_XLVPhz917M-00000-00000003-00000470 Activity completion: track progress
_XLVPhz917M-00001-00000479-00000959 Activity completion or completion tracking allows students to see their
_XLVPhz917M-00002-00000959-00001458 progress throughout a course using check or tick boxes on the side of activities.
_XLVPhz917M-00003-00001458-00002001 The boxes with dotted lines are ticked automatically when students meet certain
_XLVPhz917M-00004-00002001-00002574 criteria; the boxes with solid lines students can click to manually complete
_XLVPhz917M-00005-00002574-00002798 them.
_XLVPhz917M-00006-00002800-00003304 Activity completion reports are also available for teachers as we can see
_XLVPhz917M-00007-00003304-00003901 here, so they can check the progress of their students in a course. Let's go into
_XLVPhz917M-00008-00003901-00004319 teacher Sam's course and see how to set this up.
_XLVPhz917M-00009-00004319-00004869 First of all ,activity completion or completion tracking needs to be enabled
_XLVPhz917M-00010-00004869-00005344 site-wide, so if you don't see it in your course as a teacher, ask your
_XLVPhz917M-00011-00005344-00005839 administrator. Our teacher Sam must first go to the
_XLVPhz917M-00012-00005839-00006198 gear menu top right and click Edit settings.
_XLVPhz917M-00013-00006198-00007140 She then Scrolls down to completion tracking and enables it by selecting yes,
_XLVPhz917M-00014-00007140-00007731 then when she saves and displays she can go into an activity or resource and set
_XLVPhz917M-00015-00007731-00008374 the completion tracking criteri. Our teacher Sam has a course welcome page, so
_XLVPhz917M-00016-00008374-00008885 if she clicks into it and then clicks Edit settings she can then scroll down
_XLVPhz917M-00017-00008885-00009538 to select the criteria for activity completion. The choices are not to
_XLVPhz917M-00018-00009538-00010218 indicate it, so no checkbox ,to indicate it manually, so students can click to say
_XLVPhz917M-00019-00010218-00010775 they've completed it themselves ,or to show it automatically based on criteria.
_XLVPhz917M-00020-00010775-00011373 Here our teacher is going to select manual completion so students must click
_XLVPhz917M-00021-00011373-00012072 to confirm they've done the activity, and to display the activity on the dashboard
_XLVPhz917M-00022-00012072-00012711 our teacher must click Expect completed on with a date. In other activities such
_XLVPhz917M-00023-00012711-00013284 as forums there are other completion criteria, so if Sam goes into her
_XLVPhz917M-00024-00013284-00013869 Introduce yourself! forum and clicks Edit settings again and scrolls down to
_XLVPhz917M-00025-00013869-00014416 Activity completion, we can see that there are various requirements, and for a
_XLVPhz917M-00026-00014416-00014956 forum, for example, our teacher can require that students post a certain
_XLVPhz917M-00027-00014956-00015472 number of discussions or replies, and the activity will only be marked complete
_XLVPhz917M-00028-00015472-00016168 when they've done that. We can now see a box with a solid border
_XLVPhz917M-00029-00016168-00016679 which requires manual completion, and a box with a dotted line border which
_XLVPhz917M-00030-00016679-00017334 requires automatic completion based on the conditions our teacher has set.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00000-00098982-00099354 الموقع بكل سهولة يعني الموقع سهل جدا في صفحة التسجيل. فاحنا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00001-00100116-00100492 الموقع. ده كان موقعنا يا رب يعجب حضراتكم. يا ريت ما تنسوش
_Y1yWa4blBg-00002-00099726-00100116 انت بتفهم في موقع الربح. يعني هيبقى سهل جدا ان انت تسجل على
_Y1yWa4blBg-00003-00097512-00097872 الموقع بيطلب منك كلمة مرور الدفع اللي هي دي طبعا هتكتبها
_Y1yWa4blBg-00004-00096806-00097178 وهنا عندك كلمة المرور الدفع. دي كلمة مرور الدفع بقى لما تيجي
_Y1yWa4blBg-00005-00094258-00094628 الفيديو. وهتلاقي برضو رابط موقع في وصف الفيديو. وده كان موقعنا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00006-00094628-00094988 النهاردة. فطبعا نسينا ان نعمل نشرح التسجيل على الموقع انا قلت
_Y1yWa4blBg-00007-00094988-00095360 هخليه اخر حاجة عشان خاطر الناس كلها اكيد بتعرف تسجل قلنا نخليه
_Y1yWa4blBg-00008-00093982-00094258 التيليجرام بتاعتي. اللي هتلاقيها طبعا في الوصف بتاع
_Y1yWa4blBg-00009-00091666-00092074 حاجة تلاتة تلاتة يو اس دي تي وتقريبا كده واحد من عشرة تقدر
_Y1yWa4blBg-00010-00085038-00085556 كده تمام. كده اشترينا الصندوق اللي قلنا بمية اه اسف بعشرة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00011-00087116-00087488 لو عايز تعمل اعادة شحن. وفي هنا كلمة ينسحب في الجنب كده لو عايز
_Y1yWa4blBg-00012-00087488-00087920 تسحب من الموقع. طبعا هنا بتختار العملة اللي عايز تسحب منها ازا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00013-00073756-00074182 على الرصيد بتاعك. او رصيد السحب بتاعك. تمام? فهنيجي هنا نشتري
_Y1yWa4blBg-00014-00074602-00075004 واحد واتنين من مية في العشرة بالمية. واحد واتنين في المية من
_Y1yWa4blBg-00015-00080892-00081216 انا دلوقتي خلاص يعني بعد تلات ايام هسحب الربح بتاعي من
_Y1yWa4blBg-00016-00072324-00072696 ارباحنا تاني. آآ هنروح كده تاني على لعبة على هنعمل استسمار في
_Y1yWa4blBg-00017-00071148-00071634 كده انا كسبت آآ دلوقتي الرصيد بتاعي اصبح عشرة تي ار اكس. هو
_Y1yWa4blBg-00018-00071634-00071946 اربعة وخمسة كسبوا الاتنين مع بعضهم. انا دلوقتي اصبح الرصيد
_Y1yWa4blBg-00019-00068372-00068798 حجر النرد. وللاسف خسرنا فيها وبعد كده هنرجع تاني على اللعبة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00020-00067000-00067498 تسعة تي ار اكس. نجرب نكبر كده المبلغ. نخليه اه على اتنين تي
_Y1yWa4blBg-00021-00060524-00060884 اللعبة. طبعا هنا ممكن تزود مبلغ الرهان. تكتب او تنقص زي ما انت
_Y1yWa4blBg-00022-00059900-00060218 للخلف تاني. وبعد كده هنروح نلعب اللعبة التانية. وعندنا هنا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00023-00058846-00059318 رجوع تاني. دي لعبة طبعا. وهنا جات هنا طبعا دورات دورة ان شاء
_Y1yWa4blBg-00024-00060218-00060524 اللعبة التانية لعبة حجر. لو ضغطنا كده عليها. زهاب الى
_Y1yWa4blBg-00025-00058180-00058552 تيار اكس. واربعين من عملية التي ار اكس. تمام? واربعين سنت. طيب
_Y1yWa4blBg-00026-00055872-00056248 ونضغط كده على كلمة حسنا. هيبدأ معنا السباق مرة تانية. فالمرة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00027-00058552-00058846 دي كانت اول لعبة معنا عشان خاطر نلحق نشرح باقي اللعب. هنرجع كده
_Y1yWa4blBg-00028-00056248-00056638 دي لو فاز بقى رقم عشرة كده احنا خسرنا كل ارباحنا. بس بازن الله
_Y1yWa4blBg-00029-00053208-00053514 فانا برضو مراهن على كل العربيات ما عدا رقم عشرة اللي مش مراهن
_Y1yWa4blBg-00030-00049858-00050174 تيار اكس. انا كنت عامل ايداع بتمانية وعشرين تيار اكس دلوقتي
_Y1yWa4blBg-00031-00047686-00048040 وكده ممكن نراهن طول اليوم على يعني خلي ربحك مضمون في الاخطار
_Y1yWa4blBg-00032-00048370-00048652 خاطر تقدر يبقى ربح مضمون فاهمني? انت انما لو راهنت على
_Y1yWa4blBg-00033-00049294-00049600 وخلي سيارة واحدة فقط اللي هي ما تراهنش عليها عشان خاطر الربح
_Y1yWa4blBg-00034-00047302-00047686 بتاعي اصبح تسعة وعشرين وستمية يعني احنا كده ايه كسبنا تمام
_Y1yWa4blBg-00035-00045558-00045834 تقريبا كده اربعين سانية. تبقى اربع سواني كده هيبتدي اهو
_Y1yWa4blBg-00036-00045234-00045558 تمام. منتزر بقى العداد يخلص فاضل كم? فاضل واحد واربعين آآ
_Y1yWa4blBg-00037-00098616-00098982 بتكتبه. بعد كده بنضغط على كلمة اشتراك. وكده انت ايه سجلت في
_Y1yWa4blBg-00038-00100492-00100762 تشتركوا معنا في القناة وتفعلوا زر الجرس والسلام عليكم ورحمة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00039-00095642-00095912 تسجله في الموقع. دي صفحة التسجيل في الموقع. اول حاجة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00040-00031408-00031846 او بعد كده بحط الرابط اللي اخدناه نسخ ده هحطه كده لصق هنا.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00041-00096428-00096806 الصفحة. بتكتب كلمة السر او كلمة المرور بتاعة التسجيل الدخول.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00042-00044126-00044532 مختار من واحد لتسع السيارة طبعا بازن الله رقم من واحد لتسعة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00043-00092074-00092506 تسحب من عملة اليو اس دي تي. انما عملة التي ار اكس. عملة تي
_Y1yWa4blBg-00044-00037506-00037890 المية. يعني كده الربح بتاعك بيبقى موسوق يعني تسعة وتسعين في
_Y1yWa4blBg-00045-00041068-00041480 هنكسب منها. اوه صفر تيار اكس. ليس سوء الحز لم يكن هناك فوز.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00046-00089820-00090120 بازن الله هعمل لكم اسبات سحب. لان انا واسق في الموقع مليون في
_Y1yWa4blBg-00047-00032338-00032726 بتلاتين اكس فليكن مسلا تلاتين تيار اكس. طب انا عندي تلاتين
_Y1yWa4blBg-00048-00032726-00033086 فقط انا هنخلوها بقى كم? هنخلوها تمانية وعشرين تمانية وعشرين
_Y1yWa4blBg-00049-00089154-00089454 العظيم السحب بيوصل لك في نفس اللحظة بس انا عملت ايداع عملت
_Y1yWa4blBg-00050-00089454-00089820 استثمار طبعا بالباقي الرصيد اللي معي. فدلوقتي مش هقدر اسحب.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00051-00033086-00033464 تيار اكس. كده هتبقى الايداع كامل هيبقى تلاتين تيار اكس.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00052-00085556-00085982 وبعد تلات تيام هنقدر نسحب من الموقع. طيب عايزين كده السحب من
_Y1yWa4blBg-00053-00086324-00086690 الموقع هنضغط كده على كلمة او محفظة. بعد كده بتفتح لنا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00054-00083092-00083512 فقط. ودي لو تلات ايام فقط. تمام? وكل خطة بتبقى ربح او عائد
_Y1yWa4blBg-00055-00078500-00078914 اي حاجة. كل ما عليك ان انت بتضغط على كلمة اه ينسحب. وبعد
_Y1yWa4blBg-00056-00081216-00081582 الاستسمار. وطبعا هنا زي ما قلنا في تلات ايام في سبع ايام وفي
_Y1yWa4blBg-00057-00092506-00092836 ار اكس بتبقى اقل حاجة اتنين تي ار اكس ممكن تقدر تسحبهم على طول
_Y1yWa4blBg-00058-00083932-00084250 سبع ايام وفيه تلاتين يوم. طبعا لو تلاتين يوم بتبقى واحد
_Y1yWa4blBg-00059-00090432-00090786 وطبعا بيكون الحد الادنى للسحب برضو من واحد تي ار اكس لان معك
_Y1yWa4blBg-00060-00080442-00080892 وتلاتين صنف من عمولة تيار اكس. بعد تلات ايام فقط من الايداع.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00061-00074182-00074602 خطة استسمارية بعشرة. وطبعا يوميا بتاخد تقدر تسحب واحد.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00062-00070202-00070562 سيارات. فيا رب واحدة فيهم تكسب. اربعة وخمسة وسبعة. مش فاكر كم
_Y1yWa4blBg-00063-00031048-00031408 على علامة السهم دي كده. وبعد كده هختار النظام الدفع اللي هو
_Y1yWa4blBg-00064-00071946-00072324 بتاعي عشرة تي ار اكس. طيب ماشي كده الحمد لله كده رجعنا برضو آآ
_Y1yWa4blBg-00065-00030112-00030526 بتاعتي. وانت طبعا ممكن تعمل اي محفظة الكترونية. اي محفزة بتدعم
_Y1yWa4blBg-00066-00077438-00077930 الخط بنقدر نسحب من الاستسمار بتاعنا. وطبعا بيجيب لك الربح
_Y1yWa4blBg-00067-00062916-00063228 برضو. وبعد كده نضغط كده علامة العصاية. واهو تمام الحمد لله
_Y1yWa4blBg-00068-00076480-00077066 بعشرة. كده عملت الموقع. بخط التلات ايام. وطبعا بمجرد ما
_Y1yWa4blBg-00069-00066634-00067000 اخر مرة على الكبير. تمام. كده الحمد لله كده كسبنا. رجع رصيدنا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00070-00061286-00061658 ار اكس. تمام? ونشوف هنا رقم الحز. هو جاب لي صفر صفر. نختار
_Y1yWa4blBg-00071-00065902-00066262 التيار اكس. طب نجرب مرة تاني كده على الكبير اخر مرة. كده
_Y1yWa4blBg-00072-00063228-00063552 المرة دي كسبنا. هنا اجيب لي واحد واحد وخمسين نخليه كبير ولا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00073-00059630-00059900 راحت كده مش مشكلة. ما فيش فرص. ان انا اكسب مشي. هنرجع كده
_Y1yWa4blBg-00074-00025802-00026132 قدامك العشر عربيات انهي عربية هتفوز تختار ازا كان رقم واحد او
_Y1yWa4blBg-00075-00024362-00024776 كأس العالم ومجموعة كبيرة جدا من الالعاب فمسلا هدخل كده على لعبة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00076-00056638-00057022 هنكسب. لان انا لسة ساحب من الموقع تقريبا كده خمسين تي ار
_Y1yWa4blBg-00077-00067498-00067994 ار اكس. نخلي الرقم صغير. وبعد كده نضغط كده على كده خسرنا نجرب
_Y1yWa4blBg-00078-00051566-00051974 ايه? اه تسع عربيات. ونضغط كده على كلمة اه الرهان. كده رهنت
_Y1yWa4blBg-00079-00053834-00054216 شكلي كده انا خسرت. رقم عشرة هي اللي فازت اللي انا ما كنتش
_Y1yWa4blBg-00080-00069842-00070202 اخر مرة يا فزنا يا خسرنا. بازن الله هنكسب. فانا مراهن على اربع
_Y1yWa4blBg-00081-00050552-00050816 لعبة لعبة السباك بتاعتنا. طبعا لو عايز تراهن بمبالغ كبيرة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00082-00050174-00050552 اصبح تسعة وعشرين وستين سنت من عملة التيار اكس. طيب دي اول
_Y1yWa4blBg-00083-00095360-00095642 اخر حاجة التسجيل. فالتسجيل في الموقع لو انتم مش عارفين ازاي
_Y1yWa4blBg-00084-00097178-00097512 هتسحب من الموقع او تعمل الموقع بس هي تقريبا لما تيجي تسحب من
_Y1yWa4blBg-00085-00026486-00026766 هنروح نعمل الاول في الموقع عشان خاطر انا ما عنديش رصيد عشان
_Y1yWa4blBg-00086-00048040-00048370 تسع عربيات ما تكسبش غير واحدة بس ان هي ما تراهنش عليها عشان
_Y1yWa4blBg-00087-00048652-00048982 عربية واحدة بس ممكن يبقى الربح بتاعك عالي جدا لكن مش مضمون ان
_Y1yWa4blBg-00088-00093622-00093982 بس انا هعمل لكم اسبات سحب ان شاء الله. هنزله لكم على صفحة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00089-00049600-00049858 بتاعك يبقى مضمون. وانا الرصيد بتاعي دلوقتي اصبح تسعة وعشرين
_Y1yWa4blBg-00090-00088650-00089154 المبلغ. وبعد كده بتقدر تسحب من الموقع. والله العظيم والله
_Y1yWa4blBg-00091-00081936-00082314 المية. ولو سبع ايام بيديك واحد وستة من عشرة. ولو تلاتين يوم
_Y1yWa4blBg-00092-00048982-00049294 انت تكسب وممكن تخسر طبعا بكل سهولة لأ انت راهن تسع عربيات
_Y1yWa4blBg-00093-00036306-00036726 السيارات فنختار مسلا انا هختار رقم واحد واتنين وتلاتة واربعة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00094-00082804-00083092 تلاتين. لو هتاخد تلاتين يوم. تمام? ودي لو هتاخد سبع ايام
_Y1yWa4blBg-00095-00084250-00084586 وتمانية في المية ولسبع ايام بتبقى واحد وستة في المية. ولو
_Y1yWa4blBg-00096-00099354-00099726 خلينا التسجيل اخر حاجة لان هو سهل جدا. مش محتاج شرح يعني. لو
_Y1yWa4blBg-00097-00090120-00090432 المية مش بقول لك مية في المية. ان الموقع صادق جدا جدا جدا.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00098-00040144-00040462 ونضغط كده ايه? مبلغ الرهان تسعة. ماشي الرهان. وبنقعد كده
_Y1yWa4blBg-00099-00098208-00098616 اللي مديه لك ده هنا اللي هو ستة صفر. اتنين واحد ده الكود اللي
_Y1yWa4blBg-00100-00097872-00098208 كلمة مرور الدفع. وهنا عندك التحقق من الكود اللي هو الكود
_Y1yWa4blBg-00101-00035006-00035348 بتاعتنا عشان خاطر نشتغل ونشوف هنعمل نكسب ازاي من العابنا.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00102-00081582-00081936 تلاتين يوم. وطبعا تلات ايام بيديك واحد واتنين من عشرة في
_Y1yWa4blBg-00103-00082314-00082804 بتبقى واحد وتمانية من عشرة في المية. تمام? يعني دي الخطة لو
_Y1yWa4blBg-00104-00091242-00091666 عملة اتنين تيار اكس. طيب اليو اس دي تي وعملة اليو اس دي اقل
_Y1yWa4blBg-00105-00083512-00083932 استسمار اعلى. وهنا برضو عندنا عملة طبعا فيه تلات ايام وفيه
_Y1yWa4blBg-00106-00059318-00059630 الله هنكسب فيها. هنضغط كده على زهب. هنلفها لفة. خلاص. الدورات
_Y1yWa4blBg-00107-00023308-00023666 في سواني كده معدودة هتقدر تحقق اعلى ارباح. هنا مجموعة من
_Y1yWa4blBg-00108-00057754-00058180 تلاتة وتمانية هم اللي كسبوا. والرصيد طبعا رجع اتناشر اتناشر
_Y1yWa4blBg-00109-00021886-00022246 اكتر من طريقة ممكن تكسب منها فالموقع صادق جدا جدا فوق ما انت
_Y1yWa4blBg-00110-00034682-00035006 على طول. مجرد ما عملت ايداع على الموقع. وكده هنرجع للالعاب
_Y1yWa4blBg-00111-00075004-00075364 اه مجمل الربح بتاعك للربح اليومي. هنترجم كده اول حاجة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00112-00024002-00024362 ارباح كتيرة جدا وبالاسبات هنا عندنا اول حاجة لعبة السباق وحجر
_Y1yWa4blBg-00113-00029506-00029794 هننسخ كده تاني اهو عشان نتأكد بس انه يتنسخ معنا. بعد كده
_Y1yWa4blBg-00114-00077930-00078500 مباشرة للربح بتاعك. للرصيد في الحساب بتاعك. يعني مش بتعمل انت
_Y1yWa4blBg-00115-00079704-00080082 اشتريتها اللي هي بعشرة تيار اكس اهو لمدة تلات ايام فقط. طبعا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00116-00033464-00033800 وهنضغط على كلمة ارسال. وكده اكتملت المعاملة بنجاح. لو جينا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00117-00076150-00076480 كده. ونضغط كده على حسنا. فانا كده اشتريت الصندوق اللي هو
_Y1yWa4blBg-00118-00027426-00027750 الرصيد دي كده هنضغط كده عليها. وبعد كده هنا عندنا انسحاب
_Y1yWa4blBg-00119-00029794-00030112 هنروح للمحفزة بتاعتنا. فانا بقى هروح اعمل ايداع من محفزة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00120-00077066-00077438 بيخلص الخط الاخضر ده كده هو تمانية وتسعين. بمجرد ما بيخلص
_Y1yWa4blBg-00121-00080082-00080442 انا عملتها بعشرة تيار اكس وبسحبها عشرة تيار اكس وستة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00122-00093166-00093622 اللحزة. يعني انا بنجرب في نفس اللحزة بيوصل لك السحب. مباشرة.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00123-00070562-00071148 رقم الرابعة. اوبا. فشكل كده هنخسر الله رقم اربعة. الحمد لله
_Y1yWa4blBg-00124-00085982-00086324 الموقع هيكون ازاي? وزي ما قلنا السحب من الموقع او الايداع على
_Y1yWa4blBg-00125-00079352-00079704 الموقع. وطبعا لو نزلنا تحت خالص كده هنا بنلاقي اللي انا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00126-00022600-00022912 التانية في الموقع ازاي هنقدر نكسب من الموقع. وهنا بقى هنيجي
_Y1yWa4blBg-00127-00084586-00085038 تلات ايام بتبقى واحد وخمسة في المية. ده بيبقى ربح يومي لعملة.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00128-00045834-00046164 السباق ويلا بازن الله ما تكونش رقم عشرة هي اللي تفوز. لان مش
_Y1yWa4blBg-00129-00092836-00093166 من الموقع. وفعلا الموقع بيوصل لك يعني السحب بيوصل لك في نفس
_Y1yWa4blBg-00130-00042494-00042962 آآ سن. آآ اسف تمانين في المية من التي ار اكس. وكده الحمد لله
_Y1yWa4blBg-00131-00078914-00079352 كده بيجي لك على رصيد السحب او رصيد الصفحة او على رصيدك في
_Y1yWa4blBg-00132-00041786-00042068 تاني ياللا مش مشكلة. نرجع كده تاني اللعبة بسرعة. فاحنا رهانا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00133-00038578-00038920 سيارات. فبنختار التسع سيارات منهم. بنسيب واحدة اللي هي ممكن
_Y1yWa4blBg-00134-00027138-00027426 لو ضغطنا كده رجوع. هنيجي هنا على كلمة محفظة اللي هي جنب
_Y1yWa4blBg-00135-00075736-00076150 صندوق الشراء. طبعا هنخليه بعشرة. هنضغط على صندوق الشراء
_Y1yWa4blBg-00136-00073398-00073756 لسة ما اكتملش. مجرد ما بيكتمل بتقدر تجمع الارباح وتقدر تسحبها
_Y1yWa4blBg-00137-00039838-00040144 سيارات. وبعد كده هنضغط كده على الرهان. هنضغط كده على الرهان.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00138-00090786-00091242 واحد تي ار اكس فقط هتقدر تسحبه. آآ اسف او اتنين تيار اكس. آآ
_Y1yWa4blBg-00139-00038208-00038578 هتكون واحدة من تسعة لان هم كلهم عشر عربيات فقط. تمام? او عشر
_Y1yWa4blBg-00140-00087920-00088650 كان او او وطبعا هنا عندك بتحط عنوان بتاعتك وبعد كده تكتب
_Y1yWa4blBg-00141-00026132-00026486 اتنين معاك من واحد لعشر ارقام فطبعا قبل قبل ما نبدأ نراهن
_Y1yWa4blBg-00142-00086690-00087116 المحفظة او هنترجم كده الصفحة. هنا طبعا بيقول لك هنا اعادة شحن
_Y1yWa4blBg-00143-00072696-00073002 الموقع. كده طبعا دي الالعاب بتاعتنا على الموقع. وهنيجي كده
_Y1yWa4blBg-00144-00022246-00022600 تتخيل تقدر تعمل منه مبالغ كويسة جدا. طب يلا بقى نروح للحاجة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00145-00073002-00073398 اخر حاجة على الصندوق. الصندوق المجاني اللي قلنا عليه. فالخط
_Y1yWa4blBg-00146-00075364-00075736 الصفحة او الموقع. هنعمل ترجمة الى العربية. بعد كده هنضغط على
_Y1yWa4blBg-00147-00069140-00069482 علشان مش فاضل معي غير اربعة تي ار اكس. هاحاول ارجع المبلغ
_Y1yWa4blBg-00148-00024776-00025124 السباق دي كده هنضغط هنا الزهاب الى اللعبة طبعا دي لعبة السباق
_Y1yWa4blBg-00149-00067994-00068372 تاني كده كده معنا اربعة تيار اكس ودي كانت طبعا لعبة الزهر او
_Y1yWa4blBg-00150-00069482-00069842 وارجع معكم تاني. ويلا هنعمل رهان بكل بكل الرصيد اللي معنا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00151-00021526-00021886 عليك او او انت تيجي تستسمر فيه وما يديلكش ارباح لان الموقع فيه
_Y1yWa4blBg-00152-00095912-00096428 بتكتب رقم التليفون بتاعك. وبعد كده تكتب الباسوورد. هنترجم كده
_Y1yWa4blBg-00153-00065164-00065506 كبير برضو. تمام. كسبنا كده. تمام. كده كسبنا. كده اصبح
_Y1yWa4blBg-00154-00057388-00057754 شاء الله هنكسب المرة دي. فالحمد لله اهو كسبنا كسبنا طبعا رقم
_Y1yWa4blBg-00155-00063552-00063936 صغير. نخليه برضو كبير. ماشي? تمام. الحمد لله كده كسبنا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00156-00019896-00020292 وسبع ايام وتلاتين يوم. والربح بيكون واحد وخمسة من عشرة ربح
_Y1yWa4blBg-00157-00054216-00054618 مراهن عليها للاسف. فانا دلوقتي خسرت. مش مشكلة. هنروح بقى نراهن
_Y1yWa4blBg-00158-00062502-00062916 مرة. بعد كده نعمل كده رهان تاني نختار ازا كان نخليه كده كبير
_Y1yWa4blBg-00159-00051974-00052262 تسع عربيات. بس راهنت باتنين تيار اكس. يعني كده هياخد
_Y1yWa4blBg-00160-00019164-00019614 تعمل استسمار بعملة طبعا بيكون الحد الادنى مية يو اس دي تي او
_Y1yWa4blBg-00161-00057022-00057388 اكس. في يعني ما اخدتش خمس دقايق وكسبت على طول من الموقع. فان
_Y1yWa4blBg-00162-00063936-00064392 تلتاشر. تيار اكس. نخليه المرة دي ايه? نخليه صغير. ماشي. نخليه
_Y1yWa4blBg-00163-00054618-00055038 مرة تانية. هنراهن بواحد. بواحد تي ار اكس. نختار تسع عربيات مرة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00164-00055038-00055476 تانية. دار واحد واتنين وتلاتة واربعة وخمسة وستة وسبعة وتمانية
_Y1yWa4blBg-00165-00060884-00061286 عايز. هنخليه كده نقعد نزود هنا. نخليه مسلا آآ نخليه كده واحد تي
_Y1yWa4blBg-00166-00064392-00064776 صغير. اه. ماشي. خسرنا شوية ماشي مش مشكلة. برضو نخليه صغير تاني.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00167-00061658-00062142 ازا كان صغير او كبير. نخليه ايه بقى? آآ نخليه كبير كده. وبعد
_Y1yWa4blBg-00168-00062142-00062502 كده نضغط كده على رسمة العصاية دي كده. فاحنا كده خسرنا اول
_Y1yWa4blBg-00169-00052586-00052868 الرصيد بتاعي انا قل اهو بقى حداشر تيار اكس. وننتظر بقى
_Y1yWa4blBg-00170-00021214-00021526 جدا في الاستسمار يعني ما تشكش في لحزة ان الموقع ممكن ينصب
_Y1yWa4blBg-00171-00050816-00051176 اراهن. انا طبعا كنت اراهن بواحد فقط. طب هنيجي كده نراهن باتنين
_Y1yWa4blBg-00172-00052868-00053208 الايه? السواني تخلص. واهو كده السباك هيبتدي وهو ابتدى السباق.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00173-00053514-00053834 عليها. ان شاء الله رقم عشرة ما تفوزش تاني. وبنقول يا رب اوه
_Y1yWa4blBg-00174-00064776-00065164 برضو خسرنا تيار اكس. نخليه طب كبير المرة دي. خسرنا. نقعد على
_Y1yWa4blBg-00175-00066262-00066634 خسرنا تاني. طب نجرب اخر مرة تانية. برضو خسرنا. طب ماشي نجرب
_Y1yWa4blBg-00176-00052262-00052586 تمنتاشر تيار اكس. ماشي. كده الرهان بازن الله وهنكسب. كده
_Y1yWa4blBg-00177-00051176-00051566 تيار اكس. ونختار اه عشر عربيات. اه تسع عربيات اسف. نختار كده
_Y1yWa4blBg-00178-00068798-00069140 التانية على لعبة السباق طبعا عشان خاطر نقدر نكسب منها اكتر.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00179-00055476-00055872 وتسعة. وهنضغط كده على الرهان الان. وهنضغط كده على الرهان.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00180-00065506-00065902 رصيدنا اتناشر تيار اكس. اخر مرة هنلعب على الكبير كده. كده خسرنا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00181-00040732-00041068 هناخد هنلف كده لفة بتيجي لنا لفة طبعا من كل رهان. وبازن الله
_Y1yWa4blBg-00182-00046824-00047302 الحمد لله فزنا. رقم اربعة ورقم سبعة اللي فازوا لاحزت والرصيد
_Y1yWa4blBg-00183-00038920-00039502 نكسب منها. وطبعا هنضغط كده مبلغ الرهان هنخليه ايه واحد لكل آآ
_Y1yWa4blBg-00184-00044868-00045234 ده طبعا ربح اكيد انا بص انا كان معي كم? تمانية وعشرين تي ار اكس
_Y1yWa4blBg-00185-00043388-00043766 تسع سيارات. وان شاء الله واحدة هتكسب منهم برضو. هنروح نعمل
_Y1yWa4blBg-00186-00042068-00042494 كده لسه الرهان خلص اهو. فاحنا كده كسبنا يعني خدنا اهو تمانين
_Y1yWa4blBg-00187-00046470-00046824 انا مراهن عليهم كلهم ما عدا رقم عشرة. لأ تمام. كده الحمد لله.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00188-00035952-00036306 حاجة هنترجم الموقع عشان نفهم هنعمل ترجمة. فانا بنراهن على
_Y1yWa4blBg-00189-00039502-00039838 سيارة. فهنختار تسع سيارات كده. هنخليها على الفردية. تسع
_Y1yWa4blBg-00190-00041480-00041786 نعم يعني خسرنا احنا طبعا مش مشكلة. فاحنا ما عندناش دورات
_Y1yWa4blBg-00191-00040462-00040732 على ازهب الى اليانصيب. هنضغط كده على اليانصيب دي الاول.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00192-00042962-00043388 ما خسرناش. رح نراهن تاني كده. هنراهن دي طبعا بايه? هنراهن آآ
_Y1yWa4blBg-00193-00031846-00032338 رابط عملة بتاع الموقع. بعد كده بختار الحد اللي هو حنعمل ايداع
_Y1yWa4blBg-00194-00046164-00046470 مختار رقم عشرة. لأ يا رب اي واحدة تفوز معاد رقم عشرة. لان
_Y1yWa4blBg-00195-00030526-00031048 عملة او عليها عملة. فانا هعمل ايداع من عملة البيير. هيقعد كده
_Y1yWa4blBg-00196-00036726-00037152 وخمسة وستة وسبعة وتمانية وتسعة. طيب بقى انا ليه اخترت تسع اه
_Y1yWa4blBg-00197-00034406-00034682 اللي عملتها دلوقتي ايداع على الموقع. كده الرصيد بتاعي وصل
_Y1yWa4blBg-00198-00037152-00037506 تسع سيارات? ديت عشان خاطر تضمن الربح بتاعك بطريقة مية في
_Y1yWa4blBg-00199-00037890-00038208 المية. انت طبعا بتختار العربية اللي هتفوز. يعني اكيد بازن الله
_Y1yWa4blBg-00200-00035348-00035706 فاول ندخل على كده على لعبة السباق بعد كده تفتح معنا اللعبة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00201-00015296-00015566 طبعا انا لسه دلوقتي ما عنديش رصيد. حنروح نعمل ايداع في
_Y1yWa4blBg-00202-00035706-00035952 بالطريقة اللي انتم شايفينها قدامكم. هننزل كده تحت هنا اول
_Y1yWa4blBg-00203-00033800-00034106 كده على الموقع. ونرجع كده نعمل اعادة تحميل للصفحة كده. وزي ما
_Y1yWa4blBg-00204-00016226-00016496 من الموقع لان الموقع مش استسماري فقط. الاستسمار في
_Y1yWa4blBg-00205-00017868-00018432 الموقع اللي هي آآ بعشرة او الايداع في في عملة ازا كان تلات
_Y1yWa4blBg-00206-00044532-00044868 بازن الله تكون تكون واحدة فيهم. فلو واحدة فيهم بازن الله هنكسب
_Y1yWa4blBg-00207-00043766-00044126 ايه? رهان. هنقعد كده على الرهان الان. هنضغط كده حسنا. طبعا انا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00208-00034106-00034406 انتم شايفين كده الرصيد بتاعي وصل اهو تمانية وعشرين تيار اكس
_Y1yWa4blBg-00209-00013414-00013780 اكتر او اطول. يعني لو ضغطنا كده على كلمة صندوق الشراء كده. ممكن
_Y1yWa4blBg-00210-00028434-00028764 للايداع اهو واحد. دي ار اكس. يعني اقل حاجة ممكن تشتغل بواحد.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00211-00028764-00029064 دي ار اكس فقط. على الموقع. والحد الادنى للايداع في الموقع.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00212-00009168-00009606 لرصيد الحساب بتاعي. فالخط اللي هو الاخضر داتي فمجرد ما بيكتمل
_Y1yWa4blBg-00213-00029064-00029506 طبعا هناخد رابط عملة هناخده كده كوبي او نسخ. هنضغط كده على كلمة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00214-00028110-00028434 مدينا رابط عملة او دي ار اكس. وهنا بيقول لك الحد الادنى
_Y1yWa4blBg-00215-00014116-00014500 كده لو عايز تعمل ايداع بمية ممكن تعمل ايداع بعشرة او بعشرين
_Y1yWa4blBg-00216-00027750-00028110 وعندنا اعادة الشحن. هنضغط كده على كلمة اعادة الشحن. وهنا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00217-00012334-00012742 بتاعك. وطبعا بتختلف من تلات ايام لسبع ايام لتلاتين يوم. ايه
_Y1yWa4blBg-00218-00013066-00013414 ايام مش زي تلاتين يوم. طبعا الربح بيزيد كل ما يكون المدة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00219-00026766-00027138 خاطر نبدأ نكسب من الموقع. فهنرجع اول حاجة للصفحة الرئيسية
_Y1yWa4blBg-00220-00025430-00025802 هنا قدامك عشر عربيات فانت بتراهن على على العربيات اللي
_Y1yWa4blBg-00221-00025124-00025430 اللي هي قدام حضراتكم هنا لو حبينا نعمل باقي ايه رهان بيكون
_Y1yWa4blBg-00222-00022912-00023308 للربح الحقيقي على الموقع الارباح اللي فعلا هتقدر تحققها
_Y1yWa4blBg-00223-00023666-00024002 الالعاب مجموعة كبيرة جدا من الالعاب ممكن تشتغل عليها وهتكسب
_Y1yWa4blBg-00224-00019614-00019896 مية زي ما قلنا مية يو اس دي تي طبعا. وهنا برضو عندنا تلات ايام
_Y1yWa4blBg-00225-00018744-00019164 يكون مدة اطول كل ما بيكون الربح تمام? وهنا عندنا طبعا لو عايز
_Y1yWa4blBg-00226-00020908-00021214 عليه ينسحب بيوصل لك طبعا على رصيد الحساب بتاعك والموقع صادق
_Y1yWa4blBg-00227-00006128-00006416 على كلمة ينسحب بيديك المبلغ. هضغط على كده على كلمة ينسحب.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00228-00004798-00005074 قبل ما نعمل ايداع عايزين نفهم الموقع بيشتغل ازاي. طبعا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00229-00020544-00020908 الطريقة المجانية المجاني كل ما يخلص الخط الاخضر ده كده تضغط
_Y1yWa4blBg-00230-00020292-00020544 يومي في الموقع. ولو مش عايز تعمل ايداعات خالص ممكن تشتغل
_Y1yWa4blBg-00231-00016808-00017114 ممكن تكسب بينهم الموقع. لو انت مستعجل وعايز تخلص الفيديو
_Y1yWa4blBg-00232-00016496-00016808 الموقع ده نوع من انواع الربح في الموقع. لكن في طرق كتيرة جدا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00233-00015902-00016226 عايز تكمل معي الفيديو. استنى هخليك تكسب يعني مبالغ هايلة جدا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00234-00018432-00018744 ايام او سبع ايام او تلاتين يوم وقلنا ايه الفرق? الفرق كل ما
_Y1yWa4blBg-00235-00017114-00017450 بسرعة. لأ استنى عشان خاطر تقدر تفهم الموقع كويس. وهقول لك ازاي
_Y1yWa4blBg-00236-00017450-00017868 هتكسب ارباح كتيرة وهايلة جدا من تمام? دي الخطط الاستسمارية في
_Y1yWa4blBg-00237-00014942-00015296 ايداع بعشرين تي ار اكس. وبعد كده نضغط على صندوق الشراء. بس
_Y1yWa4blBg-00238-00011920-00012334 ربح يومي واحد واتنين في المية آآ الربح اليومي من من الايداع
_Y1yWa4blBg-00239-00015566-00015902 الموقع. والموقع على فكرة مش استسماري فقط. استنى عشان لو
_Y1yWa4blBg-00240-00010062-00010464 ما يخلص تسحب يرجع يبدأ من تاني كل ما يخلص ممكن تسحب اكتر من
_Y1yWa4blBg-00241-00004102-00004468 النهاردة. فطبعا انا هشتغل على على عملة التي ار اكس او عملة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00242-00009606-00010062 ممكن تسحب مرة تانية وبرضو بيرجع يشتغل تاني الخط الاخضر يعني كل
_Y1yWa4blBg-00243-00014500-00014942 او بمية. مسلا عشرين عشرين مشروب العشرين تي ار اكس. لو عايز تعمل
_Y1yWa4blBg-00244-00013780-00014116 تعمل ايداع بعشرة ده الحد الادنى. لأ وممكن تعمل اكتر من
_Y1yWa4blBg-00245-00008444-00008856 وفيه عندك تلاتين يوم. وطبعا نسيت ما اقول لكم احنا اول ما
_Y1yWa4blBg-00246-00012742-00013066 الفرق بقى? الفرق طبعا بيكون الارباح. تلات ايام مش زي سبع
_Y1yWa4blBg-00247-00010800-00011160 المجاني. وهنا عندنا بقى صندوق او علبة تي ار اكس اللي هي ممكن
_Y1yWa4blBg-00248-00011160-00011496 تعمل ايداع فيها بعشرة تي ار اكس. الحد الادنى طبعا بيكون
_Y1yWa4blBg-00249-00011496-00011920 عشرة تي ار اكس. هنا عندنا تلات ايام وسبع ايام يوم بيديك عائد
_Y1yWa4blBg-00250-00008856-00009168 هينسحب على الصندوق المجاني. الرصيد طبعا فعلا بالفعل وصل
_Y1yWa4blBg-00251-00010464-00010800 مرة. كل ما يخلص الخط الاخضر اللي قدام حضراتكم ده الصندوق
_Y1yWa4blBg-00252-00008096-00008444 مسلا بعشرة. هنا عندك بيقول لك فيه من تلات تيام لسبع ايام.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00253-00007712-00008096 خطط استسمارية كتير لو عايز تعمل خطة استسمارية. لو عايز تعمل خطة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00254-00002956-00003298 اول حاجة يا صاحبي موقعنا النهاردة بيدعم اربع عملات وطبعا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00255-00001584-00001914 مش بتستحمل طبعا الشغل على المواقع المجانية. واللي هي حابة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00256-00005734-00006128 بيفتح لنا مربعات سلسلة وطبعا هنا ده صندوق مجاني لو ضغطنا كده
_Y1yWa4blBg-00257-00006416-00006794 بتلاقي كده هنا عداد هنا عندك تحت كلمة ينسحب. مجرد ما بيكتمل
_Y1yWa4blBg-00258-00005446-00005734 الصندوق. الصندوق المجاني لو ضغطنا كده على الصندوق المجاني.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00259-00007256-00007712 ستة من عملة. لو نزلنا هنا كده تحت بتلاقي هنا عندك ايه? عندك
_Y1yWa4blBg-00260-00006794-00007256 بتقدر تاخد ربح يومي من من الصندوق المجاني بصفر كوينت صفر
_Y1yWa4blBg-00261-00005074-00005446 الواجهة الرئيسية بتاعة الموقع. فمجرد ما تفتح معك الموقع بيديك
_Y1yWa4blBg-00262-00004468-00004798 التيرون. انا دلوقتي كله اصفار عندي. بس هنروح نعمل ايداع. بس
_Y1yWa4blBg-00263-00003736-00004102 وعملة اليو اس دي تي. دول اربع عملات اللي هنشتغل بهم على موقع
_Y1yWa4blBg-00264-00100762-00101046 الله وبركاته.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00265-00003298-00003736 اول عملة اللي عملة تي ار اكس وعملة جي يو بي وعملة بي ان بي.
_Y1yWa4blBg-00266-00002664-00002956 ندخل على شرح الموقع عملي على طول عشان خاطر ما نطولش على حضرة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00267-00001914-00002334 تكسب بسرعة من الموقع النهاردة جايب لكم الموقع الناس اللي حابة
_Y1yWa4blBg-00268-00002334-00002664 تكسب بربح سريع او ربح من غمضة عين زي ما بنقول كدا. ويلا بنا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00269-00001272-00001584 الموقع بتاع النهاردة. وطبعا الموقع دا للناس اللي خلقها ديق
_Y1yWa4blBg-00270-00000570-00000960 عليها بجد والله العظيم. الموقع لو عايز تكسب ارباح خيالية. وانا
_Y1yWa4blBg-00271-00000000-00000288 السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته. حبايبي واخواتي عاملين
_Y1yWa4blBg-00272-00000960-00001272 مش مبالغ بالكلمة فعلا لو عايز تكسب ارباح خيالية هتلاقيها في
_Y1yWa4blBg-00273-00000288-00000570 ايه ؟ النهاردة جايب لكم موقع من اجمل المواقع اللي انا اشتغلت
_cDH9rFJdM0-00000-00000617-00000717 Howdy!
_cDH9rFJdM0-00001-00000717-00001196 My name is Sandy, welcome to my time travel store where we sell all kind of goodies from
_cDH9rFJdM0-00002-00001196-00001309 different eras!
_cDH9rFJdM0-00003-00001309-00001461 Hey look!
_cDH9rFJdM0-00004-00001461-00001841 My old friend is here!
_cDH9rFJdM0-00005-00001841-00001941 Sandy!
_cDH9rFJdM0-00006-00001941-00002289 Me Grunt sell mammoth milk.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00007-00002289-00002533 Grunt want sell online!
_cDH9rFJdM0-00008-00002533-00002657 Sure!
_cDH9rFJdM0-00009-00002657-00002980 Let me help you!
_cDH9rFJdM0-00010-00002980-00003114 Okay here we go!
_cDH9rFJdM0-00011-00003114-00003832 The best tool for creating the website is HTML, or Hyper Text Markup Language.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00012-00003832-00004380 HTML describes all the headings, paragraphs, or images that make up the website.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00013-00004380-00004957 Let’s create your first hello world page with a text editor or notepad, after you’ve
_cDH9rFJdM0-00014-00004957-00005165 finished hitting that rock with another rock Grunt.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00015-00005165-00005418 Just look at my laptop, no don’t hit it with both of those rocks.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00016-00005418-00006395 Now we’re going to create a Tag <!DOCTYPE HTML> is the doctype for the document.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00017-00006395-00006944 It basically let the web browser know that this page is written in HTML.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00018-00006944-00007279 Now, let’s type in the HTML tag.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00019-00007279-00008007 The <html> tag tells the browser that this is an HTML document.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00020-00008007-00008328 Most tags must have an opening and a closing part.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00021-00008328-00008618 Sadly all words are hidden to you Grunt because nobody invented language yet, isn’t that
_cDH9rFJdM0-00022-00008618-00008718 right Grunt?
_cDH9rFJdM0-00023-00008718-00009015 Next we come to the HEAD tag and the BODY tag.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00024-00009015-00009764 The head tag is the area where the important stuff is processed first, like CSS and Javascript.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00025-00009764-00010138 The BODY tags are the ones that contain the website content.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00026-00010138-00010504 We will add some contents here later.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00027-00010504-00011285 Now grunt, we should give this web page a title by using a title tagSure!
_cDH9rFJdM0-00028-00011285-00011996 So let’s type in the title here...
_cDH9rFJdM0-00029-00011996-00012102 Great!
_cDH9rFJdM0-00030-00012102-00012552 Now our web page has a title, let’s add in some contents now!
_cDH9rFJdM0-00031-00012552-00013069 So let’s add a header in in between the body tag.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00032-00013069-00013634 H1 simply means header, there are different types of header, let’s try them out later.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00033-00013634-00014222 Then let’s add some texts in the header, let’s add in “Fresh Mammoth Milk”
_cDH9rFJdM0-00034-00014222-00014579 At this point, we should save the file as index.html.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00035-00014579-00015344 This is usually the first page of a website.Preview your file with your web browser.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00036-00015344-00015859 Drag and drop it into the browser area, and you should see it pop up.
_cDH9rFJdM0-00037-00015859-00016051 Looking good!
_cDH9rFJdM0-00038-00016051-00016879 Now, what would happen if we put change the h1 tag to h2 tag?Heyyy…
_cDH9rFJdM0-00039-00016879-00017418 Seems like Grunt is very tired as he time-travel here from the stone age!
_cDH9rFJdM0-00040-00017418-00018031 Let’s take a photo of him sleeping, teehee!
_cDH9rFJdM0-00041-00018031-00018131 Well..
_cDH9rFJdM0-00042-00018131-00019012 I think we will continue the lesson next time, anyway you should give it 
_cDH9rFJdM0-00043-00019012-00019642 a try yourself!
_cDH9rFJdM0-00044-00019642-00019783 See ya!
_kxE5vphGuY-00000-00000110-00000410 - Freddie. - Uh, come in.
_kxE5vphGuY-00001-00000540-00000660 Mom, what are you doing-
_kxE5vphGuY-00002-00000673-00000787 I am so proud of you.
_kxE5vphGuY-00003-00000800-00000970 I can't believe it's finally happening,
_kxE5vphGuY-00004-00000984-00001101 your first date.
_kxE5vphGuY-00005-00001114-00001291 - Mom. - And with a girl.
_kxE5vphGuY-00006-00001304-00001444 Mom.
_kxE5vphGuY-00007-00001768-00001988 There you are. Millicent, I drew your bath.
_kxE5vphGuY-00008-00002001-00002138 And Freddie. Freddie!
_kxE5vphGuY-00009-00002172-00002372 I put your warm milk in your thermos
_kxE5vphGuY-00010-00002385-00002525 next to your bed.
_kxE5vphGuY-00011-00002539-00002665 And if you're both good, I'll let you snuggle with me
_kxE5vphGuY-00012-00002679-00002942 for ten minutes and watch Toledo House Flip.
_kxE5vphGuY-00013-00003303-00003493 So we done here? Great.
_kxE5vphGuY-00014-00003506-00003750 Will you just please let us out of here?
_kxE5vphGuY-00015-00003763-00003867 Oh, no.
_kxE5vphGuY-00016-00003880-00004020 Why not?
_kxE5vphGuY-00017-00004033-00004411 Because with you as my friends, I'm finally popular.
_kxE5vphGuY-00018-00004464-00004631 I can't go back to being the lonely nub
_kxE5vphGuY-00019-00004644-00004864 with only a chicken to talk to.
_kxE5vphGuY-00020-00005105-00005231 [grunting]
_kxE5vphGuY-00021-00005348-00005548 Oh, hey.
_kxE5vphGuY-00022-00005712-00005855 What are you doing here?
_kxE5vphGuY-00023-00005972-00006179 I live here. What are you doing here?
_kxE5vphGuY-00024-00006202-00006503 Ah, you know, I was just scaling the side of the building
_kxE5vphGuY-00025-00006516-00006790 and noticed your window is open, so, boop.
_kxE5vphGuY-00026-00006803-00006940 [chuckles]
_kxE5vphGuY-00027-00006986-00007117 You scaled the building?
_kxE5vphGuY-00028-00007143-00007267 Please don't tell my parents.
_kxE5vphGuY-00029-00007280-00007447 They think I'm at Cold Stone Creamery.
_kxE5vphGuY-00030-00007610-00007884 So, I understand you put some flyers up
_kxE5vphGuY-00031-00007897-00008024 all over the school.
_kxE5vphGuY-00032-00008094-00008234 Yes, I did.
_kxE5vphGuY-00033-00008258-00008628 Why would you photo doc my head onto the body of a rhinoceros?
_kxE5vphGuY-00034-00008742-00008855 - Well, I- - Rhinoceros?
_kxE5vphGuY-00035-00008882-00009185 Oh, no, no, no. She made you a hippopotamus.
_kxE5vphGuY-00036-00009202-00009355 No, no, she's a rhinoceros.
_kxE5vphGuY-00037-00009369-00009576 A hippo has fatter thighs and a wider sound.
_kxE5vphGuY-00038-00009639-00009769 It doesn't matter.
_kxE5vphGuY-00039-00009853-00009983 I come bearing a gift.
_kxE5vphGuY-00040-00010043-00010243 Remember when Ms. Briggs asked all of her students
_kxE5vphGuY-00041-00010256-00010430 to write letters to their future selves
_kxE5vphGuY-00042-00010443-00010607 to be delivered on their 27th birthday?
_kxE5vphGuY-00043-00010627-00010917 Oh, yeah, the where do you see yourself in 15 years thing?
_kxE5vphGuY-00044-00010940-00011091 She said she was going to deliver them herself.
_kxE5vphGuY-00045-00011114-00011381 Well, she was supposed to, but she canceled at the last minute.
_kxE5vphGuY-00046-00011414-00011765 She twist an ankle? Break a hip? She fall down a well?
_kxE5vphGuY-00047-00011778-00011971 Please tell me she fell down a well.
_kxE5vphGuY-00048-00012055-00012345 Oh, she's fine. She just hates you.
_kxE5vphGuY-00049-00012385-00012509 Yeah, that makes sense.
_kxE5vphGuY-00050-00012522-00012642 How am I supposed to do a science project
_kxE5vphGuY-00051-00012655-00012796 with a psycho wrestler who's always-
_kxE5vphGuY-00052-00012809-00013113 Hey. What's up, Fraido?
_kxE5vphGuY-00053-00013126-00013256 [screaming]
_kxE5vphGuY-00054-00013269-00013510 Duke! Duke, this is only fun for one of us!
_kxE5vphGuY-00055-00013523-00013640 Where's Freddie when you need him?
_kxE5vphGuY-00056-00013653-00013987 Who's ready to get drunk?
_kxE5vphGuY-00057-00014063-00014277 Freddie. It's me, Duke.
_kxE5vphGuY-00058-00014290-00014410 Hey, what's up, D-bag?
_kxE5vphGuY-00059-00014441-00014724 This is Snot Rag, MG Gym Shorts.
_kxE5vphGuY-00060-00014768-00014881 And Lloyd.
_kxE5vphGuY-00061-00014998-00015231 Now, if you'd be so chill as to direct us
_kxE5vphGuY-00062-00015245-00015432 to your fattest keg.
_kxE5vphGuY-00063-00015475-00015608 [laughing]
_kxE5vphGuY-00064-00015622-00015749 I don't want to sound rude,
_kxE5vphGuY-00065-00015762-00015899 but I really didn't come here to dance.
_kxE5vphGuY-00066-00015912-00016136 Could you just interview me about the Web- Nevel?!
_kxE5vphGuY-00067-00016256-00016679 I stole a kiss upon your cheek. And now another kiss I seek.
_kxE5vphGuY-00068-00016693-00016853 Seek some tapenade.
_kxE5vphGuY-00069-00017200-00017330 Spencer!
_kxE5vphGuY-00070-00017597-00017804 You shouldn't have done that, Carly Shay.
_kxE5vphGuY-00071-00017854-00018064 You'll rue this day. You'll rue it!
_kxE5vphGuY-00072-00018078-00018384 Was this entire robot wedding just to make me jealous?
_kxE5vphGuY-00073-00018398-00018681 Please, do you really think I'd stage a fake wedding,
_kxE5vphGuY-00074-00018695-00018988 ask Freddie to be my best man to make sure you'd be here;
_kxE5vphGuY-00075-00019002-00019105 even though I can't stand him
_kxE5vphGuY-00076-00019119-00019245 - and never could... - Hey.
_kxE5vphGuY-00077-00019259-00019522 Invite all your closest friends and family,
_kxE5vphGuY-00078-00019536-00019726 pay actors to fill out the guest list,
_kxE5vphGuY-00079-00019739-00019889 all so you'd go mad with jealousy
_kxE5vphGuY-00080-00019903-00020206 and realize you and I were meant to be together all along?
_kxE5vphGuY-00081-00020276-00020473 Oh, my God, Neville, did you do that?
_kxE5vphGuY-00082-00020537-00020680 Would it be so wrong if I did?
_kxE5vphGuY-00083-00020914-00021037 Here.
_kxE5vphGuY-00084-00021174-00021281 Feels good, huh?
_kxE5vphGuY-00085-00021327-00021464 Yeah, real good.
_kxE5vphGuY-00086-00021504-00021664 I got him at the convention last year.
_kxE5vphGuY-00087-00021681-00021825 There's a Pee Wee Baby convention?
_kxE5vphGuY-00088-00021838-00022022 - Oh, yeah. - And you go to it?
_kxE5vphGuY-00089-00022075-00022168 Mm-hmm.
_kxE5vphGuY-00090-00022198-00022389 Maybe you'll come with me to the next one.
_kxE5vphGuY-00091-00022439-00022585 Maybe.
_kxE5vphGuY-00092-00023820-00023927 Hey, Carly, over here.
_kxE5vphGuY-00093-00023940-00024047 Oh, hey, Griffin.
_kxE5vphGuY-00094-00024067-00024217 You look amazing. How are you?
_kxE5vphGuY-00095-00024230-00024371 I'm great. How are you?
_kxE5vphGuY-00096-00024397-00024641 Are you leaning more towards stealing motorcycles
_kxE5vphGuY-00097-00024654-00024884 or temperature controlling stuffed animals?
_kxE5vphGuY-00098-00024901-00025141 Oh, my Pee Wee Baby days are long gone.
_kxE5vphGuY-00099-00025171-00025395 - Oh, yeah? - Oh, yeah.
_kxE5vphGuY-00100-00025672-00025875 I had to sell 'em to pay for my settlement.
_kxE5vphGuY-00101-00025889-00026076 Apparently, you can't just say you're a hypnotist.
_kxE5vphGuY-00102-00026089-00026429 Anyway, long story short, bankruptcy, prison,
_kxE5vphGuY-00103-00026452-00026583 I'm infertile.
_kxE5vphGuY-00104-00026743-00026930 This latte is a delight.
_kxE5vphGuY-00105-00026973-00027157 You're coming to live with me in Yakima.
_kxE5vphGuY-00106-00027170-00027440 No, I want to stay here in Seattle with Spencer.
_kxE5vphGuY-00107-00027454-00027620 Spencer needs to learn to take care of himself
_kxE5vphGuY-00108-00027634-00027764 before he can take care of a child.
_kxE5vphGuY-00109-00027777-00027994 I'm not a child. I'm just young and short.
_kxE5vphGuY-00110-00028081-00028198 Sweetheart-
_kxE5vphGuY-00111-00028211-00028435 Spencer is very responsible and very grown up.
_kxE5vphGuY-00112-00028458-00028621 Hey, you guys, I was wondering-
_kxE5vphGuY-00113-00028635-00028772 [groaning]
_kxE5vphGuY-00114-00028918-00029395 Oh, Carly, my little gumdrop. It's been quite a while.
_kxE5vphGuY-00115-00029409-00029529 I've really missed you.
_kxE5vphGuY-00116-00029542-00029752 Aw, me, too, Granddad.
_kxE5vphGuY-00117-00029802-00029906 Spencer.
_kxE5vphGuY-00118-00029973-00030193 So close we don't even need a nickname.
_kxE5vphGuY-00119-00030246-00030397 Hey, let's all go around and say what we like
_kxE5vphGuY-00120-00030410-00030570 about each other's life choices.
_kxE5vphGuY-00121-00030703-00030887 Patches on your elbows?
_kxE5vphGuY-00122-00030947-00031077 Do you need a loan?
_kxE5vphGuY-00123-00031244-00031377 Bring in the muffin basket.
_kxE5vphGuY-00124-00031391-00031498 Copy that.
_kxE5vphGuY-00125-00031741-00032062 What? Hey, who's this for? Hey! Hey!
_kxE5vphGuY-00126-00032085-00032235 [unintelligible]
_kxE5vphGuY-00127-00032292-00032408 Fudge bag!
_kxE5vphGuY-00128-00032492-00032669 The muffin basket is in place.
_kxE5vphGuY-00129-00032709-00032819 Muffins?
_kxE5vphGuY-00130-00032882-00033156 Well, don't mind if I do.
_kxE5vphGuY-00131-00033193-00033490 And now, time for a confetti surprise.
_kxE5vphGuY-00132-00033503-00033636 Hit it.
_kxE5vphGuY-00133-00034377-00034677 Uh, we're going to go make sure he's okay.
_kxE5vphGuY-00134-00034691-00034801 Hello, Carly.
_kxE5vphGuY-00135-00034978-00035121 So lovely to see you again.
_kxE5vphGuY-00136-00035161-00035405 Lewbert? Is that really you?
_kxE5vphGuY-00137-00035418-00035855 You look handsome, but also approachable.
_kxE5vphGuY-00138-00035935-00036066 You're like Paul Rudd.
_kxE5vphGuY-00139-00036172-00036282 Very kind of you to say.
_kxE5vphGuY-00140-00036319-00036623 I also want to say that I'm really sorry
_kxE5vphGuY-00141-00036636-00036913 for the way that we treated you when we were kids.
_kxE5vphGuY-00142-00036956-00037293 It was immature, and silly.
_kxE5vphGuY-00143-00037447-00037787 Wow. I feel so much better.
_kxE5vphGuY-00144-00037881-00038104 That was a great moment for us.
_kxE5vphGuY-00145-00038244-00038375 Guppy!
_kxE5vphGuY-00146-00038458-00038618 Happy birthday.
_kxE5vphGuY-00147-00038631-00038761 Ah, jeez.
_kxE5vphGuY-00148-00038858-00038998 I had him wait outside so he could make
_kxE5vphGuY-00149-00039012-00039132 a dramatic entrance.
_kxE5vphGuY-00150-00039169-00039372 - Boo! - Oh.
_kxE5vphGuY-00151-00039499-00039592 Who is that kid?
_kxE5vphGuY-00152-00039606-00039793 My little sister's weird friend's
_kxE5vphGuY-00153-00039806-00039953 weirder little brother.
_kxE5vphGuY-00154-00040033-00040140 Like your normal?
_kxE5vphGuY-00155-00040153-00040276 Hey!
_kxE5vphGuY-00156-00040293-00040390 Hi, Guppy.
_kxE5vphGuY-00157-00040403-00040513 Happy birthday.
_kxE5vphGuY-00158-00040637-00040934 Don't look at her, Mr. Gibson.
_kxE5vphGuY-00159-00040947-00041090 I called you here
_kxE5vphGuY-00160-00041104-00041311 because you were witness to the pain and suffering
_kxE5vphGuY-00161-00041324-00041711 inflicted by Carly Shay on your brother Gibby.
_kxE5vphGuY-00162-00041788-00041908 Gibby!
_kxE5vphGuY-00163-00041991-00042235 Well, Gibby wanted to do those stunts most of the time.
_kxE5vphGuY-00164-00042248-00042622 Aha! Most of the time, which means some of the time
_kxE5vphGuY-00165-00042635-00042782 he didn't want to do them.
_kxE5vphGuY-00166-00042796-00042962 Let the record show some of the time
_kxE5vphGuY-00167-00042976-00043106 he didn't want to do 'em.
_kxE5vphGuY-00168-00043346-00043600 I liked it better when I just said, "Happy birthday".
_kxE5vphGuY-00169-00043646-00043793 Is it anyone's birthday?
_kxE5vphGuY-00170-00044137-00044254 Happy birthday.
_kxE5vphGuY-00171-00044290-00044601 If you don't let me out of here in the next 30 seconds,
_kxE5vphGuY-00172-00044631-00044747 I'm going to tell the cops
_kxE5vphGuY-00173-00044761-00044911 that you kept me prisoner in here,
_kxE5vphGuY-00174-00044931-00045098 and then you're going to be in more trouble than you were-
_kxE5vphGuY-00175-00045111-00045311 [screaming]
_kxE5vphGuY-00176-00045525-00045768 Wait. Is this water?
_kxE5vphGuY-00177-00045785-00045915 You wish it was water.
_kxE5vphGuY-00178-00045995-00046182 Dude, I got to get out of here,
_kxE5vphGuY-00179-00046196-00046376 so just tell me what you want, okay?
_kxE5vphGuY-00180-00046389-00046639 You want money, power and an ostrich?
_kxE5vphGuY-00181-00046709-00046913 I want you to suffer the way I suffered.
_kxE5vphGuY-00182-00046936-00047053 What?
_kxE5vphGuY-00183-00047066-00047210 You got me grounded for two days,
_kxE5vphGuY-00184-00047223-00047420 so that's how long I'm going to keep you in there.
_kxE5vphGuY-00185-00047467-00047597 Chuck Chambers.
_kxE5vphGuY-00186-00047664-00047804 No. No.
_kxE5vphGuY-00187-00047891-00048198 What's in the box? What's in the box?!
_kxE5vphGuY-00188-00048405-00048558 Tell us why you're here today.
_kxE5vphGuY-00189-00048578-00048902 To state that the Shay siblings are evil incarnate.
_kxE5vphGuY-00190-00049035-00049345 Carly played mind games with me when she was my tutor,
_kxE5vphGuY-00191-00049379-00049722 and Spencer... he locked me in a cage.
_kxE5vphGuY-00192-00049749-00049963 He squirted me with suspicious liquid.
_kxE5vphGuY-00193-00050026-00050320 And once... he threw a cupcake at me.
_kxE5vphGuY-00194-00050350-00050453 Liar!
_kxE5vphGuY-00195-00050483-00050657 You did all that stuff to me!
_kxE5vphGuY-00196-00050670-00050814 Spencer, get it together.
_kxE5vphGuY-00197-00050827-00051000 He brought Chuck here to throw you off your game.
_kxE5vphGuY-00198-00051014-00051261 You're right. Just breathe, Spence. Take a sip of water.
_kxE5vphGuY-00199-00051274-00051404 You wish it was water.
_kxE5vphGuY-00200-00051561-00051728 Come here, you little demon!
_kxE5vphGuY-00201-00051865-00052068 Out of order! Stop that!
_kxE5vphGuY-00202-00052135-00052285 Get him out of here!
_kxE5vphGuY-00203-00052298-00052592 You don't want the truth! You can't handle the truth!
_kSQn32cvDQ-00000-00000003-00000425 Hey there! It's Thursday, March 7th, 2013
_kSQn32cvDQ-00001-00000425-00000513 and if you're not aware
_kSQn32cvDQ-00002-00000513-00000669 it's raining in 
_kSQn32cvDQ-00003-00000669-00000840 southern California!
_kSQn32cvDQ-00004-00000840-00001195 Yeah, if you don't live in southern California, You may not understand the significance of this.
_kSQn32cvDQ-00005-00001195-00001505 In fact southern California is pretty, pretty dry and I'm told the climate is
_kSQn32cvDQ-00006-00001505-00001691 called a "chapparral".
_kSQn32cvDQ-00007-00001691-00002069 But I'm gonna have to take my friend's word on that one and, subsequently, you will too
_kSQn32cvDQ-00008-00002069-00002303 if you're too lazy to look it up yourself.
_kSQn32cvDQ-00009-00002303-00002723 Anyways, I love living here in sunny  southern California and rain is indeed
_kSQn32cvDQ-00010-00002723-00002815 a bit of
_kSQn32cvDQ-00011-00002815-00003142 freak whether. We don't get it that often. In fact, when we do,
_kSQn32cvDQ-00012-00003142-00003307 entire streets are often
_kSQn32cvDQ-00013-00003307-00003679 flooded because, simply speaking, the infrastructure just isn't there to handle that
_kSQn32cvDQ-00014-00003679-00003903 much rain.
_kSQn32cvDQ-00015-00003903-00004264 As a result, it's quite and event. Offten celebrated by people driving their cars
_kSQn32cvDQ-00016-00004264-00004553 off the road in a panic because they hydroplaned
_kSQn32cvDQ-00017-00004553-00004739 just a little.
_kSQn32cvDQ-00018-00004739-00004953 However, for people of
_kSQn32cvDQ-00019-00004953-00005259 hearty New England stock, such as myself,
_kSQn32cvDQ-00020-00005259-00005397 rain is no big deal
_kSQn32cvDQ-00021-00005397-00005741 except if you haven't seen a into months.
_kSQn32cvDQ-00022-00005741-00005864 Then it's kind of a big deal
_kSQn32cvDQ-00023-00005864-00006197 especially in a rainy season like this year has turned out to be
_kSQn32cvDQ-00024-00006197-00006434 it's something to be cherished.
_kSQn32cvDQ-00025-00006434-00006684 Rain is wonderful. Rain is beautiful.
_kSQn32cvDQ-00026-00006684-00007056 And furthermore, rain is just freakin' awesome.
_kSQn32cvDQ-00027-00007056-00007381 so uh... you'll find in the description of this video
_kSQn32cvDQ-00028-00007381-00007748 for any of you who might be looking to make audio dramas, or just need some
_kSQn32cvDQ-00029-00007748-00007983 happy rain Foley,
_kSQn32cvDQ-00030-00007983-00008404 some wonderful little bits of sound for you, some rain
_kSQn32cvDQ-00031-00008404-00008597 sound effects recorded st
_kSQn32cvDQ-00032-00008597-00008715 from my house;
_kSQn32cvDQ-00033-00008715-00008948 on my deck, around my porch,
_kSQn32cvDQ-00034-00008948-00009126 and near my front steps. So
_kSQn32cvDQ-00035-00009126-00009564 you'll hear some sounds of cars driving by too, perfect if you want to simulate
_kSQn32cvDQ-00036-00009564-00009822 a city.
_kSQn32cvDQ-00037-00009822-00010058 So, happy, uh... happy editing, 
_kSQn32cvDQ-00038-00010058-00010186 happy viewing
_kSQn32cvDQ-00039-00010186-00010244 and DFTBA!
_lgkeZUE98I-00000-00002544-00002644 Uuhhh Hahahaha
_lgkeZUE98I-00001-00002644-00002744 East coast shit In the H town boy
_lgkeZUE98I-00002-00002744-00002844 FA,hahahaha yeah Uh raaaa
_lgkeZUE98I-00003-00002844-00002944 Home invasion, investigation, interrogations, Ain't no snitching,
_lgkeZUE98I-00004-00002944-00003044 Hit the switch in my session, Ain't no profit we ain't talking ,
_lgkeZUE98I-00005-00003044-00003144 200 on the dash they can't catch me I'm so icy make you blind,
_lgkeZUE98I-00006-00003144-00003244 Indo smoking last king, no discussion,
_lgkeZUE98I-00007-00003244-00003344 Check the score I am winning , Real niggas we never die we multiply
_lgkeZUE98I-00008-00003344-00003444 With all these drugs that I supply, make your bitch high as kite
_lgkeZUE98I-00009-00003444-00003544 Off these drugs, (but) I am the plug, I am the plug,
_lgkeZUE98I-00010-00003544-00004414 I am so icy, I am so icy I am so groovy
_lgkeZUE98I-00011-00004414-00006139 All this money i make, make a bitch wet dripping like a lake, Fly to LA front seat
_lgkeZUE98I-00012-00006139-00006827 lakers show flexin , flexing flexing flexing flexing flexing flexing,
_lgkeZUE98I-00013-00006827-00007477 Mercy for the weak ouh Please Lord, Forgive for my sins, uhh
_lgkeZUE98I-00014-00007477-00008086 Mercy for the weak Please Lord, Forgive me for my sins uuhh
_lgkeZUE98I-00015-00008086-00008677 I just wanna make a dollar, Fuck the way I make money,
_lgkeZUE98I-00016-00008677-00009472 I just wanna make a dollar flexin flexing flexing flexing,
_lgkeZUE98I-00017-00009472-00009611 Roll the dice, look at my watch 100 thou, I am so icy,
_lgkeZUE98I-00018-00009611-00009711 Flexing on these hoes, this is my time to shine,
_lgkeZUE98I-00019-00009711-00009854 They were laughing at me but I was so dedicated to make it to the top,
_lgkeZUE98I-00020-00009854-00010269 Took a decade applied the pressure on the gas,
_lgkeZUE98I-00021-00010269-00010636 set the record draw a line Promathazine my medicine,
_lgkeZUE98I-00022-00010636-00011177 She love my stylo little mexicano shawty In the condo cooking that dope,
_lgkeZUE98I-00023-00011177-00011309 On the stove, we fuck all night all day
_lgkeZUE98I-00024-00011309-00011836 She say she loves my swag , We up gang we the flyest, we be the Illest
_lgkeZUE98I-00025-00011836-00012185 , North east the dopest raaaaa
_lgkeZUE98I-00026-00012185-00013020 Used to be trapping in motels, Now a nigga got the sauce,
_lgkeZUE98I-00027-00013020-00013495 Fuck what you thought about, Got my riches selling dope,
_lgkeZUE98I-00028-00013495-00013930 Now nigga in the booth, Every verse a hundred thou,
_lgkeZUE98I-00029-00013930-00014191 Built my castle in the sand, Something beautiful come out pain,
_lgkeZUE98I-00030-00014191-00014452 Fiending for some more Working every night, Fighting for my right,
_lgkeZUE98I-00031-00014452-00015170 Right or wrong riding for my nigga, If you ain't loyal I cut you off,
_lgkeZUE98I-00032-00015170-00016237 Can't trust this niggas wearing bulletproof vest,
_lgkeZUE98I-00033-00016237-00016481 Keep my eyes open for the first motherfucker that acts tuff,
_lgkeZUE98I-00034-00016481-00016598 Blow your brains, blood stain on my shirt, Sticky finger on the triger,
_lgkeZUE98I-00035-00016598-00016800 La ferrari i hit the gas, Hit the gas, i break the dash , you can’t see me I am the flash
_lgkeZUE98I-00036-00016800-00017079 Smoke you leave you in the ash,
_lgkeZUE98I-00037-00017079-00017362 Mercy for the weak uhh Please Lord, Forgive for my sins, uhh
_lgkeZUE98I-00038-00017362-00018029 Mercy for the weak, uhh Please Lord, Forgive me for my sins uhhh
_lgkeZUE98I-00039-00018029-00018587 Illest nigga with the heat, Translating it thru the beat,
_lgkeZUE98I-00040-00018587-00019517 It's lit, make you warm during the winter time, Time to think time to make a move ,
_lgkeZUE98I-00041-00019517-00019896 Game over for you niggas this is a take over I am the new g HOV ,
_lgkeZUE98I-00042-00019896-00020059 FA in this bitch creating a wave, Eating these niggas like protein,
_lgkeZUE98I-00043-00020059-00020159 Crunch when I reach the bone, I was Born to be the king,
_lgkeZUE98I-00044-00020159-00020259 Last king to do this shit, So I beat it like Billy jean ,
_lgkeZUE98I-00045-00020259-00020663 Flip a milly shortly I turn it to hundred milly,
_lgkeZUE98I-00046-00020663-00021044 Eeyy yeah uhh Eeyy yeah uhh
_lgkeZUE98I-00047-00021044-00021425 FA FA Fablamar We up Raaaaaa
_lwm7fdBDpM-00000-00000000-00000200 Hi everyone
_lwm7fdBDpM-00001-00000200-00000400 Crude oil 1 minute chart
_lwm7fdBDpM-00002-00000400-00001289 after 12 pm 1st Buy signal generated
_lwm7fdBDpM-00003-00001289-00002521 Fully Afternoon market we are trading
_lwm7fdBDpM-00004-00002521-00004048 low volatile, low volume so we are avoiding
_lwm7fdBDpM-00005-00004048-00005802 calls work really well in afternoon market
_lwm7fdBDpM-00006-00005802-00006569 Buy signal Green color
_lwm7fdBDpM-00007-00006569-00007376 15 point 1st target
_lwm7fdBDpM-00008-00007376-00008863 Daily u will receive calls like this in lie market
_lwm7fdBDpM-00009-00008863-00010774 after 1 hour target reached
_lwm7fdBDpM-00010-00010774-00011677 after 1.20pm trend changed
_lwm7fdBDpM-00011-00011677-00013033 so red color candle opened sell call
_lwm7fdBDpM-00012-00013033-00014989 now down side market, Signal will come
_lwm7fdBDpM-00013-00015080-00015802 target reached 
_lwm7fdBDpM-00014-00015802-00017487 WhatsApp - 9488462166 for subscription details
_mLUVNy3_W8-00000-00000366-00000966 Hey everybody Dr. O here in this video I wanna talk about reflexes so when you think of reflexes
_mLUVNy3_W8-00001-00000966-00001509 you generally do think of a rapid automatic pre-program response to a stimulus and that’s
_mLUVNy3_W8-00002-00001509-00001893 absolutely what they are will look at the steps in the reflex arc and how they work
_mLUVNy3_W8-00003-00001893-00002316 in this video in a future video will talk about different types of reflexes like the
_mLUVNy3_W8-00004-00002316-00002823 withdrawal reflex that that can pull you away from dangerous stimuli uh the cross extensive
_mLUVNy3_W8-00005-00002823-00003144 that keeps you from falling over these types of things. I just wanna talk about them in
_mLUVNy3_W8-00006-00003144-00003571 general so reflexes will talk about the types of reflexes later as well as for some Are
_mLUVNy3_W8-00007-00003571-00004273 your na youre born with then others have to be acquired to look at it is reflexes buy
_mLUVNy3_W8-00008-00004273-00004829 your brain time to make good conscious decisions so when they reflex like if you touch this
_mLUVNy3_W8-00009-00004829-00005310 hot stove you you should you don’t want to wait for your nervous system to send that
_mLUVNy3_W8-00010-00005310-00005583 signal all the way to your brain for your brain to process it as hot to say you know
_mLUVNy3_W8-00011-00005583-00006021 that’s probably not a good idea like you know my my my skin is melting off I should
_mLUVNy3_W8-00012-00006021-00006495 probably do something about this and then remove the hand a reflex will pull your hand
_mLUVNy3_W8-00013-00006495-00006995 off of this hot this hot stove before your conscious mind even knows it was on there.
_mLUVNy3_W8-00014-00006995-00007384 So it buys you time to make smart decisions now as humans we should use our conscious
_mLUVNy3_W8-00015-00007384-00007806 minds the number one no we shouldn’t of touched it in the first place number two hopefully
_mLUVNy3_W8-00016-00007806-00008274 never do it again right so you still need or higher order functions but the reflexes
_mLUVNy3_W8-00017-00008274-00008878 will buy you the time to make those a better long-term decisions Uh other things about
_mLUVNy3_W8-00018-00008878-00009285 reflexes I think that you know it’s what what do we define as a reflex you like the
_mLUVNy3_W8-00019-00009285-00009711 knee-jerk reflex and withdrawal reflexes these are typical reflexes no one would argue that
_mLUVNy3_W8-00020-00009711-00010102 but I I would argue that the other thing about reflexes is you can learn this is the idea
_mLUVNy3_W8-00021-00010102-00010549 of muscle memory you can learn things so well that they almost become reflexes so it’s
_mLUVNy3_W8-00022-00010549-00010949 not not a true reflection but the nice thing about that is having more and more things
_mLUVNy3_W8-00023-00010949-00011404 kind of pre-programmed in your brain is a decreases how much conscious energy it takes
_mLUVNy3_W8-00024-00011404-00011825 to do something so think about like walking you know so you basically just get up and
_mLUVNy3_W8-00025-00011825-00012209 you just levitate towards your destinations and you just end up there right you’re not
_mLUVNy3_W8-00026-00012209-00012610 thinking left foot right foot left foot right foot you’re not thinking about how you’re
_mLUVNy3_W8-00027-00012610-00013022 using the rest your body to balance use you so you don’t topple over uh think about
_mLUVNy3_W8-00028-00013022-00013347 reflex like you know chewing like chewing basically has become a reflex you just start
_mLUVNy3_W8-00029-00013347-00013684 you just start chewing you don’t think about it and think about all those complex things
_mLUVNy3_W8-00030-00013684-00014056 that are going on you’re in your mind or um think about anything that you’ve learned
_mLUVNy3_W8-00031-00014056-00014534 really well that you just kinda program that happens all the time like uh my stepson asked
_mLUVNy3_W8-00032-00014534-00014897 me to help him with a tie and I don’t know how to tie a tie unless I just I just put
_mLUVNy3_W8-00033-00014897-00015310 it on and do it right like my hand remember how to tie a tie I don’t consciously remember
_mLUVNy3_W8-00034-00015310-00015653 how to do so so I think that’s kind of a neat a neat way to look at it too so we have
_mLUVNy3_W8-00035-00015653-00016186 these actual reflexes then we have things we get so good at that they become these unconscious
_mLUVNy3_W8-00036-00016186-00016639 you know on some level kind of like reflex same thing with athletics I work with tons
_mLUVNy3_W8-00037-00016639-00017101 of athletes and think about Um my favorite example is always uh uh baseball player hitting
_mLUVNy3_W8-00038-00017101-00017574 hitting hitting a baseball like it’s been proven that you can’t consciously make all
_mLUVNy3_W8-00039-00017574-00018137 the decisions you need to hit a baseball in time if it’s in a 94/95 mph fast ball but
_mLUVNy3_W8-00040-00018137-00018514 you just see the ball hit the ball so all that pre-the pre-program responses are in
_mLUVNy3_W8-00041-00018514-00018900 there so it’s almost like hitting a baseball becomes a reflex and playing piano becomes
_mLUVNy3_W8-00042-00018900-00019256 a reflex I just want to talk about this cause to me it’s kind of cool but now lets talk
_mLUVNy3_W8-00043-00019256-00019690 about an actual reflects that no one would argue about so here we see just an example
_mLUVNy3_W8-00044-00019690-00020209 of a pretty straightforward reflex called that the withdrawal or flexor reflex so this
_mLUVNy3_W8-00045-00020209-00020723 is going to be that automatic response that will that will buy you time to make better
_mLUVNy3_W8-00046-00020723-00021214 decisions so this this entire wired circuit here would be called a reflex arc it starts
_mLUVNy3_W8-00047-00021214-00021666 with a peripheral receptor then a sensory nerve then the information is going to be
_mLUVNy3_W8-00048-00021666-00022162 processed at the level of spinal cord here for a spinal reflex then a motor nerve and
_mLUVNy3_W8-00049-00022162-00022579 then your peripheral effector so those are gonna be the parts So step 1 we have a stimulus
_mLUVNy3_W8-00050-00022579-00023031 on this case that you need that their hands on a painful stimulus that’s going to activate
_mLUVNy3_W8-00051-00023031-00023459 that receptor which is going to trigger step 2 the activation of a sensory neuron step
_mLUVNy3_W8-00052-00023459-00023968 3 is going to be information processing so in in a reflex situation like this is going
_mLUVNy3_W8-00053-00023968-00024359 to be just an immediate response we have to withdraw from this painful stimulus so thats
_mLUVNy3_W8-00054-00024359-00024787 gonna be the first immediate response but notice that white interneuron is also sending
_mLUVNy3_W8-00055-00024787-00025204 information up to the brain so you can you can make more conscious decisions about this
_mLUVNy3_W8-00056-00025204-00025758 as well step 4 you now triggered the motor neuron and then step 5 is going to be the
_mLUVNy3_W8-00057-00025758-00026130 effector is now gonna do his job which in this case is to withdraw from the painful
_mLUVNy3_W8-00058-00026130-00026569 stimulus so this can happen in milliseconds right your simplest reflexes can occur in
_mLUVNy3_W8-00059-00026569-00027030 20 milliseconds so in a very short period of time your body has responded with this
_mLUVNy3_W8-00060-00027030-00027524 pre-program response OK so that’s why the reflexes this is a typical reflex arc will
_mLUVNy3_W8-00061-00027524-00027952 come back and talk about the types of reflexes next I hope this helps have a wonderful day
_mLUVNy3_W8-00062-00027952-00027967 be blessed
_mO6CS-TiSy-00000-00000210-00000366 Tap!
_mO6CS-TiSy-00001-00000516-00000994 Plum's great appearance. lol
_mO6CS-TiSy-00002-00001639-00002130 Why don't you eat in your room once in a while?♪
_mO6CS-TiSy-00003-00004408-00004898 A plate filled with Plum's favourites💛
_mO6CS-TiSy-00004-00005758-00006292 Do you want some vegetables, Plum?
_mO6CS-TiSy-00005-00007023-00007388 There are a lot💛
_mO6CS-TiSy-00006-00009040-00009526 She feels like having green soybean today♪
_mO6CS-TiSy-00007-00011422-00011870 Wait, you can't pick one? lol
_mO6CS-TiSy-00008-00013826-00014310 Plum likes green soybean as I knew💛
_mO6CS-TiSy-00009-00014452-00014788 There you go♪
_mO6CS-TiSy-00010-00017620-00018114 You don't want green soybean?
_mO6CS-TiSy-00011-00019220-00019626 Yum yum💛
_mO6CS-TiSy-00012-00020230-00020710 Broccoli, I choose you♪
_mO6CS-TiSy-00013-00021974-00022430 She is eating with good manners as usual♪
_mO6CS-TiSy-00014-00023818-00024266 Yum yum💛
_mO6CS-TiSy-00015-00025576-00026092 When she eats something tasty, her ears gets straightened!
_mO6CS-TiSy-00016-00026460-00026898 That was today's Plum💛
_mO6CS-TiSy-00017-00026898-00029024 Please subscribe to my channel💛
_ny7GWABNeg-00000-00000312-00000835 So good evening my name is David Spector and I'm director of research at Cold
_ny7GWABNeg-00001-00000835-00001201 Spring Harbor Laboratory and it's my pleasure to welcome you to the
_ny7GWABNeg-00002-00001201-00001632 laboratory this evening and to our lecture on the challenging relationship
_ny7GWABNeg-00003-00001632-00002182 between humans and plants Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory has a very long
_ny7GWABNeg-00004-00002182-00002911 history in plant biology dating back to the 1900s when George Shull who is then a
_ny7GWABNeg-00005-00002911-00003496 faculty member here found that crossbreeding corn plants resulted in
_ny7GWABNeg-00006-00003496-00004053 20% higher yields than natural pollination a phenomena that's referred
_ny7GWABNeg-00007-00004053-00004660 to as hybrid vigor and to which some of our scientists are working on today and
_ny7GWABNeg-00008-00004660-00005289 in particular Zach Lippmann who you'll hear about tonight and of course Barbara
_ny7GWABNeg-00009-00005289-00005928 McClintock who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or chemistry in 1983 and
_ny7GWABNeg-00010-00005928-00006517 happened to be the first women woman to win that prize unshared usually the
_ny7GWABNeg-00011-00006517-00007072 prize is shared among a number of individuals for her discovery of mobile
_ny7GWABNeg-00012-00007072-00007584 genetic elements which again is being followed up today in the laboratory by
_ny7GWABNeg-00013-00007584-00008269 several of our plant scientists today's focus of the plant biology group at Cold
_ny7GWABNeg-00014-00008269-00008890 Spring Harbor is on plant development, gene regulation and agricultural and
_ny7GWABNeg-00015-00008890-00009565 biofuel applications and tonight our three speakers will give a joint
_ny7GWABNeg-00016-00009565-00010228 presentation where they'll discuss how we've improved plants by domestication
_ny7GWABNeg-00017-00010228-00010819 during the past several thousand years of human evolution and how new knowledge
_ny7GWABNeg-00018-00010819-00011416 of genome sequence and genome manipulation tools such as a technology
_ny7GWABNeg-00019-00011416-00011913 called CRISPR which you might have read about in the newspapers or in magazines
_ny7GWABNeg-00020-00011913-00012583 can be used to improve agricultural yields and sustainability of plants
_ny7GWABNeg-00021-00012583-00013006 which of course is very important for our food supply and that's really a
_ny7GWABNeg-00022-00013006-00013405 major focus of the efforts here at Cold Spring Harbor so our first speaker
_ny7GWABNeg-00023-00013405-00013822 tonight will be David Jackson David is a professor at Cold Spring
_ny7GWABNeg-00024-00013822-00014332 Harbor and his research is focused on defining the molecular and genetic
_ny7GWABNeg-00025-00014332-00015046 pathways that control development and how they shaped morphology of plants and
_ny7GWABNeg-00026-00015046-00015706 which has downstream applications of course to both plant productivity and to
_ny7GWABNeg-00027-00015706-00016107 crop yields so
_ny7GWABNeg-00028-00016995-00017390 okay thanks David for that nice introduction and welcome again everybody
_ny7GWABNeg-00029-00017390-00017768 to Cold Spring Harbor lab it's great to see so many people who are interested in
_ny7GWABNeg-00030-00017768-00018265 plants I actually came up with this title so I thought I should first of all
_ny7GWABNeg-00031-00018265-00018695 explain where this came from so you know we have many relationships
_ny7GWABNeg-00032-00018695-00019120 in our lives that we deal with on a daily basis with our friends, our
_ny7GWABNeg-00033-00019120-00019651 families, our co-workers, our bosses some of these hopefully a more pleasurable
_ny7GWABNeg-00034-00019651-00020087 than others but for the next hour or so I want you to forget about those
_ny7GWABNeg-00035-00020087-00020534 relationships we have with other humans and only consider that the relationships
_ny7GWABNeg-00036-00020534-00020962 we have with the plants and specifically with crops the plants that we eat on a
_ny7GWABNeg-00037-00020962-00021425 daily basis and humans have had a very intimate relationship with plants going
_ny7GWABNeg-00038-00021425-00021923 back of course since the whole of human evolution but particularly the last few
_ny7GWABNeg-00039-00021923-00022210 thousand years where we've actually domesticated plants
_ny7GWABNeg-00040-00022210-00022640 so we've taken wild plants and turned them into plants that we caught now
_ny7GWABNeg-00041-00022640-00023404 called crops that can be used in agriculture and I'm going to start off
_ny7GWABNeg-00042-00023404-00023832 by talking about this process that we call domestication and I want you to
_ny7GWABNeg-00043-00023832-00024319 take a journey with me back in history we're going to go back not not so long
_ny7GWABNeg-00044-00024319-00024832 in the history of human evolution about about 10,000 years so just imagine what
_ny7GWABNeg-00045-00024832-00025306 life was like on the planet 10,000 years ago so we didn't have public lectures in
_ny7GWABNeg-00046-00025306-00025718 Grace Auditorium at that time in fact we didn't really have much in terms of
_ny7GWABNeg-00047-00025718-00026233 civilization people back then were nomadic which means they moved around a
_ny7GWABNeg-00048-00026233-00026803 lot and we're basically hunter-gatherers so we didn't we didn't have crops 10,000
_ny7GWABNeg-00049-00026803-00027472 years ago we didn't have agriculture and people survived on wild plants, wild
_ny7GWABNeg-00050-00027472-00027988 berries maybe seeds from some wild grasses but those those wild plants have
_ny7GWABNeg-00051-00027988-00028472 very low productivity and so in order to survive a small group of people would
_ny7GWABNeg-00052-00028472-00028943 move around because they would soon use up all the edible material in a certain
_ny7GWABNeg-00053-00028943-00029539 area and then starting around 10,000 years ago humans started to domesticate
_ny7GWABNeg-00054-00029539-00029983 plants which means we selected them genetically and started to turn them
_ny7GWABNeg-00055-00029983-00030375 into crops and I'm gonna use corn as an example
_ny7GWABNeg-00056-00030375-00030885 it's a plant that we work on a lot here at the lab and it's also a plant that we
_ny7GWABNeg-00057-00030885-00031281 know a lot about it it's history of domestication and in fact we know the
_ny7GWABNeg-00058-00031281-00031644 ancestor of corn and it's actually growing over here you'll see it later
_ny7GWABNeg-00059-00031644-00032229 when the lights go up this is a plant that still grows in the wild in Mexico
_ny7GWABNeg-00060-00032229-00032682 it's called teosinte and as I said starting about 10,000 years ago humans
_ny7GWABNeg-00061-00032682-00033135 started to select this plant and to transform it into what we now have as
_ny7GWABNeg-00062-00033135-00034062 modern corn now this story is not specific to corn and in fact during
_ny7GWABNeg-00063-00034062-00034551 human recent human history we've domesticated many types of plants and
_ny7GWABNeg-00064-00034551-00035124 animals you see here on the left are some wild species and on the right are
_ny7GWABNeg-00065-00035124-00035601 the corresponding domesticated species and basically what we've done to these
_ny7GWABNeg-00066-00035601-00036036 species over the last few thousand years I'm sorry I didn't this pointer is a
_ny7GWABNeg-00067-00036036-00036296 long time I hope I didn't blind anyone yet
_ny7GWABNeg-00068-00036296-00036834 basically we've taken wild plants and transformed them into a version that we
_ny7GWABNeg-00069-00036834-00037290 can eat more easily and we've taken wild animals and transform them to a version
_ny7GWABNeg-00070-00037290-00037746 that cannot eat as easily okay so it's really fortunate that we got that one
_ny7GWABNeg-00071-00037746-00038166 the right way around so how did we actually do that well this happens by
_ny7GWABNeg-00072-00038166-00038658 as a process of genetic selection actually you've probably heard of
_ny7GWABNeg-00073-00038658-00039021 natural selection which is something that happens in the wild where organisms
_ny7GWABNeg-00074-00039021-00039579 that are naturally fitter than others will survive and proliferate more but
_ny7GWABNeg-00075-00039579-00039999 this is slightly different because this selection is driven by humans and I'm
_ny7GWABNeg-00076-00039999-00040566 using this popular children's game called Pokémon as an example of this so
_ny7GWABNeg-00077-00040566-00041130 Pokémon is is a card game that many many children play and each of these monsters
_ny7GWABNeg-00078-00041130-00041679 or pocket monsters the Pokémon is short for come on trading cards that you can
_ny7GWABNeg-00079-00041679-00042126 buy and children will trade these cards and collect certain versions of these
_ny7GWABNeg-00080-00042126-00042714 that these creatures now as adults these all look pretty equivalent but if
_ny7GWABNeg-00081-00042714-00043146 you ask my son or any other children in the audience they'll immediately tell
_ny7GWABNeg-00082-00043146-00043402 you that some of these are much more valuable than others
_ny7GWABNeg-00083-00043402-00043861 right so this one for example is really is really a very valuable pokemon and
_ny7GWABNeg-00084-00043861-00044313 over time if you're a good trader you will collect more and more of these
_ny7GWABNeg-00085-00044313-00044719 valuable Pokémons and some of the less valuable ones you might throw away or
_ny7GWABNeg-00086-00044719-00045106 they might die out of the population so it's a gradual process of selection
_ny7GWABNeg-00087-00045106-00045552 where we're picking things that we we find attractive
_ny7GWABNeg-00088-00045552-00046081 okay so similar thing happened with corn this was a very gradual process that
_ny7GWABNeg-00089-00046081-00046534 happened over thousands of years now first of all I want to show you evidence
_ny7GWABNeg-00090-00046534-00047068 that teosinte actually is the ancestor of corn right you should never believe
_ny7GWABNeg-00091-00047068-00047521 what a scientist tells you always ask for evidence and here's the evidence so
_ny7GWABNeg-00092-00047521-00047947 even though these two plants have been separated by ten thousand years of
_ny7GWABNeg-00093-00047947-00048385 evolution there are still members of the same species and we can cross them
_ny7GWABNeg-00094-00048385-00048991 together and that the progeny the plants that come out of that cross look
_ny7GWABNeg-00095-00048991-00049444 somewhat intermediate between the two parents so that tells us that these two
_ny7GWABNeg-00096-00049444-00049930 plants share many of the same genes and the mixing of those genes can can can
_ny7GWABNeg-00097-00049930-00050593 change the form of the ear so that in this case we get more seeds we know that
_ny7GWABNeg-00098-00050593-00051040 this process was very gradual because archaeologists have collected corn cobs
_ny7GWABNeg-00099-00051040-00051708 from from caves in in Mexico and some of these have been carbon-dated and so this
_ny7GWABNeg-00100-00051708-00052000 cob for example we know is about five thousand years old
_ny7GWABNeg-00101-00052000-00052462 this smaller cob is even older and some of these cobs are just one or two
_ny7GWABNeg-00102-00052462-00052864 hundred years old so we know over history this has been a gradual process
_ny7GWABNeg-00103-00052864-00053611 of selection but what are the actual traits that were selected so I talked
_ny7GWABNeg-00104-00053611-00054010 about ears of course the ear is what we think of when we think about corn this
_ny7GWABNeg-00105-00054010-00054457 is what we eat of course but you can see the whole architecture of the planet has
_ny7GWABNeg-00106-00054457-00054964 been remodeled so teosinte for example and again you can see it over there has
_ny7GWABNeg-00107-00054964-00055372 these very long branches and these branches are not necessarily good for
_ny7GWABNeg-00108-00055372-00055939 productivity in an agricultural field and so over time humans selected for
_ny7GWABNeg-00109-00055939-00056304 these branches to get smaller and smaller and smaller so that in modern
_ny7GWABNeg-00110-00056304-00056695 corn and they've pretty much disappeared okay
_ny7GWABNeg-00111-00056695-00057141 in modern corn they've disappeared altogether except for a
_ny7GWABNeg-00112-00057141-00057633 couple that were retained and have been transformed into these large ears the
_ny7GWABNeg-00113-00057633-00058014 branches are actually still there if you look very carefully you will still see
_ny7GWABNeg-00114-00058014-00058863 them but there they've been selected almost to extinction but I really want
_ny7GWABNeg-00115-00058863-00059188 to focus on the ear because this is the actually this structure that we study a
_ny7GWABNeg-00116-00059188-00059613 lot and I want to talk about how the ear forms what what do we learn about how
_ny7GWABNeg-00117-00059613-00059994 corn plants make ears now this is obviously what do you think of when you
_ny7GWABNeg-00118-00059994-00060511 think about a corn ear this is what I think of this is when the ear is first
_ny7GWABNeg-00119-00060511-00060901 made by the planet and this is made this is a structure that's made when the
_ny7GWABNeg-00120-00060901-00061366 plant is about knee-high so already at that very early stage it's already
_ny7GWABNeg-00121-00061366-00061873 making these ears and this one early in development is about two millimeters so
_ny7GWABNeg-00122-00061873-00062200 it's about the thickness of a quarter right so obviously you can't see very
_ny7GWABNeg-00123-00062200-00062749 much detail there but if you if you blow this up in a special kind of microscope
_ny7GWABNeg-00124-00062749-00063166 called a scanning electron microscope you can see this structure already has a
_ny7GWABNeg-00125-00063166-00063783 lot of organization so at the tip here you have a special group of cells and
_ny7GWABNeg-00126-00063783-00064242 they're producing these organs these structures we call them primordia and
_ny7GWABNeg-00127-00064242-00064854 these primordia are making flowers which will make the seeds so already when the
_ny7GWABNeg-00128-00064854-00065370 ear is is tiny two millimeters in size it's already decided how many seeds it's
_ny7GWABNeg-00129-00065370-00065863 going to make right at the tip of the ear or a group of cells that are very
_ny7GWABNeg-00130-00065863-00066256 special we call them stem cells and just like the stem cells we have in our own
_ny7GWABNeg-00131-00066256-00066706 bodies are involved in in making our tissues and regenerating tissues these
_ny7GWABNeg-00132-00066706-00067083 stem cells are their special cells that are building all these structures
_ny7GWABNeg-00133-00067083-00067525 basically they're building the ear during development now I want it this is
_ny7GWABNeg-00134-00067525-00067923 a side view I want to take a slightly different view and look from from above
_ny7GWABNeg-00135-00067923-00068410 and it looks like this and now we can see close in this is a population of
_ny7GWABNeg-00136-00068410-00068952 stem cells this little dome of cells and in the background you can see the
_ny7GWABNeg-00137-00068952-00069430 structures it's making these rows of organs that are going to make the seeds
_ny7GWABNeg-00138-00069430-00070026 the rows of seeds as I as I said now if we look a little bit closer
_ny7GWABNeg-00139-00070042-00070547 you can even see individual cells here so these are the actual stem cells and
_ny7GWABNeg-00140-00070547-00070961 you can see a little structures like here they look like little hamburgers
_ny7GWABNeg-00141-00070961-00071429 these are actually cells that are dividing right so these stem cells are dividing
_ny7GWABNeg-00142-00071429-00071900 when they divide they look like this and when they divide they make extra cells
_ny7GWABNeg-00143-00071900-00072551 which then will make the organs now if you wanted to ask can we make corn that
_ny7GWABNeg-00144-00072551-00073061 will make more seeds well well you know how could you do that well one way would
_ny7GWABNeg-00145-00073061-00073523 be would be to ask can we make more of these rows of seeds right we know we
_ny7GWABNeg-00146-00073523-00074012 have this group of cells and they're making these rows of organs that are
_ny7GWABNeg-00147-00074012-00074522 making the seeds can we just add more of these rows early in development and make
_ny7GWABNeg-00148-00074522-00074960 more seeds well the problem is you know as you see they're pretty packed pretty
_ny7GWABNeg-00149-00074960-00075341 tightly packed in here there isn't much space to fit in any more of those rows
_ny7GWABNeg-00150-00075341-00075695 but what if we could just make this structure bigger what if we could make
_ny7GWABNeg-00151-00075695-00076307 more stem cells and make more rows of seeds now that seems like a tall order
_ny7GWABNeg-00152-00076307-00076823 to do but it turns out that we actually know the genes that control the stem
_ny7GWABNeg-00153-00076823-00077282 cells in plants and this is work from my own lab here in Cold Spring Harbor as
_ny7GWABNeg-00154-00077282-00077732 well as work from many labs around the world who work on on how stem cells are
_ny7GWABNeg-00155-00077732-00078167 controlled in plants and the way we discovered genes in plants is by looking
_ny7GWABNeg-00156-00078167-00078758 at mutants so this is a mutant this is a plant or an ear from a plant where one
_ny7GWABNeg-00157-00078758-00079250 gene has been knocked out or one gene is broken and you can see the effect of
_ny7GWABNeg-00158-00079250-00079793 that mutation is the ear is much shorter and it looks kind of ugly I don't think
_ny7GWABNeg-00159-00079793-00080345 any farmer or consumer would want to eat this but actually if you look again
_ny7GWABNeg-00160-00080345-00080840 early in development it has a very interesting characteristic which is you
_ny7GWABNeg-00161-00080840-00081431 see that the stem cells now are massively proliferating so that the
_ny7GWABNeg-00162-00081431-00081887 normal corn has this nice small organized group of stem cells and this
_ny7GWABNeg-00163-00081887-00082253 mutant the stem cells are just growing out of control this is kind of like a a
_ny7GWABNeg-00164-00082253-00082763 kind of cancer in plants whether the the mechanisms that would normally control
_ny7GWABNeg-00165-00082763-00083291 these cells have completely broken down now can we actually use this information
_ny7GWABNeg-00166-00083291-00083651 I mean this is really interesting information to scientists who want to
_ny7GWABNeg-00167-00083651-00084092 understand how plants grow but can we really use this information to improve
_ny7GWABNeg-00168-00084092-00084623 corn for agriculture well it turns out that we think we can and we came up with
_ny7GWABNeg-00169-00084623-00085241 an idea a while ago now how we could do this so I showed you already that a corn
_ny7GWABNeg-00170-00085241-00085703 plant will make a certain number of rows and this is a normal compound and this
_ny7GWABNeg-00171-00085703-00086354 this pool of stem cells here at the tip is making sure you can count this is 1 2 3
_ny7GWABNeg-00172-00086354-00087068 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 rows of those organs that that ear will make ten rows of
_ny7GWABNeg-00173-00087068-00087611 seeds now the mutant I showed you actually makes many more rows but as I
_ny7GWABNeg-00174-00087611-00088019 showed you that the rows are very disorganized and the yield of these
_ny7GWABNeg-00175-00088019-00088478 mutants is very low but you know maybe we can control these genes so instead of
_ny7GWABNeg-00176-00088478-00088943 knocking out the gene completely so we have zero activity what if we could just
_ny7GWABNeg-00177-00088943-00089441 reduce that the activity of that gene a little bit so that we can make this stem
_ny7GWABNeg-00178-00089441-00089900 cell population a little bit bigger and now there's more space to make more of
_ny7GWABNeg-00179-00089900-00090644 these rows and in fact this ear is now making 16 rows okay so this is what we
_ny7GWABNeg-00180-00090644-00091184 call in genetics the the Goldilocks idea how the Goldilocks theory so you want to
_ny7GWABNeg-00181-00091184-00091769 have the gene activity not too hot not too cold but just right where the stem
_ny7GWABNeg-00182-00091769-00092335 cells are still organized and controlled but we can coax them into making more
_ny7GWABNeg-00183-00092335-00092945 more seeds and it turns out we've actually been able to do this recently
_ny7GWABNeg-00184-00092945-00093389 in the last two or three years we've been able to use techniques that the
_ny7GWABNeg-00185-00093389-00094031 breeders commonly used to to to introduce these genes and we can we can
_ny7GWABNeg-00186-00094031-00094607 make reduce activity versions of these stem cell genes and in fact when we do
_ny7GWABNeg-00187-00094607-00095162 that we indeed make bigger populations of stem cells at the tip of the ear and
_ny7GWABNeg-00188-00095162-00095654 now these reduce activity versions of these genes actually make ears that are
_ny7GWABNeg-00189-00095654-00096152 as long as normal so that they're no not shorter like the like the mutant
_ny7GWABNeg-00190-00096152-00096608 but they they actually have more rows of seeds so and in fact in our
_ny7GWABNeg-00191-00096608-00096935 breeding experiments with our lab strains of maize we've been able to
_ny7GWABNeg-00192-00096935-00097580 increase the productivity of these plants by up to 30% so hopefully I've
_ny7GWABNeg-00193-00097580-00097970 convinced you that a bit of basic knowledge simple knowledge about
_ny7GWABNeg-00194-00097970-00098477 genetics and how the plant develops can allow us to make predictions about how
_ny7GWABNeg-00195-00098477-00098969 we could increase seed production and in fact I've shown you an example where we
_ny7GWABNeg-00196-00098969-00099416 we got that to work in practice but I want to just finish up with the thought
_ny7GWABNeg-00197-00099416-00099959 that this is not the use of genetics in agriculture is not new as I as I showed
_ny7GWABNeg-00198-00099959-00100454 you in the beginning humans have used genetics basically selection for the
_ny7GWABNeg-00199-00100454-00100928 past 10,000 years to domesticate crops and in fact if we hadn't done that we
_ny7GWABNeg-00200-00100928-00101510 would still be out in the forest gathering nuts and berries and small
_ny7GWABNeg-00201-00101510-00102002 grains to eat so it's been going on for thousands of years but also as as David
_ny7GWABNeg-00202-00102002-00102605 reminded us it has a long history in Cold Spring Harbor so this is a again
_ny7GWABNeg-00203-00102605-00103115 the example he told us about George Shull who was a scientist here in the early
_ny7GWABNeg-00204-00103115-00103472 1900s he was doing experiments to understand
_ny7GWABNeg-00205-00103472-00104072 how we can breed corn so that it can be more uniform so at the time farmers were
_ny7GWABNeg-00206-00104072-00104414 growing corn and they had a lot of variability some plants would make big
_ny7GWABNeg-00207-00104414-00104816 ears some plants would make small ears and it was the yield was very unstable
_ny7GWABNeg-00208-00104816-00105407 and so what he did was he would he inbred some plants and he produced these
_ny7GWABNeg-00209-00105407-00106067 so called inbred lines produced by cell pollination but those lines actually had
_ny7GWABNeg-00210-00106067-00106502 very low productivity however when he crossed two different inbred lines
_ny7GWABNeg-00211-00106502-00107045 together he produced what we call a hybrid plant and these plants have much
_ny7GWABNeg-00212-00107045-00107477 higher productivity much higher yield you see the plant is much bigger in the
_ny7GWABNeg-00213-00107477-00108050 ears much bigger than the parents and he actually did his experiments in the
_ny7GWABNeg-00214-00108050-00108494 cornfield right next to the library it's about a two hundred meters away from
_ny7GWABNeg-00215-00108494-00108872 where we're sitting this is his cornfield and in fact this simple
_ny7GWABNeg-00216-00108872-00109442 genetic discovery when it was applied in agriculture about 20 years later led to
_ny7GWABNeg-00217-00109442-00109932 a massive increase in yield of corn such that the yields of corn
_ny7GWABNeg-00218-00109932-00110502 per acre now are five times more than they were back in the 1930s and this is in a
_ny7GWABNeg-00219-00110502-00111030 large part due to this simple discovery by Shull a basic genetic phenomenon that
_ny7GWABNeg-00220-00111030-00111567 we call hybrid vigor or heterosis so with that that's the end of my part I'm
_ny7GWABNeg-00221-00111567-00111927 going to pass over to Doreen who is now going to bring us more up to speed with
_ny7GWABNeg-00222-00111927-00112309 with genomes and how they can help us.
