wAzOcyBntpI-00370-00182273-00182768 fast, but it's not, doesn't give a whole lot of money, okay. It's capped and the wAzOcyBntpI-00371-00182768-00183245 average amount is just under $1,000, okay, for damage to homes and wAzOcyBntpI-00372-00183245-00183629 properties, okay. So you hear a lot of, you know, after the disaster about people wAzOcyBntpI-00373-00183629-00184022 getting FEMA assistance. But it's not gonna make them whole. It's barely gonna wAzOcyBntpI-00374-00184022-00184640 you know do anything, okay. The thing with FEMA individual wAzOcyBntpI-00375-00184640-00184940 assistance, is it has some income thresholds. It's really trying to get at wAzOcyBntpI-00376-00184940-00185297 people that are below a certain income threshold. If you have more, if you can wAzOcyBntpI-00377-00185297-00185660 pass a credit check, they're gonna push you into the SBA to get these wAzOcyBntpI-00378-00185660-00186206 low-interest loans. So this is an OLE, another set of people and geographies wAzOcyBntpI-00379-00186206-00186806 that are getting resources from SBA. I talked earlier about the National Flood wAzOcyBntpI-00380-00186806-00187191 Insurance Program. So homeowners that live in flood prone areas, wAzOcyBntpI-00381-00187191-00187566 or maybe they think they do, they may have bought a flood insurance policy. And wAzOcyBntpI-00382-00187566-00188433 so that is a far lower number of people. In this case, 5,000. But these, the wAzOcyBntpI-00383-00188433-00188880 amount of money you can get that for, that is up to $250,000. So a lot more wAzOcyBntpI-00384-00188880-00189417 resources compared to FEMA. The fourth is the CDBG, this Community Development wAzOcyBntpI-00385-00189417-00189846 Block Grant program from the Department of Housing and Urban Development. This wAzOcyBntpI-00386-00189846-00190287 one's completely different and it only tends to happen with really big wAzOcyBntpI-00387-00190287-00190764 disasters that Congress comes and says we're gonna pass a bill that's gonna wAzOcyBntpI-00388-00190764-00191202 fund this. So you get it after like Hurricane Sandy. And a few men following wAzOcyBntpI-00389-00191202-00191424 the news, Congress and the president have been fighting wAzOcyBntpI-00390-00191424-00192084 about this, these big disaster allocations. For Puerto Rico, the Midwest wAzOcyBntpI-00391-00192084-00192630 floods and Harvey, a lot of that's going to be going into the CDBG. So these wAzOcyBntpI-00392-00192630-00193161 dollars are quite high, but you can see there's only 8,000 here so it's wAzOcyBntpI-00393-00193161-00193554 serving fewer people. and it tends to come far later. You know, maybe even a wAzOcyBntpI-00394-00193554-00193908 year later, because it's got to go through Congress, right? And so all the wAzOcyBntpI-00395-00193908-00194439 infighting there. So what do we know about social vulnerability? Well there's wAzOcyBntpI-00396-00194439-00194952 some massive inequalities that manifest in terms of adverse disaster outcomes. wAzOcyBntpI-00397-00194952-00195498 But we can take this abstract idea and model with social indicators to build wAzOcyBntpI-00398-00195498-00195858 these measures that we can do something with them to identify trouble spots and wAzOcyBntpI-00399-00195858-00196302 maybe measure the equity in disaster programs. Alright, having this measure, wAzOcyBntpI-00400-00196302-00196907 we can do something about it. And so I'm going to transition to the third part; wAzOcyBntpI-00401-00196907-00197394 Thinking about this idea of flood resilience. It's it's been all the rage, wAzOcyBntpI-00402-00197394-00197703 at least in the research area. But I'm hearing this when it comes to like wAzOcyBntpI-00403-00197703-00198057 health and all these other dimensions. Like, we want to be resilient, right? Do wAzOcyBntpI-00404-00198057-00198342 you want to try to reduce your vulnerability? Or do you want to wAzOcyBntpI-00405-00198342-00198860 increase resilience, right? Who's not on board with increasing resilience, right? wAzOcyBntpI-00406-00198860-00199383 But what is it, right? These buzzwords everybody can get on board because maybe wAzOcyBntpI-00407-00199383-00199788 we don't have a shared definition. It's this idea of a community's available wAzOcyBntpI-00408-00199788-00200138 ability to absorb these impacts from a flood, okay, wAzOcyBntpI-00409-00200138-00200754 adapt to make different changes and and withstand disruption - two core wAzOcyBntpI-00410-00200754-00201225 functions of the community. Okay, so I like to use this spring analogy. So you wAzOcyBntpI-00411-00201225-00201651 can imagine this flood is hitting this town and it's pulling this spring. wAzOcyBntpI-00412-00201651-00202065 Alright, so on the left one, the flood is so severe that the spring just breaks. wAzOcyBntpI-00413-00202065-00202641 Alright, this community has ruptured. There's some massive problems and the wAzOcyBntpI-00414-00202641-00203031 other one, the string, is busy. The spring is being pulled and then after the disaster, wAzOcyBntpI-00415-00203031-00203447 goes back to its original shape. I would actually say that's not so good either wAzOcyBntpI-00416-00203447-00203916 because if it got all that stressed in the first place, then it's probably wAzOcyBntpI-00417-00203916-00204330 pretty vulnerable. So the deal with resilience is not only can you withstand? wAzOcyBntpI-00418-00204330-00204759 But you want to come back and you want to be different, right? Better, stronger, wAzOcyBntpI-00419-00204759-00205209 okay. And so the National Academy of Sciences, one of the things they say is wAzOcyBntpI-00420-00205209-00205584 like one of the ways we can help build resilience is to actually, we need to wAzOcyBntpI-00421-00205584-00205962 have an understanding. the baseline of where we stand. And so, use of spatial wAzOcyBntpI-00422-00205962-00206532 indicators is really important for that. As well, right, as measures, okay. Climate wAzOcyBntpI-00423-00206532-00207210 change is creating urgency for flood resilience. So this is a, there's a wAzOcyBntpI-00424-00207210-00207525 diagram of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. I almost want to, I'm not gonna wAzOcyBntpI-00425-00207525-00208362 say it's propaganda, but so what you have on the left is like basically wAzOcyBntpI-00426-00208362-00208763 they're trying to say without us, doing all this flood risk is super high. wAzOcyBntpI-00427-00208763-00209139 Alright, but then there's all these activities we can have zoning activities wAzOcyBntpI-00428-00209139-00209646 and building codes and build levees and floodwalls and dams and all this stuff. wAzOcyBntpI-00429-00209646-00210225 And in the end, boy this flood risk way down here, there's nothing left almost, wAzOcyBntpI-00430-00210225-00210591 right? All these technocratic interventions, right? We're going to put wAzOcyBntpI-00431-00210591-00210933 people in the room and draw these plans and Creek you know compute all these wAzOcyBntpI-00432-00210933-00211428 numbers and we're gonna get it right. There no one know we're in here. That was wAzOcyBntpI-00433-00211428-00211806 looking at sort of these social differentiation well all of these wAzOcyBntpI-00434-00211806-00212376 activities benefit everybody, okay. Or maybe even they should benefit the wAzOcyBntpI-00435-00212376-00212688 neediest even more, right? If you're taking the social vulnerability wAzOcyBntpI-00436-00212688-00213363 perspective, so this is the traditional technocratic view, but you know thinking wAzOcyBntpI-00437-00213363-00213711 about social vulnerability is not done nearly as much. So I'm going to show you wAzOcyBntpI-00438-00213711-00214141 this picture this is Cedar Rapids, Iowa where you have a wAzOcyBntpI-00439-00214141-00214596 street, okay. One side, they put these Hesco barriers to stop the water. So one wAzOcyBntpI-00440-00214596-00215271 side of the street was dry and one was wet. On the dry side, more valuable wAzOcyBntpI-00441-00215271-00215667 buildings, okay, central business, district higher incomes wAzOcyBntpI-00442-00215667-00216067 people are participating in decision-making processes they may know wAzOcyBntpI-00443-00216067-00216586 their city councilperson, or you know donated to the mayor infrastructure, is wAzOcyBntpI-00444-00216586-00217003 more protected. On the wet side, the opposite, okay. People not being able to wAzOcyBntpI-00445-00217003-00217471 participate, fewer resources and this is what we see time after time. This is the wAzOcyBntpI-00446-00217471-00218065 manifestation of social vulnerability, okay. One of the major findings from this wAzOcyBntpI-00447-00218065-00218548 National Academy studies is that we need to do more... we need to do, wAzOcyBntpI-00448-00218548-00218934 you know, develop interventions that you know, really look at these social impacts. wAzOcyBntpI-00449-00218934-00219494 Put a bit much bigger focus on it. So they're saying look FEMA HUD, you know, wAzOcyBntpI-00450-00219494-00219877 Army Corps of Engineers. All these agencies that are involved with, you know wAzOcyBntpI-00451-00219877-00220198 flood disasters. You need to start thinking about social impacts as well, okay. wAzOcyBntpI-00452-00220198-00220612 So maybe after doing so we have a wAzOcyBntpI-00453-00220612-00221131 different diagram that has something about, that recognizes the importance and wAzOcyBntpI-00454-00221131-00221512 the impacts to socially vulnerable populations and wAzOcyBntpI-00455-00221512-00222004 ideally actually encourages them to participate in. So it's not just being wAzOcyBntpI-00456-00222004-00222471 things done for socially vulnerable populations, but with to reduce wAzOcyBntpI-00457-00222471-00223156 vulnerability. And so what resilience, what some way people think about is... see wAzOcyBntpI-00458-00223156-00223660 these sets of capitals, right? We want to build these capitals of natural wAzOcyBntpI-00459-00223660-00224161 capital, right? Maybe we want to build more wetlands, more physical capital, more wAzOcyBntpI-00460-00224161-00224656 levees and dams, okay. But people don't always have a good understanding about wAzOcyBntpI-00461-00224656-00225271 how to build social capital. And so these social resources are these community wAzOcyBntpI-00462-00225271-00225748 characteristics that are going to help build trust so that people work together. wAzOcyBntpI-00463-00225748-00226462 And so maybe a good start would be through using these indicators to wAzOcyBntpI-00464-00226462-00226946 identify vulnerability places so people can wAzOcyBntpI-00465-00226946-00227423 leave and start to build some trust and collective action that can be to boost wAzOcyBntpI-00466-00227423-00227842 resilience. There's an example of this in Iowa. This wAzOcyBntpI-00467-00227842-00228257 is the Bray Bayou watershed. They're putting 8 million dollars into flood wAzOcyBntpI-00468-00228257-00228685 proofing homes. And so to be eligible, you have to be below a certain income wAzOcyBntpI-00469-00228685-00229151 threshold and they got a big grant and they'll go and you know some wAzOcyBntpI-00470-00229151-00229510 repairs to these homes. And so these people were getting frequently flooded, wAzOcyBntpI-00471-00229510-00229984 okay? And so they had mold in their homes and people with kids had asthma and wAzOcyBntpI-00472-00229984-00230410 you know they're stressed out and missing work from time to time, you know. wAzOcyBntpI-00473-00230410-00230794 You could go and do you know 5 or 6 thousand dollars of repairs to their wAzOcyBntpI-00474-00230794-00231333 homes. Maybe raising some appliances off the floor in the basements, doing some wAzOcyBntpI-00475-00231333-00231823 physical rehabilitation. You can reduce these vulnerabilities and have this one wAzOcyBntpI-00476-00231823-00232514 set of money gonna help 325 different households. So if you're looking at the wAzOcyBntpI-00477-00232514-00232861 social perspective, you start to ask some different questions. So you see this Dam wAzOcyBntpI-00478-00232861-00233441 this is a quarry oval dam that protects Iowa City, okay. Who gets protected? We're wAzOcyBntpI-00479-00233441-00233780 gonna build dams and levees as we like, building stuff right? We're masters of wAzOcyBntpI-00480-00233780-00234167 nature and science, okay, but who's actually going to get wAzOcyBntpI-00481-00234167-00234661 protected from this dam? They built this in the 60s. This downstream community wAzOcyBntpI-00482-00234661-00234961 here, which has nothing there's, called mosquito flats because no one would ever wAzOcyBntpI-00483-00234961-00235486 want to live there, even go there. Now, it's declared safe, a huge subdivision wAzOcyBntpI-00484-00235486-00236063 goes in and then 2008 hits and it's all flooded, okay. So this giant intervention wAzOcyBntpI-00485-00236063-00236446 of millions and millions of dollars to protect this area that was basically the wAzOcyBntpI-00486-00236446-00236836 only one that benefitted were the developers that built the homes. And then wAzOcyBntpI-00487-00236836-00237292 they just took off. Who bears the greatest financial impact? Maybe we wAzOcyBntpI-00488-00237292-00237544 shouldn't be looking at the value of damaged homes maybe we should be looking wAzOcyBntpI-00489-00237544-00238148 at what the value of the damaged home is to the person who's living there, right? I wAzOcyBntpI-00490-00238148-00238692 have $50,000 in my house and maybe my house is worth 250 grand wAzOcyBntpI-00491-00238692-00239132 you know, first to someone who has $50,000 damage to their house and their wAzOcyBntpI-00492-00239132-00239678 houses were $60,000, right? It's not the same, okay. So we can't just look at these wAzOcyBntpI-00493-00239678-00240131 absolute financial indicators to measure plenty impact, okay. Maybe, we should be wAzOcyBntpI-00494-00240131-00240463 looking at things same with benefit/cost ratios. This is... wAzOcyBntpI-00495-00240463-00240826 what, let's see, don't see the rapids on the right to say the Army Corps of wAzOcyBntpI-00496-00240826-00241177 Engineers say, "Yes, we will support building a dam, a levee that will protect wAzOcyBntpI-00497-00241177-00241597 "the central business district on the one side of the river, but we won't build on wAzOcyBntpI-00498-00241597-00242017 "the other side of the river with this work force housing." Okay, it's the wAzOcyBntpI-00499-00242017-00242461 economic dimension that's dominating. But, you know, if social metrics are a part of wAzOcyBntpI-00500-00242461-00242862 the decision-making process, maybe we'll arrive at different, you know outcomes. wAzOcyBntpI-00501-00242862-00243421 Who can about access evacuation shelters? Is it really... do we want to focus on wAzOcyBntpI-00502-00243421-00243874 total shelter capacity? Or maybe think about who can get there. What happens if wAzOcyBntpI-00503-00243874-00244273 you have a pet? What if you're in a wheelchair? What if you're on insulin and wAzOcyBntpI-00504-00244273-00244636 your medication needs to be refrigerated? What if you have a baby and you need wAzOcyBntpI-00505-00244636-00245083 diapers? And you know maybe you can't go to the shelter these are important wAzOcyBntpI-00506-00245083-00245503 things to understand if we want to reduce vulnerability. It's not just the wAzOcyBntpI-00507-00245503-00245893 number of people displaced, but who among the population. Asking some deeper wAzOcyBntpI-00508-00245893-00246451 questions about the social fabric, how that's being disrupted by disasters. Oh, a wAzOcyBntpI-00509-00246451-00246862 big thing these days is after a flood disaster, we're just gonna buy out these wAzOcyBntpI-00510-00246862-00247285 homes, knock them down. They'll never be damaged again, okay. But this is a, there's wAzOcyBntpI-00511-00247285-00247678 a tremendous amount of resources are being devoted to this, right? Who's wAzOcyBntpI-00512-00247678-00248212 benefiting from these resources, right? So we can use these social vulnerability wAzOcyBntpI-00513-00248212-00248775 metrics to engage the equity of these massive transfers of money post-disaster. wAzOcyBntpI-00514-00248775-00249361 So, in conclusion, I looked at you know, I tried to bring you through this wAzOcyBntpI-00515-00249361-00249832 path. Through you know, what are the impacts of floods, their major their wAzOcyBntpI-00516-00249832-00250234 increasing climate change is gonna keep pushing them forward social wAzOcyBntpI-00517-00250234-00250623 vulnerability. Floods is something that we have the capacity to analyze, wAzOcyBntpI-00518-00250623-00251143 okay. Taking this abstract construct, putting two measures and then we can use wAzOcyBntpI-00519-00251143-00251713 these measures to help assess resilience and social equity in interventions, okay. wAzOcyBntpI-00520-00251713-00252160 So that's all I had. (Audience Member) I wanted to say thank you I first I wanted to wAzOcyBntpI-00521-00252160-00252841 acknowledge some people and organizations you know I'm up here wAzOcyBntpI-00522-00252841-00253315 talking about my research but I'm I do a lot of work collaboratively okay so on wAzOcyBntpI-00523-00253315-00253769 the bottom or to my PhD students a thief in Iran day and wAzOcyBntpI-00524-00253769-00254101 Craig is a faculty colleague in mine at Iowa and these are some of the wAzOcyBntpI-00525-00254101-00254452 organization's nature conservancy National Science Foundation that has wAzOcyBntpI-00526-00254452-00255028 helped provide data or funding for my work so at this time wAzOcyBntpI-00527-00255028-00255312 I'd be happy to entertain any questions. wAzOcyBntpI-00528-00255314-00256042 [Audience clapping] wAzOcyBntpI-00529-00256042-00256758 (Sunshine Menezes) Thank you very much Dr. Tate. So we have 2 folks here who can run microphones wAzOcyBntpI-00530-00256758-00257144 up and down the stairs if you have a question. Just a reminder, that this is wAzOcyBntpI-00531-00257144-00257619 being recorded for our public media partner The Public's Radio. And so if you wAzOcyBntpI-00532-00257619-00258117 have a question please just speak right into the microphone, thank you. And just wAzOcyBntpI-00533-00258117-00258490 raise your hand if you have a question. wAzOcyBntpI-00534-00258490-00259021 (Audience Member 1) I just happened to have gone to the movie wAzOcyBntpI-00535-00259023-00259819 The Biggest Little Farm last night. And one of the things that happened to this wAzOcyBntpI-00536-00259821-00260519 farm, North of Los Angeles, was that there was a huge flood and all the farms wAzOcyBntpI-00537-00260519-00261213 around them, all their topsoil got washed down into the wherever and was useless wAzOcyBntpI-00538-00261213-00261794 to them - all the monoculture farms. And there's because of their insistence on wAzOcyBntpI-00539-00261794-00262691 ground cover and diversity, all it really did was get absorbed into the ground and wAzOcyBntpI-00540-00262748-00263394 recharged their aquifer which had gone dry in the drought. So, you know, is there wAzOcyBntpI-00541-00263394-00263991 any way that we can kind of push this concept that seems so strange to people? wAzOcyBntpI-00542-00263991-00264597 (Eric Tate) I mean we can certainly push it. [Audience laughter] Farmers, I mean, farmers wAzOcyBntpI-00543-00264597-00265140 do understand their land. I mean if anybody in terms of understanding the wAzOcyBntpI-00544-00265140-00265551 land its farmers because they're dealing with it all the time. The problem is the wAzOcyBntpI-00545-00265551-00265959 economic incentives just aren't there to do it, okay. Everything is pushing - I wAzOcyBntpI-00546-00265959-00266517 mean just drive through Iowa just like the size of its a... our landscape is wAzOcyBntpI-00547-00266517-00266916 a factory, you know. You need to think about is as like a manufacturing center. wAzOcyBntpI-00548-00266916-00267495 It's a factory. These enormous farms, we need intensification of agriculture, wAzOcyBntpI-00549-00267495-00268179 these giant scales and to be competitive in economic markets. So if we want to wAzOcyBntpI-00550-00268179-00268563 change these incentives, we've got to change regulations and subsidies and wAzOcyBntpI-00551-00268563-00268995 incentives for people to do this. There's this Conservation Reserve Program that wAzOcyBntpI-00552-00268995-00269433 you know incentivizes farmers to take areas out of production. wAzOcyBntpI-00553-00269433-00269982 But it's not very well-funded and oftentimes people aren't going to do it. wAzOcyBntpI-00554-00269982-00270552 So there needs to be a lot more even if people recognize the value of doing it. wAzOcyBntpI-00555-00270552-00270882 If it doesn't make sense economically, they're not gonna lose their farm over wAzOcyBntpI-00556-00270882-00272316 it. So I agree with you. (Audience Member 2) Hi, that was an awesome talk. Thank you very very much. wAzOcyBntpI-00557-00272316-00272907 Quick question- you've probably seen a lot of the work Rockefeller fund 100 wAzOcyBntpI-00558-00272907-00273507 resilient cities, sort of big cities being able to grind away at these wAzOcyBntpI-00559-00273507-00274017 multi-stakeholder processes. Deep engagement, sort of emerging awareness of wAzOcyBntpI-00560-00274017-00274503 all the issues you've talked about. A lot of data localized data work, geospatial wAzOcyBntpI-00561-00274503-00275151 data sort of defining those issues. But it seems to me that doesn't transect wAzOcyBntpI-00562-00275151-00275686 down to the smaller communities, the cities across America that are wAzOcyBntpI-00563-00275686-00276255 depopulating or globalization's hit them hard. Is this an area that you're looking wAzOcyBntpI-00564-00276255-00276630 at? And do you see these differences between the more prosperous communities wAzOcyBntpI-00565-00276630-00277221 who may have communities and some of the factors you talk about, but wAzOcyBntpI-00566-00277221-00277641 actually have assets to do things like they're doing in Boston or wAzOcyBntpI-00567-00277641-00278121 Norfolk or other places. (Eric Tate) Yes, so Rockefeller, they put in this giant a wAzOcyBntpI-00568-00278121-00278631 pot of money and they allowed cities to compete and the wAzOcyBntpI-00569-00278631-00279125 winners were able to hire resilience director or something for their city. wAzOcyBntpI-00570-00279125-00279564 That's not the only thing they did. They combined with Department of Housing and wAzOcyBntpI-00571-00279564-00279988 Urban Development. There's some leftover money from Sandy. wAzOcyBntpI-00572-00279988-00280100 (Audience Member 2) Right. wAzOcyBntpI-00573-00280100-00280782 (Eric) Billions and they put in a statewide competition, so states could apply. Iowa was one of them, wAzOcyBntpI-00574-00280782-00281088 we were one of the winners. We were funded at $97 million wAzOcyBntpI-00575-00281088-00281484 dollars and so I showed you this example from the Bee Branch Watershed where they were wAzOcyBntpI-00576-00281484-00281808 flood proofing these houses. This is part from money from the wAzOcyBntpI-00577-00281808-00282329 Rockefeller Foundation. The city of Dubuque on the Mississippi River is wAzOcyBntpI-00578-00282329-00282705 100,000 people and this is one small area. But we're wAzOcyBntpI-00579-00282705-00283146 also doing stuff in rural watersheds as well. Some towns that may be 10,000 wAzOcyBntpI-00580-00283146-00283731 okay. But these are all pilot projects still, right. The funding isn't wAzOcyBntpI-00581-00283731-00284184 there. People, there's a broad agreement about desire to be resilient but the wAzOcyBntpI-00582-00284184-00284643 funding's not there. So maybe these pilot projects develop some information wAzOcyBntpI-00583-00284643-00285207 and best practices and show pathways forward. HUD is really experimenting wAzOcyBntpI-00584-00285207-00285658 saying, "Here's the money, you guys are creative let's see what you can do." So wAzOcyBntpI-00585-00285658-00286128 ask me again in a few years. [Audience laughter] wAzOcyBntpI-00586-00286128-00286482 (Audience Member 3) Thank you, that was a great talk. I was curious, you brought up wAzOcyBntpI-00587-00286482-00286902 some social aspects that have been problems across the U.S. for a wAzOcyBntpI-00588-00286902-00287265 number of different aspects. You know, flood being just one of them. I was wAzOcyBntpI-00589-00287265-00287652 curious, solving poverty and race issues is certainly a longer term wAzOcyBntpI-00590-00287652-00288111 community building aspect. In the kind of more immediate short-term, would simple wAzOcyBntpI-00591-00288111-00288540 aspects like enforcing flood zones and codes and not allowing people to build wAzOcyBntpI-00592-00288540-00288924 in certain places, as well as improving natural infrastructure. Would wAzOcyBntpI-00593-00288924-00289347 those be some of the short-term solutions you'd propose? Or are there wAzOcyBntpI-00594-00289347-00290109 other aspects you might? (Eric) I think these kinds of approaches... I mean there's wAzOcyBntpI-00595-00290109-00290556 there's some disincentives built into this system. I mean we built this thing wAzOcyBntpI-00596-00290556-00290955 called the National Flood Insurance Program because insurance companies were wAzOcyBntpI-00597-00290955-00291470 pulling out of, you know, providing insurance for projects near rivers. wAzOcyBntpI-00598-00291470-00291975 Because they're like, "This is gonna flood and it's gonna cause damage." Right, it's not like, you wAzOcyBntpI-00599-00291975-00292278 know tornado you're not sure where it's going to hit. Where a river flood, you kind wAzOcyBntpI-00600-00292278-00292791 of know where it's going to hit, right. [Audience laughter] So the government steps in and they say, wAzOcyBntpI-00601-00292791-00293217 "we're going to provide insurance", which then sort of incentivizes building in wAzOcyBntpI-00602-00293217-00293655 these hazardous areas and now we've got more losses than we would have had if we wAzOcyBntpI-00603-00293655-00294177 weren't insured in the first place. So I'm a little bit skeptical of some of wAzOcyBntpI-00604-00294177-00294702 these big programmatic approaches. Plus I also think they're too broad brush. Like wAzOcyBntpI-00605-00294702-00295098 we got some serious needs and I think we need more targeted interventions. They're wAzOcyBntpI-00606-00295098-00295587 going to benefit the socially vulnerable populations and places, okay. wAzOcyBntpI-00607-00295587-00295848 There's been several studies that have been coming out over the last year or two wAzOcyBntpI-00608-00295848-00296159 that are showing that disasters are making things... you have a wAzOcyBntpI-00609-00296159-00296588 trajectory of, you know, we have all this inequality, right? We have the halves and wAzOcyBntpI-00610-00296588-00297122 the you know less fortunate, right? And the disaster hits and it just goes like wAzOcyBntpI-00611-00297122-00297509 that, okay. So disasters are opportunities wAzOcyBntpI-00612-00297509-00297821 they're windows of opportunities where there's attention, there's funding wAzOcyBntpI-00613-00297821-00298465 streams available. But I think there needs to be more targeted, a focus on wAzOcyBntpI-00614-00298465-00298988 building resilience so that communities can be whole and not these pockets of wAzOcyBntpI-00615-00298988-00300344 you know disadvantage. (Audience Member 4) Thank you for being here. I was wondering if you could wAzOcyBntpI-00616-00300344-00300845 talk a little bit more about interventions. But even preliminary wAzOcyBntpI-00617-00300845-00301337 interventions and metrics and some of the challenges and inherent tensions in wAzOcyBntpI-00618-00301337-00301825 those. For example, if you're looking to wAzOcyBntpI-00619-00301897-00302537 lessen the number of low-income people or minorities in near flood wAzOcyBntpI-00620-00302537-00303197 prone areas but that tension in terms of housing costs. So if you could talk a wAzOcyBntpI-00621-00303197-00303455 little bit about that, I'd be I'd be really interested in what you have to wAzOcyBntpI-00622-00303455-00304331 share. (Eric) Yeah, it's a real challenge. But continuing my theme, I think there needs wAzOcyBntpI-00623-00304331-00304655 to be more resources that are put in these places. And these may not all be wAzOcyBntpI-00624-00304655-00305417 financial resources. I think there's a real role... so you have community members, wAzOcyBntpI-00625-00305417-00305851 they know they're getting hit but then you've got decision makers that wAzOcyBntpI-00626-00305851-00306398 are technical, maybe financial. And they're not talking to each other wAzOcyBntpI-00627-00306398-00307004 because the professionals don't really think about focusing on these wAzOcyBntpI-00628-00307004-00307286 groups and these groups don't really know how to talk in the jargon, in the wAzOcyBntpI-00629-00307286-00307760 language and get access. I think there's a real role in the middle for these wAzOcyBntpI-00630-00307760-00308522 connector groups, nonprofit groups. There's an organization in the wAzOcyBntpI-00631-00308522-00308978 in city of Chicago called the Center for Neighborhood Technology and what they do, wAzOcyBntpI-00632-00308978-00309290 they're nonprofit. And essentially they work with community wAzOcyBntpI-00633-00309290-00309572 groups that are trying to come together but they don't know how to move forward, wAzOcyBntpI-00634-00309572-00310262 right. But CNT, they know how to speak to, they have access to the wAzOcyBntpI-00635-00310262-00310613 decision-makers and know how to speak in the language of hydrology and speak in wAzOcyBntpI-00636-00310613-00311174 the language of insurance programs, right. So they're this intermediary that can be wAzOcyBntpI-00637-00311174-00311771 sort of this glue to get things done. And so what I think, is that, that's that wAzOcyBntpI-00638-00311771-00312368 level needs to be strengthened to move forward. And so there's lots of really wAzOcyBntpI-00639-00312368-00312803 capable nonprofits that are doing great stuff like Habitat for Humanity, Catholic wAzOcyBntpI-00640-00312803-00313466 charities. And so they know the ins and outs of these disaster programs, but they wAzOcyBntpI-00641-00313466-00313814 also really know what's going on at the household level with the daily wAzOcyBntpI-00642-00313814-00314180 challenges people are facing. So they have all the knowledge, right. wAzOcyBntpI-00643-00314180-00314594 They just don't have the power in this National Academy study, that we went to wAzOcyBntpI-00644-00314594-00315182 Houston, it was the weirdest one of the 4. So we'd have these tables like wAzOcyBntpI-00645-00315182-00315575 these 4 themes to report. Like one was data, one was like physical, wAzOcyBntpI-00646-00315575-00316028 one was social. So I was part of this social group and there was all these wAzOcyBntpI-00647-00316028-00316505 like advocates and nonprofit folks. And then you had this, like the flood czar wAzOcyBntpI-00648-00316505-00317099 for Houston was talking and all these city officials. And the people at the wAzOcyBntpI-00649-00317099-00317498 social table were just steaming. They had been trying to get access to these folks wAzOcyBntpI-00650-00317498-00318053 for a long time, they were just getting shut out, right. And so there needs to be wAzOcyBntpI-00651-00318053-00318560 more pathways for these connectivity between decision makers and the impacted wAzOcyBntpI-00652-00318560-00319048 and I think if we can hit this middle middle level I think that would be useful. wK5jU03qCUg-00000-00003100-00003500 Shoot this barrel DOWNWARD, yes downward, to get to the shortcut barrels and completely eliminate the hades that is coming! XD Also, the "G" is down that path! wN0s0PNeEwk-00000-00000032-00000260 - Coming up on Mobile Learning in the Classroom, wN0s0PNeEwk-00001-00000260-00000396 Presentation Apps. wN0s0PNeEwk-00002-00000396-00000822 (techno music) wN0s0PNeEwk-00003-00001768-00001891 - Hi, I'm Guy Trainin. wN0s0PNeEwk-00004-00001891-00002035 - And I'm Zoe Falls. wN0s0PNeEwk-00005-00002035-00002182 - And this is Mobile Learning in the Classroom, wN0s0PNeEwk-00006-00002182-00002455 and today, considering the new school year, wN0s0PNeEwk-00007-00002455-00002706 we're talking about presentation apps. wN0s0PNeEwk-00008-00002706-00002929 - So, I have a couple of different apps that I'm wN0s0PNeEwk-00009-00002929-00003083 gonna tell you about. wN0s0PNeEwk-00010-00003083-00003426 The first is Nearpod, and my favorite part about Nearpod, wN0s0PNeEwk-00011-00003426-00003626 is, that it's interactive. wN0s0PNeEwk-00012-00003626-00003870 It's a built in tool, wN0s0PNeEwk-00013-00003870-00004077 to make your presentations interactive, wN0s0PNeEwk-00014-00004077-00004347 so your students aren't just sitting there passively, wN0s0PNeEwk-00015-00004347-00004564 consuming the information. wN0s0PNeEwk-00016-00004564-00004698 And, you can do, wN0s0PNeEwk-00017-00004774-00005078 a lot of different things with it. wN0s0PNeEwk-00018-00005078-00005205 When you create wN0s0PNeEwk-00019-00005295-00005418 a presentation from scratch, wN0s0PNeEwk-00020-00005418-00005658 you can kind of really get that in-depth, wN0s0PNeEwk-00021-00005658-00005782 hands-on version, wN0s0PNeEwk-00022-00005782-00005919 but if you're kind of in a hurry, wN0s0PNeEwk-00023-00005919-00006082 'cause you realize the semester's gonna start wN0s0PNeEwk-00024-00006082-00006259 a lot quicker than you thought, wN0s0PNeEwk-00025-00006259-00006426 you can take presentations that you wN0s0PNeEwk-00026-00006426-00006549 have previously created, wN0s0PNeEwk-00027-00006549-00006746 in Google Slides or Powerpoint, wN0s0PNeEwk-00028-00006746-00006980 or even if you have PDFs, of content, wN0s0PNeEwk-00029-00006980-00007200 and you can dump it into Nearpod, wN0s0PNeEwk-00030-00007200-00007364 and it will automatically convert it, wN0s0PNeEwk-00031-00007364-00007674 and then you go in and add the interactive features, wN0s0PNeEwk-00032-00007674-00007927 at specific points in your presentation, wN0s0PNeEwk-00033-00007927-00008224 instead of having to recreate everything from scratch, wN0s0PNeEwk-00034-00008224-00008491 which is an awesome feature for me. wN0s0PNeEwk-00035-00008491-00008898 So, I have a presentation that, I use when I demo wN0s0PNeEwk-00036-00008988-00009135 Nearpod to teachers, wN0s0PNeEwk-00037-00009135-00009332 and, so I'm gonna go ahead and do a live session. wN0s0PNeEwk-00038-00009332-00009472 There is an option for student pace, wN0s0PNeEwk-00039-00009472-00009689 so if you have someone that missed class, wN0s0PNeEwk-00040-00009689-00009869 or you're teaching online, wN0s0PNeEwk-00041-00009869-00010003 there is an option where wN0s0PNeEwk-00042-00010003-00010363 you can share a student-paced presentation, wN0s0PNeEwk-00043-00010364-00010603 or if you have learners that need to go wN0s0PNeEwk-00044-00010603-00010790 at their own pace instead of yours. wN0s0PNeEwk-00045-00010790-00011101 And you can make it available to them, outside of school, wN0s0PNeEwk-00046-00011101-00011294 so they can look at it at home. wN0s0PNeEwk-00047-00011294-00011491 We're gonna go ahead and do a live session. wN0s0PNeEwk-00048-00011491-00011738 - [Guy] Okay, and I will join as a student. wN0s0PNeEwk-00049-00011738-00012052 - So, when it loads it'll give a code. wN0s0PNeEwk-00050-00012168-00012388 And it's ZVNTJ. wN0s0PNeEwk-00051-00012488-00012686 Once all of your students are in, wN0s0PNeEwk-00052-00012686-00012819 and you're gonna see on the screen, wN0s0PNeEwk-00053-00012819-00013086 you're gonna see the teacher view. wN0s0PNeEwk-00054-00013086-00013319 So, it'll show me over here, wN0s0PNeEwk-00055-00013493-00013910 students, now your students do put their own name in, wN0s0PNeEwk-00056-00013910-00014144 so one of the things I always caution teachers wN0s0PNeEwk-00057-00014144-00014397 is set rules, before you use this. wN0s0PNeEwk-00058-00014397-00014661 Let them know that you see everything they do in here, wN0s0PNeEwk-00059-00014661-00014774 and you have the option wN0s0PNeEwk-00060-00014774-00015021 to share their responses with the class. wN0s0PNeEwk-00061-00015021-00015221 So, in teacher view, you get to see wN0s0PNeEwk-00062-00015221-00015438 who was signed in in your student list. wN0s0PNeEwk-00063-00015438-00015592 And as we go through you'll also wN0s0PNeEwk-00064-00015592-00015789 be able to see which of your students are participating, wN0s0PNeEwk-00065-00015789-00015915 how they're answering, wN0s0PNeEwk-00066-00015915-00016239 and that allows you to have those on the spot wN0s0PNeEwk-00067-00016239-00016383 knowledge checks. wN0s0PNeEwk-00068-00016383-00016656 - And one of the things that I want to say is, wN0s0PNeEwk-00069-00016656-00016833 and you can see this, so you can see, wN0s0PNeEwk-00070-00016833-00016940 this is what I can see, wN0s0PNeEwk-00071-00016940-00017073 but I can't get, wN0s0PNeEwk-00072-00017074-00017390 I can't move fast forward or back, wN0s0PNeEwk-00073-00017392-00017604 without the instructor doing this. wN0s0PNeEwk-00074-00017604-00017961 So, one of the things about both Pear Deck, wN0s0PNeEwk-00075-00018062-00018188 and this one, wN0s0PNeEwk-00076-00018188-00018465 is that really the teacher controls the pace, wN0s0PNeEwk-00077-00018465-00018588 over everything that happens, wN0s0PNeEwk-00078-00018588-00018778 unless it's self-paced. wN0s0PNeEwk-00079-00018804-00019132 So, my first slide is just the intro. wN0s0PNeEwk-00080-00019205-00019299 Then it goes through, wN0s0PNeEwk-00081-00019299-00019422 and I have a Youtube video, wN0s0PNeEwk-00082-00019422-00019632 so you can import videos from Youtube. wN0s0PNeEwk-00083-00019632-00019769 Since this is on the planets, wN0s0PNeEwk-00084-00019769-00019976 this is a Bill Nye video. wN0s0PNeEwk-00085-00019976-00020186 This particular lesson is targeted wN0s0PNeEwk-00086-00020186-00020340 towards middle school aged wN0s0PNeEwk-00087-00020340-00020504 students, so wN0s0PNeEwk-00088-00020504-00020754 they can watch the video on their own. wN0s0PNeEwk-00089-00020754-00021004 So, after they've watched the video, wN0s0PNeEwk-00090-00021004-00021161 there's a question. wN0s0PNeEwk-00091-00021162-00021464 And the question will show up, wN0s0PNeEwk-00092-00021464-00021644 and this one is a true or false statement. wN0s0PNeEwk-00093-00021644-00022028 Pluto is still the last planet in the solar system. wN0s0PNeEwk-00094-00022028-00022205 So then go ahead and get an answer. wN0s0PNeEwk-00095-00022205-00022348 - And what I do on my side, wN0s0PNeEwk-00096-00022348-00022595 is I just get the question, I have true or false, wN0s0PNeEwk-00097-00022595-00022789 and then I have a send button, wN0s0PNeEwk-00098-00022789-00022942 and it asks me to confirm, wN0s0PNeEwk-00099-00022942-00023096 so you can't just press it wN0s0PNeEwk-00100-00023096-00023243 and by mistake hit the answer. wN0s0PNeEwk-00101-00023243-00023436 It says, do you want to send this answer? wN0s0PNeEwk-00102-00023436-00023570 Absolutely I do. wN0s0PNeEwk-00103-00023570-00023863 - So then in teacher view it'll show me, wN0s0PNeEwk-00104-00023863-00024044 it'll show me the answer. wN0s0PNeEwk-00105-00024044-00024274 And, so Guy chose B. wN0s0PNeEwk-00106-00024274-00024541 And I can choose to share the answers wN0s0PNeEwk-00107-00024541-00024637 with the class, wN0s0PNeEwk-00108-00024638-00024884 so what'll happen is they'll look on their screen, wN0s0PNeEwk-00109-00024884-00025168 and they'll see a pie chart showing how. wN0s0PNeEwk-00110-00025168-00025285 - Like this. wN0s0PNeEwk-00111-00025285-00025412 - And it's an anonymous pie chart. wN0s0PNeEwk-00112-00025412-00025675 The teacher get's to see, based on name, wN0s0PNeEwk-00113-00025675-00025769 who answered what. wN0s0PNeEwk-00114-00025769-00026019 The students only see the data. wN0s0PNeEwk-00115-00026068-00026252 And, so as a teacher you can see, wN0s0PNeEwk-00116-00026252-00026456 oh everybody seemed to understand that, wN0s0PNeEwk-00117-00026456-00026583 and then you can move on. wN0s0PNeEwk-00118-00026583-00027019 Or, they didn't, maybe I should refresh that wN0s0PNeEwk-00119-00027020-00027170 before we move on. wN0s0PNeEwk-00120-00027170-00027447 Um, so yeah, then we have some stuff wN0s0PNeEwk-00121-00027447-00027657 that should look, really really familiar. wN0s0PNeEwk-00122-00027657-00027887 Standard text, slide, wN0s0PNeEwk-00123-00027888-00028148 there are gonna be some more content slides here. wN0s0PNeEwk-00124-00028148-00028408 So this one is actually, a link wN0s0PNeEwk-00125-00028408-00028572 to NASA's website. wN0s0PNeEwk-00126-00028620-00028824 So, in Nearpod, I put, wN0s0PNeEwk-00127-00028824-00029022 and you can't see it on mine, wN0s0PNeEwk-00128-00029022-00029209 but the students see the web page. wN0s0PNeEwk-00129-00029209-00029329 So, what's really cool about this, wN0s0PNeEwk-00130-00029329-00029559 is you can control where they go. wN0s0PNeEwk-00131-00029559-00029736 You can give them those access to wN0s0PNeEwk-00132-00029736-00029976 information that's on the internet, wN0s0PNeEwk-00133-00029976-00030233 but you've sent them to a specific place. wN0s0PNeEwk-00134-00030233-00030403 - Yeah, I'm trying to click on a link, wN0s0PNeEwk-00135-00030403-00030557 and it's not going. wN0s0PNeEwk-00136-00030557-00030820 - And, so that shows them just the content wN0s0PNeEwk-00137-00030820-00031044 that you want them to have. wN0s0PNeEwk-00138-00031227-00031474 And then again, when it's time to move on, wN0s0PNeEwk-00139-00031474-00031738 I automatically move them forward. wN0s0PNeEwk-00140-00031738-00032072 So, I can push them through more of the content flags, wN0s0PNeEwk-00141-00032072-00032512 and then again, another question, to check for knowledge. wN0s0PNeEwk-00142-00032512-00032809 And you can have different types of questions. wN0s0PNeEwk-00143-00032809-00033036 So, the first one was a true or false. wN0s0PNeEwk-00144-00033036-00033263 This one, I asked them to list the planets wN0s0PNeEwk-00145-00033263-00033413 in the milky way. wN0s0PNeEwk-00146-00033413-00033680 So, the idea is for them to list as many as they can. wN0s0PNeEwk-00147-00033680-00033937 And again, this is one of those nice moments wN0s0PNeEwk-00148-00033937-00034107 where if you aren't one-to-one, wN0s0PNeEwk-00149-00034107-00034257 and they're in their groups, wN0s0PNeEwk-00150-00034257-00034404 they can work collaboratively. wN0s0PNeEwk-00151-00034404-00034597 And even if they are one-to-one, tell them to, wN0s0PNeEwk-00152-00034597-00034948 you know at their smaller tables, or with a partner, wN0s0PNeEwk-00153-00034948-00035091 to come up with the list together, wN0s0PNeEwk-00154-00035091-00035305 to get that collaboration going, wN0s0PNeEwk-00155-00035305-00035722 and to make the students more successful in their answers. wN0s0PNeEwk-00156-00035722-00036009 So, then again, on the teacher end, wN0s0PNeEwk-00157-00036009-00036386 you'll see when the answers start to populate. wN0s0PNeEwk-00158-00036486-00036676 And I can see that Guy, wN0s0PNeEwk-00159-00036676-00036976 Saturn, Mercury, Jupiter, Earth and Mars. wN0s0PNeEwk-00160-00036976-00037294 And again, I can share the answer. wN0s0PNeEwk-00161-00037294-00037547 So, and you can do that in a couple of different ways. wN0s0PNeEwk-00162-00037547-00037794 You can do that to show the correct answer. wN0s0PNeEwk-00163-00037794-00038038 You can do that to show an incorrect answer, wN0s0PNeEwk-00164-00038038-00038244 and have the students fill in wN0s0PNeEwk-00165-00038244-00038446 the missing pieces. wN0s0PNeEwk-00166-00038446-00038708 And you can do it without embarrassing any of your students, wN0s0PNeEwk-00167-00038708-00038845 because it's all anonymous. wN0s0PNeEwk-00168-00038845-00039025 - Yeah, and on the other hand, wN0s0PNeEwk-00169-00039025-00039322 these are really great ways to start discussions, wN0s0PNeEwk-00170-00039322-00039509 so you can use this word, wN0s0PNeEwk-00171-00039509-00039736 or you can use this response, wN0s0PNeEwk-00172-00039736-00039969 whether it's quantitative, or like we just had, wN0s0PNeEwk-00173-00039969-00040343 text, to start a discussion around why does this work, wN0s0PNeEwk-00174-00040343-00040543 or what part of this answer is correct, wN0s0PNeEwk-00175-00040543-00040690 or what are some other area. wN0s0PNeEwk-00176-00040690-00040894 So there are lots of ways you can use that, wN0s0PNeEwk-00177-00040894-00041130 to get kids talking. wN0s0PNeEwk-00178-00041130-00041354 - Exactly, so again this is just another wN0s0PNeEwk-00179-00041354-00041698 multiple choice question after some content slides, wN0s0PNeEwk-00180-00041698-00042072 and in this one they can choose more than one. wN0s0PNeEwk-00181-00042072-00042348 And again, so you can set the parameters of the questions wN0s0PNeEwk-00182-00042348-00042615 when you're setting up your, your slides. wN0s0PNeEwk-00183-00042615-00043032 So again, I can show the pie chart, of the answers. wN0s0PNeEwk-00184-00043239-00043433 And then I can unshare. wN0s0PNeEwk-00185-00043434-00043806 So the other thing is you can show multiple responses. wN0s0PNeEwk-00186-00043807-00044117 So, one of my personal favorite features, wN0s0PNeEwk-00187-00044117-00044345 is this is a twitter feed. wN0s0PNeEwk-00188-00044346-00044524 So I can pull in, wN0s0PNeEwk-00189-00044524-00044798 since this was on the planets and Mars, wN0s0PNeEwk-00190-00044798-00045088 I pulled in the Curiosity Rover's twitter feed, wN0s0PNeEwk-00191-00045088-00045281 because what junior higher doesn't think it's cool wN0s0PNeEwk-00192-00045281-00045495 that a robot has a twitter feed? wN0s0PNeEwk-00193-00045495-00045745 - And, this is their live twitter feed. wN0s0PNeEwk-00194-00045745-00045839 - Yes. wN0s0PNeEwk-00195-00045839-00045929 - So this is in real time, wN0s0PNeEwk-00196-00045929-00046069 this is not some, wN0s0PNeEwk-00197-00046070-00046194 - [Zoe] Correct. wN0s0PNeEwk-00198-00046194-00046376 - [Guy] Pictures of the twitter feed. wN0s0PNeEwk-00199-00046376-00046616 - Yes, and it's the same way with the website. wN0s0PNeEwk-00200-00046616-00046840 It's locked down so they can't maneuver out of it, wN0s0PNeEwk-00201-00046840-00046973 but it's a live, wN0s0PNeEwk-00202-00046974-00047323 it's not you know like a history screenshot. wN0s0PNeEwk-00203-00047323-00047507 And again, another video, and this one deals wN0s0PNeEwk-00204-00047507-00047924 specifically with the Mars rover that we just, saw. wN0s0PNeEwk-00205-00048034-00048288 Again, more content slides. wN0s0PNeEwk-00206-00048288-00048686 And then, there's gonna be, a quiz at the end. wN0s0PNeEwk-00207-00048812-00049112 And, this one is only two questions. wN0s0PNeEwk-00208-00049112-00049382 But again, this is sort of that summary. wN0s0PNeEwk-00209-00049382-00049552 How much do you guys remember, wN0s0PNeEwk-00210-00049552-00049909 from our larger presentation? wN0s0PNeEwk-00211-00049909-00050160 So again, I can share the answers. wN0s0PNeEwk-00212-00050160-00050422 And, 50-50. wN0s0PNeEwk-00213-00050422-00050604 Good job. wN0s0PNeEwk-00214-00050604-00050730 - [Guy] Maybe. wN0s0PNeEwk-00215-00050814-00051201 - And then, just a references slide at the end. wN0s0PNeEwk-00216-00051324-00051568 But, one of the other things you can do, wN0s0PNeEwk-00217-00051568-00051811 is, you can save information, wN0s0PNeEwk-00218-00051921-00052065 from the session. wN0s0PNeEwk-00219-00052138-00052395 So, you can track that, wN0s0PNeEwk-00220-00052395-00052619 so if you have separate classes, wN0s0PNeEwk-00221-00052619-00052792 but they're all doing the same thing, wN0s0PNeEwk-00222-00052792-00053009 you can track the progress of individual classes, wN0s0PNeEwk-00223-00053009-00053179 as they go through the presentation. wN0s0PNeEwk-00224-00053179-00053263 - Okay. wN0s0PNeEwk-00225-00053264-00053543 So, the one thing that you didn't show wN0s0PNeEwk-00226-00053543-00053693 that I think is important to talk about, wN0s0PNeEwk-00227-00053693-00053943 is that you can have questions wN0s0PNeEwk-00228-00053944-00054307 that are involved with just circling and connecting. wN0s0PNeEwk-00229-00054307-00054597 - Yes, so I am now kind of making my own, wN0s0PNeEwk-00230-00054598-00054914 and in the add activity section, wN0s0PNeEwk-00231-00054914-00055075 you can do draw it. wN0s0PNeEwk-00232-00055075-00055349 And, this is where, wN0s0PNeEwk-00233-00055490-00055632 they would, wN0s0PNeEwk-00234-00055795-00056211 just draw their own response. wN0s0PNeEwk-00235-00056342-00056529 And that's where when they're on their tablet, wN0s0PNeEwk-00236-00056529-00056686 they're just using their finger, wN0s0PNeEwk-00237-00056686-00056840 and they're drawing. wN0s0PNeEwk-00238-00056840-00057060 So, if you wanted them to draw the rings of Jupiter, wN0s0PNeEwk-00239-00057060-00057203 you would put a planet, wN0s0PNeEwk-00240-00057203-00057520 and then have them draw, the rings on. wN0s0PNeEwk-00241-00057520-00057938 And, there's another activity where it's fill in the blanks. wN0s0PNeEwk-00242-00057938-00058167 And I think that option, wN0s0PNeEwk-00243-00058521-00058765 you paste the text, and then. wN0s0PNeEwk-00244-00059141-00059282 My text. wN0s0PNeEwk-00245-00059876-00060320 And then you tell it which one you want to see the blank. wN0s0PNeEwk-00246-00060590-00060817 And then when they do it, wN0s0PNeEwk-00247-00060817-00060917 they type in wN0s0PNeEwk-00248-00061024-00061147 their response. wN0s0PNeEwk-00249-00061221-00061324 It links to Google, wN0s0PNeEwk-00250-00061324-00061604 so if your students already have a Google account, wN0s0PNeEwk-00251-00061604-00061835 from Google in the Classroom, or something like that, wN0s0PNeEwk-00252-00061835-00062025 you can have them just log in, wN0s0PNeEwk-00253-00062025-00062192 with that so they don't have to have new wN0s0PNeEwk-00254-00062192-00062342 passwords or log ins. wN0s0PNeEwk-00255-00062342-00062479 - And this is something we're all concerned with, wN0s0PNeEwk-00256-00062479-00062672 is how many log ins to remember. wN0s0PNeEwk-00257-00062672-00062786 - Exactly. wN0s0PNeEwk-00258-00062786-00062942 - And also whose information goes where. wN0s0PNeEwk-00259-00062942-00063083 So if you're already workin' with Google, wN0s0PNeEwk-00260-00063083-00063416 this is an easy way to think about this. wN0s0PNeEwk-00261-00063416-00063686 The one I want to talk about is called Pear Deck. wN0s0PNeEwk-00262-00063686-00063863 And, you can find it at Pear Deck dot com. wN0s0PNeEwk-00263-00063863-00064013 It's very similar, wN0s0PNeEwk-00264-00064014-00064404 so Nearpod and Pear Deck are almost identical. wN0s0PNeEwk-00265-00064404-00064571 Pear Deck does some things better. wN0s0PNeEwk-00266-00064571-00064894 It has some better items, or different items. wN0s0PNeEwk-00267-00064894-00065205 So right now I'm presenting, and this a seventh grade, wN0s0PNeEwk-00268-00065205-00065468 and this is an example that actually exists wN0s0PNeEwk-00269-00065468-00065696 inside Pear Deck. wN0s0PNeEwk-00270-00065696-00066190 And both have some lessons that are available for free, wN0s0PNeEwk-00271-00066190-00066432 and I suggest always downloading a few just to see wN0s0PNeEwk-00272-00066433-00066553 what other people are doing, wN0s0PNeEwk-00273-00066553-00066689 even if you're not teaching that. wN0s0PNeEwk-00274-00066689-00066873 If you are teaching that, that's fantastic. wN0s0PNeEwk-00275-00066873-00067063 Somebody may have done your work for you. wN0s0PNeEwk-00276-00067063-00067263 Not necessarily, but may have. wN0s0PNeEwk-00277-00067263-00067470 And so you can use it or change it, wN0s0PNeEwk-00278-00067470-00067674 and you can see it starts with the standard, wN0s0PNeEwk-00279-00067674-00067811 and it's a way to share. wN0s0PNeEwk-00280-00067811-00067991 And here's a, wN0s0PNeEwk-00281-00068056-00068311 so this is the kind of presentation wN0s0PNeEwk-00282-00068311-00068561 that really serves as a guide, wN0s0PNeEwk-00283-00068562-00068752 to you as a teacher, wN0s0PNeEwk-00284-00068752-00068958 and to anchor students' attention. wN0s0PNeEwk-00285-00068958-00069325 This is not the kind of thing that has lots of, wN0s0PNeEwk-00286-00069325-00069522 lots of interactive features. wN0s0PNeEwk-00287-00069522-00069796 - Because there's not a lot of extra wN0s0PNeEwk-00288-00069796-00070096 stuff going on, for some students it's a lot easier wN0s0PNeEwk-00289-00070096-00070230 to focus on just wN0s0PNeEwk-00290-00070230-00070637 the one word, or the couple of words on the screen, wN0s0PNeEwk-00291-00070637-00070804 rather than in the other presentation, wN0s0PNeEwk-00292-00070804-00071230 that was more colorful, and in some cases more distracting, wN0s0PNeEwk-00293-00071230-00071518 for the learners to process through that information. wN0s0PNeEwk-00294-00071518-00071741 - But, from all other features, wN0s0PNeEwk-00295-00071741-00071888 they're very, very similar wN0s0PNeEwk-00296-00071888-00072080 to what we have, wN0s0PNeEwk-00297-00072080-00072362 across both apps so wN0s0PNeEwk-00298-00072362-00072519 you can choose one or the others. wN0s0PNeEwk-00299-00072519-00072809 We've known districts that have chosen one or the other. wN0s0PNeEwk-00300-00072809-00073203 Pear Deck is more dependent on actually paying. wN0s0PNeEwk-00301-00073204-00073446 So, where we've seen it very successful wN0s0PNeEwk-00302-00073446-00073593 is when the districts pay, wN0s0PNeEwk-00303-00073593-00073760 and you get all the features, wN0s0PNeEwk-00304-00073760-00073897 because they're fantastic features. wN0s0PNeEwk-00305-00073897-00073990 - They are. wN0s0PNeEwk-00306-00074100-00074558 - But in Nearpod you can actually get quick access. wN0s0PNeEwk-00307-00074652-00075001 So, and for free, and try it out to do all of these things. wN0s0PNeEwk-00308-00075001-00075275 You can in Pear Deck, but again, you get less features. wN0s0PNeEwk-00309-00075275-00075452 So, that's something to think about. wN0s0PNeEwk-00310-00075452-00075695 If you don't have the support of your school district, wN0s0PNeEwk-00311-00075695-00076057 Nearpod may be an easier entry point. wN0s0PNeEwk-00312-00076122-00076306 So, that's about that. wN0s0PNeEwk-00313-00076340-00076593 So today, on Mobile Learning in the Classroom, wN0s0PNeEwk-00314-00076593-00076883 we talked about different presentations. wN0s0PNeEwk-00315-00076883-00077203 And the way to freshen up what you're doing, wN0s0PNeEwk-00316-00077203-00077397 especially if you have, wN0s0PNeEwk-00317-00077398-00077704 as we talked about with Pear Deck, wN0s0PNeEwk-00318-00077832-00078121 and really what do you do if everybody's got the device? wN0s0PNeEwk-00319-00078121-00078314 How do you provide that wN0s0PNeEwk-00320-00078314-00078491 information to students? wN0s0PNeEwk-00321-00078491-00078615 And we'll see you next time on wN0s0PNeEwk-00322-00078615-00078749 Mobile Learning in the Classroom. wN0s0PNeEwk-00323-00078750-00079176 (techno music) wN0s0PNeEwk-00324-00079176-00079634 Email: gtrainin2@unl.edu Twitter: @tgite wOcLEyYqh0u-00000-00000003-00000522 Hi I'm Jill Singer founder and CEO of Go English Coach and the creator of the wOcLEyYqh0u-00001-00000522-00001071 American Accent Training program I helped hundreds of students who have wOcLEyYqh0u-00002-00001071-00001526 been studying English for a really long time but still lack a strong command of wOcLEyYqh0u-00003-00001526-00002013 English fluency to finally gain the skills and confidence they need to put wOcLEyYqh0u-00004-00002013-00002409 their years of English training to good use and finally get the job that they wOcLEyYqh0u-00005-00002409-00002805 want or the income increase that they're looking for or just to speak with their wOcLEyYqh0u-00006-00002805-00003479 colleagues, friends and family. I'm so glad you downloaded my ebook 14 Quick wOcLEyYqh0u-00007-00003479-00003905 and Easy Steps to English Fluency. In this book I reveal to you some of the wOcLEyYqh0u-00008-00003905-00004182 biggest challenges that some of my students have had in the past with wOcLEyYqh0u-00009-00004182-00004620 learning English pronunciation and some really quick and easy tips to overcoming wOcLEyYqh0u-00010-00004620-00004992 those challenges. Have you been studying English for a really long time but still wOcLEyYqh0u-00011-00004992-00005378 feel like you have bad pronunciation? Do you often get nervous or embarrassed wOcLEyYqh0u-00012-00005378-00005730 when you're speaking with your friends and colleagues? Do you sometimes have to wOcLEyYqh0u-00013-00005730-00006207 repeat yourself over and over and over again? Have you wasted your time, money wOcLEyYqh0u-00014-00006207-00006690 and energy on numerous English online classes but still feel like you can't wOcLEyYqh0u-00015-00006690-00007079 speak clearly? Well I want to tell you it's not your fault and you're wOcLEyYqh0u-00016-00007079-00007640 definitely not alone. Take for example, my friend in student, Jorge. Jorge emigrated wOcLEyYqh0u-00017-00007640-00008034 here to the United States a couple of years ago and had been studying English wOcLEyYqh0u-00018-00008034-00008538 since he was in primary school. When he got here at first he thought "my English wOcLEyYqh0u-00019-00008538-00009003 is pretty good", but when he started to use his English to communicate he found wOcLEyYqh0u-00020-00009003-00009329 that people did not understand what he was saying and he had to repeat himself wOcLEyYqh0u-00021-00009329-00009867 over and over and over. Jorge got a little frustrated and joined my English wOcLEyYqh0u-00022-00009867-00010332 fluency classes and dedicated himself to come into class three or four times a wOcLEyYqh0u-00023-00010332-00010836 week and really push for you know pronunciation and fluency. Jorge knew wOcLEyYqh0u-00024-00010836-00011178 that if he could increase his pronunciation and fluency that he could wOcLEyYqh0u-00025-00011178-00011670 get a better job and make more money and that's just what he did. Now Jorge is wOcLEyYqh0u-00026-00011670-00012150 managing 15 guys on his construction site and making enough money to live wOcLEyYqh0u-00027-00012150-00012614 comfortably here in the United States for his wife his children and his family wOcLEyYqh0u-00028-00012614-00013033 in general. Now, I want to tell you about the three wOcLEyYqh0u-00029-00013033-00013431 main mistakes that I've seen over the years of teaching English. The first wOcLEyYqh0u-00030-00013431-00013959 mistake is that many English classes don't focus on pronunciation you'll wOcLEyYqh0u-00031-00013959-00014598 study grammar, reading, writing a lot of things in a book, but not really the wOcLEyYqh0u-00032-00014598-00015037 pronunciation or fluency and this is a really big problem because not having wOcLEyYqh0u-00033-00015037-00015511 the foundational pieces of English can really make it tricky when you're trying wOcLEyYqh0u-00034-00015511-00015868 to get fluent later on after you've studied for a while! wOcLEyYqh0u-00035-00015868-00016378 Secondly, a lot of my students live or work with people who don't correct them! wOcLEyYqh0u-00036-00016378-00016876 Take my friend and student, Amanda, for example. Amanda came into my class with a wOcLEyYqh0u-00037-00016876-00017298 very high level of English. She had been in the United States for a really long wOcLEyYqh0u-00038-00017298-00017818 time she was married to an American man and worked with all English-speaking wOcLEyYqh0u-00039-00017818-00018348 people daily. We were reading a passage in my class and I pronounced the word wOcLEyYqh0u-00040-00018754-00019050 And she looked at me like I was crazy! Can you repeat wOcLEyYqh0u-00041-00019066-00019444 that please salmon so I repeated it and repeated it wOcLEyYqh0u-00042-00020252-00020502 She didn't realize that we don't wOcLEyYqh0u-00043-00020514-00021064 pronounce the L and reduce that long o sound. She was horrified. She couldn't wOcLEyYqh0u-00044-00021064-00021424 believe that no one had ever corrected her pronunciation of that word. And wOcLEyYqh0u-00045-00022212-00022384 And the final mistake that I see with wOcLEyYqh0u-00046-00022384-00022867 a lot of my students is that they live or work in communities that don't speak wOcLEyYqh0u-00047-00022867-00023310 English and maybe only their native language. Take my student Ahmed for wOcLEyYqh0u-00048-00023310-00023812 example. Ahmed came to the United States and spoke Somali at his his first wOcLEyYqh0u-00049-00023812-00024498 language. Ahmed was a taxi driver in the city that we lived in and the city was wOcLEyYqh0u-00050-00024498-00025084 very cold and the roads were often icy. So one night, Ahmed was driving his taxi wOcLEyYqh0u-00051-00025084-00025587 and started to slip on the road. He crashed into a car and when the police wOcLEyYqh0u-00052-00025590-00025810 arrived Ahmed told the police that he was wOcLEyYqh0u-00053-00026286-00026444 So obviously, this was a problem... wOcLEyYqh0u-00054-00026456-00027018 and subsequently Ahmed lost his insurance and therefore his job which wOcLEyYqh0u-00055-00027018-00027445 was a really difficult thing for himself his wife and their young family. wOcLEyYqh0u-00056-00027650-00028004 and these are the biggest problems that I've seen over the years teaching English wOcLEyYqh0u-00057-00028004-00028583 fluency to many, many students. The problems like Jorge, Amanda and Ahmed are wOcLEyYqh0u-00058-00028583-00029064 not uncommon and you're not alone!! Which is why I developed this wOcLEyYqh0u-00059-00029354-00029892 what I've discovered, is that speaking clear, native sounding English isn't difficult if you know the wOcLEyYqh0u-00060-00029895-00030264 key aspects that make your English sound fluent such as... wOcLEyYqh0u-00061-00030502-00030983 Using these key aspects, I've helped many, many students accomplish their goals of wOcLEyYqh0u-00062-00030995-00031439 sounding fluent in English and getting the jobs or the achievements that wOcLEyYqh0u-00063-00031439-00031598 they've really been working towards. wOcLEyYqh0u-00064-00031776-00031980 In this course, we start with the wOcLEyYqh0u-00065-00031980-00032370 foundational pieces of English fluency which are the sounds of the English wOcLEyYqh0u-00066-00032370-00032826 language. Did you know that there are fourteen different vowel sounds in wOcLEyYqh0u-00067-00032826-00033240 English but only five letters that represent them? I mean how is somebody wOcLEyYqh0u-00068-00033240-00033687 supposed to know when they see the letter 'a' to pronounce it as /a/ or as an wOcLEyYqh0u-00069-00033687-00034119 /æ/ like an apple? Next, we'll move into the stress and look at some wOcLEyYqh0u-00070-00034119-00034596 multi-syllabic words in English and start to look at where you put the stress in wOcLEyYqh0u-00071-00034596-00034878 those words so that people can really understand what you're saying. wOcLEyYqh0u-00072-00034878-00035409 And finally we synthesize all of that information and move into the temporal wOcLEyYqh0u-00073-00035409-00036036 aspects of English which is the stress, rhythm and intonation. Those key aspects wOcLEyYqh0u-00074-00036036-00036579 of English are absolutely fundamental to speaking clear native sounding English. wOcLEyYqh0u-00075-00036579-00037071 And after you go through this course you'll finally get that confidence that wOcLEyYqh0u-00076-00037071-00037418 you need to speak English with anyone at anytime!!! wOcLEyYqh0u-00077-00037632-00038052 So today, I'd like to invite you to join us in learning and improving your wOcLEyYqh0u-00078-00038053-00038496 English pronunciation and fluency. I'm offering this course at a reduced price wOcLEyYqh0u-00079-00038497-00039181 of only $97 now normally this course would go for well over $300 and even wOcLEyYqh0u-00080-00039181-00039577 more if you were to take it in a university. But today, since you've joined wOcLEyYqh0u-00081-00039577-00040129 me here, I'm so excited to offer it at this reduced price. In addition to access wOcLEyYqh0u-00082-00040129-00040765 to the course, you'll also get the free ebook as well as downloadable PDFs that wOcLEyYqh0u-00083-00040765-00041230 are yours to keep forever. And once you're done with the 18 video lessons wOcLEyYqh0u-00084-00041230-00041674 quizzes and practices, you'll get a certificate of completion that you can wOcLEyYqh0u-00085-00041674-00042016 print out and hang on your wall or show your boss so that you get the raise that wOcLEyYqh0u-00086-00042016-00042388 you want. So go ahead and click the link below and you'll get access to all of wOcLEyYqh0u-00087-00042388-00042865 the things that I just mentioned as well as the super bonus today for the first wOcLEyYqh0u-00088-00042865-00043324 30 buyers of this course. I will be entering you into our members only wOcLEyYqh0u-00089-00043324-00043780 access area where I will show up with you guys every day to help address some wOcLEyYqh0u-00090-00043780-00044185 of your questions comments or challenges and give you feedback on your progress wOcLEyYqh0u-00091-00044185-00044563 so that you can make sure you stay on your path of achieving your goals with wOcLEyYqh0u-00092-00044563-00045082 English so join us today and I'll meet you in the members-only area. Thanks so wOcLEyYqh0u-00093-00045082-00045370 much for listening and have a great day I can't wait to meet you and help you wOcLEyYqh0u-00094-00045370-00047131 achieve your English goals wPKOjOaY5ko-00000-00000100-00000500 Good morning mr. Lynch. wPKOjOaY5ko-00001-00000600-00001501 It's July 27th, 2021 and it's a Tuesday. wPKOjOaY5ko-00002-00001601-00002002 Here in Naples from the mythical Villa Vannucchi wPKOjOaY5ko-00003-00002102-00002502 are 34 celsius degress and around 92-93 fahrenheit wPKOjOaY5ko-00004-00002602-00003203 and this means that like in this days and in this period it's a very, very, very, very hot day. It's a total sunny day. wPKOjOaY5ko-00005-00003303-00004000 Today I show him other purple flowers wPKOjOaY5ko-00006-00005101-00005802 and a little before this villa there's another villa wPKOjOaY5ko-00007-00005902-00006303 where there are other purple flowers. wPKOjOaY5ko-00008-00006703-00007100 In any case, besides the purple flowers, how can he hear, wPKOjOaY5ko-00009-00007200-00007701 there is always a lot of music in the air: wPKOjOaY5ko-00010-00007801-00009102 did he hear the insects and birds singing in the previous villa before? wPKOjOaY5ko-00011-00009803-00010200 Oh, that's them! the purple flowes again! Oh, they enchant my eyes! wPKOjOaY5ko-00012-00010300-00010900 So this means that we are in the Wisteria realms wPKOjOaY5ko-00013-00011001-00012002 and I hope that this symbol means that will be a four season of Twin Peaks wPKOjOaY5ko-00014-00012102-00012702 I hope Wisteria / Unrecorded Night will be the continuous of Twin Peaks. wPKOjOaY5ko-00015-00012802-00013003 But we'll see. wPKOjOaY5ko-00016-00013403-00014401 Anyway from the mythical Villa Vannucchi we have those wPKOjOaY5ko-00017-00014501-00015101 beautiful blue skies and golden sunshine all along the way. wPKOjOaY5ko-00018-00015201-00015598 So from here, from the mythical villa Vannucchi wPKOjOaY5ko-00019-00015602-00016002 have a great day him and everyone too wQueL4E6ARE-00000-00000272-00000542 As you begin the research process, you will need to find wQueL4E6ARE-00001-00000544-00000720 background information on your topic. wQueL4E6ARE-00002-00000742-00001226 The library has hundreds of biographical and reference books housed in online eBook databases. wQueL4E6ARE-00003-00001290-00001710 A great place to start research is in the Credo reference database. wQueL4E6ARE-00004-00001712-00002007 This is a collection of over 500 digitized reference books like wQueL4E6ARE-00005-00002028-00002344 encyclopedias atlases and subject dictionaries. wQueL4E6ARE-00006-00002398-00002784 As you use the Credo reference database to find background information, wQueL4E6ARE-00007-00002804-00003206 you'll also see links to connect you to the library catalog and various other library databases so you wQueL4E6ARE-00008-00003224-00003636 can find more books eBooks journal articles and videos. wQueL4E6ARE-00009-00003747-00004234 If you're looking for extensive biographical information, try the Biography in Context database. wQueL4E6ARE-00010-00004254-00004776 It houses over 170 reference books which have over six hundred thousand biographies. wQueL4E6ARE-00011-00004802-00005202 You can click on PEOPLE to see a complete list of biographical profiles. wQueL4E6ARE-00012-00005238-00005574 You can search these databases or explore other reference collections wQueL4E6ARE-00013-00005574-00005976 by selecting FIND BACKGROUND INFORMATION from the library homepage. wQueL4E6ARE-00014-00006028-00006426 Reference eBook databases are a great way to start exploring your topic wQueL4E6ARE-00015-00006434-00006640 and get biographical and background information. wQueL4E6ARE-00016-00006654-00006922 They will also help you discover other academic sources, wQueL4E6ARE-00017-00006942-00007266 like books and journal articles, that you can cite in your paper or project. wSxsGj4PJUY-00000-00000000-00000200 196 subscribers wV_1_fnX-1k-00000-00001033-00001519 Mike Pence Just Brought Washington to Its Knees With The 8 Words He Said Today! wV_1_fnX-1k-00001-00001519-00001711 By Paris Swade. wV_1_fnX-1k-00002-00001711-00002200 Mike Pence told reporters on Capitol Hill Wednesday afternoon that Trump is going to wV_1_fnX-1k-00003-00002200-00002501 be getting Washington in marching orders again. wV_1_fnX-1k-00004-00002501-00002823 Trump will now initiate orders to �repeal and replace Obamacare.