TSWuTEDBFzM-00000-00002094-00002791 at the end of the lesson I stood up and I never had an experience like that in
TSWuTEDBFzM-00001-00002791-00003397 my life even though I been in San Francisco in the 60s and I had some
TSWuTEDBFzM-00002-00003397-00003897 stuff that gave me some interesting experiences my body
TSWuTEDBFzM-00003-00003897-00004546 completely disappeared all everything that my the tonuse of my system was
TSWuTEDBFzM-00004-00004546-00005055 completely perfect for my skeleton there was nothing I didn't feel I didn't need
TSWuTEDBFzM-00005-00005055-00005566 to feel anything anyway I knew San Francisco very very well in those days I
TSWuTEDBFzM-00006-00005566-00006234 had been an epidemiologist for many years in San Francisco and I walked home
TSWuTEDBFzM-00007-00006234-00006664 the only problem was I walked for two hours in the wrong direction
TSWuTEDBFzM-00008-00006664-00007255 I felt that great my body totally disappeared so I would like to ask
TSWuTEDBFzM-00009-00007255-00008064 sometimes I thought of asking Russell (Delman) was I embodied or disembodied what is the
TSWuTEDBFzM-00010-00008064-00008908 answer you know or ask Dan Siegel who talked about the plank thing in
TSWuTEDBFzM-00011-00008908-00009207 consciousness which sounded to me like what he was talking about
TSWuTEDBFzM-00012-00009414-00010014 at the beginning in Genesis you know the word and then the word became flesh and
TSWuTEDBFzM-00013-00010014-00010491 it sounded anyway that's another kind of discussion and then I would talk about
TSWuTEDBFzM-00014-00010491-00011121 another lesson that he gave me and that was he was in a funny mood and to be
TSWuTEDBFzM-00015-00011121-00011592 honest I should have known better because Moshe was an interesting
TSWuTEDBFzM-00016-00011592-00012209 character and his moods of course like everyone him I knew well enough by then
TSWuTEDBFzM-00017-00012209-00012633 don't bother him when he's in one of his moods but we had a meet and agreement
TSWuTEDBFzM-00018-00012633-00013182 about lessons and so he gave he gave me a lesson at the end of the lesson there
TSWuTEDBFzM-00019-00013182-00013965 was a 1981 I got up and I don't really know what schizophrenia is I
TSWuTEDBFzM-00020-00013965-00014573 don't know but I felt schizophrenic I felt like there was no me there was no
TSWuTEDBFzM-00021-00014573-00015177 body there was no emotional connection to this body there was I can't even describe
TSWuTEDBFzM-00022-00015177-00015786 it and I looked at him and I said Moshe what haven't done to me and he said to
TSWuTEDBFzM-00023-00015786-00016370 me it'll be a good learning experience for you that was his response and it
TSWuTEDBFzM-00024-00016370-00017054 took me about three days to get it all whatever that's well was I embodied or
TSWuTEDBFzM-00025-00017054-00017661 disembodied that time but whatever it was but I'm explaining that I'm
TSWuTEDBFzM-00026-00017661-00018438 saying those things to you because Moshe gave lessons that were as tender as
TSWuTEDBFzM-00027-00018438-00018942 could be to people and he gave lessons to people and I've had this discussion
TSWuTEDBFzM-00028-00018942-00019379 with a number of trainers where from my point of view he never went with the
TSWuTEDBFzM-00029-00019379-00019914 pattern or certainly then start with the pattern for the person and certainly he
TSWuTEDBFzM-00030-00019914-00020508 was in gentle but he was he knew enough to take the person to whatever extreme
TSWuTEDBFzM-00031-00020508-00020966 the person could handle the person would handle it because there
TSWuTEDBFzM-00032-00020966-00021343 was going to be change you like it or not.
TVsaQY6hisk-00000-00000000-00000050 SOCIAL MEDIA पर चलेगा इस बार Chunavi युद्ध
TVsaQY6hisk-00001-00000050-00000100 loksabha election 2019
TVsaQY6hisk-00002-00000100-00000150 bjp vs congress
TVsaQY6hisk-00003-00000150-00000200 social media power
TVN8KFUSbNE-00000-00000936-00001440 Hello, I am Ann Whiteside, Assistant Dean for Information Services at the Harvard Graduate 
TVN8KFUSbNE-00001-00001440-00002000 School of Design. I am joined here by my colleagues, Stephen Abrams, Head of Digital Preservation and
TVN8KFUSbNE-00002-00002000-00002720 Harvard Library and Sarah Rogers. Digital Archivist at Loeb Library.  We are pleased and excited to
TVN8KFUSbNE-00003-00002720-00003240 share with you information about this project Building for Tomorrow Collaborative Development
TVN8KFUSbNE-00004-00003240-00003960 of Sustainable Infrastructure for Architectural Design Documentation was an IMLS Awarded Grant and
TVN8KFUSbNE-00005-00003960-00004552 we are grateful to imls for supporting the work of the grant to further the area of digital design
TVN8KFUSbNE-00006-00004552-00005264 preservation as it is a particularly thorny issue of digital preservation that is only now beginning
TVN8KFUSbNE-00007-00005264-00005872 to be addressed and in only a few institutions we will each provide information about the work of
TVN8KFUSbNE-00008-00005928-00006448 the grant share the outcomes of our work and highlight some of the larger issues still to
TVN8KFUSbNE-00009-00006448-00007216 be addressed in order to move this work forward the use of 2d and 3d cad and building information
TVN8KFUSbNE-00010-00007216-00007808 modeling software is now routine in architecture and design firms the challenge is that the number
TVN8KFUSbNE-00011-00007808-00008424 of data files created for each design project can be enormous the resulting data files become
TVN8KFUSbNE-00012-00008424-00008984 obsolete very quickly due to continuous upgrading of software for designers and for
TVN8KFUSbNE-00013-00008984-00009544 architectural archives and museums the ability to preserve the data files and make them continually
TVN8KFUSbNE-00014-00009544-00010024 accessible and usable as originally created data is therefore a huge challenge
TVN8KFUSbNE-00015-00010112-00010688 the timing of this presentation coincides with the recent digital preservation coalition report
TVN8KFUSbNE-00016-00010688-00011480 on the 2021 global list of digitally endangered species in which 3d cad for design and engineering
TVN8KFUSbNE-00017-00011480-00012032 is listed at the top of the list work on preservation of these types of data files
TVN8KFUSbNE-00018-00012144-00012680 has been ongoing for more than a decade and this grant work is part of a larger picture of
TVN8KFUSbNE-00019-00012680-00013176 work that needs to be done collaboratively due to the size and scope of the problem
TVN8KFUSbNE-00020-00013256-00013672 because the scope of the problem is so large the building for tomorrow grant
TVN8KFUSbNE-00021-00013672-00014232 grant was conceived to identify collaborative ways to address the preservation of this content
TVN8KFUSbNE-00022-00014391-00015152 in april 29 2018 a national forum was held in conjunction with the society of architectural
TVN8KFUSbNE-00023-00015152-00015808 historians annual conference where stakeholders including architects architectural historians
TVN8KFUSbNE-00024-00015808-00016376 archivists librarians technologists and digital preservationists met to form frame
TVN8KFUSbNE-00025-00016376-00016984 a collaborative infrastructure to support the long-term preservation of digital design data
TVN8KFUSbNE-00026-00017064-00017704 the outcome was a plan of action that is really a strategic plan in nature a multi-faceted list
TVN8KFUSbNE-00027-00017704-00018496 of projects and associated tasks in 2019 the harvard team engaged a portion of the cad software
TVN8KFUSbNE-00028-00018496-00019048 vendor community to a series of interviews the interviews covered questions related
TVN8KFUSbNE-00029-00019048-00019752 to the software development interoperability exportability use of free readers of the software
TVN8KFUSbNE-00030-00019752-00020408 archiving of software and the vendor's future views of software products the interviews allowed
TVN8KFUSbNE-00031-00020408-00021000 us to understand the perspective of the vendors and to identify where we might be able to find
TVN8KFUSbNE-00032-00021000-00021736 common places to connect vendors designers and archivists we also began pilot projects with
TVN8KFUSbNE-00033-00021736-00022312 the sasaki design firm and the hauler immune architecture firm both boston-based firms
TVN8KFUSbNE-00034-00022416-00022984 working with them on in-process design projects the first part of the work was learning about
TVN8KFUSbNE-00035-00022984-00023496 how designers work on projects and with their colleagues especially around the generation and
TVN8KFUSbNE-00036-00023496-00023960 sharing of the data files they produce which helped us to understand how we would need to
TVN8KFUSbNE-00037-00023960-00024416 think about preservation in the intellectual property issues that rise to the surface
TVN8KFUSbNE-00038-00024552-00025160 in 2020 and 2021 the focus has been on developing preservation recommendations
TVN8KFUSbNE-00039-00025160-00025704 that address the preservation of the original files and the ability to experience those files
TVN8KFUSbNE-00040-00025704-00026320 appropriately to the software from which they are created and investigation into the intellectual
TVN8KFUSbNE-00041-00026320-00026936 property issues and collections of design records and the impact on eventual collecting institutions
TVN8KFUSbNE-00042-00027024-00027704 a white paper produced in june 2021 includes further recommendations on many different aspects
TVN8KFUSbNE-00043-00027704-00028552 of the work involved in archiving digital design files in november 2020 we hosted a virtual meeting
TVN8KFUSbNE-00044-00028552-00029127 of a broad spectrum of stakeholder communities and worked with the group through the spring of 2021.
TVN8KFUSbNE-00045-00029256-00029600 stakeholder groups included representatives from the software
TVN8KFUSbNE-00046-00029600-00030295 industry standards archival institutions national memory institutions archival systems
TVN8KFUSbNE-00047-00030295-00030848 historians design firms and facilities managers the goals of the meeting were to
TVN8KFUSbNE-00048-00030848-00031360 identify key impediments to the effective and sustainable long-term preservation
TVN8KFUSbNE-00049-00031360-00031976 of architectural and design assets and to offer concrete recommendations for best practices
TVN8KFUSbNE-00050-00032056-00032536 to strengthen understandings between stakeholders regarding their different perspectives and their
TVN8KFUSbNE-00051-00032536-00033200 goals to identify and refine concrete activities the stakeholders will engage in to forward
TVN8KFUSbNE-00052-00033200-00033936 the general preservation aims and the specific recommendations we are providing the outcomes of
TVN8KFUSbNE-00053-00033936-00034600 the meeting included agreement on principles for preservation of digital architectural and design
TVN8KFUSbNE-00054-00034600-00035208 assets including a clear focus on the preservation of meaningful experiences of architectural design
TVN8KFUSbNE-00055-00035208-00035968 information which implicit implicitly encompasses concern for both authentic digital assets
TVN8KFUSbNE-00056-00035968-00036408 and the intermediating software necessary for use and reuse of those assets
TVN8KFUSbNE-00057-00036496-00036936 an action plan for encouraging and supporting adoption across stakeholder communities
TVN8KFUSbNE-00058-00037024-00037816 and concrete recommendations for best practices the meeting resulted in the
TVN8KFUSbNE-00059-00037816-00038304 formation of four subgroups that focused on work that would support the emerging recommendations
TVN8KFUSbNE-00060-00038456-00039128 one subrout subgroup focused on identifying iso and other informal standards that support the
TVN8KFUSbNE-00061-00039128-00039648 work of designers through the design life cycle and have impact on the archiving of the digital
TVN8KFUSbNE-00062-00039648-00040344 data in the future a second subgroup worked to establish a set of file transfer guidelines
TVN8KFUSbNE-00063-00040344-00040992 and resources to facilitate preparation of content to transfer from a designer to an archive
TVN8KFUSbNE-00064-00041072-00041456 a third subgroup worked on developing a resource list of recommended principles
TVN8KFUSbNE-00065-00041456-00042064 to guide implementation and document a spectrum of practices and software tools and platforms
TVN8KFUSbNE-00066-00042064-00042776 for small or low resourced archives federal or other very specific or regimented archives
TVN8KFUSbNE-00067-00042776-00043432 and broader more highly resourced archives a fourth subgroup was identified to focus on access
TVN8KFUSbNE-00068-00043488-00044056 and due to time constraints was not pursued and is identified as a topic requiring further work
TVN8KFUSbNE-00069-00044192-00044816 i am now turning this over to stephen to share deeper level information about our recommendations
TVN8KFUSbNE-00070-00044816-00045608 thank you over the past two years we've worked on guidance based on long-standing archival
TVN8KFUSbNE-00071-00045608-00046200 principles and practices including various standards for records management preservation
TVN8KFUSbNE-00072-00046200-00046856 systems and trusted repositories these provide a comprehensive framework for the technical
TVN8KFUSbNE-00073-00046856-00047488 and programmatic aspects of archival processing and long-term preservation much of our work
TVN8KFUSbNE-00074-00047488-00048176 has been in particularizing these general precepts to the specific case of architectural design data
TVN8KFUSbNE-00075-00048256-00049008 for that purpose we look back on prior research findings such as the mit facade project and the
TVN8KFUSbNE-00076-00049008-00049648 library of congress's architecture design and engineering summit as well as extensive
TVN8KFUSbNE-00077-00049648-00050352 new stakeholder consultation with architectural practitioners historians and scholars faculty
TVN8KFUSbNE-00078-00050352-00051040 and students facilities managers archivists and technologists through both individual
TVN8KFUSbNE-00079-00051040-00051728 interviews as well as the forum activities previously described the building for tomorrow
TVN8KFUSbNE-00080-00051728-00052479 recommendations for long-term preservation arose from consideration of three key questions first
TVN8KFUSbNE-00081-00052536-00053079 what is it that we can and should do in order to capture and protect digital design heritage
TVN8KFUSbNE-00082-00053167-00053840 second what curatorial and technical capabilities and capacities are central for performing those
TVN8KFUSbNE-00083-00053840-00054384 activities and third what intellectual property rights do we need to acquire
TVN8KFUSbNE-00084-00054440-00054904 so that those activities comply with legal and policy obligations
TVN8KFUSbNE-00085-00054904-00055232 without compromising legitimate archival and scholarly needs
TVN8KFUSbNE-00086-00055888-00056608 this led to over 50 recommendations organized into a number of broad categories applicable to the
TVN8KFUSbNE-00087-00056608-00057279 full preservation life cycle all as described in the white paper here's a quick summary of some of
TVN8KFUSbNE-00088-00057279-00057984 the more significant to begin with it is important to recognize the nature of archival design as a
TVN8KFUSbNE-00089-00057984-00058696 process typically encompassing a large number of exploratory conceptual and pragmatic iterations
TVN8KFUSbNE-00090-00058784-00059376 thus it is critical to capture design artifacts at a number of significant stages along the way
TVN8KFUSbNE-00091-00059464-00059872 these include the initial creative brief setting out client directions
TVN8KFUSbNE-00092-00059928-00060655 the design party that is the initial creative response to that brief then the major conceptual
TVN8KFUSbNE-00093-00060655-00061352 design iterations the construction bid representing the final design and because
TVN8KFUSbNE-00094-00061352-00062024 almost nothing is ever actually realized entirely as designed the post-construction as-built state
TVN8KFUSbNE-00095-00062167-00062832 contemporary design routinely employs all manner of digital forms the evolution away from viewing
TVN8KFUSbNE-00096-00062832-00063536 architectural data as static digital blueprints two complex database driven building information
TVN8KFUSbNE-00097-00063536-00064191 models enables many new opportunities these models are often accompanied by highly dynamic
TVN8KFUSbNE-00098-00064191-00064848 and immersive visualization the diversity and proprietary nature of these forms complicates
TVN8KFUSbNE-00099-00064848-00065528 subsequent preservation thus while it remains important to capture original native forms these
TVN8KFUSbNE-00100-00065528-00066216 should be accompanied by a variety of derivatives in standardized formats while transcoding may
TVN8KFUSbNE-00101-00066216-00066976 incur some loss of detail or function capturing a heterogeneous set of representations bolsters
TVN8KFUSbNE-00102-00066976-00067528 confidence that the underlying design data will remain viable in some form in future
TVN8KFUSbNE-00103-00067776-00068256 because many forms are dependent on specialized software for rendering or manipulation
TVN8KFUSbNE-00104-00068320-00068672 it is important to have a strategy for preservation of that software
TVN8KFUSbNE-00105-00068752-00069400 this could take a number of avenues such as permanent low or no cost licensing the use of
TVN8KFUSbNE-00106-00069400-00070168 third-party escrow of non-drm encumbered software and reliance on emerging technologies for software
TVN8KFUSbNE-00107-00070168-00070800 emulation and preservation such as yale's easy emulation as a service infrastructure platform
TVN8KFUSbNE-00108-00070968-00071584 lastly we work with colleagues at the software preservation network and harvard law school to
TVN8KFUSbNE-00109-00071584-00072336 augment existing aia contracts to articulate an explicit intention to submit materials for
TVN8KFUSbNE-00110-00072336-00072984 archival management accompanied by assignment of necessary perpetual non-exclusive rights
TVN8KFUSbNE-00111-00072984-00073648 to acquire copy and manipulate as necessary to ensure the ongoing viability and future
TVN8KFUSbNE-00112-00073648-00074304 usability for scholarly purposes similar language was developed for applicability to
TVN8KFUSbNE-00113-00074304-00074992 archival donor agreements we'll now end our presentation with an outline of project next steps
TVN8KFUSbNE-00114-00075304-00075368 thanks steven
TVN8KFUSbNE-00115-00075624-00076016 in completing our work on the grant in the white paper we outlined several next steps
TVN8KFUSbNE-00116-00076016-00076416 for both the building for tomorrow team and for the larger community invested in
TVN8KFUSbNE-00117-00076416-00076928 the preservation of digital design data we have pulled out a few to share with you all
TVN8KFUSbNE-00118-00076928-00077344 today but for a more comprehensive list of next steps please reference the white paper
TVN8KFUSbNE-00119-00077592-00078056 to start we will continue to share and encourage discussion around the white paper at events and
TVN8KFUSbNE-00120-00078056-00078544 conferences like this one we are hoping to hear from as many people as possible in order
TVN8KFUSbNE-00121-00078544-00079008 to continue to expand on the recommendations stephen outlined and that are discussed in more
TVN8KFUSbNE-00122-00079008-00079584 depth in the white paper we welcome any feedback or suggestions related to these recommendations
TVN8KFUSbNE-00123-00079848-00080248 next we will continue to have conversations with the american institute of architects
TVN8KFUSbNE-00124-00080248-00080744 around the draft contract created during the this grant work the proposed draft contract
TVN8KFUSbNE-00125-00080744-00081112 and donor agreement will also be shared with our stakeholder community for feedback
TVN8KFUSbNE-00126-00081208-00081768 if the aia decides to incorporate the proposed contract language or an ad and addendum we will
TVN8KFUSbNE-00127-00081768-00082256 work closely with them on designing educational programming and outreach around the contracts
TVN8KFUSbNE-00128-00082512-00082976 as a result of our conversations with firms and our work as part of an academic library that
TVN8KFUSbNE-00129-00082976-00083552 supports a design school we have identified a need and an opportunity to collaborate with faculty
TVN8KFUSbNE-00130-00083552-00083992 on the creation of instructional sessions related to data management for design
TVN8KFUSbNE-00131-00083992-00084512 students working with colleagues from other academic institutions the objectives of these
TVN8KFUSbNE-00132-00084512-00084968 sessions center around providing students with foundational data management skills
TVN8KFUSbNE-00133-00084968-00085584 and introducing them to concepts around the preservation of their own digital files
TVN8KFUSbNE-00134-00085728-00086200 the community responsible for preserving digital design data continues to grow as cultural
TVN8KFUSbNE-00135-00086200-00086792 heritage institutions federal institutions facilities departments and design firms are
TVN8KFUSbNE-00136-00086792-00087256 having to manage an increasing number of born digital files related to the built environment
TVN8KFUSbNE-00137-00087384-00087872 the society of american archivists design records section and their digital design records task
TVN8KFUSbNE-00138-00087872-00088328 force has been a space where archivists can work on sharing ideas and developing
TVN8KFUSbNE-00139-00088328-00088832 guidelines to address shared concerns toward that end we're hoping to continue to work with
TVN8KFUSbNE-00140-00088832-00089328 our colleagues on areas that were identified during the november 2020 stakeholder meeting
TVN8KFUSbNE-00141-00089328-00089760 and in subsequent meetings with members of the task force in particular we are
TVN8KFUSbNE-00142-00089760-00090248 hoping to work on sharing information with digital preservation software developers
TVN8KFUSbNE-00143-00090248-00090736 to inform future product development and to continue to explore issues related to access
TVN8KFUSbNE-00144-00091008-00091368 and finally one of the most meaningful outcomes of this project was having the
TVN8KFUSbNE-00145-00091368-00091936 opportunity to bring together and facilitate conversation between practitioners historians
TVN8KFUSbNE-00146-00091936-00092304 digital preservationists developers archivists and librarians
TVN8KFUSbNE-00147-00092368-00092888 we are hoping to continue to be able to bring this growing community together in meaningful ways
TVN8KFUSbNE-00148-00092888-00093496 to address digital preservation concerns around digital design data and to advocate for standards
TVN8KFUSbNE-00149-00093496-00094080 strategies tools and workflows to help prevent or reduce the loss of vital information in the future
TVN8KFUSbNE-00150-00094416-00094832 so this concludes our presentation we thank you so much for watching and hope you will
TVN8KFUSbNE-00151-00094832-00095280 visit the link listed on this slide and read the building for tomorrow white paper
TVN8KFUSbNE-00152-00095368-00095776 please feel free to reach out to ann stephen or myself if you have any
TVN8KFUSbNE-00153-00095776-00096784 questions or comments or would you like to learn how to get involved thank you
TVN8KFUSbNE-00154-00097192-00097242 you
TWiv9grQMCA-00000-00000000-00000200 ወለጋ አኬልዳማ     wollega  the  land  that drink civil amhara natives june 20/2022
TYG-kUxZjs4-00000-00000246-00000413 find a comfortable position
TYG-kUxZjs4-00001-00001019-00001128 close your eyes
TYG-kUxZjs4-00002-00001398-00002166 take a slow deep breath and while exhaling relax your body completely
TYG-kUxZjs4-00003-00002448-00002892 releasing and relaxing tensions and pressures along the way
TYG-kUxZjs4-00004-00003186-00003774 to help you relax I'm going to direct your attention to different parts of your body
TYG-kUxZjs4-00005-00004026-00004270 relax your scalp [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00006-00004638-00004882 relax your forehead [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00007-00005250-00005752 relax your eyes and the tissue surrounding your eyes [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00008-00006246-00006784 relax your face jaw and tongue [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00009-00007566-00007870 relax your neck and throat [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00010-00008808-00009382 relax your shoulders arms and hands [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00011-00010116-00010494 relax your back and spine
TYG-kUxZjs4-00012-00011078-00011178 [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00013-00011178-00011586 continue breathing slowly deeply and rhythmically
TYG-kUxZjs4-00014-00011730-00012220 as you relax your chest externally and internally [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00015-00013260-00013668 relax your abdominal area externally and internally
TYG-kUxZjs4-00016-00014413-00014513 [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00017-00014513-00014769 relax your thighs [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00018-00015408-00015658 relax your knees [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00019-00016386-00016642 relax your calves [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00020-00017280-00017484 relax your feet
TYG-kUxZjs4-00021-00018212-00018312 [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00022-00018312-00019194 release whatever pressure or tension may be lingering [Music] Let It Go
TYG-kUxZjs4-00023-00019458-00019630 and relax [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00024-00020130-00020752 you are now at a deeper healthier level of mind deeper than before [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00025-00021024-00021396 take another deep breath and while exhaling
TYG-kUxZjs4-00026-00021564-00022210 relax your mind by thinking of a passive and tranquil scene [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00027-00022506-00023118 any scene that makes you feel tranquil and passive helps to relax your mind
TYG-kUxZjs4-00028-00023322-00023494 do that now [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00029-00025770-00026436 take another deep breath and while exhaling connect with your inner
TYG-kUxZjs4-00030-00026436-00027292 self by acknowledging the calm and peaceful qualities of your inner experience [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00031-00028536-00028818 you are now at a deeper healthier level of mind
TYG-kUxZjs4-00032-00028968-00029748 deeper than before [Music] make a point of reference of how it feels to be so deeply relaxed
TYG-kUxZjs4-00033-00029945-00030514 relaxed in body and relaxed in mind [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00034-00031980-00032542 in a moment we're going to apply the Stress Management technique [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00035-00032670-00033508 to make the most of this exercise recall a Time when you felt really stressful [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00036-00033918-00034132 what comes to mind [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00037-00035064-00035334 feel your body shifting internally
TYG-kUxZjs4-00038-00035538-00036394 and recognize where in your body you feel the first signs of stress setting in [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00039-00037356-00037990 recognize if you are feeling anger or fear [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00040-00039000-00040206 identify what core experience is being triggered is it abandonment or rejection [Music] or the fact
TYG-kUxZjs4-00041-00040206-00041236 that you're not in control of the situation or the person [Music] feel helpless or hopeless [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00042-00042078-00042538 as you experience this stressful memory [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00043-00042660-00043432 take a deep breath and say relax [Music] and be calm [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00044-00044016-00044928 continue breathing slowly deeply and rhythmically as you answer the following questions
TYG-kUxZjs4-00045-00045180-00045568 what am I really worried about [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00046-00046536-00046942 what am I really afraid of [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00047-00047832-00048292 or why does this make me angry [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00048-00049296-00049908 and what are the basic characteristics of this feeling
TYG-kUxZjs4-00049-00050100-00051166 lack of focus impatience anxiety and or sleeplessness [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00050-00052632-00053328 once again notice where you feel the stress in your body
TYG-kUxZjs4-00051-00053472-00053896 and what core experience is being triggered [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00052-00054600-00054726 once identified
TYG-kUxZjs4-00053-00054924-00055690 recognize the fact that it is a triggered experience and belongs to your past [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00054-00056112-00056891 then mindfully separate yourself from that core experience and that younger
TYG-kUxZjs4-00055-00056958-00057879 less resource for you that doesn't have the kind of skills and knowledge the adult you has [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00056-00058434-00059104 now ask how can I best handle the situation [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00057-00059604-00060429 allow ideas images feelings and solutions to surface [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00058-00061008-00061798 concentrate on positive solution images and feelings of achievement [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00059-00063216-00064355 imagine stepping into the solution image [Music] and allow your body brain and mind to become very
TYG-kUxZjs4-00060-00064355-00065628 familiar with how it feels to be calm in control and resourcefully handling a stressful situation
TYG-kUxZjs4-00061-00066884-00066984 [Music]
TYG-kUxZjs4-00062-00066984-00067458 now open your eyes and take the appropriate action
TbGPgorHhHQ-00000-00000000-00000348 Greetings to you all in the name of our Lord and Saviour. This is Eagle Eye Opener
TbGPgorHhHQ-00001-00000348-00001044 Global Outreach, I am brother Hosanna David. Few days ago, I was lying on my bed and the
TbGPgorHhHQ-00002-00001044-00001584 Holy Spirit spoke to me, He told me to play a particular song that I have in my phone,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00003-00001722-00002346 so I hesitated to play it. He spoke to me the second time and told me to
TbGPgorHhHQ-00004-00002346-00003156 play that particular song, He didn't just tell me to play it, but he told me that I should put it in
TbGPgorHhHQ-00005-00003156-00004128 a repeat mode. So I put it on repeat, so that song played over and over and over again, as the song
TbGPgorHhHQ-00006-00004128-00004932 was playing; He spoke to me and told me, preach! When next you preach, preach about my judgment.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00007-00004932-00005364 For those of you who are watching on Eagle Eye Opener Global Outreach,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00008-00005364-00005946 this is just a part of the message, the link to the full video is in the description box.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00009-00006024-00006780 The full video is on our Evangelical Ministry channel, so you can watch
TbGPgorHhHQ-00010-00006780-00007068 the full message there. If you have not subscribed to
TbGPgorHhHQ-00011-00007068-00007602 this channel (Eagle Eye Opener Global Outreach) please subscribe to this channel and also turn
TbGPgorHhHQ-00012-00007602-00008088 on the notification bell, so that you can receive update whenever I post any video.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00013-00008088-00008724 The local song in my phone talks about the Judgment of God, so I decided to play
TbGPgorHhHQ-00014-00008724-00009084 the song as I was instructed. Early hours of this morning,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00015-00009084-00009660 the Holy Spirit spoke to me and gave me a message, the message is to three
TbGPgorHhHQ-00016-00009660-00010152 different groups of persons. Number 1: It is a message to
TbGPgorHhHQ-00017-00010224-00011106 those who are believers but have some weaknesses in their lives. Then secondly: It is a message to
TbGPgorHhHQ-00018-00011106-00011880 unbelievers and church goers, then Thirdly: It is a message to those who believe in the Lord,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00019-00011880-00012888 but are possessed with one or two evil spirits, I mean demonic spirits; there is a message that God
TbGPgorHhHQ-00020-00012888-00013686 has for them. So this message is for these three sets of people. Before I go into this message,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00021-00013686-00014268 please share this video, share this video so that they can reach as many people as the Lord
TbGPgorHhHQ-00022-00014268-00014747 wants this video to reach, so that when they get this message, they can amend their ways.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00023-00014747-00015186 As usual I'm going to read the message from where I wrote it.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00024-00015186-00015930 This is the first part of this message and it is to Christians who have weaknesses, I mean
TbGPgorHhHQ-00025-00015930-00016524 weaknesses in their Christian life lifestyle; maybe in one or two areas of their lives.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00026-00016524-00016962 1. Christians who have weaknesses. “Tell all those who are serving Me never
TbGPgorHhHQ-00027-00016962-00017484 to give up because of their weaknesses. They should be zealous for good works,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00028-00017484-00018000 repent whenever they sin and wash their robes in the Blood of the Lamb.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00029-00018000-00018612 They must not drop their cross because of their personal weaknesses. I am the Lord, I do not
TbGPgorHhHQ-00030-00018612-00019284 reject My children because they are weak, but because they refuse to be healed and be changed.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00031-00019428-00019794 2. Unbelievers and churchgoers
TbGPgorHhHQ-00032-00019848-00020586 “Tell all those who do not know Me and all those who go to Church but are unserious that danger is
TbGPgorHhHQ-00033-00020586-00021252 coming. They need a safe refuge to hide.” Then He said, “If you know anyone that is stronger
TbGPgorHhHQ-00034-00021252-00022086 than the Lord God Almighty go and take refuge in him because it shall be too terrible for you on
TbGPgorHhHQ-00035-00022086-00022686 that Day, but if you can’t find anyone, better reconcile with your Maker now.”  
TbGPgorHhHQ-00036-00022686-00023496 The Holy Spirit explained to me why he wanted me to repeat the song, to put it in a repeat mode;
TbGPgorHhHQ-00037-00023496-00024564 He said, ‘Now this season is a time that the word of repentance and his judgment preparation,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00038-00024564-00025566 preparing mankind for his return should be repeated every time’. He wants the word of
TbGPgorHhHQ-00039-00025566-00026483 reminder to be repeated before the ears of men, He wants me to repeat it, He wants you who are
TbGPgorHhHQ-00040-00026483-00027156 believers to continue to repeat this; repeat it to yourself every time. Remind yourself that the Lord
TbGPgorHhHQ-00041-00027156-00027654 is coming soon, remind those around you, remind those who are in your workplaces that the Lord
TbGPgorHhHQ-00042-00027654-00028092 Jesus Christ is coming soon. The signs are everywhere that he is
TbGPgorHhHQ-00043-00028092-00028710 coming and He is not far away anymore. The third message is to those who have
TbGPgorHhHQ-00044-00028710-00029218 believed in the Lord but are harbouring one or two demons in themselves. He said:
TbGPgorHhHQ-00045-00029218-00029508 3. Possessed “Christians” “Tell those who believe in Me but are possessed
TbGPgorHhHQ-00046-00029508-00030250 with demonic spirits not to give up on their faith in Me. Tell them to do this: They must seek Me
TbGPgorHhHQ-00047-00030250-00031283 daily with sincerity of heart; let them look for deliverance but while they seek deliverance they
TbGPgorHhHQ-00048-00031283-00031950 must stop the destruction with the evil powers. I am the Lord, I am the God of justice, I will
TbGPgorHhHQ-00049-00031950-00032622 not spare the wicked if they continue in their evils even if they continue to call on Me for
TbGPgorHhHQ-00050-00032622-00032855 mercy. Let those who resist My Spirit and suppress My work repent from such and ask God for mercy.”