_ny7GWABNeg-00223-00112724-00113285 so I just wanted to introduce Doreen where Doreen is a senior scientist at
_ny7GWABNeg-00224-00113285-00113727 the US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service and she's
_ny7GWABNeg-00225-00113727-00114069 based here at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory where she's an adjunct
_ny7GWABNeg-00226-00114069-00114429 associate professor and so she's going to tell us a little about a little bit
_ny7GWABNeg-00227-00114429-00115029 about the major discoveries that Barbara McClintock made during her time here and
_ny7GWABNeg-00228-00115029-00115493 before she came to Cold Spring Harbor and then she'll discuss other work
_ny7GWABNeg-00229-00115493-00115985 regarding plant disease and yield which again are both extremely important in
_ny7GWABNeg-00230-00115985-00116708 regards to our food supply so following up on that story of scientific Cold
_ny7GWABNeg-00231-00116708-00117165 Spring Harbor working on maize mentioned earlier Barbara McClintock received her
_ny7GWABNeg-00232-00117165-00117738 Nobel Prize for using genetic approaches to understand transposable elements what we
_ny7GWABNeg-00233-00117738-00118239 think about is jumping genes and what Barbara did is she used genetic
_ny7GWABNeg-00234-00118239-00118851 approaches to follow pigmentation in the kernel of corns and what she looked at
_ny7GWABNeg-00235-00118851-00119592 is when that pigmentation would change if there was pigmentation and the seed
_ny7GWABNeg-00236-00119592-00120110 was black she knew that the element had moved and jumped out and when she saw
_ny7GWABNeg-00237-00120110-00120750 these spots here she understood that this was a result of the gene jumping
_ny7GWABNeg-00238-00120750-00121308 out at different stages and so what she was able to do is actually follow a
_ny7GWABNeg-00239-00121308-00121842 visible marker that led her to understand that portions of the genome
_ny7GWABNeg-00240-00121842-00122360 move in and out and the movement of these portions of the genome can cause
_ny7GWABNeg-00241-00122360-00122913 differences in expression of genes well there are other other plants that
_ny7GWABNeg-00242-00122913-00123270 you might be familiar with where this is happening as well in nature
_ny7GWABNeg-00243-00123270-00123752 and in fact if we look at it and cabernet sauvignon if we look at the
_ny7GWABNeg-00244-00123752-00124199 genome there and we look at the genome of chardonnay what's happened is a
_ny7GWABNeg-00245-00124199-00124572 transposable element one of those jumping genes jumped in here
_ny7GWABNeg-00246-00124572-00125252 it's basically cut out a little bit genome it's stopped the expression or
_ny7GWABNeg-00247-00125252-00125708 it's modified the expression of some of the genes and then it's led to this
_ny7GWABNeg-00248-00125708-00126149 change that we see in the Chardonnay grape here and Zach a little later on is
_ny7GWABNeg-00249-00126149-00126621 gonna tell you about some technologies that are now available that allow us to
_ny7GWABNeg-00250-00126621-00127119 do some of the things that nature has been doing awhile but actually do it in
_ny7GWABNeg-00251-00127119-00127683 a much more directed approach so if you look around you're gonna see many
_ny7GWABNeg-00252-00127683-00128075 examples of these jumping genes and you may not have noticed it before
_ny7GWABNeg-00253-00128075-00128540 so with right now with Halloween you think about Indian corn and we've talked
_ny7GWABNeg-00254-00128540-00128930 about the pigmentation but if you go around and you look you take a walk down
_ny7GWABNeg-00255-00128930-00129413 your block and you see these beautiful variegated plants a lot of times these
_ny7GWABNeg-00256-00129413-00129878 variegated plants are associated with those jumping genes so I suggest you
_ny7GWABNeg-00257-00129878-00130292 the next time you walk around take a look and start to decide well could that
_ny7GWABNeg-00258-00130292-00130610 have been a transposon moving out and I see this plant come up and I get a
_ny7GWABNeg-00259-00130610-00131186 sector of white was that a jumping gene well we know that these jumping genes
_ny7GWABNeg-00260-00131186-00131651 also contributed to genomes size differences and in plants here at
_ny7GWABNeg-00261-00131651-00132171 the bottom this is a log scale so this is tenfold different we can see that
_ny7GWABNeg-00262-00132171-00132653 plants have this very very large range of the size of the genomes that you can
_ny7GWABNeg-00263-00132653-00133194 have and this this size difference is predominantly associated with the
_ny7GWABNeg-00264-00133194-00133655 jumping genes that we've been talking about now genome sizes really are
_ny7GWABNeg-00265-00133655-00134204 different depending upon if you're a bacteria or fungi you have a small
_ny7GWABNeg-00266-00134204-00134630 genome where we're moving up here with insects and birds it's getting in a
_ny7GWABNeg-00267-00134630-00135128 larger range and here humans the first human genome the human genome that
_ny7GWABNeg-00268-00135128-00135848 sequence it's about 2 and 1/2 billion letters or nucleotides the maize genome
_ny7GWABNeg-00269-00135848-00136533 is about the same size now it's only been the last I would say 15 years to 20
_ny7GWABNeg-00270-00136533-00136788 years that it's been tractable to start to get genome
_ny7GWABNeg-00271-00136788-00137208 sequences and that's because some of the technologies are changing the first
_ny7GWABNeg-00272-00137208-00138008 human genome sequence that was generated cost about three billion dollars okay
_ny7GWABNeg-00273-00138008-00138669 I'm gonna as time has gone on the technology to produce these genome
_ny7GWABNeg-00274-00138669-00139259 sequences have improved so the price of generating in the genome has gone down
_ny7GWABNeg-00275-00139259-00139851 my group was involved in the first draft of the maize genome sequence this came
_ny7GWABNeg-00276-00139851-00140640 out in 2009 at that time this genome sequence cost about 50 million dollars
_ny7GWABNeg-00277-00140640-00141309 and what this genome was able to do for the first time is it really gave us a
_ny7GWABNeg-00278-00141309-00141852 detailed list of what I want to call the genes or the parts list and what it was
_ny7GWABNeg-00279-00141852-00142350 able to tell us is what are the genes or the parts in the genome it was able to
_ny7GWABNeg-00280-00142350-00142817 tell us a little bit of the information of maybe where those genes might be
_ny7GWABNeg-00281-00142817-00143262 expressed and one if it was expressed but interestingly enough this 50 billion
_ny7GWABNeg-00282-00143262-00143790 dollar sequence had a hard time with telling us about those jumping genes
_ny7GWABNeg-00283-00143790-00144420 because this genome has 85% of the genome is those jumping genes and it was
_ny7GWABNeg-00284-00144420-00144876 very hard to resolve the sequence with those technologies now in the last year
_ny7GWABNeg-00285-00144876-00145464 my group has been involved in generating another draft and that improved draft we
_ny7GWABNeg-00286-00145464-00145974 can actually see all those jumping genes that Barbara was looking at and in fact
_ny7GWABNeg-00287-00145974-00146429 we can start to look at the differences between different corn genomes and the
_ny7GWABNeg-00288-00146429-00146928 cost point for that last year was about $150,000 and today
_ny7GWABNeg-00289-00146928-00147408 we think we can do for about a third of the cost so what that's telling you is
_ny7GWABNeg-00290-00147408-00147945 this cost point is really coming down and for the first time we really have an
_ny7GWABNeg-00291-00147945-00148445 opportunity to start learning about all the parts how all the parts may be
_ny7GWABNeg-00292-00148445-00149184 different in each one of us and then how those differences impact how a plant may
_ny7GWABNeg-00293-00149184-00149936 look now if we start to look at differences in these genomes
_ny7GWABNeg-00294-00149936-00150278 it allows us to look at what's similar and what's different and what I want to
_ny7GWABNeg-00295-00150278-00150635 show you here tell you a little bit more about this is what we think about the
_ny7GWABNeg-00296-00150635-00151313 map of the maize genome so that maze genome has 10 chromosomes and just to
_ny7GWABNeg-00297-00151313-00151745 orient you here this is this is where the centromere is so everywhere I show
_ny7GWABNeg-00298-00151745-00152291 you one of those red strip that's the centromere of the chromosome this green
_ny7GWABNeg-00299-00152291-00152905 line here represents the genes and the darker it is means the more genes are
_ny7GWABNeg-00300-00152905-00153323 there so what we start to see with this organization here and we had hints of
_ny7GWABNeg-00301-00153323-00153716 this beforehand is that most of the genes the genes are more likely to be
_ny7GWABNeg-00302-00153716-00154204 pushed to the outside of the genome and those transposons that Barbara
_ny7GWABNeg-00303-00154204-00154715 McClintock was looking at there's a very high density in the center here of the
_ny7GWABNeg-00304-00154715-00155201 chromosome near the centromere now if you look at these two lines here these
_ny7GWABNeg-00305-00155201-00155678 actually represent the rice and sorghum genomes and wherever you see these
_ny7GWABNeg-00306-00155678-00156284 blocks here it basically means that the genes in this region here are in the
_ny7GWABNeg-00307-00156284-00156965 same exact order as they are in in corn and this means that for instance if we
_ny7GWABNeg-00308-00156965-00157337 are able to have an idea that this portion of the genome might be
_ny7GWABNeg-00309-00157337-00157910 associated with plant height it means and it's also true in sorghum and rice it
_ny7GWABNeg-00310-00157910-00158428 gives us some idea of where there's common function that's been conserved
_ny7GWABNeg-00311-00158428-00158861 another important part of this is it turns out that not all parts of the
_ny7GWABNeg-00312-00158861-00159338 genome are equal and when breeders are doing breeding what they're really
_ny7GWABNeg-00313-00159338-00159746 doing is they're exchanging different parts of the genome and it turns out
_ny7GWABNeg-00314-00159746-00160169 that up here what we've overlaid is something called recombination and
_ny7GWABNeg-00315-00160169-00160619 everywhere where it's light and you see it lines up well with the centromere
_ny7GWABNeg-00316-00160619-00161078 here it turns out that things don't recombine very well there so
_ny7GWABNeg-00317-00161078-00161510 it's hard to move things around in that area so what these maps are able to do
_ny7GWABNeg-00318-00161510-00161969 it's able to tell breeders which of the genes are in part of the genome that are
_ny7GWABNeg-00319-00161969-00162584 kind of trapped and hard to move around so the genome sequence now allows us to
_ny7GWABNeg-00320-00162584-00163007 know what the parts list are kind of tells us where they may be expressed and
_ny7GWABNeg-00321-00163007-00163314 how much and then it also tells us which parts of
_ny7GWABNeg-00322-00163314-00163809 the genes might be harder to move around and that's will help us with some of the
_ny7GWABNeg-00323-00163809-00164340 engineering principles that we might want to look at later on so when you
_ny7GWABNeg-00324-00164340-00164688 have a genome sequence you can also think about it as like opening up a book
_ny7GWABNeg-00325-00164688-00165114 or reading a book and when we first got these sequences it was I was like it
_ny7GWABNeg-00326-00165114-00165381 opened it up and it's like I don't understand this language I had some
_ny7GWABNeg-00327-00165381-00165990 hints I kind of knew where these gene part lists are and as you start to read
_ny7GWABNeg-00328-00165990-00166425 more and more of these books you understand so the language, the grammar
_ny7GWABNeg-00329-00166425-00166908 and you can pick up things well what we learned in looking at this we can tell a
_ny7GWABNeg-00330-00166908-00167361 little bit about the life history on here and what we found out these gray lines
_ny7GWABNeg-00331-00167361-00167982 actually represent where the maize had a history in the past of where its whole
_ny7GWABNeg-00332-00167982-00168468 genome duplicated so it doubled all of its chromosomes it had 20 chromosomes
_ny7GWABNeg-00333-00168468-00168915 and then it went back to 10 and where you see these gray lines it's where
_ny7GWABNeg-00334-00168915-00169347 things shifted around and so when we look in those sequences what we find out
_ny7GWABNeg-00335-00169347-00169977 is that I bet as it was losing genes it preferentially kept some genes and
_ny7GWABNeg-00336-00169977-00170478 interestingly enough in maize the genes that it kept were associated with things
_ny7GWABNeg-00337-00170478-00170922 called chromatin modifiers so if any of you guys have heard about epigenetics
_ny7GWABNeg-00338-00170922-00171648 right this is where things that change and modify the those letters it kept two
_ny7GWABNeg-00339-00171648-00172068 copies of that so maize is looking at different ways that it can modify itself
_ny7GWABNeg-00340-00172068-00172758 and maintain modifications also it turns out that the genes that were kept were
_ny7GWABNeg-00341-00172758-00173190 probably beneficial for it it helped it adapt and so looking at the genes that
_ny7GWABNeg-00342-00173190-00173547 were kept can tell us a little bit of a story of things that might have been
_ny7GWABNeg-00343-00173547-00174219 useful for it to adapt but what the genome sequences are really allowing us
_ny7GWABNeg-00344-00174219-00174771 to see is all the variations that exist in nature so if you when I talk about
_ny7GWABNeg-00345-00174771-00175398 you're able to look at a life history of an individual or of a species you can
_ny7GWABNeg-00346-00175398-00175896 see all those mutations and mutations don't necessarily mean a bad thing some
_ny7GWABNeg-00347-00175896-00176433 mutations can be very good they can help you with adaption so in the maize genome
_ny7GWABNeg-00348-00176433-00176937 what looking at getting that list helps us to understand letters that have
_ny7GWABNeg-00349-00176937-00177525 changed and it might allow us to look at copy numbers genes
_ny7GWABNeg-00350-00177525-00178205 duplicate and in plants it's a very very different strategy than in for
_ny7GWABNeg-00351-00178205-00178839 instance humans in plants if you double or you make another copy it gives you an
_ny7GWABNeg-00352-00178839-00179295 opportunity to potentially change where and when that gene might be expressed
_ny7GWABNeg-00353-00179295-00179739 without impacting the one that already works for you and it turns out that it's
_ny7GWABNeg-00354-00179739-00180179 a little different because in plants it gives you a thickness of this advantage
_ny7GWABNeg-00355-00180179-00180651 to have these genes copy and duplicate but for instance in human disease it's
_ny7GWABNeg-00356-00180651-00181248 actually known that duplicating a gene could actually have a negative benefit
_ny7GWABNeg-00357-00181248-00181841 or a negative impact on your health for instance copy number genes have been
_ny7GWABNeg-00358-00181841-00182277 associated with certain cancers they've been associated with autism and
_ny7GWABNeg-00359-00182277-00182775 in fact if you think about what I talked about in past where you had a whole
_ny7GWABNeg-00360-00182775-00183402 genome or a whole chromosome trisomy or Down syndrome is associated with a lack
_ny7GWABNeg-00361-00183402-00183939 of fitness in humans but in plants that doubling can be actually seen as an
_ny7GWABNeg-00362-00183939-00184391 advantage in the population okay so that we have different strategies on how that
_ny7GWABNeg-00363-00184391-00184967 works in plants but these individual corn plants are can be very different
_ny7GWABNeg-00364-00184967-00185354 from each other and we know at the sequence level and so these are three
_ny7GWABNeg-00365-00185354-00186048 different maize lines and you can see the the flower portion of it is different
_ny7GWABNeg-00366-00186048-00186633 the height of these are different and even the root architecture and shape is
_ny7GWABNeg-00367-00186633-00187071 different and it turns out if we look at these individual corn lines and we look
_ny7GWABNeg-00368-00187071-00187461 at the genes that are actually in them it turns out that between five and
_ny7GWABNeg-00369-00187461-00187965 twenty percent of the genes can be different if we look at the genes in you
_ny7GWABNeg-00370-00187965-00188487 and I there will be maybe one or two genes different between us that's it
_ny7GWABNeg-00371-00188487-00188940 okay so these are very very different and to me it's sometimes amazing to see
_ny7GWABNeg-00372-00188940-00189384 how different they are in a sequence level but how similar they actually look
_ny7GWABNeg-00373-00189384-00189759 when they're in the field and in fact when you look at the sorghum and maize
_ny7GWABNeg-00374-00189759-00190228 at very early stages it's hard to tell them apart
_ny7GWABNeg-00375-00190228-00191240 so for instance in this side here this is this is a maize plant that has two
_ny7GWABNeg-00376-00191240-00191858 copies of these genes here that confer tolerance to growing on acidic soil
_ny7GWABNeg-00377-00191858-00192404 when you introduce a third copy of that gene this is what the plant looks now so
_ny7GWABNeg-00378-00192404-00192908 just having that one additional copy makes the difference of that plant being
_ny7GWABNeg-00379-00192908-00193631 able to grow well on acidic soil disease resistance is another example of genes
_ny7GWABNeg-00380-00193631-00193931 that we see in plant genome because now that we have the sequence we can
_ny7GWABNeg-00381-00193931-00194414 actually look at this and see these things when you look at it you see many
_ny7GWABNeg-00382-00194414-00194873 of these clusters are duplicated here represented by the green so in grape a
_ny7GWABNeg-00383-00194873-00195587 major disease is powdery mildew and in Europe if you take all the pesticide
_ny7GWABNeg-00384-00195587-00196175 that's put on all the agricultural plants and you're 50% of it is put on
_ny7GWABNeg-00385-00196175-00196511 grape okay so that is a huge amount so when you're
_ny7GWABNeg-00386-00196511-00196691 drinking your wine...
_ny7GWABNeg-00387-00196691-00197303 that's thought that might be going on that well it turns out that if you said
_ny7GWABNeg-00388-00197303-00197639 when you think about disease there's different ways that we can approach it
_ny7GWABNeg-00389-00197639-00198191 so for instance one way of approaching it is you might have natural immunity or
_ny7GWABNeg-00390-00198191-00198824 if you think about how we work with what how we as humans deal with this in
_ny7GWABNeg-00391-00198824-00199217 medicine you can also take a drug and it may get rid of that like an antibiotic
_ny7GWABNeg-00392-00199217-00199964 or you can be immunized and your your body then can recognize it because it's
_ny7GWABNeg-00393-00199964-00200480 had a history of seeing it before and then it can defend against it well it
_ny7GWABNeg-00394-00200480-00201023 turns out in grapes they have a natural resistance to these diseases in their
_ny7GWABNeg-00395-00201023-00201560 past history they've experienced those diseases and they have now come up with
_ny7GWABNeg-00396-00201560-00202082 a strategy on how to deal with it when the plant sees that powdery mildew the
_ny7GWABNeg-00397-00202082-00202502 wild plant sees it coming in what it does is it says okay you're in these
_ny7GWABNeg-00398-00202502-00202829 cells I'm gonna kill you I'm gonna kill these cells I'm gonna sacrifice these
_ny7GWABNeg-00399-00202829-00203342 few cells so that then I won't get infected for the rest of and this is not
_ny7GWABNeg-00400-00203342-00203852 that dissimilar to what our immune might do so we know that wild grapes
_ny7GWABNeg-00401-00203852-00204227 have this natural resistance because they've experienced some time in their
_ny7GWABNeg-00402-00204227-00204710 in their past history and they have a way to deal with it so why don't we move
_ny7GWABNeg-00403-00204710-00205355 it in and well it turns out because you know they have a lot of baggage besides
_ny7GWABNeg-00404-00205355-00205832 that disease resistance genes wild grapes they don't taste very good it
_ny7GWABNeg-00405-00205832-00206261 turns out that wild grapes are actually male or female and it turns out that
_ny7GWABNeg-00406-00206261-00206837 beautiful bundle of grapes that we see is actually a hermaphrodite right and it
_ny7GWABNeg-00407-00206837-00207367 turns out that we don't know what the gene is for male and female for sex and
_ny7GWABNeg-00408-00207367-00207827 then we also still don't know what all these genes are here most importantly if
_ny7GWABNeg-00409-00207827-00208238 we made those crosses turns out a grape plant doesn't become mature for fruit
_ny7GWABNeg-00410-00208238-00208646 until three or four years so we'd have to wait three or four years to even find
_ny7GWABNeg-00411-00208646-00209242 out if it was the sex of the plant that we wanted and so for instance now we're
_ny7GWABNeg-00412-00209242-00209692 able to generate these genomes I can generate the grape genome at about
_ny7GWABNeg-00413-00209692-00210365 $5,000 it's a much smaller genome it's it's one one-sixth of the size of maize
_ny7GWABNeg-00414-00210365-00210959 and so I can start now looking and I can use some other approaches to delve in
_ny7GWABNeg-00415-00210959-00211385 and potentially identify some of these genes using a combination of the
_ny7GWABNeg-00416-00211385-00211958 sequence and genetic approaches so what that allows me to do is really cut down
_ny7GWABNeg-00417-00211958-00212467 on the plants that I'll keep and the time it takes to breed it here's another
_ny7GWABNeg-00418-00212467-00213089 example rice blast so it turns out that in the
_ny7GWABNeg-00419-00213089-00213569 four or five year loss in China from rice blast disease you could feed sixty
_ny7GWABNeg-00420-00213569-00214223 million people okay well it turns out plants when they've been exposed to this
_ny7GWABNeg-00421-00214223-00214709 they can come up with multiple strategies on how to defend themselves
_ny7GWABNeg-00422-00214709-00215132 against that and talk about in these wild varieties but it turns out you know
_ny7GWABNeg-00423-00215132-00215552 the disease or the pathogen is also smart too and it learns a way to
_ny7GWABNeg-00424-00215552-00215969 overcome both so if you've ever seen Alice in Wonderland there's a scene
_ny7GWABNeg-00425-00215969-00216473 where the Red Queen all you can do is keep up with the distance away from the
_ny7GWABNeg-00426-00216473-00216794 Red Queen's army you're just constantly going and that's what the plant
_ny7GWABNeg-00427-00216794-00217340 is doing but what it turns out that we can look in wild rice varieties and
_ny7GWABNeg-00428-00217340-00217798 it turns out that they will have found multiple ways of defending against this
_ny7GWABNeg-00429-00217798-00218264 and one of the ways that we can accelerate the protection is by giving
_ny7GWABNeg-00430-00218264-00218750 it multiple ways of dealing with the disease at one time so it won't break
_ny7GWABNeg-00431-00218750-00219196 down as rapidly and one of the ways that we've been able to do that is by looking
_ny7GWABNeg-00432-00219196-00219671 at these wild rice varieties it turns out that there's some signatures that
_ny7GWABNeg-00433-00219671-00220091 tell us if there's a certain conformation and it's been conserved and
_ny7GWABNeg-00434-00220091-00220655 selected for it probably has a use so now we can actually go into these
_ny7GWABNeg-00435-00220655-00221075 sequences and come up with many many different strategies and mechanisms by
_ny7GWABNeg-00436-00221075-00221666 which we can defend against that so what many of us in this room don't know
_ny7GWABNeg-00437-00221666-00222290 people who are hungry I mean and so but the reality is is that in the next
_ny7GWABNeg-00438-00222290-00222686 twenty five or thirty years food security is gonna be one of the
_ny7GWABNeg-00439-00222686-00223262 major things that are going to be and really critically we need to think about
_ny7GWABNeg-00440-00223262-00223865 for ourselves and for our children they're gonna be an additional two
_ny7GWABNeg-00441-00223865-00224486 billion people we're gonna have to deal with the core changing climate now all
_ny7GWABNeg-00442-00224486-00224927 of a sudden these plants are exposed to different pathogen pressures because of
_ny7GWABNeg-00443-00224927-00225290 the climate change right they're also exposed to different
_ny7GWABNeg-00444-00225290-00225809 pathogens because normally they wouldn't get up and walk somewhere but we picked
_ny7GWABNeg-00445-00225809-00226127 them up and put them somewhere else and they've never experienced those
_ny7GWABNeg-00446-00226127-00226616 pressures before so they haven't had a way to deal with them so one of the
_ny7GWABNeg-00447-00226616-00226982 things that we have to consider is how do we balance for instance feeding
_ny7GWABNeg-00448-00226985-00227476 people this example is putting nitrogen on and we get an increased yield versus
_ny7GWABNeg-00449-00227477-00227885 what happens when you have a bloom from too much excess nitrogen going into the
_ny7GWABNeg-00450-00227885-00228469 water so these we can actually use the genome sequences and understanding these
_ny7GWABNeg-00451-00228469-00228980 biological mechanisms to actually improve the way that we approach that so
_ny7GWABNeg-00452-00228980-00229469 what I've been telling you about is really about the genetic variation that
_ny7GWABNeg-00453-00229469-00229886 exists all those mutations that have happened in nature in the adaptive ways
_ny7GWABNeg-00454-00229886-00230160 the plants have learned to get around things but we can
_ny7GWABNeg-00455-00230160-00230589 also induced random mutations and I'm going to show you an example work in my
_ny7GWABNeg-00456-00230589-00231269 group where we've done this in sorghum now sorghum has is it's come out of
_ny7GWABNeg-00457-00231269-00231746 Africa it's come out of a very drought tolerant environment normally what you
_ny7GWABNeg-00458-00231746-00232173 see here is when you look at the flower portion of the plant it will usually
_ny7GWABNeg-00459-00232173-00232742 only make one flower where it could be making three and three seeds
_ny7GWABNeg-00460-00232742-00233490 but perhaps being in a very drought nutrient starved environment a plant may
_ny7GWABNeg-00461-00233490-00233889 only want to choose to make a few seeds but have all those seeds have a better
_ny7GWABNeg-00462-00233889-00234603 chance in life and nutritional quality so if you look in nature you never ever
_ny7GWABNeg-00463-00234603-00235206 ever ever see a natural sorghum plant that will have all three of these seeds
_ny7GWABNeg-00464-00235206-00235796 in place but using an induced random mutation we've been able to identify a
_ny7GWABNeg-00465-00235796-00236473 single letter change from a G to an A which now takes us from here to here and
_ny7GWABNeg-00466-00236473-00237246 so we can use now some of the approaches to basically be able to push that into
_ny7GWABNeg-00467-00237246-00237942 other plants other sorghum plants or perhaps even other grasses to increased
_ny7GWABNeg-00468-00237942-00238461 yield and Zachs going to be telling you about some of those approaches that can
_ny7GWABNeg-00469-00238461-00238838 be used to do this
_ny7GWABNeg-00470-00239596-00240081 so our next speaker is Zach Lippmann Zach is a professor here at Cold Spring
_ny7GWABNeg-00471-00240081-00240741 Harbor Laboratory and his lab focuses on the tomato plant and how he can
_ny7GWABNeg-00472-00240741-00241167 manipulate that plant to produce more food
_ny7GWABNeg-00473-00241167-00241769 he will also discuss how new genetic technologies can be useful to provide
_ny7GWABNeg-00474-00241769-00242484 important positive traits in plants thanks David and thanks to Dave and
_ny7GWABNeg-00475-00242484-00242934 Doreen for letting me anchor the group usually the anchor is the fastest I
_ny7GWABNeg-00476-00242934-00243363 can't promise that will be the case because it may not be the best situation
_ny7GWABNeg-00477-00243363-00243701 because that's sooner to the wine and sooner to drinking our pesticide so
_ny7GWABNeg-00478-00243701-00244346 maybe we'll take our time so what I'm going to talk to you about is work from
_ny7GWABNeg-00479-00244346-00244811 my lab work from Dave's lab relating to work in Doreen's lab and it focuses on
_ny7GWABNeg-00480-00244811-00245373 again concept of discovering these genes using basic biology and genome
_ny7GWABNeg-00481-00245373-00245844 sequencing that control flower fruit seed production and disease resistance
_ny7GWABNeg-00482-00245844-00246300 so we have these genomes at our fingertips now and as Doreen told you we
_ny7GWABNeg-00483-00246300-00246773 can now read those genomes very cheaply we can find all the mutations that are
_ny7GWABNeg-00484-00246773-00247191 existing that nature has provided and it helps us discover the genes for example
_ny7GWABNeg-00485-00247191-00247614 that control as Dave told you the population of stem cells at the tips of
_ny7GWABNeg-00486-00247614-00247977 the plant and Dave showed you that by manipulating the genes that control
_ny7GWABNeg-00487-00247977-00248369 those stem cells we can make them a little bit larger and get more ears
_ny7GWABNeg-00488-00248369-00249015 that ears that have more kernels rows of kernels so I work primarily on tomato
_ny7GWABNeg-00489-00249015-00249410 and we're also interested in stem cells because these stem cells relate to the
_ny7GWABNeg-00490-00249410-00249809 number of flowers that are produced on the tomatoes on the vine as well as the
_ny7GWABNeg-00491-00249809-00250286 size of the fruit so the hope is to use these genes in the discovery of these
_ny7GWABNeg-00492-00250286-00250821 genes by studying mutants so that we can improve crop yield so the more knowledge
_ny7GWABNeg-00493-00250821-00251294 that we have on these genes that control these growth processes the more targets
_ny7GWABNeg-00494-00251294-00251613 that we have and I'll use the word target later for us to be able to
_ny7GWABNeg-00495-00251613-00252015 improve crops by manipulating these genes in ways that was never before
_ny7GWABNeg-00496-00252015-00252402 possible so before I get into that I want to talk to you a little bit about
_ny7GWABNeg-00497-00252402-00252692 crop production and I think a lot about farming I worked
_ny7GWABNeg-00498-00252692-00253134 on a farm as a child and I enjoyed working on the farm the crop I liked the
_ny7GWABNeg-00499-00253134-00253602 least was tomato happened to be I won't explain why but if anybody's interested
_ny7GWABNeg-00500-00253602-00254046 I can tell you after during the cocktail session but essentially this is what you
_ny7GWABNeg-00501-00254046-00254342 would might think about and I'm sure many of you in the crowd have grown your
_ny7GWABNeg-00502-00254342-00254790 own tomatoes in a garden maybe five to ten plants your favorite varieties or
_ny7GWABNeg-00503-00254790-00255173 heirloom tomatoes you put them in in the spring and after maybe two months if
_ny7GWABNeg-00504-00255173-00255453 you've done a good job you have a green thumb you'll come and you'll harvest
_ny7GWABNeg-00505-00255453-00255879 like this fellow here a nice bucket of red tomatoes but as we also know we
_ny7GWABNeg-00506-00255879-00256221 often are a little bit lazy we don't want to put in the effort to grow these
_ny7GWABNeg-00507-00256221-00256662 luxurious tomatoes from our garden and we're willing to settle for those hard
_ny7GWABNeg-00508-00256662-00257076 rather tasteless Tomatoes that come out of fields like this and this is what I
_ny7GWABNeg-00509-00257076-00257471 want to show you about real agricultural production using tomato as an example
_ny7GWABNeg-00510-00257471-00257925 you can think of the same for corn and for sorghum and so this is a fresh
_ny7GWABNeg-00511-00257925-00258285 market tomato production in field which is where most of the fresh market large
_ny7GWABNeg-00512-00258285-00258717 fruited tomatoes come from also from Mexico and these plants are essentially
_ny7GWABNeg-00513-00258717-00259083 grown in these very long rows where peoples will come during harvest time
_ny7GWABNeg-00514-00259083-00259425 and put them into these bins they'll walk these bins down these very long
_ny7GWABNeg-00515-00259425-00259779 rows and they'll collect them when they're greenish orangish and they'll
_ny7GWABNeg-00516-00259779-00260196 put them in these trucks these trucks will get loaded to completion and after
_ny7GWABNeg-00517-00260196-00260466 they're completely loaded they'll be removed from the field in this long
_ny7GWABNeg-00518-00260466-00260846 caravan of trucks and essentially taken to storage until they'll be gassed with
_ny7GWABNeg-00519-00260846-00261246 the hormone to it caused them to turn red as much as you may not want to hear
_ny7GWABNeg-00520-00261246-00261671 about that this is the reality of how a lot of our Fresh Market tomato
_ny7GWABNeg-00521-00261671-00262067 production is generated and in order to feed this growing population we will
_ny7GWABNeg-00522-00262067-00262440 have to realize that this is a part of an integrated system where we have
_ny7GWABNeg-00523-00262440-00262821 large-scale production as well as what we you know would appreciate going to
_ny7GWABNeg-00524-00262821-00263286 farmers markets and more organic sustainable sustainability types of
_ny7GWABNeg-00525-00263286-00263676 production so this is fresh market tomato production and one thing I think
_ny7GWABNeg-00526-00263676-00264036 you can see here and if you've grown tomatoes in your own garden you may know
_ny7GWABNeg-00527-00264036-00264468 that often times they become very tall and lanky and very large extremely large
_ny7GWABNeg-00528-00264468-00264849 these are large but they're not as large as you might see growing in your home
_ny7GWABNeg-00529-00264849-00265242 garden from heirloom tomatoes in fact these are a lot more compact and this is
_ny7GWABNeg-00530-00265242-00265587 why they're staked here they won't grow much higher than that and this compact
_ny7GWABNeg-00531-00265587-00265872 determinate plant is one trait that I want you to
_ny7GWABNeg-00532-00265872-00266265 focus on this term called determinate which makes essentially this very
_ny7GWABNeg-00533-00266265-00266718 compact plant which allows it to grow in three to four months to completion in
_ny7GWABNeg-00534-00266718-00267110 which case you come in after the three months you're harvesting your yield
_ny7GWABNeg-00535-00267110-00267453 you're out you're turning over the soil and you're putting in a whole new crop
_ny7GWABNeg-00536-00267453-00267963 after that okay so this determinate growth was a major change from the
_ny7GWABNeg-00537-00267963-00268392 heirloom tomatoes and also the wild ancestor the wild form that was
_ny7GWABNeg-00538-00268392-00268767 domesticated we heard about corn domestication tomato also had a wild
_ny7GWABNeg-00539-00268767-00269184 ancestor that was an indeterminate form that would become very large in the
_ny7GWABNeg-00540-00269184-00269643 field much like a tree now that's for fresh market tomato production the need
_ny7GWABNeg-00541-00269643-00270054 for having these compact determinate plants the same is true for production
_ny7GWABNeg-00542-00270054-00270759 for processing this is ketchup, sauces, soups, juices, tomato processing
_ny7GWABNeg-00543-00270759-00271239 production depends on having these determinate plants these compact plants
_ny7GWABNeg-00544-00271239-00271610 because you can harvest them in rows on a combine this is a machine known as a
_ny7GWABNeg-00545-00271610-00271965 combine and this machine is coming through the field cutting the plants
_ny7GWABNeg-00546-00271965-00272435 from the field separating the green parts of the plant the vegetative parts
_ny7GWABNeg-00547-00272435-00272790 from the fruits you have mechanical annually grading the quality of the
_ny7GWABNeg-00548-00272790-00273153 fruits they're then loaded onto these large 18 wheelers and this is my
_ny7GWABNeg-00549-00273153-00273695 favorite part it looks like it's puking here class is great there it is yeah so
_ny7GWABNeg-00550-00273695-00274281 and so this is a massive production and in again it's all because of this
_ny7GWABNeg-00551-00274281-00274811 determinate compact growth habit and one other trait one other mutation that I'll
_ny7GWABNeg-00552-00274811-00275277 tell you about so I will tell you a story of two genes of how did we achieve
_ny7GWABNeg-00553-00275277-00275757 this can we do a better job and using tomato as an example I hope to convince
_ny7GWABNeg-00554-00275757-00276303 you that we can so how did this compact plant growth have it come about well it
_ny7GWABNeg-00555-00276303-00276765 came from a natural mutation and this natural mutation was first published in
_ny7GWABNeg-00556-00276765-00277233 a journal in 1927 it had been discovered a few years earlier in a farmer's field
_ny7GWABNeg-00557-00277233-00277733 in Florida and he was growing the typical indeterminate plants that would
_ny7GWABNeg-00558-00277733-00277971 continue to grow from the stem cells up here
_ny7GWABNeg-00559-00277971-00278592 much taller much higher and he found randomly one plant a single plant that
_ny7GWABNeg-00560-00278592-00279206 he called self pruning and the name speaks for itself this plant was a rare mutant
_ny7GWABNeg-00561-00279206-00279671 that self pruned so obviously he didn't know the gene that was involved he
_ny7GWABNeg-00562-00279671-00280172 didn't know the specific change in the DNA code that occurred but he knew that
_ny7GWABNeg-00563-00280172-00280689 this was a rare mutant plant and when this was donated to a researcher Yeager
_ny7GWABNeg-00564-00280689-00281241 he essentially said appropriately that selections from this cross population
_ny7GWABNeg-00565-00281241-00281636 should give us a valuable new race of early tomatoes why early tomatoes
_ny7GWABNeg-00566-00281636-00282093 because instead of continuously producing these flower and fruit
_ny7GWABNeg-00567-00282093-00282554 clusters over a long period of time and having progressive fruit set and
_ny7GWABNeg-00568-00282554-00283085 ripening now these compact determinate plants have a burst of flower production
_ny7GWABNeg-00569-00283085-00283706 a burst of fruit set an essentially uniform fruit ripening which allows you
_ny7GWABNeg-00570-00283706-00284088 to go in and harvest in one go after three months and this is a better
_ny7GWABNeg-00571-00284088-00284453 reflection of what the difference is this is the kind of cultivation that
_ny7GWABNeg-00572-00284453-00284849 goes in greenhouses or glass houses you might buy tomatoes on the vine from
_ny7GWABNeg-00573-00284849-00285278 Europe that come from Holland or perhaps from Canada where you prune the plants
_ny7GWABNeg-00574-00285278-00285639 to one main chute and these plants will grow for ten to twelve months and you'll
_ny7GWABNeg-00575-00285639-00286151 successively collect these high-value expensive Tomatoes over the course of
_ny7GWABNeg-00576-00286151-00286604 that ten to twelve month growth period here is that bushy determinate growth
_ny7GWABNeg-00577-00286604-00287099 where you have this about probably 20 pounds of fruit on this plant in a three
_ny7GWABNeg-00578-00287099-00287582 month period allowing you to have this burst of fruit production and yield that
_ny7GWABNeg-00579-00287582-00288131 can now be harvested in Florida and California in those processing ways now
_ny7GWABNeg-00580-00288131-00288540 the second trait that was critical was discovered by the father of tomato
_ny7GWABNeg-00581-00288540-00288926 genetics well I happen to have a pedigree with through the history of my
_ny7GWABNeg-00582-00288926-00289409 training over the last 15 years Dr. Charlie Rick who passed away sadly in
_ny7GWABNeg-00583-00289409-00290064 2002 used to visit South and Central America to collect wild relatives of
_ny7GWABNeg-00584-00290064-00290531 tomato including defining the true wild ancestor of tomato and one close
_ny7GWABNeg-00585-00290531-00291039 relative came from the Galapagos Islands this species here known as solanum
_ny7GWABNeg-00586-00291039-00291497 cheesmaniae he was walking through the fields and he he wasn't sitting here
_ny7GWABNeg-00587-00291497-00291860 all the time on the turtle like this but he had a good sense of humor but
_ny7GWABNeg-00588-00291860-00292235 basically behind him are these tomatoes that are growing in these rocky outcrops
_ny7GWABNeg-00589-00292235-00292776 and he happened to find a rare natural mutant where it's a little hard to see
_ny7GWABNeg-00590-00292776-00293159 it'll become more apparent in the next slide this stem leading to the fruit
_ny7GWABNeg-00591-00293159-00293595 doesn't have what's called a joint or an elbow now next time you go to the
_ny7GWABNeg-00592-00293595-00294015 grocery store you'll never look at tomatoes or corn or grapes the same way
_ny7GWABNeg-00593-00294015-00294506 after this in this case I think you know you'll really remember this one when you
_ny7GWABNeg-00594-00294506-00294870 go and look at tomatoes on the vine you'll see something like this either it
_ny7GWABNeg-00595-00294870-00295572 has this swollen part what we call loosely a knuckle or a joint versus not
_ny7GWABNeg-00596-00295572-00295974 having it and so what that happens what happens when you have this knuckle and
_ny7GWABNeg-00597-00295974-00296459 this is what you see in wild plants and also the heirloom tomatoes is that when
_ny7GWABNeg-00598-00296459-00296793 the fruit is pulled from the plant it separates right from that knuckle that's
_ny7GWABNeg-00599-00296793-00297204 a natural what we call abscission zone a separation zone because the fruit
_ny7GWABNeg-00600-00297204-00297663 naturally wants to fall to the ground rot and then spread its progeny seed for
_ny7GWABNeg-00601-00297663-00297986 the next generation now this natural mutation that Dr. Rick
_ny7GWABNeg-00602-00297986-00298572 found completely eliminates that knuckle on that joint and so what happens now
_ny7GWABNeg-00603-00298572-00298926 when you harvest the fruit you completely separate from the stem why is
_ny7GWABNeg-00604-00298926-00299261 that important well if you're loading these into your bins you have to
_ny7GWABNeg-00605-00299261-00299577 manually remove them you might say well why do I have to remove them in the
_ny7GWABNeg-00606-00299577-00299981 first place because as the fruits ripen especially in the California processing
_ny7GWABNeg-00607-00299981-00300396 production they poke the neighboring fruits and you have post-harvest fruit
_ny7GWABNeg-00608-00300396-00300813 damage it's a major problem with processing and all processing tomatoes
_ny7GWABNeg-00609-00300813-00301317 and now many Fresh Market tomatoes have this jointless trait this second
_ny7GWABNeg-00610-00301317-00301653 mutation and here's a real summary of you just go back to the movie I showed
_ny7GWABNeg-00611-00301653-00302127 you from California the jointless trait allowed this and the self pruning trait
_ny7GWABNeg-00612-00302127-00302705 mutation allowed this okay so we know that these two examples are
_ny7GWABNeg-00613-00302705-00303177 mutations that nature has provided nature has provided thousands of
_ny7GWABNeg-00614-00303177-00303645 mutations for domestication and for breeders to be using in crop improvement
_ny7GWABNeg-00615-00303645-00304074 we heard that from Doreen we saw examples from Dave but what I would like
_ny7GWABNeg-00616-00304074-00304440 to argue and it's a nice time for us to then sit up here after and perhaps have
_ny7GWABNeg-00617-00304440-00304979 a discussion is that nature hasn't given us enough so all of those sequence
_ny7GWABNeg-00618-00304979-00305526 genomes that we have from corn and from tomato and from grape is revealing the
_ny7GWABNeg-00619-00305526-00305922 base changes it's revealing the jumping gene differences
_ny7GWABNeg-00620-00305922-00306369 and where they've moved from one to another place in the different genomes
_ny7GWABNeg-00621-00306369-00306765 of corn or tomato but the problem is is that even though we have thousands of
_ny7GWABNeg-00622-00306765-00307266 these mutations perhaps these good mutations are not in the genes that we
_ny7GWABNeg-00623-00307266-00307728 want them to be in and what if there are no mutations in those particular genes
_ny7GWABNeg-00624-00307728-00308127 or what if we want to have different mutations in genes that we know when
_ny7GWABNeg-00625-00308127-00308544 they have mutation A did a good thing but maybe if they had a different
_ny7GWABNeg-00626-00308544-00308856 mutation that gene it would do that same good thing even better
_ny7GWABNeg-00627-00308856-00309453 okay so here's an example from my lab in tomato these are cartoons of plant
_ny7GWABNeg-00628-00309453-00309951 architecture this is you can imagine just a cartoon of the self pruning
_ny7GWABNeg-00629-00309951-00310599 mutation or the mutant plant which again itself prunes and what we had early on
_ny7GWABNeg-00630-00310599-00311159 in my work was a theory or hypothesis that perhaps we could find second
_ny7GWABNeg-00631-00311159-00311786 mutations and other genes that would relieve or partially suppress the
_ny7GWABNeg-00632-00311786-00312201 compactness of this plant now why would that be useful because if you have a
_ny7GWABNeg-00633-00312201-00312774 slight relief of the self pruning effect maybe you would get a few more shoots a
_ny7GWABNeg-00634-00312774-00313310 few more flowers and a few more fruits before the self pruning kicked in in
_ny7GWABNeg-00635-00313310-00313989 other words a slightly larger plant more flowers, more fruits, more yield okay now
_ny7GWABNeg-00636-00313989-00314406 how did we go about doing this well before we had the technology that Doreen
_ny7GWABNeg-00637-00314406-00314901 mentioned before and and also David called CRISPR which I will explain in a
_ny7GWABNeg-00638-00314901-00315426 few slides we didn't have the ability to say well I want to mutate this specific
_ny7GWABNeg-00639-00315426-00315986 gene to get this suppression or relieving of the determinate compact
_ny7GWABNeg-00640-00315986-00316398 growth habit so instead we had to use techniques that breeders have used for
_ny7GWABNeg-00641-00316398-00317046 more than a century to induce new variation new mutations in the genome
_ny7GWABNeg-00642-00317046-00317550 but this is occurring randomly now how do we go about doing this I can't give
_ny7GWABNeg-00643-00317550-00317922 you the details I'll give you a little snippet you can take seeds of tomato you
_ny7GWABNeg-00644-00317922-00318359 can take pollen of corn and you can treat them with certain chemicals that
_ny7GWABNeg-00645-00318359-00318696 obviously you wouldn't spend too much time around yourself because they
_ny7GWABNeg-00646-00318696-00319211 essentially modify the DNA to cause problems during the the duplication of
_ny7GWABNeg-00647-00319211-00319502 the DNA that lead to randomly accumulating mutations
_ny7GWABNeg-00648-00319502-00320019 now that's a good thing in terms of creating new variation but it could be a
_ny7GWABNeg-00649-00320019-00320352 bad thing for the plant because if you create too many mutations the vigor of
_ny7GWABNeg-00650-00320352-00320655 the plant will go down maybe you won't even get any fruits because there might
_ny7GWABNeg-00651-00320655-00321129 be sterility but if you hit the sweet spot in terms of creating the new
_ny7GWABNeg-00652-00321129-00321603 mutations you can do an experiment like this where you have this cartoon showing
_ny7GWABNeg-00653-00321603-00322005 you mutations and then you can walk through a field and this is a field from
_ny7GWABNeg-00654-00322005-00322473 out east where we grow some of our fields every year and you can scan not
_ny7GWABNeg-00655-00322473-00322979 from the sky walking the rows you can look through the rows and find like in
_ny7GWABNeg-00656-00322979-00323532 1923 when they discovered that rare mutant in the Florida field we can now
_ny7GWABNeg-00657-00323532-00323979 find the rare mutants that we induce that might suppress the compact habit
_ny7GWABNeg-00658-00323979-00324510 and give us more yield so we did this but it's very inefficient it worked it
_ny7GWABNeg-00659-00324510-00324885 took us about four years to get to the point that I'm about to show you where
_ny7GWABNeg-00660-00324885-00325500 we have a toolkit of new mutations a whole collection of mutations in the
_ny7GWABNeg-00661-00325500-00326034 same genes and also new genes that when we combine them by making hybrids as
_ny7GWABNeg-00662-00326034-00326517 Dave talked about we can have this vigor effect where we can go from the
_ny7GWABNeg-00663-00326517-00326937 traditional yield from the original the shorthand name is SP for the self
_ny7GWABNeg-00664-00326937-00327336 pruning mutant we can have different mutations on top the codes and the names
_ny7GWABNeg-00665-00327336-00327735 don't matter you can ignore them but essentially lead to a new higher
_ny7GWABNeg-00666-00327735-00328299 yielding tomato plant mutations upon mutations so this worked but we would
_ny7GWABNeg-00667-00328299-00328797 really like to have a faster and easier way to achieve this this is where we
_ny7GWABNeg-00668-00328797-00329232 start talking about the concept or that the technology known as CRISPR
_ny7GWABNeg-00669-00329232-00329673 gene editing and for this I need to have everybody forget about plants for the
_ny7GWABNeg-00670-00329673-00330117 moment and think about something that's decidedly not at all related to plants
_ny7GWABNeg-00671-00330117-00330735 and that has to deal with bacteria so many years ago it was discovered that
_ny7GWABNeg-00672-00330735-00331323 bacteria have a immune system it's not the same type of immune system that you
_ny7GWABNeg-00673-00331323-00331761 and I have it's a different kind of immune system to protect them from being
_ny7GWABNeg-00674-00331761-00332337 infected by viruses yes bacteria can be infected by viruses these are called
_ny7GWABNeg-00675-00332337-00332593 bacteria phage they literally look like the
_ny7GWABNeg-00676-00332593-00333088 little moon Landers where they sit on top of the surface of the bacterial cell
_ny7GWABNeg-00677-00333088-00333507 and they'll inject their DNA they'll replicate their DNA and then
_ny7GWABNeg-00678-00333507-00333988 they'll essentially kill the bacteria okay so what bacteria have evolved our
_ny7GWABNeg-00679-00333988-00334656 molecular scissors to be able to recognize the first infection chopped up
_ny7GWABNeg-00680-00334656-00335242 with these molecular machines which we call enzymes the DNA from the virus into
_ny7GWABNeg-00681-00335242-00335671 little snippets then it takes those snippets and not believe me when I tell
_ny7GWABNeg-00682-00335671-00336268 you this it inserts those snippets into its own DNA and so the next time it's
_ny7GWABNeg-00683-00336268-00336772 infected it's constantly reading off of its own DNA and providing a surveillance
_ny7GWABNeg-00684-00336772-00337308 system to say Oh does that snippet that I put in my DNA from the old virus does
_ny7GWABNeg-00685-00337308-00337734 it match the new one on being infected with if it does it then matches up and
_ny7GWABNeg-00686-00337734-00338197 it will cut with a molecular scissors the virus coming in now why does this
_ny7GWABNeg-00687-00338197-00338677 have to do with plants and our complex relationship from Dave's title and who
_ny7GWABNeg-00688-00338677-00339028 and and why we're here tonight talking about how we can improve crop yields
_ny7GWABNeg-00689-00339028-00339688 using research well it has to do with some very smart scientists who said let
_ny7GWABNeg-00690-00339688-00340249 me take this immune system and engineer it in a way so that I can use these
_ny7GWABNeg-00691-00340249-00340840 muscle molecular scissors in any organism I want to create cuts in DNA
_ny7GWABNeg-00692-00340840-00341353 and any DNA that I want now you might think well why do I want to do this well
_ny7GWABNeg-00693-00341353-00341797 we've been talking about mutations and how there are good mutations so now we
_ny7GWABNeg-00694-00341797-00342265 know that there are genes that might have an increase in the stem cells okay
_ny7GWABNeg-00695-00342265-00342763 so maybe we want to mutate that gene to get more stem cell now you can use this
_ny7GWABNeg-00696-00342763-00343444 CRISPR gene editing system to create breaks in DNA this DSB stands
_ny7GWABNeg-00697-00343444-00343822 for double strand break because DNA is double-stranded and so you create a
_ny7GWABNeg-00698-00343822-00344334 break now once the break is made you say well what happens the cell doesn't want
_ny7GWABNeg-00699-00344334-00344866 that break it will repair that break but when it repairs the break it's not that
_ny7GWABNeg-00700-00344866-00345370 efficient and so you end up creating mutations during the repair process you
_ny7GWABNeg-00701-00345370-00345877 can think of it as the equivalent of a scar now that mutation now can
_ny7GWABNeg-00702-00345877-00346198 effectively eliminate the activity of a gene and so
_ny7GWABNeg-00703-00346198-00346732 here's an example of using this technology just in the last two years to
_ny7GWABNeg-00704-00346732-00347245 create disease resistance but create targeted mutations in plants and the
_ny7GWABNeg-00705-00347245-00347809 example has to do with wheat where some scientists in China had published an
_ny7GWABNeg-00706-00347809-00348373 example of using the CRISPR gene editing technology to mutate a gene that is
_ny7GWABNeg-00707-00348373-00348715 essentially like a lock-and-key mechanism when it's infected with this
_ny7GWABNeg-00708-00348715-00349126 powdery mildew we heard about powdery mildew and grapes wheat also is infected
_ny7GWABNeg-00709-00349126-00349450 with powdery mildew you end up with these yellow spots you have dramatic
_ny7GWABNeg-00710-00349450-00349969 yield losses the lock and key mechanism is that you have a key that is a lock
_ny7GWABNeg-00711-00349969-00350470 that is recognized by the key coming in from the pathogen or the disease and if
_ny7GWABNeg-00712-00350470-00350971 you create mutations in the lock the key can not infect essentially that's
_ny7GWABNeg-00713-00350971-00351436 what's happening here and so you can create targeted mutations in the genes
_ny7GWABNeg-00714-00351436-00351781 that they believed would create resistance and they were able to create
_ny7GWABNeg-00715-00351781-00352276 resistance in one step and what does that mean one step essentially one
_ny7GWABNeg-00716-00352276-00352747 generation one generation is about a year and so in one year they achieved
_ny7GWABNeg-00717-00352747-00353160 what would have taken thousands of years of breeding and domestication or
_ny7GWABNeg-00718-00353160-00353755 inbreeding in the last you know hundred years if the mutations even existed it
_ny7GWABNeg-00719-00353755-00354208 would have taken probably 10 to 15 years here's an example that we've done in our
_ny7GWABNeg-00720-00354208-00354589 lab in tomato let's bring you back to the knuckle and the joint and the jointless
_ny7GWABNeg-00721-00354589-00355033 trait here we have a cartoon of a normal gene right here these are the
_ny7GWABNeg-00722-00355033-00355519 controlling DNA pieces that turn the gene on and off during growth you have
_ny7GWABNeg-00723-00355519-00356026 normal gene normal activity we can now molecularly cut with the scissors and
_ny7GWABNeg-00724-00356026-00356515 the CRISPR technology the jointless gene and this is a variety of tomato that we
_ny7GWABNeg-00725-00356515-00357022 work on a plum tomato where we've now in one generation eliminated the joint so
_ny7GWABNeg-00726-00357022-00357448 this can be done in any variety and so you may ask well I already have the
_ny7GWABNeg-00727-00357448-00357850 jointless mutant I already got it from nature that's right but now you don't
_ny7GWABNeg-00728-00357850-00358435 have to cross between varieties to bring that desired trait and mutation into
_ny7GWABNeg-00729-00358435-00358963 other varieties over many years of breeding now in one generation you have
_ny7GWABNeg-00730-00358963-00359331 the trait that you want so that's a very black-and-white change
_ny7GWABNeg-00731-00359331-00360013 what about the fact that inbreeding there are often examples in fact many of
_ny7GWABNeg-00732-00360013-00360619 examples involve less damaging mutations to genes that have much more subtle
_ny7GWABNeg-00733-00360619-00361176 effects on growth these were essentially major players in domestication and
_ny7GWABNeg-00734-00361176-00361494 inbreeding why because often you want to have just
_ny7GWABNeg-00735-00361494-00362010 a little tweak you can think about the volume on a radio you don't want to go
_ny7GWABNeg-00736-00362010-00362382 too low you don't want to go too high you want to be at the Goldilocks state
_ny7GWABNeg-00737-00362382-00362853 where your ears aren't hurting so an often case oftentimes these traits that
_ny7GWABNeg-00738-00362853-00363408 you see here for example the number of rows that you have in barley or the
_ny7GWABNeg-00739-00363408-00363790 number of pods on soybean or the clusters of flowers and fruits and
_ny7GWABNeg-00740-00363790-00364308 grapes are based on not major changes in genes and the mutations but more subtle
_ny7GWABNeg-00741-00364308-00364833 changes in in the genes through subtle mutations so then we started to ask can
_ny7GWABNeg-00742-00364833-00365397 we create using the molecular scissors a range of changes in yield traits in
_ny7GWABNeg-00743-00365397-00365925 other words perhaps we can create a continuum of changes from very weak
_ny7GWABNeg-00744-00365925-00366463 effects to moderate effects to stronger effects so in this case we don't want to
_ny7GWABNeg-00745-00366463-00366885 create mutations in the gene itself because when you make the break and you
_ny7GWABNeg-00746-00366885-00367356 repair that essentially kills the gene it's done it's not going to work anymore
_ny7GWABNeg-00747-00367356-00367884 but I mentioned earlier that these little lines here represent the DNA that
_ny7GWABNeg-00748-00367884-00368394 control when the gene is turned on and off during growth so what about if we
_ny7GWABNeg-00749-00368394-00368938 use the molecular scissors to mutate these regions and so we can now create a
_ny7GWABNeg-00750-00368938-00369477 range of mutations a collection of mutations if you will in the controlling
_ny7GWABNeg-00751-00369478-00370086 DNA without hurting the gene itself just the level of activity of the gene like
_ny7GWABNeg-00752-00370086-00370536 you saw from Dave but in a much more directed way you can create a range of
_ny7GWABNeg-00753-00370536-00371106 reduced activity and here we can effectively recreate the kind of yield
_ny7GWABNeg-00754-00371106-00371592 gains that I showed you from our random mutagenesis but now even though I'm
_ny7GWABNeg-00755-00371593-00371973 showing you the same picture trust me it works the same way we can in fact change
_ny7GWABNeg-00756-00371973-00372546 the activity in this case of just the self pruning gene so that we hit a sweet
_ny7GWABNeg-00757-00372546-00372821 spot where you have more flowers and more
_ny7GWABNeg-00758-00372821-00373343 fruits okay so we have the ability to fine-tune these traits in a very
_ny7GWABNeg-00759-00373343-00373910 directed way because of this new adapted bacterial immune system that can create
_ny7GWABNeg-00760-00373910-00374528 mutations in essentially any organism of your liking so final slide is that
_ny7GWABNeg-00761-00374528-00375200 CRISPR has the power to enhance breeding by rapidly customizing and optimizing
_ny7GWABNeg-00762-00375200-00375695 productivity and this customization and optimization is something I'd like you
_ny7GWABNeg-00763-00375695-00376193 to leave here with in your minds is that with these technologies you can now go
_ny7GWABNeg-00764-00376193-00376640 into sorghum you can go into corn you can tweak the stem cell numbers so you
_ny7GWABNeg-00765-00376640-00377072 have more rows and any variety you want you can mutate the gene that increases
_ny7GWABNeg-00766-00377072-00377624 the number of kernels from 2 to 3 or 4 in the sorghum and any sorghum variety
_ny7GWABNeg-00767-00377624-00378029 you want and you can do the same in tomato so we're at the precipice of a
_ny7GWABNeg-00768-00378029-00378674 basically a revolution in crop breeding because this gene editing and with
_ny7GWABNeg-00769-00378674-00379157 that I'll say thanks very much thanks to my colleagues for setting the stage and
_ny7GWABNeg-00770-00379157-00379552 if you'd like more information you can get it here.
_ny7GWABNeg-00771-00379650-00380256 okay I'll invite Dave Doreen and Zach up to the table and they'll be more than
_ny7GWABNeg-00772-00380256-00380673 happy to entertain questions from you
_ny7GWABNeg-00773-00382050-00382738 I get that question every talk I give every time I have a colleague in Florida at
_ny7GWABNeg-00774-00382738-00383106 the University of Florida his name is Harry Klee and he's been working on
_ny7GWABNeg-00775-00383106-00383626 flavor and fruit quality traits for the better part of twenty five years and he
_ny7GWABNeg-00776-00383626-00384115 is doing exactly the kinds of things that we were talking about today but
_ny7GWABNeg-00777-00384115-00384652 going after genes that essentially were were lost during breeding the flavor
_ny7GWABNeg-00778-00384652-00385198 genes and he's trying or in this case they were bad mutations and he's trying
_ny7GWABNeg-00779-00385198-00385591 to correct those mutations to bring back those genes that give you the volatiles
_ny7GWABNeg-00780-00385591-00386296 that you smell and of course the sugars in the acidity that you taste Q: When you
_ny7GWABNeg-00781-00386296-00386805 get yields from the plants in a field and you're getting larger yields like
_ny7GWABNeg-00782-00386805-00387421 from corn or tomatoes what is the detriment is there less soil is soil
_ny7GWABNeg-00783-00387421-00388177 depleted more or is it all just plus plus? A: Well if the plant is yielding more
_ny7GWABNeg-00784-00388177-00388717 it will be taking up more nutrients from the soil but on the positive side we can
_ny7GWABNeg-00785-00388717-00389307 produce more yield from a smaller land area and so overall we can devote less
_ny7GWABNeg-00786-00389307-00389815 land to agriculture use more land for natural resources.  Q: So you you
_ny7GWABNeg-00787-00389815-00390301 essentially need more fertilizer to promote the- A: Well so fertilizer is a
_ny7GWABNeg-00788-00390301-00390804 complicated issue as Doreen brought up I mean that there are other scientists are
_ny7GWABNeg-00789-00390804-00391273 working on on that issue so some plants actually don't need much fertilizer so
_ny7GWABNeg-00790-00391273-00391752 like humans for example naturally fixed nitrogen from the air through
_ny7GWABNeg-00791-00391752-00392374 associations we have with with bacteria and people are actually working on ways
_ny7GWABNeg-00792-00392374-00392815 to try and introduce that process into other crops so maybe in the future we
_ny7GWABNeg-00793-00392815-00393488 can use less fertilizer. Q: So a larger plant yield product is not as
_ny7GWABNeg-00794-00393488-00394013 detrimental in other words if you get a hundred percent better yield in corn
_ny7GWABNeg-00795-00394013-00395135 you don't lose on a percent nutriment in the soil? A: Yeah, that's right. I mean basically part
_ny7GWABNeg-00796-00395135-00395852 of the issue with yield is the plant deciding how much of its biomass to put into the
_ny7GWABNeg-00797-00395852-00396608 the corn or the tomato the fruit in nature wild plants want to tend to hang
_ny7GWABNeg-00798-00396608-00396929 on to a lot of their nutrients and they put a small amount into a small number
_ny7GWABNeg-00799-00396929-00397454 of seeds right they want to survive for a long time but that's not what we want
_ny7GWABNeg-00800-00397454-00397832 in agriculture we want plants that will produce all of the yield at the end of
_ny7GWABNeg-00801-00397832-00398240 the season so they can be harvested easily as Zach mentioned you put the
_ny7GWABNeg-00802-00398240-00398290 tomatoes.
_ny7GWABNeg-00803-00398290-00398768 - There's some there's some other strategies as well there's the
_ny7GWABNeg-00804-00398768-00399329 difference between an annual plant and a perennial plant so for instance if you
_ny7GWABNeg-00805-00399329-00399857 we could make corn a perennial plant then all of the investment it makes into
_ny7GWABNeg-00806-00399857-00400466 the root structure can be reused again and so as as Dave was saying there's
_ny7GWABNeg-00807-00400466-00400940 several strategies that we can think about applying and we can learn from for
_ny7GWABNeg-00808-00400940-00401366 instance soybeans and that's able to fix and we can think about can we apply that
_ny7GWABNeg-00809-00401366-00401936 could we perennialize plants and save that way as well so there are several
_ny7GWABNeg-00810-00401936-00402545 strategies to improve it that way. Q: Hi I have a question that may have some
_ny7GWABNeg-00811-00402545-00403070 political implications also but how much of your research and work being done and
_ny7GWABNeg-00812-00403070-00403661 that genetic level qualifies as creating genetically modified plants now and the
_ny7GWABNeg-00813-00403661-00404051 reason I'm asking is I had the opportunity this summer to visit a large
_ny7GWABNeg-00814-00404051-00404519 corn manufacturing pioneer hybrid out in Iowa and we toured the research
_ny7GWABNeg-00815-00404519-00404846 facilities and at the end of the tour which was actually walking through the
_ny7GWABNeg-00816-00404846-00405431 corn field labs they were very proud to say that none of the products none of
_ny7GWABNeg-00817-00405431-00405812 the hybrid corn that they have is genetically modified it's purely hybrid
_ny7GWABNeg-00818-00405812-00406221 a hybrid which is very much different that
_ny7GWABNeg-00819-00406221-00406610 you're talking about so my question is how much of the research that's
_ny7GWABNeg-00820-00406610-00407025 groundbreaking that you're doing ends up in our plate essentially with you know
_ny7GWABNeg-00821-00407025-00407523 how much of our Tomatoes now are genetically modified based on the work
_ny7GWABNeg-00822-00407523-00407994 that's being done does that make sense what I asked does your does all of your
_ny7GWABNeg-00823-00407994-00408552 research qualifies creating genetically modified plants now because I know that
_ny7GWABNeg-00824-00408552-00408978 essentially a lot of what we are eating nowadays is genetically modified whether
_ny7GWABNeg-00825-00408978-00409710 we like it or not for the better and or the worst. A: So I can I can speak to some
_ny7GWABNeg-00826-00409710-00410550 of those items so the example of those randomly induced approaches to create
_ny7GWABNeg-00827-00410550-00411246 novel mutations is not considered genetically modified so in fact if you
_ny7GWABNeg-00828-00411246-00411762 looked at I'm not sure seeds that were generated in the 60s to get those
_ny7GWABNeg-00829-00411762-00412383 mutations they used multiple approaches including irradiation chemical and those
_ny7GWABNeg-00830-00412383-00412877 weren't considered genetically modified and still are not considered genetically
_ny7GWABNeg-00831-00412877-00413637 modified with regard to our research right now the concept of CRISPR as far
_ny7GWABNeg-00832-00413637-00414108 as as the United States Department of Agriculture and what's happening right
_ny7GWABNeg-00833-00414108-00414827 now as far as policy is they're making decisions on on basically the size of
_ny7GWABNeg-00834-00414827-00415620 the mutation may actually contribute to whether it's defined as as GMO or not
_ny7GWABNeg-00835-00415620-00416283 because as in my talk I hope it came across that in nature we normally see
_ny7GWABNeg-00836-00416283-00416985 very very large rearrangements happening all the time a very small rearrangement
_ny7GWABNeg-00837-00416985-00417489 so much of the work that we do to understand biological mechanisms and
_ny7GWABNeg-00838-00417489-00417963 then approaches to deploy them for instance is CRISPR at this point in time
_ny7GWABNeg-00839-00417963-00418622 would not be considered GMOs it also is it should there's been a lot of
_ny7GWABNeg-00840-00418622-00419071 discussion and this could be this is politically you can think about this
_ny7GWABNeg-00841-00419071-00419552 many of you are familiar with
_ny7GWABNeg-00842-00419574-00420164 being a drug to market cost a lot of money to bring a drug to market not all
_ny7GWABNeg-00843-00420164-00420501 drugs are brought to market there are a lot of drugs that are dealing with
_ny7GWABNeg-00844-00420501-00420893 orphan diseases that are never brought to market because the cost of bringing
_ny7GWABNeg-00845-00420893-00421626 to market is very high the cost of bringing a GMO plant to market is in the
_ny7GWABNeg-00846-00421626-00422202 range of bringing a drug to market which means that there has to be enough value
_ny7GWABNeg-00847-00422202-00423030 or money to to push that forward and usually that that value chain a return
_ny7GWABNeg-00848-00423030-00423678 on investment happens for the farmer not you as a consumer what's really exciting
_ny7GWABNeg-00849-00423678-00424164 to me is research if some of those things we're talking about like flavor
_ny7GWABNeg-00850-00424164-00424833 changes for instance are now tractable to bring to market in a way that we
_ny7GWABNeg-00851-00424833-00425292 couldn't bring to market before using other technologies because we can now
_ny7GWABNeg-00852-00425292-00425964 bring these to market with a very quickly licensing and things will be
_ny7GWABNeg-00853-00425964-00426420 very very different so the potential to bring to market to
_ny7GWABNeg-00854-00426420-00427113 you beneficial items like that flavor right is now tractable in a way that was
_ny7GWABNeg-00855-00427113-00427760 never ever tractable under existing policies and regulations for how a germ
_ny7GWABNeg-00856-00427760-00428271 plasm is introduced in market the same thing is true for dealing with for
_ny7GWABNeg-00857-00428271-00428754 instance disease as we were talking about you know if you had a choice of
_ny7GWABNeg-00858-00428754-00429327 modifying the plants who you no longer had to put pesticide on it or continue
_ny7GWABNeg-00859-00429327-00429900 to treat that that plant with a lot of pesticide which choices would you want
_ny7GWABNeg-00860-00429900-00430443 to make but the regulatory policies over introducing them now using traditional
_ny7GWABNeg-00861-00430443-00431217 GMO approaches is very costly so we would continue to use pesticides does
_ny7GWABNeg-00862-00431217-00431829 that does that help yes it's just just a second that nothing that any of us
_ny7GWABNeg-00863-00431829-00432480 talked about this evening is GMO so it's there's a strict definition of GMOs is
_ny7GWABNeg-00864-00432480-00432914 as we understand it is where people have taken a gene from a different
_ny7GWABNeg-00865-00432914-00433564 species say from a bacteria and put that into the plant genome so none of this is
_ny7GWABNeg-00866-00433564-00434088 is that technique we are just modifying plant genomes in a very similar way to
_ny7GWABNeg-00867-00434088-00434546 which humans have modified plant genomes over the last few thousand years to
_ny7GWABNeg-00868-00434546-00435354 domesticate plants so this is not yeah this is not GMO. Q: I wanted to ask about
_ny7GWABNeg-00869-00435354-00435807 the plasticity of the genomes you were talking a little bit about the corn
_ny7GWABNeg-00870-00435807-00436521 having a great deal of plasticity over more than the great I believe so you I
_ny7GWABNeg-00871-00436521-00437508 was wondering about like the potato and tomato and the rice as their genomes have the same amount of plasticity.
_ny7GWABNeg-00872-00437508-00438183 A: If we look at the existing rice genomes we don't see as much changes as we see
_ny7GWABNeg-00873-00438183-00438596 in maize maize seems to be almost like on steroids with regard to its
_ny7GWABNeg-00874-00438596-00439169 plasticity but the other way we can think about it is we've only had an
_ny7GWABNeg-00875-00439169-00439650 opportunity to look at a few genomes right so this is a real time for
_ny7GWABNeg-00876-00439650-00440313 discovery to see how frequently we do see things like that I mean most of our
_ny7GWABNeg-00877-00440313-00440784 genome sequences so far have been on domesticated plants which have been
_ny7GWABNeg-00878-00440784-00441504 under specific selection so I think I think what we're gonna find are a
_ny7GWABNeg-00879-00441504-00441900 lot of differences but every every organism has a slightly different
_ny7GWABNeg-00880-00441900-00442617 strategy on on how it may adapt its genome architecture will also allow it
_ny7GWABNeg-00881-00442617-00443229 to have different ways to adapt as I said in humans it's not a successful
_ny7GWABNeg-00882-00443229-00443864 strategy for us to double a chromosome that leads to cancer it's not a
_ny7GWABNeg-00883-00443864-00444415 successful strategy for us to to double a gene number because that could offset
_ny7GWABNeg-00884-00444415-00445178 how different components in the genome work together.
_ny7GWABNeg-00885-00445178-00445700 ::inaudible::
_ny7GWABNeg-00886-00445700-00446294 Q: Many plants when pollinated including corn  and sorghum so how do you prevent the
_ny7GWABNeg-00887-00446294-00446690 spread of the CRISPR modification going to the neighbor's field and the second question
_ny7GWABNeg-00888-00446690-00447192 is what is the story with patenting I'm assuming the modified seeds are patented
_ny7GWABNeg-00889-00447192-00448055 what does it mean to the farmer who wants to grow his corn organically.
_ny7GWABNeg-00890-00448055-00448669 A: So two excellent questions so coming back to this question of
_ny7GWABNeg-00891-00448669-00449238 whether it's a GMO or not so you can think about the CRISPR technology as a
_ny7GWABNeg-00892-00449238-00449771 hit and run so you use the scissors to create the hit and then you get rid of
_ny7GWABNeg-00893-00449771-00450173 the scissors they run away you can do this through traditional crossing and so
_ny7GWABNeg-00894-00450173-00450548 you're left with the equivalent of what a mutation would look like through
_ny7GWABNeg-00895-00450548-00451214 natural processes so what I would say is that that's now one new mutation in a
_ny7GWABNeg-00896-00451214-00451751 collection of many naturally occurring mutations which in and of themselves you
_ny7GWABNeg-00897-00451751-00452168 can put on the same plate in terms of whether there's a concern about them
_ny7GWABNeg-00898-00452168-00452642 spreading and and it really attests to the fact that the CRISPR technology is
_ny7GWABNeg-00899-00452642-00453117 not about bringing in foreign DNA and worrying about that foreign DNA than
_ny7GWABNeg-00900-00453117-00453614 spreading through wind pollination it's more about just working with the DNA
_ny7GWABNeg-00901-00453614-00454082 that the plant is already provided and enhancing the natural processes so
_ny7GWABNeg-00902-00454082-00454643 indeed with wind pollination if there are wild relatives nearby the CRISPR
_ny7GWABNeg-00903-00454643-00455123 edited scar if it can cross pollinate with that wild relative the mutation
_ny7GWABNeg-00904-00455123-00455667 among the thousands of mutation that are already there will spread and cross but
_ny7GWABNeg-00905-00455667-00456138 so will the thousands of other mutations so I guess I'm trying to impress upon
_ny7GWABNeg-00906-00456138-00456659 you is that the CRISPR edited mutations should be know of no more concern than
_ny7GWABNeg-00907-00456659-00457046 the naturally occurring mutations they don't really create anything foreign in
_ny7GWABNeg-00908-00457046-00457739 the plant as to the patent side of that we need an hour to discuss what's going
_ny7GWABNeg-00909-00457739-00458165 on so I'm not sure how much people have followed and I'll try to sum it up in 30
_ny7GWABNeg-00910-00458165-00458678 seconds there was a co discovery made of the re-engineering of the bacterial
_ny7GWABNeg-00911-00458678-00459438 immune system from UC Berkeley and MIT and the two had discovered it essentially
_ny7GWABNeg-00912-00459438-00459785 around the same time the UC Berkeley team had filed for the
_ny7GWABNeg-00913-00459785-00460361 patent first the MIT team filed for it second but they took an accelerated
_ny7GWABNeg-00914-00460361-00460820 track you can pay to have a faster review of the patent application and
_ny7GWABNeg-00915-00460820-00461423 they were awarded the patent before now the Berkeley that side has contested
_ny7GWABNeg-00916-00461423-00462011 that and we're all waiting and there's big big big money behind this and it
_ny7GWABNeg-00917-00462011-00462482 will go on for years one very interesting thing is that since then
_ny7GWABNeg-00918-00462482-00463073 there have been other molecular scissors that have been discovered versions of
_ny7GWABNeg-00919-00463073-00463505 those molecular scissors we heard from Doreen about different genes and how
_ny7GWABNeg-00920-00463505-00463859 they can come for example our genes resistant gene families well the
_ny7GWABNeg-00921-00463859-00464222 molecular scissors are encoded by genes and they come in related gene families
_ny7GWABNeg-00922-00464222-00464768 and those have since been patented and so those may now come into play and how
_ny7GWABNeg-00923-00464768-00465239 the original patent situation works out so the question about when it gets to a
_ny7GWABNeg-00924-00465239-00465738 farmer is gonna take some time but there's a lot of money behind this and I
_ny7GWABNeg-00925-00465738-00466178 think for a very good reason because as I said it will be transformative to
_ny7GWABNeg-00926-00466178-00466886 agriculture and it should be added to the tool kit so I'll just add to that
_ny7GWABNeg-00927-00466886-00467232 Zach talked about the patent on CRISPR but I think maybe our question was more
_ny7GWABNeg-00928-00467232-00467761 about patents on actual seeds that companies generate so so a lot of seeds
_ny7GWABNeg-00929-00467761-00468351 breeding of seeds for farmers is done by companies and they patent the lines that
_ny7GWABNeg-00930-00468351-00468821 they breed to protect their product right I mean like any product if a
_ny7GWABNeg-00931-00468821-00469167 company makes something they want to have protection so that if they develop
_ny7GWABNeg-00932-00469167-00469617 something somebody else could just come along and propagate those seeds and sell
_ny7GWABNeg-00933-00469617-00469992 them for half the price whereas that company you know spends millions of
_ny7GWABNeg-00934-00469992-00470376 dollars in the breeding process so there is a patent on the seeds I think those
_ny7GWABNeg-00935-00470376-00470899 patents last about 20 years after that
_ny7GWABNeg-00936-00471157-00471842 not GMOs just just regular lines of companies are breeding...
_ny7GWABNeg-00937-00471985-00472622 germ plasm variety they have variety releases and they have
_ny7GWABNeg-00938-00472622-00473621 certain identifiers associated with them so so germ plasm
_ny7GWABNeg-00939-00473621-00474309 when a germ plasm variety is released it will get a certain identification and it
_ny7GWABNeg-00940-00474309-00474927 will have a certain amount of time where that variety is in the equivalent of
_ny7GWABNeg-00941-00474927-00475400 patented but it's it's with the germ plasm variety release that happens with that.
_ny7GWABNeg-00942-00475400-00477464 Q: What's what's the nutritional difference when you have such an
_ny7GWABNeg-00943-00477464-00478026 increase in yield are you seeing less nutritional value in the plant because
_ny7GWABNeg-00944-00478026-00478953 you're pushing it so hard? A: We've the question is whether there's a
_ny7GWABNeg-00945-00478953-00479564 nutritional hit when you have increases in yield and what that hit is and also
_ny7GWABNeg-00946-00479564-00480141 quality traits that often depends on the mutation that has been created to
_ny7GWABNeg-00947-00480141-00480630 increase that yield and also this is a question about the overall physiology of
_ny7GWABNeg-00948-00480630-00481077 the plant so the leaves are essentially the machines that are making the
_ny7GWABNeg-00949-00481077-00481544 factories of sugar and then that sugar gets pumped into a sink we call this a
_ny7GWABNeg-00950-00481544-00481943 source the leaves are the source of the sugars and the sinks or the fruits and
_ny7GWABNeg-00951-00481943-00482447 the seeds are also a sink and so you have this relationship where you don't
_ny7GWABNeg-00952-00482447-00482832 want to have this pendulum swung too far to the sink side because now you're
_ny7GWABNeg-00953-00482832-00483344 spreading a limited pool of sugar to a larger sink so it relates to Dave's
_ny7GWABNeg-00954-00483344-00483984 Goldilocks and and also why I talk about customization as opposed to
_ny7GWABNeg-00955-00483984-00484588 optimization those two are related you want to customize and then optimize to
_ny7GWABNeg-00956-00484588-00485092 that right balance of growth and in our own data we do know that there can be a
_ny7GWABNeg-00957-00485092-00485584 hit in terms of flavor sweetness sugars if you go too far with
_ny7GWABNeg-00958-00485584-00486203 the yield and so with the CRISPR technology we can create mutations that
_ny7GWABNeg-00959-00486203-00486634 are at the right sweet spot in terms of their activity so we haven't swung the
_ny7GWABNeg-00960-00486634-00487639 pendulum that far. Q: I just wanted to get that was great what you said earlier about
_ny7GWABNeg-00961-00487639-00488290 she asked can you bring back the flavor of tomatoes so that necessitates that there
_ny7GWABNeg-00962-00488290-00488932 was a flavor and that it was there I'm curious when did that disappear and and
_ny7GWABNeg-00963-00488932-00490052 who is responsible for that and and and and and is that worldwide or is it just
_ny7GWABNeg-00964-00490052-00490388 the tomatoes that we get here in the United States because I I've spoken to a
_ny7GWABNeg-00965-00490388-00490817 lot of you know immigrants people immigrated here over the years and a lot
_ny7GWABNeg-00966-00490817-00491255 of the commentary that I get is that you know back home in the fields in the farm
_ny7GWABNeg-00967-00491255-00491975 it's jam packed with flavor and we have these dead you know dead tasting plants here so.
_ny7GWABNeg-00968-00491975-00492535 A: So this happened over the course of domestication there
_ny7GWABNeg-00969-00492535-00493192 was a selection for yield traits ripening traits that essentially without
_ny7GWABNeg-00970-00493192-00493700 getting to do too much detail they purged the flavor versions of the genes
_ny7GWABNeg-00971-00493700-00494282 the ones that are most flavorful if you will providing the most flavor they've
_ny7GWABNeg-00972-00494282-00494876 been able to now go back and look at the molecular pathways that control those
_ny7GWABNeg-00973-00494876-00495586 flavors and they're able to discover key genes that the versions of those were
_ny7GWABNeg-00974-00495586-00495889 lost and they know the versions they want and the hope is to bring them back
_ny7GWABNeg-00975-00495889-00496513 this is all within the last probably 150 200 years of breeding but I think in
_ny7GWABNeg-00976-00496513-00496915 many ways it was a necessity because as you start to play with flavor you're
_ny7GWABNeg-00977-00496915-00497162 connected ripening and when you're connected to
_ny7GWABNeg-00978-00497162-00497549 ripening and flavor you're correct you're connecting to shelf-life and so
_ny7GWABNeg-00979-00497549-00498212 the need to perhaps remove those was was occurring because there was that kind of
_ny7GWABNeg-00980-00498212-00498614 production that I showed you in Florida right so you may not like that as a
_ny7GWABNeg-00981-00498614-00499058 flavorful you know it's not a very flavorful tomato but there may be now a
_ny7GWABNeg-00982-00499058-00499751 way to put in step by step to find the sweet spot no pun intended
_ny7GWABNeg-00983-00499751-00500135 where you get a little bit more flavor in or even more to the point where we're
_ny7GWABNeg-00984-00500135-00500647 satisfied without compromising the types of large-scale production that needs to happen.
_ny7GWABNeg-00985-00500647-00501203 Q: So this is kind of a two-part question the first one is that I
_ny7GWABNeg-00986-00501203-00501739 recently read a paper on the use of the CRISPR cas9 system for the
_ny7GWABNeg-00987-00501739-00502241 evaluation of off-target effects and so do you guys think that within a few
_ny7GWABNeg-00988-00502241-00502693 years scientifically we would be able to quote unquote prove or get very close to
_ny7GWABNeg-00989-00502693-00503204 definitively proving that there are no unwanted side effects and GMOs so and
_ny7GWABNeg-00990-00503204-00503627 then the second part of the question is assuming that is true it's very clear
_ny7GWABNeg-00991-00503627-00504068 that the public is not going to absolve their fear of GMOs overnight so what can
_ny7GWABNeg-00992-00504068-00504578 scientists do and the scientifically literate public do to help educate and
_ny7GWABNeg-00993-00504578-00504842 remove such a fear.
_ny7GWABNeg-00994-00504842-00505549 A: I can try to address that so just to explain the question so
_ny7GWABNeg-00995-00505549-00506021 he was referring to something called off-target effects so Zach described
_ny7GWABNeg-00996-00506021-00506438 this very precise molecular scissors that goes to one gene in the genome and
_ny7GWABNeg-00997-00506438-00506953 cuts it and makes a mutation at exactly the spot you want to mutate or change
_ny7GWABNeg-00998-00506953-00507514 but you know nothing is perfect and so there are there is a phenomenon of
_ny7GWABNeg-00999-00507514-00507997 off-target effects which is sometimes those scissors can end up in a different
_ny7GWABNeg-01000-00507997-00508547 part of the genome and make a cut in a different place this is really a big
_ny7GWABNeg-01001-00508547-00509084 issue in the idea of using this in humans right potentially we could use
_ny7GWABNeg-01002-00509084-00509614 CRISPR to fix genetic diseases a lot of diseases we suffer from are genetic and if
_ny7GWABNeg-01003-00509614-00509957 you have these off targeted effects where the scissors go to a different
_ny7GWABNeg-01004-00509957-00510386 gene and affect that that's a big problem it seems with in plants off-targeted
_ny7GWABNeg-01005-00510386-00510963 effects are much lower so we don't generally people are not too concerned
_ny7GWABNeg-01006-00510963-00511478 about them people have sequenced the whole genomes of CRISPR modified plants
_ny7GWABNeg-01007-00511478-00511955 and have not found that off-target effects are very extremely low frequency
_ny7GWABNeg-01008-00511955-00512414 so it's not really an issue coming back to whether this is a concern about GMOs
_ny7GWABNeg-01009-00512414-00512880 again to echo what word Zach said and and Doreen as well it's considered the
_ny7GWABNeg-01010-00512880-00513440 CRISPR is not a GMO right so we're using this to modify the genome but in a
_ny7GWABNeg-01011-00513440-00513785 similar way to which breeding or natural selection could modify it so it's not
_ny7GWABNeg-01012-00513785-00514235 not a GMO in that the defined sense where we brought in a gene for another
_ny7GWABNeg-01013-00514235-00514516 organism because that gene is taken away.
_ny7GWABNeg-01014-00514516-00515330 Q: But what about that non-CRISPR mutates in GMOs, ones that are unique or said to be from plant organisms
_ny7GWABNeg-01015-00515371-00515817 A: Right so making a GMO are there off- target effects could you affect
_ny7GWABNeg-01016-00515817-00516242 something in the genome when you introduce this other gene so yeah this
_ny7GWABNeg-01017-00516242-00516632 is something that's very heavily regulated and in fact the reason why
_ny7GWABNeg-01018-00516632-00517130 there are so few GMOs in the market right now mostly only corn and soybean
_ny7GWABNeg-01019-00517130-00517617 are GMO most of the crops we eat mostly plants we did not GMO and that's
_ny7GWABNeg-01020-00517617-00518103 because any GMO goes through very extensive testing similar to what a new
_ny7GWABNeg-01021-00518103-00518498 drug that was would be coming to market so it goes through FDA testing goes
_ny7GWABNeg-01022-00518498-00519128 through environmental ecological testing so so yes so generally you know those
_ny7GWABNeg-01023-00519128-00519722 tests don't come up with any off-target effects or unexpected effects in fact
_ny7GWABNeg-01024-00519722-00520167 some companies actually have a way of targeting the transgene to one position
_ny7GWABNeg-01025-00520167-00520574 in the genome and they know that that position doesn't have any genes that
_ny7GWABNeg-01026-00520574-00521357 could cause a harmful effect if modified. Q: I want to thank you for the education
_ny7GWABNeg-01027-00521357-00521876 this evening and I wanted to return to a framing principle of the dialogue
_ny7GWABNeg-01028-00521876-00522461 related to food security some hard numbers nine and a half billion people
_ny7GWABNeg-01029-00522461-00523328 to feed by in 33 years and diminished arable land and increased challenges on
_ny7GWABNeg-01030-00523328-00523971 the arable land that we have and then you you brought up diseases
_ny7GWABNeg-01031-00523971-00524686 blast, rust and others that challenge the growers of the food that we eat today
_ny7GWABNeg-01032-00524686-00525577 and perhaps in more exposed areas where smallholders are serving small villages
_ny7GWABNeg-01033-00525577-00526273 or themselves without capacity to put to work the innovations that you're
_ny7GWABNeg-01034-00526273-00526917 pioneering here to relieve them of the threat of starvation
_ny7GWABNeg-01035-00526927-00528115 I think the job ahead is overwhelming how can you and colleagues of yours get
_ny7GWABNeg-01036-00528115-00528898 these life-saving technologies to communities that are far and dispersed
_ny7GWABNeg-01037-00528898-00529600 on the planet to prevent them from losing crops we saw in China 60 million
_ny7GWABNeg-01038-00529600-00530434 people in a year's worth of crop loss there clearly if that happened in small
_ny7GWABNeg-01039-00530434-00531073 villages in Africa that would be catastrophic in terms of lives lost what
_ny7GWABNeg-01040-00531073-00531567 is the strategy to proliferate your work in the work of your colleagues elsewhere
_ny7GWABNeg-01041-00531567-00531978 to make sure that this doesn't happen?
_ny7GWABNeg-01042-00532218-00532821 A: We're sitting here tonight talking to communities as an example I think what
_ny7GWABNeg-01043-00532821-00533544 we really as scientists often were guilty of not speaking in a language
_ny7GWABNeg-01044-00533544-00534064 that's so easy for others to understand I can tell you that this is the first
_ny7GWABNeg-01045-00534064-00534661 time that I had practiced for a talk in a long time and and I don't know about
_ny7GWABNeg-01046-00534661-00535243 Dave and Doreen but we all practice together one of the real challenges that
_ny7GWABNeg-01047-00535243-00535732 we have is educating the public we want these questions we want to be able to
_ny7GWABNeg-01048-00535732-00536212 explain in the simplest terms the kinds of techniques and technologies that
_ny7GWABNeg-01049-00536212-00536664 we're using and the hope is that we can dispel myths
_ny7GWABNeg-01050-00536664-00537291 and also at the same time elevate the knowledge across the divide so that
_ny7GWABNeg-01051-00537291-00537852 others can feel more comfortable asking those questions that that don't surround
_ny7GWABNeg-01052-00537852-00538212 myths and and I don't want to get into discussions of myths we touched a little
_ny7GWABNeg-01053-00538212-00538515 bit about it on tonight but it's really about
_ny7GWABNeg-01054-00538515-00538938 education and communication on the scientific sense we're always
_ny7GWABNeg-01055-00538938-00539322 collaborating with people outside Cold Spring Harbor to do our research Dave
_ny7GWABNeg-01056-00539322-00539667 and I collaborate together Doreen and I have collaborated together and we
_ny7GWABNeg-01057-00539667-00540111 collaborate with outside institutions and we also collaborate with industry in
_ny7GWABNeg-01058-00540111-00540504 the hopes that we can translate our discoveries to industry and not
_ny7GWABNeg-01059-00540504-00540816 necessarily the big corporations that are probably running through your minds
_ny7GWABNeg-01060-00540816-00541197 right now also some smaller companies that are starting up that are trying to
_ny7GWABNeg-01061-00541197-00541554 take this technology and educate the public in the right way so we really
_ny7GWABNeg-01062-00541554-00541937 feel it's a lot about education and communication.
_ny7GWABNeg-01063-00541937-00542230 So let's thank Zach, Doreen and Dave for some great info tonight.
_ny7GWABNeg-01064-00543061-00543543 Can you please join us there's a coffee reception out in the lobby
Ao5EFreMWMk-00000-00000880-00001251 In 2023, the pre-installation works for the platform gates continues at each station
Ao5EFreMWMk-00001-00001251-00001717 Some stations have already started installing and using platform gates
Ao5EFreMWMk-00002-00001717-00002152 This time, platform 4 of Fo Tan Station was being worked on to add metal floor tiles
Ao5EFreMWMk-00003-00002152-00002626 All southbound trains need to use the middle platform, which lasts about 6-7 hours
Ao5EFreMWMk-00004-00002626-00003053 The arrangement ends at around 4pm
Ao5EFreMWMk-00005-00025125-00025725 The engineers were installing metal floor tiles
A157oN4D3ou-00000-00000000-00000555 family it is now day 28 of vlogmas so stay tuned for the question of the day
A157oN4D3ou-00001-00000555-00001929 our family welcome back to I love me me me so I'm so glad that you guys are hanging in there with
A157oN4D3ou-00002-00001929-00003048 me we are at day 28 of vlogmas and the question of the day is why do men seem to move on so fast
A157oN4D3ou-00003-00003048-00003570 after a relationship you guys know that I have some tips for you so i'ma give you five let's
A157oN4D3ou-00004-00003570-00004113 move into him so the first thing that you have to understand is that he is moving away from the
A157oN4D3ou-00005-00004113-00004737 drama or the perceived drama he's Jesus moving away from he's tired of it he needs to just move
A157oN4D3ou-00006-00004737-00005466 on clear his mind cleared the clutter cleared the crap and move on and it's easier to do that
A157oN4D3ou-00007-00005466-00006015 with somebody else knew that he can focus his time and energy on the second thing that you guys have
A157oN4D3ou-00008-00006015-00006864 to keep in mind is that in our culture in the American culture at least men are not supposed
A157oN4D3ou-00009-00006864-00007431 to be emotional right that's the thing that we put out there man up man up don't cry you know
A157oN4D3ou-00010-00007431-00008130 so because of that and and and this is with men in general so you're getting a group of men that get
A157oN4D3ou-00011-00008130-00008670 together one or two of them probably are hurting when it comes to their relationship because it
A157oN4D3ou-00012-00008670-00009252 didn't work out and they really want to talk about it but because our culture tells them to man up
A157oN4D3ou-00013-00009252-00009834 or don't share your emotions or hold that stuff in you know move on blah blah blah if they say
A157oN4D3ou-00014-00009834-00010548 it's a cultural thing and so instead of him blah spitting out all this stuff or feeling less than
A157oN4D3ou-00015-00010548-00011283 as a man he'll just hold it in move on to the next chick so he can get away from again to perceive
A157oN4D3ou-00016-00011283-00012066 drama and he can again spend time and energy on concentrating on something and or someone new
A157oN4D3ou-00017-00012066-00012693 it's our culture our culture is holding them back and and it makes it look like they're moving on so
A157oN4D3ou-00018-00012693-00013321 easy that actually brings me to point number three which is he is hurting just as bad you
A157oN4D3ou-00019-00013321-00014053 are none of us want to be in felt relationships and then this is the whole thing and I hear men
A157oN4D3ou-00020-00014053-00014491 say this actually I hear men say there's more than women which is funny not gonna start all
A157oN4D3ou-00021-00014491-00015085 over again trust me sis he hurt me just as bad as you he want the relationship to work just as
A157oN4D3ou-00022-00015085-00015619 bad as you now again it always depends on what stage the guy is in you could be with a guy that
A157oN4D3ou-00023-00015619-00016222 is not relationship ready at all so of course I'm not talking about him I'm talking about do
A157oN4D3ou-00024-00016222-00016813 that it just didn't work out what he was you know yeah I was having a good time for however long it
A157oN4D3ou-00025-00016813-00017521 lasted and now that is over he is hurting just like you're hurting sis but again going back to
A157oN4D3ou-00026-00017521-00018154 that cultural thing he can't hold on today he got to let it go and I'm doing the air quotes because
A157oN4D3ou-00027-00018154-00018901 he really didn't let it go he didn't let it go but he has to let it go he has to not talk about it he
A157oN4D3ou-00028-00018901-00019534 has to pretty much act like it didn't happen at least out in public now maybe behind closed doors
A157oN4D3ou-00029-00019534-00020299 he's shedding a few tears but all of this stuff is done by himself like as women we have we are
A157oN4D3ou-00030-00020299-00020980 the ones who are very talkative especially about relationships every single solitary time there is
A157oN4D3ou-00031-00020980-00021631 a group of women around relationships absolutely always come up not necessarily bad all the time
A157oN4D3ou-00032-00021631-00022303 but I'm just saying they always come up but for men they get kind of teased if they are constantly
A157oN4D3ou-00033-00022303-00023002 talking about their relationship problems right if it's not about you know the last one that they
A157oN4D3ou-00034-00023002-00023392 hit off and I of course this depends on the group that they're in so of course this is not happening
A157oN4D3ou-00035-00023392-00023974 every single time but if it's not something about the yeah the last person that they hit off on the
A157oN4D3ou-00036-00023974-00024427 last group of people or whatever how many other numbers that they get but with all of the stuff
A157oN4D3ou-00037-00024427-00025039 that they're hurting about all of that emotional stuff don't really talk about that so again
A157oN4D3ou-00038-00025039-00025780 he's moving on to the next one in order to help alleviate some of that which is actually bad as a
A157oN4D3ou-00039-00025780-00026188 sidenote that's actually bad because then you're jumping from relationship to relationship not
A157oN4D3ou-00040-00026188-00026675 dealing with your baggage speaking of which I have about jumping from relationship to relationship
A157oN4D3ou-00041-00026675-00027224 of course I'll put it down in the description box below and of course up here at some point
A157oN4D3ou-00042-00027224-00027895 within the video so you can check that out after this one all right number four is that the next
A157oN4D3ou-00043-00027895-00028724 girl is going to help him get back into his manly state his unruffled state his confident state his
A157oN4D3ou-00044-00028724-00029480 masculine state so much faster than him having to you know sit around and mope and constantly think
A157oN4D3ou-00045-00029480-00030056 about another failed relationship or you know whatever it is that happened why the relationship
A157oN4D3ou-00046-00030056-00030583 did not work out instead of him carrying in all of that baggage he's worried about the new girl
A157oN4D3ou-00047-00030583-00031274 he wants to have fun he wants to get away from all of the drama that happened previously fast
A157oN4D3ou-00048-00031274-00031880 and final tip is that the new girl unfortunately becomes the rebound girl now most of the time
A157oN4D3ou-00049-00031880-00032780 with rebound when you hear rebound usually don't work out are there it is there a small chance that
A157oN4D3ou-00050-00032780-00033290 that relationship can work out of course it is but usually the rebound person number one the rebound
A157oN4D3ou-00051-00033290-00033812 doesn't know that their rebound unless they read between the lines of what's going on in the old
A157oN4D3ou-00052-00033812-00034352 boy's head most of the time we don't pay attention to what's not saying which we need to we need to
A157oN4D3ou-00053-00034352-00034805 do better on that sisters we need to do better on that but to get back to this most of the time we
A157oN4D3ou-00054-00034805-00035234 don't realize or he's gonna recognize that we're the rebound girl and number two because we're the
A157oN4D3ou-00055-00035234-00035978 rebound girl it ain't gonna work out it's just not he's not where he needs to be most of the time I
A157oN4D3ou-00056-00035978-00036572 told you guys this story before I was dating this guy and I was in a similar situation and he was
A157oN4D3ou-00057-00036572-00037286 he well he wasn't emotionally ready to be with me he was always talking about his ex how she wasn't
A157oN4D3ou-00058-00037286-00037823 necessarily as tight but he was still there how you know she basically ran him through mud and he
A157oN4D3ou-00059-00037823-00038375 was just dumping all of this emotional baggage on me but because I didn't realize this at the time I
A157oN4D3ou-00060-00038375-00038921 was thinking oh we got a chance because I was just shoulder to cry on any and every time oh boy text
A157oN4D3ou-00061-00038921-00039512 or call I was always hello hello I'm time I even when I'm sleep like he had a special ringtone and
A157oN4D3ou-00062-00039512-00040245 you know how I was all in I was hope for him but not knowingly knowing that I was just his shoulder
A157oN4D3ou-00063-00040245-00040776 to basically cry on and just get all of this stuff out because again men ain't trying to listen to
A157oN4D3ou-00064-00040776-00041391 this but this is something that women we naturally do because we're the nurturer so we naturally do
A157oN4D3ou-00065-00041391-00041814 that and it wasn't that I was trying to you know really listen to all of this it was just like
A157oN4D3ou-00066-00041814-00042270 okay he called me all the time okay we hanging out all the time okay yeah we have sex in here
A157oN4D3ou-00067-00042270-00042960 and there or whatever but I just didn't realize he was not emotionally available for me so now that I
A157oN4D3ou-00068-00042960-00043512 recognize that anyway I happen to be his rebound girl right so that's the whole point of all of
A157oN4D3ou-00069-00043512-00043983 this happened to be a rebound girl and it did not work out hey ladies did this help you out give me
A157oN4D3ou-00070-00043983-00044412 some comments down in the comment section below so I know if if you've ever been in a situation like
A157oN4D3ou-00071-00044412-00044973 this have you actually been the rebound girl what actually happened in your situation especially if
A157oN4D3ou-00072-00044973-00045456 you were the rebound girl you found out that you were the rebound girl however you found out and
A157oN4D3ou-00073-00045456-00046044 the relationship worked out I absolutely would love to read that let's go ahead and chat down
A157oN4D3ou-00074-00046044-00046521 in the comment section and of course let me just throw this out there if you are not following me
A157oN4D3ou-00075-00046521-00047172 on social media go ahead and do that because the next time that I ask questions to be answered that
A157oN4D3ou-00076-00047172-00047646 is exactly where I asked the question so I'm on Twitter I'm actually gonna snapchat ah no
A157oN4D3ou-00077-00047646-00048183 I don't get on snapchat much but I am starting to pick up more and more on snapchat but Twitter and
A157oN4D3ou-00078-00048183-00048831 Instagram I'm absolutely always there and then on my Facebook fan page as well so go ahead and
A157oN4D3ou-00079-00048831-00049374 connect with your girl outside of YouTube so we can stay connected I will see you guys tomorrow
A8xP7kSffSo-00000-00000428-00000504 This is
A8xP7kSffSo-00001-00000538-00001180 I think Tony is coming out from the cab.
A8xP7kSffSo-00002-00001460-00001612 We'll wait
A8xP7kSffSo-00003-00003514-00004264 Notice the cab driver rushing to help a convicted felon.
A8xP7kSffSo-00004-00005378-00005490 Morning Tony
A8xP7kSffSo-00005-00005554-00005834 Going to have a SUPERFANTASTIC DAY TODAY?
A8xP7kSffSo-00006-00005834-00005996 Are you havin' a SUPERFANTASTIC DAY?
A8xP7kSffSo-00007-00006008-00006092 OH YEAH I AM!
A8xP7kSffSo-00008-00006096-00006194 Then GREAT I'm happy for you.
A8xP7kSffSo-00009-00006194-00006244 Good
A8xP7kSffSo-00010-00006244-00006448 So hey all you guys, this is one of the idiots
A8xP7kSffSo-00011-00006462-00006598 that comes out to see
A8xP7kSffSo-00012-00006598-00006780 what he don't know about!
A8xP7kSffSo-00013-00006780-00006948 Oh?  You don't know about?
A8xP7kSffSo-00014-00006973-00007198 Isn't it your sentence day today?
A8xP7kSffSo-00015-00007198-00007350 It's SUPERFANTASTIC!
A8xP7kSffSo-00016-00007350-00007686 You have no idea....what's about to happen, you just stupid HAHA!
A8xP7kSffSo-00017-00007712-00007762 OK
A8xP7kSffSo-00018-00007795-00007859 Alright!
A8xP7kSffSo-00019-00007920-00007984 See ya man
A8xP7kSffSo-00020-00008073-00008170 See ya in jail!
Aqw0R0Uxtm4-00000-00000000-00000061 Sanayee Mahabub
AtQmDWP0gKc-00000-00000010-00000696 Marisa: My job as a social worker at St. Mikes is to provide excellent service to pregnant marginalized women.
AtQmDWP0gKc-00001-00000700-00001396 Amanda: They might be homeless, they might be couch surfing, staying with various friends or family or they might be living within the shelter system.
AtQmDWP0gKc-00002-00001400-00001896 Regardless of socioeconomic status all of our women had smart phones.
AtQmDWP0gKc-00003-00001900-00002296 Marisa: We decided that the app was a good way to go
AtQmDWP0gKc-00004-00002300-00002996 Mark: A core value for SELA Canada is to give back to the community. We went to Hackin Health in Toronto, Marisa & Amanda presented the My Baby & Me
AtQmDWP0gKc-00005-00003000-00003696 passport which is a paper booklet they wanted to bring to phones. With the hackathon, one of the key points is being quick, so for us
AtQmDWP0gKc-00006-00003700-00004296 using Visual Studio and using Windows Phone was a big, big thing. Because we were using the same back end as a matter
AtQmDWP0gKc-00007-00004300-00004696 of working on the front end, we were able to spin up our prototype in one and a half days.
AtQmDWP0gKc-00008-00004700-00005296 Amanda: This app offers a lot for moms, so it offers a calendar which is a great way to help them remember to come in for their appointments
AtQmDWP0gKc-00009-00005300-00006096 and keep those important test dates, they can access information about shelters, food banks and the really cool thing about the app
AtQmDWP0gKc-00010-00006100-00006796 is that its GPS enabled so they can automatically map it so they know exactly how to get to those places that they need to be.
AtQmDWP0gKc-00011-00006800-00007496 Mark: When we decided to port the app over to every platform Xamarin was our obvious choice and it was very useful because it integrates right into
AtQmDWP0gKc-00012-00007500-00008296 Visual Studio and for us that meant that we could reuse a lot of our backend which makes for very easy user experience.
AtQmDWP0gKc-00013-00008300-00008996 Amanda:The results have been far beyond our expectations, people all over the world have been accessing our app. We wouldnt be here without our devs
AtQmDWP0gKc-00014-00009000-00009396 theyre the bridge, the idea was there but without them there would be no product.
AtQmDWP0gKc-00015-00009400-00009700 Mark: For me this app was my baby, and I love that it can make a difference, you just smile every time you see someone using it.
AvlHgvRw7yU-00000-00000438-00000830 Okay, I just logged on to Battlefield 2142.
AvlHgvRw7yU-00001-00000830-00001667 Um, I got the new version, or I got the full version of FRAPS today, uh, which allows me
AvlHgvRw7yU-00002-00001667-00002211 take these – get into the chopper here – I just want to take FRAPS out for a spin to
AvlHgvRw7yU-00003-00002211-00002604 see what type of, uh, well, I just want to see what it can do.
AvlHgvRw7yU-00004-00002604-00003357 Uh, it was actually inside of Battlefield 2142 that, uh, well, I was playing it and
AvlHgvRw7yU-00005-00003357-00003770 I had sort of, I guess, an epiphany about language learning.
AvlHgvRw7yU-00006-00003770-00004490 Specifically, I had played this for a fairly long amount of time and, after I played it
AvlHgvRw7yU-00007-00004490-00005263 for so long it occurred to me that I knew exactly what to do in specific situations.
AvlHgvRw7yU-00008-00005313-00006100 So, uh, I thought, you know, wouldn't that be cool if we could also
AvlHgvRw7yU-00009-00006150-00006461 [rapid mouse clicking]
AvlHgvRw7yU-00010-00006461-00006664 combine that with some language learning.