� wV_1_fnX-1k-00005-00002823-00003423 Then he said these 8 words that will have every politician shaking in their boots: wV_1_fnX-1k-00006-00003423-00003827 �WE�RE GOING TO BE IN THE PROMISE-KEEPING BUSINESS,� PENCE STATED. wV_1_fnX-1k-00007-00003827-00004245 �The president-elect campaigned all across this country. wV_1_fnX-1k-00008-00004245-00004808 He gave voice to the frustrations and aspirations of the American people. he laid out an agenda wV_1_fnX-1k-00009-00004808-00005344 to make America great again, and my message on his behalf today before this Congress and wV_1_fnX-1k-00010-00005344-00005673 this Senate is that we intend to keep those promises.� wV_1_fnX-1k-00011-00005673-00005991 �It will literally begin on day one,� he continued. wV_1_fnX-1k-00012-00005991-00006497 �Before the end of the day, we do anticipate that the president-elect will be in the Oval wV_1_fnX-1k-00013-00006497-00007058 Office, taking action to both repeal executive orders and also set into motion through executive wV_1_fnX-1k-00014-00007058-00007568 action policies to implement promises that were made on the campaign trail.� wV_1_fnX-1k-00015-00007568-00008080 In addition to getting rid of Obamacare, Pence will also �roll back the onerous regulations wV_1_fnX-1k-00016-00008080-00008408 that have been stifling� economic growth. wV_1_fnX-1k-00017-00008408-00008947 He will initiate �tax reform for businesses and individuals.� Pence also promises to wV_1_fnX-1k-00018-00008947-00009312 end illegal immigration and �rebuilding our military.� wV_1_fnX-1k-00019-00009312-00009438 Pence then said: wV_1_fnX-1k-00020-00009438-00009906 �The American people had a choice,� the former Indiana Governor stated. wV_1_fnX-1k-00021-00009906-00010488 �Our president-elect took his case to the American people to repeal and replace Obamacare, wV_1_fnX-1k-00022-00010488-00010968 and the American people voted decisively for a better future for health care in this country.� wV_1_fnX-1k-00023-00010968-00011316 *** Let�s share Mike Pence�s message!! wV_1_fnX-1k-00024-00011316-00011789 Washington is going to have to start working for the American people again! wV_1_fnX-1k-00025-00011789-00013197 The video link for the video is in the article below in our description. wWKzOJqEDQo-00000-00000000-00000200 Aerosol Of My Love by Kevin MacLeod wWKzOJqEDQo-00001-00000549-00000749 Link in description: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/7013-aerosol-of-my-love wWKzOJqEDQo-00002-00001632-00001832 just be happy wWcpklkbLy8-00000-00000164-00000292 Hi! wWcpklkbLy8-00001-00000292-00002731 Today I want to talk to you about "to film".I been thinking that "to film" means a lot to wWcpklkbLy8-00002-00002731-00004086 me,it means...I don't know how to say...a reason to be.I wish very much to act in movies wWcpklkbLy8-00003-00004086-00004194 and to hear the world "action!" wWcpklkbLy8-00004-00004194-00004314 in the moment when the filming start,when everyone is ready,someone say "action!" wWcpklkbLy8-00005-00004314-00004996 and I live for that moment.But "to film" also means what Gerry Roberts say.When he came wWcpklkbLy8-00006-00004996-00005387 in Romania he said that the video is the article of the future and I belive this very much,that's wWcpklkbLy8-00007-00005387-00005720 why I started to make these videos instead of atricles and this is an exercise for me wWcpklkbLy8-00008-00005720-00005820 too,of course.For you what does it mean "to film?" wWcpklkbLy8-00009-00005820-00005820 Bye! wXnc1OGzQKc-00000-00001284-00001475 Wanna keep a dry roof over your heads, literally. wXnc1OGzQKc-00001-00001475-00001818 When you need a reliable roofing solution. wXnc1OGzQKc-00002-00001818-00002028 Our experienced team of professionals are ready wXnc1OGzQKc-00003-00002028-00002172 to solve your needs. wXnc1OGzQKc-00004-00002172-00002440 No job is to big or to small. wXnc1OGzQKc-00005-00002440-00002911 Our experienced craftsman have years of experienced on all sorts of buildings. wXnc1OGzQKc-00006-00002911-00003201 We are confident you will be completely satisfied. wXnc1OGzQKc-00007-00003201-00003388 Don't delay and contact us today! wXnc1OGzQKc-00008-00003388-00003682 Tile Roofing Los Angeles CA Hey there thanks for watching our video to wXnc1OGzQKc-00009-00003682-00003958 get more fresh content regularly, the subscribe wXnc1OGzQKc-00010-00003958-00004072 button below. wXnc1OGzQKc-00011-00004072-00004557 And then also, like us on Facebook and engage with us through social media by clicking these wXnc1OGzQKc-00012-00004557-00004705 icons that are popping up. wZiPUrIyHD0-00000-00000794-00001110 Is everyone judging what's in the background or what I'm wearing? wZiPUrIyHD0-00001-00001110-00001418 There is not much to judge. Everyone is in the same boat. wZiPUrIyHD0-00002-00001418-00001842 People have attended mine in pajamas or they've got ready. wZiPUrIyHD0-00003-00001842-00002150 It's like most people are really very concerned about what's on wZiPUrIyHD0-00004-00002150-00002542 their own background, what they are wearing, so they're not really looking at you. wZiPUrIyHD0-00005-00002542-00002888 You can pretty much move your laptop to where you want it to be. You don't wZiPUrIyHD0-00006-00002888-00003258 have to be facing an embarrassing wall full of your old childhood photos. wZiPUrIyHD0-00007-00003258-00003465 I mean there's some really cool backgrounds on Zoom. wZiPUrIyHD0-00008-00003465-00004178 There's one on the Zoom app that's out of space, so people just sit there in another planet. wZiPUrIyHD0-00009-00004178-00004622 There are always compromises. So if you want to dress more professional up top if wZiPUrIyHD0-00010-00004622-00005154 you're on camera, you can always wear comfy socks or pajama pants on the bottom. wZiPUrIyHD0-00011-00005154-00005372 I'm not saying that's what I do. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00000-00000172-00000567 Hey guys, it's Christopho and this is another Solarus tutorial. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00001-00000721-00001050 In this video, I'm going to explain ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00002-00001180-00001610 the basics of Lua scripting in Solarus. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00003-00001750-00001930 Because .. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00004-00001930-00002235 as we will see in in this tutorials, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00005-00002359-00002738 the whole behavior of your quest will be scripted ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00006-00002793-00003305 in the Lua programming language. So if you don't know Lua, it's okay. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00007-00003561-00004329 If ... but it's better if you already know a programming language, if you have some basics in programming. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00008-00004534-00004871 So, I mean you should already know what is ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00009-00004957-00005357 a function, what is a variable, calling functions, parameters, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00010-00005455-00005655 return values etc. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00011-00005935-00006135 Otherwise you ... you should ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00012-00006264-00006524 if you ... if you are really motivated to learn ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00013-00006736-00006868 Lua ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00014-00006868-00007665 without any previous programming background ... it's ... it's great, but it will require, of course, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00015-00007779-00008210 more work. But there are links in the description of the video ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00016-00008347-00008547 to the ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00017-00008653-00009072 programming ... programming in Lua book, which is great to learn ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00018-00009250-00009450 to know Lua. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00019-00009559-00009759 So okay. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00020-00009778-00010526 In your quest, you can have as many scripts as you want. Scripts are the ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00021-00010668-00011101 .lua files. When you created your new quest, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00022-00011246-00011728 normally at least three scripts were created. "main.lua" .. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00023-00011786-00012061 which is the main one. It's executed ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00024-00012156-00012288 when ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00025-00012288-00012488 when you start the game. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00026-00012645-00012844 And normally two other scripts, wdxP7Jz0OoE-00027-00012950-00013150 the solarus_logo, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00028-00013269-00013711 which defines this animation. The logo that we just saw. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00029-00013851-00014494 So, it means that everything is customizable, even the the logo. You can change it, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00030-00014494-00014819 you can remove it if you don't like it. You can add sound. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00031-00014919-00015119 And ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00032-00015153-00015353 The game_manager script ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00033-00015359-00015574 which is in charge of ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00034-00015681-00015964 creating and running the game. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00035-00016363-00016914 But when you start, only main.lua is executed. And as you can see, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00036-00016961-00017214 this main.lua script ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00037-00017330-00017793 called the other two scripts. Here game_manager, and here ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00038-00017861-00018061 solarus_logo. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00039-00018073-00018732 Require() is the standard Lua require function, which is the standard way of ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00040-00018856-00019056 calling another file, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00041-00019133-00019333 another script. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00042-00019436-00019636 And all functions ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00043-00019667-00019867 provided by Solarus are always ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00044-00019943-00020143 in the "sol" ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00045-00020245-00020445 table. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00046-00020468-00020636 Which is ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00047-00020636-00021394 a global value ... global value, so a global table with the whole Lua API. So ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00048-00021497-00021697 everything else is ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00049-00021764-00022416 standard Lua functions. Like require(), of course, functions that you define yourself. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00050-00023029-00023751 Okay. So, your favorite ... your favorite link will be the documentation, ... the wdxP7Jz0OoE-00051-00023791-00023911 official ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00052-00023911-00024111 Lua API documentation. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00053-00024196-00024364 API ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00054-00024364-00024845 So, you can access it from here, or by pressing <F1>. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00055-00024922-00025122 And it gets you on this page. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00056-00025192-00025445 Then you can go "Lua API reference". wdxP7Jz0OoE-00057-00025513-00025713 (Application Programming Interface) wdxP7Jz0OoE-00058-00025783-00025900 So ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00059-00025900-00026100 all of this ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00060-00026101-00026263 describes ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00061-00026263-00026410 very precisely ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00062-00026410-00027105 all functions provided by the engine. All functions that you can call. And also ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00063-00027226-00027426 the functions that ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00064-00027439-00027797 the engine can call in your code. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00065-00027892-00028092 We will see that. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00066-00028168-00028758 But you ... to the explain here, the whole Lua ... Lua API is available in the "sol" table. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00067-00028997-00029520 Okay. So, there are a lot of types. Game, item, movements. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00068-00029660-00029860 We already saw ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00069-00030133-00030333 very quickly ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00070-00030389-00030951 a function on the game type. So, this is an object of type game. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00071-00031100-00031360 It was passed as parameter of this function. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00072-00031487-00031711 And this function is called here. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00073-00031802-00032017 So, the game is actually created by ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00074-00032102-00032454 this function. You can see the documentation of this: ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00075-00032591-00032791 "sol.game.load". wdxP7Jz0OoE-00076-00032888-00033088 Under type "Game". wdxP7Jz0OoE-00077-00033230-00033553 So, there are three functions: wdxP7Jz0OoE-00078-00033797-00033920 ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00079-00033920-00034311 "exists", "delete" and "load". And then lot of methods. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00080-00034424-00034544 So ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00081-00034544-00034744 these ones are ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00082-00034778-00035067 also ... also some functions, but ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00083-00035171-00035610 they are meant to be called on a game object, ... on a game instance. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00084-00035711-00035911 So if you know ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00085-00036089-00036414 object-oriented programming languages, this is ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00086-00036575-00037008 standard methods. And this is like ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00087-00037184-00037497 statics, ... static functions. Okay? wdxP7Jz0OoE-00088-00037732-00037932 So, here we create ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00089-00038008-00038197 the game object. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00090-00038197-00038565 This acts like a constructor actually. And then ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00091-00038632-00039209 we pass this object to the function here. And the "local" keyword ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00092-00039319-00039633 should be used all the time when you create a ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00093-00039724-00040088 variable. If you forget it, it will also work, but ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00094-00040156-00040833 by default this will be a global object. So, this is never what you want. This is not a good practice. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00095-00040927-00041127 Unless you really know what you are doing. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00096-00041284-00041529 So, here we create a boolean value. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00097-00041773-00042212 Because exist returns "true" if this savegame file exists. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00098-00042328-00042738 And here, we will create a "game" value. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00099-00042928-00043347 This function initialize ... initializes stuff in the game. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00100-00043414-00043994 So, you can see the documentation of set_max_life(), set_life(), set_ability(), set_starting_location(). wdxP7Jz0OoE-00101-00044176-00044802 For example, if you ... if we check set_starting_location(), the one that we .. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00102-00044851-00045062 changed in previous tutorials. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00103-00045223-00045998 It takes two parameters. The square brackets means ... mean that a parameter is optional. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00104-00046129-00046329 And everything is explained here. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00105-00046435-00046635 So, the documentation is very detailed. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00106-00047224-00047424 Okay. So, starting_location(). wdxP7Jz0OoE-00107-00048725-00048925 So, this is for game. And ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00108-00049076-00049755 "General features" describes the ... the functions of "sol.main". wdxP7Jz0OoE-00109-00050111-00050623 Because "game" is about playing a game, but "main" is really ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00110-00050762-00051112 more global stuff about your quest. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00111-00051227-00051978 So, you can see a lot of functions here to get some general information about your ... your quest. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00112-00052382-00052582 And Yeah. So ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00113-00052682-00052945 Another important thing is that in ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00114-00053075-00053847 all ... almost all types of the ... of the API, there are some functions or methods. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00115-00054071-00054640 These ones are provided by the engine, and your workout can call them. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00116-00054891-00055241 So, actually they are implemented in C++. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00117-00055446-00055534 And ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00118-00055652-00055852 The contrary also exists. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00119-00055985-00056203 You can define some functions with ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00120-00056372-00056572 special names. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00121-00056579-00057054 Document... documentated ... documented here. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00122-00057275-00057589 And yeah. And the engine will call these functions. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00123-00057778-00058436 So, for example, this code is called automatically when you start ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00124-00058585-00058785 the quest. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00125-00058994-00059574 This is a perfectly normal function. It's just that you define the function ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00126-00059741-00060270 and since it has exactly this name on the "sol.main" table, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00127-00060398-00060936 it will be called by the engine because it's documented here. Okay? wdxP7Jz0OoE-00128-00061187-00061486 And started ... "called at the beginning of the program". wdxP7Jz0OoE-00129-00061802-00062002 And yeah. When the ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00130-00062112-00062702 request() begin ... begins, we show the logo, and then we start the game. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00131-00063099-00063628 You can check the "sol.menu" API to understand this better. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00132-00063783-00064120 But that's not the point, I just wanted to explain that ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00133-00064254-00064820 sometimes you call functions of the C++ engine like this, and wdxP7Jz0OoE-00134-00064877-00065083 sometimes it's the engine that calls ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00135-00065141-00065408 your code and this ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00136-00065492-00065685 kind of function ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00137-00065685-00065954 ,automatically called by the engine, is called an event. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00138-00066039-00066227 You never actually ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00139-00066227-00066613 call this, you just define the function, and the engine will call it. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00140-00066741-00067235 And there is another event, on_key_pressed(). Very easy to understand. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00141-00067433-00067633 It is automatically called when ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00142-00067731-00068095 any keyboard key is pressed, and here we ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00143-00068163-00068927 check a few keys: <F5> to switch the video mode, you can try that to see exactly what it does; ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00144-00069018-00069218 <F11> or ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00145-00069240-00069560 <alt+return> or <control+ return> ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00146-00069560-00069850 to switched for ... to switch to full screen; wdxP7Jz0OoE-00147-00069995-00070450 <alt+F4> to stop the program, so for example this ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00148-00070702-00070902 this is a ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00149-00070939-00071421 function, a C++ function, called here in your code, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00150-00071554-00071754 on "sol.main". wdxP7Jz0OoE-00151-00071782-00071980 And this is ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00152-00071980-00072422 a Lua function called by the engine. Okay, so it works both ways. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00153-00072511-00072812 And all the time, in the documentation, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00154-00072961-00073736 you have a function section and an event section. This was also true for the "game". wdxP7Jz0OoE-00155-00073981-00074181 Functions and methods ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00156-00074284-00074455 are both ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00157-00074455-00074759 engine code that you can call. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00158-00074875-00074989 And events ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00159-00074989-00075175 are your code ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00160-00075175-00075375 that the engine calls. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00161-00075457-00076053 And of course, there are a lot of events ... of possible events in all types, but ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00162-00076129-00076530 the ones that you don't define, will just never be called. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00163-00076711-00076873 Okay, so ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00164-00076873-00077073 For example, we can try to ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00165-00077173-00077513 let's say, play a sound when another key is pressed. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00166-00077659-00077859 For example, when you press <a>. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00167-00078139-00078339 So, how to play a sound? wdxP7Jz0OoE-00168-00078412-00079088 You can see that in sol.audio. There is a play_sound() function ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00169-00079513-00079941 that takes as parameter the ID of the sound. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00170-00080056-00080218 So ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00171-00080218-00080651 the ID as it appears in this list, in the first column. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00172-00080860-00081371 And let's play this sound that you must know if you play Zelda: ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00173-00081541-00081741 secret. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00174-00082195-00082809 So, I just played it in the quest editor by double clicking, but to play it in the game, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00175-00082957-00083283 we use the Lua API. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00176-00083353-00083691 And also, let's do this to tell the engine that we ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00177-00083779-00084071 want to consume the ... the key event. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00178-00084583-00084783 Okay, so if I press <a>, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00179-00084954-00085154 it works. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00180-00085216-00085428 And since I defined this ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00181-00085733-00085933 in sol.main:on_key_pressed(), ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00182-00086009-00086123 it's ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00183-00086123-00086740 really at the global level, so it's even called during the title sreens, ... during the logo here. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00184-00086813-00087013 (I was too quick.) wdxP7Jz0OoE-00185-00087104-00087304 Okay. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00186-00087332-00087595 So, sol.main is really ... really global. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00187-00087686-00088237 It doesn't matter if a quest is ... if a game, sorry, is currently running or not. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00188-00088613-00088813 Okay. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00189-00088871-00089103 So again, you can call some functions ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00190-00089159-00089568 provided by the engine, and in the other way, the engine ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00191-00089612-00090354 can call your ... can call your code. And all events always start by "on_". wdxP7Jz0OoE-00192-00090446-00090710 So of course, when you define your own functions, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00193-00090896-00091254 like this one, to local functions to this file .... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00194-00091394-00091594 When you define your own functions, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00195-00091805-00092062 if you don't want them to be called by the engine, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00196-00092216-00092421 if you don't want to risk ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00197-00092519-00092719 a conflict of names, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00198-00092768-00093076 just don't start the name by "on". wdxP7Jz0OoE-00199-00093471-00093931 Okay. So, it was just a small recommendation. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00200-00094170-00094370 And let's put this code back. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00201-00094446-00094681 The finally thing I wanted to say is ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00202-00094911-00095100 a quick tip ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00203-00095100-00095801 to debug your scripts when you have problems, you can use the standard print function of Lua. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00204-00096102-00096302 And print stuff ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00205-00096371-00096571 "Hello world". wdxP7Jz0OoE-00206-00096606-00097036 It will appear in the console here. So, if I press <a>, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00207-00097202-00097579 "Hello world". Okay. You can press it again. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00208-00097851-00098335 It's very useful to do some debugging when you have problems. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00209-00098797-00099390 So okay. There are a lot of scripts, usually you don't modify the main script a lot. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00210-00099568-00099679 But ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00211-00099679-00100155 you create specific scripts for some tasks like here ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00212-00100155-00100677 to take care of running a game. But there will also be map scripts. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00213-00100735-00101064 For now, map scripts are all empty, but ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00214-00101188-00101571 not really empty because there is some default code, but it does nothing. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00215-00101707-00102333 I will see how to use map scripts in ... in future tutorials, but for example, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00216-00102558-00102758 it will be useful to ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00217-00103039-00103508 program the behavior of what happens ... of what happens on the map. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00218-00103606-00103806 For example, if you have a ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00219-00103879-00104079 button, ... a pressure plate, ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00220-00104235-00104655 they are called a switch in the engine, ... you will use Lua code to ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00221-00104709-00105438 describe what happens when the player activates the switch. For example, you ... you will be able to open a door, or ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00222-00105475-00105792 make a chest appear. Something like that. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00223-00105936-00106136 All of this will be done in Lua. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00224-00106303-00106526 You will also have enemy scripts ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00225-00106624-00106929 to describe the movements, their ... wdxP7Jz0OoE-00226-00107002-00107234 falls, their attacks and everything. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00227-00107585-00107869 And also item scripts to create weapons. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00228-00108096-00108296 Okay. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00229-00108317-00108754 So yeah. We will do a lot of Lua in future tutorials. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00230-00109142-00109927 If you have any question, don't hesitate to ask. I hope that it was understandable. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00231-00110185-00110932 If you already have basics in programming languages, I think it should be ... it should be easy. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00232-00111080-00111156 Okay. wdxP7Jz0OoE-00233-00111188-00111618 Thank you for watching this tutorial and see you next time. Bye. wgU5abHw1F0-00000-00000413-00001254 Long long time ago, deep in the mountains of Tohoku in Japan there used to be a wgU5abHw1F0-00001-00001254-00001830 little bird. This bird was flying all the way up in the mountains wgU5abHw1F0-00002-00001830-00002865 And was checking to see if there's snow or not. Every year around November 18th this wgU5abHw1F0-00003-00002865-00003819 bird was telling people to go snowboarding. Today I met that bird and wgU5abHw1F0-00004-00003819-00004841 it told me "There isn't enough snow but you can snowboard today"! Have fun! wgU5abHw1F0-00005-00004964-00005985 Good morning put on your gloves, take your board out, walk a few meters, enjoy the view wgU5abHw1F0-00006-00005985-00007494 Put it you down, strap it, and the other leg Ready! wgU5abHw1F0-00007-00008656-00009626 2019, snowboarding season has started! My snowboard just stopped. wgU5abHw1F0-00008-00009626-00009826 I think I need to wax it! wgU5abHw1F0-00009-00010460-00010848 There's no snow here! Do you know why? Because it's hot! wgU5abHw1F0-00010-00010848-00011018 [You can sit and warm themselves, fully dressed, sitting on a wooden box through which 95°C hot spring water flows.] wgU5abHw1F0-00011-00011018-00011474 Let the season begin! hahaha wgU5abHw1F0-00012-00011502-00012070 Two years ago I was snowboarding in powder snow up to my .... waist wgU5abHw1F0-00013-00012706-00012980 Last year I was walking to Hakkoda Odake Peak. wgU5abHw1F0-00014-00014586-00015066 I think I'll walk again today! Looking good~ wgU5abHw1F0-00015-00015869-00016394 There's much much more snow than last year! wgU5abHw1F0-00016-00016394-00016594 Two years ago there was snow wgU5abHw1F0-00017-00016594-00017256 up to my bellybutton. Last year there was actually less less than this year. wgU5abHw1F0-00018-00017256-00017686 So I guess this year is better! Maybe because God is good with us and is giving us wgU5abHw1F0-00019-00017686-00018193 more snow. Anyways, I hope that every year when I come here on November the 18th wgU5abHw1F0-00020-00018193-00018828 there's snow not just for snowboarding but I just want to see some snow here. wgU5abHw1F0-00021-00019172-00019701 a little world a bird told me wgU5abHw1F0-00022-00020110-00020940 Once upon a time, far north in Japan " I had to record that again! Too scary!" wgU5abHw1F0-00023-00021068-00021350 Thank you little bird! Thank you! ♡ wgU5abHw1F0-00024-00021468-00021668 What can I do to reduce the CO2 emissions? wgU5abHw1F0-00025-00021690-00021924 In this story the birds were the swans that come to Aomori in winter. wgU5abHw1F0-00026-00021936-00022288 Or was it my friends' voice inviting me to go snowboarding... wgU5abHw1F0-00027-00022392-00022592 With snow from Hakkoda, Mihai. whzNYV9RPlo-00000-00000177-00000585 LITTLE People, Big World fans are speculating that Tori Roloff has secretly given birth whzNYV9RPlo-00001-00000585-00000924 to her third child as they believe she's dropping hints on social media. whzNYV9RPlo-00002-00000924-00001415 The 30-year-old already shares two kids with her husband, Zach: son Jackson, four, and whzNYV9RPlo-00003-00001415-00001573 daughter Lilah, two. whzNYV9RPlo-00004-00001573-00002134 Back in November 2021, the LPBW star announced she was pregnant with her third child, revealing whzNYV9RPlo-00005-00002134-00002583 to fans that she expected the baby to arrive in "Spring 2022." whzNYV9RPlo-00006-00002583-00003024 Tori then offered another update the following month, as she showed off her baby bump in whzNYV9RPlo-00007-00003024-00003371 a long black dress and wrote: ""…and we're half way there!" whzNYV9RPlo-00008-00003371-00003844 By those calculations, the baby should be expected by May, however, fans have noticed whzNYV9RPlo-00009-00003844-00004290 that Tori hasn't shared an update in some time leading to speculation she may have already whzNYV9RPlo-00010-00004290-00004443 given birth. whzNYV9RPlo-00011-00004443-00004914 In early April, the soon-to-be mom of three shared a short clip of her unborn baby moving whzNYV9RPlo-00012-00004914-00005286 in her belly, calling it the "only fun part of pregnancy." whzNYV9RPlo-00013-00005286-00005738 Tori has stayed out of frame since then, only sharing a short clip of her two young kids whzNYV9RPlo-00014-00005738-00005909 looking out a snowy window. whzNYV9RPlo-00015-00005909-00006036 "I’m ready for sun!" whzNYV9RPlo-00016-00006036-00006302 the TLC star simply captioned the video. whzNYV9RPlo-00017-00006302-00006775 Previously, Tori has been open about her pregnancy journey, admitting that she's found it difficult whzNYV9RPlo-00018-00006775-00007161 to be happy since she suffered a miscarriage in 2021. whzNYV9RPlo-00019-00007161-00007620 The TV personality wrote on Instagram about her third pregnancy: “I feel like miscarriage whzNYV9RPlo-00020-00007620-00007802 truly steals your joy. whzNYV9RPlo-00021-00007802-00008102 "This pregnancy, it’s been so difficult to get excited. whzNYV9RPlo-00022-00008102-00008518 "However, we have seen a baby multiple times and we’ve heard his/her heartbeat a ton. whzNYV9RPlo-00023-00008518-00008618 And it’s strong." whzNYV9RPlo-00024-00008618-00008992 She continued: “We went in for our first ultrasound at eight weeks and found out that whzNYV9RPlo-00025-00008992-00009236 we lost our sweet baby two weeks earlier.” whzNYV9RPlo-00026-00009236-00009578 Tori added “I’ve never felt so sad, angry, and scared in a single moment.” whzNYV9RPlo-00027-00009578-00009678 BABY BOY? whzNYV9RPlo-00028-00009678-00010028 While neither Tori nor Zach, 31, have confirmed if they've welcomed a new member into their whzNYV9RPlo-00029-00010028-00010403 family, fans have already been predicting the baby's gender. whzNYV9RPlo-00030-00010403-00010856 In March, Tori posted new photo in which she cradled her baby bump while standing next whzNYV9RPlo-00031-00010856-00010984 to her kids. whzNYV9RPlo-00032-00010984-00011439 She looked radiant in a navy pattern maternity dress, while her children wore adorable matching whzNYV9RPlo-00033-00011439-00011584 denim shirts. whzNYV9RPlo-00034-00011584-00012065 Tori captioned: “Matching ‘till they won’t let me anymore!” and posted three blue heart whzNYV9RPlo-00035-00012065-00012213 emojis. whzNYV9RPlo-00036-00012213-00012571 Fans were convinced that the caption was a giveaway as to the gender of her upcoming whzNYV9RPlo-00037-00012571-00012718 third child. whzNYV9RPlo-00038-00012718-00012909 One wrote: “I think it’s a boy!” whzNYV9RPlo-00039-00012909-00013059 as another chimed in, “Ohh! whzNYV9RPlo-00040-00013059-00013235 You are going to have a baby boy!?” whzNYV9RPlo-00041-00013235-00013335 “Adorable… whzNYV9RPlo-00042-00013335-00013647 I think another boy," one user added. whzNYV9RPlo-00043-00013647-00014047 Despite the speculation, Tori has insisted that she and Zach won’t be doing a gender whzNYV9RPlo-00044-00014047-00014606 reveal party. wjQIZLeYqpk-00000-00000072-00001592 but then the part that i find personally most motivating is that it creates a sense of adventure wjQIZLeYqpk-00001-00001768-00002136 what's your mission life why you do whatever wjQIZLeYqpk-00002-00002136-00002760 you do uh sure well first of all uh thank you for having me it's an honor to be here um wjQIZLeYqpk-00003-00002832-00003384 and we're having a really really great time uh with my kids in in dubai it's really been wjQIZLeYqpk-00004-00003384-00003984 fantastic i really encourage anyone who hasn't been to to visit uh what a great city thank you wjQIZLeYqpk-00005-00004368-00005264 and um in terms of the motivations uh i guess the the la this sort of kind of a long version of the wjQIZLeYqpk-00006-00005264-00006176 explanation but uh essentially the when i was a kid i was wondering kind of what's the meaning wjQIZLeYqpk-00007-00006176-00007120 of life like why are we here what's it all about and um i came to the conclusion that uh what what wjQIZLeYqpk-00008-00007120-00007864 really matters is trying to understand the right questions to ask and the more that we can increase wjQIZLeYqpk-00009-00007864-00008600 the scope and scale of human consciousness the better we are able to ask these questions wjQIZLeYqpk-00010-00008600-00009160 and so i think that there's certain things that are necessary to ensure that the future is good wjQIZLeYqpk-00011-00009368-00009392 and wjQIZLeYqpk-00012-00009680-00010144 some of those things are in the long term having long-term sustainable wjQIZLeYqpk-00013-00010144-00010344 transport and sustainable energy generation wjQIZLeYqpk-00014-00010560-00011000 and to be a space-bearing civilization wjQIZLeYqpk-00015-00011080-00011896 and for humanity to be out there among the stars and be a multi-planetary species i think the wjQIZLeYqpk-00016-00012072-00012368 being a multi-planet species and being out there among the stars is important for wjQIZLeYqpk-00017-00012512-00013240 the long-term survival of humanity and uh that's one reason kind of like life insurance for life wjQIZLeYqpk-00018-00013240-00014088 collectively life as we know it but then the part that i find personally most motivating is that it wjQIZLeYqpk-00019-00014088-00014760 creates a sense of adventure and it makes people excited about the future and if you consider wjQIZLeYqpk-00020-00014760-00015424 two futures one where we are forever confined to earth until eventually something terrible happens wjQIZLeYqpk-00021-00015496-00016088 or another future where we are out there on many planets maybe even going beyond the solar system wjQIZLeYqpk-00022-00016176-00016800 i think that second version is incredibly exciting and inspiring and there need to be reasons to wjQIZLeYqpk-00023-00016800-00017256 get up in the morning you know life can't just be about solving problems otherwise what's the point wjQIZLeYqpk-00024-00017320-00017744 there's got to be things that people find inspiring and make life worth living wjQIZLeYqpk-00025-00017952-00018768 so what is life for you i mean you look at our life and i heard you before speaking wjQIZLeYqpk-00026-00018856-00019784 is the dream is that his life is it a million d what is life for elon musk wjQIZLeYqpk-00027-00019888-00020728 i find as as i get older i find that question to be maybe more and more confusing or troubling wjQIZLeYqpk-00028-00020728-00021528 or uncertain um i think particularly when you see the advancement of something like video games wjQIZLeYqpk-00029-00021656-00022152 you know like say 40 years ago you had video games the most advanced video game would be wjQIZLeYqpk-00030-00022152-00022832 like like pong where you had like two rectangles and a dot you like batting it back and forth i wjQIZLeYqpk-00031-00022832-00023440 played it oh yeah like me too exactly exactly it sort of dates you a little bit but yeah we both wjQIZLeYqpk-00032-00023440-00023896 played the same game um and that was like wow that was a pretty fun game at the time wjQIZLeYqpk-00033-00024032-00024576 but now you can see a video game that's photo realistic almost realistic and millions of wjQIZLeYqpk-00034-00024576-00025168 people playing simultaneously and and you see where things going with virtual reality wjQIZLeYqpk-00035-00025352-00025856 and augmented reality and if you extrapolate that out into the future wjQIZLeYqpk-00036-00025856-00026672 with any rate of progress at all like even 0.1 percent or something like that a year then wjQIZLeYqpk-00037-00026672-00027200 eventually those games will be indistinguishable from reality they'll be so realistic you will not wjQIZLeYqpk-00038-00027200-00027608 be able to tell the difference between that game and the reality as we know it wjQIZLeYqpk-00039-00027816-00028424 and then it seems like well how do we know that that didn't happen in the past wjQIZLeYqpk-00040-00028504-00029295 and that we're not in one of those games ourselves interesting interesting i mean could be wlrBVfhhba0-00000-00000032-00000512 guys, i reached to zero views in the last 60 minutes. wlrBVfhhba0-00001-00000624-00001272 i'm not kidding this time. and there's actually no views here at all. and i lost wlrBVfhhba0-00002-00001272-00002232 one view the previous hour. see, it happened on this one here, it's just negative one. x02HatfD01g-00000-00000760-00001150 -Deist: This weekend we welcome Eric Peters, an automotive fanatic who x02HatfD01g-00001-00001154-00001540 reviews new cars for outlets like the Wall Street Journal, the Washington Times, x02HatfD01g-00002-00001540-00001942 and Investors Business Daily. But Eric is no ordinary car guy, x02HatfD01g-00003-00001942-00002370 he is a dedicated anarcho-capitalist and founder of ericpetersautos.com, x02HatfD01g-00004-00002370-00002730 which blends car and bike talk with his high-octane defense of Liberty. x02HatfD01g-00005-00002730-00003140 Eric and I discuss the automobile as a symbol of libertarian autonomy, x02HatfD01g-00006-00003147-00003621 why statists love public transportation, how moronic government regulations make x02HatfD01g-00007-00003621-00003752 all cars look the same, x02HatfD01g-00008-00003752-00004176 and why you should go buy an old V8 or an old motorcycle while you still can. x02HatfD01g-00009-00004176-00004284 Stay tuned. x02HatfD01g-00010-00004813-00005126 Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Mises Weekends. We are very pleased to be x02HatfD01g-00011-00005126-00005273 joined by Eric Peters x02HatfD01g-00012-00005273-00005628 from ericpetersautos.com. Eric, how are you today? x02HatfD01g-00013-00005628-00005732 -Peters: I'm good x02HatfD01g-00014-00005732-00006046 -Deist: we gave listeners a little introduction x02HatfD01g-00015-00006046-00006433 and biographical sketch of you in the intro, so let me just throw this out as x02HatfD01g-00016-00006433-00006559 kind of a general idea: x02HatfD01g-00017-00006559-00006950 From my perspective the state, i.e. statists, they hate x02HatfD01g-00018-00006959-00007320 individual autonomy and as a result I think they have always x02HatfD01g-00019-00007320-00007830 had a distaste for been suspicious of the combustion engine and the individual x02HatfD01g-00020-00007830-00008220 actor driving where he wants to go in his own car. It seems like the state x02HatfD01g-00021-00008227-00008321 hates cars. x02HatfD01g-00022-00008321-00008820 -Peters: Oh, certainly I think you can you can go back through the years and find x02HatfD01g-00023-00008820-00009150 multiple things in support of that contention, and after all x02HatfD01g-00024-00009150-00009600 what could be more horrifying to a statist than somebody being able to go where x02HatfD01g-00025-00009600-00009650 they like, x02HatfD01g-00026-00009650-00010070 when they like, and in particular, at whatever speed they deem appropriate, god x02HatfD01g-00027-00010078-00010160 help us all. x02HatfD01g-00028-00010160-00010503 -Deist: Well it also ties into their urban planning schemes, right? They wanna x02HatfD01g-00029-00010503-00010839 forces into cities and onto public transportation. x02HatfD01g-00030-00010839-00010979 -Peters: That too, they'd like that because x02HatfD01g-00031-00010979-00011345 it's regimented. You know, if you're in public transport you go someplace when x02HatfD01g-00032-00011345-00011677 they tell you you're gonna go, you stand at the platform and wait for the train or x02HatfD01g-00033-00011677-00011790 you wait for the bus, x02HatfD01g-00034-00011790-00012090 and the bus goes at its own pace and it takes you x02HatfD01g-00035-00012095-00012533 in its own sweet time, and your autonomy is greatly diminished thereby. x02HatfD01g-00036-00012533-00012919 You know, the chaos status of people just electing to go, x02HatfD01g-00037-00012923-00013319 come and go as they please, again that's horrifying. That's the word that I use; they x02HatfD01g-00038-00013319-00013551 seem to have a real psychological problem with x02HatfD01g-00039-00013551-00013869 atomized individuals being able to x02HatfD01g-00040-00013879-00014115 go where they please, when they please. x02HatfD01g-00041-00014116-00014276 -Deist: There is sort of x02HatfD01g-00042-00014290-00014676 one type of car that statists like, and that is, of course x02HatfD01g-00043-00014676-00015133 electric cars. My reading the other day of how, depending on how you x02HatfD01g-00044-00015133-00015603 tweak the gap accounting rules, Tesla may or may not be profitable x02HatfD01g-00045-00015603-00015950 for the first quarter 2014. But I'm reading about their x02HatfD01g-00046-00015950-00016330 their much-vaunted model S, and this car has a x02HatfD01g-00047-00016332-00016856 300-mile range which seems preposterously small to me. x02HatfD01g-00048-00016864-00017222 -Peters: Well, 300 miles is grossly optimistic, x02HatfD01g-00049-00017223-00017609 you have to put that into context. Theoretically I suppose it could x02HatfD01g-00050-00017609-00017720 three hundred miles x02HatfD01g-00051-00017720-00018101 if you gimp a long at 45-50 miles per hour x02HatfD01g-00052-00018101-00018548 on a nice warm summer day and did not use the accessories. x02HatfD01g-00053-00018548-00018951 The Tesla S is very quick a couple of times, and very briefly. x02HatfD01g-00054-00018951-00019300 If you use its performance the battery will very quickly be depleted, x02HatfD01g-00055-00019300-00019740 and even with the the supercharger, which goes into a 240-volt x02HatfD01g-00056-00019740-00020190 recharging system, it still takes about 45 minutes to juice the thing back up. x02HatfD01g-00057-00020198-00020601 And if you haven't got access to the supercharging system, x02HatfD01g-00058-00020601-00020910 you're looking at 10 hours or so to recharge the thing. x02HatfD01g-00059-00020916-00021295 The analogy that I draw: It's similar to owning a x02HatfD01g-00060-00021295-00021678 BMW M5 with a gas tank that holds x02HatfD01g-00061-00021678-00022023 half a gallon of gas and that you have to refill with a syringe. x02HatfD01g-00062-00022023-00022485 -Deist: The other interesting thing I noticed was that their putative profitability x02HatfD01g-00063-00022485-00022619 was based in part x02HatfD01g-00064-00022619-00023065 on their ability to sell this California scheme of zero emission vehicle credits x02HatfD01g-00065-00023065-00023357 to other car manufacturers who make gasoline cars. x02HatfD01g-00066-00023382-00023904 -Peters: Exactly, and they're also myriad subsidies, federal and state level both to the x02HatfD01g-00067-00023904-00024056 company and to the individual. x02HatfD01g-00068-00024056-00024515 I think the current tax rebate per car at the retail level to the individuals, I x02HatfD01g-00069-00024515-00024793 think $7,500. I know that in California x02HatfD01g-00070-00024793-00025278 they've also got a state tax credit. Mind you, this is a car with a base price of x02HatfD01g-00071-00025278-00025708 $70,000. That's the base price and it goes up from there to over six figures. x02HatfD01g-00072-00025713-00026066 So, your tax dollars are going to help somebody, x02HatfD01g-00073-00026066-00026542 I'd like to put 'help' in quotes, who can already afford a $70,000 car x02HatfD01g-00074-00026551-00026873 sensibly in the name of efficient transportation. x02HatfD01g-00075-00026873-00027199 -Deist: Wow, seventy thousand. I had an x02HatfD01g-00076-00027199-00027510 interesting experience over the weekend: I had the good fortune to x02HatfD01g-00077-00027510-00027989 rent an Infiniti Q50, and I will say that this car was x02HatfD01g-00078-00027989-00028360 absolutely phenomenal, ate up the road. But, you know, x02HatfD01g-00079-00028363-00028669 I took a look at the MSRP x02HatfD01g-00080-00028669-00028983 after I reluctantly turned it back into the rental car place, x02HatfD01g-00081-00028983-00029327 and it's about $40,000 with decent x02HatfD01g-00082-00029327-00029780 options. And I was thinking to myself, you know, if we had honest money; If we x02HatfD01g-00083-00029780-00029860 didn't have the x02HatfD01g-00084-00029869-00030185 fed in this country. In other words, if people had to write a check for x02HatfD01g-00085-00030185-00030313 $40,000 x02HatfD01g-00086-00030313-00030695 or they had to borrow $40,000 at natural interest rates, x02HatfD01g-00087-00030695-00031050 can you imagine what cars might look like in america today? x02HatfD01g-00088-00031052-00031442 -Peters: Oh, absolutely. In fact, I x02HatfD01g-00089-00031442-00031810 often complain about the add-on cost of government. If you took away x02HatfD01g-00090-00031817-00032230 just the mandates relating to the safety equipment that cars have to have x02HatfD01g-00091-00032230-00032636 probably you'd be able to go out and buy a brand new car, a really nice car, for x02HatfD01g-00092-00032636-00032980 around $8,000 or $9,000. In fact, they have such cars in export x02HatfD01g-00093-00032980-00033079 overseas market. x02HatfD01g-00094-00033079-00033400 -Deist: Yeah, I've noticed that especially in India there are some very x02HatfD01g-00095-00033401-00033720 affordable econo-box cars, and of course you've x02HatfD01g-00096-00033720-00034048 pointed out on your own website, x02HatfD01g-00097-00034048-00034380 you know, if you want a car that gets 40 or 50 miles to the gallon, well, we already x02HatfD01g-00098-00034380-00034760 used to have that. It was a lightweight econo-box like the Honda x02HatfD01g-00099-00034764-00034907 CRX. x02HatfD01g-00100-00034907-00035302 -Peters: Right, or even go back farther, you know the much maligned Kei car of the early eighties? x02HatfD01g-00101-00035302-00035650 It was a simple little car and had, by today's standards, very primitive and x02HatfD01g-00102-00035650-00036040 crude technology: It did not have fuel injection, it did not have x02HatfD01g-00103-00036040-00036450 an overdrive transmission, it did not have low rolling resistance tyres, bearings, and so x02HatfD01g-00104-00036452-00036530 on, x02HatfD01g-00105-00036530-00036926 and notwithstanding all of that, the thing still got more than 40 miles per gallon. x02HatfD01g-00106-00036926-00037170 And if you could imagine taking a platform like that, x02HatfD01g-00107-00037170-00037630 the basic car, and making a few key upgrades. Giving a fuel injection, for example, x02HatfD01g-00108-00037633-00037757 giving it a modern x02HatfD01g-00109-00037757-00038206 overdrive transmission, probably that car would be capable of getting 55 miles per x02HatfD01g-00110-00038206-00038347 gallon on the highway. x02HatfD01g-00111-00038347-00038814 -Deist: Well I just wonder when we talk about how much cars cost today whether people x02HatfD01g-00112-00038814-00039158 realize that some of the things that we now take for granted x02HatfD01g-00113-00039158-00039493 add a lot of weigh to the car and cost to the car, x02HatfD01g-00114-00039493-00039870 and reduce mileage. Things like airbags. And I noticed that the Infiniti rented, x02HatfD01g-00115-00039870-00040157 like most new cars today, has the rear backup camera. x02HatfD01g-00116-00040157-00040359 -Peters: Yeah; that's been mandated now. x02HatfD01g-00117-00040364-00040882 -Deist: I think people think of these things as options or x02HatfD01g-00118-00040882-00041252 accoutrements that evolved as result of consumer preferences and they don't x02HatfD01g-00119-00041252-00041364 necessarily see the x02HatfD01g-00120-00041364-00041819 role that the state played in forcing all these on us whether x02HatfD01g-00121-00041819-00042222 want to or not, especially if we're person who's perhaps less affluent. x02HatfD01g-00122-00042222-00042580 -Peters: Well, it's worse than that. The premise of it isn't even in question anymore. To assume that it's x02HatfD01g-00123-00042588-00042720 right and proper role of x02HatfD01g-00124-00042720-00043120 the federal government to dictate people on the equipment they can purchase in x02HatfD01g-00125-00043120-00043240 their cars. At least x02HatfD01g-00126-00043240-00043690 in the past there was some debate about that and there was some input from the x02HatfD01g-00127-00043695-00043766 market and from x02HatfD01g-00128-00043766-00044175 consumers, but that's completely gone by the wayside now. There are people x02HatfD01g-00129-00044175-00044300 within the DOT, and Mitsa, x02HatfD01g-00130-00044305-00044637 and some of the lobbying groups that support mandating x02HatfD01g-00131-00044637-00044960 the backup cameras, and simply state, well- [inaudible] x02HatfD01g-00132-00044963-00045376 - arrogating onto themselves the the right to speak for everybody x02HatfD01g-00133-00045376-00045434 else, x02HatfD01g-00134-00045434-00045855 and that [inaudible] gets mandated and we all have to pay for it. x02HatfD01g-00135-00045855-00046220 And one of the things about these cameras, I'd like to mention, is that x02HatfD01g-00136-00046220-00046597 while the initial cost may not be huge, the down the road cost might very x02HatfD01g-00137-00046597-00046665 well be. x02HatfD01g-00138-00046665-00047031 And you will be forced to pay for it because since it's a mandated piece of the vehicle x02HatfD01g-00139-00047031-00047163 safety equipment, x02HatfD01g-00140-00047163-00047533 in most states that have an annual or biannual x02HatfD01g-00141-00047533-00047883 safety inspection, you have to have all the factory x02HatfD01g-00142-00047883-00048242 original equipment on the vehicle intact and operational, and if not, x02HatfD01g-00143-00048242-00048640 you can't get your plates removed, and that might entail having to have that flat screen, x02HatfD01g-00144-00048640-00048983 display thing in the car replaced or x02HatfD01g-00145-00048983-00049316 other components replaced, and the costs could be very considerable. x02HatfD01g-00146-00049316-00049752 -Deist: I just wonder what's gonna happen when especially younger drivers, just use x02HatfD01g-00147-00049752-00049925 those exclusively and no longer x02HatfD01g-00148-00049925-00050240 look over their shoulder when they're backing up and the thing malfunctions, x02HatfD01g-00149-00050241-00050382 and someone's killed x02HatfD01g-00150-00050382-00050690 behind them. It seems like we are creating x02HatfD01g-00151-00050691-00051068 a new generation of sort of helpless drivers. x02HatfD01g-00152-00051068-00051400 -Peters: Well, there's that, but the fault of it is, you often hear x02HatfD01g-00153-00051409-00051717 the the refrain, "If it saves even one, life it's worth it," right? x02HatfD01g-00154-00051717-00052034 Well the other side of these safety devices is that, x02HatfD01g-00155-00052034-00052378 indeed, sometimes they do result in injury and death; air bags being a good x02HatfD01g-00156-00052378-00052472 example. x02HatfD01g-00157-00052472-00052841 It's a fact that airbags have killed people, it's a fact that airbags continue to injure people, x02HatfD01g-00158-00052841-00053187 but apparently the deaths and injuries of those people don't matter. x02HatfD01g-00159-00053187-00053525 The same is true with seat belts; There are accidents where if you were wearing the seat belts x02HatfD01g-00160-00053525-00053810 you might be killed were as you might not have been killed. x02HatfD01g-00161-00053810-00054192 Granted it's a question of realative risks, but x02HatfD01g-00162-00054192-00054608 the key point, as I see it, is it's your life, it ought to be up to you to x02HatfD01g-00163-00054608-00055040 weigh those risks and make the decision that you're comfortable with, x02HatfD01g-00164-00055047-00055475 rather than having somebody you don't even know dictating these choices to you. x02HatfD01g-00165-00055475-00055787 -Deist: Well, it's interesting how as we move further down the road x02HatfD01g-00166-00055787-00056113 with some form of state-controlled medicine, the x02HatfD01g-00167-00056113-00056435 Obamacare bill being the latest example of that, x02HatfD01g-00168-00056435-00056762 that as we devolve into this mentality that, "Hey, we're all in this x02HatfD01g-00169-00056762-00056989 together, we all share health care costs," x02HatfD01g-00170-00056989-00057386 then, of course, that's harming our argument as libertarians that whether I x02HatfD01g-00171-00057386-00057660 wear a seat belt, whether I wear a helmet on my motorcycle x02HatfD01g-00172-00057666-00057804 is my own damn business. x02HatfD01g-00173-00057804-00058020 Peters: Right. There's no limit to that; once that x02HatfD01g-00174-00058020-00058161 premise has been accepted- I x02HatfD01g-00175-00058161-00058531 wrote an article about this recently- if that premise is accepted, x02HatfD01g-00176-00058531-00058888 and it goes way beyond things like wearing a seat belt or wearing a helmet x02HatfD01g-00177-00058888-00059061 when you ride your motorcycle, x02HatfD01g-00178-00059061-00059407 you could make the same argument about exercise, for example, and how certainly x02HatfD01g-00179-00059407-00059620 it's a social cost if a person is x02HatfD01g-00180-00059620-00059979 sedentary, overweight, doesn't exercise, carrying twenty pounds of beef around x02HatfD01g-00181-00059985-00060097 their belly, x02HatfD01g-00182-00060097-00060427 they might impose additional costs for heart disease, or x02HatfD01g-00183-00060427-00060498 diabetes, x02HatfD01g-00184-00060498-00061052 what have you. There is no limit, no aspect of your life x02HatfD01g-00185-00061052-00061367 that could not be subject to micro-management by x02HatfD01g-00186-00061367-00061739 government goons based on this idea of social cost. x02HatfD01g-00187-00061740-00061926 It's incredibly dangerous. x02HatfD01g-00188-00061926-00062078 -Deist: It is dangerous, x02HatfD01g-00189-00062079-00062485 but I would argue that there is more than just a social cost involved x02HatfD01g-00190-00062485-00062850 with all the safety equipment and all the added weight on new vehicles. There's x02HatfD01g-00191-00062850-00062977 also- x02HatfD01g-00192-00062977-00063411 Infiniti Q50 aside- there's sort of, Eric, a depressing sameness x02HatfD01g-00193-00063411-00063762 to cars today; they're not aspirational. I mean when I- x02HatfD01g-00194-00063762-00064162 A Camry looks like an Impala which, looks like a beamer. x02HatfD01g-00195-00064162-00064776 Is the state somehow part of the reason that cars have become so x02HatfD01g-00196-00064776-00064938 depressingly uniform? x02HatfD01g-00197-00064938-00065096 -Peters: Certainly. There is, x02HatfD01g-00198-00065096-00065364 I guess the term I would use is, a template. x02HatfD01g-00199-00065378-00065780 The totality of all the regulations, for example, having to do with x02HatfD01g-00200-00065788-00066230 bumper impact. crashworthiness, roll over, and so on defacto impose x02HatfD01g-00201-00066239-00066487 constraints on how a car's going to look. x02HatfD01g-00202-00066487-00066880 You know, you can only design the front clip of a car within certain parameters if you're x02HatfD01g-00203-00066880-00067050 going to pass the federal x02HatfD01g-00204-00067051-00067381 standards. So that is why you're seeing this x02HatfD01g-00205-00067381-00067740 kind of, gloomy, pervasive, sameness; this homogeneity x02HatfD01g-00206-00067740-00068160 that is distinctly different from the way cars once were. x02HatfD01g-00207-00068161-00068492 I'm in my 40s so I can remember the cars of the '60s and '70s, x02HatfD01g-00208-00068492-00068610 where they were just x02HatfD01g-00209-00068610-00068950 sometimes wildly, wildly different cars from brand to brand and x02HatfD01g-00210-00068950-00069310 make to make, and that is largely gone out the window. Now, there are some x02HatfD01g-00211-00069311-00069419 exceptions, x02HatfD01g-00212-00069419-00069745 but it's very difficult and also very expensive, x02HatfD01g-00213-00069745-00070169 for manufacture to go outside that template. And that's why you only see the x02HatfD01g-00214-00070169-00070243 really x02HatfD01g-00215-00070243-00070624 interesting lines on cars that are really expensive because they can factor the x02HatfD01g-00216-00070624-00070922 costs into that, and pass it along to the consumer. x02HatfD01g-00217-00070952-00071236 -Deist: Given, sort of, the regulatory environment and x02HatfD01g-00218-00071236-00071572 the potential price of oil, x02HatfD01g-00219-00071572-00071973 I'm tempted to go out and buy and eight-cylinder- an old eight-cylinder and just x02HatfD01g-00220-00071973-00072311 sort of stick in my garage to have it while I still can. x02HatfD01g-00221-00072311-00072620 -Peters: Not a bad idea, or get a bike; I've got five. x02HatfD01g-00222-00072620-00073112 That's a great way to end run the gasoline, and it's also a great way to end x02HatfD01g-00223-00073112-00073237 run the government, x02HatfD01g-00224-00073237-00073570 particularly with the older bikes which are largely free x02HatfD01g-00225-00073570-00073990 of a lot of the [inaudible] that a lot of the new cars are afflicted with, and x02HatfD01g-00226-00073992-00074306 you don't have to go so far back in the past. x02HatfD01g-00227-00074306-00074607 With cars, on-board diagnostics, the x02HatfD01g-00228-00074607-00075040 in car computers, all of that came online around 1995, so anything that's x02HatfD01g-00229-00075040-00075420 newer than 1995 is going to have an ECU, an electronic brain x02HatfD01g-00230-00075420-00075768 and all of that stuff. But with motorcycles we only recently x02HatfD01g-00231-00075768-00075970 transitioned to fuel injection x02HatfD01g-00232-00075970-00076360 over the past few years, and very few of them, to this day, x02HatfD01g-00233-00076360-00076760 have things like anti-lock brakes and traction control. A few high-end bikes do, x02HatfD01g-00234-00076760-00076966 but most of them still don't for now. x02HatfD01g-00235-00076980-00077220 -Deist: Eric, I'd like your take on the future of the manual x02HatfD01g-00236-00077224-00077429 transmission. From my perspective, it was x02HatfD01g-00237-00077429-00077910 an integral part of growing up. All of my first few cars were stick shifts, x02HatfD01g-00238-00077910-00078420 I intend to teach my own children how to drive a stick shift car, but it seems to be x02HatfD01g-00239-00078424-00078922 a vanishing skill and I fear on some level it's part of the sort of x02HatfD01g-00240-00078922-00079126 emasculation of America. x02HatfD01g-00241-00079126-00079398 -Deist: Well it certainly has that effect and I would agree with you, but the x02HatfD01g-00242-00079398-00079618 practical reason for the disappearance of the x02HatfD01g-00243-00079618-00080101 manual is twofold. The first is the ever increasing pressure imposed by x02HatfD01g-00244-00080101-00080260 Washington to eek out x02HatfD01g-00245-00080269-00080658 a bit more gas mileage out of the vehicle, and ironically and x02HatfD01g-00246-00080658-00081150 counter-intuitively, in a modern car, a modern automatic witch are now x02HatfD01g-00247-00081155-00081461 seven, eight, and nine speeds x02HatfD01g-00248-00081461-00081822 are more fuel-efficient, all else being equal, than the manual x02HatfD01g-00249-00081822-00082120 just because they can program them in such a way to optimize the x02HatfD01g-00250-00082124-00082535 fuel efficiency. It's obviously not that good necessarily for performance, x02HatfD01g-00251-00082535-00082840 but if you look at the stats and you compare the car, x02HatfD01g-00252-00082849-00083231 same model, one with a manual one with an automatic, you'll find x02HatfD01g-00253-00083231-00083449 that the automatic version of that car x02HatfD01g-00254-00083449-00083801 will typically get around three miles or so per gallon better than the stickshift x02HatfD01g-00255-00083801-00083949 version of that car. x02HatfD01g-00256-00083949-00084386 And because of the federal CAFE fuel economy requirements, that matters. x02HatfD01g-00257-00084386-00084830 Writ large over their fleet averages, it's extremely important for them to get x02HatfD01g-00258-00084851-00085256 even a couple miles per gallon better out a car. So that's the first driver. x02HatfD01g-00259-00085256-00085619 The second is that most people live in an urban environment or x02HatfD01g-00260-00085619-00085920 suburban environment, and they just don't want to deal with x02HatfD01g-00261-00085920-00086260 pushing the clutch in, pushing the clutch out, pushing the clutch in; they prefer the x02HatfD01g-00262-00086261-00086358 automatic. So x02HatfD01g-00263-00086358-00086820 there's been a big cultural shift away from the manual transmission, x02HatfD01g-00264-00086822-00087233 which of course used to be called the standard transmission because typically it was x02HatfD01g-00265-00087233-00087664 standard transmission in a car. Now you have to really look around to find a car x02HatfD01g-00266-00087664-00087738 with a manual, x02HatfD01g-00267-00087738-00088185 even among sporty cars. Enthusiast people will know that, for example, x02HatfD01g-00268-00088185-00088610 