TbGPgorHhHQ-00051-00032855-00033738 Let me explain this. Those who have accepted the Lord, but are still harboring some evil
TbGPgorHhHQ-00052-00033738-00034182 spirits in them, the Lord doesn't want these people to remain the way they are,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00053-00034182-00034806 He wants them to come to repentance by allowing these demons to leave them. Go for deliverance,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00054-00034806-00035298 I know there are some preachers who say, you don't need any deliverance; you just need to
TbGPgorHhHQ-00055-00035298-00035874 confess Jesus Christ with a mouth and believe in your heart, go for baptism and you are saved.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00056-00035958-00036846 It is more than that; you need to allow yourself to be delivered from the powers of darkness
TbGPgorHhHQ-00057-00036846-00037398 inside of you. If you have demonic spirits, if you have covenants, you need to break them;
TbGPgorHhHQ-00058-00037398-00038082 you need to let those spirits go. And while you seek for deliverance, the Lord also wants
TbGPgorHhHQ-00059-00038082-00038658 you to resign from doing evil. You cannot continue to do evil
TbGPgorHhHQ-00060-00038718-00039294 and harbor wickedness in your heart and continue to ask the Lord for mercy.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00061-00039366-00040050 God doesn't listen to the prayers of sinners, He only listened to the prayers of repentant sinners,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00062-00040152-00040806 ‘A broken and a contrite heart oh God, thou will not despise’, God will never despise the broken
TbGPgorHhHQ-00063-00040806-00041550 and the contrite heart, but if your heart is not broken, if it is not contrite the Lord will
TbGPgorHhHQ-00064-00041550-00042024 despise it, He doesn't listen to the prayers of sinners. Let's continue with the message:
TbGPgorHhHQ-00065-00042090-00043758 ,” Let go of your pride and be humble enough to seek deliverance. I pity some of you because you
TbGPgorHhHQ-00066-00043758-00044508 have been deceived. Some of you give so much to support My work. Some Pastors have made you
TbGPgorHhHQ-00067-00044508-00045300 to believe that by giving towards My work you have been accepted by Me. This is a lie. Those
TbGPgorHhHQ-00068-00045300-00046302 who do not have My Spirit do not belong to Me. This is the truth, remember what (Romans 8:9 says,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00069-00046434-00047400 “But ye are not in the flesh, but in the Spirit, if so be that the Spirit of God dwell in you. Now
TbGPgorHhHQ-00070-00047454-00048036 if any man have not the Spirit of Christ, he is none of his.”)
TbGPgorHhHQ-00071-00048132-00048720 If you belong to Jesus Christ, you must have His spirit inside of you, if you don't have
TbGPgorHhHQ-00072-00048720-00049584 His Spirit, if there are demons harboring your life, you do not belong to him. let's continue:
TbGPgorHhHQ-00073-00049698-00050220 Giving does not give you access to the free gift of salvation but
TbGPgorHhHQ-00074-00050220-00050700 repentance. No one has ever made it into Heaven without repentance.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00075-00050784-00051366 You must let go of those spirits that occupy your body and allow Me to live in you.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00076-00051462-00052338 If you do not give Me access to your body here on Earth I will not give you access to My Kingdom.”
TbGPgorHhHQ-00077-00052338-00052914 Thus says the Lord, These people are like Polypterus bichir bichir – (Nile Bichir)
TbGPgorHhHQ-00078-00052914-00053790 to Me. From their skin to their heart they mount up a strong resistance against Me,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00079-00053879-00054522 but if they can be humble enough to seek My face, My power will destroy the barrier between us.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00080-00054576-00055116 I will take away their iron skin and soften their stony hearts.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00081-00055116-00055614 My power is ready to deliver as many that are ready to be free.”
TbGPgorHhHQ-00082-00055734-00056664 Before I go to the message about how nearer we are to the return of the Lord, let me explain this
TbGPgorHhHQ-00083-00056664-00057936 thing; the Lord showed me a fish which is what is called “Polypterus bichir bichir – (Nile Bichir)”
TbGPgorHhHQ-00084-00057936-00058446 I had to go to the internet to look for it, I know this fish while I was in the village,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00085-00058446-00058998 we used to catch this fish, we used to catch it while we were fishing at the village.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00086-00059052-00059796 The whole of its body is full of scales, not just scales you can peel off;
TbGPgorHhHQ-00087-00059928-00060714 it is like stony scales, very hard. I had to go and download this video,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00088-00060714-00061650 now look at this video; you will see that this fish has a type of scaly skin.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00089-00061860-00062886 These scales are very, very hard, they are really hard; though the people that eat this fish, they
TbGPgorHhHQ-00090-00062886-00063846 either burn it with fire, they burn the scales with fire and thoroughly remove them, because
TbGPgorHhHQ-00091-00063846-00064770 it is so hard, it's so it is stony in nature. You can't bite it, it is so strong; they either
TbGPgorHhHQ-00092-00064770-00065652 use fire to burn it or they put hot water and then peel it off, peel it off, and it is usually very,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00093-00065652-00067080 very tough to peel it off. The fish has spines at his back, if you hold it, it can injure your hand.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00094-00067080-00067830 So in this Revelation I saw this fish, and the Holy Spirit said; thus sayeth the Lord,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00095-00067830-00068508 these people are like this fish that has this stony like or iron-like scales.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00096-00068676-00069396 From their skin to their hearts they mount up a strong resistance against me,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00097-00069486-00070266 this is how the Lord describes those who are possessed, many of those who are possessed!
TbGPgorHhHQ-00098-00070410-00071028 They have mounted up a very strong resistance against the Lord, because they don't want
TbGPgorHhHQ-00099-00071028-00071574 anything to enter their heart; as a matter of fact after the lord gave me this message,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00100-00071694-00072828 I went to bed this afternoon and he spoke to me while I was dozing off, I was feeling sleepy and
TbGPgorHhHQ-00101-00072828-00073554 I was as I was dozing off, he spoke to me. He told me after you preached this message,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00102-00073554-00073932 they are going to come after you; I'm preaching it already.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00103-00074148-00074934 Those of you who have hardened hearts, a heart that is seigh with hot iron;
TbGPgorHhHQ-00104-00075006-00075864 let me tell you, you have a destination and that destination is the lake of fire except you repent.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00105-00075972-00076524 This is a time to repent! This other part of the message is about the
TbGPgorHhHQ-00106-00076596-00077298 return of the Lord and how near we are to the time, remember I said, that the Holy Spirit
TbGPgorHhHQ-00107-00077298-00078210 told me to put the song in my local dialect, that talks about the Judgment of the Lord. He told me
TbGPgorHhHQ-00108-00078210-00079104 to put it on repeat mode, so I played it a lot of times; He said, we should continue to repeat this,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00109-00079104-00079734 we should repeat this to the hearing of men, that His coming is near, His judgment is near.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00110-00079734-00080310 Message about How Near the Lord’s Coming Is Then He said, “If My children had known how
TbGPgorHhHQ-00111-00080310-00080928 close they are to the End they would have been at their Master’s business instead of theirs,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00112-00080994-00081642 but the devil has cast the spirit of bewitchment upon many so that they
TbGPgorHhHQ-00113-00081642-00082512 will not think about the times they live in. Now tell them that the days are near. Let the
TbGPgorHhHQ-00114-00082512-00083160 wise seek and take refuge in the name of the Lord before the terrible and awful Day comes.”
TbGPgorHhHQ-00115-00083328-00083874 Let us know that the day of the Lord is at hand, it is going to be a day of darkness,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00116-00083874-00084300 it is going to be a day of tears; this is a time to make amend.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00117-00084438-00085164 Do not be influenced by the bewitchment of the devil, do not allow anybody tell you lies,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00118-00085224-00085764 the days are evil; we have to be watchful, the more evil the
TbGPgorHhHQ-00119-00085764-00086472 days become, the nearer the return of the Lord. The video is actually lengthy, please look at the
TbGPgorHhHQ-00120-00086472-00087000 description box, you're going to see the link to the full video, click it and watch the full video.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00121-00087000-00087450 I also encourage you to subscribe to our Evangelical Ministry,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00122-00087450-00087798 The Narrow Ways Christ for All Nations, the link is in the description
TbGPgorHhHQ-00123-00087798-00088374 box or you can check the end of this video; you're going to see the link. Subscribe to
TbGPgorHhHQ-00124-00088374-00088854 this channel, we do teachings, we do Bible Studies, we do messages on that channel;
TbGPgorHhHQ-00125-00088854-00089328 it is going to help your spiritual growth. Thank you and God bless you for watching.
TbGPgorHhHQ-00126-00089328-00089694 I appreciate as many that have been supporting my ministry,
TbGPgorHhHQ-00127-00089694-00089958 may the Lord God Almighty replenish you!
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00000-00000677-00000964 During this program, we will discuss justice intervention.
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00001-00000964-00001261 We will take a look at the basics of justice intervention
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00002-00001261-00001461 and other alternatives to incarceration,
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00003-00001461-00001741 including jail diversion and specialty courts.
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00004-00001755-00001921 We have to really start talking about
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00005-00001921-00002215 the cultural competency and the experience of the individual
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00006-00002215-00002512 standing in front of you, and what's the best treatment
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00007-00002512-00002682 for that individual, instead of just
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00008-00002682-00002912 trying to create a cookie-cutter approach system.
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00009-00002929-00003126 Jail diversion works.
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00010-00003126-00003513 Placing individuals with mental or substance use disorders
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00011-00003513-00003750 in treatment programs within their communities
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00012-00003750-00003947 leads to lower rates of recidivism
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00013-00003947-00004134 than incarceration alone.
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00014-00004194-00004337 What we've learned is that
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00015-00004337-00004501 people have far better outcomes
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00016-00004501-00004748 that have a mental illness or a substance use disorder
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00017-00004748-00004984 if they're treated in a community rather than
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00018-00004984-00005131 in the criminal justice system.
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00019-00005151-00005375 Because of being in recovery, I went to prison
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00020-00005375-00005645 in a much different state than a lot of people.
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00021-00005645-00005965 If I had not gotten treatment before that,
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00022-00005965-00006266 I simply would have resumed similar behaviors
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00023-00006266-00006633 right in the facility, as I saw happening all around me.
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00024-00006639-00006810 We offer an environment where people
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00025-00006810-00007177 who are in the criminal justice system can come
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00026-00007177-00007447 and exist free of stigma, free of victimization.
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00027-00007450-00007724 and really help build purpose
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00028-00007724-00007927 and a sense of meaning in their lives.
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00029-00007954-00008124 Criminal behavior can be treated
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00030-00008124-00008565 through mental health and substance abuse philosophies.
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00031-00008631-00008795 These people don't need to be in jail,
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00032-00008795-00008895 a jail's not for them, and
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00033-00008898-00009122 with a little bit of help
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00034-00009122-00009446 and counseling and medication, that these people can
TeIdQH8Jhsk-00035-00009446-00009706 ultimately go out on the street and be a productive citizen.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00000-00002032-00002543 Hello everyone, thank you for joining us
TgtqlnPatSQ-00001-00002334-00002745 today for our virtual meeting on the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00002-00002543-00003024 Extremely Low Probability of Rupture, or
TgtqlnPatSQ-00003-00002745-00003059 xxLPR, probabilistic fracture mechanics
TgtqlnPatSQ-00004-00003024-00003321 code models overview.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00005-00003059-00003576 My name is Matthew Homiack.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00006-00003321-00003807 I'm the NRC's lead in the Office of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00007-00003576-00004176 Nuclear Regulatory Research for the xxLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-00008-00003807-00004312 program. xxLPR is a joint venture
TgtqlnPatSQ-00009-00004176-00004617 with the Electric Power Research
TgtqlnPatSQ-00010-00004312-00004797 Institute, or EPRI. My counterpart from
TgtqlnPatSQ-00011-00004617-00005130 EPRI, Craig Harrington, is also with us
TgtqlnPatSQ-00012-00004797-00005372 today. Supporting the meeting are members
TgtqlnPatSQ-00013-00005130-00005723 from the NRC staff, EPRI staff, and some
TgtqlnPatSQ-00014-00005372-00005969 of our contractors. The purpose of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00015-00005723-00005969 meeting today is
TgtqlnPatSQ-00016-00006012-00006545 to provide an overview of the models in the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00017-00006239-00006858 xxLPR Version 2 code. This is a
TgtqlnPatSQ-00018-00006545-00007293 follow-on to our April 23rd xxLPR code
TgtqlnPatSQ-00019-00006858-00007454 pre-release meeting. At that meeting, we
TgtqlnPatSQ-00020-00007293-00007719 announced the pending public release of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00021-00007454-00007964 the code and provided an overview of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00022-00007719-00008178 code request process. We also provided
TgtqlnPatSQ-00023-00007964-00008361 perspectives from NRC and EPRI senior
TgtqlnPatSQ-00024-00008178-00008615 management and from those involved in
TgtqlnPatSQ-00025-00008361-00008765 code development from the beginning. We
TgtqlnPatSQ-00026-00008615-00009050 highlighted some of the code’s features
TgtqlnPatSQ-00027-00008765-00009267 and provided a live demonstration. We
TgtqlnPatSQ-00028-00009050-00009461 also discussed some areas of code
TgtqlnPatSQ-00029-00009267-00009722 applications present and future and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00030-00009461-00009947 announced plans for a future series of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00031-00009722-00010164 webinars surrounding the xxLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-00032-00009947-00010559 Version 2 code release, and the meeting
TgtqlnPatSQ-00033-00010164-00010559 today is the next in that series.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00034-00010565-00010947 The meeting on April 23rd was recorded
TgtqlnPatSQ-00035-00010806-00011259 and you can watch a video of it on
TgtqlnPatSQ-00036-00010947-00011475 youtube.com. There's also an NRC meeting
TgtqlnPatSQ-00037-00011259-00011786 summary. If anyone at the meeting here
TgtqlnPatSQ-00038-00011475-00012021 today missed the April 23rd meeting, please
TgtqlnPatSQ-00039-00011786-00012159 feel free to reach out to me and I'd be
TgtqlnPatSQ-00040-00012021-00012497 happy to point you to some of those
TgtqlnPatSQ-00041-00012159-00012497 materials so you can watch it.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00042-00012593-00013216 Whereas the April 23rd meeting was more
TgtqlnPatSQ-00043-00012896-00013382 high-level, today we'll be getting into
TgtqlnPatSQ-00044-00013216-00013658 some more details and technical content
TgtqlnPatSQ-00045-00013382-00013826 about the code. The goal is to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00046-00013658-00014041 provide technical details about the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00047-00013826-00014258 models programmed into the code so that
TgtqlnPatSQ-00048-00014041-00014611 prospective users can gain a better
TgtqlnPatSQ-00049-00014258-00014611 understanding of its capabilities.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00050-00016233-00016701 Our agenda here for today is: we're
TgtqlnPatSQ-00051-00016539-00016959 currently in the introduction and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00052-00016701-00017082 opening remarks portion, and I'll use the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00053-00016959-00017462 remainder of that time to tell you a
TgtqlnPatSQ-00054-00017082-00017462 little bit more about the xxLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-00055-00017543-00017931 Version 2.1 release and what that
TgtqlnPatSQ-00056-00017717-00017931 Includes.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00057-00018031-00018518 Then we’ll provide a general overview of the code and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00058-00018259-00018898 we'll cover each of the deterministic
TgtqlnPatSQ-00059-00018518-00019298 models one-by-one. Those include the loads and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00060-00018898-00019573 stresses, stress intensity factors, fatigue and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00061-00019298-00019817 stress-corrosion cracking initiation models, crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-00062-00019573-00020034 growth and crack coalescence, crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-00063-00019817-00020342 transition, crack opening displacement,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00064-00020034-00020718 leak rate calculations, crack stability,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00065-00020342-00020718 and in service inspection.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00066-00020823-00021331 We’ll round that out with some dedicated time for
TgtqlnPatSQ-00067-00021031-00021776 questions and answers, and then we'll
TgtqlnPatSQ-00068-00021331-00021776 have closing remarks and adjourn.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00069-00022606-00023042 This is an NRC Category 3 public meeting,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00070-00022859-00023228 which means the public is invited to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00071-00023042-00023468 participate by providing comments and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00072-00023228-00023642 asking questions throughout. Today we're
TgtqlnPatSQ-00073-00023468-00023825 using the WebEx platform to deliver the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00074-00023642-00024076 Meeting, and I'd encourage everyone to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00075-00023825-00024379 participate through WebEx so you can see
TgtqlnPatSQ-00076-00024076-00024593 the slide presentation, and it’s also how
TgtqlnPatSQ-00077-00024379-00024790 we'll primarily plan to take your
TgtqlnPatSQ-00078-00024593-00025097 questions. So, you'll get the best
TgtqlnPatSQ-00079-00024790-00025253 experience using WebEx. In WebEx you can
TgtqlnPatSQ-00080-00025097-00025635 submit your questions and comments at
TgtqlnPatSQ-00081-00025253-00025635 any time using the Q&A feature.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00082-00025742-00026077 If you want to make sure that's displayed in your
TgtqlnPatSQ-00083-00025856-00026336 screen, the Q&A feature looks differently
TgtqlnPatSQ-00084-00026077-00026495 depending on whether you're using WebEx
TgtqlnPatSQ-00085-00026336-00026770 through your internet browser or through
TgtqlnPatSQ-00086-00026495-00027044 your desktop client. For the web browser,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00087-00026770-00027289 you can access the Q&A by clicking on
TgtqlnPatSQ-00088-00027044-00027598 the question mark bubble located between
TgtqlnPatSQ-00089-00027289-00027806 the speech bubble and the three dots.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00090-00027598-00028235 That's shown on the left here in this
TgtqlnPatSQ-00091-00027806-00028489 screen. In the desktop client, you first
TgtqlnPatSQ-00092-00028235-00028700 click on the three dots and then select
TgtqlnPatSQ-00093-00028489-00028936 the Q&A button right here on the right
TgtqlnPatSQ-00094-00028700-00028936 of the screen.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00095-00029119-00029531 Either way you do it, you should display
TgtqlnPatSQ-00096-00029360-00029816 a Q&A box on the right side of your
TgtqlnPatSQ-00097-00029531-00030052 screen. And this is just a note that
TgtqlnPatSQ-00098-00029816-00030277 we're using Q&A today, this is different
TgtqlnPatSQ-00099-00030052-00030445 from the way we took questions at the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00100-00030277-00030674 April 23rd meeting where we were using the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00101-00030445-00031043 chat feature. Remember, today we're using
TgtqlnPatSQ-00102-00030674-00031175 Q&A feature for questions and answers. We
TgtqlnPatSQ-00103-00031043-00031450 received a lot of excellent questions
TgtqlnPatSQ-00104-00031175-00031613 from the April 23rd meeting, in fact so
TgtqlnPatSQ-00105-00031450-00031858 many so that we weren't able to keep up
TgtqlnPatSQ-00106-00031613-00032008 with all them, so in response today in
TgtqlnPatSQ-00107-00031858-00032269 the background we've got a five-person
TgtqlnPatSQ-00108-00032008-00032602 team to help answer any questions you
TgtqlnPatSQ-00109-00032269-00032780 may have, so feel free to ask away. After
TgtqlnPatSQ-00110-00032602-00032975 the meeting we will issue a summary which
TgtqlnPatSQ-00111-00032780-00033206 will be available on NRC's public
TgtqlnPatSQ-00112-00032975-00033394 Website, and we're also recording this
TgtqlnPatSQ-00113-00033206-00033934 meeting and we'll make it available on
TgtqlnPatSQ-00114-00033394-00034180 YouTube.com as well. This covers my
TgtqlnPatSQ-00115-00033934-00034422 initial comments for the meeting
TgtqlnPatSQ-00116-00034180-00034712 and now a little on the xxLPR version
TgtqlnPatSQ-00117-00034422-00034712 2.1 release.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00118-00035756-00036194 So, as mentioned, we had the pre-release
TgtqlnPatSQ-00119-00036017-00036474 meeting on April 23rd. We announced that
TgtqlnPatSQ-00120-00036194-00036999 we would be releasing the code, 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00121-00036474-00037324 Version 2.1. We have a slight delay in
TgtqlnPatSQ-00122-00036999-00037517 releasing the version due to some technical
TgtqlnPatSQ-00123-00037324-00037724 issues we are trying to grapple with now,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00124-00037517-00038084 but it's very soon to be publicly
TgtqlnPatSQ-00125-00037724-00038324 available and we will issue an announcement
TgtqlnPatSQ-00126-00038084-00038549 when that happens. It’s going to be available
TgtqlnPatSQ-00127-00038324-00038699 for requests again on the NRC public
TgtqlnPatSQ-00128-00038549-00038987 website and through EPRI’s public
TgtqlnPatSQ-00129-00038699-00039362 website. I'll go through each of those
TgtqlnPatSQ-00130-00038987-00039674 processes quickly after this. The code is
TgtqlnPatSQ-00131-00039362-00039878 free for requestors, but they'll need to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00132-00039674-00040152 sign an end user license agreement and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00133-00039878-00040424 also meet certain citizenship
TgtqlnPatSQ-00134-00040152-00040424 requirements. So when a request is
TgtqlnPatSQ-00135-00040540-00040942 approved, instructions will be sent to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00136-00040744-00041215 access the code through a secure file
TgtqlnPatSQ-00137-00040942-00041631 transfer site.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00138-00041215-00041631 Now, on the NRC side,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00139-00042103-00042646 there we go okay. On the NRC side this is
TgtqlnPatSQ-00140-00042379-00042885 the NRC public website. You go to 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00141-00042646-00042885 research
TgtqlnPatSQ-00142-00043037-00043487 on the left-hand side there and that
TgtqlnPatSQ-00143-00043271-00043727 will display the content here in the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00144-00043487-00044042 middle of the screen. You click on the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00145-00043727-00044333 link there “obtaining the codes.” xxLPR will
TgtqlnPatSQ-00146-00044042-00044809 be listed at the bottom and instructions
TgtqlnPatSQ-00147-00044333-00044809 will be provided for access to the code.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00148-00044852-00045087 On the EPRI side go to EPRI.com and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00149-00045258-00046137 search for “xxLPR” on the EPRI
TgtqlnPatSQ-00150-00045716-00046349 website and it will display in a list of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00151-00046137-00046349 results,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00152-00046811-00047521 and then you would look for xLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-00153-00046994-00047521 Version 2.1 and select it from the list
TgtqlnPatSQ-00154-00047663-00048050 and follow the instructions on a page
TgtqlnPatSQ-00155-00047873-00048419 that's would look similar to this. So
TgtqlnPatSQ-00156-00048050-00048790 this is not the xxLPR page, this is an
TgtqlnPatSQ-00157-00048419-00048790 example of sort of what it'll look like.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00158-00049051-00049826 Okay, now a little bit about what you're
TgtqlnPatSQ-00159-00049463-00049997 going to get in xxLPR Version 2.1. This
TgtqlnPatSQ-00160-00049826-00050243 is a snapshot of the actual release
TgtqlnPatSQ-00161-00049997-00050522 package itself. I'm going to go from the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00162-00050243-00051026 top down here, the first one being a
TgtqlnPatSQ-00163-00050522-00051365 Folder. It's going to contain some input
TgtqlnPatSQ-00164-00051026-00051616 databases, materials, weld residual stress
TgtqlnPatSQ-00165-00051365-00051616 Profiles,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00166-00051659-00052253 things like that. The DLLs folder
TgtqlnPatSQ-00167-00052037-00052496 contains all the modules that the code
TgtqlnPatSQ-00168-00052253-00052775 uses. Those are what we'll be covering
TgtqlnPatSQ-00169-00052496-00052925 today, actually what the actual physical
TgtqlnPatSQ-00170-00052775-00053205 models that are programmed into each one
TgtqlnPatSQ-00171-00052925-00053374 of those is modules.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00172-00053205-00053833 The next folder is the Sim Editor.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00173-00053374-00054270 That's a GUI for the code. There's a
TgtqlnPatSQ-00174-00053833-00054270 folder on training materials. We’ll talk about that in
TgtqlnPatSQ-00175-00054462-00054939 a little bit. The other folder is xxLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-00176-00054807-00055350 main. That's the main folder that
TgtqlnPatSQ-00177-00054939-00055619 contains the GoldSim files and the input set
TgtqlnPatSQ-00178-00055350-00055619 spreadsheet.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00179-00055642-00056200 So that's what you'll be getting
TgtqlnPatSQ-00180-00055844-00056200 in xxLPR Version 2.1.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00181-00057279-00057708 So what's going to be made
TgtqlnPatSQ-00182-00057466-00057954 available in terms of training materials
TgtqlnPatSQ-00183-00057708-00057954 in the code?
TgtqlnPatSQ-00184-00057982-00058273 Available to everyone is going to be the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00185-00058114-00058462 video recording from this meeting
TgtqlnPatSQ-00186-00058273-00058699 today, also the video recording and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00187-00058462-00059074 presentation materials from the April
TgtqlnPatSQ-00188-00058699-00059287 23rd meeting and some of the xLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-00189-00059074-00059515 development related reports. We had some
TgtqlnPatSQ-00190-00059287-00059824 requests for information about the code.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00191-00059515-00060003 There's plenty documented in those and we're
TgtqlnPatSQ-00192-00059824-00060508 going to make those publicly available
TgtqlnPatSQ-00193-00060003-00060964 very soon. And also available to xxLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-00194-00060508-00061335 users will be the user manual as well as
TgtqlnPatSQ-00195-00060964-00061335 a couple of different training manuals.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00196-00061659-00062157 So here's a snapshot of one of these
TgtqlnPatSQ-00197-00061902-00062454 training manuals called the theory training
TgtqlnPatSQ-00198-00062157-00062680 manual. It has several different lessons
TgtqlnPatSQ-00199-00062454-00062979 here, many different lessons actually
TgtqlnPatSQ-00200-00062680-00063300 covering the different modules in the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00201-00062979-00063462 code. It's basically a two and a half day
TgtqlnPatSQ-00202-00063300-00063654 version of what we're going to be giving
TgtqlnPatSQ-00203-00063462-00063999 you today, so there's plenty of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00204-00063654-00064224 additional details in there as well on
TgtqlnPatSQ-00205-00063999-00064478 the theory behind the code, and you'll
TgtqlnPatSQ-00206-00064224-00064887 have some links to some pre-recorded
TgtqlnPatSQ-00207-00064478-00065177 session of that course also
TgtqlnPatSQ-00208-00064887-00065177 available again at YouTube.com.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00209-00065943-00066450 This as I mentioned is part of a series
TgtqlnPatSQ-00210-00066252-00066768 of webinars surrounding xxLPR code
TgtqlnPatSQ-00211-00066450-00067023 release. The focus today is a high-level
TgtqlnPatSQ-00212-00066768-00067283 overview of the xLPR code and its underlying
TgtqlnPatSQ-00213-00067023-00067485 deterministic models. We're going to have
TgtqlnPatSQ-00214-00067283-00067590 several other seminars which I'll talk
TgtqlnPatSQ-00215-00067485-00067974 about a little bit more at the end of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00216-00067590-00068177 the meeting on setting up the inputs, running
TgtqlnPatSQ-00217-00067974-00068451 the simulations, and assessing the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00218-00068177-00068832 Results. Those are tentatively scheduled
TgtqlnPatSQ-00219-00068451-00069204 for July. What we're going to do with
TgtqlnPatSQ-00220-00068832-00069381 those is set those up when we start
TgtqlnPatSQ-00221-00069204-00069621 actually getting licensed users of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00222-00069381-00070038 Code, so those are going to be user
TgtqlnPatSQ-00223-00069621-00070212 focused training sessions, whereas the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00224-00070038-00070392 meeting today and the one on the 23rd is
TgtqlnPatSQ-00225-00070212-00070637 more providing general information about
TgtqlnPatSQ-00226-00070392-00070637 the code.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00227-00071747-00072392 Craig would you like to add anything?