AvlHgvRw7yU-00011-00006664-00007339 So, if students were to play a game, combine it with some well-designed instruction on
AvlHgvRw7yU-00012-00007389-00007500 actually how to
AvlHgvRw7yU-00013-00007500-00007700 [rapid mouse clicking]
AvlHgvRw7yU-00014-00007706-00008027 – whew, that was close – actually how to navigate
AvlHgvRw7yU-00015-00008027-00008945 a train station, for instance, inside of Germany, uh, use specific vocabulary for that context,
AvlHgvRw7yU-00016-00008945-00009688 and create it, sort of merge it with action, wouldn't that be a really cool way to learn
AvlHgvRw7yU-00017-00009688-00009808 a language?
AvlHgvRw7yU-00018-00009808-00010659 So, I'm going to land this at the moment and then get out, if I don't die first.
AvlHgvRw7yU-00019-00010659-00011600 So, uh, I thought what I would do is try to – I got out of the helicopter just in time.
AvlHgvRw7yU-00020-00011600-00012185 Whoops, got incoming there – So, that's what the whole idea of the DigiBahn Project
AvlHgvRw7yU-00021-00012185-00012285 is.
AvlHgvRw7yU-00022-00012285-00012953 I'm going to try to create a halfway decent computer game and, uh, combine it with some,
AvlHgvRw7yU-00023-00012953-00013604 uh, some in, some challenges that can be tied to the culture of Germany.
AvlHgvRw7yU-00024-00013604-00014328 Make it playable, make it interesting, and hopefully create a language learning experience
AvlHgvRw7yU-00025-00014328-00015379 that ties in learning a language with specific contexts, real-world contexts, so that students,
AvlHgvRw7yU-00026-00015379-00016013 once they get to Germany, they will be able to navigate and hopefully survive like I am
AvlHgvRw7yU-00027-00016013-00016376 surviving this, uh, combat situation right now.
AvlHgvRw7yU-00028-00016376-00016550 So, the DigiBahn Project.
Axid-CeaeRu-00000-00000000-00000800 Welcome my channel, please Subscribe :)
A-5eRHnn3yu-00000-00000144-00000372 Welcome To Simply Shenba
A-5eRHnn3yu-00001-00000372-00000822 How to Clean Banana Flower
A-5eRHnn3yu-00002-00001376-00001778 Remove the Upper Layer
A-5eRHnn3yu-00003-00001918-00002352 All The Flowers Will be Sticky
A-5eRHnn3yu-00004-00002370-00002654 Just Rub It In Hand
A-5eRHnn3yu-00005-00002654-00003044 Remove the nervous type of Item
A-5eRHnn3yu-00006-00003104-00003426 You can see a plastic type of things Remove that Also
A-5eRHnn3yu-00007-00003478-00003976 This May Cause Stomach Ace ,So Remove Everything
A-5eRHnn3yu-00008-00004026-00004418 Clean All the Flowers
A-5eRHnn3yu-00009-00004462-00005006 Just Remove these Two in the Flowers
A-5eRHnn3yu-00011-00007872-00008422 Banana Leaf Cleanin is a Easy Only on this method
A-5eRHnn3yu-00012-00008422-00008802 Many Will Hastate to purchase as Cleaning is Difficult
A-5eRHnn3yu-00015-00009778-00010072 Add This in Your Child Diet Regularly
A-5eRHnn3yu-00016-00010148-00010394 Do Add For Girl Child
A-5eRHnn3yu-00017-00010394-00010640 Its very Useful For uterus
A-5eRHnn3yu-00020-00011488-00011790 Its Has astringency taste
A-5eRHnn3yu-00021-00011790-00012256 Its Very Good For Diabetes Patients
A-5eRHnn3yu-00023-00012334-00012980 Every One Should Add this in their Diet At-least Weekly Once
A-5eRHnn3yu-00028-00016470-00016966 You Can Clean a Flower within 5 to 10 Min
A-5eRHnn3yu-00039-00021992-00022284 You can Put it Fully
A-5eRHnn3yu-00041-00022600-00022814 We can sour for some Time
A-OHpQJh3RI-00000-00000833-00001202 you
A-OHpQJh3RI-00001-00001472-00002066 hello and welcome to day nine of the mindfulness challenge I hope you're okay
A-OHpQJh3RI-00002-00002066-00002588 I hope you're feeling well it's Saturday now I just want to remind you of the
A-OHpQJh3RI-00003-00002588-00003011 days if you do in this sequential real-time and it's the weekend and I
A-OHpQJh3RI-00004-00003011-00003410 know it's difficult because of all the things that have gone on around us at
A-OHpQJh3RI-00005-00003410-00003904 the moment I'm in 14 days of isolation on top of the three weeks of isolation
A-OHpQJh3RI-00006-00003904-00004355 because as you know our family have had a virus I'm actually feeling a lot
A-OHpQJh3RI-00007-00004355-00004774 better I just took my wife a cup of coffee in bed she's feeling a lot better
A-OHpQJh3RI-00008-00004774-00005315 my daughter and son-in-law are feeling a lot better and I had some moments with
A-OHpQJh3RI-00009-00005315-00005834 my family and friends last night on on video chats so that made us all feel a
A-OHpQJh3RI-00010-00005834-00006368 little bit better and and it's tough it's really it's really tough at the
A-OHpQJh3RI-00011-00006368-00006722 moment and you know I went on to we've got a community the alledged community
A-OHpQJh3RI-00012-00006722-00007058 they light in the Harmony community and we we dropped on to zoom last night and
A-OHpQJh3RI-00013-00007058-00007331 there was you know half dozen dozen people in the room and everyone's
A-OHpQJh3RI-00014-00007331-00007880 feeling it everyone's really feeling it but we're together and and I think
A-OHpQJh3RI-00015-00007880-00008294 there's a lot of positives we can take out of this today day eight we're going
A-OHpQJh3RI-00016-00008294-00008573 to do a loving-kindness meditation because that's something we'll be our
A-OHpQJh3RI-00017-00008573-00008963 cornerstone of our everyday practice we'll also do that one which we'll do at
A-OHpQJh3RI-00018-00008963-00009659 the end um but today I want to talk about gratitude and gratitude and about
A-OHpQJh3RI-00019-00009659-00010304 being grateful okay now for me you see gratitude and being grateful some of the
A-OHpQJh3RI-00020-00010304-00010985 keys to unlocking happiness okay and we all know that um you know not so much
A-OHpQJh3RI-00021-00010985-00011509 now because we're when in a unprecedented situation this is
A-OHpQJh3RI-00022-00011509-00012083 completely abnormal it's not usual but in the general running of our day to day
A-OHpQJh3RI-00023-00012083-00012659 we're when our treadmill we sort of we forget about all of the things that
A-OHpQJh3RI-00024-00012659-00013075 happen around us that we should be grateful for we forget all of the things
A-OHpQJh3RI-00025-00013075-00013447 little things that people do for us the little things that happen you know and
A-OHpQJh3RI-00026-00013447-00014038 and and it's really really interested now that we can sit back and reflect a
A-OHpQJh3RI-00027-00014038-00014603 little bit we have this time of refraction that we can really start to
A-OHpQJh3RI-00028-00014603-00015068 see the little things that we need be grateful for and the question is
A-OHpQJh3RI-00029-00015068-00015611 before all of this kicked off really was do we actually feel our lives do we feel
A-OHpQJh3RI-00030-00015611-00016325 our life do we feel alive and do we feel our lives do we or do we just exist to
A-OHpQJh3RI-00031-00016325-00016847 be born to go to school to grow up to meet somebody to have a baby you know to
A-OHpQJh3RI-00032-00016847-00017726 go to work to retire to die that whole expanse of life and how many times do we
A-OHpQJh3RI-00033-00017726-00018592 actually just stop and check and be mindful and live in this mindful way and
A-OHpQJh3RI-00034-00018592-00019226 how do we do that with gratitude even you know on some of the worst things
A-OHpQJh3RI-00035-00019226-00019625 that happens in our L in our lives can we sit and reflect and as emotionally
A-OHpQJh3RI-00036-00019625-00020039 said you know um our thoughts are true but they're not real and our emotions
A-OHpQJh3RI-00037-00020039-00020534 you know they don't own us we own them all of these things but can we sometimes
A-OHpQJh3RI-00038-00020534-00020873 sit in reflection and and be grateful for the things that have happened to us
A-OHpQJh3RI-00039-00020873-00021134 in our lives be grateful some of them bad things have
A-OHpQJh3RI-00040-00021134-00021560 happened in our lives that they've given us life learning lessons that we are
A-OHpQJh3RI-00041-00021560-00021926 better for it our values are stronger we understand
A-OHpQJh3RI-00042-00021926-00022799 our process and values more and what I'd like you to do at the end of today is
A-OHpQJh3RI-00043-00022799-00023291 actually sit down and reflect on everything that you should be grateful
A-OHpQJh3RI-00044-00023291-00023912 for everything and as your day's going on if you want to sit after this and
A-OHpQJh3RI-00045-00023912-00024341 reflect you can reflect what happened yesterday reflect what's gonna you know
A-OHpQJh3RI-00046-00024341-00024866 later on reflect or must happen today and find the little things that pop up
A-OHpQJh3RI-00047-00024866-00025739 that make you feel grateful not think grateful feel grateful you can feel the
A-OHpQJh3RI-00048-00025739-00026225 gratitude for those things that have made your day and well it also suggested
A-OHpQJh3RI-00049-00026225-00026489 to take a picture so if you've got something going on today and you think
A-OHpQJh3RI-00050-00026489-00026792 oh yeah and you sat there and think that was really nice take a picture of it
A-OHpQJh3RI-00051-00026792-00027358 take a picture of things that make you grateful keep a diary for the next seven
A-OHpQJh3RI-00052-00027358-00028006 days about all the images that you have the have made you feel grateful
A-OHpQJh3RI-00053-00028084-00028588 it gives us things really to think about we need to think of other things that
A-OHpQJh3RI-00054-00028588-00029059 affect us but we can take the light in and nothing is all bad nothing is
A-OHpQJh3RI-00055-00029059-00029509 nothing is all good and nothing is all bad but we can take things out of it one
A-OHpQJh3RI-00056-00029509-00029968 of the big things that affects us with gratitude and being grateful are our
A-OHpQJh3RI-00057-00029968-00030538 expectations on life our expectations in relationships maybe I think that you
A-OHpQJh3RI-00058-00030538-00030919 know my wife's not romantic she doesn't show me enough care and 11 attention
A-OHpQJh3RI-00059-00030919-00031420 that's me projecting my expectation on my wife the fact that every single day
A-OHpQJh3RI-00060-00031420-00031837 she you know she looks after me and you know she takes care of me and she asks
A-OHpQJh3RI-00061-00031837-00032284 our ham and she'll bring me a sandwich in and all of these things she does she
A-OHpQJh3RI-00062-00032284-00032731 does take care of me and I have so much to be grateful for she does hold me and
A-OHpQJh3RI-00063-00032731-00033256 she does give me a coach she does give me a kiss but I want more because my
A-OHpQJh3RI-00064-00033256-00033661 expectation is near I want more no rate you know think about your expectations
A-OHpQJh3RI-00065-00033661-00034164 and expectations of yourself we hurt ourselves through our unrealistic
A-OHpQJh3RI-00066-00034164-00034681 reality of our own individual expectations we expect ourselves to
A-OHpQJh3RI-00067-00034681-00035062 always be better than we are before but let's just reflect on ourselves in it
A-OHpQJh3RI-00068-00035062-00035401 and appreciate some of the things that we do appreciate some of the things that
A-OHpQJh3RI-00069-00035401-00036068 we've done unsightly now I thinking right stopped you last night I went into
A-OHpQJh3RI-00070-00036068-00036664 a room with a doesn't what to 12 people and the amount of gratitude and love
A-OHpQJh3RI-00071-00036664-00037164 that I had for what I do to try and help others to help themselves was phenomenal
A-OHpQJh3RI-00072-00037164-00037753 phenomenal and I should be really grateful for that and I am because I
A-OHpQJh3RI-00073-00037753-00038203 feel that gratitude and I want you to sit there and think about what's
A-OHpQJh3RI-00074-00038203-00038611 happened in your day bit by bit and the very small things the very small things
A-OHpQJh3RI-00075-00038611-00039139 that we've done for others and what others have done for us and show that
A-OHpQJh3RI-00076-00039139-00039805 real appreciation and gratitude about it think about what we how we really
A-OHpQJh3RI-00077-00039805-00040207 interact with everything in our day everything around us nature you know I
A-OHpQJh3RI-00078-00040207-00040459 went to make a cup of coffee just now and we got this really posh coffee
A-OHpQJh3RI-00079-00040459-00040867 machine and I just pressed flat white and it makes a flat white and then I
A-OHpQJh3RI-00080-00040867-00041218 never really appreciated it until I just went because I've been writing this out
A-OHpQJh3RI-00081-00041218-00041486 to this morning about gratitude and appreciation
A-OHpQJh3RI-00082-00041486-00041950 being grateful I really appreciate that coffee machine now it makes the perfect
A-OHpQJh3RI-00083-00041950-00042334 cup of coffee every time and it's instant it's bang bang bang and I really
A-OHpQJh3RI-00084-00042334-00042718 appreciate I'm gonna take a picture of it and I'll be one of my things that I'm
A-OHpQJh3RI-00085-00042718-00043178 really grateful for today but we need to re-evaluate our relate our relationship
A-OHpQJh3RI-00086-00043178-00043565 with ourselves and our relationship with others and drop the expectations and be
A-OHpQJh3RI-00087-00043565-00043966 grateful for everything that we've got you know my knees in a really bad way
A-OHpQJh3RI-00088-00043966-00044411 and I feel like rubbish I've got bad but I'm grateful that my heart is still
A-OHpQJh3RI-00089-00044411-00044788 beating and my lungs are still breathing and grateful for the fact that can go
A-OHpQJh3RI-00090-00044788-00045184 upstairs and kiss my daughter and grateful I can give my dog a hugger can
A-OHpQJh3RI-00091-00045184-00045575 walk him but I can give him a dog a hug you know I can sit you anything I can't
A-OHpQJh3RI-00092-00045575-00045865 go out I can't do this account to that account or this account to that or I can
A-OHpQJh3RI-00093-00045865-00046219 sit you and think I can read a book I can learn this I can spend some time
A-OHpQJh3RI-00094-00046219-00046525 with my daughter help her with their work you know we've got a big giant
A-OHpQJh3RI-00095-00046525-00046868 jigsaw puzzle on the table let's do some of that let's let's I've watched more
A-OHpQJh3RI-00096-00046868-00047194 films in the last seven days than I have in there and forty years of my life and
A-OHpQJh3RI-00097-00047194-00047971 I'm really enjoying it I'm really enjoying it I'm grateful all the one
A-OHpQJh3RI-00098-00047971-00048899 really you know I've been scared I've been really scared and I realize now
A-OHpQJh3RI-00099-00048899-00049721 that you know as we all do but it's come home is that you know life's fragile but
A-OHpQJh3RI-00100-00049721-00050111 I want us to think about even the mundane tasks or issues we have around
A-OHpQJh3RI-00101-00050111-00050596 us feel truly privileged to be able to have the gift to do the washing-up
A-OHpQJh3RI-00102-00050596-00051096 there's some people today are going through it like never you'd never know
A-OHpQJh3RI-00103-00051096-00051571 the doctors are all of the doctors the nurses the NHS the paramedics all of
A-OHpQJh3RI-00104-00051571-00051970 these people are going into work today to save others and to put their own
A-OHpQJh3RI-00105-00051970-00052649 lives at risk I am so grateful to them and I appreciate them and what I can get
A-OHpQJh3RI-00106-00052649-00053201 out of this isolation I promise you I'm gonna do as much as I can for those
A-OHpQJh3RI-00107-00053201-00053822 people who have served you know absolutely thanklessly amazingly well
A-OHpQJh3RI-00108-00053822-00054091 I'm gonna do something for them I don't know what it is yet but I'm gonna try as
A-OHpQJh3RI-00109-00054091-00054604 best I can to help them as I can you know so think about even the mundane
A-OHpQJh3RI-00110-00054604-00054983 tasks we should appreciate spend moment in that moment doing the
A-OHpQJh3RI-00111-00054983-00055541 things we need to do as I said we've now found that you know how fragile things
A-OHpQJh3RI-00112-00055541-00056033 are and how we need to appreciate the things we have in general you know I've
A-OHpQJh3RI-00113-00056033-00056341 said this for years we only generally appreciate things just before we've had
A-OHpQJh3RI-00114-00056341-00056786 it or just after we've lost it and you know the next coming days are going to
A-OHpQJh3RI-00115-00056786-00057146 be difficult they are going to be difficult there's no point dressing this
A-OHpQJh3RI-00116-00057146-00057572 up in any other way but we need to pick ourselves up we need to keep going and
A-OHpQJh3RI-00117-00057572-00058037 we may feel lonely we may feel lost we may feel scared but we need to keep the
A-OHpQJh3RI-00118-00058037-00058589 understanding that we need to look at what we have and what we've gained
A-OHpQJh3RI-00119-00058589-00059198 during this period these moments as I said are difficult but we've so much to
A-OHpQJh3RI-00120-00059198-00059666 learn during this time we can learn more now than we must have learnt in in many
A-OHpQJh3RI-00121-00059666-00060008 many years let's take the small things and and let's really look at them don't
A-OHpQJh3RI-00122-00060008-00060454 take things for granted anymore each day we must count our blessings
A-OHpQJh3RI-00123-00060454-00060827 however bigger however small and why not today as I said earlier take some
A-OHpQJh3RI-00124-00060827-00061115 pictures of the blessings you have around you so at the end of the today
A-OHpQJh3RI-00125-00061115-00061586 think about all the amazing things that we can treasure amongst our moments and
A-OHpQJh3RI-00126-00061586-00061994 some of those deep moments are difficult times but let's appreciate everything
A-OHpQJh3RI-00127-00061994-00062450 that is happening and understand if we can look and see the light if we can
A-OHpQJh3RI-00128-00062450-00062978 look and see true happiness within that we can really really start to appreciate
A-OHpQJh3RI-00129-00062978-00063449 and show gratitude in our lives we learn one thing that we learn is is the
A-OHpQJh3RI-00130-00063449-00064112 gratitude and happiness is inside us it's not external it's inside us that's
A-OHpQJh3RI-00131-00064112-00064664 how we see it we can truly honor the life we live so start looking at
A-OHpQJh3RI-00132-00064664-00065132 everything in a grateful way start looking at everything to appreciate it
A-OHpQJh3RI-00133-00065132-00065615 for today take some pictures of everything that's made you feel grateful
A-OHpQJh3RI-00134-00065615-00066035 or showing signs of gratitude we'll put them in the comment section or send them
A-OHpQJh3RI-00135-00066035-00066707 you know come on sir and Julianne Jenkins a Facebook group or my website
A-OHpQJh3RI-00136-00066707-00067330 and just post them and just you know let's have a hashtag I'm grateful and
A-OHpQJh3RI-00137-00067330-00067913 let's do something for it so you know I'm really grateful for the fact that
A-OHpQJh3RI-00138-00067913-00068142 you're watching this and I'm really grateful I have the abit
A-OHpQJh3RI-00139-00068142-00068754 to be able to do this and you know it is difficult
A-OHpQJh3RI-00140-00068754-00069441 I keep dusting yourself up keep going on and be grateful for everything that we
A-OHpQJh3RI-00141-00069441-00069831 have in front of us and take some pictures here's the loving-kindness
A-OHpQJh3RI-00142-00069831-00070346 meditation I'll be back after take care bye bye so I want you to close your eyes
A-OHpQJh3RI-00143-00070346-00070748 I'm gonna put a nice image up
A-OHpQJh3RI-00144-00070780-00071556 but I'm gonna sound a bell for us to start and all I want you to do now is
A-OHpQJh3RI-00145-00071556-00072722 focus on your breath breathing in and breathing out breathing in and
A-OHpQJh3RI-00146-00072722-00073051 breathing out and just focus on where your breath is where do you feel it most
A-OHpQJh3RI-00147-00073051-00073483 is it through your nostrils is it on your t-shirt is on your jumper where do
A-OHpQJh3RI-00148-00073483-00073981 you feel you feel your your belly moving in and out breathing in and breathing
A-OHpQJh3RI-00149-00073981-00074905 out and to start this we're gonna offer loving kindness to ourselves and I want
A-OHpQJh3RI-00150-00074905-00075473 you to focus on the intention of these words and I want you to continually
A-OHpQJh3RI-00151-00075473-00075952 repeat these words and if you have a thought that comes in you welcome it you
A-OHpQJh3RI-00152-00075952-00076456 love it you let it go and you come back to the mantra sowhat's we're breathing
A-OHpQJh3RI-00153-00076456-00077080 you know I want you to say these words breathing in me I be safe breathe it out
A-OHpQJh3RI-00154-00077080-00077749 breathe and then may I be happy breathing out breathing in may I be
A-OHpQJh3RI-00155-00077749-00078268 healthy breathing out breathing in may I live with ease
A-OHpQJh3RI-00156-00078268-00078957 breathing out repeat the mantra may I be safe
A-OHpQJh3RI-00157-00078995-00079731 I be happy may I be healthy may I live with ease
A-OHpQJh3RI-00158-00079731-00080329 continue that mantra as you're breathing in and your breathing out and if you
A-OHpQJh3RI-00159-00080329-00080839 have any thoughts that come in you have welcomed them you love them you let them
A-OHpQJh3RI-00160-00080839-00081627 go and you come back to your mantra may I be safe may I be happy may I be
A-OHpQJh3RI-00161-00081627-00082473 healthy may I live with these breathing in and breathing out
A-OHpQJh3RI-00162-00082617-00083722 may I be safe may I be happy may I be healthy may I live with ease welcome
A-OHpQJh3RI-00163-00083722-00084295 this beautiful love into your life to be kind to yourself to connect in with
A-OHpQJh3RI-00164-00084295-00085305 yourself to love yourself to heal yourself may I be safe may I be happy
A-OHpQJh3RI-00165-00085305-00085875 may I be healthy may I live with ease
A-OHpQJh3RI-00166-00086614-00087586 may I be safe may I be happy may I be healthy may I live with ease
A-OHpQJh3RI-00167-00087820-00088237 now what I'd like you to do is just with your eyes closed choose someone in your
A-OHpQJh3RI-00168-00088237-00088804 life that you love or someone that inspires you so when you think about who
A-OHpQJh3RI-00169-00088804-00089245 you're grateful for and we need a picture
A-OHpQJh3RI-00170-00089245-00089824 in your mind but on this occasion as you're breathing in you say simply may
A-OHpQJh3RI-00171-00089824-00090695 you be safe may you be happy may you be healthy may you live with ease
A-OHpQJh3RI-00172-00090695-00091417 this is loving-kindness for somebody else who is someone you love someone
A-OHpQJh3RI-00173-00091417-00092019 inspires you put them in your mind see them and set the intention of may you be
A-OHpQJh3RI-00174-00092019-00092947 safe may you be happy may you be healthy may you live with ease breathing in and
A-OHpQJh3RI-00175-00092947-00093441 breathing out and don't forget if you have a thought just let it welcome in
A-OHpQJh3RI-00176-00093441-00094117 hold it put any judgment on it accepted acknowledge it let it go and come back
A-OHpQJh3RI-00177-00094117-00094763 to your mantra for this person that you love may you be safe may you be happy
A-OHpQJh3RI-00178-00094763-00095333 may you be healthy may you live with ease
A-OHpQJh3RI-00179-00095618-00095988 breathing in and breathing out
A-OHpQJh3RI-00180-00096070-00096757 may you be safe may you be happy may you be healthy and may you live with
A-OHpQJh3RI-00181-00096757-00096975 ease
A-OHpQJh3RI-00182-00098352-00098714 how the focus we're gonna focus on someone you know who's having a
A-OHpQJh3RI-00183-00098714-00099143 difficult time at the moments maybe someone who's ill and we're gonna offer
A-OHpQJh3RI-00184-00099143-00099701 them kindness so if there's somebody you know who is in south isolation or isn't
A-OHpQJh3RI-00185-00099701-00100154 feeling very well at the moment and when you to place their and your intention in
A-OHpQJh3RI-00186-00100154-00100864 your mind with them in your mind and you say again may you be safe may you be
A-OHpQJh3RI-00187-00100864-00101639 happy may you be healthy and may you live with ease breathing in and
A-OHpQJh3RI-00188-00101639-00102131 breathing out this is somebody who you know who's having a difficult time at
A-OHpQJh3RI-00189-00102131-00102602 the moment who may be ill set the intention of that person put them in
A-OHpQJh3RI-00190-00102602-00103207 your mind's eye and as you do you say to yourself may you be safe may you be
A-OHpQJh3RI-00191-00103207-00103836 happy may you be healthy and may you live with ease
A-OHpQJh3RI-00192-00103906-00104543 and if you find your attention or your mind wanders don't worry just love it
A-OHpQJh3RI-00193-00104543-00105147 let it go and return back to your phrases your
A-OHpQJh3RI-00194-00105147-00105927 mantra may you be safe may you be happy may you be healthy and may you live with
A-OHpQJh3RI-00195-00105927-00106148 ease
A-OHpQJh3RI-00196-00106420-00107208 these mantras are no your anchor may you be safe may you be happy may you be
A-OHpQJh3RI-00197-00107208-00107642 healthy and may you live with ease
A-OHpQJh3RI-00198-00108061-00108268 you
A-OHpQJh3RI-00199-00108458-00108665 you
A-OHpQJh3RI-00200-00108957-00109540 how I'd like you to do is choose some in your life that you might have difficulty
A-OHpQJh3RI-00201-00109540-00110023 with or have some tension with or had an issue with or something hasn't sat right
A-OHpQJh3RI-00202-00110023-00110629 between the both of you for a little bit of time this one can be difficult but we
A-OHpQJh3RI-00203-00110629-00111111 set the attention and we put them in our minds eye and we say to them in our
A-OHpQJh3RI-00204-00111111-00111799 mantra breathing in and breathing out may you be safe may you be happy may you
A-OHpQJh3RI-00205-00111799-00112474 be healthy and may you live with ease and again if something a thought comes
A-OHpQJh3RI-00206-00112474-00113026 in I want you to allow it in accept it acknowledge it but no judgment love it
A-OHpQJh3RI-00207-00113026-00113680 and let go and come back to your anchor your mantra for the person who you may
A-OHpQJh3RI-00208-00113680-00114009 have difficulty with had an argument with there's some tension between you
A-OHpQJh3RI-00209-00114009-00114664 set the attention put them in your mind's eye and say may you be safe may
A-OHpQJh3RI-00210-00114664-00115275 you be happy may you be healthy and may you live with ease
A-OHpQJh3RI-00211-00115299-00115725 and if at any point you find that difficult then you can just direct it
A-OHpQJh3RI-00212-00115725-00116376 back to yourself may I be safe may I be happy may I be healthy may I live with
A-OHpQJh3RI-00213-00116376-00116594 ease
A-OHpQJh3RI-00214-00117308-00117515 you
A-OHpQJh3RI-00215-00117808-00118290 now I'd like you at this moment to direct your loving-kindness your
A-OHpQJh3RI-00216-00118290-00118934 attention and your intention to all forms of life people animals all beings
A-OHpQJh3RI-00217-00118934-00119411 those people who need it most all over the world at this very difficult time
A-OHpQJh3RI-00218-00119411-00120206 and I want you to say for them may all beings be safe may all beings be happy
A-OHpQJh3RI-00219-00120206-00120867 may all beings be healthy may all beings live with ease breathing in and
A-OHpQJh3RI-00220-00120867-00121323 breathing out and again if you have any thoughts you let them in you let them go
A-OHpQJh3RI-00221-00121323-00121797 and off you go may all beings be safe may all beings be
A-OHpQJh3RI-00222-00121797-00122628 happy may all beings be healthy may all beings live with ease breathing in and
A-OHpQJh3RI-00223-00122628-00123474 breathing out may all beings be happy may all beings be healthy may all beings
A-OHpQJh3RI-00224-00123474-00123784 be live with ease
A-OHpQJh3RI-00225-00124417-00124624 you
A-OHpQJh3RI-00226-00124740-00125384 may all beings be safe may all beings be happy may all beings be healthy may all
A-OHpQJh3RI-00227-00125384-00125675 beings live with ease
A-OHpQJh3RI-00228-00127177-00127609 take a deep breath in and as you do I just want you to slowly just resend to
A-OHpQJh3RI-00229-00127609-00128042 yourself on the chair and get your sense of awareness and feel your to wiggle
A-OHpQJh3RI-00230-00128042-00128444 your fingers or or move your toes and come back into the room and open your
A-OHpQJh3RI-00231-00128444-00129008 eyes good morning again good afternoon I hope you enjoyed that and it is really
A-OHpQJh3RI-00232-00129008-00129398 important for us now that we take all of the things that positives we can out of
A-OHpQJh3RI-00233-00129398-00129709 everything that's happening around us and be grateful for small mercies
A-OHpQJh3RI-00234-00129709-00130127 all the little things and just remember over the coming days things will may get
A-OHpQJh3RI-00235-00130127-00130532 difficult they may get easier but just remember that let's look out for those
A-OHpQJh3RI-00236-00130532-00130861 things that can really make us blessed and you know if you can go out the
A-OHpQJh3RI-00237-00130861-00131165 garden and take some pictures of some beautiful nature sit with it I was
A-OHpQJh3RI-00238-00131165-00131465 laying in bed this morning just listening to the birds and I thought to
A-OHpQJh3RI-00239-00131465-00132095 myself I have so much to be grateful for so much to be grateful for and I'm going
A-OHpQJh3RI-00240-00132095-00132365 to do some your gratitude I hope you enjoyed it
A-OHpQJh3RI-00241-00132365-00132695 don't forget good morning Julian I love you
A-OHpQJh3RI-00242-00132695-00133196 good morning Julian I love you so be grateful take pictures
A-OHpQJh3RI-00243-00133196-00133706 stay safe sending healing love and energy to all of you thank you for all
A-OHpQJh3RI-00244-00133706-00134162 the amazing support that I've received over the last seven days and let's just
A-OHpQJh3RI-00245-00134162-00134537 keep going and you know we are going to get through this I promise you
A-OHpQJh3RI-00246-00134537-00135017 we will get through it and this world will be a much more conducive place to
A-OHpQJh3RI-00247-00135017-00135563 people like us than it was before we came in so again pray for minimum amount
A-OHpQJh3RI-00248-00135563-00136055 of losses and maximum relative impact god bless you be loved and give love and
A-OHpQJh3RI-00249-00136055-00136387 I'll see you tomorrow take care bye bye
A-OHpQJh3RI-00250-00137034-00137242 you
AA88X8W-hrY-00000-00000033-00000650 In 1802 a very significant experiment was conducted by Thomas Young
AA88X8W-hrY-00001-00000784-00001190 Thomas Young and his contemporary
AA88X8W-hrY-00002-00001291-00002054 Augustine Fresnel were challenging the standard view of light has been made up of small particles
AA88X8W-hrY-00003-00002209-00002634 their view was that way that light was made up of waves and
AA88X8W-hrY-00004-00002701-00002954 the experiment that Young did in 1802
AA88X8W-hrY-00005-00003040-00003611 was to take a source of light with a constant color so a constant wavelength
AA88X8W-hrY-00006-00003690-00003890 pass it through a little slit
AA88X8W-hrY-00007-00003921-00004589 so that it directed waves out through that slit and then put it through two parallel slits
AA88X8W-hrY-00008-00004653-00005090 And what he saw in the light on the wall beyond those two slits
AA88X8W-hrY-00009-00005146-00005441 was a series of bright and dark patterns and
AA88X8W-hrY-00010-00005491-00006160 what this meant was the interference was occurring between the two beams of light that went through each of the slits.
AA88X8W-hrY-00011-00006200-00006729 For Young this was a demonstration that light was indeed made of waves and not
AA88X8W-hrY-00012-00006781-00007331 particles and it changed the perception of how we understand electromagnetic radiation today
AB87T-ZM9C0-00000-00002000-00002600 Rovereto is a city and comune in Trentino in northern Italy, located in the Vallagarina valley of the Adige River.
AB87T-ZM9C0-00001-00004100-00004680 Rovereto is east of Riva del Garda (at the north-western corner of Lake Garda). Rovereto is the main city of the Vallagarina district.
ABh4sjciaRk-00000-00000004-00000600 Sasha Samsudean was murdered by the very person who swore to protect her - her security guard.
ABh4sjciaRk-00001-00000600-00001013 Sasha Samsudean was a beautiful young woman who was taken from this world far too soon
ABh4sjciaRk-00002-00001013-00001411 when she was brutally attacked in her apartment in October of 2015.
ABh4sjciaRk-00003-00001411-00001789 Sasha returned to her apartment complex after a long night out.
ABh4sjciaRk-00004-00001789-00001898 She was drunk and confused.
ABh4sjciaRk-00005-00001898-00002401 In her altered state, rather than simply help find her apartment and go to bed, the building's
ABh4sjciaRk-00006-00002401-00002885 security guard broke into her apartment, took advantage of the young woman, then claimed
ABh4sjciaRk-00007-00002885-00003183 her life, cleaning up the crime scene every step of the way.
ABh4sjciaRk-00008-00003183-00003618 You won’t believe how the police managed to track this guy down, and you can hear the
ABh4sjciaRk-00009-00003618-00003994 full story on my channel, True Crime Stories - subscribe for more.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00000-00000091-00000358 First I want to begin by
ABAd4tBXfK0-00001-00000358-00000590 thanking Reagent Weiser
ABAd4tBXfK0-00002-00000590-00000809 and Eileen Weiser for their generous
ABAd4tBXfK0-00003-00000809-00001034 donation to establish the Weiser
ABAd4tBXfK0-00004-00001034-00001272 Diplomacy Center. Many of you know
ABAd4tBXfK0-00005-00001272-00001516 Ron served as a U.S. Ambassador to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00006-00001516-00001770 Slovakia and Eileen served alongside
ABAd4tBXfK0-00007-00001770-00001997 him in their time in Bratislava. They
ABAd4tBXfK0-00008-00001997-00002215 are both passionately committed
ABAd4tBXfK0-00009-00002215-00002421 to the importance of diplomacy
ABAd4tBXfK0-00010-00002421-00002544 and to the men and women who
ABAd4tBXfK0-00011-00002544-00002722 serve our country abroad.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00012-00002722-00002916 They’re wonderful friends
ABAd4tBXfK0-00013-00002916-00003157 of the Ford School and of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00014-00003157-00003395 the University of Michigan and we’re
ABAd4tBXfK0-00015-00003395-00003536 grateful for their strong support of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00016-00003536-00003817 our school. Ron and Eileen
ABAd4tBXfK0-00017-00003817-00003917 this session
ABAd4tBXfK0-00018-00003917-00004031 today honors your work and the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00019-00004031-00004230 legacy you are providing to the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00020-00004230-00004403 students at the Ford School,
ABAd4tBXfK0-00021-00004403-00004596 University of Michigan and more
ABAd4tBXfK0-00022-00004596-00004719 broadly the realm of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00023-00004719-00004896 international relations.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00024-00004896-00005128 Thank you.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00025-00005128-00005244 [Applaus]
ABAd4tBXfK0-00026-00005244-00005889 I want to tell you a little bit
ABAd4tBXfK0-00027-00005889-00006036 about the Weiser Diplomacy
ABAd4tBXfK0-00028-00006036-00006192 Center.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00029-00006192-00006764 It serves as a unique hub for
ABAd4tBXfK0-00030-00006764-00006953 policy dialogue preparing our
ABAd4tBXfK0-00031-00006953-00007106 students to become our nation's
ABAd4tBXfK0-00032-00007106-00007434 next foreign policy leaders and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00033-00007434-00007652 experts in foreign affairs.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00034-00007652-00007753 As a meeting point for
ABAd4tBXfK0-00035-00007753-00008017 practitioners whose careers span
ABAd4tBXfK0-00036-00008017-00008425 the apex of foreign policy, the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00037-00008425-00008625 WDC provides a bridge between
ABAd4tBXfK0-00038-00008625-00008739 the University of Michigan and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00039-00008739-00008972 the foreign policy community.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00040-00008972-00009146 With ron and Eileen's help, the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00041-00009146-00009425 WDC can become a leading
ABAd4tBXfK0-00042-00009425-00009604 institution for international
ABAd4tBXfK0-00043-00009604-00009872 affairs.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00044-00009872-00010321 Three pillars guide the work.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00045-00010321-00010464 Hands on practical training and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00046-00010464-00010628 mentorship for rising foreign
ABAd4tBXfK0-00047-00010628-00011585 affairs including practice in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00048-00011585-00011953 international diplomacy,
ABAd4tBXfK0-00049-00011953-00012277 internships that span the globe.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00050-00012277-00012504 Our students have been placed in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00051-00012504-00012685 such sites as the organization
ABAd4tBXfK0-00052-00012685-00012831 for security and cooperation in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00053-00012831-00012956 Europe and the leading
ABAd4tBXfK0-00054-00012956-00013087 development organization in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00055-00013087-00013187 India.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00056-00013187-00013450 The WDC also funds shorter
ABAd4tBXfK0-00057-00013450-00013806 initiatives.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00058-00013806-00014538 Such as travelling to Beijing
ABAd4tBXfK0-00059-00014538-00014704 and third engagement with a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00060-00014704-00014841 foreign policy community on a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00061-00014841-00015041 wide array of topics ranging
ABAd4tBXfK0-00062-00015041-00015209 from peace and security to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00063-00015209-00015391 development to human rights and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00064-00015391-00015491 the environment.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00065-00015491-00015684 Our lineup this fall reflects
ABAd4tBXfK0-00066-00015684-00015834 our commitment to exposing our
ABAd4tBXfK0-00067-00015834-00015947 students to a breath of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00068-00015947-00016112 experiences and policy
ABAd4tBXfK0-00069-00016112-00016272 perspectives.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00070-00016272-00016406 Including Steve began last
ABAd4tBXfK0-00071-00016406-00016506 we're.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00072-00016506-00016723 Today's panelists.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00073-00016723-00017551 Stephen Hadley, Liz SCHRAYER and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00074-00017551-00018253 later Condoleeza Rice.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00075-00018253-00018690 It's moments of political divide
ABAd4tBXfK0-00076-00018690-00018834 such as we find ourselves in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00077-00018834-00018972 today where the craft of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00078-00018972-00019257 diplomacy is essential and when
ABAd4tBXfK0-00079-00019257-00019462 talking and listening across
ABAd4tBXfK0-00080-00019462-00019631 political and other differences
ABAd4tBXfK0-00081-00019631-00019862 is so critical.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00082-00019862-00019991 Today's session celebrates the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00083-00019991-00020198 craft of diplomacy and the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00084-00020198-00020387 support of education of future
ABAd4tBXfK0-00085-00020387-00020590 practitioners of the craft.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00086-00020590-00020830 Ran and Eileen Weiser, we salute
ABAd4tBXfK0-00087-00020830-00021006 you and the mission of the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00088-00021006-00021206 Weiser diplomacy center.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00089-00021206-00021306 Ron would you like to come say a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00090-00021306-00021567 few words?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00091-00021567-00022493 Please welcome ron Weiser.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00092-00022493-00022603 The one thing I learned in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00093-00022603-00022757 serving in Slovakia was the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00094-00022757-00022920 importance of the diplomacy and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00095-00022920-00023276 how much can be done on the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00096-00023276-00023570 imprint of a nation.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00097-00023570-00023757 When I got there, Slovakia was
ABAd4tBXfK0-00098-00023757-00023911 going in the wrong direction and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00099-00023911-00024148 now they are part of the EU and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00100-00024148-00025220 I had the  privilege to lead.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00101-00025220-00025432 That's why diplomacy is so
ABAd4tBXfK0-00102-00025432-00025683 important because it can help
ABAd4tBXfK0-00103-00025683-00025952 change directions for especially
ABAd4tBXfK0-00104-00025952-00026070 for countries that are going in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00105-00026070-00026195 the wrong direction.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00106-00026195-00026295 Sometimes you can bring them
ABAd4tBXfK0-00107-00026295-00026400 back around.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00108-00026400-00026570 Anyhow, that's one of reasons I
ABAd4tBXfK0-00109-00026570-00026670 did that.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00110-00026670-00026873 The second is as you may all
ABAd4tBXfK0-00111-00026873-00027333 know, most of the diplomatic
ABAd4tBXfK0-00112-00027333-00027433 institutions of higher learning
ABAd4tBXfK0-00113-00027433-00027856 were on the west coast and east
ABAd4tBXfK0-00114-00027856-00027956 coast.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00115-00027956-00028124 I fell the central part of the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00116-00028124-00028224 country has a great deal of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00117-00028224-00028419 importance to America.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00118-00028419-00028886 Thank you very much.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00119-00028886-00029527 Thanks very much regent Weiser
ABAd4tBXfK0-00120-00029527-00029692 and Eileen for the tremendous
ABAd4tBXfK0-00121-00029692-00030164 advisory you have given to this
ABAd4tBXfK0-00122-00030164-00030313 university.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00123-00030313-00030473 We wanted to have a launch event
ABAd4tBXfK0-00124-00030473-00030725 that honored your service and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00125-00030725-00031136 chose to focus on diplomacy in a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00126-00031136-00031449 new transatlantic era.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00127-00031449-00032043 You served in Slovakia in a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00128-00032043-00032252 crucial time.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00129-00032252-00032533 Today 80 years after the opening
ABAd4tBXfK0-00130-00032533-00032787 shots in World War II, 70 years
ABAd4tBXfK0-00131-00032787-00033010 after NATO's creation, 30 years
ABAd4tBXfK0-00132-00033010-00033199 after the Berlin wall crumbled,
ABAd4tBXfK0-00133-00033199-00033317 the region faces new
ABAd4tBXfK0-00134-00033317-00033494 opportunities.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00135-00033494-00033788 Our goal is to help address the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00136-00033788-00034014 international policy issues
ABAd4tBXfK0-00137-00034014-00034180 across the Atlantic and around
ABAd4tBXfK0-00138-00034180-00034315 the world through engagement and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00139-00034315-00034483 education on foreign affairs.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00140-00034483-00034656 So to kick off we assembled a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00141-00034656-00035018 top flight panel.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00142-00035018-00036338 We have Liz Schrayer who a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00143-00036338-00036991 distinguished foreign affairs.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00144-00036991-00037153 A broad coalition of businesses
ABAd4tBXfK0-00145-00037153-00037414 and NGOs who stand for global
ABAd4tBXfK0-00146-00037414-00037601 leadership through development
ABAd4tBXfK0-00147-00037601-00037711 and diplomacy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00148-00037711-00037833 You may have seen her quoted in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00149-00037833-00038106 the press as she successfully
ABAd4tBXfK0-00150-00038106-00038326 spear headed efforts to protect
ABAd4tBXfK0-00151-00038326-00038496 the U.S. budget for foreign aid
ABAd4tBXfK0-00152-00038496-00038753 which is often under attack and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00153-00038753-00038913 you am sure you will agree is
ABAd4tBXfK0-00154-00038913-00039163 crucial in advancing values
ABAd4tBXfK0-00155-00039163-00039264 overseas.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00156-00039264-00039523 She is president of SCHRAYER and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00157-00039523-00040238 associates and she is on USAID
ABAd4tBXfK0-00158-00040238-00040479 advisory on foreign aid.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00159-00040479-00041308 She was advisor to APEC and has
ABAd4tBXfK0-00160-00041308-00041481 extensive experience on Capitol
ABAd4tBXfK0-00161-00041481-00041653 Hill including having founded
ABAd4tBXfK0-00162-00041653-00041783 the national human rights
ABAd4tBXfK0-00163-00041783-00041883 caucus.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00164-00041883-00042078 Please help me in welcoming her
ABAd4tBXfK0-00165-00042078-00042178 and thanking her for the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00166-00042178-00042546 important work she's doing on
ABAd4tBXfK0-00167-00042546-00043080 foreign affairs.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00168-00043080-00043180 In a moment, I'm going to hand
ABAd4tBXfK0-00169-00043180-00043729 the microphone off.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00170-00043729-00043914 Just a note on format.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00171-00043914-00044075 After a moderated conversation
ABAd4tBXfK0-00172-00044075-00044225 on our panel, we will have
ABAd4tBXfK0-00173-00044225-00044416 audience Q& A, two of our
ABAd4tBXfK0-00174-00044416-00044612 outstanding students and aspires
ABAd4tBXfK0-00175-00044612-00045066 diplomats are going to lead off
ABAd4tBXfK0-00176-00045066-00045166 with a question each of their
ABAd4tBXfK0-00177-00045166-00045337 own and move around the audience
ABAd4tBXfK0-00178-00045337-00045633 and select others of you who can
ABAd4tBXfK0-00179-00045633-00045759 ask questions by raising your
ABAd4tBXfK0-00180-00045759-00045859 hand.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00181-00045859-00045959 We will start with questions
ABAd4tBXfK0-00182-00045959-00046059 from students who are after all
ABAd4tBXfK0-00183-00046059-00046187 core to our mission but we will
ABAd4tBXfK0-00184-00046187-00046315 also try to leave time at the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00185-00046315-00046458 end for questions from other
ABAd4tBXfK0-00186-00046458-00046628 members of the audience.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00187-00046628-00047002 Thank you.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00188-00047002-00047250 Congratulations to welcome to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00189-00047250-00047350 everybody.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00190-00047350-00047450 Especially Steve and Dan.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00191-00047450-00047550 I will introduce there more
ABAd4tBXfK0-00192-00047550-00047829 formally in a moment.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00193-00047829-00048097 What a fabulous moment this is.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00194-00048097-00048316 Congratulations to John, to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00195-00048316-00048458 Michael and most of all
ABAd4tBXfK0-00196-00048458-00048685 ambassador Weiser, ron and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00197-00048685-00048802 Eileen.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00198-00048802-00048941 I have been thinking as I was
ABAd4tBXfK0-00199-00048941-00049112 preparing for today.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00200-00049112-00049242 This is not just a special
ABAd4tBXfK0-00201-00049242-00049564 moment for the ford school or
ABAd4tBXfK0-00202-00049564-00049709 University of Michigan but every
ABAd4tBXfK0-00203-00049709-00049957 one of us who cares about
ABAd4tBXfK0-00204-00049957-00050196 America's role in the world, to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00205-00050196-00050433 have an academic rigor of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00206-00050433-00050621 thought leaders that line up you
ABAd4tBXfK0-00207-00050621-00050794 have coming up but to have a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00208-00050794-00051037 place in the heartland where all
ABAd4tBXfK0-00209-00051037-00051629 of those of us from who love the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00210-00051629-00051738 center of the world.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00211-00051738-00052242 So today I have the absolute
ABAd4tBXfK0-00212-00052242-00052442 privilege of moderating a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00213-00052442-00052841 conversation between one of most
ABAd4tBXfK0-00214-00052841-00053027 respected and highly
ABAd4tBXfK0-00215-00053027-00053225 knowledgeable national security
ABAd4tBXfK0-00216-00053225-00053424 experts in the nation.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00217-00053424-00053657 And one of most respected
ABAd4tBXfK0-00218-00053657-00053797 diplomats in the nation.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00219-00053797-00053964 And I know do either of these
ABAd4tBXfK0-00220-00053964-00054204 two things.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00221-00054204-00054461 I spent my career as John
ABAd4tBXfK0-00222-00054461-00054617 described as an advocate for
ABAd4tBXfK0-00223-00054617-00054717 what they do.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00224-00054717-00054859 And what they have done in their
ABAd4tBXfK0-00225-00054859-00054959 career.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00226-00054959-00055059 I want to just set the scene
ABAd4tBXfK0-00227-00055059-00055217 before introducing them for a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00228-00055217-00055439 couple thoughts to think about
ABAd4tBXfK0-00229-00055439-00055661 as we start this conversation
ABAd4tBXfK0-00230-00055661-00055837 about diplomacy in a new
ABAd4tBXfK0-00231-00055837-00056080 transatlantic era.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00232-00056080-00056461 about at a very important time
ABAd4tBXfK0-00233-00056461-00056561 in this conversation where we're
ABAd4tBXfK0-00234-00056561-00056662 about to have.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00235-00056662-00056913 End of the cold war where a lot
ABAd4tBXfK0-00236-00056913-00057158 of our fellow citizens said, we
ABAd4tBXfK0-00237-00057158-00057258 won.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00238-00057258-00057507 We could have a peace dividend
ABAd4tBXfK0-00239-00057507-00057658 and one of the things happening
ABAd4tBXfK0-00240-00057658-00057904 in the country is people thought
ABAd4tBXfK0-00241-00057904-00058092 you know what, we don't need to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00242-00058092-00058354 invest so much in our diplomacy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00243-00058354-00058494 We don't need to invest in State
ABAd4tBXfK0-00244-00058494-00058654 Department and peace core and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00245-00058654-00058837 our USAID.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00246-00058837-00059057 There was a real effort to pull
ABAd4tBXfK0-00247-00059057-00059306 back on the civilian tool kits.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00248-00059306-00059489 I remember, I was in Washington
ABAd4tBXfK0-00249-00059489-00059630 at the time and I remember
ABAd4tBXfK0-00250-00059630-00059797 members of Congress literally
ABAd4tBXfK0-00251-00059797-00059972 going to the floor of the well
ABAd4tBXfK0-00252-00059972-00060141 of the Congress and bragging
ABAd4tBXfK0-00253-00060141-00060293 that they didn't own a passport
ABAd4tBXfK0-00254-00060293-00060487 as a badge of honor.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00255-00060487-00060698 They were consequences and this
ABAd4tBXfK0-00256-00060698-00060936 week was an 18 year anniversary
ABAd4tBXfK0-00257-00060936-00061122 of the consequences of when we
ABAd4tBXfK0-00258-00061122-00061333 pulled back in the world.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00259-00061333-00061569 Well, one good thing came out of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00260-00061569-00061669 that.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00261-00061669-00061769 Which is a group of individuals
ABAd4tBXfK0-00262-00061769-00061960 got together and said we need to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00263-00061960-00062316 build a domestic voice for
ABAd4tBXfK0-00264-00062316-00062436 engagement in the world.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00265-00062436-00062629 I'm very privileged to be a part
ABAd4tBXfK0-00266-00062629-00062767 of that effort.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00267-00062767-00062951 Today I run a coalition called
ABAd4tBXfK0-00268-00062951-00063058 the U.S. global leadership
ABAd4tBXfK0-00269-00063058-00063286 coalition that thank goodness,
ABAd4tBXfK0-00270-00063286-00063390 Steve Hadley is one of our
ABAd4tBXfK0-00271-00063390-00063823 advisors that includes 500
ABAd4tBXfK0-00272-00063823-00064070 businesses and NGOs.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00273-00064070-00064343 We have every former living
ABAd4tBXfK0-00274-00064343-00064479 secretary of state on our
ABAd4tBXfK0-00275-00064479-00064633 advisory committee.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00276-00064633-00064814 We are in every single state in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00277-00064814-00064948 the state of Michigan our
ABAd4tBXfK0-00278-00064948-00065119 cochairs are people like Carl
ABAd4tBXfK0-00279-00065119-00065337 Levin and Rick Snyder and Hank
ABAd4tBXfK0-00280-00065337-00065582 Meyer and what we do is we're an
ABAd4tBXfK0-00281-00065582-00065875 advocacy group for diplomacy for
ABAd4tBXfK0-00282-00065875-00065975 development, for America's
ABAd4tBXfK0-00283-00065975-00066147 engagement in the world.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00284-00066147-00066316 As John said when there's an
ABAd4tBXfK0-00285-00066316-00066818 effort to cut back, our budget
ABAd4tBXfK0-00286-00066818-00067110 for this State Department, which
ABAd4tBXfK0-00287-00067110-00067289 there have been great attacks,
ABAd4tBXfK0-00288-00067289-00067447 there is a bipartisanship
ABAd4tBXfK0-00289-00067447-00067654 reaction on Capitol Hill to say
ABAd4tBXfK0-00290-00067654-00067935 that's not such a good idea and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00291-00067935-00068123 because of conversations like
ABAd4tBXfK0-00292-00068123-00068313 this that really talk about the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00293-00068313-00068561 importance of diplomacy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00294-00068561-00068727 There are real challenges in the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00295-00068727-00068827 world and we're going to talk
ABAd4tBXfK0-00296-00068827-00068927 about a lot of them.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00297-00068927-00069074 There are real challenges and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00298-00069074-00069194 opportunities that we're going
ABAd4tBXfK0-00299-00069194-00069395 to talk about today particularly
ABAd4tBXfK0-00300-00069395-00069752 in this new transatlantic era.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00301-00069752-00069877 There are no two better people
ABAd4tBXfK0-00302-00069877-00070110 than I know we can talk with
ABAd4tBXfK0-00303-00070110-00070354 than Steve Hadley and Dan fried.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00304-00070354-00070549 So let me introduce them and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00305-00070549-00070661 we're going to get on with our
ABAd4tBXfK0-00306-00070661-00070797 conversation.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00307-00070797-00071000 So first, to my left.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00308-00071000-00071149 Your right.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00309-00071149-00071429 Steve Hadley is truly, rule one
ABAd4tBXfK0-00310-00071429-00071693 of most highly respected
ABAd4tBXfK0-00311-00071693-00072083 security experts in the nation.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00312-00072083-00072418 A long and impressive career in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00313-00072418-00072618 and out of politics.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00314-00072618-00072798 He is most well known as
ABAd4tBXfK0-00315-00072798-00072981 probably all of you know as the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00316-00072981-00073211 national security advisor for
ABAd4tBXfK0-00317-00073211-00073439 president George W. Bush.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00318-00073439-00073848 I found out you started in the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00319-00073848-00074166 national security consul working
ABAd4tBXfK0-00320-00074166-00074375 for a gentlemen whose name is up
ABAd4tBXfK0-00321-00074375-00074682 on the school, president Gerald
ABAd4tBXfK0-00322-00074682-00074782 ford.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00323-00074782-00074882 So I was glad to find out you
ABAd4tBXfK0-00324-00074882-00075044 were already connected to Gerald
ABAd4tBXfK0-00325-00075044-00075158 ford.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00326-00075158-00075648 Steve Hadley has worked at the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00327-00075648-00075748 Department of Defense,
ABAd4tBXfK0-00328-00075748-00075923 Department of State and now
ABAd4tBXfK0-00329-00075923-00076174 today a partner with his former
ABAd4tBXfK0-00330-00076174-00076341 colleagues now his current
ABAd4tBXfK0-00331-00076341-00076480 colleagues once again
ABAd4tBXfK0-00332-00076480-00076698 secretaries former secretary bob
ABAd4tBXfK0-00333-00076698-00076916 gates, former secretary condy
ABAd4tBXfK0-00334-00076916-00077039 rice.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00335-00077039-00077325 President of an amazing
ABAd4tBXfK0-00336-00077325-00077469 organization called the U.S.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00337-00077469-00077937 institute of peace that does
ABAd4tBXfK0-00338-00077937-00078166 work throughout the world and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00339-00078166-00078399 the only complaint I have is
ABAd4tBXfK0-00340-00078399-00078669 that he grew up in Ohio and had
ABAd4tBXfK0-00341-00078669-00078937 the wrong pedigrees in school.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00342-00078937-00079219 He went to Cornell and went to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00343-00079219-00079406 Yale law school.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00344-00079406-00079724 I still think he's brilliant and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00345-00079724-00079906 you're going to learn why he's
ABAd4tBXfK0-00346-00079906-00080006 so brilliant.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00347-00080006-00080205 We're thrilled to have him here.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00348-00080205-00080320 Along with him in our
ABAd4tBXfK0-00349-00080320-00080541 conversation is ambassador Dan
ABAd4tBXfK0-00350-00080541-00080652 fried.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00351-00080652-00081125 He's has a 40 year career in the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00352-00081125-00081226 foreign silence.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00353-00081226-00081468 He has literally helped shape
ABAd4tBXfK0-00354-00081468-00081901 American policy in Europe and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00355-00081901-00082008 after the fall of the Soviet
ABAd4tBXfK0-00356-00082008-00082108 Union.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00357-00082108-00082393 Dan has been long list of career
ABAd4tBXfK0-00358-00082393-00082581 items let me just tell you some
ABAd4tBXfK0-00359-00082581-00083060 them of works under president
ABAd4tBXfK0-00360-00083060-00083316 Clinton and bush.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00361-00083316-00084222 Ambassador to state with Russia.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00362-00084222-00084899 Became known as one of U.S.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00363-00084899-00085297 experts.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00364-00085297-00085543 One of your last assignments at
ABAd4tBXfK0-00365-00085543-00085758 State Department was our first
ABAd4tBXfK0-00366-00085758-00086016 envoy to try to do closures at
ABAd4tBXfK0-00367-00086016-00086131 Gitmo.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00368-00086131-00086570 He is a distinguished fellow at
ABAd4tBXfK0-00369-00086570-00086805 the Atlantic consul.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00370-00086805-00087148 Gentlemen welcome.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00371-00087148-00087744 Let's give them a round of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00372-00087744-00087844 applause.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00373-00087844-00087944 So I have lots of questions
ABAd4tBXfK0-00374-00087944-00088044 to them.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00375-00088044-00088144 Do you mind if I ask them a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00376-00088144-00088244 question first.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00377-00088244-00088364 Let me start with just a show of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00378-00088364-00088464 hands.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00379-00088464-00088564 I know everybody is going to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00380-00088564-00088664 have to put your hand up here.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00381-00088664-00088802 How many of you have travelled
ABAd4tBXfK0-00382-00088802-00089035 around the world.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00383-00089035-00089187 Keep your hand up if you have
ABAd4tBXfK0-00384-00089187-00089432 worked around the world in the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00385-00089432-00089532 government.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00386-00089532-00089755 A lot of hands went down.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00387-00089755-00089869 If you worked in a State
ABAd4tBXfK0-00388-00089869-00090000 Department mission ever?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00389-00090000-00090266 Now we're down to just a few.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00390-00090266-00090577 How many want to pursue a career
ABAd4tBXfK0-00391-00090577-00090850 possibly in diplomacy somewhere?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00392-00090850-00091168 Got a few more hands up.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00393-00091168-00091604 Now on this question, how many
ABAd4tBXfK0-00394-00091604-00091930 think the state of transatlantic
ABAd4tBXfK0-00395-00091930-00092030 relationship system either
ABAd4tBXfK0-00396-00092030-00092499 strong, weak or adequate?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00397-00092499-00092757 The state of transatlantic
ABAd4tBXfK0-00398-00092757-00093030 relationships between America
ABAd4tBXfK0-00399-00093030-00093210 and the transat Lantic region is
ABAd4tBXfK0-00400-00093210-00093705 strong, weak or adequate.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00401-00093705-00094043 How much say strong, weak?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00402-00094043-00094175 Adequate?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00403-00094175-00094408 You can decide.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00404-00094408-00094616 My last question is how many
ABAd4tBXfK0-00405-00094616-00094856 think that diplomacy could make
ABAd4tBXfK0-00406-00094856-00095173 it even better?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00407-00095173-00095432 Yeah.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00408-00095432-00095691 Okay.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00409-00095691-00095893 Our title is diplomacy in a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00410-00095893-00096179 transatlantic era.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00411-00096179-00097124 So, you're going to get a little
ABAd4tBXfK0-00412-00097124-00097229 mini keynote.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00413-00097229-00097423 You get at to 10 minutes
ABAd4tBXfK0-00414-00097423-00097538 depending on how long you want
ABAd4tBXfK0-00415-00097538-00097638 to go.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00416-00097638-00097832 I want you to focus on this.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00417-00097832-00098106 For about 70 years, American
ABAd4tBXfK0-00418-00098106-00098348 foreign policy has largely been
ABAd4tBXfK0-00419-00098348-00098698 defined how we in the WONKY call
ABAd4tBXfK0-00420-00098698-00098904 the liberal international order.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00421-00098904-00099161 The alliances and institution
ABAd4tBXfK0-00422-00099161-00099407 that is have more or less kept
ABAd4tBXfK0-00423-00099407-00099617 us safe and peaceful and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00424-00099617-00099851 Republicans and Democrats we
ABAd4tBXfK0-00425-00099851-00099986 disagreed that everybody has
ABAd4tBXfK0-00426-00099986-00100151 disagreed on different thing.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00427-00100151-00100574 We agree these institutions work
ABAd4tBXfK0-00428-00100574-00100779 until recently and there's been
ABAd4tBXfK0-00429-00100779-00101057 a major disruption that has gone
ABAd4tBXfK0-00430-00101057-00101157 on.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00431-00101157-00101373 Challenges to the structure and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00432-00101373-00101608 particularly with our
ABAd4tBXfK0-00433-00101608-00102055 Transatlantic partners.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00434-00102055-00102764 What is state of the order?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00435-00102764-00103033 The challenges you're seeing
ABAd4tBXfK0-00436-00103033-00103205 around the globe and how does it
ABAd4tBXfK0-00437-00103205-00103560 impact us here in the U.S.?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00438-00103560-00103735 And you get not two hours but
ABAd4tBXfK0-00439-00103735-00103963 about 10 minutes.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00440-00103963-00104203 So, the international system
ABAd4tBXfK0-00441-00104203-00104501 is under challenge in a way that
ABAd4tBXfK0-00442-00104501-00104705 is has not been in my lifetime.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00443-00104705-00104933 And I think that accounts for a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00444-00104933-00105100 lot of the chaos and disruption
ABAd4tBXfK0-00445-00105100-00105294 you see in the world.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00446-00105294-00105477 At the end, it was established
ABAd4tBXfK0-00447-00105477-00105626 at the end of World War II by
ABAd4tBXfK0-00448-00105626-00105768 the United States working with
ABAd4tBXfK0-00449-00105768-00105961 Europe, and it basically
ABAd4tBXfK0-00450-00105961-00106170 reflected our values and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00451-00106170-00106553 principles, human rights, rule
ABAd4tBXfK0-00452-00106553-00106685 of law.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00453-00106685-00106928 Wildly successful.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00454-00106928-00107071 Not universal.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00455-00107071-00107208 Certainly disputed by the Soviet
ABAd4tBXfK0-00456-00107208-00107346 Union.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00457-00107346-00107502 We engaged in the cold war.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00458-00107502-00107969 '89-90 the Cold War is over and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00459-00107969-00108521 our values and principals have
ABAd4tBXfK0-00460-00108521-00108817 swept the field and the only
ABAd4tBXfK0-00461-00108817-00109088 global paradigm.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00462-00109088-00109319 And that turned out not to be
ABAd4tBXfK0-00463-00109319-00109419 true.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00464-00109419-00109540 There are a number of shocks I
ABAd4tBXfK0-00465-00109540-00109688 think that began to undermine
ABAd4tBXfK0-00466-00109688-00109788 the system.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00467-00109788-00109916 The first was in 2008 with the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00468-00109916-00110115 financial crisis.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00469-00110115-00110215 Everyone viewed the financial
ABAd4tBXfK0-00470-00110215-00110364 system as an American and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00471-00110364-00110605 European institution and we knew
ABAd4tBXfK0-00472-00110605-00110713 how to run it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00473-00110713-00110853 Well, guess what?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00474-00110853-00111028 We had a melt down that produced
ABAd4tBXfK0-00475-00111028-00111173 the greatest recession since the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00476-00111173-00111294 depression.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00477-00111294-00111533 That was a big JOLT to people's
ABAd4tBXfK0-00478-00111533-00111754 confidence in our ability it on
ABAd4tBXfK0-00479-00111754-00111948 run the system that we had
ABAd4tBXfK0-00480-00111948-00112048 established.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00481-00112048-00112148 I would say the second one
ABAd4tBXfK0-00482-00112148-00112492 occurred in 2011 with the Arab
ABAd4tBXfK0-00483-00112492-00112754 spring that turned out to be an
ABAd4tBXfK0-00484-00112754-00112889 Arab nightmare.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00485-00112889-00113014 Rather than bringing democracy
ABAd4tBXfK0-00486-00113014-00113222 to the region, a region that the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00487-00113222-00113434 U.S. had made huge investments
ABAd4tBXfK0-00488-00113434-00113708 over a decade.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00489-00113708-00114040 It brought chaos and melt down
ABAd4tBXfK0-00490-00114040-00114296 in Syria and Libya or return to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00491-00114296-00114632 authoritarianism.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00492-00114632-00114993 The third was our election in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00493-00114993-00115332 It showed a surprising result
ABAd4tBXfK0-00494-00115332-00115582 that reflected a fact for a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00495-00115582-00115782 large number of Americans, there
ABAd4tBXfK0-00496-00115782-00116017 was a really disaffection with
ABAd4tBXfK0-00497-00116017-00116193 the international system we
ABAd4tBXfK0-00498-00116193-00116304 supported.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00499-00116304-00116430 This is a group of people that
ABAd4tBXfK0-00500-00116430-00116784 felt that had been victimized by
ABAd4tBXfK0-00501-00116784-00116934 globalization.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00502-00116934-00117147 Threatened by immigration.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00503-00117147-00117429 Abandoned by their politicians
ABAd4tBXfK0-00504-00117429-00117758 and betrayed by their elites and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00505-00117758-00117895 gave president Trump as a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00506-00117895-00118166 disruptor in chief who was
ABAd4tBXfK0-00507-00118166-00118303 really going to disrupt the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00508-00118303-00118583 international system with a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00509-00118583-00118892 sector of the population and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00510-00118892-00119065 begin to raise questions about
ABAd4tBXfK0-00511-00119065-00119255 whether the United States wanted
ABAd4tBXfK0-00512-00119255-00119466 to continue to support that
ABAd4tBXfK0-00513-00119466-00119683 international system that was
ABAd4tBXfK0-00514-00119683-00119783 our creation.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00515-00119783-00119883 As Liz points out.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00516-00119883-00120044 At the same time, Europe was
ABAd4tBXfK0-00517-00120044-00120311 turning inward.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00518-00120311-00120492 In parallel with all of this, as
ABAd4tBXfK0-00519-00120492-00120659 the United States and Europe
ABAd4tBXfK0-00520-00120659-00120826 seemed to be either disabled or
ABAd4tBXfK0-00521-00120826-00120928 stepping back from the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00522-00120928-00121125 international system, It's
ABAd4tBXfK0-00523-00121125-00121225 challenged.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00524-00121225-00121325 It's challenged by the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00525-00121325-00121498 re-emergence of great power
ABAd4tBXfK0-00526-00121498-00121794 competition, a Russia which at
ABAd4tBXfK0-00527-00121794-00121935 the beginning of the post cold
ABAd4tBXfK0-00528-00121935-00122065 war period looked like it would
ABAd4tBXfK0-00529-00122065-00122190 be a partner of the United
ABAd4tBXfK0-00530-00122190-00122447 States and now migrated to the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00531-00122447-00122741 point it's a spoiler on every
ABAd4tBXfK0-00532-00122741-00122915 issue trying to frustrate
ABAd4tBXfK0-00533-00122915-00123079 American policy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00534-00123079-00123295 The emergence of China.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00535-00123295-00123528 China is a potential competitor
ABAd4tBXfK0-00536-00123528-00123759 like we have never known.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00537-00123759-00123983 Soviet Union was a huge military
ABAd4tBXfK0-00538-00123983-00124177 competitor but an economic
ABAd4tBXfK0-00539-00124177-00124352 Pygmy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00540-00124352-00124591 With a political system that
ABAd4tBXfK0-00541-00124591-00124756 collapsed of its own weight.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00542-00124756-00125003 China, on the other hand is a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00543-00125003-00125490 geo political, economic military
ABAd4tBXfK0-00544-00125490-00125722 rival of enormous capabilities.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00545-00125722-00125939 And in parallel with
ABAd4tBXfK0-00546-00125939-00126283 re-emergence of great power is
ABAd4tBXfK0-00547-00126283-00127544 the re-emergence of ideals.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00548-00127544-00128068 The authoritarian practice is
ABAd4tBXfK0-00549-00128068-00128518 gaining adherence because it
ABAd4tBXfK0-00550-00128518-00128778 seems to be a more affective way
ABAd4tBXfK0-00551-00128778-00128964 of addressing the issues of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00552-00128964-00129064 people.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00553-00129064-00129208 In parallel with all of that,
ABAd4tBXfK0-00554-00129208-00129546 there is a disaffection within
ABAd4tBXfK0-00555-00129546-00129897 democracies with our own system
ABAd4tBXfK0-00556-00129897-00130147 and people questioning any
ABAd4tBXfK0-00557-00130147-00130254 democracy and free market is the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00558-00130254-00130354 way.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00559-00130354-00130549 You see it in Brexit, the rise
ABAd4tBXfK0-00560-00130549-00130841 of the extremist parties in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00561-00130841-00132162 Europe and in our own country.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00562-00132162-00132287 Artificial intelligence.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00563-00132287-00132387 Autonomy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00564-00132387-00133169 Edge computing, a  whole series
ABAd4tBXfK0-00565-00133169-00133445 of technology that will
ABAd4tBXfK0-00566-00133445-00133701 transform our system and put
ABAd4tBXfK0-00567-00133701-00133917 pressure on our system, in for
ABAd4tBXfK0-00568-00133917-00134117 which there is not for the the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00569-00134117-00134250 international system a set of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00570-00134250-00134519 rules how to make sure that
ABAd4tBXfK0-00571-00134519-00134837 bioengineering producing real
ABAd4tBXfK0-00572-00134837-00135134 benefits for health of the world
ABAd4tBXfK0-00573-00135134-00135332 rather than produces the next
ABAd4tBXfK0-00574-00135332-00135557 pandemic that is going to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00575-00135557-00135846 threaten all of our health.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00576-00135846-00136008 We have seen this revolution
ABAd4tBXfK0-00577-00136008-00136137 particularly in the area of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00578-00136137-00136470 communications and social media.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00579-00136470-00136628 I thought that social media was
ABAd4tBXfK0-00580-00136628-00136773 going to be a great force of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00581-00136773-00136967 democratization empowering
ABAd4tBXfK0-00582-00136967-00137197 people to take more
ABAd4tBXfK0-00583-00137197-00137390 responsibility for their lives.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00584-00137390-00137627 What we have seen, it can be a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00585-00137627-00137865 tool for the authoritarians to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00586-00137865-00138186 exert more control over people.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00587-00138186-00138425 In Democratic societies, it has
ABAd4tBXfK0-00588-00138425-00138695 been an accelerant of division
ABAd4tBXfK0-00589-00138695-00138957 that's put real pressure on our
ABAd4tBXfK0-00590-00138957-00139290 political systems and ushered in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00591-00139290-00139756 an era of disinformation and of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00592-00139756-00140027 the ability, used to say see is
ABAd4tBXfK0-00593-00140027-00140221 believing, you can't believe
ABAd4tBXfK0-00594-00140221-00140606 your eyes with deep fake images
ABAd4tBXfK0-00595-00140606-00140763 manufactured having president
ABAd4tBXfK0-00596-00140763-00141084 Obama saying things he never
ABAd4tBXfK0-00597-00141084-00141279 said.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00598-00141279-00141838 At a time when the United States
ABAd4tBXfK0-00599-00141838-00142077 seems to be pulling away from
ABAd4tBXfK0-00600-00142077-00142362 leading that system that we have
ABAd4tBXfK0-00601-00142362-00142462 established and been the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00602-00142462-00142678 protector of for 70 years and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00603-00142678-00143077 Europe seems to be increasingly
ABAd4tBXfK0-00604-00143077-00143340 worrying and focused on its own
ABAd4tBXfK0-00605-00143340-00143452 internal problems.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00606-00143452-00143640 We have never faced I think as
ABAd4tBXfK0-00607-00143640-00143872 difficult an international
ABAd4tBXfK0-00608-00143872-00144041 situation since I think the Cold
ABAd4tBXfK0-00609-00144041-00144274 War and including the Cold War
ABAd4tBXfK0-00610-00144274-00144737 and are less positioned to deal
ABAd4tBXfK0-00611-00144737-00145130 with it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00612-00145130-00145312 I'm not dispairing, I'm
ABAd4tBXfK0-00613-00145312-00145412 optimistic.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00614-00145412-00145587 Hate to be the prophet of doom
ABAd4tBXfK0-00615-00145587-00145711 and gloom here.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00616-00145711-00145922 It's a new and challenging
ABAd4tBXfK0-00617-00145922-00146210 situation you students will be
ABAd4tBXfK0-00618-00146210-00146463 grappling with for the next 20
ABAd4tBXfK0-00619-00146463-00146563 years.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00620-00146563-00146929 We will get to your optimism.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00621-00146929-00147213 All right.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00622-00147213-00147449 You get the other half, it's
ABAd4tBXfK0-00623-00147449-00147615 called diplomacy in a new
ABAd4tBXfK0-00624-00147615-00147771 transatlantic era.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00625-00147771-00147953 Dan what I would love to hear
ABAd4tBXfK0-00626-00147953-00148204 you talk about is again we will
ABAd4tBXfK0-00627-00148204-00148411 get into the details of your
ABAd4tBXfK0-00628-00148411-00148790 expertise on NATO.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00629-00148790-00149022 I'm interested for you to give
ABAd4tBXfK0-00630-00149022-00149314 us your take on where diplomacy
ABAd4tBXfK0-00631-00149314-00149870 sits in this challenging to the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00632-00149870-00150213 international order of, values
ABAd4tBXfK0-00633-00150213-00150683 based versus our own interest
ABAd4tBXfK0-00634-00150683-00150941 and where you see U.S.A.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00635-00150941-00151453 diplomatic role right now.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00636-00151453-00151702 This is from 40 years as a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00637-00151702-00151827 diplomat.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00638-00151827-00152383 So embassies work daily with
ABAd4tBXfK0-00639-00152383-00152630 reality as it is on the ground.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00640-00152630-00152881 A lot of work of embassies is
ABAd4tBXfK0-00641-00152881-00153043 asked to do with explaining to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00642-00153043-00153379 Washington, which is habitualy
ABAd4tBXfK0-00643-00153379-00153719 impatient what is possible in a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00644-00153719-00154060 given country at a given time.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00645-00154060-00154360 That realism with a smart art,
ABAd4tBXfK0-00646-00154360-00154637 tactical realism is what
ABAd4tBXfK0-00647-00154637-00154817 diplomats carry around in their
ABAd4tBXfK0-00648-00154817-00154917 heads.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00649-00154917-00155017 What is possible today.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00650-00155017-00155268 You usually have to explain why
ABAd4tBXfK0-00651-00155268-00155535 some big theory which a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00652-00155535-00155697 secretary of state or president
ABAd4tBXfK0-00653-00155697-00155957 has put in a speech or tweet is
ABAd4tBXfK0-00654-00155957-00156148 difficult to achieve.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00655-00156148-00156366 Good luck with that.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00656-00156366-00156734 Small arm realism is the world
ABAd4tBXfK0-00657-00156734-00156932 tends to be the default world
ABAd4tBXfK0-00658-00156932-00157215 view of diplomats.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00659-00157215-00157360 Most of successful diplomatic
ABAd4tBXfK0-00660-00157360-00157814 work is working within this
ABAd4tBXfK0-00661-00157814-00157957 sphere.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00662-00157957-00158194 And within that sphere, good
ABAd4tBXfK0-00663-00158194-00158318 embassies know how to work a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00664-00158318-00158582 problem in a foreign country
ABAd4tBXfK0-00665-00158582-00158682 politically.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00666-00158682-00158924 I don't mean partisan.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00667-00158924-00159179 But to solve a problem, you need
ABAd4tBXfK0-00668-00159179-00159344 to frame up the issue so the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00669-00159344-00159714 foreign country's political
ABAd4tBXfK0-00670-00159714-00159987 system can handle it and do so
ABAd4tBXfK0-00671-00159987-00160087 well.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00672-00160087-00160193 You frame the issues in ways
ABAd4tBXfK0-00673-00160193-00160297 they can work with.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00674-00160297-00160551 That is the day-to-day work of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00675-00160551-00160682 an embassy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00676-00160682-00161127 But, there are two examples of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00677-00161127-00161339 when embassies and diplomats
ABAd4tBXfK0-00678-00161339-00161594 have to break out of that usual
ABAd4tBXfK0-00679-00161594-00161745 system.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00680-00161745-00162038 One is when as ambassador Weiser
ABAd4tBXfK0-00681-00162038-00162446 said, the country you're in,
ABAd4tBXfK0-00682-00162446-00162624 you're serving in is going in a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00683-00162624-00162951 wrong direction and Washington
ABAd4tBXfK0-00684-00162951-00163114 has asked you to do something
ABAd4tBXfK0-00685-00163114-00163214 about it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00686-00163214-00163639 Now, I know about this because I
ABAd4tBXfK0-00687-00163639-00163857 sort of asked ron Weiser to do
ABAd4tBXfK0-00688-00163857-00164314 something about it in Slovakia.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00689-00164314-00164745 Then it takes skill of a higher
ABAd4tBXfK0-00690-00164745-00165149 order to actually reach a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00691-00165149-00165466 foreign society in ways that
ABAd4tBXfK0-00692-00165466-00165638 don't look like American
ABAd4tBXfK0-00693-00165638-00165845 bullying or arrogance or over
ABAd4tBXfK0-00694-00165845-00166134 reach or any number of sins to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00695-00166134-00166447 which we Americans are prone.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00696-00166447-00166753 And being able to get inside a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00697-00166753-00166913 foreign country's political
ABAd4tBXfK0-00698-00166913-00167343 space without being blasted out,
ABAd4tBXfK0-00699-00167343-00167672 coming charred and scarred, is a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00700-00167672-00167889 much higher level skill.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00701-00167889-00168030 And I have to say that ron
ABAd4tBXfK0-00702-00168030-00168395 Weiser did a terrific job.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00703-00168395-00168690 By the way, as a footnote,
ABAd4tBXfK0-00704-00168690-00168918 political ambassadors who
ABAd4tBXfK0-00705-00168918-00169130 professional diplomats are
ABAd4tBXfK0-00706-00169130-00169401 supposed to despise or patronize
ABAd4tBXfK0-00707-00169401-00169663 are often better than foreign
ABAd4tBXfK0-00708-00169663-00169953 service officers.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00709-00169953-00170235 The outsides of political
ABAd4tBXfK0-00710-00170235-00170397 ambassadors are high.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00711-00170397-00170629 So are the down sides.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00712-00170629-00170932 This is on the record.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00713-00170932-00171032 Yeah, yeah.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00714-00171032-00171243 I will take that.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00715-00171243-00171510 But, ron Weiser was on the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00716-00171510-00171746 right, way over on the right on
ABAd4tBXfK0-00717-00171746-00171973 that bell curve.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00718-00171973-00172184 And but then there's a third
ABAd4tBXfK0-00719-00172184-00172379 level the highest kind of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00720-00172379-00172734 diplomatic skill and recognizing
ABAd4tBXfK0-00721-00172734-00172882 when things are about to change
ABAd4tBXfK0-00722-00172882-00173116 in a big way.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00723-00173116-00173269 Steve Hadley was talking about
ABAd4tBXfK0-00724-00173269-00173390 the challenges to the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00725-00173390-00173495 international system.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00726-00173495-00173924 When you're in a country that
ABAd4tBXfK0-00727-00173924-00174216 is, and this is rare, it's
ABAd4tBXfK0-00728-00174216-00174354 almost never going to happen but
ABAd4tBXfK0-00729-00174354-00174501 when it does, when a country is
ABAd4tBXfK0-00730-00174501-00174732 about to go very bad or very
ABAd4tBXfK0-00731-00174732-00175082 good, can you break out of that
ABAd4tBXfK0-00732-00175082-00175475 small realist practical minded
ABAd4tBXfK0-00733-00175475-00175762 MIND set and make the call and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00734-00175762-00175909 warn Washington?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00735-00175909-00176339 Okay, an example of a failure is
ABAd4tBXfK0-00736-00176339-00176653 when our embassy in Yugoslavia
ABAd4tBXfK0-00737-00176653-00176821 didn't recognize the warning
ABAd4tBXfK0-00738-00176821-00177320 signs until it was too late in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00739-00177320-00177420 the 80s.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00740-00177420-00177694 An example of success is when
ABAd4tBXfK0-00741-00177694-00178135 our embassy in Poland understood
ABAd4tBXfK0-00742-00178135-00178291 the communism was coming apart
ABAd4tBXfK0-00743-00178291-00178488 at the seams and the future
ABAd4tBXfK0-00744-00178488-00178868 belonged to solidarity.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00745-00178868-00179076 They made the call.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00746-00179076-00179221 Nobody in Washington believed
ABAd4tBXfK0-00747-00179221-00179432 them.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00748-00179432-00179690 I did but was too insignificant
ABAd4tBXfK0-00749-00179690-00179969 to count.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00750-00179969-00180119 But it was an example of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00751-00180119-00180416 strategic insight and foresight.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00752-00180416-00180721 I mention this because when
ABAd4tBXfK0-00753-00180721-00180901 you're in a world of systemic
ABAd4tBXfK0-00754-00180901-00181077 challenges, Steve Hadley
ABAd4tBXfK0-00755-00181077-00181523 accurately described, you're
ABAd4tBXfK0-00756-00181523-00181887 going to find COUNTRIES at a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00757-00181887-00182177 borderline of major change.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00758-00182177-00182607 So, what is happening in Russia?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00759-00182607-00182878 I'm not sure that Putin is the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00760-00182878-00183077 wave of future.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00761-00183077-00183418 Doesn't matter what I think.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00762-00183418-00183586 Russians including Russian
ABAd4tBXfK0-00763-00183586-00183969 officials are using words like
ABAd4tBXfK0-00764-00183969-00184233 perpetual stagnation, which is a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00765-00184233-00184563 code word for the late period to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00766-00184563-00184663 describe what is happening in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00767-00184663-00184763 Russia now.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00768-00184763-00185064 I am not privy to the diplomatic
ABAd4tBXfK0-00769-00185064-00185202 cables coming from Moscow.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00770-00185202-00185369 But I know how good our
ABAd4tBXfK0-00771-00185369-00185914 embassies can be.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00772-00185914-00186068 Was there a junior political
ABAd4tBXfK0-00773-00186068-00186432 officer in in TEHRAN that was
ABAd4tBXfK0-00774-00186432-00187352 writing that it was evaporating?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00775-00187352-00187653 That's what diplomacy means.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00776-00187653-00187804 Sometimes making that call.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00777-00187804-00187908 That's great.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00778-00187908-00188008 Terrific.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00779-00188008-00188108 Terrific.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00780-00188108-00188208 We're going through a couple
ABAd4tBXfK0-00781-00188208-00188426 topics quickly.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00782-00188426-00188599 Let me start with one that both
ABAd4tBXfK0-00783-00188599-00188721 of you touched upon.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00784-00188721-00188960 Which is America's leadership.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00785-00188960-00189104 America global leadership.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00786-00189104-00189245 And get a sense of where you
ABAd4tBXfK0-00787-00189245-00189443 think we are.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00788-00189443-00189669 I was a student here, I will
ABAd4tBXfK0-00789-00189669-00189769 admit me age.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00790-00189769-00190100 We were deep in the Cold War and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00791-00190100-00190216 I was sitting where a lot of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00792-00190216-00190348 students are.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00793-00190348-00190821 We had maps, red and blue, it
ABAd4tBXfK0-00794-00190821-00191042 was really clear.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00795-00191042-00191388 Today It's not really clear am
ABAd4tBXfK0-00796-00191388-00191602 it's complicated and America's
ABAd4tBXfK0-00797-00191602-00191771 leadership is kind of shifting.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00798-00191771-00191978 So Steve, one of the questions I
ABAd4tBXfK0-00799-00191978-00192218 want to ask you, the perception
ABAd4tBXfK0-00800-00192218-00192350 of America's leadership.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00801-00192350-00192567 I look at polls a lot.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00802-00192567-00192775 If you ask Americans how every
ABAd4tBXfK0-00803-00192775-00192963 other country views us, guess
ABAd4tBXfK0-00804-00192963-00193097 what we're a little huberrist,
ABAd4tBXfK0-00805-00193097-00193304 we think we're doing great.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00806-00193304-00193478 The rest of world doesn't feel
ABAd4tBXfK0-00807-00193478-00193687 like we're doing great.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00808-00193687-00194120 Pew and gallop ask the question.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00809-00194120-00194777 Gallop asked leaders in 130
ABAd4tBXfK0-00810-00194777-00195055 countries.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00811-00195055-00195497 We hit 31% have a high opinion
ABAd4tBXfK0-00812-00195497-00195597 of us.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00813-00195597-00195798 We were lower than China.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00814-00195798-00195959 The pew study in the last five
ABAd4tBXfK0-00815-00195959-00196210 years dropped 15 points.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00816-00196210-00196397 I often hear the claims that
ABAd4tBXfK0-00817-00196397-00196616 allies turn and say, you can't
ABAd4tBXfK0-00818-00196616-00196752 rely on the U.S. anymore.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00819-00196752-00196904 Both of us know any country
ABAd4tBXfK0-00820-00196904-00197067 would be delighted to have any
ABAd4tBXfK0-00821-00197067-00197215 American business knock on their
ABAd4tBXfK0-00822-00197215-00197318 door.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00823-00197318-00197536 My question is talk for a moment
ABAd4tBXfK0-00824-00197536-00197838 about how are you concerned
ABAd4tBXfK0-00825-00197838-00198040 about the fair weather friend of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00826-00198040-00198378 America for our allies mantra?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00827-00198378-00198485 Is that something you're worried
ABAd4tBXfK0-00828-00198485-00198585 about.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00829-00198585-00198690 You travel all the time.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00830-00198690-00198961 Do you hear that?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00831-00198961-00199195 I think it's more profound
ABAd4tBXfK0-00832-00199195-00199580 than that.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00833-00199580-00199999 Our brand doesn't look so good.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00834-00199999-00200121 People watch us.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00835-00200121-00200350 And we have an economy that is
ABAd4tBXfK0-00836-00200350-00200614 now pretty clear produce growth
ABAd4tBXfK0-00837-00200614-00200799 and did not produce inclusive
ABAd4tBXfK0-00838-00200799-00201016 growth from which all Americans
ABAd4tBXfK0-00839-00201016-00201212 could benefit.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00840-00201212-00201430 That's very evident.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00841-00201430-00201621 Our politics looks most to the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00842-00201621-00201755 world broken.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00843-00201755-00202151 Full of ranker and division and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00844-00202151-00202447 not fixing the problems that
ABAd4tBXfK0-00845-00202447-00202641 face the country, and you know,
ABAd4tBXfK0-00846-00202641-00202898 we have known for two decades
ABAd4tBXfK0-00847-00202898-00203088 what to do about immigration re
ABAd4tBXfK0-00848-00203088-00203188 form.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00849-00203188-00203303 We really know what to do about
ABAd4tBXfK0-00850-00203303-00203444 Social Security reform.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00851-00203444-00203594 We're working with the issue of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00852-00203594-00203706 medical reform.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00853-00203706-00203952 What we don't seem to have is
ABAd4tBXfK0-00854-00203952-00204151 the political will to solve
ABAd4tBXfK0-00855-00204151-00204427 these problems and the world has
ABAd4tBXfK0-00856-00204427-00204662 noticed and now we have had an
ABAd4tBXfK0-00857-00204662-00204883 election in 2016 that surprised
ABAd4tBXfK0-00858-00204883-00204983 everybody.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00859-00204983-00205236 And a foreign policy that talks
ABAd4tBXfK0-00860-00205236-00205433 about America first.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00861-00205433-00205807 I want to come back to that a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00862-00205807-00205939 little bit.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00863-00205939-00206171 The first problem is, our brand
ABAd4tBXfK0-00864-00206171-00206344 doesn't look so good.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00865-00206344-00206531 We are not really dealing with
ABAd4tBXfK0-00866-00206531-00206677 our problems at home and not
ABAd4tBXfK0-00867-00206677-00206861 showing we have a kind of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00868-00206861-00207310 political system to provide
ABAd4tBXfK0-00869-00207310-00207576 prosperity for our people.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00870-00207576-00207769 China is looking pretty good.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00871-00207769-00208036 What is the point of America
ABAd4tBXfK0-00872-00208036-00208136 first?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00873-00208136-00208430 I think President Trump
ABAd4tBXfK0-00874-00208430-00208813 reflected a real problem in our
ABAd4tBXfK0-00875-00208813-00208969 politics, something that the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00876-00208969-00209088 elites in the country and the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00877-00209088-00209394 politicians had ignored and it
ABAd4tBXfK0-00878-00209394-00209573 needs to be addressed.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00879-00209573-00209729 We can discuss about how he's
ABAd4tBXfK0-00880-00209729-00209894 trying to address it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00881-00209894-00210135 The problem with America first
ABAd4tBXfK0-00882-00210135-00210334 is that it's being read
ABAd4tBXfK0-00883-00210334-00210573 internationally as America at
ABAd4tBXfK0-00884-00210573-00210782 other people's expense.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00885-00210782-00211169 A win-lose.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00886-00211169-00211406 Very short term definition of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00887-00211406-00211553 American interests.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00888-00211553-00211788 That's not why we have been.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00889-00211788-00212061 Yes it's America first.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00890-00212061-00212261 Every country puts its people's
ABAd4tBXfK0-00891-00212261-00212548 interest and security first.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00892-00212548-00212771 But we had for 70 years a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00893-00212771-00213094 long-term view of what was
ABAd4tBXfK0-00894-00213094-00213267 America's interest.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00895-00213267-00213466 And it was a view that said for
ABAd4tBXfK0-00896-00213466-00213811 example, it's in our interest to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00897-00213811-00214078 help rebuild Japan and Germany
ABAd4tBXfK0-00898-00214078-00214371 after the end of World War II
ABAd4tBXfK0-00899-00214371-00214571 and help them rebuild as
ABAd4tBXfK0-00900-00214571-00214814 Democratic free market societies
ABAd4tBXfK0-00901-00214814-00214960 because they will be more
ABAd4tBXfK0-00902-00214960-00215174 peaceful and that's the best way
ABAd4tBXfK0-00903-00215174-00215467 we can ensure we don't have to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00904-00215467-00215757 descend into a world war three.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00905-00215757-00215934 President Bush decided it was in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00906-00215934-00216117 our long-term interests to deal
ABAd4tBXfK0-00907-00216117-00216552 with the HIV-aids epidemic in
ABAd4tBXfK0-00908-00216552-00216723 Africa.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00909-00216723-00217008 Partly because chaos in Africa
ABAd4tBXfK0-00910-00217008-00217334 would deny business in Africa
ABAd4tBXfK0-00911-00217334-00217577 but because he had a sense it's
ABAd4tBXfK0-00912-00217577-00217775 the right thing to do.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00913-00217775-00218038 It's what we as Americans do.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00914-00218038-00218280 We take on and try to help solve
ABAd4tBXfK0-00915-00218280-00218464 the world's problems and in the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00916-00218464-00218631 end of the day, it's in our
ABAd4tBXfK0-00917-00218631-00218752 interests to do so and it will
ABAd4tBXfK0-00918-00218752-00219069 generate good will for America.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00919-00219069-00219221 The world will actually tolerate
ABAd4tBXfK0-00920-00219221-00219404 a lot of American mistakes
ABAd4tBXfK0-00921-00219404-00219549 because the alternative to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00922-00219549-00219882 American leadership is worse.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00923-00219882-00220425 And World War II is FACISM.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00924-00220425-00220626 If the alternative is China,
ABAd4tBXfK0-00925-00220626-00221381 they say not so bad.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00926-00221381-00222127 At home reconnect to the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00927-00222127-00222291 principles and values that
ABAd4tBXfK0-00928-00222291-00222467 served this country well.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00929-00222467-00222629 As Madeleine albright says, we
ABAd4tBXfK0-00930-00222629-00223146 need to renew our values and to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00931-00223146-00223517 a much more enlightened view of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00932-00223517-00224069 what America's role should be.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00933-00224069-00224258 Let me, Dan ask you to play
ABAd4tBXfK0-00934-00224258-00224394 off on this America first
ABAd4tBXfK0-00935-00224394-00224542 question ask bring it back to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00936-00224542-00224833 the theme transatlantic era.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00937-00224833-00225050 You know something about NATO
ABAd4tBXfK0-00938-00225050-00225371 because one of the first policy
ABAd4tBXfK0-00939-00225371-00225530 agenda on the America first
ABAd4tBXfK0-00940-00225530-00225775 agenda of the president was he
ABAd4tBXfK0-00941-00225775-00226028 took off right on the box after
ABAd4tBXfK0-00942-00226028-00226128 NATO.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00943-00226128-00226380 He got praised for putting on
ABAd4tBXfK0-00944-00226380-00226553 the table, pay your fair share,
ABAd4tBXfK0-00945-00226553-00226730 he got criticized saying he went
ABAd4tBXfK0-00946-00226730-00227133 after our NATO allies pretty
ABAd4tBXfK0-00947-00227133-00227246 harshly.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00948-00227246-00227471 What is the state in your view
ABAd4tBXfK0-00949-00227471-00228026 of the U.S. NATO relationship?
ABAd4tBXfK0-00950-00228026-00228290 NATO was set up as a means to
ABAd4tBXfK0-00951-00228290-00228390 an end.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00952-00228390-00228525 It's an instrument.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00953-00228525-00228849 The end was an undivided
ABAd4tBXfK0-00954-00228849-00229151 transatlantic securities basin.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00955-00229151-00229322 Because we were tired of world
ABAd4tBXfK0-00956-00229322-00229744 wars.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00957-00229744-00229850 President Trump isn't the first
ABAd4tBXfK0-00958-00229850-00230065 U.S. president to be irritated
ABAd4tBXfK0-00959-00230065-00230423 with lack of European nations
ABAd4tBXfK0-00960-00230423-00230523 defense capability.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00961-00230523-00230764 That goes back to Eisenhower.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00962-00230764-00230871 That goes back to Eisenhower
ABAd4tBXfK0-00963-00230871-00231449 when he was at NATO.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00964-00231449-00231610 That's not new.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00965-00231610-00231916 What is new is the president's
ABAd4tBXfK0-00966-00231916-00232319 questioning of article 5 and
ABAd4tBXfK0-00967-00232319-00232532 alliance solidarity which is
ABAd4tBXfK0-00968-00232532-00232798 part of what Steve Hadley
ABAd4tBXfK0-00969-00232798-00232948 rightly calls a narrow
ABAd4tBXfK0-00970-00232948-00233251 definition of America first.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00971-00233251-00233569 So NATO was a means to an end.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00972-00233569-00233783 Because frankly you know dealing
ABAd4tBXfK0-00973-00233783-00234224 with European union ornato can
ABAd4tBXfK0-00974-00234224-00234353 be frustrating.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00975-00234353-00234679 A European problem, a real
ABAd4tBXfK0-00976-00234679-00234826 problem in Europe, that's Omaha
ABAd4tBXfK0-00977-00234826-00235126 beach and the battle of the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00978-00235126-00235226 bulge.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00979-00235226-00235326 That's European problem.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00980-00235326-00235426 That's wars.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00981-00235426-00235694 Or the Berlin wall.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00982-00235694-00235946 These are not hard problems.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00983-00235946-00236273 Frustrated by the EU, this is
ABAd4tBXfK0-00984-00236273-00236451 like a job for guys.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00985-00236451-00236648 Men and women like me.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00986-00236648-00236804 Send us in and have us work the
ABAd4tBXfK0-00987-00236804-00237081 problem.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00988-00237081-00237786 The genius and I'm bouncing off
ABAd4tBXfK0-00989-00237786-00237953 of what Steve Hadley was saying,
ABAd4tBXfK0-00990-00237953-00238129 the genius of the American grand
ABAd4tBXfK0-00991-00238129-00238430 strategy is we wouldn't lower
ABAd4tBXfK0-00992-00238430-00238928 ourselves to have a sphere of
ABAd4tBXfK0-00993-00238928-00239076 influence.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00994-00239076-00239380 It only works if we set up a
ABAd4tBXfK0-00995-00239380-00239621 system where we can all prosper
ABAd4tBXfK0-00996-00239621-00239832 together.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00997-00239832-00239932 And Steve is right.