the high end, high performance cars, for example, a Porsche GT3 911 x02HatfD01g-00269-00088610-00089013 only comes with their seven-speed, dual-clutch, automated manual. x02HatfD01g-00270-00089013-00089342 Same is true with Lamborghini's and a lot of the other high-end cars. x02HatfD01g-00271-00089342-00089640 -Deist: As somebody who's spend a lot of time x02HatfD01g-00272-00089648-00090070 in the DC Beltway sitting in traffic, I can certainly relate to this x02HatfD01g-00273-00090070-00090373 desire maybe not to be stuck in a stick shift, but x02HatfD01g-00274-00090373-00090756 you know, Eric, when I was sitting in that traffic I was surrounded by folks that x02HatfD01g-00275-00090756-00090936 you have termed clovers. x02HatfD01g-00276-00090936-00091410 And last week we had the good fortune to talk with Jim Bovard x02HatfD01g-00277-00091416-00091748 and we discussed Mencken's concept of the "Booboisie" x02HatfD01g-00278-00091748-00092130 amongst the American public, and, to me, you've coined this x02HatfD01g-00279-00092130-00092642 concept of a clover who is not only a clueless driver, but also sort of x02HatfD01g-00280-00092642-00092780 a overly credulous, x02HatfD01g-00281-00092780-00093210 statist who to tends to think government is benevolent, and tends to believe what the x02HatfD01g-00282-00093216-00093356 political class tells us. x02HatfD01g-00283-00093356-00093660 -Peters: Yeah and well, the key element- the third element to that is x02HatfD01g-00284-00093662-00094030 they're also control freaks. They can't abide anybody doing x02HatfD01g-00285-00094030-00094417 other than they would do, and they get very, very, very upset x02HatfD01g-00286-00094417-00094752 when somebody, for example, drives faster than they deem to be appropriate. x02HatfD01g-00287-00094752-00095216 And they will be the ones who will screech that, "There ought to be a law!" x02HatfD01g-00288-00095248-00095661 And they're the ones who screech and scream for x02HatfD01g-00289-00095661-00096148 the State's costumed goons to come in and teach people lesson if they x02HatfD01g-00290-00096148-00096550 don't submit and obey, and it's a tragedy. I don't x02HatfD01g-00291-00096551-00096881 how old you are, but people in my generation, we grew up watching Bugs x02HatfD01g-00292-00096881-00097093 Bunny, and we grew up with this cultural x02HatfD01g-00293-00097093-00097504 'meme' of being suspicious of authority, being suspicious of the x02HatfD01g-00294-00097504-00097804 state, and of showing initiative and being independent x02HatfD01g-00295-00097804-00098288 and that seems to just be being stamped out all across the land. x02HatfD01g-00296-00098288-00098618 -Deist: I certainly agree with that. Ladies and gentlemen, x02HatfD01g-00297-00098618-00099092 don't be a clover, be a libertarian. Check out ericpetersautos.com x02HatfD01g-00298-00099092-00099306 and Eric we thank you for your time this weekend. x02HatfD01g-00299-00099338-00099494 -Peters: Oh, certainly; happy to do it. x36ia5FxrFy-00000-00000725-00000815 - [Instructor] Hello. x36ia5FxrFy-00001-00000815-00001056 In this video, we will go over x36ia5FxrFy-00002-00001056-00001327 how to download Zoom on your Android phone, x36ia5FxrFy-00003-00001327-00001511 and how to Join a Meeting. x36ia5FxrFy-00004-00002085-00002349 Before beginning, you will want to be in a location x36ia5FxrFy-00005-00002349-00002619 with a strong Wi-Fi or internet connection. x36ia5FxrFy-00006-00002619-00002895 It should be good enough to stream an online video, x36ia5FxrFy-00007-00002895-00003084 without the video stopping and starting x36ia5FxrFy-00008-00003084-00003253 because of the connection. x36ia5FxrFy-00009-00003253-00003511 To check that your phone is connected to Wi-Fi, x36ia5FxrFy-00010-00003511-00003772 go to your Settings and 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Welcome to my workshop. x8I3_W6O5gM-00000-00000000-00000172 Just leave me for somebody else x8I3_W6O5gM-00002-00000426-00000496 Enjoy yourself, x8I3_W6O5gM-00003-00000496-00000650 enjoy yourself x8I3_W6O5gM-00004-00000800-00001030 Just leave me for somebody else x8I3_W6O5gM-00005-00001204-00001254 D i d u s a w i t x8I3_W6O5gM-00006-00001254-00001346 Enjoy yourself, x8I3_W6O5gM-00007-00001346-00001442 enjoy yourself. x8I3_W6O5gM-00009-00001590-00001870 Just leave me for somebody else... xq_lSe3uG-E-00000-00000000-00000200 welcome to ark we are going to crsytel isles xtBcPuJ02rI-00000-00000664-00001458 My name is Thomas Althaus, I’m a DPhil candidate at Oxford University but based in Southeast Asia. xtBcPuJ02rI-00001-00001458-00002004 I’ve been mainly involved in a clinical trial based in Myanmar and northern xtBcPuJ02rI-00002-00002004-00002835 Thailand with the objective to guide antibiotic prescription in primary care. xtBcPuJ02rI-00003-00002835-00003779 Prescription of antibiotics in Southeast Asia is major, we consider this region the epicentre xtBcPuJ02rI-00004-00003779-00004713 of antibiotic prescription in the world and the immediate consequence of this massive antibiotic xtBcPuJ02rI-00005-00004713-00005721 prescription is the mutation of bacteria to resistant strains, and primary care represents xtBcPuJ02rI-00006-00005721-00006375 the major source of this antibiotic prescription and this is the reason why I was so interested xtBcPuJ02rI-00007-00006375-00007245 in targeting primary care because it reaches a large amount of the community and at the same xtBcPuJ02rI-00008-00007245-00008022 time there is no tool available to really identify patients in need of antibiotics. xtBcPuJ02rI-00009-00008022-00008802 You have to understand that a typical health worker in primary care isn’t a doctor: xtBcPuJ02rI-00010-00008802-00009102 it’s a nurse with limited clinical training, xtBcPuJ02rI-00011-00009102-00009873 with probably more than one hundred patients a day, so health workers are facing a difficult, xtBcPuJ02rI-00012-00009873-00010503 challenging question and they have no tool to answer this question. xtBcPuJ02rI-00013-00010503-00011442 Fever can be caused by different pathogens, when a fever is caused by a virus, it doesn’t need an xtBcPuJ02rI-00014-00011442-00012174 antibiotic to be treated, we call this treatment symptomatic, it means that you only need, for xtBcPuJ02rI-00015-00012174-00012849 example, some paracetamol to control the fever and the body will handle the viral infection itself. xtBcPuJ02rI-00016-00012849-00013682 On the opposite way, we also need to help them identify those who have an infection xtBcPuJ02rI-00017-00013682-00014024 that requires an antibiotic, bacterial infection for example; xtBcPuJ02rI-00018-00014024-00014494 you can die from a bacterial infection if you do not have antibiotics. xtBcPuJ02rI-00019-00014494-00015383 The CRP rapid test is very simple per say. It’s a test that tells you when to give an xtBcPuJ02rI-00020-00015383-00016190 antibiotic or not, you can however imagine that patients might not be willing to comply to this xtBcPuJ02rI-00021-00016190-00016754 test if they do not understand what it is, as an example, we were extremely surprised to see xtBcPuJ02rI-00022-00016754-00017354 a patient asking for an antibiotic despite a negative test, because it took him a day xtBcPuJ02rI-00023-00017354-00017876 to reach the facility and in terms of cost of transportation that was also very high for him, xtBcPuJ02rI-00024-00017876-00018743 so you cannot just simply expect people to comply to your prescription without explaining the test. xtBcPuJ02rI-00025-00018743-00019049 What are the benefits and advantages of what we are doing, xtBcPuJ02rI-00026-00019049-00019532 and this implies to know and to understand our population. xtBcPuJ02rI-00027-00019532-00020129 It’s not about saying that antibiotics are bad; antibiotics are extremely xtBcPuJ02rI-00028-00020129-00020669 useful but they’re precious and it’s a scarce resource we need to control, xtBcPuJ02rI-00029-00020669-00021743 so it’s not a race to find new drugs, it’s a race to slow down the pace of antibiotic prescription. xtBcPuJ02rI-00030-00021743-00022445 Diagnosing malaria is extremely simple and cheap, we have rapid tests available everywhere for xtBcPuJ02rI-00031-00022445-00023093 almost nothing and because of those tests being more and more negative because the disease is xtBcPuJ02rI-00032-00023093-00023864 getting eliminated, we are now facing this new challenge that is once my malaria test xtBcPuJ02rI-00033-00023864-00024572 is negative, what do I do with my patients? How can I manage a patient without malaria, xtBcPuJ02rI-00034-00024572-00025355 with a fever? How can I figure out without having any access to laboratory if this patient needs an xtBcPuJ02rI-00035-00025355-00026267 antibiotic or not? We also know that the most effective and funded research project trying xtBcPuJ02rI-00036-00026267-00026931 to screen and to look for every pathogen do not discover more than let’s say 50% of xtBcPuJ02rI-00037-00026931-00027630 the causes of fever, which means that even though you use your best diagnostic tool to xtBcPuJ02rI-00038-00027630-00028277 investigate those causes of fever, in 50% of the cases you will never know what they have. xtBcPuJ02rI-00039-00028277-00029264 We know that antibiotic prescription in primary care is around 70% in Asia on xtBcPuJ02rI-00040-00029264-00030276 average and bacterial infections should represent around 20%, so there’s a huge potential impact xtBcPuJ02rI-00041-00030276-00031347 to have on health at this level of care, and with such impact for such small investments, xtBcPuJ02rI-00042-00031347-00032220 we could also allocate a bit of it to these non-specific illness tests that could save a lot xtBcPuJ02rI-00043-00032220-00033031 of lives and at the same time immediately impact antibiotic prescription at the point of care. xu0zzVcjmYE-00000-00000386-00000952 Finally, good news for Harlem, West Harlem in particular. xu0zzVcjmYE-00001-00000952-00001651 We all remember Columbia University’s expansion in West Harlem, from 125th to 133rd, from xu0zzVcjmYE-00002-00001651-00001938 12th Avenue to Broadway. xu0zzVcjmYE-00003-00001938-00002616 Well, Columbia University brought a lot of pressure to bear on the property owners, the xu0zzVcjmYE-00004-00002616-00002965 business owners in the development site. xu0zzVcjmYE-00005-00002965-00003763 Well, the two holdouts, Nick Sprayregen, who is the owner of Tuck it Away storage company, xu0zzVcjmYE-00006-00003763-00004468 and the Singh family, the owner of a gas station at 125th Street, not too far from the West xu0zzVcjmYE-00007-00004468-00005300 Side highway, the two lone holdouts filed suit in the appellate division of the New xu0zzVcjmYE-00008-00005300-00006114 York State Supreme Court against the Empire State development corporation, the state agency xu0zzVcjmYE-00009-00006114-00006761 that jump starts eminent domain, that is the seizure of private property, for Columbia xu0zzVcjmYE-00010-00006761-00007018 University, a private institution. xu0zzVcjmYE-00011-00007018-00007653 Well, that case was, argued in the appellate division of the State Supreme Court in May xu0zzVcjmYE-00012-00007653-00007881 of 2009. xu0zzVcjmYE-00013-00007881-00008115 And here we are, seven months later. xu0zzVcjmYE-00014-00008115-00008989 The court has rendered a decision and it has sent shock waves throughout the real estate xu0zzVcjmYE-00015-00008989-00009549 community because Columbia University lost their lawsuit. xu0zzVcjmYE-00016-00009549-00010369 In a stunning decision, three to two the appellate division ruled that Columbia University, or xu0zzVcjmYE-00017-00010369-00011145 rather the Empire State development corporation, using eminent domain to seize these two private xu0zzVcjmYE-00018-00011145-00011765 properties, were in fact illegal and unconstitutional. xu0zzVcjmYE-00019-00011765-00012675 In a scathing decision the jurists talked about Columbia University’s collusion with xu0zzVcjmYE-00020-00012675-00013300 the state, with the Empire State development corporation in the seizure of this property. xu0zzVcjmYE-00021-00013300-00013400 Well! xu0zzVcjmYE-00022-00013400-00013550 It’s good news for us. xu0zzVcjmYE-00023-00013550-00014251 It may be temporary because for sure, as the University has indicated, they will appeal xu0zzVcjmYE-00024-00014251-00014351 the decision. xu0zzVcjmYE-00025-00014351-00014513 So, stay tuned. xwBI1bwxZOY-00000-00000003-00000824 In this example were going to construct parallel box plots. xwBI1bwxZOY-00001-00000840-00001094 I have that word in bold right here. xwBI1bwxZOY-00002-00001094-00001300 When you hear a parallel box plots. xwBI1bwxZOY-00003-00001300-00001446 It means that we're going to make more xwBI1bwxZOY-00004-00001446-00001629 than one box plot at the same time. xwBI1bwxZOY-00005-00001676-00002025 So in the previous example, we just did the one box plot here. xwBI1bwxZOY-00006-00002025-00002179 We're going to make two box plots xwBI1bwxZOY-00007-00002237-00002668 and when you hear parallel what that's saying is typically we xwBI1bwxZOY-00008-00002668-00002977 would write our x-axis in our box plot if they're parallel. xwBI1bwxZOY-00009-00003016-00003229 If you're writing more than one box plot, and it's parallel. xwBI1bwxZOY-00010-00003229-00003443 We just start stacking the box plot. xwBI1bwxZOY-00011-00003505-00003803 So for this particular example, we have two sets of data. xwBI1bwxZOY-00012-00003803-00004059 We're going to stack two box plots on top of each other xwBI1bwxZOY-00013-00004103-00004257 if you had three sets of data, xwBI1bwxZOY-00014-00004257-00004434 you would make three separate box plots. xwBI1bwxZOY-00015-00004471-00004568 And again, they would be stacked xwBI1bwxZOY-00016-00004635-00004990 so they would run parallel the way your calculator graph some xwBI1bwxZOY-00017-00004990-00005184 they graph the box plots, horizontally. xwBI1bwxZOY-00018-00005184-00005324 It's also possible. xwBI1bwxZOY-00019-00005324-00005559 There's plenty of times when we graph them vertically just xwBI1bwxZOY-00020-00005579-00005730 personal preference at that point. xwBI1bwxZOY-00021-00005790-00006081 So when you hear parallel box plots, You're going to make more xwBI1bwxZOY-00022-00006081-00006383 than one box plot stacked on top of each other. xwBI1bwxZOY-00023-00006390-00006708 You might hear them referred to as comparative box plots xwBI1bwxZOY-00024-00006755-00007013 in the same way that we had comparative bar charts xwBI1bwxZOY-00025-00007013-00007315 or comparative stem-and-leaf plot any time. xwBI1bwxZOY-00026-00007315-00007461 We have more than one set of data. xwBI1bwxZOY-00027-00007512-00007676 We want to compare the two xwBI1bwxZOY-00028-00007676-00007842 or maybe the three sets of data on a graph. xwBI1bwxZOY-00029-00007857-00007880 All right. xwBI1bwxZOY-00030-00007880-00008194 So we're going to read through this problem xwBI1bwxZOY-00031-00008194-00008555 and like always I want us to start with what is the variable? xwBI1bwxZOY-00032-00008555-00008733 So if we look at this Emma xwBI1bwxZOY-00033-00008733-00009030 and Daniel are surveying the times it takes students xwBI1bwxZOY-00034-00009030-00009189 to arrive at school from home. xwBI1bwxZOY-00035-00009228-00009433 There are two main groups of commuters who are xwBI1bwxZOY-00036-00009433-00009705 in the survey there were those who drove their own cars xwBI1bwxZOY-00037-00009705-00010024 to school and there were those who took public transportation. xwBI1bwxZOY-00038-00010071-00010281 The following data was collected. xwBI1bwxZOY-00039-00010335-00010486 So we have some bus times. xwBI1bwxZOY-00040-00010493-00010833 It looks like the units are minutes for a sample of folks xwBI1bwxZOY-00041-00010833-00011132 who took public transportation and then we have another set xwBI1bwxZOY-00042-00011132-00011376 of data for the car times and it looks xwBI1bwxZOY-00043-00011376-00011767 like we've got a again units are in minutes and a different set xwBI1bwxZOY-00044-00011767-00011951 of different set of folks different set of data. xwBI1bwxZOY-00045-00011998-00012306 So we've got two different data sets in terms xwBI1bwxZOY-00046-00012306-00012458 of what is my variable. xwBI1bwxZOY-00047-00012534-00012755 My variable here. xwBI1bwxZOY-00048-00012755-00012977 Yes, it says bus times and car times. xwBI1bwxZOY-00049-00012981-00013083 But what are they doing? xwBI1bwxZOY-00050-00013083-00013254 These folks are commuting to school. xwBI1bwxZOY-00051-00013295-00013600 So this is school commute times. xwBI1bwxZOY-00052-00014097-00014442 And the units are minutes. xwBI1bwxZOY-00053-00014699-00015189 Now time to numerical right continuous numerical variable, xwBI1bwxZOY-00054-00015189-00015428 but you can see the reporting it discreetly. xwBI1bwxZOY-00055-00015428-00015509 We're just rounding xwBI1bwxZOY-00056-00015509-00015692 to the nearest whole minute which is fine. xwBI1bwxZOY-00057-00015692-00016033 That's usually how we how we report time. xwBI1bwxZOY-00058-00016090-00016384 So it's asking me to construct parallel box plots xwBI1bwxZOY-00059-00016384-00016642 and then compare the distributions using socks. xwBI1bwxZOY-00060-00016690-00017045 So let's answer the first part of this question first, xwBI1bwxZOY-00061-00017051-00017304 so we're going to construct parallel box plots, xwBI1bwxZOY-00062-00017304-00017455 and now that we know how xwBI1bwxZOY-00063-00017455-00017909 to calculate outliers we Always graph modified box plot. xwBI1bwxZOY-00064-00017933-00018363 So we do need to do the outlier calculation before we start xwBI1bwxZOY-00065-00018363-00018528 constructing these box plots. xwBI1bwxZOY-00066-00018579-00018908 So if I'm going to figure out if there are outliers present xwBI1bwxZOY-00067-00018908-00019070 and I need to do it for each data set. xwBI1bwxZOY-00068-00019070-00019392 I'm going to need to get those five number summary, xwBI1bwxZOY-00069-00019392-00019588 's and I'll need them for both data sets. xwBI1bwxZOY-00070-00019588-00019779 So I'm going to put my data into my list xwBI1bwxZOY-00071-00019820-00020176 and do a little 1-var stats both for the bus times xwBI1bwxZOY-00072-00020209-00020520 and for the car times now, I already put my data xwBI1bwxZOY-00073-00020520-00020717 in my list you Can see it there. xwBI1bwxZOY-00074-00020717-00020925 I've got the bus times data in L1 xwBI1bwxZOY-00075-00020925-00021071 and the card times data and L2. xwBI1bwxZOY-00076-00021071-00021345 So let me go to my home screen and I need xwBI1bwxZOY-00077-00021345-00021614 to run one variable stats twice. xwBI1bwxZOY-00078-00021679-00021978 So if I take a look at this, xwBI1bwxZOY-00079-00021978-00022267 we've got my five number summary for my bus times. xwBI1bwxZOY-00080-00022310-00022449 So I'm going to go ahead and just write xwBI1bwxZOY-00081-00022449-00022583 that down on my paper here. xwBI1bwxZOY-00082-00022756-00022834 All right. xwBI1bwxZOY-00083-00023961-00024854 So just taking a look at my numbers. xwBI1bwxZOY-00084-00024896-00025407 It looks like my spread is from 12 minutes to 33 minutes. xwBI1bwxZOY-00085-00025439-00025552 Median 17 minutes. xwBI1bwxZOY-00086-00025581-00026009 So half the people to taking public transportation their xwBI1bwxZOY-00087-00026009-00026312 commute time was 17 minutes or longer half xwBI1bwxZOY-00088-00026312-00026622 of the folks taking public transportation half of their xwBI1bwxZOY-00089-00026622-00026905 or their commute time was 17 minutes xwBI1bwxZOY-00090-00026905-00027217 or a lower 17 to 12 minutes. xwBI1bwxZOY-00091-00027217-00027445 There's the cutoff for the 25th percentile cutoff xwBI1bwxZOY-00092-00027445-00027677 for the 17th percent, not 17. xwBI1bwxZOY-00093-00027722-00028126 Sorry. The number 17 cut off for the 75th percentile. xwBI1bwxZOY-00094-00028240-00028451 So let me go run this again. xwBI1bwxZOY-00095-00028476-00028661 But now let me go off of L2. xwBI1bwxZOY-00096-00028732-00029124 And what is my five number summary here are xwBI1bwxZOY-00097-00029124-00031471 and let me copy that to my paper. xwBI1bwxZOY-00098-00031489-00031912 Okay. So with that I need to go find some safety zones. xwBI1bwxZOY-00099-00031964-00032269 So I'm going to go through the safety zone for the bus times xwBI1bwxZOY-00100-00032319-00032610 and then I would recommend pausing it and try xwBI1bwxZOY-00101-00032610-00032915 and get your safety zone for the car times on your own xwBI1bwxZOY-00102-00032915-00033090 and then compare it to my answer. xwBI1bwxZOY-00103-00033090-00033244 So here we go. xwBI1bwxZOY-00104-00033244-00033514 Anytime. Let's do bus times anytime. xwBI1bwxZOY-00105-00033514-00033993 I want to find the safety zone three steps, right? xwBI1bwxZOY-00106-00034031-00034320 So the first step is finding IQR. xwBI1bwxZOY-00107-00034320-00034551 IQR is always Q3 minus q1. xwBI1bwxZOY-00108-00034551-00035142 So again, we're range was high minus low interquartile range is xwBI1bwxZOY-00109-00035142-00035511 high quartile minus low quartile now for the bus times. xwBI1bwxZOY-00110-00035554-00035811 I'm looking at 22 minus 15. xwBI1bwxZOY-00111-00035868-00036211 So I am looking at seven. xwBI1bwxZOY-00112-00036257-00036809 Okay, if I want to start to build the safety zone Step 2 is xwBI1bwxZOY-00113-00036809-00037040 to always take this number take your IQR xwBI1bwxZOY-00114-00037040-00037873 and multiply it by 1 Point 5. xwBI1bwxZOY-00115-00037912-00038452 So we've got one point five times seven. xwBI1bwxZOY-00116-00038478-00038994 I'm looking at 10.5. xwBI1bwxZOY-00117-00039052-00039399 And then step 3 for your safety zone is to set your lower xwBI1bwxZOY-00118-00039399-00039646 and upper bounds for your safety zone and it comes xwBI1bwxZOY-00119-00039646-00040013 from subtracting this number that you found in step xwBI1bwxZOY-00120-00040013-00040356 to subtract it from the first quartile or subtracted xwBI1bwxZOY-00121-00040356-00040708 from the lower quartile and add it to the upper quartile. xwBI1bwxZOY-00122-00040782-00041353 So I want to take Q 1 and lower the threshold by 10.5 and I want xwBI1bwxZOY-00123-00041360-00041642 to subtract out that number I found in Step 2. xwBI1bwxZOY-00124-00041749-00042140 I also want to raise the ceiling on the upper bounds threshold. xwBI1bwxZOY-00125-00042140-00042418 So I'm going to take Q 3 and add 10.5. xwBI1bwxZOY-00126-00042482-00042870 So again to build from Step 2 Step 3 subtract this number xwBI1bwxZOY-00127-00042870-00043190 from q1 add it to Q3. xwBI1bwxZOY-00128-00043246-00043614 Now. Let's see what our q1 was in this case q1 was 15. xwBI1bwxZOY-00129-00043669-00044776 And I want to subtract 10.5 and Q3 was 22 xwBI1bwxZOY-00130-00044776-00045172 and I want to add 10.5. xwBI1bwxZOY-00131-00045184-00045578 So I am looking at a lower bound of 4.5 xwBI1bwxZOY-00132-00045578-00045866 and an upper bound of 32.5. xwBI1bwxZOY-00133-00045872-00046005 Here's my safety zone. xwBI1bwxZOY-00134-00046529-00047056 Okay. So to determine if there are outliers, xwBI1bwxZOY-00135-00047056-00047243 I'm going to use the Max and Min to start. xwBI1bwxZOY-00136-00047243-00047604 So it looks like the minimum bus time was 10 minutes. xwBI1bwxZOY-00137-00047675-00047825 Actually, I don't think that was true. xwBI1bwxZOY-00138-00047825-00048076 I think the minimum bus time was 12 minutes. xwBI1bwxZOY-00139-00048084-00048440 I think I copied that down wrong for my calculator. xwBI1bwxZOY-00140-00048457-00048918 And so the minimum is actually 12. xwBI1bwxZOY-00141-00048918-00049266 Let me just check 12 15 17 20 to 33 Okay. xwBI1bwxZOY-00142-00049291-00049390 So that was a typo. xwBI1bwxZOY-00143-00049390-00049621 I made it to the minimum is 12 minutes. xwBI1bwxZOY-00144-00049688-00050026 So 12 minutes is inside the safety zone meaning I have no xwBI1bwxZOY-00145-00050026-00050317 outliers on the low end of my data if I look xwBI1bwxZOY-00146-00050317-00050707 at the max it was 3333 is an outlier. xwBI1bwxZOY-00147-00050720-00051486 So I'm going to make sure I take note of that. xwBI1bwxZOY-00148-00051505-00051840 Alright and then let's find the next highest commute time xwBI1bwxZOY-00149-00051840-00051923 for the buses. xwBI1bwxZOY-00150-00051963-00052241 I see 25 25 is safe. xwBI1bwxZOY-00151-00052299-00052470 So I don't have any other outliers xwBI1bwxZOY-00152-00052470-00052719 in that data set but one did pop up. xwBI1bwxZOY-00153-00052719-00053082 I've got one for observation 33. xwBI1bwxZOY-00154-00053131-00053159 All right. xwBI1bwxZOY-00155-00053169-00053580 So with that pause the tape and see if you can figure xwBI1bwxZOY-00156-00053580-00053831 out if there are outliers present for the car times xwBI1bwxZOY-00157-00053838-00054124 and then unpause the tape or on positive video xwBI1bwxZOY-00158-00054124-00054371 when you figured it out or you think you figured it out. xwBI1bwxZOY-00159-00054425-00054580 And check your work. xwBI1bwxZOY-00160-00054639-00054776 We're going to keep going. xwBI1bwxZOY-00161-00054907-00055096 So let's do the same process now xwBI1bwxZOY-00162-00055096-00055954 for the card times so I get the IQR. xwBI1bwxZOY-00163-00055954-00056100 What do we have for them? xwBI1bwxZOY-00164-00056109-00056308 We have 13 - 10. xwBI1bwxZOY-00165-00056308-00056438 I'm looking at three. xwBI1bwxZOY-00166-00056557-00057056 I'm going to take that number and multiply it by 1 Point 5. xwBI1bwxZOY-00167-00057274-00057472 And I'm looking at 4.5. xwBI1bwxZOY-00168-00057602-00057889 I'm going to lower the q1 threshold, xwBI1bwxZOY-00169-00057978-00058221 but raise the Q3 threshold. xwBI1bwxZOY-00170-00058296-00059281 So we are looking at 10 - 4 .5 + 13 + 4.5. xwBI1bwxZOY-00171-00059452-00059986 So my safety zone is from 5.5 to 17.5. xwBI1bwxZOY-00172-00060099-00060631 I should see my safety zone for the car times. xwBI1bwxZOY-00173-00060631-00060769 Alright, so let's use the Max xwBI1bwxZOY-00174-00060786-00061045 and Min the Min is eight eight is safe. xwBI1bwxZOY-00175-00061114-00061294 The max is 17:17 to see xwBI1bwxZOY-00176-00061294-00061979 if so there are no outliers in this data set. xwBI1bwxZOY-00177-00062002-00062137 Alright, so now I want to start xwBI1bwxZOY-00178-00062137-00062441 to actually construct my box plot. xwBI1bwxZOY-00179-00062504-00062943 So I want to look at the overall Max in the overall men xwBI1bwxZOY-00180-00062943-00063185 between the two data sets so I can try xwBI1bwxZOY-00181-00063185-00063493 and determine how I want to scale my x-axis. xwBI1bwxZOY-00182-00063538-00063796 So if I look like the overall minimum is 8 xwBI1bwxZOY-00183-00063819-00064057 and the overall Max is 33. xwBI1bwxZOY-00184-00064089-00064379 I feel like I could get that on an x-axis if I went xwBI1bwxZOY-00185-00064379-00064779 by five units, so I'm going to go from five to about 35 xwBI1bwxZOY-00186-00064779-00064963 on the x-axis cover my bases. xwBI1bwxZOY-00187-00064963-00065319 If you wanted to go by tens, you can go from 0 to 40. xwBI1bwxZOY-00188-00065354-00065440 That would be fine. xwBI1bwxZOY-00189-00065440-00065767 I'm just opting for four units of 5. xwBI1bwxZOY-00190-00065851-00066114 So let me go draw my x-axis in here. xwBI1bwxZOY-00191-00066162-00067126 And you do want to give yourself a little bit of space xwBI1bwxZOY-00192-00067437-00069117 because we're going to stack box plots. xwBI1bwxZOY-00193-00069334-00069468 All right. xwBI1bwxZOY-00194-00070219-00070795 I want to make sure put my variable along the x axis. xwBI1bwxZOY-00195-00070795-00071148 So we had school commute times and then units were minutes. xwBI1bwxZOY-00196-00071927-00073011 Alright, so let's go ahead and draw a parallel box plots. xwBI1bwxZOY-00197-00073032-00073245 Now what that means for us is xwBI1bwxZOY-00198-00073245-00073526 that I'll put one box plot may be this tall this far xwBI1bwxZOY-00199-00073526-00073828 above the x-axis and I'll put the other one just slightly xwBI1bwxZOY-00200-00073828-00074137 above my first one and it doesn't matter what order you go xwBI1bwxZOY-00201-00074146-00074251 in you could put bus times xwBI1bwxZOY-00202-00074251-00074425 on the top card times on the bottom. xwBI1bwxZOY-00203-00074461-00074679 You have a car times on the top bus times on the bottom. xwBI1bwxZOY-00204-00074679-00074757 It doesn't matter. xwBI1bwxZOY-00205-00074791-00075152 But what does matter is that you have just the one x axis xwBI1bwxZOY-00206-00075152-00075412 with the same scale so I don't want to see two separate box. xwBI1bwxZOY-00207-00075419-00075748 Not on two different X axes you go ahead xwBI1bwxZOY-00208-00075748-00075845 and you just stack them. xwBI1bwxZOY-00209-00075845-00075972 That's what makes them parallel. xwBI1bwxZOY-00210-00076027-00076385 So let me move this up just a bit and let's start to do this. xwBI1bwxZOY-00211-00076385-00076647 I think just because the bus time data was listed first. xwBI1bwxZOY-00212-00076647-00076920 I'll put in the higher part and I'll put car times on the lower. xwBI1bwxZOY-00213-00076974-00077263 So in terms of bus times I do want xwBI1bwxZOY-00214-00077288-00077585 to remember there was an outlier my data set so I'm going to have xwBI1bwxZOY-00215-00077594-00077873 to modify my box plot with the isolated. xwBI1bwxZOY-00216-00077907-00077986 So here we go. xwBI1bwxZOY-00217-00078057-00078264 Let's put them. xwBI1bwxZOY-00218-00078341-00078466 All right. xwBI1bwxZOY-00219-00078466-00079154 A'ight, so we got 12. xwBI1bwxZOY-00220-00079168-00080706 And then q1 was 15. xwBI1bwxZOY-00221-00081213-00081465 All right. xwBI1bwxZOY-00222-00081465-00081832 So since I did have that outlier 33, I want to go back xwBI1bwxZOY-00223-00081854-00082128 through my data and find the largest non outlier. xwBI1bwxZOY-00224-00082169-00082384 If you remember from just a little bit xwBI1bwxZOY-00225-00082384-00082722 of previously we stated that was the number 25. xwBI1bwxZOY-00226-00082753-00083038 So that's what I'm going to whisker out too. xwBI1bwxZOY-00227-00083149-00083658 So I'll put a vertical bar there and then 33 needs the isolated. xwBI1bwxZOY-00228-00083827-00084133 So if I take a look believe it or not those five vertical bars xwBI1bwxZOY-00229-00084133-00084294 that can make my box plot. xwBI1bwxZOY-00230-00084294-00084826 I will box the middle 50% of my data. xwBI1bwxZOY-00231-00084842-00085120 And I will whisker out to non outliers. xwBI1bwxZOY-00232-00085184-00085590 So there's one of my box plots. xwBI1bwxZOY-00233-00085590-00085866 And again, I I like to write the numbers. xwBI1bwxZOY-00234-00085925-00086093 I think it's helpful. xwBI1bwxZOY-00235-00086775-00087002 What you also want to do is since we're going xwBI1bwxZOY-00236-00087002-00087216 to make two box plots on the same scale. xwBI1bwxZOY-00237-00087216-00087492 You want to tell me which set of data this was this was xwBI1bwxZOY-00238-00087492-00088002 for the bus times and so I want to see bus labeled somewhere. xwBI1bwxZOY-00239-00088056-00088272 So I know this box plot is for the bus data. xwBI1bwxZOY-00240-00088314-00088637 Alright, so for the car times, there were no outlier. xwBI1bwxZOY-00241-00088637-00088898 So all I need to do is make five vertical bars xwBI1bwxZOY-00242-00088979-00089188 with the five number summary. xwBI1bwxZOY-00243-00092101-00092906 I will box my middle fifty percent. xwBI1bwxZOY-00244-00092971-00093632 and whisker out and these numbers will be a little xwBI1bwxZOY-00245-00093642-00094434 crunched in but I can do it 8 10 11 13 17. xwBI1bwxZOY-00246-00094434-00094708 And again, I want to opt to label xwBI1bwxZOY-00247-00094708-00094986 that so we've got bus again scars xwBI1bwxZOY-00248-00094986-00095370 or I've got I've got my set of comparative box plots xwBI1bwxZOY-00249-00095370-00095519 or parallel box plots. xwBI1bwxZOY-00250-00095579-00095690 So the takeaways here. xwBI1bwxZOY-00251-00095690-00095940 I want you to realize when you have more than one set of data xwBI1bwxZOY-00252-00095993-00096254 and I asked you to make boxplots start stacking them. xwBI1bwxZOY-00253-00096254-00096507 All right, you can stack them horizontally. xwBI1bwxZOY-00254-00096507-00096802 We like we did here and your calculator doesn't horizontally xwBI1bwxZOY-00255-00096841-00097111 but plenty of folks go vertically so I don't want you xwBI1bwxZOY-00256-00097111-00097302 to think you couldn't do vertical box plots. xwBI1bwxZOY-00257-00097339-00097581 It just we go horizontal because it looks like the stuff xwBI1bwxZOY-00258-00097581-00097938 on our calculator when you make multiple boxplots again. xwBI1bwxZOY-00259-00097938-00098102 You only have one x axis. xwBI1bwxZOY-00260-00098137-00098444 I don't want to separate graphs parallel box plots are xwBI1bwxZOY-00261-00098444-00098543 stacking them. xwBI1bwxZOY-00262-00098567-00098807 And the reason that we're stacking them is because we want xwBI1bwxZOY-00263-00098814-00099177 to compare the two data sets and if we look at our last set xwBI1bwxZOY-00264-00099247-00099803 of directions, You see I've got the compare the box plots xwBI1bwxZOY-00265-00099810-00100334 and the comparison bold because again when you have two graphs xwBI1bwxZOY-00266-00100334-00100564 that you're comparing whether it's stem xwBI1bwxZOY-00267-00100564-00100916 and leaf plots bar charts box plots histograms. xwBI1bwxZOY-00268-00100926-00101343 Whatever the case may be you need to use comparative language xwBI1bwxZOY-00269-00101381-00101524 as you move through your socks. xwBI1bwxZOY-00270-00101577-00101902 So you need to use phrases like larger than smaller xwBI1bwxZOY-00271-00101902-00102259 than similar to both neither. xwBI1bwxZOY-00272-00102295-00102437 I'm not so much interested in you. xwBI1bwxZOY-00273-00102437-00102544 Holding me the socks. xwBI1bwxZOY-00274-00102613-00102786 I want you to compare the socks. xwBI1bwxZOY-00275-00102786-00102964 That's why that world or it is in bold. xwBI1bwxZOY-00276-00103027-00103301 So let's move this back up here and see xwBI1bwxZOY-00277-00103301-00103501 if we can put some sentences together. xwBI1bwxZOY-00278-00103541-00104403 So s-- o-- C and S. So anytime you make me graph once you make xwBI1bwxZOY-00279-00104403-00104647 that graph you're going to only four sentences. xwBI1bwxZOY-00280-00104678-00104941 All right, you're going to owe me a sentence about the shape xwBI1bwxZOY-00281-00104997-00105296 about outliers about Center and a bra at the spread. xwBI1bwxZOY-00282-00105361-00105528 So we're going to work ourselves backwards xwBI1bwxZOY-00283-00105528-00105701 in this for this example. xwBI1bwxZOY-00284-00105701-00105862 Just because we first started xwBI1bwxZOY-00285-00105862-00105973 with spread we've moved to Center. xwBI1bwxZOY-00286-00105988-00106065 We've got outliers. xwBI1bwxZOY-00287-00106065-00106161 We still don't have shape. xwBI1bwxZOY-00288-00106183-00106448 I'll Circle back around at the very end of this chapter xwBI1bwxZOY-00289-00106509-00106802 and show you all the socks filled in for all of the graphs, xwBI1bwxZOY-00290-00106868-00107136 but let's talk about this. xwBI1bwxZOY-00291-00107136-00107316 S here let's talk about spread. xwBI1bwxZOY-00292-00107316-00107729 Now. Keep in mind you can use spread range standard deviation xwBI1bwxZOY-00293-00107767-00107953 variance or IQR. xwBI1bwxZOY-00294-00107973-00108150 I'm going to use range in this case. xwBI1bwxZOY-00295-00108211-00108386 So I'm just going to make some notes. xwBI1bwxZOY-00296-00108463-00108635 I'll make them right over here. xwBI1bwxZOY-00297-00108714-00109111 So I want us to look at the range for the bus times xwBI1bwxZOY-00298-00109111-00109476 and compare it to the range of the car times. xwBI1bwxZOY-00299-00109559-00109968 So for bus, it looks like it's going to be 33 minus 12. xwBI1bwxZOY-00300-00110039-00110178 So let me go crunch that number. xwBI1bwxZOY-00301-00110319-00110666 I've got 21. xwBI1bwxZOY-00302-00110666-00110859 The units on this would technically be minute. xwBI1bwxZOY-00303-00110885-00111048 So the range is 21 minutes xwBI1bwxZOY-00304-00111048-00111313 for the bus times the range for the car times. xwBI1bwxZOY-00305-00111347-00111653 Is eight minutes? xwBI1bwxZOY-00306-00111787-00112176 So again when it comes to writing up your sentences, xwBI1bwxZOY-00307-00112176-00112342 if you have comparative graphs, xwBI1bwxZOY-00308-00112382-00112731 whether that's a stem-and-leaf plot a histogram xwBI1bwxZOY-00309-00112773-00113016 or box plots use comparative language. xwBI1bwxZOY-00310-00113058-00113273 So I don't want to sentencing the range xwBI1bwxZOY-00311-00113319-00113574 for the bus times was 21 minutes and the range xwBI1bwxZOY-00312-00113574-00113708 for the car times was 8 minutes. xwBI1bwxZOY-00313-00113762-00114200 I want you to compare these two so you could say the range xwBI1bwxZOY-00314-00114200-00114578 for the bus times is larger than the range for the car times xwBI1bwxZOY-00315-00114611-00114787 or you could say the range for the car times. xwBI1bwxZOY-00316-00114795-00115065 Is smaller than the range the bus times. xwBI1bwxZOY-00317-00115111-00115361 So again, I want comparative language. xwBI1bwxZOY-00318-00115420-00115823 So I would say something like public transportation. xwBI1bwxZOY-00319-00116439-00117704 times IE bus times have a larger range. xwBI1bwxZOY-00320-00118479-00119197 and for those who drove IE the car times xwBI1bwxZOY-00321-00119303-00119654 and I'm just putting these I he's here. xwBI1bwxZOY-00322-00119724-00120205 Because if you wrote something, excuse me, xwBI1bwxZOY-00323-00120293-00120630 if you wrote bus times have a larger range than car times. xwBI1bwxZOY-00324-00120630-00120687 That's great. xwBI1bwxZOY-00325-00120687-00120885 If you wrote public transportation times have a xwBI1bwxZOY-00326-00120885-00121205 larger range than for those who drove great. xwBI1bwxZOY-00327-00121227-00121630 If you wrote commute times for those taking the bus is larger xwBI1bwxZOY-00328-00121630-00121882 than the commute times for those who drove great. xwBI1bwxZOY-00329-00121907-00122138 I don't want you to think there's only one answer xwBI1bwxZOY-00330-00122176-00122341 to these problems, but I do want us xwBI1bwxZOY-00331-00122345-00122540 to put proper sentences together. xwBI1bwxZOY-00332-00122623-00122833 Alright. So again, you also could have done it. xwBI1bwxZOY-00333-00122833-00123109 The other way you could have said The range xwBI1bwxZOY-00334-00123109-00123389 for the car commute times is less than the range xwBI1bwxZOY-00335-00123420-00123532 for the bus commute times xwBI1bwxZOY-00336-00123536-00123710 that would have been acceptable as well. xwBI1bwxZOY-00337-00123710-00124204 All right, so there is a US writing up our complete sentence xwBI1bwxZOY-00338-00124214-00124524 for the S 0 II s let's move back to Center. xwBI1bwxZOY-00339-00124566-00124802 So see Center we can quote the mean xwBI1bwxZOY-00340-00124802-00125016 or the median mode when we get there. xwBI1bwxZOY-00341-00125016-00125159 You could quote the mid-range. xwBI1bwxZOY-00342-00125211-00125289 We're not there yet. xwBI1bwxZOY-00343-00125289-00125581 But let's go ahead and it just for ease. xwBI1bwxZOY-00344-00125581-00125715 I'm going to quote the median. xwBI1bwxZOY-00345-00125746-00126214 I already have both of them we've got 17 and 11 xwBI1bwxZOY-00346-00126234-00126649 So the median for the best times is 17 the median xwBI1bwxZOY-00347-00126649-00126942 for the car X is 11 again the units xwBI1bwxZOY-00348-00126942-00127246 on this would have both been minutes and I don't want you xwBI1bwxZOY-00349-00127246-00127619 to just state with the the center's are in your sentence. xwBI1bwxZOY-00350-00127619-00127827 I want you to compare the sentences. xwBI1bwxZOY-00351-00127869-00128337 So again, I'm seeing that the bus times have a larger median. xwBI1bwxZOY-00352-00128337-00128466 So that's when I'm going to write xwBI1bwxZOY-00353-00128466-00128943 that the median commute time for those taking the bus was larger xwBI1bwxZOY-00354-00128943-00129355 than the median commute time for those driving. xwBI1bwxZOY-00356-00132877-00133010 All right. xwBI1bwxZOY-00357-00133533-00133785 So we're getting there. xwBI1bwxZOY-00358-00133830-00134019 We've got two of these done. xwBI1bwxZOY-00359-00134058-00134269 We actually we can talk about outliers. xwBI1bwxZOY-00360-00134276-00134513 Now. We have enough number crunching xwBI1bwxZOY-00361-00134513-00134732 under our belt to address outliers. xwBI1bwxZOY-00362-00134778-00135207 So if I look at this one data set had an outlier in one didn't xwBI1bwxZOY-00363-00135211-00135360 and that's what I want to report. xwBI1bwxZOY-00364-00135400-00135794 So I will say that it was an outlier present in the bus data, xwBI1bwxZOY-00365-00135794-00135911 but not in the car data. xwBI1bwxZOY-00366-00137499-00137675 Oops, excuse me in the bus data. xwBI1bwxZOY-00367-00137746-00139669 So if you take a look at the sentences, I wrote here xwBI1bwxZOY-00368-00139669-00139771 and these would be the sentences. xwBI1bwxZOY-00369-00139771-00139923 I would be expecting on a midterm. xwBI1bwxZOY-00370-00139927-00140151 There's no numbers quoted in any of these right? xwBI1bwxZOY-00371-00140151-00140455 You don't actually see the number 33 where the outlier was. xwBI1bwxZOY-00372-00140495-00140736 You don't see anywhere in this sentence 17 or 11. xwBI1bwxZOY-00373-00140799-00141023 You don't see anywhere in this sentence 21 and eight xwBI1bwxZOY-00374-00141085-00141380 when you have directions and you have them here. xwBI1bwxZOY-00375-00141380-00141751 That's a compare us compare the distributions. xwBI1bwxZOY-00376-00141755-00142004 I want you to use comparative language. xwBI1bwxZOY-00377-00142049-00142446 So I want phrases like less than smaller than greater xwBI1bwxZOY-00378-00142468-00142699 than similar to neither both. xwBI1bwxZOY-00379-00142738-00142886 I want you to compare what's going xwBI1bwxZOY-00380-00142899-00143049 on with socks not just quote them. xwBI1bwxZOY-00381-00143164-00143201 All right. xwBI1bwxZOY-00382-00143249-00143581 So two little tidbits I've mentioned this Throughout the xwBI1bwxZOY-00383-00143581-00143840 chapter, but it's good to get it officially down. xwBI1bwxZOY-00384-00143892-00144223 So the term resistance statistic refers to a number xwBI1bwxZOY-00385-00144223-00144400 that is unaffected by outliers. xwBI1bwxZOY-00386-00144445-00144659 And the two that we have are the median xwBI1bwxZOY-00387-00144659-00144978 and the IQR the median is unaffected by outliers xwBI1bwxZOY-00388-00144978-00145373 because this is Your middle number and the IQR is unaffected xwBI1bwxZOY-00389-00145373-00145704 by outliers because it is the middle 50% of your data xwBI1bwxZOY-00390-00145764-00146038 and anything happening in the middle is not affected xwBI1bwxZOY-00391-00146038-00146422 by what's happening on the outside and just to clarify. xwBI1bwxZOY-00392-00146422-00146719 This is this is implied but it's good to stay out loud. xwBI1bwxZOY-00393-00146719-00146993 The only data sets with standard deviations xwBI1bwxZOY-00394-00146993-00147300 of zero are the dataset with only one value. xwBI1bwxZOY-00395-00147335-00147565 So imagine you had 999 999. xwBI1bwxZOY-00396-00147615-00147840 Okay, what would the median be here? xwBI1bwxZOY-00397-00147840-00148062 What would the mean be it would be 9 xwBI1bwxZOY-00398-00148098-00148257 So the average here would be 9 xwBI1bwxZOY-00399-00148315-00148557 because all the numbers are nine. xwBI1bwxZOY-00400-00148618-00148836 Well, imagine what all of the deviations are. xwBI1bwxZOY-00401-00148879-00149151 How much does this data value deviate xwBI1bwxZOY-00402-00149151-00149515 from this means zero What's the deviation xwBI1bwxZOY-00403-00149515-00149919 of this data value 0000 you can hear that all xwBI1bwxZOY-00404-00149919-00150341 of the deviations are 0 that's why these standard deviation is xwBI1bwxZOY-00405-00150341-00150416 0 right. xwBI1bwxZOY-00406-00150416-00150627 They never deviate from the center. xwBI1bwxZOY-00407-00150636-00150937 Never deviate from the mean. xwBI1bwxZOY-00408-00150937-00151198 Okay, so in a moment, I'm going xwBI1bwxZOY-00409-00151198-00151438 to show you how we can do these parallel box spots xwBI1bwxZOY-00410-00151447-00151525 on your calculator. xwBI1bwxZOY-00411-00151584-00151807 Again, we're going to officially make some parallel box xwBI1bwxZOY-00412-00151807-00151890 plots together. xwBI1bwxZOY-00413-00151890-00152309 I touched on the idea in the last calculator video xwBI1bwxZOY-00414-00152309-00152577 if you saw it towards the end and if you didn't know problem, xwBI1bwxZOY-00415-00152577-00152732 we're going to do it again here. xwBI1bwxZOY-00416-00152743-00152932 So I want to make two boxplots. xwBI1bwxZOY-00417-00152932-00153074 I want them to be parallel meaning xwBI1bwxZOY-00418-00153074-00153375 that they're not touching you can make some horizontal xwBI1bwxZOY-00419-00153375-00153624 which your calculator always does if you're doing by hand. xwBI1bwxZOY-00420-00153624-00153924 You also have the option of doing them vertically. xwBI1bwxZOY-00421-00153924-00154115 But let's go ahead and do some data entry. xwBI1bwxZOY-00422-00154171-00154447 So I put my two data sets into my list put bus times xwBI1bwxZOY-00423-00154447-00154734 in a long car times and out to Great. xwBI1bwxZOY-00424-00154734-00155050 You don't have to go in that order to the order I went in xwBI1bwxZOY-00425-00155050-00155277 and then we need to go set up our stat plots, right? xwBI1bwxZOY-00426-00155277-00155538 So data entry set up your stat plots. xwBI1bwxZOY-00427-00155538-00155830 If I'm looking right now I can see I have plot one xwBI1bwxZOY-00428-00155830-00156022 on plot 2 & 3 are off. xwBI1bwxZOY-00429-00156079-00156455 So if I look at plot one, it's making a modified boxplot great. xwBI1bwxZOY-00430-00156508-00156652 It's got my data from L1. xwBI1bwxZOY-00431-00156652-00156852 So I've got the bus times that's good. xwBI1bwxZOY-00432-00156887-00157117 What's not so hot right now is that I got xwBI1bwxZOY-00433-00157117-00157416 to get this plot turned on and then I got xwBI1bwxZOY-00434-00157416-00157542 to put the L2 data in there. xwBI1bwxZOY-00435-00157596-00157880 So I'm going to scroll down to stat plot Number Two xwBI1bwxZOY-00436-00157880-00158159 and I'm going to enter and this is always a game xwBI1bwxZOY-00437-00158159-00158353 of what's got the black background. xwBI1bwxZOY-00438-00158353-00158636 That's what Sly so right now plot to is off. xwBI1bwxZOY-00439-00158636-00158719 I want to turn it on. xwBI1bwxZOY-00440-00158737-00159055 So I will hit enter and you'll see that plot to now hat, xwBI1bwxZOY-00441-00159055-00159358 excuse me, that on now has the black background. xwBI1bwxZOY-00442-00159358-00159602 I also want to change the type. xwBI1bwxZOY-00443-00159618-00159924 This is a regular box plot, and now that We have outliers. xwBI1bwxZOY-00444-00159924-00160204 We should always modify our box plots xwBI1bwxZOY-00445-00160204-00160294 and you want to be careful. xwBI1bwxZOY-00446-00160294-00160462 Don't hit the down arrow key here. xwBI1bwxZOY-00447-00160462-00160782 If you hit the down arrow key, it will jump you to that X list. xwBI1bwxZOY-00448-00160803-00160973 So when you're in the types if you want to get xwBI1bwxZOY-00449-00160973-00161216 to the second row, you need to hit the right arrow key. xwBI1bwxZOY-00450-00161260-00161392 So let me go over here. xwBI1bwxZOY-00451-00161392-00161563 And again, I need to play the game xwBI1bwxZOY-00452-00161563-00161741 of who's got the black background. xwBI1bwxZOY-00453-00161780-00162090 So I will hit enter and now you see that the black background is xwBI1bwxZOY-00454-00162090-00162281 on the modified box plot. xwBI1bwxZOY-00455-00162291-00162477 The other thing I want to change is I don't want xwBI1bwxZOY-00456-00162477-00162697 to make another modified box plot about one. xwBI1bwxZOY-00457-00162697-00162773 I already have that. xwBI1bwxZOY-00458-00162821-00163037 I need this to be the L2 data. xwBI1bwxZOY-00459-00163037-00163479 All right, and you can choose what shape you want your outlier xwBI1bwxZOY-00460-00163479-00163558 to be again. xwBI1bwxZOY-00461-00163558-00163912 I always just go with the defaults less two less buttons xwBI1bwxZOY-00462-00163933-00164014 to push. xwBI1bwxZOY-00463-00164014-00164142 If you're really into it. xwBI1bwxZOY-00464-00164180-00164248 We can do this. xwBI1bwxZOY-00465-00164248-00164434 We could go push it it to the plus sign. xwBI1bwxZOY-00466-00164474-00164718 Alright, once you get that going let's hit Zoom nine xwBI1bwxZOY-00467-00164773-00165083 and we should have our two parallel box plots xwBI1bwxZOY-00468-00165083-00165155 and there they are. xwBI1bwxZOY-00469-00165164-00165592 So we've got the bus times here the car times here I could trace xwBI1bwxZOY-00470-00165627-00165969 on either of those so you see me try Racing right? xwBI1bwxZOY-00471-00165969-00166157 Hi is not an outlier 25. xwBI1bwxZOY-00472-00166157-00166210 That's good. xwBI1bwxZOY-00473-00166210-00166364 That matches my graph here. xwBI1bwxZOY-00474-00166383-00166812 There's my outlier 33 that left and right will take you xwBI1bwxZOY-00475-00166812-00166948 through this box plot. xwBI1bwxZOY-00476-00166958-00167222 If you want to jump down to the second box plot hit the xwBI1bwxZOY-00477-00167222-00167505 down arrow key and you can see these calculator commands, xwBI1bwxZOY-00478-00167505-00167530 right? xwBI1bwxZOY-00479-00167530-00167829 You're on plot 1 and you're graphing the data from L line. xwBI1bwxZOY-00480-00167829-00167955 If I hit the down arrow key. xwBI1bwxZOY-00481-00167989-00168317 I'm in plot to and I'm looking at the data from L2 xwBI1bwxZOY-00482-00168317-00168517 and I can scroll through. xwBI1bwxZOY-00483-00168597-00168840 All of those five number summary. xwBI1bwxZOY-00484-00168840-00168951 He's in there, right? xwBI1bwxZOY-00485-00168951-00169333 So for my computer parallel box plots here. xwBI1bwxZOY-00486-00169333-00169657 I put the car times above the bus times. xwBI1bwxZOY-00487-00169657-00169769 I think when I did it by hand, xwBI1bwxZOY-00488-00169769-00170007 I did bust above car on the calculator. xwBI1bwxZOY-00489-00170007-00170233 I did bus and Bob Carr, it doesn't matter xwBI1bwxZOY-00490-00170264-00170421 which one goes on top. xwBI1bwxZOY-00491-00170421-00170826 It's just that they both need to be on one x axis it xwBI1bwxZOY-00492-00170826-00170998 so you see I only made the one x axis xwBI1bwxZOY-00493-00170998-00171377 and I've got everything labeled and scaled properly xwBI1bwxZOY-00494-00171416-00171611 and if we scroll down here Right. xwBI1bwxZOY-00495-00171611-00171865 I also showed you that if you have your calculator, xwBI1bwxZOY-00496-00171902-00172111 but you can go ahead and fill in that x-axis. xwBI1bwxZOY-00497-00172111-00172308 We're talking about commute times and minutes. xwBI1bwxZOY-00498-00172312-00172595 You do need to label which one was the bus data xwBI1bwxZOY-00499-00172595-00172724 which one was the car data. xwBI1bwxZOY-00500-00172767-00173055 So if you're going to copy something from your calculator xwBI1bwxZOY-00501-00173073-00173235 onto your paper for a midterm xwBI1bwxZOY-00502-00173235-00173443 in it's a parallel box plot situation. xwBI1bwxZOY-00503-00173443-00173876 You need to label for me, which data set is which okay? xwBI1bwxZOY-00504-00173876-00174000 All right. xwBI1bwxZOY-00505-00174005-00174076 Thanks guys. xwBI1bwxZOY-00506-00174080-00174149 We'll see you in a few. xxjOci-fIm8-00000-00000605-00001011 The area of the on-going trip parameters xxjOci-fIm8-00001-00001105-00001512 The parameters of your vehicle and your environment xxjOci-fIm8-00002-00001610-00002112 The eco-driving rate must be green as often as possible: Vert = green, Jaune = yellow, Orange = orange, Rouge = red xxjOci-fIm8-00003-00002210-00002810 Your best eco-driving rate of the on-going trip A destination must be selected prior departure xxjOci-fIm8-00004-00002910-00003310 The trend: The eco-driving rate on the last minute (adjustable) xxjOci-fIm8-00005-00003510-00004310 The Pause button: Camélys is placed in stand-by mode and data record is stopped You must clic again on Camélys icon to resume data record of on-going trip xxjOci-fIm8-00006-00004410-00004910 The Go/Stop button to start a trip or indicate the end of a trip xxlHK3bKFek-00000-00000139-00000511 , xxlHK3bKFek-00001-00000511-00000774 We have our first question, please. xxlHK3bKFek-00002-00000774-00000956 Is the microphone on? xxlHK3bKFek-00003-00000956-00001040 I think it is. xxlHK3bKFek-00004-00001040-00001294 Just move a little closer if you can. xxlHK3bKFek-00005-00001294-00001329 All right. xxlHK3bKFek-00006-00001329-00001600 Judith [INAUDIBLE] from [INAUDIBLE]. xxlHK3bKFek-00007-00001600-00001978 I'd like to ask a question, first of all, to Dr. Chand. xxlHK3bKFek-00008-00001978-00002348 Perhaps a minor one, but I'm interested, I noticed on one xxlHK3bKFek-00009-00002348-00002808 of your graphs, or tables, you showed that Gujarat state's xxlHK3bKFek-00010-00002808-00003271 agricultural growth rate was about 6.8% and the Punjab was xxlHK3bKFek-00011-00003271-00003608 really low, about 1.6 or something, whereas the Punjab xxlHK3bKFek-00012-00003608-00003904 used to be one of the stars of the Green Revolution. xxlHK3bKFek-00013-00003904-00004353 So I just wondered what was happening there, and also to xxlHK3bKFek-00014-00004353-00005030 both Dr. Chand and Dr. Glauber in terms of public debate and xxlHK3bKFek-00015-00005030-00005410 public policy thinking in both India and the US about xxlHK3bKFek-00016-00005410-00005792 ownership of the supply chain from the producers right xxlHK3bKFek-00017-00005792-00006238 through to markets, what sort of thinking is going on? xxlHK3bKFek-00018-00006238-00006773 For example, in the US, the fact that JBS of Brazil has xxlHK3bKFek-00019-00006773-00007189 become the largest meat processor in the US and owner xxlHK3bKFek-00020-00007189-00007373 of meat production. xxlHK3bKFek-00021-00007373-00007855 And that Anheuser-Busch has become part of InBev, is there xxlHK3bKFek-00022-00007855-00008414 much debate thinking about what's happening in terms of xxlHK3bKFek-00023-00008414-00008792 control of supply chains into major markets? xxlHK3bKFek-00024-00008792-00009132 And perhaps Mick might want to throw in a xxlHK3bKFek-00025-00009132-00009338 comment or two as well? xxlHK3bKFek-00026-00009338-00009493 Two questions there, Dr. Chand. xxlHK3bKFek-00027-00009493-00009638 The first one, probably the easy one. xxlHK3bKFek-00028-00010000-00010046 Yeah. xxlHK3bKFek-00029-00010046-00010169 You are right. xxlHK3bKFek-00030-00010169-00010513 Punjab has very high productivity, but it is xxlHK3bKFek-00031-00010513-00010642 plateauing. xxlHK3bKFek-00032-00010642-00011033 So in terms of growth, it is not taking place in Punjab. xxlHK3bKFek-00033-00011033-00011415 But in other states, their productivity is very low, xxlHK3bKFek-00034-00011415-00011786 about half of Punjab, two thirds of Punjab, so growth is xxlHK3bKFek-00035-00011786-00011971 taking place there. xxlHK3bKFek-00036-00011971-00012337 So that is the reason that in Punjab, you find that already xxlHK3bKFek-00037-00012337-00012685 wheat productivity, rice productivity, it is closer to xxlHK3bKFek-00038-00012685-00012797 the plateau. xxlHK3bKFek-00039-00012797-00013230 So you don't find much growth, and also, much diversification xxlHK3bKFek-00040-00013230-00013400 is not taking place. xxlHK3bKFek-00041-00013400-00013794 So Punjab, no doubt, still productivity is higher than xxlHK3bKFek-00042-00013794-00013941 many other states. xxlHK3bKFek-00043-00013941-00014338 Punjab sometimes is at the top, sometimes at number two xxlHK3bKFek-00044-00014338-00014582 or number three in terms of productivity. xxlHK3bKFek-00045-00014582-00014949 But since productivity is high, so growth is not high in xxlHK3bKFek-00046-00014949-00015158 the state of Punjab. xxlHK3bKFek-00047-00015158-00015611 Coming to your second question on supply chain, in India the xxlHK3bKFek-00048-00015611-00015950 supply chain is fragmented. xxlHK3bKFek-00049-00015950-00016637 In fact, we feel that that some changes in regulation in xxlHK3bKFek-00050-00016637-00017514 market is required so that the direct purchase by processors, xxlHK3bKFek-00051-00017514-00017909 by export from the farmer is allowed. xxlHK3bKFek-00052-00017909-00018279 Right now, because agriculture is a state subject, it is xxlHK3bKFek-00053-00018279-00018556 allowed only in two or three states. xxlHK3bKFek-00054-00018556-00018866 Most of the other states, they have not amended xxlHK3bKFek-00055-00018866-00019053 their market act. xxlHK3bKFek-00056-00019053-00019457 But central government is providing some incentive to xxlHK3bKFek-00057-00019457-00019869 all the states to amend their agriculture market act to xxlHK3bKFek-00058-00019869-00020340 facilitate and encourage this direct purchase from the xxlHK3bKFek-00059-00020340-00020741 farmers by the processors, or by the exporters. xxlHK3bKFek-00060-00020741-00021362 In fact, we are putting some reliance on this integration xxlHK3bKFek-00061-00021362-00021873 of value chain for increases in realisation of prices by xxlHK3bKFek-00062-00021873-00022179 farmers, even if prices don't increase. xxlHK3bKFek-00063-00022179-00022531 So through this integration of supply chain, the price xxlHK3bKFek-00064-00022531-00022958 received by farmer will increase, even if the prices xxlHK3bKFek-00065-00022958-00023326 are not increasing otherwise. xxlHK3bKFek-00066-00023326-00023461 Joe Glauber, would you like to comment on xxlHK3bKFek-00067-00023461-00023690 that question as well? xxlHK3bKFek-00068-00023690-00023815 It's a very good question. xxlHK3bKFek-00069-00023815-00024158 There's certainly been a lot, as you're well aware, or it xxlHK3bKFek-00070-00024158-00024466 sounds like you're well aware at least of what's been going xxlHK3bKFek-00071-00024466-00024762 on in the US in terms of integration of supply chains. xxlHK3bKFek-00072-00024762-00025048 And I think there really, there is this drive for xxlHK3bKFek-00073-00025048-00025440 competitiveness and to lower costs. xxlHK3bKFek-00074-00025440-00025893 And I think to a degree, to an effort to try to tie producers xxlHK3bKFek-00075-00025893-00026348 to consumers so that we're seeing a lot more contracting, xxlHK3bKFek-00076-00026348-00026816 and I'm thinking particularly in the meat area, where you're xxlHK3bKFek-00077-00026816-00027085 looking for specific qualities out of that xxlHK3bKFek-00078-00027085-00027431 beef or pork, or poultry. xxlHK3bKFek-00079-00027431-00027829 And then moving that through to export markets. xxlHK3bKFek-00080-00027829-00028438 And so you see a lot of this, I think again, the whole issue xxlHK3bKFek-00081-00028438-00028877 of lowering the cost logistics, lowing the cost so xxlHK3bKFek-00082-00028877-00029027 that you can be more competitive. xxlHK3bKFek-00083-00029027-00029376 And you can see, I thought the freight chart was a xxlHK3bKFek-00084-00029376-00029495 fascinating one. xxlHK3bKFek-00085-00029495-00029824 But what probably is even more instructive is to look at how xxlHK3bKFek-00086-00029824-00030105 much it costs to get something out of the middle of the xxlHK3bKFek-00087-00030105-00030297 country to port, and then out. xxlHK3bKFek-00088-00030297-00030839 And you still see countries like Brazil, where they're xxlHK3bKFek-00089-00030839-00031032 just less competitive on that side. xxlHK3bKFek-00090-00031032-00031249 They're getting much, much better, but I think this is an xxlHK3bKFek-00091-00031249-00031532 overall drive that we'll see. xxlHK3bKFek-00092-00031532-00031730 There are competition issues. xxlHK3bKFek-00093-00031730-00031947 I think that we're certainly aware of those. xxlHK3bKFek-00094-00032444-00032860 We have antitrust issues that come up now and again with xxlHK3bKFek-00095-00032860-00033083 mergers and that sort of thing that are looked at. xxlHK3bKFek-00096-00033083-00033419 But I think generally, the trends are certainly for more xxlHK3bKFek-00097-00033419-00033544 highly integrated markets. xxlHK3bKFek-00098-00033780-00034083 Mick Keogh, I loved the key messages, the take home xxlHK3bKFek-00099-00034083-00034218 messages from you. xxlHK3bKFek-00100-00034218-00034450 You talked about past reputation. xxlHK3bKFek-00101-00034450-00034575 Are we living in the past? xxlHK3bKFek-00102-00034904-00035193 I'm suspicious that we are. xxlHK3bKFek-00103-00035193-00035450 I'm suspicious that we smugly tell ourselves that we're very xxlHK3bKFek-00104-00035450-00035835 good and we're clean and green, and we're efficient and xxlHK3bKFek-00105-00035835-00036061 environmentally friendly, and all that sort of stuff. xxlHK3bKFek-00106-00036061-00036280 And I don't think even our consumers here in Australia xxlHK3bKFek-00107-00036280-00036462 believe that. xxlHK3bKFek-00108-00036462-00036647 And if we haven't convinced them of that, I'm not sure xxlHK3bKFek-00109-00036647-00036845 that we're going to convince Asian consumers to put out xxlHK3bKFek-00110-00036845-00037080 extra dollars, because we sure aren't going to be able to xxlHK3bKFek-00111-00037080-00037392 compete on price. xxlHK3bKFek-00112-00037392-00037500 Graham. xxlHK3bKFek-00113-00037500-00037536 Graham. xxlHK3bKFek-00114-00037536-00037873 [? Here an ?] agricultural consultant, three questions to xxlHK3bKFek-00115-00037873-00038276 Dr. Chand, and I'll start with the easy ones. xxlHK3bKFek-00116-00038276-00038534 Can you tell us what is happening in the management of xxlHK3bKFek-00117-00038534-00038717 the Indian beef herd? xxlHK3bKFek-00118-00038717-00039084 That no matter what we did in Australia, we couldn't get xxlHK3bKFek-00119-00039084-00039572 anything like the increases that you are getting in xxlHK3bKFek-00120-00039572-00039742 volumes of export. xxlHK3bKFek-00121-00039742-00040018 We understand the Brazilians are chopping down the Amazon xxlHK3bKFek-00122-00040018-00040617 and increasing their beef production, but India is xxlHK3bKFek-00123-00040617-00040859 totally different. xxlHK3bKFek-00124-00040859-00040984 Should I stop there and-- xxlHK3bKFek-00125-00040984-00041177 I'll keep it to one if you don't mind, Graham, because xxlHK3bKFek-00126-00041177-00041441 there are two other questions, and we are very close to xxlHK3bKFek-00127-00041441-00041501 morning tea. xxlHK3bKFek-00128-00041501-00041626 So Dr. Chand? xxlHK3bKFek-00129-00041891-00042356 This beef export from India is mainly buffalo. xxlHK3bKFek-00130-00042356-00042444 Very little cattle. xxlHK3bKFek-00131-00042444-00042692 Mainly buffalo. xxlHK3bKFek-00132-00042692-00043141 In fact, in India, what happened is that male calf of xxlHK3bKFek-00133-00043141-00043542 buffalo, they have no use in the country. xxlHK3bKFek-00134-00043542-00044031 Because their use as draft fodder is also very low, and xxlHK3bKFek-00135-00044031-00044485 earlier they were just made to die through starvation, xxlHK3bKFek-00136-00044485-00044732 through disease, or something like that. xxlHK3bKFek-00137-00044732-00045127 Then I think during seven eight, some development took xxlHK3bKFek-00138-00045127-00045483 place in other beef exporting countries. xxlHK3bKFek-00139-00045483-00045965 It could be mad cow disease, swine fly, and so many things. xxlHK3bKFek-00140-00045965-00046466 And the importing country, consuming country, they just xxlHK3bKFek-00141-00046466-00047087 found that the beef import from India does not carry xxlHK3bKFek-00142-00047087-00047446 those kinds of risks, because it is free of xxlHK3bKFek-00143-00047446-00047698 those kinds of diseases. xxlHK3bKFek-00144-00047698-00048243 And also, this beef export and mutton export from India is xxlHK3bKFek-00145-00048243-00048818 organic, because it is largely on grazing and like that. xxlHK3bKFek-00146-00048818-00049262 And also, earlier, FMD used to be a big issue. xxlHK3bKFek-00147-00049262-00049414 Foot and Mouth Disease. xxlHK3bKFek-00148-00049414-00049957 But we have now most of the country as FMD free. xxlHK3bKFek-00149-00049957-00050343 So that is also a big country rooting factor, that once it xxlHK3bKFek-00150-00050343-00050854 was declared by international agency as an FMD free area, xxlHK3bKFek-00151-00050854-00051026 the export started. xxlHK3bKFek-00152-00051026-00051437 And also, I think this rupee dollar exchange, the xxlHK3bKFek-00153-00051437-00051976 appreciation, and government of India, just giving some xxlHK3bKFek-00154-00051976-00052190 encouragement, and also some xxlHK3bKFek-00155-00052190-00052454 concessions to the meat exporters. xxlHK3bKFek-00156-00052454-00052648 That also contributed. xxlHK3bKFek-00157-00052648-00053013 So your final questions, and we need to be brief, one final xxlHK3bKFek-00158-00053013-00053061 one up there. xxlHK3bKFek-00159-00053061-00053257 But sir, you're next. xxlHK3bKFek-00160-00053257-00053304 Yes. xxlHK3bKFek-00161-00053304-00053421 Bruce Watson, Nuffield Scholar. xxlHK3bKFek-00162-00053421-00053494 Question for Mick. xxlHK3bKFek-00163-00053494-00053678 Firstly, thank you very much for your presentation. xxlHK3bKFek-00164-00053678-00053998 And some of your comments pointing out how Australia, xxlHK3bKFek-00165-00053998-00054386 we're going to move towards basic commodity type exports, xxlHK3bKFek-00166-00054386-00054691 and feeling on your comments about boost shipping costs, xxlHK3bKFek-00167-00054691-00054907 probably our only source of competitive advantage is going xxlHK3bKFek-00168-00054907-00055074 to be supply chains. xxlHK3bKFek-00169-00055074-00055325 Wondering if you could give us some thoughts on how you think xxlHK3bKFek-00170-00055325-00055669 Australia can strip more cost, or get more investment into xxlHK3bKFek-00171-00055669-00055884 our supply chains, either from an industry or government xxlHK3bKFek-00172-00055884-00056009 point of view. xxlHK3bKFek-00173-00056454-00056676 I'm not sure that I'm necessarily qualified in the xxlHK3bKFek-00174-00056676-00057270 post farm phase, but I suspect it's going to have to be xxlHK3bKFek-00175-00057270-00057498 automation. xxlHK3bKFek-00176-00057498-00057841 I think labour costs have traditionally been quite a xxlHK3bKFek-00177-00057841-00058216 major aspect of meat processing costs, and we don't xxlHK3bKFek-00178-00058216-00059028 have the luxury of $7 an hour minimum wages that our friends xxlHK3bKFek-00179-00059028-00059378 have in terms of their processing facilities. xxlHK3bKFek-00180-00059378-00059769 So I think only way is going to have to be to strip labour xxlHK3bKFek-00181-00059769-00060203 out of the post farm processing sector. xxlHK3bKFek-00182-00060203-00060401 And that, of course, requires investment. xxlHK3bKFek-00183-00060401-00060816 And investment usually necessitates profitability xxlHK3bKFek-00184-00060816-00060934 before that happens. xxlHK3bKFek-00185-00060934-00061200 And I wonder whether we're trapped in that sort of a xxlHK3bKFek-00186-00061200-00061632 double bind, where the way to get more efficient in terms of xxlHK3bKFek-00187-00061632-00061928 supply chain is to get the labor out, but that requires xxlHK3bKFek-00188-00061928-00062074 investment, and that requires that you've got xxlHK3bKFek-00189-00062074-00062226 the capital to spend. xxlHK3bKFek-00190-00062226-00062465 And I guess that's a question for our meat processors, xxlHK3bKFek-00191-00062465-00062578 rather than me. xxlHK3bKFek-00192-00062578-00062851 On transport, there's certainly some gains that xxlHK3bKFek-00193-00062851-00062978 could be made. xxlHK3bKFek-00194-00062978-00063102 I don't think they're huge. xxlHK3bKFek-00195-00063102-00063262 I don't think they're spectacular, but I think xxlHK3bKFek-00196-00063262-00063650 there's certainly some gains that could be made as well, xxlHK3bKFek-00197-00063650-00063847 but they're the two areas that I think are xxlHK3bKFek-00198-00063847-00064051 probably the most likely. xxlHK3bKFek-00199-00064051-00064184 And final question up the back. xxlHK3bKFek-00200-00064447-00064770 I'm home from [INAUDIBLE]. xxlHK3bKFek-00201-00064770-00065179 My question is to Professor Chand. xxlHK3bKFek-00202-00065179-00065680 You have summarised your distribution quite nicely, xxlHK3bKFek-00203-00065680-00065915 giving some challenges to the Indian xxlHK3bKFek-00204-00065915-00066240 agricultural system overall. xxlHK3bKFek-00205-00066240-00066688 Do you see any role of policy in dealing with those xxlHK3bKFek-00206-00066688-00067103 challenges, and do you anticipate some policy changes xxlHK3bKFek-00207-00067103-00067282 in the horizon? xxlHK3bKFek-00208-00067282-00067407 Thank you. xxlHK3bKFek-00209-00067730-00068172 In fact, policies have a very important role. xxlHK3bKFek-00210-00068172-00068503 Policies consist of so many things, but the main role of xxlHK3bKFek-00211-00068503-00069060 policy in terms of better price realisation to farmers. xxlHK3bKFek-00212-00069060-00069362 We are just finding at national level, and also at xxlHK3bKFek-00213-00069362-00069811 provision level that wherever there is improvement in terms xxlHK3bKFek-00214-00069811-00070243 of trade for agriculture, price realisation by farmers, xxlHK3bKFek-00215-00070243-00070444 