TgtqlnPatSQ-00228-00072106-00072716 Thank you Matt, just a couple quick
TgtqlnPatSQ-00229-00072392-00073091 comments. I really want to thank everyone
TgtqlnPatSQ-00230-00072716-00073337 for your participation today. We do hope
TgtqlnPatSQ-00231-00073091-00073900 that you will find this information
TgtqlnPatSQ-00232-00073337-00074285 useful. xxLPR is a complex tool. It
TgtqlnPatSQ-00233-00073900-00074563 will require investment of your time to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00234-00074285-00075112 really learn it and be able to apply it
TgtqlnPatSQ-00235-00074563-00075418 Effectively, but we do expect that users
TgtqlnPatSQ-00236-00075112-00076085 will come to appreciate the flexibility
TgtqlnPatSQ-00237-00075418-00076558 that it offers for analyses that fall
TgtqlnPatSQ-00238-00076085-00076888 within its capabilities. I apologize for
TgtqlnPatSQ-00239-00076558-00077474 the slight delay here in the release of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00240-00076888-00077818 the code. We've had a lot of moving parts
TgtqlnPatSQ-00241-00077474-00078118 to get to this point, but then in
TgtqlnPatSQ-00242-00077818-00078410 addition at the end this product is
TgtqlnPatSQ-00243-00078118-00078866 an unusual product to be released
TgtqlnPatSQ-00244-00078410-00079120 through EPRI.com and that's 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00245-00078866-00079448 created its own hurdles and challenges
TgtqlnPatSQ-00246-00079120-00079835 that we've been working through so we're
TgtqlnPatSQ-00247-00079448-00080210 almost there. It actually sort of is out
TgtqlnPatSQ-00248-00079835-00080399 there on EPRI.com it's just not
TgtqlnPatSQ-00249-00080210-00080557 everybody can get to, and it's not readily
TgtqlnPatSQ-00250-00080399-00080861 apparent yet so we're working through
TgtqlnPatSQ-00251-00080557-00081133 some final last-minute technical details
TgtqlnPatSQ-00252-00080861-00081566 so bear with us for another day or so
TgtqlnPatSQ-00253-00081133-00081941 and I expect that we'll have it up. As
TgtqlnPatSQ-00254-00081566-00082199 Matt said, we will make sure that an
TgtqlnPatSQ-00255-00081941-00082418 announcement goes out especially to this
TgtqlnPatSQ-00256-00082199-00082918 group that is participating on the call
TgtqlnPatSQ-00257-00082418-00083233 today. So with that let me get out of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00258-00082918-00083666 way and turn this back to Matt and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00259-00083233-00083908 our presenter okay.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00260-00083666-00084157 Thanks Craig. So look for
TgtqlnPatSQ-00261-00083908-00084481 announcement soon on the xxLPR Version
TgtqlnPatSQ-00262-00084157-00084698 2.1 release. For folks attending this
TgtqlnPatSQ-00263-00084481-00084958 meeting we have your email addresses,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00264-00084698-00085055 so you will receive an announcement any day
TgtqlnPatSQ-00265-00084958-00085382 now.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00266-00085055-00085634 Okay, now on to the meat of our meeting.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00267-00085382-00085823 Today I'd like to introduce Markus
TgtqlnPatSQ-00268-00085634-00085865 Burkardt who will do most of the presenting
TgtqlnPatSQ-00269-00085823-00086051 today.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00270-00085865-00086273 Markus is a senior engineer at Dominion
TgtqlnPatSQ-00271-00086051-00086453 Engineering Incorporated. He's
TgtqlnPatSQ-00272-00086273-00086723 supporting the xxLPR efforts under
TgtqlnPatSQ-00273-00086453-00086870 contract to EPRI. Markus has supported
TgtqlnPatSQ-00274-00086723-00087089 development of a number of the xxLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-00275-00086870-00087422 models and inputs and is one of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00276-00087089-00087641 more experienced xxLPR users. Backing him
TgtqlnPatSQ-00277-00087422-00087875 up we have a team of other people that
TgtqlnPatSQ-00278-00087641-00088076 includes Craig and myself as the xxLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-00279-00087875-00088520 program managers. We will be helping out
TgtqlnPatSQ-00280-00088076-00088673 with the Q&A. Part of that team is Dr.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00281-00088520-00088972 Cedric Sallaberry. He's a mathematician
TgtqlnPatSQ-00282-00088673-00089252 at Engineering Mechanics Corporation
TgtqlnPatSQ-00283-00088972-00089474 on contract to NRC. We also have Nathan
TgtqlnPatSQ-00284-00089252-00089690 Glunt from the EPRI staff and Marge
TgtqlnPatSQ-00285-00089474-00089960 Erickson for Phoenix Engineering
TgtqlnPatSQ-00286-00089690-00090167 Associates. She's under contract to EPRI.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00287-00089960-00090398 Marge was the lead of the models group
TgtqlnPatSQ-00288-00090167-00090503 in xxLPR Version 2 development, so
TgtqlnPatSQ-00289-00090398-00090785 she brings a lot of good information.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00290-00090503-00090956 And then we also have Giovanni Facco
TgtqlnPatSQ-00291-00090785-00091190 from the NRC staff. He's helping out with
TgtqlnPatSQ-00292-00090956-00091433 WebEx today. If you're having any
TgtqlnPatSQ-00293-00091190-00091538 difficulties with your WebEx setup, feel
TgtqlnPatSQ-00294-00091433-00091823 free to reach out to him through the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00295-00091538-00091955 chat feature. Thanks again everyone
TgtqlnPatSQ-00296-00091823-00092258 for being here today. We're looking
TgtqlnPatSQ-00297-00091955-00092708 forward to the meeting. Just a reminder
TgtqlnPatSQ-00298-00092258-00093041 to use the Q&A feature today. Okay,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00299-00092708-00093416 Markus take it away. All right
TgtqlnPatSQ-00300-00093041-00093572 thank you Matt. So now I will jump into the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00301-00093416-00093833 technical portion of today's
TgtqlnPatSQ-00302-00093572-00094457 presentation. I will start right now with an
TgtqlnPatSQ-00303-00093833-00094676 overview of xLPR. There are several
TgtqlnPatSQ-00304-00094457-00094957 parts that come together to make
TgtqlnPatSQ-00305-00094676-00095285 xLPR. First
TgtqlnPatSQ-00306-00094957-00095603 inputs need to be provided using
TgtqlnPatSQ-00307-00095285-00095885 either an excel input file or using the Sim
TgtqlnPatSQ-00308-00095603-00096275 Editor, which can be used to generate the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00309-00095885-00096584 inputs that go into Excel. The
TgtqlnPatSQ-00310-00096275-00096812 preprocessor is then run on inputs in the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00311-00096584-00097166 inputs set to generate lookup tables
TgtqlnPatSQ-00312-00096812-00097423 in two to pre-processors: LEAPOR
TgtqlnPatSQ-00313-00097166-00097423 and TIFFANY.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00314-00097432-00097891 The GoldSim framework is then used to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00315-00097645-00098161 run the actual xLPR simulation.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00316-00097891-00098455 The framework manages all of the probabilistic
TgtqlnPatSQ-00317-00098161-00098731 aspects of xLPR including
TgtqlnPatSQ-00318-00098455-00098998 data management, sampling, model
TgtqlnPatSQ-00319-00098731-00099315 evaluation, aleatory and epistemic
TgtqlnPatSQ-00320-00098998-00099543 looping, and generating output statistics.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00321-00099315-00099859 It then also provides a user-friendly
TgtqlnPatSQ-00322-00099543-00100275 graphical or tabular view of the outputs
TgtqlnPatSQ-00323-00099859-00100275 and of calculated intermediate variables.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00324-00100592-00100992 So as I mentioned on the prior 333 00:16:47,790 --> 00:16:53,460 slide there are two ways to provide
TgtqlnPatSQ-00325-00100992-00101616 inputs to xLPR: the sim editor java
TgtqlnPatSQ-00326-00101346-00102012 application provides a user friendly
TgtqlnPatSQ-00327-00101616-00102222 way to generate the input set whereas more
TgtqlnPatSQ-00328-00102012-00102554 advanced users will want to use the input
TgtqlnPatSQ-00329-00102222-00102951 spreadsheet which is directly editable.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00330-00102554-00103200 In the xLPR 2.1 release, several input
TgtqlnPatSQ-00331-00102951-00103508 libraries are provided which contain
TgtqlnPatSQ-00332-00103200-00103815 example input values for various weld
TgtqlnPatSQ-00333-00103508-00104057 residual stress profiles or material
TgtqlnPatSQ-00334-00103815-00104057 properties.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00335-00104092-00104515 The two preprocessors that
TgtqlnPatSQ-00336-00104355-00104890 are run from within the input set
TgtqlnPatSQ-00337-00104515-00105127 are TIFFANY and LEAPOR. TIFFANY stands
TgtqlnPatSQ-00338-00104890-00105427 for thermal stress intensity factors for
TgtqlnPatSQ-00339-00105127-00105691 any coolant history and generates look-up tables
TgtqlnPatSQ-00340-00105427-00106132 for stress, stress intensity factors 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00341-00105691-00106317 (K) values based on plant transients. These
TgtqlnPatSQ-00342-00106132-00106686 look-up tables are utilized for the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00343-00106317-00106879 fatigue growth models. 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00344-00106686-00107135 LEAPOR stands for leak analysis of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00345-00106879-00107446 piping Oak Ridge and the look-up tables
TgtqlnPatSQ-00346-00107135-00107709 calculated using LEAPOR provide calculated
TgtqlnPatSQ-00347-00107446-00108008 leak rates as a function crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-00348-00107709-00108008 opening displacement.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00349-00108308-00108753 the xLPR framework is the center
TgtqlnPatSQ-00350-00108570-00108921 point of the analysis handling
TgtqlnPatSQ-00351-00108753-00109329 information flow and linking the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00352-00108921-00109572 deterministic sub models together. 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00353-00109329-00109773 GoldSim itself is a graphical user
TgtqlnPatSQ-00354-00109572-00110022 Interface-based probabilistic
TgtqlnPatSQ-00355-00109773-00110238 programming software. It takes a
TgtqlnPatSQ-00356-00110022-00110397 dynamic simulation engine and embeds it
TgtqlnPatSQ-00357-00110238-00110688 within a Monte Carlo probabilistic
TgtqlnPatSQ-00358-00110397-00110836 simulation framework. Various
TgtqlnPatSQ-00359-00110688-00111134 random sampling options are available
TgtqlnPatSQ-00360-00110836-00111375 including simple random sampling, Latin
TgtqlnPatSQ-00361-00111134-00111533 Hypercube sampling, and importance sampling
TgtqlnPatSQ-00362-00111375-00111795 which can be applied to specific
TgtqlnPatSQ-00363-00111533-00112036 portions of distributions for key inputs
TgtqlnPatSQ-00364-00111795-00112036 of interest.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00365-00112130-00112647 The framework also handles sampling of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00366-00112337-00112937 variables in one or two loops: either the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00367-00112647-00113309 epistemic which is the outer loop or the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00368-00112937-00113598 aleatory loop which is the inner loop. The user
TgtqlnPatSQ-00369-00113309-00114038 can specify in which loop each variable
TgtqlnPatSQ-00370-00113598-00114269 is sampled. GoldSim also includes several tools
TgtqlnPatSQ-00371-00114038-00114649 for executing realizations in parallel,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00372-00114269-00114649 helping improve run time.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00373-00114702-00115283 The framework tracks values for all
TgtqlnPatSQ-00374-00114992-00115554 variables that are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00375-00115283-00115760 then passed between the modules. In
TgtqlnPatSQ-00376-00115554-00116121 GoldSim you have the option to save the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00377-00115760-00116307 values for of each of those variables. That is
TgtqlnPatSQ-00378-00116121-00116466 very useful for understanding the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00379-00116307-00116759 results that you're receiving from that
TgtqlnPatSQ-00380-00116466-00117085 sample as well as for debugging any
TgtqlnPatSQ-00381-00116759-00117085 problem being evaluated in the model
TgtqlnPatSQ-00382-00117099-00117467 Finally through the framework you're
TgtqlnPatSQ-00383-00117273-00117822 able to access the simulation results
TgtqlnPatSQ-00384-00117467-00118109 and you can view those graphically or in a
TgtqlnPatSQ-00385-00117822-00118577 Tabular form and either as
TgtqlnPatSQ-00386-00118109-00118577 statistics or on realization basis.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00387-00118977-00119561 So what does the component model in xLPR 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00388-00119186-00119913 Look like? The models are focused around
TgtqlnPatSQ-00389-00119561-00120089 the welds connecting two components.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00390-00119913-00120357 In xLPR those are 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00391-00120089-00120734 simply called left pipe and right pipe.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00392-00120357-00120963 For application of xLPR to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00393-00120734-00121308 leak before break, which were
TgtqlnPatSQ-00394-00120963-00121674 the primary locations of interest during
TgtqlnPatSQ-00395-00121308-00122069 development, that's kind of what the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00396-00121674-00122435 problem is focused around. Each of these
TgtqlnPatSQ-00397-00122069-00122730 parts or materials (left pipe, right pipe, or 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00398-00122435-00122982 weld) are considered to be distinct and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00399-00122730-00123402 separate inputs to be provided to xLPR - 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00400-00122982-00123726 each of these materials. Not shown in the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00401-00123402-00123990 figure but also included in xLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-00402-00123726-00124248 is a mitigation material which can be
TgtqlnPatSQ-00403-00123990-00124583 used for modeling components that have
TgtqlnPatSQ-00404-00124248-00124583 inlays or overlays.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00405-00124714-00125374 The circumference of the component in xLPR is broken
TgtqlnPatSQ-00406-00124951-00125646 up into a number of discrete subunits for
TgtqlnPatSQ-00407-00125374-00126033 crack initiation. All flaws are modeled to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00408-00125646-00126283 initiate within the weld with up to one
TgtqlnPatSQ-00409-00126033-00126667 axial and one circumferential flaw within
TgtqlnPatSQ-00410-00126283-00126838 a given subunit. All axial cracks are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00411-00126667-00127260 modeled to exist in different planes
TgtqlnPatSQ-00412-00126838-00127461 and do not coalesce with each other. Once
TgtqlnPatSQ-00413-00127260-00127726 axial cracks reach the boundary of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00414-00127461-00127986 weld they can either be modeled to arrest
TgtqlnPatSQ-00415-00127726-00128176 or to continue propagating into the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00416-00127986-00128415 base metal using the appropriate crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-00417-00128176-00128758 growth rate equations for that material.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00418-00128415-00129060 Selecting which option occurs
TgtqlnPatSQ-00419-00128758-00129424 is an input that's provided to the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00420-00129060-00129718 user. Circumferential cracks are all
TgtqlnPatSQ-00421-00129424-00129955 modeled to exist with the axial centerline
TgtqlnPatSQ-00422-00129718-00130300 of the weld and as they are in the same
TgtqlnPatSQ-00423-00129955-00130461 plane they may coalesce. I'll be
TgtqlnPatSQ-00424-00130300-00130627 touching more on the xLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-00425-00130461-00130848 coalescence models later in this
TgtqlnPatSQ-00426-00130627-00130848 Presentation.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00427-00131595-00132300 For time evolution in xLPR the user
TgtqlnPatSQ-00428-00131910-00132663 inputs simulation duration. The time step
TgtqlnPatSQ-00429-00132300-00132879 is set to a default of one month but
TgtqlnPatSQ-00430-00132663-00133112 that is a setting that can be changed by
TgtqlnPatSQ-00431-00132879-00133112 the user.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00432-00133153-00133501 There are certain inputs that are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00433-00133312-00133733 applied based on the operating condition
TgtqlnPatSQ-00434-00133501-00134198 and the mitigation styles which are all
TgtqlnPatSQ-00435-00133733-00134426 additional user inputs to xLPR.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00436-00134198-00134704 Up to three time-based operating periods
TgtqlnPatSQ-00437-00134426-00134954 can be modeled for each operating period.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00438-00134704-00135154 The user can define separate inputs as
TgtqlnPatSQ-00439-00134954-00135470 either constant or distributed values:
TgtqlnPatSQ-00440-00135154-00135971 pressure, temperature, dissolved oxygen,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00441-00135470-00136298 loads and stresses. The user can also set a
TgtqlnPatSQ-00442-00135971-00136480 time at which mitigation is used. This could
TgtqlnPatSQ-00443-00136298-00136649 either be chemical mitigation in which
TgtqlnPatSQ-00444-00136480-00136874 changes to zinc or hydrogen
TgtqlnPatSQ-00445-00136649-00137048 concentration are applied, or it could also
TgtqlnPatSQ-00446-00136874-00137288 be a physical mitigation such as
TgtqlnPatSQ-00447-00137048-00137594 mechanical stress improvement, weld overlay
TgtqlnPatSQ-00448-00137288-00137744 or inlay/onlay in which inputs for
TgtqlnPatSQ-00449-00137594-00138023 Geometry, weld residual stress
TgtqlnPatSQ-00450-00137744-00138280 Profiles, in service inspection model
TgtqlnPatSQ-00451-00138023-00138504 Parameters, and material properties can
TgtqlnPatSQ-00452-00138280-00138504 be updated.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00453-00139023-00140066 So I mentioned that either chemical or
TgtqlnPatSQ-00454-00139530-00140066 mechanical mitigation can be applied.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00455-00140102-00141053 You can apply either one or both at
TgtqlnPatSQ-00456-00140616-00141309 the same time. For each mitigation technique,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00457-00141053-00141825 a time at which the mitigation starts
TgtqlnPatSQ-00458-00141309-00142047 is input to xLPR. So at a maximum you could have
TgtqlnPatSQ-00459-00141825-00142299 a different mitigation start time for
TgtqlnPatSQ-00460-00142047-00142533 Zinc, a different start time for hydrogen,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00461-00142299-00142844 and a different start time for the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00462-00142533-00142844 mechanical mitigation.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00463-00142909-00143389 For zinc mitigation the zinc
TgtqlnPatSQ-00464-00143140-00143817 concentration is updated which can have
TgtqlnPatSQ-00465-00143389-00143817 an impact on the calculated PWSCC initiation time.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00466-00143901-00144408 For hydrogen mitigation, the dissolved
TgtqlnPatSQ-00467-00144165-00144812 hydrogen concentration is updated, which
TgtqlnPatSQ-00468-00144408-00144812 can impact the PWSCC growth rate.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00469-00144835-00145324 Mechanical mitigations can make more
TgtqlnPatSQ-00470-00144994-00145513 significance in the model. Mechanical
TgtqlnPatSQ-00471-00145324-00145680 stress improvement results in an update
TgtqlnPatSQ-00472-00145513-00145894 to the welding residual stress profiles
TgtqlnPatSQ-00473-00145680-00146272 and an update to the probability of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00474-00145894-00146458 Detection. Weld overlay results in
TgtqlnPatSQ-00475-00146272-00146686 changes to the wall thickness, material
TgtqlnPatSQ-00476-00146458-00147016 Properties, stress profiles, and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00477-00146686-00147166 probability of detection. Any present
TgtqlnPatSQ-00478-00147016-00147421 through wall cracks are also modeled to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00479-00147166-00147762 become surface cracks with depths equal to the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00480-00147421-00147762 original pipe wall thickness.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00481-00147808-00148263 An inlay/onlay results in changes to the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00482-00147961-00148582 Stresses, geometry, material properties,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00483-00148263-00148896 probability of detection, and also resets the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00484-00148582-00148896 number of cracks to zero.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00485-00149350-00149955 Here are some general references that
TgtqlnPatSQ-00486-00149679-00150150 are available to the xLPR users that
TgtqlnPatSQ-00487-00149955-00150717 are useful for trying to find more
TgtqlnPatSQ-00488-00150150-00150963 general information. The xLPR user manual and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00489-00150717-00151261 the xLPR training manual 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00490-00150963-00151712 for the code theory will be included
TgtqlnPatSQ-00491-00151261-00152064 within the xLPR release and then the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00492-00151712-00152427 computational framework report and the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00493-00152064-00152852 inputs group report will be made
TgtqlnPatSQ-00494-00152427-00152852 available separately at a later time.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00495-00153401-00154078 Now we’ll jump into more detail on the deterministic
TgtqlnPatSQ-00496-00153632-00154078 models built into xLPR.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00497-00154482-00154945 xLPR models both
TgtqlnPatSQ-00498-00154714-00155251 axial and circumferential cracks and all cracks
TgtqlnPatSQ-00499-00154945-00155626 are assumed to initiate on the component
TgtqlnPatSQ-00500-00155251-00155835 inner diameter. Part through wall
TgtqlnPatSQ-00501-00155626-00156291 cracks as shown on the left are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00502-00155835-00156291 modelled as semi-elliptical surface flaws
TgtqlnPatSQ-00503-00156376-00156853 after going through wall. Cracks are then
TgtqlnPatSQ-00504-00156613-00157165 treated as transitioning through wall flaws or
TgtqlnPatSQ-00505-00156853-00157371 trapezoidal flaws which you can see in the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00506-00157165-00157756 center figure.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00507-00157371-00158014 Unlike shown in the figure here, they're
TgtqlnPatSQ-00508-00157756-00158283 treated as trapezoids rather than
TgtqlnPatSQ-00509-00158014-00158283 ellipsoids. Then after 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00510-00158352-00158792 some period of through wall growth the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00511-00158555-00159108 transitioning through wall flaws eventually become
TgtqlnPatSQ-00512-00158792-00159360 idealized through wall flaws with equal inner
TgtqlnPatSQ-00513-00159108-00159642 and outer diameter lengths. For the case
TgtqlnPatSQ-00514-00159360-00160035 of axial cracks or equal inner and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00515-00159642-00160334 outer diameter angles in the case of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00516-00160035-00160334 circumferential cracks.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00517-00160791-00161391 xLPR was built to be modular, so
TgtqlnPatSQ-00518-00161221-00161734 there are numerous sub models built
TgtqlnPatSQ-00519-00161391-00161923 into xLPR with the intent of if
TgtqlnPatSQ-00520-00161734-00162163 there are any future developments, these
TgtqlnPatSQ-00521-00161923-00162600 models can be swapped out for
TgtqlnPatSQ-00522-00162163-00162600 updated models relatively easily.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00523-00162627-00163107 xLPR is focused on modeling the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00524-00162801-00163473 development of cracks in components such as
TgtqlnPatSQ-00525-00163107-00163752 dissimilar metal piping butt welds.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00526-00163473-00164033 The sub models that were developed for xLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-00527-00163752-00164033 help do that.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00528-00164130-00164686 First cracks are modeled to initiate. Once the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00529-00164517-00165024 cracks have initiated, crack-tip stress
TgtqlnPatSQ-00530-00164686-00165300 intensity factors are determined which then feed into
TgtqlnPatSQ-00531-00165024-00165516 crack growth for transients.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00532-00165300-00165789 TIFFANY calculates the corresponding
TgtqlnPatSQ-00533-00165516-00166032 Delta K values which result in fatigue
TgtqlnPatSQ-00534-00165789-00166032 crack growth.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00535-00166080-00166512 As cracks grow they have the potential to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00536-00166263-00166713 coalesce if there are multiple
TgtqlnPatSQ-00537-00166512-00167076 circumferential cracks that are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00538-00166713-00167284 sufficiently close to each other. For
TgtqlnPatSQ-00539-00167076-00167562 transitioning through wall cracks, the crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-00540-00167284-00167898 transition model calculates adjustments to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00541-00167562-00167898 the K and crack opening displacement solutions.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00542-00168146-00168787 Crack opening displacement is then calculated and fed into
TgtqlnPatSQ-00543-00168379-00168787 the leak rate calculations perfomed by LEAPOR.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00544-00168840-00169440 Stability is evaluated to determine
TgtqlnPatSQ-00545-00168996-00169632 If the cracks result in rupture. Finally an
TgtqlnPatSQ-00546-00169440-00169824 in service inspection model is included
TgtqlnPatSQ-00547-00169632-00170069 to model inspections and resulting
TgtqlnPatSQ-00548-00169824-00170069 Repairs.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00549-00170080-00170581 Each underlying model is implemented
TgtqlnPatSQ-00550-00170323-00170794 deterministically with the probabilistic
TgtqlnPatSQ-00551-00170581-00171138 aspects coming from the framework and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00552-00170794-00171138 the values from the samples. All models
TgtqlnPatSQ-00553-00171194-00171608 were verified through a suite of tests
TgtqlnPatSQ-00554-00171383-00171930 and validated through comparison against
TgtqlnPatSQ-00555-00171608-00171930 field or laboratory data.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00556-00172394-00172946 For the loads xLPR allows the user
TgtqlnPatSQ-00557-00172715-00173240 to input both normal operating loads and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00558-00172946-00173558 transient loads. For the normal operating
TgtqlnPatSQ-00559-00173240-00173699 loads, included are dead weight and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00560-00173558-00173909 thermal loads.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00561-00173699-00174190 These can be defined for up to three
TgtqlnPatSQ-00562-00173909-00174190 operating periods. Hoop and 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00563-00174262-00174634 axial weld residual stresses can
TgtqlnPatSQ-00564-00174430-00174868 also be input, with different stress
TgtqlnPatSQ-00565-00174634-00175219 profiles applied before and after mechanical
TgtqlnPatSQ-00566-00174868-00175420 mitigation. Furthermore, there is an
TgtqlnPatSQ-00567-00175219-00175612 input that can be used to adjust the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00568-00175420-00175900 value of the stresses at the inner
TgtqlnPatSQ-00569-00175612-00176187 diameter surface in both the hoop and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00570-00175900-00176187 axial directions.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00571-00176222-00176602 Three main types of transients are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00572-00176429-00176918 included in xLPR. Type one
TgtqlnPatSQ-00573-00176602-00177200 transients are temperature pressure
TgtqlnPatSQ-00574-00176918-00177380 time histories and are used to model
TgtqlnPatSQ-00575-00177200-00177638 transients such as heat up and cool down
TgtqlnPatSQ-00576-00177380-00177854 or other normal or upset thermal
TgtqlnPatSQ-00577-00177638-00178093 transients where temperature and pressure vary
TgtqlnPatSQ-00578-00177854-00178093 with time. Type 2
TgtqlnPatSQ-00579-00178126-00178567 transients represent thermal
TgtqlnPatSQ-00580-00178297-00178759 stratification transients. Stresses from
TgtqlnPatSQ-00581-00178567-00178933 this type of transient represent global
TgtqlnPatSQ-00582-00178759-00179244 bending and membrane stresses associated
TgtqlnPatSQ-00583-00178933-00179515 with stratified flow during a transient.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00584-00179244-00179959 Type 2 transients are always associated
TgtqlnPatSQ-00585-00179515-00180208 with Type 1 transients. And Type 3 transients
TgtqlnPatSQ-00586-00179959-00180478 are meant to model mechanical transients
TgtqlnPatSQ-00587-00180208-00180763 with membrane and global bending stress
TgtqlnPatSQ-00588-00180478-00180979 Inputs. For example, you can model an
TgtqlnPatSQ-00589-00180763-00181272 operating basis earthquake using a Type 3
TgtqlnPatSQ-00590-00180979-00181272 transient.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00591-00181294-00181722 Finally, the earthquake loads which
TgtqlnPatSQ-00592-00181519-00182119 model safe shut down earthquakes
TgtqlnPatSQ-00593-00181722-00182500 are are used to contribute to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00594-00182119-00182724 stability but do not contribute to crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-00595-00182500-00182724 Initiation.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00596-00182925-00183534 For transients, up to 20 of them can be
TgtqlnPatSQ-00597-00183195-00183755 input into xLPR. For each
TgtqlnPatSQ-00598-00183534-00183933 transient, the user can define the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00599-00183755-00184182 interval over which the transient may
TgtqlnPatSQ-00600-00183933-00184461 occur based on a start time and an end
TgtqlnPatSQ-00601-00184182-00184630 time along with a frequency with which
TgtqlnPatSQ-00602-00184461-00184967 the transient occurs.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00603-00184630-00185180 A front back loading ratio specifies when
TgtqlnPatSQ-00604-00184967-00185491 within each interval the transient
TgtqlnPatSQ-00605-00185180-00185763 should occur either if it's loaded. If its a
TgtqlnPatSQ-00606-00185491-00185976 smaller front back loading value will
TgtqlnPatSQ-00607-00185763-00186230 have the transient earlier within that
TgtqlnPatSQ-00608-00185976-00186639 window whereas a greater value for that input
TgtqlnPatSQ-00609-00186230-00186933 would have the transient occur later. 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00610-00186639-00187196 For example, a value 0.5 would mean
TgtqlnPatSQ-00611-00186933-00187528 the transient occurs in the middle of the time period.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00612-00187196-00187770 Finally, the number of cycles
TgtqlnPatSQ-00613-00187528-00188228 specifies how many load cycles are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00614-00187770-00188228 modeled for each transient when it occurs.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00615-00188791-00189285 Users can also input their own welding
TgtqlnPatSQ-00616-00189028-00189630 residual stress profiles into xLPR.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00617-00189285-00189816 These profiles can be defined by 26
TgtqlnPatSQ-00618-00189630-00190048 points through the thickness of the component.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00619-00189816-00190198 Each point in the welding residual
TgtqlnPatSQ-00620-00190048-00190554 stress profile is input with an
TgtqlnPatSQ-00621-00190198-00190807 associated through wall percentage. Welding residual stress
TgtqlnPatSQ-00622-00190554-00191053 profiles in xLPR are modeled as
TgtqlnPatSQ-00623-00190807-00191290 axisymmetric so they do not vary around the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00624-00191053-00191539 Circumference.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00625-00191290-00191761 xLPR users are able to define weld
TgtqlnPatSQ-00626-00191539-00191980 residual stress profiles for both axial weld
TgtqlnPatSQ-00627-00191761-00192184 residual stress which are applied to the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00628-00191980-00192388 circumferential cracks and hoop weld
TgtqlnPatSQ-00629-00192184-00192715 residual stress which is applied to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00630-00192388-00192988 axial cracks. Different profiles for
TgtqlnPatSQ-00631-00192715-00193201 hoop and axial weld residual stress can be applied
TgtqlnPatSQ-00632-00192988-00193459 both before and after mechanical
TgtqlnPatSQ-00633-00193201-00193459 Mitigation.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00634-00193486-00194050 The WRS inputs can either be constant or
TgtqlnPatSQ-00635-00193789-00194371 normally distributed. For 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00636-00194050-00194665 normally distributed input profiles, the user
TgtqlnPatSQ-00637-00194371-00194893 can select a point-to-point correlation
TgtqlnPatSQ-00638-00194665-00195049 coefficient to help mitigate the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00639-00194893-00195328 sawtooth effects that would otherwise
TgtqlnPatSQ-00640-00195049-00195475 occur when sampling WRS at each point
TgtqlnPatSQ-00641-00195328-00195732 through the thickness of the component
TgtqlnPatSQ-00642-00195475-00195732 independently.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00643-00196101-00196707 Included in the xLPR release is a
TgtqlnPatSQ-00644-00196443-00197097 library that contains several examples
TgtqlnPatSQ-00645-00196707-00197400 of WRS profiles. To develop
TgtqlnPatSQ-00646-00197097-00197724 these profiles, as part of the xLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-00647-00197400-00197910 development efforts, four independent weld
TgtqlnPatSQ-00648-00197724-00198125 residuals stress modeling experts were all
TgtqlnPatSQ-00649-00197910-00198333 tasked with modeling the same components
TgtqlnPatSQ-00650-00198125-00198663 following the same set of general
TgtqlnPatSQ-00651-00198333-00198927 assumptions. Some modeling details such
TgtqlnPatSQ-00652-00198663-00199137 as their own codes, meshing, or repair
TgtqlnPatSQ-00653-00198927-00199369 modeling details were left up to the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00654-00199137-00199555 modelers.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00655-00199369-00199864 The results were then combined to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00656-00199555-00200029 develop these example profiles with