ABAd4tBXfK0-00998-00239932-00240183 We failed of that promise
ABAd4tBXfK0-00999-00240183-00240514 financial crash, lack of equity
ABAd4tBXfK0-01000-00240514-00240698 in American economic growth and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01001-00240698-00241224 the vision remains valid and the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01002-00241224-00241741 articulation of a united
ABAd4tBXfK0-01003-00241741-00241969 Democratic community to face the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01004-00241969-00242291 authoritarian challenges is half
ABAd4tBXfK0-01005-00242291-00242419 the problem and the other half
ABAd4tBXfK0-01006-00242419-00243041 is fixing the solutions.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01007-00243041-00243221 We met with students and asked
ABAd4tBXfK0-01008-00243221-00243425 what are you worried about.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01009-00243425-00243871 One student talked about the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01010-00243871-00244034 multilateral forums.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01011-00244034-00244157 We had a G 7.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01012-00244157-00244430 And two weeks we're I guess next
ABAd4tBXfK0-01013-00244430-00244582 week the world is going to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01014-00244582-00244778 descend on New York the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01015-00244778-00244884 UNgeneral assembly.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01016-00244884-00245100 Maybe you don't have to go to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01017-00245100-00245200 anymore.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01018-00245200-00245300 I'm going to get to go.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01019-00245300-00245591 Where do you see, there's NATO
ABAd4tBXfK0-01020-00245591-00246067 but how the U.S. plays in these
ABAd4tBXfK0-01021-00246067-00246208 multilateral forums that affect
ABAd4tBXfK0-01022-00246208-00246360 the transatlantic partnerships.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01023-00246360-00246661 We still have foot in the door
ABAd4tBXfK0-01024-00246661-00246761 there?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01025-00246761-00246892 Well, I do a lot of work with
ABAd4tBXfK0-01026-00246892-00247084 Madeleine albright who is a
ABAd4tBXfK0-01027-00247084-00247346 wonderful work.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01028-00247346-00247782 She says Americans don't like
ABAd4tBXfK0-01029-00247782-00248071 multilateralism because it has
ABAd4tBXfK0-01030-00248071-00248289 too many syllables and ends in
ABAd4tBXfK0-01031-00248289-00249119 an ISM.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01032-00249119-00249392 The feeling is we're
ABAd4tBXfK0-01033-00249392-00249739 surrendering sovereignty to the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01034-00249739-00250006 multinational constitutions to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01035-00250006-00250278 the detriment of our own ability
ABAd4tBXfK0-01036-00250278-00250756 to be captains of our fate.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01037-00250756-00251067 I think that reflects in over
ABAd4tBXfK0-01038-00251067-00251283 estimation of just how most of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01039-00251283-00251424 these, how powerful most of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01040-00251424-00251583 these multilateral institutions
ABAd4tBXfK0-01041-00251583-00251683 are.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01042-00251683-00251846 I used to have a debate with
ABAd4tBXfK0-01043-00251846-00252014 president George Bush.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01044-00252014-00252210 He would say, that's a problem I
ABAd4tBXfK0-01045-00252210-00252349 don't want to deal with.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01046-00252349-00252453 Let's give it to the united
ABAd4tBXfK0-01047-00252453-00252591 nations.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01048-00252591-00252905 I say Mr. President, if you give
ABAd4tBXfK0-01049-00252905-00253171 it to the united nations without
ABAd4tBXfK0-01050-00253171-00253517 America being engaged, you're
ABAd4tBXfK0-01051-00253517-00253617 saying we're not going to solve
ABAd4tBXfK0-01052-00253617-00253903 this problem.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01053-00253903-00254066 These multilateral institutions
ABAd4tBXfK0-01054-00254066-00254331 only work if the key COUNTRIES
ABAd4tBXfK0-01055-00254331-00254492 that are members of them are
ABAd4tBXfK0-01056-00254492-00254730 willing to use them in an
ABAd4tBXfK0-01057-00254730-00254917 affective way to solve problems,
ABAd4tBXfK0-01058-00254917-00255150 and I think it's in our
ABAd4tBXfK0-01059-00255150-00255294 interests to do so.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01060-00255294-00255456 They bring other people to the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01061-00255456-00255666 party or the problem.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01062-00255666-00255846 They give us a legitimacy that
ABAd4tBXfK0-01063-00255846-00256094 we don't have if we act alone.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01064-00256094-00256274 We shouldn't be slave to them
ABAd4tBXfK0-01065-00256274-00256582 but recognize they are enormous
ABAd4tBXfK0-01066-00256582-00256732 instruments for American
ABAd4tBXfK0-01067-00256732-00257100 influence because we can really
ABAd4tBXfK0-01068-00257100-00257308 have an enormous impact on what
ABAd4tBXfK0-01069-00257308-00257434 they do.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01070-00257434-00257614 So I think this whole issue of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01071-00257614-00257931 multilateralism is a
ABAd4tBXfK0-01072-00257931-00258188 misdiagnosis of those
ABAd4tBXfK0-01073-00258188-00258371 institutions of giving them more
ABAd4tBXfK0-01074-00258371-00258626 credit and more powerful than
ABAd4tBXfK0-01075-00258626-00258857 they have and failing to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01076-00258857-00258992 appreciate how much they really
ABAd4tBXfK0-01077-00258992-00259179 can be enormous tools for
ABAd4tBXfK0-01078-00259179-00259565 American values and interest.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01079-00259565-00259829 Let's go to chaos that's not in
ABAd4tBXfK0-01080-00259829-00260098 the U.S. and that goes to you,
ABAd4tBXfK0-01081-00260098-00260315 Mr. Fried.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01082-00260315-00260485 Something called the UK is
ABAd4tBXfK0-01083-00260485-00260702 making the U.S. look like we're
ABAd4tBXfK0-01084-00260702-00260921 just got it altogether.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01085-00260921-00261311 So, share with us you know
ABAd4tBXfK0-01086-00261311-00261586 Brexit, a little snap election
ABAd4tBXfK0-01087-00261586-00261754 potentially coming up.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01088-00261754-00262006 Give us your insight on what in
ABAd4tBXfK0-01089-00262006-00262363 the world is going on over at
ABAd4tBXfK0-01090-00262363-00262591 the UK but more persoimportantly,
ABAd4tBXfK0-01091-00262591-00263175 what is the UK, U.S.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01092-00263175-00263298 relationship.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01093-00263298-00263769 That is the right point.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01094-00263769-00264572 What is happening in the UK is
ABAd4tBXfK0-01095-00264572-00264728 national versions of the same
ABAd4tBXfK0-01096-00264728-00264892 trend.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01097-00264892-00265390 That is a widely varying
ABAd4tBXfK0-01098-00265390-00265656 versions of doubts about the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01099-00265656-00265852 international system that the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01100-00265852-00266037 United States has led since 1945
ABAd4tBXfK0-01101-00266037-00266371 and which we expanded after
ABAd4tBXfK0-01102-00266371-00266705 And a lot of these issues have
ABAd4tBXfK0-01103-00266705-00266923 to do with what Steve described
ABAd4tBXfK0-01104-00266923-00267469 as fears about sovereignty.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01105-00267469-00267974 Challenged by the UN in the US
ABAd4tBXfK0-01106-00267974-00268179 or the EU in the case of the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01107-00268179-00268749 British or a cultural globalism
ABAd4tBXfK0-01108-00268749-00268970 at the expense of national
ABAd4tBXfK0-01109-00268970-00269101 traditions and national
ABAd4tBXfK0-01110-00269101-00269320 feelings.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01111-00269320-00269653 And these are powerful forces.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01112-00269653-00269910 If you want to be, so Steve
ABAd4tBXfK0-01113-00269910-00270141 isn't alone in his pessimistic
ABAd4tBXfK0-01114-00270141-00270728 phrasing, it's as if we were
ABAd4tBXfK0-01115-00270728-00271081 inoculated in 1945 against the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01116-00271081-00271520 disease of nationalism so we
ABAd4tBXfK0-01117-00271520-00271748 start flirting with it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01118-00271748-00271870 I don't believe that's how we're
ABAd4tBXfK0-01119-00271870-00272015 going to end up.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01120-00272015-00272350 But it is certainly where we and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01121-00272350-00272615 the British are that and a lot
ABAd4tBXfK0-01122-00272615-00272831 of other countries.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01123-00272831-00273007 It's a challenge to the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01124-00273007-00273107 international order more
ABAd4tBXfK0-01125-00273107-00273811 profound than any since the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01126-00273811-00274069 authoritarianisms and communisms
ABAd4tBXfK0-01127-00274069-00274694 were the wave of the future.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01128-00274694-00275479 Such was  the sentiment.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01129-00275479-00275647 The British love being the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01130-00275647-00275949 guides to the energetic but
ABAd4tBXfK0-01131-00275949-00276116 needful Americans.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01132-00276116-00276329 We are still the colonials.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01133-00276329-00276551 They are very good at giving us
ABAd4tBXfK0-01134-00276551-00276755 advice about how to play Europe.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01135-00276755-00276893 This is a good thing.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01136-00276893-00276993 Actually the brits are awfully
ABAd4tBXfK0-01137-00276993-00277122 good at this.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01138-00277122-00277268 We do need their advice.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01139-00277268-00277460 I needed it when I was
ABAd4tBXfK0-01140-00277460-00277665 negotiating with the EU on
ABAd4tBXfK0-01141-00277665-00277875 various issues.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01142-00277875-00278224 The loss, the post Brexit loss
ABAd4tBXfK0-01143-00278224-00278369 to the United States means the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01144-00278369-00278891 EU will be bereft of a major
ABAd4tBXfK0-01145-00278891-00279110 contributor and we will lose a
ABAd4tBXfK0-01146-00279110-00279427 major friend in the E.U. it's
ABAd4tBXfK0-01147-00279427-00279565 the job of diplomats to make
ABAd4tBXfK0-01148-00279565-00279904 things work afterwards.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01149-00279904-00280004 People are thinking about the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01150-00280004-00280125 work arounds and how you tie
ABAd4tBXfK0-01151-00280125-00280648 things.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01152-00280648-00280813 But it's a problem, the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01153-00280813-00280997 underlying solution is not just
ABAd4tBXfK0-01154-00280997-00281181 whatever wiring diagrams post
ABAd4tBXfK0-01155-00281181-00281541 Brexit but how we deal with the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01156-00281541-00281780 underlying challenges to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01157-00281780-00282273 reaffirm, renew our vows and fix
ABAd4tBXfK0-01158-00282273-00282413 the problems that brought us
ABAd4tBXfK0-01159-00282413-00282515 here.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01160-00282515-00282818 And American leadership is going
ABAd4tBXfK0-01161-00282818-00283098 to be critical in articulating
ABAd4tBXfK0-01162-00283098-00283315 that way ahead.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01163-00283315-00283415 Students recognize there's
ABAd4tBXfK0-01164-00283415-00283527 definitely a theme from these
ABAd4tBXfK0-01165-00283527-00283627 two.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01166-00283627-00283848 While we're on these
ABAd4tBXfK0-01167-00283848-00284379 transatlantic challenge.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01168-00284379-00284617 I want to pick up one more for
ABAd4tBXfK0-01169-00284617-00284891 you, Stephen and I'm sure there
ABAd4tBXfK0-01170-00284891-00284991 will be others.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01171-00284991-00285188 We're all watching major
ABAd4tBXfK0-01172-00285188-00285350 demographic and political shifts
ABAd4tBXfK0-01173-00285350-00285450 in Europe.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01174-00285450-00285840 I want to pick on two.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01175-00285840-00286019 You mentioned a little bit both
ABAd4tBXfK0-01176-00286019-00286119 in your opening.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01177-00286119-00286226 I want to dig deeper.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01178-00286226-00286435 We are seeing more displaced
ABAd4tBXfK0-01179-00286435-00286713 people throughout the world and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01180-00286713-00286850 obviously happening throughout
ABAd4tBXfK0-01181-00286850-00287073 Europe than any time since World
ABAd4tBXfK0-01182-00287073-00287177 War II.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01183-00287177-00287298 The populist movements you
ABAd4tBXfK0-01184-00287298-00287507 talked about rising up.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01185-00287507-00287774 Battles are brewing between this
ABAd4tBXfK0-01186-00287774-00288232 inward push and open societies.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01187-00288232-00288602 We see an authoritarian rise not
ABAd4tBXfK0-01188-00288602-00288815 just in Europe but elsewhere.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01189-00288815-00289126 I'm really interested in your
ABAd4tBXfK0-01190-00289126-00289365 commentary what America should
ABAd4tBXfK0-01191-00289365-00289708 be do or doing on the mass
ABAd4tBXfK0-01192-00289708-00289954 migration going on in Europe in
ABAd4tBXfK0-01193-00289954-00290443 the rise of authoritarianism.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01194-00290443-00290555 I know we heard it with some of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01195-00290555-00290734 the students earlier.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01196-00290734-00290974 This is a worry spot and how
ABAd4tBXfK0-01197-00290974-00291172 American leadership can make a
ABAd4tBXfK0-01198-00291172-00291474 difference when you see the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01199-00291474-00291705 CURRENTs happening altogether.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01200-00291705-00292005 And bringing a less settled
ABAd4tBXfK0-01201-00292005-00292105 world.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01202-00292105-00292205 And we will talk about
ABAd4tBXfK0-01203-00292205-00292305 fragility.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01204-00292305-00292432 I want your talk on the mass
ABAd4tBXfK0-01205-00292432-00292570 migration.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01206-00292570-00292984 What America has
ABAd4tBXfK0-01207-00292984-00293186 traditionally done is be the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01208-00293186-00293922 lead on humanitarian assistance.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01209-00293922-00294243 The American elites have been
ABAd4tBXfK0-01210-00294243-00294518 deep in it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01211-00294518-00295054 This administration is
ABAd4tBXfK0-01212-00295054-00295154 reflecting the concerns
ABAd4tBXfK0-01213-00295154-00295340 Americans have about immigration
ABAd4tBXfK0-01214-00295340-00295590 has allowed it to spill over to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01215-00295590-00296056 being fairly hostile to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01216-00296056-00296211 humanitarian assistance.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01217-00296211-00296677 It's something we always do.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01218-00296677-00296847 One of the reasons and why it's
ABAd4tBXfK0-01219-00296847-00297449 important is that the fact of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01220-00297449-00297653 the migrations that have almost
ABAd4tBXfK0-01221-00297653-00297871 broken the political systems in
ABAd4tBXfK0-01222-00297871-00298132 Europe, is in part a function of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01223-00298132-00298406 American policy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01224-00298406-00298739 It's about Syria, and the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01225-00298739-00298954 migrations and the pressure on
ABAd4tBXfK0-01226-00298954-00299214 Europe that brought you the rise
ABAd4tBXfK0-01227-00299214-00299349 of parties on the right and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01228-00299349-00299532 Brexit in some sense was the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01229-00299532-00299791 result of Syria and you know, we
ABAd4tBXfK0-01230-00299791-00299908 really need to start looking at
ABAd4tBXfK0-01231-00299908-00300008 the lessons.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01232-00300008-00300108 A lot of people looked at Iraq
ABAd4tBXfK0-01233-00300108-00300366 which was not a popular war and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01234-00300366-00300608 said we should never do that
ABAd4tBXfK0-01235-00300608-00300786 again.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01236-00300786-00300938 And then we had Syria.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01237-00300938-00301084 And because we were concerned
ABAd4tBXfK0-01238-00301084-00301309 about not making another Iraq.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01239-00301309-00301640 We stood by as Syria melted
ABAd4tBXfK0-01240-00301640-00301740 down.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01241-00301740-00301939 A number of us were saying, if
ABAd4tBXfK0-01242-00301939-00302197 you don't address Syria, you are
ABAd4tBXfK0-01243-00302197-00302449 going to, more people are going
ABAd4tBXfK0-01244-00302449-00302570 to die.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01245-00302570-00302775 It is going to be open the door
ABAd4tBXfK0-01246-00302775-00302875 to extremism.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01247-00302875-00303075 It is going to destabilize the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01248-00303075-00303324 region because of terrorism.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01249-00303324-00303477 What we didn't think it would
ABAd4tBXfK0-01250-00303477-00303869 destabilize the region and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01251-00303869-00304003 Europe politically because of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01252-00304003-00304197 the refugee flows.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01253-00304197-00304667 I we have a role for
ABAd4tBXfK0-01254-00304667-00304968 humanitarian terms to deal with
ABAd4tBXfK0-01255-00304968-00305138 refugee flows and other
ABAd4tBXfK0-01256-00305138-00305356 humanitarian disasters.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01257-00305356-00305529 What the United States really
ABAd4tBXfK0-01258-00305529-00305759 does is lead the world to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01259-00305759-00306000 address the underlying problems
ABAd4tBXfK0-01260-00306000-00306225 that can give rise to those
ABAd4tBXfK0-01261-00306225-00306490 kinds of refugee flows.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01262-00306490-00306702 And that's where I think the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01263-00306702-00306844 stepping back of the United
ABAd4tBXfK0-01264-00306844-00307060 States from global leadership
ABAd4tBXfK0-01265-00307060-00307322 runs a risk of affects that are
ABAd4tBXfK0-01266-00307322-00307480 contrary on our interest and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01267-00307480-00307718 ultimately affect American
ABAd4tBXfK0-01268-00307718-00307818 security.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01269-00307818-00307936 The other piece we have done is
ABAd4tBXfK0-01270-00307936-00308260 stand for democracy, human
ABAd4tBXfK0-01271-00308260-00308467 rights rule of law.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01272-00308467-00308696 Those are now being questioned.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01273-00308696-00308892 We had this debate.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01274-00308892-00309022 How much should American foreign
ABAd4tBXfK0-01275-00309022-00309239 policy reflect the ideals?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01276-00309239-00309540 How much should it reflect the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01277-00309540-00309640 interest Americans have?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01278-00309640-00309878 I always felt the highest
ABAd4tBXfK0-01279-00309878-00310106 American interest is to have a
ABAd4tBXfK0-01280-00310106-00310370 world that reflects our ideals
ABAd4tBXfK0-01281-00310370-00310500 because the world to be more
ABAd4tBXfK0-01282-00310500-00310842 congenial to American interests.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01283-00310842-00310984 That is now under some
ABAd4tBXfK0-01284-00310984-00311084 questioning.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01285-00311084-00311406 I think it's important for
ABAd4tBXfK0-01286-00311406-00311546 America to stand for those
ABAd4tBXfK0-01287-00311546-00311646 ideals.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01288-00311646-00311902 One to show they have produce a
ABAd4tBXfK0-01289-00311902-00312064 political and economic system
ABAd4tBXfK0-01290-00312064-00312204 that provides prosperity and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01291-00312204-00312472 security to our people but also
ABAd4tBXfK0-01292-00312472-00312715 to be that beacon to the world
ABAd4tBXfK0-01293-00312715-00313094 and to give hope to those people
ABAd4tBXfK0-01294-00313094-00313305 who endorse those ideals in
ABAd4tBXfK0-01295-00313305-00313550 authoritarian societies so that
ABAd4tBXfK0-01296-00313550-00313861 when the moment comes, they feel
ABAd4tBXfK0-01297-00313861-00314076 they have a friend in making
ABAd4tBXfK0-01298-00314076-00314289 political and social change.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01299-00314289-00314528 You know, there's a view around
ABAd4tBXfK0-01300-00314528-00314793 that authoritarians are having
ABAd4tBXfK0-01301-00314793-00315195 their day and people point
ABAd4tBXfK0-01302-00315195-00315535 particularly to the Middle East.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01303-00315535-00315774 Guess what, democracy and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01304-00315774-00315943 freedom and people's desire for
ABAd4tBXfK0-01305-00315943-00316082 that is not dead.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01306-00316082-00316184 If you don't believe that, look
ABAd4tBXfK0-01307-00316184-00316486 at what is happening in alGERIA.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01308-00316486-00317009 Look at what is happening in
ABAd4tBXfK0-01309-00317009-00317292 Sudan and there are other
ABAd4tBXfK0-01310-00317292-00317665 examples in Europe.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01311-00317665-00317884 America is right.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01312-00317884-00318042 Our values and principles do
ABAd4tBXfK0-01313-00318042-00318270 reflect the deepest longing of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01314-00318270-00318370 the people.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01315-00318370-00318579 If people are given a choice,
ABAd4tBXfK0-01316-00318579-00318785 free from coercion between
ABAd4tBXfK0-01317-00318785-00318998 authoritarian and democracy and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01318-00318998-00319126 freedom, they will pick
ABAd4tBXfK0-01319-00319126-00319299 democracy and freedom.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01320-00319299-00319788 We need to be a beacon to keep
ABAd4tBXfK0-01321-00319788-00319971 hope Alive as Jesse Jackson
ABAd4tBXfK0-01322-00319971-00320379 says.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01323-00320379-00320926 I'm going to open up one more
ABAd4tBXfK0-01324-00320926-00321031 topic.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01325-00321031-00321396 I love when you asked the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01326-00321396-00321741 audience who might want to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01327-00321741-00321904 pursue a career in diplomacy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01328-00321904-00322064 A lot of hands went up.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01329-00322064-00322205 I want to ask you about
ABAd4tBXfK0-01330-00322205-00322305 diplomacy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01331-00322305-00322497 A mutual friend of ours.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01332-00322497-00322847 Ambassador bill Barnes retired
ABAd4tBXfK0-01333-00322847-00323031 with the highest U.S. foreign
ABAd4tBXfK0-01334-00323031-00323507 rank and recently wrote a book.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01335-00323507-00323657 I think he was here not too long
ABAd4tBXfK0-01336-00323657-00323906 ago called the back channel.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01337-00323906-00324091 It's a glimpse into the state of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01338-00324091-00324191 diplomacy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01339-00324191-00324545 I want to share a short excerpt
ABAd4tBXfK0-01340-00324545-00324742 from his book and get your
ABAd4tBXfK0-01341-00324742-00325002 reaction and a couple questions.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01342-00325002-00325189 Short of war, diplomacy is the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01343-00325189-00325364 plan instrument we employ to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01344-00325364-00325666 manage international relations
ABAd4tBXfK0-01345-00325666-00325818 and explore opportunities to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01346-00325818-00326110 advance our security.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01347-00326110-00326223 It's among the oldest of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01348-00326223-00326546 professions and among the most
ABAd4tBXfK0-01349-00326546-00326756 misunderstood and the most
ABAd4tBXfK0-01350-00326756-00326955 unsatisfying to describe.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01351-00326955-00327166 Yet, it is never been a
ABAd4tBXfK0-01352-00327166-00327550 necessary tool.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01353-00327550-00327702 It's rebirth is crucial to a new
ABAd4tBXfK0-01354-00327702-00328004 strategy for a new century.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01355-00328004-00328161 It's full of great peril and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01356-00328161-00328334 even greater promise for
ABAd4tBXfK0-01357-00328334-00328434 America.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01358-00328434-00328534 I think it's already playing out
ABAd4tBXfK0-01359-00328534-00328659 in the comments that we're
ABAd4tBXfK0-01360-00328659-00328778 having here.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01361-00328778-00329010 Dan I want to start with you
ABAd4tBXfK0-01362-00329010-00329110 first.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01363-00329110-00329210 One of the things we talked
ABAd4tBXfK0-01364-00329210-00329359 about earlier is over the past
ABAd4tBXfK0-01365-00329359-00329527 three years, I already
ABAd4tBXfK0-01366-00329527-00329632 mentioned, we have seen this
ABAd4tBXfK0-01367-00329632-00330082 attack on cuts to diplomacy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01368-00330082-00330243 Ron and I were talking about 80
ABAd4tBXfK0-01369-00330243-00330518 senior posts remain vacant at
ABAd4tBXfK0-01370-00330518-00330618 DOD.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01371-00330618-00330718 Jordan, Pakistan.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01372-00330718-00331759 Half of the  nominees are sitting
ABAd4tBXfK0-01373-00331759-00332005 in the Senate not confirmed.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01374-00332005-00332270 We know because of all the slow
ABAd4tBXfK0-01375-00332270-00332370 downs.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01376-00332370-00332490 A little of midlevel very
ABAd4tBXfK0-01377-00332490-00332948 talented people have said I'm
ABAd4tBXfK0-01378-00332948-00333086 done.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01379-00333086-00333209 I'm going to encourage you to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01380-00333209-00333453 keep going.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01381-00333453-00333692 I want you to comment about what
ABAd4tBXfK0-01382-00333692-00334060 is the impact on your
ABAd4tBXfK0-01383-00334060-00334307 profession?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01384-00334307-00334407 Diplomacy has never been
ABAd4tBXfK0-01385-00334407-00334620 popular in America.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01386-00334620-00334880 It's considered to be elitist.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01387-00334880-00334980 Striped pants.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01388-00334980-00335202 Cookie pushers.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01389-00335202-00335689 Back in the 50s and 60s.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01390-00335689-00335789 Foreign service officers
ABAd4tBXfK0-01391-00335789-00335947 sometimes wear nice suits and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01392-00335947-00336244 sometimes body armor.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01393-00336244-00336771 All the people we sent to Iraq
ABAd4tBXfK0-01394-00336771-00336953 and Afghanistan.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01395-00336953-00337165 Not to fortified embassies but
ABAd4tBXfK0-01396-00337165-00337265 with the troops.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01397-00337265-00337782 It can be dangerous work.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01398-00337782-00338404 Diplomatic ambassadors with rank
ABAd4tBXfK0-01399-00338404-00338766 and clout can influence things
ABAd4tBXfK0-01400-00338766-00338918 in their country to which
ABAd4tBXfK0-01401-00338918-00339165 they're assigned and lower
ABAd4tBXfK0-01402-00339165-00339736 ranking can't do the same.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01403-00339736-00340005 Washington can't run relations
ABAd4tBXfK0-01404-00340005-00340297 with every country.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01405-00340297-00340758 You can't even make a phone
ABAd4tBXfK0-01406-00340758-00340921 call.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01407-00340921-00341209 You need people on the ground.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01408-00341209-00341313 And you need people on the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01409-00341313-00341654 ground who are both as I said
ABAd4tBXfK0-01410-00341654-00341854 earlier, realist, realistic
ABAd4tBXfK0-01411-00341854-00342190 small R and also mindful of the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01412-00342190-00342442 larger principles that Steve
ABAd4tBXfK0-01413-00342442-00342727 Hadley laid out, which is
ABAd4tBXfK0-01414-00342727-00342952 freedom ultimately appeals to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01415-00342952-00343234 people's deeper natures because
ABAd4tBXfK0-01416-00343234-00343529 authoritarianisms rip them off.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01417-00343529-00343718 And people get tired of being
ABAd4tBXfK0-01418-00343718-00343905 hit up by broads and having
ABAd4tBXfK0-01419-00343905-00344133 their future foreshortened.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01420-00344133-00344271 Which is why by the way the Hong
ABAd4tBXfK0-01421-00344271-00344500 Kong protesters are waving
ABAd4tBXfK0-01422-00344500-00344917 American flags.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01423-00344917-00345226 And diplomats have to work with
ABAd4tBXfK0-01424-00345226-00345431 what is, you know the day-to-day
ABAd4tBXfK0-01425-00345431-00345664 reality and the larger
ABAd4tBXfK0-01426-00345664-00345764 interests.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01427-00345764-00345951 And when you cut the budget, it
ABAd4tBXfK0-01428-00345951-00346081 cripples our ability to get
ABAd4tBXfK0-01429-00346081-00346528 stuff done.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01430-00346528-00346795 For years during the ColdWar,
ABAd4tBXfK0-01431-00346795-00347360 the United States promoted
ABAd4tBXfK0-01432-00347360-00347891 dissidence and every year
ABAd4tBXfK0-01433-00347891-00348126 Congress would consider us
ABAd4tBXfK0-01434-00348126-00348484 complete failures because what
ABAd4tBXfK0-01435-00348484-00348713 were the metrics of success?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01436-00348713-00349096 From 1984 to 1987, we were all
ABAd4tBXfK0-01437-00349096-00349196 idiots.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01438-00349196-00349322 We were obviously wasting the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01439-00349322-00349520 taxpayer money on silly
ABAd4tBXfK0-01440-00349520-00349671 programs.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01441-00349671-00349977 And from 1986 to 1989, we all
ABAd4tBXfK0-01442-00349977-00350207 game geniuses who changed the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01443-00350207-00350472 world.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01444-00350472-00350633 State Department budgets and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01445-00350633-00350950 foreign assistance budgets can
ABAd4tBXfK0-01446-00350950-00351221 be used to great affect and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01447-00351221-00351445 sometimes this stuff really
ABAd4tBXfK0-01448-00351445-00351699 works.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01449-00351699-00351895 If President Trump put to me the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01450-00351895-00352050 question, you know what good did
ABAd4tBXfK0-01451-00352050-00352214 our foreign assistance to Poland
ABAd4tBXfK0-01452-00352214-00352314 do?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01453-00352314-00352464 I would say they tripled their
ABAd4tBXfK0-01454-00352464-00352880 GDP in one generation and buying
ABAd4tBXfK0-01455-00352880-00353115 a lot more American stuff.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01456-00353115-00353311 That's pretty good.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01457-00353311-00353707 And that is -- that's what,
ABAd4tBXfK0-01458-00353707-00353893 and success you know success
ABAd4tBXfK0-01459-00353893-00354065 looks like from one measure and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01460-00354065-00354191 success from another measure
ABAd4tBXfK0-01461-00354191-00354435 means cities flourish and people
ABAd4tBXfK0-01462-00354435-00354621 are happy and can go on to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01463-00354621-00354825 explain about other things.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01464-00354825-00355307 And failure, when you fail, the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01465-00355307-00355546 bodies stack up real fast.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01466-00355546-00355684 The consequences are real.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01467-00355684-00356010 It's real.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01468-00356010-00356113 Since you haven't asked that but
ABAd4tBXfK0-01469-00356113-00356377 I'm going to jump in to say, any
ABAd4tBXfK0-01470-00356377-00356572 of you considering diplomacy as
ABAd4tBXfK0-01471-00356572-00356875 a profession, don't be
ABAd4tBXfK0-01472-00356875-00356985 discouraged.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01473-00356985-00357121 I am going to ask that at the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01474-00357121-00357509 very end to give it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01475-00357509-00357719 I will hold.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01476-00357719-00357823 No.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01477-00357823-00358064 That's the closer.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01478-00358064-00358183 But Steve, I do want you to talk
ABAd4tBXfK0-01479-00358183-00358402 about why, because we talked
ABAd4tBXfK0-01480-00358402-00358559 about it earlier.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01481-00358559-00358928 Why your, why this is important.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01482-00358928-00359152 Meaning why a diplomacy
ABAd4tBXfK0-01483-00359152-00359420 center here is important.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01484-00359420-00359674 You, we live on the coast.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01485-00359674-00359858 So we live in elite arena, you
ABAd4tBXfK0-01486-00359858-00360066 grew up in the midwest.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01487-00360066-00360284 What is the importance of the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01488-00360284-00360420 Weiser center here?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01489-00360420-00360605 One of the things that's
ABAd4tBXfK0-01490-00360605-00360830 important about this center and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01491-00360830-00361010 why I think it's such a terrific
ABAd4tBXfK0-01492-00361010-00361303 thing you two have done to put
ABAd4tBXfK0-01493-00361303-00361444 University of Michigan on the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01494-00361444-00361628 map with this.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01495-00361628-00361933 The policy debate is really
ABAd4tBXfK0-01496-00361933-00362051 driven by the two coasts and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01497-00362051-00362274 dominated by the two coasts.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01498-00362274-00362560 And that does not reflect I
ABAd4tBXfK0-01499-00362560-00362856 think an important perspective
ABAd4tBXfK0-01500-00362856-00362956 for this country.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01501-00362956-00363094 And I think it's terribly
ABAd4tBXfK0-01502-00363094-00363458 important to have a diplomacy
ABAd4tBXfK0-01503-00363458-00363629 center in what I consider the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01504-00363629-00363788 heartland.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01505-00363788-00363910 The thing that keeps the two
ABAd4tBXfK0-01506-00363910-00364330 coasts together so they don't
ABAd4tBXfK0-01507-00364330-00364539 drift off.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01508-00364539-00364851 I think you have a perspective
ABAd4tBXfK0-01509-00364851-00365019 you don't get on the coast.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01510-00365019-00365368 We talked about how to take the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01511-00365368-00365544 work that is done here and find
ABAd4tBXfK0-01512-00365544-00365785 a way, a transmission belt so it
ABAd4tBXfK0-01513-00365785-00366055 can have an impact on policy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01514-00366055-00366251 So I think it's terrifically
ABAd4tBXfK0-01515-00366251-00366413 important and salute the two of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01516-00366413-00366726 you for what you allowed these
ABAd4tBXfK0-01517-00366726-00367048 folks to do here.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01518-00367048-00367294 I have also been a strong voice
ABAd4tBXfK0-01519-00367294-00367583 and resisting the cuts in our
ABAd4tBXfK0-01520-00367583-00367847 non-defense national security
ABAd4tBXfK0-01521-00367847-00367996 portfolios.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01522-00367996-00368251 Which is diplomacy development,
ABAd4tBXfK0-01523-00368251-00368491 democracy promotion and others.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01524-00368491-00368620 But I am going to go off script
ABAd4tBXfK0-01525-00368620-00368724 a little bit.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01526-00368724-00369138 I love Liz because Liz is the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01527-00369138-00369330 leading edge of the fight for
ABAd4tBXfK0-01528-00369330-00369503 maintaining funding and support
ABAd4tBXfK0-01529-00369503-00369696 for these nonmilitary aspects of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01530-00369696-00369796 national security.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01531-00369796-00370174 She is a national resource of an
ABAd4tBXfK0-01532-00370174-00370394 enormous importance.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01533-00370394-00370536 In parallel with that effort.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01534-00370536-00370810 To defend what we've got.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01535-00370810-00371085 We have to ask questions what
ABAd4tBXfK0-01536-00371085-00371683 diplomacy looks like.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01537-00371683-00371893 The military is the biggest
ABAd4tBXfK0-01538-00371893-00372144 advocate for the non-military
ABAd4tBXfK0-01539-00372144-00372248 aspects of our national
ABAd4tBXfK0-01540-00372248-00372468 security.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01541-00372468-00372574 They get into these wars.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01542-00372574-00372702 They deal with the bad guys and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01543-00372702-00372878 in a place like Afghanistan.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01544-00372878-00373120 You can't kill your way to peace
ABAd4tBXfK0-01545-00373120-00373290 and the military are the first
ABAd4tBXfK0-01546-00373290-00373486 people to know it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01547-00373486-00373727 They depend on our diplomats and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01548-00373727-00374100 other experts to build a
ABAd4tBXfK0-01549-00374100-00374382 diplomatic and civilian future
ABAd4tBXfK0-01550-00374382-00374540 that avoiding us needing to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01551-00374540-00374742 deploy our military forces.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01552-00374742-00374940 So, we go into Iraq and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01553-00374940-00375040 Afghanistan.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01554-00375040-00375242 We have these wonderful captains
ABAd4tBXfK0-01555-00375242-00375482 and majors who in Iraq for
ABAd4tBXfK0-01556-00375482-00375720 example defeat al-Qaeda and Iraq
ABAd4tBXfK0-01557-00375720-00375920 and then being told, you have to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01558-00375920-00376075 help the Iraqis rebuild.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01559-00376075-00376386 You have to get the energy grid
ABAd4tBXfK0-01560-00376386-00376486 up.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01561-00376486-00376586 You have to get economic
ABAd4tBXfK0-01562-00376586-00376686 activity going.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01563-00376686-00376878 You have to help them build a
ABAd4tBXfK0-01564-00376878-00376978 noncorrupt political
ABAd4tBXfK0-01565-00376978-00377121 institutions and the military
ABAd4tBXfK0-01566-00377121-00377326 folks say we're not trained to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01567-00377326-00377426 do that.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01568-00377426-00377650 Where are the civilian
ABAd4tBXfK0-01569-00377650-00377750 capabilities?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01570-00377750-00377929 Well, we have invested in our
ABAd4tBXfK0-01571-00377929-00378048 military, we have the world's
ABAd4tBXfK0-01572-00378048-00378153 greatest military.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01573-00378153-00378541 And we have under invested in
ABAd4tBXfK0-01574-00378541-00378641 all of those civilian
ABAd4tBXfK0-01575-00378641-00378809 capabilities that the military
ABAd4tBXfK0-01576-00378809-00379001 needs so they can finish their
ABAd4tBXfK0-01577-00379001-00379254 job and go home and not have to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01578-00379254-00379490 go back.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01579-00379490-00379632 And so we started asking our
ABAd4tBXfK0-01580-00379632-00379851 diplomats trained to do what Dan
ABAd4tBXfK0-01581-00379851-00379951 was talking about.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01582-00379951-00380056 To look around the corner and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01583-00380056-00380156 see what is happening
ABAd4tBXfK0-01584-00380156-00380463 politically and we suddenly put
ABAd4tBXfK0-01585-00380463-00380692 them as heads of operations to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01586-00380692-00380860 get electricity grids going
ABAd4tBXfK0-01587-00380860-00381098 again.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01588-00381098-00381286 We asked them to do things they
ABAd4tBXfK0-01589-00381286-00381443 were not trained and prepared
ABAd4tBXfK0-01590-00381443-00381543 for.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01591-00381543-00381688 One of the questions is, as part
ABAd4tBXfK0-01592-00381688-00381882 of our diplomacy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01593-00381882-00382135 Do we need to have a different
ABAd4tBXfK0-01594-00382135-00382483 skill set in our society but not
ABAd4tBXfK0-01595-00382483-00382701 in our foreign service that we
ABAd4tBXfK0-01596-00382701-00382944 can mobilize to help in places
ABAd4tBXfK0-01597-00382944-00383157 like Iraq and Afghanistan.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01598-00383157-00383428 The Iraqi and the Afghan people
ABAd4tBXfK0-01599-00383428-00383646 rebuild their economies and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01600-00383646-00383756 political structures and social
ABAd4tBXfK0-01601-00383756-00383903 structures and the like.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01602-00383903-00384004 I think so.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01603-00384004-00384341 Another example.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01604-00384341-00384579 Al-Qaeda started to use social
ABAd4tBXfK0-01605-00384579-00384763 media and all the communication
ABAd4tBXfK0-01606-00384763-00385014 things made and invested in
ABAd4tBXfK0-01607-00385014-00385203 America and used them against us
ABAd4tBXfK0-01608-00385203-00385516 in a very effective way.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01609-00385516-00385736 And they beat us in the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01610-00385736-00386023 communication war day in and day
ABAd4tBXfK0-01611-00386023-00386123 out.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01612-00386123-00386320 So I convened a meeting in the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01613-00386320-00387011 Roosevelt room and they all
ABAd4tBXfK0-01614-00387011-00387230 looked like me.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01615-00387230-00387388 Guys with gray hair that knew
ABAd4tBXfK0-01616-00387388-00387672 how to do press releases.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01617-00387672-00387796 That's not going to get the job
ABAd4tBXfK0-01618-00387796-00387896 done.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01619-00387896-00388183 We had an invitation of C.E.O.s
ABAd4tBXfK0-01620-00388183-00388370 in silicon valley.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01621-00388370-00388682 They were young, no ties and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01622-00388682-00388959 long hair and knew how to do
ABAd4tBXfK0-01623-00388959-00389059 this job.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01624-00389059-00389305 We got recommendations.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01625-00389305-00389549 There is a whole new theater of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01626-00389549-00389821 operations information war.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01627-00389821-00390000 Countering disinformation we're
ABAd4tBXfK0-01628-00390000-00390145 getting whether it's al-Qaeda or
ABAd4tBXfK0-01629-00390145-00390348 the Russians, this is a theater
ABAd4tBXfK0-01630-00390348-00390731 of operation.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01631-00390731-00390842 We haven't developed --
ABAd4tBXfK0-01632-00390842-00391149 So the skill set of 21st
ABAd4tBXfK0-01633-00391149-00391388 century and beyond of a diplomat
ABAd4tBXfK0-01634-00391388-00391590 is so different from when you
ABAd4tBXfK0-01635-00391590-00391905 both started you're career.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01636-00391905-00392030 What are the three or four
ABAd4tBXfK0-01637-00392030-00392303 things that weren't even on the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01638-00392303-00392432 radar screen.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01639-00392432-00392563 Certainly economics.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01640-00392563-00392736 Communications, what are some of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01641-00392736-00392836 the other ones?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01642-00392836-00393126 The question is, you try to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01643-00393126-00393227 bring them in the foreign
ABAd4tBXfK0-01644-00393227-00393352 service and train foreign
ABAd4tBXfK0-01645-00393352-00393576 service officers or have a
ABAd4tBXfK0-01646-00393576-00393808 system that says we will bring
ABAd4tBXfK0-01647-00393808-00394061 in elsewhere from society those
ABAd4tBXfK0-01648-00394061-00394195 kinds of capabilities?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01649-00394195-00394509 I'm sure they'll have questions
ABAd4tBXfK0-01650-00394509-00394727 to build on what Steve was
ABAd4tBXfK0-01651-00394727-00394827 saying.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01652-00394827-00395181 If you want to combat al-Qaeda
ABAd4tBXfK0-01653-00395181-00395475 or ISIS disinformation, you're
ABAd4tBXfK0-01654-00395475-00395636 not going to have a, even the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01655-00395636-00395772 silicon valley people can't do
ABAd4tBXfK0-01656-00395772-00395918 it because they're not Arabic
ABAd4tBXfK0-01657-00395918-00396056 speakers.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01658-00396056-00396269 You need to reach out to native
ABAd4tBXfK0-01659-00396269-00396496 speakers of language in two
ABAd4tBXfK0-01660-00396496-00396596 ways.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01661-00396596-00396936 One, there are a lot of Arab
ABAd4tBXfK0-01662-00396936-00397057 Americans.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01663-00397057-00397226 Recruit them.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01664-00397226-00397326 When I joined the foreign
ABAd4tBXfK0-01665-00397326-00397511 service in the mid 70s, it was
ABAd4tBXfK0-01666-00397511-00397736 still pardon the expression,
ABAd4tBXfK0-01667-00397736-00397859 just emerging from being a white
ABAd4tBXfK0-01668-00397859-00398143 boy's club.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01669-00398143-00398402 It's changed.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01670-00398402-00398606 Our advantage as a country, we
ABAd4tBXfK0-01671-00398606-00398949 are a universal nation.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01672-00398949-00399126 Everybody gets to be an
ABAd4tBXfK0-01673-00399126-00399226 American.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01674-00399226-00399471 Well, I want native Arabic
ABAd4tBXfK0-01675-00399471-00399906 speakers working with
ABAd4tBXfK0-01676-00399906-00400277 prodemocracy Arab activists,
ABAd4tBXfK0-01677-00400277-00400577 they're the ones who will come
ABAd4tBXfK0-01678-00400577-00400811 up with the counter messaging.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01679-00400811-00400911 How do you think we did it in
ABAd4tBXfK0-01680-00400911-00401057 the cold war?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01681-00401057-00401336 CIA in one of smarter moves
ABAd4tBXfK0-01682-00401336-00401545 started working with European
ABAd4tBXfK0-01683-00401545-00401798 socialists who didn't like the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01684-00401798-00401976 Truman administration but hated
ABAd4tBXfK0-01685-00401976-00402239 Stalin and were good at fighting
ABAd4tBXfK0-01686-00402239-00402620 Stalinist propaganda to detect
ABAd4tBXfK0-01687-00402620-00402849 in ways that frankly American
ABAd4tBXfK0-01688-00402849-00403379 diplomats didn't have a clue.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01689-00403379-00403751 We need to take advantage of the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01690-00403751-00403982 true nature of American society.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01691-00403982-00404236 Recruit those people and have
ABAd4tBXfK0-01692-00404236-00404525 them work with activists in
ABAd4tBXfK0-01693-00404525-00404877 countries and empower them.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01694-00404877-00404977 And let them go.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01695-00404977-00405077 Please don't give it to the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01696-00405077-00405177 press office of the State
ABAd4tBXfK0-01697-00405177-00405333 Department.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01698-00405333-00405450 Working on the press release.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01699-00405450-00405593 There's a lot of reform.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01700-00405593-00405852 First first time, the current
ABAd4tBXfK0-01701-00405852-00406053 spokes person at the State
ABAd4tBXfK0-01702-00406053-00406201 Department, Morgan orTEGAS
ABAd4tBXfK0-01703-00406201-00406746 showed up and said instead of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01704-00406746-00406893 having an old fashioned briefing
ABAd4tBXfK0-01705-00406893-00407436 book had it on an ipad.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01706-00407436-00407794 We haven't touched Afghanistan
ABAd4tBXfK0-01707-00407794-00407982 or Russia.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01708-00407982-00408304 We talked about Iraq and Syria.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01709-00408304-00408674 The two students will take over
ABAd4tBXfK0-01710-00408674-00408883 and ask questions and get your
ABAd4tBXfK0-01711-00408883-00408983 questions in.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01712-00408983-00409743 We look forward to it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01713-00409743-00409843 Introduce yourself.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01714-00409843-00409963 Hi, my name is STAVIL in the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01715-00409963-00410254 U.S. policy DA program.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01716-00410254-00410567 I worked with the Greek
ABAd4tBXfK0-01717-00410567-00410729 ambassador to the UN thanks to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01718-00410729-00411139 the Weiser center.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01719-00411139-00411348 I was at the discussion with
ABAd4tBXfK0-01720-00411348-00411456 students and I think we had a
ABAd4tBXfK0-01721-00411456-00411696 very important discussion about
ABAd4tBXfK0-01722-00411696-00411877 leadership.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01723-00411877-00412031 More specifically we spoke about
ABAd4tBXfK0-01724-00412031-00412131 the United States.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01725-00412131-00412252 But I would like to know what
ABAd4tBXfK0-01726-00412252-00412385 your personal challenges have
ABAd4tBXfK0-01727-00412385-00412564 been as an American building
ABAd4tBXfK0-01728-00412564-00412767 relations with other countries
ABAd4tBXfK0-01729-00412767-00413085 and what, how you faced those
ABAd4tBXfK0-01730-00413085-00413218 challenges and what advice you
ABAd4tBXfK0-01731-00413218-00413518 could offer to future leaders in
ABAd4tBXfK0-01732-00413518-00413710 diplomacy who are representing
ABAd4tBXfK0-01733-00413710-00413907 America in that sense.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01734-00413907-00414058 Take both gives.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01735-00414058-00414319 Give us one example of a tough
ABAd4tBXfK0-01736-00414319-00414654 situation you had leading and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01737-00414654-00414827 representing the U.S. with
ABAd4tBXfK0-01738-00414827-00415011 leadership.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01739-00415011-00415217 Introduce yourself.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01740-00415217-00415442 My name is A. ELLIOT.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01741-00415442-00415904 I am a masters student.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01742-00415904-00416421 I set up a think tank.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01743-00416421-00416521 Working on transatlantic
ABAd4tBXfK0-01744-00416521-00416704 relations.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01745-00416704-00416963 It's great to have something
ABAd4tBXfK0-01746-00416963-00417158 great to bond over with
ABAd4tBXfK0-01747-00417158-00417288 Americans and build the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01748-00417288-00417748 transatlantic relations.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01749-00417748-00417897 My question has a sort of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01750-00417897-00418013 national security focus.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01751-00418013-00418138 In this last year in the UK and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01752-00418138-00418502 the national security strategy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01753-00418502-00418752 State level, state actors
ABAd4tBXfK0-01754-00418752-00419158 climbed above acts of terrorism
ABAd4tBXfK0-01755-00419158-00419717 as a threat to the U.S.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01756-00419717-00419894 do you see this as a case that's
ABAd4tBXfK0-01757-00419894-00419998 going to be happening in America
ABAd4tBXfK0-01758-00419998-00420183 too and how do you see that
ABAd4tBXfK0-01759-00420183-00420311 potentially affecting transat
ABAd4tBXfK0-01760-00420311-00420434 Lantic relations?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01761-00420434-00420728 Eight is from Russia and the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01762-00420728-00420846 poisoning case.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01763-00420846-00421112 Interested to hear your
ABAd4tBXfK0-01764-00421112-00421212 opinions.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01765-00421212-00421328 Each take one.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01766-00421328-00421539 Why don't you start with the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01767-00421539-00421746 leadership challenge.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01768-00421746-00421932 Where did you find yourself
ABAd4tBXfK0-01769-00421932-00422116 struggling and then if you want
ABAd4tBXfK0-01770-00422116-00422293 to take state.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01771-00422293-00422757 You can take both if you want.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01772-00422757-00423397 So, my second to last job in
ABAd4tBXfK0-01773-00423397-00423636 government was the, as you
ABAd4tBXfK0-01774-00423636-00423863 pointed out, the closure of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01775-00423863-00424273 Guantanamo and I had to try to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01776-00424273-00424447 talk foreign governments into
ABAd4tBXfK0-01777-00424447-00424656 accepting transfer of Guantanamo
ABAd4tBXfK0-01778-00424656-00424863 detainees when the U.S. wouldn't
ABAd4tBXfK0-01779-00424863-00425068 accept any ourselves.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01780-00425068-00425366 That was an obvious challenge.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01781-00425366-00425546 How did it go?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01782-00425546-00425661 Not bad.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01783-00425661-00426204 I got 70 transferred 40 to third
ABAd4tBXfK0-01784-00426204-00426304 countries.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01785-00426304-00426703 The way I approached this or the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01786-00426703-00426839 way a diplomat should approach
ABAd4tBXfK0-01787-00426839-00427123 any problem is figure out what
ABAd4tBXfK0-01788-00427123-00427365 argument works and understand
ABAd4tBXfK0-01789-00427365-00427514 whom you're talking to is what
ABAd4tBXfK0-01790-00427514-00427637 do they want?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01791-00427637-00427948 What pressures are they under?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01792-00427948-00428339 Especially worked if government
ABAd4tBXfK0-01793-00428339-00428460 has slammed the bush
ABAd4tBXfK0-01794-00428460-00428642 administration because of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01795-00428642-00428880 Guantanamo for years and years.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01796-00428880-00429067 I told them the good news, you
ABAd4tBXfK0-01797-00429067-00429255 get to help end the problem that
ABAd4tBXfK0-01798-00429255-00429483 so upset you.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01799-00429483-00429639 They didn't have to like that
ABAd4tBXfK0-01800-00429639-00429739 argument.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01801-00429739-00430042 If it played well in the press.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01802-00430042-00430229 They would have to help.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01803-00430229-00430502 This is an example of using of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01804-00430502-00430662 playing an issue politically but
ABAd4tBXfK0-01805-00430662-00430796 not in a partisan way.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01806-00430796-00430966 What are the politics of an
ABAd4tBXfK0-01807-00430966-00431328 issue and how do you make it
ABAd4tBXfK0-01808-00431328-00431428 work?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01809-00431428-00431709 But an adage isalways tell the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01810-00431709-00432146 truth and act with honor.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01811-00432146-00432271 Never lie.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01812-00432271-00432397 Ever.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01813-00432397-00432525 Ever.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01814-00432525-00432655 People have got to understand
ABAd4tBXfK0-01815-00432655-00432866 that your word is serious and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01816-00432866-00433076 you will always tell the truth.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01817-00433076-00433235 And that's not old school.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01818-00433235-00433392 That's necessary school.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01819-00433392-00433669 So, work the politics,
ABAd4tBXfK0-01820-00433669-00433769 Terrific.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01821-00433769-00433869 Steve.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01822-00433869-00434192 Give you two examples.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01823-00434192-00434946 When I was deputy advisor to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01824-00434946-00435157 President Bush, Israeli
ABAd4tBXfK0-01825-00435157-00435604 Palestinian peace and Sheronne
ABAd4tBXfK0-01826-00435604-00435752 was the father of the settlement
ABAd4tBXfK0-01827-00435752-00435996 movement.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01828-00435996-00436278 I was sent to persuade him we
ABAd4tBXfK0-01829-00436278-00436559 looked for a path to peace.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01830-00436559-00436765 I sat down with the president
ABAd4tBXfK0-01831-00436765-00437230 and said, prime minister, the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01832-00437230-00437493 president needs to understand
ABAd4tBXfK0-01833-00437493-00437709 your view about settlements.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01834-00437709-00438055 And he has instructed me to sit
ABAd4tBXfK0-01835-00438055-00438459 here and ask you everything you
ABAd4tBXfK0-01836-00438459-00438667 know on settlements and I'm not
ABAd4tBXfK0-01837-00438667-00438767 supposed to and back to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01838-00438767-00439064 Washington until that's done.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01839-00439064-00439747 Bill Barnes thought I was crazy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01840-00439747-00440114 He said no one has ever asked me
ABAd4tBXfK0-01841-00440114-00440369 that before.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01842-00440369-00440647 I would say you start out by the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01843-00440647-00440907 most important thing in intra
ABAd4tBXfK0-01844-00440907-00441225 country regulations is respect.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01845-00441225-00441326 Showing respect for the other
ABAd4tBXfK0-01846-00441326-00441426 person.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01847-00441426-00441683 A willingness to listen and a
ABAd4tBXfK0-01848-00441683-00441899 want to understand their views.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01849-00441899-00442180 Once you do that, it allows you
ABAd4tBXfK0-01850-00442180-00442509 to do what James A. Baker III
ABAd4tBXfK0-01851-00442509-00442807 was able to do.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01852-00442807-00443042 Take the things we need and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01853-00443042-00443432 structure them in the language
ABAd4tBXfK0-01854-00443432-00443714 and in terms of what Nazis
ABAd4tBXfK0-01855-00443714-00443932 needed for the Soviet Union at
ABAd4tBXfK0-01856-00443932-00444032 the time.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01857-00444032-00444145 Before you go to your second
ABAd4tBXfK0-01858-00444145-00444245 story.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01859-00444245-00444345 That's kind --
ABAd4tBXfK0-01860-00444345-00444445 That's it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01861-00444445-00444545 I was going to say, that's the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01862-00444545-00444664 basis of we listen.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01863-00444664-00445056 We are talking about earlier.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01864-00445056-00445194 Is the students that are here,
ABAd4tBXfK0-01865-00445194-00445309 how many have gone to a we
ABAd4tBXfK0-01866-00445309-00445528 listen program?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01867-00445528-00445628 Quite a few of you.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01868-00445628-00445839 This is, when you show respect
ABAd4tBXfK0-01869-00445839-00446030 by just listening to the other.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01870-00446030-00446136 Show respect.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01871-00446136-00446243 Listen.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01872-00446243-00446430 Put yourself in the other
ABAd4tBXfK0-01873-00446430-00446609 person's shoes.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01874-00446609-00446746 And let that drive your
ABAd4tBXfK0-01875-00446746-00446846 argument.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01876-00446846-00446972 So you heard just one of the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01877-00446972-00447272 really significant example at
ABAd4tBXfK0-01878-00447272-00447418 the highest level of national
ABAd4tBXfK0-01879-00447418-00447518 security.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01880-00447518-00447700 State, nonstate actors.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01881-00447700-00448003 Look, as a country, we have
ABAd4tBXfK0-01882-00448003-00448232 been worried about nonstate
ABAd4tBXfK0-01883-00448232-00448332 actors.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01884-00448332-00448432 We need to continue to be
ABAd4tBXfK0-01885-00448432-00448610 worried about nonstate actors.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01886-00448610-00448761 But we took our eye off the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01887-00448761-00448968 emergence of China.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01888-00448968-00449127 We now have got to correct it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01889-00449127-00449370 We have a strategic panic.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01890-00449370-00449690 We sort of overreacted.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01891-00449690-00449790 We're in the process of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01892-00449790-00449939 developing a strategy which will
ABAd4tBXfK0-01893-00449939-00450330 allow us to deal with China.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01894-00450330-00450430 Let's take these two.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01895-00450430-00450542 Each of you have
ABAd4tBXfK0-01896-00450542-00450823 Please introduce yourself.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01897-00450823-00450926 Okay.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01898-00450926-00451339 Gentlemen first off, thank you
ABAd4tBXfK0-01899-00451339-00451476 for being here.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01900-00451476-00451576 My name is Matt Rigdon.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01901-00451576-00451838 I'm a first year MPP student and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01902-00451838-00451993 a member of the military.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01903-00451993-00452162 What you said about Afghanistan
ABAd4tBXfK0-01904-00452162-00452293 is true.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01905-00452293-00452402 I was trained as an artillary
ABAd4tBXfK0-01906-00452402-00452640 man and have no idea how a water
ABAd4tBXfK0-01907-00452640-00453121 system works.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01908-00453121-00453431 We talked about American values
ABAd4tBXfK0-01909-00453431-00453581 and the difference between
ABAd4tBXfK0-01910-00453581-00453750 American values and other parts
ABAd4tBXfK0-01911-00453750-00453850 of the world.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01912-00453850-00453967 My question specifically to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01913-00453967-00454160 Afghanistan and Iraq.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01914-00454160-00454532 And people said we have values
ABAd4tBXfK0-01915-00454532-00454648 and may be trying to push those
ABAd4tBXfK0-01916-00454648-00454928 values as we rebuild those
ABAd4tBXfK0-01917-00454928-00455064 countries and societies.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01918-00455064-00455306 How do you gentlemen see a clash
ABAd4tBXfK0-01919-00455306-00455446 of values there and how do we
ABAd4tBXfK0-01920-00455446-00455868 reconcile American values as we
ABAd4tBXfK0-01921-00455868-00456100 try to put in structures and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01922-00456100-00456281 organizations in those COUNTRIES
ABAd4tBXfK0-01923-00456281-00456459 that will be affective for that
ABAd4tBXfK0-01924-00456459-00456569 population?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01925-00456569-00456675 I'm sure everybody would be
ABAd4tBXfK0-01926-00456675-00456844 interested in either of your
ABAd4tBXfK0-01927-00456844-00457118 perspectives.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01928-00457118-00457467 Your Afghanistan.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01929-00457467-00457814 Hello.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01930-00457814-00458443 I'm a little nervous.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01931-00458443-00459017 I'm a senior and my question is
ABAd4tBXfK0-01932-00459017-00459372 about the U.S. Navy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01933-00459372-00459528 We have the four class carriers
ABAd4tBXfK0-01934-00459528-00459809 coming out.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01935-00459809-00459942 The U.S. has been able to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01936-00459942-00460180 dominate the waters in a way
ABAd4tBXfK0-01937-00460180-00460446 that hasn't really been seen,
ABAd4tBXfK0-01938-00460446-00460667 post World War II.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01939-00460667-00460817 And I was just wondering how
ABAd4tBXfK0-01940-00460817-00461076 that affects U.S. diplomacy and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01941-00461076-00461260 specifically with China, how
ABAd4tBXfK0-01942-00461260-00461388 we're talking about a rivalry
ABAd4tBXfK0-01943-00461388-00461488 with China.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01944-00461488-00461655 How does that affect the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01945-00461655-00461839 conversations with China when
ABAd4tBXfK0-01946-00461839-00462056 they are an export, import based
ABAd4tBXfK0-01947-00462056-00462235 economy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01948-00462235-00462847 If I can use Iraq
ABAd4tBXfK0-01949-00462847-00462980 Sure.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01950-00462980-00463113 Please.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01951-00463113-00463269 We went into Iraq to deal
ABAd4tBXfK0-01952-00463269-00463436 with what we thought was a
ABAd4tBXfK0-01953-00463436-00463604 national security challenge of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01954-00463604-00463798 an Iraq that pursued weapons of
ABAd4tBXfK0-01955-00463798-00464471 mass destruction.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01956-00464471-00464651 We tried for 12 years with
ABAd4tBXfK0-01957-00464651-00465209 sanctions and diplomacy and UN
ABAd4tBXfK0-01958-00465209-00465404 resolutions to fix that problem.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01959-00465404-00465504 We couldn't.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01960-00465504-00465742 So we removed Saddam Hussein.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01961-00465742-00466071 The question is what obligation
ABAd4tBXfK0-01962-00466071-00466255 to we have to the Iraqi people?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01963-00466255-00466728 Do we allow a new Iraqi general
ABAd4tBXfK0-01964-00466728-00466855 to take control of the country
ABAd4tBXfK0-01965-00466855-00467004 so long as they didn't pursue
ABAd4tBXfK0-01966-00467004-00467390 weapons of mass destruction?
ABAd4tBXfK0-01967-00467390-00467608 And President Bush decided we
ABAd4tBXfK0-01968-00467608-00467767 are Americans, we stand for
ABAd4tBXfK0-01969-00467767-00467960 certain principles.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01970-00467960-00468157 We have the obligation to give
ABAd4tBXfK0-01971-00468157-00468438 the Iraqis an opportunity to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01972-00468438-00468778 establish a Democratic regime
ABAd4tBXfK0-01973-00468778-00468913 that respected human rights and
ABAd4tBXfK0-01974-00468913-00469081 rule of law if that's what they
ABAd4tBXfK0-01975-00469081-00469263 chose to do.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01976-00469263-00469388 You could say that was about
ABAd4tBXfK0-01977-00469388-00469696 American ideals but it was also
ABAd4tBXfK0-01978-00469696-00469892 realistic and pragmatic.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01979-00469892-00470271 The Sunni, Shiite and KurdS
ABAd4tBXfK0-01980-00470271-00470842 would not stay together if there
ABAd4tBXfK0-01981-00470842-00471098 wasn't a Democratic framework
ABAd4tBXfK0-01982-00471098-00471693 they could all participate in.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01983-00471693-00471885 There's a case where both, if
ABAd4tBXfK0-01984-00471885-00472189 you're a realist or an idealist.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01985-00472189-00472425 It left you in the same place.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01986-00472425-00472806 Now, helping Iraq provide that,
ABAd4tBXfK0-01987-00472806-00473417 we made a lot of mistakes.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01988-00473417-00473797 But they just may make it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01989-00473797-00474038 Do you want to comment on where
ABAd4tBXfK0-01990-00474038-00474548 you think Afghanistan is now.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01991-00474548-00475273 Afghanistan, we will see, the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01992-00475273-00475565 dialogue will resume but it
ABAd4tBXfK0-01993-00475565-00475732 needs to be refrained.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01994-00475732-00475967 At the end of the day, the
ABAd4tBXfK0-01995-00475967-00476076 afghan people have to work out
ABAd4tBXfK0-01996-00476076-00476298 their own peace.
ABAd4tBXfK0-01997-00476298-00476563 We have to get them at the table
ABAd4tBXfK0-01998-00476563-00476793 with the Taliban and us to
ABAd4tBXfK0-01999-00476793-00477151 define a common future and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02000-00477151-00477285 secondly, we have to get a
ABAd4tBXfK0-02001-00477285-00477480 cease-fire.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02002-00477480-00477646 It's intolerable to negotiate
ABAd4tBXfK0-02003-00477646-00478180 with the Taliban with every day
ABAd4tBXfK0-02004-00478180-00478582 they are killing Afghans.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02005-00478582-00479181 Specifically in the Pacific,
ABAd4tBXfK0-02006-00479181-00479701 illustrates advantages of the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02007-00479701-00479880 exercise of American power and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02008-00479880-00480117 why a broad definition of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02009-00480117-00480460 American interests is works
ABAd4tBXfK0-02010-00480460-00480630 better than an Arab definition
ABAd4tBXfK0-02011-00480630-00480853 of the Trump administration
ABAd4tBXfK0-02012-00480853-00481128 argues in one of best documents
ABAd4tBXfK0-02013-00481128-00481338 it's issued the national
ABAd4tBXfK0-02014-00481338-00482566 security that was issued.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02015-00482566-00482932 The U.S. Navy acting in thes
ABAd4tBXfK0-02016-00482932-00483251 service of general security in
ABAd4tBXfK0-02017-00483251-00483405 the pacific.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02018-00483405-00483861 It's an asset because it lets
ABAd4tBXfK0-02019-00483861-00484218 all other countries we are
ABAd4tBXfK0-02020-00484218-00484608 present and present to ensure
ABAd4tBXfK0-02021-00484608-00485134 the principles of open sea
ABAd4tBXfK0-02022-00485134-00485352 lanes.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02023-00485352-00485484 President Trump sometimes
ABAd4tBXfK0-02024-00485484-00485685 undercuts his own national
ABAd4tBXfK0-02025-00485685-00486526 security power when he says we
ABAd4tBXfK0-02026-00486526-00486678 should with draw because of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02027-00486678-00486857 countries like south Korea
ABAd4tBXfK0-02028-00486857-00487130 aren't pulling their weight.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02029-00487130-00487353 In fact, the presence and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02030-00487353-00487609 strength of the U.S. Navy make
ABAd4tBXfK0-02031-00487609-00487842 its easier for us to come up
ABAd4tBXfK0-02032-00487842-00488123 with a reasonable approach to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02033-00488123-00488394 dealing with the rise of China
ABAd4tBXfK0-02034-00488394-00488553 and to make sure in the 21st
ABAd4tBXfK0-02035-00488553-00488734 century and to help make sure
ABAd4tBXfK0-02036-00488734-00488942 that rise happens in a way that
ABAd4tBXfK0-02037-00488942-00489092 is compatible with the larger
ABAd4tBXfK0-02038-00489092-00489221 American interest which is the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02039-00489221-00489347 challenge Steve is talking
ABAd4tBXfK0-02040-00489347-00489505 about.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02041-00489505-00489728 It's not I'm talking about using
ABAd4tBXfK0-02042-00489728-00489875 the Navy to threaten China.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02043-00489875-00490128 I'm saying having the Navy there
ABAd4tBXfK0-02044-00490128-00490332 opens the conversation to what
ABAd4tBXfK0-02045-00490332-00490542 is crucial to American
ABAd4tBXfK0-02046-00490542-00490707 interests.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02047-00490707-00490830 We're taking the world a better
ABAd4tBXfK0-02048-00490830-00491107 place and making it better for
ABAd4tBXfK0-02049-00491107-00491296 yourself.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02050-00491296-00491671 This is America first properly
ABAd4tBXfK0-02051-00491671-00491952 understood as opposed to America
ABAd4tBXfK0-02052-00491952-00492259 first understood in a narrow
ABAd4tBXfK0-02053-00492259-00492359 sense.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02054-00492359-00492726 So, as a diplomat, I love going
ABAd4tBXfK0-02055-00492726-00492992 to payCOM, talking to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02056-00492992-00493227 understanding the what the Navy
ABAd4tBXfK0-02057-00493227-00493537 needs and helping them.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02058-00493537-00493680 But doesn't matter what I think.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02059-00493680-00493914 It's the countries like Vietnam
ABAd4tBXfK0-02060-00493914-00494213 and Indonesia and nothing to say
ABAd4tBXfK0-02061-00494213-00494809 about Taiwan helps us to deal
ABAd4tBXfK0-02062-00494809-00495313 with the problems we face.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02063-00495313-00495613 Want to take one more?
ABAd4tBXfK0-02064-00495613-00495871 Hi, thank you.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02065-00495871-00495996 My name is Michael vice.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02066-00495996-00496188 I'm a first year MPP student
ABAd4tBXfK0-02067-00496188-00496288 here.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02068-00496288-00496432 We talked about various security
ABAd4tBXfK0-02069-00496432-00496532 issues.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02070-00496532-00496728 I'm curious about one and that
ABAd4tBXfK0-02071-00496728-00496948 is climate change and the energy
ABAd4tBXfK0-02072-00496948-00497480 presence.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02073-00497480-00498010 Hello.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02074-00498010-00498638 I like to thank you all for
ABAd4tBXfK0-02075-00498638-00498989 holding a talk to an issue with
ABAd4tBXfK0-02076-00498989-00499089 this.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02077-00499089-00499327 I am Henry, first year student
ABAd4tBXfK0-02078-00499327-00499502 at the MA institute.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02079-00499502-00499794 I would like to hold the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02080-00499794-00499952 question on how can the U.S.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02081-00499952-00500202 deal with an Ally that presses
ABAd4tBXfK0-02082-00500202-00500432 against its interest.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02083-00500432-00500709 Specifically Turkey that have
ABAd4tBXfK0-02084-00500709-00501168 pushed against Kurdish and the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02085-00501168-00501632 S-400 issue that was happening
ABAd4tBXfK0-02086-00501632-00501869 recently and the antagonism with
ABAd4tBXfK0-02087-00501869-00502082 Greece and Cyprus.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02088-00502082-00502317 Two great questions.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02089-00502317-00502473 All right.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02090-00502473-00502668 Who would like to --
ABAd4tBXfK0-02091-00502668-00502993 I think Dan should answer
ABAd4tBXfK0-02092-00502993-00503182 them both.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02093-00503182-00503503 See, he's such a good diplomat.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02094-00503503-00503730 He got that one out first.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02095-00503730-00503988 So Dan, you could take one and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02096-00503988-00504255 throw the other one to him.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02097-00504255-00504423 You're getting Turkey.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02098-00504423-00504564 For climate change.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02099-00504564-00504822 Now, I'll take climate change.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02100-00504822-00505168 It's these geopolitical threats.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02101-00505168-00505367 Today it used to be country to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02102-00505367-00505467 country.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02103-00505467-00505567 Today we're really dealing with
ABAd4tBXfK0-02104-00505567-00505842 big geopolitical threats.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02105-00505842-00506235 So, what really kills me
ABAd4tBXfK0-02106-00506235-00506473 about climate change is compared
ABAd4tBXfK0-02107-00506473-00506682 to 20 years ago.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02108-00506682-00506954 Technological solutions are much
ABAd4tBXfK0-02109-00506954-00507463 closer at hand.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02110-00507463-00507705 were fringe industries.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02111-00507705-00508001 Iowa produces 50% of its
ABAd4tBXfK0-02112-00508001-00508282 electricity through wind.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02113-00508282-00508431 And that's up from 22%.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02114-00508431-00508697 You know three years ago when I
ABAd4tBXfK0-02115-00508697-00508846 drove through Iowa and picked up
ABAd4tBXfK0-02116-00508846-00509084 that statistic.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02117-00509084-00509206 That's big business.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02118-00509206-00509622 That's money.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02119-00509622-00509884 Between technology, which allows
ABAd4tBXfK0-02120-00509884-00510072 us to have alternatives to the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02121-00510072-00510238 internal combustion engine,
ABAd4tBXfK0-02122-00510238-00510505 hybrid, wind and solar and the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02123-00510505-00510785 economies of those, this is not
ABAd4tBXfK0-02124-00510785-00510976 as insolvable a problem as it
ABAd4tBXfK0-02125-00510976-00511393 appeared a generation ago.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02126-00511393-00511588 So who, there are solutions that
ABAd4tBXfK0-02127-00511588-00511746 are at hand.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02128-00511746-00511926 That solution is probably going
ABAd4tBXfK0-02129-00511926-00512026 to involve nuclear power.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02130-00512026-00512139 I wonder what Merkel was
ABAd4tBXfK0-02131-00512139-00512651 thinking appeasing the greens to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02132-00512651-00513148 leave coal and nuclear and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02133-00513148-00513284 depend on Russian gas.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02134-00513284-00513651 Like WHOOPS.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02135-00513651-00514003 These are still fixable
ABAd4tBXfK0-02136-00514003-00514103 problems.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02137-00514103-00514213 This is in the realm of the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02138-00514213-00514313 possible.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02139-00514313-00514532 Two, you can't fight something
ABAd4tBXfK0-02140-00514532-00514803 with nothing.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02141-00514803-00514955 You know I remember in the early
ABAd4tBXfK0-02142-00514955-00515151 bush administration when we left
ABAd4tBXfK0-02143-00515151-00515584 the KYOTO accord.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02144-00515584-00515825 We all knew early on that was a
ABAd4tBXfK0-02145-00515825-00516035 mistake.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02146-00516035-00516432 And we, if you're going to leave
ABAd4tBXfK0-02147-00516432-00516563 the Paris accord, you better
ABAd4tBXfK0-02148-00516563-00516714 come up with a credible climate
ABAd4tBXfK0-02149-00516714-00516838 plan.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02150-00516838-00517085 Right now we don't have one.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02151-00517085-00517357 But we're going to need one.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02152-00517357-00517776 The politics are going to push
ABAd4tBXfK0-02153-00517776-00517968 us in that direction anyway.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02154-00517968-00518378 But this is in the category of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02155-00518378-00518613 this is fixable, it's just a
ABAd4tBXfK0-02156-00518613-00518773 matter of going out and doing
ABAd4tBXfK0-02157-00518773-00518873 it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02158-00518873-00519255 The politics don't permit that
ABAd4tBXfK0-02159-00519255-00519355 right now.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02160-00519355-00519756 But this is in theory, not a bad
ABAd4tBXfK0-02161-00519756-00519934 problem, a problem with
ABAd4tBXfK0-02162-00519934-00520093 solutions at hand.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02163-00520093-00520295 I'm a relative optimist on that.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02164-00520295-00520688 If we can get our head, in the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02165-00520688-00520788 right place.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02166-00520788-00521338 I will justad a a couple points
ABAd4tBXfK0-02167-00521338-00521614 that are useful for the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02168-00521614-00521776 diplomacy side.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02169-00521776-00522090 There's a lot going on at the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02170-00522090-00522507 state and local diplomacy side
ABAd4tBXfK0-02171-00522507-00522808 private sector.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02172-00522808-00522964 Significant activity and frankly
ABAd4tBXfK0-02173-00522964-00523186 the private sector side is so
ABAd4tBXfK0-02174-00523186-00523414 far ahead and the governors and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02175-00523414-00523639 the mayors are way ahead of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02176-00523639-00523801 where the federal government is.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02177-00523801-00523938 So where it may not be happening
ABAd4tBXfK0-02178-00523938-00524132 at the State Department and the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02179-00524132-00524344 traditional diplomats of how
ABAd4tBXfK0-02180-00524344-00524501 we're talking about it here.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02181-00524501-00524760 It's happening at the nonstate
ABAd4tBXfK0-02182-00524760-00525094 diplomatic actor level at a
ABAd4tBXfK0-02183-00525094-00525290 super speed level number one.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02184-00525290-00525469 Number two it's really
ABAd4tBXfK0-02185-00525469-00525633 interesting to look at polling
ABAd4tBXfK0-02186-00525633-00525733 data on this.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02187-00525733-00525833 There was a poll that came out
ABAd4tBXfK0-02188-00525833-00526219 today that showed overwhelming
ABAd4tBXfK0-02189-00526219-00526531 Americans, what is interesting.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02190-00526531-00526794 The first time we're seeing
ABAd4tBXfK0-02191-00526794-00526934 higher numbers on the Republican
ABAd4tBXfK0-02192-00526934-00527253 side believing we have to,
ABAd4tBXfK0-02193-00527253-00527634 America has to lead on climate.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02194-00527634-00527860 look at 40% and younger
ABAd4tBXfK0-02195-00527860-00528142 Republicans, they look like
ABAd4tBXfK0-02196-00528142-00528242 Democrats.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02197-00528242-00528505 So this will change eventually
ABAd4tBXfK0-02198-00528505-00528663 in terms of where this country
ABAd4tBXfK0-02199-00528663-00529034 is going on climate, it's just a
ABAd4tBXfK0-02200-00529034-00529151 matter of time.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02201-00529151-00529296 So, I think the diplomacy
ABAd4tBXfK0-02202-00529296-00529619 question is a great question do
ABAd4tBXfK0-02203-00529619-00529904 you want to touch climate or go
ABAd4tBXfK0-02204-00529904-00530004 right to Turkey.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02205-00530004-00530173 I will take a broad question
ABAd4tBXfK0-02206-00530173-00530454 and hit Turkey.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02207-00530454-00530705 This discussion is terribly
ABAd4tBXfK0-02208-00530705-00530905 important and why we should be
ABAd4tBXfK0-02209-00530905-00531127 optimistic about the future of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02210-00531127-00531236 our country.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02211-00531236-00531444 Sam Huntington, known for clash
ABAd4tBXfK0-02212-00531444-00531773 of civilians wrote an essay
ABAd4tBXfK0-02213-00531773-00532064 about American declinism.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02214-00532064-00532381 Every 15, 20 years, someone
ABAd4tBXfK0-02215-00532381-00532507 decides that America is in
ABAd4tBXfK0-02216-00532507-00532607 decline.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02217-00532607-00532719 I have been through four of them
ABAd4tBXfK0-02218-00532719-00532859 and the only good thing about
ABAd4tBXfK0-02219-00532859-00533117 them, the only good thing about
ABAd4tBXfK0-02220-00533117-00533311 them is they galvanize the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02221-00533311-00533514 Americans to pull up their socks
ABAd4tBXfK0-02222-00533514-00533682 and address their problems.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02223-00533682-00533830 Secondly, this is a country that
ABAd4tBXfK0-02224-00533830-00534029 reinvents itself.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02225-00534029-00534240 That's the genius of America.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02226-00534240-00534400 But we reinvent ourselves from
ABAd4tBXfK0-02227-00534400-00534652 the bottom up not the top down.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02228-00534652-00534871 This Paris climate accord is a
ABAd4tBXfK0-02229-00534871-00534971 good example.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02230-00534971-00535071 The Trump administration takes
ABAd4tBXfK0-02231-00535071-00535240 it out of the climate accord.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02232-00535240-00535544 The states and the corporations
ABAd4tBXfK0-02233-00535544-00535688 and non-profit organizations
ABAd4tBXfK0-02234-00535688-00535823 say, we're going to comply with
ABAd4tBXfK0-02235-00535823-00536070 the Paris climate objectives
ABAd4tBXfK0-02236-00536070-00536201 anyway.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02237-00536201-00536532 That's how this country does it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02238-00536532-00536632 So if you want to know the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02239-00536632-00536809 future of the country, get out
ABAd4tBXfK0-02240-00536809-00536909 there and see what's happening
ABAd4tBXfK0-02241-00536909-00537048 at the state and local level
ABAd4tBXfK0-02242-00537048-00537238 because that's our future.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02243-00537238-00537338 Turkey.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02244-00537338-00537438 Four points.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02245-00537438-00537663 Terribly important country.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02246-00537663-00537811 V
ABAd4tBXfK0-02247-00537811-00538319 Very exasperating.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02248-00538319-00538639 They have their own point of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02249-00538639-00538739 view.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02250-00538739-00538921 They are a huge victim of our
ABAd4tBXfK0-02251-00538921-00539061 enattention to Syria.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02252-00539061-00539168 They have been housing three to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02253-00539168-00539569 four million Syrians.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02254-00539569-00540411 They have done it without
ABAd4tBXfK0-02255-00540411-00540511 complaint.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02256-00540511-00540735 The PKK has killed lots of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02257-00540735-00540835 turks.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02258-00540835-00541181 It's a real terrorist threat.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02259-00541181-00541307 They have their own point of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02260-00541307-00541407 view.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02261-00541407-00541709 We are working the issues.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02262-00541709-00541871 The real problem is an
ABAd4tBXfK0-02263-00541871-00542192 underlying problem about
ABAd4tBXfK0-02264-00542192-00542402 Democratic decay.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02265-00542402-00543282 When ERDOWAN came in, we all
ABAd4tBXfK0-02266-00543282-00543723 cheered but they, he stayed too
ABAd4tBXfK0-02267-00543723-00543961 long in power.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02268-00543961-00544128 And the Turkish political system
ABAd4tBXfK0-02269-00544128-00544361 didn't find a way to get rid of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02270-00544361-00544461 him.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02271-00544461-00544561 Because the opposition parties
ABAd4tBXfK0-02272-00544561-00544677 were weak and he took over the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02273-00544677-00544842 AK party and there was no
ABAd4tBXfK0-02274-00544842-00544994 alternative.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02275-00544994-00545211 That's the real underlying
ABAd4tBXfK0-02276-00545211-00545311 problem in Turkey.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02277-00545311-00545621 The a regime that is stayed too
ABAd4tBXfK0-02278-00545621-00545819 long and a country that
ABAd4tBXfK0-02279-00545819-00546036 political system has not figured
ABAd4tBXfK0-02280-00546036-00546348 out a way to get rid of ERDOWAN
ABAd4tBXfK0-02281-00546348-00546605 who has not gotten better with
ABAd4tBXfK0-02282-00546605-00546963 age as a leader and that's not
ABAd4tBXfK0-02283-00546963-00547225 something we can do much to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02284-00547225-00547350 address.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02285-00547350-00547725 Take some more.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02286-00547725-00548225 Thank you very much.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02287-00548225-00548696 I am victor coming from Kenya.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02288-00548696-00549094 First year MPP student.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02289-00549094-00549371 Given the current state of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02290-00549371-00549509 affairs including the emergence
ABAd4tBXfK0-02291-00549509-00549896 of China and the fact that for a
ABAd4tBXfK0-02292-00549896-00550129 long time, the U.S. has been
ABAd4tBXfK0-02293-00550129-00550286 involved in humanitarian
ABAd4tBXfK0-02294-00550286-00550392 assistance.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02295-00550392-00550592 What do you think is the U.S.,
ABAd4tBXfK0-02296-00550592-00550853 thinking about it the next 10
ABAd4tBXfK0-02297-00550853-00551004 years, what foreign
ABAd4tBXfK0-02298-00551004-00551136 approximately positions do you
ABAd4tBXfK0-02299-00551136-00551359 think the U.S. can take towards
ABAd4tBXfK0-02300-00551359-00551480 Africa.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02301-00551480-00551602 Great.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02302-00551602-00552086 Let's take one more.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02303-00552086-00552379 Thank you very much.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02304-00552379-00552598 [Inaudible] from Afghanistan.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02305-00552598-00552934 Masters student in ford school.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02306-00552934-00553132 You talked about cold war.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02307-00553132-00553736 For me, it was really hard.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02308-00553736-00554259 Because in that war we lost
ABAd4tBXfK0-02309-00554259-00554475 country including my family
ABAd4tBXfK0-02310-00554475-00554797 members.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02311-00554797-00554986 After that cold war, during the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02312-00554986-00555452 cold war, United States in the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02313-00555452-00555694 traditional community especially
ABAd4tBXfK0-02314-00555694-00555863 those country covered by NATO,
ABAd4tBXfK0-02315-00555863-00556123 they were very supportive to us.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02316-00556123-00556305 I was living in a camp in
ABAd4tBXfK0-02317-00556305-00556405 Pakistan.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02318-00556405-00556607 We were getting all the support
ABAd4tBXfK0-02319-00556607-00557011 of society especially United
ABAd4tBXfK0-02320-00557011-00557296 States of America.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02321-00557296-00557606 But after the end of cold war,
ABAd4tBXfK0-02322-00557606-00558025 the western forgot us and we
ABAd4tBXfK0-02323-00558025-00558292 went into a civil war.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02324-00558292-00558686 And that finally resulted in so
ABAd4tBXfK0-02325-00558686-00558861 many devastation including the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02326-00558861-00559145 rise of Taliban that we see
ABAd4tBXfK0-02327-00559145-00559298 today.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02328-00559298-00559584 How do you see this for me it
ABAd4tBXfK0-02329-00559584-00559690 was a mystic.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02330-00559690-00560005 How do you see it foreign policy
ABAd4tBXfK0-02331-00560005-00560181 in light of foreign policy as
ABAd4tBXfK0-02332-00560181-00560384 well as diplomacy of United
ABAd4tBXfK0-02333-00560384-00560484 States.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02334-00560484-00560913 This like, which I say mystic.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02335-00560913-00561036 And the last comment that I
ABAd4tBXfK0-02336-00561036-00561391 would say, is that all these
ABAd4tBXfK0-02337-00561391-00561790 things that have gone in my life
ABAd4tBXfK0-02338-00561790-00561965 in 40 years.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02339-00561965-00562319 They make us look so bad.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02340-00562319-00562555 They make us Afghan people, the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02341-00562555-00562779 people of Afghanistan are always
ABAd4tBXfK0-02342-00562779-00562900 want fight.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02343-00562900-00563038 It was not the case.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02344-00563038-00563330 Fight wars, war was imposed on
ABAd4tBXfK0-02345-00563330-00563430 us.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02346-00563430-00564132 Let's get to the question.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02347-00564132-00564261 I think you've got it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02348-00564261-00564407 Thank you.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02349-00564407-00564546 We have African and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02350-00564546-00565001 Afghanistan and ask you final
ABAd4tBXfK0-02351-00565001-00565233 questions before we close up.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02352-00565233-00565479 Do you want to do Africa.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02353-00565479-00565673 You will get this
ABAd4tBXfK0-02354-00565673-00565773 Okay.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02355-00565773-00565873 I'm sorry.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02356-00565873-00565973 Which one?
ABAd4tBXfK0-02357-00565973-00566215 I would do Afghanistan.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02358-00566215-00566405 Please.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02359-00566405-00566590 I think the premise of your
ABAd4tBXfK0-02360-00566590-00567077 question comment is correct.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02361-00567077-00567400 I think the United States
ABAd4tBXfK0-02362-00567400-00567628 allowed a problem to grow in
ABAd4tBXfK0-02363-00567628-00567876 Afghanistan and reached out and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02364-00567876-00568221 hit us hard on September 11,
ABAd4tBXfK0-02365-00568221-00568360 And that illustrates a larger
ABAd4tBXfK0-02366-00568360-00568601 point which is that we can close
ABAd4tBXfK0-02367-00568601-00568782 ourselves in but we cannot shut
ABAd4tBXfK0-02368-00568782-00569030 out the world.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02369-00569030-00569492 That American leadership isn't a
ABAd4tBXfK0-02370-00569492-00569592 luxury.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02371-00569592-00569692 It's a necessity for our own
ABAd4tBXfK0-02372-00569692-00570017 interests.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02373-00570017-00570586 And when problems that arise in
ABAd4tBXfK0-02374-00570586-00570830 a far corner of the world can
ABAd4tBXfK0-02375-00570830-00570998 grow and hurt us.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02376-00570998-00571200 That doesn't mean we are the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02377-00571200-00571423 world's police men.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02378-00571423-00571555 That doesn't mean we have to run
ABAd4tBXfK0-02379-00571555-00571661 every country.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02380-00571661-00571940 But it does mean that we are,
ABAd4tBXfK0-02381-00571940-00572219 that the world is no longer a
ABAd4tBXfK0-02382-00572219-00572492 place we can simply write off.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02383-00572492-00572715 So I think you are correct.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02384-00572715-00573117 And I think that part of the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02385-00573117-00573217 str
ABAd4tBXfK0-02386-00573217-00573550 struggle that is U.S. is going
ABAd4tBXfK0-02387-00573550-00573754 with the current negotiations
ABAd4tBXfK0-02388-00573754-00574061 with the Taliban is we don't
ABAd4tBXfK0-02389-00574061-00574221 want to end up in a situation
ABAd4tBXfK0-02390-00574221-00574440 where we leave Afghanistan and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02391-00574440-00574642 leave it to the Taliban as they
ABAd4tBXfK0-02392-00574642-00574742 were.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02393-00574742-00574842 Okay.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02394-00574842-00575113 We can make the same mistake
ABAd4tBXfK0-02395-00575113-00575257 twice?
ABAd4tBXfK0-02396-00575257-00575451 What is the deal, what is the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02397-00575451-00576605 deal that's acceptable to us.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02398-00576605-00577682 I think
ABAd4tBXfK0-02399-00577682-00577919 the bush
ABAd4tBXfK0-02400-00577919-00578092 administration has a good record
ABAd4tBXfK0-02401-00578092-00578383 on that.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02402-00578383-00578811 I think we have gone to sleep on
ABAd4tBXfK0-02403-00578811-00578998 Africa again.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02404-00578998-00579196 My concern is we will refocus
ABAd4tBXfK0-02405-00579196-00579338 attention not because it's
ABAd4tBXfK0-02406-00579338-00579505 Africa but because we're worried
ABAd4tBXfK0-02407-00579505-00579682 the Chinese are going to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02408-00579682-00579903 establish their own control in
ABAd4tBXfK0-02409-00579903-00580109 Africa in a way contrary to our
ABAd4tBXfK0-02410-00580109-00580225 interests.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02411-00580225-00580655 What we should be doing is doing
ABAd4tBXfK0-02412-00580655-00580886 what Americans can do well is
ABAd4tBXfK0-02413-00580886-00581119 identifying those countries in
ABAd4tBXfK0-02414-00581119-00581315 Africa that have leaders that
ABAd4tBXfK0-02415-00581315-00581596 want to build governments that
ABAd4tBXfK0-02416-00581596-00581754 are not corrupt, focus on
ABAd4tBXfK0-02417-00581754-00581938 providing services and a better
ABAd4tBXfK0-02418-00581938-00582119 life for their people and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02419-00582119-00582378 partner with those leaders to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02420-00582378-00582636 help them realize their vision
ABAd4tBXfK0-02421-00582636-00582819 for their country.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02422-00582819-00583007 That's what we should be doing.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02423-00583007-00583194 So, I'm going to round up
ABAd4tBXfK0-02424-00583194-00583323 with what I call lightning
ABAd4tBXfK0-02425-00583323-00583423 round.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02426-00583423-00583523 I did this with your friend
ABAd4tBXfK0-02427-00583523-00583723 Madeleine albright and see how
ABAd4tBXfK0-02428-00583723-00583871 you two of you do.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02429-00583871-00584065 It means as a diplomat.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02430-00584065-00584309 You can't talk long.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02431-00584309-00584463 I will tell you one funny story.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02432-00584463-00584681 I said this to the UN secretary
ABAd4tBXfK0-02433-00584681-00584917 general.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02434-00584917-00585024 I said I'm going to do this.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02435-00585024-00585184 It's like being on morning Joe.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02436-00585184-00585519 But I'm not going to cut you up.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02437-00585519-00585684 But you have to go really fast.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02438-00585684-00585978 He says what is morning Joe?
ABAd4tBXfK0-02439-00585978-00586078 I said okay.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02440-00586078-00586276 So I am going to throw out.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02441-00586276-00586458 A sentence each.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02442-00586458-00586594 It's like a sentence each.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02443-00586594-00586748 And every one of these topics
ABAd4tBXfK0-02444-00586748-00587151 you could go on for an hour.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02445-00587151-00587498 You get to throw out a few too.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02446-00587498-00587598 Let me start.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02447-00587598-00587890 Ones I have been taking notes.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02448-00587890-00587990 Venezuela.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02449-00587990-00588090 I told you.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02450-00588090-00588190 This is hard.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02451-00588190-00588663 If this was easy, I wouldn't
ABAd4tBXfK0-02452-00588663-00589015 have two brilliant people with
ABAd4tBXfK0-02453-00589015-00589115 me.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02454-00589115-00589240 Judge this is an example of a
ABAd4tBXfK0-02455-00589240-00589523 leader that has destroyed his
ABAd4tBXfK0-02456-00589523-00589650 country.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02457-00589650-00590044 And we need to support the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02458-00590044-00590246 opposition and I think at some
ABAd4tBXfK0-02459-00590246-00590484 point it will, they will prevail
ABAd4tBXfK0-02460-00590484-00590757 and maDURo will go.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02461-00590757-00590875 You can skip or.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02462-00590875-00591107 You can be like those game shows
ABAd4tBXfK0-02463-00591107-00591461 where you can go --
ABAd4tBXfK0-02464-00591461-00591561 Do you want Venezuela?
ABAd4tBXfK0-02465-00591561-00591661 He's got Russia.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02466-00591661-00592177 I will take Russia.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02467-00592177-00592567 Russia is an acute problem more
ABAd4tBXfK0-02468-00592567-00592746 and a threat to its neighbors
ABAd4tBXfK0-02469-00592746-00593036 more than a long-term challenge.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02470-00593036-00593168 Long-term challenge is China.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02471-00593168-00593457 But Russia can do a lot of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02472-00593457-00593557 damage.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02473-00593557-00593728 Resist Russian aggression now,
ABAd4tBXfK0-02474-00593728-00593938 the better to reach a better
ABAd4tBXfK0-02475-00593938-00594132 future which I believe is
ABAd4tBXfK0-02476-00594132-00594238 possible.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02477-00594238-00594530 With a different Russia.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02478-00594530-00594907 Middle East peace.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02479-00594907-00595961 Sadly, neither of the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02480-00595961-00596088 politics with the Palestinian
ABAd4tBXfK0-02481-00596088-00596573 community or Israel offer the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02482-00596573-00596819 prospects for any negotiated
ABAd4tBXfK0-02483-00596819-00596967 peace.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02484-00596967-00597407 The risk is if Netanyahu is
ABAd4tBXfK0-02485-00597407-00597798 reelected, he will establish the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02486-00597798-00597996 terms of Palestinian piece and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02487-00597996-00598206 it may not bring peace.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02488-00598206-00598353 Iran.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02489-00598353-00598941 Haven't even touched that
ABAd4tBXfK0-02490-00598941-00599088 one.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02491-00599088-00599265 The administration may need to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02492-00599265-00599713 decide whether it wants regime
ABAd4tBXfK0-02493-00599713-00599940 change, a radical change of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02494-00599940-00600310 Iranian behavior or an improved
ABAd4tBXfK0-02495-00600310-00600448 nuclear deal.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02496-00600448-00600744 It could possibly get a new
ABAd4tBXfK0-02497-00600744-00600933 nuclear deal.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02498-00600933-00601332 Unlikely to get radical change
ABAd4tBXfK0-02499-00601332-00601759 across the board and ignoring
ABAd4tBXfK0-02500-00601759-00602144 the one great asset America has.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02501-00602144-00602421 A large part of Iranian society
ABAd4tBXfK0-02502-00602421-00602673 really likes us.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02503-00602673-00602869 We need to factor that into our
ABAd4tBXfK0-02504-00602869-00603142 calculations as well.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02505-00603142-00603507 Northern triangle.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02506-00603507-00603871 You it
ABAd4tBXfK0-02507-00603871-00604094 What is that?
ABAd4tBXfK0-02508-00604094-00604194 No.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02509-00604194-00604294 'Ll Guatemala, El Salvador.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02510-00604294-00604438 We are cutting off aid.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02511-00604438-00604546 This is the problem of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02512-00604546-00604823 fragile states.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02513-00604823-00604948 Fragile states.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02514-00604948-00605313 We need a strategy and we need
ABAd4tBXfK0-02515-00605313-00605598 those non-military tools that
ABAd4tBXfK0-02516-00605598-00605784 will allow us to help fragile
ABAd4tBXfK0-02517-00605784-00606040 states build governments that
ABAd4tBXfK0-02518-00606040-00606192 have the support of their people
ABAd4tBXfK0-02519-00606192-00606440 that can provide services and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02520-00606440-00606780 will allow the government to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02521-00606780-00606969 prevent fragile states from
ABAd4tBXfK0-02522-00606969-00607184 being sources of terrorism
ABAd4tBXfK0-02523-00607184-00607453 migration flows or the like.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02524-00607453-00608148 The idea we cut assistance to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02525-00608148-00608463 build a border wall I think is
ABAd4tBXfK0-02526-00608463-00608588 backwards.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02527-00608588-00608713 ISIS.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02528-00608713-00609030 I don't think I heard that one
ABAd4tBXfK0-02529-00609030-00609271 come up yet.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02530-00609271-00609513 Go get them.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02531-00609513-00609756 There you go.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02532-00609756-00610744 National security advisor.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02533-00610744-00610886 It's a great job.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02534-00610886-00611244 Somebody might want it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02535-00611244-00611457 If you get a chance to be
ABAd4tBXfK0-02536-00611457-00611573 national security advisor, you
ABAd4tBXfK0-02537-00611573-00611730 ought to take it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02538-00611730-00611944 Do you know anybody who might
ABAd4tBXfK0-02539-00611944-00612264 want it?
ABAd4tBXfK0-02540-00612264-00612661 Either one of you can take this
ABAd4tBXfK0-02541-00612661-00612905 one.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02542-00612905-00613148 Trade.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02543-00613148-00613357 A good thing.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02544-00613357-00613719 It should be free and fair.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02545-00613719-00613907 Okay.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02546-00613907-00614209 This one is coming to you.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02547-00614209-00614394 The Democratic candidates in
ABAd4tBXfK0-02548-00614394-00614628 foreign policy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02549-00614628-00614830 Sorry.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02550-00614830-00615385 It is the election season.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02551-00615385-00615537 I don't know if you watch the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02552-00615537-00615637 debate.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02553-00615637-00615737 Don't take it --
ABAd4tBXfK0-02554-00615737-00615837 They were 40 minutes last
ABAd4tBXfK0-02555-00615837-00615937 night.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02556-00615937-00616037 I counted on foreign policy
ABAd4tBXfK0-02557-00616037-00616137 which was better than any other
ABAd4tBXfK0-02558-00616137-00616315 debate.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02559-00616315-00616532 Don't take it too seriously.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02560-00616532-00616674 My experience that is that
ABAd4tBXfK0-02561-00616674-00616905 foreign policy discussions in
ABAd4tBXfK0-02562-00616905-00617234 presidential campaigns is a
ABAd4tBXfK0-02563-00617234-00617457 discussion of straw men or women
ABAd4tBXfK0-02564-00617457-00617688 and read herring.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02565-00617688-00617951 We have not had a realistic
ABAd4tBXfK0-02566-00617951-00618118 discussion of foreign policy in
ABAd4tBXfK0-02567-00618118-00618323 a presidential campaign in I
ABAd4tBXfK0-02568-00618323-00618448 can't remember when.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02569-00618448-00618548 Too bad.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02570-00618548-00618701 We need it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02571-00618701-00618905 And a good example of that is
ABAd4tBXfK0-02572-00618905-00619152 the president that you worked
ABAd4tBXfK0-02573-00619152-00619463 for who did a, some great
ABAd4tBXfK0-02574-00619463-00619576 things, one of the greatest
ABAd4tBXfK0-02575-00619576-00619700 things when it comes to the area
ABAd4tBXfK0-02576-00619700-00619901 I work in when it comes to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02577-00619901-00620001 development.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02578-00620001-00620123 He's not going to nation build
ABAd4tBXfK0-02579-00620123-00620353 as a candidate.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02580-00620353-00620758 There you go.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02581-00620758-00620898 Let's do this in our last few
ABAd4tBXfK0-02582-00620898-00620998 minutes.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02583-00620998-00621098 I will ask you both question.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02584-00621098-00621411 You can throw out two more
ABAd4tBXfK0-02585-00621411-00621606 lightning round, not questions
ABAd4tBXfK0-02586-00621606-00621706 but words.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02587-00621706-00621890 Words or word we haven't
ABAd4tBXfK0-02588-00621890-00621990 addressed.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02589-00621990-00622113 Who has a word?
ABAd4tBXfK0-02590-00622113-00622521 Just a word.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02591-00622521-00622636 European integration and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02592-00622636-00622796 whether Brexit is an obstacle or
ABAd4tBXfK0-02593-00622796-00623482 opportunity.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02594-00623482-00623760 European immigration good,
ABAd4tBXfK0-02595-00623760-00623932 Brexit bad.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02596-00623932-00624065 We must deal with the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02597-00624065-00624290 consequences.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02598-00624290-00624725 Just yell it out.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02599-00624725-00624825 The arctic.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02600-00624825-00624942 Used to be cold, isn't so
ABAd4tBXfK0-02601-00624942-00625076 cold anymore.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02602-00625076-00625176 Okay.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02603-00625176-00625376 Who else?
ABAd4tBXfK0-02604-00625376-00625569 Gentlemen back there.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02605-00625569-00625996 All the way in the back.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02606-00625996-00626138 That's you.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02607-00626138-00626419 [Inaudible] that one is, Yep.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02608-00626419-00626519 Okay.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02609-00626519-00626627 Long overdue.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02610-00626627-00626834 There we go.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02611-00626834-00626934 Absolutely.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02612-00626934-00627034 And slow still.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02613-00627034-00627161 Who else?
ABAd4tBXfK0-02614-00627161-00627303 Anybody else?
ABAd4tBXfK0-02615-00627303-00627407 Last one.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02616-00627407-00627571 Go ahead.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02617-00627571-00628061 Persistence of NATO in a post
ABAd4tBXfK0-02618-00628061-00628225 Soviet era.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02619-00628225-00628353 A good idea.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02620-00628353-00628651 He has a theme.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02621-00628651-00628751 Yep.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02622-00628751-00628965 China [Inaudible] policy.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02623-00628965-00629196 China's about what?
ABAd4tBXfK0-02624-00629196-00629415 Bell road.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02625-00629415-00630084 Over hyped.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02626-00630084-00630284 Over hyped, over extended.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02627-00630284-00630736 But won't go away by itself.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02628-00630736-00630872 We need can't fight something
ABAd4tBXfK0-02629-00630872-00631211 with nothing.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02630-00631211-00631408 Compete and win where it's
ABAd4tBXfK0-02631-00631408-00631565 important to us.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02632-00631565-00631842 And let China do the rest.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02633-00631842-00631969 I'm going to ask them two
ABAd4tBXfK0-02634-00631969-00632153 last closing questions ask John
ABAd4tBXfK0-02635-00632153-00632403 will close it up.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02636-00632403-00632503 Second to last question is the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02637-00632503-00632746 one I cut you off on.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02638-00632746-00632919 Make the best case to these
ABAd4tBXfK0-02639-00632919-00633087 students here both of you, you
ABAd4tBXfK0-02640-00633087-00633430 have one minute on this and the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02641-00633430-00633898 last closing question is, why
ABAd4tBXfK0-02642-00633898-00634042 after all the scary things we
ABAd4tBXfK0-02643-00634042-00634255 just talked about, which is that
ABAd4tBXfK0-02644-00634255-00634473 the world is really in crisis,
ABAd4tBXfK0-02645-00634473-00634621 why the world would they want to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02646-00634621-00635028 go into diplomacy?
ABAd4tBXfK0-02647-00635028-00635231 The life is pretty rough.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02648-00635231-00635527 I mean, ask my children.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02649-00635527-00635748 Moving all the time.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02650-00635748-00636063 Me on the road for weeks at a
ABAd4tBXfK0-02651-00636063-00636163 time.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02652-00636163-00636263 You're making this really
ABAd4tBXfK0-02653-00636263-00636363 appealing.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02654-00636363-00636527 That's real.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02655-00636527-00636627 Look.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02656-00636627-00637030 And the names on the wall of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02657-00637030-00637367 those who died in foreign
ABAd4tBXfK0-02658-00637367-00637467 service.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02659-00637467-00637578 They are names and now they're
ABAd4tBXfK0-02660-00637578-00637858 names of friends.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02661-00637858-00638015 People I know.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02662-00638015-00638116 I'm not going to tell you to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02663-00638116-00638319 join up without you know being
ABAd4tBXfK0-02664-00638319-00638488 honest with you.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02665-00638488-00638803 But, my God.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02666-00638803-00639011 Where else would I have been
ABAd4tBXfK0-02667-00639011-00639175 able to do what I did?
ABAd4tBXfK0-02668-00639175-00639332 It gave the foreign service, the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02669-00639332-00639506 foreign service gave my
ABAd4tBXfK0-02670-00639506-00639606 opportunities I never would have
ABAd4tBXfK0-02671-00639606-00639786 had in any other career.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02672-00639786-00640123 If you're a graduate student.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02673-00640123-00640353 They really wanted to make a
ABAd4tBXfK0-02674-00640353-00640469 difference.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02675-00640469-00641005 I got to be there when the
ABAd4tBXfK0-02676-00641005-00641194 Berlin wall fell.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02677-00641194-00641432 As condy rice said, to get your
ABAd4tBXfK0-02678-00641432-00641583 hands around history and give it
ABAd4tBXfK0-02679-00641583-00641714 a push.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02680-00641714-00641976 The foreign service gave me that
ABAd4tBXfK0-02681-00641976-00642165 experience.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02682-00642165-00642576 That's worth a lot.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02683-00642576-00642676 There's nothing more
ABAd4tBXfK0-02684-00642676-00643088 satisfying and no higher honor
ABAd4tBXfK0-02685-00643088-00643265 than to be able to represent
ABAd4tBXfK0-02686-00643265-00643532 your country if you're country
ABAd4tBXfK0-02687-00643532-00643726 is the United States of America.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02688-00643726-00643913 That's beautiful.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02689-00643913-00644888 So, that deserves a clap.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02690-00644888-00644988 I agree.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02691-00644988-00645088 With everything we said, there
ABAd4tBXfK0-02692-00645088-00645459 was a poll that came out on
ABAd4tBXfK0-02693-00645459-00645781 globe affairs said 70% of our
ABAd4tBXfK0-02694-00645781-00646046 citizens want the U.S. to play
ABAd4tBXfK0-02695-00646046-00646390 an active role.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02696-00646390-00647471 There are beautiful numbers of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02697-00647471-00647617 what it means to be American
ABAd4tBXfK0-02698-00647617-00647717 leadership.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02699-00647717-00647886 They want us to be engaged with
ABAd4tBXfK0-02700-00647886-00648040 Americans want us to be engaged
ABAd4tBXfK0-02701-00648040-00648371 in trade at almost 90% to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02702-00648371-00648659 provide humanitarian aid over
ABAd4tBXfK0-02703-00648659-00648782 Promote democracy and human
ABAd4tBXfK0-02704-00648782-00648882 rights.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02705-00648882-00649050 These are EXACTLY the issues we
ABAd4tBXfK0-02706-00649050-00649150 talked about.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02707-00649150-00649274 I'm going to ask each of you to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02708-00649274-00649513 share one story from your
ABAd4tBXfK0-02709-00649513-00649613 travels.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02710-00649613-00649827 Anywhere from your 40 years in
ABAd4tBXfK0-02711-00649827-00649946 foreign service.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02712-00649946-00650046 Long career of going back to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02713-00650046-00650337 Gerald ford.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02714-00650337-00650588 This is how America leadership
ABAd4tBXfK0-02715-00650588-00650769 really matters.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02716-00650769-00651192 I saw it in any store front and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02717-00651192-00651520 any embassy and village that you
ABAd4tBXfK0-02718-00651520-00651620 visited.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02719-00651620-00651798 To remind us why global
ABAd4tBXfK0-02720-00651798-00652013 leadership of America makes a
ABAd4tBXfK0-02721-00652013-00652121 difference.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02722-00652121-00652342 Ambassador fried.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02723-00652342-00653211 So, in the early days, they
ABAd4tBXfK0-02724-00653211-00653957 weren't sure they were going to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02725-00653957-00654194 make it.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02726-00654194-00654598 I served in the U.S. embassy in
ABAd4tBXfK0-02727-00654598-00654698 Warsaw.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02728-00654698-00654900 Polls wanted to know can we do
ABAd4tBXfK0-02729-00654900-00655000 this?
ABAd4tBXfK0-02730-00655000-00655309 Is this possible?
ABAd4tBXfK0-02731-00655309-00656255 What we're trying to  do now is
ABAd4tBXfK0-02732-00656255-00656380 taking fish soup and turning it
ABAd4tBXfK0-02733-00656380-00657111 back into an aquarium.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02734-00657111-00657584 They wanted to know that America
ABAd4tBXfK0-02735-00657584-00658017 believed in them and that may
ABAd4tBXfK0-02736-00658017-00658250 have made, it was a marginal,
ABAd4tBXfK0-02737-00658250-00658415 what we thought was a marginal
ABAd4tBXfK0-02738-00658415-00658515 difference.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02739-00658515-00658707 Sometimes it's where history
ABAd4tBXfK0-02740-00658707-00658917 happens.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02741-00658917-00659257 That's a particular example of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02742-00659257-00659475 Steve Hadley's general
ABAd4tBXfK0-02743-00659475-00659590 principle.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02744-00659590-00660001 I was able to say the values
ABAd4tBXfK0-02745-00660001-00660276 that we try to practice in
ABAd4tBXfK0-02746-00660276-00660555 America, try to practice, are
ABAd4tBXfK0-02747-00660555-00660805 the ones which you can take
ABAd4tBXfK0-02748-00660805-00660956 adapt them to your conditions
ABAd4tBXfK0-02749-00660956-00661438 and you will succeed.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02750-00661438-00661871 And they believed in us.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02751-00661871-00662086 And in 2014, the Ukrainian
ABAd4tBXfK0-02752-00662086-00662438 demonstrators in Kiev also
ABAd4tBXfK0-02753-00662438-00662623 believed in us.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02754-00662623-00662846 And the Hong Kong demonstrators
ABAd4tBXfK0-02755-00662846-00663263 fly the American flag.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02756-00663263-00663476 We stand for something at our
ABAd4tBXfK0-02757-00663476-00663598 best.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02758-00663598-00663711 And COUNTRIES are willing to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02759-00663711-00664201 forgive us our sins because we
ABAd4tBXfK0-02760-00664201-00664353 stand for something higher and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02761-00664353-00664498 that still means something
ABAd4tBXfK0-02762-00664498-00664668 today.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02763-00664668-00664907 I am desperate that our country
ABAd4tBXfK0-02764-00664907-00665263 not forget what we have achieved
ABAd4tBXfK0-02765-00665263-00665525 and who we are at our best.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02766-00665525-00665625 Beautiful.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02767-00665625-00665725 Thank you.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02768-00665725-00665934 I want to go a little deeper
ABAd4tBXfK0-02769-00665934-00666034 direction.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02770-00666034-00666157 If we want to get to being our
ABAd4tBXfK0-02771-00666157-00666390 best, there's something people
ABAd4tBXfK0-02772-00666390-00666521 in this room have to do
ABAd4tBXfK0-02773-00666521-00666713 particularly the young people in
ABAd4tBXfK0-02774-00666713-00666928 the room.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02775-00666928-00667148 You should be confident about
ABAd4tBXfK0-02776-00667148-00667267 the future of the country.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02777-00667267-00667582 I think our values are right.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02778-00667582-00667803 Our economy is strong.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02779-00667803-00668038 We have a wonderful education
ABAd4tBXfK0-02780-00668038-00668138 system.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02781-00668138-00668238 We have a tradition of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02782-00668238-00668528 entrepreneurship and innovation.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02783-00668528-00668717 All that will serve us well.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02784-00668717-00668946 And we have you which I think is
ABAd4tBXfK0-02785-00668946-00669311 a generation well prepared to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02786-00669311-00669613 deal with the challenges this
ABAd4tBXfK0-02787-00669613-00669826 country is going to face.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02788-00669826-00670096 You need to get involved and you
ABAd4tBXfK0-02789-00670096-00670313 need to get involved in politics
ABAd4tBXfK0-02790-00670313-00670628 if you help lead America back to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02791-00670628-00670838 being America at its best.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02792-00670838-00671126 And if the young people in this
ABAd4tBXfK0-02793-00671126-00671413 country will organize, we will
ABAd4tBXfK0-02794-00671413-00671578 get involved in politics, will
ABAd4tBXfK0-02795-00671578-00671990 turn out and vote, you can set
ABAd4tBXfK0-02796-00671990-00672136 the future direction of this
ABAd4tBXfK0-02797-00672136-00672275 country.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02798-00672275-00672409 And you should do it because
ABAd4tBXfK0-02799-00672409-00672605 it's your country and your
ABAd4tBXfK0-02800-00672605-00672721 future.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02801-00672721-00672831 Please the time is
ABAd4tBXfK0-02802-00672831-00672982 Time is now.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02803-00672982-00673132 Ladies and gentlemen.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02804-00673132-00673407 John is going to close up.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02805-00673407-00673532 Please join me in not only
ABAd4tBXfK0-02806-00673532-00673730 thanking Dan and Steve for being
ABAd4tBXfK0-02807-00673730-00673926 here and the wisdom they shared
ABAd4tBXfK0-02808-00673926-00674379 with us but for their service to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02809-00674379-00675028 our countries.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02810-00675028-00675353 [Applause]
ABAd4tBXfK0-02811-00675353-00675851 Thank you all so much.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02812-00675851-00676109 To Liz for moderating to Stephen
ABAd4tBXfK0-02813-00676109-00676361 and Dan.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02814-00676361-00676542 This is a wonderful launch to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02815-00676542-00676678 the Weiser diplomacy center and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02816-00676678-00676864 a fitting tribute to ron and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02817-00676864-00677523 Eileen Weiser who are inspired
ABAd4tBXfK0-02818-00677523-00677690 by this conversation.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02819-00677690-00677798 Come get involved.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02820-00677798-00677986 Come visit us upstairs on the 30
ABAd4tBXfK0-02821-00677986-00678086 floor.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02822-00678086-00678277 Sign up for our simulations and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02823-00678277-00678498 our workshops.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02824-00678498-00678776 Send in proposals for things you
ABAd4tBXfK0-02825-00678776-00678969 want to do overseas to engage to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02826-00678969-00679134 learn and to shape the kinds of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02827-00679134-00679251 skills that you will be able to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02828-00679251-00679465 deploy in foreign affairs and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02829-00679465-00679604 for all you in the room who are
ABAd4tBXfK0-02830-00679604-00679738 watching online.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02831-00679738-00679842 Keep coming to our public
ABAd4tBXfK0-02832-00679842-00679942 sessions.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02833-00679942-00680217 Samantha power, Condoleeza Rice
ABAd4tBXfK0-02834-00680217-00680392 Hillary Clinton and many more.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02835-00680392-00680546 We will have a rich array that
ABAd4tBXfK0-02836-00680546-00680823 cover both American and International
ABAd4tBXfK0-02837-00680823-00681030 Perspectives, a variety of different
ABAd4tBXfK0-02838-00681030-00681130 backgrounds and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02839-00681130-00681382 persuasions as way to foster
ABAd4tBXfK0-02840-00681382-00681594 This conversation about foreign
ABAd4tBXfK0-02841-00681594-00681819 policy and make Ann Arbor
ABAd4tBXfK0-02842-00681819-00681930 the hub in the midwest
ABAd4tBXfK0-02843-00681930-00682030 that everyone thinks of
ABAd4tBXfK0-02844-00682030-00682138 when you come to talk about
ABAd4tBXfK0-02845-00682138-00682317 and learn about foreign affairs.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02846-00682317-00682417 Tell you friends, tell your
ABAd4tBXfK0-02847-00682417-00682546 family members, get them to
ABAd4tBXfK0-02848-00682546-00682665 come to our events, get them
ABAd4tBXfK0-02849-00682665-00682965 to apply to our program, and
ABAd4tBXfK0-02850-00682965-00683065 we look forward to a very
ABAd4tBXfK0-02851-00683065-00683237 exciting year ahead.
ABAd4tBXfK0-02852-00683237-00683419 One more thanks please for the Weisers
ABAd4tBXfK0-02853-00683419-00683592 and panelists and join us for a
ABAd4tBXfK0-02854-00683592-00683674 reception outside.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00000-00001657-00002359 Today is May 16, 2012 here at Affiliate Summit Central at Austin
AC9cZp4xBlI-00001-00002359-00002459 Texas.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00002-00002459-00003069 If you found your way to the wrong hotel or room better get out now.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00003-00003069-00003305 The sick, weak and easily offended should leave immediately.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00004-00003305-00004202 My name is David Favor and you can follow my adventures,
AC9cZp4xBlI-00005-00004202-00004651 exploits and irreverency by joining http://InsideTrackParty.com/tribe
AC9cZp4xBlI-00006-00004651-00005309 Let’s get started here...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00007-00005309-00006386 The back story for Direct Traffic Magic back in 2003, I went to a Dan Kennedy conference
AC9cZp4xBlI-00008-00006386-00006795 and he shared a little information with me.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00009-00006795-00007533 Basically the numbers are that he was generating $30,000 per thousand people per week on his
AC9cZp4xBlI-00010-00007533-00008047 list and my list was generating $300 per thousand people per week.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00011-00008047-00008487 These numbers in Direct Traffic Magic was born and I figured out I
AC9cZp4xBlI-00012-00008487-00008815 better fire those people and get some more.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00013-00008815-00008915 What’s direct traffic?