it is making tremendous difference xxlHK3bKFek-00216-00070444-00070618 to agriculture growth. xxlHK3bKFek-00217-00070618-00070940 The state of my [INAUDIBLE], how growth xxlHK3bKFek-00218-00070940-00071079 rate could be higher. xxlHK3bKFek-00219-00071079-00071412 Because the concerned state, they adopted the system of xxlHK3bKFek-00220-00071412-00071635 decentralisation procurement. xxlHK3bKFek-00221-00071635-00071959 So they showed to farmers that minimum export price will be xxlHK3bKFek-00222-00071959-00072068 paid to them. xxlHK3bKFek-00223-00072068-00072360 And that changed the equation in those two states. xxlHK3bKFek-00224-00072360-00072709 But in the other states, UP, Bihar, neither the union xxlHK3bKFek-00225-00072709-00072984 government is procuring, nor the state xxlHK3bKFek-00226-00072984-00073144 governments are procuring. xxlHK3bKFek-00227-00073144-00073589 So you find the price that accrues to farmers is xxlHK3bKFek-00228-00073589-00073932 immediately 15%, 20% lower than what is the minimum xxlHK3bKFek-00229-00073932-00074047 export price. xxlHK3bKFek-00230-00074047-00074319 So since farmers are not getting as [INAUDIBLE] xxlHK3bKFek-00231-00074319-00074790 prices, you find that don't use modern imports and all xxlHK3bKFek-00232-00074790-00074845 those things. xxlHK3bKFek-00233-00074845-00075064 So low kind of growth. xxlHK3bKFek-00234-00075064-00075437 So policies have very important roles, particularly xxlHK3bKFek-00235-00075437-00075619 when there is a productivity gap. xxlHK3bKFek-00236-00075619-00075980 That attainably, that actually there's a big gap. xxlHK3bKFek-00237-00075980-00076225 So that gap can be filled. xxlHK3bKFek-00238-00076225-00076440 That does not require technology. xxlHK3bKFek-00239-00076440-00076722 That's just requires a little bit of extension, and also xxlHK3bKFek-00240-00076722-00077239 these policies for some sort of assurance to the farmers, xxlHK3bKFek-00241-00077239-00077535 either in terms of MSP systems, or in terms of xxlHK3bKFek-00242-00077535-00077899 competitive markets, or efficient markets. xxlHK3bKFek-00243-00077899-00078202 Time flies when you're having a very interesting session. xxlHK3bKFek-00244-00078202-00078367 Sadly, we are out of it. xxlHK3bKFek-00245-00078367-00078781 Our speakers this morning, Dr. Ramesh Chand, Dr. Joe Glauber, xxlHK3bKFek-00246-00078781-00078870 and Mick Keogh. xxlHK3bKFek-00247-00078870-00078995 Would you please thank them? xzvRFTJCtYU-00000-00000043-00000193 >> AS THE PRESIDENT SOUNDS OFF xzvRFTJCtYU-00001-00000193-00000380 ABOUT HOLY BABIES BORN AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00002-00000380-00000580 UNBORN, WE TALK ABOUT THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00003-00000580-00000647 ONGOING xzvRFTJCtYU-00004-00000647-00000817 CRIMINALIZATION OF WOMEN WHO xzvRFTJCtYU-00005-00000817-00000974 HAPPEN TO GET PREGNANT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00006-00000974-00001141 WHAT’S BEEN THE MEDIA’S ROLE? xzvRFTJCtYU-00007-00001141-00001311 AND HAVE REPORTERS DONE ENOUGH xzvRFTJCtYU-00008-00001311-00001411 TO MAKE AMENDS? xzvRFTJCtYU-00009-00001411-00001564 WE’LL TALK WITH LYNN PALTROW, xzvRFTJCtYU-00010-00001564-00001698 ONE OF THE LAWYERS REPRESENTING xzvRFTJCtYU-00011-00001698-00001868 INCARCERATED MOTHERS, xzvRFTJCtYU-00012-00001868-00002078 MEDIA CRITIC JANINE JACKSON, xzvRFTJCtYU-00013-00002078-00002245 AND SUZANNE SELLERS, WHO FELL xzvRFTJCtYU-00014-00002245-00002412 AFOUL OF ONE OF THOSE LAWS IN xzvRFTJCtYU-00015-00002412-00002545 THE 1990S. xzvRFTJCtYU-00016-00002545-00002682 THEN, A DRILL DOWN WITH LYNN xzvRFTJCtYU-00017-00002682-00002872 PALTROW ABOUT THE THREATS TO ROE xzvRFTJCtYU-00018-00002872-00002949 AND MORE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00019-00002949-00003139 IT’S ALL COMING UP ON "THE LAURA xzvRFTJCtYU-00020-00003139-00003253 FLANDERS SHOW," THE PLACE WHERE xzvRFTJCtYU-00021-00003253-00003379 THE PEOPLE WHO SAY IT CAN’T BE xzvRFTJCtYU-00022-00003379-00003526 DONE TAKE A BACKSEAT TO THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00023-00003526-00003633 PEOPLE WHO ARE DOING IT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00024-00003633-00003800 WELCOME. xzvRFTJCtYU-00025-00004057-00004411 IT HAS BEEN 46 YEARS SINCE THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00026-00004411-00004617 SUPREME COURT IN ROE VS. WADE xzvRFTJCtYU-00027-00004617-00004758 RECOGNIZED THAT WOMEN HAVE A xzvRFTJCtYU-00028-00004758-00004914 RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN HEALTH xzvRFTJCtYU-00029-00004914-00005131 DECISIONS, INCLUDING PREGNANCY xzvRFTJCtYU-00030-00005131-00005251 AND ABORTION. xzvRFTJCtYU-00031-00005251-00005432 IT IS A PRIVACY RIGHT THAT EVEN xzvRFTJCtYU-00032-00005432-00005682 CONSERVATIVES THEN ENDORSED. xzvRFTJCtYU-00033-00005682-00005809 BUT A BACKLASH FOLLOWED, WHICH xzvRFTJCtYU-00034-00005809-00005982 ASSERTED THAT THE FETUS HAS xzvRFTJCtYU-00035-00005982-00006042 RIGHTS TOO. xzvRFTJCtYU-00036-00006042-00006169 AND OVER THE YEARS FETAL xzvRFTJCtYU-00037-00006169-00006336 PERSONHOOD, SO CALLED, HAS xzvRFTJCtYU-00038-00006336-00006516 GRADUALLY BEEN WRITTEN INTO LAW, xzvRFTJCtYU-00039-00006516-00006733 SUCH THAT IN SOME STATES, WOMEN xzvRFTJCtYU-00040-00006733-00006930 ARE HELD CRIMINALLY LIABLE FOR xzvRFTJCtYU-00041-00006930-00007060 THE OUTCOME OF THEIR xzvRFTJCtYU-00042-00007060-00007180 PREGNANCIES. xzvRFTJCtYU-00043-00007180-00007400 JAIL TIME FOR STILLBIRTHS? xzvRFTJCtYU-00044-00007400-00007584 THE CONSERVATIVES ON TODAY’S xzvRFTJCtYU-00045-00007584-00007841 COURTS COULD MAKE MATTERS MUCH, xzvRFTJCtYU-00046-00007841-00007954 MUCH WORSE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00047-00007954-00008091 THE MEDIA HAVEN’T HELPED. xzvRFTJCtYU-00048-00008091-00008301 SCARY STORIES ABOUT MYTHOLOGICAL xzvRFTJCtYU-00049-00008301-00008478 CRACK BABIES AND DRUG ADDLED xzvRFTJCtYU-00050-00008478-00008585 MOMS PLAYED xzvRFTJCtYU-00051-00008585-00008702 INTO THE HANDS OF THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00052-00008702-00008802 CRIMINALIZES. xzvRFTJCtYU-00053-00008802-00009102 BUT AS THIS YEAR DAWNED, "THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00054-00009102-00009322 NEW YORK TIMES" PUBLISHED AN xzvRFTJCtYU-00055-00009322-00009572 EXTRAORDINARY EIGHT PART SERIES xzvRFTJCtYU-00056-00009572-00009683 ON WOMEN’S RIGHTS, xzvRFTJCtYU-00057-00009683-00009913 AND EVEN ISSUED AN APOLOGY. xzvRFTJCtYU-00058-00009913-00010046 I GUESSED IMMEDIATELY THAT IT xzvRFTJCtYU-00059-00010046-00010193 HAD SOMETHING TO DO WITH ONE OF xzvRFTJCtYU-00060-00010193-00010363 MY FAVORITE GUESTS ON THIS xzvRFTJCtYU-00061-00010363-00010543 TOPIC, AND SO IT DID. xzvRFTJCtYU-00062-00010543-00010657 THERE IS A STORY HERE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00063-00010657-00010890 NOT JUST ABOUT THE PREGNANCY TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00064-00010890-00011061 PRISON PIPELINE AS WE’RE CALLING xzvRFTJCtYU-00065-00011061-00011144 IT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00066-00011144-00011311 BUT ALSO HOW THIS IMPORTANT xzvRFTJCtYU-00067-00011311-00011501 STORY MIGRATED FROM THE MEDIA’S xzvRFTJCtYU-00068-00011501-00011688 MARGINS TO THE FRONT PAGE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00069-00011688-00011815 TO TELL IT, I AM EXCITED TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00070-00011815-00011925 WELCOME TWO FRIENDS, LYNN xzvRFTJCtYU-00071-00011925-00012065 PALTROW, THE FOUNDER AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00072-00012065-00012132 EXECUTIVE xzvRFTJCtYU-00073-00012132-00012278 DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL ADVOCATES xzvRFTJCtYU-00074-00012278-00012429 FOR PREGNANT WOMEN, AND MY xzvRFTJCtYU-00075-00012429-00012609 FORMER COLLEAGUE JANINE JACKSON, xzvRFTJCtYU-00076-00012609-00012766 PROGRAM DIRECTOR AT THE MEDIA xzvRFTJCtYU-00077-00012766-00012912 WATCH GROUP FAIR AND HOST, xzvRFTJCtYU-00078-00012912-00013123 PRODUCER OF FAIR’S RADIO SHOW, xzvRFTJCtYU-00079-00013123-00013253 COUNTER SPIN. xzvRFTJCtYU-00080-00013253-00013413 JOINING US FROM CHICAGO IN JUST xzvRFTJCtYU-00081-00013413-00013546 A BIT WE’LL HEAR FROM ONE OF THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00082-00013546-00013707 MOTHERS FEATURED IN THE TIMES xzvRFTJCtYU-00083-00013707-00013780 ARTICLE, xzvRFTJCtYU-00084-00013780-00013910 WHO FOUND HERSELF ON THE WRONG xzvRFTJCtYU-00085-00013910-00014030 SIDE OF ONE OF THESE LAWS. BUT xzvRFTJCtYU-00086-00014030-00014377 FIRST, LYNN, CONGRATULATIONS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00087-00014377-00014484 I MEAN, I CAN’T REMEMBER THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00088-00014484-00014551 LAST TIME. xzvRFTJCtYU-00089-00014551-00014688 I DON’T THINK IT’S EVER HAPPENED xzvRFTJCtYU-00090-00014688-00014754 THAT I’VE DONE A SHOW ABOUT xzvRFTJCtYU-00091-00014754-00014888 SOMETHING GREAT THAT HAPPENED IN xzvRFTJCtYU-00092-00014888-00015081 THE MEDIA. BUT THIS REALLY WAS xzvRFTJCtYU-00093-00015081-00015211 GREAT, WASN’T IT? HOW DID IT xzvRFTJCtYU-00094-00015211-00015281 HAPPEN? xzvRFTJCtYU-00095-00015281-00015475 >> WELL, PEOPLE ASK THAT, AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00096-00015475-00015592 SOMETIMES THEY SAY, OH, WHO IS xzvRFTJCtYU-00097-00015592-00015862 YOUR MAGICAL MEDIA PERSON? BUT xzvRFTJCtYU-00098-00015862-00016116 FOR 30 YEARS WE’VE BEEN TRYING xzvRFTJCtYU-00099-00016116-00016222 TO SHOW PEOPLE WHAT THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00100-00016222-00016372 CONNECTIONS ARE, THAT YOU CAN xzvRFTJCtYU-00101-00016372-00016740 HAVE THINGS IN LITTLE PACKAGES xzvRFTJCtYU-00102-00016740-00016843 THAT DON’T SPREAD. xzvRFTJCtYU-00103-00016843-00017060 SO, THE IDEA THAT YOU COULD xzvRFTJCtYU-00104-00017060-00017217 OUTLAW ABORTION AND NOT HAVE IT xzvRFTJCtYU-00105-00017217-00017427 AFFECT WOMEN OR THE STATUS OF xzvRFTJCtYU-00106-00017427-00017697 WOMEN AS FULL HUMAN BEINGS IS A xzvRFTJCtYU-00107-00017697-00017994 HARD ONE TO EXPLAIN. xzvRFTJCtYU-00108-00017994-00018078 AND WE HAVE BEEN TRYING TO DO xzvRFTJCtYU-00109-00018078-00018144 THAT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00110-00018144-00018268 RECENTLY I WAS FORTUNATE TO GET xzvRFTJCtYU-00111-00018268-00018401 AN OP-ED IN "THE NEW YORK TIMES" xzvRFTJCtYU-00112-00018401-00018588 ABOUT WHAT WOULD HAPPEN ROE xzvRFTJCtYU-00113-00018588-00018768 WENT, AND NOT JUST THAT ABORTION xzvRFTJCtYU-00114-00018768-00018918 WOULD BE LESS AVAILABLE BUT xzvRFTJCtYU-00115-00018918-00019139 THAT WOMEN WOULD GO TO JAIL, AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00116-00019139-00019269 THAT WOMEN ARE ALREADY GOING TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00117-00019269-00019336 JAIL. xzvRFTJCtYU-00118-00019336-00019489 NOT JUST FOR HAVING ABORTIONS, xzvRFTJCtYU-00119-00019489-00019636 BUT FOR MISCARRIAGES AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00120-00019636-00019729 STILLBIRTHS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00121-00019729-00019863 AND NOT JUST FOR THE OUTCOME OF xzvRFTJCtYU-00122-00019863-00020010 THEIR PREGNANCIES, JUST FOR xzvRFTJCtYU-00123-00020010-00020166 BEING PREGNANT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00124-00020166-00020377 AND PREGNANCY TURNS CERTAIN xzvRFTJCtYU-00125-00020377-00020487 THINGS NOW INTO A CRIME. xzvRFTJCtYU-00126-00020487-00020573 IF YOU’RE PREGNANT AND YOU FALL xzvRFTJCtYU-00127-00020573-00020767 DOWN A FLIGHT OF STAIRS. YOU’RE xzvRFTJCtYU-00128-00020767-00020880 PREGNANT AND YOU WANT TO HAVE A xzvRFTJCtYU-00129-00020880-00020997 HOME BIRTH. xzvRFTJCtYU-00130-00020997-00021137 YOU’RE PREGNANT AND YOU DISAGREE xzvRFTJCtYU-00131-00021137-00021277 WITH YOUR DOCTOR’S ADVICE AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00132-00021277-00021431 DON’T BELIEVE A CAESARIAN xzvRFTJCtYU-00133-00021431-00021588 SURGERY IS NECESSARY. xzvRFTJCtYU-00134-00021588-00021771 THAT OP-ED LED TO AN INVITATION xzvRFTJCtYU-00135-00021771-00021938 TO SPEAK TO THE EDITORIAL BOARD, xzvRFTJCtYU-00136-00021938-00022145 AND THEN ANOTHER INVITATION TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00137-00022145-00022242 SPEAK TO THE BOARD. xzvRFTJCtYU-00138-00022242-00022492 AND I HAVE TO SAY THAT THE "NEW xzvRFTJCtYU-00139-00022492-00022672 YORK TIMES" HAS CHANGED. ITS xzvRFTJCtYU-00140-00022672-00022862 EDITORIAL BOARD IS MUCH MORE xzvRFTJCtYU-00141-00022862-00023059 DIVERSE THAN IT HAS EVER BEEN xzvRFTJCtYU-00142-00023059-00023126 BEFORE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00143-00023126-00023370 AND THE MEMBERS OF THAT BOARD xzvRFTJCtYU-00144-00023370-00023493 REALLY RECOGNIZE THAT THERE WAS xzvRFTJCtYU-00145-00023493-00023673 A MUCH DEEPER STORY HERE, AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00146-00023673-00023810 GAVE IT THE ATTENTION FINALLY IT xzvRFTJCtYU-00147-00023810-00023930 DESERVED. xzvRFTJCtYU-00148-00023930-00024057 >> SO FOR PEOPLE THAT DIDN’T xzvRFTJCtYU-00149-00024057-00024274 SEE IT, AND IT’S AVAILABLE IN xzvRFTJCtYU-00150-00024274-00024441 PRINT AS WELL AS ONLINE, JUST xzvRFTJCtYU-00151-00024441-00024554 TALK US THROUGH A LITTLE BIT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00152-00024554-00024688 WHAT WAS INCLUDED IN THESE EIGHT xzvRFTJCtYU-00153-00024688-00024754 PARTS? xzvRFTJCtYU-00154-00024754-00024821 SOME OF THEM WERE EDITORIALS, xzvRFTJCtYU-00155-00024821-00024888 RIGHT? xzvRFTJCtYU-00156-00024888-00024964 >> THEY WERE ALL EDITORIALS, xzvRFTJCtYU-00157-00024964-00025098 BUT WRITTEN BY JOURNALISTS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00158-00025098-00025355 SO I WAS INCREDIBLY IMPRESSED BY xzvRFTJCtYU-00159-00025355-00025482 MANY OF THE THINGS THAT WENT xzvRFTJCtYU-00160-00025482-00025622 EVEN BEYOND WHAT WE AND OTHER xzvRFTJCtYU-00161-00025622-00025925 PEOPLE THEY SPOKE TO HAD OFFERED xzvRFTJCtYU-00162-00025925-00025992 THEM. xzvRFTJCtYU-00163-00025992-00026239 WE HAD BEEN WORKING AND TRYING xzvRFTJCtYU-00164-00026239-00026476 TO PROVIDE INFORMATION. WE HAVE xzvRFTJCtYU-00165-00026476-00026666 A LOT OF DATA. xzvRFTJCtYU-00166-00026666-00026856 WE’VE COLLECTED DOCUMENTATION OF xzvRFTJCtYU-00167-00026856-00027093 THE ARRESTS OF WOMEN FOR xzvRFTJCtYU-00168-00027093-00027330 PREGNANCY, 1200 SINCE 1973 AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00169-00027330-00027397 GROWING. xzvRFTJCtYU-00170-00027397-00027600 PROVIDING THEM INTRODUCTIONS TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00171-00027600-00027801 CLIENTS AND EXPERTS THAT WE xzvRFTJCtYU-00172-00027801-00027981 KNOW, AND THEY MADE USE OF ALL xzvRFTJCtYU-00173-00027981-00028154 OF THEM AND WENT FURTHER. xzvRFTJCtYU-00174-00028154-00028281 >> AND GAVE YOU CREDIT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00175-00028281-00028405 >> YES, AND THEY DID. xzvRFTJCtYU-00176-00028405-00028555 BUT WE WERE ALL VERY ANXIOUS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00177-00028555-00028705 WHAT WOULD THIS LOOK LIKE? WHAT xzvRFTJCtYU-00178-00028705-00028872 WOULD IT AND WHEN THE WORD CAME xzvRFTJCtYU-00179-00028872-00028965 DOWN THAT IT WAS UP AND I xzvRFTJCtYU-00180-00028965-00029092 OPENED IT, I HAVE TO CONFESS, I xzvRFTJCtYU-00181-00029092-00029339 STARTED TO CRY BECAUSE WHEN I xzvRFTJCtYU-00182-00029339-00029482 SAW THAT THE TITLE WAS, A xzvRFTJCtYU-00183-00029482-00029639 WOMAN’S RIGHTS, THAT IT WASN’T xzvRFTJCtYU-00184-00029639-00029846 THIS REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS OR xzvRFTJCtYU-00185-00029846-00029996 ABORTION RIGHTS, THIS SPECIAL xzvRFTJCtYU-00186-00029996-00030196 INTEREST, IT'S HALF OF THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00187-00030196-00030263 HUMAN BEINGS xzvRFTJCtYU-00188-00030263-00030360 IN THE UNITED STATES, AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00189-00030360-00030497 EVERYONE WITH THE CAPACITY FOR xzvRFTJCtYU-00190-00030497-00030707 PREGNANCY IS IMPLICATED BY THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00191-00030707-00030844 ANTI ABORTION MOVEMENT IN THIS xzvRFTJCtYU-00192-00030844-00030910 COUNTRY. xzvRFTJCtYU-00193-00030910-00031017 >> AND PLURAL RIGHTS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00194-00031017-00031167 >> THIS IDEA THAT CERTAIN xzvRFTJCtYU-00195-00031167-00031301 CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS ARE OWNED xzvRFTJCtYU-00196-00031301-00031504 BY ONE SIDE IS ABSURD IT IS xzvRFTJCtYU-00197-00031504-00031691 ABOUT WHETHER OR NOT, AND THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00198-00031691-00031801 "NEW YORK TIMES" DID A BEAUTIFUL xzvRFTJCtYU-00199-00031801-00031992 JOB CAPTURING THIS WHETHER YOU xzvRFTJCtYU-00200-00031992-00032132 CAN ADD FERTILIZED EGGS, xzvRFTJCtYU-00201-00032132-00032198 BECAUSE THAT’S WHAT THEY’RE xzvRFTJCtYU-00202-00032198-00032322 REALLY TALKING ABOUT NOW. xzvRFTJCtYU-00203-00032322-00032465 FERTILIZED EGGS, EMBRYOS AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00204-00032465-00032649 FETUSES TO THE CONSTITUTION xzvRFTJCtYU-00205-00032649-00032786 WITHOUT SUBTRACTING PREGNANT xzvRFTJCtYU-00206-00032786-00032852 WOMEN. xzvRFTJCtYU-00207-00032852-00033003 AND THERE IS NO WAY. IT HAS TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00208-00033003-00033073 BE A CHOICE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00209-00033073-00033256 IF THAT GETS RECOGNIZED, THEN WE xzvRFTJCtYU-00210-00033256-00033403 ARE COMMITTING OURSELVES TO A xzvRFTJCtYU-00211-00033403-00033583 COUNTRY IN WHICH THE STATE HAS xzvRFTJCtYU-00212-00033583-00033757 PERMISSION TO CONTROL PREGNANT xzvRFTJCtYU-00213-00033757-00033823 WOMEN. xzvRFTJCtYU-00214-00033823-00033987 >> SO NOT JUST WOMEN WHO xzvRFTJCtYU-00215-00033987-00034130 WANT TO END THEIR PREGNANCY, NOT xzvRFTJCtYU-00216-00034130-00034210 JUST ABORTION. xzvRFTJCtYU-00217-00034210-00034371 PLURAL ON ALL FRONTS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00218-00034371-00034537 >> PLURAL ON ALL FRONTS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00219-00034537-00034708 >> JANINE, THE QUESTION, HOW xzvRFTJCtYU-00220-00034708-00034848 SIGNIFICANT IS THIS? xzvRFTJCtYU-00221-00034848-00034954 I MEAN, AS I ALLUDED TO IN THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00222-00034954-00035108 TOP, MEDIA HAS PLAYED A VERY xzvRFTJCtYU-00223-00035108-00035271 ACTIVE ROLE AND NOT USUALLY xzvRFTJCtYU-00224-00035271-00035338 HELPFUL. xzvRFTJCtYU-00225-00035338-00035512 >> WELL, AND I WANT TO SAY xzvRFTJCtYU-00226-00035512-00035675 I APPRECIATE AS A MEDIA CRITIC, xzvRFTJCtYU-00227-00035675-00035862 I APPRECIATE THIS PACKAGE THAT xzvRFTJCtYU-00228-00035862-00035965 "THE NEW YORK TIMES" HAS DONE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00229-00035965-00036129 I THINK IT WILL DEFINITELY HAVE xzvRFTJCtYU-00230-00036129-00036196 AN IMPACT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00231-00036196-00036389 IT ALREADY IS HAVING AN IMPACT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00232-00036389-00036553 I THINK IT’S LONG OVERDUE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00233-00036553-00036823 AND I THINK IT IS COMMENDABLY xzvRFTJCtYU-00234-00036823-00036963 FRANK, AND SORT OF NAMING THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00235-00036963-00037140 NAMES IN MEDIA. xzvRFTJCtYU-00236-00037140-00037320 PREVIOUS REVISITS, INCLUDING AT xzvRFTJCtYU-00237-00037320-00037634 THE TIMES HAVE SAID MEDIA WENT xzvRFTJCtYU-00238-00037634-00037807 FURTHER THAN THE RESEARCH WOULD xzvRFTJCtYU-00239-00037807-00037881 HAVE PERMITTED. xzvRFTJCtYU-00240-00037881-00038114 THIS ACTUALLY LAYS THE BLAME xzvRFTJCtYU-00241-00038114-00038258 LARGELY AT THE MEDIA’S FEET. xzvRFTJCtYU-00242-00038258-00038361 WHEN WE’RE TALKING ABOUT xzvRFTJCtYU-00243-00038361-00038498 PARTICULARLY THE NARRATIVE ABOUT xzvRFTJCtYU-00244-00038498-00038688 CRACK BABIES. xzvRFTJCtYU-00245-00038688-00038988 I WOULD SAY THOUGH THAT I SEE IT xzvRFTJCtYU-00246-00038988-00039155 AS A FIRST STEP. xzvRFTJCtYU-00247-00039155-00039372 I DON’T SEE IT AS A TRUE xzvRFTJCtYU-00248-00039372-00039683 RECKONING BECAUSE THE CRACK BABY xzvRFTJCtYU-00249-00039683-00039936 NARRATIVE, THE IDEA THAT THERE xzvRFTJCtYU-00250-00039936-00040183 WAS SOMETHING UNIQUELY LESS THAN xzvRFTJCtYU-00251-00040183-00040430 HUMAN ABOUT CHILDREN THAT WERE xzvRFTJCtYU-00252-00040430-00040587 EXPOSED IN UTERO TO CRACK xzvRFTJCtYU-00253-00040587-00040850 COCAINE, THAT DID NOT APPLY TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00254-00040850-00040970 CHILDREN EXPOSED TO POWDER xzvRFTJCtYU-00255-00040970-00041157 COCAINE, OR TO ALCOHOL, OR TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00256-00041157-00041284 CIGARETTES. xzvRFTJCtYU-00257-00041284-00041428 THAT NEVER SHOULD HAVE PASSED A xzvRFTJCtYU-00258-00041428-00041544 LOGIC TEST. xzvRFTJCtYU-00259-00041544-00041785 SO FOR ME, A TRUE RECKONING ON xzvRFTJCtYU-00260-00041785-00042015 MEDIA’S PART WOULD INVOLVE THEM xzvRFTJCtYU-00261-00042015-00042185 INTERROGATING WHAT IT IS ABOUT xzvRFTJCtYU-00262-00042185-00042472 THEM THAT LED THEM TO FALL FOR xzvRFTJCtYU-00263-00042472-00042689 IT. BECAUSE WE HAVE TO REMEMBER, xzvRFTJCtYU-00264-00042689-00042932 THE CRACK BABY NARRATIVE ISN’T xzvRFTJCtYU-00265-00042932-00043119 SOMETHING THAT MEDIA PICKED UP xzvRFTJCtYU-00266-00043119-00043376 ON AND FAILED TO SCRUTINIZE xzvRFTJCtYU-00267-00043376-00043570 CAREFULLY. IT’S SOMETHING MEDIA xzvRFTJCtYU-00268-00043570-00043643 DID. xzvRFTJCtYU-00269-00043643-00043863 >> LET’S REVISIT THAT FOR A xzvRFTJCtYU-00270-00043863-00043990 MINUTE FOR PEOPLE THAT MAYBE xzvRFTJCtYU-00271-00043990-00044144 WEREN'T READING "THE NEW YORK xzvRFTJCtYU-00272-00044144-00044237 TIMES IN THE 1990'S. xzvRFTJCtYU-00273-00044237-00044304 I MEAN, THEY QUOTE xzvRFTJCtYU-00274-00044304-00044437 IN THIS SERIES, ONE OF THEIR xzvRFTJCtYU-00275-00044437-00044591 OWN REPORTERS, SUSAN xzvRFTJCtYU-00276-00044591-00044774 CHIRA, WHO SAYS, I WOULD UNWRITE xzvRFTJCtYU-00277-00044774-00044994 THAT ARTICLE TODAY IF I COULD. xzvRFTJCtYU-00278-00044994-00045198 IT WAS PART OF THE WAR ON DRUGS xzvRFTJCtYU-00279-00045198-00045362 THAT KIND OF MOVED INTO WOMEN’S xzvRFTJCtYU-00280-00045362-00045532 BODIES, AND TO SOME WOMEN’S xzvRFTJCtYU-00281-00045532-00045598 BODIES. xzvRFTJCtYU-00282-00045598-00045665 >> WELL, AND THAT’S THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00283-00045665-00045925 IMPORTANT THING. IT WAS NOT- xzvRFTJCtYU-00284-00045925-00046059 AND WHEN YOU DO LOOK AT WHAT THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00285-00046059-00046179 RESEARCH ACTUALLY SAID, WHICH xzvRFTJCtYU-00286-00046179-00046363 AGAIN, YOU WOULDN’T HAVE TO GO xzvRFTJCtYU-00287-00046363-00046613 FAR TO SEE THAT THERE WAS, EVEN xzvRFTJCtYU-00288-00046613-00046763 THE ORIGINAL PERSON THEY WERE xzvRFTJCtYU-00289-00046763-00046973 CITING IRA CHASNOFF, VERY xzvRFTJCtYU-00290-00046973-00047160 QUICKLY SAID THIS IS BEING xzvRFTJCtYU-00291-00047160-00047260 MISINTERPRETED. xzvRFTJCtYU-00292-00047260-00047487 I HAD A SMALL STUDY WITH 23 xzvRFTJCtYU-00293-00047487-00047557 SUBJECTS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00294-00047557-00047744 I DID NOT MEAN THIS TO BE TAKEN xzvRFTJCtYU-00295-00047744-00047881 IN THE WAY THAT IT’S BEEN TAKEN. xzvRFTJCtYU-00296-00047881-00048008 LAURA SO WHY DID IT GO SO VIRAL? xzvRFTJCtYU-00297-00048008-00048131 >> BECAUSE I THINK IT FED xzvRFTJCtYU-00298-00048131-00048284 SO MANY NARRATIVES. xzvRFTJCtYU-00299-00048284-00048455 IT FED INTO THE WAR ON DRUGS, xzvRFTJCtYU-00300-00048455-00048858 IT ALSO FED INTO FRANK RACISM. xzvRFTJCtYU-00301-00048858-00049049 AND DESIRE TO CONTROL, NOT JUST xzvRFTJCtYU-00302-00049049-00049189 ANY WOMEN’S BODIES, BUT BLACK xzvRFTJCtYU-00303-00049189-00049329 WOMEN’S BODIES, POOR WOMEN’S xzvRFTJCtYU-00304-00049329-00049396 BODIES. xzvRFTJCtYU-00305-00049396-00049669 THE TIMES SERIES QUOTES THIS xzvRFTJCtYU-00306-00049669-00049793 COLUMN BY WASHINGTON POST xzvRFTJCtYU-00307-00049793-00049979 COLUMNIST CHARLES KRAUTHAMMER IN xzvRFTJCtYU-00308-00049979-00050256 WHICH HE SAYS, WE’RE TALKING xzvRFTJCtYU-00309-00050256-00050583 ABOUT A BIO UNDERCLASS, PEOPLE xzvRFTJCtYU-00310-00050583-00050850 WHOSE BIOLOGICAL INFERIORITY IS xzvRFTJCtYU-00311-00050850-00051054 STAMPED AT BIRTH. xzvRFTJCtYU-00312-00051054-00051221 NOW, THIS IS HUGE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00313-00051221-00051324 AND THIS IS OBVIOUSLY NOT xzvRFTJCtYU-00314-00051324-00051454 SCIENCE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00315-00051454-00051554 THIS IS NARRATIVE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00316-00051554-00051664 THIS IS EDITORIAL. xzvRFTJCtYU-00317-00051664-00051795 AND I APPRECIATED THE TIME xzvRFTJCtYU-00318-00051795-00051888 SERIES QUOTING IT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00319-00051888-00052038 I WISH THEY HAD GONE ON TO SAY xzvRFTJCtYU-00320-00052038-00052198 THOUGH, THAT IN THAT SAME xzvRFTJCtYU-00321-00052198-00052369 COLUMN, KRAUTHAMMER WENT ON TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00322-00052369-00052589 QUOTE A GUY, DOUGLAS BESCHEROFF xzvRFTJCtYU-00323-00052589-00052719 FROM THE AMERICAN ENTERPRISE xzvRFTJCtYU-00324-00052719-00052789 INSTITUTE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00325-00052789-00053042 AND WHAT HE SAID WAS, THIS IS xzvRFTJCtYU-00326-00053042-00053279 NOT STUFF THAT HEADSTART CAN xzvRFTJCtYU-00327-00053279-00053429 FIX. xzvRFTJCtYU-00328-00053429-00053560 HE SAID, WE’RE TALKING ABOUT xzvRFTJCtYU-00329-00053560-00053793 PERMANENT BRAIN DAMAGE, WHETHER xzvRFTJCtYU-00330-00053793-00054187 IT IS 5% OR 15% OF THE BLACK xzvRFTJCtYU-00331-00054187-00054457 COMMUNITY, IT IS THERE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00332-00054457-00054657 SO SIT WITH THAT FOR A MINUTE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00333-00054657-00054821 BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT YOU CANNOT xzvRFTJCtYU-00334-00054821-00055011 DISTINGUISH BABIES JUST BY xzvRFTJCtYU-00335-00055011-00055188 LOOKING AT THEM THAT WE’RE xzvRFTJCtYU-00336-00055188-00055478 EXPOSED TO CRACK IN UTERO, WE’RE xzvRFTJCtYU-00337-00055478-00055679 NOW SAYING, MAYBE 15% OF THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00338-00055679-00055912 BLACK COMMUNITY NEED TO BE xzvRFTJCtYU-00339-00055912-00056126 TREATED AS THOUGH THEY ARE xzvRFTJCtYU-00340-00056126-00056289 BIOLOGICALLY INFERIOR. xzvRFTJCtYU-00341-00056289-00056466 SO, YOU KNOW THE REPERCUSSIONS I xzvRFTJCtYU-00342-00056466-00056596 THINK ARE INTENSE, AND YOU xzvRFTJCtYU-00343-00056596-00056663 CAN’T UNDO THAT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00344-00056663-00056729 >> AND JUST TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00345-00056729-00056960 RE-DESCRIBE THE HISTORIC MOMENT xzvRFTJCtYU-00346-00056960-00057217 FOR A SECOND, THIS IS NOT JUST xzvRFTJCtYU-00347-00057217-00057410 WAR ON DRUGS, THE INCARCERATION, xzvRFTJCtYU-00348-00057410-00057604 MANDATORY SENTENCING PERIOD OF xzvRFTJCtYU-00349-00057604-00057847 THE EARLY 90'S BUT ALSO WELFARE xzvRFTJCtYU-00350-00057847-00057977 REFORM, THE DOING AWAY xzvRFTJCtYU-00351-00057977-00058128 WITH FEDERAL SUPPORTS FOR POOR xzvRFTJCtYU-00352-00058128-00058294 WOMEN ON WELFARE WHO WERE FRAMED xzvRFTJCtYU-00353-00058294-00058468 AS PEOPLE OF COLOR WHEN IT xzvRFTJCtYU-00354-00058468-00058688 REALLY WASN’T THE CASE, WAS A xzvRFTJCtYU-00355-00058688-00058885 VERY PARTICULAR POLITICAL MOMENT xzvRFTJCtYU-00356-00058885-00059085 WITH LOTS OF RAMIFICATIONS, WAR xzvRFTJCtYU-00357-00059085-00059235 ON CRIME, GETTING TOUGH. xzvRFTJCtYU-00358-00059235-00059322 >> ALL OF THOSE THINGS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00359-00059322-00059509 WELL, ONE OF THE WAYS I PUT IT xzvRFTJCtYU-00360-00059509-00059689 TO SOME JOURNALISTS WAS, LOOK, xzvRFTJCtYU-00361-00059689-00059799 IF THEY HAD COME TO YOU AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00362-00059799-00060009 SAID, THERE’S A DRUG THAT WHITE xzvRFTJCtYU-00363-00060009-00060150 MOTHERS ARE TAKING AND IT MAKES xzvRFTJCtYU-00364-00060150-00060330 THEIR BABIES STUPID, OR IT xzvRFTJCtYU-00365-00060330-00060463 DAMAGES THEM AND THEY’RE TAKING xzvRFTJCtYU-00366-00060463-00060573 IT ANYWAY, WOULD YOU HAVE xzvRFTJCtYU-00367-00060573-00060650 ACCEPTED THAT? xzvRFTJCtYU-00368-00060650-00060760 WOULD YOU HAVE REPORTED IT? xzvRFTJCtYU-00369-00060760-00060914 WOULDN’T YOU HAVE INTERROGATED xzvRFTJCtYU-00370-00060914-00060980 THAT? xzvRFTJCtYU-00371-00060980-00061154 BUT I THINK THE OTHER PIECE OF xzvRFTJCtYU-00372-00061154-00061304 THIS IS, WOMEN, AND PARTICULARLY xzvRFTJCtYU-00373-00061304-00061514 WHITE WOMEN DON’T HAVE THIS xzvRFTJCtYU-00374-00061514-00061681 AWARENESS UNTIL, FOR EXAMPLE, xzvRFTJCtYU-00375-00061681-00061815 THEY’RE TRYING TO GIVE BIRTH AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00376-00061815-00061921 SOMEBODY’S FORCING THEM TO HAVE xzvRFTJCtYU-00377-00061921-00062038 A CAESARIAN SURGERY AND THEY’RE xzvRFTJCtYU-00378-00062038-00062148 NOT BEING LISTENED TO, OR xzvRFTJCtYU-00379-00062148-00062242 THREATENING TO ARREST THEM IF xzvRFTJCtYU-00380-00062242-00062325 THEY DON’T COME IN FOR IT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00381-00062325-00062559 THIS COUNTRY WAS FOUNDED ON THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00382-00062559-00062719 IDEA THAT SOME PEOPLE CAN xzvRFTJCtYU-00383-00062719-00062892 TOTALLY CONTROL THE LIVES AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00384-00062892-00062999 BODIES OF OTHER PEOPLE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00385-00062999-00063223 AND IT KEEPS HAPPENING AND IT xzvRFTJCtYU-00386-00063223-00063433 SHOULD NOT BE A SURPRISE THAT xzvRFTJCtYU-00387-00063433-00063777 IT EXTENDS BEYOND BLACK PEOPLE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00388-00063777-00064010 IT EXTENDS TO LOW INCOME RURAL xzvRFTJCtYU-00389-00064010-00064107 WOMEN. xzvRFTJCtYU-00390-00064107-00064300 IT IS PART AND PARCEL OF OUR xzvRFTJCtYU-00391-00064300-00064451 CULTURE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00392-00064451-00064521 >> WE SHOULD SAY THAT WE xzvRFTJCtYU-00393-00064521-00064677 INVITED "THE TIMES" TO SEND A xzvRFTJCtYU-00394-00064677-00064834 REPRESENTATIVE TO DISCUSS THIS xzvRFTJCtYU-00395-00064834-00064974 WITH US, AND I WISH THEY HAD. xzvRFTJCtYU-00396-00064974-00065145 BUT IN THE ABSENCE OF THAT, xzvRFTJCtYU-00397-00065145-00065425 LET’S PLAY A QUICK CLIP OF ONE xzvRFTJCtYU-00398-00065425-00065555 PART OF THEIR REPORTING. xzvRFTJCtYU-00399-00065555-00065945 THIS IS A VIDEO ABOUT A CLIENT xzvRFTJCtYU-00400-00065945-00066056 OF YOURS, ACTUALLY, YOU WANT TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00401-00066056-00066189 INTRODUCE HER? xzvRFTJCtYU-00402-00066189-00066282 >> THE WOMAN’S NAME IS xzvRFTJCtYU-00403-00066282-00066509 ANNE BINO, AND I THINK SHE’LL BE xzvRFTJCtYU-00404-00066509-00066643 TELLING HER STORY BUT IT’S AN xzvRFTJCtYU-00405-00066643-00066783 EXAMPLE OF MASS xzvRFTJCtYU-00406-00066783-00066856 CRIMINALIZATION. xzvRFTJCtYU-00407-00066856-00067070 SHE HAS A PREGNANCY, IT IS A xzvRFTJCtYU-00408-00067070-00067260 STILLBIRTH, THERE IS NO QUESTION xzvRFTJCtYU-00409-00067260-00067520 ABOUT IT AND YET THE COMMUNITY xzvRFTJCtYU-00410-00067520-00067707 WANTS TO HAVE HER PUNISHED, xzvRFTJCtYU-00411-00067707-00067861 AND SO THEY COME UP WITH THEIR xzvRFTJCtYU-00412-00067861-00068054 INNUMERABLE CRIMES TO CHOOSE xzvRFTJCtYU-00413-00068054-00068121 FROM. xzvRFTJCtYU-00414-00068121-00068341 AND IN HER CASE, IT INCLUDES A xzvRFTJCtYU-00415-00068341-00068588 CONCEALING A BIRTH, AT A MOMENT xzvRFTJCtYU-00416-00068588-00068692 WHEN SHE HAS GONE TO THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00417-00068692-00069002 HOSPITAL WITH HER STILLBIRTH AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00418-00069002-00069105 THEY ARREST HER. xzvRFTJCtYU-00419-00069105-00069172 >> ALL RIGHT, THANKS TO "THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00420-00069172-00069449 NEW YORK TIMES". CHECK IT OUT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00421-00069449-00069539 >> WHEN I WOKE UP THAT xzvRFTJCtYU-00422-00069539-00069639 MORNING, AFTER I WAS AWARE xzvRFTJCtYU-00423-00069639-00069806 ENOUGH TO THINK, I DROVE MYSELF xzvRFTJCtYU-00424-00069806-00069933 TO THE EMERGENCY ROOM WITH THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00425-00069933-00070053 REMAINS IN THE FRONT PASSENGER xzvRFTJCtYU-00426-00070053-00070123 SEAT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00427-00070123-00070413 I CAME IN, I SAID, I NEED TO SEE xzvRFTJCtYU-00428-00070413-00070483 SOMEONE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00429-00070483-00070944 I GAVE BIRTH LAST NIGHT AND SHE xzvRFTJCtYU-00430-00070944-00071010 DIDN’T MAKE IT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00431-00071010-00071301 THEY TOOK THE BABY AND WERE ABLE xzvRFTJCtYU-00432-00071301-00071561 TO VERY QUICKLY DETERMINE THAT xzvRFTJCtYU-00433-00071562-00071864 IT WAS A STILLBIRTH. xzvRFTJCtYU-00434-00071864-00072245 SEVERAL DAYS LATER, THE SHERIFF GOT ME ON THE WAY HOME FROM THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00435-00072245-00072425 HOSPITAL, ARRESTED ME, THEY PUT xzvRFTJCtYU-00436-00072425-00072629 HANDCUFFS ON ME, THEY PUT ME IN xzvRFTJCtYU-00437-00072629-00072769 THE BACK OF THE POLICE CAR. THEY xzvRFTJCtYU-00438-00072769-00072869 SAID THEY WERE ARRESTING ME FOR xzvRFTJCtYU-00439-00072869-00072999 CONCEALING A BIRTH, TOOK ME xzvRFTJCtYU-00440-00072999-00073096 STRAIGHT TO JAIL AND BOOKED ME. xzvRFTJCtYU-00441-00073096-00073426 I THOUGHT, WHO AM I ARRESTED FOR xzvRFTJCtYU-00442-00073426-00073646 CONCEALING IT FROM? xzvRFTJCtYU-00443-00073646-00073850 MY MOM? MY DAD? xzvRFTJCtYU-00444-00073850-00073983 MY BROTHERS? xzvRFTJCtYU-00445-00073983-00074050 WHO? xzvRFTJCtYU-00446-00074050-00074391 IT DIDN’T SEEM TO BE THAT IT WAS xzvRFTJCtYU-00447-00074391-00074457 TREATED AS A STILLBIRTH. xzvRFTJCtYU-00448-00074457-00074534 IT SEEMED TO BE LIKE IT WAS xzvRFTJCtYU-00449-00074534-00074754 BEING TREATED AS MURDER. xzvRFTJCtYU-00450-00074754-00075038 >> HOW’D THE TIMES DO, JANINE? xzvRFTJCtYU-00451-00075038-00075121 THAT’S JUST A CLIP BUT WHAT’D xzvRFTJCtYU-00452-00075121-00075215 YOU MAKE OF IT? xzvRFTJCtYU-00453-00075215-00075345 >> WELL, MY FIRST THOUGHT xzvRFTJCtYU-00454-00075345-00075582 IS THE BRAVERY OF THE WOMAN TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00455-00075582-00075732 TELL THIS STORY, WHICH HAS TO BE xzvRFTJCtYU-00456-00075732-00075825 VERY PAINFUL. xzvRFTJCtYU-00457-00075825-00075962 I VERY MUCH APPRECIATE THAT "THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00458-00075962-00076149 TIMES" WOULD DO THAT AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00459-00076149-00076299 WOULD SPOTLIGHT HER. xzvRFTJCtYU-00460-00076299-00076469 BUT AGAIN, IT’S DOWN TO THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00461-00076469-00076583 BRAVERY OF THE WOMEN COMING xzvRFTJCtYU-00462-00076583-00076649 FORWARD. xzvRFTJCtYU-00463-00076649-00076810 AND THEY’VE BEEN TRYING TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00464-00076810-00076940 TELL THIS FOR A LONG TIME xzvRFTJCtYU-00465-00076940-00077113 SO I’M VERY HAPPY THAT xzvRFTJCtYU-00466-00077113-00077290 THERE’S SOMEONE AT THE OTHER END xzvRFTJCtYU-00467-00077290-00077384 LISTENING THIS TIME. xzvRFTJCtYU-00468-00077384-00077604 I HOPE THAT THAT BRANCHES OUT xzvRFTJCtYU-00469-00077604-00077777 AND LEADS TO TRUSTING MORE WOMEN xzvRFTJCtYU-00470-00077777-00077917 AND LISTENING TO MORE WOMEN xzvRFTJCtYU-00471-00077917-00077997 EVERY DAY. xzvRFTJCtYU-00472-00077997-00078141 >> LET’S BRING ON ONE OF THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00473-00078141-00078324 WOMEN WHO WAS PROFILED IN xzvRFTJCtYU-00474-00078324-00078391 "THE TIMES" STORY. xzvRFTJCtYU-00475-00078391-00078538 HER NAME IS SUZANNE SELLERS AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00476-00078538-00078748 SHE IS NOW ONE OF THE ORGANIZERS xzvRFTJCtYU-00477-00078748-00078918 BEHIND FAMILIES ORGANIZING FOR xzvRFTJCtYU-00478-00078918-00079142 CHILD WELFARE JUSTICE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00479-00079142-00079285 ORGANIZERS AND FOUNDERS I SHOULD xzvRFTJCtYU-00480-00079285-00079412 SAY. SUZANNE, WELCOME. GLAD TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00481-00079412-00079479 HAVE YOU. xzvRFTJCtYU-00482-00079479-00079666 >> THANK YOU. HELLO LAURA. xzvRFTJCtYU-00483-00079666-00079733 >> WHAT WAS YOUR xzvRFTJCtYU-00484-00079733-00079856 EXPERIENCE WORKING WITH "THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00485-00079856-00080096 TIMES" ON THIS STORY? xzvRFTJCtYU-00486-00080096-00080460 >> IT WAS EXCITING. xzvRFTJCtYU-00487-00080460-00080820 I FELT RELIEVED. FOR 21 YEARS xzvRFTJCtYU-00488-00080820-00081287 I’VE BEEN TRYING TO MAKE MY xzvRFTJCtYU-00489-00081287-00081601 STORY PUBLIC, ATTEMPTING TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00490-00081601-00081975 CHANGE PUBLIC THOUGHT ABOUT THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00491-00081975-00082142 DEMONIZATION OF THE CRACK MOTHER xzvRFTJCtYU-00492-00082142-00082469 DURING THE 1990S. AND THIS TIMES xzvRFTJCtYU-00493-00082469-00082739 SERIES WAS GROUNDBREAKING. AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00494-00082739-00082976 IT WAS VERY EXCITING FOR ME. xzvRFTJCtYU-00495-00082976-00083223 >> YOU, AFTER THE FACT, WROTE xzvRFTJCtYU-00496-00083223-00083400 : A LETTER TO "THE TIMES." xzvRFTJCtYU-00497-00083400-00083543 >> I DID. xzvRFTJCtYU-00498-00083543-00083877 >> IN WHICH YOU ALSO APOLOGIZED. xzvRFTJCtYU-00499-00083877-00083987 TALK ABOUT THAT, AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00500-00083987-00084110 REMIND OUR AUDIENCE WHO HAVEN’T xzvRFTJCtYU-00501-00084110-00084264 PERHAPS SEEN THE STORY YET A xzvRFTJCtYU-00502-00084264-00084434 LITTLE BIT OF YOUR EXPERIENCE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00503-00084434-00084554 >> ABSOLUTELY. xzvRFTJCtYU-00504-00084554-00084851 "THE NEW YORK TIMES" WAS xzvRFTJCtYU-00505-00084851-00085141 GRACIOUS ENOUGH TO INVITE ME TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00506-00085141-00085398 BE THE FEATURE OF THE FOURTH xzvRFTJCtYU-00507-00085398-00085618 PART OF THAT SERIES, A WOMAN’S xzvRFTJCtYU-00508-00085618-00085739 RIGHT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00509-00085739-00086066 AND THE TITLE OF MY PIECE WAS, xzvRFTJCtYU-00510-00086066-00086296 SLANDERING THE UNBORN. xzvRFTJCtYU-00511-00086296-00086636 AND IT WAS IN MY PIECE WHERE xzvRFTJCtYU-00512-00086636-00086753 "THE NEW YORK TIMES" DID xzvRFTJCtYU-00513-00086753-00087113 APOLOGIZE FOR ITS PART IT PLAYED xzvRFTJCtYU-00514-00087113-00087414 AS BEING A MEDIA PARTNER xzvRFTJCtYU-00515-00087414-00087667 DEMONIZING CRACK MOTHERS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00516-00087667-00087851 WHEN I WROTE MY LETTER TO THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00517-00087851-00088128 EDITOR IN RESPONSE TO THAT xzvRFTJCtYU-00518-00088128-00088405 ARTICLE, I APOLOGIZED FOR MY xzvRFTJCtYU-00519-00088405-00088728 ROLE IN BEING A CRACK MOTHER. xzvRFTJCtYU-00520-00088728-00089202 I HAVE, FOR MANY YEARS, BEEN SAD xzvRFTJCtYU-00521-00089202-00089456 THAT I GAVE "THE NEW YORK TIMES" xzvRFTJCtYU-00522-00089456-00089602 AND OTHER MEDIA OUTLETS xzvRFTJCtYU-00523-00089602-00089819 SOMETHING TO REPORT ON. xzvRFTJCtYU-00524-00089819-00090003 NOBODY WANTS TO BE A DRUG xzvRFTJCtYU-00525-00090003-00090116 ADDICT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00526-00090116-00090296 I DIDN’T WAKE UP ONE MORNING AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00527-00090296-00090650 SAY, DRUG ADDICT IS MY GOAL. IT xzvRFTJCtYU-00528-00090650-00090850 IS A HEALTH ISSUE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00529-00090850-00091111 IT WAS SOMETHING THAT WAS BEYOND xzvRFTJCtYU-00530-00091111-00091257 MY CONTROL. xzvRFTJCtYU-00531-00091257-00091584 WHEN I GAVE BIRTH TO MY SON, xzvRFTJCtYU-00532-00091584-00091751 BEFORE I GAVE BIRTH TO HIM, I xzvRFTJCtYU-00533-00091751-00092075 WAS TESTED FOR DRUGS WITHOUT MY xzvRFTJCtYU-00534-00092075-00092172 KNOWLEDGE OR CONSENT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00535-00092172-00092756 SO MY TAKE AWAY IS THAT YOU xzvRFTJCtYU-00536-00092756-00092959 CANNOT ACCUSE SOMEONE OF xzvRFTJCtYU-00537-00092959-00093269 WRONGDOING, AND DO WRONG TO THEM xzvRFTJCtYU-00538-00093269-00093493 IN THE PROCESS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00539-00093493-00093740 AND THAT’S THE GIST OF MY LETTER xzvRFTJCtYU-00540-00093740-00093843 TO THE EDITOR. xzvRFTJCtYU-00541-00093843-00094007 THAT’S WHAT I WANTED TO SAY. xzvRFTJCtYU-00542-00094007-00094214 >> SUZANNE, I’M GOING TO ASK xzvRFTJCtYU-00543-00094214-00094340 EVERYONE AND I’LL ASK YOU TOO, xzvRFTJCtYU-00544-00094340-00094444 BUT LET’S START WITH LYNN AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00545-00094444-00094554 THEN JANINE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00546-00094554-00094768 WHAT DO YOU WANT TO HAPPEN NEXT? xzvRFTJCtYU-00547-00094768-00094844 >> WELL, NO SERIES AS xzvRFTJCtYU-00548-00094844-00095215 BRILLIANT, OR WONDERFUL, OR xzvRFTJCtYU-00549-00095215-00095331 GROUNDBREAKING IN "THE NEW YORK xzvRFTJCtYU-00550-00095331-00095515 TIMES," NO SERIES IS GOING xzvRFTJCtYU-00551-00095515-00095625 TO MAKE AN IMMEDIATE CHANGE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00552-00095625-00095832 I THINK IT MIGHT HELP A VERY xzvRFTJCtYU-00553-00095832-00096079 BROAD GROUP OF PEOPLE UNDERSTAND xzvRFTJCtYU-00554-00096079-00096362 THAT ANTI ABORTION MEASURES xzvRFTJCtYU-00555-00096362-00096509 AFFECT EVERYBODY. xzvRFTJCtYU-00556-00096509-00096746 AND IT INCLUDES EXPANDING THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00557-00096746-00097020 WAR ON DRUGS TO WOMEN’S WOMBS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00558-00097020-00097203 IT INCLUDES EXPANDING CHILD xzvRFTJCtYU-00559-00097203-00097384 WELFARE’S ABILITY TO CONTROL xzvRFTJCtYU-00560-00097384-00097567 CERTAIN COMMUNITIES AND PEOPLE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00561-00097567-00097794 THAT THERE IS MUCH AN xzvRFTJCtYU-00562-00097794-00097977 OPPORTUNITY FOR COMING TOGETHER xzvRFTJCtYU-00563-00097977-00098158 ACROSS ISSUES, DRUG POLICY xzvRFTJCtYU-00564-00098158-00098294 REFORM, IMMIGRATION, DEALING xzvRFTJCtYU-00565-00098294-00098525 WITH MASS INCARCERATION AND MASS xzvRFTJCtYU-00566-00098525-00098591 CRIMINALIZATION. xzvRFTJCtYU-00567-00098591-00098685 PEOPLE WHO ARE TRYING TO MAKE xzvRFTJCtYU-00568-00098685-00098792 METHADONE TREATMENT AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00569-00098792-00098955 BUPRENORPHINE, THAT WE ARE ALL xzvRFTJCtYU-00570-00098955-00099059 IN THIS TOGETHER. xzvRFTJCtYU-00571-00099059-00099272 THAT WHAT THIS SERIES IS ABOUT xzvRFTJCtYU-00572-00099272-00099426 IS THAT WE TREAT HEALTH CARE’S xzvRFTJCtYU-00573-00099426-00099592 AS CRIMINAL JUSTICE MATTERS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00574-00099592-00099726 THEY PRACTICE WITH THE DRUG WAR. xzvRFTJCtYU-00575-00099726-00099829 NOW THEY ARE USING IT AROUND xzvRFTJCtYU-00576-00099829-00099896 PREGNANCY. xzvRFTJCtYU-00577-00099896-00100036 AND ALL ASPECTS OF PREGNANCY, xzvRFTJCtYU-00578-00100036-00100323 WHETHER IT’S BIRTH OR PREGNANCY xzvRFTJCtYU-00579-00100323-00100430 LOSS OR ABORTION. xzvRFTJCtYU-00580-00100430-00100804 AND I HOPE THAT IT WILL xzvRFTJCtYU-00581-00100804-00101020 DISCOURAGE SOME OF THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00582-00101020-00101151 MISREPORTING THAT HAPPENS, AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00583-00101151-00101271 THAT’S STILL REALLY HAPPENING xzvRFTJCtYU-00584-00101271-00101454 AROUND THE OPIOID EPIDEMIC. xzvRFTJCtYU-00585-00101454-00101574 >> JANINE, WILL WE BE SEEING xzvRFTJCtYU-00586-00101574-00101721 APOLOGIES DECADES TO COME xzvRFTJCtYU-00587-00101721-00101838 AROUND THE COVERAGE OF OPIOD xzvRFTJCtYU-00588-00101838-00101988 ADDICTION NOW? xzvRFTJCtYU-00589-00101988-00102142 >> WHAT I HOPE IS THAT THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00590-00102142-00102312 LESSON WILL BE ABSORBED TO SOME xzvRFTJCtYU-00591-00102312-00102515 EXTENT THAT APOLOGIES, 10, 20, xzvRFTJCtYU-00592-00102515-00102772 30 YEARS LATER ARE INSUFFICIENT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00593-00102772-00102929 AND THAT WHAT IS REQUIRED IS xzvRFTJCtYU-00594-00102929-00103206 THAT MEDIA ACTIVELY INTERROGATE xzvRFTJCtYU-00595-00103206-00103363 WHAT IT IS IN THEIR OWN xzvRFTJCtYU-00596-00103363-00103656 PROCESSES THAT LEAVES THEM OPEN xzvRFTJCtYU-00597-00103656-00103863 TO BUYING INTO STORIES LIKE xzvRFTJCtYU-00598-00103863-00103930 THIS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00599-00103930-00104070 AND WHAT HAS CHANGED? xzvRFTJCtYU-00600-00104070-00104204 IF YOU’RE GOING TO DELIVER A MIA xzvRFTJCtYU-00601-00104204-00104394 CULPA, I WOULD LIKE THERE TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00602-00104394-00104557 BE SOME RECKONING OF WHAT’S xzvRFTJCtYU-00603-00104557-00104838 DIFFERENT NOW SO THAT THIS SORT xzvRFTJCtYU-00604-00104838-00105011 OF THING WOULD NOT HAPPEN xzvRFTJCtYU-00605-00105011-00105078 AGAIN. xzvRFTJCtYU-00606-00105078-00105325 EVEN IF IT IS NOT -- MAYBE IT’S xzvRFTJCtYU-00607-00105325-00105465 A FACIAL RECOGNITION ALGORITHM, xzvRFTJCtYU-00608-00105465-00105642 MAYBE IT’S A CRIMINAL PREDICTOR, xzvRFTJCtYU-00609-00105642-00105865 MAYBE IT’S NOT A DRUG, BUT THESE xzvRFTJCtYU-00610-00105865-00106109 SAME BIASES, AND THESE SAME xzvRFTJCtYU-00611-00106109-00106296 PROBLEMS THAT LED TO THIS CRACK xzvRFTJCtYU-00612-00106296-00106483 BABY NARRATIVE BEING CREATED AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00613-00106483-00106689 PROPAGATED STILL EXISTS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00614-00106689-00106809 >> AND TO YOU, SUZANNE, YOU xzvRFTJCtYU-00615-00106809-00107050 ARE ORGANIZING FAMILIES FOR xzvRFTJCtYU-00616-00107050-00107233 CHILD WELFARE JUSTICE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00617-00107233-00107367 S>> YES, MA’AM. YES, MA’AM. xzvRFTJCtYU-00618-00107367-00107500 >> WHAT DO YOU WANT TO SEE ON xzvRFTJCtYU-00619-00107500-00107567 THE ORGANIZING SIDE, AND ON xzvRFTJCtYU-00620-00107567-00107767 THE SIDE OF WOMEN LIKE YOURSELF? xzvRFTJCtYU-00621-00107767-00107941 >> WHAT I WANT TO SEE ON xzvRFTJCtYU-00622-00107941-00108231 THE ORGANIZING SIDE IS MORE xzvRFTJCtYU-00623-00108231-00108545 PEOPLE BECOMING INVOLVED IN xzvRFTJCtYU-00624-00108545-00108708 CHILD WELFARE REFORM. xzvRFTJCtYU-00625-00108708-00109018 NOT ONLY THE PEOPLE AFFECTED xzvRFTJCtYU-00626-00109018-00109265 NEED TO BE INVOLVED, BUT SOCIETY xzvRFTJCtYU-00627-00109265-00109389 AT LARGE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00628-00109389-00109642 WHAT I ALSO WOULD LIKE TO SEE IS xzvRFTJCtYU-00629-00109642-00109846 FOR "THE NEW YORK TIMES" AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00630-00109846-00110009 OTHER MEDIA OUTLET WHO xzvRFTJCtYU-00631-00110009-00110220 PARTICIPATED IN THE DEMONIZATION xzvRFTJCtYU-00632-00110220-00110443 OF MOTHERS DURING THE WAR ON xzvRFTJCtYU-00633-00110443-00110693 DRUGS, USE THAT SAME POWER FOR xzvRFTJCtYU-00634-00110693-00110797 GOOD. xzvRFTJCtYU-00635-00110797-00111074 HELP US TO REFORM THE CHILD xzvRFTJCtYU-00636-00111074-00111294 WELFARE SYSTEM, AND HELP US TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00637-00111294-00111531 REPEAL THE ADOPTION AND SAFE xzvRFTJCtYU-00638-00111531-00111848 FAMILIES ACT OF 1997. xzvRFTJCtYU-00639-00111848-00111998 >> SUZANNE SELLERS, JANINE xzvRFTJCtYU-00640-00111998-00112218 JACKSON, LYNN PALTROW, THANK YOU xzvRFTJCtYU-00641-00112218-00112338 ALL. xzvRFTJCtYU-00642-00112338-00112489 YOU CAN FIND OUT MUCH MORE ABOUT xzvRFTJCtYU-00643-00112489-00112635 THIS STORY AND SEE MY PAST xzvRFTJCtYU-00644-00112635-00112756 INTERVIEWS WITH LYNN ON THIS xzvRFTJCtYU-00645-00112756-00112969 TOPIC AND MORE ON OUR WEBSITE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00646-00112969-00113169 THAT’S LAURAFLANDERS.ORG. xzvRFTJCtYU-00647-00114137-00114307 WITH A REACTIONARY MAJORITY ON xzvRFTJCtYU-00648-00114307-00114491 THE SUPREME COURT AND A NEWLY xzvRFTJCtYU-00649-00114491-00114687 ANTI-CHOICE PRESIDENT, WHAT IS xzvRFTJCtYU-00650-00114687-00114921 IN STORE FOR ROE VS. WADE AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00651-00114921-00115091 WOMEN’S RIGHTS ACROSS THE BOARD? xzvRFTJCtYU-00652-00115091-00115288 WITH LYNN PALTROW IN STUDIO, I xzvRFTJCtYU-00653-00115288-00115461 TOOK THE OPPORTUNITY TO DRILL xzvRFTJCtYU-00654-00115461-00115528 DOWN. xzvRFTJCtYU-00655-00115528-00115739 IT’S ROE VS. WADE’S 46TH xzvRFTJCtYU-00656-00115739-00115929 ANNIVERSARY THIS YEAR. xzvRFTJCtYU-00657-00115929-00116055 WHAT ARE WE LOOKING AT? xzvRFTJCtYU-00658-00116055-00116192 HOW ARE YOU LOOKING AT THIS xzvRFTJCtYU-00659-00116192-00116322 SITUATION? xzvRFTJCtYU-00660-00116322-00116392 AND WHAT DO WE NEED TO BE xzvRFTJCtYU-00661-00116392-00116563 TALKING ABOUT? xzvRFTJCtYU-00662-00116563-00116696 >> THERE IS TWO PARTS. THERE’S xzvRFTJCtYU-00663-00116696-00116843 THE PART WHERE THERE REALLY IS A xzvRFTJCtYU-00664-00116843-00117070 RISK THAT THIS COURT WILL xzvRFTJCtYU-00665-00117070-00117263 OVERTURN ROE V. WADE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00666-00117263-00117420 ON THE OTHER HAND, THERE’S AN xzvRFTJCtYU-00667-00117420-00117547 AWFUL LOT OF TERRIBLE THINGS xzvRFTJCtYU-00668-00117547-00117754 THAT ARE HAPPENING EVEN WITH ROE xzvRFTJCtYU-00669-00117754-00117887 ON THE BOOKS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00670-00117887-00118111 SO THERE’S A NEED FOR xzvRFTJCtYU-00671-00118111-00118311 ORGANIZING, AND REFRAMING, AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00672-00118311-00118471 ENGAGING, AND A SERIOUS xzvRFTJCtYU-00673-00118471-00118588 DISCUSSION ABOUT WHAT DOES xzvRFTJCtYU-00674-00118588-00118915 EQUALITY MEAN FOR HALF OF THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00675-00118915-00119018 PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES WHO xzvRFTJCtYU-00676-00119018-00119169 HAVE THE CAPACITY FOR PREGNANCY? xzvRFTJCtYU-00677-00119169-00119305 >> REFRAMING HOW? xzvRFTJCtYU-00678-00119305-00119485 >> WELL, WE DON’T REALLY xzvRFTJCtYU-00679-00119485-00119759 HAVE AN AGREED UPON IDEA OF xzvRFTJCtYU-00680-00119759-00119926 WHETHER WE’RE CALLING IT xzvRFTJCtYU-00681-00119926-00120090 EQUALITY, OR FAIRNESS, OR xzvRFTJCtYU-00682-00120090-00120156 DIGNITY. xzvRFTJCtYU-00683-00120156-00120330 BUT FOR EXAMPLE, IF WE WANT TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00684-00120330-00120463 GET HEALTHCARE FOR EVERYBODY, xzvRFTJCtYU-00685-00120463-00120597 THE FIRST THING THEY’RE GOING TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00686-00120597-00120733 OPPOSE, EVEN IF WE GOT THAT FAR xzvRFTJCtYU-00687-00120733-00120857 IS, OH, BUT NOT ABORTION, AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00688-00120857-00121040 NOT CONTRACEPTION, AND NOT THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00689-00121040-00121237 HEALTHCARE HALF OF THE HUMAN xzvRFTJCtYU-00690-00121237-00121361 BEINGS NEED IN THE UNITED xzvRFTJCtYU-00691-00121361-00121428 STATES. xzvRFTJCtYU-00692-00121428-00121614 AND WE HAVE TO GET BEYOND THAT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00693-00121614-00121781 THE SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES xzvRFTJCtYU-00694-00121781-00121921 DEPENDS ON MAKING SURE THAT THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00695-00121921-00122075 PEOPLE WHO CAN GET PREGNANT CAN xzvRFTJCtYU-00696-00122075-00122208 GET THE HEALTH CARE THEY NEED xzvRFTJCtYU-00697-00122208-00122338 WHETHER IT’S RESPECTFUL BIRTH, xzvRFTJCtYU-00698-00122338-00122652 SAFE BIRTHS, REDUCE THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00699-00122652-00122832 HORRIFYING MATERNAL MORTALITY xzvRFTJCtYU-00700-00122832-00122962 RATES, PARTICULARLY FOR BLACK xzvRFTJCtYU-00701-00122962-00123029 WOMEN. xzvRFTJCtYU-00702-00123029-00123189 ALL OF THAT HAS TO BE ADDRESSED xzvRFTJCtYU-00703-00123189-00123409 BUT WE HAVE TO HAVE SOME xzvRFTJCtYU-00704-00123409-00123530 INCREASED SHARED VISION THAT xzvRFTJCtYU-00705-00123530-00123703 EQUALITY MEANS EVERYBODY, xzvRFTJCtYU-00706-00123703-00123840 INCLUDING THE PEOPLE WHO CAN GET xzvRFTJCtYU-00707-00123840-00123907 PREGNANT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00708-00123907-00124017 >> AND HOW DO WE UNDERSTAND xzvRFTJCtYU-00709-00124017-00124260 THE SORT OF RANKS AND WHAT xzvRFTJCtYU-00710-00124260-00124384 THEY BELIEVE, THE PEOPLE ON xzvRFTJCtYU-00711-00124384-00124457 DIFFERENT SIDES? xzvRFTJCtYU-00712-00124457-00124591 I MEAN THERE ARE PEOPLE, EVEN IN xzvRFTJCtYU-00713-00124591-00124734 THE DISCUSSION ABOUT FETAL xzvRFTJCtYU-00714-00124734-00125021 PERSONHOOD, AND PROSECUTING xzvRFTJCtYU-00715-00125021-00125255 WOMEN FOR WHAT HAPPENS DURING xzvRFTJCtYU-00716-00125255-00125335 THEIR PREGNANCY. xzvRFTJCtYU-00717-00125335-00125455 THERE ARE PEOPLE THAT SAY, xzvRFTJCtYU-00718-00125455-00125732 LISTEN, WE’RE JUST LOOKING AFTER xzvRFTJCtYU-00719-00125732-00125935 BABIES, IT’S ABOUT CHILD xzvRFTJCtYU-00720-00125935-00126082 WELFARE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00721-00126082-00126239 THEY MAKE A CASE THIS IS SOMEHOW xzvRFTJCtYU-00722-00126239-00126469 WELL INTENTIONED, AND THEY DON’T xzvRFTJCtYU-00723-00126469-00126566 ACTUALLY WANT TO BE SENDING xzvRFTJCtYU-00724-00126566-00126853 WOMEN TO JAIL, LET ALONE DEATH. xzvRFTJCtYU-00725-00126853-00127150 >> THERE IS NO WAY TO GIVE xzvRFTJCtYU-00726-00127150-00127280 FERTILIZED EGGS, EMBRYOS, AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00727-00127280-00127477 FETUSES, OR TREAT THEM AS IF xzvRFTJCtYU-00728-00127477-00127597 THEY’RE COMPLETELY SEPARATE AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00729-00127597-00127737 HAVE REALLY MORE RIGHTS THAN xzvRFTJCtYU-00730-00127737-00127937 ACTUAL PEOPLE WHO ARE BORN xzvRFTJCtYU-00731-00127937-00128191 WITHOUT ESTABLISHING A PERMANENT xzvRFTJCtYU-00732-00128191-00128441 SECOND-CLASS STATUS FOR xzvRFTJCtYU-00733-00128441-00128565 PREGNANT WOMEN, OR WOMEN. xzvRFTJCtYU-00734-00128565-00128661 >> SO DO PEOPLE WHO ARE xzvRFTJCtYU-00735-00128661-00128835 MAYBE TRUMP VOTERS OR KAVANAUGH xzvRFTJCtYU-00736-00128835-00129045 SUPPORTERS OR NEIL GORSUCH xzvRFTJCtYU-00737-00129045-00129402 SUPPORTERS KNOW THAT THAT’S WHAT xzvRFTJCtYU-00738-00129402-00129529 THEY’RE SIGNING UP FOR? xzvRFTJCtYU-00739-00129529-00129669 >> I REALLY THINK THEY DON’T. xzvRFTJCtYU-00740-00129669-00129813 OR SOME MAY, AND SOME ACTUALLY xzvRFTJCtYU-00741-00129813-00129956 FEEL THAT SOMEBODY WHO HAS AN xzvRFTJCtYU-00742-00129956-00130130 ABORTION IS A MURDERER AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00743-00130130-00130283 SHOULD GO TO JAIL, OR BE PUT TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00744-00130283-00130350 DEATH. xzvRFTJCtYU-00745-00130350-00130463 BUT I THINK MANY MORE HAVE xzvRFTJCtYU-00746-00130463-00130703 BELIEVED THE MYTHOLOGY THAT, OH, xzvRFTJCtYU-00747-00130703-00130794 WE’RE JUST GOING TO PUNISH THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00748-00130794-00130947 DOCTORS, THAT WE CAN CRIMINALIZE xzvRFTJCtYU-00749-00130947-00131171 ABORTION, WE CAN OUTLAW ABORTION xzvRFTJCtYU-00750-00131171-00131301 WITHOUT MAKING THE WOMEN WHO xzvRFTJCtYU-00751-00131301-00131454 HAVE THEM OUTLAWS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00752-00131454-00131578 AND THAT IS JUST NOT HOW IT xzvRFTJCtYU-00753-00131578-00131648 WORKS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00754-00131648-00131925 AND PLUS, ONCE YOU DO THAT, THEN xzvRFTJCtYU-00755-00131925-00132125 ANY WOMAN WHO DOES ANYTHING THAT xzvRFTJCtYU-00756-00132125-00132352 IS PERCEIVED AS POTENTIALLY xzvRFTJCtYU-00757-00132352-00132532 CAUSING THE DEATH OF A FETUS AS xzvRFTJCtYU-00758-00132532-00132742 WE SEE HERE, AND IN EL SALVADOR, xzvRFTJCtYU-00759-00132742-00132899 AND AROUND THE WORLD, THEN THEY xzvRFTJCtYU-00760-00132899-00133096 TOO ARE CRIMINALS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00761-00133096-00133229 RIGHT HERE IN NEW YORK CITY xzvRFTJCtYU-00762-00133229-00133426 THERE’S A TRIAL COURT THAT SAID xzvRFTJCtYU-00763-00133426-00133570 THE DECISION BY STATEN ISLAND xzvRFTJCtYU-00764-00133570-00133790 UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL TO TAKE xzvRFTJCtYU-00765-00133790-00133930 CUSTODY OF RINAT DRE, xzvRFTJCtYU-00766-00133930-00134087 APPROPRIATE HER, AND FORCE HER xzvRFTJCtYU-00767-00134087-00134227 TO HAVE CAESARIAN SURGERY, AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00768-00134227-00134337 IN THE PROCESS DAMAGE HER xzvRFTJCtYU-00769-00134337-00134594 BLADDER, THAT THAT WAS OKAY, OR xzvRFTJCtYU-00770-00134594-00134811 MIGHT BE OKAY BECAUSE NEW YORK xzvRFTJCtYU-00771-00134811-00134991 STILL HAS A SELF-ABORTION LAW, A xzvRFTJCtYU-00772-00134991-00135211 CRIMINAL-ABORTION LAW AND HER xzvRFTJCtYU-00773-00135211-00135375 REFUSAL OF CAESARIAN SURGERY xzvRFTJCtYU-00774-00135375-00135555 IS TANTAMOUNT TO HAVING AN xzvRFTJCtYU-00775-00135555-00135678 ILLEGAL ABORTION. xzvRFTJCtYU-00776-00135678-00135852 WE HAVE HEALTH ISSUES THAT xzvRFTJCtYU-00777-00135852-00136022 PEOPLE FIND DIFFICULT TO DEAL xzvRFTJCtYU-00778-00136022-00136176 WITH, AND WHAT WE PRIMARILY DO xzvRFTJCtYU-00779-00136176-00136349 IN THIS COUNTRY IS TRY TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00780-00136349-00136433 ADDRESS THEM THROUGH THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00781-00136433-00136539 CRIMINAL LAW SYSTEM. xzvRFTJCtYU-00782-00136539-00136790 AND WHAT WE NEED IS A VIBRANT xzvRFTJCtYU-00783-00136790-00136943 MEANINGFUL HEALTHCARE SYSTEM xzvRFTJCtYU-00784-00136943-00137163 WHERE PEOPLE FEEL SAFE TALKING xzvRFTJCtYU-00785-00137163-00137397 TO THEIR DOCTORS, FEEL SAFE xzvRFTJCtYU-00786-00137397-00137564 GETTING THE ADVICE, AND KNOWING xzvRFTJCtYU-00787-00137564-00137714 THAT THEY’LL BE RESPECTED. xzvRFTJCtYU-00788-00137714-00137867 THAT’S HOW YOU PROTECT ALL xzvRFTJCtYU-00789-00137867-00138001 CHILDREN BEFORE THEY’RE BORN, xzvRFTJCtYU-00790-00138001-00138091 BEFORE, AFTER. xzvRFTJCtYU-00791-00138091-00138404 IT’S A CONTINUUM THAT REQUIRES xzvRFTJCtYU-00792-00138404-00138541 THE RIGHT KIND OF GOVERNMENT xzvRFTJCtYU-00793-00138541-00138645 ENGAGEMENT, WHICH IS NOT xzvRFTJCtYU-00794-00138645-00138808 DECIDING YOU HAVE TO GET LOCKED xzvRFTJCtYU-00795-00138808-00139008 UP BECAUSE YOU MIGHT BE xzvRFTJCtYU-00796-00139008-00139239 MISCARRYING, AND YOU HAVE TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00797-00139239-00139426 UNDERGO CAESARIAN SURGERY, BUT xzvRFTJCtYU-00798-00139426-00139536 WHAT THE GOVERNMENT DOES WELL, xzvRFTJCtYU-00799-00139536-00139742 WHICH IS PROVIDE ACCESS TO AND xzvRFTJCtYU-00800-00139742-00139859 THE SERVICES PEOPLE NEED. xzvRFTJCtYU-00801-00139859-00139936 >> SO ALL OF US NEED TO xzvRFTJCtYU-00802-00139936-00140066 TALK NOT JUST ABOUT THE SUPREME xzvRFTJCtYU-00803-00140066-00140210 COURT AND ROE VS. WADE, BUT A xzvRFTJCtYU-00804-00140210-00140393 WHOLE BIGGER PICTURE THAN THAT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00805-00140393-00140543 THERE WERE SOME FOLKS xzvRFTJCtYU-00806-00140543-00140653 INTERVIEWED ON THE FRONT LINES xzvRFTJCtYU-00807-00140653-00140827 ABOUT WHAT THEY ACTUALLY THINK xzvRFTJCtYU-00808-00140827-00140990 ABOUT ABORTION, AND WHAT SHOULD xzvRFTJCtYU-00809-00140990-00141171 HAPPEN TO THOSE WHO PARTICIPATE xzvRFTJCtYU-00810-00141171-00141237 IN ABORTIONS. xzvRFTJCtYU-00811-00141237-00141357 THIS IS WHAT THEY SAID. xzvRFTJCtYU-00812-00141357-00141468 WHO CAPTURED THE VIDEO? xzvRFTJCtYU-00813-00141468-00141578 >> THIS IS A GROUP CALLED xzvRFTJCtYU-00814-00141578-00141871 REPROACTION, REPROACTION.ORG. xzvRFTJCtYU-00815-00141871-00142011 AND THEY HAVE A CAMPAIGN CALLED, xzvRFTJCtYU-00816-00142011-00142212 STOP PROSECUTING ABORTION. xzvRFTJCtYU-00817-00155655-00155765 >> AND WHAT WE ADD TO THAT xzvRFTJCtYU-00818-00155765-00155982 IS, IF ROE GOES, ROE HAS GIVEN xzvRFTJCtYU-00819-00155982-00156196 US SOMETHING TO WORK WITH. xzvRFTJCtYU-00820-00156196-00156366 BECAUSE WHAT ROE DID IN ADDITION xzvRFTJCtYU-00821-00156366-00156593 TO SAYING THAT ABORTION WAS xzvRFTJCtYU-00822-00156593-00156756 PROTECTED, THAT ABORTION xzvRFTJCtYU-00823-00156756-00156980 COULDN’T OUTLAW xzvRFTJCtYU-00824-00156980-00157110 ABORTION IT SAID THAT AT xzvRFTJCtYU-00825-00157110-00157203 ALL STAGES OF PREGNANCY, THE xzvRFTJCtYU-00826-00157203-00157403 WOMAN IS A FULL CONSTITUTIONAL xzvRFTJCtYU-00827-00157403-00157644 PERSON AND THE FETUS IS NOT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00828-00157644-00157720 >> FANCY THAT. xzvRFTJCtYU-00829-00157720-00157857 FROM ONE CONSTITUTIONAL PERSON xzvRFTJCtYU-00830-00157857-00158024 TO ANOTHER, THANK YOU SO MUCH, xzvRFTJCtYU-00831-00158024-00158118 LYNN PALTROW. xzvRFTJCtYU-00832-00158118-00158288 YOU CAN FIND OUT MORE AND SEE xzvRFTJCtYU-00833-00158288-00158465 OUR ENTIRE CONVERSATION ON THIS xzvRFTJCtYU-00834-00158465-00158665 TOPIC AT OUR WEBSITE. xzvRFTJCtYU-00835-00158725-00159325 ♪ [THEME MUSIC] ♪ x-hSfjB4x_y-00000-00000152-00000720 Hi my name is Monte Johnson, I teach Philosophy at the University of California San Diego x-hSfjB4x_y-00001-00000720-00001384 and this is the second of my lectures on Aristotle's Politics Book Four. This part on x-hSfjB4x_y-00002-00001384-00002088 the best constitution for most states and on the parts of a constitution. To remind you of the x-hSfjB4x_y-00003-00002088-00002664 overall structure of Book four; in chapters one to two, Aristotle discussed the scope of political x-hSfjB4x_y-00004-00002664-00003520 science. How it must figure out how to originate and preserve and actually destroy all of the x-hSfjB4x_y-00005-00003520-00004352 different kinds of constitution. And Aristotle distinguished in minute detail the various kinds x-hSfjB4x_y-00006-00004352-00005352 of constitutional government in chapters 3 to 10. In this part, chapters 11 to 13 Aristotle discusses x-hSfjB4x_y-00007-00005352-00006064 the best constitution for different kinds of states, including the best constitution generally. x-hSfjB4x_y-00008-00006200-00006520 And the last three chapters are devoted to discussing x-hSfjB4x_y-00009-00006520-00007216 the three parts of a constitution. Basically the deliberative, executive and judicial parts. x-hSfjB4x_y-00010-00007216-00007728 But Aristotle discusses how one can establish the various kinds of constitution, x-hSfjB4x_y-00011-00007728-00008336 including the best constitution for most states. And the best constitution generally by means of x-hSfjB4x_y-00012-00008336-00008944 appointment to the deliberative, executive, and judicial functions of the constitution. x-hSfjB4x_y-00013-00009096-00009816 What is the best constitution for most states Aristotle puts down the following criteria x-hSfjB4x_y-00014-00009880-00010504 after saying; "we now have to inquire what is the best constitution for most states and the best x-hSfjB4x_y-00015-00010504-00011264 life for most people. Neither assuming a standard of virtue which is above ordinary persons nor x-hSfjB4x_y-00016-00011264-00012016 an education which is exceptionally favored by nature and circumstances, nor yet an ideal state x-hSfjB4x_y-00017-00012016-00012784 which is an aspiration only. But having regard to the life in which the majority are able to share x-hSfjB4x_y-00018-00012847-00013736 and to the form of government which states in general can attain." Not all of the kinds of x-hSfjB4x_y-00019-00013856-00014519 constitution that we can theoretically distinguish and define can fit all of these criteria. x-hSfjB4x_y-00020-00014519-00015160 Aristotle explicitly says for example that aristocracies basically do not meet these criteria; x-hSfjB4x_y-00021-00015224-00015912 "as to those aristocracies as they are called they either lie beyond the possibilities of the x-hSfjB4x_y-00022-00015912-00016472 greater number of states or they approximate to the so-called constitutional government or x-hSfjB4x_y-00023-00016472-00017216 polities and therefore need no separate discussion." Aristotle then goes on to speak of aristocracies x-hSfjB4x_y-00024-00017216-00018048 and constitutional governments or polities together as being kind of middle regimes x-hSfjB4x_y-00025-00018048-00018536 of which the most realistic of course is constitutional government but of which a x-hSfjB4x_y-00026-00018536-00019376 better form that we should strive for would be an aristocracy. But the middle kind of regime, x-hSfjB4x_y-00027-00019376-00019960 which is essentially a constitutional government though it's the least good of the correct forms of x-hSfjB4x_y-00028-00019960-00020744 constitution is the best attainable by most states and thus that that fits the criteria x-hSfjB4x_y-00029-00020816-00021616 he lies out. We can go back to our two by three table of the types of constitution x-hSfjB4x_y-00030-00021672-00022400 and look at these according to what is attainable by most states. Again kingship would be the best x-hSfjB4x_y-00031-00022400-00022984 but it is simply not realistic Aristotle thinks to imagine a single individual so x-hSfjB4x_y-00032-00022984-00023696 preeminent that it would be in all of our interests to give him sole rule. And the only x-hSfjB4x_y-00033-00023696-00024368 political power that may have been more common under much much smaller cities, x-hSfjB4x_y-00034-00024368-00025200 essentially glorified tribes. But now in modern cities, contemporary cities, that's impossible. x-hSfjB4x_y-00035-00025376-00026095 Aristocracy is also perhaps as Aristotle just said an ideal not attainable by most states. There x-hSfjB4x_y-00036-00026095-00026760 may be exceptions to that. There may be states that could put that together but it's not attainable by x-hSfjB4x_y-00037-00026760-00027368 most of them. Again the best that's attainable by most states is the constitutional form of x-hSfjB4x_y-00038-00027368-00028224 government or politea - polity - though it's the least good of the correct forms, it is better than x-hSfjB4x_y-00039-00028224-00028664 all of the corrupt forms in which the rulers rule in their own self-interest, x-hSfjB4x_y-00040-00028664-00029424 not for the common good. Including it's better than democracy, which though it's the least bad of x-hSfjB4x_y-00041-00029424-00030200 corrupt forms, it still is corrupt and is the most common of existing states along with oligarchies. x-hSfjB4x_y-00042-00030383-00031136 Aristotle discusses the virtues of what he calls the middle regime and specifically a state x-hSfjB4x_y-00043-00031136-00031783 dominated not by the rich or the poor but by the middle class. And there's a background ethical x-hSfjB4x_y-00044-00031783-00032472 theory that he encapsulates very briefly here, according to which virtue in general is a mean x-hSfjB4x_y-00045-00032472-00033096 or a moderate state, between an access and a deficiency. For example; to take a paradigm case x-hSfjB4x_y-00046-00033096-00033696 from the Nicomachean Ethics; courage is a mean state between an excess of confidence and x-hSfjB4x_y-00047-00033696-00034520 the vice of foolhardiness, and the opposite vice, which is a deficiency of confidence, cowardice. And x-hSfjB4x_y-00048-00034520-00035080 courage is the mean state between those and so the mean state is the excellent state and it's a state x-hSfjB4x_y-00049-00035080-00035880 that we should aim at and and try to attain if possible. And Aristotle applies this general theory x-hSfjB4x_y-00050-00035880-00036704 to his class analysis. In general, the middle classes which possess a moderate amount of wealth, x-hSfjB4x_y-00051-00036704-00037568 avoid the vices of the rich and the poor. For example, the middle classes avoid the over-ambition x-hSfjB4x_y-00052-00037568-00038240 and greed for power of the rich, but they also avoid the deficiency the lack of ambition and x-hSfjB4x_y-00053-00038240-00039288 shrinkage from responsibility of the poor. The rich are insolent, unwilling to obey and despotic. The poor x-hSfjB4x_y-00054-00039288-00039848 on the other hand don't have the education or knowledge necessary to command. The rich x-hSfjB4x_y-00055-00039848-00040560 plot against each other, the poor plot against the rich (for example for democratic revolution), but the x-hSfjB4x_y-00056-00040560-00041192 middle classes are contented and don't have these motives and don't have these deficiencies or these x-hSfjB4x_y-00057-00041192-00042184 excesses so they are less given to factionalism and strife than either the rich or the poor. x-hSfjB4x_y-00058-00042264-00042792 They are a source of stability in any constitutional arrangement but they're x-hSfjB4x_y-00059-00042792-00043240 especially important as we'll see in a constitutional government or a democracy. x-hSfjB4x_y-00060-00043400-00044192 Citizens should be equal and similar and they will be more so the more the middle class x-hSfjB4x_y-00061-00044192-00044824 predominates and then we'll have a society of equals, where we can treat each other equally and