TgtqlnPatSQ-00657-00199864-00200311 modeled uncertainties for the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00658-00200029-00200503 distributed weld residual stress inputs derived
TgtqlnPatSQ-00659-00200311-00200825 from variation between the profiles
TgtqlnPatSQ-00660-00200503-00201080 developed by the individual models.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00661-00200825-00201218 Provided with xLPR are profiles for
TgtqlnPatSQ-00662-00201080-00201569 a Westinghouse Reactor Pressure Vessel
TgtqlnPatSQ-00663-00201218-00201929 nozzle weld, a Westinghouse Steam
TgtqlnPatSQ-00664-00201569-00202196 Generator nozzle weld, and a B&W Reactor
TgtqlnPatSQ-00665-00201929-00202702 Coolant Pump nozzle weld.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00666-00202196-00203012 For each weld, either no repair, a 15% through
TgtqlnPatSQ-00667-00202702-00203290 wall repair, or 50% through wall repair profiles
TgtqlnPatSQ-00668-00203012-00203621 are provided, where the repair depth is
TgtqlnPatSQ-00669-00203290-00203908 assumed to be constant all the way
TgtqlnPatSQ-00670-00203621-00203908 around the circumference.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00671-00203966-00204464 Literature solutions were then 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00672-00204236-00204647 applied to come up with post mitigation
TgtqlnPatSQ-00673-00204464-00204889 weld residual stress profiles for weld
TgtqlnPatSQ-00674-00204647-00205188 overlays, mechanical stress improvement,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00675-00204889-00205188 and inlays.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00676-00205512-00206069 Key references for more information
TgtqlnPatSQ-00677-00205792-00206321 on loading and weld residual stress inputs
TgtqlnPatSQ-00678-00206069-00206626 include the weld residual stress
TgtqlnPatSQ-00679-00206321-00206902 subgroup report, as well as the weld
TgtqlnPatSQ-00680-00206626-00207198 residual stress portion of the theory training,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00681-00206902-00207615 and also the user manual, which has an
TgtqlnPatSQ-00682-00207198-00207615 appendix section focused on the stresses.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00683-00208013-00208400 So one of the elements of the xLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-00684-00208232-00208634 code is the calculation of stress
TgtqlnPatSQ-00685-00208400-00208894 intensity factors modeled for cracks to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00686-00208634-00208894 evaluate crack growth.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00687-00208942-00209236 rather than applying an influence
TgtqlnPatSQ-00688-00209065-00209402 coefficient based approach which
TgtqlnPatSQ-00689-00209236-00209686 requires a stress profile to be
TgtqlnPatSQ-00690-00209402-00209896 described by a polynomial up to fifth
TgtqlnPatSQ-00691-00209686-00210058 order, the universal weight function
TgtqlnPatSQ-00692-00209896-00210283 method which does not require a
TgtqlnPatSQ-00693-00210058-00210623 polynomial was implemented in xLPR.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00694-00210283-00210827 This allowed for more accurate K
TgtqlnPatSQ-00695-00210623-00211067 solutions when considering more complex
TgtqlnPatSQ-00696-00210827-00211375 weld residual stress profiles that are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00697-00211067-00211375 not easily defined using polynomials.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00698-00211529-00211940 In the weight function approach, the product of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00699-00211751-00212198 weight function and the stress profile
TgtqlnPatSQ-00700-00211940-00212467 are integrated over the crack depth to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00701-00212198-00212467 obtain K.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00702-00212628-00213048 Stress intensity factor models were developed
TgtqlnPatSQ-00703-00212778-00213246 in xLPR for calculating K for axial and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00704-00213048-00213588 circumferential semi-elliptical surface
TgtqlnPatSQ-00705-00213246-00213963 cracks on the inner diameter, which are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00706-00213588-00214188 implemented in the KPW module as well
TgtqlnPatSQ-00707-00213963-00214425 as axial and circumferential idealized
TgtqlnPatSQ-00708-00214188-00214782 through wall cracks which is implemented
TgtqlnPatSQ-00709-00214425-00215031 in the KTW module. The crack transition
TgtqlnPatSQ-00710-00214782-00215192 module which I'll discuss later provides
TgtqlnPatSQ-00711-00215031-00215451 adjustments to the stress intensity
TgtqlnPatSQ-00712-00215192-00215813 factor solutions for the transitioning
TgtqlnPatSQ-00713-00215451-00215813 trapezoidal through wall cracks.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00714-00216342-00216806 By assuming that the stress profile
TgtqlnPatSQ-00715-00216596-00217010 varies as a piecewise linear stress
TgtqlnPatSQ-00716-00216806-00217314 profile as is shown in the bottom right
TgtqlnPatSQ-00717-00217010-00217500 figure, closed form solutions could
TgtqlnPatSQ-00718-00217314-00217682 be derived to evaluate the weight
TgtqlnPatSQ-00719-00217500-00217998 function integral I showed on the prior
TgtqlnPatSQ-00720-00217682-00218336 slide. These closed form solutions are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00721-00217998-00218519 what is implemented in xLPR. For 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00722-00218336-00218684 circumferential cracks the contribution of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00723-00218519-00219092 K from the global bending stress is
TgtqlnPatSQ-00724-00218684-00219305 also considered. It is noted that for
TgtqlnPatSQ-00725-00219092-00219489 through wall cracks, through wall average
TgtqlnPatSQ-00726-00219305-00219621 welding residual stresses are considered
TgtqlnPatSQ-00727-00219489-00219816 when determining the stress intensity
TgtqlnPatSQ-00728-00219621-00220055 factor rather than applying the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00729-00219816-00220415 piecewise linear stress profile that is
TgtqlnPatSQ-00730-00220055-00220415 applied for part through wall flaws.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00731-00220429-00220909 The figure on the bottom left shows a
TgtqlnPatSQ-00732-00220575-00221196 comparison of K values obtained using finite
TgtqlnPatSQ-00733-00220909-00221394 element models and using the universal
TgtqlnPatSQ-00734-00221196-00221665 weight function method demonstrating the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00735-00221394-00221833 accuracy of the approach. This has been
TgtqlnPatSQ-00736-00221665-00222075 confirmed for highly nonlinear weld
TgtqlnPatSQ-00737-00221833-00222075 residual stresses. It is important
TgtqlnPatSQ-00738-00222242-00222750 to note that for surface cracks K is
TgtqlnPatSQ-00739-00222492-00223026 calculated at the surface and at the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00740-00222750-00223310 deepest points. For through wall cracks
TgtqlnPatSQ-00741-00223026-00223609 only one K is averaged over the entire
TgtqlnPatSQ-00742-00223310-00223609 crack front.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00743-00223617-00223944 For transitioning through wall cracks
TgtqlnPatSQ-00744-00223758-00224071 different adjustment factors are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00745-00223944-00224307 calculated on the inner and outer
TgtqlnPatSQ-00746-00224071-00224517 diameter resulting in two different
TgtqlnPatSQ-00747-00224307-00224775 Ks at the inner and outer
TgtqlnPatSQ-00748-00224517-00224775 surface points.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00749-00225087-00225879 TIFFANY is a standalone preprocessor in
TgtqlnPatSQ-00750-00225342-00226200 the input set that prepares cyclic
TgtqlnPatSQ-00751-00225879-00226419 stress intensity factor, transient rise
TgtqlnPatSQ-00752-00226200-00226638 Time, and cyclic stress values for
TgtqlnPatSQ-00753-00226419-00226950 transients which are then used in xLPR.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00754-00226638-00227184 These calculated values are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00755-00226950-00227471 used as inputs to the fatigue crack initiation
TgtqlnPatSQ-00756-00227184-00227648 and growth calculations.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00757-00227471-00227823 Changes in coolant temperature produce
TgtqlnPatSQ-00758-00227648-00228017 stresses in the walls of the modeled
TgtqlnPatSQ-00759-00227823-00228323 piping. These are called radial
TgtqlnPatSQ-00760-00228017-00228498 gradient thermal stresses. The changes
TgtqlnPatSQ-00761-00228323-00228863 in coolant temperature lead to cyclic
TgtqlnPatSQ-00762-00228498-00228863 stresses which can then contribute to fatigue.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00763-00228923-00229287 TIFFANY is able to model the three
TgtqlnPatSQ-00764-00229094-00229506 transient types considered an xLPR.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00765-00229287-00229713 Type one transients which are thermal
TgtqlnPatSQ-00766-00229506-00229919 transients, Type two transients which are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00767-00229713-00230076 the stratification transients, and Type
TgtqlnPatSQ-00768-00229919-00230308 three transients which are mechanical
TgtqlnPatSQ-00769-00230076-00230452 transients.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00770-00230308-00230686 As I mentioned before, the Type one
TgtqlnPatSQ-00771-00230452-00230939 transients are defined using pressure
TgtqlnPatSQ-00772-00230686-00231119 temperature time history whereas the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00773-00230939-00231296 Type 2 and Type 3 transients have
TgtqlnPatSQ-00774-00231119-00231551 membrane and bending stresses that are input
TgtqlnPatSQ-00775-00231296-00231796 into TIFFANY.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00776-00231551-00232052 TIFFANY is a preprocessor. Its outputs
TgtqlnPatSQ-00777-00231796-00232244 are lookup tables for the cyclic stress
TgtqlnPatSQ-00778-00232052-00232427 intensity factors, transient rise time,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00779-00232244-00232700 and cyclic stresses for each transient
TgtqlnPatSQ-00780-00232427-00232942 and they're defined as a function of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00781-00232700-00233128 crack shape. These look-up tables are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00782-00232942-00233544 then read in and interpolated by the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00783-00233128-00233544 xLPR framework at runtime.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00784-00233836-00234202 Here are a few references that are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00785-00234046-00234331 useful if you're looking for more
TgtqlnPatSQ-00786-00234202-00234660 information on the stress intensity
TgtqlnPatSQ-00787-00234331-00234660 factor calculations in xLPR.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00788-00234709-00235357 The model subgroup report for the K
TgtqlnPatSQ-00789-00235013-00235803 solutions as well as a model subgroup
TgtqlnPatSQ-00790-00235357-00236138 report for TIFFANY. The theory manual has
TgtqlnPatSQ-00791-00235803-00236446 separate sections on K solutions as well
TgtqlnPatSQ-00792-00236138-00236701 as on transient modeling. The user
TgtqlnPatSQ-00793-00236446-00236923 manual has appendix sections that 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00794-00236701-00237364 further discuss the K solutions and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00795-00236923-00237364 the Tiffany pre-processing module.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00796-00237926-00238451 In xLPR, initiation is defined as the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00797-00238244-00238619 emergence of a flaw of engineering scale
TgtqlnPatSQ-00798-00238451-00238808 on the order of maybe half of a
TgtqlnPatSQ-00799-00238619-00239129 millimeter to several millimeters in
TgtqlnPatSQ-00800-00238808-00239300 depth. The simulation of micro size flaw
TgtqlnPatSQ-00801-00239129-00239592 growth and coalescence is not modeled
TgtqlnPatSQ-00802-00239300-00239592 in xLPR.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00803-00239606-00240119 PWSCC and fatigue initiation mechanisms
TgtqlnPatSQ-00804-00239903-00240307 Are included and can be evaluated
TgtqlnPatSQ-00805-00240119-00240650 individually or both at the same time.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00806-00240307-00240908 However, if PWSCC and fatigue are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00807-00240650-00241065 Considered, they are modeled separately from
TgtqlnPatSQ-00808-00240908-00241232 each other so the effects are not
TgtqlnPatSQ-00809-00241065-00241451 superimposed for the purposes of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00810-00241232-00241759 initiation and there is no correlation
TgtqlnPatSQ-00811-00241451-00241759 between the models.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00812-00241807-00242278 Additionally, the initial flaw model
TgtqlnPatSQ-00813-00242067-00242669 allows the user to model flaws existing
TgtqlnPatSQ-00814-00242278-00242669 at the beginning of the simulation time.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00815-00242777-00243176 Initiation model parameters were
TgtqlnPatSQ-00816-00242975-00243431 calibrated using a combination of field
TgtqlnPatSQ-00817-00243176-00243707 and laboratory data, so the models are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00818-00243431-00243917 semi-empirical. The approach was selected
TgtqlnPatSQ-00819-00243707-00244121 as initiation is difficult to describe
TgtqlnPatSQ-00820-00243917-00244366 from a more mechanistic first principles
TgtqlnPatSQ-00821-00244121-00244366 Standpoint.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00822-00244371-00244702 Earlier in the presentation I talked
TgtqlnPatSQ-00823-00244531-00244915 about the different time frames for the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00824-00244702-00245094 loads or operating conditions, as well as
TgtqlnPatSQ-00825-00244915-00245440 changes to weld residual stress profiles
TgtqlnPatSQ-00826-00245094-00245634 associated with mechanical mitigation. To account
TgtqlnPatSQ-00827-00245440-00245989 for these changes and factors which may
TgtqlnPatSQ-00828-00245634-00246325 influence initiation, a Miner’s rule type
TgtqlnPatSQ-00829-00245989-00246667 approach is applied to calculate
TgtqlnPatSQ-00830-00246325-00246889 cumulative damage over time. For each
TgtqlnPatSQ-00831-00246667-00247117 time period, damage is calculated with
TgtqlnPatSQ-00832-00246889-00247380 initiation modeled once damage equals or
TgtqlnPatSQ-00833-00247117-00247380 exceeds one.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00834-00247702-00248140 A component of xLPR is
TgtqlnPatSQ-00835-00247843-00248407 spatially discretized into n sub units
TgtqlnPatSQ-00836-00248140-00248671 around the circumference. All subunits are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00837-00248407-00248872 modeled to be of equal length. The first sub unit
TgtqlnPatSQ-00838-00248671-00249133 is centered at 0 radians at the top dead
TgtqlnPatSQ-00839-00248872-00249298 center of the weld. Subsequent sub
TgtqlnPatSQ-00840-00249133-00249505 units are coincident with the edge of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00841-00249298-00249730 the prior subunit. This goes all the way
TgtqlnPatSQ-00842-00249505-00250032 around the circumference with no overlap
TgtqlnPatSQ-00843-00249730-00250032 between the sub units.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00844-00250052-00250484 Each initiation model determines an
TgtqlnPatSQ-00845-00250219-00250781 initiation time for a discrete volume of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00846-00250484-00251039 material. The initiation models are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00847-00250781-00251204 called for each crack orientation and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00848-00251039-00251464 each subunit at the start of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00849-00251204-00251464 simulation.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00850-00251505-00251919 As I mentioned, PWSCC and fatigue
TgtqlnPatSQ-00851-00251688-00252117 initiation are modeled separately if
TgtqlnPatSQ-00852-00251919-00252392 both are considered. The initiation time
TgtqlnPatSQ-00853-00252117-00252603 for a given subunit and orientation is based
TgtqlnPatSQ-00854-00252392-00252996 on whichever of the two initiation
TgtqlnPatSQ-00855-00252603-00253176 mechanisms is modeled to occur first.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00856-00252996-00253409 When crack initiation is modeled to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00857-00253176-00253610 occur within a subunit, a circumferential
TgtqlnPatSQ-00858-00253409-00253815 location of the crack within the subunit
TgtqlnPatSQ-00859-00253610-00253958 is determined by uniformly sampling
TgtqlnPatSQ-00860-00253815-00254294 location within the bounds of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00861-00253958-00254435 subunit. Axial location of a crack is
TgtqlnPatSQ-00862-00254294-00254723 always assumed to be within the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00863-00254435-00254723 centerline of the weld.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00864-00254869-00255234 Once a crack initiates, other crack specific
TgtqlnPatSQ-00865-00255073-00255448 properties such as initial length and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00866-00255234-00255690 initial depth are sampled by the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00867-00255448-00255690 Framework.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00868-00256054-00256594 As I mentioned the xLPR initiation
TgtqlnPatSQ-00869-00256369-00256825 models are semi-empirical containing
TgtqlnPatSQ-00870-00256594-00257017 functional dependencies for conditions
TgtqlnPatSQ-00871-00256825-00257371 that are known to have strong impacts on
TgtqlnPatSQ-00872-00257017-00257602 Initiation. Three different PWSCC
TgtqlnPatSQ-00873-00257371-00257914 initiation models are available in xLPR -
TgtqlnPatSQ-00874-00257602-00258171 two direct models and a Weibull model.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00875-00257914-00258337 Each of these models contains failure
TgtqlnPatSQ-00876-00258171-00258517 time model parameters which are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00877-00258337-00258730 calibrated based on field data and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00878-00258517-00259023 effects model parameters which are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00879-00258730-00259306 calibrated based on laboratory data.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00880-00259023-00259546 Direct model 1 is based on the material
TgtqlnPatSQ-00881-00259306-00259828 index model which includes dependencies
TgtqlnPatSQ-00882-00259546-00260038 for temperature and surface stress. The
TgtqlnPatSQ-00883-00259828-00260263 temperature dependence is defined using
TgtqlnPatSQ-00884-00260038-00260481 an Arrhenius term and the surface stress
TgtqlnPatSQ-00885-00260263-00260710 dependence is captured using a power law.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00886-00260481-00261001 The model also includes the user
TgtqlnPatSQ-00887-00260710-00261330 specified surface stress levels below which
TgtqlnPatSQ-00888-00261001-00261330 PWSCC does not occur. Direct
TgtqlnPatSQ-00889-00261430-00261866 model two adds effects of cold work on 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00890-00261661-00262042 SCC susceptibility by considering
TgtqlnPatSQ-00891-00261866-00262186 mechanical properties defining the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00892-00262042-00262444 material strength and strain hardening
TgtqlnPatSQ-00893-00262186-00262640 response. Again, the temperature
TgtqlnPatSQ-00894-00262444-00262903 dependence is captured using an Arrhenius
TgtqlnPatSQ-00895-00262640-00263083 term. Surface stress and cold work
TgtqlnPatSQ-00896-00262903-00263267 dependencies are related through a function
TgtqlnPatSQ-00897-00263083-00263663 of the material yield strength, ultimate
TgtqlnPatSQ-00898-00263267-00263893 Strength, and elastic modulus. Direct
TgtqlnPatSQ-00899-00263663-00264199 model 2 also includes calculated stress
TgtqlnPatSQ-00900-00263893-00264467 thresholds below which PWSCC does
TgtqlnPatSQ-00901-00264199-00264841 not initiate or above which PWSCC is
TgtqlnPatSQ-00902-00264467-00264841 modeled to initiate immediately.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00903-00264920-00265388 The Weibull model uses a Weibull failure time model,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00904-00265151-00265634 an Arrhenius term for the temperature
TgtqlnPatSQ-00905-00265388-00265892 Dependence, and power law term for the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00906-00265634-00266084 surface stress dependence. For the Weibull
TgtqlnPatSQ-00907-00265892-00266465 model, the stress threshold for
TgtqlnPatSQ-00908-00266084-00266606 initiation fixed at zero so any
TgtqlnPatSQ-00909-00266465-00266824 positive stress will result in
TgtqlnPatSQ-00910-00266606-00266824 initiation.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00911-00266963-00267416 All PWSCC initiation models include a zinc
TgtqlnPatSQ-00912-00267221-00267655 effects model which applies a factor of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00913-00267416-00268005 improvement when the zinc concentration
TgtqlnPatSQ-00914-00267655-00268005 is above a given threshold.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00915-00268167-00268629 Fatigue initiation models are also developed for the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00916-00268341-00268893 carbon and low alloy steel, austenitic stainless
TgtqlnPatSQ-00917-00268629-00269060 steels, and nickel based alloys. These
TgtqlnPatSQ-00918-00268893-00269186 models are strain-based and consider
TgtqlnPatSQ-00919-00269060-00269478 environmental effects such as
TgtqlnPatSQ-00920-00269186-00269790 Temperature, sulfur content, dissolved
TgtqlnPatSQ-00921-00269478-00270011 oxygen content, and strain rate. For
TgtqlnPatSQ-00922-00269790-00270228 Fatigue, it is noted that fatigue initiation
TgtqlnPatSQ-00923-00270011-00270516 models are focused on low cycle fatigue
TgtqlnPatSQ-00924-00270228-00270788 and do not consider damage accumulation
TgtqlnPatSQ-00925-00270516-00270788 due to high cycle fatigue. Some key references
TgtqlnPatSQ-00926-00271277-00271682 for more information on crack initiation models
TgtqlnPatSQ-00927-00271436-00272114 include the crack initiation model subgroup
TgtqlnPatSQ-00928-00271682-00272446 report, as well as PWSCC and fatigue crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-00929-00272114-00272774 initiation sections of the theory training, and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00930-00272446-00273052 also a user manual appendix section on
TgtqlnPatSQ-00931-00272774-00273052 crack initiation.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00932-00273609-00274033 When modeling the growth 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00933-00273802-00274315 of cracks, xLPR considers the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00934-00274033-00274593 cracks to be one of three idealized
TgtqlnPatSQ-00935-00274315-00274593 flaw shapes.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00936-00274604-00275039 Either as semi-elliptical surface cracks as
TgtqlnPatSQ-00937-00274781-00275315 shown on the left, transitioning cracks
TgtqlnPatSQ-00938-00275039-00275492 as shown in the center, or idealized
TgtqlnPatSQ-00939-00275315-00275560 through wall cracks as shown on the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00940-00275492-00275837 right.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00941-00275560-00276041 The semi-elliptical surface cracks are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00942-00275837-00276308 modeled to grow in both length and depth
TgtqlnPatSQ-00943-00276041-00276521 directions. Transitioning cracks have
TgtqlnPatSQ-00944-00276308-00276839 different crack growth rates evaluated for the ID and OD.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00945-00276521-00276992 flaw tips. Idealized through
TgtqlnPatSQ-00946-00276839-00277282 wall cracks assume the same crack growth
TgtqlnPatSQ-00947-00276992-00277282 rate on both the ID and OD.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00948-00277576-00277961 Some factors which may impact crack growth are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00949-00277729-00278203 sampled on a subunit by subunit basis.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00950-00277961-00278310 Adjustments are made in the framework to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00951-00278203-00278521 ensure cracks remain symmetric,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00952-00278310-00278827 consistent with one of the three modeled
TgtqlnPatSQ-00953-00278521-00279022 idealized flaw shapes. This is done by
TgtqlnPatSQ-00954-00278827-00279247 evaluating growth at a general surface
TgtqlnPatSQ-00955-00279022-00279466 tip and then using an average of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00956-00279247-00279751 conditions at the two surface tips to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00957-00279466-00279936 evaluate the crack growth. The crack center
TgtqlnPatSQ-00958-00279751-00280141 location is then shifted to account for
TgtqlnPatSQ-00959-00279936-00280395 any asymmetric conditions at the cracks
TgtqlnPatSQ-00960-00280141-00280395 surfaces.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00961-00280402-00280906 PWSCC and fatigue growth are assumed to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00962-00280635-00281094 be independent though both mechanisms are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00963-00280906-00281358 modeled in xLPR at the same time.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00964-00281094-00281590 Calculated PWSCC and fatigue crack growth
TgtqlnPatSQ-00965-00281358-00281958 rates are added to obtain a total growth
TgtqlnPatSQ-00966-00281590-00282124 rate for a given time step. So in xLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-00967-00281958-00282523 you have the option of modeling either
TgtqlnPatSQ-00968-00282124-00282836 only PWSCC, only fatigue, or both mechanisms
TgtqlnPatSQ-00969-00282523-00282836 at the same time. The crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-00970-00282931-00283364 growth rate models include functional
TgtqlnPatSQ-00971-00283081-00283589 dependencies on predominant drivers of
TgtqlnPatSQ-00972-00283364-00283875 the growth, such as stress intensity
TgtqlnPatSQ-00973-00283589-00284093 factors, temperature, water chemistry,
TgtqlnPatSQ-00974-00283875-00284419 material condition, or loading
TgtqlnPatSQ-00975-00284093-00284591 characteristics. Certain dependencies
TgtqlnPatSQ-00976-00284419-00284728 are not explicitly captured and are
TgtqlnPatSQ-00977-00284591-00285052 instead considered an uncertainty
TgtqlnPatSQ-00978-00284728-00285232 associated with each model. These include
TgtqlnPatSQ-00979-00285052-00285526 effects on orientation with respect to
TgtqlnPatSQ-00980-00285232-00285759 the material, manufacturing cold work or
TgtqlnPatSQ-00981-00285526-00285965 residual plastic deformation, or
TgtqlnPatSQ-00982-00285759-00286135 differences in crack growth rates near
TgtqlnPatSQ-00983-00285965-00286497 interfaces such as the heat affected
TgtqlnPatSQ-00984-00286135-00286497 zones or weld dilution zones.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00985-00286941-00287528 The PWSCC growth model is based on the
TgtqlnPatSQ-00986-00287241-00287933 models developed in MRP-55, 
TgtqlnPatSQ-00987-00287528-00288323 MRP-115 and MRP-263 for Alloy 600 and
TgtqlnPatSQ-00988-00287933-00288522 Alloys 82, 182, and 132. These models
TgtqlnPatSQ-00989-00288323-00288722 are semi empirical as well, and include
TgtqlnPatSQ-00990-00288522-00288974 theoretical dependencies with laboratory
TgtqlnPatSQ-00991-00288722-00289238 data used to develop the model
TgtqlnPatSQ-00992-00288974-00289238 parameters.
TgtqlnPatSQ-00993-00289310-00289673 Included dependencies in the crack growth model
TgtqlnPatSQ-00994-00289490-00289898 are power law dependence on stress
TgtqlnPatSQ-00995-00289673-00290162 intensity factor with optional stress
TgtqlnPatSQ-00996-00289898-00290384 intensity factor threshold, an Arrhenius
TgtqlnPatSQ-00997-00290162-00290549 temperature dependence, as well as
TgtqlnPatSQ-00998-00290384-00290753 factors for the dissolved hydrogen
TgtqlnPatSQ-00999-00290549-00291002 Concentration, component to component
TgtqlnPatSQ-01000-00290753-00291260 such as heat to heat or weld to weld and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01001-00291002-00291500 within component such as within heat or
TgtqlnPatSQ-01002-00291260-00291802 within weld variability, as well as a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01003-00291500-00291802 factor of improvement.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01004-00291850-00292291 PWSCC growth for other materials can be
TgtqlnPatSQ-01005-00292090-00292501 modeled using the custom growth model
TgtqlnPatSQ-01006-00292291-00292777 which implements the same model form as
TgtqlnPatSQ-01007-00292501-00292990 shown above but with the ability for the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01008-00292777-00293232 user to specify input values for each of
TgtqlnPatSQ-01009-00292990-00293232 the parameters.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01010-00293286-00293773 For PWSCC the user has the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01011-00293574-00293968 option to include a correlation between
TgtqlnPatSQ-01012-00293773-00294220 sampled initiation and growth model
TgtqlnPatSQ-01013-00293968-00294453 parameters allowing the user to investigate
TgtqlnPatSQ-01014-00294220-00294705 the potential assumption that materials
TgtqlnPatSQ-01015-00294453-00295004 with earlier initiation times also have
TgtqlnPatSQ-01016-00294705-00295004 higher crack growth rates.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01017-00295463-00295838 Material specific fatigue crack growth 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01018-00295667-00296036 rate models are included for
TgtqlnPatSQ-01019-00295838-00296087 nickel-based alloys, austenitic stainless
TgtqlnPatSQ-01020-00296036-00296393 steel, and ferritic steels.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01021-00296087-00296552 Like the PWSCC growth
TgtqlnPatSQ-01022-00296393-00296777 Models, the fatigue models are
TgtqlnPatSQ-01023-00296552-00297067 semi-empirical with parameters developed
TgtqlnPatSQ-01024-00296777-00297067 based on laboratory tests.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01025-00297146-00297896 The bases for included model forms are NUREG-6721
TgtqlnPatSQ-01026-00297440-00298195 for nickel based alloys, Code Case
TgtqlnPatSQ-01027-00297896-00298870 N-809 for austenitic stainless steels, and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01028-00298195-00298870 Code Case N-643 for ferritic steels. 1042 00:49:48,910 --> 00:49:55,420 All three models are based on Paris’
TgtqlnPatSQ-01029-00299092-00299875 law which is da /dN equal C Delta K to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01030-00299542-00300406 the n. The nickel-based alloys model
TgtqlnPatSQ-01031-00299875-00300643 for fatigue in air also uses additional
TgtqlnPatSQ-01032-00300406-00300919 alloy type, temperature, and load ratio
TgtqlnPatSQ-01033-00300643-00301072 Dependencies. The environmental fatigue
TgtqlnPatSQ-01034-00300919-00301404 model adds a rise time 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01035-00301072-00301404 dependency to that.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01036-00301454-00301811 The austenitic stainless steel crack growth
TgtqlnPatSQ-01037-00301616-00301999 model uses Paris’ law with additional
TgtqlnPatSQ-01038-00301811-00302500 dependencies for stainless steel class,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01039-00301999-00302500 temperature, load ratio, and rise time.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01040-00302570-00302975 The general ferritic steel crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01041-00302762-00303143 growth rate model uses Paris’ law with
TgtqlnPatSQ-01042-00302975-00303395 additional dependencies for load ratio,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01043-00303143-00303685 rise time, and sulfur content of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01044-00303395-00303935 Material. The model has different regimes
TgtqlnPatSQ-01045-00303685-00304199 determined by sulfur content and rise time
TgtqlnPatSQ-01046-00303935-00304609 to reflect different degrees of
TgtqlnPatSQ-01047-00304199-00304841 environmentally accelerated corrosion.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01048-00304609-00305057 The transient schedule over the component
TgtqlnPatSQ-01049-00304841-00305300 lifetime determines when fatigue crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01050-00305057-00305545 growth is evaluated and is handled by the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01051-00305300-00305545 framework.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01052-00305952-00306369 The coalescence model is a set of
TgtqlnPatSQ-01053-00306174-00306531 rule based conventions used for
TgtqlnPatSQ-01054-00306369-00306747 simulating the combination of two
TgtqlnPatSQ-01055-00306531-00307092 cracks based on their sizes or shapes
TgtqlnPatSQ-01056-00306747-00307296 and their locations. This simulates cases
TgtqlnPatSQ-01057-00307092-00307503 where two cracks close to each
TgtqlnPatSQ-01058-00307296-00307713 other may coalesce on the timescale
TgtqlnPatSQ-01059-00307503-00307854 faster than would be predicted by
TgtqlnPatSQ-01060-00307713-00308130 treating the growth of each of the two
TgtqlnPatSQ-01061-00307854-00308406 cracks individually, either due to crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01062-00308130-00308628 interaction for surface cracks or due to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01063-00308406-00308858 local ligament collapse for through wall
TgtqlnPatSQ-01064-00308628-00308858 cracks.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01065-00308902-00309253 Coalescence is implemented as a rule
TgtqlnPatSQ-01066-00309046-00309517 based model with specific coalescence
TgtqlnPatSQ-01067-00309253-00309757 rules varying for different pairwise
TgtqlnPatSQ-01068-00309517-00310032 combinations and crack types which I'll
TgtqlnPatSQ-01069-00309757-00310032 go into in a little bit. In
TgtqlnPatSQ-01070-00310101-00310671 all cases, coalescence is modeled between
TgtqlnPatSQ-01071-00310374-00311048 two cracks at a time. The potential for
TgtqlnPatSQ-01072-00310671-00311292 three or more cracks to coalesce is
TgtqlnPatSQ-01073-00311048-00311539 extremely rare and in these situations
TgtqlnPatSQ-01074-00311292-00311820 xLPR would model two or more
TgtqlnPatSQ-01075-00311539-00312273 sequential instances of pairwise
TgtqlnPatSQ-01076-00311820-00312504 coalescence. The user can investigate
TgtqlnPatSQ-01077-00312273-00312774 implications of this assumption by
TgtqlnPatSQ-01078-00312504-00312975 changing a coalescence direction input
TgtqlnPatSQ-01079-00312774-00313289 in xLPR from clockwise to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01080-00312975-00313289 counterclockwise or vice versa.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01081-00313436-00313817 All circumferential cracks are assumed to be
TgtqlnPatSQ-01082-00313565-00314021 coplanar and have the potential to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01083-00313817-00314267 coalesce with other circumferential cracks
TgtqlnPatSQ-01084-00314021-00314501 if the coalescence proximity rules
TgtqlnPatSQ-01085-00314267-00314720 are met (which define how close the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01086-00314501-00314929 cracks have to be together in order for
TgtqlnPatSQ-01087-00314720-00315179 them to coalesce).