AC9cZp4xBlI-00014-00008915-00009300 Technically in your Google Analytics direct traffic has no referring
AC9cZp4xBlI-00015-00009300-00009400 link.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00016-00009400-00010263 Practically, it’s a conversation which has been amplified, bona fide
AC9cZp4xBlI-00017-00010263-00010396 and buzzer fide.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00018-00010396-00010810 Amplified means that you’re using content strategies and technologies
AC9cZp4xBlI-00019-00010810-00011259 to be louder – reach more people.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00020-00011259-00011609 Bona fide means that you’re authentic and valuable to your tribe – your
AC9cZp4xBlI-00021-00011609-00011709 audience.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00022-00011709-00012254 Buzzer fide means that your tribe is going to buzz about
AC9cZp4xBlI-00023-00012254-00012544 you and your product.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00024-00012544-00012838 Direct traffic sources...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00025-00012838-00012950 First source is add cloaking.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00026-00012950-00013291 We’re going to skip that one.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00027-00013291-00013391 Email embedded links...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00028-00013391-00013676 In other words, if you get an email and you click on that link there’s no referring
AC9cZp4xBlI-00029-00013676-00014006 website so that’s also direct traffic.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00030-00014006-00014347 There’s also browser bar inputs...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00031-00014347-00014763 For example, one of my site http://RadicalHealth.com, 60% of traffic is
AC9cZp4xBlI-00032-00014763-00015193 people typing in http://RadicalHealth.com, that’s direct
AC9cZp4xBlI-00033-00015193-00015293 traffic.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00034-00015293-00015619 Our focus is going to be browser bar input primarily from brand
AC9cZp4xBlI-00035-00015619-00015719 traction.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00036-00015719-00016162 In other words, you’re going to ingrain your brand in people’s
AC9cZp4xBlI-00037-00016162-00016779 mind, you’re going to own the mind share around your topic or category
AC9cZp4xBlI-00038-00016779-00017048 or niche and stay top of mind.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00039-00017048-00017148 Rumor...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00040-00017148-00017798 Little note about direct traffic is two kinds of direct
AC9cZp4xBlI-00041-00017798-00018030 traffic really affect.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00042-00018030-00018469 Fake traffic is million hits in 30 seconds from
AC9cZp4xBlI-00043-00018469-00018618 a class C network.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00044-00018618-00019058 In other words, a span of IP addresses in the
AC9cZp4xBlI-00045-00019058-00019366 Philippines, Indonesia, India, South Africa or wherever.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00046-00019366-00020045 Real traffic is a million hits spread over 30 or 60 or
AC9cZp4xBlI-00047-00020045-00020484 90 days which are coming from all sorts of different IP addresses in
AC9cZp4xBlI-00048-00020484-00020753 the US.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00049-00020753-00021265 Also bounce rate figures into this bounce rate which will maybe
AC9cZp4xBlI-00050-00021265-00021881 go into another time is how long a person stays on your page.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00051-00021881-00022370 If they’re staying on your page 5 seconds, that’s going to be a 100% bounce.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00052-00022370-00022891 If they’re staying on your page for half hour, an hour too or navigating
AC9cZp4xBlI-00053-00022891-00023110 between pages that’s real traffic.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00054-00023110-00023694 We’ll talk about bounce rate in another conversation in another day.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00055-00023694-00024069 What’s exciting about direct traffic?
AC9cZp4xBlI-00056-00024069-00024611 First thing is mindshare management with Tribal Buzz you can hold mindshare
AC9cZp4xBlI-00057-00024611-00024792 by staying top of mine.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00058-00024792-00024995 Optimal Buyer cash flow...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00059-00024995-00025787 In other words, the highest price per sale and most repetitious sales.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00060-00025787-00026070 It also escaped the SEO shell game.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00061-00026070-00026170 Mindshare management...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00062-00026170-00026656 Let’s talk about that first Tribal Buzz – this is how to attract catch
AC9cZp4xBlI-00063-00026656-00026824 from key top of mine.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00064-00026824-00027347 It also has the side effect of cloaking your gravity well or marketing firm or money flow
AC9cZp4xBlI-00065-00027347-00027999 or however you attract traffic and convert that into sales.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00066-00027999-00028563 This is great for baffling your competitors for low or no competition.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00067-00028563-00029344 Optimum bio cash flow, the ultimate cash flow feedback loop is where
AC9cZp4xBlI-00068-00029344-00029916 you’ve got your Tribe Buzzing about you, because Tribal Buzz creates
AC9cZp4xBlI-00069-00029916-00030081 Repurchase Persistence.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00070-00030081-00030735 Repurchase Persistence then creates more Tribal Buzz so the two feed each other.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00071-00030735-00031320 Buzz and not force continuity but we’ll call it stealth continuity.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00072-00031320-00031908 In fact that’s a good topic for another day to you is stealth continuity.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00073-00031908-00032168 SEO Shell Game...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00074-00032168-00032564 Here’s the why most people run their business which
AC9cZp4xBlI-00075-00032564-00032727 is dumb as a bag hammer.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00076-00032727-00033265 That’s what we’re saying the country that grew up in the woods; this is how most people
AC9cZp4xBlI-00077-00033265-00033365 do it.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00078-00033365-00033602 They determine what's working with SEO, then tool their entire
AC9cZp4xBlI-00079-00033602-00033971 business around and all their content generation, their community
AC9cZp4xBlI-00080-00033971-00034374 interaction, everything around whatever’s working today.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00081-00034374-00034624 Well then the spammers figure out how to exploit it.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00082-00034624-00035121 Google does an algo changes and knocks everybody out, spammers
AC9cZp4xBlI-00083-00035121-00035230 and you.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00084-00035230-00035725 Your money zeros and you start all over again.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00085-00035725-00036086 Lord, if I had to do that?
AC9cZp4xBlI-00086-00036086-00036186 No, that’s bad.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00087-00036186-00036578 Direct traffic side effects... to Google direct traffic indicates true
AC9cZp4xBlI-00088-00036578-00036678 value.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00089-00036678-00036815 In other words, just somebody’s typing in your domain in a
AC9cZp4xBlI-00090-00036815-00037109 browser bar and its real direct traffic.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00091-00037109-00037749 You spread across lots of IP’s in first world nations with low page
AC9cZp4xBlI-00092-00037749-00037849 bounce rates.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00093-00037849-00038159 In other words, people on page for long periods of
AC9cZp4xBlI-00094-00038159-00038299 time that’s true value.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00095-00038299-00038749 What you get as a side effect is you get Google
AC9cZp4xBlI-00096-00038749-00038919 paper clicks slap abortion.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00097-00038919-00039402 No more slaps out of the Google AdWords index.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00098-00039402-00039905 You also get Google natural search index drop abortion.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00099-00039905-00040411 Getting a PPC slap is one thing, getting your website completely remove from
AC9cZp4xBlI-00100-00040411-00040641 Google’s index is very bad.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00101-00040641-00041072 Your pretty much just have to doze that domain under and start
AC9cZp4xBlI-00102-00041072-00041172 again.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00103-00041172-00041396 Google I’ll go change friendly...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00104-00041396-00041936 In other words, every time Google’s out our rhythm changes.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00105-00041936-00042236 My sites go up so it don’t matter, it’s like
AC9cZp4xBlI-00106-00042236-00042733 post Panda, Penguin and Penelope or whatever they call the next
AC9cZp4xBlI-00107-00042733-00043067 version, whatever Google calls their next algo change.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00108-00043067-00043311 Whatever Google does it makes no difference to me.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00109-00043311-00043652 It always makes my sites natural search results go up, that’s
AC9cZp4xBlI-00110-00043652-00043805 what you’re after.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00111-00043805-00044078 Also it’s Google human review or friendly, a
AC9cZp4xBlI-00112-00044078-00044452 lot of people don’t realize Google’s got a lot of human reviewers working
AC9cZp4xBlI-00113-00044452-00044624 now.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00114-00044624-00045350 If you think you’re somehow gaining the system by having a bunch
AC9cZp4xBlI-00115-00045350-00045989 of people write stupid 300 or 400 or 500 word news or video quotation
AC9cZp4xBlI-00116-00045989-00046363 blogs on a site as a SEO bate.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00117-00046363-00046800 When a Google human reviewer comes across that and sees what
AC9cZp4xBlI-00118-00046800-00047031 you’re doing, you’re out.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00119-00047031-00047331 Direct traffic excels at Tribe Building.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00120-00047331-00048084 Three types of buyers, you test its pro’s and con’s.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00121-00048084-00048549 You get a design and choose your buyers well.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00122-00048549-00048965 First top of three types are customers clients and clan or
AC9cZp4xBlI-00123-00048965-00049065 tribe.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00124-00049065-00049377 First one is customers which are one night stands.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00125-00049377-00049638 They’re price centric, burn hours of your time and
AC9cZp4xBlI-00126-00049638-00050000 gallons of gas or they burns hours of their time and gallons of gas
AC9cZp4xBlI-00127-00050000-00050450 to save a dollar which eventually is going to burn all your time.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00128-00050450-00050884 They’re good for fast cash but its low profit, small ticket items.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00129-00050884-00051308 They’re single sales usually, no repeat sales are very few and a very high
AC9cZp4xBlI-00130-00051308-00051433 return rate.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00131-00051433-00051766 All in all the worst of all kind of buyers you can have.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00132-00051766-00051972 Clients are more like courtships.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00133-00051972-00052638 They’re value centric, they’ll use you to queue rate to save their time.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00134-00052638-00053101 Slower cash, higher profit, medium the large ticket sales, lots of repeat
AC9cZp4xBlI-00135-00053101-00053286 sales, very low return rate.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00136-00053286-00053682 In fact in our super food business that we ran under Radical
AC9cZp4xBlI-00137-00053682-00054354 Health and Sun Fire Super Foods we have about maybe a return every 6-8
AC9cZp4xBlI-00138-00054354-00054916 months and that’s been steady for almost ten years now coming up on I
AC9cZp4xBlI-00139-00054916-00055016 ran that business.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00140-00055016-00055585 Kin or tribe... these are marriages, these are
AC9cZp4xBlI-00141-00055585-00055944 joint ventures partners, they are high profit centric.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00142-00055944-00056315 You get all the client perks plus you get long cycle persistent
AC9cZp4xBlI-00143-00056315-00056650 cash flows that escalate exponentially by way of parallel
AC9cZp4xBlI-00144-00056650-00056750 sales.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00145-00056750-00056983 Here’s what I mean about parallel sales...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00146-00056983-00057721 Let’s say if you got a list that generating a sale every week per 100
AC9cZp4xBlI-00147-00057721-00058494 people on your list then if your list is a 1,000 people.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00148-00058494-00059317 If you go and find somebody that has a list of 10,000 people that was created in
AC9cZp4xBlI-00149-00059317-00059554 a similar way that you created your list.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00150-00059554-00059802 In other words, the people on that list, the buyers
AC9cZp4xBlI-00151-00059802-00060402 on that list are disposed or interested and excited to purchasing what
AC9cZp4xBlI-00152-00060402-00060602 you have to offer.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00153-00060602-00060814 Then if their list is 10 times your list your sales
AC9cZp4xBlI-00154-00060814-00061266 is 1up 10 x per week, that’s what I mean about parallel sales.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00155-00061266-00061547 Direct traffic design guide...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00156-00061547-00061827 How do you do it?
AC9cZp4xBlI-00157-00061827-00062214 First off, Gnosis a Greek word for know thyself, know your true
AC9cZp4xBlI-00158-00062214-00062314 calling.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00159-00062314-00062649 We’re going to cover a little bit more this.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00160-00062649-00063179 We’re going to go through a little destiny design guide and a content design
AC9cZp4xBlI-00161-00063179-00063484 template for both writing and speaking.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00162-00063484-00063636 A message design template...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00163-00063636-00064063 Listen to this really carefully, I must say it twice.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00164-00064063-00064676 What you say, how you say what you say, how long and how often you say it, the
AC9cZp4xBlI-00165-00064676-00064883 term of the speed and magnitude of your outcome.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00166-00064883-00065278 Accelerants are time, technology and money.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00167-00065278-00065607 Accelerants only speed up destiny.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00168-00065607-00066963 In other words, you throw a gasoline in the fire and the fire gets big
AC9cZp4xBlI-00169-00066963-00067251 and the gasoline goes away.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00170-00067251-00067544 Accelerants will never determine destiny.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00171-00067544-00067797 In other words, you can’t throw enough time, technology and money.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00172-00067797-00068104 It’s something that stupid and broken to begin with because it’s just
AC9cZp4xBlI-00173-00068104-00068628 going to fissile out and/or burn up or collapse faster than if it had
AC9cZp4xBlI-00174-00068628-00069428 in our time, technology and money put into it.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00175-00069428-00069623 Here’s a content design checklist...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00176-00069623-00070330 I’m going to do another video about AIDA, the sort of the content generation
AC9cZp4xBlI-00177-00070330-00070788 formula that many of us use and I’m going to map that to the brain
AC9cZp4xBlI-00178-00070788-00071163 which would be Broca's Area, Wernikes and the Prefrontal Cortex.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00179-00071163-00071663 Be sure and check out Inside Track Party for win that publishes.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00180-00071663-00071847 Content design checklist...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00181-00071847-00072301 First off, make sure that your content is brain candy.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00182-00072301-00072696 It’s unique, entertaining, edutaining – in other words, its educational
AC9cZp4xBlI-00183-00072696-00072907 and entertaining and actionable.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00184-00072907-00073434 Make sure its tribe relevant, it’s got to be narrow –
AC9cZp4xBlI-00185-00073434-00073973 meaning it’s on one topic and size meaning that all the cruft and
AC9cZp4xBlI-00186-00073973-00074108 fluff is stripped out.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00187-00074108-00074311 It’s got to be psycho active.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00188-00074311-00074785 In other words, your content if you’d like to have gravity
AC9cZp4xBlI-00189-00074785-00075089 and stickiness in people’s mind you’ve got to change your reader’s
AC9cZp4xBlI-00190-00075089-00075609 state that got to have an internal state change.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00191-00075609-00075876 Implementation...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00192-00075876-00076840 Your content design workflow have got to require a very little time, money, energy and expertise.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00193-00076840-00077338 Also the content you’re providing to your audience also,
AC9cZp4xBlI-00194-00077338-00077840 whatever you are providing for them in a form of brain candy.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00195-00077840-00078466 In other words, that’s actionable for them to take action and execute and implement
AC9cZp4xBlI-00196-00078466-00078873 what you’ve shared requires on their part very little time, money
AC9cZp4xBlI-00197-00078873-00078973 and energy and expertise.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00198-00078973-00079445 Here’s why you’d do this... you do it in the form
AC9cZp4xBlI-00199-00079445-00079863 incremental outcome.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00200-00079863-00080048 You give a person the small action to take that
AC9cZp4xBlI-00201-00080048-00080976 produces a large outcome and I’d suggest you take Neville Mehdora's
AC9cZp4xBlI-00202-00080976-00081377 suggestion that he talks about a lot of his courses.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00203-00081377-00082010 Give a person at least a 100-1,000% return on their investment
AC9cZp4xBlI-00204-00082010-00082222 over 12 month period.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00205-00082222-00082730 I prefer a 1,000%; a 100% is absolute minimum.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00206-00082730-00083188 If you can’t provide somebody a 100% return and actually if you
AC9cZp4xBlI-00207-00083188-00083492 chunk that down a 1,000% over a year you can actually divide that by
AC9cZp4xBlI-00208-00083492-00083708 12 it comes out to about a 100% per month.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00209-00083708-00084071 That means if somebody invest a $1,000 with you for a
AC9cZp4xBlI-00210-00084071-00084444 course at the end of the 30 day period they better get $2,000 worth of
AC9cZp4xBlI-00211-00084444-00084574 money in their pocket.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00212-00084574-00084922 If you can do that for your clients, they will
AC9cZp4xBlI-00213-00084922-00085380 just keep coming back and jump up and down with their wallets upside
AC9cZp4xBlI-00214-00085380-00085721 down, open and check your money out.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00215-00085721-00085979 Practical direct traffic channels...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00216-00085979-00086175 Classified ads...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00217-00086175-00086837 If you place classified ads in a really great brain candy
AC9cZp4xBlI-00218-00086837-00087411 content which drives people to pick up some free resource at a
AC9cZp4xBlI-00219-00087411-00087683 website, people are going to be typing in your website because they’re
AC9cZp4xBlI-00220-00087683-00088111 aren’t no links that go between physical print classified ads and
AC9cZp4xBlI-00221-00088111-00088241 websites.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00222-00088241-00088632 People got to read it and remember it and carry it with them
AC9cZp4xBlI-00223-00088632-00088850 or cut it out and go type it in.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00224-00088850-00089320 It gets really important here to have a domain you can spell.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00225-00089320-00089796 If you got a domain that’s SuperCaliFragilisticExpialiDocious.com
AC9cZp4xBlI-00226-00089796-00090032 the likelihood of somebody reading them at classified
AC9cZp4xBlI-00227-00090032-00090395 ad and click in through, it’s going to be tough.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00228-00090395-00090714 If on the other hand, you’ve got something like Radical Health or Sun Fire
AC9cZp4xBlI-00229-00090714-00090947 Super Foods or Wetware Hacking.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00230-00090947-00091523 Simple domains that people can remember that large in their
AC9cZp4xBlI-00231-00091523-00091790 brains, that’s what you’re after.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00232-00091790-00092225 Refrigerator magnets and laminated how to guides for top mine are
AC9cZp4xBlI-00233-00092225-00092325 fantastic.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00234-00092325-00092599 Refrigerator magnets really rock because they’re in front
AC9cZp4xBlI-00235-00092599-00092737 of people all the time.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00236-00092737-00093329 Every time they walk through the refrigerator are really great for things that relate to
AC9cZp4xBlI-00237-00093329-00094064 home, repairs, anything that has to do with the home, weight life
AC9cZp4xBlI-00238-00094064-00094529 stuff, health stuff, laminated how to guides are great for marketing
AC9cZp4xBlI-00239-00094529-00095127 in business especially if you do a long 11 by 14 or right by 10,
AC9cZp4xBlI-00240-00095127-00095701 something that’s going to sit on somebody’s desk that they’re going
AC9cZp4xBlI-00241-00095701-00095944 to use all the time.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00242-00095944-00096064 Conversations and networking introductions...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00243-00096064-00096695 I’ll do another piece of content about audio logo’s which are great
AC9cZp4xBlI-00244-00096695-00097027 to use at network introductions that will keep top of mine.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00245-00097027-00097329 They’ll grab mind sharing and keep it.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00246-00097329-00097558 Radio television podcast spots and interviews...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00247-00097558-00097877 In other words, in time you have a conversation in
AC9cZp4xBlI-00248-00097877-00098624 front of a group of people whether you’re speaking with a guest interviewing
AC9cZp4xBlI-00249-00098624-00099035 you or having a conversation or you’re talking in front
AC9cZp4xBlI-00250-00099035-00099135 of a group.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00251-00099135-00099235 Again, we go back to the domain name.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00252-00099235-00099744 Make sure that your domain name is easily reproduceful so when people hear if they’ve
AC9cZp4xBlI-00253-00099744-00100176 got a piece of paper going to write it down, great!
AC9cZp4xBlI-00254-00100176-00100613 But what you’re looking for is if they have no paper and they have no pen, no recorder,
AC9cZp4xBlI-00255-00100613-00100948 all they got is their neurology that you stick your domain in their
AC9cZp4xBlI-00256-00100948-00101534 name and they remember long enough to when to get to a computer they
AC9cZp4xBlI-00257-00101534-00101634 can take some action.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00258-00101634-00102004 Other practical direct traffic channels are physical books: EBooks,
AC9cZp4xBlI-00259-00102004-00102133 and print magazines.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00260-00102133-00102329 Here’s a good one...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00261-00102329-00102451 Leveraged video theft.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00262-00102451-00102677 I threw this in because it’s a really interesting
AC9cZp4xBlI-00263-00102677-00103070 practical direct traffic channel a very few people use.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00264-00103070-00103508 Everybody’s always trying to figure out how to protect their videos from
AC9cZp4xBlI-00265-00103508-00103608 being stolen.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00266-00103608-00103891 I ain’t think they’re just stupid!
AC9cZp4xBlI-00267-00103891-00104216 If you think that you are smarter than people stealing your videos?
AC9cZp4xBlI-00268-00104216-00104331 You’re wrong!
AC9cZp4xBlI-00269-00104331-00104474 Here’s what I do.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00270-00104474-00104758 I always plan on every piece of content I generate
AC9cZp4xBlI-00271-00104758-00104858 being stolen.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00272-00104858-00104962 I make it easy for people.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00273-00104962-00105369 I publish it in a way where it’s really easy to steal and
AC9cZp4xBlI-00274-00105369-00105701 a lot of times I can only give download links but what I do is I
AC9cZp4xBlI-00275-00105701-00106000 watermark the video with a website.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00276-00106000-00106435 Again, it’s going to be a simple, easy to remember website like Inside
AC9cZp4xBlI-00277-00106435-00106802 Track Party or Radical Health or WetWare Hacking, something like that.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00278-00106802-00107275 Then I set up a Google alert camped on that term.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00279-00107275-00107958 When people steal my video and embed it in what I call money sites.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00280-00107958-00108361 In other words, the most stolen video I’ve got is a review I
AC9cZp4xBlI-00281-00108361-00108851 did with “Hurom Slow Juicer” and so people are always stealing that and
AC9cZp4xBlI-00282-00108851-00109295 put them on money sites which were single page sides that are SEO
AC9cZp4xBlI-00283-00109295-00109665 bate that drive people to buy who ran juicers on Amazon.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00284-00109665-00110226 What I do is every time when I knew one of these sites pops up related to hurom or
AC9cZp4xBlI-00285-00110226-00110710 slow juicer, a couple of other related keywords like Omega VRT which
AC9cZp4xBlI-00286-00110710-00111047 is the same juicer.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00287-00111047-00111280 What happens is I get a Google alert that says
AC9cZp4xBlI-00288-00111280-00111728 a new page appear, I go and check that page if it is a stolen copy of
AC9cZp4xBlI-00289-00111728-00111965 my video.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00290-00111965-00112510 A website which has my video embedded and is using it to drive
AC9cZp4xBlI-00291-00112510-00112776 traffic to Amazon so they get paid.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00292-00112776-00113382 Most of these sites have a facility for adding comments.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00293-00113382-00113957 If you make blog comments and you put in a link like
AC9cZp4xBlI-00294-00113957-00114551 http://RadicalHealth.com, then usually that link gets thrown into a
AC9cZp4xBlI-00295-00114551-00114659 review state.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00296-00114659-00115000 In other words, if you put a link in a post that usually
AC9cZp4xBlI-00297-00115000-00115435 is flag for review before it posts.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00298-00115435-00116002 If on the other hand you use a obfuscated blog comments which means you put
AC9cZp4xBlI-00299-00116002-00116928 in something like Radical Health without the http:// or you say “Radical
AC9cZp4xBlI-00300-00116928-00117996 Health [DOT] com” means it's written were humans can understand it
AC9cZp4xBlI-00301-00117996-00118536 and bots, spiders or web crawlers are unable to decipher it.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00302-00118536-00119020 If you use an obfuscated blog comment, what are people have to do?
AC9cZp4xBlI-00303-00119020-00119120 They have read it.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00304-00119120-00119347 If they read, they go to the site and they found my
AC9cZp4xBlI-00305-00119347-00119765 video and it says, “If you’d like more information about Hurom Juicer
AC9cZp4xBlI-00306-00119765-00120683 and recipes or whatever, go to “Radical Health [DOT] com” they’d have
AC9cZp4xBlI-00307-00120683-00121384 to type in http://RadicalHealth.com in their browser bars so that’s
AC9cZp4xBlI-00308-00121384-00121907 another fantastic direct channel.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00309-00121907-00122044 A meetup.com special example...
AC9cZp4xBlI-00310-00122044-00122852 meetup.com is the most under used technology on the web right now.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00311-00122852-00123904 In fact, if you got Inside Track Party the YouTube channel which is http://InsideTrackParty.com/videos
AC9cZp4xBlI-00312-00123904-00124703 then you’ll find a couple videos about creating meet up groups, I
AC9cZp4xBlI-00313-00124703-00125286 think it’s called meet up group construction kit is one of them and
AC9cZp4xBlI-00314-00125286-00126069 the other one is optimizing orphanage meet up groups.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00315-00126069-00126334 If you go through both those videos, they’re really
AC9cZp4xBlI-00316-00126334-00126434 long.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00317-00126434-00126647 They’re both of hour and half to two hours.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00318-00126647-00126927 If you go through both those, you’ll get a
AC9cZp4xBlI-00319-00126927-00127597 great overview of the AIDA copywriting formula and how to set up meet
AC9cZp4xBlI-00320-00127597-00127697 up groups.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00321-00127697-00127894 Also how to take over orphan groups whenever I meet up
AC9cZp4xBlI-00322-00127894-00128040 organizers steps down.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00323-00128040-00128298 Imagine a meet up organizer run in a group for
AC9cZp4xBlI-00324-00128298-00128720 10 years that steps down and there’s 2,000 members on that group and
AC9cZp4xBlI-00325-00128720-00128930 that group goes up for grasps, anyone can take it over.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00326-00128930-00129208 Do you think that’d be good to have a couple thousand
AC9cZp4xBlI-00327-00129208-00129666 highly focus people that have been showing up to physical meet ups around
AC9cZp4xBlI-00328-00129666-00129869 your topic or niche or category?
AC9cZp4xBlI-00329-00129869-00130123 I think that’d be good.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00330-00130123-00130427 Meetup.com helps you cut through the noise.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00331-00130427-00130737 It allows you accessing highly qualified, pre focused groups.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00332-00130737-00131452 The big name of the game in any kind of joint venture or marketing proposition
AC9cZp4xBlI-00333-00131452-00131771 is the cut through noise.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00334-00131771-00132295 If you can get a room of people 20 or 30 even people together
AC9cZp4xBlI-00335-00132295-00132614 and you can have a conversation with them, you have their undivided
AC9cZp4xBlI-00336-00132614-00132971 attention or you have their complete focus attention.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00337-00132971-00133688 Cutting through noise is essential to creating a long term
AC9cZp4xBlI-00338-00133688-00134044 7, 8, 9 figure income.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00339-00134044-00134372 Also a meet up allows you to practice your craft
AC9cZp4xBlI-00340-00134372-00134894 both writing and speaking for basically $0.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00341-00134894-00135312 It allows rapid tribe building to attract caption
AC9cZp4xBlI-00342-00135312-00135432 keep keen.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00343-00135432-00135595 Tribe Building is different than building mailing list.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00344-00135595-00135812 Here is the thing that happens with me.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00345-00135812-00136541 I get invited to a lot of backroom SEO master minds sort of things where it’s like
AC9cZp4xBlI-00346-00136541-00137024 the group of all great wizards get together to talk about really
AC9cZp4xBlI-00347-00137024-00137384 what they get to talk about what is ain’t working and how to save their
AC9cZp4xBlI-00348-00137384-00137725 buns because it allows Google algorithm change.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00349-00137725-00138188 That’s what really happens here about over the last year especially with Panda because
AC9cZp4xBlI-00350-00138188-00138470 Panda is a rolling update.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00351-00138470-00138871 In other words, Panda didn’t happen in February of 2011 and stop in
AC9cZp4xBlI-00352-00138871-00139217 February 2011, it happens every month.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00353-00139217-00140045 Panda is an adaptive algorithm change that ensures more crappy content get
AC9cZp4xBlI-00354-00140045-00140584 dumped off the web so what’s left is increasing valuable content.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00355-00140584-00141258 A meet up allows you to do rapid tribe building of clan which are different
AC9cZp4xBlI-00356-00141258-00141860 back to the smokey back room sort of masterminds and think tanks.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00357-00141860-00142008 A lot of people talk about their list.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00358-00142008-00142491 They’ve got these big list, quart a million people or whatever, a million
AC9cZp4xBlI-00359-00142491-00142591 people.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00360-00142591-00142721 My question is how many people of that list bought in the
AC9cZp4xBlI-00361-00142721-00142870 last 30 days?
AC9cZp4xBlI-00362-00142870-00143412 Most guys glaze over or worst the numbers are easily
AC9cZp4xBlI-00363-00143412-00143512 as attainable.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00364-00143512-00144097 I had a guy here that came to visit my office a few months
AC9cZp4xBlI-00365-00144097-00144197 ago.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00366-00144197-00144697 I got really good hearing and I walked out the room and heard
AC9cZp4xBlI-00367-00144697-00145066 him on the phone and he’s talking to his tech guy and they’d send
AC9cZp4xBlI-00368-00145066-00145617 an email to a quarter million people 24 hours later and they generated $400
AC9cZp4xBlI-00369-00145617-00145717 sales.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00370-00145717-00146085 I figured based on the email service that I knew he was using
AC9cZp4xBlI-00371-00146085-00146428 that he paid about $4,000 to send that email out and it made
AC9cZp4xBlI-00372-00146428-00146844 $400, that’s a bad day.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00373-00146844-00147567 Kin are people that will pretty much buy anything
AC9cZp4xBlI-00374-00147567-00147917 that you suggest clients are the same way.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00375-00147917-00148259 Customers are like the big unwashed masses on a list
AC9cZp4xBlI-00376-00148259-00148455 that may or may not do anything.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00377-00148455-00148867 Again, remember there are small price points and have higher return rates.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00378-00148867-00148967 Meetup 101.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00379-00148967-00149435 There’s kind a three phases of how to use meetup.com
AC9cZp4xBlI-00380-00149435-00149648 Phase one is you attend meet ups.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00381-00149648-00150188 Go and look for meet up groups related to your topic category niche.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00382-00150188-00150430 You attend; you build relationships with your organizers and attendees.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00383-00150430-00150746 Phase two is you speak in meet ups.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00384-00150746-00150999 You leverage your phase one relationships into
AC9cZp4xBlI-00385-00150999-00151099 speaking engagements.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00386-00151099-00151700 A great way to do this especially with organizers is you say, “Hey, a lovely group.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00387-00151700-00151925 I do a lot of speaking about a similar topic.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00388-00151925-00152502 Why won’t you add me to your back up speakers list?” and they’ll glaze over because
AC9cZp4xBlI-00389-00152502-00152890 most people ain’t never heard of a back up speaker list so you tell them what
AC9cZp4xBlI-00390-00152890-00152990 it is.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00391-00152990-00153254 When they start glazing over you say, “Your back up speakers
AC9cZp4xBlI-00392-00153254-00153723 list, the list of people that you keep their cell phone numbers or
AC9cZp4xBlI-00393-00153723-00154175 phone numbers and Skype Id’s handy so if you have a speaker cancelled 15
AC9cZp4xBlI-00394-00154175-00154467 minutes before they’re supposed to go on for over a few 100 people
AC9cZp4xBlI-00395-00154467-00154734 then you got somebody to call to say, Hey dude!
AC9cZp4xBlI-00396-00154734-00154916 Can you show up?
AC9cZp4xBlI-00397-00154916-00155303 And if I’m in town, I’ll show up and speak on a moment’s notice.”
AC9cZp4xBlI-00398-00155303-00156089 Or if it’s somebody that’s got a virtual type of event going on like a
AC9cZp4xBlI-00399-00156089-00156919 teleconference or Webinar, it would be challenging for me to think of
AC9cZp4xBlI-00400-00156919-00157298 or come up with a number of all the times I’ve gotten this frantic
AC9cZp4xBlI-00401-00157298-00157584 call in the middle of the night saying, “Hey dude!
AC9cZp4xBlI-00402-00157584-00158036 I’ve got 2,000 people coming on our Webinar in 5 minutes
AC9cZp4xBlI-00403-00158036-00158162 and my speakers AWOL.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00404-00158162-00158263 Can you talk about something?”
AC9cZp4xBlI-00405-00158263-00158363 “Well I’m doing better than that.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00406-00158363-00158687 Tell me what your topic is and I’ll talk about that”,
AC9cZp4xBlI-00407-00158687-00158930 so that’s phase two.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00408-00158930-00159199 Phase three is you organize your own groups.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00409-00159199-00159600 I highly recommend you go join http://InsideTrackParty.com/tribe and
AC9cZp4xBlI-00410-00159600-00160361 follow how we do our marketing and how we do our events both local,
AC9cZp4xBlI-00411-00160361-00160832 national, global, physical events and virtual events.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00412-00160832-00161207 A little side note here is, “Meet up!
AC9cZp4xBlI-00413-00161207-00161414 Hey it’s virtual event.”
AC9cZp4xBlI-00414-00161414-00162240 Go through my meet up group construction kit and it talks about how to get around all
AC9cZp4xBlI-00415-00162240-00162340 that.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00416-00162340-00162799 Additional resources, if you have any questions be, in
AC9cZp4xBlI-00417-00162799-00162899 touch.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00418-00162899-00163226 Join http://InsideTrackParty.com right now to again
AC9cZp4xBlI-00419-00163226-00163640 track or follow my adventurous exploits and irreverency.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00420-00163640-00164135 Were men right up to the wall, I run out of time for questions so if you got
AC9cZp4xBlI-00421-00164135-00165035 questions just meet me afterwards.
AC9cZp4xBlI-00422-00165035-00165308 Enjoy!
AChAQ_6GTdI-00000-00000000-00000352 💜Heart Racing Cats💜
AChAQ_6GTdI-00001-00000352-00000880 a busy butler's hand
AChAQ_6GTdI-00002-00000911-00001360 And Shush trying to escape.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00003-00001408-00001904 I got it.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00004-00002376-00002576 I'm saying no.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00005-00002576-00002864 Let's do it once
AChAQ_6GTdI-00006-00003080-00003279 nooooooo
AChAQ_6GTdI-00007-00003279-00003664 a struggling second master
AChAQ_6GTdI-00008-00003664-00003776 I'd
AChAQ_6GTdI-00009-00005216-00005584 Finally, I'm going to brush my teeth.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00010-00005696-00006176 I don't like it because I can't be the first owner.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00011-00006976-00007376 already exhausted butchers
AChAQ_6GTdI-00012-00007552-00007984 Ask your mother's butler for help.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00013-00008496-00008784 Just be good to your mom!
AChAQ_6GTdI-00014-00008904-00009104 I'm kicking... Suffering
AChAQ_6GTdI-00015-00009144-00009344 I'm a good cat.~~~
AChAQ_6GTdI-00016-00010096-00010304 the incisive teeth
AChAQ_6GTdI-00017-00010768-00011040 The next order is Tabby.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00018-00011168-00011792 Let's brush our teeth.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00019-00011904-00012112 It's not fat. It's fur.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00020-00012192-00012320 Tabby in his sleep.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00021-00012696-00012896 Wink*
AChAQ_6GTdI-00022-00013119-00013328 Let's open our mouths.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00023-00013600-00014256 a butler with a toothbrush through his fangs.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00024-00014552-00014752 a bounce at this point
AChAQ_6GTdI-00025-00015368-00015568 Opposite side
AChAQ_6GTdI-00026-00016024-00016224 You look cute.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00027-00017088-00017456 I don't like it anymore.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00028-00017760-00018128 Our baby's done! (Lies of the butler)
AChAQ_6GTdI-00029-00018288-00018592 Butler: It's so pretty. Tabby: Am I a little pretty, aren't I?
AChAQ_6GTdI-00030-00019320-00019520 Stop your front teeth.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00031-00019856-00020224 It's over!!
AChAQ_6GTdI-00032-00020256-00020544 A cute little lamb appears.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00033-00020816-00021024 I'm going to interrupt with my tongue.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00034-00021264-00021552 Push it with your front paws. Too much hair. xd
AChAQ_6GTdI-00035-00021792-00022224 Good.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00036-00022736-00023120 You smell so bad.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00037-00023488-00023904 I'm almost done. Just hang in there.~~~~
AChAQ_6GTdI-00038-00024648-00024848 Finishing with front teeth
AChAQ_6GTdI-00039-00025480-00025680 Cammy's here.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00040-00025856-00026064 I'm sleepy, so let's do it.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00041-00026320-00026832 I'm trying to express my disapproval by holding my arm.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00042-00027639-00027839 with one's mouth open~~~
AChAQ_6GTdI-00043-00028864-00029072 Cammy's so good
AChAQ_6GTdI-00044-00029648-00030048 a mass of toothpaste around the mouth ~~~!!!!xD
AChAQ_6GTdI-00045-00030927-00031424 Stop it. (Must keep pushing with your hands.)
AChAQ_6GTdI-00046-00032024-00032224 Are you done?
AChAQ_6GTdI-00047-00032520-00032720 again..?
AChAQ_6GTdI-00048-00033032-00033232 I am luna
AChAQ_6GTdI-00049-00033368-00033568 I hate to brush my teeth.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00050-00033568-00033952 I will express my disapproval.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00051-00034048-00034352 mouth is too small.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00052-00034848-00035104 Luna face has gotten squashed.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00053-00035496-00035696 Don't push, Luna.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00054-00036104-00036304 I don't know what to do. I hate!
AChAQ_6GTdI-00055-00037512-00037712 Luna....lol
AChAQ_6GTdI-00056-00038264-00038464 stop please..
AChAQ_6GTdI-00057-00038576-00038896 No, we have to do more.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00058-00039064-00039264 front tooth
AChAQ_6GTdI-00059-00039608-00039808 You look ugly.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00060-00040064-00040400 It was a long journey.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00061-00040472-00040672 I'm tired.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00062-00040736-00041056 toothpaste that the butler stepped on it
AChAQ_6GTdI-00063-00041256-00041456 I brushed my teeth and became depressed.
AChAQ_6GTdI-00064-00041720-00041920 Subscribe, okay, set the alarm.
ACLMkh4gO_4-00000-00000003-00001272 good morning we are extremely pleased that you are here it is good to come together for the
ACLMkh4gO_4-00001-00001272-00002571 purpose of co-creating G agree your knowing what you are wanting are you enjoying the expansion of
ACLMkh4gO_4-00002-00002571-00003339 your own personal preferences and desires are you getting pretty good at staying up to speed with
ACLMkh4gO_4-00003-00003339-00003852 them in other words you believe in your ability to accomplish whatever it is you have decided
ACLMkh4gO_4-00004-00003852-00005019 do you expect the universe to yield to you in detail the Preferences that you're choosing do
ACLMkh4gO_4-00005-00005019-00005649 you expect the universe to surprise and delight you surprise you in the sense that it is so much
ACLMkh4gO_4-00006-00005649-00006159 more than you even knew you wanted when what you wanted gets together with all of its combining
ACLMkh4gO_4-00007-00006159-00006906 and becomes the full manifestation experience do you find yourself in an experience where you are
ACLMkh4gO_4-00008-00006906-00007623 realizing that this is what you have been asking for but it is more as if it's fleshed out then you
ACLMkh4gO_4-00009-00007623-00008256 even knew it could be do you feel like that from time to time that's what deliberate creation feels
ACLMkh4gO_4-00010-00008256-00008877 like it creation by default doesn't feel so much like that because if you have not taken the time
ACLMkh4gO_4-00011-00008877-00009540 to identify what you want and to realize that you are identifying it to choose deliberately and to
ACLMkh4gO_4-00012-00009540-00010098 acknowledge your choices and then to deliberately hold your thoughts more and more in the direction
ACLMkh4gO_4-00013-00010098-00010788 of your choices and not so much in the direction of why you have made your choices I want this and
ACLMkh4gO_4-00014-00010788-00011733 why because of how it feels in the full experience of it rather than I want this because this doesn't
ACLMkh4gO_4-00015-00011733-00012669 feel so good in other words when you make that steady slip where you are out ahead of it not
ACLMkh4gO_4-00016-00012669-00013272 fixing broken things and not trying so much to improve your life experience but basking
ACLMkh4gO_4-00017-00013272-00013861 in improvements can you feel the difference because when you're overcoming something what
ACLMkh4gO_4-00018-00013861-00014319 you're trying to overcome is coming with you and you're not overcoming it when you're trying to
ACLMkh4gO_4-00019-00014319-00015112 get over it or move past it or fix it then the resistance about it comes with you and slows
ACLMkh4gO_4-00020-00015112-00016111 you down so knowing what you don't want is a good thing if it is brief but then explaining how much
ACLMkh4gO_4-00021-00016111-00016618 you don't want it and how much you shouldn't be getting it and how much you don't deserve
ACLMkh4gO_4-00022-00016618-00017365 it and how much others seem to be doing it to you deliberately that's not helpful because it causes
ACLMkh4gO_4-00023-00017365-00018340 you to hold yourself in a holding pattern of what is and it doesn't allow you to move forward into
ACLMkh4gO_4-00024-00018340-00018814 the improvement does that make sense to you you live in a vibrational universe and you
ACLMkh4gO_4-00025-00018814-00019414 are a vibrational being and you are radiating vibrations continually and you can't fake what
ACLMkh4gO_4-00026-00019414-00020080 you're offering how you feel is how you feel and how you feel is what you get and it doesn't matter
ACLMkh4gO_4-00027-00020080-00020680 what you say with your words by trying to cover up how you feel how you feel is the true indicator
ACLMkh4gO_4-00028-00020680-00021163 of what you're offering vibrationally and that's what's coming back to you and that's such a good
ACLMkh4gO_4-00029-00021163-00021754 thing because when you get that that what you're getting is what you're offering vibrationally and
ACLMkh4gO_4-00030-00021754-00022444 then you also realize that you can change what you're offering vibrationally not instantaneously
ACLMkh4gO_4-00031-00022444-00023146 but you can find a way of doing that and we've been playing with you for a long time giving you
ACLMkh4gO_4-00032-00023146-00023839 some ideas of how you might improve your vibration how you might move up the vibrational scale how
ACLMkh4gO_4-00033-00023839-00024406 you might get into the vortex or how you might find vibrational alignment with the things that
ACLMkh4gO_4-00034-00024406-00024991 you want how you could come into alignment with the whole of who you are how you could come into
ACLMkh4gO_4-00035-00024991-00025702 fuller expectation of who you are and stand in a place of readiness as you joyfully witness your
ACLMkh4gO_4-00036-00025702-00026329 ideas coming into full fruition that's really what you are all about you are creators you've come to
ACLMkh4gO_4-00037-00026400-00027411 and as we talk about all the things that you could do to improve your vibration here and now there
ACLMkh4gO_4-00038-00027411-00028020 are harder ways to go about it and easier ways to go about it and a lot has to do with where you're
ACLMkh4gO_4-00039-00028020-00028758 standing the important thing to understand is that wherever you are is fine wherever you are is where
ACLMkh4gO_4-00040-00028758-00029558 you are so I'd have to be fine and wherever you are is fine because it has to be fine but even
ACLMkh4gO_4-00041-00029558-00030117 if it didn't have to be fine but it has to be fine even if where you are didn't have to be fine it's
ACLMkh4gO_4-00042-00030117-00030726 still fine and where you are is where you are and we want where you are to be all right with
ACLMkh4gO_4-00043-00030726-00031377 you because it's all right with us and because it's all right with who you really are that's
ACLMkh4gO_4-00044-00031377-00031977 all right with your inner being but if where you are is not all right with you then the all
ACLMkh4gO_4-00045-00031977-00032595 right nurse that you keep proclaiming is what's holding you back from what you really want your
ACLMkh4gO_4-00046-00032595-00033225 acknowledgement of where you are and your judgment about the imperfection or inappropriateness of it
ACLMkh4gO_4-00047-00033225-00033930 in other words when you get down on you that's as bad as it gets for you because when you get
ACLMkh4gO_4-00048-00033930-00034533 down on you you don't let any of the things that you've been asking for in but you know what you do
ACLMkh4gO_4-00049-00034533-00035055 do when you get down on you when you get down on you and therefore you don't let the things
ACLMkh4gO_4-00050-00035055-00035790 that you really want in you want them more and when you want them more now you've put even more
ACLMkh4gO_4-00051-00035790-00036510 attention you want them more but you still don't let them in not a good idea because when you want
ACLMkh4gO_4-00052-00036510-00037191 them more and you don't let them in the tension becomes greater yes so if you want them more and
ACLMkh4gO_4-00053-00037191-00037812 you still don't let them in maybe you should want them less you think that's a good idea no because
ACLMkh4gO_4-00054-00037812-00038499 you can't want them less life has parlayed you into a vibrational creation once you've created
ACLMkh4gO_4-00055-00038499-00039255 the new and improved version of you you can't say never mind you can't say I don't really want that
ACLMkh4gO_4-00056-00039255-00039747 because I can't find vibrationally equivalency with it I don't really want that anymore but
ACLMkh4gO_4-00057-00039747-00040476 because my habit is to oppose it in thought and my desire now feels bad to me so never mind I take it
ACLMkh4gO_4-00058-00040476-00041259 all back no no your inner beam believed you and went where you said you wanted to go and is there
ACLMkh4gO_4-00059-00041259-00041967 holding the vibration waiting for you to catch up you got no choice but to catch up because your
ACLMkh4gO_4-00060-00041967-00042600 expansion is what you said into motion and you've got to get up to speed with your own expansion or
ACLMkh4gO_4-00061-00042600-00043599 you don't feel so good you get that don't you do you get that do you want to get that more you want
ACLMkh4gO_4-00062-00043599-00044127 to really understand that you want to get yourself in alignment with who you are all right then we're
ACLMkh4gO_4-00063-00044127-00044592 gonna tell you a really short story about who you really are and then off we're gonna go into
ACLMkh4gO_4-00064-00044592-00045162 who you are becoming so here you are in these magnificent bodies but you are so much more than
ACLMkh4gO_4-00065-00045162-00045744 you usually realize because you are an extension of Source Energy and the Source Energy part of
ACLMkh4gO_4-00066-00045744-00046296 that sentence matters so much because the Source Energy part of you is a big reason for the way you
ACLMkh4gO_4-00067-00046296-00047268 feel and by that we mean you are such big energy and you have come with such big reason and purpose
ACLMkh4gO_4-00068-00047268-00048024 that when you are up to speed in a moment with all of that you feel fantastic but when you're
ACLMkh4gO_4-00069-00048024-00048750 not up to speed you don't feel good and as we just said to you in another way and we're going to say
ACLMkh4gO_4-00070-00048750-00049362 to you in this way and in many ways throughout this day you can't take back the bigness that
ACLMkh4gO_4-00071-00049362-00050277 you've become and that's what so many of you are tripping over because your life has caused you
ACLMkh4gO_4-00072-00050277-00051321 to become so much more this is an indication of this vibrational reality this vibrational coming
ACLMkh4gO_4-00073-00051321-00051982 together of circumstances and events which you want to call future because you can't see them
ACLMkh4gO_4-00074-00051982-00052552 which we call present because they exist and are real and are affecting the way you feel everyday
ACLMkh4gO_4-00075-00052552-00053350 whoo so you've become more prosperous and you become more sure of yourself and you become more
ACLMkh4gO_4-00076-00053350-00053896 of all of the things that you're asking for you are evolving vibrationally that's the precursor
ACLMkh4gO_4-00077-00053896-00054325 to everything that manifests in a way that you can see and hear and smell and taste and touch
ACLMkh4gO_4-00078-00054325-00054886 but because it's vibrational and you can't see it or hear it or smell it or taste it or touch
ACLMkh4gO_4-00079-00054886-00055651 it sometimes you want to call it not there when it is there and that is the thing that if you
ACLMkh4gO_4-00080-00055651-00056323 can get over your joy will be immediate and the then manifesting in the way you want to see it
ACLMkh4gO_4-00081-00056323-00056833 near and smell and taste it and touch it will begin to happen at such speed and consistency
ACLMkh4gO_4-00082-00056833-00057487 that you will begin to know yourself as what others may call magic as you will know as normal
ACLMkh4gO_4-00083-00057487-00058057 you will be the deliberate creator of your own experience but you first got to accept
ACLMkh4gO_4-00084-00058057-00058648 that you're a vibrational being and that this vibrational you has already happened and that
ACLMkh4gO_4-00085-00058648-00059182 the circumstances events are already queued up and you want to make your primary work to get
ACLMkh4gO_4-00086-00059182-00059713 yourself as often as you can into a receiving mode so that you can receive the vibration so
ACLMkh4gO_4-00087-00059713-00060157 that you can feel the impulse to move at the right time so that you can feel the impulse to be in the
ACLMkh4gO_4-00088-00060157-00060604 right place at the right time so that you can feel the impulse to know what you really know so that
ACLMkh4gO_4-00089-00060604-00061075 you can feel the impulse in the conversation or even when you're just mulling things over in your
ACLMkh4gO_4-00090-00061075-00061716 own mind you want to get in sync with who you are but you've got to stop being so in sync with what
ACLMkh4gO_4-00091-00061716-00062311 is already manifested because what is already manifested and who you really are are not the
ACLMkh4gO_4-00092-00062311-00063001 same thing can you follow that you are more than what has manifested and you want to be that more
ACLMkh4gO_4-00093-00063001-00063616 in every way so that you and others can see it in here and smell and taste it and touch it but as
ACLMkh4gO_4-00094-00063616-00064861 long as your primary emphasis is on analyzing and acknowledging what has materialized your
ACLMkh4gO_4-00095-00064861-00065556 awareness of what has materialized keeps what's over here ready to materialize from materializing
ACLMkh4gO_4-00096-00065556-00066249 does that make sense my bank account doesn't have enough money in it but your vibrational
ACLMkh4gO_4-00097-00066249-00066951 currency is enormous but as you look at your bank account and feel uncomfortable with what it is
ACLMkh4gO_4-00098-00066951-00067710 that discomfort is your indicator that you're not letting your vibrational currency in so
ACLMkh4gO_4-00099-00067710-00068301 you can't get the impulse you can't feel about you the way that your inner beam does when you
ACLMkh4gO_4-00100-00068301-00069219 are focusing upon what you think is instead of what we know is it's such a thin veil or
ACLMkh4gO_4-00101-00069219-00069888 line or whatever you want to call it distinction between what is available to you and what you are
ACLMkh4gO_4-00102-00069888-00070818 letting become in your bank account or whatever the subject of your creation is it's just the
ACLMkh4gO_4-00103-00070818-00071481 difference between you adjusting your mood or attitude or expectation just a little bit
ADlDdDdmeAM-00000-00000000-00000200 Mukbang Daun pepaya sambel ikan Asin Tempe Tahu
ADlDdDdmeAM-00001-00000200-00000400 Mukbang Daun pepaya sambel ikan Asin Tempe Tahu
ADlDdDdmeAM-00002-00000400-00000600 Mukbang Daun pepaya sambel ikan Asin Tempe Tahu
ADlDdDdmeAM-00003-00000600-00000800 Mukbang Daun pepaya sambel ikan Asin Tempe Tahu
ADlDdDdmeAM-00004-00000800-00001000 Mukbang Daun pepaya sambel ikan Asin Tempe Tahu
ADlDdDdmeAM-00005-00001000-00001200 Mukbang Daun pepaya sambel ikan Asin Tempe Tahu
ADlDdDdmeAM-00006-00001200-00001400 Mukbang Daun pepaya sambel ikan Asin Tempe Tahu
ADlDdDdmeAM-00007-00001400-00001600 Mukbang Daun pepaya sambel ikan Asin Tempe Tahu
ADlDdDdmeAM-00008-00001600-00001800 Mukbang Daun pepaya sambel ikan Asin Tempe Tahu
ADlDdDdmeAM-00009-00001800-00002000 Mukbang Daun pepaya sambel ikan Asin Tempe Tahu
ADlDdDdmeAM-00010-00002000-00002200 Mukbang Daun pepaya sambel ikan Asin Tempe Tahu
ADlDdDdmeAM-00011-00002200-00002400 Mukbang Daun pepaya sambel ikan Asin Tempe Tahu
ADHkBMgMyLU-00000-00000000-00000200 Cash Receiving in Tally Prime
AF7Bm66HZTE-00000-00000192-00000696 the down to moth went live while i was checking light videos, and so far it
AF7Bm66HZTE-00001-00000696-00001360 has not found anything to change to a dislike except for the first one. but instead of being
AF7Bm66HZTE-00002-00001432-00002000 changed, it was stayed on like, and even if it was changed it would not get notifications.
AF7Bm66HZTE-00003-00002056-00002416 this only counts if the video isn't made for kids.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00000-00000300-00000546 Today at 4:30 a.m.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00001-00000546-00000867 the enemy launched a rocket attack on Uman.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00002-00000867-00001044 One of the rockets hit 
AG6KSEOnOl8-00003-00001044-00001367 a residential nine-storey building.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00004-00001367-00001847 One section of the house is almost destroyed.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00005-00001847-00002376 According to preliminary data, 109 people lived there.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00006-00002376-00002730 27 apartments out of 46 are completely destroyed.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00007-00002730-00003234 A response effort is ongoing.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00008-00003234-00003614 Nearly 300 people are involved:
AG6KSEOnOl8-00009-00003614-00003955 rescuers, police, utility services.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00010-00003955-00004487 The estimated time needed to remove the rubble is 24 hrs.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00011-00004487-00004931 At the moment, 7 people died.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00012-00004931-00005196 6 people were retrieved from under the rubble.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00013-00005196-00005646 One citizen died in hospital.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00014-00005646-00006096 17 people were rescued from the collapsed section,
AG6KSEOnOl8-00015-00006096-00006287 including 3 children.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00016-00006287-00006734 Currently, 9 out of 17 persons are in hospital.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00017-00006734-00007150 Presently, investigation teams are at work.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00018-00007150-00007447 Forensic labs have been strengthened.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00019-00007447-00007981 Nearby houses are being examined
AG6KSEOnOl8-00020-00007981-00008131 apartment by apartment.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00021-00008131-00008700 About 10 high-rise buildings were damaged.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00022-00008700-00009111 We go to every apartment to make sure
AG6KSEOnOl8-00023-00009111-00009557 there are no wounded or dead.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00024-00009557-00009807 The entire set of tasks is in place.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00025-00009807-00010200 Today, to carry out the task of the President
AG6KSEOnOl8-00026-00010200-00010515 military administration head and I are here
AG6KSEOnOl8-00027-00010515-00010682 at the scene of 
AG6KSEOnOl8-00028-00010682-00010908 the search and rescue operation.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00029-00010908-00011346 Is there any information on how many people can still be trapped under the rubble?
AG6KSEOnOl8-00030-00011346-00011752 No, we've set up work as fast as possible
AG6KSEOnOl8-00031-00011752-00012560 to free the people who can still be under the ruins alive.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00032-00012560-00012884 K9 handlers are also at work.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00033-00012884-00013312 An HQ has been set up headed by
AG6KSEOnOl8-00034-00013312-00013713 the military administration leader and
AG6KSEOnOl8-00035-00013713-00014004 the leadership of the Security Service of Ukraine
AG6KSEOnOl8-00036-00014004-00014230 in Cherkasy Region.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00037-00014230-00014747 Police help the SSU to record this war crime.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00038-00014747-00014960 What is known about the type of rocket?
AG6KSEOnOl8-00039-00014960-00015285 Preliminarily, X-101.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00040-00015391-00015768 I'd like to say that in the HQ 
AG6KSEOnOl8-00041-00015768-00016091 a hotline has been opened for relatives.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00042-00016091-00016696 Families and friends of those who lived here can call.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00043-00016696-00017047 Is there information about the number of missing persons?
AG6KSEOnOl8-00044-00017047-00017287 No, there is not.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00045-00017328-00017406 Dear colleagues,
AG6KSEOnOl8-00046-00017406-00018000 today we've witnessed another Rashist attack on a civilian object.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00047-00018000-00018139 On peaceful Uman.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00048-00018139-00018300 On a block of flats
AG6KSEOnOl8-00049-00018300-00018681 Warehouses were also located nearby where
AG6KSEOnOl8-00050-00018681-00018990 thank God, no victims were reported.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00051-00018990-00019437 Currently, the HQ includes all the corresponding services.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00052-00019437-00019800 The leadership of the city and the district
AG6KSEOnOl8-00053-00019800-00020286 are working with the affected people.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00054-00020286-00020478 There will be more people 
AG6KSEOnOl8-00055-00020478-00020736 from neighbouring houses who
AG6KSEOnOl8-00056-00020736-00020897 got psychological traumas.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00057-00020897-00021113 The enemy attacked in the morning when
AG6KSEOnOl8-00058-00021113-00021519 everyone was sleeping peacefully.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00059-00021519-00021992 It's another proof that
AG6KSEOnOl8-00060-00021992-00022322 the genocide of the Ukrainian people goes on.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00061-00022322-00022629 I hope that everyone can see it.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00062-00022629-00022872 We will all draw conclusions.
AG6KSEOnOl8-00063-00022872-00023334 Let's move together to victory.
AHhwoCjec8I-00000-00000088-00000968 okay uh so we mentioned the bi tools so uh quick site is one of the bi tools that now available
AHhwoCjec8I-00001-00001120-00001768 so actually on this semester we'll learn two business intelligent tools so one is quick side
AHhwoCjec8I-00002-00001768-00002456 another one is chart okay it's called chart that is from mongodb
AHhwoCjec8I-00003-00002800-00003472 okay a mongodb chart so that is to handle the um the dataset in mongodb database
AHhwoCjec8I-00004-00003544-00004160 and quicksite can be used to analyze data from uh a lot of data sources on aws
AHhwoCjec8I-00005-00004240-00004904 okay so like data lane uh data warehouse and also uh relational databases or non-relational database
AHhwoCjec8I-00006-00005032-00005472 uh next semester so in the date visualization class
AHhwoCjec8I-00007-00005472-00006288 uh we are going to introduce another probably the most famous bi tools that is tableau
AHhwoCjec8I-00008-00006631-00007392 okay so tableau provide the desktop version and also provide the broad broad version
AHhwoCjec8I-00009-00007392-00008248 so cloud version and also the standalone version okay uh so this week we are just
AHhwoCjec8I-00010-00008248-00008984 use see that hauser quick quick site look like so it is cloud powered bi service so that everything
AHhwoCjec8I-00011-00008984-00009864 we need is just a browser and also a quick site account it is scaled to hundreds of users so um
AHhwoCjec8I-00012-00009928-00010560 because it's cloud-based and also they claim it is secure for sharing and also for collaboration
AHhwoCjec8I-00013-00010632-00011152 uh it is highly interactive visual dashboards so we'll see that one later so
AHhwoCjec8I-00014-00011272-00012120 it can be integrated with most aws services and also data resources one thing that i want highly
AHhwoCjec8I-00015-00012120-00012991 emphasized is called spicy spice so spice is a date engine so that's the super first parallel
AHhwoCjec8I-00016-00013088-00013824 in-memory calculation engine so when you have your data either from your database or from your
AHhwoCjec8I-00017-00013919-00014672 data house you can analyze with quick site directly or you can load that one to the
AHhwoCjec8I-00018-00014728-00015624 to this spicy and next you can analyze to quick site so in that way it will be faster
AHhwoCjec8I-00019-00015736-00016808 okay it will be faster and also that will also be more expensive it has a lot of great um functions
AHhwoCjec8I-00020-00016808-00017416 on quicksite for example it has autograph so when you drag the data into the quick site and
AHhwoCjec8I-00021-00017416-00018056 it will detect the data type and also create the appropriate type of the data visualization for you
AHhwoCjec8I-00022-00018216-00018912 it also has some ai enabled functions and we will see that one later so like making forecasts or
AHhwoCjec8I-00023-00018912-00019784 det all the uh detect anomalies etc so we all see that one later on during the lecture and also lab
AHhwoCjec8I-00024-00019872-00020616 so generally so quick site is a is a way that you can integrate other data resources so quite
AHhwoCjec8I-00025-00020616-00021256 somewhere you can bring data from your postgres circle or from your cloud database from your data
AHhwoCjec8I-00026-00021256-00022224 warehouse or from your data link where you can doing a sort of a lot of visual analytics some of
AHhwoCjec8I-00027-00022224-00023064 those analytics are ai powered okay so that's very useful and also you can get the the inside of the
AHhwoCjec8I-00028-00023064-00023816 data super fast so you can see that is another way that to analyze data so we're no longer using sql
AHhwoCjec8I-00029-00023952-00024856 but instead we can use those bi analytic tools to to visually and analyze our data so there are two
AHhwoCjec8I-00030-00024856-00025760 approaches you can use sql or you can use those bi tools bi tools is mo is also very expensive so for
AHhwoCjec8I-00031-00025760-00026816 quick site as i said the price is 24 per user per month okay so it's a relatively expensive service
AHhwoCjec8I-00032-00027072-00027783 okay uh so here let's let's do a demo on quick site very quick uh so the quick site account is
AHhwoCjec8I-00033-00027839-00028552 separate from your aws etiquette account because quicksite is pretty expensive so adults attitude
AHhwoCjec8I-00034-00028552-00028864 etiquette does not cover the cost of the quick side
AHhwoCjec8I-00035-00028936-00029583 um so we are going to log into keepsite the website url is like this quicksite.aws.m
AHhwoCjec8I-00036-00029904-00030648 and next you need to provide the quickside account name so the account name of this class is ia
AHhwoCjec8I-00037-00030744-00031583 340. okay and you all have received invitation to your gmu email so you just type your email and
AHhwoCjec8I-00038-00031583-00032456 use password that you set just remember that the account name is i340 so i used my gmail
AHhwoCjec8I-00039-00032616-00032864 and i'm going to type my password
AHhwoCjec8I-00040-00033616-00034304 okay so now i just logged into quicksite and here you can see what's new um you can close that one
AHhwoCjec8I-00041-00034416-00035184 uh so you on the left side you have you can see your favorite projects your recent projects
AHhwoCjec8I-00042-00035240-00035696 and also you can organize your project with folders and you can share your
AHhwoCjec8I-00043-00035696-00036824 folders with others and dashboard analysis and also dataset so once we log into quickside for
AHhwoCjec8I-00044-00036824-00037464 the first time we need to set up the data set okay so let's go to data set
AHhwoCjec8I-00045-00037640-00038440 and here you can see you can upload the data from a csv file out from the ceo false
AHhwoCjec8I-00046-00038440-00039656 or from s3 a center or you can just upload connect your data to s3 market rds red shift so that is a
AHhwoCjec8I-00047-00039808-00040472 uh data warehouse s3 that is a date link rds is a date relational database
AHhwoCjec8I-00048-00040568-00040952 or you can connect to other data resources like sql mysql
AHhwoCjec8I-00049-00041056-00042240 postgresql so if you have other resources so here let's connect to the postgres post gre sql i mean
AHhwoCjec8I-00050-00042240-00043056 our data our database is um hosted on rds but i didn't give use access to rds so we can just
AHhwoCjec8I-00051-00043056-00043872 treat that as a postgre post jr circle we need to give it a database name so let's say called i 340
AHhwoCjec8I-00052-00044024-00044744 and a server so the server is the database host url so which is on our lab1
AHhwoCjec8I-00053-00044816-00045752 instruction on canvas so i'm going to post paste it here and the part and the default
AHhwoCjec8I-00054-00045752-00046776 we're using the default part number in which is 5432 and the database name is post gres
AHhwoCjec8I-00055-00046928-00047440 okay so that also is the default database name uh username so here you can use your
AHhwoCjec8I-00056-00047440-00048128 own username so i'm using demo and you can use gp1 gp2 etc and the password
AHhwoCjec8I-00057-00048128-00048760 is a password that provided on cam on cameras of your group and let's say validate the connection
AHhwoCjec8I-00058-00048912-00049256 that's great okay and now we can create this data source
AHhwoCjec8I-00059-00049672-00050336 so here you need to select uh the data so let's let's go to the demo so i'm using the demo schema
AHhwoCjec8I-00060-00050336-00051000 and you you may depending on the user account you will have different schema that showing here
AHhwoCjec8I-00061-00051264-00051688 so here let's see we want uh to see our indeed
AHhwoCjec8I-00062-00051688-00052312 okay remember from previous labs that we collect a few records from indeed and let's select that one
AHhwoCjec8I-00063-00052767-00053416 and they're asking do you want import that one to spicy for quick analytics and i would say yes
AHhwoCjec8I-00064-00053416-00053976 and before that because that will be faster and actually it's it's very small data set so
AHhwoCjec8I-00065-00054191-00054528 you can also check whether or not you want email owners when refresh
AHhwoCjec8I-00066-00054648-00055344 refresh fields uh before we visualize we can also preview our data so let's preview our data
AHhwoCjec8I-00067-00055552-00056208 so now you can see from indeed so we have ids which is integer we have job title so
AHhwoCjec8I-00068-00056208-00057008 that is end date analytics we have company that is string uh we have job location
AHhwoCjec8I-00069-00057008-00057696 so job location so at you can see that default is string but here i can choose that one to
AHhwoCjec8I-00070-00057855-00058752 city okay so i can choose that one to city because most of the jobs are based on the cities
AHhwoCjec8I-00071-00058855-00059479 and the salary well the salary should be uh integers however um
AHhwoCjec8I-00072-00059591-00060176 the format is not uniform so there is a different format so let's just leave that as is
AHhwoCjec8I-00073-00060232-00060920 so if you want to extract those numbers so you you need to do some etl so date extraction
AHhwoCjec8I-00074-00060920-00061496 and transfer transformation and also load and also here those are the um
AHhwoCjec8I-00075-00061616-00062176 job descriptions okay so it looks like pretty nice and let's see visualize
AHhwoCjec8I-00076-00062608-00063240 okay uh so first so now you can see it is autographed so if we just click the job title
AHhwoCjec8I-00077-00063528-00064448 and uh and okay so now it is importing the rows into [ __ ] spicy first so let's just wait the
AHhwoCjec8I-00078-00064448-00065296 importing to be finished uh well i don't know why it's keep importing so um because we only have
AHhwoCjec8I-00079-00065400-00066032 a few records so we we don't necessarily need the spicy so let's let's cancel that one so
AHhwoCjec8I-00080-00066032-00066736 let's go to date editor and let's say we want the direct query so because we don't have a lot of
AHhwoCjec8I-00081-00066736-00067528 data so let's try direct query this time because you see there are only 64 gigabyte data so that's
AHhwoCjec8I-00082-00067528-00068160 that's really small amount of data uh so if you have huge amount data and and you import to spicy
AHhwoCjec8I-00083-00068160-00068992 so that will be faster so here let's see just want to use direct query so direct query means that uh
AHhwoCjec8I-00084-00069080-00069728 the quick site will send out queries to uh relational database and also retain the result and
AHhwoCjec8I-00085-00069728-00070368 visualize the result uh so here you can see not autograph so if i just click job title
AHhwoCjec8I-00086-00070576-00070960 okay and you can see they will detect okay so this is a string format
AHhwoCjec8I-00087-00071040-00072072 and you can they create a very nice bar chart for you and you can see that the the number one is
AHhwoCjec8I-00088-00072072-00073048 the security policy analyst in in the data that i created okay and you can also
AHhwoCjec8I-00089-00073208-00073816 check the answer create the other visualization for example here i add another visual and this
AHhwoCjec8I-00090-00073816-00074704 time i just click the job location okay um job location and now let's try if i can create a map
AHhwoCjec8I-00091-00075176-00075696 great so now you can see because i convert that one to job locations so now you can see
AHhwoCjec8I-00092-00075696-00076488 i have multiple job so now i can visualize those on the map so i have one in virginia
AHhwoCjec8I-00093-00076656-00077440 okay two in virginia and also several one in washington dc okay one in north fork virginia
AHhwoCjec8I-00094-00077440-00078192 and also there's also one job uh okay and also there are several jobs that does not have any uh
AHhwoCjec8I-00095-00078304-00079160 location information okay you can see it's pretty cool and you can also add the other matters like
AHhwoCjec8I-00096-00079160-00080400 color et cetera suffice it or even add the job title to the colors okay and now you can see that
AHhwoCjec8I-00097-00080712-00081384 in washington you can see that what are those job titles
AHhwoCjec8I-00098-00081488-00082304 okay uh so that's a very simple quick demo that uh you can see uh we can create maps and also
AHhwoCjec8I-00099-00082304-00082888 we can visualize those different categories of different things we have to change the the
AHhwoCjec8I-00100-00082992-00083728 the type of those visualizations but in most cases the default graph that quicksight generated
AHhwoCjec8I-00101-00083728-00084320 is is pretty good and next you can share your dashboard so once you're done with
AHhwoCjec8I-00102-00084320-00084880 your visual edition you can publish your dashboard so for this one you can call it
AHhwoCjec8I-00103-00085168-00085776 indeed and you can enable the other options okay
AHhwoCjec8I-00104-00086032-00086424 and you can and also you can see do you want to share this one with others
AHhwoCjec8I-00105-00086584-00086888 if yes you can check that one if no that's fine so
AHhwoCjec8I-00106-00086888-00087368 you don't need to share this one with others okay so that is your dashboard
AHhwoCjec8I-00107-00087552-00088112 okay if you share it with others so others that who have those quicksite account they will be able
AHhwoCjec8I-00108-00088112-00088984 to to see your visualizations okay so now you can see you have we have one data set that is indeed
AHhwoCjec8I-00109-00088984-00089696 and we have one analytics so that is uh on the process that we created those visual editions and
AHhwoCjec8I-00110-00089696-00090448 also we have one final output that is a dashboard okay so let's try another one so let's say
AHhwoCjec8I-00111-00090704-00091232 let's say that we want analyze our student information and also professor information
AHhwoCjec8I-00112-00091232-00091720 so let's say we create a new data set again we are using the post jerry circle
AHhwoCjec8I-00113-00091800-00092752 uh still will call it i340 and we are going to follow the um the same process that we did
AHhwoCjec8I-00114-00093696-00094440 validate grid but this case uh i'm going to select the cost table the enroll list
AHhwoCjec8I-00115-00094568-00095416 the cost table okay it looks like we can only select one and let's select that one
AHhwoCjec8I-00116-00095560-00096080 and let's still try to uh direct queries and let's add it and let's preview
AHhwoCjec8I-00117-00096312-00097016 okay uh so here we have cost table you can see right now i have three courses so
AHhwoCjec8I-00118-00097016-00097720 on this demo i want to show you that how we can join multiple tables so if you remember that uh
AHhwoCjec8I-00119-00097720-00098352 in sql we have used that we had to write that super complicated drawing sentences however
AHhwoCjec8I-00120-00098464-00099104 by using bi tools we can join those tables pretty easy so let's say here we have cost table
AHhwoCjec8I-00121-00099232-00099584 and we can join the professor table
AHhwoCjec8I-00122-00099856-00100456 and now you can see here you have defined the relationship between professor and also cost
AHhwoCjec8I-00123-00100536-00101072 so let's say we see okay we defined the profits and cost based on the professor email
AHhwoCjec8I-00124-00101400-00102104 okay so remember that p email is primarily on professor table and also foreign on the
AHhwoCjec8I-00125-00102104-00102576 course table and you can specify do you want inner drawing left drawing right
AHhwoCjec8I-00126-00102576-00103000 join and also for drawing so let's use inner join and let's hit apply
AHhwoCjec8I-00127-00103280-00103840 okay and now we can success successfully joined two tables together so you can see
AHhwoCjec8I-00128-00103840-00104568 that in my case the new professor is teaching all three courses okay so that's pretty cool
AHhwoCjec8I-00129-00104632-00105240 and we can also continue drawing those tables so for example we can join the enroll list
AHhwoCjec8I-00130-00105472-00106583 which is that enroll list will be joined based on the cost number
AHhwoCjec8I-00131-00106880-00107232 okay so we have a course number cost name essentials
AHhwoCjec8I-00132-00107311-00108208 and we can also continue drawing so let's say we now also want the student okay and
AHhwoCjec8I-00133-00108208-00108759 here we see that student should can only be joined together with this intro list so we drag it here
AHhwoCjec8I-00134-00109024-00109840 to the enroll list and we added the join so the drawing will be student email equals student email
AHhwoCjec8I-00135-00109840-00110783 and we hit apply okay uh so now you can see that we have joined three to four tables together so
AHhwoCjec8I-00136-00110888-00111320 it's only 40 balls so relational database is still able to handle that
AHhwoCjec8I-00137-00111408-00112080 however if you have a lot of huge data set so friends when you have millions records
AHhwoCjec8I-00138-00112080-00113016 in each table and if or if you want to join 20 or 30 tables together in that case you should
AHhwoCjec8I-00139-00113016-00113640 use a date warehouse instead by using relational table use instead of using a relational database
AHhwoCjec8I-00140-00113840-00114359 okay and now let's see that we have joined all table together so we can also
AHhwoCjec8I-00141-00114424-00114983 uncheck those uh duplicated click on columns so for example let's uncheck the emails
AHhwoCjec8I-00142-00115232-00115832 and also student emails um professor emails so let's say we all have cost table
AHhwoCjec8I-00143-00115920-00116559 cost name student name and us professor so now we have a super
AHhwoCjec8I-00144-00116896-00117224 long table a white table that has a that joined
AHhwoCjec8I-00145-00117224-00117783 all the information together and now let's we shall save and visualize
AHhwoCjec8I-00146-00118000-00118392 okay so for example if you view to the professor name
AHhwoCjec8I-00147-00118480-00119183 so there's only one professor and if you select professor name and also the course name together
AHhwoCjec8I-00148-00119368-00120135 okay and you can see that it's not make a lot of sense however so
AHhwoCjec8I-00149-00120352-00120704 if we drag the cost name to the values
AHhwoCjec8I-00150-00121024-00121600 okay so now you can see that how many courses are taken by this professor
AHhwoCjec8I-00151-00121735-00122832 okay and here you can use the count distinct so you can see this professor is teaching two unique
AHhwoCjec8I-00152-00122911-00124000 courses okay and let's see we add another ratio so let's see here we put the cost okay so now we have
AHhwoCjec8I-00153-00124000-00125032 two courses and let's put the student as values okay and now we can see for each single course
AHhwoCjec8I-00154-00125032-00125896 and how many students get enrolled and actually as we counter distinct okay so how many students that
AHhwoCjec8I-00155-00125896-00126480 enrolled in each class and here that means how many courses are teaching by each professor
AHhwoCjec8I-00156-00126616-00127216 and we can also add another uh visual where let's say we put student name first
AHhwoCjec8I-00157-00127408-00128120 okay so we have those student name and for the values let's put let's see that how many
AHhwoCjec8I-00158-00128120-00129032 courses they are taken okay and we can also use distinct so we can say s1 is taking two classes
AHhwoCjec8I-00159-00129032-00129680 as two is taking two clauses and also s3 is taking two clauses and that's why it's taking one calls
AHhwoCjec8I-00160-00129768-00130440 and we can put major as their colors and now you can say they are all i major so that's
AHhwoCjec8I-00161-00130496-00131328 just one color okay so that another way that you can see that um instead of you running
AHhwoCjec8I-00162-00131328-00132184 those very complicated sql queries and you can do that one very easily by using the bi tools
AHhwoCjec8I-00163-00132184-00132648 and of course you can also share this dashboard and you can quite
AHhwoCjec8I-00164-00133024-00133520 cause student professor
AHhwoCjec8I-00165-00133808-00134584 okay and you can choose whether or not you want to share it with others either type emails etc
AHhwoCjec8I-00166-00134976-00135600 okay so now we have two analytics and we have two data set and we have two
AHhwoCjec8I-00167-00135600-00136320 dashboards so this is a very quick review of quickside so that what does autograph means
AHhwoCjec8I-00168-00136376-00137072 and also how to create nice maps automatically if you choose the right data type and also you can
AHhwoCjec8I-00169-00137072-00137872 join multiple tables together so very easy so and also you can create visualizations that you want
AIEuLxBgcCc-00000-00000917-00001375 Juanjo Rodriguez, thanks for joining us at the HSMA eDay here in Hamburg.
AIEuLxBgcCc-00001-00001376-00001670 Three questions that we'd like to ask you.
AIEuLxBgcCc-00002-00001670-00002162 What works best on a hotel  website to convert to convert direct bookings?
AIEuLxBgcCc-00003-00002162-00002470 The way I look at it is you need to do two things.
AIEuLxBgcCc-00004-00002470-00002946 One is to reduce friction so make it easy for users to go through the
AIEuLxBgcCc-00005-00002946-00003543 full booking funnel and that involves things like ensuring that this is the
AIEuLxBgcCc-00006-00003543-00003921 right hotel for you, for example providing review information to
AIEuLxBgcCc-00007-00003921-00004293 understand that other people think this is the right place to be. And also to
AIEuLxBgcCc-00008-00004293-00004779 make it easy for you as a user to understand that this channel, the hotel
AIEuLxBgcCc-00009-00004779-00004984 directly is going to offer you the best deal.
AIEuLxBgcCc-00010-00004984-00005354 That can be price or perks or  whatever their full experience is.
AIEuLxBgcCc-00011-00005354-00005870 So basically taking away all  that makes the purchasing process difficult.
AIEuLxBgcCc-00012-00005888-00005968 Ok.
AIEuLxBgcCc-00013-00005968-00006226 And then the second part would be to  personalize the experience for you.
AIEuLxBgcCc-00014-00006242-00006533 So first the first part is reducing what's hard
AIEuLxBgcCc-00015-00006533-00006950 and the second part is to give you something that really makes you
AIEuLxBgcCc-00016-00006950-00007304 understand this is the right place for you. Because whatever is coming is you
AIEuLxBgcCc-00017-00007306-00007626 perceive it something as special and not something for everyone.
AIEuLxBgcCc-00018-00007626-00007690 mm-hmm
AIEuLxBgcCc-00019-00007690-00008108 So what, what is the key for the  customer journey on a hotel website?
AIEuLxBgcCc-00020-00008109-00008614 So obviously there's a lot of personalisation required, so what would be some of the main keys there?
AIEuLxBgcCc-00021-00008614-00009086 Obviously price transparency is very relevant. There this Google
AIEuLxBgcCc-00022-00009086-00009456 statistics so we're saying that you visit 38 websites for actually
AIEuLxBgcCc-00023-00009456-00010002 completing your booking for your trip. That's why we, you always as a user have
AIEuLxBgcCc-00024-00010002-00010320 the perception that maybe there's something better somewhere else.
AIEuLxBgcCc-00025-00010328-00010934 The more you can find that perception by providing the information beforehand
AIEuLxBgcCc-00026-00010935-00011585 pre-emptively, the easier you're making it for experience. And then it's really
AIEuLxBgcCc-00027-00011585-00011972 understanding that the behavior of a user is actually the best predictor of
AIEuLxBgcCc-00028-00011972-00012456 what they want. It's, we think that what you're doing now predicts your immediate
AIEuLxBgcCc-00029-00012456-00012831 behavior and what you want now better than what you did six months ago because
AIEuLxBgcCc-00030-00012831-00013166 every user is multiple people when they are booking a hotel. As a business
AIEuLxBgcCc-00031-00013166-00013644 person, or as a father with your kids, what you are looking for was very different.
AIEuLxBgcCc-00032-00013644-00013985 So what you are expressing now through
AIEuLxBgcCc-00033-00013985-00014411 your searches and intent in your process to the website, it's actually what should
AIEuLxBgcCc-00034-00014411-00014658 be used to personalize the  experience for you.
AIEuLxBgcCc-00035-00014658-00014747 mm-hmm, Ok, great.
AIEuLxBgcCc-00036-00014747-00015137 And finally, how do you see in the future say let's say over the next two or three
AIEuLxBgcCc-00037-00015137-00015626 years, how do you see hotel websites changing to accommodate certain things
AIEuLxBgcCc-00038-00015626-00016091 in relation to the technology that's now available third-party wise? So for
AIEuLxBgcCc-00039-00016091-00016625 example will they become more of a content platform that pushes guest info
AIEuLxBgcCc-00040-00016625-00017108 out to third party platforms such as Alexa or Google or Siri for example when
AIEuLxBgcCc-00041-00017108-00017274 it comes to voice services?
AIEuLxBgcCc-00042-00017274-00017576 Yeah I think even modern content  you can think about
AIEuLxBgcCc-00043-00017576-00018263 it as an API based approach in which every piece what you are doing can be a
AIEuLxBgcCc-00044-00018263-00018659 standalone feature that then you can push it wherever. And it can be the price
AIEuLxBgcCc-00045-00018659-00019106 it can be content it can be images, so and you then deliver that through
AIEuLxBgcCc-00046-00019106-00019748 whatever channel and in some channels your, your weight is higher because your you
AIEuLxBgcCc-00047-00019748-00020104 fully control it and in others  say 50% and on other maybe only 5%.
AIEuLxBgcCc-00048-00020156-00020576 And that's a major different way to approach things that what we are doing now in the
AIEuLxBgcCc-00049-00020576-00020951 industry. So you say, the other thing is how long it takes for those new
AIEuLxBgcCc-00050-00020951-00021356 platforms to catch up in a way that is significant. That it's not only 5% of the
AIEuLxBgcCc-00051-00021356-00021568 market but actually one  of the main drivers.
AIEuLxBgcCc-00052-00021570-00021878 ok great. Juanjo, thanks very much for joining us.  Great to have you.
AIEuLxBgcCc-00053-00021878-00023322 Thank you for having me.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00000-00000204-00000702 Hello everyone, today I'm presenting a package gmeta
ApHTcI0HI6M-00001-00000762-00001326 which conducts efficient meta-analysis based on confidence distribution.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00002-00001602-00002346 this is a joint to work with Professor Xie from Statistics Department at Rutgers University
ApHTcI0HI6M-00003-00002490-00002796 and Dr. Yang and Mr. Qian.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00004-00002850-00003534 I also would like to thank National Science Foundation for their support for this work.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00005-00003738-00004422 I would first introduce briefly the concept of confidence distribution, and describe
ApHTcI0HI6M-00006-00004422-00005520 the procedures that you that we can use confidence  distribution to conduct meta-analysis.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00007-00005664-00006330 Then I will concentrate in demonstrating the usage of gmeta package.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00008-00006768-00007602 As we all know ,with advancement of technologies in collecting, storing and accessing information,
ApHTcI0HI6M-00009-00007602-00008382 we are getting exploding amount of datas every day. As a result,
ApHTcI0HI6M-00010-00008478-00009336 we need efficient processing mechanism for meaningful results. Meta-analysis is one of
ApHTcI0HI6M-00011-00009336-00010224 such tool, and it focuses on combining results analysis results for multiple separate study. 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00012-00010284-00011046 And it has been proven that meta-analysis can make more reliable inference from combined
ApHTcI0HI6M-00013-00011046-00012000 results same from just by using individual studies. With large amounts of literature meta-analysis
ApHTcI0HI6M-00014-00012000-00012882 still remains an active research area in both applications and the theoretical foundation.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00015-00013206-00013866 Among the theoretical foundations, confidence distribution is a function of
ApHTcI0HI6M-00016-00014004-00014796 sample data to present confidence intervals of all levels.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00017-00015384-00016440 With that with that or confidence distribution,  simply we call it as CD, we can answer many
ApHTcI0HI6M-00018-00016440-00017298 questions in statistical inferences, such as we can use confidence distribution
ApHTcI0HI6M-00019-00017412-00018348 to get point estimate or confidence or interval estimate or density estimate. Now here are the
ApHTcI0HI6M-00020-00018468-00018648 some typical examples:
ApHTcI0HI6M-00021-00019386-00020436 For example when we use a normal sample size n, the distribution estimate is a normal distribution using
ApHTcI0HI6M-00022-00020436-00021396 the sample mean as the distribution mean, and a 1 over sample size as a distribution variance. With
ApHTcI0HI6M-00023-00021396-00022320 that, we can derive the point estimate as well as the confidence interval at any level that you want.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00024-00022830-00023778 In particular we are using confidence distribution  in conducting meta-analysis. 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00025-00023892-00024216 There are few reasons for doing that:
ApHTcI0HI6M-00026-00024372-00025272 CD contains much richer informations than a single point estimator or interval estimator; 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00027-00025416-00026345 and it also covered a variety of scenarios or cases with supporting theories.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00028-00026562-00027732 The key steps to construct meta-analysis with CDs are very straightforward, at least in concept. First
ApHTcI0HI6M-00029-00027732-00028542 we summarize information using CD in each study; then combine information from different studies
ApHTcI0HI6M-00030-00028733-00029076 from the combination of those CDs.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00031-00029406-00030377 Here is a a generic recipe for combining individual independencies
ApHTcI0HI6M-00032-00030648-00031745 and the recipes in equation 1. Here H i
ApHTcI0HI6M-00033-00031968-00032226 for example H1 H2 to h a
ApHTcI0HI6M-00034-00032466-00033702 is the individual CD for I-th study, and H C is the combined CD and  g c 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00035-00033858-00034962 is a function is a non-decreasing and continuous function in every coordinate, one for each study.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00036-00035400-00035450 okay
ApHTcI0HI6M-00037-00036036-00036300 and we'll discuss some choices of
ApHTcI0HI6M-00038-00036546-00036596 of
ApHTcI0HI6M-00039-00036852-00037956 So so often we use two choices for the g function, okay one is a weighted sum of
ApHTcI0HI6M-00040-00038280-00039252 monotonic functions, a a zero the other one is a bit much simpler simpler simplified
ApHTcI0HI6M-00041-00039252-00039936 version of weighted sum of coordinates, which is in here equation 3. 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00042-00040746-00041172 And we will discuss some choices of weights and
ApHTcI0HI6M-00043-00041268-00042444 monotonic function a() used in gmeta package. In the first case, we use p-value for each study,
ApHTcI0HI6M-00044-00042690-00043074 and the unit weights and log functions,
ApHTcI0HI6M-00045-00043302-00044358 then we can get the combined p-values or "k" studies right here and this is exactly the result
ApHTcI0HI6M-00046-00044604-00044748 for Fisher's method.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00047-00045438-00046176 And when we use inverse of cumulative distribution function for a normal random variables,
ApHTcI0HI6M-00048-00046266-00047400 when we combine those p-value, the result right here is actually the Stouffer's method. It's
ApHTcI0HI6M-00049-00048072-00049164 our CD combination framework can also include the results from fixed-effects and meta-analysis.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00050-00049374-00049506 Here is the details,
ApHTcI0HI6M-00051-00049782-00050652 and I had  I'll skip some details in the interesting interest of time.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00052-00050718-00051755 the deduction of the result is quite straightforward as long as we specify
ApHTcI0HI6M-00053-00051972-00052116 a combination function.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00054-00052872-00053550 Besides the fixed-effect meta-analysis, almost all existing method of information
ApHTcI0HI6M-00055-00053550-00054467 combination can be achieved in the CD aggregation framework. Here is the list so
ApHTcI0HI6M-00056-00054636-00055217 describe in details by some of the papers are listed here.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00057-00055452-00056664 So this just keep trying to give you an impression that the CD combination framework is quite generic. 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00058-00057167-00057390 And beyond those existing methods,
ApHTcI0HI6M-00059-00057605-00058758 the CD combination method is able to expand to include robust meta-analysis. So the first
ApHTcI0HI6M-00060-00058824-00059526 meta-analysis, first meta-analysis is for studies with a large numbers of subjects,
ApHTcI0HI6M-00061-00059736-00060504 and we down-weight studies far from the majority by using adaptive weights
ApHTcI0HI6M-00062-00060654-00061314 by doing so, we can obtain a robust estimator of the true parameter.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00063-00061788-00062429 And the second type of robust analysis meta-analysis is with large number of studies,
ApHTcI0HI6M-00064-00062502-00063216 which can be considered as an extension to the traditional random-effects model.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00065-00063384-00064308 Here the two parameters of study come from a population which is a mixed population
ApHTcI0HI6M-00066-00064620-00065238 it has a regular part and a contaminated part.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00067-00065670-00066096 A combined CD is proposed to robust estimation by
ApHTcI0HI6M-00068-00066348-00067344 with protection against possible model mis-specifications and we will see an example of
ApHTcI0HI6M-00069-00067536-00068046 both robust meta-analysis by using by using CD.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00070-00068514-00068874 Our framework in gmeta also
ApHTcI0HI6M-00071-00068976-00069756 can conduct exact inference of for 2 by 2 tables with zero cell counts,
ApHTcI0HI6M-00072-00070014-00070926 without we don't need to use the conventional approach to pre-processing the tables such as
ApHTcI0HI6M-00073-00070926-00071826 adding continuity corrections of  half or using the large sample approximation.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00074-00072672-00073638 So with all the quick introduction of the groundwork that I explained so far, now I'm ready
ApHTcI0HI6M-00075-00073638-00074598 to explain gmeta package which actually mimics a structure of the glm function in R. 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00076-00074670-00075858 For example, the argument "family" in gym is corresponding to "gc" in gmeta and a "link"
ApHTcI0HI6M-00077-00075924-00076914 is a mapped to "weights" in gmeta package.  And GC and weights as we explain moment ago, 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00078-00077070-00077838 they are the key components of the combination function or CD.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00079-00078294-00079092 And the gmeta can conduct a classic classical p-value combinations as well
ApHTcI0HI6M-00080-00079092-00079986 as meta-analysis with fixed effects, random effects, robust meta-analysis and exact analysis.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00081-00080328-00080718 The package you we can download a package from CRAN. 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00082-00081048-00081696 There are a few key arguments in the gmeta function, which we will take close look at
ApHTcI0HI6M-00083-00081804-00082164 "method" and the "linkfunc" in a moment. 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00084-00082296-00083214 The other arguments are gmi which is for the study which is for the summary statistics, 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00085-00083286-00084228 and the gmo.xgrid  is for the range and the grid points to evaluate the combined CD. 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00086-00084654-00085536 To demonstrate the package, we include the ulcer data set in the gmeta package,
ApHTcI0HI6M-00087-00085632-00086574 and this data set has 41 randomized trial of a treatment for stomach cancer ulcers.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00088-00087228-00088326 Now let me first show the p-value combination example and to get ready, we first make continuity
ApHTcI0HI6M-00089-00088326-00089346 corrections by adding by imputing 0.5 to 0 events right here then calculate
ApHTcI0HI6M-00090-00089460-00090168 then calculate the log odds ratio and their standard deviations
ApHTcI0HI6M-00091-00090432-00090552 for each study
ApHTcI0HI6M-00092-00090804-00091596 then use those results to compute p-values for all studies.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00093-00092016-00092066 okay
ApHTcI0HI6M-00094-00093036-00093942 Send a Stouffer method and the Tippet  method in combining p-values can be simply
ApHTcI0HI6M-00095-00094122-00094572 implemented by using the gmeta function
ApHTcI0HI6M-00096-00094806-00095634 and specify the method with method of Stouffer or method of Tippet. 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00097-00095694-00096366 Then you you can print out to combined p-values for all the study.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00098-00098028-00098358 And this gmeta can support
ApHTcI0HI6M-00099-00098586-00099678 Fisher, Stouffer, Tippet,  Max, sum what five method in the p-value combination
ApHTcI0HI6M-00100-00099840-00100212 and the result is shown in here.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00101-00101136-00101742 For model-based meta-analysis such as fixed or random effects
ApHTcI0HI6M-00102-00101820-00102384 meta-analysis, we need to specify a few arguments:
ApHTcI0HI6M-00103-00102582-00103440 for example "method" this is for the assumption of meta-analysis model on meta-analysis model,
ApHTcI0HI6M-00104-00103661-00104502 for example the DL estimator or REML estimator.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00105-00104808-00105822 And the second one is a "linkfunc", this is for a0 function in the combination of framework
ApHTcI0HI6M-00106-00106008-00107388 so the default value is inverse-normal-cdf, and other choice is for example can be inverse- laplace-cdf.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00107-00107976-00108204 And for the fixed effect
ApHTcI0HI6M-00108-00108570-00109422 meta-analysis, we use individual we use individual odds ratio and
ApHTcI0HI6M-00109-00109422-00110328 standard deviation and the default linkfunc of inverse normal CDF. 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00110-00110592-00111642 Inverse normal CDF and we can get the combined CD,  from which some estimates can be obtained,
ApHTcI0HI6M-00111-00111642-00112296 for example: mean, median, standard deviation, low and upper bound of confidence intervals. 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00112-00112476-00112709 Okay here here is the result:
ApHTcI0HI6M-00113-00112968-00114114 for the fixed effect meta-analysis for all the studies and you can get the combined CD right
ApHTcI0HI6M-00114-00114114-00114983 and for the combined CD which is a distribution function and calculate the mean and median
ApHTcI0HI6M-00115-00115050-00115974 and confidenc,  lower bound, upper bonds those are all can be used to estimate the common odds ratio. 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00116-00116682-00117696 Random effects models are also easy to fit.  We only need to select an appropriate method
ApHTcI0HI6M-00117-00117696-00119196 argument. For example, we use DerSimonian and Laird (DL) method and the restricted maximum
ApHTcI0HI6M-00118-00119196-00120066 likelihood method in this example and the result for those two methods are quite close.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00119-00120372-00120809 right the function gmo in gmeta is very simple
ApHTcI0HI6M-00120-00120876-00122046 and only thing you need to change is the method and you specify the grid with points and the result
ApHTcI0HI6M-00121-00122202-00122772 may be print out by the summary function but you just summary function.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00122-00123618-00124224 For robust meta-analysis, we only need to change the method to be
ApHTcI0HI6M-00123-00124392-00125478 “fixed-robust1”  or “random-robust2” respectively.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00124-00125885-00126090 To compare the combined
ApHTcI0HI6M-00125-00126461-00126750 the CD from robust and non-robust
ApHTcI0HI6M-00126-00127002-00127074 approach
ApHTcI0HI6M-00127-00127290-00128718 this is the the fixed effect model. Okay and the one with the test line is the robust version of
ApHTcI0HI6M-00128-00128718-00130092 meta-analysis and for the random effects model,  we use the same land type to indicate the CD
ApHTcI0HI6M-00129-00130248-00131430 or robust and non-robosting method and what we can observe for those two plot is
ApHTcI0HI6M-00130-00131736-00131988 the combined CD for robust method
ApHTcI0HI6M-00131-00132210-00132726 is a little wider than the non-robust method
ApHTcI0HI6M-00132-00133206-00134250 and this is to explain that robust method will trade efficiency for robustness, okay.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00133-00135498-00136248 Being here I like to demonstrate the effectiveness of robust meta-analysis,
ApHTcI0HI6M-00134-00136770-00137520 so we construct a contaminated data with outlier studies,
ApHTcI0HI6M-00135-00137814-00138504 so basically multiply the odds ratio in study,
ApHTcI0HI6M-00136-00138798-00139950 5, 13, 14, 22, 35 and 41 by 10. Okay those are the one, two, three, four, five ,six, six out of
ApHTcI0HI6M-00137-00139950-00140844 the original, I think 41 studies, okay only those 5,6 six study we
ApHTcI0HI6M-00138-00141090-00141606 motive make those odds ratios outliers. 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00139-00141978-00142710 Then we use random effects analysis, regular random events analysis meta-analysis and a
ApHTcI0HI6M-00140-00142710-00143346 robust meta-analysis on the original data and also contaminated the data
ApHTcI0HI6M-00141-00143460-00143874 data with outliers and we estimated
ApHTcI0HI6M-00142-00144066-00144660 the odds ratio and its 95%  confidence interval and
ApHTcI0HI6M-00143-00144660-00145086 here is the result represented in this table.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00144-00145542-00146172 We can observe that the result from robust
ApHTcI0HI6M-00145-00146232-00147186 meta-analysis on this on the contaminated either is almost the same as a result from original data.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00146-00147666-00148020 So that the result is a robust outlier. 
ApHTcI0HI6M-00147-00148548-00149562 There are more analysis that the gmeta is able to conduct and due to the time constraint, I would
ApHTcI0HI6M-00148-00149562-00150438 like the audience to explore our package documents and try the examples that we have for those cases.
ApHTcI0HI6M-00149-00150690-00151308 And this concludes my talk today,  I welcome, thank you for your time
ApHTcI0HI6M-00150-00151308-00151974 and welcome comments and questions and suggestions, thank you very much.
AOqcWSm-7Xy-00000-00000000-00000684 Welcome to ‘A Bill a Minute’ from GovTrack, your short breakdown of interesting bills in Congress. I’m Jesse Rifkin.
AOqcWSm-7Xy-00001-00000684-00002132 The current U.S. inflation rate is about 7.5 percent. That’s the level at which prices of goods and services have increased over the preceding 12 months, and marks the highest such 12-month rate since February 1982.
AOqcWSm-7Xy-00002-00002132-00003616 Multiple simultaneous factors contribute to that statistic, including supply chain snags, a shortage of truck drivers to deliver goods, and wages increasing in 2021 at the highest rate since 1983.
AOqcWSm-7Xy-00003-00003616-00004314 But critics of big government say that another major factor is federal government spending.
AOqcWSm-7Xy-00004-00004314-00004964 See, last fiscal year, federal spending soared to its highest share of the total economy ever, at least outside of wartime.
AOqcWSm-7Xy-00005-00004964-00006673 So the Inflation Prevention Act would disallow Congress from enacting legislation that’s projected to increase inflation, at least until the inflation rate drops below 4.5 percent. Again, as a reminder, it’s currently at about 7.5 percent.
AOqcWSm-7Xy-00006-00006673-00007627 The Senate version was introduced by South Carolina Republican Sen. Tim Scott, while the House version was introduced by California Republican Rep. Mike Garcia.
AOqcWSm-7Xy-00007-00007627-00008441 Supporters argue that Congress’s spending was a major factor that got us to this point, so it’s on Congress to help get out of this mess as well.
AOqcWSm-7Xy-00008-00008441-00009239 Opponents say that government spending levels contribute minimally to the current 40-year inflation high.
AOqcWSm-7Xy-00009-00009239-00010440 Well, here’s proof that inflation is currently at about 7.
API9xCSpuFU-00000-00003180-00003446 I recognize a lot of the guys...they hang out with me a lot.
API9xCSpuFU-00001-00003446-00003578 I'm an uncle, you know.
API9xCSpuFU-00002-00003578-00003711 They call me uncle, too.
API9xCSpuFU-00003-00003711-00004162 A lot of these guys...they come back because I'm an uncle they didn't have down here.
API9xCSpuFU-00004-00004206-00004596 And it's really cool seeing that they have that kind respect for me...
API9xCSpuFU-00005-00004596-00004984 that trust...and, you know, just being a barber inside a barber shop
API9xCSpuFU-00006-00004984-00005374 and getting to know these guys...and I have a pretty good memory.
API9xCSpuFU-00007-00005374-00005614 So when they come back, I remember every time.
API9xCSpuFU-00008-00005614-00005946 And, you know, it's just like starting all the way back over again.
API9xCSpuFU-00009-00005946-00006452 But this time they get a talk a little bit more because they're Marine drill instructors.
API9xCSpuFU-00010-00006452-00006723 And the real cool thing about it is that they tell me
API9xCSpuFU-00011-00006723-00006945 I help them out a lot going through boot camp...
API9xCSpuFU-00012-00006945-00007120 they needed that support.
API9xCSpuFU-00013-00007150-00007328 So yeah, it's pretty cool.
API9xCSpuFU-00014-00007668-00008122 The good thing about it is that I get to see the transformation from them coming in
API9xCSpuFU-00015-00008122-00008402 coming on the yellow footprints, being a civilian
API9xCSpuFU-00016-00008402-00008708 and the transformation from them becoming a Marine.
API9xCSpuFU-00017-00008708-00009042 And it's really cool because I see a big change.
API9xCSpuFU-00018-00009042-00009258 These drill instructors...they do a damn good job.
API9xCSpuFU-00019-00009550-00009950 But being a young man coming down here to help the family out, especially their mom...
API9xCSpuFU-00020-00009950-00010676 that's really cool they're taking over responsibility of being a young man and to give back to society at an early age.
API9xCSpuFU-00021-00010676-00010836 It's really good for them.
AVifIQX9e28-00000-00000516-00001245 Denise Comer: At first, I felt I needed to have an individual relationship, and it did feel
AVifIQX9e28-00001-00001245-00002022 overwhelming because you can’t. There are people posting on the forums directly to me,
AVifIQX9e28-00002-00002022-00002549 “Professor Comer, can you answer my question?” [Amidst] hundreds, thousands of learners the
AVifIQX9e28-00003-00002549-00003265 answer is, “No, I can’t. No, I’m probably not even going to see the question, probably."
AVifIQX9e28-00004-00003265-00004380 That felt disorienting and unfortunate. I felt like I was not fulfilling an obligation,
AVifIQX9e28-00005-00004380-00004961 or even something I like doing. I like being a mentor to people. I like working with people.
AVifIQX9e28-00006-00004961-00005580 I like asking and answering questions, so yes that was overwhelming. The level of talk
AVifIQX9e28-00007-00005580-00006817 on the forums was a really overwhelming. I am a little reserved, anyways. I don’t do
AVifIQX9e28-00008-00006817-00007453 Facebook; I don't do any of that. I don’t even converse online, so it was hard for me
AVifIQX9e28-00009-00007453-00008122 to figure out a way into the forums and have conversations or interact in that way. That’s
AVifIQX9e28-00010-00008122-00009431 why I really like the Google hangouts. One time it was one student between an undergraduate
AVifIQX9e28-00011-00009431-00009813 writing tutor at Duke and a learner in the course; sometimes it was me and six other
AVifIQX9e28-00012-00009813-00010258 students in the course; it was a finite number. And I made eye contact with people. It was
AVifIQX9e28-00013-00010258-00010891 what I was more familiar with. When it got to the massiveness of it, I don’t know that
AVifIQX9e28-00014-00010891-00011062 I ever became comfortable with it.
AVAOGoJe82U-00000-00000182-00000911 In this video, we'll be talking about slope from points.
AVAOGoJe82U-00001-00000911-00001682 The first thing we need to know is how to find slope given two points,
AVAOGoJe82U-00002-00001682-00002132 and there is actually a formula for that.
AVAOGoJe82U-00003-00002132-00003382 So far, we know that slope is found by looking at a graph and finding the rise, and then finding the run.
AVAOGoJe82U-00004-00003382-00003829 And putting them in this fraction form and then reducing them.
AVAOGoJe82U-00005-00003829-00004242 Now we're going to add a little more information.
AVAOGoJe82U-00006-00004242-00005472 First of all, we're going to let you know that an equation for slope is called m.
AVAOGoJe82U-00007-00005472-00005842 So, m represents your slope.
AVAOGoJe82U-00008-00005842-00006144 And so far you know that to be rise over run,
AVAOGoJe82U-00009-00006144-00006928 but here's another formula that you can use to find rise over run or your slope.
AVAOGoJe82U-00010-00006928-00008036 It's y sub 2 minus y sub 1 over x sub 2 minus x sub 1.
AVAOGoJe82U-00011-00008036-00009196 And this is a formula that you can use when you are not given a graph, you're just given two points.
AVAOGoJe82U-00012-00009196-00010430 Let's move on to the examples, that will help us learn how to use this formula.
AVAOGoJe82U-00013-00010430-00011430 For example one, we're asked to find the slope between the coordinate point (7, 2) and (11, 4).
AVAOGoJe82U-00014-00011430-00011944 So we're going to use the equation m, or slope is equal to:
AVAOGoJe82U-00015-00011944-00012856 y sub 2 minus y sub 1, over x sub 2 minus x sub 1.
AVAOGoJe82U-00016-00012856-00013906 Now remember that the coordinate values are listed like this: x y, x y, correct?
AVAOGoJe82U-00017-00013906-00014678 So it doesn't matter if you pick this one to be your x sub 1, y sub 1
AVAOGoJe82U-00018-00014678-00015216 and this one to be your x sub 2, y sub 2.
AVAOGoJe82U-00019-00015216-00015652 You just can't get them confused in the middle of your process,
AVAOGoJe82U-00020-00015652-00015950 but here's what you want to do with those points.
AVAOGoJe82U-00021-00015950-00016448 Since we just labeled this to be our first point and this to be our second point,
AVAOGoJe82U-00022-00016448-00016902 now I'm going to plug in our values for x sub 2,
AVAOGoJe82U-00023-00016902-00017644 and y sub 2, and x sub 1, and y sub 1 into my equation.
AVAOGoJe82U-00024-00017644-00018694 So I know that y sub 2 is four minus y sub 1, which is two all over
AVAOGoJe82U-00025-00018694-00019628 x sub 2, which is eleven, minus x sub 1, which is seven.
AVAOGoJe82U-00026-00019628-00020442 Now I'm going to figure out what four minus two is, and that is actually two in the numerator,
AVAOGoJe82U-00027-00020442-00022042 and eleven minus seven is four and then, we look at that and realize that it can be reduced.
AVAOGoJe82U-00028-00022042-00022964 A common factor of two can be taken out of both and our slope is one-half.
AVAOGoJe82U-00029-00022964-00023798 Once again for example two, we're going to call this point one and this point two,
AVAOGoJe82U-00030-00023798-00024148 and so now our coordinate points are labeled.
AVAOGoJe82U-00031-00024148-00024912 I want you to see in our first example where I'm getting the values for x sub 2 and y sub 2,
AVAOGoJe82U-00032-00024912-00025150 and x sub 1, and y sub 1.
AVAOGoJe82U-00033-00025150-00025752 But I don't want you to do that for the rest of your graphing life.
AVAOGoJe82U-00034-00025752-00025942 I want you to be able to move on.
AVAOGoJe82U-00035-00025942-00026289 So what I like to do when I'm working on these types of problems
AVAOGoJe82U-00036-00026289-00026592 is just label my coordinate points one and two,
AVAOGoJe82U-00037-00026592-00026950 and then from there I should be able to remember that this is x,
AVAOGoJe82U-00038-00026950-00027433 and this is y on both of my coordinate points.
AVAOGoJe82U-00039-00027433-00028558 Once again m, or slope is equal to y sub minus y sub 1, over x sub 2 minus x sub 1.
AVAOGoJe82U-00040-00028558-00028883 And now I'm going to plug in the values.
AVAOGoJe82U-00041-00028883-00030077 Four is going to represent my y sub 2, and negative five is going to represent my y sub 1.
AVAOGoJe82U-00042-00030077-00031050 Notice I subtracted a negative, I didn't subtract a positive because y sub 1 is a negative five,
AVAOGoJe82U-00043-00031050-00032610 and then x sub 2 is negative seventeen minus x sub 1, which is negative two.
AVAOGoJe82U-00044-00032610-00034114 Simplifying my fraction, I get four plus five over negative seventeen plus two,
AVAOGoJe82U-00045-00034114-00035158 which again, reduces to nine over negative fifteen and again, that has a common factor of three.