x-hSfjB4x_y-00062-00044824-00045472 recognize equal rights. As Aristotle says; "thus it is manifest that the best political x-hSfjB4x_y-00063-00045472-00045944 community is formed from citizens of the middle class and that those states are likely to be well x-hSfjB4x_y-00064-00045944-00046536 administered in which the middle class is large and stronger if possible than both of the other x-hSfjB4x_y-00065-00046536-00047152 classes or at any rate than either singly; for the addition of the middle class turns the scale x-hSfjB4x_y-00066-00047152-00047784 and prevents either of the extremes from being dominant". That is, prevents either the rich or x-hSfjB4x_y-00067-00047784-00048544 the poor from being dominant and thus either oligarchic or democratic corrupt tendencies. x-hSfjB4x_y-00068-00048688-00049608 If this is so, why are most states in fact either democratic or oligarchic as they perhaps x-hSfjB4x_y-00069-00049608-00050192 still are. The main reason Aristotle says is because the middle class is so seldom x-hSfjB4x_y-00070-00050192-00051367 predominant. Either a few rich people have power or the many poor do and so states don't do a good job x-hSfjB4x_y-00071-00051367-00052024 of balancing the interests of those two different classes of society. Also the rich and poor tend to x-hSfjB4x_y-00072-00052024-00052624 seize power from each other suddenly. And when they do they institute radical changes in accordance x-hSfjB4x_y-00073-00052624-00053184 with their preferred constitution. And again, don't because these are corrupt forms of government; x-hSfjB4x_y-00074-00053184-00053760 don't govern in the common interests of the rich and the poor. But if they're rich then only in the x-hSfjB4x_y-00075-00053760-00054288 interests of the rich or if they're poor only in the interests of the poor, and they don't x-hSfjB4x_y-00076-00054288-00054928 moderate these regimes. Another reason incidentally he mentions is foreign affairs. Democracies x-hSfjB4x_y-00077-00054928-00055504 may tend to align with other democracies and oligarchies with other oligarchies and then x-hSfjB4x_y-00078-00055560-00056200 there is pressure to maintain these constitutional forms in order to maintain these alliances. x-hSfjB4x_y-00079-00056200-00056752 And so the alliances push the constitutions more and more in one of those directions. x-hSfjB4x_y-00080-00056904-00057584 Now suppose you want to preserve a constitution. How do you do so? Aristotle raises that general x-hSfjB4x_y-00081-00057584-00058104 question, then goes on to discuss it in detail for the rest of the book. How you should appoint x-hSfjB4x_y-00082-00058104-00058879 offices and other stratagems that you use to preserve democracies or oligarchies. This sets up x-hSfjB4x_y-00083-00058879-00059679 the discussion of how to instigate revolutions or to prevent them - which is the topic of book x-hSfjB4x_y-00084-00059679-00060240 five. But here he begins with a consideration of general principles of how to preserve x-hSfjB4x_y-00085-00060240-00061128 constitutions. The first principle is that when the proportion changes between the quantity x-hSfjB4x_y-00086-00061128-00062032 of poor people (the number of poor people) and the quality, the excellence, or wealth of the rich; x-hSfjB4x_y-00087-00062152-00062888 that gives rise to either a democracy or an oligarchy. Again when the quantity of the poor x-hSfjB4x_y-00088-00062888-00063616 so outweigh the quality of the rich, you have a democracy. But when the quality of the few x-hSfjB4x_y-00089-00063672-00065040 is so 'excellent' or so 'wealthy', then they can counteract a greater 'quantity' of the poor and x-hSfjB4x_y-00090-00065040-00065824 maintain an oligarchy. As Aristotle puts it; "I may begin by assuming as a general principle common x-hSfjB4x_y-00091-00065824-00066352 to all governments that the portion of the state which deserves the permanence of the constitution x-hSfjB4x_y-00092-00066352-00066936 ought to be stronger than that which desires the reverse... Where the number of poor is more x-hSfjB4x_y-00093-00066936-00067472 than proportion to the wealth of the rich, there will naturally be a democracy varying in form x-hSfjB4x_y-00094-00067472-00068080 with the sort of people who compose it in each case. If, for example, the husbandmen exceed a number, x-hSfjB4x_y-00095-00068080-00068680 the first form of democracy will then arise; if the artisans in the laboring class, the last; and so x-hSfjB4x_y-00096-00068680-00069208 with the intermediate forms. But where the rich and the notables exceed in quality more than they fall x-hSfjB4x_y-00097-00069208-00069968 short in quantity, their oligarchy arises similarly assuming various forms or kinds according to the x-hSfjB4x_y-00098-00069968-00070808 kind of superiority possessed by the oligarchs." Not only does this proportionality between x-hSfjB4x_y-00099-00070808-00071568 the quantity of people and the quality of the few affect the kind of constitution but it affects x-hSfjB4x_y-00100-00071568-00072656 which species within each kind of constitution. And Aristotle gave reasons to accept that in the x-hSfjB4x_y-00101-00072656-00073304 earlier analysis. Minute analysis of each of the kinds of those different kinds of constitution, x-hSfjB4x_y-00102-00073304-00073736 each of the different species of those kinds of constitution, in the earlier parts of Book four. x-hSfjB4x_y-00103-00073904-00074384 Aristotle also emphasizes and repeatedly states that political stability x-hSfjB4x_y-00104-00074448-00075200 is only really possible with a strong middle class. Inequality between rich and poor necessarily x-hSfjB4x_y-00105-00075200-00076000 produces mistrust, factionalism, instability in the society. Quoting him; "The legislator should x-hSfjB4x_y-00106-00076000-00076536 always include the middle class in his government. If he makes his laws oligarchical to the middle x-hSfjB4x_y-00107-00076536-00077048 class, let him look if he makes them democratic. He should equally, by his laws, try to attach x-hSfjB4x_y-00108-00077048-00077912 this class to the state. (This, incidentally, is why both democrats and republicans in our own society x-hSfjB4x_y-00109-00077912-00078296 constantly claim that they are protecting the middle class. Both sides x-hSfjB4x_y-00110-00078360-00079104 as it were democratic and oligarchic can lay claim to the middle class and need to lay claim to the x-hSfjB4x_y-00111-00079104-00079808 middle class) - continuing with the quotation from Aristotle. "There only can the government x-hSfjB4x_y-00112-00079808-00080360 ever be stable where the middle class exceeds one or both of the others and in that case there will x-hSfjB4x_y-00113-00080360-00081112 be no fear that the rich will unite with the poor against the rulers, for neither of them will ever x-hSfjB4x_y-00114-00081112-00081616 be willing to serve the other and if they look for some form of government more suitable to both x-hSfjB4x_y-00115-00081616-00082216 they will find none better than this. For the rich and the poor will never consent to rule in turn; x-hSfjB4x_y-00116-00082216-00082856 because they mistrust one another, the arbiter is always the one trusted and he who is in the middle x-hSfjB4x_y-00117-00082856-00083336 is an arbiter. The more perfect the admixture of the political elements the more lasting x-hSfjB4x_y-00118-00083336-00084320 will be the constitution." Again, increasing inequality will result in x-hSfjB4x_y-00119-00084384-00085064 either a democratic or an oligarchy constitution; and a more or less oligarchic one depending on the x-hSfjB4x_y-00120-00085120-00085840 degree of inequality. And the opposite tendency to supporting and entrenching the middle class x-hSfjB4x_y-00121-00085840-00086536 will preserve the tendency to go towards either of those corrupt forms of government; either the x-hSfjB4x_y-00122-00086536-00087048 democracy in the self-interest of the poor or the oligarchy in the self-interest of the rich. x-hSfjB4x_y-00123-00087160-00088008 But Aristotle discusses methods of preserving oligarchies, five of them in chapter 13. In x-hSfjB4x_y-00124-00088008-00088664 oligarchies might throw assemblies open to all, but either the rich only are fined for non-attendance x-hSfjB4x_y-00125-00088664-00089344 or a much larger fine is inflicted on the rich that don't attend. That sets up a great incentive x-hSfjB4x_y-00126-00089344-00090096 for them to attend, or second with respect to the offices or magistracies those who are qualified by x-hSfjB4x_y-00127-00090096-00090840 property cannot decline office upon oath. But the poor may decline so if you're rich you must serve x-hSfjB4x_y-00128-00090840-00091568 in the office; if you're poor we might let you but we'll also let you take care of your own things x-hSfjB4x_y-00129-00091568-00092328 and of course the poor don't have time to just serve in offices so then they won't be able to as x-hSfjB4x_y-00130-00092328-00093048 much. A third stratagem for preserving oligarchies is in law courts. The rich and the rich only are x-hSfjB4x_y-00131-00093048-00093856 fined if they don't serve; the poor however let off with impunity similar to the previous case but x-hSfjB4x_y-00132-00093856-00094592 instead of talking about the assembly, assemblies, or the offices it's applied to the courts. In x-hSfjB4x_y-00133-00094592-00095120 some states all citizens who have registered themselves are allowed to attend the assembly x-hSfjB4x_y-00134-00095120-00095648 and to try causes but if after the registration they do not attend either the assembly or the x-hSfjB4x_y-00135-00095648-00096184 courts, heavy fines are imposed on them and the intention of doing that is through fear of the x-hSfjB4x_y-00136-00096184-00096768 fines. They may avoid registering themselves and then they cannot sit in the law courts or in the x-hSfjB4x_y-00137-00096768-00097248 assembly. So we say; oh yes, the poor can participate if they want but if they sign up to participate x-hSfjB4x_y-00138-00097248-00097864 and then don't show up because they need to deal with their jobs or whatever then we fine them. We x-hSfjB4x_y-00139-00097864-00098384 find them so much that it would discourage them from risking that that would happen. x-hSfjB4x_y-00140-00098472-00099024 In a fifth stratagem concerning the possession of arms and gymnastic exercises they legislate in a x-hSfjB4x_y-00141-00099024-00099640 similar spirit for the poor not obliged to have arms, but the rich are fined for not having x-hSfjB4x_y-00142-00099640-00100120 them and then like matter no penalties inflicted on the poor for not attendance at the gymnasium, x-hSfjB4x_y-00143-00100120-00100576 and consequently having nothing to fear they do not attend. Whereas the rich are liable to a fine x-hSfjB4x_y-00144-00100576-00101176 and therefore they take care to attend. You essentially set up incentives for the rich to x-hSfjB4x_y-00145-00101176-00101952 participate and you don't extend those incentives to the poor. The stratagems for preserving x-hSfjB4x_y-00146-00101952-00102696 democracies which are also discussed in this book are essentially the reverse of those to entrench x-hSfjB4x_y-00147-00102696-00103472 aristocracies. But the main methods that Aristotle continually gives us examples is paying the poor x-hSfjB4x_y-00148-00103472-00104032 for attending the assemblies in the law courts; and this could also apply to the offices. And x-hSfjB4x_y-00149-00104088-00104608 not inflicting penalties on the rich for non-attendance so that will have exactly x-hSfjB4x_y-00150-00104608-00105400 the reverse effect as the stratagem applied by the oligarchs. According to Aristotle, x-hSfjB4x_y-00151-00105400-00105976 it's obvious that he who would duly mix the two principles should combine the practice of both x-hSfjB4x_y-00152-00105976-00106576 and provide that the poor should be paid to attend and the rich fined if they do not attend. For then, x-hSfjB4x_y-00153-00106576-00107192 all will take part. If there is no such combination, power will be in the hands of one party only. But x-hSfjB4x_y-00154-00107192-00107864 if we fine the rich for not attending and we pay the poor to attend then all will attend and as x-hSfjB4x_y-00155-00107864-00108368 Aristotle argued in Book three - that will result in better decision-making when the poor and the rich x-hSfjB4x_y-00156-00108368-00108935 intermingle you get better decision-making. And you get just an aggregation of more people deciding so x-hSfjB4x_y-00157-00108935-00109735 you get the relevant expertise aggregation effect and everything is better. x-hSfjB4x_y-00158-00109856-00110480 But Aristotle, of course, doesn't think that everybody whatsoever should participate because x-hSfjB4x_y-00159-00110480-00110992 some people he thinks lack virtue and lack the kind of expertise that you would even want to x-hSfjB4x_y-00160-00110992-00111592 aggregate in political decision-making. And so he maintains that a moderate property qualification x-hSfjB4x_y-00161-00111592-00112328 should still exist. He points out that archaic regimes made the property qualification 'knights', x-hSfjB4x_y-00162-00112328-00112896 that is, those who could afford to equip a cavalry unit - like a horse and everything needed for a war, x-hSfjB4x_y-00163-00112959-00113400 use of a horse in war. But Aristotle thinks that you could reduce these; x-hSfjB4x_y-00164-00113400-00114032 for example, those that could afford heavy armor and in light of their increasing number. x-hSfjB4x_y-00165-00114088-00114480 And then that would work better to entrench the middle class. There's a x-hSfjB4x_y-00166-00114480-00115104 kind of middle class that can't afford to equip cavalry units, they aren't knights, but they can x-hSfjB4x_y-00167-00115104-00116024 afford heavy bronze armor and bronze weapons. And extending political power x-hSfjB4x_y-00168-00116024-00116552 to them will have a tendency of entrenching middle classes and preserving democracies x-hSfjB4x_y-00169-00116552-00117048 and getting these better decision-making effects that were mentioned in Book three. x-hSfjB4x_y-00170-00117240-00118088 The last part of Book four is about the different parts of a constitution. And Aristotle x-hSfjB4x_y-00171-00118088-00118728 says in chapter 13 that all constitutions have three elements concerning which the good x-hSfjB4x_y-00172-00118728-00119376 lawgiver has to regard what is expedient for each kind of constitution when they're well ordered. x-hSfjB4x_y-00173-00119376-00119983 The constitution is said to be well ordered - and asthey differ from one another constitutions differ. x-hSfjB4x_y-00174-00120056-00120688 There's one element which deliberates about public affairs - call that the deliberative part x-hSfjB4x_y-00175-00120792-00121552 i.e the assembly or something. Second is that concerned with the magistrates or x-hSfjB4x_y-00176-00121552-00122272 offices. The question being what they should be over, what they should exercise authority x-hSfjB4x_y-00177-00122272-00122864 and what should be the mode of electing them? But this is basically what x-hSfjB4x_y-00178-00122864-00123383 in this day we would call the executive part. The offices dealing with specific x-hSfjB4x_y-00179-00123488-00124224 issues and sort of executing or carrying out the laws that the assembly x-hSfjB4x_y-00180-00124280-00124944 has deliberated about and established. Thirdly then, there is that part which has judicial power, that x-hSfjB4x_y-00181-00124944-00125920 makes judgments about the laws in the courts. Those are the three parts of any constitution. It's x-hSfjB4x_y-00182-00125920-00126368 similar to the fact that there are three parts and for example, the constitution of the United x-hSfjB4x_y-00183-00126368-00127159 States of America has basically a deliberative part in the congress; also a part concerned with x-hSfjB4x_y-00184-00127159-00127928 these offices the executive branch; and then the judicial branch, which has power over the courts. x-hSfjB4x_y-00185-00128120-00129056 The deliberative part has an important role to play in both democracies and oligarchies x-hSfjB4x_y-00186-00129120-00129816 and has the most amount of political power as it were because it has authority x-hSfjB4x_y-00187-00129816-00130240 in; matters of war and peace, making an unmaking of alliances, x-hSfjB4x_y-00188-00130304-00131032 passing of laws, and even at this point in time, inflicting death, exile, confiscation, x-hSfjB4x_y-00189-00131032-00132048 and so forth. Also electing magistrates and auditing their accounts. You can assign x-hSfjB4x_y-00190-00132208-00132928 either all of these powers to all of the citizens or to some of them. For example; x-hSfjB4x_y-00191-00132928-00133688 to one or more of the offices or different causes, or you could assign different causes to different x-hSfjB4x_y-00192-00133808-00134800 offices, or you could give some of them to all, or others of them only to some. We can let x-hSfjB4x_y-00193-00134800-00135424 everybody participate, or we can let some people participate; or we could let everybody participate x-hSfjB4x_y-00194-00135424-00136312 on some issues, and only some people on other issues. The democratic modes of appointing x-hSfjB4x_y-00195-00136312-00137040 who would be the deliberators would of course embracing either all can deliberate on everything, x-hSfjB4x_y-00196-00137096-00137872 or all take turns in deliberating. Some group deliberates but then the x-hSfjB4x_y-00197-00137872-00138408 responsibility for deliberating rotates to another group and eventually through all of the groups. So x-hSfjB4x_y-00198-00138408-00139256 that all eventually take their turn. Or having all deliberate on most issues but officers deliberate x-hSfjB4x_y-00199-00139256-00140024 just on some where special expertise is needed for example. Or where all deliberate on all issues x-hSfjB4x_y-00200-00140024-00140880 and offices exist merely to prepare proposals for consideration of the assembly that includes x-hSfjB4x_y-00201-00140880-00141568 all. The oligarchic modes of course will be basically opposite of those only. Those who meet x-hSfjB4x_y-00202-00141568-00142552 some strict property qualification are allowed to vote or those who deliberate are self-elected or x-hSfjB4x_y-00203-00142616-00143248 they inherit these positions. And instead of having them determined by law, a third mode x-hSfjB4x_y-00204-00143248-00143824 is allowing masses to deliberate on some issues, like war and peace, but handling everything else x-hSfjB4x_y-00205-00143880-00144672 with officers. And having officers be elected and not determined by lot. It's thought to be x-hSfjB4x_y-00206-00144672-00145648 democratic to either have everybody take turns or draw lots and randomly select. Whereas it's kind of x-hSfjB4x_y-00207-00145648-00146376 oligarchic or even aristocratic because it's kind of meritocratic to think that you elect people but x-hSfjB4x_y-00208-00146376-00146808 it may be that the people who are elected are just the people who are rich, not the people who x-hSfjB4x_y-00209-00146808-00147480 really are virtuous. In which case elections will actually be oligarchic instruments relative to x-hSfjB4x_y-00210-00147480-00148384 using the lot to decide. Democracies are advised to incorporate upper classes x-hSfjB4x_y-00211-00148384-00149096 into their deliberative bodies, and oligarchies to co-opt people from the masses into theirs. x-hSfjB4x_y-00212-00149096-00149624 Again Aristotle is always looking for these ways to sort of moderate these regimes and stabilize x-hSfjB4x_y-00213-00149688-00150352 the middle class and this and other measures that moderate them will entrench middle classes x-hSfjB4x_y-00214-00150352-00150728 and so lead to greater political stability for either kind of government. x-hSfjB4x_y-00215-00150880-00151768 Now about the offices; there are different kinds of offices. To some extent they are related to the x-hSfjB4x_y-00216-00151768-00152448 different elements that make up the state. But speaking generally those are to be called x-hSfjB4x_y-00217-00152448-00152960 'offices' to which duties are assigned, deliberating about certain measures of judging and commanding, x-hSfjB4x_y-00218-00153024-00153736 and especially about commanding. For to command is the special duty of a magistrate. They're x-hSfjB4x_y-00219-00153736-00154384 talking about command in a military context and people are actually elected to x-hSfjB4x_y-00220-00154496-00155264 offices of being generals; generals over infantry, generals over cavalry, and so forth. But the first x-hSfjB4x_y-00221-00155344-00156032 kinds of offices he distinguishes are priests who he distinguishes from political officers. He x-hSfjB4x_y-00222-00156032-00157000 also mentions masters of choruses, and heralds, even ambassadors. Another kind of offices are political x-hSfjB4x_y-00223-00157000-00158216 superintendents, like the offices of the general, or subsections of that, or inspectors of x-hSfjB4x_y-00224-00158216-00159040 women, or youth. Other offices are concerned with household management like measuring the x-hSfjB4x_y-00225-00159040-00160008 the office that controls weights and measures. Also menial offices which in many cases the rich have x-hSfjB4x_y-00226-00160008-00160768 executed by their slaves. We can distinguish all kinds of office. Offices over these various x-hSfjB4x_y-00227-00160912-00161616 different parts of the citizens and managing different aspects of the economy and the society. x-hSfjB4x_y-00228-00161824-00162416 How do we appoint these officers or how can these officers be appointed? Well x-hSfjB4x_y-00229-00162416-00162888 Aristotle discusses their appointment with reference to three variables; x-hSfjB4x_y-00230-00162968-00163736 first, who makes the appointment? Either all of the citizens, some of them, or all and some of them x-hSfjB4x_y-00231-00163736-00164416 make the appointments. The last one means that all of them make the appointments for some x-hSfjB4x_y-00232-00164416-00165040 offices but for some other offices only some appoint them. For example, all might x-hSfjB4x_y-00233-00165256-00165688 make appointments for the inspectorship x-hSfjB4x_y-00234-00165752-00166520 of the women and children. But only some of them, some people, might be eligible to x-hSfjB4x_y-00235-00166520-00167080 serve in the office of general, like those who have military experience or military success. x-hSfjB4x_y-00236-00167280-00168016 The second factor, from whom is the appointment made? Either all, some, or again all and some. x-hSfjB4x_y-00237-00168096-00168768 Is the pool of applicants come from the population at large or some subset of it? Again we might want x-hSfjB4x_y-00238-00168768-00169320 to limit the pool that we're drawing from to those who have a certain kind of expertise, like military x-hSfjB4x_y-00239-00169320-00169920 expertise. The difference between those is who makes the appointment. For example x-hSfjB4x_y-00240-00169920-00170416 you could allow everyone to make the appointment or only those with military expertise to make the x-hSfjB4x_y-00241-00170416-00171120 appointment. The second factor is appointed from a pool of what people? Those people generally or x-hSfjB4x_y-00242-00171120-00171616 only people with a certain kind of expertise or is that variable depending on the office? x-hSfjB4x_y-00243-00171672-00172264 The third factor is how is the appointment made? It can be made by election or vote x-hSfjB4x_y-00244-00172336-00173272 or by lot or again by election and lot, if you had election for some offices lots for others. The x-hSfjB4x_y-00245-00173272-00174336 paradigm democratic would be if all citizens made appointments from a pool of all other citizens and x-hSfjB4x_y-00246-00174408-00175192 these appointments were made by lot. Most oligarchic would be if only some people x-hSfjB4x_y-00247-00175192-00176048 made appointments and only from some subset of the population and they did it by election. x-hSfjB4x_y-00248-00176120-00176824 Now there are less radical democratic regimes and there are x-hSfjB4x_y-00249-00176824-00177840 less radical oligarchic regimes but these embody the principles of who is x-hSfjB4x_y-00250-00178120-00178832 appointing, and from what pool of people, and by what method. And so those other combinatorial x-hSfjB4x_y-00251-00178832-00179424 possibilities create the more moderate regimes or even other kinds of constitutions; x-hSfjB4x_y-00252-00179424-00180008 like polities or aristocracies. All in all since there's three x-hSfjB4x_y-00253-00180152-00180784 sets of variables and three possibilities in each there must be 27 total possibilities. x-hSfjB4x_y-00254-00180864-00181776 We can lay these out. Aristotle only focuses on the 12 that I've highlighted in red but if we assign x-hSfjB4x_y-00255-00181776-00182488 each one a code, based on an abbreviation for who appoints from whom and by what means, then we can x-hSfjB4x_y-00256-00182544-00183152 lay out all 27 possibilities. The democratic ones will again be as the first three that x-hSfjB4x_y-00257-00183152-00184072 I've put here when you have appointments, all people making appointments out of a pool of x-hSfjB4x_y-00258-00184072-00184872 all people by election or lot or by election and lot, that's clearly democratic. As opposed to x-hSfjB4x_y-00259-00184944-00185688 purely oligarchic ones like 16, 17 and 18, where some people make an appointment out of a pool x-hSfjB4x_y-00260-00185688-00186616 of some people either by election or lot or election and lot. And then the other options, x-hSfjB4x_y-00261-00186616-00187320 some of which are discussed by Aristotle as being polities which either lean oligarchic or lean x-hSfjB4x_y-00262-00187320-00188040 democratic. Aristotle does discuss some of those others. And then other possibilities he simply x-hSfjB4x_y-00263-00188040-00188560 leaves undiscussed. But we could speculate about the kinds of constitution that those x-hSfjB4x_y-00264-00188648-00189472 types of modes of appointing office would result in. Turning to the courts, we again have x-hSfjB4x_y-00265-00189472-00190032 several different kinds of courts. Aristotle talks about a court for audits or scrutinies. x-hSfjB4x_y-00266-00190088-00190792 Courts taking cognizance of ordinary offenses against the state. A third kind of court concerned x-hSfjB4x_y-00267-00190792-00191424 with treason against the constitution. A fourth kind determining disputes respecting penalties. x-hSfjB4x_y-00268-00191504-00192176 A fifth kind deciding more important civil cases. A sixth kind dealing with homicide, x-hSfjB4x_y-00269-00192176-00192536 or there could be several kinds of courts dealing with different kinds of homicide. x-hSfjB4x_y-00270-00192592-00193456 Also courts for strangers - again you could have several kinds of those - and courts for small suits, x-hSfjB4x_y-00271-00193456-00194208 small claims courts. Those areeight kinds of courts. Each of those could x-hSfjB4x_y-00272-00194208-00195040 be broken down into further kinds, and in a way some of them could be combined as well. And so x-hSfjB4x_y-00273-00195040-00195656 you could reduce or expand this list and and would in an actual description of a particular x-hSfjB4x_y-00274-00195712-00196568 constitution. But those are the kinds of things we're talking about; courts is places that x-hSfjB4x_y-00275-00196640-00197328 rule about the law with respect to those certain areas. In discussing the modes x-hSfjB4x_y-00276-00197328-00197912 of appointing judges, Aristotle offers a kind of simplified version of what we were just looking at x-hSfjB4x_y-00277-00197912-00198600 in the discussion of assignment of offices. But here he just discusses basically 12 possibilities. x-hSfjB4x_y-00278-00198680-00199272 The ones in which all people do the appointing are essentially the democratic ones, even x-hSfjB4x_y-00279-00199336-00200240 if they do it just from a pool of some people, Aristotle will still call that democratic. And x-hSfjB4x_y-00280-00200240-00201048 whether they do it by election or a lot or both. And any form in which only some of the people x-hSfjB4x_y-00281-00201160-00201808 do the appointing of the judges, even if it's from out of a pool of everyone, Aristotle will call x-hSfjB4x_y-00282-00201808-00202776 oligarchic. And he will consider constitutional or polity-like forms when you have all people x-hSfjB4x_y-00283-00202864-00203232 making the appointments for some kind of courts and some people making the appointments x-hSfjB4x_y-00284-00203304-00204096 for others. But he considers it aristocratic when you have that particular arrangement where all x-hSfjB4x_y-00285-00204096-00204919 people, on some issues, appoint from a pool of all people but by means of election. x-hSfjB4x_y-00286-00204919-00205623 On some other cases only some people appoint but they still do from a pool of all people and they x-hSfjB4x_y-00287-00205623-00206384 do so by election not by lot - that would be a kind of aristocratic mode of appointing judges. x-hSfjB4x_y-00288-00206567-00207136 In summary there's three parts of the constitution; deliberative; executive or x-hSfjB4x_y-00289-00207232-00207944 official (the part concerned with the offices); and third, the judicial part. And the participants x-hSfjB4x_y-00290-00207944-00208784 in each of these can be chosen by all or some of the citizens, by all or some of the citizens, x-hSfjB4x_y-00291-00208840-00209648 and by election, or by lot. And the most extreme democracy would be where all the citizens choose x-hSfjB4x_y-00292-00209648-00210232 from a pool of all the citizens and basically do so by lot and do that with respect to all three x-hSfjB4x_y-00293-00210232-00210719 parts of the constitution. And the most extreme oligarchy would be where some people x-hSfjB4x_y-00294-00210719-00211248 choose from a limited pool of some people by election, and do so for the deliberative, x-hSfjB4x_y-00295-00211248-00211864 executive, and judicial parts of the constitution. But there are many combinatorial possibilities x-hSfjB4x_y-00296-00211864-00212608 in between those extremes which will result in more or less moderate democracies or oligarchies x-hSfjB4x_y-00297-00212608-00213456 and even polities or aristocracies. Aristotle presents a systematic and comprehensive theory x-hSfjB4x_y-00298-00213456-00214160 about how every kind of constitution could be constructed down to the level of how offices x-hSfjB4x_y-00299-00214160-00214800 would be appointed. And we can summarize these results on our two by three grid; x-hSfjB4x_y-00300-00214896-00215336 kingship and tyranny are taken out of this analysis because that's a case where a sole x-hSfjB4x_y-00301-00215336-00216056 ruler does the appointing and possibly only from a pool of a sole person and there's no distinction. x-hSfjB4x_y-00302-00216184-00216944 Election is just their individual choice. We're limited here to talking basically about the x-hSfjB4x_y-00303-00216944-00217896 four kinds of constitution that involve decision making by groups of people whether few or many. And x-hSfjB4x_y-00304-00218064-00218792 in an oligarchy, again, some of the citizens appoint from a group of some of the citizens by election x-hSfjB4x_y-00305-00218792-00219471 or vote as opposed to a democracy where all citizens appoint from all of them and do so by lot. x-hSfjB4x_y-00306-00219536-00220271 A constitutional government would be a mixture of those oligarchic and democratic modes in x-hSfjB4x_y-00307-00220271-00220888 various ways to counter balance each other or to mix or moderate each other. Whereas x-hSfjB4x_y-00308-00220888-00221840 an aristocracy is the very special case where citizens appoint from all of the citizens x-hSfjB4x_y-00309-00221976-00222576 on some issues; all of them appoint from all the citizens on certain issues; but on certain other x-hSfjB4x_y-00310-00222576-00223328 issues only some appoint from a limited pool of some, and they always do so by x-hSfjB4x_y-00311-00223328-00223904 election. And Aristotle thinks that this would be the best form because certain issues are x-hSfjB4x_y-00312-00223904-00224456 better decided by all and other issues are better decided by some and that includes x-hSfjB4x_y-00313-00224456-00225071 the decision of who to appoint to certain offices; who to appoint to certain courts; and even even who x-hSfjB4x_y-00314-00225071-00225776 to appoint to certain assemblies or certain issues within the assembly. But, once again, x-hSfjB4x_y-00315-00225776-00226464 this shows Aristotle's systematic theory that allows us to compare and relate x-hSfjB4x_y-00316-00226519-00227200 and understand each form of constitution in relation to each other form. Thank you. x_yvZ70dZEy-00000-00000094-00000317 >> Hi. Still looking at more logarithm rules. x_yvZ70dZEy-00001-00000327-00000568 And this time we're going to be looking at the quotient rule. x_yvZ70dZEy-00002-00000586-00000795 What basically happens when you have dividing? x_yvZ70dZEy-00003-00000854-00001334 So, once again, if we add log to some general base -- this time I'm going to write b, x_yvZ70dZEy-00004-00001371-00002079 some general base -- and if we had, say, something like X over Y. x_yvZ70dZEy-00005-00002151-00002641 So something we could split into a form X over Y. This is the same as saying log -- x_yvZ70dZEy-00006-00002672-00003482 remember, the base still stays the same -- of X minus log, same base, x_yvZ70dZEy-00007-00003525-00003911 Y. So we can split that into this. x_yvZ70dZEy-00008-00003976-00004107 This is the quotient rule. x_yvZ70dZEy-00009-00004201-00004484 Well, often you're going to actually be going this direction. x_yvZ70dZEy-00010-00004503-00004563 That's the thing. x_yvZ70dZEy-00011-00004605-00005159 You're often trying to combine two things to make your life a little easier, especially, x_yvZ70dZEy-00012-00005159-00005572 again, if you don't have a calculator that will do the logarithm to some random base for you. x_yvZ70dZEy-00013-00005670-00005897 So, let's take a look at an example. x_yvZ70dZEy-00014-00005998-00006772 Let's say you had something like, let's go log to the 3. x_yvZ70dZEy-00015-00006772-00007326 You have log to the base 3, and maybe you have 81. x_yvZ70dZEy-00016-00007358-00008502 And then you have minus log to the base 3 of let's go 9. x_yvZ70dZEy-00017-00008561-00008729 And maybe you even have another minus. x_yvZ70dZEy-00018-00008892-00009316 Log to the base 3 of 3. x_yvZ70dZEy-00019-00009465-00009622 We can apply this quotient rule twice. x_yvZ70dZEy-00020-00009682-00010543 We can go rewrite this as log to the base 3 of 81 divided by 9. x_yvZ70dZEy-00021-00010668-00011110 And then we still have this minus logarithm 3 over 3. x_yvZ70dZEy-00022-00011156-00011396 Later on, you might feel comfortable combining it all into one step. x_yvZ70dZEy-00023-00011403-00012646 But what we're going to get is log to the base 3 of 9 minus log to the base 3 of 3. x_yvZ70dZEy-00024-00012748-00013110 Yeah, all we did was 81 divided by 9, using our quotient rule. x_yvZ70dZEy-00025-00013195-00013614 Now, we can still keep expanding this and simplifying it further. x_yvZ70dZEy-00026-00013636-00013966 This same thing -- again, we're applying the quotient rule twice. x_yvZ70dZEy-00027-00014003-00014511 This is 9 over 3, which we're just going to throw x_yvZ70dZEy-00028-00014511-00014767 around equal signs and write it on this last line. x_yvZ70dZEy-00029-00014802-00015130 This is log to the base 3 of 3. x_yvZ70dZEy-00030-00015251-00015395 That's quite a squeaky marker. x_yvZ70dZEy-00031-00015497-00015879 Which, again, log 3 to the power of what equals 3? x_yvZ70dZEy-00032-00015956-00016416 One. So this is a nice example of how this can be used to simplify things. x_yvZ70dZEy-00033-00016484-00016868 You wouldn't often go the other way, but you might. x_-97qUWLh4-00000-00000075-00000206 My name is Tony Wilson. x_-97qUWLh4-00001-00000276-00000555 I'm an American, I'm a US Army veteran. x_-97qUWLh4-00002-00000615-00000911 My father served in the United States Army during World War Two, x_-97qUWLh4-00003-00000927-00001095 initially in an all-Negro unit. x_-97qUWLh4-00004-00001209-00001518 My brother served in the United States Air Force during Vietnam. x_-97qUWLh4-00005-00001581-00001814 Every male in my family has served this country. x_-97qUWLh4-00006-00001986-00002202 I was a Republican for 36 years. x_-97qUWLh4-00007-00002217-00002364 My father was a Republican. x_-97qUWLh4-00008-00002661-00003235 Watching Donald Trump control this party and destroy this country x_-97qUWLh4-00009-00003298-00003484 cannot be tolerated any longer. x_-97qUWLh4-00010-00003706-00004099 Two years ago I registered as an Independent, and then last x_-97qUWLh4-00011-00004099-00004444 year, for the first time in my life, I registered as a Democrat. x_-97qUWLh4-00012-00004513-00004792 The Democratic Party seems to be the only party that's x_-97qUWLh4-00013-00004792-00004942 showing any level of integrity. x_-97qUWLh4-00014-00005068-00005671 Donald Trump has spit in the faces of our allies, has denigrated our x_-97qUWLh4-00015-00005671-00005917 veterans and our active duty military. x_-97qUWLh4-00016-00006049-00006616 I cannot and will not watch as he continues to destroy this x_-97qUWLh4-00017-00006616-00006934 country and give him my vote. x_-97qUWLh4-00018-00007027-00007213 So I will be voting for Joe Biden. x_-97qUWLh4-00019-00007306-00008104 I believe that Vice President Biden loves this country and its people, I believe the x_-97qUWLh4-00020-00008104-00008458 Democratic Party is the only party that seems to have any integrity at this point. x_-97qUWLh4-00021-00008504-00009128 As this pandemic rages, we need to have leadership in the Oval Office x_-97qUWLh4-00022-00009179-00009353 that will do the right thing. x_-97qUWLh4-00023-00009473-00009833 Donald Trump is not that leadership, he is not that person, he needs x_-97qUWLh4-00024-00009833-00009968 to go back to the golf course. xElJ0Rjhvc8-00000-00004232-00004384 foreign xElJ0Rjhvc8-00001-00004976-00005928 hi friends welcome to my channel and in this video i'm going to talk about d triple s b and kvs tgt xElJ0Rjhvc8-00002-00005928-00006664 pgt examination for the subject english so i know that a lot of you are asking about how to prepare xElJ0Rjhvc8-00003-00006664-00007208 what to study how to begin from where to start from so i'm going to answer all xElJ0Rjhvc8-00004-00007208-00007784 of these questions in this video i'm going to take you through the syllabus and the paper pattern and xElJ0Rjhvc8-00005-00007784-00008448 will exactly tell you the free resources that you can use in order to prepare for the huge syllabus xElJ0Rjhvc8-00006-00008448-00009072 and to crack this exam in the first attempt teaching is said to be one of the most prestigious xElJ0Rjhvc8-00007-00009072-00009656 and oldest profession and therefore if you look at the teachers you will find out that xElJ0Rjhvc8-00008-00009656-00010240 government teachers are in high demand so looking at the structure let me further clarify that in xElJ0Rjhvc8-00009-00010240-00010848 india teaching can be divided into two parts school level teaching and college level teaching xElJ0Rjhvc8-00010-00010848-00011440 so college or university level teaching can only be done by people who have cleared ugc net exam xElJ0Rjhvc8-00011-00011440-00012072 which is a national level test in order to become assistant professor or lecturer when it comes to xElJ0Rjhvc8-00012-00012072-00012752 school level teaching that is where tgt pgt comes into the play so school level teaching is further xElJ0Rjhvc8-00013-00012752-00013408 divided into three parts teaching grade one to five teaching grades six to ten and teaching xElJ0Rjhvc8-00014-00013408-00014056 grade eleventh and twelfth so the teachers who are eligible to teach grade one to five has to xElJ0Rjhvc8-00015-00014056-00014952 clear exam called prt which stands for primary teacher the teachers who can teach grade 6 to 10th xElJ0Rjhvc8-00016-00014952-00015696 have to clear an exam called tgt that is trained graduate teacher and the teachers who can teach xElJ0Rjhvc8-00017-00015696-00016352 grade 11th and 12th are known as pgt teachers that stands for post graduate teachers all these xElJ0Rjhvc8-00018-00016352-00017232 three exam tgt pgt and prt are known as the teaching eligibility test in order to become xElJ0Rjhvc8-00019-00017232-00017944 teachers you must get a certificate that is known as teaching eligibility certificate now that you xElJ0Rjhvc8-00020-00017944-00018616 know the difference between ttt pgt and prt the next question that might pop inside your head xElJ0Rjhvc8-00021-00018616-00019296 would be that who conducts these exams so these teaching eligibility tests are conducted by state xElJ0Rjhvc8-00022-00019296-00019904 and central authorities namely in india there are three authorities which conducts these exams xElJ0Rjhvc8-00023-00019904-00020616 every year the first one being d triple s b which stands for delhi state service selection board xElJ0Rjhvc8-00024-00020616-00021200 then we have kvs which stands for kendriya vidhyale sangatan and then we have nvs which xElJ0Rjhvc8-00025-00021200-00021832 stands for navodaya vidhyalis samithi so these are the three major boards that conduct these exams xElJ0Rjhvc8-00026-00021832-00022600 every year now that you know the basics about tgt pgt prt examination it is time to look xElJ0Rjhvc8-00027-00022600-00023264 at the exam pattern and the syllabus so just like in case of ugc net exam there are two papers xElJ0Rjhvc8-00028-00023264-00023944 paper one and paper two paper one is a general paper which is common for everybody and paper 2 is xElJ0Rjhvc8-00029-00023944-00024520 a subject-specific paper so if you want to become a teacher of history then your paper one would be xElJ0Rjhvc8-00030-00024520-00025136 a general paper that would be common for everybody irrespective of the subject they are appearing in xElJ0Rjhvc8-00031-00025136-00025752 and paper two would be history for you social finds for some other person english for some xElJ0Rjhvc8-00032-00025752-00026368 other person mathematics for some other person so the paper to subject keeps on changing dependent xElJ0Rjhvc8-00033-00026368-00027000 upon the area of specialization whereas the paper one course remains the same for everybody xElJ0Rjhvc8-00034-00027056-00027608 now let us look at the major topics that forms the part of the general paper so general paper xElJ0Rjhvc8-00035-00027608-00028272 consists of seven topics namely general english general hindi mathematics reasoning xElJ0Rjhvc8-00036-00028272-00029000 computers general knowledge and pedagogy so general english and general hindi are basically xElJ0Rjhvc8-00037-00029000-00029608 talking about the general grammar of these two languages it will have questions from synonyms xElJ0Rjhvc8-00038-00029727-00030336 idioms phrasal verbs all of that would be part of general english and general hindi specifically xElJ0Rjhvc8-00039-00030336-00030968 when it comes to mathematics then you'll have questions from grades 6 7th and 8th so percentages xElJ0Rjhvc8-00040-00030968-00031512 profit and loss fractions that kind of simple questions would be a part of mathematics xElJ0Rjhvc8-00041-00031512-00032168 reasoning questions both easy you just need to go through any competitive exam book for reasoning xElJ0Rjhvc8-00042-00032168-00032744 and you will get some general questions which are asked in all of these competitive exams so the xElJ0Rjhvc8-00043-00032744-00033416 same set of questions are asked even in tgt pgt exams then we have general knowledge from where xElJ0Rjhvc8-00044-00033416-00034040 can you study general knowledge the only source is newspapers so keep yourself updated if in case xElJ0Rjhvc8-00045-00034040-00034576 you're not a newspaper lover you can even skip this portion because general knowledge is a really xElJ0Rjhvc8-00046-00034576-00035240 really vast subject and you cannot complete it in like five or seven days so if you're not so good xElJ0Rjhvc8-00047-00035240-00035760 with general knowledge and current affairs you can even think about leaving this topic all together xElJ0Rjhvc8-00048-00035760-00036336 apart from that you have computers so even in computers you'll get general questions like what xElJ0Rjhvc8-00049-00036336-00036872 is a web browser what is the difference between web browser and search engine so all of these xElJ0Rjhvc8-00050-00036872-00037456 terminologies you must acquaint yourself with and finally we have pedagogy where they are going to xElJ0Rjhvc8-00051-00037456-00038144 ask questions about how teaching and learning takes place so how a child learns that process xElJ0Rjhvc8-00052-00038144-00038728 is a part of pedagogy and only after knowing the process you will be able to understand a child's xElJ0Rjhvc8-00053-00038728-00039376 psychology and will be able to teach him better so that forms the part of pedagogy so this is all xElJ0Rjhvc8-00054-00039376-00040032 about paper one or general paper syllabus you can study it from any market guidebook you will find xElJ0Rjhvc8-00055-00040032-00040656 it readily available next week i'm coming up with a video on how you can master a guidebook in few xElJ0Rjhvc8-00056-00040656-00041184 days so stay tuned to the channel if you've not yet subscribed subscribe it right now so that you xElJ0Rjhvc8-00057-00041184-00041760 don't miss out on that video in that video i'm going to clearly define how you can complete a xElJ0Rjhvc8-00058-00041760-00042464 guidebook and cover a syllabus in a very limited period now that we have touched upon the general xElJ0Rjhvc8-00059-00042464-00043208 paper it is time to move on and look at the paper two syllabus for tgtp english so as you all know xElJ0Rjhvc8-00060-00043208-00043816 that english comprises of a lot of writers from all over the world and when you look at the xElJ0Rjhvc8-00061-00043816-00044376 syllabus you might find it too much on the plate there are so many writers and they've not listed xElJ0Rjhvc8-00062-00044376-00044920 the works of these writers that you must study so you get confused as to how many works until xElJ0Rjhvc8-00063-00044920-00045520 how much should you complete a particular writer but let me tell your friends that if you are xElJ0Rjhvc8-00064-00045520-00046184 preparing for ugc net or if any of your friend is preparing for udc net and you come across the xElJ0Rjhvc8-00065-00046184-00046960 syllabus of ugc net you would be in utter shock because ugc net syllabus comprises of more than xElJ0Rjhvc8-00066-00046960-00047752 2000 writers whereas tdd ptt comprises of just some 50 60 writers so the syllabus difference xElJ0Rjhvc8-00067-00047752-00048632 is too much yet i cannot deny the fact that those 50 60 writers must be understood must be xElJ0Rjhvc8-00068-00048632-00049160 read in detail because if you are looking at the writer like shakespeare he has written more than xElJ0Rjhvc8-00069-00049160-00049928 150 sonnets and more than 35 plays and reading each of that knowing what to read what to skip xElJ0Rjhvc8-00070-00049928-00050552 how to learn the characters is a big challenge in itself so in this video i'm going to streamline xElJ0Rjhvc8-00071-00050552-00051072 your preparation i will tell you exactly how you should approach the syllabus and what should be xElJ0Rjhvc8-00072-00051072-00051767 the right method of studying all of these writers in a limited time so if you look at the syllabus xElJ0Rjhvc8-00073-00051767-00052279 you will find a lot of writers that they have listed down in order to understand it better xElJ0Rjhvc8-00074-00052279-00052912 i have divided these writers into five categories so if you look at the world map you will find that xElJ0Rjhvc8-00075-00052912-00053528 there are countries all over the world where there have been writers who have written some fabulous xElJ0Rjhvc8-00076-00053528-00054152 works in the field of english literature and all those major writers are a part of tgt pgt exam xElJ0Rjhvc8-00077-00054152-00054800 so the first important country is uk or what we know as britain so the first chunk of xElJ0Rjhvc8-00078-00054800-00055464 writers that you must study for tgtp would be coming from british literature britain xElJ0Rjhvc8-00079-00055464-00056104 i'm pretty sure you must be knowing is a very important and a very popular country of europe xElJ0Rjhvc8-00080-00056160-00056840 next in line is america and the writers from that particular country so america is a very important xElJ0Rjhvc8-00081-00056840-00057544 country we all know and it is a english-speaking country and therefore a lot of great writers have xElJ0Rjhvc8-00082-00057544-00058096 written some fabulous works there so american literature is the second segment that you must xElJ0Rjhvc8-00083-00058096-00058728 study for this exam next in line is india because even in india there have been great writers who xElJ0Rjhvc8-00084-00058728-00059240 have done some phenomenal work in the field of english literature like rabin natagar nazim xElJ0Rjhvc8-00085-00059240-00059904 mizikil thorudat and then we have anita desai so all of these writers we would be approaching in xElJ0Rjhvc8-00086-00059904-00060528 indian literature now if you look at the world map after this you will find that we have completely xElJ0Rjhvc8-00087-00060528-00061208 discussed three countries britain america and india but there are a lot of other countries xElJ0Rjhvc8-00088-00061208-00061879 except these three which will be categorized under two categories so one is european literature which xElJ0Rjhvc8-00089-00061879-00062560 consists of all the countries and the writers who are writing in europe so europe amnesty countries xElJ0Rjhvc8-00090-00062648-00063320 that is britain or uk now except britain there are a lot of other countries like italy xElJ0Rjhvc8-00091-00063320-00064104 germany france spain writers from those areas are included in european literature and what xElJ0Rjhvc8-00092-00064104-00064632 about the rest of the countries in the world all of them are included in post-colonial literature xElJ0Rjhvc8-00093-00064632-00065248 what is postcolonial literature we all know that britain and other countries of europe colonized xElJ0Rjhvc8-00094-00065248-00066000 various countries like india pakistan afghanistan bangladesh caribbean islands then canada xElJ0Rjhvc8-00095-00066000-00066760 so all of those countries which were colonized by britain or other european nations are categorized xElJ0Rjhvc8-00096-00066760-00067216 as post-colonial countries and the literature produced there is known as post-colonial xElJ0Rjhvc8-00097-00067216-00067864 literature so if you look at the syllabus that you must be studying for pgtd it is going to fall xElJ0Rjhvc8-00098-00067864-00068512 under either of these five modules so you will be studying british literature you would be studying xElJ0Rjhvc8-00099-00068512-00069056 american literature you would be studying indian literature european literature and postcolonial xElJ0Rjhvc8-00100-00069056-00069656 literature and all these writers are explained in our online course you can go to our website xElJ0Rjhvc8-00101-00069656-00070424 arpitakarwa.com and free of cost you will get a list of all these writers in our course syllabus xElJ0Rjhvc8-00102-00070424-00071000 page so on that particular page you will find all these writers they are available free of cost xElJ0Rjhvc8-00103-00071000-00071680 you can jot the major ones down and start your preparation this syllabus division categorization xElJ0Rjhvc8-00104-00071680-00072320 will help you a lot to approach writers from every country and study them in a sequence xElJ0Rjhvc8-00105-00072320-00072928 another important division that you must do before you start preparing is the age-wise classification xElJ0Rjhvc8-00106-00072928-00073504 of the writers for example if you look at british literature so british literature somewhat for tgt xElJ0Rjhvc8-00107-00073504-00074168 pgt begins around the elizabethan period where you have writers like william shakespeare john dunn xElJ0Rjhvc8-00108-00074168-00074736 and then after elizabethan period comes the enlightenment period where you have writers like xElJ0Rjhvc8-00109-00074736-00075344 alexander pope and novelist like jonathan swift who have written some famous novels like gulliver xElJ0Rjhvc8-00110-00075344-00076040 travels and then after that elizabethan and enlightenment period you come to the romantics in xElJ0Rjhvc8-00111-00076040-00076792 romantics you have poets like wordsworth shelley keats byron all of them were talking about nature xElJ0Rjhvc8-00112-00076792-00077504 how by being connected to nature we can you know lose track of the uh problems that we are facing xElJ0Rjhvc8-00113-00077504-00078152 in a normal day-to-day setup and their pro their poems are centered on nature and the aspects of xElJ0Rjhvc8-00114-00078152-00078824 uh country life just after that comes another age which is victorian period where industrialization xElJ0Rjhvc8-00115-00078824-00079400 started so we had writers like charles dickens writing hard times and oliver twist talking about xElJ0Rjhvc8-00116-00079400-00079952 the ill effect of industrialization right after that there is a period called modern age where you xElJ0Rjhvc8-00117-00079952-00080616 have writers like virginia wolf george orwell t.s eliot writing about the modern man who is xElJ0Rjhvc8-00118-00080616-00081512 shattered who is looking for soles peace in this disturbed world and then there are works like 1984 xElJ0Rjhvc8-00119-00081512-00082192 animal farm which talks about how a modern man has fallen down to a very very pathetic state xElJ0Rjhvc8-00120-00082192-00082872 and finally we have the postmodern period where we have great writers and dramatics like samuel xElJ0Rjhvc8-00121-00082872-00083640 beckett talking about the dilemmas of post-world war ii so this is how the literature must be xElJ0Rjhvc8-00122-00083640-00084272 studied only then it is going to make sense all this categorization is available on my web website xElJ0Rjhvc8-00123-00084272-00084760 you can go through the website make a list of all the important writers that you must study xElJ0Rjhvc8-00124-00084760-00085384 and then you can begin your preparation this i think would help you to know what exactly should xElJ0Rjhvc8-00125-00085384-00086016 you study every day because if you look at the tgt pgt syllabus and if you've not been a very very xElJ0Rjhvc8-00126-00086016-00086616 optimistic student then you might find it very difficult to complete in one go and therefore xElJ0Rjhvc8-00127-00086616-00087424 this categorization in countries and based on the ages will help you to understand and channelize xElJ0Rjhvc8-00128-00087424-00088104 your preparation so i hope this video becomes useful in your tgt pdt preparation if you have any xElJ0Rjhvc8-00129-00088104-00088760 questions any doubt related to tgtpgt or any other exams related to english literature feel free to xElJ0Rjhvc8-00130-00088760-00089312 contact on the whatsapp number display there you can even give us a call on the number displayed xElJ0Rjhvc8-00131-00089312-00089904 on the screen apart from that don't forget to follow us on the social media platforms to receive xElJ0Rjhvc8-00132-00089904-00090520 latest updates about the exams conducted all over india related to the field of teaching xElJ0Rjhvc8-00133-00090600-00091144 and with that note i would like to take your leave i'll meet you very soon with my next video till xElJ0Rjhvc8-00134-00091144-00092584 the time we meet next happy learning keep loving literature and stay tuned to arpitakarwa.com xElJ0Rjhvc8-00135-00093248-00093256 you xEY03iiGLtE-00000-00000100-00000780 The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope is named after the famous astronomer Edwin Hubble. xEY03iiGLtE-00001-00000800-00001500 He discovered that there are galaxies outside of our own and that the Universe is expanding. xEY03iiGLtE-00002-00001532-00002300 However, these remarkable discoveries wouldn’t have been possible without one exceptional astronomer before him — xEY03iiGLtE-00003-00002300-00002600 Henrietta Swan Leavitt. xEY03iiGLtE-00004-00003500-00003900 Henrietta Leavitt — the woman who measured the Universe xEY03iiGLtE-00005-00004034-00004680 Henrietta Leavitt was born in Lancaster, Massachusetts in 1868. xEY03iiGLtE-00006-00004700-00005550 She studied at Oberlin College, Ohio, and then Harvard University's Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women. xEY03iiGLtE-00007-00005700-00006300 It wasn’t until her final year at university that she began to study astronomy — xEY03iiGLtE-00008-00006300-00006900 but this sparked a keen interest that she would pursue for the rest of her life. xEY03iiGLtE-00009-00007050-00007440 She began to work at Harvard Observatory as a “computer” xEY03iiGLtE-00010-00007440-00008000 — one of several skilled women hired to process astronomical data. xEY03iiGLtE-00011-00008106-00008600 She helped with cataloguing the brightness of every measurable star xEY03iiGLtE-00012-00008600-00009200 and was quickly promoted to be head of the photographic stellar photometry department. xEY03iiGLtE-00013-00009450-00009880 Supplied with photographic plates of the stars in the southern sky, xEY03iiGLtE-00014-00009880-00010550 Leavitt was tasked with classifying variable stars — ones that fluctuate in brightness. xEY03iiGLtE-00015-00010700-00011100 While studying these changing stars she noticed a pattern: xEY03iiGLtE-00016-00011100-00011600 the brighter the star, the longer the period of the fluctuations. xEY03iiGLtE-00017-00011600-00012200 The easily measured length of the star’s fluctuations directly leads to its brightness xEY03iiGLtE-00018-00012200-00012400 — and to its distance. xEY03iiGLtE-00019-00012500-00012888 The observation of these Cepheid variables turned out to be the key xEY03iiGLtE-00020-00012888-00013350 to a fundamental change in our understanding of the Universe. xEY03iiGLtE-00021-00013600-00014050 Edwin Hubble used this “measuring tape” to determine the distance xEY03iiGLtE-00022-00014050-00014500 to what was then known as the Andromeda nebula. xEY03iiGLtE-00023-00014550-00015100 The result showed that Andromeda was actually not part of the Milky Way xEY03iiGLtE-00024-00015100-00015500 but a galaxy on its own, millions of light-years away. xEY03iiGLtE-00025-00015600-00016400 Edwin Hubble discovered that our Universe contains many more galaxies than just the Milky Way. xEY03iiGLtE-00026-00016650-00017150 Hubble measured the distances to more and more galaxies using Leavitt’s Law. xEY03iiGLtE-00027-00017200-00018000 These measurements led him to another astounding deduction: the entire Universe is expanding. xEY03iiGLtE-00028-00018000-00018600 He gathered the first observational evidence for the big bang. xEY03iiGLtE-00029-00018950-00019450 Henrietta Swan Leavitt never knew the impact of her discovery. xEY03iiGLtE-00030-00019450-00020100 She died three years before Hubble announced his revelation about the Andromeda Galaxy. xEY03iiGLtE-00031-00020100-00020900 However, even today Leavitt’s discovery remains a vital foundation of modern cosmology xEY03iiGLtE-00032-00020900-00021400 and it is still used to determine the distances to galaxies. xEY03iiGLtE-00033-00022000-00022400 Hubblecast is produced by ESA/Hubble at the European Southern Observatory in Germany xEY03iiGLtE-00034-00022400-00022874 The Hubble mission is a project of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency. xEY03iiGLtE-00035-00022900-00023400 Subtitles by ESA/Hubble. Translation by --- xGkfRoaf6uy-00000-00000336-00000386 Hello there! xGkfRoaf6uy-00001-00000386-00000436 My name is Henrique xGkfRoaf6uy-00002-00000436-00000618 and in this vídeo we will talk about xGkfRoaf6uy-00003-00000618-00000938 automated instancing, a.k.a spawn xGkfRoaf6uy-00004-00001074-00001304 and for that we'll be using the Packed Scene Class xGkfRoaf6uy-00005-00001478-00001718 A spawner is an object that is used as reference xGkfRoaf6uy-00006-00001750-00002100 to instance other objects in a dynamic and automated way xGkfRoaf6uy-00007-00002148-00002332 generally in a predictable time intervals xGkfRoaf6uy-00008-00002332-00002562 which does not prevent us to make it with xGkfRoaf6uy-00009-00002582-00002726 random time interval instances xGkfRoaf6uy-00010-00002792-00002938 This kind of mechanic can be found xGkfRoaf6uy-00011-00002956-00003166 in many game genres, from MMORPGs xGkfRoaf6uy-00012-00003180-00003394 until runners and platformers. xGkfRoaf6uy-00013-00003429-00003618 It will depend on which kind of object xGkfRoaf6uy-00014-00003618-00003734 will be instantiated. xGkfRoaf6uy-00015-00003906-00004156 The spawner will consist of three major features: xGkfRoaf6uy-00016-00004204-00004390 What it should spawn, the object. xGkfRoaf6uy-00017-00004444-00004608 Where the object should be spawned xGkfRoaf6uy-00018-00004642-00004870 And the time interval between each spawn xGkfRoaf6uy-00019-00005004-00005212 Well, for that we will be using three classes xGkfRoaf6uy-00020-00005324-00005652 PackedScene, to handle the object which will be spawned xGkfRoaf6uy-00021-00005692-00006024 Position2D, just to serve as referece for the instances xGkfRoaf6uy-00022-00006104-00006422 And a Timer, to trigger the instancing events and xGkfRoaf6uy-00023-00006452-00006659 and to set the time interval between the spawns xGkfRoaf6uy-00024-00006758-00006994 Also, as an option, if you like, you can add xGkfRoaf6uy-00025-00007018-00007336 an AnimationPlayer to animate the Position2D xGkfRoaf6uy-00026-00007373-00007604 This way the spawns can be more dynamic. xGkfRoaf6uy-00027-00007804-00008181 To begin with, you can create a new Scene xGkfRoaf6uy-00028-00008210-00008430 and add the Position2D as the Trunk Node xGkfRoaf6uy-00029-00008446-00008610 in other words, the first node of the scene. xGkfRoaf6uy-00030-00008666-00008836 Also, add a new script to it. xGkfRoaf6uy-00031-00009058-00009314 Inside the script, you'll state all the variables xGkfRoaf6uy-00032-00009314-00009536 needed to accomplish our needs xGkfRoaf6uy-00033-00009570-00009816 In my case I'll state them by exporting them to the editor xGkfRoaf6uy-00034-00009842-00010216 this way each spawner can work in different ways with independent values xGkfRoaf6uy-00035-00010272-00010438 I'll understand soon. :3 xGkfRoaf6uy-00036-00011264-00011338 About these variables: xGkfRoaf6uy-00037-00011382-00011898 These two are references to the object that will be instantiate (spawned). xGkfRoaf6uy-00038-00011944-00012106 For those whom don't know, PackedScene xGkfRoaf6uy-00039-00012152-00012490 is the class responsable for handle every saved Scenes in Godot xGkfRoaf6uy-00040-00012798-00012913 Just an observation: xGkfRoaf6uy-00041-00012962-00013122 As the scenes are saved in the HD (disk) xGkfRoaf6uy-00042-00013160-00013400 we will need to load a reference in runtime xGkfRoaf6uy-00043-00013458-00013696 That's why when the node is ready in the scene xGkfRoaf6uy-00044-00013756-00013938 we will use the method "load". xGkfRoaf6uy-00045-00013994-00014291 It asks for the path of the resource that will be loaded xGkfRoaf6uy-00046-00014350-00014604 and then it loads the resource in runtime, dynamically. xGkfRoaf6uy-00047-00014632-00014956 Althout it is a little bit slower than "preload", that is static, but runs before the scene load. xGkfRoaf6uy-00048-00015196-00015468 The next two variables are references to the Timer Node xGkfRoaf6uy-00049-00015513-00015736 I make this way because it may happen that the scene hierarchy changes xGkfRoaf6uy-00050-00015752-00015952 during the project and stuff... xGkfRoaf6uy-00051-00015994-00016126 So that I don't have to change the code xGkfRoaf6uy-00052-00016152-00016334 I prefeer to change this kind of value in the Inspector xGkfRoaf6uy-00053-00016358-00016602 this way everything will still work if only the values change xGkfRoaf6uy-00054-00016758-00017130 The last two variables are used to set the time intervel between the spawns xGkfRoaf6uy-00055-00017456-00017750 Well, now we can setup our scene. xGkfRoaf6uy-00056-00017838-00018138 You can add a Timer, and connect its "Timout" signal to the trunk xGkfRoaf6uy-00057-00018172-00018444 Also, don't forget to turn on the "OneShot" option xGkfRoaf6uy-00058-00018476-00018612 so that the spawns don't get out of control xGkfRoaf6uy-00059-00018810-00019010 If you like to, add an AnimationPlayer too, xGkfRoaf6uy-00060-00019068-00019456 and animate the object's position to give more dynamic to the spawner. xGkfRoaf6uy-00061-00019518-00019954 This way it will always spawn in a position different from the last one xGkfRoaf6uy-00062-00019954-00020116 this adds a pinch of randomness to the game xGkfRoaf6uy-00063-00020388-00020828 Back to the script, in the function created when we connected the Timeout signal xGkfRoaf6uy-00064-00020890-00021168 we will implement the spawn logic. xGkfRoaf6uy-00065-00021208-00021518 To do that, we will state a variable that is an instance, in other words xGkfRoaf6uy-00066-00021548-00021914 a copy of the PackedScene we setted in the beginning. xGkfRoaf6uy-00067-00022080-00022280 Now we will work with that instance. xGkfRoaf6uy-00068-00022356-00022662 First, let's include it inside the process tree, a.k.a the Scene Tree. xGkfRoaf6uy-00069-00022742-00023268 To do so, we will add it as a child of the spawner parent xGkfRoaf6uy-00070-00023354-00023624 We will do that because if we add it as child of the spawner xGkfRoaf6uy-00071-00023652-00023764 and if the spawner is moving xGkfRoaf6uy-00072-00023814-00024130 the instance will move with the spawner, and we don't want that, do we? xGkfRoaf6uy-00073-00024222-00024806 We will use the spawner position only as a reference to the instance xGkfRoaf6uy-00074-00025020-00025318 After the part of include the object in the scene xGkfRoaf6uy-00075-00025330-00025656 we just need to restart the Timer, and set a new wait time. xGkfRoaf6uy-00076-00025694-00026145 For this we will take a random value between the minimum and the maximum values xGkfRoaf6uy-00077-00026145-00026244 we declared up there. xGkfRoaf6uy-00078-00026344-00026577 And then start the Timer again. xGkfRoaf6uy-00079-00026644-00026824 For those who didn't understand this part xGkfRoaf6uy-00080-00026854-00027024 the Timer class is like a clock. xGkfRoaf6uy-00081-00027068-00027516 It has a function to define the wait time and another to start the countdown. xGkfRoaf6uy-00082-00027574-00027824 When the countdown reaches zero, it will emit the TimeOut signal. xGkfRoaf6uy-00083-00027980-00028422 We will repeat the Timer block inside the _ready() function call xGkfRoaf6uy-00084-00028477-00028733 So that it will trigger the other part of the code automatically. xGkfRoaf6uy-00085-00028770-00029036 Ahh! And don't you forget to call the "randomize()" function xGkfRoaf6uy-00086-00029080-00029394 This way we will guarantee that the time intervals will always be different xGkfRoaf6uy-00087-00029414-00029572 everytime the game starts. xGkfRoaf6uy-00088-00029704-00029939 Well, now you just have to set the values of the exported variables. xGkfRoaf6uy-00089-00029962-00030427 Set the object that will be instantiated, state the Timer path, set the time interval xGkfRoaf6uy-00090-00030462-00030814 and also set the animation to autoplay, in case you made one. xGkfRoaf6uy-00091-00030892-00031154 And if everything went well this is the expected outcome. xGkfRoaf6uy-00092-00032260-00032600 I hope you guys enjoyed, please comment what you think about the video xGkfRoaf6uy-00093-00032600-00032764 your doubts and stuff. xGkfRoaf6uy-00094-00032844-00033120 And that's all folks, keep developing and until next time. xHI7U2N0tSu-00000-00000073-00000220 Hello everyone! xHI7U2N0tSu-00001-00000263-00000660 Thanks for tuning in to the latest episode of Hed's unboxing. xHI7U2N0tSu-00002-00000710-00001013 This time I have another Hot Toys figure to show you. xHI7U2N0tSu-00003-00001060-00001313 It is the advanced suit Spider-Man xHI7U2N0tSu-00004-00001343-00001536 from the video game of the same name. xHI7U2N0tSu-00005-00001553-00001756 Simply called Spider-Man! xHI7U2N0tSu-00006-00001830-00002176 I have to admit I am not that big into video games xHI7U2N0tSu-00007-00002220-00002530 but when I saw this Spider-Man for the first time xHI7U2N0tSu-00008-00002550-00002753 it was love at first sight. xHI7U2N0tSu-00009-00002840-00003216 With the big with spider it has some new design elements xHI7U2N0tSu-00010-00003233-00003603 but it is not too far away from the classic red and blue suit. xHI7U2N0tSu-00011-00003670-00003950 You can easily tell this is Spider-Man xHI7U2N0tSu-00012-00003976-00004310 but maybe a bit different from the guy you used to know. xHI7U2N0tSu-00013-00004653-00004840 Like most Hot Toys figures xHI7U2N0tSu-00014-00004863-00005213 this Spider-man comes with bunch of extra accessories. xHI7U2N0tSu-00015-00005233-00005510 Most of them you only will recognise xHI7U2N0tSu-00016-00005510-00005676 if you have mastered the video game. xHI7U2N0tSu-00017-00005820-00006036 We've got many different hands. xHI7U2N0tSu-00018-00006066-00006450 But this other stuff? I really don't know what all this is. xHI7U2N0tSu-00019-00006516-00006813 But I have to admit I just started with the