TgtqlnPatSQ-01088-00314929-00315368 For xLPR, axial cracks
TgtqlnPatSQ-01089-00315179-00315641 initiate in several circumferential
TgtqlnPatSQ-01090-00315368-00315890 subunits and are not model to interact.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01091-00315641-00316412 Therefore, circumferential cracks are
TgtqlnPatSQ-01092-00315890-00316757 also not… sorry, furthermore, circumferential cracks
TgtqlnPatSQ-01093-00316412-00317026 are also not assumed to interact with
TgtqlnPatSQ-01094-00316757-00317026 axial cracks. This slide and the next
TgtqlnPatSQ-01095-00317311-00317746 slide will provide a summary of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01096-00317503-00318001 coalescence rules showing the resulting
TgtqlnPatSQ-01097-00317746-00318382 flaw shape of the coalesced cracks given the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01098-00318001-00318571 two input flaw shapes. Additional rules
TgtqlnPatSQ-01099-00318382-00318763 exist for defining the coalescence
TgtqlnPatSQ-01100-00318571-00319036 distance which is the distance between
TgtqlnPatSQ-01101-00318763-00319192 two cracks before they coalesce, as well
TgtqlnPatSQ-01102-00319036-00319387 as the resulting geometry of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01103-00319192-00319645 coalesced crack including an inner
TgtqlnPatSQ-01104-00319387-00319990 half-length, the outer half-length if
TgtqlnPatSQ-01105-00319645-00320218 applicable, and the depth. Here you see
TgtqlnPatSQ-01106-00319990-00320530 that two surface cracks coalesce to form
TgtqlnPatSQ-01107-00320218-00320692 another surface crack, two transitioning
TgtqlnPatSQ-01108-00320530-00320986 cracks coalesce to form another
TgtqlnPatSQ-01109-00320692-00321211 transitioning crack, and two idealized through
TgtqlnPatSQ-01110-00320986-00321450 wall cracks coalesce to form an idealized
TgtqlnPatSQ-01111-00321211-00321450 through wall crack.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01112-00321733-00322233 When you have two different
TgtqlnPatSQ-01113-00321930-00322608 types that coalesce they form a transitioning
TgtqlnPatSQ-01114-00322233-00322789 through wall crack. So, a surface crack and an idealized
TgtqlnPatSQ-01115-00322608-00323049 through wall crack form a transitioning through
TgtqlnPatSQ-01116-00322789-00323283 tall crack, a surface crack and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01117-00323049-00323583 transitioning crack form another
TgtqlnPatSQ-01118-00323283-00323764 transitioning crack, and a through wall crack and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01119-00323583-00324032 a transitioning crack also form a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01120-00323764-00324032 transitioning crack.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01121-00324451-00324911 Key references for the crack growth and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01122-00324683-00325138 coalescence models include the crack growth
TgtqlnPatSQ-01123-00324911-00325442 and coalescence model subgroup report,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01124-00325138-00325685 sections in the theory manual on PWSCC
TgtqlnPatSQ-01125-00325442-00325976 growth, fatigue initiation and growth,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01126-00325685-00326165 and coalescence, as well as user manual appendix
TgtqlnPatSQ-01127-00325976-00326488 sections on the crack growth model and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01128-00326165-00326488 crack coalescence model.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01129-00327008-00327626 I talked about transitioning cracks a little
TgtqlnPatSQ-01130-00327230-00327848 bit. When a surface crack grows through
TgtqlnPatSQ-01131-00327626-00328180 wall, you need to consider what the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01132-00327848-00328418 initial through wall crack size should be and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01133-00328180-00328844 determine what the appropriate crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01134-00328418-00329030 length should be on the ID and OD. Going
TgtqlnPatSQ-01135-00328844-00329489 directly from an idealized through wall
TgtqlnPatSQ-01136-00329030-00329795 crack sorry from an idealized surface
TgtqlnPatSQ-01137-00329489-00330020 crack to an idealized through wall crack with
TgtqlnPatSQ-01138-00329795-00330272 an equivalent crack area at the time of
TgtqlnPatSQ-01139-00330020-00330593 leakage would result in inaccurate
TgtqlnPatSQ-01140-00330272-00330797 leak rate predictions. This motivated the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01141-00330593-00331010 implementation of the transitioning through
TgtqlnPatSQ-01142-00330797-00331265 wall crack type and thus the crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01143-00331010-00331408 transition module.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01144-00331265-00331652 The crack transition module calculates
TgtqlnPatSQ-01145-00331408-00331865 adjustments for the stress intensity
TgtqlnPatSQ-01146-00331652-00332072 factor and crack opening displacement
TgtqlnPatSQ-01147-00331865-00332246 solutions for both axial and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01148-00332072-00332584 circumferential transitioning through wall 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01149-00332246-00332860 cracks. These adjustments are made by
TgtqlnPatSQ-01150-00332584-00333200 applying factors to this corresponding K
TgtqlnPatSQ-01151-00332860-00333633 and COD solutions for idealized through wall
TgtqlnPatSQ-01152-00333200-00333633 cracks with the same ID flaw length.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01153-00333652-00334362 Then, the applied correction factors are
TgtqlnPatSQ-01154-00333838-00334362 developed based on finite element models.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01155-00334644-00335139 Again contrary to what's shown in
TgtqlnPatSQ-01156-00334941-00335325 the figures here the, transitioning
TgtqlnPatSQ-01157-00335139-00335585 through wall cracks are modeled more as
TgtqlnPatSQ-01158-00335325-00336069 trapezoids and not as ellipsoids. The
TgtqlnPatSQ-01159-00335585-00336294 framework determines the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01160-00336069-00336501 geometry of the initial transitioning
TgtqlnPatSQ-01161-00336294-00336779 through wall crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01162-00336501-00337074 as well as when
TgtqlnPatSQ-01163-00336779-00337322 the crack transitions to be an idealized
TgtqlnPatSQ-01164-00337074-00337322 through wall crack.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01165-00337344-00337893 Surface cracks are
TgtqlnPatSQ-01166-00337554-00338153 modeled to transition to a transitioning
TgtqlnPatSQ-01167-00337893-00338664 through wall crack when the depth exceeds
TgtqlnPatSQ-01168-00338153-00338904 95% through wall. The initial outer
TgtqlnPatSQ-01169-00338664-00339174 half-length is then defined as the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01170-00338904-00339545 minimum of the component thickness and the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01171-00339174-00339545 inner half-length divided by four.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01172-00339686-00340245 The transitioning crack then grows using the Ks
TgtqlnPatSQ-01173-00339931-00340454 calculated with the help of the stress
TgtqlnPatSQ-01174-00340245-00340722 intensity factor calculation model and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01175-00340454-00341024 also the crack transition module until
TgtqlnPatSQ-01176-00340722-00341241 the ratio of the inner half length to the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01177-00341024-00341589 outer half length becomes less than or
TgtqlnPatSQ-01178-00341241-00341748 equal to 1.05. At that point the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01179-00341589-00342029 crack then transitions to being an
TgtqlnPatSQ-01180-00341748-00342284 idealized through wall crack and continues
TgtqlnPatSQ-01181-00342029-00342508 evolving in time as an idealized through wall
TgtqlnPatSQ-01182-00342284-00342508 crack.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01183-00342798-00343572 References for more information include the crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01184-00343031-00343872 transition model subgroup report, the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01185-00343572-00344178 crack transition section of the theory
TgtqlnPatSQ-01186-00343872-00344522 Manual, and the user manual appendix
TgtqlnPatSQ-01187-00344178-00344522 section on the crack transition model.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01188-00345004-00345723 Crack opening displacement or COD is an
TgtqlnPatSQ-01189-00345346-00345984 input to the leak rate calculations.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01190-00345723-00346305 Models for estimating the COD for both
TgtqlnPatSQ-01191-00345984-00346515 circumferential and axial idealized through
TgtqlnPatSQ-01192-00346305-00346848 wall cracks have been implemented in
TgtqlnPatSQ-01193-00346515-00347073 xLPR. Both models are based
TgtqlnPatSQ-01194-00346848-00347229 on the GE/EPRI methodology for
TgtqlnPatSQ-01195-00347073-00347466 predicting crack opening displacements,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01196-00347229-00347670 where the elastic and plastic influence
TgtqlnPatSQ-01197-00347466-00348018 functions are fit to finite element
TgtqlnPatSQ-01198-00347670-00348419 results. The total COD is then the sum
TgtqlnPatSQ-01199-00348018-00348419 of the elastic and plastic contributions.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01200-00348469-00348964 The xLPR COD models are an extension
TgtqlnPatSQ-01201-00348727-00349204 of the GE/EPRI solutions in that they
TgtqlnPatSQ-01202-00348964-00349528 consider combined tension and bending
TgtqlnPatSQ-01203-00349204-00349702 load cases as well as extend the ranges
TgtqlnPatSQ-01204-00349528-00350010 over which the elastic and plastic
TgtqlnPatSQ-01205-00349702-00350235 influence functions are applicable (so
TgtqlnPatSQ-01206-00350010-00350449 that a greater range of piping radius
TgtqlnPatSQ-01207-00350235-00350904 to thickness ratios and normalized
TgtqlnPatSQ-01208-00350449-00350904 crack lengths are included).
TgtqlnPatSQ-01209-00350938-00351283 The COD models are implemented as look up
TgtqlnPatSQ-01210-00351115-00351580 tables as a function of component
TgtqlnPatSQ-01211-00351283-00352027 geometry crack length and strain hardening
TgtqlnPatSQ-01212-00351580-00352381 Exponents. The COD models then output
TgtqlnPatSQ-01213-00352027-00352731 COD values at the pipe OD, ID, and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01214-00352381-00352731 halfway through the pipe thickness.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01215-00352858-00353314 Circumferential COD includes contributions
TgtqlnPatSQ-01216-00353028-00353628 from tension, bending, and crack face pressure
TgtqlnPatSQ-01217-00353314-00353628 loading contributions.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01218-00353663-00354131 Axial COD includes contributions from pipe
TgtqlnPatSQ-01219-00353885-00354422 internal pressure, weld residual stress,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01220-00354131-00354623 and crack face pressure, with the weld
TgtqlnPatSQ-01221-00354422-00354889 residual stress being applied as an
TgtqlnPatSQ-01222-00354623-00354889 effective pressure.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01223-00355042-00355441 As I discussed previously, the crack transition
TgtqlnPatSQ-01224-00355243-00355717 models calculate correction factors for
TgtqlnPatSQ-01225-00355441-00355985 the COD in the case of transitioning
TgtqlnPatSQ-01226-00355717-00355985 through wall cracks.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01227-00356100-00356529 The couple of figures shown here
TgtqlnPatSQ-01228-00356262-00356849 provide an example of what a large or
TgtqlnPatSQ-01229-00356529-00356849 small COD looks like.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01230-00357943-00358514 The leak rate model determines the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01231-00358250-00358735 leak rate of fluid flow through a crack for a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01232-00358514-00359093 given crack size, pressure, temperature,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01233-00358735-00359339 and cracking mechanism. These
TgtqlnPatSQ-01234-00359093-00359644 calculations are performed by solving
TgtqlnPatSQ-01235-00359339-00359894 equations developed by Henry and Fauske
TgtqlnPatSQ-01236-00359644-00360085 to represent fluid flow through a long pipe
TgtqlnPatSQ-01237-00359894-00360415 in which steam generation occurs
TgtqlnPatSQ-01238-00360085-00360415 resulting into two phase flow.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01239-00360489-00361003 In order to more accurately adapt these
TgtqlnPatSQ-01240-00360725-00361221 equations to fluid flow through the crack,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01241-00361003-00361499 modifications to the equations are made
TgtqlnPatSQ-01242-00361221-00361746 to account for pressure losses due to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01243-00361499-00362118 entrance effects, phasic acceleration,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01244-00361746-00362465 friction, flow path deviations, flow area
TgtqlnPatSQ-01245-00362118-00362708 changes, and crack morphology effects.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01246-00362465-00362924 Surface roughness, the number of turns,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01247-00362708-00363235 and flow path length are all key crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01248-00362924-00363235 morphology parameters.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01249-00363305-00363710 LEAPOR is available as standalone
TgtqlnPatSQ-01250-00363455-00364031 software and also as an xLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-01251-00363710-00364316 preprocessor. The preprocessor is used to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01252-00364031-00364502 generate leak rate tables as a function
TgtqlnPatSQ-01253-00364316-00364754 of crack length and crack opening
TgtqlnPatSQ-01254-00364502-00364922 displacement for a set of bounding
TgtqlnPatSQ-01255-00364754-00365192 pressure and temperature combinations
TgtqlnPatSQ-01256-00364922-00365461 and for both PWSCC and fatigue cracking
TgtqlnPatSQ-01257-00365192-00365461 Mechanisms.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01258-00365505-00365907 The xLPR user inputs crack morphology
TgtqlnPatSQ-01259-00365733-00366162 parameters for SCC and fatigue as
TgtqlnPatSQ-01260-00365907-00366321 well as minimum and maximum pressure and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01261-00366162-00366714 temperature limits for which the leak rate
TgtqlnPatSQ-01262-00366321-00366888 tables are generated. During runtime, the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01263-00366714-00367034 framework then interpolates these tables
TgtqlnPatSQ-01264-00366888-00367410 for a given pressure, temperature,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01265-00367034-00367581 thickness, inner crack length, and COD to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01266-00367410-00367907 determine the leak rate for a given 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01267-00367581-00367907 crack during a given time step.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01268-00368054-00368570 xLPR also allows the user the option to apply
TgtqlnPatSQ-01269-00368318-00368944 uncertainty on leak rates that are low,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01270-00368570-00368944 such as less than four GPM.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01271-00369030-00369408 LEAPOR is based on the same thermal
TgtqlnPatSQ-01272-00369204-00369561 hydraulic model as SQUIRT but includes
TgtqlnPatSQ-01273-00369408-00369718 several improvements including
TgtqlnPatSQ-01274-00369561-00369980 modifications to account for crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01275-00369718-00369980 Morphology.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01276-00370303-00370831 Four fluid flow phases are implemented in
TgtqlnPatSQ-01277-00370594-00371098 LEAPOR to produce a smooth transition in
TgtqlnPatSQ-01278-00370831-00371338 the calculated flow rate between the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01279-00371098-00371644 single-phase orifice flow for sub cooled
TgtqlnPatSQ-01280-00371338-00371824 liquid and the Henry-Fauske model for
TgtqlnPatSQ-01281-00371644-00372097 two-phase choked flow in a tight crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01282-00371824-00372298 regime. These flow regimes are all a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01283-00372097-00372630 function of the flow path length to the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01284-00372298-00372630 hydraulic diameter ratio.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01285-00372700-00373168 In addition to the two-phase flow regime
TgtqlnPatSQ-01286-00372922-00373450 (which is regime one) and the orifice flow
TgtqlnPatSQ-01287-00373168-00373924 regime (which is regime four), two
TgtqlnPatSQ-01288-00373450-00374179 intermediate regimes are included. Regime
TgtqlnPatSQ-01289-00373924-00374401 two is a bridge regime for ratios of
TgtqlnPatSQ-01290-00374179-00374689 the flow path length to hydraulic diameter
TgtqlnPatSQ-01291-00374401-00375130 from 12 to 30 in which the tight crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01292-00374689-00375460 model from regime 1 is used. Regime 3 is a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01293-00375130-00375694 transition regime for flow crack length to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01294-00375460-00376012 hydraulic diameter ratios from
TgtqlnPatSQ-01295-00375694-00376189 4.6 to 12 in which linear
TgtqlnPatSQ-01296-00376012-00376501 interpolation between the single-phase
TgtqlnPatSQ-01297-00376189-00376702 orifice flow modeled in regime 4 and 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01298-00376501-00376977 two-phase choked flow modeled in regime one
TgtqlnPatSQ-01299-00376702-00376977 is applied.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01300-00377155-00377692 The leak rates are calculated assuming an idealized
TgtqlnPatSQ-01301-00377320-00377934 through wall crack shape meaning that the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01302-00377692-00378247 crack opening areas on the ID and OD are the same.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01303-00377934-00378570 But then, adjustments are made in the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01304-00378247-00378895 framework to account for this assumption.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01305-00378570-00379129 By default, leak rate is calculated based
TgtqlnPatSQ-01306-00378895-00379522 on the inner diameter crack size. However,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01307-00379129-00379717 if the flow is in regime one, the leak
TgtqlnPatSQ-01308-00379522-00380154 rates are then based on the ID and OD 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01309-00379717-00380154 COD and then averaged.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01310-00380585-00381077 Key references for more information
TgtqlnPatSQ-01311-00380816-00381317 include the COD and leak rate model
TgtqlnPatSQ-01312-00381077-00381530 subgroup reports, as well as the theory
TgtqlnPatSQ-01313-00381317-00381889 training manual sections on Circumferential COD,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01314-00381530-00382136 axial COD, and leak rate calculations.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01315-00381889-00382313 The user manual also includes appendix
TgtqlnPatSQ-01316-00382136-00382567 sections on the COD and on the leak
TgtqlnPatSQ-01317-00382313-00382567 rate models.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01318-00383019-00383401 xLPR includes several
TgtqlnPatSQ-01319-00383251-00383613 different stability modules for
TgtqlnPatSQ-01320-00383401-00383869 circumferential cracks and axial cracks.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01321-00383613-00384192 The circumferential stability modules
TgtqlnPatSQ-01322-00383869-00384505 are implemented in SC_fail and TWC_fail
TgtqlnPatSQ-01323-00384192-00384853 for surface cracks and through wall
TgtqlnPatSQ-01324-00384505-00385246 Cracks, respectively. The axial crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01325-00384853-00385462 modules are axial_SC_fail and axial_TWC_fail,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01326-00385246-00385791 again for surface cracks and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01327-00385462-00385791 through wall cracks, respectively.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01328-00385957-00386335 When the xLPR stability models are called, they
TgtqlnPatSQ-01329-00386125-00386717 generally output whether or not rupture
TgtqlnPatSQ-01330-00386335-00387046 occurs, for surface cracks, the ratio of
TgtqlnPatSQ-01331-00386717-00387269 the current applied loads to the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01332-00387046-00387448 critical loads, and for through wall
TgtqlnPatSQ-01333-00387269-00387807 cracks the ratio of the current crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01334-00387448-00387807 size to the critical crack size.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01335-00387972-00388404 Rupture due to seismic conditions is also
TgtqlnPatSQ-01336-00388089-00388578 considered in xLPR. If stability
TgtqlnPatSQ-01337-00388404-00388824 limits are exceeded due to seismic
TgtqlnPatSQ-01338-00388578-00388992 Conditions, then rupture is reported but
TgtqlnPatSQ-01339-00388824-00389360 the simulation for that realization
TgtqlnPatSQ-01340-00388992-00389598 continues. However, if rupture occurs due
TgtqlnPatSQ-01341-00389360-00389877 to normal operating plus transient loads,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01342-00389598-00390272 then the rupture is recorded and the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01343-00389877-00390272 time evolution for that realization
TgtqlnPatSQ-01344-00390328-00390534 is ended.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01345-00390752-00391322 For circumferential cracks, if one or
TgtqlnPatSQ-01346-00391043-00391499 more surface crack exists, a multiple net
TgtqlnPatSQ-01347-00391322-00391781 section collapse model is used to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01348-00391499-00391952 evaluate stability. This model is
TgtqlnPatSQ-01349-00391781-00392153 applicable to one or more
TgtqlnPatSQ-01350-00391952-00392387 circumferential cracks and evaluates
TgtqlnPatSQ-01351-00392153-00392635 stability under combined tension and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01352-00392387-00392635 bending loads.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01353-00392649-00393105 Surface cracks are modeled as constant depth
TgtqlnPatSQ-01354-00392829-00393270 and if any through wall cracks are
TgtqlnPatSQ-01355-00393105-00393474 Present, they are also considered in the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01356-00393270-00393654 multiple net section collapse model as deep
TgtqlnPatSQ-01357-00393474-00393818 surface cracks with the depth of 99
TgtqlnPatSQ-01358-00393654-00394179 percent of the wall thickness. 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01359-00393818-00394409 No EPFM model is implemented for surface
TgtqlnPatSQ-01360-00394179-00394409 cracks. If any through wall 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01361-00394556-00394973 cracks exist, they are then also
TgtqlnPatSQ-01362-00394781-00395294 individually evaluated for stability
TgtqlnPatSQ-01363-00394973-00395591 using both net section collapse and EPFM
TgtqlnPatSQ-01364-00395294-00395869 Models, also subject to combine tension
TgtqlnPatSQ-01365-00395591-00395869 and bending loading.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01366-00395873-00396335 After evaluating stability using both
TgtqlnPatSQ-01367-00396071-00396479 net section collapse and EPFM models, the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01368-00396335-00396674 solution that yields the smallest
TgtqlnPatSQ-01369-00396479-00396818 critical crack size is then used for
TgtqlnPatSQ-01370-00396674-00397111 the output from the crack stability
TgtqlnPatSQ-01371-00396818-00397334 module. It is noted that for crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01372-00397111-00397560 stability, through wall cracks are modeled
TgtqlnPatSQ-01373-00397334-00397757 as idealized through wall cracks.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01374-00397560-00397949 Stability of transitioning through wall
TgtqlnPatSQ-01375-00397757-00398201 cracks is modeled using an equivalent
TgtqlnPatSQ-01376-00397949-00398453 idealized through wall crack, with the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01377-00398201-00398780 crack half-length equal to the average
TgtqlnPatSQ-01378-00398453-00399079 of the ID and OD half-lengths of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01379-00398780-00399079 transitioning crack.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01380-00399507-00399966 Axial surface cracks have stability
TgtqlnPatSQ-01381-00399723-00400278 evaluated using a plastic collapse
TgtqlnPatSQ-01382-00399966-00400481 analysis with the cracks modeled as
TgtqlnPatSQ-01383-00400278-00400737 constant depth surface cracks.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01384-00400481-00400950 Axial through wall cracks have stability
TgtqlnPatSQ-01385-00400737-00401343 evaluated under both limit load and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01386-00400950-00401610 EPFM models. Again, the smallest critical
TgtqlnPatSQ-01387-00401343-00401939 crack size is then given as the output from
TgtqlnPatSQ-01388-00401610-00401939 the axial crack stability module.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01389-00402108-00402570 Axial stability is evaluated on a per crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01390-00402306-00402908 basis, meaning that no interaction is
TgtqlnPatSQ-01391-00402570-00402908 considered between multiple axial flaws.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01392-00402988-00403333 Neither of the axial crack stability
TgtqlnPatSQ-01393-00403156-00403639 models include effects of weld 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01394-00403333-00403873 residual stresses. It is assumed that axial
TgtqlnPatSQ-01395-00403639-00404035 cracks in welds can be analyzed using
TgtqlnPatSQ-01396-00403873-00404419 the current crack stability
TgtqlnPatSQ-01397-00404035-00404605 models even though the models were
TgtqlnPatSQ-01398-00404419-00404859 developed for cracks in homogeneous
TgtqlnPatSQ-01399-00404605-00404859 materials.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01400-00404991-00405380 It is unlikely that axial cracks
TgtqlnPatSQ-01401-00405150-00405578 will be the limiting case for
TgtqlnPatSQ-01402-00405380-00405816 stability in dissimilar metal piping
TgtqlnPatSQ-01403-00405578-00406020 butt welds. These assumptions were
TgtqlnPatSQ-01404-00405816-00406197 considered to be appropriate,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01405-00406020-00406416 however they should still be considered
TgtqlnPatSQ-01406-00406197-00406670 when interpreting and applying the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01407-00406416-00406670 results.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01408-00407021-00407420 For more information on the crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01409-00407171-00407738 stability models, you can refer to the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01410-00407420-00407990 crack stability model subgroup report, the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01411-00407738-00408233 theory manual which has sections on
TgtqlnPatSQ-01412-00407990-00408473 circumferential through wall crack stability,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01413-00408233-00408797 circumferential surface crack stability, and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01414-00408473-00409189 axial crack stability, as well as the user
TgtqlnPatSQ-01415-00408797-00409189 manual appendix on crack stability.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01416-00409617-00410124 In-service inspections are also modeled
TgtqlnPatSQ-01417-00409809-00410522 in xLPR and contain two key models - an
TgtqlnPatSQ-01418-00410124-00410742 inspection model and an evaluation model.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01419-00410522-00410895 The inspection model utilizes a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01420-00410742-00411114 probability of detection curve as a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01421-00410895-00411285 function of crack depth to determine if a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01422-00411114-00411539 crack is detected during a given
TgtqlnPatSQ-01423-00411285-00411813 Inspection.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01424-00411539-00412067 The evaluation model is then used to size
TgtqlnPatSQ-01425-00411813-00412221 the detected crack determining, if that 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01426-00412067-00412608 crack has a size greater than the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01427-00412221-00412817 threshold size for repair. Both models
TgtqlnPatSQ-01428-00412608-00413144 utilize crack depth as the independent
TgtqlnPatSQ-01429-00412817-00413325 variable. Other attributes of the cracks
TgtqlnPatSQ-01430-00413144-00413564 such as the length and crack opening
TgtqlnPatSQ-01431-00413325-00413885 displacement may also have an impact on
TgtqlnPatSQ-01432-00413564-00414327 flaw detectability or sizing. However,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01433-00413885-00414546 these dependencies are part of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01434-00414327-00414838 model uncertainty rather than being
TgtqlnPatSQ-01435-00414546-00414838 explicitly included.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01436-00415025-00415547 ISI model parameters recommended for use in
TgtqlnPatSQ-01437-00415229-00415897 xLPR in the model subgroup report
TgtqlnPatSQ-01438-00415547-00416188 were based on the EPRI performance
TgtqlnPatSQ-01439-00415897-00416463 demonstration initiative or the PDI program and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01440-00416188-00416761 details of that are provided in MRP-
TgtqlnPatSQ-01441-00416463-00416761 263 Rev. 3.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01442-00416931-00417327 In xLPR the user has the ability to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01443-00417114-00417579 schedule in-service inspections using
TgtqlnPatSQ-01444-00417327-00417771 either a frequency or by inputting the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01445-00417579-00418065 specific time of the inspection.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01446-00417771-00418300 Different inspection inputs including
TgtqlnPatSQ-01447-00418065-00418572 inspection schedule, POD models, and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01448-00418300-00418985 sizing models can be provided to xLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-01449-00418572-00418985 before and after the application of mitigation.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01450-00419527-00420018 The inspection model is modeled using a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01451-00419889-00420259 probability of detection curve
TgtqlnPatSQ-01452-00420018-00420646 describing probability of detection as
TgtqlnPatSQ-01453-00420259-00420913 function of flaw depth. xLPR represents POD
TgtqlnPatSQ-01454-00420646-00421146 using a logistic equation with a number
TgtqlnPatSQ-01455-00420913-00421413 of conventions built in to improve model
TgtqlnPatSQ-01456-00421146-00421593 flexibility to address small flaws and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01457-00421413-00421901 variations in performance between
TgtqlnPatSQ-01458-00421593-00422153 mock-up and field examinations.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01459-00421901-00422353 The coefficients in the exponential term
TgtqlnPatSQ-01460-00422153-00422671 of the logistic equation are the main
TgtqlnPatSQ-01461-00422353-00422914 POD model parameters. The logistic
TgtqlnPatSQ-01462-00422671-00423190 equation model form has a convenient
TgtqlnPatSQ-01463-00422914-00423376 property of varying between 0 and 1 with
TgtqlnPatSQ-01464-00423190-00423557 model parameters that can be varied to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01465-00423376-00423889 achieve different shapes and shifts in
TgtqlnPatSQ-01466-00423557-00424084 the overall curve. This is then the model
TgtqlnPatSQ-01467-00423889-00424336 of choice for modeling probability of
TgtqlnPatSQ-01468-00424084-00424580 detections as a function crack size that’s
TgtqlnPatSQ-01469-00424336-00424968 based on binary data such as either
TgtqlnPatSQ-01470-00424580-00424968 detection or no detection.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01471-00425052-00425703 Because the ASME code requirements do not
TgtqlnPatSQ-01472-00425403-00425985 require flaws less than 10% through wall for
TgtqlnPatSQ-01473-00425703-00426276 vendor qualification, the current PDI
TgtqlnPatSQ-01474-00425985-00426639 data do not quantify POD performance
TgtqlnPatSQ-01475-00426276-00426849 for small flaws. xLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-01476-00426639-00427137 includes options for treatment of 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01477-00426849-00427392 POD for small flaws which can either be
TgtqlnPatSQ-01478-00427137-00427674 modeled by linear interpolating a POD
TgtqlnPatSQ-01479-00427392-00427941 between a lower bound POD and a small
TgtqlnPatSQ-01480-00427674-00428243 flaw depth threshold such as 10% through
TgtqlnPatSQ-01481-00427941-00428553 wall, or setting the POD in that depth
TgtqlnPatSQ-01482-00428243-00428838 range to zero. The figure on the right
TgtqlnPatSQ-01483-00428553-00429097 shows the linearly interpolated
TgtqlnPatSQ-01484-00428838-00429097 option.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01485-00429168-00429588 A POD effectiveness factor input can also
TgtqlnPatSQ-01486-00429387-00429831 be used to scale down the nominal POD
TgtqlnPatSQ-01487-00429588-00429984 curve as a way to model differences
TgtqlnPatSQ-01488-00429831-00430260 between laboratory field performance.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01489-00429984-00430472 In the figure on the right, that
TgtqlnPatSQ-01490-00430260-00430793 effectiveness factor is shown by
TgtqlnPatSQ-01491-00430472-00430793 the dashed line.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01492-00431388-00431840 The nominal form of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01493-00431642-00432074 sizing model is a linear relationship
TgtqlnPatSQ-01494-00431840-00432398 between the measured flaw size and the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01495-00432074-00432735 actual flaw size and it has normally
TgtqlnPatSQ-01496-00432398-00432936 distributed uncertainty.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01497-00432735-00433185 Effectively, the sizing model determines
TgtqlnPatSQ-01498-00432936-00433488 how much the estimated size of the flaw is either 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01499-00433185-00433488 under or over predicted.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01500-00433563-00434007 The depth sizing error term is also included
TgtqlnPatSQ-01501-00433763-00434508 and added to the nominal measured flaw
TgtqlnPatSQ-01502-00434007-00434721 size. The sizing model is combined with the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01503-00434508-00434963 repair threshold input to calculate a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01504-00434721-00435438 probability of repair as a function of
TgtqlnPatSQ-01505-00434963-00435665 flaw depth. Using a repair depth threshold
TgtqlnPatSQ-01506-00435438-00436031 of zero would result in all detected
TgtqlnPatSQ-01507-00435665-00436031 flaws being modeled as being repaired.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01508-00436080-00436791 The xLPR framework considers all
TgtqlnPatSQ-01509-00436416-00437100 modeled repairs as being perfect. This
TgtqlnPatSQ-01510-00436791-00437454 means that the probability of
TgtqlnPatSQ-01511-00437100-00437712 additional initiation, leakage, or rupture
TgtqlnPatSQ-01512-00437454-00438003 due to a crack in that
TgtqlnPatSQ-01513-00437712-00438452 subunit is zero for the remainder of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01514-00438003-00438452 simulation for that specific realization.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01515-00438827-00439355 Key references for the in-service
TgtqlnPatSQ-01516-00439135-00439556 inspection models again include the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01517-00439355-00439907 in-service inspection model subgroup
TgtqlnPatSQ-01518-00439556-00440102 report, the theory manual which contains
TgtqlnPatSQ-01519-00439907-00440317 two sections on in-service inspection -
TgtqlnPatSQ-01520-00440102-00440845 one for model parameter development and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01521-00440317-00441097 one for model implementation, and finally
TgtqlnPatSQ-01522-00440845-00441517 the user manual also has an appendix
TgtqlnPatSQ-01523-00441097-00441517 section on in-service inspection.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01524-00442046-00442543 And with that,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01525-00442307-00442543 I’ll pass it back to Matt.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01526-00442842-00443484 All right, thank you very much Markus. We
TgtqlnPatSQ-01527-00443198-00443778 have concluded the technical discussion
TgtqlnPatSQ-01528-00443484-00443904 here and the presentation. We've been
TgtqlnPatSQ-01529-00443778-00444087 keeping up with the questions and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01530-00443904-00444405 answers that have been coming in through
TgtqlnPatSQ-01531-00444087-00444654 the Q&A feature. I'd like to open it up
TgtqlnPatSQ-01532-00444405-00445064 now to just general questions and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01533-00444654-00445410 answers. We can take those still through
TgtqlnPatSQ-01534-00445064-00445731 the Q&A feature. Also, if you'd like to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01535-00445410-00446039 ask a question verbally go ahead and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01536-00445731-00446300 raise your hand, please. You can do that
TgtqlnPatSQ-01537-00446039-00446300 in WebEx
TgtqlnPatSQ-01538-00446376-00446976 a couple different ways again. You do this
TgtqlnPatSQ-01539-00446709-00447255 and we'll see you and will unmute
TgtqlnPatSQ-01540-00446976-00447413 you so you can ask your question.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01541-00447255-00447675 The steps to raise your hand are
TgtqlnPatSQ-01542-00447413-00448040 different again if you're using the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01543-00447675-00448232 internet browser versus using the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01544-00448040-00448434 desktop client and instructions are
TgtqlnPatSQ-01545-00448232-00448676 shown here. On the left there's the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01546-00448434-00448811 browser version. There you'll first click
TgtqlnPatSQ-01547-00448676-00449123 on the three dots at the bottom of your
TgtqlnPatSQ-01548-00448811-00449444 screen and follow that, Click on the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01549-00449123-00449607 raise hand button. If you're in the desktop
TgtqlnPatSQ-01550-00449444-00449822 client which you see on the right here,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01551-00449607-00450110 at the bottom is going to be a little hand
TgtqlnPatSQ-01552-00449822-00450376 symbol. Click on that and that will raise
TgtqlnPatSQ-01553-00450110-00450376 your hand as well.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01554-00450392-00450974 Okay, so again general question and answers.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01555-00450610-00451192 Please feel free to ask them however you
TgtqlnPatSQ-01556-00450974-00451192 prefer.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01557-00454621-00455357 Good question from Peter asking: weld
TgtqlnPatSQ-01558-00455194-00455563 residual stress uncertainty is perhaps
TgtqlnPatSQ-01559-00455357-00455807 better estimated by using a uniform
TgtqlnPatSQ-01560-00455563-00456176 distribution. Is this possible to use as
TgtqlnPatSQ-01561-00455807-00456394 an input? I believe the answer to that
TgtqlnPatSQ-01562-00456176-00456718 one is no, currently weld residual
TgtqlnPatSQ-01563-00456394-00457110 stresses you can either model as only
TgtqlnPatSQ-01564-00456718-00457367 constant or as uniformly distributed.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01565-00457110-00457819 Normally distributed, sorry not uniformly
TgtqlnPatSQ-01566-00457367-00458113 distributed. Most other inputs have a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01567-00457819-00458402 little bit more flexibility on the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01568-00458113-00458689 distributions that are applied, but due
TgtqlnPatSQ-01569-00458402-00459002 to the added complications that come
TgtqlnPatSQ-01570-00458689-00459363 with the point-to-point correlation, only
TgtqlnPatSQ-01571-00459002-00459363 normal distribution is available
TgtqlnPatSQ-01572-00459952-00460158 to you.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01573-00460306-00460662 Thank you, Peter, for your question.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01574-00460897-00461921 So we have a question from Akihiro on slide 34.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01575-00461707-00462292 Let’s go there real quick. What is the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01576-00461921-00463039 meaning of damage? Does this mean leak or
TgtqlnPatSQ-01577-00462292-00463688 rupture? So this is in terms of
TgtqlnPatSQ-01578-00463039-00464033 tracking initiation and so it's
TgtqlnPatSQ-01579-00463688-00464353 basically a way of accounting for how
TgtqlnPatSQ-01580-00464033-00464828 close you get to the initiation time
TgtqlnPatSQ-01581-00464353-00465260 within a time step under a certain set
TgtqlnPatSQ-01582-00464828-00465638 of operating conditions. You can then
TgtqlnPatSQ-01583-00465260-00465796 use that to combine multiple time
TgtqlnPatSQ-01584-00465638-00466367 periods with multiple operating
TgtqlnPatSQ-01585-00465796-00466771 conditions resulting in a way to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01586-00466367-00466998 determine when cracks are modeled to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01587-00466771-00467260 initiate. So damage in terms of
TgtqlnPatSQ-01588-00466998-00467689 initiation and not in terms of leakage or
TgtqlnPatSQ-01589-00467260-00467689 rupture in the context of slide 34.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01590-00468283-00468652 Thank you for your question.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01591-00468997-00469676 Joel also has a question regarding an earlier part of
TgtqlnPatSQ-01592-00469232-00470195 the presentation. If welds are limited by
TgtqlnPatSQ-01593-00469676-00470420 code and type, so ASME or AWS, or is
TgtqlnPatSQ-01594-00470195-00470893 there any allowance for novel methods
TgtqlnPatSQ-01595-00470420-00471193 such as internal friction welds? So I
TgtqlnPatSQ-01596-00470893-00471472 don't think xLPR quite gets into
TgtqlnPatSQ-01597-00471193-00471847 those sorts of welding details on how
TgtqlnPatSQ-01598-00471472-00472285 the weld is actually manufactured. You just have
TgtqlnPatSQ-01599-00471847-00472633 the ability to model certain material
TgtqlnPatSQ-01600-00472285-00472925 properties associated with each weld
TgtqlnPatSQ-01601-00472633-00473162 which are mechanical material properties,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01602-00472925-00473464 as well as material properties
TgtqlnPatSQ-01603-00473162-00473930 associated with fatigue and PWSCC
TgtqlnPatSQ-01604-00473464-00474154 initiation, as well as fatigue and SCC
TgtqlnPatSQ-01605-00473930-00474154 growth.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01606-00475385-00476201 So Ben has a question regarding axial
TgtqlnPatSQ-01607-00475784-00476501 cracks and how they behave if they reach
TgtqlnPatSQ-01608-00476201-00476764 the boundary of the material. So they grow from the weld
TgtqlnPatSQ-01609-00476501-00477317 into the base metal, and if there's a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01610-00476764-00477560 step change in the crack growth law. So yes,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01611-00477317-00478007 in that case you would have a step
TgtqlnPatSQ-01612-00477560-00478393 change. The crack growth
TgtqlnPatSQ-01613-00478007-00478762 law that is applied is associated
TgtqlnPatSQ-01614-00478393-00479102 with where the location of each crack tip is.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01615-00478762-00479360 So if an axial crack were to grow into
TgtqlnPatSQ-01616-00479102-00479660 the base metal, then you have the option
TgtqlnPatSQ-01617-00479360-00480116 of continuing to model crack growth in
TgtqlnPatSQ-01618-00479660-00480601 the length direction using the crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01619-00480116-00480601 growth models associated with the base metals.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01620-00483194-00483822 So I think Akihiro has a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01621-00483501-00484146 question: - when a crack is initiated by
TgtqlnPatSQ-01622-00483822-00484521 fatigue, can the crack propagate by PWSCC?