AVAOGoJe82U-00046-00035158-00036690 So it reduces to three over negative five, and that is the slope of that line given those two coordinate points.
AYIajYBOQYY-00000-00000252-00001134 thank you we have a place a compound we have a community it's safe here
AYIajYBOQYY-00001-00001326-00001746 how many of you are there are any of them
AYIajYBOQYY-00002-00001746-00002364 children because the fastest way to get here is by the river and I don't think you could make it
AYIajYBOQYY-00003-00002624-00002724 [Music] um
AYIajYBOQYY-00004-00004526-00004626 [Music]
AYIajYBOQYY-00005-00004626-00004650 foreign
AYIajYBOQYY-00006-00004752-00005580 hello everyone short movie here today I'm going to tell you about the film bird box
AYIajYBOQYY-00007-00005580-00006096 thank you for watching please like And subscribe to my channel and click the Bell icon to get new
AYIajYBOQYY-00008-00006096-00006600 video updates artist Mallory Hayes who is pregnant is visited by her sister Jessica
AYIajYBOQYY-00009-00006828-00007314 he is broadcasting a news report about unexplained Mass suicides that started
AYIajYBOQYY-00010-00007314-00007992 in Siberia and are now spreading across Europe just notices Mallory's picture which she says
AYIajYBOQYY-00011-00007992-00008538 symbolizes a lack of connection but Jess tells her that this will not be the case with the baby
AYIajYBOQYY-00012-00008538-00009264 the sister then offers to drop Mallory off at the doctor's office at Dr lapham's appointment Mallory
AYIajYBOQYY-00013-00009264-00009822 and just joke about alcohol during pregnancy Lapham doesn't find their comments funny and
AYIajYBOQYY-00014-00009822-00010398 offers Mallory an alternative letting someone adopt her baby if she feels she's not ready for
AYIajYBOQYY-00015-00010398-00011022 that responsibility on her way out of the office Mallory notices the woman they passed by earlier
AYIajYBOQYY-00016-00011022-00011670 she is behaving strangely and Mallory hurries to leave quickly thus they realize that the news is
AYIajYBOQYY-00017-00011670-00012270 not lying and the disease which has struck Europe and Siberia has now spread to America
AYIajYBOQYY-00018-00012270-00012816 they run out into the street just as utter chaos begins to unfold around them people are
AYIajYBOQYY-00019-00012816-00013446 smashing their cars Jess Gets behind the wheel and drives her sister for a while until her eyes
AYIajYBOQYY-00020-00013446-00013956 take on a strange color and the girl herself seems more frightened than anything only she
AYIajYBOQYY-00021-00013956-00014782 can see she desperately keeps driving Mallory tries but the car flips onto the roof [Music]
AYIajYBOQYY-00022-00014916-00015780 they survive but Jess is still in a trance and Maori can only watch as her sister stands up
AYIajYBOQYY-00023-00015780-00016452 and blocks the path of the rushing truck confused Mallory runs with everyone else and falls over a
AYIajYBOQYY-00024-00016452-00017124 woman named Lydia runs out of the house to help Mallory even though her husband Douglas resists
AYIajYBOQYY-00025-00017124-00017754 the act of Goodwill worrying for their safety before Lydia can help Mallory up her mind begins
AYIajYBOQYY-00026-00017754-00018396 to blur as her mother's voice urges her to climb into the burning car which explodes moments later
AYIajYBOQYY-00027-00018708-00019278 a man named Tom helps Mallory up and they run into the house together they are followed by a
AYIajYBOQYY-00028-00019278-00019956 policeman called Lucy also there is Greg the owner of the house Charlie Felix Cheryl and
AYIajYBOQYY-00029-00019956-00020484 a couple Jason and Samantha the latter two are leaving the house when they hear their son say
AYIajYBOQYY-00030-00020484-00020976 on the phone that he is in danger the rest of the tenants share information with each other
AYIajYBOQYY-00031-00020976-00021546 about this mysterious force that is causing the madness going on Charlie makes the assumption
AYIajYBOQYY-00032-00021546-00022164 that the entity is caused by demons that take the form of deepest sadness or greatest loss
AYIajYBOQYY-00033-00022164-00022836 everyone agrees that the entity is invisible but by opening your eyes to it you let it in and can
AYIajYBOQYY-00034-00022836-00023532 commit suicide Mallory walks away from the group Tom follows her to comfort her she tells him what
AYIajYBOQYY-00035-00023532-00024126 happened to Jess the group then closes the doors and covers the windows with newspapers so they
AYIajYBOQYY-00036-00024126-00024750 can't look outside a Survivor named Olympian Knox and begs to be led into the house house
AYIajYBOQYY-00037-00024750-00025452 Douglas tries to prevent the company from opening the doors and Mallory grabs a rifle and stands at
AYIajYBOQYY-00038-00025452-00026045 the ready just in case Olympia is cautiously led into the house it is discovered that she too is
AYIajYBOQYY-00039-00026045-00026682 pregnant Greg then suggests watching what is going on outside using the surveillance cameras placed
AYIajYBOQYY-00040-00026682-00027258 on the front of the house he sits down in front of the monitor expecting to see something and at
AYIajYBOQYY-00041-00027258-00027852 some point something shows up on the screen he has helped to tie his hands to a chair so that
AYIajYBOQYY-00042-00027852-00028427 he doesn't hurt himself and they go downstairs after a moment they hear a knocking sound coming
AYIajYBOQYY-00043-00028427-00029027 from the room upstairs they rush to the noise and when they open the door they watch as Craig
AYIajYBOQYY-00044-00029027-00029700 topples over in his chair and smashes his head on the edge of the table to death the others smashed
AYIajYBOQYY-00045-00029700-00030312 their computer monitor too Smithereens later that night Olympia is alone with Mallory and
AYIajYBOQYY-00046-00030312-00030900 wonders what she would name her baby but Mallory is disinclined to social lies in just wants to
AYIajYBOQYY-00047-00030900-00031500 be left alone as she walks down the corridor to the bathroom Mallory hears some noise but
AYIajYBOQYY-00048-00031500-00032124 discovers that it is just Lucy and Felix having fun the group runs out of food and they realize
AYIajYBOQYY-00049-00032124-00032898 that help is not coming Mallory Tom Douglas Lucy and Charlie get together to go to the supermarket
AYIajYBOQYY-00050-00032898-00033468 where Charlie used to work before things go wrong they paint over the car windows and use
AYIajYBOQYY-00051-00033468-00034146 the GPS to drive blind on the road they sense they are driving over bodies but try to ignore
AYIajYBOQYY-00052-00034146-00034884 it the GPS then begins to warn of the possibility of a collision from all sides a mysterious entity
AYIajYBOQYY-00053-00034884-00035526 surrounds them however Tom still manages to drive them away from the evil they disembark
AYIajYBOQYY-00054-00035526-00036132 at a shop where they pick up as much food as they can carry Mallory sees the birds which
AYIajYBOQYY-00055-00036132-00036690 she decides to take with her as pets suddenly they hear the voice of a former colleague of
AYIajYBOQYY-00056-00036690-00037290 Charlie's locked in the freezer he begs to be let out when the group opens the door he begins
AYIajYBOQYY-00057-00037290-00037962 to talk about how beautiful The Entity is that it needs to be seen he loses his temper while
AYIajYBOQYY-00058-00037962-00038688 Lucy Tom and Douglas try to restrain him Charlie looks into his colleague's eyes sees the essence
AYIajYBOQYY-00059-00038688-00039312 and realizing he is already doomed lunges at the aggressor they both end up trapped in a freezer
AYIajYBOQYY-00060-00039312-00040032 Charlie sacrifices himself allowing the others to return home that same night Mallory and Douglas
AYIajYBOQYY-00061-00040032-00040680 have a brief conversation about personal matters and worries suddenly the characters hear the sound
AYIajYBOQYY-00062-00040680-00041394 of a car engine they run to the garage and find that it is gone Olympia without consulting her
AYIajYBOQYY-00063-00041394-00042006 company Let's A desperate man named Gary into the house the rest of the residents are on edge
AYIajYBOQYY-00064-00042006-00042696 scrutinizing and questioning Gary suspiciously he tells them that escaped mental hospital patient
AYIajYBOQYY-00065-00042696-00043296 have turned up for him and his friend trying to force them both to look at the creatures Gary's
AYIajYBOQYY-00066-00043296-00043902 friend attacked one of the patients giving his comrade the opportunity to slip the way he goes on
AYIajYBOQYY-00067-00043902-00044538 to say that many outside do not wear a blindfold eagerly looking at the creatures and eager for
AYIajYBOQYY-00068-00044538-00045156 others to see them in the same way Douglas doesn't trust Gary and tries to lead him out of the house
AYIajYBOQYY-00069-00045156-00045852 at gunpoint but Cheryl knocks him out and allows the Intruder to stay Douglas on the other hand
AYIajYBOQYY-00070-00045852-00046560 they lock him in the garage Olympia tearfully apologizes for letting Gary hinen says she feels
AYIajYBOQYY-00071-00046560-00047238 a burden but Mallory reassures and convinces her otherwise Olympia then asks Mallory to take care
AYIajYBOQYY-00072-00047238-00047976 of her baby in case something happens to her and Malory agrees in return she gives Olympia Hello
AYIajYBOQYY-00073-00047976-00048690 Kitty toy for her baby Mallory and Olympia go into labor at same time while Tom and Cheryl helped
AYIajYBOQYY-00074-00048690-00049356 girls Gary pulls a bunch of creature drawings out of his suitcase and starts laying them out on
AYIajYBOQYY-00075-00049356-00049992 the table it becomes clear that he is one of the crazy people who has seen these entities and wants
AYIajYBOQYY-00076-00049992-00050652 others to see them he then takes Mallory's bird cage and puts it in the refrigerator afterwards
AYIajYBOQYY-00077-00050652-00051276 he tears the paper off the windows Douglas is watching through the glass in the door he tries
AYIajYBOQYY-00078-00051276-00051966 to inform Tom who is passing by but Gary gets to him as well knocking him out with a blow to the
AYIajYBOQYY-00079-00051966-00052667 back of the head Gary also opens the garage door to try in get rid of Douglas meanwhile Olympia
AYIajYBOQYY-00080-00052667-00053382 gives birth to a girl and Mallory gives birth to a boy Gary enters the room and raises the blinds in
AYIajYBOQYY-00081-00053382-00054066 front of Olympia Valerie bags Olympia to give the baby away before the inevitable happens moments
AYIajYBOQYY-00082-00054066-00054684 before she jumps out the window Gary then forces Cheryl to look outside opens her eyes
AYIajYBOQYY-00083-00054684-00055224 and lets the evil in Cheryl kills herself with the scissors she used to cut her
AYIajYBOQYY-00084-00055224-00055896 umbilical cords just moments ago Douglas enters with a shotgun but can't shoot as he has to close
AYIajYBOQYY-00085-00055896-00056550 his eyes and the fear of hurting Mallory and the children stops him nevertheless he manages to hit
AYIajYBOQYY-00086-00056550-00057144 Gary in the arm but that doesn't save him from multiple stabbed with scissors and an early death
AYIajYBOQYY-00087-00057144-00057900 awaking Tom sees the shotgun and tries to grab it with Gary on the other side reaching for it shots
AYIajYBOQYY-00088-00057900-00058458 are heard and Mallory hides under a blanket the Survivor Tom comes upstairs to join her
AYIajYBOQYY-00089-00058667-00058888 foreign [Music]
AYIajYBOQYY-00090-00059604-00060258 five years later Mallory and Tom are living together raising two children from time to time
AYIajYBOQYY-00091-00060258-00060822 they watch some people outside driving around in cars without blindfolds and with the windows open
AYIajYBOQYY-00092-00060822-00061452 at night the family receives a radio message from a man called Rick who assures them they
AYIajYBOQYY-00093-00061452-00061998 are in a safe place with plenty of supplies and food he instructs them on how to get to
AYIajYBOQYY-00094-00061998-00062555 the compound the quickest way is to Raft down the river but going there with the children is
AYIajYBOQYY-00095-00062555-00063179 certain death as the path is dangerous and they have to swim blindfolded to find their Hiding
AYIajYBOQYY-00096-00063179-00063822 Place Rick suggests they follow the birds voices Tom thinks it's necessary to get into the compound
AYIajYBOQYY-00097-00063822-00064464 but Mallory fears it could be a trap outside there's the noise of cars again old guests
AYIajYBOQYY-00098-00064464-00065094 have invaded but this time they plan to smoke the family out of the house Tom goes down to confront
AYIajYBOQYY-00099-00065094-00065730 them while Mallory and the children Escape safely out the back door the Survivor tell Tom to take
AYIajYBOQYY-00100-00065730-00066438 the blindfold off when they spot Mallory and the children Tom opens fire and eliminates the three
AYIajYBOQYY-00101-00066438-00067098 Marauders on the first attempt Tom then removes the blindfold and kills two more before rushing
AYIajYBOQYY-00102-00067098-00067770 off in pursuit of the leader who is chasing his wife The Entity begins to affect Tom but he fights
AYIajYBOQYY-00103-00067770-00068418 back with enough time which is just enough for him to take down the leader eventually he points the
AYIajYBOQYY-00104-00068418-00069024 gun at himself letting Mallory know that Tom is gone Maori gathers up the children and puts them
AYIajYBOQYY-00105-00069024-00069630 in a boat to go out into the river while floating down the river Mallory hears a voice calling out
AYIajYBOQYY-00106-00069630-00070338 that it is safe to remove the headband but Mallory forbids the children to do so the man claims he
AYIajYBOQYY-00107-00070338-00070944 has food and that he has seen the creature and there is no reason to be afraid of it Valerie
AYIajYBOQYY-00108-00070944-00071544 pulls out a gun and fires blindly after which the man attacks her and tries to pull the blindfold
AYIajYBOQYY-00109-00071544-00072138 off her eyes Mallory fights him and kills him with a machete after being on the river for a
AYIajYBOQYY-00110-00072138-00072846 long time Mallory stops paddling wanting a break when she picks up again the boat collides with a
AYIajYBOQYY-00111-00072846-00073464 sunken truck and boy falls out of the boat but Mallory pulls him out and tries to warm him up
AYIajYBOQYY-00112-00073464-00074148 unfortunately the food and blankets are washed away by the current so she does the best she
AYIajYBOQYY-00113-00074148-00074736 can once ashore she leaves the children in the boat and heads into the woods in search of food
AYIajYBOQYY-00114-00074736-00075342 she enters a building where she hears a noise and sees objects moving on their own under the
AYIajYBOQYY-00115-00075342-00075966 influence of a mysterious entity Maori manages to get out of the building but the entity pursues her
AYIajYBOQYY-00116-00075966-00076656 continuing to whisper her name Mal re-fires the gun at her head girl hears the gunshots and leaves
AYIajYBOQYY-00117-00076656-00077292 the boat to help Mallory but the latter manages to intercept her at the boat itself after which
AYIajYBOQYY-00118-00077292-00077886 girl is punished for Disobedience as their there was an instruction not to get out of the boat
AYIajYBOQYY-00119-00077886-00078678 under any circumstances after another 48 Hours on the river the boat swiftly approaches the Rapids
AYIajYBOQYY-00120-00078678-00079374 they reach the choppy Waters that Mallory has to navigate unfortunately the risk and effort are not
AYIajYBOQYY-00121-00079374-00080058 worth it the boat capsizes and all the passengers find themselves in the water Mallory shouts to
AYIajYBOQYY-00122-00080058-00080652 the children and soon finds the boy in the water while the girl has climbed a little further and
AYIajYBOQYY-00123-00080652-00081228 is waiting on dry land the three survivors walk through the woods where the entity Whispers to
AYIajYBOQYY-00124-00081228-00081882 them and uses all her power to convince them to open their eyes and look but Mallory's resistance
AYIajYBOQYY-00125-00081882-00082482 proves stronger and she forces the children to listen to her instead of the entity they follow
AYIajYBOQYY-00126-00082482-00083112 the voices of the birds until they finally reach the compound The Entity surrounds them as they try
AYIajYBOQYY-00127-00083112-00083784 to go inside until the door swings open and the family is on the other side as settlers checked
AYIajYBOQYY-00128-00083784-00084342 the eyes of Mallory and the children before accepting them next they meet Rick and Maori
AYIajYBOQYY-00129-00084342-00084906 discovers that the compound is a School for the Blind and the people in it are protected
AYIajYBOQYY-00130-00084906-00085530 from the entities Mallory and the children then discover Dr labham Who cheerfully greets them
AYIajYBOQYY-00131-00085530-00086076 Mallory proudly announces that they are her children and she is their mother the mother
AYIajYBOQYY-00132-00086076-00086688 then opens the bird box and frees the animals to join with the other birds in the sanctuary
AaFhEH0zod0-00000-00000056-00000312 Great! So, today I am going to talk about
AaFhEH0zod0-00001-00000312-00000927 building a robust data pipeline with the dAG stack: dbt, Airflow and Great Expectations.
AaFhEH0zod0-00002-00001088-00001655 So, first of all just a few words about myself. I'm a ... I just call it data person. I've done
AaFhEH0zod0-00003-00001655-00002216 a very wide range of data related tasks anything from analytics to
AaFhEH0zod0-00004-00002216-00002792 data modeling to data engineering. So, lots of different things. So, I'm a
AaFhEH0zod0-00005-00002928-00003568 multi-purpose data person and currently consultant. I'm based in New York City in case
AaFhEH0zod0-00006-00003568-00004128 you can hear an accent I'm from Germany originally so that's where the accent comes from and then
AaFhEH0zod0-00007-00004128-00004832 traveled via a few years in England to New York City. I've worked for a few data centric startups
AaFhEH0zod0-00008-00004832-00005408 in healthcare specifically and data infrastructure in the past so I went through Flatiron Health for
AaFhEH0zod0-00009-00005408-00005984 a few years, I was at Superconductive which is the company behind great expectations which I'm
AaFhEH0zod0-00010-00005984-00006776 going to cover in this talk and in my spare time I like to run bike, I podcast and I also
AaFhEH0zod0-00011-00006840-00007536 volunteer with NYC Pyladies to run coding workshops, so just a few words about myself.
AaFhEH0zod0-00012-00007720-00008031 As for the agenda for the structure of this talk,
AaFhEH0zod0-00013-00008152-00008880 it is sort of three parts. First of all i'm going to very briefly introduce the individual
AaFhEH0zod0-00014-00008936-00009552 components of what I call the dAG stack, a really quick recap of dbt airflow and grade expectations.
AaFhEH0zod0-00015-00009688-00010472 Then I am going to talk about part one of the "choose your own dAG adventure" which is, "how
AaFhEH0zod0-00016-00010528-00011264 can you integrate dbt into Airflow?" so, different approaches for integrating dbt into Airflow
AaFhEH0zod0-00017-00011264-00011856 and then in the last part I am going to talk about sort of the choose your own dAG adventure
AaFhEH0zod0-00018-00011856-00012336 part two, which is different approaches to testing with dbt and great expectations and
AaFhEH0zod0-00019-00012336-00012824 I'm sure a lot of people have questions around when should I test what, how, with which tool,
AaFhEH0zod0-00020-00012919-00013247 what are the pros and cons of that. So, I'm going to talk a little bit about that.
AaFhEH0zod0-00021-00013376-00013880 All right, let's get started! So, first of all, the dAG stack components. I'm going to
AaFhEH0zod0-00022-00013880-00014584 start with like just a couple of minutes of sort of like motivation behind that. dbt is
AaFhEH0zod0-00023-00014584-00015312 a data transformation tool and I'm sure a lot of you have heard about that. It allows you to write
AaFhEH0zod0-00024-00015568-00016160 data pipelines, data transformation pipelines using templated SQL; Airflow, we already know,
AaFhEH0zod0-00025-00016160-00016896 it's a workflow orchestration tool; and Great Expectations is a data validation library. So,
AaFhEH0zod0-00026-00017048-00017560 the reason why I chose those three components is because I think they work together really well to
AaFhEH0zod0-00027-00017560-00018104 build a robust data pipeline. So, this talk is really sort of aimed at people who might have
AaFhEH0zod0-00028-00018104-00018536 already experimented with all those different components or maybe just with two of them
AaFhEH0zod0-00029-00018600-00018992 and aren't quite sure how to put all these together. So I figured I'll do a
AaFhEH0zod0-00030-00018992-00019424 little bit of a deep dive into the different patterns of how you can combine these tools.
AaFhEH0zod0-00031-00019424-00019808 First of all, really quick recap in case, like I said, in case you haven't actually
AaFhEH0zod0-00032-00019888-00020392 seen any of these tools yet. So first of all, dbt.
AaFhEH0zod0-00033-00020448-00021360 dbt stands for data build tool, it's all lowercase (very important). dbt is "the T in ELT". So, the
AaFhEH0zod0-00034-00021360-00022168 transformation part of your ELT pipeline and dbt lets you construct a data transformation pipeline
AaFhEH0zod0-00035-00022168-00023008 using what we call "templated sql queries". So it's really just, you write a SQL query as you
AaFhEH0zod0-00036-00023008-00023600 would in any other circumstances when you want to query your data and you can replace certain
AaFhEH0zod0-00037-00023600-00024208 parts of that query with jinja templates in order to reference the tables for example, in order to
AaFhEH0zod0-00038-00024208-00024576 actually implement certain macros, do variable replacements, things like that. So it's pretty
AaFhEH0zod0-00039-00024576-00025144 pretty neat and allows you to write really nicely structured data pipelines instead of having like
AaFhEH0zod0-00040-00025144-00025944 one huge SQL script. dbt also comes with a built-in runner, so every time you
AaFhEH0zod0-00041-00026000-00026568 run a dbt pipeline it basically parses out all the different SQL queries that you've written,
AaFhEH0zod0-00042-00026568-00027368 builds a DAG, so it builds a graph from those SQL queries to reference all the different
AaFhEH0zod0-00043-00027472-00028016 dependencies. It builds a DAG from that and then executes all the individual queries against your
AaFhEH0zod0-00044-00028016-00028488 database. So, dbt really works against the data in your database, your data warehouse.
AaFhEH0zod0-00045-00028600-00029320 So, as an example, the canonical example or a sample project that dbt always uses
AaFhEH0zod0-00046-00029320-00029880 is the jaffle shop, and you can imagine you have a query to query your customers table,
AaFhEH0zod0-00047-00029880-00030560 you have a query to query your orders table and you can join for example join those two
AaFhEH0zod0-00048-00030616-00031264 tables together to denormalize it and you'll get the orders out of it and if you reference
AaFhEH0zod0-00049-00031264-00031783 it that way or if you build your DAG that way you'll get this like nice graph out of it. So,
AaFhEH0zod0-00050-00031783-00032656 dbt is super convenient for structuring your data transformation pipelines. So, that's step one. And
AaFhEH0zod0-00051-00032656-00033424 again, I'm going really pretty fast here, I assume people have either heard of dbt before or you
AaFhEH0zod0-00052-00033424-00033976 know can probably learn a lot more from all the tutorials and the amazing documentation they have.
AaFhEH0zod0-00053-00034136-00034960 Cool! Step two is Apache Airflow. I am not going to talk about Airflow here because I am very,
AaFhEH0zod0-00054-00034960-00035664 very sure you all know Airflow pretty well. You're probably using it or maybe you're curious
AaFhEH0zod0-00055-00035664-00036168 about using it, but we all know it's a workflow orchestration tool that allows you to build DAGs,
AaFhEH0zod0-00056-00036168-00037000 again, different type of DAGs, where every task, or every node in your DAG, corresponds to a task
AaFhEH0zod0-00057-00037000-00037752 that does a certain thing. As you know, Airflow allows different types of tasks, so you can have
AaFhEH0zod0-00058-00037752-00038520 for example, bash operators that execute bash or just shell statements, you can have you can have
AaFhEH0zod0-00059-00038520-00039168 Python operators for example that execute Python functions, etc. So, you're all familiar with that.
AaFhEH0zod0-00060-00039392-00039824 And then lastly we have a tool called great expectations and I'm actually going
AaFhEH0zod0-00061-00039824-00040184 to spend just a little more time on great expectations mostly because I feel like
AaFhEH0zod0-00062-00040288-00040848 that is sort of the the new kid on the block maybe and it's sort of,
AaFhEH0zod0-00063-00040928-00041504 it's a little bit more special purpose than let's say dbt and Airflow for example.
AaFhEH0zod0-00064-00041560-00042088 So, great expectations is an open source data validation documentation tool. It's yet another
AaFhEH0zod0-00065-00042176-00042568 Python library, so everything I'm talking about today is all open source Python
AaFhEH0zod0-00066-00042656-00042960 packages, which is really cool and really convenient.
AaFhEH0zod0-00067-00043120-00043720 Great expectations lets you express what you expect from your data, so again it is
AaFhEH0zod0-00068-00043720-00044376 for data validation and what you do is you write statements that are called expectations such as
AaFhEH0zod0-00069-00044376-00045024 "values in this column must be between one and six" and then you use those expectations
AaFhEH0zod0-00070-00045024-00045472 to validate your data. In this case, my examples, I have a bunch of
AaFhEH0zod0-00071-00045472-00046192 CSV files for example or a bunch of database tables here and I use that to validate my data
AaFhEH0zod0-00072-00046192-00046856 and then great expectations tells me whether the data actually passes or fails the validation. So,
AaFhEH0zod0-00073-00046936-00047536 pretty straightforward in in terms of sort of the concept of great expectations. It does come
AaFhEH0zod0-00074-00047536-00048056 with a lot of bells and whistles, so I'm going to dive a little bit deeper into that right now.
AaFhEH0zod0-00075-00048248-00048808 Great! So, first of all, what is an expectation? So, i've already mentioned that an expectation
AaFhEH0zod0-00076-00048808-00049384 is a statement about what we expect from our data. You can sort of think of it as like a
AaFhEH0zod0-00077-00049384-00050104 data assertion that can be expressed in code. So typically you can write an expectation as a Python
AaFhEH0zod0-00078-00050104-00050936 method or a call to a Python method that always starts with "expect" and then you can say things
AaFhEH0zod0-00079-00050936-00051552 like "expect_column_values_to_be_between". You specify which column you want to
AaFhEH0zod0-00080-00051616-00052232 test and then you say, in this case because we say column values between, you can give a min
AaFhEH0zod0-00081-00052232-00052808 and a max value. There is a very wide range of built-in expectations, so you can say things like
AaFhEH0zod0-00082-00052879-00053384 expect column data types to be of certain types for example if you want something to be
AaFhEH0zod0-00083-00053472-00054216 only integers or numeric types, you can express that you want the mean of a column to be
AaFhEH0zod0-00084-00054304-00054808 a certain value. One other thing that you can do that I haven't given here as an example
AaFhEH0zod0-00085-00054808-00055776 is you can specify your ... it's called the "mostly" parameter where you can specify some
AaFhEH0zod0-00086-00055776-00056560 amount of fuzziness, so you can say mostly 0.9 for example which means 90 percent of all the rows
AaFhEH0zod0-00087-00056560-00057040 in that particular column of all the values in that column have to match that condition. So you
AaFhEH0zod0-00088-00057040-00057944 can express a lot of different things here. And any expectation can be then or corresponds to a
AaFhEH0zod0-00089-00058016-00058696 human readable sort of explanation or expression of this test. So, in this case again just
AaFhEH0zod0-00090-00058696-00059191 going back to the example I'm already using is "values in this column must be between 1 and 6".
AaFhEH0zod0-00091-00059288-00059816 So, how do we get to those expectations? There's different ways of creating expectations.
AaFhEH0zod0-00092-00059816-00060384 As I've shown in a previous slide I can write a if I know something about my data I can just write a
AaFhEH0zod0-00093-00060536-00061008 call to a Python function that adds that expectation or creates that expectation on
AaFhEH0zod0-00094-00061008-00061632 my data. The other thing I can do that's built into great expectations, which is really cool,
AaFhEH0zod0-00095-00061632-00062288 is a built-in profiler and "expectation suite generator" I guess. So, what you
AaFhEH0zod0-00096-00062288-00062728 can do is you can take some historical data that you've had so you know data from like
AaFhEH0zod0-00097-00062728-00063279 the past few months or the past year, let's assume we get maybe monthly data deliverables
AaFhEH0zod0-00098-00063279-00063984 and you just throw like the previous data set at great expectations, at the profiler. The profiler
AaFhEH0zod0-00099-00063984-00064696 then looks at what it sees in the data and then generates expectations based on what it sees. So,
AaFhEH0zod0-00100-00064696-00065488 in this case let's assume we have again a few tables of previous data deliveries and
AaFhEH0zod0-00101-00065488-00066080 the profiler sees that all the values in this one column, the passenger count column, are between
AaFhEH0zod0-00102-00066144-00066664 1 and 6. It will generate that particular expectation to say "okay so previously I've
AaFhEH0zod0-00103-00066664-00067248 only seen 1 to 6 so i'll just assume this is the range of the values in the column".
AaFhEH0zod0-00104-00067304-00067880 Now obviously you know just because something happens in historical data doesn't mean that's the
AaFhEH0zod0-00105-00067880-00068632 truth, that's all that's allowed. So I always say any kind of expectation should also always be
AaFhEH0zod0-00106-00068632-00069184 looked at by a human. There's always some amount of domain expertise where maybe the human says
AaFhEH0zod0-00107-00069240-00069808 either oh but we also allow zero or we also allow the value seven it just has no kirk yet
AaFhEH0zod0-00108-00069808-00070184 right um or it could be the other way around where someone looks at and says wait wait wait
AaFhEH0zod0-00109-00070256-00070816 actually the maximum value that should be allowed is five so why are we seeing sixes
AaFhEH0zod0-00110-00070816-00071256 in here so something's actually wrong with the historical data if you work with data you know
AaFhEH0zod0-00111-00071256-00071736 that is exactly what always happens so um you have assumptions about your data and then you
AaFhEH0zod0-00112-00071736-00072256 look at the real data and you realize oops there's actually some that that doesn't actually match uh
AaFhEH0zod0-00113-00072256-00072824 what i think should be true so i always say there should be a mix of domain expertise and and uh and
AaFhEH0zod0-00114-00072824-00073432 sort of like data profiling happening in order to create those expectations so long story short um
AaFhEH0zod0-00115-00073432-00074048 once you have your set of expectations once you have your set of data assertions um you can use
AaFhEH0zod0-00116-00074048-00074560 those expectations so statements to validate your future data so just a recap from what we've seen
AaFhEH0zod0-00117-00074560-00075208 on the on the previous slide um and then another thing another feature that's really cool and great
AaFhEH0zod0-00118-00075208-00075816 expectations is called data docs which is i've heard a lot of people call them data quality
AaFhEH0zod0-00119-00075816-00076544 reports so somewhere between a data quality report that actually tells you um you know does this um
AaFhEH0zod0-00120-00076680-00077152 does the data set that i've just thrown at my expectation or the other way around
AaFhEH0zod0-00121-00077152-00077696 do the expectations that i've thrown at the data set um do these actually hold true do these pass
AaFhEH0zod0-00122-00077696-00078272 all the tests or not so in this case i'm showing an example of a failed expectation where i set
AaFhEH0zod0-00123-00078272-00078848 and values must be between one and six um but it turns out there's actually some zero values
AaFhEH0zod0-00124-00078848-00079480 um in there so d dogs actually actually tells me that um and this is a really cool way to
AaFhEH0zod0-00125-00079552-00080080 communicate any kind of issues with data for example um your team so these are really
AaFhEH0zod0-00126-00080080-00080832 simple html um out html outputs that you can just host pretty much anywhere on any any web server
AaFhEH0zod0-00127-00080920-00081456 um uh the other thing that's really cool with data docs is it basically provides a documentation of
AaFhEH0zod0-00128-00081456-00082104 your data in terms of saying here's the expected range um if you can see this at the bottom i have
AaFhEH0zod0-00129-00082104-00082544 one that's for example says value must never be null so it gives you a little bit of documentation
AaFhEH0zod0-00130-00082608-00083288 um about the the data too cool okay so that was sort of the three component components of my dac
AaFhEH0zod0-00131-00083288-00083872 stack so dbt airflow grade expectations with a little bit of a deep dive into great expectations
AaFhEH0zod0-00132-00084048-00084792 all right so second part um aka part one of your choose your own dag stack adventure
AaFhEH0zod0-00133-00084792-00085488 is um now how do we integrate dbt and airflow um and i'm actually i'm actually curious i feel
AaFhEH0zod0-00134-00085488-00085880 like there might be two types of uh people here in the audience it might be folks who
AaFhEH0zod0-00135-00085880-00086464 are already using dbt and are just like curious about some other stuff um we're curious about like
AaFhEH0zod0-00136-00086464-00087184 best practices maybe with um uh integrating dbt um and there might be some people who
AaFhEH0zod0-00137-00087184-00087856 haven't actually um triggered their dbt runs with airflow yet or who are not even using
AaFhEH0zod0-00138-00087944-00088680 dbt at all and might be for example running air flow dax where each task is a sql query for
AaFhEH0zod0-00139-00088680-00089360 example so you might have a data transformation pipelines a pipeline where um each node um
AaFhEH0zod0-00140-00089360-00090112 does like a sql query or sql transformation so whichever side you're coming from um i hope i'm
AaFhEH0zod0-00141-00090112-00090640 i can give you a little bit of an overview of like sort of the different approaches to integrating
AaFhEH0zod0-00142-00090640-00091264 dbt with one definitely being the more prevalent one and one being slightly more experimental
AaFhEH0zod0-00143-00091336-00091976 so uh let's look at that so um and and this is this is a lot of text i'll also be showing some
AaFhEH0zod0-00144-00091976-00092616 some uh some graphics in a in a second to make that a little bit um easier to uh to understand
AaFhEH0zod0-00145-00092616-00093704 so on the left hand side we have dbt dac is one task in your airflow dac so the entire dbt
AaFhEH0zod0-00146-00093704-00094400 dac run the entire basically dag is um just triggered by a single airflow task and like
AaFhEH0zod0-00147-00094400-00094760 i said i'm going to show that uh in the in the actual airflow dac in a second
AaFhEH0zod0-00148-00094832-00095368 um this is a really straightforward approach um you can use either the dbt operator there's
AaFhEH0zod0-00149-00095368-00096224 a dbt airflow operator um or you can just have a bash task um like a bash operator that just
AaFhEH0zod0-00150-00096224-00097000 literally just runs dbt run very straightforward the advantage is super simple super easy um it
AaFhEH0zod0-00151-00097000-00097584 doesn't you know you don't need to do any pre-work you just trigger dbt run and it runs um on the
AaFhEH0zod0-00152-00097584-00098544 downside that means your dbt run is a little bit of a black box so um if any of your transformation
AaFhEH0zod0-00153-00098624-00099312 tasks or if any of the models in your dbt dac fails um that means you click the entire dbt
AaFhEH0zod0-00154-00099312-00099904 run task in your airflow uh dac might fail depending on how you configure it obviously
AaFhEH0zod0-00155-00099904-00100384 um and then you have to sort of start digging through the dt logs to find out what
AaFhEH0zod0-00156-00100384-00101040 exactly happened right um again it is a very straightforward way of doing it and i think it's
AaFhEH0zod0-00157-00101040-00101824 totally valid and totally great um on the other hand we can have a different approach to um using
AaFhEH0zod0-00158-00101880-00102959 uh integrating dbt into airflow which means um which is mapping each ddt model to a single task
AaFhEH0zod0-00159-00102959-00103664 an individual task in your airflow tag so you take the dbt model so each node in your dbt dac
AaFhEH0zod0-00160-00103783-00104408 you take that model and basically execute that particular transformation step that particular
AaFhEH0zod0-00161-00104408-00105120 query in an individual airflow task that is done by parsing out the dbt manifest so in case
AaFhEH0zod0-00162-00105120-00105848 you don't know what the the uh dbt manifest is basically um before so you you know you write your
AaFhEH0zod0-00163-00105904-00106359 uh you write your dbt models you write your sql queries um and you reference a lot of different
AaFhEH0zod0-00164-00106359-00106992 tables and before dbt can actually execute those queries in the right order it needs to know what
AaFhEH0zod0-00165-00106992-00107752 the right order is so what dvd does it parses out um the basically your entire dac all your models
AaFhEH0zod0-00166-00107752-00108535 and then creates a manifest json file and the json file has um a an element for each
AaFhEH0zod0-00167-00108600-00109216 for each model for each sql query with the actual query in it and it also says um which nodes it
AaFhEH0zod0-00168-00109216-00110080 depends on so it gives you the dependency graph in a um a very nicely you know formatted uh json
AaFhEH0zod0-00169-00110192-00110904 json file and by parsing out those sql queries and the dependencies you can basically reverse
AaFhEH0zod0-00170-00110904-00111680 engineer um the dbt dag and map that to airflow tests and then create the tasks i'm actually not
AaFhEH0zod0-00171-00111680-00112335 going to go too much into detail into how exactly this works because there is an amazing blog post
AaFhEH0zod0-00172-00112335-00113032 on the uh astronomer blog actually and um i'll i have the links in the in the slides and i can
AaFhEH0zod0-00173-00113032-00113656 also post them in the um in the slack channel later um so so that's one way of doing it um
AaFhEH0zod0-00174-00113744-00114472 this is a great approach if you want very fine grain control over all your all your models of
AaFhEH0zod0-00175-00114472-00115088 all your tasks so for example um failure of individual models you can do you can trigger
AaFhEH0zod0-00176-00115088-00115824 individual revamps from the airflow ui um so you don't need to uh you know go deeper into dbt
AaFhEH0zod0-00177-00115896-00116583 on the other hand it adds complexity um obviously because you're like parsing out your um your dbt
AaFhEH0zod0-00178-00116583-00117008 deck and then doing some mapping and like dynamically generating your airflow deck
AaFhEH0zod0-00179-00117008-00117528 um so it's just like a little harder to manage and at the same time it also adds a little bit of
AaFhEH0zod0-00180-00117528-00118200 overhead um for the parts time per model that is mainly due to uh dbt run during the parsing of the
AaFhEH0zod0-00181-00118200-00118872 dbt dac every single time you call it and because you call dbt run for every single um
AaFhEH0zod0-00182-00118872-00119440 for every single model for every single task that adds a little bit of an overhead so there's a
AaFhEH0zod0-00183-00119440-00119992 trade-off to consider um which is kind of the same trade-off you have pretty much anywhere when you
AaFhEH0zod0-00184-00119992-00120752 write code right it's um you know added complexity uh fine grain control time um you just have to
AaFhEH0zod0-00185-00120752-00121392 decide sort of what what's uh the most important for your um for your particular application
AaFhEH0zod0-00186-00121456-00121848 so that's a lot of tags and a lot of talking i'm going to show a couple of examples here
AaFhEH0zod0-00187-00121959-00122488 so this is really a very straightforward way of basically just uh building an airflow dac i
AaFhEH0zod0-00188-00122488-00123040 just have a couple of dummy tags for start and end there they don't mean much um i have a you
AaFhEH0zod0-00189-00123040-00123504 know dummy note that i made for loading data whatever happens you load your data into your
AaFhEH0zod0-00190-00123616-00124111 entire data warehouse your database and then you call dbt run so that's really just the dbt run
AaFhEH0zod0-00191-00124111-00124696 command it's going to show that example and on the next slide if you want to run dbt tests i'm
AaFhEH0zod0-00192-00124696-00125288 going to go into detail in that in the third part of this talk um you can run db test after dbt run
AaFhEH0zod0-00193-00125344-00125792 and you know you can do other things in this case i just have another dummy task
AaFhEH0zod0-00194-00125968-00126608 in code that would look like this um actually sorry this should be uh this should be the um
AaFhEH0zod0-00195-00126608-00127392 the load data in this case i i called it dbt seed um it that's a low data note in my dummy example
AaFhEH0zod0-00196-00127392-00127983 i'm just using dbtc to actually load the data dbtc should not be used in production i'm just using it
AaFhEH0zod0-00197-00127983-00128544 for this example but that is my load data step and then i have dbt run which i'm using the bash
AaFhEH0zod0-00198-00128544-00129111 operator for and then i have tpt test which is the bash operator 2 and then you can see how i'm
AaFhEH0zod0-00199-00129111-00129688 chaining these together one thing to point out here i'm using the bash operator you could also
AaFhEH0zod0-00200-00129688-00130728 totally import the dbt operator from the dpt airflow provider package um i don't actually
AaFhEH0zod0-00201-00130728-00131088 necessarily have a strong opinion i'm sure i'd love to hear from people have
AaFhEH0zod0-00202-00131088-00131616 a strong opinion for that um to me the dbt operator is really just like a shortcut for
AaFhEH0zod0-00203-00131616-00132328 um that bash command uh it you can do the exact same thing with the dbt run operator um
AaFhEH0zod0-00204-00132328-00133032 so i'm just using bash operator here um cool so so that's pretty much um sort of like option one
AaFhEH0zod0-00205-00133032-00133712 is just going back to this your dbt run is a single um a single task in your airflow tag
AaFhEH0zod0-00206-00133872-00134576 all right so let's go to option two which is uh we're mapping each dpt model to an individual
AaFhEH0zod0-00207-00134576-00135280 airflow task so like i said we're parsing out the manifest.json and then dynamically generate um the
AaFhEH0zod0-00208-00135280-00136136 dac um each time the the dac files are being parsed out so again we have just a dummy start
AaFhEH0zod0-00209-00136136-00136776 task a dummy load data which again my example is a dbt seat which should not be used in production
AaFhEH0zod0-00210-00136912-00137544 and then i actually made a task group here that is the dbt run task group and if you if you uh
AaFhEH0zod0-00211-00137544-00138336 explode that if you um uh look into the the task group you can see that each individual
AaFhEH0zod0-00212-00138336-00139048 model that we have now so you see customers orders payments blah blah blah more customers more orders
AaFhEH0zod0-00213-00139048-00139672 um you can see that each of those individual models that i have in my
AaFhEH0zod0-00214-00139752-00140552 jaffle shop uh dbt project is mapped to an individual air flow task um and then again
AaFhEH0zod0-00215-00140552-00141056 like i'm running dbt test in this case it's also task group and each test is an individual task
AaFhEH0zod0-00216-00141056-00141688 and i just have my dummy node um so again like the advantage of this is really if any of these
AaFhEH0zod0-00217-00141688-00142352 individual nodes fails i can see this in the airflow ui um i can also determine what happens
AaFhEH0zod0-00218-00142408-00143080 if an individual dbt model task fails i can say you either just continue right um keep running
AaFhEH0zod0-00219-00143080-00143736 i can send alerts i can do whatever i want with that so um it gives me a lot of flexibility
AaFhEH0zod0-00220-00143840-00144584 to do that on the downside again you have the part step up front you have the overhead of running um
AaFhEH0zod0-00221-00144584-00145368 the of parsing out um the the dbt project um each time you call dbt run so you call dbt run for
AaFhEH0zod0-00222-00145368-00146144 every single one of these um so this might not be very suitable for um you know short running like a
AaFhEH0zod0-00223-00146144-00146744 lot of short running um models if you have a bunch of like a little chunkier models that take longer
AaFhEH0zod0-00224-00146744-00147576 to run that overhead might be negligible um and um at the same time also just a heads up obviously
AaFhEH0zod0-00225-00147576-00148272 um this is kind of reverse engineering something from the uh dbt manifest json file so if there's
AaFhEH0zod0-00226-00148272-00148824 any changes being made to the manifest um which is totally in the hands of the dbt team obviously
AaFhEH0zod0-00227-00148880-00149448 um you know that whatever it is you're doing to parse out the manifest might just not work anymore
AaFhEH0zod0-00228-00149448-00149936 so just just keep that in mind this is sort of uh slightly experimental slightly risky approach
AaFhEH0zod0-00229-00149936-00150368 although again just going back to the blog posts i mentioned there are teams who use
AaFhEH0zod0-00230-00150368-00150912 that kind of pattern in production and they report that it is absolutely fantastic to have
AaFhEH0zod0-00231-00150912-00151472 this level of fine grained control over each dvt model directly in your airflow ui so again
AaFhEH0zod0-00232-00151472-00151960 trade-offs i am i am not opinionated here i think it really depends on your on your use case
AaFhEH0zod0-00233-00151960-00152584 and what you need um but i think this is a really neat uh alternative approach to just you know play
AaFhEH0zod0-00234-00152584-00153256 around with and and think through and see if if that is maybe an option um cool okay so these are
AaFhEH0zod0-00235-00153256-00153952 the oh sorry one more thing um so this is what this would look like in um in code um again i have
AaFhEH0zod0-00236-00153952-00154760 a you know a dummy task to start with um this is again i i forgot to rename this so what's dbc dbtc
AaFhEH0zod0-00237-00154760-00155272 that is really just a little data task again don't use that in production um i have a dummy
AaFhEH0zod0-00238-00155272-00156168 task uh for the endnote and then i have my two run two task groups that i'm creating in airflow
AaFhEH0zod0-00239-00156168-00156712 um really cool one of my favorite i think newer airflow features are task groups it
AaFhEH0zod0-00240-00156712-00157256 makes it so nice to group everything makes your dax so much more uh manageable in the ui
AaFhEH0zod0-00241-00157360-00158200 um so i create uh two run groups using this uh dbt dac parser like helper class that i wrote
AaFhEH0zod0-00242-00158200-00158824 um where you basically just you know input like put in a bunch of your um dbt
AaFhEH0zod0-00243-00158880-00159432 kind of like details like where's the project directory where where's my profiles um
AaFhEH0zod0-00244-00159544-00160104 file located in in dbt the profiles file is used for connection details etc etc
AaFhEH0zod0-00245-00160104-00160720 um and then the parser basically returns the run group and the test group so it returns all your
AaFhEH0zod0-00246-00160720-00161568 um dbt uh models as um as airflow tasks and i'm just chaining these together again and have like
AaFhEH0zod0-00247-00161568-00162136 a little dependency very linear here um cool so that's what that looks like in code there
AaFhEH0zod0-00248-00162136-00162944 is a sample project again um see here and like i said i'll also post it in the um uh in the airflow
AaFhEH0zod0-00249-00162944-00163944 summit slack later um if anyone wants to know more cool okay so that was uh part uh two so now you
AaFhEH0zod0-00250-00163944-00164576 have kind of an idea of the different different ways of integrating dpt into your airflow dac
AaFhEH0zod0-00251-00164576-00165248 um if anyone has any ideas of yet another way to do that please do let me know i'm always
AaFhEH0zod0-00252-00165248-00165808 always excited to like experiment with different approaches to that um like i said this is sort
AaFhEH0zod0-00253-00165808-00166232 of a little experimental still because it really depends on the manifesto json be in
AaFhEH0zod0-00254-00166232-00166792 a certain way and if that changes you know you have to you have to change things so so only
AaFhEH0zod0-00255-00166792-00167416 go down that route if you're if you're aware of that and if you keep that in mind all right uh
AaFhEH0zod0-00256-00167416-00168240 part three choose your own dac stack part two um testing with dbt and great expectations cool
AaFhEH0zod0-00257-00168312-00168912 so let's compare different approaches to testing um i am not going to motivate why you should test
AaFhEH0zod0-00258-00168912-00169696 your data um that much i have given a very long talk at dbt coalesc actually last year where i
AaFhEH0zod0-00259-00169696-00170360 gave a bunch of data horror stories so hopefully at this point um you know eight months later like
AaFhEH0zod0-00260-00170360-00170824 people are more bought into why you should test your data why you should have data validation
AaFhEH0zod0-00261-00170824-00171336 in your in your pipelines where you shouldn't just uh you know run run all your data pipelines
AaFhEH0zod0-00262-00171336-00171752 and just take everything for granted like i'm pretty sure you're aware of this at this point
AaFhEH0zod0-00263-00171752-00172400 um so i'm just going to present some options for how to do this so first of all we have dbt
AaFhEH0zod0-00264-00172400-00172960 and great expectations both have so dbt has testing capabilities out of the box
AaFhEH0zod0-00265-00172960-00173752 great expectations is a data validation testing package um whose sole purpose is to validate and
AaFhEH0zod0-00266-00173752-00174312 document your data so on the dbt side like i said test supported out of the box you don't
AaFhEH0zod0-00267-00174312-00174928 need any additional packages to install you but you don't need to do very much other than adding
AaFhEH0zod0-00268-00174928-00175784 um some tests to your uh to your schema.yaml where you're describing um you know each each model um
AaFhEH0zod0-00269-00175784-00176368 the tests only operate on data and database so just a recap if you're not familiar with dbt
AaFhEH0zod0-00270-00176368-00177144 the really the main purpose of dbt is to transform data that is in a that is stored in a database or
AaFhEH0zod0-00271-00177144-00177672 data warehouse um and does all the transformation does all the tests and runs all the sql queries
AaFhEH0zod0-00272-00177672-00178296 there so so this is kind of limited to your data as it is in the database um dbt comes with certain
AaFhEH0zod0-00273-00178296-00179040 built-in tests like i said things like non-null for example or certain values in columns and it
AaFhEH0zod0-00274-00179040-00179576 also allows writing custom tests in sql which is really really cool so you can fairly easily
AaFhEH0zod0-00275-00179576-00180192 uh extend the expressivity of um the dbt test with whatever it is that you want to write basically
AaFhEH0zod0-00276-00180280-00180952 um great expectations again like i said it's a it's an open source python packages a package
AaFhEH0zod0-00277-00180952-00181488 so it does require while installing great expectations as a package in addition to
AaFhEH0zod0-00278-00181488-00181896 that there's other dependencies in order for great expectations to run right so depending
AaFhEH0zod0-00279-00181896-00182424 on what you're doing with your environment that might be you know a lot to install
AaFhEH0zod0-00280-00182560-00183304 it requires additional configuration on the other hand once you've once you've gone through that
AaFhEH0zod0-00281-00183304-00183920 the cool thing is you can really test any type of data assets you're not limited to just
AaFhEH0zod0-00282-00183920-00184472 testing your stuff in a relational database um you can test csv files or parquet files
AaFhEH0zod0-00283-00184472-00185000 you can test in memory uh data frames for example you can obviously test your data in
AaFhEH0zod0-00284-00185000-00185920 any relational database um and that means you have more opportunities to test um your data before it
AaFhEH0zod0-00285-00185920-00186496 even gets into your transformation pipeline for example and i and i honestly i do think that's a
AaFhEH0zod0-00286-00186576-00187296 um huge uh benefit and something that you know you might actually forget that if you get for example
AaFhEH0zod0-00287-00187296-00187952 say third party data deliverables as csv files and ftp server that was kind of um you know how how
AaFhEH0zod0-00288-00187952-00188560 i started uh doing data integrations um you might want to just test those csv files before you even
AaFhEH0zod0-00289-00188560-00189064 load them right to make sure that they actually match whatever it is that you expect from them
AaFhEH0zod0-00290-00189064-00189640 um you might then also use the exact same tasks to test whatever you have loaded to the database
AaFhEH0zod0-00291-00189640-00190120 if you're doing a one-to-one load for example to make sure you know stuff didn't get truncated
AaFhEH0zod0-00292-00190120-00190544 for example on the way to the database my favorite thing is always special characters
AaFhEH0zod0-00293-00190544-00191056 like every time you load into databases um there's chaos uh so so things like that
AaFhEH0zod0-00294-00191136-00191760 um really allow you to expand what you're testing and when you're testing great expectations also
AaFhEH0zod0-00295-00191760-00192296 comes with some fairly complex built-in tests which is really cool so you can test things like
AaFhEH0zod0-00296-00192296-00192896 distribution of values for example without having to write any custom custom queries or anything
AaFhEH0zod0-00297-00192960-00193632 and you can also extend it with custom tests written in python which means you can technically
AaFhEH0zod0-00298-00193696-00194344 import any python package that you would like we've had people write custom tests for example
AaFhEH0zod0-00299-00194344-00194920 to test for a specific language we have had people writing codes to test whether something
AaFhEH0zod0-00300-00194920-00195800 is a valid zip code in the us um valid phone numbers email addresses etc etc so um i know
AaFhEH0zod0-00301-00195800-00196584 there's a lot of i'm not going to go into the sql debate that's uh currently raging on data twitter
AaFhEH0zod0-00302-00196680-00197080 but i know there's a lot of people who are really into sql and i totally
AaFhEH0zod0-00303-00197152-00197640 support that however occasionally writing something in python is just
AaFhEH0zod0-00304-00197640-00198160 significantly faster and easier so if you're willing to kind of step outside of that
AaFhEH0zod0-00305-00198216-00198848 um great expectations uh provides a lot of a lot of flexibility and a lot of exclusivity there
AaFhEH0zod0-00306-00198936-00199504 cool um again lots of text lots of talking so i am going to show a few examples
AaFhEH0zod0-00307-00199648-00200600 okay so um let's assume i have my um another airflow dac here um and you can see i have
AaFhEH0zod0-00308-00200600-00201144 the pinkish notes here i have one to load the source data i have my so this is sort of like
AaFhEH0zod0-00309-00201200-00201912 dbt integration version one which is i just have a single um model uh sorry a single task that
AaFhEH0zod0-00310-00201912-00202384 runs the entire airflow dac and then i have a published step which might be pushing the
AaFhEH0zod0-00311-00202384-00203112 data to some production databases for example um and in between i have little validation steps so
AaFhEH0zod0-00312-00203112-00203640 these are my great expectations validation steps and i'm going to talk about a little bit what you
AaFhEH0zod0-00313-00203640-00204448 can where you can test with great expectations and where you can test with um dbt tests so
AaFhEH0zod0-00314-00204528-00205056 first of all um my validate source data step i can use great expectations so this little
AaFhEH0zod0-00315-00205056-00205840 uh icon here uh it's great expectations logo um to test for example that the source data matches my
AaFhEH0zod0-00316-00205840-00206471 expected format so it has the correct number of columns it has the correct data types the
AaFhEH0zod0-00317-00206471-00207088 row count for example is similar so you know within the range of last month's row count
AaFhEH0zod0-00318-00207088-00207536 because that's what we expect there's no crazy drops or we're just getting half of the data
AaFhEH0zod0-00319-00207536-00208256 or um you know the data deliverables accidentally uh doubled in size all things i have definitely
AaFhEH0zod0-00320-00208256-00208823 experienced in my life uh doing data integrations um and you might have seen too where all of a
AaFhEH0zod0-00321-00208823-00209367 sudden it's like oh why does this data take so long to load oh because for some reason
AaFhEH0zod0-00322-00209367-00210080 every single row is duplicated right um so this um testing your source data wherever it is it could
AaFhEH0zod0-00323-00210080-00210688 also be in another database production database whatever um is a very good first step to basically
AaFhEH0zod0-00324-00210688-00211336 um pull the brakes notify someone um you know bring all the alerts send up that page or duty
AaFhEH0zod0-00325-00211336-00211960 alert um before you even start doing any loading or any transformation so it'll hopefully just
AaFhEH0zod0-00326-00211960-00212800 like save time um and and uh sort of like uh you know allow you to allows you to um investigate
AaFhEH0zod0-00327-00212800-00213480 any issues before you're doing other stuff so that is potentially step one is test your source data
AaFhEH0zod0-00328-00213656-00214280 test number two could be once you've loaded your source data um to test your that your
AaFhEH0zod0-00329-00214280-00214760 source data load was successful so for example you could test that no rows were lost compared
AaFhEH0zod0-00330-00214760-00215560 to source no columns were butchered no um data types were incorrectly changed etc etc um one
AaFhEH0zod0-00331-00215560-00216071 thing that i actually did was i used the exact same expectation suite so the cool thing with
AaFhEH0zod0-00332-00216071-00216656 great expectation is but you can your expectation suite is completely independent from the data
AaFhEH0zod0-00333-00216656-00217248 which means you can just apply the same test to any data asset that you want to throw it at so
AaFhEH0zod0-00334-00217248-00217936 um i actually frequently just use the same um uh the same expectation suite to test the source data
AaFhEH0zod0-00335-00217936-00218480 and to test the loaded data which is kind of cool that you can just reuse it in that in that way um
AaFhEH0zod0-00336-00218480-00218992 and and i think we're all aware of you know any of the load issues that happen um occasionally
AaFhEH0zod0-00337-00219080-00219840 cool um so once you've uh run your dbt dac there are um oh actually sorry there's one more step
AaFhEH0zod0-00338-00219840-00220800 so one really cool way of using dbt tests um for me personally is um running dbt tests during
AaFhEH0zod0-00339-00220800-00221567 dac development um to check for the integrity specifically of the transformation so um this
AaFhEH0zod0-00340-00221567-00222096 might sound and maybe i'm going a little esoteric here uh or maybe a lot of people agree with me i
AaFhEH0zod0-00341-00222096-00222744 don't actually know um but to me there are uh two aspects to any like data pipeline and it's really
AaFhEH0zod0-00342-00222744-00223384 like the data right and then there's the code that transforms the data and you kind of want to check
AaFhEH0zod0-00343-00223384-00224048 things independently so presumably when you're developing your sql models and when you're writing
AaFhEH0zod0-00344-00224048-00224871 um queries in dbt presumably you're running tests and looking at the output to make sure whatever it
AaFhEH0zod0-00345-00224871-00225640 is that you're writing is actually correct right um and that means usually you're doing this on
AaFhEH0zod0-00346-00225640-00226160 fixed a fixed data set hopefully um so you don't go completely crazy when everything changes all
AaFhEH0zod0-00347-00226160-00226816 the time right um and that's a really good way to to write dbt tests to um establish certain
AaFhEH0zod0-00348-00226816-00227480 assertions such as okay this should be uh you know these these um identifiers for example should be
AaFhEH0zod0-00349-00227480-00228223 unique this column should be non-null um this is like the the uh range of values that i expect
AaFhEH0zod0-00350-00228223-00228719 in this column things like that um that allow you to really easily run those tests during
AaFhEH0zod0-00351-00228719-00229208 um development uh while you're writing your models and check for integrity of transformations to make
AaFhEH0zod0-00352-00229208-00229776 sure you're not actually like joining and causing a fan out or doing any uh any weird things or
AaFhEH0zod0-00353-00229776-00230304 accidentally causing null values and stuff like that um so so to me that is a really cool um and
AaFhEH0zod0-00354-00230304-00230880 very simple and very easy way to write your tests as you're writing um as you're writing your models
AaFhEH0zod0-00355-00230880-00231392 and you don't necessarily have to step outside of dbt to uh you know use great expectations for that
AaFhEH0zod0-00356-00231552-00232288 um and then finally um in the final stage where you can validate your you know whatever your dbt
AaFhEH0zod0-00357-00232288-00232856 transformation um has done you can validate your analytical output so for example again
AaFhEH0zod0-00358-00232856-00233367 testing a degree integrity of transformations no fan out joins no null columns etc etc
AaFhEH0zod0-00359-00233423-00234152 and you can in addition to that also use um uh great expectations to use off-the-shelf methods
AaFhEH0zod0-00360-00234152-00234880 for more complex tasks things like distributions of values um you know anything that uh might be
AaFhEH0zod0-00361-00234880-00235376 slightly more involved and in particular anything that you might want to communicate to your users
AaFhEH0zod0-00362-00235376-00236064 to your data consumers in the form of data blocks for example so again great expectations has these
AaFhEH0zod0-00363-00236064-00236967 real cool html outputs html docs um that you can use for you know to basically alert maybe your
AaFhEH0zod0-00364-00236967-00237400 uh your users and say oops there's something wrong with the data and they can directly go
AaFhEH0zod0-00365-00237400-00238096 to data docs and see what's actually going on um so these are different uh different approaches to
AaFhEH0zod0-00366-00238096-00238816 uh testing with um great expectations versus dbt again it really depends on your i i i'm again not
AaFhEH0zod0-00367-00238816-00239296 particularly opinionated here it really depends on your application your use case it depends on
AaFhEH0zod0-00368-00239296-00239896 the ecosystem that you're using um for example if you're running uh dbt cloud like you you know if
AaFhEH0zod0-00369-00239960-00240719 that's all you do um to uh uh to run your uh to execute your dbt transformations for example
AaFhEH0zod0-00370-00240719-00241319 you might not want to step outside of that um so there's different um you know different trade-offs
AaFhEH0zod0-00371-00241384-00242032 one uh thing that i actually did not mention here um there is a package that called that's called
AaFhEH0zod0-00372-00242032-00243080 dbt expectations um which is sort of um i would call it a back port i guess or a version of um
AaFhEH0zod0-00373-00243080-00243656 the explicitly of great expectations with the same naming conventions roughly um
AaFhEH0zod0-00374-00243752-00244616 to be used basically written in sql so it can be used in um dbt uh in dbt tests um so
AaFhEH0zod0-00375-00244616-00245360 i think that um is also an option if you want to basically stay within the the dbt ecosystem
AaFhEH0zod0-00376-00245360-00245952 um there is no direct connection between great expectations and dbt expectations
AaFhEH0zod0-00377-00246040-00246488 uh there's definitely been some collaboration but there's no necessarily no guarantee that
AaFhEH0zod0-00378-00246608-00247296 whatever expectation exists for example expect column values to be between actually
AaFhEH0zod0-00379-00247296-00247984 corresponds exactly to the same type of test in dbt expectations so just keep that in mind there
AaFhEH0zod0-00380-00248080-00248632 there's no one-to-one match necessarily between the two um dbt expectations is more like inspired
AaFhEH0zod0-00381-00248632-00249256 by great expectations and and and uh borrows some of the terminology um also happy to talk about
AaFhEH0zod0-00382-00249256-00250288 that more in q a or in the uh in the slack chat later um awesome so just to recap um i'm going to
AaFhEH0zod0-00383-00250288-00251032 wrap up here and we have a little bit of time for uh for q a so uh just to recap um choose your own
AaFhEH0zod0-00384-00251032-00251488 dagstag based on your needs right and based on your application um you can consider different
AaFhEH0zod0-00385-00251488-00252023 dbt integration models and trade-offs keep that in mind like keep in mind all the the complexity
AaFhEH0zod0-00386-00252144-00252728 versus sort of the fine grain control um take advantage of dbt and great expectations for
AaFhEH0zod0-00387-00252728-00253216 testing at different points in the pipeline again really depends on what you want to do but there is
AaFhEH0zod0-00388-00253216-00253712 definitely value in you know adding going a little bit more complex for the sake of having more
AaFhEH0zod0-00389-00253712-00254264 fine grained control or having more uh complex expressivity for your um for your expectations
AaFhEH0zod0-00390-00254264-00254904 and if there's something you want like uh data docs for example for um you know that there's
AaFhEH0zod0-00391-00254904-00255776 probably some value in it for you um and finally like i said uh sample projects so both the um uh
AaFhEH0zod0-00392-00255776-00256448 this version um that has all the tests in there as well as the sort of slightly simpler version um
AaFhEH0zod0-00393-00256616-00257448 is um of the different dbt integration models um i've linked to both of them in uh on my github
AaFhEH0zod0-00394-00257448-00258184 page and again i can i can just share that in the in the chat um that's it from me uh thank you very
AaFhEH0zod0-00395-00258184-00259184 much for your attention um ping me on twitter at sp bail pay me in the airflow slack i'm there
AaFhEH0zod0-00396-00259480-00259488 you
Acy-RXXHnO4-00000-00004634-00005465 How beautiful it is
Acy-RXXHnO4-00001-00005707-00006716 Each day it seems more beautiful to me
Acy-RXXHnO4-00002-00006966-00007605 And my darling children enchant me
Acy-RXXHnO4-00003-00007605-00008069 More and more
Acy-RXXHnO4-00004-00008451-00008795 My first foolish fears
Acy-RXXHnO4-00005-00008795-00009142 Are all vanished now
Acy-RXXHnO4-00006-00009276-00009736 Are all banished now -
Acy-RXXHnO4-00007-00009990-00010289 Those fluttering fears
Acy-RXXHnO4-00008-00010289-00010744 When I could not forget the letter -
Acy-RXXHnO4-00009-00010826-00011278 When I heard a far off cry in the night -
Acy-RXXHnO4-00010-00011388-00011996 And once a faint footstep passed my door
Acy-RXXHnO4-00011-00012131-00012473 Only one thing I wish
Acy-RXXHnO4-00012-00012572-00012938 That I could see him -
Acy-RXXHnO4-00013-00013115-00013988 And that he could see how well I do his bidding
Acy-RXXHnO4-00014-00013988-00014688 His bidding
Acy-RXXHnO4-00015-00015210-00016029 The birds fly home to these great trees
Acy-RXXHnO4-00016-00016562-00017109 Here too I am at home
Acy-RXXHnO4-00017-00017314-00018220 Alone, tranquil, serene
Acy-RXXHnO4-00018-00018490-00019068 Ha! 'Tis he!
Acy-RXXHnO4-00019-00020150-00020426 No! No! Who is it?
Acy-RXXHnO4-00020-00020426-00020819 Who? Who? Who can it be?
Acy-RXXHnO4-00021-00020819-00020974 Some servant -
Acy-RXXHnO4-00022-00020974-00021174 No! I know them all
Acy-RXXHnO4-00023-00021174-00021361 Who is it, who?
Acy-RXXHnO4-00024-00021361-00021579 Who can it be?
Acy-RXXHnO4-00025-00021612-00021814 Some curious stranger?
Acy-RXXHnO4-00026-00021851-00022075 But how did he get in?
Acy-RXXHnO4-00027-00022098-00022320 Who is it, who?
Acy-RXXHnO4-00028-00022320-00022681 Some fearful madman locked away there?
Acy-RXXHnO4-00029-00022752-00023126 Adventurer? Intruder?
Acy-RXXHnO4-00030-00023202-00023272 Who is it?
Acy-RXXHnO4-00031-00023313-00023753 Who? Who? Who can it be?
Acy-RXXHnO4-00032-00023769-00024240 Who? Who can it be?
Acy-RXXHnO4-00033-00024240-00025004 Who?
Acavorwu5bQ-00000-00000064-00000600 How to remove music and leave voice - Adobe Audition CS6
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00000-00001003-00001503 Good morning, good afternoon, good evening... whatever time it is. Welcome to another video of "What's Behind Nature?"
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00001-00001630-00002000 Today, I'll be telling the features of the new update...
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00002-00002025-00002225 It's called the Wild Update
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00003-00002340-00002841 It's basically 1.19, so I can't tell you the whole thing
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00004-00002924-00003320 But today, I'm going to cover the biomes and structures that will be added to the game
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00005-00003582-00003933 And there are a LOT of blocks that will be added to the game,
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00006-00003967-00004117 even new items!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00007-00004126-00004872 And the only item that can be found in another structure is a Goat Horn!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00008-00005050-00005508 Also, please consider subscribing, because we need to get to a lot...
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00009-00005576-00005776 and hopefully, you can enjoy the video! OK?
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00010-00006000-00006200 Biomes and Structures
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00011-00006470-00006520 Huh?
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00012-00006559-00006759 What is that?
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00013-00006840-00006890 um...
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00014-00006957-00007049 What is that?
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00015-00007313-00007379 What is that?
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00016-00007413-00007469 What is that?
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00017-00007592-00007642 uh...
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00018-00007802-00008002 What is that structure?
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00019-00008145-00008345 I mean... It's too giant!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00020-00008509-00008559 Right?
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00021-00008837-00008925 And kind of creepy...
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00022-00009103-00009254 Oh! Wait! What am I doing?
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00023-00009439-00009639 I can just turn it to Creative... Simple!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00024-00010034-00010234 And... there we go!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00025-00010558-00010758 Ladies and Gentlemen...
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00026-00010774-00011052 Welcome to the giant structure in Minecraft
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00027-00011277-00011386 The Ancient City
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00028-00011538-00011988 It consists of Sculk and Deepslate Bricks, along with Dark Oak Planks...
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00029-00012049-00012641 and this chest in front of the portal, in about 1 in 3 Ancient Cities
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00030-00012657-00013209 This chest always contains one Golden Apple (Gapple)
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00031-00013243-00013529 and it means a key to open a secret door
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00032-00013719-00013919 The secret door is still unknown
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00033-00014194-00014509 And Hey! A new Music Disc has been added to the game
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00034-00014666-00014969 Anyways, there is a lot of...
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00035-00015070-00015547 The loot had been much better since Snapshots 22w13a
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00036-00015807-00016477 It has Echo Shards, and a lot of coal, even high Enchanted Golden Apple (God Apple) rates
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00037-00016598-00016698 Get those...
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00038-00016869-00017173 And we need a compass, to show you another new item
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00039-00017473-00018018 We got to be very careful in the Deep Dark biome, due to the most dangerous block in Minecraft: The Sculk Shriekers
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00040-00018260-00018896 Also, a new enchantment has been added to Minecraft: It's called Swift Sneak
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00041-00019071-00019271 It basically makes you faster when crouching
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00042-00019511-00019836 Ya know... I think this one's better
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00043-00020191-00020795 I guess I can be more careful from the Sculk Shriekers
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00044-00020889-00021258 Now... Oh! Feather Falling!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00045-00021465-00021740 uh... Alright! Let's get that real quick!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00046-00021942-00022015 Uh Oh!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00047-00022111-00022176 uh...
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00048-00022384-00022491 [Warden Emerging] Eight! OK!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00049-00022767-00022881 [Warden noise] um... What is that?!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00050-00022983-00023442 Oh! It's the newest and scariest Hostile Mob in the game: The Warden!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00051-00023493-00023693 I don't wanna talk about that in this video!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00052-00023815-00024705 Now, there is a new item. It's basically made of this...
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00053-00024760-00025715 When you put a compass in the middle of a crafting table, surrounded by 8 Echo Shards, you get this new item: The Recovery Compass
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00054-00025769-00025969 It points to the spot where you last died
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00055-00026070-00026221 But... I don't wanna die now!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00056-00026375-00026681 cuz things are getting a little... creepy!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00057-00026968-00027393 Now you might be thinking: Well, what's the point of that?
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00058-00027669-00027969 Well, this is what it points:
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00059-00028000-00028675 The giant frame has a big mystery: it may be a portal to a new dimension or something...
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00060-00029017-00029569 Now that you know how to make a recovery compass, we can make another new item!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00061-00029653-00029940 A new Music Disc namely Disc 5
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00062-00030058-00030258 craftable from 9 fragments in the Ancient City
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00063-00030392-00030592 It's extremely rare and hard to obtain!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00064-00030901-00031954 Since Snapshot 22w13a, it added much better loot in the Ancient City
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00065-00032768-00033124 And I want to tell you: God Apples come up really fast here!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00066-00033220-00033995 I got the Disc Fragment, and I need to get 9 of them,
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00067-00034157-00034357 to show a new crafting recipe.
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00068-00034434-00034634 It goes like... this!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00069-00034859-00035401 This is a new Music Disc called 5 by Samuel Aberg
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00070-00035658-00036176 It's about a player finding an Ancient City and a Warden before entering the portal.
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00071-00036279-00036837 Then, he seems to lit it with a Flint and Steel, then we hear a long portal sound.
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00072-00037220-00038196 [Warden Emerging] And then comes a monster, even STRONGER than the Warden, something players predicted a few months ago when the 1st Experimental Snapshot is here!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00073-00038425-00038696 Anyways, this is everything about the Ancient City...
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00074-00038820-00039064 So... let's go to the surface, shall we?
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00075-00039354-00040019 This biome reminds me of the announcement of 1.19
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00076-00040138-00040289 Wait! Is that...
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00077-00040398-00040507 the Mangrove Swamp?!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00078-00040667-00041266 The reason behind that is Warm Frogs, and as I told you when I showcased you the Warden
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00079-00041354-00041825 We don't talk about mobs in this video
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00080-00041983-00042053 Anyways...
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00081-00042208-00043212 Today I'll be showing you a new biome that generates THOUSANDS and THOUSANDS of blocks away: The Mangrove Swamp
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00082-00043392-00044057 Any hey! Here, says 1494 blocks away when I was in the Ancient City
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00083-00044165-00044509 And look! The Ancient City also generates thousands of blocks away
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00084-00044793-00045808 Also, the Mangrove Swamp is the only place to get Mangrove Wood, making Mangrove Wood, the rarest wood in Minecraft
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00085-00046100-00047053 In the first place, I didn't want to play with the Mangrove trees, because they were going pretty wildly
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00086-00047237-00047868 And the title says: The Wild Update, meaning that Minecraft is going Wild
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00087-00048041-00048905 But this thing has changed, thanks to the 1st pre-release of the Wild Update
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00088-00049020-00050224 And there are also new Mangrove Planks, you can actually use them as regular planks, in your day-to-day Minecraft life! 
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00089-00051190-00052705 Also, [laughs] it's the only place to find two mobs: warm frogs, as I showcased to you when we were getting in, and tadpoles.
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00090-00052824-00053348 Tadpoles grow when you breed frogs
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00091-00053393-00054160 But the problem is that it must be bred with slimeballs
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00092-00054289-00054666 But in the Bedrock Beta, they were bred with seagrass
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00093-00055126-00056092 Also, I want to tell you something...
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00094-00056388-00057053 Speaking of the Bedrock Beta, Spectator Mode is here in Bedrock Edition!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00095-00057104-00057588 And it's still in development, so if you want to stay up to date to THAT,
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00096-00057641-00058208 then you need to go to the BE original, Beta, or even Preview
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00097-00058459-00059010 So... we're going to go to the conclusion, OK?
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00098-00059532-00059837 Before we go to the Conclusion, I want you to recognize something!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00099-00059926-00060126 The Wild Update finally has a release date
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00100-00060176-00060376 If you recognize this, you're a Minecraft Veteran!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00101-00060500-00060821 It's coming on June 7th, 2022
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00102-00061016-00061520 In the last few months, there was NO RELEASE DATE!!!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00103-00061807-00063190 On May 26th, 2022, Mojang announced that 1.19 was being released on June 7th, 2022. And that's what OTHERS WERE EXPECTING to be released
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00104-00063432-00063529 And then it IS true!
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00105-00063666-00064059 And of course, be sure to subscribe, before the update gets released
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00106-00064349-00065008 Make sure to Subscribe, leave a comment, and leave a like for more Minecraft
AjpGrBrWxjQ-00107-00065113-00065732 And hey! I can make a Minecraft, But Challenge! If you want to, then leave it in the comment section below! ENJOY!
Am2yn34RKSA-00000-00000003-00000582 the most famous video of all is one zero seven nine you knock receipt on Orcas the new world
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Am2yn34RKSA-00006-00004473-00005304 and we're currently visiting once again it's the number one pastor evangelist Crusader actually
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Am2yn34RKSA-00010-00007950-00008544 this man here it's Greco militia he's running for Senator we've already met with him multiple times
Am2yn34RKSA-00011-00008544-00009102 and his brother Jeremy and his father books you all run this one church so this is the top level
Am2yn34RKSA-00012-00009102-00009543 we're actually on that story and my business partner they're my motorcycle we're actually
Am2yn34RKSA-00013-00009543-00010032 at the gate 2j3 gate of the presidential palace on the other side which we have already visited
Am2yn34RKSA-00014-00010032-00010986 more than three years ago so welcome to your Universal Show of Christ domain.com it's all about
Am2yn34RKSA-00015-00010986-00011667 total social justice and peace with Evo da one in solution peace calm and II was solution manifesto
Am2yn34RKSA-00016-00012571-00012577 you
An8RAt_tuoy-00000-00000141-00000510 Section 9.2 testing the population proportion P.
An8RAt_tuoy-00001-00000528-00000702 So we're going to finally do hypothesis tests
An8RAt_tuoy-00002-00000712-00000789 in this section.
An8RAt_tuoy-00003-00000872-00001122 So we need a few definitions and then we'll jump into an example.
An8RAt_tuoy-00004-00001122-00001462 So the significance level which sometimes we call Alpha
An8RAt_tuoy-00005-00001472-00001631 that little fish like letter.
An8RAt_tuoy-00006-00001710-00002454 Is the maximum risk were willing to take
An8RAt_tuoy-00007-00002454-00002611 of making a type 1 error.
An8RAt_tuoy-00008-00002659-00003092 So it's like our risk of a type 1 error and it is the percentage
An8RAt_tuoy-00009-00003092-00003269 of true claims that we are willing
An8RAt_tuoy-00010-00003269-00003418 to reject in the long run.
An8RAt_tuoy-00011-00003482-00003896 So just like confidence intervals like a 95% confident.
An8RAt_tuoy-00012-00003968-00004111 We were just wrong five percent
An8RAt_tuoy-00013-00004111-00004357 of the time even though we didn't know it same thing here
An8RAt_tuoy-00014-00004357-00004630 if Alpha is 0.05.
An8RAt_tuoy-00015-00004639-00005077 We might reject five percent of the time when we shouldn't have
An8RAt_tuoy-00016-00005077-00005194 and we'll get into that later.
An8RAt_tuoy-00017-00005290-00005639 This is also the cutoff that we will use when we are trying
An8RAt_tuoy-00018-00005639-00005877 to decide if the It's between our sample data
An8RAt_tuoy-00019-00005877-00006193 and ho are just due to random variation.
An8RAt_tuoy-00020-00006499-00006782 So this is our risk for type 1 error.
An8RAt_tuoy-00021-00006794-00007159 But why are we willing to make any type of type 1 error?
An8RAt_tuoy-00022-00007201-00007459 Because the more we decrease our risk
An8RAt_tuoy-00023-00007459-00007712 of type 1 error the more we increase our risk
An8RAt_tuoy-00024-00007712-00007845 of making a type 2 error.
An8RAt_tuoy-00025-00007947-00008123 So you're going to make some errors sometimes
An8RAt_tuoy-00026-00008123-00008426 because statistics is just not a hundred percent, right?
An8RAt_tuoy-00027-00008426-00008577 There's just bad samples sometimes
An8RAt_tuoy-00028-00008671-00009122 so if we lower our risk of type 1 then type twos are more common
An8RAt_tuoy-00029-00009122-00009195 and vice versa.
An8RAt_tuoy-00030-00009271-00009712 So deciding on an alpha Level will depend on if type 2
An8RAt_tuoy-00031-00009712-00009968 or type type 1 or type 2 error is worse.
An8RAt_tuoy-00032-00010048-00010399 So we use smaller Alphas when type one is worse
An8RAt_tuoy-00033-00010408-00010552 and we'll use slightly larger.
An8RAt_tuoy-00034-00010552-00010683 Alpha is one type two is worse
An8RAt_tuoy-00035-00010704-00010914 and that really depends on the situation.
An8RAt_tuoy-00036-00010996-00011187 So I'm just going to immediately do an example
An8RAt_tuoy-00037-00011187-00011317 and then explain the process.
An8RAt_tuoy-00038-00011385-00011687 She's one of those things you kind of have to see it.
An8RAt_tuoy-00039-00011706-00011831 Maybe not fully understand it
An8RAt_tuoy-00040-00011831-00011972 and then we'll talk about all the steps.
An8RAt_tuoy-00041-00011999-00012403 So step one is going to be to do a setup, which I'm going to do.
An8RAt_tuoy-00042-00012403-00012517 Well we read the question.
An8RAt_tuoy-00043-00012621-00012775 So what we're going to do is we're going
An8RAt_tuoy-00044-00012775-00013234 to find the hypothesis and we're going to find the alpha level
An8RAt_tuoy-00045-00013234-00013624 as we read what's going on and then we'll do a hypothesis test.
An8RAt_tuoy-00046-00013702-00014006 So Egg Farmers try to find and remove all the cracked eggs
An8RAt_tuoy-00047-00014006-00014347 from processing line before they are packaged and shipped.
An8RAt_tuoy-00048-00014361-00014608 However, human testers are only able to detect
An8RAt_tuoy-00049-00014608-00014846 about eighty five point eight percent of the cracked eggs.
An8RAt_tuoy-00050-00014865-00015061 So sometimes there's cracked eggs in cartons.
An8RAt_tuoy-00051-00015061-00015225 I'm sure we've seen this at a grocery store.
An8RAt_tuoy-00052-00015284-00015638 So one egg company considers it Possible.
An8RAt_tuoy-00053-00015660-00015828 If no more than four percent of the eggs
An8RAt_tuoy-00054-00015828-00016235 in the carton are cracked as part of Quality Control process,
An8RAt_tuoy-00055-00016235-00016604 they choose and tested 288 aches.
An8RAt_tuoy-00056-00016632-00016732 So the sounds like a sample
An8RAt_tuoy-00057-00016732-00016976 to me quality control would be a sample.
An8RAt_tuoy-00058-00016996-00017395 Ready to be shipped and the sample had 21 cracked eggs.
An8RAt_tuoy-00059-00017478-00017789 So there's a lot of information will take it piece by piece.
An8RAt_tuoy-00060-00017869-00017917 But let's see.
An8RAt_tuoy-00061-00017917-00018242 What's the hypothesis so does the data provide enough evidence
An8RAt_tuoy-00062-00018242-00018411 at 10 percent significance?
An8RAt_tuoy-00063-00018426-00019025 So that's why Alpha in decimal form will say Alpha is point 10
An8RAt_tuoy-00064-00019025-00019275 that's going to be step to to show
An8RAt_tuoy-00065-00019275-00019486 that the testers are currently allowing.
An8RAt_tuoy-00066-00019491-00019858 So this here's my hypothesis and unacceptable proportion
An8RAt_tuoy-00067-00019858-00020021 of cracked eggs into the cartons.
An8RAt_tuoy-00068-00020117-00020398 So we're in proportion land no memes.
An8RAt_tuoy-00069-00020438-00021043 So I know that my hypothesis will have p and p
An8RAt_tuoy-00070-00021074-00021338 and then what would be considered unacceptable?
An8RAt_tuoy-00071-00021372-00021695 So no more than four is acceptable.
An8RAt_tuoy-00072-00021719-00021955 So more than 4 would be unacceptable.
An8RAt_tuoy-00073-00021996-00022211 So that'll be my H1.
An8RAt_tuoy-00074-00022211-00022443 We're trying to prove that.
An8RAt_tuoy-00075-00022443-00022611 They're allowing too many cracked eggs,
An8RAt_tuoy-00076-00022611-00022869 and then our null will always just be equal
An8RAt_tuoy-00077-00022887-00023207 to that same number 0.04.
An8RAt_tuoy-00078-00023228-00023338 All right, so then just
An8RAt_tuoy-00079-00023338-00023517 like a science class or an English class.
An8RAt_tuoy-00080-00023517-00023804 We're going to go ahead and investigate so the setup is
An8RAt_tuoy-00081-00023804-00023913 like our introduction.
An8RAt_tuoy-00082-00023986-00024197 So to investigate we're going
An8RAt_tuoy-00083-00024197-00024430 to calculate some statistics from the sample.
An8RAt_tuoy-00084-00024515-00024689 So what do we know from the sample?
An8RAt_tuoy-00085-00024791-00025261 We know n is 288 that's all of the eggs and we know
An8RAt_tuoy-00086-00025261-00025417 that 21 of them were cracked.
An8RAt_tuoy-00087-00025417-00025832 So P hats my sample will be 21 out of the 288.
An8RAt_tuoy-00088-00026070-00026187 Which gives me?
An8RAt_tuoy-00089-00026248-00026742 point zero seven to nine 21 / 288
An8RAt_tuoy-00090-00027771-00027980 and so we're going to find a z-score.
An8RAt_tuoy-00091-00028003-00028233 So I'm going to do this new formula for a z-score
An8RAt_tuoy-00092-00028351-00028576 since we don't really have a mean or standard deviation.
An8RAt_tuoy-00093-00028576-00028726 We have a special z-score for this
An8RAt_tuoy-00094-00028726-00029077 so it's going to be P hat minus P0.
An8RAt_tuoy-00095-00029077-00029293 So P0 is the one from the hypothesis.
An8RAt_tuoy-00096-00029305-00029581 So that'll be .004.
An8RAt_tuoy-00097-00029593-00029985 And then divide it by this new formula
An8RAt_tuoy-00098-00030004-00030223 that represents standard deviation,
An8RAt_tuoy-00099-00030223-00030308 but we don't need to find it.
An8RAt_tuoy-00100-00030344-00030715 So we'll be square root of p 0 times 1 minus p 0 Over N.
An8RAt_tuoy-00101-00030825-00031166 So we will do the sample value of 7 to 9 -
An8RAt_tuoy-00102-00031166-00031562 0 for all over this really ugly square root
An8RAt_tuoy-00103-00031567-00031990 of 4 1 minus 0.04 all over to 88.
An8RAt_tuoy-00104-00032087-00032341 And if we add parentheses we can do everything at once.
An8RAt_tuoy-00105-00032341-00032720 So I put parentheses
An8RAt_tuoy-00106-00032720-00032977 on the numerator parentheses Point O seven
An8RAt_tuoy-00107-00032977-00033462 to nine minus 0.04 parentheses divided by square root
An8RAt_tuoy-00108-00033462-00033627 and then just make sure all of those numbers are
An8RAt_tuoy-00109-00033627-00034303 in the square root .04 1 minus 0.04 divided by 288 and notice
An8RAt_tuoy-00110-00034303-00034498 that square root bar is over all those numbers.
An8RAt_tuoy-00111-00034557-00034829 And I have a syntax error.
An8RAt_tuoy-00112-00034909-00035130 Oh. Syntax error just means you type something
An8RAt_tuoy-00113-00035130-00035202 that doesn't make sense.
An8RAt_tuoy-00114-00035245-00035427 I accidentally typed it decimal instead of two
An8RAt_tuoy-00115-00035435-00035811 and I get a z-score of 2 point 8 4 9
An8RAt_tuoy-00116-00035835-00036183 so this is probably strong evidence because it's more
An8RAt_tuoy-00117-00036183-00036320 than two standard deviations,
An8RAt_tuoy-00118-00036364-00036571 but the hypothesis test is actually going
An8RAt_tuoy-00119-00036571-00036787 to go a little farther and measure the risk.
An8RAt_tuoy-00120-00036787-00037445 So it's probably strong evidence again because of that z-score,
An8RAt_tuoy-00121-00037465-00037589 but now we're going to measure risk
An8RAt_tuoy-00122-00037589-00037747 and that's this new thing called the P value.
An8RAt_tuoy-00123-00037747-00038081 So we're going to do is we're going to draw the normal curve.
An8RAt_tuoy-00124-00038143-00038418 We're going to label the Z score at two point eight four nine.
An8RAt_tuoy-00125-00038514-00038850 And then since we're doing a right tailed test for greater,
An8RAt_tuoy-00126-00038850-00039169 then we're going to shade to the right and find the area
An8RAt_tuoy-00127-00039169-00039402 and that's the p-value.
An8RAt_tuoy-00128-00039440-00039671 So p-value is the area.
An8RAt_tuoy-00129-00039671-00040218 And in case we don't remember that's normal CDF
An8RAt_tuoy-00130-00040249-00040604 for area lower is two point eight four nine
An8RAt_tuoy-00131-00040620-00041423 up to Infinity is my upper or 10 to the 99.
An8RAt_tuoy-00132-00041435-00042267 second distribution go down to normalcdf 2.84 9 comma 10
An8RAt_tuoy-00133-00042272-00042438 to the 99.
An8RAt_tuoy-00134-00042480-00042715 And we get the small decimal.
An8RAt_tuoy-00135-00042798-00043332 point zero zero two two so the idea here is saying
An8RAt_tuoy-00136-00043332-00043749 that if four percent of eggs are cracked.
An8RAt_tuoy-00137-00044267-00044498 And that's coming from the h 0.
An8RAt_tuoy-00138-00044498-00044804 So if h0 is true, there's really only a point
An8RAt_tuoy-00139-00044804-00044968 to two percent chance.
An8RAt_tuoy-00140-00044968-00045084 This would happen randomly.
An8RAt_tuoy-00141-00045098-00046355 Which means it's probably not random
An8RAt_tuoy-00142-00046380-00046703 and it means it probably isn't equal to 0.4.
An8RAt_tuoy-00143-00046792-00047020 And so that's where our conclusion is is we're going
An8RAt_tuoy-00144-00047020-00047087 to reject.
An8RAt_tuoy-00145-00047115-00047453 Because it's very unlikely that it's random
An8RAt_tuoy-00146-00047453-00047735 which means it's very unlikely that it's actually four percent.
An8RAt_tuoy-00147-00047779-00048068 So we reject H. Oh, which means we're rejecting
An8RAt_tuoy-00148-00048068-00048454 that P equals .04 and by rejecting that or saying
An8RAt_tuoy-00149-00048454-00048772 that hey actually they are letting in too many crab cakes.
An8RAt_tuoy-00150-00048836-00049016 So we'll write that in everyday language.
An8RAt_tuoy-00151-00049156-00049242 We conclude.
An8RAt_tuoy-00152-00049549-00050213 there is unacceptable unacceptable amount
An8RAt_tuoy-00153-00050213-00050763 of cracked eggs I think we use the word proportion
An8RAt_tuoy-00154-00050763-00050914 of cracked eggs.
An8RAt_tuoy-00155-00051211-00051623 So we're basically saying we're rejecting that it equals .04.
An8RAt_tuoy-00156-00051630-00051974 So it must be greater than 0.04 which is unacceptable.
An8RAt_tuoy-00157-00052084-00052393 So rejecting means we're saying hey this first one is not true.
An8RAt_tuoy-00158-00052419-00052756 So the second one must be true and that's a hypothesis test.
An8RAt_tuoy-00159-00052805-00053076 We will definitely like go through all the details of this
An8RAt_tuoy-00160-00053141-00053470 and make sense of it, but it just helps to see an example.
An8RAt_tuoy-00161-00053470-00053719 So that's comment on the requirements
An8RAt_tuoy-00162-00053802-00053895 since its proportions.
An8RAt_tuoy-00163-00053895-00054094 It's going to be that same n p
An8RAt_tuoy-00164-00054094-00054443 and Q. Greater than or equal to 10.
An8RAt_tuoy-00165-00054448-00054600 We have two different peas.
An8RAt_tuoy-00166-00054600-00054904 We have the sample and the hypothesis we're going
An8RAt_tuoy-00167-00054911-00055222 to use the hypothesis value.
An8RAt_tuoy-00168-00055235-00056059 So the .04 so we'll do 288 times 0.04
An8RAt_tuoy-00169-00056121-00056440 and then Q would be 288 times 1 minus 0.04.
An8RAt_tuoy-00170-00056504-00056757 So go ahead and calculate those
An8RAt_tuoy-00171-00056757-00056964 and make sure they're both at least.
An8RAt_tuoy-00172-00057299-00058268 ten So I get 11.52 and 270 6.48 greater than or equal to 10.
An8RAt_tuoy-00173-00058273-00058438 So requirements are met.
An8RAt_tuoy-00174-00058521-00058885 It's the same requirements we've been talking about.
An8RAt_tuoy-00175-00058885-00059338 And then let's suppose your current shipment was taken
An8RAt_tuoy-00176-00059338-00059761 from a sample of a hundred eighty thousand eggs altogether,
An8RAt_tuoy-00177-00059789-00060106 what would you recommend the company do so we concluded
An8RAt_tuoy-00178-00060132-00060322 that they're sending too many cracked eggs.
An8RAt_tuoy-00179-00060366-00060959 So we probably shouldn't send this shipment out.
An8RAt_tuoy-00180-00060972-00061610 So we probably should cancel this shipment.
An8RAt_tuoy-00181-00061615-00061779 Maybe we would take another sample just
An8RAt_tuoy-00182-00061779-00061953 to make sure it's not random.
An8RAt_tuoy-00183-00062020-00062289 I mean, maybe we just really did get a really bad sample,
An8RAt_tuoy-00184-00062306-00062808 but we should cancel it shipment and investigate.
An8RAt_tuoy-00185-00062967-00063746 so statistics tells me that there's too many cracked eggs,
An8RAt_tuoy-00186-00063746-00064024 but maybe not why so maybe they should investigate why there's
An8RAt_tuoy-00187-00064024-00064360 so many Let's just finish up these definitions.
An8RAt_tuoy-00188-00064365-00064492 So step three.
An8RAt_tuoy-00189-00064492-00064612 I labeled it step 3.
An8RAt_tuoy-00190-00064612-00064923 That's called the test stat.
An8RAt_tuoy-00191-00064923-00065172 It'll be a value obtained from the sample that is used
An8RAt_tuoy-00192-00065172-00065480 to determine the strength of our claim so stuff we talked
An8RAt_tuoy-00193-00065480-00065723 about in section 9 1 for now.
An8RAt_tuoy-00194-00065723-00065805 It's the Z score.
An8RAt_tuoy-00195-00065863-00066382 So the z-score is step three step four.
An8RAt_tuoy-00196-00066382-00066548 Is that new thing called the P value?
An8RAt_tuoy-00197-00066558-00066951 This is the chance that the actual difference
An8RAt_tuoy-00198-00066958-00067074 or more extreme.
An8RAt_tuoy-00199-00067099-00067306 We are seeing in our sample data is just due
An8RAt_tuoy-00200-00067306-00067472 to random variation or chance.
An8RAt_tuoy-00201-00068235-00068625 The probability it also is the probability.
An8RAt_tuoy-00202-00068652-00069048 Of seeing a value of the test statistic
An8RAt_tuoy-00203-00069048-00069375 that as a is a least this consistent with ho
An8RAt_tuoy-00204-00069375-00069671 as our test statistic given the ho is true.
An8RAt_tuoy-00205-00069758-00069991 So basically what's the probability we would see this
An8RAt_tuoy-00206-00069991-00070160 if ho is true.
An8RAt_tuoy-00207-00070160-00070458 So in the last example, what's the chance this would happen
An8RAt_tuoy-00208-00070458-00070820 if the eggs were actually only at 4% So the smaller
An8RAt_tuoy-00209-00070820-00071173 that number is the less likely I think the alternative
An8RAt_tuoy-00210-00071173-00071429 interpretation is where students understand it the most
An8RAt_tuoy-00211-00071429-00071912 so you can think of the P value as the actual Q would be taking
An8RAt_tuoy-00212-00072000-00072312 of making a type 1 error if you do reject.
An8RAt_tuoy-00213-00072383-00072520 With your current evidence
An8RAt_tuoy-00214-00072556-00072774 so that last example is basically saying there's only a
An8RAt_tuoy-00215-00072781-00072927 point to two percent risk.
An8RAt_tuoy-00216-00072988-00073213 So little risk means we'll go ahead and reject.
An8RAt_tuoy-00217-00073358-00074088 And Visually p-value is area under the Curve.
An8RAt_tuoy-00218-00074096-00074436 So it should make sense that as those areas get smaller
An8RAt_tuoy-00219-00074436-00074488 and smaller.
An8RAt_tuoy-00220-00074488-00074839 It's less and less likely to happen just randomly
An8RAt_tuoy-00221-00074839-00075039 and that's what a p-value is.
An8RAt_tuoy-00222-00075116-00075394 So when you come back, we'll practice the formulas
An8RAt_tuoy-00223-00075394-00075733 and then we'll practice more hypothesis test and it'll start
An8RAt_tuoy-00224-00075733-00075897 to make more sense as we go through the chapter.
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Bo90OiArAbc-00000-00000096-00001072 okay uh so this week we will talk another um very important aspect of date visualization so that is
Bo90OiArAbc-00001-00001072-00001712 uh using colors so we are introduced color theories um this week and we also will
Bo90OiArAbc-00002-00001792-00002432 go through um and project that using uh hollowing data so that hopefully
Bo90OiArAbc-00003-00002488-00003104 uh can give us some ideas that can how we can do some great data visualizations
Bo90OiArAbc-00004-00003272-00003640 so the use of colors in data visualization is very important
Bo90OiArAbc-00005-00003640-00004456 and in most cases not in most cases in many cases that you might be misusing the data so let's look
Bo90OiArAbc-00006-00004456-00005376 uh two examples so this is the example that um that the use of color here so it's very
Bo90OiArAbc-00007-00005376-00006112 simple um just two colors blue and also grey and the blue is used to highlight the data
Bo90OiArAbc-00008-00006208-00006784 okay so in this case is the case that below the minimal reach and we can see it's very clear
Bo90OiArAbc-00009-00007159-00007656 and this is another example that using color so here we can see that on those
Bo90OiArAbc-00010-00007656-00008464 two charts on those two dashboards so they're uh talking about the exactly the same data but
Bo90OiArAbc-00011-00008464-00009480 by using different colors and that can send you totally different messages so that is another uh
Bo90OiArAbc-00012-00009680-00010352 important aspect of using color because people perceive colors um very subjective
Bo90OiArAbc-00013-00010352-00011104 so when people see red people have different feelings then people see the blue okay so we
Bo90OiArAbc-00014-00011104-00012048 can use we can use colors to highlight our data we can also use colors to send different messages
Bo90OiArAbc-00015-00012240-00012863 from our data visualizations so there are different type of colors
Bo90OiArAbc-00016-00012968-00013808 so here we have the color that is from the natural the word and the color is unnatural so those are
Bo90OiArAbc-00017-00013872-00014608 colors that can be used like highlighting or to draw attention from
Bo90OiArAbc-00018-00014608-00015319 from the users and the colors like let that like from the nature world can be used for categorical
Bo90OiArAbc-00019-00015472-00016224 uh the foundation so that to distinguish different categories we also have colors that are called
Bo90OiArAbc-00020-00016224-00016848 the cool color so like uh blue green etc and also we also have warm colors
Bo90OiArAbc-00021-00016912-00017480 like yellow red okay so those are can be also used for warning and those can be used for highlight
Bo90OiArAbc-00022-00017696-00018432 okay so let's look at the physical properties of the colors so why do human beings can see
Bo90OiArAbc-00023-00018432-00019336 the colors so the reason is because the sun sends out energy to the object okay send out the light
Bo90OiArAbc-00024-00019336-00020368 which is the type energy and part of energies will go through the object part will be uh absorbed by
Bo90OiArAbc-00025-00020368-00020968 a bad object that will convert into heat and the part of energies will be reflected
Bo90OiArAbc-00026-00021024-00022144 by our human so that will be seen also be us by our human eyes and the light has different
Bo90OiArAbc-00027-00022144-00022976 wavelength range okay and we know that the light has a a very long wavelength range uh from gamma
Bo90OiArAbc-00028-00022976-00023768 x-rays into the uh the the the band that is the visible part and also into the near infrared
Bo90OiArAbc-00029-00023920-00024720 okay and also reduce etcetera fmpn uh so our human eyes can only see this tiny part
Bo90OiArAbc-00030-00024720-00025552 of the wavelength of the light the range of wavelengths of the light and if the object
Bo90OiArAbc-00031-00025552-00026568 that reflect uh the visible part of the wavelength e poly and all together so have high reflections
Bo90OiArAbc-00032-00026656-00027264 of all the wavelengths so that is what we saw that as white okay we can see a white object
Bo90OiArAbc-00033-00027376-00028136 and if the object if the target reflect most of the energies in this red band and that's why we
Bo90OiArAbc-00034-00028136-00028864 saw it right if that in yellow that's why we saw it yellow and also that same reason that why we
Bo90OiArAbc-00035-00028864-00029864 see a blue object a green object if that has if the object has a low reflections in all those
Bo90OiArAbc-00036-00029952-00030560 visible range of the wavelength and that is where we see a black object
Bo90OiArAbc-00037-00030816-00031456 and we have two types of the color theories okay so we have these additive color theories
Bo90OiArAbc-00038-00031456-00032488 where the red green blue and those primary colors and combining of two primary colors will produce
Bo90OiArAbc-00039-00032488-00033184 the other three types of the colors and combination of all three colors will produce
Bo90OiArAbc-00040-00033184-00033872 white okay all three together will produce white and this color theory has been used
Bo90OiArAbc-00041-00033928-00034784 like all those uh electronic screens like our computer monitors uh television screens
Bo90OiArAbc-00042-00034784-00035544 move fields etc so those are all the results of this additive primary of those immediate light
Bo90OiArAbc-00043-00035816-00036552 and we also have this subtractive color theory so magenta sign and also yellow are
Bo90OiArAbc-00044-00036552-00037376 those three primary colors and combining of us two will produce those three type colors
Bo90OiArAbc-00045-00037480-00038384 and all three together will generate this black color okay and this type color theories has been
Bo90OiArAbc-00046-00038384-00039200 used by printings okay so uh it is based on that subtracting the energy being absorbed
Bo90OiArAbc-00047-00039200-00039952 by the ink and the reflecting remaining energy okay so that is uh subtractive color theories
Bo90OiArAbc-00048-00039952-00040600 and that is why that when you buy the ink uh for the printers uh so that's why why we
Bo90OiArAbc-00049-00040600-00041152 you can always buy those three type colors and sometimes plus black okay that is because
Bo90OiArAbc-00050-00041240-00041800 printers are base are using this subtractive subtractive color theories
Bo90OiArAbc-00051-00042056-00042552 okay and the component of the colors so normally when we talk about colors
Bo90OiArAbc-00052-00042552-00043256 so there are three features of the colors hue is just a type of the colors so normally that
Bo90OiArAbc-00053-00043256-00044344 we uh we will see that there are 12 type of colors like red orange yellow purple etc saturation
Bo90OiArAbc-00054-00044400-00045024 stands for intensity of the vividness of the colors so that is that we're comparing
Bo90OiArAbc-00055-00045024-00045784 the the pure color against a natural gray okay so this is called saturation
Bo90OiArAbc-00056-00045992-00046616 uh we also talked about another feature it's called value so that's the quality of the likeness
Bo90OiArAbc-00057-00046616-00047472 or the darkness of the colors okay so that is called values and we also have this color wheel
Bo90OiArAbc-00058-00047472-00048152 so that we put different here of the colors on this wheel and the color wheel on this wheel
Bo90OiArAbc-00059-00048152-00048920 that the color that opposite to each other okay has the most the strongest
Bo90OiArAbc-00060-00049008-00049792 comparisons okay so they confided each other the most so for example red green contract the green
Bo90OiArAbc-00061-00049848-00050984 blue orange okay and here i also want to highlight that try to avoid using red and green combination
Bo90OiArAbc-00062-00051152-00051776 okay and because some people that cannot tell the difference of those two colors
Bo90OiArAbc-00063-00051776-00052455 so instead orange and blue combination is a is a good alternative
Bo90OiArAbc-00064-00052455-00053055 okay so try to avoid using red green and but instead using orange and blue
Bo90OiArAbc-00065-00053279-00053976 okay and also as i said colors people have very subjective feelings of the colors
Bo90OiArAbc-00066-00054064-00054496 so here we i just listed different type of the colors to different hues
Bo90OiArAbc-00067-00054560-00055255 so ask yourself so what is your reaction or you see those different type colors like
Bo90OiArAbc-00068-00055328-00055984 um based on some research so those are the different reactions uh for the colors
Bo90OiArAbc-00069-00055984-00056816 for example people yellow so it's kind of the warning hate cheerfulness so sometimes it's um
Bo90OiArAbc-00070-00056960-00057991 they have the opposite feelings uh find some other the red life blood power danger okay
Bo90OiArAbc-00071-00058048-00059120 and blue coldness silence depression however truth damps etc for green
Bo90OiArAbc-00072-00059184-00060384 okay spring nature envy grid okay and purple so like dignity royal richness painful
Bo90OiArAbc-00073-00060600-00061296 and also white so that like the thickness purity face cleanness
Bo90OiArAbc-00074-00061448-00062064 and for the gray so people may feel like quiet controlled motions okay
Bo90OiArAbc-00075-00062184-00062944 and grit is also color that personally i like it loud because grey is a safe color that you can use
Bo90OiArAbc-00076-00062944-00063808 grey to combine with the other type of colors and for the blank selects the heaviness strands etc
Bo90OiArAbc-00077-00064064-00064600 and in addition to a single color the color combinations are also can be
Bo90OiArAbc-00078-00064600-00065391 very subjective however some researchers did tell us that most people they they like some
Bo90OiArAbc-00079-00065488-00066240 type of combination of colors and many people will also hate the specific combination of the colors
Bo90OiArAbc-00080-00066296-00066664 so here i also have those combination of those different type colors
Bo90OiArAbc-00081-00066792-00067384 so ask yourself which one you like the most and which one you you hate the most
Bo90OiArAbc-00082-00067616-00068288 i think most words will not like this color condition that is right on green okay
Bo90OiArAbc-00083-00068416-00069056 so here are two studies that are talking about the color combinations and you can see
Bo90OiArAbc-00084-00069056-00070040 both studies say that the best color condition is yellow and black okay yellow and black okay
Bo90OiArAbc-00085-00070096-00070832 and both studies said that red and green red and green are the worst color conditions
Bo90OiArAbc-00086-00070832-00071240 so those are something that you may want to try to avoid
Bo90OiArAbc-00087-00071456-00072336 okay and there are also different use um for the use of data visualizations so those are
Bo90OiArAbc-00088-00072336-00073176 different schemas so we have the sequential uh we have diverging categorical color we can also
Bo90OiArAbc-00089-00073176-00073968 highlight or alert the color so sequential is that we're using a single hue but we are changing the
Bo90OiArAbc-00090-00073968-00074624 values of the saturation the colors and this is for the quantitative data so like numbers
Bo90OiArAbc-00091-00074816-00075256 diverging is also used to visualize quantitative data
Bo90OiArAbc-00092-00075328-00076048 however we are using the two color type so two hues and we are changing the values of situations
Bo90OiArAbc-00093-00076136-00076872 so that we want to highlight the specific range of the colors so in most cases we want to highlight
Bo90OiArAbc-00094-00076872-00077640 the minimal or the maximal colors catwalk skimmer is using different type of the hues
Bo90OiArAbc-00095-00077720-00078240 okay and we should try to avoid using those pure colors in this case
Bo90OiArAbc-00096-00078384-00078848 for to to distinguish those categoric data so like the strings
Bo90OiArAbc-00097-00079088-00079848 okay so for the different type of the colors and we can also use a cold color or the warm color
Bo90OiArAbc-00098-00079848-00080736 to highlight or to alert specific data point so this is the example that using sequential color
Bo90OiArAbc-00099-00080736-00081216 so that we can see here we are using one type of color but we are changing the darkness
Bo90OiArAbc-00100-00081280-00081800 of the situation of the color to show the unemployment rate by each state
Bo90OiArAbc-00101-00081944-00082584 okay and this is a diverging color so that we are showing the
Bo90OiArAbc-00102-00082584-00083312 profit by using the orange and those blue combination and here you can see
Bo90OiArAbc-00103-00083312-00083920 which county or which state has the highest profit and which state has the lowest profit
Bo90OiArAbc-00104-00084136-00084856 okay so this and is an example of use catabolic data category colors okay select different
Bo90OiArAbc-00105-00084928-00085648 um different type of the furnitures of office supplies and also technologies okay
Bo90OiArAbc-00106-00085944-00086728 and here this example of using the highlight color okay so that we used to highlight
Bo90OiArAbc-00107-00086728-00087400 one data point for the category and this is the slope graph where we want to highlight
Bo90OiArAbc-00108-00087472-00088224 this specific trend that has increased the most and this is also another example of using the
Bo90OiArAbc-00109-00088224-00088976 alerting color okay so that here we're using those warm colors okay to indicate that some abnormal
Bo90OiArAbc-00110-00089040-00089328 situations
B2NSTcHZxs0-00000-00000240-00000852 visualizing Market information has changed over the years from the early days of tape reading
B2NSTcHZxs0-00001-00000852-00001596 and the bucket shops of the Jesse Livermore era onto simple line charts candlesticks volume bars
B2NSTcHZxs0-00002-00001596-00002292 footprint charts and the DOM many of these changes were brought about by the evolution of Technology
B2NSTcHZxs0-00003-00002412-00002814 we now have faster and more powerful computer systems than ever before
B2NSTcHZxs0-00004-00002940-00003564 this creates new opportunities for data visualization many see liquidity heat Maps
B2NSTcHZxs0-00005-00003564-00004008 as just the next step forward in visualizing real-time Market information and Order flow
B6hWPTDrh0o-00000-00000746-00000846 Hi.