video game. xHI7U2N0tSu-00020-00007023-00007216 With the figure out of the box xHI7U2N0tSu-00021-00007216-00007400 it is time for a closer look. xHI7U2N0tSu-00022-00007509-00007736 This Spider-Man looks amazing xHI7U2N0tSu-00023-00007759-00007963 And the costume is real clothing xHI7U2N0tSu-00024-00008030-00008223 not just printed plastic. xHI7U2N0tSu-00025-00008246-00008510 You can easily tell this is much more xHI7U2N0tSu-00026-00008510-00008656 then a cheap action figure. xHI7U2N0tSu-00027-00008840-00009126 The only thing that looks a little bit out of place xHI7U2N0tSu-00028-00009126-00009333 is the head with the face-mask. xHI7U2N0tSu-00029-00009373-00009613 Because it is indeed plastic! xHI7U2N0tSu-00030-00009653-00009876 I guess there was no other way to do it. xHI7U2N0tSu-00031-00009966-00010173 Because you can customize it a bit. xHI7U2N0tSu-00032-00010233-00010373 You can change the eyes. xHI7U2N0tSu-00033-00010536-00010776 It is very easy to do and requires xHI7U2N0tSu-00034-00010776-00010960 no additional tools. xHI7U2N0tSu-00035-00011003-00011306 The eyes are just hold in place by little magnets. xHI7U2N0tSu-00036-00011510-00011770 As you can see very easy indeed. xHI7U2N0tSu-00037-00011833-00011973 And still looking good. xHI7U2N0tSu-00038-00012073-00012250 So you can change the eyes every day xHI7U2N0tSu-00039-00012250-00012433 depending on your mood. xHI7U2N0tSu-00040-00012676-00012960 I like the video game Spider-Man a lot. xHI7U2N0tSu-00041-00013006-00013216 And not only because of the looks. xHI7U2N0tSu-00042-00013246-00013613 In the game we have a more experienced Spider-Man , older. xHI7U2N0tSu-00043-00013716-00014069 I am really tired of seeing Peter Parker as a hight school kid xHI7U2N0tSu-00044-00014103-00014316 in each new Spider-Man movie. xHI7U2N0tSu-00045-00014416-00014650 If you are reading the comics then you know xHI7U2N0tSu-00046-00014703-00014933 Peter is out of school a long time. xHI7U2N0tSu-00047-00014956-00015156 Why do the people in Hollywood think xHI7U2N0tSu-00048-00015173-00015416 this is the Spider-Man we want to see? xHI7U2N0tSu-00049-00015460-00015673 Just give as an adult Spider-Man. xHI7U2N0tSu-00050-00015719-00015923 A guy who knows what he is doing. xHI7U2N0tSu-00051-00016146-00016346 But now back to the figure. xHI7U2N0tSu-00052-00016413-00016620 Let's have a look at al the other goodies xHI7U2N0tSu-00053-00016620-00016753 Hot Toys gave us. xHI7U2N0tSu-00054-00016820-00017160 Like I said before I only recognise have of the things. xHI7U2N0tSu-00055-00017246-00017463 But here we have some nice webbing xHI7U2N0tSu-00056-00017463-00017646 we can use with our Spider-Man. xHI7U2N0tSu-00057-00017736-00017933 Let's see how this will turn out. xHI7U2N0tSu-00058-00018230-00018366 I have to admit xHI7U2N0tSu-00059-00018400-00018663 I am not a big fan of accessories like this. xHI7U2N0tSu-00060-00018753-00018973 The figures from Hot Toys sometimes xHI7U2N0tSu-00061-00018973-00019136 come with strange parts. xHI7U2N0tSu-00062-00019166-00019363 Like fire and explosions xHI7U2N0tSu-00063-00019363-00019503 and stuff like this. xHI7U2N0tSu-00064-00019556-00019806 For me they always look fake xHI7U2N0tSu-00065-00019806-00019973 so I don't like them much. xHI7U2N0tSu-00066-00020020-00020160 But let's try it out anyway xHI7U2N0tSu-00067-00020160-00020343 and see what we have got. xHI7U2N0tSu-00068-00020570-00020716 Not too bad! xHI7U2N0tSu-00069-00020740-00020936 But I will go without the webbing. xHI7U2N0tSu-00070-00021023-00021270 There are some other goodies I like much more. xHI7U2N0tSu-00071-00021320-00021543 Like this cute little Spider-Man figure, xHI7U2N0tSu-00072-00021620-00021833 I have no idea what it is good for xHI7U2N0tSu-00073-00021900-00022076 but it fits perfectly in his hand. xHI7U2N0tSu-00074-00022316-00022563 Before this video comes to an end xHI7U2N0tSu-00075-00022606-00022900 let's take the chance and have a look at this figure in the sunlight. xHI7U2N0tSu-00076-00023040-00023200 The colors look great! xHI7U2N0tSu-00077-00023236-00023450 This is indeed an amazing figure! xHI7U2N0tSu-00078-00023503-00023803 The advanced suit Spider-Man is a great addition xHI7U2N0tSu-00079-00023830-00024013 for any Hot Toys collector. xHI7U2N0tSu-00080-00024150-00024526 There is one more thing that is always very important to me: xHI7U2N0tSu-00081-00024573-00024840 The figure is able to stand on its own. xHI7U2N0tSu-00082-00024870-00025010 On its own feet. xHI7U2N0tSu-00083-00025036-00025226 So if you don't want to use the stand xHI7U2N0tSu-00084-00025260-00025356 You don't need it. xHI7U2N0tSu-00085-00025540-00025839 And that is all I wanted to show you this time. xHI7U2N0tSu-00086-00025860-00026143 If you like this Spider-Man as much as I do xHI7U2N0tSu-00087-00026170-00026366 please leave a comment for the video. xHI7U2N0tSu-00088-00026416-00026626 And don't forget to subscribe. xHI7U2N0tSu-00089-00026653-00026976 I will be back with some more unboxing very soon. xHRGdMyPT6o-00000-00000000-00000413 Soft music plays. xHRGdMyPT6o-00001-00000584-00001009 Barbara Thiers: A herbarium is a collection of dried plant specimens. xHRGdMyPT6o-00002-00001023-00001551 They have plants from the past six centuries that document what plants grew where. xHRGdMyPT6o-00003-00001551-00002481 There’s about 8 million, probably 7.95 million (laughs), as best we can tell. xHRGdMyPT6o-00004-00002541-00002978 The goal of a herbarium isn’t really to have just one of each kind xHRGdMyPT6o-00005-00002990-00003365 like you might if you were stamp-collecting, or maybe even a library. xHRGdMyPT6o-00006-00003378-00003672 No, the goal is to have many representatives. xHRGdMyPT6o-00007-00003741-00004025 Anyone with a legitimate excuse to study our specimens can. xHRGdMyPT6o-00008-00004025-00004514 And what they’re mostly doing is studying them to see if they’re correctly named, xHRGdMyPT6o-00009-00004529-00004953 to see where they grow, and maybe to do some DNA sampling of them as well. xHRGdMyPT6o-00010-00005139-00005630 Doug Soltis: So the value of using herbarium collections, you can xHRGdMyPT6o-00011-00005691-00006188 access and take samples from numerous species xHRGdMyPT6o-00012-00006275-00006607 you know, all in a short timeframe, because they’re all there, xHRGdMyPT6o-00013-00006629-00006800 in one place. xHRGdMyPT6o-00014-00006820-00007334 Pam Soltis: The sampling from a herbarium specimen can really be pretty simple. xHRGdMyPT6o-00015-00007339-00007666 For example, the herbarium at the New York Botanical Garden. xHRGdMyPT6o-00016-00007667-00008497 We usually only need as much leaf tissue as, like, the size of your thumbnail in order to get enough DNA to do this sort of study. xHRGdMyPT6o-00017-00008514-00008950 If you want DNA out of something bad enough, you can probably find a way to get it. xHRGdMyPT6o-00018-00008982-00009645 Now, we’re actually doing much more sophisticated work at the genomic level, where they’re actually looking at individual genes. xHRGdMyPT6o-00019-00009656-00010247 And that’s what the Soltises are doing, they’re looking at the genes for the origin of nitrogen fixation. xHRGdMyPT6o-00020-00010252-00010452 Soft music plays. xHRGdMyPT6o-00021-00010913-00012329 Really for decades, plant geneticists have been interested in trying to engineer this nitrogen-fixing, symbiotic capability into plants that don’t currently have that. xHRGdMyPT6o-00022-00012336-00013085 And if that were the case, you could imagine that crop plants that are not able to do this, wouldn’t need fertilizer. xHRGdMyPT6o-00023-00013157-00013673 So what we’ve done with the massive increase in DNA sequencing capability is xHRGdMyPT6o-00024-00013676-00014287 take a look at about 15,000 of those species in this group of plants, the nitrogen fixing group. xHRGdMyPT6o-00025-00014293-00014578 And so for the first time we’re getting a really good picture xHRGdMyPT6o-00026-00014586-00014895 of where this trait appears, where it’s lost. xHRGdMyPT6o-00027-00014896-00015342 So now we can take a look at those same genes on a really massive scale, xHRGdMyPT6o-00028-00015342-00015882 across this entire group of plants, and those will really allow us to, xHRGdMyPT6o-00029-00015882-00016363 you know, kind of tease apart the underlying genetic machinery that makes this happen. xHRGdMyPT6o-00030-00016475-00017082 I think studies like this show the value of these enormous herbarium collections. xHRGdMyPT6o-00031-00017093-00017488 And collections in general become more valuable with time. xHRGdMyPT6o-00032-00017502-00018117 Because there’s so many cool things that we can do today that we couldn't do 20, 40, 50 years ago. xHRGdMyPT6o-00033-00018117-00018290 And I think that trend will continue. xHRGdMyPT6o-00034-00018290-00018737 We’ll be doing things with collections 50 years from now that we probably can't imagine now. xHRGdMyPT6o-00035-00018745-00018800 Soft music plays. xHRGdMyPT6o-00036-00018814-00018986 We’re actively adding. xHRGdMyPT6o-00037-00018986-00019393 It’s important that we keep collecting, because if we want to continue to document xHRGdMyPT6o-00038-00019394-00020000 how vegetation has changed over time, which is going to have a huge impact on humanity, xHRGdMyPT6o-00039-00020011-00020544 because we depend on plants for everything, then we have to keep collecting them through this period of change, xHRGdMyPT6o-00040-00020544-00021041 so that people in the future will be able to see the evidence of how change happened, through the plants. xHRGdMyPT6o-00041-00021045-00021245 Soft music fades away. xIJG6z2D-44-00000-00001517-00002202 Welcome back to the NPTEL lecture series on Bioelectricity. So, we have finished the eight xIJG6z2D-44-00001-00002202-00002789 lectures, now we are into the ninth lecture. In the last lecture, we talked about the microelectrode xIJG6z2D-44-00002-00002789-00003521 array and I requested you people please go online and check the real image of microelectrode xIJG6z2D-44-00003-00003521-00004205 array. So, one of the things what people are currently trying to do, so we will briefly xIJG6z2D-44-00004-00004205-00004762 talk about the applications of microelectrode array what people are trying to do. So and xIJG6z2D-44-00005-00004762-00005300 then we will move on to the intracellular recording. So, one of the things, what needs xIJG6z2D-44-00006-00005300-00005864 a bit of visualization is that think of this whole brain its thousands and thousands and xIJG6z2D-44-00007-00005864-00006514 thousands of neuron making multiple circuits out there something like that. xIJG6z2D-44-00008-00006514-00006848 If you have to visualize the brain, it will be something like this. So for example, this xIJG6z2D-44-00009-00006848-00008407 is your brain, and this is the brain stem and here you have the brain. Now at any point, if you pick up xIJG6z2D-44-00010-00008407-00009240 any particular point and if you magnify what essentially you will see the series of neurons like this xIJG6z2D-44-00011-00009240-00010621 sitting out there, functionally dynamic state. It is a complex network something like this. xIJG6z2D-44-00012-00010621-00011307 And in between you have the glial cell and likewise series of supporting cells something xIJG6z2D-44-00013-00011307-00012365 like this. So, at one point of time, in this network, it has been estimated that one neuron xIJG6z2D-44-00014-00012365-00013071 receives could receive the ability to receive signals from ten thousand other neurons. In xIJG6z2D-44-00015-00013071-00013634 other word, what that translates down into at one point of time a neuron on it is surface xIJG6z2D-44-00016-00013634-00014190 has ten thousand synopsis something like this. Say for example, if this is single neuron xIJG6z2D-44-00017-00014190-00016034 and this is the axon, and here you have the dendritic tree something like this. This is the nucleus. xIJG6z2D-44-00018-00016034-00016923 So, this neuron at one point can receive signal from say ten thousand different xIJG6z2D-44-00019-00016923-00018483 sources like this. I could only draw certain feasible space I have; I mean I have limited xIJG6z2D-44-00020-00018483-00019120 space; I cannot draw all of them to just to show you. So, one of the critical challenge xIJG6z2D-44-00021-00019120-00019887 of the modern neuroscience as a whole is how really to understand, how a network functions, xIJG6z2D-44-00022-00019887-00020320 because in a complex brain, it is exceptionally challenging. Most of the time, when you are xIJG6z2D-44-00023-00020320-00020873 inserting certain electrode what you record is a field potential. What I meant by field xIJG6z2D-44-00024-00020873-00021390 potential is that say for example, I have a electrode cell, I am showing like like this, xIJG6z2D-44-00025-00021390-00022381 I have this electrode out there. This electrode will only measure something like this, and xIJG6z2D-44-00026-00022381-00023090 this region all the activities which are taking place out here in a broad region that is all xIJG6z2D-44-00027-00023090-00023531 it does. So, a electrode recording like that cannot xIJG6z2D-44-00028-00023531-00024198 really pin point what is happening at a small will show like this or it cannot really pin xIJG6z2D-44-00029-00024198-00024848 point the cellular events which are taking place. What you are getting is something a xIJG6z2D-44-00030-00024848-00025545 aggregation of say ten thousand neurons at one spot or like you know five thousand neuron, xIJG6z2D-44-00031-00025545-00026119 of course, it depends on how smaller is the size of your electrode, how finer the electrode xIJG6z2D-44-00032-00026119-00026852 is you get the field study. The summation of the electrical activities of population xIJG6z2D-44-00033-00026852-00027844 of neuron that is essentially is helpful for several to understand the rhythms and several, xIJG6z2D-44-00034-00027844-00028292 I mean circadian activities all though there are several things leap and all those things, xIJG6z2D-44-00035-00028292-00029154 but that is not really the way you can figure out what exactly is happening at individual cells. xIJG6z2D-44-00036-00029154-00029406 Say for example, I have a drug which is targeted xIJG6z2D-44-00037-00029406-00029925 to specific kind of neuron or say for example, I have a drug which is getting into the brain, xIJG6z2D-44-00038-00029925-00030433 I have no idea what it is doing to the individual cell, for that you need different approach. xIJG6z2D-44-00039-00030433-00031062 So, most of these approaches depends on individual culture model. What does that mean, there xIJG6z2D-44-00040-00031062-00031719 are two ways how you can approach use the electrical power or the bioelectrical techniques xIJG6z2D-44-00041-00031719-00032231 for understanding biological phenomenon. One is that you insert an electrode or you poke xIJG6z2D-44-00042-00032231-00032774 an electrode in a live animal this is one way. Where the live animal, the animal is xIJG6z2D-44-00043-00032774-00033101 moving around and you are recording, in a real time you are recording the events, which xIJG6z2D-44-00044-00033101-00033779 are taking place that is one way which is nevertheless one of the most powerful profound xIJG6z2D-44-00045-00033779-00034401 way to do it. But, that would not give you any ideas I was mentioning you about individual xIJG6z2D-44-00046-00034401-00034804 cell what is happening. In order to understand individual cell, you xIJG6z2D-44-00047-00034804-00035292 have to go down to at the cellular level and that you cannot do in the live system then xIJG6z2D-44-00048-00035292-00035861 you have to either take out the part of the tissue outside the system you can make a slice xIJG6z2D-44-00049-00035861-00036401 you can do the slice. On the slice, you can keep the slice alive for six to ten hours; xIJG6z2D-44-00050-00036401-00037024 and on that slice, you can do recordings. There is another way where you place the slice xIJG6z2D-44-00051-00037024-00037583 on the microelectrode array what I have shown last time. So, in that situation what you xIJG6z2D-44-00052-00037583-00038109 are essentially doing is, you are keeping the site to architecture intact. xIJG6z2D-44-00053-00038109-00038721 So, for graphical representation what I am trying to tell you, so these are the different xIJG6z2D-44-00054-00038721-00039672 technique. So, this is the live animal. Say for example, if this is, these are recording xIJG6z2D-44-00055-00039672-00040944 techniques - live animal recording. So, you have electrode either implanted like this xIJG6z2D-44-00056-00040944-00041728 or you have surface electrode like this, and the animal is alive. This is the spinal cord xIJG6z2D-44-00057-00041728-00043068 likewise you know and essentially what you are recording are the field potentials. The xIJG6z2D-44-00058-00043068-00043712 other set of recording out here, which is you cannot do it in the live animals, so this xIJG6z2D-44-00059-00043712-00045546 will give you field potential of a population of neuron. So, if I had to say the drawback xIJG6z2D-44-00060-00045546-00047619 drawback as DB. Do not provide information for cellular event then this takes us to the xIJG6z2D-44-00061-00047619-00049081 next level, how to understand xIJG6z2D-44-00062-00049081-00051002 cellular event. For cellular event, you need to have what we call in vitro recording and xIJG6z2D-44-00063-00051002-00051736 what we essentially call this technique as in vivo or in animal recording. So, to in xIJG6z2D-44-00064-00051736-00052334 vitro recording, so in the next slide, we are moving different techniques of in vitro recording. xIJG6z2D-44-00065-00052958-00054298 So, say for example, if I look at all the excitable tissues, so one of them is your xIJG6z2D-44-00066-00054298-00056087 brain and you spinal cord then you have the heart, here is the brain and SC. So, essentially xIJG6z2D-44-00067-00056087-00057727 you have two major techniques, one is slice recording, the other one is disassociated xIJG6z2D-44-00068-00057727-00060120 cell culture recording. What you meant by slice recording? So, in the next slide, we xIJG6z2D-44-00069-00060120-00060366 will talk about what meant by slice recording. xIJG6z2D-44-00070-00060366-00061002 So, say for example, this part - this is the brain, you anesthetize the animal, you remove xIJG6z2D-44-00071-00061002-00061530 the brain, and you kill the animal. And we know that this is one of the area which is xIJG6z2D-44-00072-00061530-00062489 called hippocampus which is involved in learning and memory campus. We will talk more about xIJG6z2D-44-00073-00062489-00063749 it when we will talk about learning and memory involved in learning and memory. So, what xIJG6z2D-44-00074-00063749-00064745 you do essentially you take out that organ like this and then you make slices something xIJG6z2D-44-00075-00064745-00066167 like, you make slices like this. So, you essentially get you can make slices in different in different xIJG6z2D-44-00076-00066167-00066933 ways. So, you essentially get a very thin tissue like this and then you put them in xIJG6z2D-44-00077-00066933-00067907 a chamber immolating the condition of the brain either tissue is sitting like this. xIJG6z2D-44-00078-00067907-00068829 So, here is the extra cellular fluid with different energy source to make this tissue xIJG6z2D-44-00079-00068829-00069758 survive and when you approach already the cyto architecture is all maintained. Just xIJG6z2D-44-00081-00073052-00073616 what you are getting you are putting the electrode, which I showing black like this and you start xIJG6z2D-44-00082-00073616-00073927 doing the recording. xIJG6z2D-44-00083-00073927-00075122 So, this is essentially is talking about the slice recording, and slice recording is a xIJG6z2D-44-00084-00075122-00075907 very popular because you architecture remains intact, you can really poke there, so the xIJG6z2D-44-00085-00075907-00076305 circuits remain intact, you can really poke the electrode at a specific zone of the circuit xIJG6z2D-44-00086-00076305-00076808 and stimulate one circuit. And say for example, in this diagram if I just highlight this further. xIJG6z2D-44-00087-00076808-00077637 So, it will be something like this, if this is the part of the tissue, so for example, xIJG6z2D-44-00088-00077637-00078432 if this is the hippocampus is almost like this and it is known that hippocampus has xIJG6z2D-44-00089-00078432-00079697 something like this. So, hippocampus has different circuits on its system something like this xIJG6z2D-44-00090-00079697-00080382 c a 1, c a 2, c a 3 - these are the circuits within hippocampus. We are coming in-depth xIJG6z2D-44-00091-00080382-00081185 on this one after word. So, now, what you can do now to study this different circuits xIJG6z2D-44-00092-00081185-00081729 and connectivity you can poke electrode here, you can stimulate here ,you can do a recording xIJG6z2D-44-00093-00081729-00082294 from here or you can poke a electrode here, you can to a simultaneous recording from here xIJG6z2D-44-00094-00082294-00082789 or you can do it form here you can floe here like wise. Or you can stimulate here and you xIJG6z2D-44-00095-00082789-00083437 see how it is distributing on both sides likewise, and you can put multiple electrode, so this xIJG6z2D-44-00096-00083437-00084201 is another advantage. And you can do two kind of recording here, xIJG6z2D-44-00097-00084201-00085193 you can do sharp electrode recording which I have already talked and you can also do xIJG6z2D-44-00098-00085193-00086624 something called which I have not discussed yet patch clamp recording. We have not discussed xIJG6z2D-44-00099-00086624-00087170 about it, but this definitely discussed with people, and some people even tried to take xIJG6z2D-44-00100-00087170-00088161 this whole circuit and take this whole slice and put it on top of a microelectrode array xIJG6z2D-44-00101-00088161-00089697 on a planer mea. This whole circuit is placed on a planer mea. If you guys have seen it, xIJG6z2D-44-00102-00089697-00090801 it is something looks like this. Please again I request you kindly go online and check the xIJG6z2D-44-00103-00090801-00091645 structure that will help you, and the circuits sits like this something like this. xIJG6z2D-44-00104-00091645-00092549 So, you see these are different techniques which are being used to understand the functioning xIJG6z2D-44-00105-00092549-00093220 of the brain by extra cellular. So, this is what I showed you in planer micro electrode xIJG6z2D-44-00106-00093220-00093750 array is a extra cellular pattern of recording then you could have intra cellular electrode xIJG6z2D-44-00107-00093750-00094180 and you could have patch clamp. Patch clamp, I have not discussed with you people what xIJG6z2D-44-00108-00094180-00094917 I am going to discuss after this. So, this is one way, but there is another way which xIJG6z2D-44-00109-00094917-00095512 is the third way and which is so you have to realize the drawback of slice recording xIJG6z2D-44-00110-00095512-00096399 is this. Slice recording cannot last more than six to ten hours. It is really trucked xIJG6z2D-44-00111-00096399-00096905 off, because it is three-dimensional tissue out there, which is already taken out from xIJG6z2D-44-00112-00096905-00097605 the system, it is not really adapted. So, for maybe you can make it last of eighteen xIJG6z2D-44-00113-00097605-00098252 hours maybe, may be a day if you are exceptionally good, but the problem is that whenever we xIJG6z2D-44-00114-00098252-00098917 talk about the drug trials, chronic situations, chronic experiments the story changes. Why xIJG6z2D-44-00115-00098917-00099475 the story changes, because it will realize that say for example, I put a drug, and drug xIJG6z2D-44-00116-00099475-00100267 will be acting over a period of months and may be sometime years. And most of the animal xIJG6z2D-44-00117-00100267-00101049 trials are really costly, whenever an on long term effects at the cellular level at times get missed. xIJG6z2D-44-00118-00101049-00101472 Say for example, if you go back to the slide xIJG6z2D-44-00119-00101472-00102050 where I showing you the real animal situation. Say for example, I injected a drug into this xIJG6z2D-44-00120-00102050-00102652 animal. Now this is circulating all over the body, all over the place. So, it is really xIJG6z2D-44-00121-00102652-00103420 tough to know exactly what is happening at the individual cellular level; and over a xIJG6z2D-44-00122-00103420-00104025 period of time, how it works. Chronic experiments are really tricky and really tough to do. xIJG6z2D-44-00123-00104025-00104927 And on top of that with animal ethics and the cost of animal, every drug discovery really xIJG6z2D-44-00124-00104927-00105528 take a huge amount of funding, huge and that is how when the drug comes to market it becomes xIJG6z2D-44-00125-00105528-00106158 so costly, it is not costly because this drug is out of the world. It is costly because xIJG6z2D-44-00126-00106158-00107105 it has to go through all the different channels of screening and those screening takes enormous xIJG6z2D-44-00127-00107105-00107802 money, enormous amount of funding is required, so that capital investment essentially jack xIJG6z2D-44-00128-00107802-00108204 up the price of a drug when it comes to the market. xIJG6z2D-44-00129-00108204-00108874 So, now coming back, what is the other technique, and specially these kind of drugs are exceptionally xIJG6z2D-44-00130-00108874-00109306 costly when you talk about the nervous system or the cardiac system which are kind of you xIJG6z2D-44-00131-00109306-00110008 know pretty much your life line a cardiac drug. It is not easy, I mean it is really xIJG6z2D-44-00132-00110008-00110674 tricky, you have to go through all possible channels of hoops before there are drug kind xIJG6z2D-44-00133-00110674-00111680 of gets in the system. So, coming back where we aware about, what is the third technique, xIJG6z2D-44-00134-00111680-00112207 so we talked about the slice recording. Now we talk about the third set of recording which xIJG6z2D-44-00135-00112207-00112748 is fairly old, yet fairly new also, there are two aspects of it. xIJG6z2D-44-00136-00112748-00113303 What you do essentially here, so from this diagram itself, let us start to draw. What xIJG6z2D-44-00137-00113303-00113903 you do here, say for example, I wanted to have understand about the hippocampus. What xIJG6z2D-44-00138-00113903-00114679 I will do is that I will pull out the hippocampus I will break the hippocampus in the sense xIJG6z2D-44-00139-00114679-00115306 I will disassociate the cells of the hippocampus by doing by using different enzymes or different xIJG6z2D-44-00140-00115306-00115843 mechanical ways. So, if you look at this circuit now, so at the cellular level if you try to xIJG6z2D-44-00141-00115843-00116533 look at this circuit, the circuit is essentially nothing but series of neuron sitting like xIJG6z2D-44-00142-00116533-00117913 this, like this, thousands and thousands of neurons sitting like this. And they are making xIJG6z2D-44-00143-00117913-00118563 circuit at different level and this is just the of top layer I am showing in multiple xIJG6z2D-44-00144-00118730-00119527 layers and likewise. They are arranged in a specific array, specific circuit and everything. xIJG6z2D-44-00145-00119527-00120351 Now what we do is that you take this hippocampus take this out, take this whole thing out or xIJG6z2D-44-00146-00120351-00120981 you can take any part of it if you are very good at dissection or something. Then take xIJG6z2D-44-00147-00120981-00121800 this out and say for example, you have collected that part of the tissue out here like wise xIJG6z2D-44-00148-00121800-00122491 in an extra cellular fluid, then you break the tissue, and this breaking of the tissue xIJG6z2D-44-00149-00122491-00124495 is called disassociation, disassociation of tissue into single cell suspension. What we xIJG6z2D-44-00150-00124495-00125133 mean by single cell suspension, it means now you have all these individual components what xIJG6z2D-44-00151-00125133-00126008 I was drawing are separated out something like this. In that process of course, the xIJG6z2D-44-00152-00126008-00126535 tissue undergo a lot of damage or something, but those, which survive are important for you. xIJG6z2D-44-00153-00126719-00127201 Now you take these neurons and the accessory cells depending on you have the different xIJG6z2D-44-00154-00127201-00127740 mode of that you can purify at this stage you can, so if you have the neural tissue xIJG6z2D-44-00155-00127740-00129033 in case of say neural tissue, you can purify the neural tissue, you can have the glial cells separated which are xIJG6z2D-44-00156-00129033-00129843 the supporting cells. You have the neurons separated out. And then you put them in a dish to grow of xIJG6z2D-44-00157-00129843-00130508 course, they would not grow just in the thin layer, you need do you a bit of a homework, xIJG6z2D-44-00158-00130508-00130996 you have to coat this dish with something on with they prefer to grow some kind of substrate xIJG6z2D-44-00159-00130996-00131760 on which these neurons will grow. So, this is the substrate; and on top of the xIJG6z2D-44-00160-00131984-00132746 substrate, you have the neurons growing like this. So, if you get a top view of this something xIJG6z2D-44-00161-00132746-00133839 like a top view little look like this, neurons are all over the place like wise. It will xIJG6z2D-44-00162-00133839-00136225 be a random connection between different neurons, this is a dissociated neuronal culture. So, xIJG6z2D-44-00163-00136225-00136916 these dissociated neuronal culture, now you can approach the individual cell with individual xIJG6z2D-44-00164-00136916-00137329 electrodes. You can have a sharp electrode like this. You can approach the individual xIJG6z2D-44-00165-00137329-00138172 cell, and you can monitor several events you could put x, y, z compounds out here say for xIJG6z2D-44-00166-00138172-00138778 example, compound a, compound b likewise and there is another compound out here or a third xIJG6z2D-44-00167-00138778-00139726 compound out here likewise, and we can figure out their what they do. xIJG6z2D-44-00168-00139726-00140575 So, this technique gives you an access to the individual cells in disassociated culture xIJG6z2D-44-00169-00140575-00141215 this is what it does, but it comes with a drawback. Drawback is that I told you in the xIJG6z2D-44-00170-00141215-00141928 previous slice preparation the cyto architecture is maintained. In other word, if you go back, xIJG6z2D-44-00171-00141928-00142599 so the circuit is all maintained out circuit is not getting destroyed, but out here what xIJG6z2D-44-00172-00142599-00143382 you did, once you disassociate everything, then there is a random connectivity; you do xIJG6z2D-44-00173-00143382-00144489 not have really a control on their connectivity. So, there is a random connectivity. xIJG6z2D-44-00174-00144489-00145332 So, this network is forming in a very very random manner, you really cannot dictate that xIJG6z2D-44-00175-00145332-00145758 how many synopsis are forming, you really cannot have any control, but eventually it xIJG6z2D-44-00176-00145758-00146412 becomes really cumbersome to detect. Say for example, think of a practical situation if xIJG6z2D-44-00177-00146412-00146790 this is I level at this as A, and I level this as B, this as C, this is D, this is E, xIJG6z2D-44-00178-00146790-00147613 this is F, this is G, this is H, this is I, and J likewise. Now say for example, a signal xIJG6z2D-44-00179-00147613-00148227 is getting originated from here, and I am seeing the signal is all over the place. Now xIJG6z2D-44-00180-00148524-00149305 I really do not know how the signal have moved, I really cannot trace it, because signal may xIJG6z2D-44-00181-00149305-00150104 move like this, signal may move like this, signal may move like this, signal may take xIJG6z2D-44-00182-00150104-00150688 back turn and likewise signal may have connectivity like this. So, there is no way I can figure xIJG6z2D-44-00183-00150688-00151385 out how the network exactly functions. So, network behavior is really tricky, it xIJG6z2D-44-00184-00151385-00152000 is almost the same situation as when you do a field potential measurement. You really xIJG6z2D-44-00185-00152000-00152684 have no control about the number of cells which will be involved in generating that xIJG6z2D-44-00186-00152684-00153297 signal. So, you really do not know, and more over you really cannot in a random circuit, xIJG6z2D-44-00187-00153297-00153960 it is really difficult to keep a tab at the changes at individual synopsis, because at xIJG6z2D-44-00188-00153960-00154528 individual synopsis, it is again getting connectivity from multiple sources, because it is random. xIJG6z2D-44-00189-00154528-00155035 There is no way that you can control that connectivity, because anything gets from connection xIJG6z2D-44-00190-00155035-00155936 with anybody, so that makes the story very complex and that is something you do not wish to happen. xIJG6z2D-44-00191-00155936-00156826 But if any technology, if you need to a directed xIJG6z2D-44-00192-00156826-00157401 or you know completely patterned growth, you need some different kind of technology then xIJG6z2D-44-00193-00157401-00158164 starts within this disassociate culture the current technology which most of the people xIJG6z2D-44-00194-00158164-00158850 in the area of bioelectricity or bioelectrical accordance are following. So, they are trying xIJG6z2D-44-00195-00158850-00159298 to develop build circuits out of this disassociated cell how they are doing so… xIJG6z2D-44-00196-00159298-00160083 So coming back to the basics again, so I drew that I told you that there is substrate. Say xIJG6z2D-44-00197-00160083-00160737 for example, let us try to understand it say for example, you have a culture substrate xIJG6z2D-44-00198-00160737-00163025 like this. Imagine this is the culture substrate; all the cells will grow on it everywhere. xIJG6z2D-44-00199-00163025-00163821 On these culture substrate, say for example, if you have a way that you could introduce xIJG6z2D-44-00200-00163821-00165003 some pattern, you do something like this, you ablate this part of the circuit. What xIJG6z2D-44-00201-00165003-00165893 I meant by ablation means I am removing that particular yellow color compound from here. xIJG6z2D-44-00202-00165893-00166770 So, if you remove the yellow nothing will grow there provided. You back fill it with xIJG6z2D-44-00203-00166770-00167875 something which one promote. So, essentially what you are getting now look at it. So, essentially xIJG6z2D-44-00204-00167875-00168468 now cells so say for example, I back fill it what I meant by that on these zones you xIJG6z2D-44-00205-00168468-00169173 fill it with another something. So, on black, I really cannot draw anything, xIJG6z2D-44-00206-00169173-00169965 because everything will, let us see if we could do it with red, this is the back filling agent. xIJG6z2D-44-00207-00169965-00170651 So, that is ensuring that those ablated surface. So, what we those who are not understanding xIJG6z2D-44-00208-00170651-00172249 ablation, let me just explain. What you essentially xIJG6z2D-44-00209-00172249-00173107 do is say for example, you have the substrate like this, you take a mask, and if imagine xIJG6z2D-44-00210-00173435-00173960 this is the substrate and I have the mask and I keep the mask here. If I keep the mask xIJG6z2D-44-00211-00173960-00174621 here and I put a laser beam or something. So, at this part, where the mask is covering xIJG6z2D-44-00212-00174621-00175580 it nothing will get ablated; rest of the places will all get ablated; does that make sense? xIJG6z2D-44-00213-00175580-00176019 So, that is exactly what I am trying to tell you. xIJG6z2D-44-00214-00176019-00176548 Say for example, I put a mask, the zone which you are exposed to laser beam are the one xIJG6z2D-44-00215-00176548-00177322 which are blank. So, it burns out those spots. What is left with all the yellow that things xIJG6z2D-44-00216-00177322-00177900 so grow, and now where you have the black spots, there what you do is that you back xIJG6z2D-44-00217-00177900-00178575 fill it. You did it in such a solutions, which will only sit on top of those ablated region xIJG6z2D-44-00218-00178575-00179058 that compound would not sit on the top of the yellow, so that is what I trying to do. xIJG6z2D-44-00219-00179058-00179499 So, this is that next compound by which you ensure this black compound is the one which xIJG6z2D-44-00220-00179499-00180481 will not allow any cellular growth at particular black surface likewise. xIJG6z2D-44-00221-00180481-00181176 Now you have a pattern situation; this pattern situation will allow the neurons to grow like this. xIJG6z2D-44-00222-00181176-00181934 The neurons could grow if their thickness is like this, something like this. If this xIJG6z2D-44-00223-00181934-00182721 thickness is good enough for a neuron to grow then there may be connectivity coming out xIJG6z2D-44-00224-00182721-00183305 like this, possibilities are there, but there are ways to you know control that. Now what xIJG6z2D-44-00225-00183305-00184338 you are seeing essentially is, you are trying to control the position of the neuron, and xIJG6z2D-44-00226-00184338-00184940 you really can do it in a very interesting way. There are several geometries, which you can follow. xIJG6z2D-44-00227-00184940-00185423 So, this is one geometry which I showed you. So, this is done by a technique xIJG6z2D-44-00228-00185423-00186218 which is called laser ablation. You ablated using laser. There is another way you can do it. xIJG6z2D-44-00229-00186218-00187397 You can make these circuits using your old style inject printers what you do is that xIJG6z2D-44-00230-00187397-00187552 you print the circuit. xIJG6z2D-44-00231-00187552-00188509 Say for example, you on your word document, you draw the circuit, narrow it down and on xIJG6z2D-44-00232-00188509-00189383 the cartridge, where you fill the old inject printer, you fill the ink. You throw away xIJG6z2D-44-00233-00189383-00190338 the ink sterilize it, and on top of it you put this either the substrate you want to xIJG6z2D-44-00234-00190338-00190775 do. So, what will you do the jet printer will make, say for example, a circuit like this xIJG6z2D-44-00235-00190775-00191480 say for example, I want a circuit like this, I want the cells to grow like this. So, make xIJG6z2D-44-00236-00191480-00192418 a circuit like this or it can even make a circuit like only lines or it can make a circuit xIJG6z2D-44-00237-00192418-00194102 like or it make a circuit like this. So, there is several ways you can make circuits, and xIJG6z2D-44-00238-00194102-00194578 these are some of the different ways what I am trying to highlight, and you can control xIJG6z2D-44-00239-00194578-00194657 the dimension. xIJG6z2D-44-00240-00194657-00195257 So, for this, I will recommend you, kindly go through some of the extra materials which xIJG6z2D-44-00241-00195257-00196683 I expect you to see the papers for micro contact printing one of the pioneering person xIJG6z2D-44-00242-00196746-00197812 you should refer to the work of Prof. Thomas Boland; xIJG6z2D-44-00243-00198056-00199028 currently he is in university of Texas Alpaso; Prof. Tao Xu, these people have done xIJG6z2D-44-00244-00199057-00199700 very significant amount of work on micro contact printing. It is worth reading some of their xIJG6z2D-44-00245-00199700-00200222 work; how they have done it using very very simple most of this work was published during xIJG6z2D-44-00246-00200222-00201077 2003 to 2010. Now, also some of the work they are publishing and they are absolutely phenomenal xIJG6z2D-44-00247-00201077-00202268 I mean the way they have done all these things just with very crude techniques around them. xIJG6z2D-44-00248-00202268-00202869 They could really do very nice micro contact printing and some very well documented papers xIJG6z2D-44-00249-00202869-00203609 are there from their side. So, this is one group paper I like you people to look at it. xIJG6z2D-44-00250-00203609-00204099 Laser ablation and all these work I expect you please go through the work of there are xIJG6z2D-44-00251-00204415-00205942 few people whose work will be really looking one will be, this is one of the very old paper xIJG6z2D-44-00252-00205942-00206927 Kline Field in journal of neuroscience. It is a very seminal paper Kline Field; and you xIJG6z2D-44-00253-00206927-00207713 should go through the work of James J Hickman, he has done extensively extensive work in that area. xIJG6z2D-44-00254-00207863-00208915 You should look through the work of Bruce Wheeler who also have done very significant xIJG6z2D-44-00255-00208915-00210009 amount of work in this area and you have Gregory Brewer. These are the people who have done xIJG6z2D-44-00256-00210009-00210576 significant amount of research in this area; and it is defiantly I will recommend you people xIJG6z2D-44-00257-00210576-00211244 please go through some of their work, they have worked in wide areas, but definitely, xIJG6z2D-44-00258-00211244-00211944 they have made some seminal contribution in these kinds of printing circuits. So, current xIJG6z2D-44-00259-00211944-00212157 status is like with this. xIJG6z2D-44-00260-00212157-00212650 I mean you can go to other end of the world. So, there are techniques which are being used xIJG6z2D-44-00261-00212650-00213916 in laser ablation and then there is something called photolithography and this will get a lot of references in xIJG6z2D-44-00262-00213916-00214667 Prof. Hickman’s work photolithography and professor Gregory work and Prof. Kline Fields work and xIJG6z2D-44-00263-00214667-00215538 of course, Prof. Bruce Wheeler work. So, we talked about the micro contact printing where xIJG6z2D-44-00264-00215538-00216217 you should look through the work of Prof. Thomas Boland, and there are few other people xIJG6z2D-44-00265-00216217-00216894 who have done very significant work. I will come back to that in a next lecture. So, these xIJG6z2D-44-00266-00216894-00217627 people have shown that they actually can guide the neuron in a specific trajectory a single neuron. xIJG6z2D-44-00267-00217627-00217913 So, you will see some of these circuits like xIJG6z2D-44-00268-00217913-00218641 you know you can now a days, you can develop like two neuron circuit like this. These are xIJG6z2D-44-00269-00218984-00219408 you will see these kind of circuits are being developed single two neuron. So, now in this xIJG6z2D-44-00270-00219408-00220098 two neuron, you can really approach with a single electrode, you can have x y or z compounds xIJG6z2D-44-00271-00220098-00220654 all over the place, you can really quantify the synapse. So, what all you can do, you xIJG6z2D-44-00272-00220990-00222123 can quantify synapse – one, you can do chronic experiments for a long period of time and xIJG6z2D-44-00273-00222430-00223194 this chronic experiments could be these circuits could survive for more than a month or so xIJG6z2D-44-00274-00223194-00224146 if you are really good at it. So, they may chronic experiments you can quantify xIJG6z2D-44-00275-00224146-00225082 the synapse, you can do cheap drug trials they deduced on the cost of drug trials. On xIJG6z2D-44-00276-00225082-00225574 top of that you can introduce the supporting cells like you know the glial cells, you can xIJG6z2D-44-00277-00225574-00226292 study the glial cells dynamics and on top of that here is the control model where you xIJG6z2D-44-00278-00226292-00227473 can study learning and memory. So, these kind of control circuits you can make series of xIJG6z2D-44-00279-00227473-00228115 them. I mean as you at the authors whose papers I have mentioned you or the those who have xIJG6z2D-44-00280-00228115-00228501 made some kind of contribution if you will read these papers, you will realize you can xIJG6z2D-44-00281-00228501-00229113 make series of such circuit to approach a single cell in a very elegant way. And you xIJG6z2D-44-00282-00229113-00230591 can really understand the network behavior in a very simplistic reductionist approach; xIJG6z2D-44-00283-00230591-00231094 of course, it comes with its drawback, because you rebuilding the circuit. So, you know there xIJG6z2D-44-00284-00231094-00231848 will be some error here and there, but the way biology works is that you start from whole xIJG6z2D-44-00285-00231848-00232253 animal, you come at the single cell level and then it all has to merge. xIJG6z2D-44-00286-00232253-00232733 So, there is no one technique which is perfect and there can never be on technique which is perfect. xIJG6z2D-44-00287-00232733-00233430 So, the whole idea is you know having multiple techniques trying to tell xIJG6z2D-44-00288-00233430-00233990 you or trying to unrevealed truth of nature this is what we are always trying all throughout xIJG6z2D-44-00289-00233990-00234364 like. We are trying different techniques, so this is one approach. xIJG6z2D-44-00290-00234364-00234769 So, another approach in the same line which is you know hybrid approach which is been xIJG6z2D-44-00291-00234769-00235444 followed, I am going to draw is I introduce you to the microelectrode arrays. Let me draw xIJG6z2D-44-00292-00235444-00236019 a microelectrode array and tell you what is that approach, it is very interesting approach. xIJG6z2D-44-00293-00236019-00237994 Say for example, you have these microelectrode arrays sitting out here like this, now you xIJG6z2D-44-00294-00237994-00239577 may have electrodes like this. So, if you can pattern this, say for example, I have xIJG6z2D-44-00296-00242823-00244392 connect this like this. So, now rest of the places where you see yellow are the only places xIJG6z2D-44-00297-00244392-00245021 where the cells will grow; rest of the place cells will not grow. So, I modify the surface xIJG6z2D-44-00298-00245021-00245615 of this planer microelectrode array in such a way that cells will grow all along those xIJG6z2D-44-00299-00245615-00246039 electrodes they are connecting the electrodes. The dimension of the electrode is say twenty xIJG6z2D-44-00300-00246039-00246702 to thirty microns, and those lines say for example, they were aspect ratio of 10 to 20 xIJG6z2D-44-00301-00246702-00247338 microns or may be 10 microns. And specifically, except the places where the electrodes are xIJG6z2D-44-00302-00247338-00247882 there aspect is slightly more may be this is 20 micron and the lines are say 5 micron xIJG6z2D-44-00303-00247882-00248430 thick. So, on a five micron surface, it is really tough for a cell to sit, but the cells xIJG6z2D-44-00304-00248430-00248842 will sit preferentially will sit on top of the electrode, because this electrode regions xIJG6z2D-44-00305-00248842-00249565 have more surface area, it is around 30 microns or 20 to 25 five microns. So, when you put xIJG6z2D-44-00306-00249565-00249917 the disassociate cells in this chamber what will happen? xIJG6z2D-44-00307-00249917-00250966 So, for example, so if I represent the cells with red, so now, I am putting the cells in to it. xIJG6z2D-44-00308-00250966-00251583 So, cells will preferentially will try to sit here, because these are the zones xIJG6z2D-44-00309-00251583-00252036 where they will try to migrate to on top of the electrodes because that is where they xIJG6z2D-44-00310-00252036-00252594 will get the maximum surface area to grow. These are all disassociate cells. So, once xIJG6z2D-44-00311-00252594-00253590 they will sit like this, what they will try to do, they will try to send out processes like this. xIJG6z2D-44-00312-00253590-00254409 They will try to send out processes like this to connect with each other. They xIJG6z2D-44-00313-00254409-00254929 can do it in like this, like this, several ways you can do. You can even stimulate this xIJG6z2D-44-00314-00254929-00255485 circuit, in order for this whole process to take place, and they will form a very controlled network. xIJG6z2D-44-00315-00255485-00256171 A network which you can monitor in a real life something like this. So, they xIJG6z2D-44-00316-00256171-00256692 will start forming network inside you keep this whole system inside in incubator and xIJG6z2D-44-00317-00256692-00257358 you monitor it, as they are forming the network As they are forming the network, so what you xIJG6z2D-44-00318-00257358-00258494 can do, you can give an external stimulation for network formation and stimulation. And xIJG6z2D-44-00319-00258494-00259578 you can register the electrodes say for example, I registered them as E 1, E 2, 3, 4, 5,6, xIJG6z2D-44-00320-00259578-00261621 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. So, I can xIJG6z2D-44-00321-00261621-00262119 register the electrodes and you really can monitor that activity at the individual channels. xIJG6z2D-44-00322-00262119-00262583 At the individual channels of the amplifier, you can monitor the activity what is happening xIJG6z2D-44-00323-00262583-00263222 in which electrode. Now once a network is formed, say for example, I give a signal out xIJG6z2D-44-00324-00263222-00263928 here, I give an stimulation out here now how this stimulation is moving along this circuit, xIJG6z2D-44-00325-00263928-00264615 I can monitor in a real time. How the synopsis are forming out here, how the synopsis forming xIJG6z2D-44-00326-00264615-00265126 here, how it is forming here, how which circuit is getting more strengthen, how it is getting xIJG6z2D-44-00327-00265126-00265752 more strengthen I can study all this things now. What and then based on this now I can xIJG6z2D-44-00328-00265752-00266100 back calculate what is probably happening in the brain. xIJG6z2D-44-00329-00266100-00266717 So, if you look at it there are profound scopes of, which is open up with the advancement xIJG6z2D-44-00330-00266717-00267634 of a modern microelectronics, we are able to access a single neuron on top of a electrode. xIJG6z2D-44-00331-00267634-00268477 And this are all could be done using extra cellular recording, these are all extra cellular xIJG6z2D-44-00332-00268477-00270444 planer MEA or microelectrode array recording. So, this is the advantage with which microelectrode xIJG6z2D-44-00333-00270444-00271024 array offers in order to study the circuit from a very reductionist approach. It is not xIJG6z2D-44-00334-00271024-00271564 a holistic approach, it is a very very reductionist approach; you are building the system from xIJG6z2D-44-00335-00271564-00272157 the base again from grass root, brick by brick you are building the system. xIJG6z2D-44-00336-00272157-00272686 So, I will close in here for this class; and in the next class, we will talk about the xIJG6z2D-44-00337-00272686-00273278 other end of the intra cellular recording, where we will be approaching a single ion xIJG6z2D-44-00338-00273278-00273786 channel because once I will introduce the ion channel then I will talk to you about xIJG6z2D-44-00339-00273786-00273988 the structures and the details of the ion channels. xIJG6z2D-44-00340-00273988-00274142 Thanks a lot. xO04YmJs1qk-00000-00001368-00001720 what's up y'all welcome back to the jackson reaction i'm actually live right now for xO04YmJs1qk-00001-00001720-00002240 angelina jordan's 15th birthday so i'm gonna be very quick with the intro this one is her uh xO04YmJs1qk-00002-00002336-00003000 live performance if i'll be there in sweden in 2014. so i guess that makes her xO04YmJs1qk-00003-00003000-00003432 nine years old if i'm not mistaken um please like comment and subscribe i'll xO04YmJs1qk-00004-00003432-00004384 put the link to the original video in the description uh let's get it xO04YmJs1qk-00005-00005760-00007223 where there is xO04YmJs1qk-00006-00007223-00008023 hands xO04YmJs1qk-00007-00008320-00008584 and name just xO04YmJs1qk-00008-00010224-00011384 i'll be there xO04YmJs1qk-00009-00012720-00014184 togetherness xO04YmJs1qk-00010-00015191-00015584 she was a little off right there but you got to give her some slack sometimes xO04YmJs1qk-00011-00017632-00017736 i'll be xO04YmJs1qk-00012-00018304-00018384 be there xO04YmJs1qk-00013-00020016-00020200 it's crazy doing these live performances xO04YmJs1qk-00014-00020480-00021184 at such a young age xO04YmJs1qk-00015-00021784-00022320 all right y'all that was angelina jordan i'll be there live performance in sweden please go xO04YmJs1qk-00016-00022320-00022728 show her some love on her channel let her know that jackson sent you i'd appreciate it xO04YmJs1qk-00017-00022728-00023264 i thought she did an awesome job i mean there was a couple parts where you know she didn't do xO04YmJs1qk-00018-00023264-00023728 so well but the same time i mean there's a very tough song you're nine years old so like you xO04YmJs1qk-00019-00023728-00024296 know i've seen everything she can do so go ahead and go ahead and not do the best job sometimes xO04YmJs1qk-00020-00024296-00024784 you're still doing amazing so um i appreciate y'all watching and i'll see you guys next time xOTH_QwTGJQ-00002-00000826-00001241 We are here today for an annual requirement that the aviation xOTH_QwTGJQ-00003-00001243-00001646 crews go through. It's aviation water survival training also known xOTH_QwTGJQ-00004-00001648-00002050 as wet drills. And this training it allows the member to xOTH_QwTGJQ-00005-00002052-00002455 be exposed to the environment and the equipment that we use xOTH_QwTGJQ-00006-00002457-00002878 while flying in the Coast Guard. When you're in the water it's night time xOTH_QwTGJQ-00007-00002880-00003290 lets say the crew all got out but you're scattered. There's waves crashing xOTH_QwTGJQ-00008-00003293-00003697 you can't hear a thing. You might be able to yell and hear each other but a whistle is more xOTH_QwTGJQ-00009-00003700-00004100 audible you're going to be able to hear it, so I want you guys to know where your whistles at. We have xOTH_QwTGJQ-00010-00004102-00004515 a station where they use the survival vest that they're wearing xOTH_QwTGJQ-00011-00004517-00004920 the LPU-27 and they go through all the pockets and they can see xOTH_QwTGJQ-00012-00004922-00005333 what type of survival equipment they have either a signal mirror a whistle xOTH_QwTGJQ-00013-00005335-00005738 flares, emergency beacon and then they get to xOTH_QwTGJQ-00014-00005740-00006141 take these survival items out while they're in the water xOTH_QwTGJQ-00015-00006143-00006547 Station two is a pump that we have behind us here. That allows the crews to xOTH_QwTGJQ-00016-00006548-00006964 troubleshoot and kind of know the nomenclature of the pump so xOTH_QwTGJQ-00017-00006966-00007367 in a situation where they would deliver it to a boat crew they could kind of talk them through xOTH_QwTGJQ-00018-00007369-00007784 on preventing their vessel from sinking. The other xOTH_QwTGJQ-00019-00007787-00008196 station we have is a land survival station over there xOTH_QwTGJQ-00020-00008198-00008606 beyond the obstacle coarse and they station kind of xOTH_QwTGJQ-00021-00008608-00009011 lets the air crews thinking so once they get out of the water and on land xOTH_QwTGJQ-00022-00009013-00009430 they're in a survival situation how to start a fire xOTH_QwTGJQ-00023-00009432-00009845 how to get clean drinking water, first aide, xOTH_QwTGJQ-00024-00009847-00010260 and how to signal for help so they can be rescued. Station four xOTH_QwTGJQ-00025-00010262-00010666 we had a raft out in the water and that provides the crews xOTH_QwTGJQ-00026-00010668-00011085 how to get into the raft what survival items are in the raft xOTH_QwTGJQ-00027-00011087-00011504 and the nomenclature and just how to use the equipment xOTH_QwTGJQ-00028-00011506-00011911 in the survival raft in case they ditch in the water. The top guiding principle xOTH_QwTGJQ-00029-00011913-00012316 for myself as the CO(commanding officer) at Air Station Houston, Texas is procifiency we must be xOTH_QwTGJQ-00030-00012318-00012724 the masters of our crafts in anything we do, whether that's aviation or other xOTH_QwTGJQ-00031-00012726-00013136 disciplines and part of being a technicially proficient aviatior is being xOTH_QwTGJQ-00032-00013138-00013551 able to take care of yourself in a survival senerio and that's what we're doing here today. xQ1V6LbJi8M-00000-00000088-00000512 i have five different setups for astrophotography here xQ1V6LbJi8M-00001-00000512-00001248 and tonight they are all going to be centered on one patch of sky the core of our milky way galaxy xQ1V6LbJi8M-00002-00001248-00001816 in an epic one night shootout the contenders are using your smartphone with a DIY hand turned xQ1V6LbJi8M-00003-00001816-00002576 tracker a basic DSLR and kit lens on a tripod a basic DSLR and fast telephoto lens on a motorized xQ1V6LbJi8M-00004-00002576-00003232 star tracker a modified DSLR and a small refractor telescope on a budget go to mount xQ1V6LbJi8M-00005-00003232-00003815 and lastly a dedicated mono camera with LRGB filters in a motorized filter wheel and a xQ1V6LbJi8M-00006-00003815-00004384 premium refractor with an automated focuser all on a heavy go-to mount. xQ1V6LbJi8M-00007-00004872-00005216 Welcome! My name is Nico Carver and i'm interested in helping people xQ1V6LbJi8M-00008-00005272-00005696 explore this wonderful hobby we call astrophotography which simply means xQ1V6LbJi8M-00009-00005696-00006264 photographing the night sky tonight I'll show you some different approaches to astrophotography xQ1V6LbJi8M-00010-00006264-00006816 in terms of the the gear that you may choose to use to shoot the night sky and I'll walk through xQ1V6LbJi8M-00011-00006816-00007464 how each system works how you set each one up to get the best results possible and of course xQ1V6LbJi8M-00012-00007464-00008000 we're going to compare the final images that i've produced with each kit all in one night this is a xQ1V6LbJi8M-00013-00008000-00008592 shootout in the sense that the other night i shot the same patch of sky with each kit but it's by no xQ1V6LbJi8M-00014-00008592-00009040 means a scientific test as the systems are just too different in nature to try to like closely xQ1V6LbJi8M-00015-00009040-00009736 match settings um so it's not apples to apples here it's more apples to oranges to passionfruit xQ1V6LbJi8M-00016-00009800-00010336 but that's the point for fans of short videos this is probably not going to be one of those but xQ1V6LbJi8M-00017-00010336-00010912 check out my channel and subscribe um because i've been putting out a lot of shorter videos recently xQ1V6LbJi8M-00018-00010912-00011352 including a series you may have seen of five minute and under videos every friday that i'm xQ1V6LbJi8M-00019-00011352-00011896 calling five minute fridays first off i want to give a huge thank you to high point scientific xQ1V6LbJi8M-00020-00011896-00012392 which is a great online store for all things astronomy and astrophotography xQ1V6LbJi8M-00021-00012392-00013063 they have telescopes mounts cameras accessories really everything that you'd need to get started xQ1V6LbJi8M-00022-00013063-00013528 and this is not sponsored by them meaning that no money is exchanged hands but in my request high xQ1V6LbJi8M-00023-00013528-00014256 point scientific did lend me the skywatcher eqm35 mount and the apertura 72 millimeter refractor xQ1V6LbJi8M-00024-00014256-00014704 which came with a matching field flattener and this is a huge help because going forward with xQ1V6LbJi8M-00025-00014704-00015152 this channel i can't afford to buy everything that i want to review and show you in these videos xQ1V6LbJi8M-00026-00015152-00015600 um but that said everything else in this video are things that i've personally bought over the years xQ1V6LbJi8M-00027-00015663-00016152 you know i really have way too much stuff but i can always do more giveaways i wanted to say that xQ1V6LbJi8M-00028-00016152-00016656 a number of these cameras and the skywatcher star adventure and things like that are things that i xQ1V6LbJi8M-00029-00016656-00017144 bought specifically for this channel with proceeds from my patreon campaign which really keeps this xQ1V6LbJi8M-00030-00017144-00017872 channel going so another huge thanks to everyone who supports me over on patreon it's a patreon.com xQ1V6LbJi8M-00031-00017872-00018312 nebula photos and if you're interested it starts at just one dollar per month and there's tons of xQ1V6LbJi8M-00032-00018312-00018832 benefits in joining my community over on patreon including participation in imaging challenges xQ1V6LbJi8M-00033-00018936-00019456 exclusive giveaways exclusive channels on my discord server zoom chats all kinds of stuff xQ1V6LbJi8M-00034-00019680-00020128 the first kit uh we're looking at here may look a little bit strange if you're new to amateurist or xQ1V6LbJi8M-00035-00020128-00020632 photography or new to my channel this is a device that i built to manually track the night sky xQ1V6LbJi8M-00036-00020632-00021064 uh it costs about 30 in parts to make the tracker and if you're interested in building it xQ1V6LbJi8M-00037-00021064-00021488 i have a video for that of course i'll link it in the right corner here and also in the video xQ1V6LbJi8M-00038-00021488-00021968 description the rest of the hundred dollars for this kit is used for buying a sturdy xQ1V6LbJi8M-00039-00021968-00022568 tripod that i got you could get used and a clamp for your smartphone i'm not including the cost xQ1V6LbJi8M-00040-00022568-00023104 of the smartphone itself um because i'm guessing most people have access to a phone or some kind xQ1V6LbJi8M-00041-00023104-00023576 of camera another thing i want to point out with this kit is i call it the diyer because xQ1V6LbJi8M-00042-00023576-00024064 my thinking with this one is just you know trying to get the most out of things you have around the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00043-00024064-00024640 house or can build for pretty cheap which is why i don't include the cost of the smartphone itself xQ1V6LbJi8M-00044-00024640-00025096 um because the point is really just use any camera you can get your hands on whether it's xQ1V6LbJi8M-00045-00025096-00025568 in a smartphone or a point-and-shoot or whatever it is and put it on top of this barn door tracker xQ1V6LbJi8M-00046-00025568-00025976 and with any of these cameras including the smartphone it's worth seeing if the camera xQ1V6LbJi8M-00047-00025976-00026560 shoots in raw format and use that rather than jpeg if that's an option if it only shoots jpeg that's xQ1V6LbJi8M-00048-00026560-00027048 okay too for this just make sure you pick the highest quality jpeg option let's now go through xQ1V6LbJi8M-00049-00027048-00027664 the steps of setting up the diy-er thank you to maggie so much for assisting with the b-roll here xQ1V6LbJi8M-00050-00027736-00028376 so we start by putting the tripod on solid ground and pointing it roughly north or south if you're xQ1V6LbJi8M-00051-00028376-00028776 in the southern hemisphere and then we put the barn door tracker on make sure it's securely xQ1V6LbJi8M-00052-00028776-00029224 attached and then the same thing we put our phone or whatever camera you're using on top of the barn xQ1V6LbJi8M-00053-00029224-00029727 door tracker then comes polar alignment in the northern hemisphere a cheap way to do this is xQ1V6LbJi8M-00054-00029727-00030264 just with a basic siding device like a little uh straw i'm using a metal drinking straw here and xQ1V6LbJi8M-00055-00030264-00030848 we just need to line up the the pole star which is polaris in the you know which is pretty close xQ1V6LbJi8M-00056-00030848-00031264 to the north celestial pole okay then after we're polar aligned we're just going to take the phone xQ1V6LbJi8M-00057-00031264-00031768 point it at the center of the milky way work out some of the settings here in the camera app uh the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00058-00031768-00032256 app that comes on my huawei phone is very good for giving me pretty much full control over the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00059-00032256-00032808 settings in pro mode but if your native camera app isn't very good just check out the your app store xQ1V6LbJi8M-00060-00032808-00033344 or the google play store as there are a number of um alternative apps these days i've heard about xQ1V6LbJi8M-00061-00033344-00034120 night cap camera for ios and deep sky camera for android are two uh really good apps i've heard xQ1V6LbJi8M-00062-00034120-00034648 okay let's talk about the pros and cons of this kit the pros are it's inexpensive uh especially if xQ1V6LbJi8M-00063-00034648-00035168 you're using a camera you already have around like a smartphone it's very quick to set up it's pretty xQ1V6LbJi8M-00064-00035168-00035680 lightweight the cons are you're limited to very wide field uh both due to how the tracker works xQ1V6LbJi8M-00065-00035680-00036152 but also just if you're using a smartphone it probably only has like wide angle lenses another xQ1V6LbJi8M-00066-00036152-00036600 con and sort of a big one for me actually is that it can get sort of tiring and boring because xQ1V6LbJi8M-00067-00036600-00037136 you're manually moving the clock wheel uh for the entire time and this could be overcome by adding xQ1V6LbJi8M-00068-00037136-00037544 a small motor to the tracker which is something i'm really interested in trying okay the last xQ1V6LbJi8M-00069-00037544-00038112 con is that it requires a lot of tinkering to get good results both the manual barn door tracker and xQ1V6LbJi8M-00070-00038112-00038704 the phone required a lot of trial and error with both technique and with settings before i could xQ1V6LbJi8M-00071-00038704-00039104 really get anything that i liked and this isn't necessarily a con it's just something to keep in xQ1V6LbJi8M-00072-00039104-00039640 mind if you don't like tinkering then this kit is probably not the one for you okay let's look xQ1V6LbJi8M-00073-00039640-00040136 at the image i produce now i'm pretty happy with it the colors look reasonably good the star color xQ1V6LbJi8M-00074-00040136-00040616 we got some nice detail on the large dark nebulae in the milky way and it shows off some of the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00075-00040616-00041072 other kits in the bottom right corner here in the foreground that we're going to be talking about xQ1V6LbJi8M-00076-00041872-00042440 this next kit i love just because of how simple it is hence the nickname i picked for it the keeping xQ1V6LbJi8M-00077-00042440-00042976 it simple what you need for this kit is just any dslr or mirrorless camera with the wide-angle xQ1V6LbJi8M-00078-00042976-00043496 zoom kit lens that came with it and we're going to use the kit lens all the way zoomed out so in my xQ1V6LbJi8M-00079-00043496-00044192 case that's 18 millimeter focal length i'm using a canon t7 here which is their most affordable dslr xQ1V6LbJi8M-00080-00044248-00044760 the only other two pieces of gear i used are a tripod and again i prefer a used tripod if you xQ1V6LbJi8M-00081-00044760-00045312 can get one from like a good brand and then lastly we have this super cheap little shutter release xQ1V6LbJi8M-00082-00045312-00045808 cable here this thing is pretty great because it doesn't even take batteries it's just a simple xQ1V6LbJi8M-00083-00045808-00046512 circuit with some wires and a little switch this button which um if you you know press it down xQ1V6LbJi8M-00084-00046512-00046936 it takes a picture if you press halfway it focuses if you have it on auto focus xQ1V6LbJi8M-00085-00046936-00047472 and then you can also lock it like that and so i've used this before as a manual bulb timer like xQ1V6LbJi8M-00086-00047472-00048040 just like lock it wait for five minutes and then unlock it but a commenter on an older video of xQ1V6LbJi8M-00087-00048040-00048696 mine pointed out that you can just put a dslr on continuous shooting mode and then lock the switch xQ1V6LbJi8M-00088-00048752-00049184 and the camera will continuously keep taking photos until you either unlock the switch xQ1V6LbJi8M-00089-00049256-00049704 or the battery runs out or your memory card fills and i love this because it's simple xQ1V6LbJi8M-00090-00049704-00050208 it does exactly what i want and nothing more and i don't have to worry about what does interval xQ1V6LbJi8M-00091-00050208-00050768 versus delay mean or that kind of thing and it's also cheaper than an intervalometer i don't have xQ1V6LbJi8M-00092-00050768-00051344 to worry about batteries since it doesn't take any so the only time i still use an intervalometer xQ1V6LbJi8M-00093-00051344-00051904 is if i'm taking pictures longer than 30 seconds each and that usually only comes up once you add xQ1V6LbJi8M-00094-00051904-00052391 tracking which we'll get to next uh setup for the keeping it simple is a breeze you xQ1V6LbJi8M-00095-00052391-00052879 just plop down the tripod add the camera point it at a bright star or planet manually focus by xQ1V6LbJi8M-00096-00052879-00053400 making that bright star as small as possible in the live view with 10 times zoom turned on xQ1V6LbJi8M-00097-00053400-00053824 and once you're focused you pointed at what you are shooting in this case the milky way xQ1V6LbJi8M-00098-00053824-00054416 core you lock the shutter release and let it take hundreds of photos and for super wide angle xQ1V6LbJi8M-00099-00054416-00054791 stuff like this at 18 millimeters