TgtqlnPatSQ-01623-00484146-00484964 The answer is yes, if you are modeling
TgtqlnPatSQ-01624-00484521-00485250 both PWSCC and fatigue mechanisms, if fatigue
TgtqlnPatSQ-01625-00484964-00485952 happens to be the mechanism that results
TgtqlnPatSQ-01626-00485250-00486446 in initiation before PWSCC, then yes
TgtqlnPatSQ-01627-00485952-00486446 the crack can also propagate by PWSCC. 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01628-00488360-00488977 I think the only unanswered one now is
TgtqlnPatSQ-01629-00488714-00489360 the one from Jeongsoon Park
TgtqlnPatSQ-01630-00488977-00489360 on the stability module.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01631-00490809-00491226 I think I don't know if I fully
TgtqlnPatSQ-01632-00491085-00491543 understand the question, but I think it's
TgtqlnPatSQ-01633-00491226-00491910 asking: for the through wall crack stability module,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01634-00491543-00492089 how do you model that for a transitioning
TgtqlnPatSQ-01635-00491910-00492702 crack with different ID and OD
TgtqlnPatSQ-01636-00492089-00493060 flaw size? There the answer is you
TgtqlnPatSQ-01637-00492702-00493176 model the stability of an equivalent
TgtqlnPatSQ-01638-00493060-00493479 idealized through
TgtqlnPatSQ-01639-00493176-00493878 wall flaw that has a half-length that is
TgtqlnPatSQ-01640-00493479-00494156 equal to the average of the inner and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01641-00493878-00494156 outer half-length.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01642-00494208-00494672 And so you average those half
TgtqlnPatSQ-01643-00494418-00495035 lengths to get a an equivalent
TgtqlnPatSQ-01644-00494672-00495282 idealized through wall crack and then model through
TgtqlnPatSQ-01645-00495035-00495533 wall crack stability for that
TgtqlnPatSQ-01646-00495282-00495533 equivalent crack.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01647-00497231-00497789 Hopefully that answered the question. If
TgtqlnPatSQ-01648-00497422-00498168 not, please submit another one and we'll
TgtqlnPatSQ-01649-00497789-00498168 try to get better clarification for you.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01650-00498548-00499046 There's a question from Yan: what is the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01651-00498842-00499498 difference between thermal transient and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01652-00499046-00499817 stratification transient? So the thermal transient is
TgtqlnPatSQ-01653-00499498-00500064 basically the portion of a transient
TgtqlnPatSQ-01654-00499817-00500388 where you're modeling changes in
TgtqlnPatSQ-01655-00500064-00500735 pressure and temperature and how those
TgtqlnPatSQ-01656-00500388-00501114 changes in pressure and temperature within the pipe
TgtqlnPatSQ-01657-00500735-00501443 result in changes in stresses, whereas the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01658-00501114-00501852 stratification transient is used to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01659-00501443-00502062 model situations where some sort of
TgtqlnPatSQ-01660-00501852-00502448 changes in temperature then result in
TgtqlnPatSQ-01661-00502062-00502792 changes in membrane and bending stresses
TgtqlnPatSQ-01662-00502448-00502792 within the pipe for that particular transient.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01663-00505568-00506099 And so I guess as hopefully everyone is
TgtqlnPatSQ-01664-00505907-00506708 able to see over the course of this
TgtqlnPatSQ-01665-00506099-00506939 presentation, xLPR gives the users lots
TgtqlnPatSQ-01666-00506708-00507233 of flexibility of what they want to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01667-00506939-00507632 model. And in certain cases, you have
TgtqlnPatSQ-01668-00507233-00507824 multiple models that you can use and you
TgtqlnPatSQ-01669-00507632-00508352 can switch between those models to see
TgtqlnPatSQ-01670-00507824-00508714 how the answer differs. So it gives a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01671-00508352-00508714 lot of flexibility to the users.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01672-00508839-00509264 There is also a lot of complexity to all of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01673-00509016-00509709 models as well, which is why we're holding
TgtqlnPatSQ-01674-00509264-00510003 these seminars to try to give a better
TgtqlnPatSQ-01675-00509709-00510207 overview and also with emphasis on that
TgtqlnPatSQ-01676-00510003-00510807 there's a lot of material out
TgtqlnPatSQ-01677-00510207-00511145 there that you can also use to find more
TgtqlnPatSQ-01678-00510807-00511620 information. So this is just kind of a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01679-00511145-00511824 relatively high level overview, with the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01680-00511620-00512151 theory training providing the two and a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01681-00511824-00512442 half day version, and then the user
TgtqlnPatSQ-01682-00512151-00512693 manual and the various model subgroup
TgtqlnPatSQ-01683-00512442-00512947 reports then providing an even more
TgtqlnPatSQ-01684-00512693-00512947 in-depth version of that.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01685-00513483-00514263 We had a follow-on question here from
TgtqlnPatSQ-01686-00513783-00514502 Yan about the transients. Heat up and cool
TgtqlnPatSQ-01687-00514263-00514502 down is
TgtqlnPatSQ-01688-00514550-00515005 similar to the stratification. So in
TgtqlnPatSQ-01689-00514718-00515468 xLPR with transients you can
TgtqlnPatSQ-01690-00515005-00515702 model stratification with normal heat
TgtqlnPatSQ-01691-00515468-00515852 up and cool down type transients or
TgtqlnPatSQ-01692-00515702-00516118 you can just model the heat up and cool
TgtqlnPatSQ-01693-00515852-00516679 down aspect of the transient.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01694-00516118-00516958 So you get one or both. I'm sorry, you get
TgtqlnPatSQ-01695-00516679-00517282 either the thermal transients with a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01696-00516958-00517335 stratification or without. We can't ever
TgtqlnPatSQ-01697-00517282-00517716 have
TgtqlnPatSQ-01698-00517335-00517716 just with the stratification.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01699-00518610-00519189 And the third option of course is just
TgtqlnPatSQ-01700-00518844-00519630 a mechanical transient not associated
TgtqlnPatSQ-01701-00519189-00519630 with the heat up or cool down.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01702-00520060-00520494 Hopefully that clears things up a bit
TgtqlnPatSQ-01703-00520213-00520494 There.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01704-00522117-00522744 So Yan has another follow-up question: 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01705-00522449-00523007 can we look at thermal fatigue as a kind of
TgtqlnPatSQ-01706-00522744-00523007 mechanical fatigue?
TgtqlnPatSQ-01707-00523202-00524207 I think the way xLPR models
TgtqlnPatSQ-01708-00523649-00524633 transients it's kind of looking
TgtqlnPatSQ-01709-00524207-00525331 more at low cycle fatigue and strain
TgtqlnPatSQ-01710-00524633-00525571 based models, and so
TgtqlnPatSQ-01711-00525331-00525832 I think some modifications would 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01712-00525571-00526266 need to be made to the models to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01713-00525832-00526266 properly model thermal fatigue.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01714-00529463-00530027 There is a question whether irradiation-assisted
TgtqlnPatSQ-01715-00529882-00530548 stress-corrosion cracking can be
TgtqlnPatSQ-01716-00530027-00530782 modeled. The answer is no, not currently.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01717-00530548-00531484 And the response here that it was IGSCC,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01718-00530782-00531967 IASCC probably a typo there.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01719-00531484-00532280 However, if the model form matches
TgtqlnPatSQ-01720-00531967-00532640 the model form that is showed in the slides
TgtqlnPatSQ-01721-00532280-00532936 here, the user has
TgtqlnPatSQ-01722-00532640-00533180 the ability to input their own model
TgtqlnPatSQ-01723-00532936-00533531 parameters for each of those values. So
TgtqlnPatSQ-01724-00533180-00533825 as long as you have some form
TgtqlnPatSQ-01725-00533531-00534094 that's a function of stress intensity
TgtqlnPatSQ-01726-00533825-00534638 factor to a power and has an Arrhenius term
TgtqlnPatSQ-01727-00534094-00535236 in it, you can use your own model
TgtqlnPatSQ-01728-00534638-00535236 inputs to model other types of SCC.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01729-00536380-00537369 So Gaojun has a question regarding
TgtqlnPatSQ-01730-00536824-00537369 weld metal and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01731-00537764-00538048 pointing to slide 18
TgtqlnPatSQ-01732-00538475-00538820 indicates that,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01733-00539040-00539694 normally we use butter metal on the base
TgtqlnPatSQ-01734-00539326-00539694 metal and then use weld metal,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01735-00539791-00540421 and asking when inputting material
TgtqlnPatSQ-01736-00540223-00540637 properties, which material properties do you
TgtqlnPatSQ-01737-00540421-00540886 input for the weld? Which should be
TgtqlnPatSQ-01738-00540637-00541291 weld metal, butter metal,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01739-00540886-00541729 or base metal? And so in xLPR, you're
TgtqlnPatSQ-01740-00541291-00542200 able to input material properties
TgtqlnPatSQ-01741-00541729-00542455 for the weld and then also for the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01742-00542200-00542878 base metal for both the left pipe and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01743-00542455-00543127 right pipe. So I would for the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01744-00542878-00543504 weld be inputting weld metal properties
TgtqlnPatSQ-01745-00543127-00543727 and not butter metal, or heat affected zone,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01746-00543504-00543948 or dilution zone type of material
TgtqlnPatSQ-01747-00543727-00543948 properties.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01748-00546194-00546874 And yes, internal pressure is one of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01749-00546494-00546874 inputs to xLPR. And just to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01750-00547158-00547743 add on that, you can have the pressure
TgtqlnPatSQ-01751-00547464-00548001 change throughout the course of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01752-00547743-00548226 simulation up to three different times.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01753-00548001-00548502 You can use different inputs for
TgtqlnPatSQ-01754-00548226-00548840 different plant operating periods, so you
TgtqlnPatSQ-01755-00548502-00549051 can have, for example, a constant in
TgtqlnPatSQ-01756-00548840-00549393 operating period one, you might want to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01757-00549051-00549489 have a distribution in operating period two,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01758-00549393-00549689 and you can have a different
TgtqlnPatSQ-01759-00549489-00549906 distribution in operating period three.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01760-00549689-00550050 You get a little bit of flexibility
TgtqlnPatSQ-01761-00549906-00550367 there and that's true for temperature
TgtqlnPatSQ-01762-00550050-00550367 and the loads as well.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01763-00551321-00552382 So Jeongsoon has another question:
TgtqlnPatSQ-01764-00551998-00552541 During the heat up and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01765-00552382-00552964 cool down transients, how do the transients
TgtqlnPatSQ-01766-00552541-00553380 interact with internal pressure? So those
TgtqlnPatSQ-01767-00552964-00553798 transients are defined using a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01768-00553380-00554155 Pressure-temperature time history where
TgtqlnPatSQ-01769-00553798-00554485 the input values actually change in
TgtqlnPatSQ-01770-00554155-00554686 pressure and change in temperature from
TgtqlnPatSQ-01771-00554485-00554982 the normal operating pressure and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01772-00554686-00554982 temperature conditions.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01773-00555356-00556004 So you base it on a table that you can
TgtqlnPatSQ-01774-00555575-00556205 fill out with points in time and then in
TgtqlnPatSQ-01775-00556004-00556454 addition to the points in time you have
TgtqlnPatSQ-01776-00556205-00556691 pressure values and temperature values.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01777-00556454-00557080 And by filling out that table, that's
TgtqlnPatSQ-01778-00556691-00557080 how the transient is defined.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01779-00557350-00558415 So all in all there are probably several hundred inputs
TgtqlnPatSQ-01780-00557743-00558786 in xLPR and this is in order to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01781-00558415-00559048 give the user flexibility and also the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01782-00558786-00559804 control for modeling all of these
TgtqlnPatSQ-01783-00559048-00560146 different complex models. The 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01784-00559804-00560440 next session that we will be holding we’ll
TgtqlnPatSQ-01785-00560146-00560824 focus on the inputs specifically and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01786-00560440-00561471 showing the user how to set up the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01787-00560824-00561471 inputs for a given run. That'll help
TgtqlnPatSQ-01788-00561530-00561898 provide more information there.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01789-00564527-00564917 I think we're caught up on the questions.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01790-00564713-00565129 Does anyone else have a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01791-00564917-00565129 question
TgtqlnPatSQ-01792-00565277-00565724 or need clarification? You can raise
TgtqlnPatSQ-01793-00565532-00566146 your hand, we can open the mic for you,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01794-00565724-00566146 and we can have a discussion on it.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01795-00568705-00569253 So Joel was asking if the model allows
TgtqlnPatSQ-01796-00569055-00569509 for load changes during crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01797-00569253-00569934 development - changes from tensile loads
TgtqlnPatSQ-01798-00569509-00570542 to compressive loads? The answer is yes,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01799-00569934-00571057 it does. For example, in the different
TgtqlnPatSQ-01800-00570542-00571480 time frames you can have different loads
TgtqlnPatSQ-01801-00571057-00571711 associated with each of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01802-00571480-00571915 three time periods that are considered.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01803-00571711-00572151 And so, say the first one could be
TgtqlnPatSQ-01804-00571915-00572388 tensile which results in crack
TgtqlnPatSQ-01805-00572151-00572836 initiation, and then the second is
TgtqlnPatSQ-01806-00572388-00573148 compressive in which case you wouldn't
TgtqlnPatSQ-01807-00572836-00573417 have any crack growth due to SCC
TgtqlnPatSQ-01808-00573148-00573636 during that that time period, and then
TgtqlnPatSQ-01809-00573417-00573813 the third you could then maybe have
TgtqlnPatSQ-01810-00573636-00574161 something that causes it to be tensile again
TgtqlnPatSQ-01811-00573813-00574161 so you continue with SCC growth.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01812-00574518-00574857 I guess if you wanted to look at a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01813-00574686-00575318 certain aspect of that too you could
TgtqlnPatSQ-01814-00574857-00575859 also put in your own WRS profile to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01815-00575318-00575997 influence how the crack was…
TgtqlnPatSQ-01816-00575859-00576335 the loads you know you can make them
TgtqlnPatSQ-01817-00575997-00576335 compressive or tensile that way.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01818-00581548-00581863 Appreciate everyone's questions here
TgtqlnPatSQ-01819-00581737-00582202 today. I know we've thrown a lot of
TgtqlnPatSQ-01820-00581863-00582421 technical details at you in this
TgtqlnPatSQ-01821-00582202-00582751 meeting, but again we're just trying to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01822-00582421-00582922 make sure that we are explaining what
TgtqlnPatSQ-01823-00582751-00583129 kind of features the code has and a lot
TgtqlnPatSQ-01824-00582922-00583482 of that has to do with the models that
TgtqlnPatSQ-01825-00583129-00583482 are contained within it.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01826-00586855-00587392 Changsik has a question regarding
TgtqlnPatSQ-01827-00587078-00587659 the fatigue crack growth calculation and how
TgtqlnPatSQ-01828-00587392-00587834 incremental damages are extrapolated
TgtqlnPatSQ-01829-00587659-00588136 by multiplying a certain amount of cycles
TgtqlnPatSQ-01830-00587834-00588719 where fatigue incremental damage is updated
TgtqlnPatSQ-01831-00588136-00588955 each cycle. For fatigue crack growth during
TgtqlnPatSQ-01832-00588719-00589469 each time period, each one month time
TgtqlnPatSQ-01833-00588955-00589951 Period, if a transient is modeled within
TgtqlnPatSQ-01834-00589469-00590230 that specific time period, then all
TgtqlnPatSQ-01835-00589951-00590888 growth due to that transient is modeled.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01836-00590230-00591124 And basically the crack size is then
TgtqlnPatSQ-01837-00590888-00591628 increased accordingly
TgtqlnPatSQ-01838-00591124-00591628 during that same time step.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01839-00594230-00594977 So Peter your question on if weld
TgtqlnPatSQ-01840-00594737-00595283 residual stress is not included in the leak
TgtqlnPatSQ-01841-00594977-00595565 rate calculation, then the largest non
TgtqlnPatSQ-01842-00595283-00595955 conservative estimate will be obtained just
TgtqlnPatSQ-01843-00595565-00596141 after the though wall crack has been created using
TgtqlnPatSQ-01844-00595955-00596342 the non-idealized geometry of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01845-00596141-00596702 crack, and you're wondering what our
TgtqlnPatSQ-01846-00596342-00597026 comments are on that. And yeah, you're
TgtqlnPatSQ-01847-00596702-00597527 right about that, and that's just
TgtqlnPatSQ-01848-00597026-00597838 uncertainty that is included in the leak
TgtqlnPatSQ-01849-00597527-00598193 rate calculations and that's part of why
TgtqlnPatSQ-01850-00597838-00598430 in the framework the user has the option
TgtqlnPatSQ-01851-00598193-00599090 of applying additional uncertainty on
TgtqlnPatSQ-01852-00598430-00599428 leak rates that are relatively small to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01853-00599090-00599428 try to capture some of that uncertainty.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01854-00599730-00600435 I also wanted to just add on to that is
TgtqlnPatSQ-01855-00600072-00600618 the NRC office of research is
TgtqlnPatSQ-01856-00600435-00600828 sponsoring a study right now on WRS
TgtqlnPatSQ-01857-00600618-00601049 effects on crack opening displacement
TgtqlnPatSQ-01858-00600828-00601305 which of course affects the leak rates.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01859-00601049-00602030 So we'll be looking for the results from
TgtqlnPatSQ-01860-00601305-00602030 that to inform any enhancements to xLPR.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01861-00607938-00608756 Also back on the WRS on leak rate
TgtqlnPatSQ-01862-00608290-00609209 effects, we do consider WRS in the axial
TgtqlnPatSQ-01863-00608756-00609209 crack opening displacement calculations.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01864-00611096-00611722 So John is saying for the next
TgtqlnPatSQ-01865-00611234-00611722 presentation, Q&A
TgtqlnPatSQ-01866-00611826-00612188 works better than the raised hand option.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01867-00612260-00612741 And I think yeah,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01868-00612487-00612741 stick with that.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01869-00613144-00613596 Yeah, thank you for pointing that out
TgtqlnPatSQ-01870-00613315-00613596 John.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01871-00614667-00615290 Okay, any final questions on the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01872-00615006-00615290 presentations today?
TgtqlnPatSQ-01873-00617106-00617582 Let’s give it a moment here to see if any
TgtqlnPatSQ-01874-00617256-00617582 others are trickling in.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01875-00618551-00619202 Okay looks like it to me. Markus had a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01876-00618965-00619454 number of references here to all of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01877-00619202-00619862 technical materials that are going to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01878-00619454-00620215 come with the code - be that in the two
TgtqlnPatSQ-01879-00619862-00620642 and a half day theory training session
TgtqlnPatSQ-01880-00620215-00620933 or in the user manual itself or as
TgtqlnPatSQ-01881-00620642-00621245 part of the technical reports that we're
TgtqlnPatSQ-01882-00620933-00621554 going to make available. So those
TgtqlnPatSQ-01883-00621245-00621893 get into much more detail on all these
TgtqlnPatSQ-01884-00621554-00622151 aspects and you're welcome to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01885-00621893-00622535 consult those to help answer some of
TgtqlnPatSQ-01886-00622151-00622742 your questions. Of course, we’ll have the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01887-00622535-00623113 follow on webinars too where you can
TgtqlnPatSQ-01888-00622742-00623319 bring some of those issues up as well.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01889-00623638-00624335 Okay, so moving on to the closing remarks
TgtqlnPatSQ-01890-00624061-00624506 portion of the agenda now. In today's
TgtqlnPatSQ-01891-00624335-00624841 meeting we provided an overview of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01892-00624506-00625021 models programmed in xLPR and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01893-00624841-00625214 today's meeting was a part of our
TgtqlnPatSQ-01894-00625021-00625520 webinar series surrounding the xLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-01895-00625214-00625835 public release. Looking ahead we have
TgtqlnPatSQ-01896-00625520-00626071 some additional sessions planned. These
TgtqlnPatSQ-01897-00625835-00626576 will be one every two weeks.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01898-00626071-00626780 And while the sessions on April 23rd
TgtqlnPatSQ-01899-00626576-00626867 and today were targeted for more of a
TgtqlnPatSQ-01900-00626780-00627023 general audience,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01901-00626867-00627302 these next three events are going to be
TgtqlnPatSQ-01902-00627023-00627686 targeted for actual users who have the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01903-00627302-00627754 code. So these dates are tentative right
TgtqlnPatSQ-01904-00627686-00628048 now.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01905-00627754-00628538 What we're going to do is wait and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01906-00628048-00628676 see when we have enough of a user community
TgtqlnPatSQ-01907-00628538-00628835 built up where it would make sense to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01908-00628676-00629023 have one of these sessions and that's
TgtqlnPatSQ-01909-00628835-00629339 when we're going to schedule the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01910-00629023-00629462 first one here. They are every two weeks, and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01911-00629339-00629735 we've been talking about maybe just
TgtqlnPatSQ-01912-00629462-00629966 doing them every week so it might just
TgtqlnPatSQ-01913-00629735-00630215 be a series of three weeks where we
TgtqlnPatSQ-01914-00629966-00630494 would hold these sessions, but the sessions
TgtqlnPatSQ-01915-00630215-00630728 themselves will be the same. We will
TgtqlnPatSQ-01916-00630494-00631037 announce a firm schedule for those as
TgtqlnPatSQ-01917-00630728-00631312 soon as we think that we have enough
TgtqlnPatSQ-01918-00631037-00631549 users to support them.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01919-00631312-00631690 So look for announcements on those again.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01920-00631549-00631843 These will be to demonstrate some of the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01921-00631690-00632098 key features of the code itself and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01922-00631843-00632353 provide hints and tips. And again, we'll
TgtqlnPatSQ-01923-00632098-00632590 devote a good portion of the sessions to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01924-00632353-00632821 interact with users and answer any
TgtqlnPatSQ-01925-00632590-00633165 questions that they may have. The first
TgtqlnPatSQ-01926-00632821-00633394 one is going to be on setting up the inputs.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01927-00633165-00633628 So we'll talk there about setting up
TgtqlnPatSQ-01928-00633394-00633949 some of the simulation options and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01929-00633628-00634090 defining the distributions and working
TgtqlnPatSQ-01930-00633949-00634441 with the inputs spreadsheet and the Sim Editor.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01931-00634090-00634705 To prepare for that we would
TgtqlnPatSQ-01932-00634441-00634957 Recommend, but it's not required, that you
TgtqlnPatSQ-01933-00634705-00635263 take a look at the xLPR input set
TgtqlnPatSQ-01934-00634957-00635494 file. That’s the spreadsheet in your
TgtqlnPatSQ-01935-00635263-00636058 release package, that’s the file xLPR-
TgtqlnPatSQ-01936-00635494-00636490 2.1 input set.xlsx. There’s also module 3
TgtqlnPatSQ-01937-00636058-00636640 of the xLPR-TRN-Introduction.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01938-00636490-00636805 That's another one of the training
TgtqlnPatSQ-01939-00636640-00637168 manuals that will be included with xLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-01940-00636805-00637324 Version 2.1. That's a hands-on
TgtqlnPatSQ-01941-00637168-00637687 training session with a two and a half day
TgtqlnPatSQ-01942-00637324-00637990 training video you can watch. Section
TgtqlnPatSQ-01943-00637687-00638305 Three, or module three rather, in
TgtqlnPatSQ-01944-00637990-00638431 that focuses on the inputs. And then I also
TgtqlnPatSQ-01945-00638305-00638683 recommend that you look at the user
TgtqlnPatSQ-01946-00638431-00638806 manual. There's probably a variety things
TgtqlnPatSQ-01947-00638683-00638995 there you might want to look at, but
TgtqlnPatSQ-01948-00638806-00639247 section 3.3 covers the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01949-00638995-00639535 inputs specifically as well as 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01950-00639247-00639729 Appendix B. So that's some reading you may
TgtqlnPatSQ-01951-00639535-00640114 want to do after you get the code and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01952-00639729-00640381 before the first webinar here we have
TgtqlnPatSQ-01953-00640114-00640692 for the users. After the inputs we'll
TgtqlnPatSQ-01954-00640381-00640692 talk about running the simulation
TgtqlnPatSQ-01955-00640829-00641375 using GoldSim, editing the settings there,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01956-00641075-00641537 and debugging some of the errors and things
TgtqlnPatSQ-01957-00641375-00641855 like that. And then we'll follow that up
TgtqlnPatSQ-01958-00641537-00642349 with another session on accessing the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01959-00641855-00642349 results from a simulation.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01960-00642469-00642796 Extracting it from the code and then also
TgtqlnPatSQ-01961-00642619-00643045 setting up some additional outputs if you'd
TgtqlnPatSQ-01962-00642796-00643224 like to do that. So again, these are great
TgtqlnPatSQ-01963-00643045-00643538 opportunities to get involved with
TgtqlnPatSQ-01964-00643224-00643786 learning about the code as a user and we
TgtqlnPatSQ-01965-00643538-00644055 highly encourage everyone to take
TgtqlnPatSQ-01966-00643786-00644055 advantage of that.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01967-00644803-00645367 All right, so I want to thank
TgtqlnPatSQ-01968-00645028-00645607 everyone for joining us here today. Look for
TgtqlnPatSQ-01969-00645367-00645805 again those announcements on those training
TgtqlnPatSQ-01970-00645607-00646156 webinars as well as for our announcement on
TgtqlnPatSQ-01971-00645805-00646443 the actual xLPR code release. Craig,
TgtqlnPatSQ-01972-00646156-00646443 did you want to add anything?
TgtqlnPatSQ-01973-00648588-00649306 Okay Craig just interrupt me if you
TgtqlnPatSQ-01974-00648859-00649477 would like to. So again, if you have any
TgtqlnPatSQ-01975-00649306-00649821 questions you can reach out to Craig or I.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01976-00649477-00650008 We monitor these email addresses xLPR@nrc,gov
TgtqlnPatSQ-01977-00649821-00650640 and xLPR@epri.com.
TgtqlnPatSQ-01978-00650008-00650863 Matt I was speaking into a muted
TgtqlnPatSQ-01979-00650640-00651184 phone. I have two mute buttons and they
TgtqlnPatSQ-01980-00650863-00651406 weren't synched well. Yes, we appreciate
TgtqlnPatSQ-01981-00651184-00651903 everyone's participation today - the
TgtqlnPatSQ-01982-00651406-00652198 active interaction with questions. 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01983-00651903-00652540 We look forward to delivering the code to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01984-00652198-00652951 you very shortly, and your participation
TgtqlnPatSQ-01985-00652540-00653476 in future training, and use of the code
TgtqlnPatSQ-01986-00652951-00654115 and your feedback. Yeah thanks, Craig, that’s
TgtqlnPatSQ-01987-00653476-00654280 well said. Okay, all right, that's 
TgtqlnPatSQ-01988-00654115-00654403 all we had for today. I just want to
TgtqlnPatSQ-01989-00654280-00654535 remind everyone after the meeting ends
TgtqlnPatSQ-01990-00654403-00654790 if you would like to provide feedback
TgtqlnPatSQ-01991-00654535-00655003 and help us understand your views about
TgtqlnPatSQ-01992-00654790-00655405 this NRC meeting and potentially improve
TgtqlnPatSQ-01993-00655003-00655638 future NRC meetings, you can do that and
TgtqlnPatSQ-01994-00655405-00655927 just go to NRC.gov. Look for the public
TgtqlnPatSQ-01995-00655638-00656158 meeting schedule webpage and click on
TgtqlnPatSQ-01996-00655927-00656448 show recently held meetings and you can
TgtqlnPatSQ-01997-00656158-00656542 find this meeting listed there. Click on
TgtqlnPatSQ-01998-00656448-00656740 that and then there'll be a meeting
TgtqlnPatSQ-01999-00656542-00656988 feedback form you can submit
TgtqlnPatSQ-02000-00656740-00656988 right there.
TgtqlnPatSQ-02001-00657118-00657652 Please do that if you feel like you can
TgtqlnPatSQ-02002-00657325-00657904 help us. Otherwise that's all we have
TgtqlnPatSQ-02003-00657652-00658123 today. We'll send out a meeting summary
TgtqlnPatSQ-02004-00657904-00658405 and then also post the video of
TgtqlnPatSQ-02005-00658123-00658597 this course on YouTube. Thanks very much
TgtqlnPatSQ-02006-00658405-00658843 everyone and we look forward to seeing
TgtqlnPatSQ-02007-00658597-00659073 you at the next webinar on the xLPR
TgtqlnPatSQ-02008-00658843-00659073 inputs.
TgtqlnPatSQ-02009-00659173-00659482 Thank you we'll adjourn.
TiQgIQth0TA-00000-00000000-00000534 Fresh off the charcoal. Claypot rice ready to go. Mix it all up
TiQgIQth0TA-00001-00000534-00000875 It smells amazing! We got those crispy bits at the bottom.
TiQgIQth0TA-00002-00000875-00000993 This is a dish where
TiQgIQth0TA-00003-00000993-00001230 the flavors really come in harder and harder.
TiQgIQth0TA-00004-00001230-00001592 Claypot rice is an iconic dish here in KL.
TiQgIQth0TA-00005-00001592-00002168 It is regarded as one of the must eats. So in this episode, we are going to try two
TiQgIQth0TA-00006-00002168-00002729 types of claypot rice. One that we stumbled upon walking
TiQgIQth0TA-00007-00002729-00002880 and one that is
TiQgIQth0TA-00008-00002880-00003601 hidden in Brickfields. So sit back, relax, grab some bites too. You might get hungry.
TiQgIQth0TA-00009-00003601-00004034 So we actually stumbled on this place after having late lunch around here the other
TiQgIQth0TA-00010-00004034-00004418 day in Brickfields. We've been wanting to have claypot rice for quite a while now. So they
TiQgIQth0TA-00011-00004418-00004802 cook this one over charcoal, which is amazing. It's already the spectacle in
TiQgIQth0TA-00012-00004802-00005240 itself when you see it. So when you see it like this, you have to come and try it. Looks amazing.