B6hWPTDrh0o-00001-00000846-00001063 I’m Lynette from PanicAttackRecovery.com.
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B6hWPTDrh0o-00005-00002083-00002632 As you might have experienced one time or another, music can lift your mood.
B6hWPTDrh0o-00006-00002632-00002922 But what about using music for anxiety?
B6hWPTDrh0o-00007-00002922-00003552 There appear to be a considerable amount of interesting findings on the benefits of music.
B6hWPTDrh0o-00008-00003552-00004130 A team led by Professor Daniel J. Levitin of McGill University’s Psychology Department
B6hWPTDrh0o-00009-00004130-00004846 has been able to show that playing and listening to music has clear benefits for both mental
B6hWPTDrh0o-00010-00004846-00005026 and physical health.
B6hWPTDrh0o-00011-00005026-00005203 Professor Levitin indicates:
B6hWPTDrh0o-00012-00005203-00005841 “But even more importantly, we were able to document the neurochemical mechanisms by
B6hWPTDrh0o-00013-00005841-00006695 which music has an effect in four domains: management of mood, stress, immunity and as
B6hWPTDrh0o-00014-00006695-00006938 an aid to social bonding.”
B6hWPTDrh0o-00015-00006938-00007650 This work consisted of a review of 400 papers on the subject of the neurochemistry of music.
B6hWPTDrh0o-00016-00007650-00008022 Some key findings with regard to the benefits of music were:
B6hWPTDrh0o-00017-00008022-00008567 improving the body’s immune system function reducing levels of stress
B6hWPTDrh0o-00018-00008567-00009203 more effective than prescription drugs in reducing anxiety prior to surgery
B6hWPTDrh0o-00019-00009203-00009731 The Canadian Association of Music Therapy indicates that Music Therapy can be helpful
B6hWPTDrh0o-00020-00009731-00009975 for a number of conditions.
B6hWPTDrh0o-00021-00009975-00010421 Here are just a few of them: Acquired Brain Injury
B6hWPTDrh0o-00022-00010421-00011010 Autism and other Pervasive Development Disabilities Emotional Traumas
B6hWPTDrh0o-00023-00011010-00011282 Mental Health Personal Growth
B6hWPTDrh0o-00024-00011282-00011760 Speech and Language Impairments Substance Abuse
B6hWPTDrh0o-00025-00011760-00012171 Teens at Risk Victims of Abuse
B6hWPTDrh0o-00026-00012171-00012759 This information suggests that music could be helpful for anxiety and your mental health.
B6hWPTDrh0o-00027-00012759-00013428 Also, knowing that you are doing something beneficial for your health can be very calming
B6hWPTDrh0o-00028-00013428-00013582 and make you feel good.
B6hWPTDrh0o-00029-00013582-00014251 You might consider using music as an adjunct to the evidenced based techniques specifically
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B6hWPTDrh0o-00035-00016161-00016541 Please visit our website at PanicAttackRecovery.com
B6tSkep7sPo-00000-00000054-00000996 My mother she knows so many things. Mum can find information and things as tiny and
B6tSkep7sPo-00001-00000996-00001578 numerous as the dots in the night sky. Mum checks everything down to the last detail,
B6tSkep7sPo-00002-00001578-00001926 nothing gets by her! That's her way of protecting people.
B6tSkep7sPo-00003-00002082-00002658 My dad is a real superhero, he told me there were people selling fake drugs to make money
B6tSkep7sPo-00004-00002802-00003042 but these fake drugs are very dangerous.
B6tSkep7sPo-00005-00003270-00003918 So my father is making sure that these people are arrested so that everybody can get proper drugs.
B6tSkep7sPo-00006-00004206-00004782 I love it when my grandma tells me stories from the past, especially about my great-granddad.
B6tSkep7sPo-00007-00004782-00005316 Grandma tells me that sounds and beats were used to send messages just like in old movies.
B6tSkep7sPo-00008-00005316-00005970 The ways people investigate has really changed, they go so much faster to catch bad guys today,
B6tSkep7sPo-00009-00005970-00006588 it's like going from black and white to colour. Every day my dad works to protect
B6tSkep7sPo-00010-00006588-00007122 the planet and thanks to him I can imagine a world where people take care of nature,
B6tSkep7sPo-00011-00007122-00007842 animals and protect forests and oceans. Helping people do this is my dad's job.
B6tSkep7sPo-00012-00007842-00007890 [Music]
B9uE5DVG_PU-00000-00000416-00000687 How are you!! I'm Cordelia.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00001-00000688-00001074 Korean pears are really delicious.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00002-00001122-00001534 Michael Jackson also loved our pears.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00003-00001576-00002108 I'm going to make kimchi with a delicious korean pear.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00004-00002674-00003311 In the summer, I made kimchi with peaches. Click on the card right above.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00005-00003346-00003797 Peel and cut the two pears to a suitable size.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00006-00003820-00004298 1/2 and 2 tablespoons salt is seasoned. (About 30 minutes)
B9uE5DVG_PU-00007-00004366-00004590 10 garlic cloves.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00008-00004718-00004994 2/3 cup red pepper powder.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00009-00005072-00005236 2 tablespoons fish sauce.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00010-00005798-00006036 2 tablespoons sesame seeds
B9uE5DVG_PU-00011-00006248-00006502 Mix well.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00012-00006536-00006816 Cut a handful of chives to about 4cm.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00013-00007042-00007670 The pear is not washed in water. Put it in a basket to remove moisture.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00014-00007736-00008328 Add pears and chives to a wide bowl and mix well with the seasonings.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00015-00009508-00009992 This pear is finely dyed with red pepper.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00016-00010074-00010634 Refrigerate. It should be cool and much more delicious.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00017-00011096-00011670 Are you curious about the taste of kimchi made by pear?
B9uE5DVG_PU-00018-00011732-00012050 How to make it is simple.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00019-00012088-00012274 Make sure to try it once.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00020-00012312-00012570 It's salted, so the taste doesn't change after a week.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00021-00012602-00013060 It's a great place to enjoy autumn in Korea with a delicious pear.
B9uE5DVG_PU-00022-00013447-00013730 We'll see you again next time!
BrRh19SNtmy-00000-00002798-00002932 So here is what I would like you to do
BrRh19SNtmy-00001-00002932-00003018 and then I am going to ask you to 
BrRh19SNtmy-00002-00003018-00003286 repeat the task to me. I am going to put 
BrRh19SNtmy-00003-00003286-00003496 you at a specific anchor chart, you are 
BrRh19SNtmy-00004-00003496-00003685 each going to have an article. I am going 
BrRh19SNtmy-00005-00003685-00003911 to give you guys one minute to read that 
BrRh19SNtmy-00006-00003911-00004183 whole article and then come up with a 
BrRh19SNtmy-00007-00004183-00004438 quick nickname. Okay? There is little
BrRh19SNtmy-00008-00004438-00004612 pages at the bottom, either right
BrRh19SNtmy-00009-00004612-00004820 here on the desk or attached
BrRh19SNtmy-00010-00004820-00005090 to the poster, where you can write
BrRh19SNtmy-00011-00005090-00005307 the quick nickname, Okay?
BrRh19SNtmy-00012-00005307-00005492 And after one minute passes,
BrRh19SNtmy-00013-00005492-00005612 I am going to call your attention to the
BrRh19SNtmy-00014-00005612-00005753 center and we are going to rotate
BrRh19SNtmy-00015-00005753-00005988 clockwise. You are going to hit
BrRh19SNtmy-00016-00005988-00006261 all seven of these articles and then 
BrRh19SNtmy-00017-00006261-00006509 we are going to pick the best one. Okay?
BrRh19SNtmy-00018-00006509-00006776 So I'd like you to turn and talk to your team
BrRh19SNtmy-00019-00006776-00006948 please describe the task and then
BrRh19SNtmy-00020-00006948-00007033 I am going to call on someone to 
BrRh19SNtmy-00021-00007033-00007084 help me out. 
BrRh19SNtmy-00022-00007580-00007723 Figure out a nickname for all of them.
BrRh19SNtmy-00023-00007723-00007902 We are gong to read it over and then
BrRh19SNtmy-00024-00007902-00008095 we are going to write a nickname down.
BrRh19SNtmy-00025-00008095-00008265 And at the end she is going to ask one of
BrRh19SNtmy-00026-00008265-00008547 us to say which of the five
BrRh19SNtmy-00027-00008547-00008751 nicknames she says and then we will
BrRh19SNtmy-00028-00008751-00008954 all pick the one that sounds the best.
BrRh19SNtmy-00029-00008954-00009176 Agreed?
BrRh19SNtmy-00030-00009176-00009251 Agreed.
BrRh19SNtmy-00031-00009251-00009692 Yeah.
BrRh19SNtmy-00032-00009692-00009887 Look at my hand. Thank you. Jay,
BrRh19SNtmy-00033-00009887-00009998 can you rephrase what I would like
BrRh19SNtmy-00034-00009998-00010245 you to do in your task?
BrRh19SNtmy-00035-00010245-00010368 You would like us to
BrRh19SNtmy-00036-00010368-00010551 read the article and then write down
BrRh19SNtmy-00037-00010551-00010727 a nickname that you would say
BrRh19SNtmy-00038-00010727-00010954 and at the end, you would ask one of us
BrRh19SNtmy-00039-00010954-00011202 to read all of the five ones
BrRh19SNtmy-00040-00011202-00011299 and then we would all decide the
BrRh19SNtmy-00041-00011299-00011411 one together.
BrRh19SNtmy-00042-00011411-00011577 Okay, we are going to pick the best one.
BrRh19SNtmy-00043-00011577-00011751 How long are you going to have to accomplish
BrRh19SNtmy-00044-00011751-00011930 this at each poster Braden?
BrRh19SNtmy-00045-00011930-00012040 Seven minutes.
BrRh19SNtmy-00046-00012040-00012187 Well, seven minutes total but there's --
BrRh19SNtmy-00047-00012187-00012298 One Minute.
BrRh19SNtmy-00048-00012298-00012528 One minute, there you go.
BrRh19SNtmy-00049-00012528-00012656 So I am going to tell you where I would like
BrRh19SNtmy-00050-00012656-00012706 you to start. I'm going to have this triad
BrRh19SNtmy-00051-00012706-00013111 start at article one.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00000-00000040-00000399 - This morning, I was actually,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00001-00000688-00001056 wrote up my notes last night and this morning
BwszS2BRZ-8-00002-00001056-00001556 for my word of the year
BwszS2BRZ-8-00003-00001568-00002012 for 2021 and beyond.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00004-00002012-00002287 And it's very amazing, you know,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00005-00002287-00002671 just how the Holy Spirit works with me,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00006-00002671-00003171 'cause He gives me dreams exactly when I need them.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00007-00003344-00003734 So I had a fascinating dream this morning,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00008-00003734-00003817 'cause that's,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00009-00003817-00004117 you guys know that's part of the way
BwszS2BRZ-8-00010-00004117-00004347 the Holy Spirit works with me.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00011-00004347-00004766 So hold on, I'm going to tell you a very fascinating dream.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00012-00004866-00005236 So this morning, I was given a crystal clear dream
BwszS2BRZ-8-00013-00005236-00005530 where I am in the streets.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00014-00005530-00005868 The setting in the streets is very important.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00015-00006060-00006396 And there is a dice game being played.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00016-00006396-00006895 Now, guys, I know nothing about gambling, nothing.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00017-00007003-00007343 I have never gambled in my life.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00018-00007343-00007843 I don't know even the names of these games.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00019-00008081-00008313 So excuse my language for a moment,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00020-00008313-00008523 but this was what was in the dream.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00021-00008650-00008903 I had a crystal clear dream this morning
BwszS2BRZ-8-00022-00009127-00009627 and it's called a "Crap" game that you play with dice,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00023-00009798-00009971 and it's a play on words.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00024-00010094-00010227 And I don't gamble,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00025-00010227-00010413 and I don't even know this verbiage.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00026-00010413-00010600 So I had to, this morning,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00027-00010600-00010915 look this up at seven o'clock this morning.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00028-00010915-00011217 "Craps" is a popular dice game,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00029-00011217-00011662 typically played in a casino with a pair of dice
BwszS2BRZ-8-00030-00011662-00012048 in which players bet on dice rolls.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00031-00012048-00012300 When one is playing "Craps,"
BwszS2BRZ-8-00032-00012300-00012677 money is then wagered against either the casino
BwszS2BRZ-8-00033-00012677-00012922 or other players in the game.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00034-00012922-00013162 When someone plays against other players
BwszS2BRZ-8-00035-00013162-00013568 outside of a casino, it's called "Street Craps"
BwszS2BRZ-8-00036-00013568-00013743 And that's what this was.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00037-00013868-00014232 And I was down in the street with people
BwszS2BRZ-8-00038-00014232-00014540 and they're rolling the dice up against the wall
BwszS2BRZ-8-00039-00014540-00014956 and it actually comes from a French word, et cetera.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00040-00014956-00015456 Now, I wake up, though, hearing the word, hearing this word.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00041-00015490-00015990 I am going to give, it's roll the dice.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00042-00016059-00016311 I hear the words "Roll the dice."
BwszS2BRZ-8-00043-00016311-00016759 I'm going to give double for your trouble.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00044-00016859-00017292 That's what I heard this morning in a dream for 2021.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00045-00017465-00017709 I felt like all of the trouble
BwszS2BRZ-8-00046-00017709-00018046 that we've gone through in 20,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00047-00018046-00018310 that the Holy Spirit was showing me
BwszS2BRZ-8-00048-00018493-00018780 that we got to get out in the streets, though.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00049-00018780-00019071 It's the roaring 20s,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00050-00019071-00019376 and that He wants us to risk.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00051-00019476-00019809 I think He would say to us
BwszS2BRZ-8-00052-00019809-00020268 that He wants us to get out in the streets.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00053-00020268-00020476 We've got to risk.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00054-00020591-00021091 It could get worse before it gets better.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00055-00021097-00021597 There will be riots, sit in and squatters,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00056-00021808-00022280 but God is going to show up in the streets.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00057-00022280-00022780 God is going to meet us as we crouch down in the ground,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00058-00022936-00023232 even that is a form of intercession,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00059-00023232-00023732 crouching down in the ground, wailing and intercession.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00060-00023790-00024114 God says, "Roll the dice.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00061-00024114-00024551 Don't play church, be the church.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00062-00024551-00025051 No more inside the walls, get outside the walls.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00063-00025075-00025352 I will meet with you there.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00064-00025352-00025733 Roll the dice, play some Craps.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00065-00025733-00026007 I will give you double for your trouble."
BwszS2BRZ-8-00066-00026007-00026370 This all is fresh off the griddle.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00067-00026370-00026806 This is like fresh pancakes this morning.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00068-00026806-00027219 Isaiah 61:7, "Instead of your shame,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00069-00027219-00027473 I will give you a double portion.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00070-00027473-00027681 And instead of humiliation,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00071-00027681-00028011 they will shout for joy over their portion.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00072-00028011-00028508 They will possess a double portion in their land
BwszS2BRZ-8-00073-00028508-00028881 and everlasting joy will be theirs."
BwszS2BRZ-8-00074-00028881-00029381 It is a time of the restoring of the roaring 20s.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00075-00029476-00029949 The last ministry trip that I did in 2020,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00076-00030222-00030631 the Holy Spirit spoke to me to go to the newsstand,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00077-00030631-00030736 and I did,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00078-00030736-00031107 and there was a Time magazine of which I picked up.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00079-00031107-00031607 And the magazine is all dedicated to the 100 year cycle
BwszS2BRZ-8-00080-00031617-00031764 of the roaring 20s.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00081-00031920-00032266 And so then we look at the 100 year cycle
BwszS2BRZ-8-00082-00032266-00032710 of what happened 100 years ago.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00083-00032710-00033124 And so I'm just going to say these simple things.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00084-00033124-00033533 Praise is going to the streets.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00085-00033533-00033701 In the 20s,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00086-00033701-00034113 there was a new sound in the 1920s that happened.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00087-00034229-00034679 Women are arising into the place of prominence
BwszS2BRZ-8-00088-00034679-00035078 like never before, because it was the women's suffrage.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00089-00035078-00035343 As it was a time of prohibition,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00090-00035343-00035843 there will be though an open conflict with drugs, harlotry,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00091-00036003-00036503 and murder by abortion with an open war between the states.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00092-00036650-00037059 Gangs and gangster mobs will arise
BwszS2BRZ-8-00093-00037210-00037621 as a new form of a temporary ruling movement,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00094-00037868-00038307 but God's got His antithesis.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00095-00038307-00038740 A fresh justice and compassion movement
BwszS2BRZ-8-00096-00038740-00039068 will displace the darkness.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00097-00039068-00039293 What is required on our part?
BwszS2BRZ-8-00098-00039417-00039746 The power of laser-focus,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00099-00039746-00040229 the power of living life from a parable,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00100-00040229-00040637 the power of proclaiming Psalm 91,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00101-00040637-00041011 the power of prayer and fasting,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00102-00041011-00041405 and the power of corporate communion.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00103-00041405-00041701 There is a lot that we are each carrying,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00104-00041701-00042201 and I just again want to commend to the Body of Christ
BwszS2BRZ-8-00105-00042340-00042840 the stewardship that Mike and Cindy Jacobs are carrying,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00106-00042856-00043349 and I want to thank the Lord for Bishop Hammond
BwszS2BRZ-8-00107-00043349-00043745 and for our other statesmen that was on here today
BwszS2BRZ-8-00108-00043745-00043964 with Bishop Joseph Garlington.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00109-00043964-00044464 So I'm simply bringing you a little portion.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00110-00044518-00044837 The Lord keeps speaking to me about the nature of truth.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00111-00044837-00045049 Truth has the final say.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00112-00045137-00045432 Truth is a spirit that listens
BwszS2BRZ-8-00113-00045432-00045608 and truth is a person,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00114-00045608-00045941 and the Holy Spirit is going to be highlighting
BwszS2BRZ-8-00115-00046086-00046368 the nature of truth.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00116-00046368-00046868 And so I think there is a Holy Spirit movement of truth
BwszS2BRZ-8-00117-00047073-00047473 in the streets that's going to counter
BwszS2BRZ-8-00118-00047473-00047916 this other false movement
BwszS2BRZ-8-00119-00048225-00048356 in the streets.
BwszS2BRZ-8-00120-00048509-00048997 And, yeah, it is a very difficult period of time,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00121-00048997-00049330 but I was given this dream that I'm going to bank on,
BwszS2BRZ-8-00122-00049330-00049488 that we're going to roll the dice
BwszS2BRZ-8-00123-00049488-00049761 and God is going to give us double for our trouble.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00000-00000016-00000475 Hello everyone, and welcome to today's webinar,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00001-00000475-00000791 strategies for reporting qualitative evaluations.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00002-00000897-00001309 This webinar is brought to you by evaluate, the evaluation hub for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00003-00001309-00001664 the advanced technological education program,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00004-00001664-00002096 Evaluate advances evaluation in the community by offering trainings
BwKGXXUqgmk-00005-00002096-00002595 cultivating a network researching emerging topics and collecting data about the A to
BwKGXXUqgmk-00006-00002595-00002964 E program be sure to check out evaluates website to learn.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00007-00002964-00003578 And more slides from this webinar are already on evaluates website along
BwKGXXUqgmk-00008-00003578-00004056 with several other resources the recording will be available in a couple of days and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00009-00004056-00004512 that will be emailed to you I'm a binder
BwKGXXUqgmk-00010-00004512-00004965 I'll be presenting today along with Lissa Wilson Beto we will both work and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00011-00004965-00005266 evaluate which is located at the Evaluation Center at
BwKGXXUqgmk-00012-00005266-00005815 Western Michigan University We'd like we'd like to recognize our evaluate
BwKGXXUqgmk-00013-00005815-00006298 team who has worked behind the scenes to help bring this webinar to you today.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00014-00006298-00006704 And a special thanks goes out to Marjorie Weiser, Maggie and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00015-00006704-00007184 Joseph boost our to A to E community reviewers who provided valuable
BwKGXXUqgmk-00016-00007184-00007670 feedback at our webinar rehearsal, and also our editor Carolyn Williams neuron.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00017-00007841-00008004 This webinar is designed for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00018-00008004-00008424 individuals funded by the National Science Foundation's advanced technological
BwKGXXUqgmk-00019-00008424-00008747 education program or A to E for short.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00020-00008747-00009182 The webinar program it The 80 program is focused on improving technician
BwKGXXUqgmk-00021-00009182-00009484 education mainly through two year colleges.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00022-00009484-00009917 It funds projects in high tech areas like advanced manufacturing and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00023-00009917-00010453 Engineering Technologies, It nanotechnologies, and so on.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00024-00010453-00010781 This is a good time to point out that the views expressed in this webinar
BwKGXXUqgmk-00025-00010781-00010933 are those of the presenters and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00026-00010933-00011303 do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00027-00011424-00011642 Now I'm going to hand it over to Lissa to get us started.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00028-00012128-00012487 To be here with you all today to talk about strategies for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00029-00012487-00012709 reporting qualitative evaluations.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00030-00012832-00013085 So today's webinar has three parts.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00031-00013085-00013380 First, we want to get everyone on the same page with a quick
BwKGXXUqgmk-00032-00013380-00013828 introduction to what we mean when we say qualitative evaluation.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00033-00013828-00014041 Then we're going to talk about trustworthiness and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00034-00014041-00014362 transparency in reporting qualitative data.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00035-00014362-00014668 So by this we mean how to write about your methods and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00036-00014668-00015157 your data in a way that makes readers trust the findings and conclusions.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00037-00015157-00015632 Finally, reporting qualitative data is not all about data visualization and design.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00038-00015632-00015977 But our third section will focus on just that, strategies for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00039-00015977-00016119 reporting qualitative data.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00040-00016442-00016618 So before we jump into our first section,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00041-00016618-00016939 we wanna start off with a poll question for you all.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00042-00016939-00017521 So the question is, how frequently do you use qualitative data in your evaluations.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00043-00017521-00017918 Is it all the time, frequently, rarely, or never?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00044-00017918-00018289 If you are not an evaluator you can also respond about how frequently you
BwKGXXUqgmk-00045-00018289-00018572 receive evaluation reports that use qualitative data.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00046-00018572-00018971 So have a pull tab didn't appear to the right side of your screen.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00047-00018971-00019383 You can navigate to that tab by clicking poll at the top of the screen.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00048-00019383-00019662 But I see a number of you are already answering right now.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00049-00019662-00019841 So that poll should be up and live.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00050-00020025-00020528 We'll give a few seconds for people to answer but it's looking like most
BwKGXXUqgmk-00051-00020528-00021011 people about 50% frequently used qualitative data with 35%
BwKGXXUqgmk-00052-00021011-00021543 saying that they use qualitative data in their evaluations all the time.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00053-00021543-00021954 And another 13 14% of folks joining us today who say they use it rarely or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00054-00021954-00022402 never Well, I think that's a pretty good spectrum of familiarity with qualitative
BwKGXXUqgmk-00055-00022402-00022793 data and know that the strategies that we discussed today are useful for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00056-00022793-00023097 evaluations that are fully qualitative, but also for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00057-00023097-00023418 mixed methods evaluations that only have some qualitative data.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00058-00023603-00023782 So let's jump into things.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00059-00023782-00024233 So we like I said before, I want to spend a few minutes just giving an introduction
BwKGXXUqgmk-00060-00024233-00024636 and overview of qualitative evaluation to get everyone on the same page before we
BwKGXXUqgmk-00061-00024636-00024945 talk about the strategies for reporting that qualitative evaluation.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00062-00025105-00025553 So qualitative evaluation is often described as an approach that allows in
BwKGXXUqgmk-00063-00025553-00026062 depth understanding of a project It allows us to take a deeper look at the why and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00064-00026062-00026663 how a project works qualitative data puts faces to numbers and statistics and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00065-00026663-00027199 it highlights the lived experiences of participants in their own voices and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00066-00027199-00027748 perhaps most obvious it uses qualitative methods, So
BwKGXXUqgmk-00067-00027748-00028112 many times qualitative data is compared to a story.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00068-00028112-00028306 So here in this quote from Michael Quinn Patton,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00069-00028306-00028760 he says, evaluation case studies have all of the elements of a good story.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00070-00028760-00029269 They tell what happened when, to whom, and with what consequences.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00071-00029269-00029808 Qualitative evaluation still measures both the process and the outcomes of a project,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00072-00029808-00030172 but it does so using narratives descriptions and participant voices.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00073-00030357-00030639 So I want to clear up some misconceptions right up front about
BwKGXXUqgmk-00074-00030639-00031057 the use of qualitative data for NSF at evaluations.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00075-00031057-00031576 So yes, the National Science Foundation does consider stories a form of data.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00076-00031576-00031788 Yes, you can include these stories and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00077-00031788-00032352 qualitative data in your NSF annual reports and in your evaluation reports,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00078-00032352-00032763 and yes, qualitative data can contribute to the generation of knowledge and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00079-00032763-00033080 evidence So I've heard from project staff and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00080-00033080-00033404 evaluators that sometimes they shy away from planning or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00081-00033404-00033808 using qualitative data in their evaluations, because they don't think it
BwKGXXUqgmk-00082-00033808-00034315 lives up to the definition of evidence or is not considered rigorous enough.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00083-00034315-00034543 So today I want to challenge those assumptions and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00084-00034543-00034908 demonstrate that a good qualitative study can be worth paying attention to
BwKGXXUqgmk-00085-00035247-00035686 So let's look at two very brief examples of a quantitatively oriented
BwKGXXUqgmk-00086-00035686-00036065 evaluation report and a qualitatively oriented report.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00087-00036065-00036480 So both of these examples are evaluations of a transition program for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00088-00036480-00036669 first generation students.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00089-00036669-00037146 The quantitative report reads that the project serve 23 first generation
BwKGXXUqgmk-00090-00037146-00037280 college students.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00091-00037280-00037525 Six of whom were black, four of whom were Hispanic.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00092-00037525-00037995 90% of the students said that they were satisfied with the program, and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00093-00037995-00038494 50% of the students remained in STEM program after two years, but none of these
BwKGXXUqgmk-00094-00038494-00038920 students that remained in the STEM program were black or Hispanic.The
BwKGXXUqgmk-00095-00038920-00039380 qualitative report reads that the program staff were supportive and friendly.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00096-00039380-00039683 I probably would have dropped out if it wasn't for them.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00097-00039683-00040033 So this quote comes from Jim, a first generation college student who identifies
BwKGXXUqgmk-00098-00040033-00040400 as white and who went on to graduate with a STEM degree.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00099-00040400-00040844 However, Erin, a black student didn't have the same connection to the project staff.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00100-00040844-00041176 His quote reads, "I just never felt like I belonged there.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00101-00041176-00041417 I couldn't see myself working in the field.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00102-00041417-00041711 I wish there were more mentors like me".
BwKGXXUqgmk-00103-00041814-00042184 So even in these short paragraphs, you can see that the qualitative
BwKGXXUqgmk-00104-00042184-00042690 report demonstrates why and how the project is working and not working.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00105-00042690-00042982 It puts a face to the statistics using participant voices.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00106-00043155-00043534 Often in evaluation, we find that a mixed methods study does the best job of
BwKGXXUqgmk-00107-00043534-00043785 answering both the what and the why questions.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00108-00043930-00044170 Including the quantitative and qualitative data and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00109-00044170-00044685 the same report allows readers to see the full story of what's going on so
BwKGXXUqgmk-00110-00044685-00045089 although today's webinar is called qualitative evaluations the strategies we
BwKGXXUqgmk-00111-00045089-00045656 discussed today are applicable to mixed method evaluations as well So
BwKGXXUqgmk-00112-00045656-00046093 this webinar does not go into depth about qualitative data and collection methods or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00113-00046093-00046225 analysis techniques.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00114-00046225-00046463 But I just wanted to give you a quick overview.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00115-00046463-00046784 So when we say qualitative data collection methods,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00116-00046784-00047273 the primary methods we're talking about are observations, interviews,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00117-00047273-00047699 focus groups, even surveys can collect qualitative information.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00118-00047699-00047823 Document reviews or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00119-00047823-00048231 media reviews, so this could be reviews of photos videos or even artwork.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00120-00048431-00048725 And while there are a lot of analysis techniques and approaches for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00121-00048725-00049151 qualitative data a primary one is called the Matic analysis.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00122-00049151-00049488 So to put it very simply this approach involves the review and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00123-00049488-00050098 sorting of data into codes, which then are aggregated into themes So this
BwKGXXUqgmk-00124-00050098-00050557 allows evaluators to identify patterns and meaning in data that come from interviews,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00125-00050557-00051054 observations, or those open ended survey questions we talked about before.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00126-00051054-00051244 So I know this was a really quick overview,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00127-00051244-00051577 but if you want to learn more about qualitative evaluation approaches,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00128-00051577-00051926 data collection methods or qualitative analysis techniques,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00129-00051926-00052229 we do have some additional resources for you on our webpage.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00130-00052377-00052686 Another great way to discuss qualitative data collection or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00131-00052686-00053092 analysis techniques is to reach out to an ATV evaluation coach.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00132-00053092-00053346 So evaluate offers free one on one coaching to
BwKGXXUqgmk-00133-00053346-00053654 anyone who's associated with an ATV project.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00134-00053654-00054054 Take advantage of this peer to peer opportunity to review a data collection
BwKGXXUqgmk-00135-00054054-00054398 instrument are really just to brainstorm ideas with someone else.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00136-00054398-00054892 You can see our website for more information So we're gonna pause here for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00137-00054892-00055247 a minute for our first question break, and we're actually gonna do something
BwKGXXUqgmk-00138-00055247-00055507 new on this webinar is we are actually gonna go ahead and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00139-00055507-00055803 turn on our cameras to be a little bit more personable.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00140-00055803-00056215 So if you have questions, please go ahead and throw them in the chat box.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00141-00056215-00056677 And I'm gonna pass it over to Emma to facilitate these questions.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00142-00057009-00057135 Absolutely thanks Lissa.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00143-00057135-00057429 We actually just had a question come in from Michael.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00144-00057429-00057860 He said as you look at comments from students is it easy to easy easy,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00145-00057860-00058311 I suppose to select some that you like, but how can you choose that?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00146-00058311-00058444 They are representative.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00147-00058444-00058675 Maybe that is beyond the scope today.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00148-00059186-00059582 Airi about using qualitative methods is because they're afraid that it doesn't
BwKGXXUqgmk-00149-00059582-00060021 come off as systematic or rigorous or trustworthy.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00150-00060021-00060449 And so I think there are a lot of ways you can ensure that in the methods and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00151-00060449-00060761 how you're collecting data and how you're analyzing that data.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00152-00060761-00061127 We're not gonna go into that in details today, however we
BwKGXXUqgmk-00153-00061127-00061579 are gonna talk about how you can highlight what you did in your evaluation report.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00154-00061579-00061944 So how are you demonstrating that trustworthiness of your data, to make sure
BwKGXXUqgmk-00155-00061944-00062255 that you didn't just cherry pick quotes out kind of like you're saying.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00156-00062255-00062409 So we're gonna talk about that in today's webinar.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00157-00062700-00063016 All right, and then we have another one that came in from Jovita.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00158-00063016-00063474 She said, they said what is the difference between content analysis versus the Matic
BwKGXXUqgmk-00159-00063474-00063564 analysis?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00160-00063682-00063995 >> That is a great analytical technique question.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00161-00063995-00064278 And so we're not going to get into the details of that there
BwKGXXUqgmk-00162-00064278-00064761 actually is a really great A resource on the website which I'm sure
BwKGXXUqgmk-00163-00064761-00065199 my colleague Ana can throw in the chat just so we know where that is located.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00164-00065199-00065643 But there's a really great overview of these different analysis techniques.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00165-00065744-00066006 I can I can suggest some books that would be really helpful but
BwKGXXUqgmk-00166-00066006-00066450 I think that this open access website does a really good job of over viewing these.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00167-00066450-00066582 These techniques pretty simply.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00168-00066927-00067313 And those are the two questions that we had come in during this question break.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00169-00067313-00067495 As always, if you have additional questions,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00170-00067495-00067798 feel free to let us know in the chat box.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00171-00067906-00068213 >> I do see one more question >> sorry.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00172-00068213-00068612 [INAUDIBLE] Yeah, about free software for thematic analysis.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00173-00068612-00068921 A lot of the software that we do tend to use is paid.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00174-00068921-00069302 So things like In-vivo or MAXQDA.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00175-00069302-00069572 But there are a few free ones actually.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00176-00069572-00070026 And I can look those up during question and put those in the chat.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00177-00070026-00070355 I believe there's a really interesting one that just came out called
BwKGXXUqgmk-00178-00070459-00070824 Duarte I think this was no that's not I'm confusing the name of something else.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00179-00070824-00071169 Let me look it up and I'll respond to that question in the chat.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00180-00071484-00071637 >> And we got another one from Rebecca.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00181-00071637-00071968 She said can you share the quote again you used in the beginning
BwKGXXUqgmk-00182-00071968-00072196 I believe that would be patents quote.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00183-00072196-00072388 >> I can I will throw that in the chat as well.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00184-00072635-00073061 And then we had another one from coral that said how can you be
BwKGXXUqgmk-00185-00073061-00073191 in a member of ATE.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00186-00073399-00073592 >> So, I think there's two different things,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00187-00073592-00073974 so if you are funded by, >> The NSF advanced technological
BwKGXXUqgmk-00188-00073974-00074501 education program or the ATE program, meaning you either have received a grant
BwKGXXUqgmk-00189-00074501-00074762 or you're being funded somehow through that grant.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00190-00074762-00075249 So if you are an evaluator and interested in evaluating an ATE program,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00191-00075249-00075602 reach out to us after the webinar because we would love to connect you with
BwKGXXUqgmk-00192-00075602-00075857 people who are submitting proposals this upcoming year.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00193-00076118-00076253 All right, I know that.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00194-00076253-00076328 Go ahead.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00195-00076328-00076538 >> I'm sorry, do we have time for one more?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00196-00076538-00076625 >> We do.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00197-00076625-00076770 >> Yeah, we've got one more from Becky.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00198-00076770-00076980 She said, do you have any tips or tricks for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00199-00076980-00077238 making qualitative analysis more efficient?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00200-00077238-00077690 All my tools require hours of person power versus quick analysis of
BwKGXXUqgmk-00201-00077690-00078097 qualitative data I can run through SPSS or even Excel.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00202-00078097-00078268 And I'm sorry, I misspoke, quantitative.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00203-00078409-00078726 Got Becky, I think you're putting your finger on something that comes up a lot is
BwKGXXUqgmk-00204-00078726-00079099 the resource constraints around qualitative analysis in particular,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00205-00079099-00079457 because it does take time to really sit with that data and interpret it.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00206-00079457-00079835 But there are some really cutting edge techniques around rapid qualitative
BwKGXXUqgmk-00207-00079835-00079932 analysis.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00208-00079932-00080223 And so a lot of those techniques are very participatory.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00209-00080396-00080889 And have members from the group or participants of the event of the program,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00210-00080889-00081257 come in and help code and source that data.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00211-00081257-00081514 So in many ways it's an analysis technique and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00212-00081514-00081940 a member checking technique, which we'll talk about in a little bit as well.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00213-00082133-00082348 And we'll just take this last one from Randy.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00214-00082348-00082631 He said for NSF reporting, is there a good
BwKGXXUqgmk-00215-00082631-00083029 balance you can recommend between quant and qual methods in the avail?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00216-00083172-00083448 >> I always think whichever methods you choose should really match
BwKGXXUqgmk-00217-00083448-00083650 the questions that you're asking.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00218-00083650-00084010 So my question back to you would be about what are your evaluation
BwKGXXUqgmk-00219-00084010-00084456 [INAUDIBLE] Questions and what's the best way to answer those but I think looking at
BwKGXXUqgmk-00220-00084456-00084744 questions you want to make sure that you have some process questions,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00221-00084744-00085251 some outcome questions and recognize that you want that descriptive analysis of
BwKGXXUqgmk-00222-00085251-00085796 what is happening which Can sometimes be easily captured with quantitative data,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00223-00085796-00086136 but really explaining the why and the how behind that.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00224-00086136-00086522 So having those quotes, having those descriptions can really help
BwKGXXUqgmk-00225-00086522-00086797 add detail and understanding to your evaluation.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00226-00087044-00087218 >> All right, well keep those questions coming.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00227-00087218-00087501 We will have two more question breaks coming up.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00228-00087501-00087628 In our next two sections.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00229-00087628-00088031 We'll go ahead and pass it over back to Lissa Alright, wonderful.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00230-00088031-00088505 Let's see.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00231-00088505-00088865 To get us started on this next section,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00232-00088865-00089216 I get you thinking about reporting qualitative evaluations.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00233-00089216-00089444 We want to ask you a chat question.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00234-00089444-00090059 What is the most difficult part about reporting qualitative data in evaluation?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00235-00090059-00090322 Or if you're the recipient of an evaluation report,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00236-00090322-00090626 what do you find the most difficult to understand when you're reading
BwKGXXUqgmk-00237-00090626-00090849 a qualitative evaluation report?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00238-00090849-00091190 So again, you can use the chat box on the right side of your screen to respond.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00239-00091994-00092196 So Rebecca says keeping things concise.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00240-00092196-00092323 Yes, I think that's really hard.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00241-00092323-00092548 A lot of times with qualitative.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00242-00092548-00092955 Data because they you want to get into the detail about things.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00243-00092955-00093261 I see time management, moving beyond quotes.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00244-00093261-00093468 That's a really good one as well.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00245-00093468-00093606 Qualitative data base, so
BwKGXXUqgmk-00246-00093606-00093909 that's definitely something that we're going to talk about today.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00247-00093909-00094181 Synthesizing without losing the richness.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00248-00094181-00094376 I think reporting qualitative data.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00249-00094376-00094790 Sometimes it's so difficult because we know our readers are really busy.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00250-00094790-00095071 And they're not gonna read a full 50-page report, but
BwKGXXUqgmk-00251-00095071-00095499 if you're really coming at evaluation from a qualitative standpoint from
BwKGXXUqgmk-00252-00095499-00096097 a constructivist paradigm, you really want that rich lengthy description as well.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00253-00096097-00096510 So I see comments about how to present it the visuals less
BwKGXXUqgmk-00254-00096510-00096951 text heavy sometimes it feels like there's a contradiction here so
BwKGXXUqgmk-00255-00096951-00097444 how are we being true to our qualitative data without quantifying it in a way
BwKGXXUqgmk-00256-00097544-00097999 Got these are really great so I hope that today's webinar
BwKGXXUqgmk-00257-00097999-00098416 gives you some ideas of dealing with these things but we are right there with you we
BwKGXXUqgmk-00258-00098416-00098815 think that reporting qualitative evaluations can be really difficult.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00259-00099030-00099435 So reporting qualitative evaluations isn't all about design or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00260-00099435-00099649 data visualization strategies.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00261-00099649-00100052 But you also want to ensure that the report communicates the evaluations
BwKGXXUqgmk-00262-00100052-00100356 trustworthiness and its transparency.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00263-00100356-00100788 So one concern that I hear about the use of evaluation qualitative evaluation
BwKGXXUqgmk-00264-00100788-00101229 approaches Is that the data and findings won't be considered rigorous or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00265-00101229-00101584 valid it's kind of what we talked about in the question answer section but
BwKGXXUqgmk-00266-00101584-00101933 that the stakeholders just won't trust a qualitative approach or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00267-00101933-00102415 assume that the data collection and analysis were held to a lesser standard.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00268-00102415-00102602 This is not necessarily true.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00269-00102602-00102970 Qualitative research methods and evaluation approaches have their own
BwKGXXUqgmk-00270-00102970-00103485 standards for trustworthiness and transparency that must be followed, and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00271-00103485-00104019 are particularly important to showcase in your evaluation report So,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00272-00104019-00104305 people tend to be more familiar with a criteria for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00273-00104305-00104684 assessing the quality of a quantitative methodologies.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00274-00104684-00105109 So these include concepts such as internal validity.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00275-00105109-00105572 So this is whether the observed changes can be attributed to your program and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00276-00105572-00105733 not to other possible causes.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00277-00105859-00106103 External validity, whether that cause and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00278-00106103-00106661 effect relationship generalizes to other settings outside of your project for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00279-00106661-00107226 liability, which is the consistency of the findings and objectivity,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00280-00107226-00107711 so, this is whether the evaluation is free from personal bias or subjectivity.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00281-00107711-00108090 So these measures of a good evaluation Are dependent
BwKGXXUqgmk-00282-00108090-00108485 on the underlying assumptions and beliefs of quantitative methodologies.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00283-00108776-00109217 But these assumptions change when we take a look at a qualitative approach so
BwKGXXUqgmk-00284-00109217-00109603 instead of finding the capital T truth of a situation.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00285-00109603-00109973 The aim of trustworthiness in a qualitative inquiry is to endorse
BwKGXXUqgmk-00286-00109973-00110301 the findings as worth paying attention to as Lincoln and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00287-00110301-00110720 Guba say, the terms validity, reliability and objectivity.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00288-00110720-00111065 They just don't fit with a qualitative view of the world.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00289-00111065-00111208 Instead, if Ana Lincoln and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00290-00111208-00111673 econ Guba laid out qualitative criteria for trustworthiness.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00291-00111673-00111916 So these include credibility,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00292-00111916-00112366 dependability, transferability, and confirm ability.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00293-00112491-00113005 So let's take a closer look at what each of these mean, and how the trustworthiness
BwKGXXUqgmk-00294-00113005-00113403 of the qualitative evaluation can be demonstrated in your evaluation report.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00295-00113749-00114213 So first, credibility refers to the confidence in data accuracy.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00296-00114213-00114695 So the credibility of a qualitative evaluation and evaluator are linked.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00297-00114695-00115161 There are a number of qualitative methods that can establish credibility,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00298-00115161-00115464 which should be articulated within the evaluation report.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00299-00115572-00115903 So first credibility can be established by the meaningful and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00300-00115903-00116290 prolonged presence of an evaluator at a project.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00301-00116290-00116634 So spending time at the project site, whether that's in person or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00302-00116634-00117154 virtually really allows an evaluator to speak to the range of people and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00303-00117154-00117480 speak to a range of people and develop relationships and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00304-00117480-00118075 rapport with project staff and Project participants, the evaluators activities
BwKGXXUqgmk-00305-00118075-00118556 to understand the context and build trust should be described in the background or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00306-00118556-00118849 the method section of an evaluation report.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00307-00118849-00119155 So this allows the reader to assess whether the evaluator had
BwKGXXUqgmk-00308-00119155-00119625 enough contextual understanding to make meaningful and credible interpretations.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00309-00119849-00120376 Second, any method taken to membership triangulate or interpret findings should
BwKGXXUqgmk-00310-00120376-00120843 be detailed in the method section of your report, so when approached correctly these
BwKGXXUqgmk-00311-00120843-00121369 methods can really increase the confidence in evaluations accuracy So
BwKGXXUqgmk-00312-00121369-00121868 when I say member checking member checking is a technique that tests data findings or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00313-00121868-00122419 conclusions with members of the group from whom the data were originally obtained so
BwKGXXUqgmk-00314-00122419-00122553 this could include a lot.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00315-00122553-00122940 Allowing an interviewee to review a transcript or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00316-00122940-00123164 a written summary of their responses.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00317-00123164-00123477 It could include having participants preview findings or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00318-00123477-00123922 interpretation sections prior to the final reports.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00319-00123922-00124369 Remember checking allows participants an opportunity to correct errors
BwKGXXUqgmk-00320-00124369-00124756 change interpretations, challenge those interpretations.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00321-00124756-00124964 Even volunteer additional information.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00322-00125161-00125542 Triangulation on the other hand involves multiple data sources
BwKGXXUqgmk-00323-00125542-00125835 in an evaluation to produce an understanding.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00324-00125835-00126208 So this might involve comparing quantitative and qualitative data on
BwKGXXUqgmk-00325-00126208-00126722 the same topic, or comparing interviews of people with different viewpoints.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00326-00126722-00127150 We're even using multiple analysis approaches on the same data.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00327-00127150-00127540 A step by step description of this process, who was involved and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00328-00127540-00127800 how decisions were made around these techniques
BwKGXXUqgmk-00329-00127800-00128086 should be included in the report METHODS section
BwKGXXUqgmk-00330-00128086-00128532 to demonstrate to readers that care was taken to ensure the correct conclusions.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00331-00128735-00129070 And finally give attention to deviant cases.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00332-00129070-00129551 So deviant cases are findings that differ from the rest of the expected pattern.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00333-00129551-00129889 Taking a closer look at these outliers can alter, expand or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00334-00129889-00130215 even confirm emerging patterns in your data.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00335-00130215-00130610 Understanding how these deviant cases fit into current conclusions
BwKGXXUqgmk-00336-00130610-00130848 can help strengthen the conclusions credibility.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00337-00131161-00131351 So next is dependability.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00338-00131351-00131900 dependability refers to the stability of data over time and across conditions.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00339-00131900-00132376 dependability asks, If this evaluation was done again next year, assuming the project
BwKGXXUqgmk-00340-00132376-00132813 did not change drastically, would the primary conclusions be the same?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00341-00132813-00133068 Can we depend on the evaluation conclusions?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00342-00133283-00133731 One way to address dependability is to be clear about who was involved and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00343-00133731-00134021 the justifications behind their selection.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00344-00134021-00134558 So how How did interview participants how were interview participants chosen and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00345-00134558-00134716 why were they chosen?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00346-00134716-00135054 Sampling strategies in qualitative methods differ in purpose and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00347-00135054-00135409 technique from the quantitative sampling strategies.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00348-00135409-00135727 So it's important to address the reasonings behind your qualitative
BwKGXXUqgmk-00349-00135727-00136002 sampling strategies in your methods section.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00350-00136002-00136399 This allows readers to understand why that technique was chosen and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00351-00136399-00136725 what implications it might have on the findings.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00352-00136725-00137237 So for example, if a convenient sample was taken to focus on a group of participants,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00353-00137237-00137665 and only students who were in lab on a Tuesday were invited to participate.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00354-00137665-00138057 The conclusions that result from this data collection may not hold true to students
BwKGXXUqgmk-00355-00138057-00138321 who attend lab on say, Wednesday, or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00356-00138321-00138536 students who can only participate in a virtual lab.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00357-00138834-00139092 Our third criterion is transferability,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00358-00139092-00139502 which refers to the applicability of data to other contexts.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00359-00139502-00139969 So this is a funny one in qualitative evaluation as not all evaluators intend
BwKGXXUqgmk-00360-00139969-00140493 their findings to transfer to other settings, times or projects So whether
BwKGXXUqgmk-00361-00140493-00140988 this is the intention or not, many readers may want to instinctually apply findings
BwKGXXUqgmk-00362-00140988-00141493 from an evaluation to another project to determine whether this is appropriate
BwKGXXUqgmk-00363-00141493-00142050 evaluation report should describe the project context and background in detail.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00364-00142050-00142435 So this might include descriptions of how a project came to be
BwKGXXUqgmk-00365-00142435-00142725 Background on those involved, the surrounding college or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00366-00142725-00143163 university environments, even values and beliefs of the project staff or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00367-00143163-00143461 participants, that might influence the project.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00368-00143688-00143917 So in the report,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00369-00143917-00144434 I often include this in the project background section at the beginning Though
BwKGXXUqgmk-00370-00144434-00144847 this may seem like a lot of information to include in an evaluation report,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00371-00144847-00145334 qualitative methodologies rely on contextual interpretation of data.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00372-00145334-00145677 So a piece of data for one project might mean something different for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00373-00145677-00145808 another project.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00374-00145808-00146033 And to fully understand those differences.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00375-00146033-00146361 The reader needs to understand the context of an evaluation.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00376-00146652-00147028 The transferability of findings can also be demonstrated through the use of
BwKGXXUqgmk-00377-00147028-00147245 thick descriptions of data.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00378-00147245-00147692 So thick descriptions are similar to what they sound like detailed accounts of field
BwKGXXUqgmk-00379-00147692-00148071 experience that are couched within the patterns of cultural and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00380-00148071-00148271 social relationships.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00381-00148271-00148648 Thick descriptions put qualitative data into context and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00382-00148648-00148952 help a reader understand the intended interpretation.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00383-00149068-00149432 So, for example, if I told you that someone winked, you would not
BwKGXXUqgmk-00384-00149432-00149845 unnecessarily understand the meaning behind it without additional context.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00385-00149845-00150249 So what were what were the people talking about who is the person that winked and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00386-00150249-00150572 what is their relationship to the person that they winked at?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00387-00150572-00150959 These descriptions would allow you to determine whether the person was trying to
BwKGXXUqgmk-00388-00150959-00151438 secure a secret or if they were trying to flirt so using thick descriptions to
BwKGXXUqgmk-00389-00151438-00151856 report qualitative findings really allows the reader to assess the potential
BwKGXXUqgmk-00390-00151856-00152626 transferability of findings to other contexts And finally confirm ability.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00391-00152626-00153078 So confirm ability refers to the ability of someone else to follow the decision
BwKGXXUqgmk-00392-00153078-00153557 trail used by an evaluator to determine the extent that findings were
BwKGXXUqgmk-00393-00153664-00154223 determined by a valid without evaluator bias Excuse me.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00394-00154223-00154727 So qualitative evaluation acknowledged that evaluators bring their own values and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00395-00154727-00154972 perspectives and assumptions to an evaluation.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00396-00154972-00155315 So, while this is inevitable to some extent,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00397-00155315-00155717 it should be transparent to what extent and in what ways that's true.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00398-00155881-00156077 Many qualitative evaluators and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00399-00156077-00156490 researchers discuss the importance of leaving an audit trail.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00400-00156490-00156999 So this audit trail is a transparent description of the evaluation process and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00401-00156999-00157285 justification for why decisions were made.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00402-00157285-00157612 In many cases, this would be far too much and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00403-00157612-00158007 too details of information to include in the body of report.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00404-00158007-00158324 Therefore, we suggest that you take advantage
BwKGXXUqgmk-00405-00158324-00158667 of the appendices to include these items.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00406-00158667-00159155 So this could be something like coded responses to open ended survey questions
BwKGXXUqgmk-00407-00159155-00159485 so that readers can see how responses were coded.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00408-00159485-00159767 It could be interview or focus group instruments so
BwKGXXUqgmk-00409-00159767-00160009 that readers understand how questions were asked.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00410-00160146-00160589 Or the process notes relating to methodological rationales or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00411-00160589-00160803 trustworthiness of the data.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00412-00160803-00161212 So depending on your situation, I have even heard of evaluators including de
BwKGXXUqgmk-00413-00161212-00161593 identified raw data in the appendix for project staff.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00414-00161732-00162193 I know that the external evaluators for our project will include appendices with
BwKGXXUqgmk-00415-00162193-00162687 tables of direct quotes that participants said in open ended survey questions.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00416-00162687-00163281 Along with the analytical category or theme that they were placed into.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00417-00163281-00163736 So as a pie I find some of these the most meaningful parts of the evaluation report,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00418-00163736-00164116 cuz I can really understand in detail what participants are saying,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00419-00164116-00164482 with a structure for understanding individual responses in the big picture.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00420-00164826-00165237 Another strategy for demonstrating the confirmability of qualitative evaluation
BwKGXXUqgmk-00421-00165237-00165627 is to declare evaluator biases or assumptions.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00422-00165627-00166118 So, just like I acknowledged earlier, the background and context of project staff
BwKGXXUqgmk-00423-00166118-00166491 it is important to understand where the evaluator is coming from.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00424-00166491-00166917 So this can be done to the inclusion of a positionality statement.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00425-00166917-00167334 A positionality statement asks the evaluator to critically reflect on their
BwKGXXUqgmk-00426-00167334-00167813 identities, their worldview, and their underlying assumptions in relation to
BwKGXXUqgmk-00427-00167813-00168172 the evaluations, social and political contexts.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00428-00168172-00168609 It locates the evaluator in relation to the project and the participants.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00429-00168714-00169142 So this type of statement can shed light on known and unknown lenses that might
BwKGXXUqgmk-00430-00169142-00169605 have influenced the evaluation so to learn more about a positionality statement and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00431-00169605-00170106 how to write one see a recent blog on the evaluate website that was written on
BwKGXXUqgmk-00432-00170106-00170648 this topic So here
BwKGXXUqgmk-00433-00170648-00171192 is an overview of the four criteria for trustworthiness in qualitative evaluation.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00434-00171192-00171702 We have credibility, dependability, transferability, and confirm ability.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00435-00171702-00171970 And then below are the different strategies we talked about for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00436-00171970-00172225 demonstrating each in an evaluation report.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00437-00172363-00172710 So I know that that was a lot, but we do have a question break coming up.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00438-00172710-00173061 But I want to take a few minutes to see which of these strategies would be most
BwKGXXUqgmk-00439-00173061-00173544 convincing to you if you are reading a report of a qualitative evaluation.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00440-00173700-00173853 So in the chat,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00441-00173853-00174370 this chat question is if you could only choose one, only one of these strategies,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00442-00174370-00174761 which of these strategies would be the most important to you as a reader?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00443-00174761-00175493 Or an author of an evaluation report.So you can answer in the chat box.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00444-00175493-00175815 I'm actually going to go ahead and flip back to the previous slides so
BwKGXXUqgmk-00445-00175815-00176138 that you can see the different strategies that we talked about.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00446-00176419-00176735 So I see a lot of people saying that confirm ability would be the most
BwKGXXUqgmk-00447-00176735-00176814 important to them.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00448-00176814-00177164 So having this audit trail Being able to really
BwKGXXUqgmk-00449-00177164-00177425 trace what was done throughout that qualitative evaluation.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00450-00177425-00177870 I also see a number of people saying credibility would be the most
BwKGXXUqgmk-00451-00177870-00177995 important to them.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00452-00177995-00178354 So making sure that there was this trust between the project staff and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00453-00178354-00178846 the evaluator, that methods such as member checking or triangulation were included.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00454-00179041-00179198 I see some that are picking too.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00455-00179198-00179345 I know it's difficult, right.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00456-00179345-00179709 I was interested to see if you could only pick one which ones are the most important
BwKGXXUqgmk-00457-00179709-00179796 to you, but
BwKGXXUqgmk-00458-00179796-00180192 ideally you kind of do a patchwork of all of these different strategies together.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00459-00180366-00180499 Wonderful. Well thank you all for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00460-00180499-00181010 answering that question Right before our next question break
BwKGXXUqgmk-00461-00181010-00181384 we want to remind you all that EvaluATE has a Slack community so
BwKGXXUqgmk-00462-00181384-00181680 if you want to continue to grapple with these larger questions
BwKGXXUqgmk-00463-00181680-00182166 in an open community of ETE and non ETE folk come check us out on Slack.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00464-00182352-00182611 Alright so it's time for our second question break.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00465-00182611-00182812 We're gonna go ahead and turn our cameras on and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00466-00182812-00183024 I will hand it over to Emma to facilitate.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00467-00183228-00183446 Awesome, thank you so much Lissa.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00468-00183446-00183726 What a great second section we had there.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00469-00183726-00183965 So the first question we have is from Brittany,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00470-00183965-00184388 and they say what about validation by multiple coders?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00471-00184687-00185382 Yeah, I think having multiple coders look at your qualitative coding techniques
BwKGXXUqgmk-00472-00185382-00185824 is a great way to validate the findings in the themes that are coming from that.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00473-00185824-00186196 So specifically in your evaluation report, you would wanna make sure that
BwKGXXUqgmk-00474-00186196-00186592 you described in the method section how many coders there were
BwKGXXUqgmk-00475-00186592-00187126 What technique you chose and specifically what happens if coders disagreed?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00476-00187126-00187497 So how did you come to consensus if there was a disagreement among coding?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00477-00187828-00188201 >> All right, the next question we have from is from Amanda, and they say,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00478-00188201-00188554 do you have a sample qualitative evaluation report that we
BwKGXXUqgmk-00479-00188554-00188908 can read through to see how these are played out in practice?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00480-00189226-00189688 A lot of examples of evaluation reports that
BwKGXXUqgmk-00481-00189688-00190201 are all open access and available online specifically she pulls
BwKGXXUqgmk-00482-00190201-00190688 out examples that talk about the design and data visualization strategies But
BwKGXXUqgmk-00483-00190688-00191087 I'm sure that if you looked at these reports that they do some of these methods
BwKGXXUqgmk-00484-00191190-00191757 sections around trustworthiness as well Right.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00485-00191757-00192106 The next question we have is from Giovanna.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00486-00192106-00192528 They say I'd like to hear more about the idea of dependability.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00487-00192528-00192923 As people's perceptions change over time, the data will probably be different
BwKGXXUqgmk-00488-00192923-00193351 even with a robust methodology that speaks of people's perception not only
BwKGXXUqgmk-00489-00193351-00193672 the research methodology, so do you have anything to add to that?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00490-00193774-00194228 Yeah I think that's a that's a great point you know these criteria for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00491-00194228-00194859 qualitative evaluations are not the only criteria out there so in many ways they
BwKGXXUqgmk-00492-00194859-00195283 actually parallel the quality quantitative criteria that We talked about.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00493-00195283-00195682 And so I do think that there's a struggle in there to say
BwKGXXUqgmk-00494-00195682-00196154 that not all of these criteria apply to every single qualitative evaluation or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00495-00196154-00196358 even qualitative study out there.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00496-00196358-00196643 Not all are meant to be the same across time.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00497-00196643-00197028 And some recognize that they're just getting a snapshot of the people there and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00498-00197028-00197564 what they think at that moment, so I think that goes back to describing your context.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00499-00197564-00198062 So making sure that your evaluation report has a detailed description of
BwKGXXUqgmk-00500-00198062-00198588 who was involved, when that happened, and other contextual events surrounding that,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00501-00198588-00198992 that might influence their perceptions or their ideas now,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00502-00198992-00199382 and how that might change in a month or a year or 10 years.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00503-00199915-00200386 Margaret asks I work with an organization that has a machine learning tool to
BwKGXXUqgmk-00504-00200386-00200728 analyze qualitative data .How do factors like
BwKGXXUqgmk-00505-00200728-00201041 demonstrated worthiness apply in those situations?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00506-00201154-00201601 So interesting Margaret you know evaluate has just recently wrapped up
BwKGXXUqgmk-00507-00201601-00202101 a similar study that used a sentiment analysis technique and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00508-00202101-00202569 so there was a there's a similar process with machine learning in which.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00509-00202569-00203036 The algorithms understood, words and phrases, and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00510-00203036-00203278 decided that they were positive or negative.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00511-00203278-00203789 And so that actually in many ways, you might argue is more of
BwKGXXUqgmk-00512-00203789-00204244 a quantitative approach because there is this quantitative algorithm behind it.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00513-00204244-00204384 And so I know in our The study,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00514-00204384-00204987 we did a number of quantitative validation techniques to test that.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00515-00204987-00205375 And that report we're actually finishing up in the next month or so.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00516-00205375-00205636 So I think that should be available in January and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00517-00205636-00205969 we can share more details on the validation techniques that we took.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00518-00206240-00206444 So interesting machine learning coming into
BwKGXXUqgmk-00519-00206444-00206602 this, >> Right?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00520-00206602-00207006 >> So we've got another one from joy and they asked how do you handle responses to
BwKGXXUqgmk-00521-00207006-00207473 open ended questions that have no relationship to the actual question.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00522-00207473-00207916 For example, they use any and every opportunity in the survey to make the same
BwKGXXUqgmk-00523-00207916-00208384 point whether release the question or an astronaut You know,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00524-00208384-00208578 whether it's a survey or an interview,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00525-00208578-00208946 there's always this underlying psychology that's happening, right?.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00526-00208946-00209434 So your participant is going to going to answer the way they want to answer.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00527-00209434-00209758 And obviously, if they are saying something over and over again,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00528-00209758-00210061 regardless of the question, they feel it really strongly.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00529-00210061-00210469 So I think my first question would be Do multiple people do that?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00530-00210469-00210669 Or is it just one person and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00531-00210669-00211234 then making sure that you have a really good systematic approach to handling that.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00532-00211234-00211777 So, whether you decide to throw out to not include in your final pattern or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00533-00211777-00212289 theme building analysis, those unrelated Responses or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00534-00212289-00212457 if you decide to include them.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00535-00212457-00212765 Either I think it's just important to be transparent.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00536-00212765-00213017 So like when we're talking about that audit trail,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00537-00213017-00213414 how are you making sure that a reader knows which way you decided?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00538-00213414-00213673 And how you dealt with those those different types of data?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00539-00214048-00214498 All right, Bethany asked tips for evaluating interview reports when
BwKGXXUqgmk-00540-00214498-00214913 interviews were not recorded, appropriate to code, talk to interviewees, etc.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00541-00214913-00215126 Yes, absolutely.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00542-00215126-00215330 I think this is a great opportunity for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00543-00215330-00215728 member checking in particular, because you don't have exactly what they said.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00544-00215728-00216257 And there's a lot of interpretation on the end of the interview or Right so
BwKGXXUqgmk-00545-00216257-00216717 how they heard what happens how they remembered it and then how they summarized
BwKGXXUqgmk-00546-00216717-00217177 it so I think whether you're going to write a full summary of individual
BwKGXXUqgmk-00547-00217177-00217569 interviews or if you want to write a summary of the findings and conclusions
BwKGXXUqgmk-00548-00217569-00218005 that came from those interviews and share them back with the interviewees So
BwKGXXUqgmk-00549-00218005-00218444 that's a member checking technique to say, Gee, is this appropriate?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00550-00218444-00218817 Does this accurately represent what your experience was or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00551-00218817-00219002 how you're thinking about something?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00552-00219002-00219258 So great way to add credibility to that approach?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00553-00219621-00219846 Let's say Coral asked.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00554-00219846-00220257 I think it's more of a question/answer here.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00555-00220257-00220667 So sorry, it's the a te blog where I'll find info on declaring biases and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00556-00220667-00221021 assumptions from the evaluator/researcher.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00557-00221021-00221292 So she's asking for clarification on that one.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00558-00221292-00221642 >> Yeah, so that was a recent blog that I wrote because I realized that we just
BwKGXXUqgmk-00559-00221642-00221994 didn't have enough time >> time in this webinar to talk about it
BwKGXXUqgmk-00560-00221994-00222606 so I can make I Ana just posted the link to the full webinar website and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00561-00222606-00222986 on there there's a link to that blog we can get the direct link as well and so
BwKGXXUqgmk-00562-00222986-00223487 that blog is about writing A positionality statement, and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00563-00223487-00224003 I have seen a lot of people, particularly in qualitative research talk about this,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00564-00224003-00224494 but I've slowly seen it start to to enter the evaluation world.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00565-00224494-00224971 I think it's really important and a great way for evaluators to like you're saying
BwKGXXUqgmk-00566-00224971-00225506 declare their biases and assumptions as we recognize that You know a lot of times you
BwKGXXUqgmk-00567-00225506-00226038 can't be fully objective as an evaluator you're bringing a lens you're bringing
BwKGXXUqgmk-00568-00226038-00226669 assumptions with you as an evaluator that do have a way of influencing decisions or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00569-00226669-00227073 analysis techniques or how you're interpreting the findings.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00570-00227835-00228080 One last question here from Dennis.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00571-00228080-00228425 They asked, how would you deal with emergent issues that comes
BwKGXXUqgmk-00572-00228425-00228834 out during qualitative data analysis, especially if they differ from
BwKGXXUqgmk-00573-00228834-00229185 the objectives of evaluation and are very powerful or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00574-00229185-00229736 sensitive Hmm sensitive might be a different answer, but powerful.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00575-00229736-00230276 You know, it makes me think about in investigating deviant cases.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00576-00230276-00230673 So I think it's really important to look at the outliers to look at things that
BwKGXXUqgmk-00577-00230673-00231019 don't neatly fit within the patterns that we're originally seeing or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00578-00231019-00231278 the theories that we're creating.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00579-00231278-00231690 And so making sure that we understand why What what led to that different
BwKGXXUqgmk-00580-00231690-00231898 experience with that different perspective?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00581-00232011-00232453 In a way that helps confirm that you did your best, right?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00582-00232453-00232971 You don't just want to ignore these these differing data or emerging issues.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00583-00232971-00233407 But I think that there's a good way to to dive into them
BwKGXXUqgmk-00584-00233407-00233857 if they don't fit within the original objectives of your evaluation.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00585-00233857-00234228 I think you should talk with the project staff and say, you know,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00586-00234228-00234469 this seems really important or sensitive.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00587-00234469-00234915 And if it's sensitive, you can share back with them in more of an oral report and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00588-00234915-00235084 send them a written report.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00589-00235084-00235423 You could also talk to them about actually creating another
BwKGXXUqgmk-00590-00235423-00235867 mini evaluation reports that talks about some of these issues that may not fit
BwKGXXUqgmk-00591-00235867-00236223 within the original structure of the initial evaluation plan.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00592-00236642-00236988 Hi, I'm going to go ahead and move us along out of our question break here and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00593-00236988-00237126 into section three.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00594-00237315-00237467 So there we go.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00595-00237467-00237538 So it is.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00596-00237691-00238009 Sorry about that so we are going to dig into section three and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00597-00238009-00238337 explore strategies for reporting qualitative data now.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00598-00238494-00239008 So here we have outlined eight different strategies including word clouds call out
BwKGXXUqgmk-00599-00239008-00239594 boxes highlight quotes tables annotated graphs Photos, icons, and journey maps,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00600-00239698-00240167 so for each strategy, we will provide an overview, examples from the field,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00601-00240167-00240617 data collection methods, and tools and resources on how to create these visuals.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00602-00240617-00240989 We've also created a handout with all this information you can refer to
BwKGXXUqgmk-00603-00240989-00241063 after the webinar.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00604-00241217-00241542 So the first strategy we'll address are word clouds.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00605-00241542-00241992 Word clouds are popular and you may have already used them or seen them in reports.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00606-00241992-00242346 A word cloud is a visual representation of text data,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00607-00242346-00242717 typically used to visualize freeform text.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00608-00242717-00243023 This is an example I put together for this webinar.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00609-00243023-00243623 In order to produce a word cloud you create a paragraph of text or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00610-00243623-00243855 a list of words.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00611-00243855-00244146 In this example I created a list of words and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00612-00244146-00244482 created different weights or entries for each word.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00613-00244592-00245103 Qualitative was the most entered, and therefore appears as the largest.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00614-00245103-00245473 As you review the word cloud, your eye will slowly start picking out more and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00615-00245473-00245603 more words.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00616-00245603-00245896 So this is a great strategy for quick analysis or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00617-00245896-00246180 a fun way to present findings to clients.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00618-00246180-00246589 We recommend you only use one or two word clouds in a single document,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00619-00246589-00246836 since overuse will reduce their effectiveness.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00620-00247041-00247526 So here is an example from a report on informal science.org Where Bechler Klein
BwKGXXUqgmk-00621-00247526-00247989 in facts use a word cloud to answer a question from a survey.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00622-00247989-00248350 The answers were then presented in this word cloud seen
BwKGXXUqgmk-00623-00248350-00248682 the answers with the largest or the highest responses.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00624-00248896-00249265 And here's another example from the community from informal science.org
BwKGXXUqgmk-00625-00249265-00249478 Where Rockman and colleagues used for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00626-00249478-00249952 word clouds to represent Team responses for terms learned
BwKGXXUqgmk-00627-00249952-00250412 in the experience archaeology subsections to kind of a unique one there.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00628-00250657-00250985 So strategy number two is call out boxes.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00629-00250985-00251426 Call out boxes are a type of text box that also include a line for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00630-00251426-00251723 pointing to any section on a document.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00631-00251723-00252148 So this element can be effective for elaborating a statement with a quote or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00632-00252148-00252288 providing more context.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00633-00252459-00252663 Here's an example of callout boxes and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00634-00252663-00253167 an evaluation report from informal science .You can see that Smith used a call out
BwKGXXUqgmk-00635-00253167-00253627 box to include qualitative quotes for specific practices outlined.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00636-00253627-00254198 In the report in this full check in report created by Sickler and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00637-00254198-00254698 colleagues the call out boxes were a design element to outline answers to
BwKGXXUqgmk-00638-00254698-00255383 qualitative responses So highlight quotes are strategy number three.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00639-00255383-00255840 A highlight quote is a section of colored text on a document to call attention.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00640-00255840-00256221 This text can be enlarged, indented, or bolded.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00641-00256221-00256709 This allows for your audience to easily scan for information by using a highlight
BwKGXXUqgmk-00642-00256709-00257101 quote, you are telling your audience that this information is important and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00643-00257101-00257526 should be read So make sure to consider this when using highlight quotes and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00644-00257526-00257873 be sure to use them sparingly throughout your document.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00645-00257873-00258019 Let's look at some examples together.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00646-00258152-00258640 So here's an example from KQED public media, where Berg uses
BwKGXXUqgmk-00647-00258640-00259089 highlight quotes to adding quotes in sections of their evaluation reports
BwKGXXUqgmk-00648-00259330-00259684 And here's another example from informal science.org Where Beaumont and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00649-00259684-00260067 colleagues again uses highlight quotes to share survey responses.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00650-00260325-00260583 Strategy number four are tables.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00651-00260583-00261090 Tables are a great way to organize a large amount of data that is still easy for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00652-00261090-00261223 your audience to review.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00653-00261576-00261829 Here's an example from Wasserman and colleagues.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00654-00261829-00262129 They use tables throughout their evaluation report.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00655-00262129-00262545 You can see here they use a table to show the extended outcome category,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00656-00262545-00262736 definitions and examples.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00657-00262736-00263175 This is a large amount of data, but is easy to review and consume in this format.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00658-00263442-00263742 Here's one more example from informal science fits you and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00659-00263742-00264016 colleagues use a combination of table and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00660-00264016-00264442 icons to outline the impacts of their program and relative quotes.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00661-00264632-00264975 Strategy number five is annotated graphs.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00662-00264975-00265282 So annotated graphs are a great strategy
BwKGXXUqgmk-00663-00265282-00265774 to use with mixed methods evaluation which Liz was talking about prior.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00664-00265774-00266140 So here you have a bar chart with your quantitative data.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00665-00266140-00266755 Then you add in your qualitative quotes And you've created an annotated graph.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00666-00266755-00266907 So with the addition of the quotes,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00667-00266907-00267446 you have actually expanded the story behind the data, and help explain the why.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00668-00267446-00267866 So in the first bar, 15 respondents replied professional development.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00669-00267866-00268313 The quotes help explain more details of the story and give the bigger picture.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00670-00268477-00268893 So let's look at some examples here is a report from informal science where Bomont
BwKGXXUqgmk-00671-00268893-00269384 included annotated graphs throughout the report by directly adding the quotes
BwKGXXUqgmk-00672-00269384-00269840 to their charts it allows the audience to consume the data together and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00673-00269840-00270538 adds that context Here's an alternative example from Deepak data studio,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00674-00270538-00271028 they incorporated a stacked column chart and then added quotes for context
BwKGXXUqgmk-00675-00271267-00271702 So now we will switch gears to a more visual qualitative strategy.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00676-00271702-00271960 So strategy number six is photos.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00677-00271960-00272383 So photos is a great opportunity to really provide a wealth of context and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00678-00272383-00272666 emotion to your evaluation reports.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00679-00272666-00273054 These examples from informal science allows the audience to really get a feel
BwKGXXUqgmk-00680-00273054-00273563 Feel and look at the project remember if you're planning on using photos in
BwKGXXUqgmk-00681-00273563-00274128 your evaluation report to make sure to get photo releases planned so
BwKGXXUqgmk-00682-00274128-00274571 here's an example from the field from Charyn colleagues You can
BwKGXXUqgmk-00683-00274571-00274999 see that the photos used throughout their evaluation report with other strategies
BwKGXXUqgmk-00684-00274999-00275549 like highlight quotes as well not only do photos help add context but
BwKGXXUqgmk-00685-00275549-00276051 they are also visually appealing and this will help your audience be keep
BwKGXXUqgmk-00686-00276051-00276765 engaged with the content And here's a second example from buyer and flowers.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00687-00276765-00277195 They used photos as they were explaining a five day field training experience.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00688-00277195-00277455 So not only using descriptive text, but
BwKGXXUqgmk-00689-00277455-00277955 then using photos to add more context, then they used a second group
BwKGXXUqgmk-00690-00277955-00278357 of photos to show off the participants during presentations.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00691-00278357-00278648 So this helps the audience get a visual understanding of the.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00692-00278648-00279000 Different activities and the participants in the program.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00693-00279372-00279651 Strategy number seven is icons.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00694-00279651-00280128 So icons are a great way to bring qualitative data to life.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00695-00280128-00280418 So here is a standard bulleted list.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00696-00280418-00281005 But if we add icons And it allows your eye to absorb more information and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00697-00281005-00281274 provide a little bit more context.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00698-00281274-00281699 Icons are a great way to help your audience navigate your reports and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00699-00281699-00281920 to provide additional visual appeal.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00700-00282514-00282834 Here's an example from hits fits you and colleagues.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00701-00282834-00283264 In this report they use icons for each of their key findings.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00702-00284108-00284195 As a reader, you can easily scan the icons to identify
BwKGXXUqgmk-00703-00284195-00284338 where a new finding begins, and what might interest you as a reader.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00704-00284338-00284794 Here's an example from Perry and Wilkerson who received the 2021 II
BwKGXXUqgmk-00705-00284794-00285256 outstanding evaluation reward report award.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00706-00285511-00285933 And in this report, they use icons for each of their project activities so
BwKGXXUqgmk-00707-00285933-00286239 you can easily identify where the new activity begins.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00708-00286554-00287031 Strategy number eight are journey maps so a journey map is a visualization of
BwKGXXUqgmk-00709-00287031-00287549 the process that a person goes through in order to accomplish a goal.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00710-00287549-00287820 So in its most basic form.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00711-00287820-00288429 A journey map starts by compiling a series of user actions into a timeline.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00712-00288429-00288926 As you can see in this example, they mapped out phase one through three and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00713-00288926-00289336 included a timeline, quotes and experiences.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00714-00289336-00289524 So let's take a look at some examples from the field.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00715-00289709-00290156 So this example from Parian Wilkerson use a journey map to track the project's
BwKGXXUqgmk-00716-00290156-00290302 academic pathways.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00717-00290408-00290623 This example provides an idea for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00718-00290623-00290882 how you may be able to apply a journey map to an ATC.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00719-00290882-00291046 To E project.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00720-00291046-00291535 You can track the experiences of ATE student as they consider up maybe applying
BwKGXXUqgmk-00721-00291535-00291955 for the program joining the program life moments internships and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00722-00291955-00292153 graduations just as an example.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00723-00292472-00292870 And here's an example from Lissa and our colleague, Kelly Robertson.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00724-00292870-00293418 The journey map traps a family's experience in the Life Guides program.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00725-00293543-00293874 They use a mixture of color boxes and icons.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00726-00293874-00294367 This example illustrates how a journey map visualizes an in depth experience
BwKGXXUqgmk-00727-00294367-00294559 of an individual or group.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00728-00294913-00295313 So now that we've reviewed the eight visualization strategies.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00729-00295313-00295594 We need to think about the data collection methods.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00730-00295594-00295942 So here we have outlined six data collection methods
BwKGXXUqgmk-00731-00295942-00296051 that pair well with the question.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00732-00296051-00296435 Qualitative data methods that Lissa reviewed in section one so
BwKGXXUqgmk-00733-00296435-00296788 we're not gonna dig too deep into this but we wanted to provide you with this chart.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00734-00296788-00297227 So this chart will help you determine which qualitative visualization strategies
BwKGXXUqgmk-00735-00297227-00297457 might work well for your evaluation plan.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00736-00297767-00298018 And then the final step is to review tools and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00737-00298018-00298267 resources to create these visualizations.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00738-00298267-00298651 And I know a few of you have already asked questions in the chat box about this.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00739-00298651-00298976 So for each of the eight strategies, we've provided tools and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00740-00298976-00299359 resources that can be used to generate these visualizations.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00741-00299359-00299724 So most of these strategies can be completed in either Microsoft Word or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00742-00299724-00300229 PowerPoint Different things particularly when it comes to journey maps so
BwKGXXUqgmk-00743-00300229-00300751 I it helpful to do some searches online and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00744-00300751-00301098 find some designs that I thought worked for my context and my data and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00745-00301098-00301795 then kind of be inspired from there So now that we've covered
BwKGXXUqgmk-00746-00301795-00302252 the eight different qualitative evaluation strategies we'll do a quick activity to
BwKGXXUqgmk-00747-00302252-00302727 see how we can apply them to our evaluation data so this is an example of
BwKGXXUqgmk-00748-00302727-00303205 the activity we're going to be doing First I will read the evaluation scenario that
BwKGXXUqgmk-00749-00303205-00303631 will appeal appear in the pill toolbox then you will answer the questions.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00750-00303741-00304134 How would you like to you display the data in this scenario,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00751-00304134-00304459 you can choose from any of the eight strategies we reviewed.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00752-00304459-00304636 So here we go with scenario one.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00753-00304636-00304914 So go ahead and you're going to answer in the chat box.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00754-00304914-00305022 So we just.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00755-00305022-00305567 So XYZ sorry XYZ evaluation teams has conducted interviews
BwKGXXUqgmk-00756-00305567-00306078 with 28 undergraduate students at Laughlin Community College to gain an understanding
BwKGXXUqgmk-00757-00306078-00306565 of advising for their biological science program how would you display this data
BwKGXXUqgmk-00758-00306565-00307095 the data in this scenario So go ahead and answer in the chat box.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00759-00307095-00307413 You can either put in the number or the full name.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00760-00307552-00307814 I'll just give you a phone few moments to answer.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00761-00307814-00308071 So Jean says annotated graphs,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00762-00308071-00308341 highlight quotes from Lissa Michelle said maybe a journey map.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00763-00308471-00308898 Annotated grass, Rachel says maybe call out boxes or highlight quotes yeah.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00764-00309083-00309602 So our recommendation would be a lot of those, right?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00765-00309602-00309848 So there's a lot of opportunities here.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00766-00309848-00310138 So you could use Cloud boxes, highlight quotes, tables,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00767-00310138-00310458 and annotated graphs are probably gonna be your top floor for that.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00768-00310458-00310749 Again, these are just our select our suggestions.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00769-00310749-00310952 Absolutely. You could fit this into a journey map.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00770-00311084-00311445 Again, these are just suggestions on how you could proceed forward with doing these
BwKGXXUqgmk-00771-00311445-00311564 strategies.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00772-00311564-00312051 So our next activity would be ABC an evaluation team has collected
BwKGXXUqgmk-00773-00312051-00312526 one word responses during an undergraduate lecture of 1000 undergraduate students.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00774-00312526-00312940 The report will inform the science coordinator of students reaction
BwKGXXUqgmk-00775-00312940-00313007 to the lecture.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00776-00313130-00313266 Yeah, word cloud.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00777-00313266-00313510 Absolutely pretty unanimous.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00778-00313510-00313677 Someone said maybe an annotated graph.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00779-00313798-00313894 Yeah.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00780-00313894-00313970 So let's go ahead.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00781-00313970-00314206 So our suggestion would be word clouds.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00782-00314206-00314536 You could do call out boxes and annotated graphs.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00783-00314536-00314589 Yeah. So
BwKGXXUqgmk-00784-00314589-00314802 it seems like we're on the same page with that one.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00785-00314911-00315558 So let's move to the last one here, so JKL evaluation team evaluated the process for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00786-00315558-00316006 the Williams college developement of their automotive manufacturing 101 course.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00787-00316006-00316320 They need to produce a report for administration to understand the process.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00788-00316320-00316504 What would you say?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00789-00316504-00316957 Counting unanimous here coming in journey maps coming in pretty hard.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00790-00316957-00317097 Yeah, great job guys.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00791-00317097-00317383 Yeah, so we said a journey map or maybe possibly a table.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00792-00317485-00317935 Processes certainly our easiest probably kind of illustrate on a journey map.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00793-00317935-00318318 But certainly a table would work too if you're not really wanting to get into that
BwKGXXUqgmk-00794-00318318-00318538 more intense visualization.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00795-00318538-00318834 Physical data independence means that when the physical organization
BwKGXXUqgmk-00796-00318834-00319142 of the data changes the application program against the conceptual schema do
BwKGXXUqgmk-00797-00319142-00319220 not need to change okay.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00798-00319220-00319604 So we are much more stable and the mapping from the conceptual schema to the physical
BwKGXXUqgmk-00799-00319604-00319866 schema will have to be supported by database management system right a bender
BwKGXXUqgmk-00800-00319866-00320423 of the database management system And this report is available on our website.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00801-00320423-00320742 And we do encourage you to check it out to see how some of the examples and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00802-00320742-00321105 strategies we covered today can be used.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00803-00321227-00321425 So the report uses mixed methods.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00804-00321425-00321902 So it's example both qualitative and quantitative strategies.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00805-00321902-00322043 So again, that's available on the website.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00806-00322043-00322276 You see Lisa just popped the link in there for you and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00807-00322276-00322486 it also is linked out on our webinar page.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00808-00322631-00322904 So at this time, I'll bring us into our last and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00809-00322904-00323176 final question break of this webinar.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00810-00323176-00323566 So go ahead if you have any questions, go ahead and enter those in the chat box and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00811-00323566-00323691 we'll get those answered for you.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00812-00323936-00324361 So it looks like Giovanna asked, annotated graphs look great.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00813-00324361-00324725 What software supports that and are they made in the design?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00814-00324905-00325400 Think I can answer that>> So annotated graphs what we would recommend
BwKGXXUqgmk-00815-00325400-00325917 is probably using either you could do it, create the base chart in Microsoft Excel.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00816-00325917-00326401 And then you could add the The call-out boxes to that one,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00817-00326401-00326763 either in Microsoft PowerPoint or word, you can also do it right in Excel as well.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00818-00326865-00327244 I know some people recommended Canva for that one as well.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00819-00327244-00327386 So there's a few options really.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00820-00327386-00327693 It's just kinda piecing those different elements together.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00821-00327693-00327886 So making that quantitative chart and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00822-00327886-00328256 then applying the qualitative piece with the call-out boxes.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00823-00328256-00328356 That's a great question.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00824-00328610-00329092 Lissa, did you have anything you wanted to add to that?>> Say, you know,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00825-00329092-00329579 sometimes, especially with using a lot of these different techniques together,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00826-00329579-00329907 designing a report and word can be very frustrating.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00827-00329907-00330202 I don't know you all have had that experience remove something in
BwKGXXUqgmk-00828-00330202-00330554 word like a centimeter and it throws the whole page off.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00829-00330554-00331078 And so Time we actually prefer to design with in PowerPoint
BwKGXXUqgmk-00830-00331078-00331562 because you just have more flexibility to move things around and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00831-00331562-00332218 do creative things So our next question that came in was from Bethany and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00832-00332218-00332594 they asked, is there a quick way to translate word clouds boxes, etc?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00833-00332594-00333031 All of my reports have to be in two languages.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00834-00333031-00333321 Bethany, that is a great question and off the top of my head,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00835-00333321-00333523 I don't have your answer.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00836-00333523-00333820 I'm hoping maybe someone in the community or listen might have an answer for you.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00837-00333820-00334117 We can certainly get the answer if we can't get it answered now.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00838-00334303-00334718 If anyone knows if they can answer in the chat box, that'd be super helpful.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00839-00334718-00335029 And Bethany will certainly track down that answer for you and get back to you
BwKGXXUqgmk-00840-00335573-00336020 Okay, so just for contrast, can you give a quick example of a project
BwKGXXUqgmk-00841-00336020-00336466 that would not benefit from a qualitative or mixed method evaluation?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00842-00336466-00336615 I'm gonna throw this one over to Lisa.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00843-00337028-00337147 Question.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00844-00337147-00337765 My personal response would be no, because I do believe, I personally believe that
BwKGXXUqgmk-00845-00337765-00338276 most evaluations really do benefit from doing some qualitative aspects in there.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00846-00338276-00338659 However, I do really think it depends on the project and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00847-00338659-00339010 it depends on the evaluation questions that people want answered and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00848-00339010-00339242 the perspective of the stakeholders.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00849-00339242-00339743 So say The project is really looking to answer, long term impact
BwKGXXUqgmk-00850-00339743-00340127 questions about, specifically graduation rates and whether or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00851-00340127-00340579 not something changed, graduation rates, that's all that's all they want to know.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00852-00340579-00341093 And their assumptions and their beliefs really prioritize quantitative data and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00853-00341093-00341413 numbers Then I can see an evaluation that would be
BwKGXXUqgmk-00854-00341413-00341709 best that really did keep to quantitative approach.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00855-00341825-00342104 But again, my first question would be, you know,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00856-00342104-00342563 how did this happen and and why and what students feel and how did we get here?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00857-00342563-00342859 So I still would benefit from some qualitative data
BwKGXXUqgmk-00858-00343253-00343550 All right.I'll take Joy asked.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00859-00343550-00343913 Do you recommend any particular software for journey maps?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00860-00343913-00344277 I cannot defer to Alyssa because she actually has created one of these.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00861-00344277-00344413 And that was one of our examples.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00862-00344413-00344989 So, Lissa You know really just PowerPoint I think that Microsoft Office
BwKGXXUqgmk-00863-00344989-00345397 has a lot to offer and working between them you know you can make some graphs
BwKGXXUqgmk-00864-00345397-00345848 in Excel if you want but then PowerPoint really does have a lot of flexibility for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00865-00345848-00346296 you to create Different things particularly when it comes to journey maps
BwKGXXUqgmk-00866-00346296-00346572 so I it helpful to do some searches online and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00867-00346572-00346999 find some designs that I thought worked for my context and my data and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00868-00346999-00347495 then kind of be inspired from there Emma before you launch
BwKGXXUqgmk-00869-00347495-00347800 the next question I do just want to go ahead and launch our feedback survey.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00870-00347918-00348396 We do look at all of this data very closely and it's really helpful for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00871-00348396-00348711 us to improve our webinars so we will certainly stay on for
BwKGXXUqgmk-00872-00348711-00349031 the additional two minutes to answer additional questions but
BwKGXXUqgmk-00873-00349031-00349361 please take some time to respond to our feedback survey.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00874-00349552-00349946 Absolutely, our next question came in from Kathleen they said,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00875-00349946-00350366 are there any techniques that you would consider that address accessibility
BwKGXXUqgmk-00876-00350366-00350824 concerns around such strategies such as Word clouds, icons and journey maps?
BwKGXXUqgmk-00877-00351067-00351482 It's a great question and something that I think is difficult as we're trying to
BwKGXXUqgmk-00878-00351482-00351944 be more creative and reporting techniques and more visual and engaging,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00879-00351944-00352443 trying to think about accessibility concerns as well, gets tangled.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00880-00352443-00352750 But I think Al's text is your best friend.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00881-00352750-00353239 Also realizing that if your audience does have more accessibility concerns so
BwKGXXUqgmk-00882-00353239-00353480 that is something that you wanna take into account making
BwKGXXUqgmk-00883-00353480-00353908 sure that you have really descriptive figure labels.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00884-00353908-00354223 So, even if you have a really visual graphic and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00885-00354223-00354531 then you have alt text behind it making sure that you have a really big
BwKGXXUqgmk-00886-00354531-00355055 A straightforward explanation of what's happening in the figure might even include
BwKGXXUqgmk-00887-00355055-00355628 important percentages right it's not just this is a of this but
BwKGXXUqgmk-00888-00355628-00356264 actually spelling out the first item is 60% The second item is 30% and so on.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00889-00356451-00356887 >> And I just actually shared an article blog from
BwKGXXUqgmk-00890-00356887-00357344 aa 365 in the community this morning all about accessibility and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00891-00357344-00357779 how you can actually use icons to help with some accessibility and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00892-00357779-00358173 really about how to simplify and streamline your your reporting.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00893-00358173-00358578 So definitely pop over to the community check that article out.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00894-00358578-00358890 Like I said, it just came out this morning from a colleague at
BwKGXXUqgmk-00895-00358890-00359276 Western Michigan University with us and it was really fascinating to read and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00896-00359276-00359762 kinda think about how accessibility might look differently to different groups.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00897-00359762-00360423 So and also always remember to check your stuff with color blindness as well.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00898-00360423-00360732 There's some great, I have resources on our site and we're happy to share
BwKGXXUqgmk-00899-00360732-00361071 those as well but that's another feature of that accessibility feature as well.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00900-00361224-00361546 All right, looks like we've got one more here.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00901-00361546-00362067 So Anita said, if you should Have Visio it also makes it a bit
BwKGXXUqgmk-00902-00362067-00362543 easier to make visuals journey maps etc yeah absolutely so Microsoft Visio is
BwKGXXUqgmk-00903-00362543-00363057 a great program if you happen to have it I know our systems don't anymore But
BwKGXXUqgmk-00904-00363057-00363549 if you're going to get into making logic models or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00905-00363549-00363803 journey maps it might be something you wanna look into.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00906-00363803-00364333 You can also do a lot of those functions as Lisa said in Microsoft PowerPoint And
BwKGXXUqgmk-00907-00364333-00364748 there's a lot of good online resources you could check out as well.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00908-00364748-00365129 I know that they're starting to implement some of the physios features
BwKGXXUqgmk-00909-00365129-00365501 on some of our online software such as jabber and
BwKGXXUqgmk-00910-00365501-00365938 the other Whiteboard, software's that are out there.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00911-00365938-00366403 So we're always happy to answer questions and talk about this for hours.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00912-00366403-00366909 But unfortunately, that actually brings us to the end of our webinar today.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00913-00366909-00367332 We'd like to encourage you to check out our monthly web chat series that we have.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00914-00367332-00367785 Our 2022 schedule is, we launched quarter one on the website, so
BwKGXXUqgmk-00915-00367785-00368015 you can go ahead and check out those.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00916-00368015-00368254 And our web chats are,
BwKGXXUqgmk-00917-00368254-00368540 small group discussions around various topics each month.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00918-00368540-00368882 So we hope to see you in 2022.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00919-00368882-00369111 This does conclude our webinar today.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00920-00369111-00369351 And we want to thank you all so much for coming.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00921-00369351-00369832 If you have additional questions, please hop on the slack network or email lists or
BwKGXXUqgmk-00922-00369832-00370134 AI and we are happy to address those with you.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00923-00370134-00370317 And as always, thanks for coming.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00924-00370317-00370729 So good to see all of you and have a great A holiday season.
BwKGXXUqgmk-00925-00370729-00370783 >> Thank you.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00000-00000057-00000180 Okay, welcome everybody,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00001-00000180-00000450 I'm gonna go ahead and kick things off today.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00002-00000450-00000688 My name is Sue Hendrickson.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00003-00000688-00000842 My pronouns are she and her
ByMWvuk0TGo-00004-00000842-00001171 and I'm the Executive director at the Berkman Klein Center
ByMWvuk0TGo-00005-00001171-00001590 for Internet and Society at Harvard University.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00006-00001590-00001880 Today, I'm co-hosting this event with Amritha Jayanti
ByMWvuk0TGo-00007-00001991-00002242 between the Associate Director
ByMWvuk0TGo-00008-00002242-00002456 of the Technology and Public Purpose Project
ByMWvuk0TGo-00009-00002456-00002809 at the Belfer Center and pleased today,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00010-00002809-00002989 really honored to have
ByMWvuk0TGo-00011-00002989-00003342 with us our special guest, Afua Bruce.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00012-00003342-00003640 Afua is a leading public interest technologist
ByMWvuk0TGo-00013-00003640-00003825 who has spent her career working
ByMWvuk0TGo-00014-00003825-00004022 at the intersection of technology,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00015-00004022-00004179 policy, and society.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00016-00004179-00004344 Her career spanned the government,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00017-00004344-00004666 nonprofit, private and academic sectors
ByMWvuk0TGo-00018-00004666-00004926 as she has held senior science and technology positions
ByMWvuk0TGo-00019-00004926-00005149 at a data science nonprofit,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00020-00005149-00005432 the White House, the FBI and IBM.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00021-00005432-00005543 I had the privilege and honor
ByMWvuk0TGo-00022-00005543-00005742 of working with her before joining Berkman
ByMWvuk0TGo-00023-00005742-00005910 when I was in private practice and she was
ByMWvuk0TGo-00024-00005910-00006256 at Data client and I'm thrilled to be rejoining again.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00025-00006256-00006556 She has a bachelor's degree in computer engineering
ByMWvuk0TGo-00026-00006556-00006761 as well as an MBA and is the author
ByMWvuk0TGo-00027-00006761-00006954 of the book that we're gonna be talking about today.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00028-00006954-00007135 'The Tech that Comes Next,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00029-00007135-00007418 How Change Makers, Philanthropists and Technologists
ByMWvuk0TGo-00030-00007418-00007572 Can Build an Equitable World.'
ByMWvuk0TGo-00031-00007728-00007912 I'd like to just start by acknowledging
ByMWvuk0TGo-00032-00007912-00008052 that Harvard is located on the traditional
ByMWvuk0TGo-00033-00008052-00008330 and ancestral land of the Massachusett,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00034-00008330-00008446 the original inhabitants of
ByMWvuk0TGo-00035-00008446-00008688 what is now known as Boston and Cambridge.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00036-00008688-00008845 We pay respect to the people
ByMWvuk0TGo-00037-00008845-00008976 of the Massachusetts tribe past
ByMWvuk0TGo-00038-00008976-00009169 and present and honor the land itself
ByMWvuk0TGo-00039-00009169-00009428 which remains sacred to the Massachusetts people.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00040-00009428-00009594 With that, I'd like to just say
ByMWvuk0TGo-00041-00009594-00009797 that the event is being recorded.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00042-00009797-00009984 Audience members will not be shown.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00043-00009984-00010287 If you wish to ask any questions or leave any comments,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00044-00010287-00010560 please use the Q and A function on Zoom.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00045-00010560-00010847 We'd welcome you to use the Q and A function throughout
ByMWvuk0TGo-00046-00010847-00011082 so that we can pull questions together.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00047-00011082-00011192 So when we get to the end,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00048-00011192-00011360 we'll have a curated set of questions
ByMWvuk0TGo-00049-00011360-00011689 that we can ask and this is a friendly reminder
ByMWvuk0TGo-00050-00011689-00012001 to ensure that your mics are muted during the event.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00051-00012001-00012204 With that, first I'll turn it over to Amritha,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00052-00012204-00012502 just say hello and then to our special guest, Afua.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00053-00012592-00012782 - Thanks so much, Sue and thank you so much Afua
ByMWvuk0TGo-00054-00012782-00012906 for joining us today.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00055-00013052-00013406 I just wanted to briefly also thank Karen (indistinct),
ByMWvuk0TGo-00056-00013406-00013560 and Becca Tabaski,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00057-00013560-00013794 who are on the Berkman and TAPP teams
ByMWvuk0TGo-00058-00013794-00013991 for helping us coordinate this event today.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00059-00013991-00014246 We're really excited to get into your book, Afua,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00060-00014246-00014506 so to kick things off,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00061-00014506-00014785 I'll actually just toss you an initial question
ByMWvuk0TGo-00062-00014785-00014972 to lay some groundwork,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00063-00014972-00015216 which is really introducing the concepts
ByMWvuk0TGo-00064-00015216-00015508 within your book and also the motivation.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00065-00015612-00015854 We heard from Sue that you've had such a breadth
ByMWvuk0TGo-00066-00015854-00016049 of background in the tech sector
ByMWvuk0TGo-00067-00016049-00016275 and in the public sector, private sector, et cetera.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00068-00016275-00016583 So we'd love to hear an overview
ByMWvuk0TGo-00069-00016583-00016873 of the book and what your motivations were for writing it.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00070-00016980-00017116 - Yeah, absolutely and thank you both
ByMWvuk0TGo-00071-00017116-00017444 so much for doing this event,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00072-00017444-00017640 doing it together and letting me be
ByMWvuk0TGo-00073-00017640-00017812 in conversation with both of you,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00074-00017812-00018140 I have tremendous respect for both of your work.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00075-00018140-00018273 Sue, obviously as you mentioned,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00076-00018273-00018577 we worked together while I was at DataKind and Amritha,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00077-00018577-00018815 I am happy to be a non-resident fellow
ByMWvuk0TGo-00078-00018815-00019082 in the Technology and Public Purpose Project
ByMWvuk0TGo-00079-00019082-00019340 and so just really grateful to be a part
ByMWvuk0TGo-00080-00019340-00019725 of this conversation today and excited for it.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00081-00019725-00020020 When I sat down to write the book,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00082-00020020-00020237 'The Tech That Comes Next' with my co-author,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00083-00020237-00020427 Amy Sample Ward, we recognized
ByMWvuk0TGo-00084-00020427-00020657 that we both really think a lot deeply about
ByMWvuk0TGo-00085-00020657-00020957 how technology affects communities,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00086-00020957-00021098 how it affects communities
ByMWvuk0TGo-00087-00021098-00021477 in positive ways and in not so positive ways a lot of time.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00088-00021477-00021740 We wanted to, we thought a lot about
ByMWvuk0TGo-00089-00021740-00022005 how the technology development process works,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00090-00022005-00022199 how funding of technology and the use
ByMWvuk0TGo-00091-00022199-00022593 of technology is subject to so many different forces
ByMWvuk0TGo-00092-00022593-00022954 from society and where communities actually have a voice
ByMWvuk0TGo-00093-00022954-00023188 of that process and as we were thinking about things,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00094-00023188-00023315 we realized that,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00095-00023315-00023541 you know, there is a lot of research
ByMWvuk0TGo-00096-00023541-00023667 and there's a lot of writing about all
ByMWvuk0TGo-00097-00023667-00023913 of the harms of technology and all the ways
ByMWvuk0TGo-00098-00023913-00024119 that technology has been used
ByMWvuk0TGo-00099-00024119-00024436 to inflict harm and disenfranchise people
ByMWvuk0TGo-00100-00024436-00024584 but we wanted to write a book
ByMWvuk0TGo-00101-00024584-00024888 that helped people imagine a more equitable world
ByMWvuk0TGo-00102-00024888-00025123 and so what would that look like if we took some time
ByMWvuk0TGo-00103-00025123-00025258 to step back and really think about
ByMWvuk0TGo-00104-00025258-00025522 what could the future of technology look like?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00105-00025522-00025653 What can the future of technology
ByMWvuk0TGo-00106-00025653-00025933 in the social impact space especially look like?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00107-00025933-00026075 And so that's where we started,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00108-00026075-00026352 we started by thinking of the tech that comes next,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00109-00026352-00026695 really being about the tech, but also about community,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00110-00026695-00026852 because we want our future world
ByMWvuk0TGo-00111-00026852-00027002 to really center community needs
ByMWvuk0TGo-00112-00027002-00027383 and community perspectives and so in doing that,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00113-00027383-00027517 we started by saying, well,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00114-00027517-00027826 we have to be really clear about what it is we value,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00115-00027826-00028149 regardless of whether people articulate their values or not,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00116-00028149-00028288 when you develop technology,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00117-00028288-00028564 when you developed ways of interacting in society,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00118-00028564-00028967 it reflects values and we can see over time,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00119-00028967-00029174 some of the values humans have
ByMWvuk0TGo-00120-00029174-00029385 which can be to concentrate power,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00121-00029385-00029672 to concentrate information and to concentrate resources.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00122-00029672-00029861 So if we think about communities more broadly,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00123-00029861-00030135 what would it mean to build a more equitable world?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00124-00030135-00030401 And what values would we wanna be really clear about?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00125-00030401-00030692 So in the book, we actually lay out six different values.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00126-00030692-00030927 The first is that an equitable world requires
ByMWvuk0TGo-00127-00030927-00031248 that we value the knowledge and wisdom of lived experience,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00128-00031248-00031447 recognizing that the most impacted individuals
ByMWvuk0TGo-00129-00031447-00031637 and communities need to be central
ByMWvuk0TGo-00130-00031637-00031992 to decisions and solutions about priorities.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00131-00031992-00032148 The second value we articulated was
ByMWvuk0TGo-00132-00032148-00032304 that an equitable world requires
ByMWvuk0TGo-00133-00032304-00032499 that we value the participation
ByMWvuk0TGo-00134-00032499-00032794 of a diversity of people in decision making,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00135-00032794-00032994 in planning, and in building technology,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00136-00032994-00033290 regardless of their technical knowledge or training,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00137-00033290-00033510 we need to make space for both technical
ByMWvuk0TGo-00138-00033510-00033753 and non-technical expertise.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00139-00033753-00034041 The third value is that an equitable role requires
ByMWvuk0TGo-00140-00034041-00034292 that we value accessibility,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00141-00034292-00034482 that we value accessibility for the start.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00142-00034482-00034665 So thinking about the language we use,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00143-00034665-00034841 thinking about the tools we design
ByMWvuk0TGo-00144-00034841-00035024 and are they accessible to people?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00145-00035024-00035264 Thinking about where we hold community meetings or
ByMWvuk0TGo-00146-00035264-00035497 where we, and how we solicit feedback
ByMWvuk0TGo-00147-00035497-00035643 from communities and from users,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00148-00035643-00035935 what does that process look like to actually be accessible?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00149-00035935-00036143 And then value number four
ByMWvuk0TGo-00150-00036143-00036251 that we articulated was
ByMWvuk0TGo-00151-00036251-00036390 that an equitable world requires
ByMWvuk0TGo-00152-00036390-00036680 that we value the multiple ways that change is made,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00153-00036680-00036803 meaning that we have to recognize
ByMWvuk0TGo-00154-00036803-00037016 that even though we might want systemic change
ByMWvuk0TGo-00155-00037016-00037208 in a more equitable future,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00156-00037208-00037291 there are needs that need
ByMWvuk0TGo-00157-00037291-00037479 to be met today and there are needs
ByMWvuk0TGo-00158-00037479-00037642 that need to be addressed today
ByMWvuk0TGo-00159-00037642-00037855 and so how do we live in that tension?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00160-00037855-00038022 Both making long term progress
ByMWvuk0TGo-00161-00038022-00038311 while meeting immediate needs.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00162-00038311-00038505 The fifth value we articulated was
ByMWvuk0TGo-00163-00038505-00038624 that an equitable world requires
ByMWvuk0TGo-00164-00038624-00038793 that we value the strength
ByMWvuk0TGo-00165-00038793-00039134 of collectively creating (indistinct),
ByMWvuk0TGo-00166-00039134-00039217 oh, excuse me,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00167-00039217-00039472 creating a vision of a better world.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00168-00039472-00039577 So it means that, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00169-00039577-00039777 Amy and I spent a lot of time writing this book
ByMWvuk0TGo-00170-00039777-00040011 but we are not the be all, end all on this.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00171-00040011-00040153 We need other people, which again,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00172-00040153-00040326 is why I'm so excited to be
ByMWvuk0TGo-00173-00040326-00040554 in this conversation with both you, Amritha
ByMWvuk0TGo-00174-00040554-00040937 and Sue, to expand who is included
ByMWvuk0TGo-00175-00040937-00041136 as we are thinking about what does it mean
ByMWvuk0TGo-00176-00041136-00041436 to collectively create a vision of a better world?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00177-00041436-00041613 And the sixth value we articulated was
ByMWvuk0TGo-00178-00041613-00042054 around the dedication of individuals valuing the dedication
ByMWvuk0TGo-00179-00042054-00042310 of individuals and communities and pursuing knowledge.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00180-00042310-00042513 So recognizing that there are many different types
ByMWvuk0TGo-00181-00042513-00042647 of knowledge and different types of expertise
ByMWvuk0TGo-00182-00042647-00042894 and we wanna hold a healthy respect
ByMWvuk0TGo-00183-00042894-00043120 for true expertise and learned expertise
ByMWvuk0TGo-00184-00043120-00043360 in its different forms.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00185-00043360-00043576 And then now that we know what the values are
ByMWvuk0TGo-00186-00043576-00043721 that we're trying to build around
ByMWvuk0TGo-00187-00043721-00043905 when we say let's create a more equitable world,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00188-00043905-00044134 let's imagine a more inclusive future
ByMWvuk0TGo-00189-00044134-00044326 as it comes to technology,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00190-00044326-00044465 we had to figure out some way
ByMWvuk0TGo-00191-00044465-00044682 to organize and the way that we chose was
ByMWvuk0TGo-00192-00044682-00044869 to identify five specific roles
ByMWvuk0TGo-00193-00044869-00045173 that most people will be able to find themselves in.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00194-00045173-00045256 I'll name that,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00195-00045256-00045505 the roles are, you might identify in one today,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00196-00045505-00045681 you might identify in a different one
ByMWvuk0TGo-00197-00045681-00045863 in another couple of weeks
ByMWvuk0TGo-00198-00045863-00046141 and so recognize that you can move across roles
ByMWvuk0TGo-00199-00046141-00046532 but also that we need to go across some traditional silos
ByMWvuk0TGo-00200-00046532-00046886 in order to really develop the technology
ByMWvuk0TGo-00201-00046886-00047262 that comes next and to really build a more equitable world.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00202-00047262-00047492 So the first role we identified was the role
ByMWvuk0TGo-00203-00047492-00047710 of the social impact organizations and employees
ByMWvuk0TGo-00204-00047710-00047902 at social impact organizations, and one
ByMWvuk0TGo-00205-00047902-00048049 of the key questions
ByMWvuk0TGo-00206-00048049-00048351 that social impact organization employees are thinking
ByMWvuk0TGo-00207-00048351-00048624 about is how are staff supported and resourced
ByMWvuk0TGo-00208-00048624-00048995 to align technology with the mission and community's needs?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00209-00048995-00049275 So how do these organizations really see technology as a way
ByMWvuk0TGo-00210-00049275-00049553 to advance their mission and enhance their mission
ByMWvuk0TGo-00211-00049553-00049823 and not compete with their mission or other resources?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00212-00049944-00050068 The second category as a technologist,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00213-00050068-00050287 as a trained computer engineer
ByMWvuk0TGo-00214-00050287-00050504 and former practicing software engineer,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00215-00050504-00050992 this is where I most readily identify most often
ByMWvuk0TGo-00216-00050992-00051105 but really, with technologists,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00217-00051105-00051192 we are looking at
ByMWvuk0TGo-00218-00051192-00051494 how can we change the tech development process
ByMWvuk0TGo-00219-00051494-00051748 and really think about how are technologists investing
ByMWvuk0TGo-00220-00051748-00051932 in the leadership and capacity
ByMWvuk0TGo-00221-00051932-00052046 of the impacted community
ByMWvuk0TGo-00222-00052046-00052304 to support their long-term ownership?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00223-00052304-00052659 What does it look like to distribute power differently?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00224-00052659-00052774 What does it look like
ByMWvuk0TGo-00225-00052774-00053265 to protect rights and privacy in those situations?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00226-00053265-00053514 The third category is funders and investors.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00227-00053514-00053882 So everything from philanthropists to venture capitalists,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00228-00053882-00054119 to corporations, to individuals
ByMWvuk0TGo-00229-00054119-00054339 and asking funders and investors
ByMWvuk0TGo-00230-00054339-00054535 to really think about changing the way tech
ByMWvuk0TGo-00231-00054535-00054777 and social impact funding works.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00232-00054777-00054979 So asking investors, "Are you committed
ByMWvuk0TGo-00233-00054979-00055262 to funding inclusively for intentional engagement,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00234-00055262-00055553 iterative processes and long term support?"