we don't really have to re-center that often i always xQ1V6LbJi8M-00100-00054791-00055296 just recenter when i check focus which depending on how much the temperature is changing i usually xQ1V6LbJi8M-00101-00055296-00055824 do every 20 30 40 minutes something like that so i think i re-centered once during the night and xQ1V6LbJi8M-00102-00055824-00056832 i took like 600 pictures um the settings were iso 3200 10 seconds exposure lens wide open at f 3.5 xQ1V6LbJi8M-00103-00056832-00057255 the reason i went to 10 seconds even though that was a little bit past what the mpf rule suggested xQ1V6LbJi8M-00104-00057255-00057864 is f 3.5 is a little bit slower than i'm usually at so i wanted to get as much light in as i could xQ1V6LbJi8M-00105-00057864-00058376 uh to bring down the noise here are what i see as the pros and cons of this setup the pros are xQ1V6LbJi8M-00106-00058376-00058864 it's very simple and it's pretty low effort the setup time is just very fast you just need to xQ1V6LbJi8M-00107-00058864-00059464 focus point it milky way start snapping away it's relatively low cost if you're a photographer you xQ1V6LbJi8M-00108-00059464-00059984 might already have a camera lens you can use and a tripod and the shutter release cable xQ1V6LbJi8M-00109-00060128-00060479 and it's pretty easy to upgrade you just need to upgrade the lens to get much better results xQ1V6LbJi8M-00110-00060536-00061048 now speaking of the results i'd say that's the only con is that the results aren't like super xQ1V6LbJi8M-00111-00061048-00061664 great they're not that much better than the diy-er where we had the barn door tracker but the reason xQ1V6LbJi8M-00112-00061664-00062184 is i think because the kit lens is just a little bit soft so you could consider a lens upgrade to xQ1V6LbJi8M-00113-00062184-00062679 get better performance um you know if you want to throw money at it or if you're a tinkerer xQ1V6LbJi8M-00114-00062679-00063224 you could combine this kit with the di wire so if you have a dslr you can put that on the barn door xQ1V6LbJi8M-00115-00063224-00063655 tracker for thirty dollars you have tracking and that's gonna give you better results too xQ1V6LbJi8M-00116-00063752-00064144 anyways let's get to the final image this is the final stacked image that i made with the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00117-00064144-00064655 kit the the kit lens is you can see really bloats the blue stars some people actually i xQ1V6LbJi8M-00118-00064655-00065144 think find this pretty i think that it is okay it makes them a little bit overpowering though xQ1V6LbJi8M-00119-00065144-00065672 but all in all you know it's a nice picture of the milky way core and i think shows a little xQ1V6LbJi8M-00120-00065672-00066264 bit more detail than the smartphone shot okay the name of this one is of course a little bit xQ1V6LbJi8M-00121-00066264-00066792 you know tongue-in-cheek it's it's but it's true that many people who go as far as getting a small xQ1V6LbJi8M-00122-00066792-00067288 star tracker like the skywatcher star adventure i found get really hooked on astrophotography xQ1V6LbJi8M-00123-00067288-00067792 because they realize how fun it is and so then they spend a lot more eventually to get the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00124-00067792-00068416 full go-to mountain telescope which is what we'll cover next but the gateway drug is a very capable xQ1V6LbJi8M-00125-00068416-00069080 kit that opens you up to many new possibilities since the star adventure can track the night sky xQ1V6LbJi8M-00126-00069080-00069624 with not just a wide angle lens but a telephoto lens and in this case i'm using a prime telephoto xQ1V6LbJi8M-00127-00069624-00070312 called the rokinon 135 f2 which is a great value for astrophotography i got mine for 450 xQ1V6LbJi8M-00128-00070312-00070712 when it was on sale they go on sale frequently and the reason it's a great value is because it's xQ1V6LbJi8M-00129-00070712-00071328 pretty sharp wide open at f2 it's pretty amazing the bot and off mask and the usb dew heater strip xQ1V6LbJi8M-00130-00071328-00071848 are optional but they don't really add too much to the cost especially if like me you can xQ1V6LbJi8M-00131-00071848-00072456 3d print your body knob mask from a friend or a library the bodenav mask if you're unfamiliar is a xQ1V6LbJi8M-00132-00072456-00073040 focusing aid that works well with telephoto lenses and with telescopes and you just point it at a xQ1V6LbJi8M-00133-00073040-00073600 bright star and you you line up the central line with this x pattern that the the star forms when xQ1V6LbJi8M-00134-00073600-00074040 you put the mask on you have to remember to take the mask back off but then you have perfect focus xQ1V6LbJi8M-00135-00074112-00074584 the dew heater is to keep the lens from fogging up really we could use this on any of the kits xQ1V6LbJi8M-00136-00074584-00074936 but i'm just with this kit since we're like a little bit more advanced i think you probably xQ1V6LbJi8M-00137-00074936-00075496 should get the dew heater especially if you are in a place with high humidity or if you're going to xQ1V6LbJi8M-00138-00075496-00076176 be pointing the lens more up if the lens is pretty perpendicular then the the lens hood usually can xQ1V6LbJi8M-00139-00076176-00076752 prevent most dew from falling on the glass but in the summer i do recommend a dew heater xQ1V6LbJi8M-00140-00076864-00077344 this setup is a little bit more involved we need to get everything securely attached the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00141-00077344-00077880 star adventurer goes directly on the tripod legs and then we put this thing called the declination xQ1V6LbJi8M-00142-00077880-00078424 bracket in the clamp on the star adventure finally the camera and the lens go on top of that then we xQ1V6LbJi8M-00143-00078424-00078792 need to make sure that it's balanced between the camera and the counterweight this is so we don't xQ1V6LbJi8M-00144-00078792-00079280 put too much stress on the gears which are turning everything after that's done we look through a xQ1V6LbJi8M-00145-00079280-00079832 tiny little telescope built into the tracker called a polar alignment scope and this is how xQ1V6LbJi8M-00146-00079832-00080448 we line it up with the north celestial pole or the self celestial pole with polar alignment done xQ1V6LbJi8M-00147-00080448-00081112 we then turn to focusing the main lens and this time like i said if you have a bodenav mask you xQ1V6LbJi8M-00148-00081112-00081720 can use one if not just make the stars as small as possible we then point the telescope at our target xQ1V6LbJi8M-00149-00081792-00082304 unlike the previous two kits we now need to do a bit more of a precision pointing um because to get xQ1V6LbJi8M-00150-00082304-00082648 it framed up how we want because we're not just pointing at the milky way we want to point at the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00151-00082728-00083064 really interesting part which for me is the lagoon and trifid right in the center there xQ1V6LbJi8M-00152-00083064-00083760 and so uh this can be frustrating to to know how to point and how to find things in the night sky xQ1V6LbJi8M-00153-00083760-00084288 it's a learning process it takes many nights but i do have a video on some tips to use technology xQ1V6LbJi8M-00154-00084288-00084880 to help you out a little bit but don't expect to be great at it right away okay with all that xQ1V6LbJi8M-00155-00084880-00085448 done we've taken a test shot we know we're pointed correctly we're in focus we then turn on tracking xQ1V6LbJi8M-00156-00085448-00086064 on the star adventure program the intervalometer to take let's say 100 shots and after about 100 xQ1V6LbJi8M-00157-00086064-00086552 shots at 30 seconds each that's time that i'd like to check focus if focus looks good then i'll xQ1V6LbJi8M-00158-00086552-00087120 take another 100 if not then i'll refocus and then reprogram the intervalometer take another 100 then xQ1V6LbJi8M-00159-00087120-00087552 at the end of the night we're going to take our calibration frames which are our dark bias and xQ1V6LbJi8M-00160-00087552-00088288 flats with the flats you do need some kind of white light source so like an ipad works well xQ1V6LbJi8M-00161-00088288-00088704 a tracing tablet anything that's sort of flat and white you just put that right on top of the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00162-00088704-00089224 lens to take the flats i go into a lot more detail about how to take these things in sort of my start xQ1V6LbJi8M-00163-00089224-00089672 to finish videos so i'm not going to go into all of that now since this is just more about xQ1V6LbJi8M-00164-00089672-00090160 comparison and how you set these different things up the pros of this kit are it's still pretty xQ1V6LbJi8M-00165-00090160-00090736 lightweight and portable you can definitely take it on an airplane as i have many times before and xQ1V6LbJi8M-00166-00090736-00091264 it's pretty versatile we could we could use it for tracked milky way shooting with a wide angle lens xQ1V6LbJi8M-00167-00091264-00091768 or like we're doing here focus in on some large nebulae like lagoon and driffid with a telephoto xQ1V6LbJi8M-00168-00091768-00092344 lens or a small telescope it works with stuff you may already have like it works with the tripod it xQ1V6LbJi8M-00169-00092344-00092784 works with a camera and lens so instead of spending you know the full 1500 you may just xQ1V6LbJi8M-00170-00092784-00093272 be spending 425 to get the star tracker and i really like that the star tracker runs it xQ1V6LbJi8M-00171-00093272-00093800 for a long time on double a batteries very convenient the cons are that the setup time xQ1V6LbJi8M-00172-00093800-00094280 is starting to get longer especially if you're new to astrophotography both polar alignment xQ1V6LbJi8M-00173-00094280-00095112 and finding objects at higher focal length can can take a bit of time a last con is that i've heard xQ1V6LbJi8M-00174-00095112-00095576 for many that the star tracker is not available in their country so it can be frustrating to see all xQ1V6LbJi8M-00175-00095576-00096000 these videos about how great it is and then and not be able to buy one okay let's look at what xQ1V6LbJi8M-00176-00096000-00096624 i produced with this setup this was 300 lights at 30 seconds each so about two and a half hours xQ1V6LbJi8M-00177-00096680-00097288 total i shot it iso 3200 with the rokinon wide open at f2 as i said earlier i did get xQ1V6LbJi8M-00178-00097288-00097832 the calibration frames with this one so 50 each of darks bias and flats and you can see we got some xQ1V6LbJi8M-00179-00097832-00098472 great detail on the lagoon and trifid nebulae here as well as the star field the rokinon lens i think xQ1V6LbJi8M-00180-00098472-00099136 is very impressive on the stars especially on a crop sensor camera like i was using a canon t7 xQ1V6LbJi8M-00181-00099424-00099816 this mounted telescope for for this kit that getting serious were lent to me by the fine xQ1V6LbJi8M-00182-00099816-00100424 folks at high point scientific and so um this was only my second night shooting with this mountain xQ1V6LbJi8M-00183-00100424-00100912 telescope i did a brief test a couple nights before to make sure it was all working okay xQ1V6LbJi8M-00184-00100912-00101320 which it was and then this was my first real experience shooting with it xQ1V6LbJi8M-00185-00101320-00101776 and i was very impressed by both the mount and the telescope the mount again is a sky watcher xQ1V6LbJi8M-00186-00101832-00102600 eqm 35 mount and it it does have some faults i the accuracy of the go-to system with just the hand xQ1V6LbJi8M-00187-00102600-00103216 controller what we'd call the pointing accuracy it wasn't that impressive but the tracking which is xQ1V6LbJi8M-00188-00103216-00103744 more important to me was was great for 30 second exposures at a focal length of 430 xQ1V6LbJi8M-00189-00103744-00104224 millimeters with this aperture refractor i was getting perfect stars every every single shot xQ1V6LbJi8M-00190-00104224-00104768 i didn't have any trailing issues the stars looked great across the field for the camera xQ1V6LbJi8M-00191-00104768-00105696 i got a barely used canon t7 off ebay for 350 and then i had it modified for 300 from astrogear.net xQ1V6LbJi8M-00192-00105776-00106288 and i'll be doing more of a review of different kinds of dslr modifications in future videos xQ1V6LbJi8M-00193-00106344-00106656 now for the accessories i decided to keep it pretty simple we could have gone a lot xQ1V6LbJi8M-00194-00106656-00107088 with more stuff here but i just went with like a dew heater controller a dew heater strap for the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00195-00107088-00107768 the telescope i'm controlling the dslr with an intervalometer and i used a bodenav mask for xQ1V6LbJi8M-00196-00107768-00108376 focusing now you of course can add a lot more to this kit uh auto guiding computer control xQ1V6LbJi8M-00197-00108376-00108896 automated focusing all this kind of stuff but i was interested in just keeping it to the basics xQ1V6LbJi8M-00198-00108896-00109383 um to keep it just sort of to the minimal kit for a telescope and for for me this is the really the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00199-00109383-00109928 base kit that i'd suggest if you want to get into astrophotography with a telescope i wouldn't try xQ1V6LbJi8M-00200-00109928-00110440 to spend much less than this now to power it all i was feeding both this kit and the next xQ1V6LbJi8M-00201-00110440-00111056 kit i'll show you off one big deep cycle lead acid battery which is a pretty affordable battery given xQ1V6LbJi8M-00202-00111056-00111528 the huge capacity but the downside of that kind of battery is that it's super heavy uh the truth xQ1V6LbJi8M-00203-00111528-00112040 is though um i would never really consider this a portable kit you really need a car to bring xQ1V6LbJi8M-00204-00112040-00112511 all this stuff to a dark site so you couldn't hike with this the just the tripod is huge xQ1V6LbJi8M-00205-00112511-00113072 so the heaviness of the battery doesn't matter too much uh to me as long as i can safely lift it out xQ1V6LbJi8M-00206-00113072-00113656 of the car setup of this one is a bit more complex than the last one it just uh it takes a little bit xQ1V6LbJi8M-00207-00113656-00114144 more time we just need to get everything securely attached to the mount we we balance it we pull xQ1V6LbJi8M-00208-00114144-00114600 our align with the built-in polar scope we turn everything on and then there's a bit of setup xQ1V6LbJi8M-00209-00114600-00115128 there's the hand controller set up we have to feed it some information like our location our xQ1V6LbJi8M-00210-00115128-00115768 gps location you can get all this information from a smartphone app like polar finder pro you just xQ1V6LbJi8M-00211-00115768-00116272 type it in here then we go through a three star alignment process and this is to train the go to xQ1V6LbJi8M-00212-00116272-00116672 system and it's it's going to point the telescope at different bright stars and then you have to xQ1V6LbJi8M-00213-00116672-00117200 center them on your dslr screen by pressing left right up and down arrows on the hand controller xQ1V6LbJi8M-00214-00117256-00117888 now even after i did this the go to's were still about a degree off and so i really should have xQ1V6LbJi8M-00215-00117888-00118400 brought like a telrad some kind of finder scope because this could really get frustrating fast xQ1V6LbJi8M-00216-00118400-00118768 if you're doing go-to's and they're off the caveat i'll mention is that this again was xQ1V6LbJi8M-00217-00118768-00119183 just my second night using it so i could maybe there's some way to fine tune the pointing xQ1V6LbJi8M-00218-00119288-00119616 one way of course is you can connect it to a computer and then you can plate solve to xQ1V6LbJi8M-00219-00119616-00120008 correct the pointing and that's really fast and good the pros of this setup are xQ1V6LbJi8M-00220-00120008-00120576 we can accurately track at 430 millimeters which gives us a much more detailed view xQ1V6LbJi8M-00221-00120576-00121056 of deep sky objects another pro is that the mount can handle the weight of a telescope xQ1V6LbJi8M-00222-00121056-00121616 and telescopes can be really optimized for astrophotography more so than camera lenses xQ1V6LbJi8M-00223-00121616-00122176 it also has more potential for upgrades we can as i mentioned we could add complete automation xQ1V6LbJi8M-00224-00122176-00122744 if we wanted to the cons are there is much more to learn here before you can get good results and the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00225-00122744-00123272 kit is way too heavy and bulky at this point to hike or fly with it uh it's really just like a you xQ1V6LbJi8M-00226-00123272-00123711 could put it in your car and bring it somewhere all right and here is the final image i was super xQ1V6LbJi8M-00227-00123711-00124432 impressed by this not a huge amount of effort to get really nice results this is only 159 lights xQ1V6LbJi8M-00228-00124432-00125248 at 30 seconds each so under 90 minutes total at an f ratio of f6 iso 3200 the the star rendering xQ1V6LbJi8M-00229-00125248-00125728 is amazing the field flattener is clearly doing its job as the stars look around in the corners xQ1V6LbJi8M-00230-00125728-00126240 it's amazing to me that the whole telescope and field flattener is only 700 if you get them as a xQ1V6LbJi8M-00231-00126240-00126880 set because these stars look near perfect i didn't see any excessive star bloat or color fringing so xQ1V6LbJi8M-00232-00126880-00127248 i think this is going to be really hard to beat but let's see if the next kid can do it xQ1V6LbJi8M-00233-00127488-00128000 this is my personal kit that i've been slowly adding to and upgrading parts over the years xQ1V6LbJi8M-00234-00128000-00128472 at this point almost everything in it has been upgraded at least once and that's how i can afford xQ1V6LbJi8M-00235-00128472-00128952 something like this i've never had this much money all at once but i just save up for one xQ1V6LbJi8M-00236-00128952-00129504 new upgrade or thing at a time if i want a new telescope i can then offset the cost a bit by xQ1V6LbJi8M-00237-00129504-00130040 selling my old one so to step through this the eq 6r mount you may have heard of because it's just a xQ1V6LbJi8M-00238-00130040-00130624 tremendous value at around sixteen hundred dollars for a mount that will reliably holds like 30 xQ1V6LbJi8M-00239-00130624-00131160 plus pounds and has you know reasonably good and reliable pointing and tracking xQ1V6LbJi8M-00240-00131216-00131904 the camera i'm using i also love it's relatively new to me but so far so good the qhy 268m xQ1V6LbJi8M-00241-00131904-00132344 it's a mono camera meaning i need filters in front of it and i use two inch filters from xQ1V6LbJi8M-00242-00132344-00132944 and leah and a qhy seven position filter wheel i have lrgb and the three main narrow band filters xQ1V6LbJi8M-00243-00132944-00133688 being sulfur oxygen and hydrogen alpha for guiding i use an off axis guider with the zwo asi 290 mini xQ1V6LbJi8M-00244-00133688-00134360 the telescope is a stellar view svq 86 that they only made a very limited run of in 2018 xQ1V6LbJi8M-00245-00134360-00134864 so i'm very happy to have gotten one because i love it it has an aperture of 86 millimeters focal xQ1V6LbJi8M-00246-00134864-00135520 length of 464. so that makes it a focal ratio of 5.4 and then i have a bunch of accessories the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00247-00135520-00136200 main ones are i have an op tech autofocus system a pegasus pocket power box for power and dew heater xQ1V6LbJi8M-00248-00136200-00136840 stuff and then a qhy pole master for its computer assisted polar alignment the setup of this one is xQ1V6LbJi8M-00249-00136840-00137272 actually not too bad because i've really refined it over the years and keep most things connected xQ1V6LbJi8M-00250-00137272-00137696 to the top of the telescope so i can just plop the whole thing on connect a few wires xQ1V6LbJi8M-00251-00137752-00138352 balance it and then basically the rest of the setup is on the laptop i have a whole video on xQ1V6LbJi8M-00252-00138352-00138712 how i do this kind of setup you might need updating because i made it a few years ago xQ1V6LbJi8M-00253-00138712-00139224 now but most of it i think is still how i do it it's still good information i still use all the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00254-00139224-00139904 same programs i use then like eq mod cartoucl phd2 pull master and sequence generator pro xQ1V6LbJi8M-00255-00139904-00140312 i'm not going to go deep into the software stuff but i'll just say that there are so many options xQ1V6LbJi8M-00256-00140312-00140736 for software that control your gear that it can be a little bit overwhelming if you're a beginner but xQ1V6LbJi8M-00257-00140736-00141248 i just suggest trying things out seeing if you like them don't feel pressured to use something xQ1V6LbJi8M-00258-00141248-00141672 just because someone else does or something like that use whatever makes sense to you for me xQ1V6LbJi8M-00259-00141744-00142200 once i've learned a process that is giving me good data i don't really feel the need to change unless xQ1V6LbJi8M-00260-00142304-00142904 i have to for some reason once i hit start start sequence on sequence generator pro everything xQ1V6LbJi8M-00261-00142904-00143424 is automated it does an automated focus routine every half hour it guides and dithers on its own xQ1V6LbJi8M-00262-00143424-00143960 it changes the filters on its own if the object if the object i'm shooting crosses the meridian xQ1V6LbJi8M-00263-00143960-00144504 it will flip the telescope to the other side of the mount so it can continue tracking and this is xQ1V6LbJi8M-00264-00144504-00144976 really what you are paying for with something like this it's just a piece of mind that you can leave xQ1V6LbJi8M-00265-00144976-00145616 it alone you don't have to babysit it and it will be reliable give you reliably good data and for me xQ1V6LbJi8M-00266-00145616-00146248 this is worth a lot because i can then work on big multi-year projects that i enjoy with my main kit xQ1V6LbJi8M-00267-00146248-00146752 while i'm testing things making youtube videos helping friends and just enjoying the night sky xQ1V6LbJi8M-00268-00146752-00147544 so for me the main pros of this setup are one automation two reliable data quality and three xQ1V6LbJi8M-00269-00147544-00148000 great narrow band data even from the city this isn't something i'm going to really talk about xQ1V6LbJi8M-00270-00148000-00148520 in this video but i have three nanometer antelia narrowband filters for this kit and that lets me xQ1V6LbJi8M-00271-00148520-00149264 image from somerville where i live which is portal 8 right next to downtown boston now the cons are xQ1V6LbJi8M-00272-00149264-00149840 this kit is very heavy and bulky it's expensive and it's complex and the the main problem with xQ1V6LbJi8M-00273-00149840-00150288 complexity is if something goes wrong there are so many possibilities for what it could be xQ1V6LbJi8M-00274-00150376-00150808 because there are literally dozens and dozens of possible points of failure with a kit like xQ1V6LbJi8M-00275-00150808-00151408 this one but i've learned two things about complex astro setups over the years first one always bring xQ1V6LbJi8M-00276-00151408-00151864 extra cables for everything in your kit you know you want an extra cable and if something xQ1V6LbJi8M-00277-00151864-00152328 isn't connecting or something's acting weird try switching out the cable because i can't tell you xQ1V6LbJi8M-00278-00152328-00152792 how many times that's worked for some reason even if i don't think the cable is bad changing the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00279-00152792-00153320 cable then it works the second thing is once everything's updated on your laptop or your xQ1V6LbJi8M-00280-00153400-00153920 raspberry pi or whatever you're using don't update the software and i know sometimes you maybe you xQ1V6LbJi8M-00281-00153920-00154248 want to update the software because there's a new feature or something if you have to update xQ1V6LbJi8M-00282-00154248-00154840 do it on a new moon see if anything breaks if and then you know have a plan for rolling back xQ1V6LbJi8M-00283-00154840-00155288 to your stable setup if something goes wrong okay looking at the final image this is 20 luminance xQ1V6LbJi8M-00284-00155288-00155928 frames and 10 each of red green and blue all at two minutes each so a total of one hour 40 minutes xQ1V6LbJi8M-00285-00155928-00156424 i think the main things that make it stand apart a bit from the last image with the last kit is xQ1V6LbJi8M-00286-00156424-00156984 that it's already pretty low noise and that's mostly thanks to this amazing camera the qhy 268m xQ1V6LbJi8M-00287-00157040-00157496 the star color and the contrast in general are a little bit more pleasing to me i mean i'm sure xQ1V6LbJi8M-00288-00157496-00158072 i could match the two images better in terms of color in processing but i basically just did very xQ1V6LbJi8M-00289-00158072-00158568 minimal processing to show you more the baseline differences between these different kits and again xQ1V6LbJi8M-00290-00158568-00159056 i don't think that in terms of just normal color image performance that the life for kit is worth xQ1V6LbJi8M-00291-00159056-00159432 four times more than the getting serious kit it's really when you add in xQ1V6LbJi8M-00292-00159432-00159856 narrow band capabilities and all the automation that you start to get why xQ1V6LbJi8M-00293-00159856-00160312 it's so much more expensive for that sort of peace of mind now that we have a feel for each kit xQ1V6LbJi8M-00294-00160376-00160928 let's do some comparisons and let's start with the weight of each kit the total weight of the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00295-00160928-00161552 di wire is 7 pounds or 3.2 kilograms i can easily lift the whole thing with one arm move it around xQ1V6LbJi8M-00296-00161552-00162016 i'd say that it would be pretty easy just to strap it to a backpack and hike with it if you want xQ1V6LbJi8M-00297-00162072-00162592 the keeping it simple is even lighter at 5.5 pounds or 2.5 kilograms definitely easy to xQ1V6LbJi8M-00298-00162592-00163240 hike with the total weight of the gateway drug is about 13 pounds or 5.9 kilograms definitely xQ1V6LbJi8M-00299-00163240-00163680 still can hike with it but it's more than double the weight of either of the first two kits and the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00300-00163680-00164320 total weight of the getting serious kit is 31.2 pounds or 14.2 kilograms and this is without the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00301-00164320-00164944 lead acid battery i use to power it which alone weighs 59 pounds or 26.8 kilograms this is the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00302-00164944-00165552 kind of setup where i don't want to move it and any further than i have to the reason i separated xQ1V6LbJi8M-00303-00165552-00165992 the battery out from the the total weight is because if the weight of the battery was a concern xQ1V6LbJi8M-00304-00165992-00166472 you could definitely get a lighter battery the big lithium batteries are still substantially more xQ1V6LbJi8M-00305-00166544-00166984 expensive than a lead acid but i think the prices have been falling a bit in recent years xQ1V6LbJi8M-00306-00166984-00167440 and the lithium battery batteries will be much much lighter like around 10 pounds xQ1V6LbJi8M-00307-00167496-00168136 uh the total weight of the lifer is 103 pounds or 46.7 kilograms and that's without the lead acid xQ1V6LbJi8M-00308-00168136-00168776 battery which again is an additional 59 pounds so why a three times increase in weight from the git xQ1V6LbJi8M-00309-00168776-00169392 and serious well the main thing is the eq 6r is a good reliable mount partly because they xQ1V6LbJi8M-00310-00169392-00169984 just make it super heavy the mount head alone is like 40 pounds the tripod is 15 or 16 pounds xQ1V6LbJi8M-00311-00169984-00170544 and then you have 22 pounds of counterweights and so before we even add my tricked out telescope xQ1V6LbJi8M-00312-00170544-00171112 we're at about 77 pounds with the eq 6r the good thing about it being so heavy is that makes it xQ1V6LbJi8M-00313-00171112-00171792 more resistant to things like wind and vibration which can easily ruin astrophotos but the downside xQ1V6LbJi8M-00314-00171792-00172328 of it being heavy is that it's quite the pain to move it around i live on a third floor apartment xQ1V6LbJi8M-00315-00172328-00172864 so bringing all this stuff down and up uh to the car every night i want to image is a bit of a pain xQ1V6LbJi8M-00316-00172864-00173352 another comparison that i find interesting is you know from the moment that you start taking the kit xQ1V6LbJi8M-00317-00173352-00173800 out of the car till when you start taking images of the night sky is all what i'd call setup time xQ1V6LbJi8M-00318-00173800-00174416 so we're going to compare the setup times that i recorded for each kit the diy required little xQ1V6LbJi8M-00319-00174416-00174904 setup is just sort of putting the tracker on the phone on the tripod very roughly polar lighting xQ1V6LbJi8M-00320-00174904-00175424 you know aiming the phone at the milky way finding focus so with practice the total for me xQ1V6LbJi8M-00321-00175424-00175928 has is down to eight minutes with that kit with all these numbers keep in mind that i xQ1V6LbJi8M-00322-00175928-00176496 practice i'm an experienced astrophotographer so starting out don't try to like match these it's xQ1V6LbJi8M-00323-00176496-00176984 really just a point of comparison between the different kits the keeping it simple required xQ1V6LbJi8M-00324-00176984-00177496 nothing but focus and pointing the camera at the milky way so it only took me three minutes to xQ1V6LbJi8M-00325-00177496-00178128 set up the gateway drug required putting it together balancing polar alignment focusing xQ1V6LbJi8M-00326-00178128-00178720 finding your target and finding the target was a bit hard the other night because i forgot all xQ1V6LbJi8M-00327-00178720-00179200 kinds of finder devices so it took me 28 minutes but i think if i had remembered a finder device xQ1V6LbJi8M-00328-00179200-00179680 i could have brought that down to 20 minutes the getting serious kit required putting it together xQ1V6LbJi8M-00329-00179680-00180144 balancing polar aligning setting up the hand controller performing a three-star alignment xQ1V6LbJi8M-00330-00180208-00180632 and then going to the lagoon nebula but finding that it was off so then having to really find it xQ1V6LbJi8M-00331-00180720-00181408 and then focusing in total it took me 35 minutes but with practice and a finder scope i'm sure xQ1V6LbJi8M-00332-00181408-00181840 that i could probably get that down to like 30 minutes the lifer is the kit that i use most xQ1V6LbJi8M-00333-00181840-00182448 often and so it's very much in my muscle memory and i also have tried to make the setup of it as xQ1V6LbJi8M-00334-00182448-00183064 efficient as possible since i do it so often so i have it down to 16 minutes when i go pretty fast xQ1V6LbJi8M-00335-00183280-00183848 i think the main takeaway from this comparison is you know especially with the lifer being faster xQ1V6LbJi8M-00336-00183904-00184616 than the middle two is that a more complex setup doesn't necessarily mean longer setup time because xQ1V6LbJi8M-00337-00184616-00185160 there's a lot of ways that you can make the setup more efficient and one of those is actually xQ1V6LbJi8M-00338-00185248-00185632 controlling a lot of things through the computer can actually make you faster because plate solving xQ1V6LbJi8M-00339-00185632-00186136 for instance makes finding things so much faster another comparison that's semi-related is active xQ1V6LbJi8M-00340-00186136-00186640 time meaning the time that you actively have to sit there with the kit doing something and i'll xQ1V6LbJi8M-00341-00186640-00187200 measure this in terms of percentages the diy er is 100 active time because i'm actively moving the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00342-00187200-00187656 wheel to track so if i get an hour of data that means that i'm sitting there for an hour moving xQ1V6LbJi8M-00343-00187656-00188224 the wheel with the keeping it simple if you don't take any calibration frames and you don't recenter xQ1V6LbJi8M-00344-00188224-00188792 it's maybe zero percent but for me it was five percent because i did check focus and recenter xQ1V6LbJi8M-00345-00188792-00189416 once with the gateway drug it just depends sort of on how much you check things like how much you xQ1V6LbJi8M-00346-00189416-00189936 check focus and the tracking is working but i'd say it's somewhere between five and ten percent xQ1V6LbJi8M-00347-00189936-00190504 because you're also i also took calibration frames it's the same exact thing with the getting serious xQ1V6LbJi8M-00348-00190504-00190936 i um you know five to ten percent something like that i should point out though that with xQ1V6LbJi8M-00349-00190936-00191496 neither setup did i feel the need to manually do a meridian flip and then re-center and all that xQ1V6LbJi8M-00350-00191496-00192176 um because it didn't look like there was any danger of running into the tripod legs so i didn't xQ1V6LbJi8M-00351-00192176-00192680 do a meridian flip but if i had that probably would have added to that added to the active time xQ1V6LbJi8M-00352-00192736-00193280 it probably would have climbed above 10 percent with either setup with the lifer as i've mentioned xQ1V6LbJi8M-00353-00193280-00193768 everything is automated focusing blah blah blah so the active time is zero percent and you might xQ1V6LbJi8M-00354-00193768-00194264 be wondering well what about calibration frames i do those at home with the lifer because everything xQ1V6LbJi8M-00355-00194264-00194952 stays connected so i can even do flats at home so there's you know after i get it set up it's all uh xQ1V6LbJi8M-00356-00195064-00195448 passive i don't have to i don't have to worry about it with that kit okay we've made it to xQ1V6LbJi8M-00357-00195448-00195928 the final comparison which is just the actual images themselves that i took with each kit xQ1V6LbJi8M-00358-00195992-00196568 i'll quickly show each one full screen and then we can look at some crops i didn't really try to have xQ1V6LbJi8M-00359-00196568-00197144 any kind of consistent workflow in processing here i just made them look as best as they could with xQ1V6LbJi8M-00360-00197144-00197584 simple processing techniques like curves and saturation after i stacked xQ1V6LbJi8M-00361-00198256-00198576 here are some crops now at 100 zoom xQ1V6LbJi8M-00362-00198576-00198984 these are centered on the lagoon nebula sort of like in my thumbnail for the video xQ1V6LbJi8M-00363-00199376-00199640 and then now here is centered on the trifid nebula xQ1V6LbJi8M-00364-00200056-00200560 again all of these finished photos plus my unprocessed stacked tiffs for each kit is xQ1V6LbJi8M-00365-00200560-00201136 available at a link in the description and i've also arranged these as kits with affiliate links xQ1V6LbJi8M-00366-00201240-00201776 to each item on kit dot co nebula photos and you can find that link in the video description as xQ1V6LbJi8M-00367-00201776-00202280 well hope this was helpful to you all out there since this is a long video you're now seeing the xQ1V6LbJi8M-00368-00202280-00202776 names of all my patreon supporters if you want to be in the credits to any long video like this xQ1V6LbJi8M-00369-00202776-00203456 you can sign up over on patreon.com nebula photos in addition to having your name in the credits as xQ1V6LbJi8M-00370-00203456-00203968 you're seeing now there are lots of benefits to joining us over on patreon i organize a monthly xQ1V6LbJi8M-00371-00203968-00204408 imaging challenge which is a lot of fun and the winning images each month are published on xQ1V6LbJi8M-00372-00204408-00205064 my instagram and also on an astrobin group i also do zoom chats where you can ask me questions live xQ1V6LbJi8M-00373-00205064-00205552 we've been doing those on sundays so it's really worth your while to sign up so you don't miss out xQ1V6LbJi8M-00374-00205640-00205984 well till next time this has been Nico Carver. Clear Skies! xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00000-00000013-00000120 Hello everybody! xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00001-00000120-00000652 Watch this video to find out how to recover data from a hardware RAID 50 based on an HP xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00002-00000652-00000777 P410 controller. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00003-00000777-00001202 You’ll see how to build this array type, how to replace a faulty hard disk, and what xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00005-00005564-00006101 It is well-known that RAID 5 is a quite reliable disk array type, but its performance leaves xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00006-00006101-00006271 much to be desired. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00007-00006271-00006784 By striping data across a united body of several array groups, you get RAID 50, which gives xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00008-00006784-00007323 you a significant performance boost and increased disk space efficiency if compared with a conventional xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00009-00007323-00007459 RAID 5 system. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00010-00007459-00008067 It takes RAID 50 closer to RAID 10 performance-wise, but its fault tolerance is going to be a bit xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00011-00008067-00008167 lower. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00012-00008167-00008524 This RAID type can survive only one faulty disk in every subarray. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00013-00008524-00008911 Within a few minutes, we’ll explore how to build a RAID 50 system, how to replace xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00014-00008911-00009443 a faulty disk, what to do if you accidentally removed some information or formatted a disk, xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00015-00009443-00009914 and how to fix a problem with a failing disk or controller that was used to build such xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00016-00009914-00010014 a disk array. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00017-00010014-00010165 How to build a RAID 50 system in the controller’s BIOS and with the specialized software xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00018-00010165-00010447 To build a RAID 50 system you need at least six disks. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00019-00010447-00010920 The HP P410 controller lets you build a disk array with the help of BIOS options and a xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00020-00010920-00011061 special utility. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00021-00011061-00011575 To access the controller’s BIOS while booting, hit the F8 button after initialization. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00022-00011575-00012177 If the hard disks are empty and they haven’t been part of other disk arrays, open the option xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00023-00012177-00012345 “Create Logical Drive.” xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00024-00012345-00012903 If these disks have been used before to build a RAID system, that system should be removed xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00025-00012903-00013428 because the controller may have issues with displaying them. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00026-00013428-00013893 To do it, go down to find the option “Delete Logical Drive” and press Enter to open the xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00027-00013893-00014226 option. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00028-00014226-00014636 Use the Up and Down Arrow keys to navigate the list of disks and select the ones you xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00029-00014636-00015268 don’t need, then remove them by pressing F8 and hit F3 to confirm your decision. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00030-00015268-00015704 When you’re finished with the array configuration and it is saved, press Enter. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00031-00015704-00016016 Now you can start building a RAID 50 array. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00032-00016016-00016504 Jump to “Create Logical Drive,” use the Space key to select all disks that you would xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00033-00016504-00016809 like to include into the array. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00034-00016809-00017325 Press the Tab key to access the next part of the configuration process; check the required xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00035-00017325-00017752 RAID type, and select how many groups you want in your array. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00036-00017752-00018216 In my case, there will be two groups as I have only six hard disks. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00037-00018216-00018623 When all settings are ready, press Enter, and you’ll see all the information about xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00038-00018623-00018940 the array, its size and type. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00039-00018940-00019405 To confirm this configuration, press F8 and hit Enter to proceed. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00040-00019405-00019962 Open the option “View Logical Drive” to have the array information displayed. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00041-00019962-00020571 If everything is correct, press Esc to leave the settings menu and continue with booting. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00042-00020571-00021255 After that, you’ll have to open Disk Management and format the disk array by assigning a drive xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00043-00021255-00022031 letter and choosing the desired file system. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00044-00022031-00022490 How to build an array with the help of HP Array Configuration Utility xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00045-00022490-00022888 To build an array from the operating system which has booted and is already running, use xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00046-00022888-00023615 the proprietary utility for managing disk arrays - HP Array Configuration Utility or xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00047-00023615-00024634 HPE Smart Storage Administrator, which can be downloaded from the official website. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00048-00024634-00025098 In the Configuration tab, select your controller and click “Create Array” on the right xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00049-00025098-00025256 side of the window. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00050-00025256-00025673 Select the disks that your future RAID is going to include, and click Ok. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00051-00025673-00026480 After that, click on “Create Logical Drive,” select the array type, the number of groups, xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00052-00026480-00027683 block size, set a specific disk size if necessary, enable caching, and finally click “Save” xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00053-00027683-00027848 to confirm. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00054-00027848-00029260 Now that the array is built, the last step is to format it with the Disk Management utility. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00055-00029260-00030339 How to replace a hard disk xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00056-00030339-00030814 To replace a faulty disk, just take it out and insert a healthy disk instead, and the xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00057-00030814-00031036 rebuild process should start automatically. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00058-00031036-00031529 To find out which disk is out of order, use the utility to open the storage device tab xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00059-00031529-00032150 and check the list of disks by their serial numbers to see which one is missing. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00060-00032150-00032599 If you have an extra slot for another disk, you can insert the new disk there and set xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00061-00032599-00033152 it as a spare one; the controller will automatically find the faulty disk and start the rebuild xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00062-00033152-00033657 process with the new disk you added. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00063-00033657-00034137 A disk can be set as spare in BIOS, in the section “Create Logical Drive.” xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00064-00034137-00034479 Select this option here. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00065-00034479-00034967 The rebuild process can be monitored in the utility we have mentioned before (HPE Smart xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00066-00034967-00035067 Storage Administrator). xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00067-00035067-00035193 How to recover data after accidental removal or after a controller failure xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00068-00035193-00035584 When the controller fails, you won’t be able to access the data on the disks without xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00069-00035584-00035705 replacing it. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00070-00035705-00036180 If your attempt at replacing was not successful, use a specialized RAID data recovery tool xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00071-00036180-00036338 - Hetman RAID Recovery. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00072-00036338-00036741 It can read all the information about the controller used to create the disk array and xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00073-00036741-00036974 will rebuild the damaged RAID system. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00074-00036974-00037397 Connect the disks directly to the motherboard and launch the program. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00075-00037397-00037804 By the way, before you start the recovery process, make sure you have a disk with the xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00076-00037804-00038231 same or larger capacity than the amount of data you’re going to recover. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00077-00038231-00038683 While connecting hard disks, you may discover that you don’t have enough SATA ports and xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00078-00038683-00038818 power connectors. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00079-00038818-00039290 This problem can be fixed with a variety of expansion cards and power adapters, and we’re xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00080-00039290-00039547 showing some of them on the screen right now. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00081-00039547-00039983 As you can see, the program has built the RAID system without effort and now displays xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00082-00039983-00040529 all the information about the array. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00083-00040529-00042059 Right-click on it and start “Fast scan.” xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00084-00042059-00043340 Select the files you want to recover, click Recovery, select where you want to save them, xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00085-00043340-00043698 and click Recovery again. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00086-00043698-00044054 When the entire process is over, you will find the recovered files in the folder you xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00087-00044054-00044343 have chosen. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00088-00044343-00046007 If “Fast scan” doesn’t help the program to find the lost data, then go for “Full xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00089-00046007-00046107 analysis.” xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00090-00046107-00046608 Recovery with two disks missing, and how to build an array in RAID Constructor xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00091-00046608-00046996 Even if the program failed to recognize and rebuild your disk array automatically, you xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00092-00046996-00047499 can still use the RAID Constructor, but it requires you to know all the information about xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00093-00047499-00047877 this specific disk array. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00094-00047877-00048934 Select “Manual mode” and click “Next,” then select the RAID type, the block size xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00095-00048934-00050144 and order, the number of disks in the group, select the disks in the array and specify xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00096-00050144-00052220 their order; add empty disks instead of any disks that are shown as missing. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00097-00052220-00052751 When all the properties are given, click “Add.” xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00098-00052751-00053094 The RAID system will appear in the Drive Manager. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00099-00053094-00053662 Now the final step is to scan it and recover your data. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00100-00053662-00054190 This array type remains operable if one disk within a group fails; that is, if two disks xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00101-00054190-00054727 are out of order (one disk in either group), the whole array is still able to work. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00102-00054727-00056121 Our program can recover data even if two disks are missing, but if they were disks from the xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00103-00056121-00056612 same group, some of the files will be damaged. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00104-00056612-00056750 Conclusion xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00105-00056750-00057179 Loss of data often occurs when hard disks are swapped over or placed into other storage xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00106-00057179-00057521 systems in an attempt to rebuild the disk array. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00107-00057521-00057908 Be careful, pay attention to what you’re doing and don’t agree to initialize and xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00108-00057908-00058709 format the disks when the other operating system suggests it. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00109-00058709-00059133 Formatting the boot disk or boot partition may damage or remove the striping which reduces xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00110-00059133-00059561 your chances for data recovery and may cause a permanent data loss. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00111-00059561-00059883 Before taking any action, make sure you have backed up your disks. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00112-00059883-00060377 Always remember to back up important information regularly to prevent data loss. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00113-00060377-00060524 That is all for now! xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00114-00060524-00060678 Hopefully, this video was useful. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00115-00060678-00060932 Remember to click the Like button and subscribe to our channel. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00116-00060932-00061254 Push the bell button to receive notifications and never miss new videos. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00117-00061254-00061429 Leave comments to ask questions. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00118-00061429-00061529 Thank you for watching. xQ9DRNW1-5Q-00119-00061529-00061579 Good luck. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00000-00000010-00000106 APPEARANCE WILL BE MONDAY, xTzaAJcQUKQ-00001-00000106-00000113 APPEARANCE WILL BE MONDAY, xTzaAJcQUKQ-00002-00000113-00000266 APPEARANCE WILL BE MONDAY, DECEMBER 11th. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00003-00000266-00000273 APPEARANCE WILL BE MONDAY, DECEMBER 11th. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00004-00000273-00000400 APPEARANCE WILL BE MONDAY, DECEMBER 11th. >>> THE BELTRAMI COUNTY BOARD xTzaAJcQUKQ-00005-00000400-00000407 DECEMBER 11th. >>> THE BELTRAMI COUNTY BOARD xTzaAJcQUKQ-00006-00000407-00000527 DECEMBER 11th. >>> THE BELTRAMI COUNTY BOARD SELECTED DAVID HANSON AS THEIR xTzaAJcQUKQ-00007-00000527-00000533 >>> THE BELTRAMI COUNTY BOARD SELECTED DAVID HANSON AS THEIR xTzaAJcQUKQ-00008-00000533-00000657 >>> THE BELTRAMI COUNTY BOARD SELECTED DAVID HANSON AS THEIR NEWEST COUNTY ATTORNEY LAST xTzaAJcQUKQ-00009-00000657-00000663 SELECTED DAVID HANSON AS THEIR NEWEST COUNTY ATTORNEY LAST xTzaAJcQUKQ-00010-00000663-00000804 SELECTED DAVID HANSON AS THEIR NEWEST COUNTY ATTORNEY LAST NIGHT. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00011-00000804-00000810 NEWEST COUNTY ATTORNEY LAST NIGHT. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00012-00000810-00001227 NEWEST COUNTY ATTORNEY LAST NIGHT. HANSON WON WITH A 3-2 VOTE. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00013-00001227-00001234 NIGHT. HANSON WON WITH A 3-2 VOTE. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00014-00001234-00001668 NIGHT. HANSON WON WITH A 3-2 VOTE. HE CURRENTLY SERVES AS THE xTzaAJcQUKQ-00015-00001668-00001674 HANSON WON WITH A 3-2 VOTE. HE CURRENTLY SERVES AS THE xTzaAJcQUKQ-00016-00001674-00001875 HANSON WON WITH A 3-2 VOTE. HE CURRENTLY SERVES AS THE CLEARWATER DISTRICT ATTORNEY. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00017-00001875-00001881 HE CURRENTLY SERVES AS THE CLEARWATER DISTRICT ATTORNEY. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00018-00001881-00001948 HE CURRENTLY SERVES AS THE CLEARWATER DISTRICT ATTORNEY. BACK IN 2014, HE RAN FOR THE xTzaAJcQUKQ-00019-00001948-00001955 CLEARWATER DISTRICT ATTORNEY. BACK IN 2014, HE RAN FOR THE xTzaAJcQUKQ-00020-00001955-00002052 CLEARWATER DISTRICT ATTORNEY. BACK IN 2014, HE RAN FOR THE POSITION BUT LOST IN AN ELECTION xTzaAJcQUKQ-00021-00002052-00002058 BACK IN 2014, HE RAN FOR THE POSITION BUT LOST IN AN ELECTION xTzaAJcQUKQ-00022-00002058-00002165 BACK IN 2014, HE RAN FOR THE POSITION BUT LOST IN AN ELECTION TO CURRENT JUDGE ANNIE xTzaAJcQUKQ-00023-00002165-00002172 POSITION BUT LOST IN AN ELECTION TO CURRENT JUDGE ANNIE xTzaAJcQUKQ-00024-00002172-00002272 POSITION BUT LOST IN AN ELECTION TO CURRENT JUDGE ANNIE CLAESSON-HUSEBY. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00025-00002272-00002278 TO CURRENT JUDGE ANNIE CLAESSON-HUSEBY. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00026-00002278-00002425 TO CURRENT JUDGE ANNIE CLAESSON-HUSEBY. HANSON SAYS HE REMAINED HOPEFUL xTzaAJcQUKQ-00027-00002425-00002432 CLAESSON-HUSEBY. HANSON SAYS HE REMAINED HOPEFUL xTzaAJcQUKQ-00028-00002432-00002499 CLAESSON-HUSEBY. HANSON SAYS HE REMAINED HOPEFUL HE WOULD WIN LAST NIGHT, BUT WAS xTzaAJcQUKQ-00029-00002499-00002505 HANSON SAYS HE REMAINED HOPEFUL HE WOULD WIN LAST NIGHT, BUT WAS xTzaAJcQUKQ-00030-00002505-00002595 HANSON SAYS HE REMAINED HOPEFUL HE WOULD WIN LAST NIGHT, BUT WAS SURPRISED TO GET THE POSITION SO xTzaAJcQUKQ-00031-00002595-00002602 HE WOULD WIN LAST NIGHT, BUT WAS SURPRISED TO GET THE POSITION SO xTzaAJcQUKQ-00032-00002602-00002846 HE WOULD WIN LAST NIGHT, BUT WAS SURPRISED TO GET THE POSITION SO SUDDENLY. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00033-00002846-00002852 SURPRISED TO GET THE POSITION SO SUDDENLY. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00034-00002852-00002976 SURPRISED TO GET THE POSITION SO SUDDENLY. >> THE FIRST THING I WANT IT TO xTzaAJcQUKQ-00035-00002976-00002982 SUDDENLY. >> THE FIRST THING I WANT IT TO xTzaAJcQUKQ-00036-00002982-00003219 SUDDENLY. >> THE FIRST THING I WANT IT TO DO IS SIMPLY LISTEN, BOTH TO THE xTzaAJcQUKQ-00037-00003219-00003226 >> THE FIRST THING I WANT IT TO DO IS SIMPLY LISTEN, BOTH TO THE xTzaAJcQUKQ-00038-00003226-00003643 >> THE FIRST THING I WANT IT TO DO IS SIMPLY LISTEN, BOTH TO THE COMMUNITY, THE CITIZENS AND LAW xTzaAJcQUKQ-00039-00003643-00003650 DO IS SIMPLY LISTEN, BOTH TO THE COMMUNITY, THE CITIZENS AND LAW xTzaAJcQUKQ-00040-00003650-00003807 DO IS SIMPLY LISTEN, BOTH TO THE COMMUNITY, THE CITIZENS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT, THE LEGAL COMMUNITY xTzaAJcQUKQ-00041-00003807-00003813 COMMUNITY, THE CITIZENS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT, THE LEGAL COMMUNITY xTzaAJcQUKQ-00042-00003813-00003983 COMMUNITY, THE CITIZENS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT, THE LEGAL COMMUNITY IN TOWN AND HEAR THE CONCERNS OF xTzaAJcQUKQ-00043-00003983-00003990 ENFORCEMENT, THE LEGAL COMMUNITY IN TOWN AND HEAR THE CONCERNS OF xTzaAJcQUKQ-00044-00003990-00004144 ENFORCEMENT, THE LEGAL COMMUNITY IN TOWN AND HEAR THE CONCERNS OF THE COMMUNITY SO THAT I CAN, YOU xTzaAJcQUKQ-00045-00004144-00004150 IN TOWN AND HEAR THE CONCERNS OF THE COMMUNITY SO THAT I CAN, YOU xTzaAJcQUKQ-00046-00004150-00004360 IN TOWN AND HEAR THE CONCERNS OF THE COMMUNITY SO THAT I CAN, YOU KNOW, BRING THOSE TO THE OFFICE xTzaAJcQUKQ-00047-00004360-00004367 THE COMMUNITY SO THAT I CAN, YOU KNOW, BRING THOSE TO THE OFFICE xTzaAJcQUKQ-00048-00004367-00004517 THE COMMUNITY SO THAT I CAN, YOU KNOW, BRING THOSE TO THE OFFICE AND THEN ADDRESS THOSE. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00049-00004517-00004524 KNOW, BRING THOSE TO THE OFFICE AND THEN ADDRESS THOSE. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00050-00004524-00004794 KNOW, BRING THOSE TO THE OFFICE AND THEN ADDRESS THOSE. BUT I ALSO WANT TO BRING MY xTzaAJcQUKQ-00051-00004794-00004801 AND THEN ADDRESS THOSE. BUT I ALSO WANT TO BRING MY xTzaAJcQUKQ-00052-00004801-00004994 AND THEN ADDRESS THOSE. BUT I ALSO WANT TO BRING MY EXPERTISE TO CLEARWATER COUNTY xTzaAJcQUKQ-00053-00004994-00005001 BUT I ALSO WANT TO BRING MY EXPERTISE TO CLEARWATER COUNTY xTzaAJcQUKQ-00054-00005001-00005195 BUT I ALSO WANT TO BRING MY EXPERTISE TO CLEARWATER COUNTY AND BRING IT OVER TO BELTRAMI xTzaAJcQUKQ-00055-00005195-00005201 EXPERTISE TO CLEARWATER COUNTY AND BRING IT OVER TO BELTRAMI xTzaAJcQUKQ-00056-00005201-00005375 EXPERTISE TO CLEARWATER COUNTY AND BRING IT OVER TO BELTRAMI COUNTY AND JUST MAKE BELTRAMI xTzaAJcQUKQ-00057-00005375-00005382 AND BRING IT OVER TO BELTRAMI COUNTY AND JUST MAKE BELTRAMI xTzaAJcQUKQ-00058-00005382-00005512 AND BRING IT OVER TO BELTRAMI COUNTY AND JUST MAKE BELTRAMI COUNTY A BETTER PLACE. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00059-00005512-00005518 COUNTY AND JUST MAKE BELTRAMI COUNTY A BETTER PLACE. xTzaAJcQUKQ-00060-00005518-00005729 COUNTY AND JUST MAKE BELTRAMI COUNTY A BETTER PLACE. >>Josh: AS FOR WORKING WITH xTzaAJcQUKQ-00061-00005729-00005735 COUNTY A BETTER PLACE. >>Josh: AS FOR WORKING WITH xTzaAJcQUKQ-00062-00005735-00005802 COUNTY A BETTER PLACE. >>Josh: AS FOR WORKING WITH CLAESSON-HUSEBY, HANSON SAYS THE xTzaAJcQUKQ-00063-00005802-00005809 >>Josh: AS FOR WORKING WITH CLAESSON-HUSEBY, HANSON SAYS THE xTzaAJcQUKQ-00064-00005809-00005909 >>Josh: AS FOR WORKING WITH CLAESSON-HUSEBY, HANSON SAYS THE TWO HAVE A CORDIAL RELATIONSHIP xTzaAJcQUKQ-00065-00005909-00005915 CLAESSON-HUSEBY, HANSON SAYS THE TWO HAVE A CORDIAL RELATIONSHIP xTzaAJcQUKQ-00066-00005915-00005969 CLAESSON-HUSEBY, HANSON SAYS THE TWO HAVE A CORDIAL RELATIONSHIP AND HE LOOKS FORWARD TO WORKING xWGhpbn_mak-00000-00000000-00000200 TIC TOK xXutfvNqUhQ-00000-00000495-00001388 [Music] xXutfvNqUhQ-00001-00001084-00001688 Learning about multiple intelligences in xXutfvNqUhQ-00002-00001388-00001688 the Land of Oz. xXutfvNqUhQ-00003-00001698-00002318 We're off to see the Wizard and to learn xXutfvNqUhQ-00004-00001926-00002552 about multiple intelligences. The Wizard xXutfvNqUhQ-00005-00002318-00002898 of the multiple intelligences theory is xXutfvNqUhQ-00006-00002552-00003159 dr. Howard Gardner. A psychologist and xXutfvNqUhQ-00007-00002898-00003369 educator, Gardner based his theory on the xXutfvNqUhQ-00008-00003159-00003647 notion that intelligence can come in xXutfvNqUhQ-00009-00003369-00003819 different packages. Gardner theorized xXutfvNqUhQ-00010-00003647-00004011 that there are several relatively xXutfvNqUhQ-00011-00003819-00004369 independent areas of intellectual xXutfvNqUhQ-00012-00004011-00004708 competence. he later added two more areas xXutfvNqUhQ-00013-00004369-00005003 naturalistic and spiritual intelligence. xXutfvNqUhQ-00014-00004708-00005526 let's take a closer look at the original xXutfvNqUhQ-00015-00005003-00005775 seven types of intelligence. Linguistic xXutfvNqUhQ-00016-00005526-00006185 intelligence is the ability to use xXutfvNqUhQ-00017-00005775-00006500 language sensitivity to order the xXutfvNqUhQ-00018-00006185-00007034 ability to argue persuade entertain or xXutfvNqUhQ-00019-00006500-00007311 instruct with spoken words. logical or xXutfvNqUhQ-00020-00007034-00007661 mathematic intelligence. the intelligence xXutfvNqUhQ-00021-00007311-00007967 of logic and numbers, ability to handle xXutfvNqUhQ-00022-00007661-00008306 chains of reasoning, ability to recognize xXutfvNqUhQ-00023-00007967-00008606 patterns and order, ability to think in xXutfvNqUhQ-00024-00008306-00009050 terms of cause and effect, and the xXutfvNqUhQ-00025-00008606-00009395 ability to create and test hypotheses. xXutfvNqUhQ-00026-00009050-00009834 musical intelligence. a sensitivity to xXutfvNqUhQ-00027-00009395-00010086 pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone. the ability xXutfvNqUhQ-00028-00009834-00010314 to sing in tune and keep time to music. xXutfvNqUhQ-00029-00010086-00010689 the ability to listen to musical xXutfvNqUhQ-00030-00010314-00010980 selections with discernment. bodily or xXutfvNqUhQ-00031-00010689-00011259 kinesthetic intelligence is the ability xXutfvNqUhQ-00032-00010980-00011556 to use one's body skillfully such as in xXutfvNqUhQ-00033-00011259-00011805 playing sports or dancing, the ability to xXutfvNqUhQ-00034-00011556-00012353 handle objects skillfully, hands on xXutfvNqUhQ-00035-00011805-00012650 people, good tactical sensitivity. spatial xXutfvNqUhQ-00036-00012353-00012909 intelligence. acute sensitivity to visual xXutfvNqUhQ-00037-00012650-00013163 detail, the ability to draw ideas xXutfvNqUhQ-00038-00012909-00013581 graphically, the ability to orient xXutfvNqUhQ-00039-00013163-00013769 oneself easily in 3d space, and the xXutfvNqUhQ-00040-00013581-00014081 ability to visually perceive the world xXutfvNqUhQ-00041-00013769-00014433 accurately and to recreate or transform xXutfvNqUhQ-00042-00014081-00014726 aspects of that world. interpersonal xXutfvNqUhQ-00043-00014433-00015091 intelligence. the ability to understand xXutfvNqUhQ-00044-00014726-00015250 people and relationships, be adept at xXutfvNqUhQ-00045-00015091-00015553 receiving and responding to the moods, xXutfvNqUhQ-00046-00015250-00016044 temperature, intentions, and desires of xXutfvNqUhQ-00047-00015553-00016261 others. interpersonal intelligence is the xXutfvNqUhQ-00048-00016044-00016489 ability to access one's own emotional xXutfvNqUhQ-00049-00016261-00016810 life as a means of understanding oneself xXutfvNqUhQ-00050-00016489-00017083 and others. the ability to discriminate xXutfvNqUhQ-00051-00016810-00017290 among different emotional states and the xXutfvNqUhQ-00052-00017083-00017680 ability to use one's feelings to enrich xXutfvNqUhQ-00053-00017290-00017908 and guide one's life. now that you know a xXutfvNqUhQ-00054-00017680-00018142 little more about multiple intelligences. xXutfvNqUhQ-00055-00017908-00018346 let's visit the Land of Oz to try to xXutfvNqUhQ-00056-00018142-00018706 figure out the intelligence of some of xXutfvNqUhQ-00057-00018346-00018985 the students there. your first student is xXutfvNqUhQ-00058-00018706-00019231 so reticent to participate in class that xXutfvNqUhQ-00059-00018985-00019501 you could almost call him cowardly. he is xXutfvNqUhQ-00060-00019231-00019678 introspective and unassertive. he tends xXutfvNqUhQ-00061-00019501-00019942 to hang back from the rest but usually xXutfvNqUhQ-00062-00019678-00020119 has a thoughtful comment to make. he is xXutfvNqUhQ-00063-00019942-00020362 the first person to champion the rights xXutfvNqUhQ-00064-00020119-00020608 of others but most likely by signing a xXutfvNqUhQ-00065-00020362-00020932 petition. he has a strong ethical sense xXutfvNqUhQ-00066-00020608-00021454 and that's no lyin'. which student in Oz xXutfvNqUhQ-00067-00020932-00021657 do you think this is? it's the Cowardly xXutfvNqUhQ-00068-00021454-00021657 Lion. xXutfvNqUhQ-00069-00021722-00022279 what type of intelligence does the xXutfvNqUhQ-00070-00021977-00022279 Cowardly Lion have? xXutfvNqUhQ-00071-00022800-00023404 musical intelligence and intrapersonal xXutfvNqUhQ-00072-00023122-00023578 intelligence we give all of these xXutfvNqUhQ-00073-00023404-00023797 students credit for musical intelligence xXutfvNqUhQ-00074-00023578-00023913 for their skipping and singing on the xXutfvNqUhQ-00075-00023797-00024139 yellow brick road. xXutfvNqUhQ-00076-00023913-00024376 your second students lack of xXutfvNqUhQ-00077-00024139-00024541 coordination in bodily control keeps him xXutfvNqUhQ-00078-00024376-00024769 in his seat throughout the class period. xXutfvNqUhQ-00079-00024541-00024928 this is fine though because of his xXutfvNqUhQ-00080-00024769-00025206 articulate manner of speaking and xXutfvNqUhQ-00081-00024928-00025408 exceptional writing skills. don't let his xXutfvNqUhQ-00082-00025206-00025635 assertion that he hasn't the mental xXutfvNqUhQ-00083-00025408-00025857 capacity for more challenging work fool xXutfvNqUhQ-00084-00025635-00026070 you, his communication skills and xXutfvNqUhQ-00085-00025857-00026422 thoughtfulness make him a natural leader. xXutfvNqUhQ-00086-00026070-00026830 he's outstanding in his field. which xXutfvNqUhQ-00087-00026422-00026645 student in Oz do you think this is? xXutfvNqUhQ-00088-00026830-00027116 it's the Scarecrow xXutfvNqUhQ-00089-00027168-00027824 what type of intelligence does the xXutfvNqUhQ-00090-00027408-00028064 Scarecrow have? linguistic intelligence, xXutfvNqUhQ-00091-00027824-00028395 logical or mathematic intelligence, xXutfvNqUhQ-00092-00028064-00028600 musical intelligence, and interpersonal xXutfvNqUhQ-00093-00028395-00028906 intelligence. xXutfvNqUhQ-00094-00028600-00029150 Your next student is always concerned xXutfvNqUhQ-00095-00028906-00029368 about her classmates. she has been known xXutfvNqUhQ-00096-00029150-00029618 to bring snacks in a basket to class. she xXutfvNqUhQ-00097-00029368-00029918 is kind to small animals. particularly xXutfvNqUhQ-00098-00029618-00030163 dogs. she is always meeting new people xXutfvNqUhQ-00099-00029918-00030621 and she usually invites them to join her xXutfvNqUhQ-00100-00030163-00030621 on a journey. she is a great team player. xXutfvNqUhQ-00101-00030639-00031122 which student in ours do you think this xXutfvNqUhQ-00102-00030899-00031122 is? xXutfvNqUhQ-00103-00031124-00031931 it is Dorothy. what type of intelligence xXutfvNqUhQ-00104-00031457-00032183 does Dorothy have? linguistic xXutfvNqUhQ-00105-00031931-00032530 intelligence. musical intelligence, and xXutfvNqUhQ-00106-00032183-00032530 interpersonal intelligence. xXutfvNqUhQ-00107-00032657-00033111 this student has an uncanny knack for xXutfvNqUhQ-00108-00032952-00033165 understanding his fellow students xXutfvNqUhQ-00109-00033111-00033453 feelings. xXutfvNqUhQ-00110-00033165-00033726 he is very empathetic and always takes xXutfvNqUhQ-00111-00033453-00033888 the time to listen to anyone in need. he xXutfvNqUhQ-00112-00033726-00034092 worries that as people's skills may xXutfvNqUhQ-00113-00033888-00034374 become a little rusty but those who know xXutfvNqUhQ-00114-00034092-00034610 him would disagree. which student in Oz xXutfvNqUhQ-00115-00034374-00034961 do you think this is? xXutfvNqUhQ-00116-00034610-00034961 it's the Tin Man. xXutfvNqUhQ-00117-00034991-00035690 what type of intelligence does the xXutfvNqUhQ-00118-00035250-00035976 tinman have? linguistic intelligence. xXutfvNqUhQ-00119-00035690-00036242 musical intelligence. and interpersonal xXutfvNqUhQ-00120-00035976-00036242 intelligence/ xXutfvNqUhQ-00121-00036390-00036966 your last student is known in the class xXutfvNqUhQ-00122-00036660-00037200 for her calculating style. she is a born xXutfvNqUhQ-00123-00036966-00037374 organizer but she has a tendency to fly xXutfvNqUhQ-00124-00037200-00037683 off the handle when her plans are xXutfvNqUhQ-00125-00037374-00037968 disrupted. she likes order control and xXutfvNqUhQ-00126-00037683-00038286 reason. if things don't add up she has a xXutfvNqUhQ-00127-00037968-00038777 meltdown. finally which student in Oz do xXutfvNqUhQ-00128-00038286-00039036 you think this is? it's the Wicked Witch. xXutfvNqUhQ-00129-00038777-00039311 what type of intelligence does the xXutfvNqUhQ-00130-00039036-00039311 Wicked Witch have? xXutfvNqUhQ-00131-00039704-00040305 linguistic intelligence, logical or xXutfvNqUhQ-00132-00040017-00040572 mathematical intelligence, bodily or xXutfvNqUhQ-00133-00040305-00040811 kinesthetic intelligence, and spatial xXutfvNqUhQ-00134-00040572-00040811 intelligence. xXutfvNqUhQ-00135-00041160-00041695 congratulations on recognizing the xXutfvNqUhQ-00136-00041368-00041989 various intelligences. you have completed xXutfvNqUhQ-00137-00041695-00042456 this learning activity: learning about xXutfvNqUhQ-00138-00041989-00042456 multiple intelligences in the Land of Oz. xXADsgcd-2c-00000-00000000-00000083 John C-J: Hey? xXADsgcd-2c-00001-00000254-00001969 Claude Rubinson: Alright, So I want to uh welcome everyone to uh uh, October's Houston functional programming Usage group, and we today have uh with us, John Captain Johnson, who is one of my favorite speakers. Um! He always uh xXADsgcd-2c-00002-00001971-00003375 Claude Rubinson: has uh fun and interesting and smart uh presentations. And um I was. I was telling my wife uh last night over dinner I was like, Oh, yeah, John's gonna, you know. Speak! And xXADsgcd-2c-00003-00003376-00004110 Claude Rubinson: she she was trying to remember like, Oh, who is that? As well like the first one that I see um xXADsgcd-2c-00004-00004120-00005111 Claude Rubinson: started off by saying, Well, i'm going to do some sociology, and i'm going to like, you know, mess it up, and I really hope there are any sociologists in the audience. And so xXADsgcd-2c-00005-00005113-00006134 Claude Rubinson: I laughed. But it turned out that his sociology was spot off. So um! With that I will turn things over to Joe Welcome. Thank you so much. xXADsgcd-2c-00006-00006215-00007186 John C-J: So my name is John. I actually did do a functional programming. User Talk about sociology, Believe it or not, xXADsgcd-2c-00007-00007214-00008339 John C-J: I I have kind of a reputation, I think, for doing strange talks uh our talks. That kind of make you have to start somewhere other than functional programming. xXADsgcd-2c-00008-00008412-00008599 John C-J: So um xXADsgcd-2c-00009-00008611-00009120 John C-J: a little bit of background about me. I did study computer science in college. xXADsgcd-2c-00010-00009147-00009405 John C-J: I was an English and history nature. xXADsgcd-2c-00011-00009409-00009994 John C-J: I had a whole career in some other kind of development xXADsgcd-2c-00012-00010031-00011495 John C-J: before I discovered that I could make more money doing software, and and it was fun. And I've been doing that for a long time now, and the most fun I have is what I do F. Sharon. It's gonna be honest. Um! xXADsgcd-2c-00013-00011497-00012566 John C-J: For the last couple of years I did a project at F sharp. I really enjoyed that that came to it. I changed employers. xXADsgcd-2c-00014-00012575-00013387 John C-J: I went from improving to Gcc. Like some of the other people here, and so now xXADsgcd-2c-00015-00013440-00014227 John C-J: we mostly see sharp in real life. But I still love to dabble in F sharp. And xXADsgcd-2c-00016-00014569-00015203 John C-J: this this presentation, this piece of software that I started really came about because xXADsgcd-2c-00017-00015209-00015880 John C-J: I wrote a bunch of F sharp for this project I was on, and it was the ugliest f sharp I had ever seen. xXADsgcd-2c-00018-00015896-00016650 John C-J: Yeah, that wasn't my fault, as it usually is, Jared, to tell you I usually write out in the code, but this was ugly xXADsgcd-2c-00019-00016664-00018023 John C-J: because of the situation. So let me explain a couple of things. The best open source. Pdf: generation software net uses sort of an all. xXADsgcd-2c-00020-00018025-00018690 John C-J: Do it, You know, Builder, Kind of approach to. If you did some C sharp, you probably see that xXADsgcd-2c-00021-00018724-00019411 John C-J: the problem i'll be right into there is that every other line in your F sharp code has to have it ignore, xXADsgcd-2c-00022-00019463-00021354 John C-J: because the C sharp builder things always return an object so you could keep, you know, dotting uh to the end of it to do stuff uh that was a little frustrating it. Just generally there's a lot of dotnet applications that are designed for Cr: because most people who are in the dial that world do see sharp. xXADsgcd-2c-00023-00021370-00022049 John C-J: That's pretty reasonable. So I decided that it would have been a lot nicer to xXADsgcd-2c-00024-00022145-00022626 John C-J: if I could have had a different interface into this application. xXADsgcd-2c-00025-00022697-00022942 John C-J: And that's basically where it stood xXADsgcd-2c-00026-00023029-00023746 John C-J: did on the project. I was working on it. Look like we were going to have to create excel files. Everybody know what excel is. xXADsgcd-2c-00027-00023862-00024003 John C-J: Yeah, Yeah, Okay, xXADsgcd-2c-00028-00024005-00025535 John C-J: this is. This is a test to see if people are awake, because I know you know what excel is right? Okay? So I assume everybody is what excel is. I assume everybody knows what Pdfs are now. How many people have ever had to generate xXADsgcd-2c-00029-00025563-00025895 John C-J: an excel file or a Pdf file from code. xXADsgcd-2c-00030-00025952-00026168 John C-J: Yeah, yes, xXADsgcd-2c-00031-00026177-00026524 John C-J: yes. Okay. How much card was it? xXADsgcd-2c-00032-00026560-00027872 Peter Seale: Exactly as much as you think it was? It was. It was more fun the fifth time I did it? Yeah, Okay. So uh, I was looking around for xXADsgcd-2c-00033-00027991-00028281 John C-J: a library that might let me do, xXADsgcd-2c-00034-00028291-00029093 John C-J: you know, create excel files? There's there's a ton of those that do that right, but they're all C sharp based. And I ran across this little project xXADsgcd-2c-00035-00029097-00029691 John C-J: where a guy named Kit Eason had put together a xXADsgcd-2c-00036-00029699-00030294 John C-J: wrapper around Closed Xml close. Xml is a really nice xXADsgcd-2c-00037-00030308-00031773 John C-J: dotnet library for creating uh excel files it today. It's kind of a play of open Xml: If anyway, uh close X of L is okay, but it's anyway. What he did was xXADsgcd-2c-00038-00031816-00032750 John C-J: he put a list processing front into it to make it look like elb anybody down to the L. xXADsgcd-2c-00039-00032772-00032988 John C-J: Anybody familiar with Elvis? xXADsgcd-2c-00040-00033089-00034235 John C-J: Yes, okay. So it'd be really helpful to the extent that you're familiar with elbow, which is a way of doing uh html, but like with lists. xXADsgcd-2c-00041-00034316-00034669 John C-J: And so I thought that was really cool. xXADsgcd-2c-00042-00034679-00034938 John C-J: Too bad nobody's ever done that for xXADsgcd-2c-00043-00035681-00036411 John C-J: Fs. Excel, which, if you want to look at up on, Get up, you can. Before I saw that I thought that would be a really hard thing to do, xXADsgcd-2c-00044-00036414-00036960 John C-J: and I looked at his code, and it was easy enough that I even contributed some features to that. xXADsgcd-2c-00045-00037004-00037307 John C-J: I like. This is a great idea, xXADsgcd-2c-00046-00037352-00037502 John C-J: because xXADsgcd-2c-00047-00037646-00038048 John C-J: most of these things that create, excel, or Pdf. Files. xXADsgcd-2c-00048-00038061-00038276 John C-J: They're complicated. xXADsgcd-2c-00049-00038283-00038572 John C-J: Would everybody agree with that that they're complicated xXADsgcd-2c-00050-00038580-00038700 John C-J: because xXADsgcd-2c-00051-00038708-00039290 John C-J: Pdf. And excel have lots of features, and they, you know there's just a lot of stuff, xXADsgcd-2c-00052-00039294-00039866 and most of the time we don't really need to use all of the features. xXADsgcd-2c-00053-00039933-00041577 John C-J: So I that that was. That was what got me started down this path. Um, Now we're be clear that this is not going to be the Pdf. Library that you're going to use if you need to do really complicated. Pdf: xXADsgcd-2c-00054-00041639-00041880 John C-J: That's not what it's designed to do. xXADsgcd-2c-00055-00041896-00042533 John C-J: My experience. The Pdf files that I've generated programmatically followed to xXADsgcd-2c-00056-00042656-00043055 John C-J: some fairly simple categories so invoices xXADsgcd-2c-00057-00043065-00044501 John C-J: most businesses like to send out invoices, because that's how they are. Money right? And so that's what they that you do. The other thing is quotes, you know that's the other end of the pipeline where it's like. Hey? Here's what we could do for you, xXADsgcd-2c-00058-00044505-00045671 John C-J: and in my experience there's two things that are pretty common. Uh, you have to pull some data from your database, or whatever um you know the customer, David, address, and that sort of thing. xXADsgcd-2c-00059-00045685-00046596 John C-J: And what gets really interesting is when you have to have multiple pages, and you're not sure where the page breaks are. xXADsgcd-2c-00060-00046682-00047436 John C-J: So that's actually kind of hard on Pdf: Um. Does anybody know what Pdf. Stands for? xXADsgcd-2c-00061-00047561-00047735 John Storey: Portable document format? xXADsgcd-2c-00062-00047741-00048860 John C-J: Very good. Some people get that wrong. That F is for for that. So it is okay to say a Pdf: that's not redundant. But it was worried about that. Um. xXADsgcd-2c-00063-00048911-00049407 John C-J: So the history of Pdf: It's actually a subset of posts grip. xXADsgcd-2c-00064-00049444-00049709 John C-J: Everybody familiar with postscript xXADsgcd-2c-00065-00049775-00050229 John C-J: postscript is a primary language to do what xXADsgcd-2c-00066-00050364-00051746 John C-J: anything you want. It is very complete. Also a lot of other things. But don't do anything, you all would post it. It's designed. It's fun that dots on the page xXADsgcd-2c-00067-00051757-00052953 John C-J: to put black dots on a white page. You can do all of that, that both of these four. So, because they're really sort of focused on printers like in their model, xXADsgcd-2c-00068-00052962-00053247 John C-J: they tend to be focused on doing pages, xXADsgcd-2c-00069-00053329-00053519 John C-J: which is fine xXADsgcd-2c-00070-00053536-00054448 John C-J: if you have one page, or if you know exactly where your P. Is going to break. But what I've discovered is frequently you end up with a situation where xXADsgcd-2c-00071-00054454-00055676 John C-J: you have a variable number of paragraphs for your terms and conditions, or whatever right. And so what you need to be able to do is say, okay, put this stuff out there, you know, xXADsgcd-2c-00072-00055721-00056641 John C-J: and you figure out where the page pageination goes. Has anybody ever written any code that tries to page itate stuff. xXADsgcd-2c-00073-00056683-00057594 John C-J: I mean, It's like it is a legitimately hard problem. xXADsgcd-2c-00074-00057629-00059596 John C-J: However, there is a um, a library dotnet called micro Doc, that was written like twenty years ago. Like it's seriously that old, and it gives you a sort of a word processor like feel to generate a Pdf. It actually generates all sorts of you can generate other stuff, too, but xXADsgcd-2c-00075-00059597-00060103 John C-J: most people use it with its associated Pdf. Library, called Pdf. Sharp. xXADsgcd-2c-00076-00060146-00060260 John C-J: Um. xXADsgcd-2c-00077-00060279-00060772 John C-J: The fact that there's libraries called Pdf. Sharp really makes it hard to do, xXADsgcd-2c-00078-00060812-00061516 John C-J: an F. Sharp Pdf: you know, like the navy gets all messed up. Anyway, that's a whole. Um. So xXADsgcd-2c-00079-00061613-00061959 John C-J: I decided that this was going to be a cool thing to do. xXADsgcd-2c-00080-00061970-00062408 John C-J: Now, how many people think it turned out to be too hard for me to do. xXADsgcd-2c-00081-00062475-00063385 John C-J: Well, Jerry, you're wrong. It wasn't too hard for me to do. Well, you might be xXADsgcd-2c-00082-00063699-00064368 John C-J: um so in the bottle that i'm going to show you there are no pages. xXADsgcd-2c-00083-00064498-00064630 John C-J: That is xXADsgcd-2c-00084-00064638-00065442 John C-J: it Doesn't? Create a page. What it does is you have some session level stuff you do. And did you have a document, xXADsgcd-2c-00085-00065539-00066008 John C-J: and then you have sections, and every section starts at the top of a page. You xXADsgcd-2c-00086-00066014-00066826 John C-J: and you stuff things out of the section, and you let the underlying library figure out where the paid brings go xXADsgcd-2c-00087-00066859-00066972 John C-J: of xXADsgcd-2c-00088-00067030-00068287 John C-J: I would probably not expose it through by Ui, but it will let you do. Windows and orphans, and all sorts of other crazy stuff on your pages. But anyway, there's that xXADsgcd-2c-00089-00068318-00070214 John C-J: Now, does everybody kind of understand the or the problem by trying to solve It's not everybody's problem, probably not even most of sharp people from. But it was my problem, and I wanted a solution. So this is what I came up with. Yeah, I'm going to show you a little bit of code. xXADsgcd-2c-00090-00070230-00070888 John C-J: Then I want to sort of talk about the philosophy and the choices I made, and xXADsgcd-2c-00091-00070895-00071495 John C-J: what I want to convince you of is using nothing more of functional programming. Then xXADsgcd-2c-00092-00071500-00071852 John C-J: discriminating units, lists and patterns, xXADsgcd-2c-00093-00071932-00072705 John C-J: an underlying library That's pretty powerful. You could do all sorts of really crazy stuff. xXADsgcd-2c-00094-00072717-00074339 John C-J: I actually like this as a programmer's interface, and what I mean by that is, I like the whole idea of that we call elbows, for reasons that I guess they came up with at first of just using a bunch of list to tell the system what to do. xXADsgcd-2c-00095-00074417-00074563 John C-J: Okay, xXADsgcd-2c-00096-00074566-00074770 let me see if I can. xXADsgcd-2c-00097-00074834-00075041 John C-J: Ah wake by. xXADsgcd-2c-00098-00075064-00075312 John C-J: Yeah, There we go by uh xXADsgcd-2c-00099-00075468-00076127 John C-J: Bow Seems to go to sleep quite a bit. So i'm going to try to share my screen. xXADsgcd-2c-00100-00076708-00076817 John C-J: Syria. xXADsgcd-2c-00101-00077219-00077305 Okay, xXADsgcd-2c-00102-00077369-00077616 kid, Everybody see that xXADsgcd-2c-00103-00077782-00077874 perfect. xXADsgcd-2c-00104-00077876-00078460 John C-J: Okay. So for some reason, viral studio code just blew up. I'll be today. xXADsgcd-2c-00105-00078491-00078712 John C-J: So we're going to do this in leap pad. xXADsgcd-2c-00106-00078718-00079222 John C-J: Everybody's favorite tool, Right? Okay. So I want to start off that here. xXADsgcd-2c-00107-00079295-00079412 John C-J: Um. xXADsgcd-2c-00108-00079422-00079659 John C-J: So the listed F Sharp. xXADsgcd-2c-00109-00079681-00079891 John C-J: Uh is it out of brackets? xXADsgcd-2c-00110-00079905-00080744 John C-J: And if you put the items in the list on the same blind, you put a semicolon to separate the list items, xXADsgcd-2c-00111-00080815-00082230 John C-J: but generally what you'll see in a lot of list is they'll break it out, you know, on different lines that way. You don't have the city calls. People who write f sharp like to avoid as much uh needless xXADsgcd-2c-00112-00082231-00082860 John C-J: use of punctuation as we can like. The reason we don't do, C. Sharp is, we read out of city colds xXADsgcd-2c-00113-00082940-00083038 to go xXADsgcd-2c-00114-00083196-00083375 John C-J: now. So xXADsgcd-2c-00115-00083520-00083781 John C-J: this list right here, right? xXADsgcd-2c-00116-00083874-00084997 John C-J: This is actually a list for the document. There's some commands like. I want to use this, as you know, the page sizes letter, and so xXADsgcd-2c-00117-00085069-00086869 John C-J: the default you. The thing is kind of important, but it's really an underlying library issue. Uh, the underlying library was written by some people in Germany, and for some weird reason they use, like centimeters and millimeters to measure things. What's up with that? xXADsgcd-2c-00118-00086870-00087659 John C-J: They're saying, and not crazy like we are. But anyway, being an ugly American, i'm going to use an inch as by default, muted xXADsgcd-2c-00119-00087710-00087842 John C-J: uh xXADsgcd-2c-00120-00087903-00089000 John C-J: everything. The the way the underlying library works is everything you do that requires a measure. But you have to specify what you that you want to use, and so we're going to use. xXADsgcd-2c-00121-00089042-00089207 John C-J: Each is everywhere. xXADsgcd-2c-00122-00089244-00089720 John C-J: Brand new letter about a four. So here's my section, xXADsgcd-2c-00123-00089742-00090092 John C-J: and inside my section I could write a bunch of stuff right? xXADsgcd-2c-00124-00090170-00091063 John C-J: Um, and then I send this list to a function called Rigorous Pdf. And I say, I will send that to a file, and I give it a file path. xXADsgcd-2c-00125-00091096-00091330 John C-J: It generates a Pdf. xXADsgcd-2c-00126-00091437-00091906 John C-J: And later on i'll like change this and show you that it really does generate A. P. Yet. xXADsgcd-2c-00127-00091937-00092075 John C-J: So xXADsgcd-2c-00128-00092225-00094201 John C-J: that's that's what I want people to see now. Obviously a real documents going to be a little more complicated to this. You know you want to set margins, and you know, general stuff like that. But let's sort of go up and see all the ugly code that goes into this. Okay, So xXADsgcd-2c-00129-00094275-00094564 John C-J: Can everybody see that? Okay. Is it big enough and everything? xXADsgcd-2c-00130-00094625-00094721 John C-J: Okay. xXADsgcd-2c-00131-00094745-00095191 John C-J: Usually it's big enough for everybody else if I can see it, because i'm old, and you know xXADsgcd-2c-00132-00095214-00096190 John C-J: the eyes go, so it's a bunch of opens. If you're familiar with that sharp, they just those are name spaces that we're going to use. xXADsgcd-2c-00133-00096245-00096578 John C-J: So I define a bunch of xXADsgcd-2c-00134-00096599-00097282 John C-J: discriminated units. Is everybody generally familiar with the idea of discriminating units? xXADsgcd-2c-00135-00097293-00097895 John C-J: I mean, you can kind of figure this out. It's it's a thing that could be either this or that. xXADsgcd-2c-00136-00098041-00099868 John C-J: Right? So you know it can be. It is our centimeters. The page size could be a four letter. Now the underlying library supports a whole bunch of other page sizes that i'll throw in there at some point. Um! I wanted to keep this fairly simple xXADsgcd-2c-00137-00099904-00100566 John C-J: for now. And so, you know, I've got some stuff like barges. Oh, by the way, xXADsgcd-2c-00138-00100568-00102434 John C-J: you'll notice that all the numbers I defined as doubles uh that actually makes life a lot easier in C sharp, or excuse me an F. Sharp, and it fits with the underlying bottle of the the library that i'm using uh, they actually prefer to get things in as doubles. So xXADsgcd-2c-00139-00102507-00104481 John C-J: you know, there's a lot. But like these are These are the kinds of things right that you worry about. When you're formatic a document right you want to have, you will be able to tell. You know the system whether you want the text, left, right center justified everybody that that's pretty straightforward. Right? xXADsgcd-2c-00140-00104482-00104596 John C-J: Um. xXADsgcd-2c-00141-00104639-00105883 John C-J: Then you can format things right. This is so. One of the options for a lot, for a format is a a lie, but of a lie. But if you've never done that shark that look a little weird, But it's okay. Trust me. xXADsgcd-2c-00142-00105906-00106931 John C-J: And this just says that this is the the name of the case in the discriminating you, that this is its type, right? So the rest of these are doubles, xXADsgcd-2c-00143-00106963-00108817 John C-J: hey? I've got a techssided. They can either be a style or straight. I'm actually going to change this I've been through about twenty-seven versions of this uh design because I keep iterating over it. Eventually i'll quit and release something that i'll let you guys know when I do that. Uh, xXADsgcd-2c-00144-00108856-00109675 John C-J: you know. So there's section items. And now this is this is actually the thing right here. Okay. So xXADsgcd-2c-00145-00109826-00110245 John C-J: at the top level there there are items that are. xXADsgcd-2c-00146-00110264-00110646 John C-J: You'll recognize the page size, the default unit, xXADsgcd-2c-00147-00110704-00110815 John C-J: right? xXADsgcd-2c-00148-00110894-00111167 John C-J: What I showed you before. Um, xXADsgcd-2c-00149-00111248-00111548 This is a little thing that allows me to xXADsgcd-2c-00150-00111594-00112791 John C-J: to basically let you decide what you want for your default unit, and then every dubber that you give be for it requires, you know, that as a measure, but will be in that unit xXADsgcd-2c-00151-00112877-00113549 John C-J: uh you did not. This is from the library. This is not the F sharp unit. So everybody does that. xXADsgcd-2c-00152-00113597-00113715 John C-J: Um! xXADsgcd-2c-00153-00113922-00114380 John C-J: There's a little bug in the other lay libraries. I took this out for right now xXADsgcd-2c-00154-00114383-00114659 John C-J: so rigorous. Pdf. What does that do? xXADsgcd-2c-00155-00114708-00114835 John C-J: Well, xXADsgcd-2c-00156-00114866-00116263 John C-J: it does a little housekeeping. It creates the document from the other library. Um, I use a beautiful here. So this is all code that once it works, you don't really have to look at. So I'm: okay with using, ignore and xXADsgcd-2c-00157-00116265-00117555 John C-J: beautiful and all that ugly stuff. I mean, that's the whole point of what i'm doing is to crawl that code here so that I can use it without looking at it. Right? It's all about my aesthetic values. That's all. This is about xXADsgcd-2c-00158-00117557-00117754 John C-J: nothing crazy. xXADsgcd-2c-00159-00117847-00117977 John C-J: So xXADsgcd-2c-00160-00118147-00118346 John C-J: for all items, xXADsgcd-2c-00161-00118363-00119158 John C-J: you just march through it, you process them, and you do a batch. And so if it's a page size right xXADsgcd-2c-00162-00119191-00120306 John C-J: well, you batch it with either letter or a for all the other. What's it? We'll put it eventually right. And you see, we you know this is how you set a value xXADsgcd-2c-00163-00120478-00121430 John C-J: which in C-sharp, it would be an equals, but that's not how we roll it. F. Sharps. You're going to set the page format to letter or the page four at a four. xXADsgcd-2c-00164-00121449-00121645 John C-J: Any questions so far? xXADsgcd-2c-00165-00121799-00122667 Peter Seale: No, it looks very clean, and especially when we showed how it was used. But I I think I get what you're saying like how it's perfect, anyway, xXADsgcd-2c-00166-00122735-00123783 John C-J: right? And so then you like, Okay, It could be a default unit, right? So that case we're gonna take that mutable, and it's it either to inches or centimeters. Right xXADsgcd-2c-00167-00123868-00124446 John C-J: then, every time we need to do that we'll come down here and do this this little bit here, xXADsgcd-2c-00168-00124461-00125283 John C-J: and so we don't have to have a lot of repetitive anything you just say, Okay, yeah, take your default unit and set this value to that. xXADsgcd-2c-00169-00125571-00125717 John C-J: So xXADsgcd-2c-00170-00125754-00126194 John C-J: now we're going to go through the section, and a section this has is xXADsgcd-2c-00171-00126225-00126744 John C-J: a list of items right of its own kind. So xXADsgcd-2c-00172-00126881-00128342 John C-J: so this is kind of interesting the way that our library works. We need a mutable to represent the section because we're going to create a new one every time we process this in a regular document. You're probably going to have multiple sections. xXADsgcd-2c-00173-00128559-00128810 John C-J: So then we walked through the items xXADsgcd-2c-00174-00128825-00129353 John C-J: Right? So I came in with the notion of what I call a spacer. xXADsgcd-2c-00175-00129409-00132233 John C-J: Um, They're about twenty-seven different ways to actually accomplish this with the underlying library. And this is what I mean by I want to hide some of the complexity. You have to make some decisions. But the most common thing in the world is you're going to put like there will go at the top of the page, and then you're going to put the title of the document, or you know the quote for who you know, and you're going to have these things. But you don't, you know they're going to show you what they already have right. This is what always happens. It's like. Oh, xXADsgcd-2c-00176-00132234-00132722 we got this out of our word processor. We want you to do that, but drive it from the system. xXADsgcd-2c-00177-00132724-00134542 John C-J: Everybody familiar with this scenario. It's like. Oh, we created this in this little app that creates. Ps. Right, so they'll have, you know, and it'll be like two inches, and then there's the next thing right? And so I wanted to have a way to say, Okay, I need some space, right? So I call this spacer. xXADsgcd-2c-00178-00134558-00136404 John C-J: You send it to double and the most convenient way to create that with this underlying library is just to add a paragraph, so that paragraph actually has no space of it to, because I didn't add any text or anything to it. But I say, oh, there's a paragraph there, and there's this much space after it, xXADsgcd-2c-00179-00136553-00136727 John C-J: so I get that much mix xXADsgcd-2c-00180-00136836-00138722 John C-J: uh this is if it's an image, basically you give it a path to. Now, I will say that I thought about this couple of different ways. But I decided what work best for me. Um! And since I'm really, really, truly writing this just for me, if it's useful for other people that's cool. xXADsgcd-2c-00181-00138723-00139613 John C-J: But I had a thing I wanted to do. But basically you just you give it a path to an image that you have already gotten to the right size. xXADsgcd-2c-00182-00139614-00141469 John C-J: I don't want to try to do the image resizing, or that not so. It's like, Get that out of a way with the tool that doesn't right, because you're going to use the same images over and over and over, so like. Get the right size. You know all that stuff in a decent tool to get that done right? xXADsgcd-2c-00183-00141605-00141733 John C-J: Um. xXADsgcd-2c-00184-00141764-00143202 John C-J: And then, you know, I have this text that has so text actually takes a list of text items. It can either be a string or a style that's basically so. You could have been a bold or something inside your text that makes sense to people. xXADsgcd-2c-00185-00143370-00144670 John C-J: Now, there's a whole lot more to this in in the real world the real version that I have. But for this I wanted to keep it simple enough so that I could explain each section. But xXADsgcd-2c-00186-00144678-00146259 John C-J: basically what you'll see is it just be more of this kind of stuff where at each level. You're going to process a list of items which might have items, a list of items that I did. But you got to process them, and you do the same thing over and over, which you know xXADsgcd-2c-00187-00146337-00146758 John C-J: It's interesting in the sense that you have to figure out how you want to do it. But xXADsgcd-2c-00188-00146807-00147418 John C-J: now that I've shown everybody this, and hopefully you understand it reasonably Well, xXADsgcd-2c-00189-00147473-00147743 John C-J: Well, let me stop here any questions. xXADsgcd-2c-00190-00148735-00149254 Dinesh Padisetti: Yeah, yeah, I mean, that's what i'm associating it with. xXADsgcd-2c-00191-00149257-00149562 Dinesh Padisetti: I remember writing something similar like from has to xXADsgcd-2c-00192-00149578-00151629 John C-J: the matching, and like the types and the so like Don't take it easy, but Hassle, I promise people there would be no has to call it. I I don't like I don't do Bath. I don't understand category theory. I'm not really clear what a bonnet is. I'm not even sure how to announce it. xXADsgcd-2c-00193-00151630-00152462 John C-J: No, it's not that company what i'm. That's what they all say. But let me tell you what I look at the world. xXADsgcd-2c-00194-00152465-00152612 John C-J: I see xXADsgcd-2c-00195-00152631-00152791 John C-J: list of stuff xXADsgcd-2c-00196-00152829-00152987 John C-J: I see xXADsgcd-2c-00197-00153019-00154677 John C-J: discriminating uses, like everywhere that that's just like it records which I don't use it this, but you know I could have. But but to me the entire world is made up of those things. It functions that do stuff to those things, xXADsgcd-2c-00198-00154678-00155095 John C-J: which is why you know I kind of enjoy this xXADsgcd-2c-00199-00155100-00156861 John C-J: way of looking at the world. I never I I'll be honest with you. I've been doing this for over thirty years. I still don't get object or any program. It just doesn't make any sense I could do it. I mean, they're paying me to do the Gcc. I do it all day long. But like I don't know it is. xXADsgcd-2c-00200-00156890-00157327 John C-J: Yeah, you do know, this is being recorded. xXADsgcd-2c-00201-00157337-00158535 John C-J: So yeah, I know we can fix it in post. xXADsgcd-2c-00202-00158569-00158869 John C-J: I spent most of my career writing xXADsgcd-2c-00203-00158888-00159775 John C-J: c. Sharp. Well, I did some Db. Too, but in fact, I think the reason I like to Bb. Was that it was less, xXADsgcd-2c-00204-00159789-00161256 John C-J: you know. I also I i'm perfectly fine doing imperative kind of stuff. Um, I think that that you know whatever works um, anyway. But I do. I do tend to see the world, xXADsgcd-2c-00205-00161281-00161879 John C-J: not as objects, but as stuff records be use, xXADsgcd-2c-00206-00161908-00162968 John C-J: and I just like to be pattern matching just it's with my my brain work, so that that's that part of it. So when you say that you see the world, not as objects. xXADsgcd-2c-00207-00163002-00164467 John C-J: How literally are we supposed to take those? So Okay. So all right, All right. Business Apps: right? Okay. So I mean, like an invoice is an invoice. Okay, xXADsgcd-2c-00208-00164469-00164572 John C-J: if xXADsgcd-2c-00209-00164667-00165635 John C-J: if the invoice Id of this piece of paper and the invoice idea of this piece of paper are the same, everything else about them. Better be the same, xXADsgcd-2c-00210-00165644-00165836 or somebody go to jail xXADsgcd-2c-00211-00165871-00165966 John C-J: right xXADsgcd-2c-00212-00166059-00167648 John C-J: virtually. Quality is what the rest of the world calls equality. Like it's not. But seriously, if you look at like things in the business world like you know, you end up. Very few of those things have xXADsgcd-2c-00213-00167652-00167753 John C-J: like xXADsgcd-2c-00214-00168039-00168587 John C-J: behavior like you like. My favorite one is like. Oh, xXADsgcd-2c-00215-00168597-00169068 John C-J: we have this object, and we're going to have a save method on it, xXADsgcd-2c-00216-00169084-00169188 John C-J: like xXADsgcd-2c-00217-00169198-00171497 John C-J: if you ever been in the office like documents, don't save themselves. Somebody picks the thing up. It's stuck to it the file cabinet right? It's something that you do to it like Everything is a function. So the whole thing about sociology was by argument. That functional programming is just Maxwell's uh theory of bureaucracy. xXADsgcd-2c-00218-00171499-00172606 John C-J: It's like you have these, you know. Think about the D. Of V, or whatever your least favorite bureaucracy is right. What you do is you go in there, and you have a piece of paper. xXADsgcd-2c-00219-00172608-00174371 John C-J: You hit somebody, and they do stuff with it. They might hate it, somebody else. And at some point there's maybe some sort of reaction like, Oh, you need to go. Take that driver's test or something like that. But it, general. The way I view the world is a lot like what you see right here is like, okay, xXADsgcd-2c-00220-00174385-00175118 John C-J: the things I could do something to. Well, let's Let's take the classic, because every business likes to get paid right. xXADsgcd-2c-00221-00175148-00175258 John C-J: So xXADsgcd-2c-00222-00175262-00176387 John C-J: your best. It's a payment, right credit, card cash, check, whatever they don't have anything in common other than their way for you to give me Buddy xXADsgcd-2c-00223-00176452-00178443 John C-J: right? That's a discriminating you get Now we can fake that in the old world we can have an I pavement interface and like that's cool when I do that when I write in C sharp that sort of stuff. But I just kind of see the world that way. And so this sort of simple functional programming has always appealed to me. xXADsgcd-2c-00224-00178478-00179314 anthony: So so I was. I was hoping I was just really hoping that you were making a report about your perceptual system xXADsgcd-2c-00225-00179315-00180517 John C-J: like that. You don't actually see objects as I was holding out for that. I don't think that's actually the case. I just don't have to bottle those objects xXADsgcd-2c-00226-00180520-00181112 John C-J: by code. Very often. Yeah, like, What is the classic? Oh, example, xXADsgcd-2c-00227-00181135-00183031 John C-J: like It's the animal, the dog, and the cat, and all that it's like. Have you ever written anything like that. I mean, some people do. I mean, if you could write a game, if you're gonna have lots of you, you might have lots of objects to do stuff like I totally get that right. I mean, that makes perfect sense. But in the business world xXADsgcd-2c-00228-00183122-00184286 John C-J: I I think I think kids today always have to say that kids today, like they suffer from not ever having seen a bureaucracy before. Computers xXADsgcd-2c-00229-00184371-00185268 John C-J: like i'm old enough to have bid where I had to go to the Social Security Administration. Well, they had computers, but xXADsgcd-2c-00230-00185282-00186019 John C-J: most organizations didn't, and, like you would actually fill out forms in replicate. xXADsgcd-2c-00231-00186037-00186335 John C-J: Does anybody fill out a forward triple but lightly. xXADsgcd-2c-00232-00186478-00187482 John C-J: I haven't, but used to do that all but everything that's perfectly normal all the time, Right? And why did you do that, because you might have three different xXADsgcd-2c-00233-00187512-00187910 John C-J: people who needed to see that document and process it in some way xXADsgcd-2c-00234-00187960-00189511 John C-J: Right? Which is the interesting thing is they needed sort of to be the same. They might get different stuff done to them, but they started out the same. That's enough of me going on about my inability to understand. I've been already programming. xXADsgcd-2c-00235-00189528-00190721 David: Um, let's get back to you know. Maybe it's you. You you pet your dog. You don't uh pet your uh, you know, file of order class family, you know, pet. xXADsgcd-2c-00236-00190806-00191416 John C-J: See, I don't have a pet. I actually live with two cats right now, xXADsgcd-2c-00237-00191435-00192169 John C-J: because my daughter moved back to stay with me for a few bots, xXADsgcd-2c-00238-00192236-00192445 John C-J: and she brought a cat, xXADsgcd-2c-00239-00192450-00193179 John C-J: and so i'm getting used to the fact. You know there actually are animals, but I kind of like cats, because they're jerks xXADsgcd-2c-00240-00193284-00193575 John C-J: like they don't expect you to be dies. xXADsgcd-2c-00241-00193582-00193940 John C-J: They might like it if you are, but they don't really expect it. xXADsgcd-2c-00242-00193950-00194435 John C-J: There are some kinds of pets that really expect you to be nice to them, but that's a little bit too much trouble for me xXADsgcd-2c-00243-00194457-00194743 John C-J: like the cats are okay when I ignore them. xXADsgcd-2c-00244-00195004-00195845 John C-J: So, anyway, that doesn't have any to do well, it it. The full tax tax on it being is, is like a class hierarchy. xXADsgcd-2c-00245-00195857-00196232 David: Um! But did I deal with an individual xXADsgcd-2c-00246-00196325-00196601 David: rather than it rather than it's class of thing? xXADsgcd-2c-00247-00196708-00196954 John C-J: Yes, that's probably true. xXADsgcd-2c-00248-00197018-00197535 John C-J: But So one of the things I find interesting about discriminating units is that xXADsgcd-2c-00249-00197540-00198013 John C-J: the organizing principle for a discriminated unit is what you use it for xXADsgcd-2c-00250-00198234-00198400 John C-J: right? It's like. xXADsgcd-2c-00251-00198406-00199993 John C-J: The only thing that has to connect them together is that you're going to use it for the same sort of thing. Right? You're going to deal with it that way which I think actually bottles the business for a lot more than people would like to think. Um, xXADsgcd-2c-00252-00200103-00201552 John C-J: I I've always uh I've always amused when I reintroduced to a giant code base with that creates dtos everywhere. By the way, Peter, I have a few things to say about quick start. xXADsgcd-2c-00253-00201565-00201662 No, xXADsgcd-2c-00254-00201696-00203373 Peter Seale: wait, wait, i'll look. I have no memory of last week, so I I will not take. I will not take the blame for anything. I don't want to say that Peter's work. A quick start is some of the best programming work I've ever seen in terms of just cheerfulness. xXADsgcd-2c-00255-00203462-00204102 John C-J: But is it a tip to solve it. It's all of your insoluble. It's a hard problem. xXADsgcd-2c-00256-00204157-00204583 John C-J: It's that the power shell script that starts like eighty things. xXADsgcd-2c-00257-00204624-00205237 Peter Seale: Awesome. Yup! That's all my best work with power show, which is why I need to learn some raw. xXADsgcd-2c-00258-00205242-00206278 John C-J: By the way, power shell is is very much a functional programming. It may be the ugliest functional programming language in the world, but it is a functional program. Anyway, xXADsgcd-2c-00259-00206284-00206650 John C-J: I've gotten totally off right. Here's what I want to talk about. xXADsgcd-2c-00260-00206717-00208661 Claude Rubinson: Okay, before you do, Can I? Can I jump in just some clarification on on the distinction between strings and and styles with Oh, okay, just for content Wise? What? What is sort of being modeled there? xXADsgcd-2c-00261-00208671-00209766 John C-J: I'm probably going to change the Nava style. But anyway, uh that, actually I got from the underlying library, and I gradually like taking away the things that xXADsgcd-2c-00262-00209767-00210712 John C-J: where the weirdness of the underlying library sort of surface to to buy model. But the idea is that you can do some formatting xXADsgcd-2c-00263-00210809-00211269 John C-J: right? And so what i'd like to get to is a point where, xXADsgcd-2c-00264-00211373-00212713 John C-J: let's say you, you have thought information. I think I took the font business out there, but you know, with a far, you know, you have the the David, the fault, the size, the color. You know all this thing you could describe was a font. Um xXADsgcd-2c-00265-00212717-00213757 John C-J: if you if you have a font. Item that's at the document level, for example, that should be your default font for the entire document. xXADsgcd-2c-00266-00213767-00215641 John C-J: If you have one at the section level, you're saying, Okay, this section is going to use this far. If you have one at a paragraph level. It's for that paragraph right? If you have it in the middle of it. Some text it's for just the stuff that you know, in between it does that make sense? xXADsgcd-2c-00267-00215642-00216050 John C-J: And so you want to be at If you go back down here, xXADsgcd-2c-00268-00216073-00217418 John C-J: i'm gonna break my code. But uh all the way down here. So you you want to be able to say, you know, Hello, world! And then have some thought information, xXADsgcd-2c-00269-00217588-00217901 John C-J: and then some more taxed right. xXADsgcd-2c-00270-00218046-00219545 John C-J: Just kind of like you would do bark up in a you know, in marked out, or something. I haven't quite figured out exactly how I want to do that. That's why it's not implemented here, but generally, you know, I want xXADsgcd-2c-00271-00219648-00220760 John C-J: those things right now. It says the style is a straight, because the underlying library lets you defy all that stuff and give it a name, and you can use the name xXADsgcd-2c-00272-00220762-00222084 John C-J: instead of all the stuff, which is kind of a nice feature like you could say, Okay, So i'm gonna i'm gonna have my normal font. But it's gonna be wide of black. And so i'm gonna call that inverted xXADsgcd-2c-00273-00222104-00222396 John C-J: as an example of something I actually did. xXADsgcd-2c-00274-00222404-00222826 John C-J: What are the documents I created because they wanted to have, like you, xXADsgcd-2c-00275-00222848-00223026 John C-J: a scri of a black xXADsgcd-2c-00276-00223064-00223828 John C-J: background with white text on top of it, which, by the way, they only did that because they were printing the documents. xXADsgcd-2c-00277-00224061-00224750 John C-J: It's really interesting to me that Pdf. Really started out as a way to describe how something should look on a printed page. xXADsgcd-2c-00278-00224753-00225201 John C-J: Now, most of the Pds we generate Nobody ever expects to print them. xXADsgcd-2c-00279-00225313-00225704 John C-J: They're actually designed to be viewed on the screen xXADsgcd-2c-00280-00225853-00226063 Jared314: in a consistent way, xXADsgcd-2c-00281-00226088-00226227 John C-J: Right? xXADsgcd-2c-00282-00226275-00226494 Jared314: So it's effectively like printing. xXADsgcd-2c-00283-00226498-00228015 Jared314: It is like printing to the screen without without paper, without paper. That's right. We have moved forward a whole generation. We now print without paper. xXADsgcd-2c-00284-00228158-00228291 Jared314: All right. I'll stop xXADsgcd-2c-00285-00228388-00228718 John C-J: the valid point, though. xXADsgcd-2c-00286-00228735-00230970 Dinesh Padisetti: Um, I have a question here. Uh. So so, for example, like uh a list of text items, let's say string hello, and like style, like, if you, if you give a font style, and then, like you, put a bunch of strings like right next to it, will the style apply to the one on the right side of of the one on the left side. xXADsgcd-2c-00287-00230971-00232626 John C-J: It's It's gonna be the one on the right side uh, mostly because that's easier to it will be like library to be out of the the idea of going with is like you should be able to tell by looking xXADsgcd-2c-00288-00232628-00234925 John C-J: at this part of the code exactly what the style applies to. I've just I've gone through. I say, three or four different versions of making that work, and I Haven't really decided what looks best. It's actually to be. This One of the more interesting problems of doing this is, how do I make it? So that it's easy to xXADsgcd-2c-00289-00234927-00235550 John C-J: apply specialized styling to a particular xXADsgcd-2c-00290-00235561-00237076 John C-J: screen. Um! Everything is easy until you get to the part where you need to make that one word bold in the middle of the sentence, and then you have to make some decisions about how you want to show that the rest of it's all pretty straightforward. It really is xXADsgcd-2c-00291-00237133-00239063 John C-J: so maybe like uh, the string can have another attribute style, like, you know, classic head stem format. I I thought about that. Uh, and I might end up there. But I I have, like, I said, I have. This is still very much uh experimental, and i'm playing around with how I want to make it look xXADsgcd-2c-00292-00239064-00239164 John C-J: um xXADsgcd-2c-00293-00239257-00240137 John C-J: some point. I'm going to put this up on Github if I can figure out which one of my now five xXADsgcd-2c-00294-00240246-00240663 John C-J: Yeah. Five Github identities. I want to associate it with. xXADsgcd-2c-00295-00240810-00241041 John C-J: You know what they're really strange, though xXADsgcd-2c-00296-00241101-00241498 John C-J: I have two different woods that are associated with Blinds account xXADsgcd-2c-00297-00241655-00242142 John C-J: because I was there as a consultant three years four years ago. But anyway, xXADsgcd-2c-00298-00242233-00242581 anthony: so on the on, the on the topic of xXADsgcd-2c-00299-00242739-00243523 anthony: you, Haven't decided how you want to make this look. Um, Have you thought about since this is sharp? xXADsgcd-2c-00300-00243539-00243978 anthony: Um! Have you considered making this a computation expression? xXADsgcd-2c-00301-00244042-00244897 John C-J: Great question? Yes, I did. It is too complicated for me. No, seriously, but like xXADsgcd-2c-00302-00245002-00246802 John C-J: yes, I mean that's a that's like F. Sharp. That's an obvious question to ask Right? Make it Why not make it a computation expression? And by answer to that is, I really like these lists. I really do like doing something as simple as a list, because I can explain to almost anybody how list works. xXADsgcd-2c-00303-00246823-00247367 John C-J: It's a very natural concept. We make lists all the time, xXADsgcd-2c-00304-00247569-00249015 John C-J: you know. Yes, I can tell the computer. There's that. Yes, it's a single linked list. But you know, I could tell my six year old granddaughter that it's a list, and she knows basically what i'm talking about, right? They have list of xXADsgcd-2c-00305-00249052-00249685 John C-J: Get an art group first, right? They don't have It is, you know, they light up the xXADsgcd-2c-00306-00249719-00252556 John C-J: right somebody in the front. There's somebody next, you know. I mean it. It is actually a really straightforward concept. Now, there are some things that like you can't really do this way that you really have to do like you don't have to. But the guy who wrote the Uh X eighty, six processor uh the a similar code uh processor as a computation expression. Anybody ever see that? That's the weirdest thing in the world you just you just xXADsgcd-2c-00307-00252558-00253994 John C-J: like. Do your listing of your Assembly like, or your machine. Excuse me a similar instructions for the X eighty, six, and there's a guy wrote it f sharp computation expression that will take those and execute. xXADsgcd-2c-00308-00254213-00255633 John C-J: Think about that for me. That's um. So yeah, husband, doing something like that. I probably do a computation expression. But in this case uh the value here. Uh, It's interesting when he go to do this. xXADsgcd-2c-00309-00255635-00256391 John C-J: Uh, if you think about how the an underlying library like this works the order that you do things in is really important, xXADsgcd-2c-00310-00256453-00256544 John C-J: like xXADsgcd-2c-00311-00256564-00258511 John C-J: if you add the text before you do the other thing, the text goes higher on the page. Right. I mean, it is really it actually matters. And this are perfect for that right play around with using some uh, I thought it might be useful to use a record for something like a a font setup, xXADsgcd-2c-00312-00258621-00258998 John C-J: but even with it that it didn't work out very well because xXADsgcd-2c-00313-00259017-00259679 John C-J: it it gets a little ugly if you don't want to specify every single thing. xXADsgcd-2c-00314-00259711-00260922 John C-J: Um! So this actually it's kind of nice, because you can specify as many or as few of the things about a font as you want, and it will change just those things. xXADsgcd-2c-00315-00260986-00262932 John C-J: And exactly in this case, I mean, I use record for all sorts of things, but there was no place for records that this was just. It didn't work out that way. Um! So I I I thought that was kind of interesting to do that. Um. xXADsgcd-2c-00316-00262992-00264787 John C-J: So, like I said I, I don't know. I mean there may be an audience of one for this, but i'm gonna build it, anyway. Uh, I may never even get a chance to create Pdf files in a sharp again. But I don't care, because the best thing about this was, I had so much fun doing this xXADsgcd-2c-00317-00264789-00266641 John C-J: now Graded, you might think I have a strange idea of what's fun, but it is actually pretty rewarding. Um I would recommend if you want to see what this look, see what the technique could do. Go look at Fs. Excel or Github xXADsgcd-2c-00318-00266666-00266772 John C-J: Um, xXADsgcd-2c-00319-00266855-00267659 John C-J: because it's really kind of a slick thing to be able to generate. xXADsgcd-2c-00320-00267665-00267779 John C-J: Um xXADsgcd-2c-00321-00267987-00268374 John C-J: excel files was just like, Oh, go to this, xXADsgcd-2c-00322-00268383-00269823 John C-J: go to this cell or write this data there, and it's it is. It's really that's what got me interested to do. This is just how slit that was, and how easy it was to add features, because xXADsgcd-2c-00323-00269855-00271650 John C-J: you know the the guy who did it originally. I I did a couple of small features uh, because I was interested in it, and Then I realized I needed, you know, for to work for what I intended it for I I needed to be able to take an existing spreadsheet xXADsgcd-2c-00324-00271652-00272087 John C-J: and sticks of data at the top of the work. He xXADsgcd-2c-00325-00272196-00272755 John C-J: don't ask me why I just needed to do that. So I just built that functionality into that, xXADsgcd-2c-00326-00272789-00273056 John C-J: into that app, and it was. xXADsgcd-2c-00327-00273087-00273387 John C-J: It was easy. I was amazed xXADsgcd-2c-00328-00273415-00274053 John C-J: uh, just how straightforward it is to do something like this. So that's really xXADsgcd-2c-00329-00274107-00274489 John C-J: pretty much all I wanted to talk about. xXADsgcd-2c-00330-00274555-00275916 John C-J: I hope this made a little bit of sense, and people could kind of get the idea. I don't anticipate that other people will think it's as much fun as I did. But you know um, I do think it's an idea that xXADsgcd-2c-00331-00275926-00276304 John C-J: could use at other places where you want to xXADsgcd-2c-00332-00276314-00277852 John C-J: rap something, you know. You have some really uh complex underlying library that you want to use, and and you want to make it just a little simpler, for make the easy stuff easy. Now I know xXADsgcd-2c-00333-00277903-00278583 John C-J: I don't have any attention of doing anything, you know, really complicated with this. xXADsgcd-2c-00334-00278622-00279269 John C-J: But you know, if you keep adding features to it, if I will, because there's tons of features, xXADsgcd-2c-00335-00279272-00280308 John C-J: I would add footnotes, because the the library, the General library, does a great job with footnotes. Anybody ever tried to do footnotes of multiple pages of Pdf: xXADsgcd-2c-00336-00280573-00281237 John C-J: that's not easy. I'm just going to say that this under my library will. Actually, it'll take a bunch of text, xXADsgcd-2c-00337-00281345-00282045 John C-J: paginate it for you, and then put the right footnotes with the right page, numbers and everything where you want them, xXADsgcd-2c-00338-00282074-00282199 John C-J: which is xXADsgcd-2c-00339-00282249-00282433 John C-J: like, I said, xXADsgcd-2c-00340-00282480-00282892 John C-J: I've had to do a little bit of that in my life, and it's just xXADsgcd-2c-00341-00282935-00283031 John C-J: it's. xXADsgcd-2c-00342-00283040-00283332 John C-J: It just gets tedious xXADsgcd-2c-00343-00283377-00283497 John C-J: um xXADsgcd-2c-00344-00283646-00285443 John C-J: outputting text in a reasonable way is much harder to boast, develop, or see. I mean, if you could just view it out, you know, to the console or something. Yeah, that's easy. But make it look nice for what people expect from a real document that gets that gets tricky, xXADsgcd-2c-00345-00285549-00285883 John C-J: anyway, any questions xXADsgcd-2c-00346-00285941-00286499 patrickk: uh yeah, So go ahead. I was going to uh remark, uh, xXADsgcd-2c-00347-00286548-00287378 patrickk: I believe it was. Anthony mentioned something about the uh ability to write custom computation expressions and have uh xXADsgcd-2c-00348-00287404-00289074 patrickk: I've tried doing something like that. I was actually inspired by, as as Gcj. Said, that the um Uh. X eighty, six interpreter written in F sharp, and What I realized is I could. I would get halfway through writing a computation expression builder, xXADsgcd-2c-00349-00289075-00289493 patrickk: and then realize it was just easier to write it as as a list interpreter xXADsgcd-2c-00350-00289514-00290766 patrickk: like Jcj. Has written, and I think, actually underlying that X. Eighty, Six interpreter is a list interpreter. I don't think it. I think the computation expression builder is mostly syntactic sugar xXADsgcd-2c-00351-00290806-00291693 patrickk: on top of a uh of a function that just accepts an instruction as as as input and mutates as state object. xXADsgcd-2c-00352-00291757-00292267 John C-J: Okay, if anybody notices any change in my behavior, it's not because my boss showed up xXADsgcd-2c-00353-00292696-00293426 anthony: so so like on on that note you could have, can't you. Um! xXADsgcd-2c-00354-00293564-00293883 anthony: It's been a while since I've written a competition expression, so xXADsgcd-2c-00355-00293951-00294733 anthony: can't you have your function uh exactly the way that you've had it on like in your your module, xXADsgcd-2c-00356-00294783-00295100 anthony: and then that's one of the methods on the object. xXADsgcd-2c-00357-00295155-00295822 anthony: So then, so you can talk all of that away like you can keep it a list uh processor. xXADsgcd-2c-00358-00295840-00296349 anthony: And then the the Api that you expose is just the the do notation xXADsgcd-2c-00359-00296420-00297140 John C-J: exactly. Yeah. I I I see lots of really useful things in computation expressions. Um, xXADsgcd-2c-00360-00297244-00298068 John C-J: just It's like I'm gonna take the part that you saw that interprets the items. xXADsgcd-2c-00361-00298072-00299287 John C-J: Make that into a library that people could did use. Uh, and that hides all of that, that they're like. It's okay, that it's there. I just don't have to look at it. xXADsgcd-2c-00362-00299563-00300590 anthony: You know another thing that I was thinking of looking at the way that you have the list, you know, nested inside one another. Is it kind of reminds me? Um. xXADsgcd-2c-00363-00300680-00300942 anthony: I think it's the Giraffe view engine. xXADsgcd-2c-00364-00301008-00301694 anthony: I see that it's been a little while, but I want you to talk about It does look a little bit like that, too. xXADsgcd-2c-00365-00301729-00301917 anthony: I wonder if there's anything xXADsgcd-2c-00366-00301926-00302193 anthony: you know there that you could borrow? xXADsgcd-2c-00367-00302403-00302766 anthony: Yeah, they They just have all sorts of like boxes, you know, just xXADsgcd-2c-00368-00302877-00303167 anthony: like a little Russian. Nothing at all. xXADsgcd-2c-00369-00303211-00303781 John C-J: Yeah, I I would prefer not to get too deep into the testing. But, xXADsgcd-2c-00370-00303785-00303908 John C-J: uh, xXADsgcd-2c-00371-00304001-00304432 John C-J: I do like the way the way you can do things xXADsgcd-2c-00372-00304471-00305154 John C-J: with F Sharp in terms of it. It forces the invitation right? The notation matters xXADsgcd-2c-00373-00305155-00307084 John C-J: uh in for the way i'm doing the list. I think it works really well. I think it looked to me. It looked visually like, Okay, I'm: I am constructing this document in the following order, and I could see the hierarchy if we're of what's gonna apply to what? That way xXADsgcd-2c-00374-00307085-00308068 John C-J: I don't know it. Just It's one of those things where It's like It's really. It's not complicated. It's fairly straightforward. xXADsgcd-2c-00375-00308100-00308272 John C-J: I just like xXADsgcd-2c-00376-00308300-00309461 John C-J: I like the way that looks. I liked it ever since I first saw it. Uh the F sharp implementation of elbish. I was like That's really nice, just because it xXADsgcd-2c-00377-00309473-00311585 John C-J: it doesn't look so much like a program as it does look like a document of some sort. Yeah, it's not going to look like the document you're building, because you don't see the image. It's not in that way at all. It's sort of the okay. This is. These are the components of the document that you could tell the order and what they're going to do. xXADsgcd-2c-00378-00311587-00311699 John C-J: Um, xXADsgcd-2c-00379-00311701-00313287 John C-J: and and one of the things I don't show it. Here is you could write f sharp code in the middle of all that, too, if you look at Fs excel. You'll see some of that where they do that, and that that makes it really handy, for when you're going to have to pull, you know the xXADsgcd-2c-00380-00313331-00313916 John C-J: yeah, the customer, David, address, and everything out of that. Or you know you're gonna have to xXADsgcd-2c-00381-00313923-00314584 John C-J: substitute certain sections of your terms and conditions with others, and you know that sort of thing. xXADsgcd-2c-00382-00314586-00316349 John C-J: Uh that. That has been a fairly common requirement that I've seen for uh companies that sell either complicated stuff or complicated services, right? Depending on what you decided to buy from the the list of terms and conditions xXADsgcd-2c-00383-00316371-00316872 John C-J: varies quite a bit like, you know. It's like. xXADsgcd-2c-00384-00316928-00318324 John C-J: If you're hiring our people to go set this up for you. Then there's these, you know. There's some rules around what sort of insurance you have to carry a block. You know that sort of thing, and being able to generate that document and let xXADsgcd-2c-00385-00318326-00319221 John C-J: somebody else worry about how many pages it is and where it goes, but still be able to do Footnotes is super heavy. I just uh xXADsgcd-2c-00386-00319223-00320693 John C-J: I I can't say enough about the quality of the underlying library as much as I hate the interface. I mean It's just it it especially that sharp. It was just painful to work with, xXADsgcd-2c-00387-00320749-00320971 John C-J: but I endured the pain, because xXADsgcd-2c-00388-00320988-00321943 John C-J: it did so much stuff that I didn't want to do that I required. So for the for the previous thing I was doing, xXADsgcd-2c-00389-00321957-00322490 John C-J: You know I used its ability to do the pagination of the xXADsgcd-2c-00390-00322543-00323330 John C-J: being able to decide where you want your foot or your page numbering to start over. xXADsgcd-2c-00391-00323338-00324582 John C-J: You ever thought about that. So sometimes people want the page number to be from the very first page to the end of the page, and other times. People want the page numbers to go from the section right with the section which xXADsgcd-2c-00392-00324843-00325136 John C-J: I don't want to do, that I won't. Let somebody else do that. xXADsgcd-2c-00393-00325178-00326958 John C-J: But, by the way I get joy out of programming is figuring out the things I want to do and the things I will let somebody else do. And i'm perfectly okay with the people who like to do different things. It that that's what makes life, you know, interesting is like xXADsgcd-2c-00394-00326959-00327830 John C-J: there are software, developers who like to do that stuff like they like to use it to the nitty-gritty, and make it all work just that way, xXADsgcd-2c-00395-00327956-00328177 John C-J: that's not my approach xXADsgcd-2c-00396-00328212-00328331 John C-J: not. xXADsgcd-2c-00397-00328341-00328728 John C-J: There are some things that I get that way about programming. xXADsgcd-2c-00398-00328731-00328940 John C-J: Ah, not that many. xXADsgcd-2c-00399-00329111-00330481 Claude Rubinson: Okay. So any other questions So could could you go back to the actual code? Um and talk a little bit about how closely does your xXADsgcd-2c-00400-00330500-00330620 John C-J: uh xXADsgcd-2c-00401-00330649-00331149 Claude Rubinson: interface map onto the underlying libraries interface? xXADsgcd-2c-00402-00331273-00331660 John C-J: Okay, So that's That's xXADsgcd-2c-00403-00331729-00332126 John C-J: the question I struggle with in a way, so xXADsgcd-2c-00404-00332307-00333356 John C-J: it's probably too close right now. It's closer than I want it to be, and what I need by that is the easiest way to build. This is just to take, xXADsgcd-2c-00405-00333366-00333534 John C-J: you know the xXADsgcd-2c-00406-00333606-00334157 John C-J: like, the add paragraph right? And just expose that. xXADsgcd-2c-00407-00334214-00334706 John C-J: That's not how I wanted it to work, how I wanted it to work was. xXADsgcd-2c-00408-00334752-00336129 John C-J: I have a pretty strong vision of how I put Pdf. Documents together. I guess I've done that enough to know how i'm going to go about it, and that is, I see it very much as a. xXADsgcd-2c-00409-00336188-00337109 John C-J: I want to set up the document default. I want to set up the page defaults the bargains, or whatever. xXADsgcd-2c-00410-00337142-00338938 John C-J: Um I really like the idea of having reusable styles, which they allow you to do in a very word processing sort of way. You don't see that in the code I have here. But basically you can define a style. Give it a day if they reuse it anywhere in the document. Um, xXADsgcd-2c-00411-00338956-00339477 John C-J: I've got a back and forth about whether I should expose that as part of this xXADsgcd-2c-00412-00339711-00339943 John C-J: in general, xXADsgcd-2c-00413-00339966-00340262 John C-J: I tried to abstract away xXADsgcd-2c-00414-00340299-00342149 John C-J: the library's way of doing things with. They are sort of what I think of is kind of the generic thing to do uh. That's not that they're not much of that, because I think they I kind of like most of the way they did things. xXADsgcd-2c-00415-00342150-00342931 John C-J: The biggest thing I wanted to abstract away are the decisions about the twenty seven different ways to accomplish the same thing, xXADsgcd-2c-00416-00342943-00344444 John C-J: because there really are, and a lot of a lot of different tasks. Um! There's many different ways to approach the I want two inches of Blake space here, Right? I just um xXADsgcd-2c-00417-00344446-00345246 John C-J: so. It's like I don't want to have to think about that. I want to figure out whichever one works most consistently. xXADsgcd-2c-00418-00345278-00345620 John C-J: It can be applied in the in, xXADsgcd-2c-00419-00345624-00345812 John C-J: you know, in xXADsgcd-2c-00420-00345845-00346847 John C-J: eating level of the processing of the list and use that right? So a lot of what I was trying to do here is just like, okay, you. xXADsgcd-2c-00421-00346979-00347748 John C-J: They expose this very word processor-looking interface. Has anybody ever looked at like xXADsgcd-2c-00422-00347805-00349375 John C-J: the word processing? Mark up language. That word uses like you don't want to do that. I understand why they did, but like that's not at all what I want to do. I want to say, Okay, look. If you want to apply xXADsgcd-2c-00423-00349451-00350258 John C-J: formatting, or if you are, apply styling to part of your text. It should be. It should work the same way xXADsgcd-2c-00424-00350296-00351562 John C-J: whether you're doing it for the whole document or for just this word right? And that's really what i'm trying to go for. There is to get it to xXADsgcd-2c-00425-00351621-00351888 John C-J: basically a simplified xXADsgcd-2c-00426-00351952-00352193 John C-J: version of what they offer. xXADsgcd-2c-00427-00352240-00353799 John C-J: Um, And I understand why libraries end up this way, because everybody wants another feature, and these guys have had a long time to build this uh, although they haven't really added very many features. Uh, xXADsgcd-2c-00428-00353801-00354483 John C-J: it was a commercial product for about two years, and then they went open source, and xXADsgcd-2c-00429-00354494-00355249 John C-J: some point it got hard to add features, and the thing that really broke. Everybody was dot at core, xXADsgcd-2c-00430-00355270-00355445 John C-J: because xXADsgcd-2c-00431-00355454-00357221 John C-J: this library and most other Pdf libraries uh used a lot of windows drawing functions to to get the graphics in. I don't show any graphics in here. I'm going to add the graphic pieces later, mostly not graphics so much as uh tables, xXADsgcd-2c-00432-00357223-00359020 John C-J: because most of the documents I had to do deep tables. Um, but anyway, um! So people have struggled to replace all that functionality in a way that's cross-platform. But this particular version of the library that i'm using has done that by incorporating xXADsgcd-2c-00433-00359021-00359466 John C-J: um this the six labor is image sharp stuff xXADsgcd-2c-00434-00359488-00360755 John C-J: uh that's this particular names facing the other, but they have a ton of stuff for image processing. Um! It's a it's taking a while for the library to xXADsgcd-2c-00435-00360809-00362054 John C-J: to work effectively. Dot it, core. There's also a bunch of little things that you would think are minor. But actually you have to figure out how you're going to deal with them like uh the default place to look for your fonts xXADsgcd-2c-00436-00362098-00362563 John C-J: different on Linux or back, or windows xXADsgcd-2c-00437-00362572-00362810 John C-J: uh. So xXADsgcd-2c-00438-00362821-00362925 John C-J: there's xXADsgcd-2c-00439-00363012-00364869 John C-J: you don't see it here because I haven't gotten to it yet. But there's this whole bit with a fault, resolver, or or letting people like. Just take you a directory, or they're supposed to where you're supposed to find the but that has to be the same for the entire session for weird technical reason. But anyway, xXADsgcd-2c-00440-00364877-00365039 John C-J: um! xXADsgcd-2c-00441-00365044-00365469 John C-J: Did that answer your question, or did I just ramble forever xXADsgcd-2c-00442-00365470-00367850 Claude Rubinson: uh both? No, no, no, thank you. That that was helpful. Uh the other question that I had is um. Do you happen to have a more complete documents that we could take a look at? I'm just curious to see more complicated. I do, but I can't share it. Okay. xXADsgcd-2c-00443-00368372-00369571 John C-J: Uh, I had hoped to have time to to create a really complex document of the kind I've done before uh it. I'd be honest with you. I just ran out of time. xXADsgcd-2c-00444-00370093-00370632 John C-J: So are there any other questions, or is it time to move to the unrecorded open bike? xXADsgcd-2c-00445-00370860-00371451 Jared314: We're not supposed to talk about that part. xXADsgcd-2c-00446-00371547-00372024 John C-J: We'll fix it and post right. xXADsgcd-2c-00447-00372052-00373466 Claude Rubinson: All right. So I am going to thank John very much um for this talk. It was very, very interesting, and I am going to stop the recording now. And xXADsgcd-2c-00448-00373507-00373834 Claude Rubinson: thank you so much. This is great. I really appreciate it. xXADsgcd-2c-00449-00373998-00374401 John C-J: I hope you all had half as much fun as I did.