TiQgIQth0TA-00013-00005240-00005569 Smells great. So you have the clay pot here. It's on top of this plate that's
TiQgIQth0TA-00014-00005569-00005915 covered in foil and then we also have a newspaper in between that plate and the
TiQgIQth0TA-00015-00005915-00006239 claypot. We have chopped up pieces of chicken on the bone, we have the lap
TiQgIQth0TA-00016-00006239-00006584 cheong, the Chinese sausage. You have chopped scallions looks like there's a dark
TiQgIQth0TA-00017-00006584-00006956 sauce - probably soy sauce. We're gonna find that out soon. Also
TiQgIQth0TA-00018-00006956-00007006 have veggies too. We also get our stir-fried veggies here.
TiQgIQth0TA-00019-00007006-00007418 Fresh off the charcoal
TiQgIQth0TA-00020-00007418-00007878 Claypot rice ready to go. Mix it all up
TiQgIQth0TA-00021-00007878-00008413 It smells amazing. You got those crispy bits at the bottom. Sometimes in New York you
TiQgIQth0TA-00022-00008413-00008734 know sometimes you go to the Dominican spot you call it the "con con." You want the con
TiQgIQth0TA-00023-00008734-00009107 con at the bottom - the crispy rice.
TiQgIQth0TA-00024-00009107-00009642 Try the rice by itself first. It smells delicious nice and hot let's give it a go.
TiQgIQth0TA-00025-00010103-00010421 When you mix up like that, you gotta mix those crispy bits and non-crispy bits. Nice
TiQgIQth0TA-00026-00010421-00010832 that you do get that little bit of aroma from charcoal. And what I
TiQgIQth0TA-00027-00010832-00011171 like about it this one's not overly salty. It's got that soy sauce in it,
TiQgIQth0TA-00028-00011171-00011399 but it's not too salty. You get that little bit of crunch from
TiQgIQth0TA-00029-00011399-00011640 the scallions in here too.
TiQgIQth0TA-00030-00012316-00012522 Now let's try it with the chicken.
TiQgIQth0TA-00031-00012655-00013104 Like this chicken is on the bone too. So you get all the cartilage bits
TiQgIQth0TA-00032-00013104-00013635 Here's the piece of the lap cheong, the  Chinese sausage
TiQgIQth0TA-00033-00013820-00014465 Oh yeah. So you take a bite of that lap cheong you get more that fermented kind of sour flavor in
TiQgIQth0TA-00034-00014465-00015081 contrast to everything else. So you know this is more of the heavier flavor with
TiQgIQth0TA-00035-00015081-00015647 the rice but then that lap cheong really gives it a nice like fermented kind of sour flavor.
TiQgIQth0TA-00036-00015647-00015991 Really like that the way it contrasts with the rice
TiQgIQth0TA-00037-00017453-00017822 Cool they give you a little bowl here of cili padi right here. Chopped up .
TiQgIQth0TA-00038-00017822-00018479 cili padi to add some spice. So that's exactly what I'm gonna do. Especially a dish like this
TiQgIQth0TA-00039-00018479-00018836 that isn't really aggressively spiced. Now we're trying to get the money bite
TiQgIQth0TA-00040-00018836-00019166 here. You have the lap cheong, we got the chicken, we got the chili, we got the
TiQgIQth0TA-00041-00019166-00019552 burnt rice, we got it all in one bite. Let's go.
TiQgIQth0TA-00042-00019719-00020230 Wow that cili padi really adds such a nice kick to it. I love the mixture of that
TiQgIQth0TA-00043-00020230-00020590 when you get the lap cheong with a little sweetness, you get the spice of the cili padi, that slight
TiQgIQth0TA-00044-00020590-00021025 saltiness. And you get that nice burnt flavor of the crispy rice. You got that tender
TiQgIQth0TA-00045-00021025-00021642 chicken too. Wow. Also did not forget our veggies
TiQgIQth0TA-00046-00023444-00023937 Up next, a dish that we've never had before. Indian claypot rice packed with
TiQgIQth0TA-00047-00023937-00024529 rich flavors. And it can also be found in Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur's Little
TiQgIQth0TA-00048-00024529-00024988 India. Here at Seni SattiSorru
TiQgIQth0TA-00049-00025303-00025751 For Indian claypot rice. We have never had this before. So excited.
TiQgIQth0TA-00050-00025751-00026036 They have a
TiQgIQth0TA-00051-00026036-00026498 wide selection of the different claypot rice here. So we wanted to go with one
TiQgIQth0TA-00052-00026498-00026699 meat and one seafood. So we got the mutton
TiQgIQth0TA-00053-00026699-00027179 and then we got the sotong - the squid. They look incredible. The aroma coming out of here
TiQgIQth0TA-00054-00027179-00027583 when these arrive at our table was just torture to even just look at it without
TiQgIQth0TA-00055-00027583-00027714 eating it.
TiQgIQth0TA-00056-00027714-00028039 Gonna start with the mutton.
TiQgIQth0TA-00057-00028150-00028562 This is a dish when the flavors really come in harder and harder as you eat it.
TiQgIQth0TA-00058-00028562-00029053 Because that first bite had a big chunk of mutton. Then all the spices came in so
TiQgIQth0TA-00059-00029053-00029605 there's a lot of curry leaves in here. The cumin, the cloves, that cinnamon. Just all those
TiQgIQth0TA-00060-00029605-00030193 wonderful biryani spices that you come to know and love. Man - this is something else.
TiQgIQth0TA-00061-00030193-00030404 Made to order. Incredible!
TiQgIQth0TA-00062-00031680-00031868 Gonna try the sotong - the squid. It's interesting because it
TiQgIQth0TA-00063-00031868-00032247 also comes with chunks of potato in it too.
TiQgIQth0TA-00064-00032691-00033168 This one's delicious too. It doesn't punch you as hard as the mutton one, but it's still quite
TiQgIQth0TA-00065-00033168-00033642 spicy. Has a great flavor and it lets the clean taste of the sotong, the squid, come
TiQgIQth0TA-00066-00033642-00033874 through. It's really good.
TiQgIQth0TA-00067-00034644-00035049 Ohhh so I spotted something really interesting on the drink menu. Saw it was
TiQgIQth0TA-00068-00035049-00035406 jeera, so I looked that up and that's cumin. My dream drink right here. I just
TiQgIQth0TA-00069-00035406-00035880 take one whiff and just you could smell the cumin seeds. There's cumin seeds on the
TiQgIQth0TA-00070-00035880-00036183 bottom! And look at the color. I may have to drink this every single day now.
TiQgIQth0TA-00071-00036183-00036612 If you want to try this place and you're starving, please prepare to
TiQgIQth0TA-00072-00036612-00037119 wait for a few minutes to get your order and to get you order into your table
TiQgIQth0TA-00073-00037119-00037694 because this place is packed. They just serve and serve all the time.
TiQgIQth0TA-00074-00037713-00038018 We will be back for more
TiQgIQth0TA-00075-00038099-00038500 Mutton with a lot of curry leaves
TkWrifIOHnM-00000-00000170-00000782 In this video, I'll talk more about how DNS works and hopefully that will make the previous video
TkWrifIOHnM-00001-00000782-00000893 more clear to you.
TkWrifIOHnM-00002-00000952-00001639 Let's start with some kind of client - that can be a laptop, a phone, anything that can run a web browser.
TkWrifIOHnM-00003-00001685-00002396 In our case, there will also be a Linode server, to be more precise, a VPS running on that server.
TkWrifIOHnM-00004-00002447-00003242 That VPS will have some kind of web server - that can be NGINX, Apache, Caddy, whatever, and that
TkWrifIOHnM-00005-00003242-00003575 web server will be configured to serve do-p.com.
TkWrifIOHnM-00006-00003710-00004382 Now, when you open a web browser on your client and type in do-p.com, your browser does not
TkWrifIOHnM-00007-00004382-00004529 know where to connect.
TkWrifIOHnM-00008-00004556-00004911 Having a domain name is not enough to create a connection.
TkWrifIOHnM-00009-00004913-00005171 It also needs to know its IP address.
TkWrifIOHnM-00010-00005189-00005996 So assuming that there is no DNS cache, your browser needs to resolve a domain name to an IP address.
TkWrifIOHnM-00011-00006020-00006137 How does this work?
TkWrifIOHnM-00012-00006230-00006523 There is this thing called root name server.
TkWrifIOHnM-00013-00006566-00007123 Your browser will take the rightmost part of a domain name - in our case '.com'.
TkWrifIOHnM-00014-00007123-00007808 That is also called a top level domain or TLD, and will send a request to the root name server asking
TkWrifIOHnM-00015-00007808-00007841 it:
TkWrifIOHnM-00016-00007844-00008261 Hey, what are the authoritative name servers for .com domains?
TkWrifIOHnM-00017-00008309-00008783 Root name server will send back a response with a list of those name servers.
TkWrifIOHnM-00018-00008813-00009542 Now your browser can send another request, this time using the next part of a domain name going from
TkWrifIOHnM-00019-00009542-00009662 right to left.
TkWrifIOHnM-00020-00009704-00010292 This time it will ask: Hey, what are the authoritative name servers for the do-p.com?
TkWrifIOHnM-00021-00010319-00010508 It will get back a response.
TkWrifIOHnM-00022-00010508-00011102 And if you remember from the previous video, those will be the three name servers we set up from Linode.
TkWrifIOHnM-00023-00011150-00011846 Now your browser can send one last request to one of those three Linode name servers and ask: Hey,
TkWrifIOHnM-00024-00011846-00012179 what is the A record for do-p.com?
TkWrifIOHnM-00025-00012212-00012887 It will get a response which will include an IP address and now you can connect to the server using
TkWrifIOHnM-00026-00012887-00013254 that IP address and ask for do-p.com.
TkWrifIOHnM-00027-00013274-00013847 Because web server is configured to serve do-p.com, you will get a response.
TkWrifIOHnM-00028-00013877-00014491 There is a lot more to DNS, but this is a good start and it is all we need for now.
TliWxtvwJk0-00000-00001079-00001802 Welcome to discharging time constants of an RC circuit. A capacitor consists of
TliWxtvwJk0-00001-00001802-00002316 two plates on which electrostatic charges develop. when it discharges the
TliWxtvwJk0-00002-00002316-00002901 voltage across its plates decrease to zero. the diagram below and its graph
TliWxtvwJk0-00003-00002901-00003362 show the effect of a series RC circuit from the moment a discharge path is
TliWxtvwJk0-00004-00003362-00003947 provided until five time constants later when the capacitor is fully discharged.
TliWxtvwJk0-00005-00003947-00004407 during the five time constants, the maximum current throughout the RC
TliWxtvwJk0-00006-00004407-00004928 circuit will be 10 milliamps. and the minimum current will be 0 milliamps
TliWxtvwJk0-00007-00004928-00005442 the speed at which the capacitor discharges is determined by the value of
TliWxtvwJk0-00008-00005442-00005922 the capacitor and the value of the resistor. with the switch open there is
TliWxtvwJk0-00009-00005922-00006378 no current flow. the voltage charge at the capacitor is 10 volts and the
TliWxtvwJk0-00010-00006378-00006963 voltage across the resistor is zero volts as shown at the right.
TliWxtvwJk0-00011-00006963-00007523 Time constant zero: the instant switch is closed it is referred to as time
TliWxtvwJk0-00012-00007523-00008054 constant zero. the following circuit conditions occur, the capacitor is
TliWxtvwJk0-00013-00008054-00008574 charged to 10 volts and acts as a power source for the circuit. the capacitor
TliWxtvwJk0-00014-00008574-00009071 begins to discharge at the fastest possible rate. with the only opposition
TliWxtvwJk0-00015-00009071-00009492 to current flow from the resistor current flow is at the maximum value of
TliWxtvwJk0-00016-00009492-00010186 10 milliamps and the voltage across the resistor is 10 volts.
TliWxtvwJk0-00017-00010242-00010894 time constant one. during the first time constant several circuit values changed
TliWxtvwJk0-00018-00010894-00011460 by 63% the following conditions occur the voltage across the capacitor
TliWxtvwJk0-00019-00011460-00012147 decreases from 10 to 3.7 volts. the remaining 3.7 volts from the capacitor
TliWxtvwJk0-00020-00012147-00012750 drop across the resistor the current decreases from 10 milliamps to 3.7
TliWxtvwJk0-00021-00012750-00013473 milliamps. time constants 2, 3, & 4. during each of the time constant intervals
TliWxtvwJk0-00022-00013473-00014172 between 1 to 2, 2 to 3, & 3 to 4, the capacitor voltage resistor voltage and
TliWxtvwJk0-00023-00014172-00015304 circuit current values change by 63%. here is time constant 2: this is time
TliWxtvwJk0-00024-00015304-00015594 constant 3:
TliWxtvwJk0-00025-00015937-00016347 and time constant 4:
TliWxtvwJk0-00026-00016734-00017433 after five time constants, all of the circuit values have changed 100%. the
TliWxtvwJk0-00027-00017433-00017928 following circuit conditions occur the capacitor is fully discharged and acts
TliWxtvwJk0-00028-00017928-00018504 like an open. the voltage across the capacitor is zero volts. the voltage
TliWxtvwJk0-00029-00018504-00019031 across the resistor is zero volts, and since the capacitor is no longer
TliWxtvwJk0-00030-00019031-00019795 discharging, the circuit amperage is zero amps. You have completed this activity,
TliWxtvwJk0-00031-00019795-00020261 discharging time constants of an RC circuit.
UoXPuejF4mE-00000-00000069-00000554 Chapter 14 "Some time elapsed before I learned the history
UoXPuejF4mE-00001-00000554-00000730 of my friends.
UoXPuejF4mE-00002-00000730-00001194 It was one which could not fail to impress itself deeply on my mind, unfolding as it
UoXPuejF4mE-00003-00001194-00001785 did a number of circumstances, each interesting and wonderful to one so utterly inexperienced
UoXPuejF4mE-00004-00001785-00001914 as I was.
UoXPuejF4mE-00005-00001914-00002263 "The name of the old man was De Lacey.
UoXPuejF4mE-00006-00002263-00002837 He was descended from a good family in France, where he had lived for many years in affluence,
UoXPuejF4mE-00007-00002837-00003297 respected by his superiors and beloved by his equals.
UoXPuejF4mE-00008-00003297-00003832 His son was bred in the service of his country, and Agatha had ranked with ladies of the highest
UoXPuejF4mE-00009-00003832-00003974 distinction.
UoXPuejF4mE-00010-00003974-00004521 A few months before my arrival they had lived in a large and luxurious city called Paris,
UoXPuejF4mE-00011-00004521-00005020 surrounded by friends and possessed of every enjoyment which virtue, refinement of intellect,
UoXPuejF4mE-00012-00005020-00005421 or taste, accompanied by a moderate fortune, could afford.
UoXPuejF4mE-00013-00005421-00005849 "The father of Safie had been the cause of their ruin.
UoXPuejF4mE-00014-00005849-00006378 He was a Turkish merchant and had inhabited Paris for many years, when, for some reason
UoXPuejF4mE-00015-00006378-00006736 which I could not learn, he became obnoxious to the government.
UoXPuejF4mE-00016-00006736-00007287 He was seized and cast into prison the very day that Safie arrived from Constantinople
UoXPuejF4mE-00017-00007287-00007411 to join him.
UoXPuejF4mE-00018-00007411-00007741 He was tried and condemned to death.
UoXPuejF4mE-00019-00007741-00008288 The injustice of his sentence was very flagrant; all Paris was indignant; and it was judged
UoXPuejF4mE-00020-00008288-00008700 that his religion and wealth rather than the crime alleged against him had been the cause
UoXPuejF4mE-00021-00008700-00008865 of his condemnation.
UoXPuejF4mE-00022-00008865-00009517 "Felix had accidentally been present at the trial; his horror and indignation were uncontrollable
UoXPuejF4mE-00023-00009517-00009777 when he heard the decision of the court.
UoXPuejF4mE-00024-00009777-00010316 He made, at that moment, a solemn vow to deliver him and then looked around for the means.
UoXPuejF4mE-00025-00010316-00010795 After many fruitless attempts to gain admittance to the prison, he found a strongly grated
UoXPuejF4mE-00026-00010795-00011299 window in an unguarded part of the building, which lighted the dungeon of the unfortunate
UoXPuejF4mE-00027-00011299-00011843 Muhammadan, who, loaded with chains, waited in despair the execution of the barbarous
UoXPuejF4mE-00028-00011843-00012008 sentence.
UoXPuejF4mE-00029-00012008-00012458 Felix visited the grate at night and made known to the prisoner his intentions in his
UoXPuejF4mE-00030-00012458-00012580 favour.
UoXPuejF4mE-00031-00012580-00013138 The Turk, amazed and delighted, endeavoured to kindle the zeal of his deliverer by promises
UoXPuejF4mE-00032-00013138-00013355 of reward and wealth.
UoXPuejF4mE-00033-00013355-00013853 Felix rejected his offers with contempt, yet when he saw the lovely Safie, who was allowed
UoXPuejF4mE-00034-00013853-00014345 to visit her father and who by her gestures expressed her lively gratitude, the youth
UoXPuejF4mE-00035-00014345-00014835 could not help owning to his own mind that the captive possessed a treasure which would
UoXPuejF4mE-00036-00014835-00015080 fully reward his toil and hazard.
UoXPuejF4mE-00037-00015080-00015497 "The Turk quickly perceived the impression that his daughter had made on the heart of
UoXPuejF4mE-00038-00015497-00016055 Felix and endeavoured to secure him more entirely in his interests by the promise of her hand
UoXPuejF4mE-00039-00016055-00016546 in marriage so soon as he should be conveyed to a place of safety.
UoXPuejF4mE-00040-00016546-00017045 Felix was too delicate to accept this offer, yet he looked forward to the probability of
UoXPuejF4mE-00041-00017045-00017295 the event as to the consummation of his happiness.
UoXPuejF4mE-00042-00017295-00017822 "During the ensuing days, while the preparations were going forward for the escape of the merchant,
UoXPuejF4mE-00043-00017822-00018368 the zeal of Felix was warmed by several letters that he received from this lovely girl, who
UoXPuejF4mE-00044-00018368-00018820 found means to express her thoughts in the language of her lover by the aid of an old
UoXPuejF4mE-00045-00018820-00019249 man, a servant of her father who understood French.
UoXPuejF4mE-00046-00019249-00019784 She thanked him in the most ardent terms for his intended services towards her parent,
UoXPuejF4mE-00047-00019784-00020133 and at the same time she gently deplored her own fate.
UoXPuejF4mE-00048-00020133-00020634 "I have copies of these letters, for I found means, during my residence in the hovel, to
UoXPuejF4mE-00049-00020634-00021187 procure the implements of writing; and the letters were often in the hands of Felix or
UoXPuejF4mE-00050-00021187-00021287 Agatha.
UoXPuejF4mE-00051-00021287-00021842 Before I depart I will give them to you; they will prove the truth of my tale; but at present,
UoXPuejF4mE-00052-00021842-00022291 as the sun is already far declined, I shall only have time to repeat the substance of
UoXPuejF4mE-00053-00022291-00022396 them to you.
UoXPuejF4mE-00054-00022396-00023006 "Safie related that her mother was a Christian Arab, seized and made a slave by the Turks;
UoXPuejF4mE-00055-00023006-00023468 recommended by her beauty, she had won the heart of the father of Safie, who married
UoXPuejF4mE-00056-00023468-00023568 her.
UoXPuejF4mE-00057-00023568-00024033 The young girl spoke in high and enthusiastic terms of her mother, who, born in freedom,
UoXPuejF4mE-00058-00024033-00024336 spurned the bondage to which she was now reduced.
UoXPuejF4mE-00059-00024336-00024739 She instructed her daughter in the tenets of her religion and taught her to aspire to
UoXPuejF4mE-00060-00024739-00025267 higher powers of intellect and an independence of spirit forbidden to the female followers
UoXPuejF4mE-00061-00025267-00025437 of Muhammad.
UoXPuejF4mE-00062-00025437-00025948 This lady died, but her lessons were indelibly impressed on the mind of Safie, who sickened
UoXPuejF4mE-00063-00025948-00026477 at the prospect of again returning to Asia and being immured within the walls of a harem,
UoXPuejF4mE-00064-00026477-00027006 allowed only to occupy herself with infantile amusements, ill-suited to the temper of her
UoXPuejF4mE-00065-00027006-00027488 soul, now accustomed to grand ideas and a noble emulation for virtue.
UoXPuejF4mE-00066-00027488-00027906 The prospect of marrying a Christian and remaining in a country where women were allowed to take
UoXPuejF4mE-00067-00027906-00028277 a rank in society was enchanting to her.
UoXPuejF4mE-00068-00028277-00028841 "The day for the execution of the Turk was fixed, but on the night previous to it he
UoXPuejF4mE-00069-00028841-00029333 quitted his prison and before morning was distant many leagues from Paris.
UoXPuejF4mE-00070-00029333-00029877 Felix had procured passports in the name of his father, sister, and himself.
UoXPuejF4mE-00071-00029877-00030363 He had previously communicated his plan to the former, who aided the deceit by quitting
UoXPuejF4mE-00072-00030363-00030880 his house, under the pretence of a journey and concealed himself, with his daughter,
UoXPuejF4mE-00073-00030880-00031125 in an obscure part of Paris.
UoXPuejF4mE-00074-00031125-00031726 "Felix conducted the fugitives through France to Lyons and across Mont Cenis to Leghorn,
UoXPuejF4mE-00075-00031726-00032252 where the merchant had decided to wait a favourable opportunity of passing into some part of the
UoXPuejF4mE-00076-00032252-00032394 Turkish dominions.
UoXPuejF4mE-00077-00032394-00032843 "Safie resolved to remain with her father until the moment of his departure, before
UoXPuejF4mE-00078-00032843-00033372 which time the Turk renewed his promise that she should be united to his deliverer; and
UoXPuejF4mE-00079-00033372-00033853 Felix remained with them in expectation of that event; and in the meantime he enjoyed
UoXPuejF4mE-00080-00033853-00034460 the society of the Arabian, who exhibited towards him the simplest and tenderest affection.
UoXPuejF4mE-00081-00034460-00034887 They conversed with one another through the means of an interpreter, and sometimes with
UoXPuejF4mE-00082-00034887-00035496 the interpretation of looks; and Safie sang to him the divine airs of her native country.
UoXPuejF4mE-00083-00035496-00036097 "The Turk allowed this intimacy to take place and encouraged the hopes of the youthful lovers,
UoXPuejF4mE-00084-00036097-00036569 while in his heart he had formed far other plans.
UoXPuejF4mE-00085-00036569-00037100 He loathed the idea that his daughter should be united to a Christian, but he feared the
UoXPuejF4mE-00086-00037100-00037700 resentment of Felix if he should appear lukewarm, for he knew that he was still in the power
UoXPuejF4mE-00087-00037700-00038302 of his deliverer if he should choose to betray him to the Italian state which they inhabited.
UoXPuejF4mE-00088-00038302-00038883 He revolved a thousand plans by which he should be enabled to prolong the deceit until it
UoXPuejF4mE-00089-00038883-00039527 might be no longer necessary, and secretly to take his daughter with him when he departed.
UoXPuejF4mE-00090-00039527-00039941 His plans were facilitated by the news which arrived from Paris.
UoXPuejF4mE-00091-00039941-00040488 "The government of France were greatly enraged at the escape of their victim and spared no
UoXPuejF4mE-00092-00040488-00040840 pains to detect and punish his deliverer.
UoXPuejF4mE-00093-00040840-00041463 The plot of Felix was quickly discovered, and De Lacey and Agatha were thrown into prison.
UoXPuejF4mE-00094-00041463-00041886 The news reached Felix and roused him from his dream of pleasure.
UoXPuejF4mE-00095-00041886-00042482 His blind and aged father and his gentle sister lay in a noisome dungeon while he enjoyed
UoXPuejF4mE-00096-00042482-00042925 the free air and the society of her whom he loved.
UoXPuejF4mE-00097-00042925-00043198 This idea was torture to him.
UoXPuejF4mE-00098-00043198-00043572 He quickly arranged with the Turk that if the latter should find a favourable opportunity
UoXPuejF4mE-00099-00043572-00044216 for escape before Felix could return to Italy, Safie should remain as a boarder at a convent
UoXPuejF4mE-00100-00044216-00044769 at Leghorn; and then, quitting the lovely Arabian, he hastened to Paris and delivered
UoXPuejF4mE-00101-00044769-00045416 himself up to the vengeance of the law, hoping to free De Lacey and Agatha by this proceeding.
UoXPuejF4mE-00102-00045416-00045687 "He did not succeed.
UoXPuejF4mE-00103-00045687-00046225 They remained confined for five months before the trial took place, the result of which
UoXPuejF4mE-00104-00046225-00046694 deprived them of their fortune and condemned them to a perpetual exile from their native
UoXPuejF4mE-00105-00046694-00046794 country.
UoXPuejF4mE-00106-00046794-00047321 "They found a miserable asylum in the cottage in Germany, where I discovered them.
UoXPuejF4mE-00107-00047321-00047803 Felix soon learned that the treacherous Turk, for whom he and his family endured such unheard-of
UoXPuejF4mE-00108-00047803-00048370 oppression, on discovering that his deliverer was thus reduced to poverty and ruin, became
UoXPuejF4mE-00109-00048370-00048946 a traitor to good feeling and honour and had quitted Italy with his daughter, insultingly
UoXPuejF4mE-00110-00048946-00049553 sending Felix a pittance of money to aid him, as he said, in some plan of future maintenance.
UoXPuejF4mE-00111-00049553-00050138 "Such were the events that preyed on the heart of Felix and rendered him, when I first saw
UoXPuejF4mE-00112-00050138-00050459 him, the most miserable of his family.
UoXPuejF4mE-00113-00050459-00050974 He could have endured poverty, and while this distress had been the meed of his virtue,
UoXPuejF4mE-00114-00050974-00051509 he gloried in it; but the ingratitude of the Turk and the loss of his beloved Safie were
UoXPuejF4mE-00115-00051509-00051832 misfortunes more bitter and irreparable.
UoXPuejF4mE-00116-00051832-00052220 The arrival of the Arabian now infused new life into his soul.
UoXPuejF4mE-00117-00052220-00052764 "When the news reached Leghorn that Felix was deprived of his wealth and rank, the merchant
UoXPuejF4mE-00118-00052764-00053238 commanded his daughter to think no more of her lover, but to prepare to return to her
UoXPuejF4mE-00119-00053238-00053433 native country.
UoXPuejF4mE-00120-00053433-00053987 The generous nature of Safie was outraged by this command; she attempted to expostulate
UoXPuejF4mE-00121-00053987-00054544 with her father, but he left her angrily, reiterating his tyrannical mandate.
UoXPuejF4mE-00122-00054544-00055108 "A few days after, the Turk entered his daughter's apartment and told her hastily that he had
UoXPuejF4mE-00123-00055108-00055633 reason to believe that his residence at Leghorn had been divulged and that he should speedily
UoXPuejF4mE-00124-00055633-00056141 be delivered up to the French government; he had consequently hired a vessel to convey
UoXPuejF4mE-00125-00056141-00056619 him to Constantinople, for which city he should sail in a few hours.
UoXPuejF4mE-00126-00056619-00057108 He intended to leave his daughter under the care of a confidential servant, to follow
UoXPuejF4mE-00127-00057108-00057723 at her leisure with the greater part of his property, which had not yet arrived at Leghorn.
UoXPuejF4mE-00128-00057723-00058242 "When alone, Safie resolved in her own mind the plan of conduct that it would become her
UoXPuejF4mE-00129-00058242-00058454 to pursue in this emergency.
UoXPuejF4mE-00130-00058454-00058987 A residence in Turkey was abhorrent to her; her religion and her feelings were alike averse
UoXPuejF4mE-00131-00058987-00059126 to it.
UoXPuejF4mE-00132-00059126-00059694 By some papers of her father which fell into her hands she heard of the exile of her lover
UoXPuejF4mE-00133-00059694-00060110 and learnt the name of the spot where he then resided.
UoXPuejF4mE-00134-00060110-00060530 She hesitated some time, but at length she formed her determination.
UoXPuejF4mE-00135-00060530-00061022 Taking with her some jewels that belonged to her and a sum of money, she quitted Italy
UoXPuejF4mE-00136-00061022-00061611 with an attendant, a native of Leghorn, but who understood the common language of Turkey,
UoXPuejF4mE-00137-00061611-00061782 and departed for Germany.
UoXPuejF4mE-00138-00061782-00062348 "She arrived in safety at a town about twenty leagues from the cottage of De Lacey, when
UoXPuejF4mE-00139-00062348-00062576 her attendant fell dangerously ill.
UoXPuejF4mE-00140-00062576-00063226 Safie nursed her with the most devoted affection, but the poor girl died, and the Arabian was
UoXPuejF4mE-00141-00063226-00063766 left alone, unacquainted with the language of the country and utterly ignorant of the
UoXPuejF4mE-00142-00063766-00063970 customs of the world.
UoXPuejF4mE-00143-00063970-00064301 She fell, however, into good hands.
UoXPuejF4mE-00144-00064301-00064773 The Italian had mentioned the name of the spot for which they were bound, and after
UoXPuejF4mE-00145-00064773-00065239 her death the woman of the house in which they had lived took care that Safie should
UoXPuejF4mE-00146-00065239-00065541 arrive in safety at the cottage of her lover."
UocvJRgJ-pM-00000-00000680-00001042 There's Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00001-00001264-00002000 Vojvodina, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo Macedonia.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00002-00002018-00002706 These two come together and becomes Serbia. Only Serbia.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00003-00002796-00003315 Do you see? After 1989,  the two autonomous regions...
UocvJRgJ-pM-00004-00003338-00003561 (You can eat the biscuits).
UocvJRgJ-pM-00005-00004356-00004420 There you have it.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00006-00022106-00022536 Ha! Can you hear the engine roar?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00007-00022578-00023714 *singing*
UocvJRgJ-pM-00008-00023774-00024208 My dear successor, that is what you are now,
UocvJRgJ-pM-00009-00024208-00024406 you've struck a good deal.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00010-00024406-00024614 From now on, my clients are yours.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00011-00024614-00024982 If any patient asks for my help, I'll say:
UocvJRgJ-pM-00012-00024984-00025394 "You are mistaken, sir, the new doctor is there!"
UocvJRgJ-pM-00013-00025504-00025704 What does it mean?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00014-00025704-00025998 Does it mean I'll never get paid?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00015-00026010-00026380 No, Michaelmas is a well-known holiday.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00016-00026380-00026580 It's on September 29.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00017-00027156-00027560 ... Did you hear the doctor? Clients like the butcher or the baker…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00018-00027560-00027768 ... a high mortality, you say…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00019-00027768-00027882 Ha?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00020-00027944-00028208 What do you do with returning patients?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00021-00028212-00028683 The best type of patients are those who leave you alone!
UocvJRgJ-pM-00022-00028683-00028927 - Alone? - Let me explain.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00023-00028930-00029104 I understand now.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00024-00029104-00029300 At last!
UocvJRgJ-pM-00025-00029326-00029477 My dear colleague,
UocvJRgJ-pM-00026-00029477-00029744 you've sold me, for several thousand francs
UocvJRgJ-pM-00027-00029744-00030124 which I still owe you, a clientele like this car.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00028-00030166-00030339 I wouldn't part with it for less than six thousand.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00029-00030339-00030462 I knew it.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00030-00030462-00030626 If you made me a serious offer…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00031-00030626-00031000 Ah, medicine can be a rich field, but you must work the land.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00032-00031000-00031180 Your youthful dreams have betrayed you.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00033-00031242-00031550 My dear colleague, you are entirely mistaken.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00034-00031668-00032014 How so? Did you not graduate last summer?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00035-00032016-00032526 Yes, with a 32 page dissertation on so-called health.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00036-00032526-00032842 It had an epigraph I attributed to Dr. Claude Bernard:
UocvJRgJ-pM-00037-00032842-00033316 "Good health is for people who don't know they're ill."
UocvJRgJ-pM-00038-00034996-00035192 Are you the village crier?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00039-00035192-00035440 No, it was over there, at the police station.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00040-00035562-00035874 Ok, let's go. Good.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00041-00036050-00036206 Let's start.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00042-00036456-00036866 What am I doing here? What am I doing here? What am I doing here?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00043-00036866-00037062 Come on, let's go.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00044-00037062-00037492 Ah, shit! No, no, this can't be. Stop!