ByMWvuk0TGo-00235-00055553-00055909 And the fourth category is policy makers.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00236-00055909-00056082 Looking at policy makers
ByMWvuk0TGo-00237-00056082-00056412 who have the ability to really change laws and policy,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00238-00056412-00056640 one of the strongest levers we have if we're going
ByMWvuk0TGo-00239-00056640-00056867 to make systemic change and so a question
ByMWvuk0TGo-00240-00056867-00057024 for policy makers to contend with is,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00241-00057024-00057415 are you meaningfully engaging communities most impacted
ByMWvuk0TGo-00242-00057415-00057616 by digital divides and technological harm
ByMWvuk0TGo-00243-00057616-00057854 to inform proactive policies?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00244-00057854-00057995 Are you thinking about the policies
ByMWvuk0TGo-00245-00057995-00058107 that govern technology
ByMWvuk0TGo-00246-00058107-00058369 and the technology that governs policies?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00247-00058369-00058485 And then the final role
ByMWvuk0TGo-00248-00058485-00058726 that we identified is the role of communities.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00249-00058726-00058892 Recognizing that we have people
ByMWvuk0TGo-00250-00058892-00059225 in multiple communities and communities
ByMWvuk0TGo-00251-00059225-00059324 from diverse backgrounds,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00252-00059324-00059729 communities of historically overlooked people,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00253-00059729-00059841 and asking these communities,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00254-00059841-00060021 "What is it that you want to change?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00255-00060021-00060159 And what are your biggest dreams?"
ByMWvuk0TGo-00256-00060159-00060339 And really using the answers to those
ByMWvuk0TGo-00257-00060339-00060511 to drive the rest of the process,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00258-00060511-00060753 to drive the policies, to drive the technology,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00259-00060753-00060939 to drive the funding and to drive even some
ByMWvuk0TGo-00260-00060939-00061150 of the goals and formation
ByMWvuk0TGo-00261-00061150-00061350 of social impact organizations
ByMWvuk0TGo-00262-00061350-00061536 and so with those framings of both,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00263-00061536-00061686 let's be a little bit more clear about
ByMWvuk0TGo-00264-00061686-00061854 what we mean about equity
ByMWvuk0TGo-00265-00061854-00062092 and what a more equitable world looks like
ByMWvuk0TGo-00266-00062092-00062239 and then giving us a framework
ByMWvuk0TGo-00267-00062239-00062391 of five different roles and actions
ByMWvuk0TGo-00268-00062391-00062620 that each of those roles can take
ByMWvuk0TGo-00269-00062620-00062736 because there's a little bit
ByMWvuk0TGo-00270-00062736-00062940 of responsibility for everyone here.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00271-00063032-00063199 That's the framework that we use
ByMWvuk0TGo-00272-00063199-00063434 to really think about the tech that comes next.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00273-00063734-00063817 - That's great.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00274-00063817-00063902 Thank you so much, Afua.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00275-00063902-00064204 It's such a comprehensive overview
ByMWvuk0TGo-00276-00064204-00064379 of the content and one thing
ByMWvuk0TGo-00277-00064379-00064554 that I loved about the book is
ByMWvuk0TGo-00278-00064554-00064690 that it's very action oriented.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00279-00064690-00064908 It's almost like a toolkit with the questions,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00280-00064908-00065014 et cetera, that are in it.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00281-00065014-00065360 So it feels like it really helps us carve a path forward.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00282-00065360-00065743 One concept I really liked in the book too
ByMWvuk0TGo-00283-00065743-00065920 that I'd love for you to speak a little bit
ByMWvuk0TGo-00284-00065920-00066162 on as we move into more of the meat
ByMWvuk0TGo-00285-00066162-00066442 of the conversation is that you make this distinction
ByMWvuk0TGo-00286-00066442-00066593 that tech is not a solution,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00287-00066593-00066955 it's a tool, and how important that framing
ByMWvuk0TGo-00288-00066955-00067198 is as we think about how tech can
ByMWvuk0TGo-00289-00067198-00067629 be applied in different sectors and spheres
ByMWvuk0TGo-00290-00067629-00067833 to ensure that we're building it
ByMWvuk0TGo-00291-00067833-00068078 to really elevate the values that we've articulated,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00292-00068078-00068276 rather than assuming they're integrated
ByMWvuk0TGo-00293-00068276-00068413 in or embedded already.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00294-00068413-00068648 So can you speak to that distinction,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00295-00068648-00068889 especially in the way that you think
ByMWvuk0TGo-00296-00068889-00069137 about how the narrative is now
ByMWvuk0TGo-00297-00069137-00069436 around tech and where it should be as we move forward?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00298-00069554-00069639 - Yeah, absolutely.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00299-00069639-00069852 Again, I am an engineer by training.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00300-00069852-00069994 I love engineering.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00301-00069994-00070105 I love technology.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00302-00070105-00070243 I think it's amazing.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00303-00070243-00070615 I think engineers are amazing and we can do wonderful things
ByMWvuk0TGo-00304-00070615-00070826 but if we always approach all of the problems
ByMWvuk0TGo-00305-00070826-00071005 as though technologists or engineers
ByMWvuk0TGo-00306-00071005-00071199 or computer scientists have all
ByMWvuk0TGo-00307-00071199-00071382 of the answers and sort of assume
ByMWvuk0TGo-00308-00071382-00071465 that because someone
ByMWvuk0TGo-00309-00071465-00071785 can write some really well designed code or frankly,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00310-00071785-00071991 not well designed code that still runs,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00311-00071991-00072170 that they have all of the answers
ByMWvuk0TGo-00312-00072170-00072468 to drive every other aspect of society.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00313-00072468-00072745 We really miss the mark.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00314-00072745-00072907 We need to really focus on
ByMWvuk0TGo-00315-00072907-00073043 what are the problems that we need
ByMWvuk0TGo-00316-00073043-00073314 to solve and then back in from things there.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00317-00073314-00073547 There's an example in the book of an organization called
ByMWvuk0TGo-00318-00073547-00073713 Rescuing Leftover Cuisine for example,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00319-00073713-00074172 that existed to rescue leftover cuisine
ByMWvuk0TGo-00320-00074172-00074342 as the name might imply and they started out
ByMWvuk0TGo-00321-00074342-00074556 as an organization that was literally,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00322-00074556-00074716 you know, a team of volunteers
ByMWvuk0TGo-00323-00074716-00075032 who was trying to solve food insecurity.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00324-00075032-00075227 They'd get a call from someone, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00325-00075227-00075484 restaurant or someplace saying, "I have leftover cuisine."
ByMWvuk0TGo-00326-00075484-00075777 And they'd call a volunteer to go and walk to the place,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00327-00075777-00076061 pick it up and take it to the next place
ByMWvuk0TGo-00328-00076061-00076183 and that worked for some time
ByMWvuk0TGo-00329-00076183-00076451 but then they thought about how can we
ByMWvuk0TGo-00330-00076451-00076555 be a little bit more intentional
ByMWvuk0TGo-00331-00076555-00076715 about this and thought about the technology
ByMWvuk0TGo-00332-00076715-00077008 that might help facilitate this
ByMWvuk0TGo-00333-00077008-00077284 and so rather than just asking someone
ByMWvuk0TGo-00334-00077284-00077422 to design a technology
ByMWvuk0TGo-00335-00077422-00077565 that might facilitate that,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00336-00077565-00077683 design a platform that might facilitate that,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00337-00077683-00077907 they actually spent a really,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00338-00077907-00078124 they spent some time really intentionally designing
ByMWvuk0TGo-00339-00078124-00078357 their own process and, you know, creating,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00340-00078447-00078576 I think it was a Trello board
ByMWvuk0TGo-00341-00078576-00078754 with requests that people could put in,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00342-00078754-00079185 by people I mean volunteers, staff members,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00343-00079185-00079416 people from the organizations' donating the food
ByMWvuk0TGo-00344-00079416-00079695 to document the requests they wanted
ByMWvuk0TGo-00345-00079695-00079814 and the features they wanted
ByMWvuk0TGo-00346-00079814-00080033 in this technology system and then people could sort
ByMWvuk0TGo-00347-00080033-00080169 of up vote or down vote things
ByMWvuk0TGo-00348-00080169-00080492 and when decisions were made that either aligned
ByMWvuk0TGo-00349-00080492-00080759 with the clear community wishes or contradicted
ByMWvuk0TGo-00350-00080759-00081022 but were necessary, clear communication could
ByMWvuk0TGo-00351-00081022-00081328 be had and that is how the platform
ByMWvuk0TGo-00352-00081328-00081579 that still drives Rescuing Leftover Cuisine today,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00353-00081664-00082007 that still drives Rescuing Leftover Cuisine was developed,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00354-00082007-00082218 and they were able to do that and they were able
ByMWvuk0TGo-00355-00082218-00082551 to go from one small organization that, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00356-00082551-00082664 operated at this human scale
ByMWvuk0TGo-00357-00082664-00082844 to an organization that operates now
ByMWvuk0TGo-00358-00082844-00082993 in I think more than eight cities
ByMWvuk0TGo-00359-00082993-00083184 across the country and so, again,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00360-00083184-00083398 it's really by focusing on what were the actual needs,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00361-00083398-00083636 talking with those community members involved,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00362-00083636-00083833 using that to help define the technology
ByMWvuk0TGo-00363-00083833-00084004 and then move from there.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00364-00084004-00084230 When you skip some of those steps,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00365-00084230-00084583 you can get into some of the cases we've heard about,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00366-00084583-00084759 of people designing, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00367-00084759-00085065 an app to solve hunger and here we are,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00368-00085065-00085390 years later and that app has not solved hunger
ByMWvuk0TGo-00369-00085390-00085828 or designing technology to, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00370-00085828-00086078 help assist people in walking,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00371-00086078-00086232 but you didn't actually talk to people
ByMWvuk0TGo-00372-00086232-00086429 who needed the assistance
ByMWvuk0TGo-00373-00086429-00086547 and so those devices then aren't used
ByMWvuk0TGo-00374-00086547-00086715 or if they were used,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00375-00086715-00086866 they were actually harmful and inflicted harm
ByMWvuk0TGo-00376-00086866-00087172 on people and so that integration and really focus
ByMWvuk0TGo-00377-00087172-00087411 on the problems and the communities
ByMWvuk0TGo-00378-00087411-00087729 who are most affected by them is really important.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00379-00087903-00088158 - Yeah, I really liked the other example in your book too,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00380-00088158-00088428 that you provided of DataKind working with John Jay College
ByMWvuk0TGo-00381-00088428-00088727 to collaboratively develop the program
ByMWvuk0TGo-00382-00088727-00088973 to identify students at risk of dropping out
ByMWvuk0TGo-00383-00088973-00089243 and to kind of help propel them across the finish line
ByMWvuk0TGo-00384-00089336-00089461 'cause it seemed like it was exactly that kind
ByMWvuk0TGo-00385-00089461-00089624 of model that you were talking about
ByMWvuk0TGo-00386-00089624-00089872 of engaging what the community needs were
ByMWvuk0TGo-00387-00089872-00090079 to figure out how to design that.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00388-00090079-00090320 One of the things that stuck out to me
ByMWvuk0TGo-00389-00090320-00090499 with that is that there was,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00390-00090499-00090621 and I think you noted it in the book,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00391-00090621-00090856 that the weight of particular variables
ByMWvuk0TGo-00392-00090856-00090993 in algorithmic decision making
ByMWvuk0TGo-00393-00090993-00091138 had the serious real world consequences
ByMWvuk0TGo-00394-00091138-00091347 in determining who received services
ByMWvuk0TGo-00395-00091347-00091512 and who doesn't in that context.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00396-00091512-00091661 So it was important for framing and one
ByMWvuk0TGo-00397-00091661-00091960 of the things as a kind of technologist
ByMWvuk0TGo-00398-00091960-00092115 and since we're both in academia here
ByMWvuk0TGo-00399-00092115-00092295 that I was wondering about is,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00400-00092295-00092552 how do you believe that technologists should
ByMWvuk0TGo-00401-00092552-00092682 be trained differently to kind
ByMWvuk0TGo-00402-00092682-00092840 of handle the ethical and really think
ByMWvuk0TGo-00403-00092840-00093305 about the ethical and policy implications of their design,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00404-00093305-00093498 deployment and development choices given
ByMWvuk0TGo-00405-00093498-00093829 that it really is ultimately not the tool
ByMWvuk0TGo-00406-00093829-00094124 but the people and the problem that you're trying to solve?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00407-00094247-00094367 - Yeah, absolutely and just expanding
ByMWvuk0TGo-00408-00094367-00094689 on the John Jay College and DataKind example
ByMWvuk0TGo-00409-00094689-00095047 that you summarized quite well, Sue,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00410-00095047-00095340 I also just wanna note that the algorithm
ByMWvuk0TGo-00411-00095340-00095468 or the models that were built in
ByMWvuk0TGo-00412-00095468-00095629 that to help identify students
ByMWvuk0TGo-00413-00095629-00095830 who are at risk of dropping out
ByMWvuk0TGo-00414-00095830-00096152 and then to identify what interventions were best,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00415-00096152-00096306 that was a recommending tool
ByMWvuk0TGo-00416-00096306-00096551 for people who then were ultimately involved
ByMWvuk0TGo-00417-00096551-00096738 in making that final decision and implementing
ByMWvuk0TGo-00418-00096738-00097018 that and so as we think about training students differently,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00419-00097018-00097170 I think also talking about some
ByMWvuk0TGo-00420-00097170-00097402 of the limitations of technology
ByMWvuk0TGo-00421-00097402-00097511 and some of the ways that we want humans
ByMWvuk0TGo-00422-00097511-00097760 to continue to interact with technology
ByMWvuk0TGo-00423-00097760-00098075 and some of the decisions that we might not wanna cede
ByMWvuk0TGo-00424-00098075-00098400 to computers who are unfeeling,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00425-00098400-00098880 who have had biases encoded in the way they work
ByMWvuk0TGo-00426-00098880-00099054 and then operate at scale
ByMWvuk0TGo-00427-00099054-00099280 and very quickly to make different decisions.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00428-00099280-00099484 So I think that's really important.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00429-00099484-00099636 I think another thing that's important
ByMWvuk0TGo-00430-00099636-00099719 to think about
ByMWvuk0TGo-00431-00099719-00100001 when we discuss training students differently is
ByMWvuk0TGo-00432-00100001-00100289 to recognize the different perspectives
ByMWvuk0TGo-00433-00100289-00100456 that are really important and thinking about some
ByMWvuk0TGo-00434-00100456-00100687 of the ethical considerations and so yes,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00435-00100687-00100815 absolutely, engineers
ByMWvuk0TGo-00436-00100815-00101028 who take engineering courses and design there
ByMWvuk0TGo-00437-00101028-00101244 but it's also important to start
ByMWvuk0TGo-00438-00101244-00101550 to identify ways to build empathy,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00439-00101550-00101895 ways to identify how to assess a data set
ByMWvuk0TGo-00440-00101895-00102188 for completeness and where you might go
ByMWvuk0TGo-00441-00102188-00102393 to help build out that data,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00442-00102393-00102551 ways to work across disciplines
ByMWvuk0TGo-00443-00102551-00102892 and recognize that people from a law background
ByMWvuk0TGo-00444-00102892-00103037 or social science background
ByMWvuk0TGo-00445-00103037-00103351 or other backgrounds have different perspectives
ByMWvuk0TGo-00446-00103351-00103753 that's really important to incorporate in the design process
ByMWvuk0TGo-00447-00103753-00103923 because then as people are thinking
ByMWvuk0TGo-00448-00103923-00104076 about coding different weights
ByMWvuk0TGo-00449-00104076-00104354 and different variables and different values,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00450-00104354-00104554 then some of those considerations can then
ByMWvuk0TGo-00451-00104554-00104722 be translated into the code
ByMWvuk0TGo-00452-00104722-00105170 to then have a different impact on the overall process.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00453-00105170-00105255 I think also showing some
ByMWvuk0TGo-00454-00105255-00105541 of the practical side of what's working
ByMWvuk0TGo-00455-00105541-00105747 and what's not working is really important
ByMWvuk0TGo-00456-00105747-00105922 and then I think finally,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00457-00105922-00106208 centers like the ones both of you run
ByMWvuk0TGo-00458-00106208-00106455 that really have people who are deeply researching some
ByMWvuk0TGo-00459-00106455-00106613 of these issues and the positive
ByMWvuk0TGo-00460-00106613-00106831 and negative implications of them,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00461-00106831-00106965 hearing people who are in
ByMWvuk0TGo-00462-00106965-00107230 that research and dealing with those technologies
ByMWvuk0TGo-00463-00107230-00107512 on a day-to-day basis, I think is incredibly important.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00464-00107753-00108031 - Yeah, I'm awed by the community
ByMWvuk0TGo-00465-00108031-00108256 of information that the two of us get
ByMWvuk0TGo-00466-00108256-00108446 from the people who are affiliated with our centers,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00467-00108446-00108651 it really is amazing in kind of driving the research
ByMWvuk0TGo-00468-00108651-00108960 and just understanding of a lot
ByMWvuk0TGo-00469-00108960-00109065 of these issues and implications
ByMWvuk0TGo-00470-00109065-00109335 as we think about how to go with them.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00471-00109335-00109525 One thing you touched on in there was
ByMWvuk0TGo-00472-00109525-00109714 about the silos and breaking those down
ByMWvuk0TGo-00473-00109714-00109983 and I was fascinated when I was looking
ByMWvuk0TGo-00474-00109983-00110136 at your bio that in the White House,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00475-00110136-00110264 it mentioned that you
ByMWvuk0TGo-00476-00110264-00110593 had overseen a hundred different federal intra-agency
ByMWvuk0TGo-00477-00110593-00110894 working groups and tackling kind
ByMWvuk0TGo-00478-00110894-00111025 of challenges ranging
ByMWvuk0TGo-00479-00111025-00111163 from the environment and sustainability
ByMWvuk0TGo-00480-00111163-00111607 to Homeland and national security to STEM,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00481-00111607-00111821 inter-agency working groups are a really hard thing
ByMWvuk0TGo-00482-00111821-00112015 to do usually because you are kind
ByMWvuk0TGo-00483-00112015-00112198 of breaking down silos and, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00484-00112198-00112407 kind of building those challenges across them
ByMWvuk0TGo-00485-00112407-00112551 but one of the things that we're seeing
ByMWvuk0TGo-00486-00112551-00112878 in all of our work is just in today's world,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00487-00112878-00112990 there's so much of a need
ByMWvuk0TGo-00488-00112990-00113389 for interdisciplinary multi-stakeholder problem solving
ByMWvuk0TGo-00489-00113389-00113632 solutions, but the necessary actors
ByMWvuk0TGo-00490-00113632-00113953 in that historically haven't been broadly enough defined
ByMWvuk0TGo-00491-00113953-00114161 for that and so I was just wondering
ByMWvuk0TGo-00492-00114161-00114371 whether there was expertise
ByMWvuk0TGo-00493-00114371-00114572 that we should cultivate to bridge those divides,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00494-00114572-00114715 build those solutions.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00495-00114715-00114798 If there were lessons
ByMWvuk0TGo-00496-00114798-00115154 from your experience building these inter-agency coalitions
ByMWvuk0TGo-00497-00115154-00115525 that could help us get different silos of expertise
ByMWvuk0TGo-00498-00115525-00115795 to more logically and seamlessly work together
ByMWvuk0TGo-00499-00115795-00115920 on these kinds of issues?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00500-00116066-00116168 - Yeah, absolutely,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00501-00116168-00116353 I mean, I think what I would first say is
ByMWvuk0TGo-00502-00116353-00116561 to develop some patience,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00503-00116561-00116660 managing, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00504-00116660-00116958 for myself a hundred different inter-agency working groups
ByMWvuk0TGo-00505-00116958-00117197 took a lot of patience,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00506-00117197-00117576 a lot of finding people to be the right messenger
ByMWvuk0TGo-00507-00117576-00117702 to different groups and what
ByMWvuk0TGo-00508-00117702-00117867 that looks like and even though,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00509-00117867-00117997 you know, say somewhat jokingly,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00510-00117997-00118097 patience was really critical then,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00511-00118097-00118289 I think it's also really true
ByMWvuk0TGo-00512-00118289-00118615 when we think about developing just working groups
ByMWvuk0TGo-00513-00118615-00118841 in general and working across different silos
ByMWvuk0TGo-00514-00118841-00118924 because we need to make sure
ByMWvuk0TGo-00515-00118924-00119011 that we are taking the time
ByMWvuk0TGo-00516-00119011-00119284 to really develop a common language
ByMWvuk0TGo-00517-00119284-00119424 and, you know, engineers might
ByMWvuk0TGo-00518-00119424-00119587 have a different language than lawyers,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00519-00119587-00119778 that have a different language
ByMWvuk0TGo-00520-00119778-00120106 than social scientists and more and more
ByMWvuk0TGo-00521-00120106-00120240 and so really taking some time
ByMWvuk0TGo-00522-00120240-00120384 at the start to really make sure
ByMWvuk0TGo-00523-00120384-00120691 that everyone is sort of understanding
ByMWvuk0TGo-00524-00120691-00120942 what the other person is saying and what that looks like.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00525-00120942-00121070 Then recognizing that the time
ByMWvuk0TGo-00526-00121070-00121264 to actually let people speak
ByMWvuk0TGo-00527-00121264-00121628 and then process and react is not insignificant.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00528-00121628-00121807 So as you're building project plans,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00529-00121807-00121965 as you're designing processes to sort
ByMWvuk0TGo-00530-00121965-00122407 of incorporate people from traditionally different silos,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00531-00122407-00122742 allowing the time for some of that development
ByMWvuk0TGo-00532-00122742-00122955 and that information exchange to happen,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00533-00122955-00123201 I think is really, really important as well.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00534-00123444-00123688 - I think piggybacking on that a bit,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00535-00123688-00123881 this idea of cohesion.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00536-00123881-00124102 So you've named a few different stakeholders
ByMWvuk0TGo-00537-00124102-00124376 that really have power
ByMWvuk0TGo-00538-00124376-00124766 in the way we form and create our tech and so,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00539-00124766-00125049 as we think about moving forward
ByMWvuk0TGo-00540-00125049-00125455 and how each like funding streams can shift,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00541-00125455-00125600 tech developers can change the way
ByMWvuk0TGo-00542-00125600-00125749 that they're thinking about things.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00543-00125749-00125959 How do you think about the cohesion
ByMWvuk0TGo-00544-00125959-00126245 of change within the groups that we see
ByMWvuk0TGo-00545-00126245-00126400 in the stakeholder groups that we have
ByMWvuk0TGo-00546-00126400-00126580 to ensure that they're coordinating
ByMWvuk0TGo-00547-00126580-00126782 in the way that they move forward
ByMWvuk0TGo-00548-00126782-00126942 and actually implement change
ByMWvuk0TGo-00549-00126942-00127214 that really integrates for example,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00550-00127214-00127470 community perspective, when we're thinking about technology?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00551-00127470-00127743 Because again, the tech developer sometimes is sitting
ByMWvuk0TGo-00552-00127743-00127989 in their own corner,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00553-00127989-00128102 thinking about things
ByMWvuk0TGo-00554-00128102-00128275 and they're doing some design experiments,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00555-00128275-00128497 but that's not as well interfaced
ByMWvuk0TGo-00556-00128497-00128747 with some of the philanthropists
ByMWvuk0TGo-00557-00128747-00128922 who are funding certain projects, et cetera.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00558-00128922-00129099 So to that point of cohesion that you made,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00559-00129099-00129210 how do you think about that
ByMWvuk0TGo-00560-00129210-00129516 as we think about these key stakeholder groups?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00561-00129516-00129768 - Yeah, absolutely and this Amritha,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00562-00129768-00129892 I think is a great question and one
ByMWvuk0TGo-00563-00129892-00130046 that I'd love to hear your thoughts
ByMWvuk0TGo-00564-00130046-00130216 on and Sue's thoughts on as well
ByMWvuk0TGo-00565-00130216-00130487 because I know in the very interdisciplinary work
ByMWvuk0TGo-00566-00130487-00130634 that you two have both done,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00567-00130634-00130817 I'm sure you've got a lot of examples,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00568-00130817-00131047 probably both good and bad.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00569-00131047-00131266 But when I think about how do we sort
ByMWvuk0TGo-00570-00131266-00131496 of start to encourage this,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00571-00131496-00131602 I think there are a lot of different levers
ByMWvuk0TGo-00572-00131602-00131834 to pull and from each of those different groups
ByMWvuk0TGo-00573-00131834-00131970 and so as we're, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00574-00131970-00132193 thinking about funders, for example,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00575-00132193-00132299 funders and investors,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00576-00132299-00132657 I think that if investors start to ask questions about,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00577-00132657-00132891 did you talk to a certain group of people?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00578-00132891-00133241 Did you do some type of check or in, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00579-00133241-00133390 a due diligence process,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00580-00133390-00133657 ask for, you know, who was included,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00581-00133657-00133861 who was not included in those conversations,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00582-00133861-00134028 that can start to change the needle
ByMWvuk0TGo-00583-00134028-00134178 and I know there's, you know, research by,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00584-00134178-00134311 I think some folks
ByMWvuk0TGo-00585-00134431-00134629 in the Technology and Public Purpose Project about that.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00586-00134629-00134887 I think Cornell Tech has done some research,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00587-00134887-00135046 some interesting research on this as well
ByMWvuk0TGo-00588-00135046-00135302 and there are other places as well.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00589-00135302-00135482 I think, you know, on the technologist side as well,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00590-00135482-00135798 I think it's really important to recognize that, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00591-00135798-00135993 there are technologists at all different spots
ByMWvuk0TGo-00592-00135993-00136202 in the process and there's something, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00593-00136202-00136394 a little tweak that people can do,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00594-00136394-00136637 at least one little tweak at each process
ByMWvuk0TGo-00595-00136637-00136744 and so maybe your part
ByMWvuk0TGo-00596-00136744-00136914 of the tech development process is
ByMWvuk0TGo-00597-00136914-00137113 when you are doing user requirements
ByMWvuk0TGo-00598-00137113-00137275 and so then really thinking about
ByMWvuk0TGo-00599-00137275-00137569 what inclusion looks like there and equity looks like there
ByMWvuk0TGo-00600-00137569-00137682 or maybe it is when you're writing code
ByMWvuk0TGo-00601-00137682-00137907 and then maybe it's your job to think,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00602-00137907-00138116 you know, who did we get this information from?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00603-00138116-00138269 Who did we get our understanding
ByMWvuk0TGo-00604-00138269-00138644 of what our ultimate goal is and what this code is supposed
ByMWvuk0TGo-00605-00138644-00139022 to do or not do from and asking questions along those ways.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00606-00139022-00139322 So recognizing that no one person has
ByMWvuk0TGo-00607-00139322-00139583 to sort of transform the entire system
ByMWvuk0TGo-00608-00139583-00139854 but there are different levers and many different parts
ByMWvuk0TGo-00609-00139854-00140061 that many different people can pull.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00610-00140336-00140419 - Sue, I don't know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00611-00140419-00140523 did you wanna jump in,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00612-00140523-00140723 even with your thoughts on some of that?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00613-00140826-00140909 - Sure, no,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00614-00140909-00141065 I was just gonna kind of echo that,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00615-00141065-00141303 that as a, you know, I'm a committed generalist
ByMWvuk0TGo-00616-00141303-00141526 who's worked in all forms of emerging tech
ByMWvuk0TGo-00617-00141526-00141711 and each time you have to kind
ByMWvuk0TGo-00618-00141711-00141900 of knit these folks together
ByMWvuk0TGo-00619-00141900-00142052 and I really appreciate it in here
ByMWvuk0TGo-00620-00142052-00142284 that you create and people come
ByMWvuk0TGo-00621-00142284-00142439 from very different perspectives
ByMWvuk0TGo-00622-00142439-00142770 and figuring out a way to create that dialogue
ByMWvuk0TGo-00623-00142770-00143077 and create the baseline for discussion about these issues.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00624-00143077-00143194 One of the things I really enjoyed
ByMWvuk0TGo-00625-00143194-00143495 about the book was both the values based framework
ByMWvuk0TGo-00626-00143495-00143597 that you were giving people
ByMWvuk0TGo-00627-00143597-00144097 and the very concrete questions to enable that dialogue as,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00628-00144139-00144222 okay, well, so,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00629-00144222-00144467 if I wanna do this, assuming I wanted
ByMWvuk0TGo-00630-00144467-00144778 to have more inclusive development and I'm a funder,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00631-00144778-00145056 how do I go about that process and started,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00632-00145056-00145353 I think as people start to ask those questions
ByMWvuk0TGo-00633-00145353-00145587 in their respective silos and start
ByMWvuk0TGo-00634-00145587-00145862 to understand the need for each other better,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00635-00145862-00146167 hopefully we can change the paradigm as to,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00636-00146167-00146456 you know, how people approach these different issues.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00637-00146658-00146756 - Yeah, yeah, definitely.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00638-00146756-00147008 I think one point that you both touched
ByMWvuk0TGo-00639-00147008-00147284 on is the idea of communication too
ByMWvuk0TGo-00640-00147371-00147480 and number one, communicating,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00641-00147480-00147682 bringing your thoughts to the table,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00642-00147682-00148061 but also having the right language to speak.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00643-00148061-00148167 One thing that we notice,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00644-00148167-00148383 especially through our work at TAPP is
ByMWvuk0TGo-00645-00148383-00148637 that everybody has a different way
ByMWvuk0TGo-00646-00148637-00148813 that they communicate and so
ByMWvuk0TGo-00647-00148813-00148972 to bring different stakeholders to the table,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00648-00148972-00149164 there's some work to be done
ByMWvuk0TGo-00649-00149164-00149360 to make sure that we're all speaking the same language
ByMWvuk0TGo-00650-00149360-00149766 and also that people's incentives are presented
ByMWvuk0TGo-00651-00149766-00149947 when they come to do the work to ensure
ByMWvuk0TGo-00652-00149947-00150056 that we can align those
ByMWvuk0TGo-00653-00150056-00150247 in a way that makes it more productive,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00654-00150247-00150447 but it also points to a cultural shift
ByMWvuk0TGo-00655-00150447-00150602 that kind of needs to happen
ByMWvuk0TGo-00656-00150602-00150842 and I wanna circle back to a point you made, Afua,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00657-00150842-00151038 about focusing on the problems
ByMWvuk0TGo-00658-00151038-00151166 and also the fact
ByMWvuk0TGo-00659-00151166-00151406 that you have a computer engineering background
ByMWvuk0TGo-00660-00151406-00151546 and have done the tech development.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00661-00151546-00151845 So I have a computer science background too.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00662-00151845-00151999 I've worked on some tech teams and one thing
ByMWvuk0TGo-00663-00151999-00152167 that is common is
ByMWvuk0TGo-00664-00152167-00152660 that often engineers get really excited about hard problems.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00665-00152660-00153143 They care a lot about the solving the problem
ByMWvuk0TGo-00666-00153143-00153453 in a certain kind of technical challenge way,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00667-00153453-00153590 but then that gets lost
ByMWvuk0TGo-00668-00153590-00153886 and the values and point actually kind
ByMWvuk0TGo-00669-00153886-00154050 of disappears in the obsession
ByMWvuk0TGo-00670-00154050-00154294 with some of those technical challenges.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00671-00154294-00154576 So I'm curious from that perspective,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00672-00154576-00154863 how do you ensure when we think about problem scope
ByMWvuk0TGo-00673-00154863-00155234 and the intentionality around design, et cetera,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00674-00155234-00155510 that we can catalyze the right kind of cultural shift
ByMWvuk0TGo-00675-00155510-00155793 so that we're focusing on the problem in the right way?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00676-00156032-00156115 - Yeah, absolutely.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00677-00156115-00156277 So I think we can tackle it
ByMWvuk0TGo-00678-00156277-00156473 on a couple of different angles and so I think one,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00679-00156473-00156751 just acknowledging that there are really hard problems
ByMWvuk0TGo-00680-00156751-00156969 that are out there that need to be solved
ByMWvuk0TGo-00681-00156969-00157263 and that need some super complicated technology and people
ByMWvuk0TGo-00682-00157263-00157496 who really understand the nuances
ByMWvuk0TGo-00683-00157496-00157815 of how to develop different technology systems,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00684-00157815-00158142 how to really secure different systems
ByMWvuk0TGo-00685-00158142-00158325 in different ways as people move about,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00686-00158325-00158418 as people change locations,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00687-00158418-00158746 as people adjust their identities
ByMWvuk0TGo-00688-00158746-00158898 or the ways they show up in different spaces,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00689-00158898-00159096 there are really big challenges
ByMWvuk0TGo-00690-00159096-00159541 around privacy concerns and how your data is protected
ByMWvuk0TGo-00691-00159541-00159878 and how your information is shared or not shared.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00692-00159878-00160150 So there are extremely complicated problems
ByMWvuk0TGo-00693-00160150-00160482 that need to be solved even in the social impact space
ByMWvuk0TGo-00694-00160482-00160674 and so I think galvanizing people around the fact
ByMWvuk0TGo-00695-00160674-00160982 that those do exist and that's worthy sort
ByMWvuk0TGo-00696-00160982-00161427 of the technology expertise is really important.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00697-00161427-00161587 That said, sometimes an organization
ByMWvuk0TGo-00698-00161587-00161765 just needs a spreadsheet,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00699-00161765-00161986 maybe not a full out blockchain solution,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00700-00161986-00162192 but they just need a spreadsheet
ByMWvuk0TGo-00701-00162192-00162483 and so also recognizing when
ByMWvuk0TGo-00702-00162483-00162762 that is the right solution and, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00703-00162762-00163066 I think it's important to be upfront with people about that,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00704-00163066-00163254 to say that, you know, to the engineers,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00705-00163254-00163468 that some of your time might be spent
ByMWvuk0TGo-00706-00163468-00163713 on the really exciting work and some
ByMWvuk0TGo-00707-00163713-00163945 of your time might be spent teaching someone
ByMWvuk0TGo-00708-00163945-00164184 how to use a spreadsheet or developing a new spreadsheet
ByMWvuk0TGo-00709-00164184-00164446 or something and just setting expectations
ByMWvuk0TGo-00710-00164446-00164866 in a more reasonable way I think matters a lot.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00711-00164866-00165252 It's also true that even for complicated problems
ByMWvuk0TGo-00712-00165252-00165573 or perceived complicated problems in the private sector,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00713-00165573-00165870 that it's not always complicated or exciting.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00714-00165870-00165992 If you talk
ByMWvuk0TGo-00715-00165992-00166167 to almost any data scientist who wants
ByMWvuk0TGo-00716-00166167-00166449 to write the most complicated data science algorithm,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00717-00166449-00166759 they will also tell you that they probably spend a lot
ByMWvuk0TGo-00718-00166759-00166864 of time cleaning code
ByMWvuk0TGo-00719-00166864-00167239 or cleaning data, that is not anything anyone likes to do.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00720-00167239-00167419 Or maybe there are people out there who like to do it.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00721-00167419-00167508 I have yet to meet them.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00722-00167508-00167759 I am not one of them, but, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00723-00167759-00167890 and you sort of take the good
ByMWvuk0TGo-00724-00167890-00168052 with the bad and there's that perception
ByMWvuk0TGo-00725-00168052-00168316 to some fields and so I think doing a better job
ByMWvuk0TGo-00726-00168316-00168490 of setting those perceptions
ByMWvuk0TGo-00727-00168490-00168714 for other types of work and using some
ByMWvuk0TGo-00728-00168714-00168944 of those perceptions for the technology
ByMWvuk0TGo-00729-00168944-00169164 and the social impact space I think
ByMWvuk0TGo-00730-00169164-00169314 that that could go a long way.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00731-00169520-00169603 - Yeah, it is one of those things
ByMWvuk0TGo-00732-00169603-00169807 where the shiny new tool is not always the best.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00733-00169807-00170119 Sometimes the simple solution is what was needed.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00734-00170317-00170471 Michael Bremer asked a question
ByMWvuk0TGo-00735-00170471-00170607 that was kind of a related follow on.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00736-00170607-00170804 So just wanted to throw that in here that,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00737-00170804-00171002 "With respect to thinking about the developers,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00738-00171002-00171186 so often the developers do not get
ByMWvuk0TGo-00739-00171186-00171317 to talk or interact with the people
ByMWvuk0TGo-00740-00171317-00171464 who actually use the products
ByMWvuk0TGo-00741-00171464-00171683 and develop (indistinct) instead,"
ByMWvuk0TGo-00742-00171683-00171831 given a list of requirements, which we've all had,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00743-00171831-00172003 you know, here's the list of requirements,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00744-00172003-00172226 go execute on this, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00745-00172226-00172390 how have you approached changing
ByMWvuk0TGo-00746-00172390-00172630 that dynamic in organizations
ByMWvuk0TGo-00747-00172630-00172891 that may not be set up for that dynamic to change?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00748-00173075-00173362 - Yeah, absolutely and so again, recognizing that,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00749-00173362-00173509 you know, power imbalances
ByMWvuk0TGo-00750-00173509-00173744 in different spaces and who has what access
ByMWvuk0TGo-00751-00173744-00173986 to what leverage the pull,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00752-00173986-00174217 in those cases sometimes starting not
ByMWvuk0TGo-00753-00174217-00174448 with the developers themselves
ByMWvuk0TGo-00754-00174448-00174702 but then really looking at the requirements process
ByMWvuk0TGo-00755-00174702-00174921 and what that sort of requirements process
ByMWvuk0TGo-00756-00174921-00175054 and requirements gathering,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00757-00175054-00175242 requirements definition process looks like
ByMWvuk0TGo-00758-00175242-00175507 and what information is captured at that requirements level
ByMWvuk0TGo-00759-00175507-00175688 and what changes you can make there
ByMWvuk0TGo-00760-00175688-00175899 can have a big impact and so starting
ByMWvuk0TGo-00761-00175899-00176119 then in that requirements process of asking
ByMWvuk0TGo-00762-00176119-00176371 for some changes to that process
ByMWvuk0TGo-00763-00176371-00176636 to sort of document what community this came from,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00764-00176636-00176969 who was spoken to, and what was sort
ByMWvuk0TGo-00765-00176969-00177332 of prioritized or emphasized, I think is important.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00766-00177332-00177600 Also many different development shops, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00767-00177600-00177946 this is certainly true in the federal government is true,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00768-00177946-00178133 in some private sector places as well,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00769-00178133-00178510 have your privacy impact analysis
ByMWvuk0TGo-00770-00178510-00178714 at the end of the process
ByMWvuk0TGo-00771-00178714-00179030 and so also thinking through in different ways
ByMWvuk0TGo-00772-00179030-00179247 where that needs to happen.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00773-00179247-00179517 So it does that type of privacy impact analysis
ByMWvuk0TGo-00774-00179517-00179855 that can take place at the very end
ByMWvuk0TGo-00775-00179855-00180204 that does go to some assessments for
ByMWvuk0TGo-00776-00180204-00180358 how the technology is used and how it impacts communities,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00777-00180358-00180569 does that have to take place
ByMWvuk0TGo-00778-00180569-00180820 at the very end all the time or are there some ways
ByMWvuk0TGo-00779-00180820-00181016 for some intermediate checkpoints
ByMWvuk0TGo-00780-00181016-00181194 along the development process?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00781-00181194-00181448 And so changing some of those things can start
ByMWvuk0TGo-00782-00181448-00181695 to get at this in an organization
ByMWvuk0TGo-00783-00181695-00181988 that is more rigid and may want to do what is seen
ByMWvuk0TGo-00784-00181988-00182174 as protecting the developer's time.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00785-00182600-00182805 - Yeah, and that goes to one of the other questions
ByMWvuk0TGo-00786-00182805-00183194 as well as to whether you've seen good examples
ByMWvuk0TGo-00787-00183194-00183406 of ongoing engagement of non-technical,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00788-00183406-00183598 but issues, proximate stakeholders,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00789-00183598-00183780 engaging with tech development.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00790-00183780-00183958 Are there good models out there
ByMWvuk0TGo-00791-00183958-00184243 that you've witnessed?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00792-00184421-00184505 - Yeah, absolutely.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00793-00184505-00184602 I think I've witnessed, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00794-00184602-00184819 specific organizations working really hard
ByMWvuk0TGo-00795-00184819-00185122 to do that well and sometimes specific teams
ByMWvuk0TGo-00796-00185122-00185509 within organizations to do that really well, excuse me.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00797-00185509-00185628 So I was, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00798-00185628-00185936 now I consult with nonprofits directly and work
ByMWvuk0TGo-00799-00185936-00186066 with a particular nonprofit
ByMWvuk0TGo-00800-00186066-00186337 in the benefits access space
ByMWvuk0TGo-00801-00186337-00186588 who throughout their development process
ByMWvuk0TGo-00802-00186588-00186695 also had a team of people,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00803-00186695-00186881 they weren't the developers,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00804-00186881-00187151 but a separate team of people who consistently went out
ByMWvuk0TGo-00805-00187151-00187311 into their community to say,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00806-00187311-00187454 "How are things working?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00807-00187454-00187538 What do you wanna see?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00808-00187538-00187732 What do you wanna change?"
ByMWvuk0TGo-00809-00187732-00187866 But where the interaction came back
ByMWvuk0TGo-00810-00187866-00188180 into play is that every other week,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00811-00188180-00188387 both of those teams met together.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00812-00188387-00188577 So where we are in the development process
ByMWvuk0TGo-00813-00188577-00188845 and what have we heard from community members
ByMWvuk0TGo-00814-00188845-00189026 and to have that exchange just be part
ByMWvuk0TGo-00815-00189026-00189221 of an ongoing process that's sort
ByMWvuk0TGo-00816-00189221-00189397 of built into how the organization works
ByMWvuk0TGo-00817-00189397-00189617 and so I think that was one model I've seen
ByMWvuk0TGo-00818-00189617-00189899 that was very successful.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00819-00189899-00190045 - That's really interesting, actually,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00820-00190045-00190216 could you elaborate more on,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00821-00190216-00190451 what even that communication scheme looks like?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00822-00190451-00190741 'Cause often, sometimes there's a dance
ByMWvuk0TGo-00823-00190741-00191028 that happens and people bring recommendations to the table,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00824-00191028-00191155 but how it gets translated
ByMWvuk0TGo-00825-00191155-00191316 into actual technical development
ByMWvuk0TGo-00826-00191316-00191753 and our requirements is a whole 'nother step of the process.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00827-00191753-00191924 So how have you seen that be successful
ByMWvuk0TGo-00828-00191924-00192103 and are there best practices
ByMWvuk0TGo-00829-00192103-00192335 that you've noticed that you would then recommend
ByMWvuk0TGo-00830-00192335-00192636 to other groups as they think through this?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00831-00192636-00192719 - Yeah, absolutely.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00832-00192719-00193217 So I think an underlying theme might be clarity is kind
ByMWvuk0TGo-00833-00193479-00193751 and so as you can be as clear as possible
ByMWvuk0TGo-00834-00193751-00194159 in collecting that information from community members
ByMWvuk0TGo-00835-00194159-00194488 and be clear and so not just leaving it
ByMWvuk0TGo-00836-00194488-00194875 as this person, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00837-00194875-00195153 talked to someone at a particular client site,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00838-00195153-00195427 it turned out that most people were on phones
ByMWvuk0TGo-00839-00195427-00195657 but stepping back from that and saying,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00840-00195657-00195803 and this isn't actually an example
ByMWvuk0TGo-00841-00195803-00196030 from that same organization I mentioned,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00842-00196030-00196177 that, you know, they'd spent a lot
ByMWvuk0TGo-00843-00196177-00196451 of time developing just website interface
ByMWvuk0TGo-00844-00196451-00196650 for a computer or laptop
ByMWvuk0TGo-00845-00196650-00196883 and then when the customer team went out,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00846-00196883-00197189 that particular office that was being used
ByMWvuk0TGo-00847-00197189-00197509 as a community center to help people access benefits only
ByMWvuk0TGo-00848-00197509-00197730 had one computer and so then you had most
ByMWvuk0TGo-00849-00197730-00197966 of the staff sort of around
ByMWvuk0TGo-00850-00197966-00198156 on their phones trying to bring it up
ByMWvuk0TGo-00851-00198156-00198494 and so just the message of, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00852-00198494-00198624 a lot of people are on their phones,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00853-00198624-00198827 probably not sufficient to really think about requirements
ByMWvuk0TGo-00854-00198827-00199038 but also that additional piece
ByMWvuk0TGo-00855-00199038-00199226 of people don't have access here.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00856-00199226-00199326 So now let's think about
ByMWvuk0TGo-00857-00199326-00199476 how people might access things
ByMWvuk0TGo-00858-00199476-00199591 and where they might access
ByMWvuk0TGo-00859-00199591-00199710 and even how they might do training
ByMWvuk0TGo-00860-00199710-00199860 of others or how they might
ByMWvuk0TGo-00861-00199860-00200049 be interacting with their customers,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00862-00200049-00200354 that could then lead to a different set
ByMWvuk0TGo-00863-00200354-00200488 of requirements and additional requirements
ByMWvuk0TGo-00864-00200488-00200670 for the development process.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00865-00201140-00201376 - So I'd love to switch gears a little bit
ByMWvuk0TGo-00866-00201376-00201513 to talk about one of your other stakeholders
ByMWvuk0TGo-00867-00201513-00201682 with respect to this.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00868-00201682-00201887 You know, I was intrigued by your discussion of the roles of
ByMWvuk0TGo-00869-00201887-00201970 philanthropists.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00870-00201970-00202151 A lot of time, they're kind of left out
ByMWvuk0TGo-00871-00202151-00202454 of the map of kind of
ByMWvuk0TGo-00872-00202454-00202637 how organizations are working on things,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00873-00202637-00202761 even though they're so critical
ByMWvuk0TGo-00874-00202761-00202951 to the funding for the social impact sector
ByMWvuk0TGo-00875-00202951-00203204 and for what you can actually do
ByMWvuk0TGo-00876-00203204-00203565 with technological solutions in the sector,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00877-00203565-00203753 how do you ensure that the technology funding
ByMWvuk0TGo-00878-00203753-00203927 is democratically accountable
ByMWvuk0TGo-00879-00203927-00204075 and not just reinforcing
ByMWvuk0TGo-00880-00204075-00204488 of the funders values and assumptions when they come in?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00881-00204488-00204628 Because we'd all like funding
ByMWvuk0TGo-00882-00204628-00204895 but how do you make sure that it's geared
ByMWvuk0TGo-00883-00204895-00205123 toward the values that you're looking
ByMWvuk0TGo-00884-00205123-00205321 for and the projects that you're looking
ByMWvuk0TGo-00885-00205321-00205561 for and you have that kind of accountability?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00886-00205732-00206025 - Oh, Sue, there is so much packed into that question.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00887-00206025-00206350 So many different ways to touch
ByMWvuk0TGo-00888-00206350-00206715 on it and so many different points.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00889-00206715-00206858 So I think there are a couple
ByMWvuk0TGo-00890-00206858-00207102 of different things that are important to think about
ByMWvuk0TGo-00891-00207102-00207244 when we think about funding and yes,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00892-00207244-00207542 from the philanthropist space as well and so, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00893-00207542-00207663 organizations that are funded
ByMWvuk0TGo-00894-00207663-00208031 by philanthropic dollars want more philanthropic dollars
ByMWvuk0TGo-00895-00208031-00208417 often in order to execute against their mission
ByMWvuk0TGo-00896-00208417-00208666 and so I think some of the things in, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00897-00208666-00208889 some of the points that we make in the book are
ByMWvuk0TGo-00898-00208889-00209162 that it's really important for funders,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00899-00209162-00209257 for philanthropists
ByMWvuk0TGo-00900-00209257-00209640 to really think holistically about the funding process
ByMWvuk0TGo-00901-00209640-00209900 and so yes, perhaps funding an initial project
ByMWvuk0TGo-00902-00209900-00210073 but also thinking about what sort
ByMWvuk0TGo-00903-00210073-00210267 of overhead support is needed,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00904-00210267-00210658 what sort of support is needed for some time to experiment,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00905-00210658-00210839 some time to explore some new options,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00906-00210839-00210993 a little bit of tolerance of risk
ByMWvuk0TGo-00907-00210993-00211198 that something might not work initially.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00908-00211198-00211359 The John Jay College example
ByMWvuk0TGo-00909-00211359-00211719 that we mentioned earlier involves some
ByMWvuk0TGo-00910-00211719-00211991 of this freedom to sort of play around, right?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00911-00211991-00212116 And that's how the team was able
ByMWvuk0TGo-00912-00212116-00212276 to test something like 20 models
ByMWvuk0TGo-00913-00212276-00212542 before coming up with the final two models
ByMWvuk0TGo-00914-00212542-00212854 that were used and so building in the time and funding
ByMWvuk0TGo-00915-00212854-00213202 to have that exploration time is really important
ByMWvuk0TGo-00916-00213202-00213450 and I think also on the end of the process,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00917-00213450-00213756 really building in time to, and funding for time
ByMWvuk0TGo-00918-00213756-00214044 to share back out to the community what worked
ByMWvuk0TGo-00919-00214044-00214162 and what didn't work
ByMWvuk0TGo-00920-00214162-00214517 and so really allowing some funding, again,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00921-00214517-00214659 thinking holistically,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00922-00214659-00214906 for organizations to share with similar organization
ByMWvuk0TGo-00923-00214906-00215026 what's working or
ByMWvuk0TGo-00924-00215026-00215222 to train other organization on
ByMWvuk0TGo-00925-00215222-00215588 what's working or to allow the community itself
ByMWvuk0TGo-00926-00215588-00215882 to be trained on how to maintain their own technology
ByMWvuk0TGo-00927-00215882-00216246 that has now been developed
ByMWvuk0TGo-00928-00216246-00216423 with them and will be used by them.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00929-00216423-00216658 They should also probably have some agency to think
ByMWvuk0TGo-00930-00216658-00216992 about maintaining that technology itself
ByMWvuk0TGo-00931-00216992-00217492 and then of course, one of my pet issues is the need
ByMWvuk0TGo-00932-00217530-00217739 to fund infrastructure and sort
ByMWvuk0TGo-00933-00217739-00218021 of that digital infrastructure and the need to fund that.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00934-00218021-00218130 So as an overall space,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00935-00218130-00218355 advancements can continue to be made.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00936-00218732-00218896 - I love that you threw maintenance in there.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00937-00218896-00219019 When I was in private practice,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00938-00219019-00219153 there were so many times when I'd work
ByMWvuk0TGo-00939-00219153-00219334 with nonprofit organizations
ByMWvuk0TGo-00940-00219334-00219719 that they'd had a grant that allowed them
ByMWvuk0TGo-00941-00219719-00220052 to build and to create and then there were changes
ByMWvuk0TGo-00942-00220052-00220294 that happened either in their world or in the technology
ByMWvuk0TGo-00943-00220294-00220460 and they just didn't have the follow
ByMWvuk0TGo-00944-00220460-00220883 on funding to figure out how to have that continuing chapter
ByMWvuk0TGo-00945-00220883-00221124 for the interesting things that had been built.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00946-00221229-00221346 - And yeah, just building on that,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00947-00221346-00221694 it's so rare that anywhere in technology
ByMWvuk0TGo-00948-00221694-00222080 that the first version is the final version, right?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00949-00222080-00222377 We wouldn't expect, I don't know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00950-00222377-00222542 Facebook is for some reason the only tech company
ByMWvuk0TGo-00951-00222542-00222690 that is coming to mind right now, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00952-00222690-00222879 Facebook's first version of technology,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00953-00222879-00223096 to be what we use today.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00954-00223096-00223271 We also probably don't expect today's version
ByMWvuk0TGo-00955-00223271-00223445 of Facebook to be what we use in the future
ByMWvuk0TGo-00956-00223445-00223766 but, you know, Airbnb just made a big announcement
ByMWvuk0TGo-00957-00223766-00223894 about some big changes they made
ByMWvuk0TGo-00958-00223894-00224243 and it was adding categories of housing and so, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00959-00224243-00224471 we accept the fact that there'll
ByMWvuk0TGo-00960-00224471-00224632 be multiple iterations of technology
ByMWvuk0TGo-00961-00224632-00224809 in the private sector space.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00962-00224809-00224905 We should also expect that
ByMWvuk0TGo-00963-00224905-00225253 in the philanthropic space or in the social impact space
ByMWvuk0TGo-00964-00225253-00225557 and so I think also for funders to recognize that, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00965-00225557-00225730 it's cool to fund the first version
ByMWvuk0TGo-00966-00225730-00225942 but also funding version 1.5
ByMWvuk0TGo-00967-00226044-00226270 and version 2.0 is also really valuable
ByMWvuk0TGo-00968-00226270-00226637 and incredibly important to get to systemic change
ByMWvuk0TGo-00969-00226637-00226882 that really makes a difference in people's lives.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00970-00227169-00227646 - So I'll quickly flag that we're around 2:45,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00971-00227646-00227944 so we're gonna shift over to audience Q and A
ByMWvuk0TGo-00972-00227944-00228075 in about 10 minutes.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00973-00228075-00228313 So if you all think through questions
ByMWvuk0TGo-00974-00228313-00228469 and put them in the Q and A chat,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00975-00228469-00228782 we'll field them in the next several minutes
ByMWvuk0TGo-00976-00228782-00228908 to make sure we can get to those
ByMWvuk0TGo-00977-00228908-00229158 but I would like to ask a follow up question
ByMWvuk0TGo-00978-00229158-00229290 on the philanthropic angle,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00979-00229290-00229563 which is to your point, as you mentioned,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00980-00229563-00229798 there's institutional change,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00981-00229798-00229967 but from an individual funder perspective,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00982-00229967-00230446 I guess, how can a funder now say let me
ByMWvuk0TGo-00983-00230446-00230763 shift the way perhaps I'm thinking about this,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00984-00230763-00230916 how can they implement or catalyze some
ByMWvuk0TGo-00985-00230916-00231121 of those changes from the individual's perspective
ByMWvuk0TGo-00986-00231121-00231220 that then leads to some sort
ByMWvuk0TGo-00987-00231220-00231537 of institutional change that you've alluded to?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00988-00231669-00231960 I ask that because there's also actually a TAPP fellow
ByMWvuk0TGo-00989-00231960-00232167 in the audience who works on some
ByMWvuk0TGo-00990-00232167-00232332 of these issues and I know there are people
ByMWvuk0TGo-00991-00232332-00232415 in the community here
ByMWvuk0TGo-00992-00232415-00232609 that are listening that are probably thinking about
ByMWvuk0TGo-00993-00232609-00232950 what individual power do they have to make that change?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00994-00232950-00233055 - Yeah, absolutely.
ByMWvuk0TGo-00995-00233055-00233228 So I think,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00996-00233228-00233487 so start with maybe individual power
ByMWvuk0TGo-00997-00233487-00233829 and sort of the sense of a specific program officer,
ByMWvuk0TGo-00998-00233829-00233912 is that your question?
ByMWvuk0TGo-00999-00233912-00234008 Sorry, okay.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01000-00234008-00234091 - Yeah. - Great.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01001-00234091-00234346 So I think, you know, from, let's say an individual,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01002-00234346-00234532 at a large philanthropic institution,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01003-00234532-00234729 I mean, asking and having conversations
ByMWvuk0TGo-01004-00234729-00234951 with your grantees about what some
ByMWvuk0TGo-01005-00234951-00235132 of that holistic support is,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01006-00235132-00235331 pushing on, okay,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01007-00235437-00235571 we wanna fund this program specifically
ByMWvuk0TGo-01008-00235571-00235892 but what other support might you need?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01009-00235892-00236042 Have you thought through the maintenance?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01010-00236042-00236163 Have you thought through some
ByMWvuk0TGo-01011-00236163-00236452 of these questions about spending some time
ByMWvuk0TGo-01012-00236452-00236767 to better refine a proposal?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01013-00236767-00237016 Can you think about different ways to even just give out,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01014-00237016-00237147 even if it's the same amount of funding,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01015-00237147-00237345 we got one part to do some of the exploration
ByMWvuk0TGo-01016-00237345-00237531 and another part of the funding
ByMWvuk0TGo-01017-00237531-00237785 to do the implementation or to just,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01018-00237785-00237921 based on what you found,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01019-00237921-00238296 really being intentional I think also in,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01020-00238296-00238579 as you're assessing different organizations,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01021-00238579-00238713 asking organizations to get very clear
ByMWvuk0TGo-01022-00238713-00239041 as to what communities might mean
ByMWvuk0TGo-01023-00239041-00239248 to them or what equity means to them,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01024-00239248-00239379 just as, you know, I started out
ByMWvuk0TGo-01025-00239379-00239716 by saying here is how in book we define equity,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01026-00239716-00239833 ask organizations specifically,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01027-00239833-00240009 what does it mean when you're going
ByMWvuk0TGo-01028-00240009-00240282 to run an inclusive process?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01029-00240282-00240577 Tell me what that looks like in your overall sort
ByMWvuk0TGo-01030-00240577-00240913 of project plan and your activities and so asking folks
ByMWvuk0TGo-01031-00240913-00241071 to get a little bit more clear
ByMWvuk0TGo-01032-00241071-00241241 and a little bit more specific about
ByMWvuk0TGo-01033-00241241-00241477 what those processes look like
ByMWvuk0TGo-01034-00241477-00241708 and then what additional funding might
ByMWvuk0TGo-01035-00241708-00241985 be needed to support the time to do that.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01036-00242323-00242498 - And then I'm actually curious also,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01037-00242498-00242696 one thing that we've been looking at at TAPP
ByMWvuk0TGo-01038-00242696-00243094 is the portion of funding that goes towards tech
ByMWvuk0TGo-01039-00243094-00243241 that actually comes from philanthropy
ByMWvuk0TGo-01040-00243241-00243559 versus private money now,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01041-00243559-00243831 or rather like venture, et cetera.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01042-00243831-00244281 So I'm curious, how do you see philanthropy,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01043-00244281-00244671 I guess playing a really important role
ByMWvuk0TGo-01044-00244671-00245001 in the way we fund value oriented tech as compared
ByMWvuk0TGo-01045-00245001-00245501 to other like financial or private capital schemes
ByMWvuk0TGo-01046-00245588-00245801 that exist that flow towards companies
ByMWvuk0TGo-01047-00245801-00245914 like Facebook, et cetera,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01048-00245914-00246105 that fund maybe a little bit more
ByMWvuk0TGo-01049-00246105-00246455 like consumer focused tech, et cetera?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01050-00246455-00246742 So what is the role of philanthropy in that larger ecosystem
ByMWvuk0TGo-01051-00246742-00246971 when we think about how we pick the winners
ByMWvuk0TGo-01052-00246971-00247471 that really then, I guess define our technical
ByMWvuk0TGo-01053-00247533-00247822 or tech landscape as we move forward?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01054-00247984-00248108 - Yeah, absolutely and I'm going
ByMWvuk0TGo-01055-00248108-00248291 to put this question back on you,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01056-00248291-00248473 Amritha, after I have answered it
ByMWvuk0TGo-01057-00248473-00248728 because I definitely wanna hear a little bit more
ByMWvuk0TGo-01058-00248728-00249038 about some of the research that's been going on
ByMWvuk0TGo-01059-00249038-00249174 but I think, you know, one thing to think
ByMWvuk0TGo-01060-00249174-00249528 about from what philanthropy can do here is
ByMWvuk0TGo-01061-00249528-00249703 to recognize that we don't need
ByMWvuk0TGo-01062-00249703-00250034 to only have a handful of technology solutions
ByMWvuk0TGo-01063-00250034-00250381 which then become the be all, end all of technology.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01064-00250381-00250592 I think sometimes in the private sector we can fall
ByMWvuk0TGo-01065-00250592-00250752 into the trap of thinking
ByMWvuk0TGo-01066-00250752-00250936 that only a few organizations are worthy
ByMWvuk0TGo-01067-00250936-00251179 of money and are worthy of sort
ByMWvuk0TGo-01068-00251179-00251442 of reverence, of how wonderful technology is, but really,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01069-00251442-00251637 you know, in the social impact space
ByMWvuk0TGo-01070-00251637-00251933 and I'd say broadly, not just in social impact,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01071-00251933-00252077 but I'd say tech in general,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01072-00252077-00252240 really understanding and recognizing
ByMWvuk0TGo-01073-00252240-00252426 that we want technology to
ByMWvuk0TGo-01074-00252426-00252581 be more accessible for everyone
ByMWvuk0TGo-01075-00252581-00252800 and so we're going to need more approaches.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01076-00252800-00252919 When you look at, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01077-00252919-00253150 who receives venture capital funding
ByMWvuk0TGo-01078-00253150-00253304 or even who receives philanthropic funding,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01079-00253304-00253523 the diversity of people
ByMWvuk0TGo-01080-00253523-00253799 who are leading those organizations is not great
ByMWvuk0TGo-01081-00253799-00253992 and so we really need to think
ByMWvuk0TGo-01082-00253992-00254398 about how can we really ensure that a diverse,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01083-00254398-00254603 wide group of people are getting access
ByMWvuk0TGo-01084-00254603-00254741 to the technology,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01085-00254741-00255029 are getting access to the time and the resources
ByMWvuk0TGo-01086-00255029-00255307 to invest in going from an organization
ByMWvuk0TGo-01087-00255307-00255477 that is walking a neighborhood to pick
ByMWvuk0TGo-01088-00255477-00255746 up food and deliver it to someone else
ByMWvuk0TGo-01089-00255746-00255985 in that neighborhood to then really building a structure
ByMWvuk0TGo-01090-00255985-00256130 and essentially building a tech platform
ByMWvuk0TGo-01091-00256130-00256423 that enables neighborhoods and cities
ByMWvuk0TGo-01092-00256423-00256581 across the country to be fed.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01093-00256581-00256788 And so I think that is some of the power
ByMWvuk0TGo-01094-00256788-00256998 that philanthropy can really incite
ByMWvuk0TGo-01095-00256998-00257293 when we recognize that there are many people
ByMWvuk0TGo-01096-00257293-00257580 who are capable of designing technology systems,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01097-00257580-00257709 there are many people who are capable
ByMWvuk0TGo-01098-00257709-00258002 of designing technology that will enhance some
ByMWvuk0TGo-01099-00258002-00258113 of the missions and advance some
ByMWvuk0TGo-01100-00258113-00258323 of the missions that we've said are important.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01101-00258323-00258496 So let's fund them and let's make sure
ByMWvuk0TGo-01102-00258496-00258696 that we're funding a wide swath of them.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01103-00259019-00259219 - Yeah, that touches on an issue that, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01104-00259219-00259391 a lot of folks in our BKC community
ByMWvuk0TGo-01105-00259391-00259643 have been concerned about with the potential
ByMWvuk0TGo-01106-00259643-00259792 for adopting systems
ByMWvuk0TGo-01107-00259792-00260125 in the social sector that enforce algorithmic bias,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01108-00260125-00260589 kind of further marginalizing and disenfranchising people.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01109-00260589-00260857 Are there specific things
ByMWvuk0TGo-01110-00260857-00261039 that you think philanthropists and change makers can do
ByMWvuk0TGo-01111-00261039-00261231 to harness the knowledge of communities
ByMWvuk0TGo-01112-00261231-00261731 to design less harmful tech and do just reaching out
ByMWvuk0TGo-01113-00261809-00261921 to the community,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01114-00261921-00262095 even when it's developed with that insight,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01115-00262095-00262308 are there still kind of accountability audit,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01116-00262308-00262493 like what kind of procedures
ByMWvuk0TGo-01117-00262493-00262640 and protections do you put around it
ByMWvuk0TGo-01118-00262640-00262927 to make sure that the data sets really are helping
ByMWvuk0TGo-01119-00262927-00263349 and the solutions really are helping the marginalized
ByMWvuk0TGo-01120-00263349-00263622 communities that you were seeking out to support?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01121-00263622-00263710 - Yeah, absolutely.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01122-00263710-00263905 I'll answer briefly and then let Amritha respond
ByMWvuk0TGo-01123-00263905-00264199 to this question and in the last one as well
ByMWvuk0TGo-01124-00264199-00264282 and so I think, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01125-00264282-00264512 algorithm audits are incredibly important
ByMWvuk0TGo-01126-00264512-00264673 and we should continue to do those
ByMWvuk0TGo-01127-00264673-00265073 or we should do more of them since those are fairly new
ByMWvuk0TGo-01128-00265073-00265403 but I also think, you know, asking the communities
ByMWvuk0TGo-01129-00265403-00265776 who are impacted what is working and what's not working,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01130-00265776-00265965 even if someone is not a trained engineer,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01131-00265965-00266291 not a trained technologist or not a trained policy maker,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01132-00266291-00266481 they will be able to articulate.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01133-00266481-00266665 They're often able to articulate,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01134-00266665-00266817 "Am I being harmed by this?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01135-00266817-00266985 Can I actually access the resources
ByMWvuk0TGo-01136-00266985-00267229 that I was told I was going to be able to get?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01137-00267229-00267499 Can I communicate with my friends and family?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01138-00267499-00267873 Can I get the time and space to sort
ByMWvuk0TGo-01139-00267873-00268070 of think and actually do the things
ByMWvuk0TGo-01140-00268070-00268277 that I was told that I would be able to do
ByMWvuk0TGo-01141-00268277-00268418 or that I articulated that I wanted
ByMWvuk0TGo-01142-00268418-00268839 to be able to do with the intervention of this technology?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01143-00268839-00269245 Do I still have some agency in making any changes?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01144-00269245-00269346 Some community will know.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01145-00269346-00269770 So I think where philanthropists can have a stronger tie
ByMWvuk0TGo-01146-00269770-00269973 to the community or ask some of their grantees
ByMWvuk0TGo-01147-00269973-00270393 to really show that interaction and the reaction from the,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01148-00270393-00270500 really the end users,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01149-00270500-00270751 the people who are most impacted by the solutions.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01150-00270751-00270993 I think that is one step
ByMWvuk0TGo-01151-00270993-00271277 that we can take, Amritha, what would you say?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01152-00271277-00271519 - Yeah, I think that's spot
ByMWvuk0TGo-01153-00271519-00271658 on and I'll just echo your points.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01154-00271658-00271969 I think what we've noticed,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01155-00271969-00272178 especially in terms of philanthropy,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01156-00272178-00272426 we've looked at it from a slightly different angle
ByMWvuk0TGo-01157-00272426-00272926 which is philanthropy that funds tech policy research even
ByMWvuk0TGo-01158-00272979-00273297 and how that sets priorities in terms
ByMWvuk0TGo-01159-00273297-00273489 of research agendas, et cetera
ByMWvuk0TGo-01160-00273489-00273793 and how that then informs kind of these conversations
ByMWvuk0TGo-01161-00273793-00274030 about what is values,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01162-00274030-00274388 what does values oriented tech development
ByMWvuk0TGo-01163-00274388-00274471 really look like,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01164-00274471-00274692 how do we craft policy that's informed and effective
ByMWvuk0TGo-01165-00274692-00275093 for communities that we're looking at?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01166-00275093-00275318 And I think what's interesting is that there's
ByMWvuk0TGo-01167-00275318-00275472 so much potential for philanthropies
ByMWvuk0TGo-01168-00275472-00275776 to play a really big role in this space
ByMWvuk0TGo-01169-00275776-00275971 but right now, there also isn't
ByMWvuk0TGo-01170-00275971-00276239 that much accountability around them
ByMWvuk0TGo-01171-00276239-00276447 as institutions sometimes in terms
ByMWvuk0TGo-01172-00276447-00276638 of where the money is going,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01173-00276638-00276901 how it's really benefiting communities
ByMWvuk0TGo-01174-00276901-00277378 in certain areas and so often it's assumed
ByMWvuk0TGo-01175-00277378-00277878 to be of good nature just because it's this form
ByMWvuk0TGo-01176-00277993-00278254 of giving that we really elevate
ByMWvuk0TGo-01177-00278254-00278496 and it is great and we think there's a huge role
ByMWvuk0TGo-01178-00278496-00278677 that it can play in the way we think about,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01179-00278677-00278892 again, agenda setting and the kinds
ByMWvuk0TGo-01180-00278892-00279101 of tech that gets elevated
ByMWvuk0TGo-01181-00279101-00279601 but we're trying to think about, okay then,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01182-00279648-00279872 how can we ensure that. Afua, to your point,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01183-00279872-00279977 they are really interfacing
ByMWvuk0TGo-01184-00279977-00280212 with the communities that they say they wanna benefit.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01185-00280212-00280295 How do we make sure
ByMWvuk0TGo-01186-00280295-00280472 that there's an accountability scheme around that?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01187-00280472-00280605 And how do we make sure those dollars
ByMWvuk0TGo-01188-00280605-00280807 are really going towards the kind
ByMWvuk0TGo-01189-00280807-00281028 of impact that they say they wanna have?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01190-00281028-00281228 So we don't have the answers to that yet
ByMWvuk0TGo-01191-00281228-00281531 but it's some of the questions that we're thinking through
ByMWvuk0TGo-01192-00281531-00281721 which is why I feel it's great to hear your thoughts
ByMWvuk0TGo-01193-00281721-00282010 on that and how we build that community engagement
ByMWvuk0TGo-01194-00282010-00282255 in a way that's really effective.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01195-00282428-00282541 - Exactly, it's pulling all
ByMWvuk0TGo-01196-00282541-00282838 of the different stakeholders together to figure out
ByMWvuk0TGo-01197-00282838-00282973 how to solve this, so,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01198-00283193-00283433 well with that, I did wanna turn things over
ByMWvuk0TGo-01199-00283433-00283828 to the Q and A so that we have time for the Q and A here.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01200-00283828-00284118 Thank you so much, Afua, for these comments on it,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01201-00284453-00284681 maybe we'll just kind of run
ByMWvuk0TGo-01202-00284681-00284977 through them in no particular order and do that.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01203-00285135-00285218 So the first question is,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01204-00285218-00285416 "If the pursuit is to build a better world,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01205-00285416-00285592 could there be a model where in big tech,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01206-00285592-00285825 internet companies who are criticized among other things
ByMWvuk0TGo-01207-00285825-00285979 for their size and wealth could be asked
ByMWvuk0TGo-01208-00285979-00286292 to substitute in part local taxes for global revenues
ByMWvuk0TGo-01209-00286292-00286501 by a contribution to a global development fund
ByMWvuk0TGo-01210-00286501-00286656 which could be highly impactful
ByMWvuk0TGo-01211-00286656-00286834 which they could operate together
ByMWvuk0TGo-01212-00286834-00286993 in the interest of humanity and manage it
ByMWvuk0TGo-01213-00286993-00287142 with the efficiency with
ByMWvuk0TGo-01214-00287142-00287434 which they manage their commercial projects.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01215-00287434-00287536 Would that be a business
ByMWvuk0TGo-01216-00287536-00287740 like design for global philanthropy?"
ByMWvuk0TGo-01217-00288020-00288172 Interesting concept.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01218-00288172-00288541 It's like how to bring in private sector dollars
ByMWvuk0TGo-01219-00288541-00288922 into a fund that then some
ByMWvuk0TGo-01220-00288922-00289053 of the questions would still remain
ByMWvuk0TGo-01221-00289053-00289451 as to how that fund gets allocated for what and for whom.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01222-00289645-00289938 - Yeah, yeah, absolutely and so is there a space
ByMWvuk0TGo-01223-00289938-00290120 for private sector dollars to make a difference?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01224-00290120-00290337 I think there absolutely is.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01225-00290337-00290798 I think, you know, we've seen some I think similar funds
ByMWvuk0TGo-01226-00290798-00291041 for other challenges, right?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01227-00291041-00291332 We have the IMF, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01228-00291332-00291672 world development institutes and more
ByMWvuk0TGo-01229-00291672-00292028 that sort of pool resources and then manage those resources
ByMWvuk0TGo-01230-00292028-00292415 with varying levels of success and so I think
ByMWvuk0TGo-01231-00292415-00292871 what is important is to, yes, look for different ways
ByMWvuk0TGo-01232-00292871-00293275 to get additional funds and to get additional attention,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01233-00293275-00293553 but also to make sure that there's accountability built
ByMWvuk0TGo-01234-00293553-00293722 throughout the process for really,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01235-00293722-00293990 how are we continuing to assess the impact
ByMWvuk0TGo-01236-00293990-00294218 for communities and really, how are communities able
ByMWvuk0TGo-01237-00294218-00294544 to assess the impact on what has been said
ByMWvuk0TGo-01238-00294544-00295044 to have been done to them or said to have to benefit them
ByMWvuk0TGo-01239-00295135-00295363 and so I think that's really important.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01240-00295363-00295520 I think it's also important
ByMWvuk0TGo-01241-00295520-00295887 to recognize that efficiency is really important,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01242-00295887-00296155 but sometimes we have inefficient systems
ByMWvuk0TGo-01243-00296155-00296481 because we're humans and humans, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01244-00296481-00296870 like to have relationships which are often inefficient
ByMWvuk0TGo-01245-00296870-00297033 or like to have different interactions
ByMWvuk0TGo-01246-00297033-00297347 which are also inefficient and so also I think having,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01247-00297347-00297531 you know, just the awareness that even if,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01248-00297531-00297779 as maybe new systems or new structures are built,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01249-00297779-00298109 that there might need to still be some efficiencies
ByMWvuk0TGo-01250-00298109-00298412 to account for the fact that they are humans
ByMWvuk0TGo-01251-00298412-00298595 that we are designing for and humans that need
ByMWvuk0TGo-01252-00298595-00299034 to benefit and not just technology systems
ByMWvuk0TGo-01253-00299034-00299358 that are sort of divorced from that human implication.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01254-00299960-00300092 - Yeah, absolutely.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01255-00300231-00300479 Wow, there are a lot of good questions in this chat.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01256-00300479-00300562 Let's see.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01257-00300562-00300704 Okay, so for the next one,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01258-00300910-00301303 I see from Claire Walsh,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01259-00301303-00301519 "Sometimes we're faced with difficult decisions
ByMWvuk0TGo-01260-00301519-00301764 like what to do when our company's survival depends
ByMWvuk0TGo-01261-00301764-00301955 on doing business with another company
ByMWvuk0TGo-01262-00301955-00302263 with a poor record or bad practices.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01263-00302263-00302393 So do you have any ideas,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01264-00302393-00302756 in those circumstances, apart from looking for a new job?"
ByMWvuk0TGo-01265-00302756-00302962 I think it goes back to that question
ByMWvuk0TGo-01266-00302962-00303278 of individual power and how we can kind
ByMWvuk0TGo-01267-00303278-00303508 of cultivate the change we wanna see perhaps
ByMWvuk0TGo-01268-00303508-00303835 in an institution that creates a lot of friction.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01269-00303942-00304067 - Yeah, absolutely.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01270-00304067-00304194 I think it certainly does go
ByMWvuk0TGo-01271-00304194-00304427 to the question of individual power
ByMWvuk0TGo-01272-00304427-00304749 but it also goes to the question and, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01273-00304749-00305065 to the value I laid out at the start
ByMWvuk0TGo-01274-00305065-00305276 of balancing systemic long-term change
ByMWvuk0TGo-01275-00305276-00305692 with immediate needs and so if making this decision
ByMWvuk0TGo-01276-00305692-00305911 on an individual level,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01277-00305911-00306098 I think it's really important to recognize
ByMWvuk0TGo-01278-00306098-00306598 that it is an individual decision and the calculus
ByMWvuk0TGo-01279-00306605-00306915 that you make may be different than other people would make.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01280-00306915-00307062 The calculus you make today may
ByMWvuk0TGo-01281-00307062-00307346 be different than what you would've made six months ago
ByMWvuk0TGo-01282-00307346-00307697 and what you might make six months from now and so really,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01283-00307697-00308187 again, looking for ways where if you wanna be dedicated
ByMWvuk0TGo-01284-00308187-00308365 to building this more equitable world,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01285-00308365-00308504 that you feel like the best way to do that,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01286-00308504-00308822 that might be for you finding a different job,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01287-00308822-00309010 it might be staying in your current job,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01288-00309010-00309177 but spending more time partnering
ByMWvuk0TGo-01289-00309177-00309366 with an organization like DataKind
ByMWvuk0TGo-01290-00309366-00309504 or there are many other organizations
ByMWvuk0TGo-01291-00309504-00309841 who have structures to both get community input
ByMWvuk0TGo-01292-00309841-00310069 and a strong technical expertise and sort
ByMWvuk0TGo-01293-00310069-00310248 of combine those together
ByMWvuk0TGo-01294-00310248-00310441 and so then you're sort of funding it that way
ByMWvuk0TGo-01295-00310441-00310856 or maybe you have the finances
ByMWvuk0TGo-01296-00310856-00311089 or partner with other people who have the finances
ByMWvuk0TGo-01297-00311089-00311349 to do some of this funding differently
ByMWvuk0TGo-01298-00311349-00311521 as we've talked about before and creating space
ByMWvuk0TGo-01299-00311521-00311686 for organizations to have more
ByMWvuk0TGo-01300-00311686-00311929 of the infrastructure or more
ByMWvuk0TGo-01301-00311929-00312188 of the experimentation or more of the knowledge sharing.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01302-00312188-00312405 So I think there are a lot of different ways for individuals
ByMWvuk0TGo-01303-00312405-00312635 to contribute to these problems and some
ByMWvuk0TGo-01304-00312635-00312957 of them might, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01305-00312957-00313260 ask people to leave jobs or to really advocate within jobs,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01306-00313260-00313558 or might ask people to find different paths
ByMWvuk0TGo-01307-00313558-00313867 in and to pull different levers in the system.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01308-00313867-00314082 - If you don't mind, I actually would love
ByMWvuk0TGo-01309-00314082-00314230 to probe you a little bit more on that
ByMWvuk0TGo-01310-00314230-00314363 because you've had such a breadth
ByMWvuk0TGo-01311-00314363-00314863 of experience and you've hopped between sectors and roles.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01312-00314872-00315069 So I guess, is there a time
ByMWvuk0TGo-01313-00315069-00315297 where you felt this kind of tension where,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01314-00315297-00315533 and you don't have to name the organization
ByMWvuk0TGo-01315-00315533-00315727 but rather, there was a moment
ByMWvuk0TGo-01316-00315727-00316179 where you felt like perhaps your individual concept
ByMWvuk0TGo-01317-00316179-00316424 of what change looks like, et cetera
ByMWvuk0TGo-01318-00316424-00316602 or what your values were
ByMWvuk0TGo-01319-00316602-00316998 and the institutional values just didn't align appropriately
ByMWvuk0TGo-01320-00316998-00317236 and you had to make that decision of,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01321-00317236-00317432 do I stay and make change here
ByMWvuk0TGo-01322-00317432-00317766 or do I leave and find a new home?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01323-00317953-00318088 - Yeah, absolutely.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01324-00318088-00318410 I would say that I have been fortunate
ByMWvuk0TGo-01325-00318410-00318656 in the positions that I've held and the teams
ByMWvuk0TGo-01326-00318656-00318739 that I've worked on
ByMWvuk0TGo-01327-00318739-00318993 in the organizations I've been employed at,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01328-00319182-00319356 I've always felt enough of a connection
ByMWvuk0TGo-01329-00319356-00319690 to the organization or to the team and to the mission
ByMWvuk0TGo-01330-00319690-00319840 that I haven't struggled in that way
ByMWvuk0TGo-01331-00319840-00320163 to make me leave an organization for that.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01332-00320163-00320497 There certainly have been teams that I'm on, for example,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01333-00320497-00320750 or organizations I've been a part of, for example,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01334-00320750-00320971 where I have desired, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01335-00320971-00321238 one of my strong commitments throughout life is
ByMWvuk0TGo-01336-00321238-00321562 to diversify the tech space and if you look at my employers,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01337-00321562-00321811 I've worked in spaces where there are not a lot
ByMWvuk0TGo-01338-00321811-00322311 of black women and so finding ways to sort of create,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01339-00322354-00322560 that change your work towards the change
ByMWvuk0TGo-01340-00322560-00323029 because one person can't single handedly change the numbers
ByMWvuk0TGo-01341-00323142-00323265 or change what diversity looks like
ByMWvuk0TGo-01342-00323265-00323765 in the tech space and so finding ways to advocate for that
ByMWvuk0TGo-01343-00323796-00323910 within the organization,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01344-00323910-00324084 finding ways outside of the organization,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01345-00324084-00324339 finding other associations for myself
ByMWvuk0TGo-01346-00324339-00324596 to be a part of that can join with other people
ByMWvuk0TGo-01347-00324596-00324879 who also care about diversifying the tech space.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01348-00324879-00325196 So I'd say for myself, that's sort of how it's manifest.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01349-00325592-00325847 - Yeah, it's really important to figure out
ByMWvuk0TGo-01350-00325847-00326159 how we can continue to diversify the tech space
ByMWvuk0TGo-01351-00326159-00326313 and be the voice for the change
ByMWvuk0TGo-01352-00326313-00326487 that you want to happen in the organizations
ByMWvuk0TGo-01353-00326487-00326687 but I hear what you say and, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01354-00326687-00326801 that's been my experience, that well,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01355-00326801-00327047 that there there isn't a simple answer
ByMWvuk0TGo-01356-00327047-00327311 in a lot of these organizations and there aren't kind
ByMWvuk0TGo-01357-00327311-00327687 of simple choices about
ByMWvuk0TGo-01358-00327687-00327914 how to affect that change and how to figure out
ByMWvuk0TGo-01359-00327914-00328250 how you're gonna find the pathway and work through it.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01360-00328466-00328689 One of the other interesting questions that we got here is,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01361-00328689-00328782 you know, going back,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01362-00328782-00329185 I think toward the private sector is, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01363-00329185-00329373 how do you think that private companies
ByMWvuk0TGo-01364-00329373-00329743 can join the public sector to achieve social changes?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01365-00329743-00329919 I think it's a really important component
ByMWvuk0TGo-01366-00329919-00330037 that wasn't as featured as much
ByMWvuk0TGo-01367-00330037-00330305 in terms of the stakeholder base here
ByMWvuk0TGo-01368-00330305-00330402 but they, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01369-00330402-00330687 obviously play a really important part in the tech space.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01370-00330869-00331132 - Yeah, absolutely and this is another question
ByMWvuk0TGo-01371-00331132-00331350 that I'd love to hear from both of you,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01372-00331350-00331533 Sue and Amritha on,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01373-00331533-00331697 you know, from my perspective,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01374-00331697-00331929 there are many ways the private sector can engage
ByMWvuk0TGo-01375-00331929-00332163 and so, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01376-00332163-00332599 one, is partnering with the social impact sector
ByMWvuk0TGo-01377-00332599-00332785 in different ways and so there are a number
ByMWvuk0TGo-01378-00332785-00332964 of public-private partnerships that have been created,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01379-00332964-00333242 especially over the past several years.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01380-00333242-00333535 There have been a number of ways for the private sector
ByMWvuk0TGo-01381-00333535-00333687 to partner with nonprofits
ByMWvuk0TGo-01382-00333687-00333942 to provide technology or expertise.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01383-00333942-00334054 I think one of the examples
ByMWvuk0TGo-01384-00334054-00334209 or one of the things we talk about
ByMWvuk0TGo-01385-00334209-00334317 in the book is making sure
ByMWvuk0TGo-01386-00334317-00334696 that nonprofits still have agency in appearing and
ByMWvuk0TGo-01387-00334696-00335001 not, you know, it's not just a sales mechanism,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01388-00335001-00335262 but actually what does that organization need?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01389-00335262-00335523 What are their community needs and things like that.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01390-00335523-00335678 So I think that's really important.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01391-00335678-00335941 I think also, you know, finding different funding vehicles
ByMWvuk0TGo-01392-00335941-00336266 to think about new ways of funding this work
ByMWvuk0TGo-01393-00336266-00336622 and so it's not just the 501C3 status
ByMWvuk0TGo-01394-00336622-00336794 that's gonna make sense for everyone.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01395-00336794-00337086 So what are different ways of funding this work?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01396-00337086-00337246 How could the private sector
ByMWvuk0TGo-01397-00337246-00337534 also encourage different types of structures,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01398-00337534-00337839 of organizations, of companies and more
ByMWvuk0TGo-01399-00337839-00338259 to think about really having a public good
ByMWvuk0TGo-01400-00338259-00338549 through really supporting public goods through technology.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01401-00338896-00339273 - Yeah, and I worked with a lot of philanthropic arms
ByMWvuk0TGo-01402-00339273-00339527 of private sector organizations,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01403-00339527-00339624 which were really important
ByMWvuk0TGo-01404-00339624-00339993 in driving the change in these spaces
ByMWvuk0TGo-01405-00339993-00340295 from a funding and a resource perspective
ByMWvuk0TGo-01406-00340295-00340496 and others and I mean, I found one
ByMWvuk0TGo-01407-00340496-00340734 of the areas in your book interesting also
ByMWvuk0TGo-01408-00340734-00340845 about talking about the kind
ByMWvuk0TGo-01409-00340845-00341137 of private sector solutions not really perfectly
ByMWvuk0TGo-01410-00341137-00341438 overlaying and often times not being a wonderful gift
ByMWvuk0TGo-01411-00341438-00341587 when it's like, just here's,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01412-00341587-00341748 here's the technology I have, you have it
ByMWvuk0TGo-01413-00341748-00342143 for free and it's really more to think critically about how
ByMWvuk0TGo-01414-00342143-00342293 that engagement can happen
ByMWvuk0TGo-01415-00342293-00342455 in the public-private partnership
ByMWvuk0TGo-01416-00342455-00342660 in a way that is driven by a lot
ByMWvuk0TGo-01417-00342660-00342787 of the values that you mentioned
ByMWvuk0TGo-01418-00342787-00342944 in your book and is driven by the needs
ByMWvuk0TGo-01419-00342944-00343196 of the social impact organization
ByMWvuk0TGo-01420-00343196-00343442 and the needs of the communities that they're serving.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01421-00343714-00343826 - Yeah, absolutely.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01422-00343826-00344280 I think it speaks to the opportunities that exist there,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01423-00344280-00344539 especially when the incentives are aligned.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01424-00344539-00344848 So there are sometimes specific opportunities
ByMWvuk0TGo-01425-00344848-00345043 where the incentives of the private
ByMWvuk0TGo-01426-00345043-00345373 and public organizations really overlap
ByMWvuk0TGo-01427-00345373-00345641 and I think when we can find those partnership models,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01428-00345641-00346070 there's a lot of fruitful things that can come out of it.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01429-00346070-00346162 But related to that,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01430-00346162-00346253 there's another question here
ByMWvuk0TGo-01431-00346253-00346495 that I think is really interesting that kind of plays to it,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01432-00346495-00346873 which is, "How can more responsible companies address
ByMWvuk0TGo-01433-00346873-00347142 competitive pressures from less responsible companies?"
ByMWvuk0TGo-01434-00347142-00347383 So when you're thinking about the marketplace
ByMWvuk0TGo-01435-00347383-00347608 and perhaps companies that do wanna more align
ByMWvuk0TGo-01436-00347608-00347970 with some idea of social impact or values alignment
ByMWvuk0TGo-01437-00347970-00348260 that makes them potentially less competitive,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01438-00348260-00348581 I guess that's the claim there.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01439-00348581-00348910 How do you think about survival and market pressure as
ByMWvuk0TGo-01440-00348910-00349007 to then shift the way
ByMWvuk0TGo-01441-00349007-00349183 you're doing your product development process
ByMWvuk0TGo-01442-00349183-00349532 or putting out products to consumers or communities?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01443-00349634-00349955 - Yeah, absolutely, and I think Amritha said
ByMWvuk0TGo-01444-00349955-00350285 that a TAPP fellow has done some research on this,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01445-00350285-00350659 so if so, I'll ask you to maybe share to recap, I'm sorry,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01446-00350659-00350764 I'm forgetting the name of the person
ByMWvuk0TGo-01447-00350764-00350952 who's done some research on this
ByMWvuk0TGo-01448-00350952-00351267 but would love to hear any thoughts you can share on that.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01449-00351267-00351415 You know, I think it's, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01450-00351415-00351622 it's important to think of different vehicles also
ByMWvuk0TGo-01451-00351622-00351880 for private sector companies and so creating this sort
ByMWvuk0TGo-01452-00351880-00352113 of non-profit arm as well as a way
ByMWvuk0TGo-01453-00352113-00352308 to sort of separate the two,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01454-00352308-00352666 I think also looking at who's on the board of organizations,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01455-00352666-00352796 whether it's a non-profit
ByMWvuk0TGo-01456-00352796-00352997 or a private sector company is important
ByMWvuk0TGo-01457-00352997-00353191 because if folks on the board are asking
ByMWvuk0TGo-01458-00353191-00353476 about it and sort of prioritizing the responsible use
ByMWvuk0TGo-01459-00353476-00353606 of technology,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01460-00353606-00353933 then that carries a lot of weight in
ByMWvuk0TGo-01461-00353933-00354092 how the organization is structured
ByMWvuk0TGo-01462-00354092-00354386 and the goals the organization is pushing too.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01463-00354386-00354740 So I think those are some different things to consider.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01464-00354954-00355278 - Yeah, and the TAPP work is
ByMWvuk0TGo-01465-00355278-00355469 by one of our fellows,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01466-00355469-00355728 who actually is affiliated with Berkman as well.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01467-00355827-00355999 She's done some interesting work
ByMWvuk0TGo-01468-00355999-00356104 about actually the claim
ByMWvuk0TGo-01469-00356104-00356513 that they are less competitive then,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01470-00356513-00356796 but what her research shows essentially is
ByMWvuk0TGo-01471-00356796-00356985 that if you can design for marginalized communities
ByMWvuk0TGo-01472-00356985-00357234 or design in a more responsible way
ByMWvuk0TGo-01473-00357234-00357426 that considers security and safety
ByMWvuk0TGo-01474-00357426-00357764 of high or more vulnerable groups,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01475-00357764-00358010 what you end up doing is creating safer products
ByMWvuk0TGo-01476-00358010-00358264 that have more potential for market capture.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01477-00358264-00358560 So you end up being more competitive
ByMWvuk0TGo-01478-00358560-00358715 and that's the business case that's presented
ByMWvuk0TGo-01479-00358715-00358896 and I think when we think
ByMWvuk0TGo-01480-00358896-00359091 about these questions, the more we can, again,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01481-00359091-00359262 in terms of incentive alignment,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01482-00359262-00359455 make that business case and show
ByMWvuk0TGo-01483-00359455-00359719 that you end up getting a bigger slice
ByMWvuk0TGo-01484-00359719-00360013 of the population or of the community
ByMWvuk0TGo-01485-00360013-00360292 because you're just by nature, creating better,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01486-00360292-00360417 more robust products,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01487-00360417-00360652 then there's kind of that win-win situation,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01488-00360652-00361012 that's the dream of tech development, right?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01489-00361012-00361194 That we can get there and get everybody
ByMWvuk0TGo-01490-00361194-00361349 to go down that path.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01491-00361497-00361581 - Yeah, absolutely and there
ByMWvuk0TGo-01492-00361581-00361894 was an Wired article this week that she wrote, right?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01493-00361894-00361977 Recapping this.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01494-00361977-00362109 - Yeah, right.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01495-00362109-00362194 - So I dunno if someone can drop the link
ByMWvuk0TGo-01496-00362194-00362293 to that in the chat
ByMWvuk0TGo-01497-00362293-00362500 but it was a great piece and so highly,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01498-00362500-00362655 highly recommend folks read it.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01499-00362967-00363050 - Absolutely.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01500-00363271-00363519 Yeah, if one of our team can drop that in the chat,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01501-00363519-00363648 that would be great.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01502-00363843-00364188 So another question from Farhana Sheets is,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01503-00364188-00364386 "Having the right data for analysis key,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01504-00364386-00364554 what are the biggest challenges
ByMWvuk0TGo-01505-00364554-00364716 with data in the public sector?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01506-00364716-00364842 There are so many."
ByMWvuk0TGo-01507-00364842-00365081 (Sue laughs)
ByMWvuk0TGo-01508-00365081-00365241 - How long do we have?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01509-00365330-00365577 So yes, there are absolutely challenges with working
ByMWvuk0TGo-01510-00365577-00365800 with data in the public sector.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01511-00365800-00366162 So first of all, I think it's just the collection of data.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01512-00366162-00366340 It's very haphazard.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01513-00366340-00366502 It happens in different ways.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01514-00366502-00366708 I think also, you know, tying back
ByMWvuk0TGo-01515-00366796-00366948 to the funding piece that we talked about before,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01516-00366948-00367159 organizations that might start off
ByMWvuk0TGo-01517-00367159-00367293 as just a small group
ByMWvuk0TGo-01518-00367293-00367590 of individuals might not prioritize collecting
ByMWvuk0TGo-01519-00367590-00367904 of data and sort of to build up their organization
ByMWvuk0TGo-01520-00367904-00368228 over time and the data has not been built up
ByMWvuk0TGo-01521-00368228-00368402 with their organization.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01522-00368402-00368797 So just having sufficient data can be a challenge,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01523-00368797-00369111 then organizing the data well that has been collected.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01524-00369111-00369446 I think organizations can sometimes go
ByMWvuk0TGo-01525-00369446-00369765 from collecting no data to then collecting a lot
ByMWvuk0TGo-01526-00369765-00370038 of data and perhaps over collecting,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01527-00370038-00370278 just because this information might
ByMWvuk0TGo-01528-00370278-00370412 be valuable sometime, somewhere
ByMWvuk0TGo-01529-00370412-00370654 and we might wanna use it for some type
ByMWvuk0TGo-01530-00370654-00370968 of measurement and valuation at some point, somewhere,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01531-00370968-00371155 leaves you with a lot of data
ByMWvuk0TGo-01532-00371155-00371500 and less knowhow of what to actually do
ByMWvuk0TGo-01533-00371500-00371596 to analyze that data.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01534-00371596-00372054 So I think that's there and then I think also, you know,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01535-00372054-00372161 challenge that whether you're
ByMWvuk0TGo-01536-00372161-00372308 in the social impact sector or not,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01537-00372308-00372530 of just, are the data sets representative?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01538-00372530-00372654 Are they complete?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01539-00372654-00373039 That also exists in the social impact sector as well.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01540-00373039-00373143 So I think, you know, again,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01541-00373143-00373308 there are lots of challenges with data
ByMWvuk0TGo-01542-00373308-00373616 but it doesn't mean those challenges are insurmountable.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01543-00373616-00373888 There are ways that you can look
ByMWvuk0TGo-01544-00373888-00374286 at using some data science and more to do some analysis.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01545-00374286-00374538 There are ways that you can look at partnering
ByMWvuk0TGo-01546-00374538-00374836 with different organizations, different schools,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01547-00374940-00375087 other ways to collect data
ByMWvuk0TGo-01548-00375087-00375428 to help build out data sets and start from somewhere.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01549-00375428-00375585 Or there're ways that you can really think
ByMWvuk0TGo-01550-00375585-00375750 about partnering with organizations
ByMWvuk0TGo-01551-00375750-00376084 to define strong research questions
ByMWvuk0TGo-01552-00376084-00376216 so that then there's a framework
ByMWvuk0TGo-01553-00376216-00376385 to then analyze some of the data
ByMWvuk0TGo-01554-00376385-00376671 that's been collected or will be collected in the future.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01555-00377009-00377161 - That's great.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01556-00377161-00377342 So moving to, I think we focused a lot
ByMWvuk0TGo-01557-00377342-00377563 on kind of the funding schemes
ByMWvuk0TGo-01558-00377563-00377742 and tech development, et cetera.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01559-00377742-00377940 One of the questions here is on the policy side,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01560-00377940-00378141 which you touched on in the beginning,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01561-00378141-00378371 but this is specific for emerging countries.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01562-00378371-00378540 "So what do you think are good ways
ByMWvuk0TGo-01563-00378540-00378762 to help policy makers from emerging countries tune
ByMWvuk0TGo-01564-00378762-00378906 into these debates and ideas?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01565-00378906-00379187 Oftentimes they are either entirely disconnected
ByMWvuk0TGo-01566-00379187-00379450 from new regulatory trends or simply copying
ByMWvuk0TGo-01567-00379450-00379579 and pasting legislation produced
ByMWvuk0TGo-01568-00379579-00379939 for other contexts outside of their own."
ByMWvuk0TGo-01569-00380122-00380444 - Yeah, absolutely, and I think I'd expand some
ByMWvuk0TGo-01570-00380444-00380720 of the advice from inter agency working groups
ByMWvuk0TGo-01571-00380720-00380997 or just working groups in general to this context as well
ByMWvuk0TGo-01572-00380997-00381244 and that first step of really taking the time
ByMWvuk0TGo-01573-00381244-00381416 to translate and not just translate
ByMWvuk0TGo-01574-00381416-00381573 across a potential language barrier
ByMWvuk0TGo-01575-00381573-00381731 but really translate,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01576-00381731-00381914 this may have worked in the US,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01577-00381914-00382236 so what is the environment here in this particular country?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01578-00382236-00382375 What does it look like here?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01579-00382375-00382517 What might you want to take?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01580-00382517-00382716 What might you not want to take?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01581-00382716-00382897 What worked well, what didn't work well
ByMWvuk0TGo-01582-00382897-00383264 as you adopt those frameworks I think is really important.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01583-00383264-00383550 I think also, again, just having the space
ByMWvuk0TGo-01584-00383550-00384008 to share some best practices across multiple countries
ByMWvuk0TGo-01585-00384008-00384279 and countries from different parts
ByMWvuk0TGo-01586-00384279-00384585 of the world and different size economies and more,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01587-00384585-00384936 creating that space to really understand best practices
ByMWvuk0TGo-01588-00384936-00385122 for different environments is really important
ByMWvuk0TGo-01589-00385122-00385423 and then I'd also say the reverse is important,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01590-00385423-00385757 making sure that emerging countries and some
ByMWvuk0TGo-01591-00385757-00385895 of the challenges that they may be facing
ByMWvuk0TGo-01592-00385895-00386142 or some of the ways they've figured out to solve problems,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01593-00386142-00386586 then feeds back into other countries
ByMWvuk0TGo-01594-00386586-00386838 that might be more advanced technologically
ByMWvuk0TGo-01595-00386838-00387057 and so what does that process look like
ByMWvuk0TGo-01596-00387057-00387345 to really make sure there's that circle of learning.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01597-00387742-00388124 - Okay, so we're almost at time to close out.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01598-00388124-00388392 So I think, unfortunately we won't have time
ByMWvuk0TGo-01599-00388392-00388606 to answer all of the questions in the chat,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01600-00388606-00388806 but I would love to throw you a kind
ByMWvuk0TGo-01601-00388806-00389103 of close out question, Afua,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01602-00389103-00389552 which is, there's so many conversations now
ByMWvuk0TGo-01603-00389552-00389830 about tech and surveillance and security
ByMWvuk0TGo-01604-00389830-00389980 and how we can build better tech,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01605-00389980-00390202 et cetera and I think again,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01606-00390202-00390313 the nice thing about your book is
ByMWvuk0TGo-01607-00390313-00390616 that it's a roadmap for action oriented change, culturally,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01608-00390616-00390868 institutionally, individually, et cetera.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01609-00390868-00391013 So I'm curious,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01610-00391013-00391171 out of all the potential paths forward,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01611-00391171-00391659 what makes you really excited about the future of tech,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01612-00391659-00391858 of policy, et cetera, to make sure
ByMWvuk0TGo-01613-00391858-00392151 that we can build that more equitable future?
ByMWvuk0TGo-01614-00392332-00392448 - Yeah, absolutely.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01615-00392448-00392729 I would say two things really excite me.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01616-00392729-00393124 The first is just the ability to say no
ByMWvuk0TGo-01617-00393124-00393370 and to recognize that we can say no
ByMWvuk0TGo-01618-00393370-00393519 to how we've done things in the past,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01619-00393519-00393827 we can say no to different surveillance technologies
ByMWvuk0TGo-01620-00393827-00394071 or different infringements on privacy
ByMWvuk0TGo-01621-00394071-00394376 and more that no is always an option and
ByMWvuk0TGo-01622-00394376-00394640 so there are some things that we may just not want
ByMWvuk0TGo-01623-00394640-00394764 to do and sort of,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01624-00394764-00395088 we can have the power to say no and to really advocate
ByMWvuk0TGo-01625-00395088-00395397 for others to also say no to different technologies.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01626-00395397-00395524 That actually excites me
ByMWvuk0TGo-01627-00395524-00395761 because then we can direct our resources
ByMWvuk0TGo-01628-00395761-00395858 to what actually matters,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01629-00395858-00396084 which is the other part of what excites me,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01630-00396084-00396401 of figuring out different ways and creating pathways
ByMWvuk0TGo-01631-00396401-00396821 for more people to engage in the tech development process,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01632-00396821-00396937 for more people to engage
ByMWvuk0TGo-01633-00396937-00397231 in conversations about what policies would be useful,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01634-00397231-00397556 for more people to engage in questions
ByMWvuk0TGo-01635-00397556-00397707 about what does equity mean
ByMWvuk0TGo-01636-00397707-00397903 and how do we bring more people
ByMWvuk0TGo-01637-00397903-00398040 to the table and really ensure
ByMWvuk0TGo-01638-00398040-00398540 that our resources and conversations are inclusive
ByMWvuk0TGo-01639-00398627-00398780 and available to more people.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01640-00399049-00399266 - That's wonderful, yeah.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01641-00399361-00399751 Well, thank you so much for your leadership,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01642-00399751-00400099 your advocacy on this, your writing,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01643-00400099-00400287 for talking with us today
ByMWvuk0TGo-01644-00400287-00400787 and really appreciate all you're doing to help find us a way
ByMWvuk0TGo-01645-00400788-00401096 to a more equitable tech future, a better future.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01646-00401096-00401261 So thank you and thank you
ByMWvuk0TGo-01647-00401261-00401457 to our team for helping pull this together
ByMWvuk0TGo-01648-00401457-00401632 and to everybody who joined us today,
ByMWvuk0TGo-01649-00401632-00401795 we really appreciate it.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01650-00401795-00402013 Look forward to interacting with you more
ByMWvuk0TGo-01651-00402013-00402195 and are really happy to be able
ByMWvuk0TGo-01652-00402195-00402377 to bring this dialogue to everyone.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01653-00402567-00402679 - [Afua] Thank you so much.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01654-00402679-00402865 Thanks so much.
ByMWvuk0TGo-01655-00402865-00403106 Bye everyone