UocvJRgJ-pM-00045-00037672-00037982 What the hell am I doing here?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00046-00038134-00038256 Shall we go?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00047-00038312-00038674 We had a high mortality rate,  more than in the big cities.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00048-00038674-00039152 - You had compared the data. - Our percentage surpassed 83 districts.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00049-00039152-00039464 - Did they look for a treatment? - Only towards the end of the epidemic.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00050-00039464-00039784 - And we made good money at Michaelmas. - I beg your pardon?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00051-00039784-00039938 Yes, patients here pay you at Michaelmas.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00052-00039938-00040274 - This is no good. - Yes, Lina has to stand there.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00053-00040274-00040508 - Lina, this isn't working. - Yes, but, uh…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00054-00040508-00040764 No, no, no, NO!
UocvJRgJ-pM-00055-00040764-00041102 I explained a thousand times
UocvJRgJ-pM-00056-00041112-00041687 why you react this way here,  why you're both standing there !
UocvJRgJ-pM-00057-00041687-00042088 And you still don't get it! This is no good.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00058-00042322-00042472 I don't understand.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00059-00042852-00042968 Lina.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00060-00042982-00043208 Ok, I have to prepare this,  before he pushes me away,
UocvJRgJ-pM-00061-00043208-00043408 I have to stand there.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00062-00043408-00043944 Yes, you're scared, then you  cross the stage from the front.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00063-00044066-00044198 In a straight line.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00064-00044198-00044464 I thought it was later,  when he comes to push me.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00065-00044464-00044740 - No, no, no, no. - Ok.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00066-00044740-00045154 React instinctively, like an animal,  as you usually do, don't...
UocvJRgJ-pM-00067-00045154-00045460 I don't understand why  it's not working at this point.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00068-00045460-00045772 Look, you're not standing  where you should, it's wrong.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00069-00045772-00046084 You're not where you should be,  I can see it.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00070-00046084-00046350 - Ah yes, here. - Stand in the right place.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00071-00046372-00046596 - Let me see… - In front, there.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00072-00046612-00046936 Come closer. You should be  standing closer to each other. There!
UocvJRgJ-pM-00073-00046936-00047300 You're not standing properly,  stand straight, your back stiff.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00074-00047300-00047696 No, Marc, you're not standing straight, no…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00075-00047696-00047808 You mean like this?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00076-00047808-00048240 Yes ! You must stand really straight.  There. Continue.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00077-00048240-00048442 At some point, several ladies  indulged in spiritism.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00078-00048468-00048682 - Ha! - But I think they've stopped.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00079-00048852-00049292 In other words, the medical age can begin.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00080-00049432-00049636 - Please… - I beg your pardon?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00081-00049736-00049936 - Good ! - My dear colleague…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00082-00049936-00050412 Let's take advantage…  of the beautiful set behind us.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00083-00050428-00050936 Take a good look at it, try to feel  everything that's behind you.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00084-00050936-00051515 If we take a closer look,  there could be treasures
UocvJRgJ-pM-00085-00051515-00051959 broken teeth, maybe chopped-off arms, hands, and all.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00086-00052044-00052300 Behind you is life!
UocvJRgJ-pM-00087-00052415-00053205 Oh really? Ah, I see.  Yes, arms and hands… I see, yes…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00088-00053796-00054055 Ok, are you ready? Let's start over…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00089-00054096-00054352 - Who are all these people? - They're patients.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00090-00054352-00054652 - Patients? - Yes, patients, sick people on therapy.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00091-00054652-00054844 - Where do they come from? - These patients?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00092-00054844-00055074 Well, in the past few weeks,  they come from everywhere.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00093-00055074-00055300 At first, it was just visitors.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00094-00055300-00055514 I don't understand.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00095-00055514-00055952 Yes, people just visiting the town  of Saint-Maurice on business.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00096-00055952-00056484 Then they heard of Dr Knock and  went for a check-up, just in case.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00097-00056484-00056966 Obviously, they didn't know how ill they were,  but they guessed something was wrong.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00098-00056967-00057504 If they hadn't been lucky enough to  come to Saint-Maurice, many would be dead by now.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00099-00057512-00057666 Why dead?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00100-00057666-00058024 As they suspected nothing,  they would've continued to eat, to drink,
UocvJRgJ-pM-00101-00058024-00058290 and to do all sorts of dangerous things.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00102-00058684-00058910 All of these people stayed here?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00103-00058910-00059555 Yes. After seeing Dr Knock,  they hurried to bed and began their treatment..
UocvJRgJ-pM-00104-00059676-00060172 Now it's different. Now people  travel on purpose to see the doctor.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00105-00060220-00060555 The problem is that there isn't enough room.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00106-00060555-00060788 We're going to have to build an extension.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00107-00067812-00068628 And someone said, a lady in the bus :  "Don't move, we can see their faces."
UocvJRgJ-pM-00108-00068968-00069294 So we didn't move.  We were right to do that on that day,
UocvJRgJ-pM-00109-00069294-00069532 everyone made it back home.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00110-00069596-00069876 Maybe for the next bus…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00111-00069876-00070200 maybe they covered their faces and…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00112-00070330-00070458 and...
UocvJRgJ-pM-00113-00070654-00070824 who knows what could've happened.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00114-00071048-00071576 So in December 1998 and...
UocvJRgJ-pM-00115-00071968-00072472 ... and January of 1999,
UocvJRgJ-pM-00116-00072472-00072920 I was in Kosovo, I came here.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00117-00073032-00073518 I travelled on this road. I did that.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00118-00073520-00073726 I rode down this road.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00119-00073726-00073968 I rode this road?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00120-00074494-00074782 I took a bus…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00121-00074782-00075308 It was winter. Obviously, it was already dangerous over here.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00122-00075456-00076068 I took this road between Prishtina and Gjakova…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00123-00076256-00076548 Few Albanians took this road…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00124-00076792-00076966 The smell…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00125-00077024-00077324 The smell of rotting corpses…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00126-00077510-00077876 You'd see rotting animals, cows…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00127-00077944-00078100 I saw one…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00128-00078100-00078354 There were dogs also, many, of course …
UocvJRgJ-pM-00129-00078376-00078694 but especially cows and horses.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00130-00078944-00079192 The smell was really strong,
UocvJRgJ-pM-00131-00079192-00079544 so we didn't know if it was just dead animals.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00132-00079546-00079808 Or something else too.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00133-00080028-00080376 The second thing...
UocvJRgJ-pM-00134-00080376-00080980 is that every 20 metres or so,  on each side of the road,
UocvJRgJ-pM-00135-00080980-00081640 there were men with guns and kalashnikovs.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00136-00082020-00082330 Why am I talking to you about this road?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00137-00082330-00082792 Because between Prishtina and Gjakova,
UocvJRgJ-pM-00138-00082792-00083362 the only houses that hadn't been destroyed
UocvJRgJ-pM-00139-00083362-00083614 belonged to Serbs.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00140-00083614-00084072 They were identified with a cross,  the Serbian cross.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00141-00084236-00084430 Everything had been burnt.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00142-00084430-00084858 Today it's hard to imagine,  because you see all these houses.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00143-00084858-00085092 It's hard to imagine.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00144-00085092-00085788 There wasn't a single house still standing  that hadn't a cross on it.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00145-00087540-00087910 Why in March ?  You said March…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00146-00087914-00088288 - Because in March… - They went full blast…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00147-00088288-00088664 Because then there were NATO strikes and…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00148-00088788-00089090 You mean that they became  more violent during the strikes ?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00149-00089090-00089642 Of course. As an Albanian,  you couldn't be seen outside in daylight.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00150-00089784-00090182 Albanians lived at night during that period.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00151-00093362-00093990 *indistinct chatter in Albanian*
UocvJRgJ-pM-00152-00097406-00097634 I saw a play in Gjakova
UocvJRgJ-pM-00153-00097636-00097878 You know what he says at the end?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00154-00097878-00098046 He says to the mother…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00155-00098046-00098234 - Everyone had to make a fire? - Yes.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00156-00098234-00098510 - When? - In every village. At this hour.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00157-00098510-00098658 - At nighttime? There was a specific hour?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00158-00098658-00098886 Yes, when it's dark, so people could see each other.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00159-00098892-00099606 We'd make a fire like this on April 30, here in Kosovo…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00160-00099606-00099966 - People had a party or were they forced to do this?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00161-00099966-00100168 - No, the Communists said: you have to do this.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00162-00100168-00100318 - But not in France.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00163-00100318-00100574 - No, France was not Communist.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00164-00100574-00100954 Not on May 1st, but on the evening of April 30.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00165-00103826-00104156 'Frikë' means you're scared.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00166-00104156-00104406 Can you see something with your glasses?  Does someone…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00167-00104406-00104564 Of course, you can see.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00168-00104564-00104864 Does someone... have...
UocvJRgJ-pM-00169-00104864-00105242 - There's no problem. - I don't have my glasses, and I can see.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00170-00105242-00105509 Seriously, does someone over there see anything?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00171-00105570-00105716 Enough!
UocvJRgJ-pM-00172-00105716-00105966 - What's that? - It's your last cue.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00173-00106011-00106264 - Ha! "Peace"? - No, "Enough".
UocvJRgJ-pM-00174-00106264-00106558 - No. "I want peace!"
UocvJRgJ-pM-00175-00106572-00106796 -No, it's not the last cue, it's…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00176-00106992-00107218 Turn off the lights on the other side!
UocvJRgJ-pM-00177-00107259-00107402 Keep only light 11!
UocvJRgJ-pM-00178-00107402-00107804 -We have a few slots free, do you want to use them? -Ok, but not all of them.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00179-00107820-00108116 Give me number 5!
UocvJRgJ-pM-00180-00108314-00108542 OK.  Give me number 6!
UocvJRgJ-pM-00181-00108628-00108940 You can turn off the lights downstage.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00182-00109535-00109735 Turn on 26!
UocvJRgJ-pM-00183-00109858-00110088 Is the blue OK for you, Nikson?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00184-00110174-00110383 - Yes. Is it the same as on the other side?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00185-00110396-00110535 Yes.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00186-00111164-00111530 There’s the scene between the drapes.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00187-00111668-00112109 - In the square? - Yes, also downstage on both sides.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00188-00112444-00112911 - Over there everything is blue. - It’s great if it can be all blue!
UocvJRgJ-pM-00189-00113396-00113974 *indistinct chatter in Albanian*
UocvJRgJ-pM-00190-00116106-00116609 Abdul, pull up the subtitle screen, do it slowly.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00191-00116832-00117072 - Higher?  - That’s fine.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00192-00117202-00117311 Yes?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00193-00117516-00117674 Will you remember me?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00194-00117704-00117818 When?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00195-00118028-00118176 When I'll be there?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00196-00118226-00118472 Stop thinking about it all the time.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00197-00118472-00119008 I'm not thinking about it all the time!  It just crossed my mind. Sorry…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00198-00119008-00119258 Why don't you go out for a walk?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00199-00119444-00119638 *banging on door*
UocvJRgJ-pM-00200-00119676-00119809 Is it them?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00201-00119950-00120133 *banging on door*
UocvJRgJ-pM-00202-00120300-00120442 Shall I open?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00203-00120606-00120752 You've got no choice.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00204-00121616-00121816 Good evening, Professor…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00205-00121933-00122858 Thank you for this interview, Nikson, and congratulations on tonight's performance at the National Theatre.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00206-00122872-00123256 It’s my pleasure to be here, thank you.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00207-00123316-00123440 It was a pleasure.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00208-00123440-00123816 Dear viewers, I urge you to go see the play tonight!
UocvJRgJ-pM-00209-00125720-00125954 Yeah…why not?
UocvJRgJ-pM-00210-00126154-00126674 Muhammad meets Jesus in Jerusalem… that's a good one ...
UocvJRgJ-pM-00211-00126814-00127140 We could get a big crowd and make some money.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00212-00127778-00128182 Or Prince Skanderberg…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00213-00128418-00128766 ...with a sword, a horse, onstage.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00214-00129328-00129785 Come on, let's go get our things. Let's go see the theater.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00215-00136814-00137276 So the Kosovars came back like this, all broken in pieces…
UocvJRgJ-pM-00216-00137276-00137632 - In small bits, yes… - Yes, they're more or less broken, in bits, we're like this.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00217-00137662-00138036 Yes, but you went from here, to there, over the years...
UocvJRgJ-pM-00218-00138036-00138356 - No, I left from there, like this… - Yes, there.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00219-00138356-00138516 And then you came back.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00220-00138570-00138932 Everyone used to say: it started in Kosovo, it'll end in Kosovo.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00221-00138932-00139136 I hope it's over in Kosovo, war I mean.
UocvJRgJ-pM-00222-00139136-00139244 I hope so.
U14v7jJUnSk-00000-00000000-00000488 so how do we build an audience from scratch? the first thing we have to
U14v7jJUnSk-00001-00000488-00001217 understand is: what is a true audience? because it's actually not hard to use
U14v7jJUnSk-00002-00001217-00001785 Facebook ads to just build a page with lots of fans... It's also
U14v7jJUnSk-00003-00001785-00002265 not hard to build an email list with email addresses of people who may or may
U14v7jJUnSk-00004-00002265-00002988 not actually care about what you do. it's much better to have an audience of a
U14v7jJUnSk-00005-00002988-00003693 hundred true fans than ten thousand fake fans because we actually want people who
U14v7jJUnSk-00006-00003693-00004191 care about our content, engage, add comments, and share with us what their
U14v7jJUnSk-00007-00004191-00004707 needs and wants are and care about our services and our products right so then
U14v7jJUnSk-00008-00004707-00005082 how do we build an audience of true fans I'm going to just share with you two
U14v7jJUnSk-00009-00005082-00005626 quick ways in the short the first way that I really like to do
U14v7jJUnSk-00010-00005626-00006268 is by using paid social media and my favorite is Facebook Ads now I just said
U14v7jJUnSk-00011-00006268-00006580 you could use Facebook Ads build an audience of fake fans how do you do one
U14v7jJUnSk-00012-00006580-00007173 of true fans I recommend that you use text only ads and that's actually what I
U14v7jJUnSk-00013-00007173-00007705 do when I spend my money on Facebook to reach people who don't yet know me if
U14v7jJUnSk-00014-00007705-00008053 you if you encountered me at first through Facebook you didn't know who I
U14v7jJUnSk-00015-00008053-00008554 was you would have seen a text-only post and why is that because we've heard that
U14v7jJUnSk-00016-00008554-00009133 videos and images get our attention but why not why a text only post a dozen
U14v7jJUnSk-00017-00009133-00009709 that video or our images because it gets less attention but it gets better
U14v7jJUnSk-00018-00009709-00010186 quality attention meaning people who see the first few lines and it's relevant to
U14v7jJUnSk-00019-00010186-00010582 them that message makes sense to them and something they want they're gonna
U14v7jJUnSk-00020-00010582-00010996 keep reading and now they're that's the start of the relationship with that
U14v7jJUnSk-00021-00010996-00011530 audience member so text only Facebook ads if you want more I have a whole
U14v7jJUnSk-00022-00011530-00011926 online course about Facebook ads but let me go to the second method which is
U14v7jJUnSk-00023-00011926-00012496 cross promotions when you meet somebody who is a kindred spirit somebody who has
U14v7jJUnSk-00024-00012496-00013248 a similar audience as you and similar sized audience similar type of people in
U14v7jJUnSk-00025-00013248-00013647 their audience that you want to reach you can trade interviews with them for
U14v7jJUnSk-00026-00013647-00014161 example you do a video interview of them for your audience and they do a video
U14v7jJUnSk-00027-00014161-00014529 interview you for their audience and you both grow your audience's a little bit
U14v7jJUnSk-00028-00014529-00015001 and bit by bit you grow your audience that way and sometimes there's
U14v7jJUnSk-00029-00015001-00015433 word-of-mouth and that video can spread really far so those are just two quick
U14v7jJUnSk-00030-00015433-00016051 ways essentially it's about getting our authentic message of service in front of
U14v7jJUnSk-00031-00016051-00016531 the right people so I hope this is helpful I'm George Cao authentic
U14v7jJUnSk-00032-00016531-00016957 business coach I love talking about ways to do marketing and business that are
U14v7jJUnSk-00033-00016957-00017389 really aligned with our higher values and of service if you're interested in
U14v7jJUnSk-00034-00017389-00017748 this I think you'll like my other videos as well always open to your comments and
U14v7jJUnSk-00035-00017748-00018129 your questions see you then video
U1brxwrOsiA-00000-00002098-00002529 GET THIS BEAT WITHOUT VOICE TAGS: WWW.ARSENIALBEATS.COM / LINK IN DESCRIPTION
U1brxwrOsiA-00001-00006958-00007467 GET THIS BEAT WITHOUT VOICE TAGS: WWW.ARSENIALBEATS.COM / LINK IN DESCRIPTION
Uz4mfo25WSu-00000-00000768-00001208 I'm Dr. Kelly O'Donnell, Science forward is  an interdisciplinary skills focused course
Uz4mfo25WSu-00001-00001208-00001454 where we talk about all different fields of science
Uz4mfo25WSu-00002-00001454-00001904 from life sciences like neurobiology and plant ecology
Uz4mfo25WSu-00003-00001904-00002030 to physical sciences
Uz4mfo25WSu-00004-00002030-00002214 we'll be talking a lot about climate change
Uz4mfo25WSu-00005-00002214-00002424 we'll be talking about hydrology
Uz4mfo25WSu-00006-00002424-00002764 so we get sort of a mix of Sciences
Uz4mfo25WSu-00007-00002764-00003139 The purpose of Science Forward is to get students to practice
Uz4mfo25WSu-00008-00003139-00003554 this set of skills that all scientists have that we call science sense
Uz4mfo25WSu-00009-00003554-00003950 I'll set you guys, I'll set you all out to collect some additional data
Uz4mfo25WSu-00010-00003950-00004316 maybe you'll have to measure a tree diameter or something on your own
Uz4mfo25WSu-00011-00004316-00004958 Science Forward is a required course but like science, Science Forward is for everybody
Uz4mfo25WSu-00012-00004958-00005430 so it's important to have this sort of baseline and underlying background like where do
Uz4mfo25WSu-00013-00005430-00005604 scientists get this information
Uz4mfo25WSu-00014-00005604-00005806 when can I believe them
Uz4mfo25WSu-00015-00005806-00006060 what is the value of scientific expertise
Uz4mfo25WSu-00016-00006060-00006300 that's all stuff that we discuss in this class
Uz4mfo25WSu-00017-00006300-00006540 so even if you're not a science major this is kind of really important
Uz4mfo25WSu-00018-00006540-00006826 just to be an informed citizen
UzXPf8uKLLY-00000-00000331-00000921 what's up guys it's gnarlyduck Here I am back with another how-to video this
UzXPf8uKLLY-00001-00000921-00001367 time it's for the freeride adventurer that's right I heard a couple people are
UzXPf8uKLLY-00002-00001367-00001661 having some issues I'm trying to get this one so I'm gonna go ahead and show
UzXPf8uKLLY-00003-00001661-00002202 you how to do it so the easiest way is to try to find that free ride and
UzXPf8uKLLY-00004-00002202-00002684 challenge you can go to the progress tab in the options menu and find a free ride
UzXPf8uKLLY-00005-00002684-00005352 challenge there or just go to the top of most  mountains and try to ride the easiest crest  you can find
UzXPf8uKLLY-00006-00005352-00005614 This is a crest, just ride this crest and get it quicker than you think
UzXPf8uKLLY-00007-00006211-00006781 if you are new to my channel subscribe and also check out my website
UzXPf8uKLLY-00008-00006781-00007337 www.steepcommunity.com I have a lot of information on a bunch
UzXPf8uKLLY-00009-00007337-00007688 of different communities if there was something for people to play
UzXPf8uKLLY-00010-00007688-00008101 got discord links and other information there for you
UzXPf8uKLLY-00011-00008483-00009510 all right and right about there we go. 5000 points there for freeride points youll get a little pop up just like that
UzXPf8uKLLY-00012-00009510-00010068 you go ahead and stop here right open the options menu back up and check on
UzXPf8uKLLY-00013-00010068-00010490 that progress
UzXPf8uKLLY-00014-00010490-00010908 all right at the top here go to the events and there we go. so we have 1
UzXPf8uKLLY-00015-00010908-00011364 out of 10 so I hope that helps you guys cuz if does please like this video and
UzXPf8uKLLY-00016-00011364-00011867 share with your friends and I'll see you guys next time peace out
UCbGR49YPjE-00000-00000473-00001011 we started as a cheese shop but have since grown to four locations each with
UCbGR49YPjE-00001-00001011-00001421 a full-service restaurant and a cheese and wine shop incorporated we have grown
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UCbGR49YPjE-00006-00003404-00003843 with one app one dashboard was huge you can't be in two places at once let alone
UCbGR49YPjE-00007-00003843-00004232 four but I can open my alarm calm for business dashboard and see what's
UCbGR49YPjE-00008-00004232-00004605 happening across each of our locations in a single view I can see that every
UCbGR49YPjE-00009-00004605-00004964 the location opened on time I can see that every alarm.com  thermostat we own is within its
UCbGR49YPjE-00010-00004964-00005316 right range and I can see right away if something isn't right without having to
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UCbGR49YPjE-00012-00005723-00006164 with the video cameras is really really cool because one of the things you're
UCbGR49YPjE-00013-00006164-00006533 always curious about is well this store is doing this right now I wonder how the
UCbGR49YPjE-00014-00006533-00006890 other store looks right now and not having to switch back and forth between
UCbGR49YPjE-00015-00006890-00007361 those views having them all next to each other is a really really powerful and
UCbGR49YPjE-00016-00007361-00007715 something that would not have even occurred to me before a cheese TKE we
UCbGR49YPjE-00017-00007715-00008109 have multiple layers of people we have a director of operations for instance who
UCbGR49YPjE-00018-00008109-00008472 needs to have oversight over all of the stores I need to have oversight over all
UCbGR49YPjE-00019-00008472-00008802 of the stores but even down to for instance the kitchen supervisor level
UCbGR49YPjE-00020-00008802-00009182 that's someone who needs to be able to unlock the doors in the morning lock the
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UCbGR49YPjE-00022-00009597-00010011 other parts and being able to customize that is really awesome it doesn't matter
UCbGR49YPjE-00023-00010011-00010353 which location the employee is at or even if they're working across multiple
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UCbGR49YPjE-00027-00011475-00012042 that we have over our systems is really really powerful it allows us to in a
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UGwp8ZMjDB0-00000-00000306-00000474 [ANNOUNCER] Please welcome to the stage...
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00001-00000474-00001018 one of the most well-known and respected figures in cryptocurrencies, the author of 'Mastering Bitcoin'
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00002-00001018-00001166 and 'The Internet of Money' [series]:
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00003-00001166-00001862 Andreas Antonopoulos. [Music] [Applause]
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00004-00001862-00002574 [ANDREAS] Wow! Hello everyone, how are you doing?
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00005-00002574-00003718 I am the Bitcoin guy; I am not here to talk just about Bitcoin, but the context in which Bitcoin matters...
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00006-00003718-00004472 and in which blockchains as a technology will impact our society.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00007-00004472-00005138 When I start these talks, I'm often met with blank stares of incomprehension.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00008-00005138-00005784 Technologies like Bitcoin are not just  disruptive, they are radically disruptive.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00009-00005784-00006814 They challenge our notions of what money is, how trust works, and how these things can scale in the world.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00010-00006814-00007576 That is what I want to talk about today, not  the architecture of Bitcoin or blockchains,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00011-00007576-00008094 but the architecture of society and how the two relate.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00012-00008094-00008636 You [must have] heard a lot of discussion  about exponential innovation.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00013-00008636-00009412 There is one fundamental problem with exponential [innovation]: humans don't do exponentials.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00014-00009412-00009728 We don't. We are linear creatures.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00015-00009728-00010724 We are beginning to see the impact of  exponential innovation on our social institutions,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00016-00010724-00011238 which definitely don't [deal well with] exponentials.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00017-00011238-00011646 What are the social institutions I'm talking about?
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00018-00011646-00012468 We operate society on structures that were  primarily born in the Industrial Revolution.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00019-00012468-00013256 The most powerful of those structures is the hierarchical bureaucracy,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00020-00013256-00014190 this idea that if you want to coordinate large numbers of people, at scale, across a city [or any] large area,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00021-00014190-00015032 across a state or nation, across a federal nation system like the European Union or the United States...
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00022-00015032-00015600 the only way to do that is [through] a hierarchy.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00023-00015604-00016363 A pyramid-shaped [society] where you have layers and layers over oversight and decision-making,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00024-00016363-00016798 usually concentrating to someone on the top.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00025-00016798-00017704 That structure repeats in every aspect of our social institutions, our schools, businesses, and governments.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00026-00017704-00018430 Those structures are now failing to scale dramatically.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00027-00018430-00019094 We are living in a world where we can't  trust news, young people don't have jobs,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00028-00019094-00019652 they can't trust institutions like banks, and they feel betrayed by governments.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00029-00019652-00020306 [People have been] disenfranchised by fake democracy. All of those things have one thing in common:
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00030-00020306-00020740 the institutions of society are failing to scale.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00031-00020740-00021734 [Many of us] operate on the internet as one global society, without borders. Our institutions do not.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00032-00021734-00022176 They fail to address the big problems of our era.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00033-00022176-00022972 How do you deal with the globalisation of information when [problems are] handled by local institutions?
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00034-00022972-00023448 How do you deal with law? It is a funny  question which comes up very often,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00035-00023448-00023732 especially when I start talking about Bitcoin.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00036-00023732-00024868 People [ask], "What if someone does something illegal with Bitcoin?" The answer is simple: illegal where?
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00037-00024868-00026433 Illegal in what jurisdiction? For example, selling Bibles [for] bitcoin [is] very illegal in North Korea.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00038-00026433-00027120 Selling drugs? Legal in some places, illegal in others. The word "legal" implies a jurisdiction.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00039-00027120-00027727 That jurisdiction has [failed] to scale, to  address global needs [and preferences].
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00040-00027727-00028232 The first problem is architecture. We have institutions that are hierarchical and bureaucratic.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00041-00028232-00029136 Don't get me wrong, these institutions didn't fail in the beginning; they actually allowed humanity to [grow]...
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00042-00029136-00029804 tremendously, [led to the birth of] billions of  people and raised them out of [destitution].
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00043-00029804-00030648 These institutions did a lot for us, but now they can no longer achieve their goals. They are failing to scale.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00044-00030648-00031386 Architecture is at the core of the problem.  As a computer engineer, I look at architecture.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00045-00031386-00032086 I think about how the bits fit together, and what the emergent properties are based on that architecture.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00046-00032086-00032978 Let's look at the architecture of social institutions and think a bit about what that architecture does.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00047-00032978-00033606 You may squirm a bit at this point. What happens when you build a hierarchy?
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00048-00033606-00034106 Decisions and information flow upward.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00049-00034106-00034600 Information is collected at the bottom,  gradually refined until it reaches the top.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00050-00034600-00035412 A fundamental problem with an architecture like that, is bandwidth. I am speaking as an engineer.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00051-00035412-00036386 In a corporation or government, as you concentrate information and decision-making at the top,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00052-00036386-00036992 you can no longer achieve the [same] number of decisions per minute, if you like, [as it grows].
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00053-00036992-00037936 You need to address the torrent of information coming up; eventually, you must filter more information.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00054-00037936-00038800 [The top layer] can't absorb it all, decision-making [becomes] poorer over time as information is filtered.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00055-00038800-00039626 This is why institutions are failing. The people making decisions are removed from the source of information.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00056-00039626-00040108 [They are also] removed from the impact of their decisions.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00057-00040108-00040862 If you think of representative democracy, it is not representative and that is the problem.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00058-00040862-00041644 We see this in large corporations that fail to innovate, for the same reason: non scalable architecture.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00059-00041644-00042152 People try to change that by implementing...
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00060-00042152-00042758 flatter [organisations] with more lateral movement of information.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00061-00042758-00043452 At the same time, we see that in [societal institutions]. People try to devolve power to local areas.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00062-00043452-00044072 Just recently, [we have seen] a declaration  of independence by the Catalan state.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00063-00044072-00044918 These are all symptoms of the fact that, if the organization fails to scale it will be fragmented.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00064-00044918-00045432 It will be disbanded. You will see [more of] that devolution happening.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00065-00045432-00045958 Scale, bandwidth, and architecture... these are interesting engineering problems.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00066-00045958-00046800 A problem with social institutions was  identified [two thousand years ago] by Cicero,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00067-00046800-00047500 [and in the 19th century by Lord Acton, who said], "Power tends to corrupt, absolute power corrupts absolutely."
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00068-00047500-00048220 The problem of hierarchy is that, it is not only decisions and information that flow up, there is also power.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00069-00048220-00048758 As the hierarchy becomes entrenched, the people at the top get more powerful,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00070-00048758-00049432 [while becoming] more and more detached  from the people they're applying power [over].
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00071-00049432-00050390 Corruption [becomes] worse as the organization [becomes] bigger [and that distance increases].
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00072-00050390-00050744 Then you have the [issue of motive].
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00073-00050744-00051417 Good people can rise through hierarchies, but they will be tempted and corrupted by power.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00074-00051417-00052022 And they are not the only ones rising.  Sociopaths [are better at] rising much faster than them.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00075-00052022-00052455 Power in hierarchies attracts sociopaths.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00076-00052455-00053372 It is not a coincidence that many CEOs exhibit narcissistic and sociopathic tendencies.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00077-00053372-00054040 The [position] attracts that. I'm sure the CEOs in this room are a complete exception. [Laughter]
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00078-00054040-00054872 You see this in government, in municipalities, even in small businesses.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00079-00054872-00055691 [There is] nothing bigger than a tyrant who has a tiny bit of power over other people and relishes that power.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00080-00055691-00056448 Hierarchies are failing to scale to meet our needs, to absorb information, to process decisions fast enough.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00081-00056448-00057929 Worst of all, eventually they turn bad; the point of decision-making only furthers the goal of power itself.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00082-00057929-00058422 Power becomes the end, not the means. We see this again and again in institutions.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00083-00058422-00058779 The bigger they [become], the more you see that problem.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00084-00058779-00059170 What is happening in the European Union right now?
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00085-00059170-00059640 I'm Greek, so I have a bit of a problem with what happened recently, right?
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00086-00059640-00060534 You have a super state making decisions, and are quite happy to toss two or three countries to the side...
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00087-00060534-00061267 in order to protect the banks of some [other] countries.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00088-00061267-00061808 Our institutions are failing to scale. What does this have to do with Bitcoin or blockchain?
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00089-00061808-00062179 [How is this related to] any of these technologies?
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00090-00062179-00063064 Let me pause for a second and ask, who in this audience has done a transaction with bitcoin or other [coins]?
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00091-00063064-00063717 [Who has] experienced this technology? Less than ten percent of the audience.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00092-00063717-00063982 Great, [many potential] early stage adopters. Fantastic.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00093-00063982-00064628 If you are interested in trying [bitcoin], come see me [afterwards]. I will [help you] set up your first wallet.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00094-00064628-00065496 I will give you bitcoin, but not a whole bitcoin; I can't afford that anymore. [Laughter]
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00095-00065496-00066026 What does this have to do with Bitcoin? [What do] you hear about Bitcoin from the media?
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00096-00066026-00066662 [Do you hear that] this is a currency that exists on the internet, that is money for the internet?
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00097-00066662-00067452 To put it better, what you hear from the media is, "Bitcoin is geek money, designed for drug dealers."
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00098-00067452-00068208 That is okay, the internet was "primarily designed for pornographers." We all enjoy it anyway. [Laughter]
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00099-00068208-00068938 That media narrative only plays out for as long as you [remain] unfamiliar with the technology.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00100-00068938-00069404 Eventually you start meeting dentists, taxi  drivers, and hairdressers who use bitcoin.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00101-00069404-00069808 You [see none of them are] drug dealers.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00102-00069808-00070450 By the third [encounter], [you realize] that  narrative isn't congruent with what you heard.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00103-00070450-00071274 The other thing you hear is, "the really important thing isn't Bitcoin, it is blockchain technology."
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00104-00071274-00072040 This is a nice attempt at white-washing the  whole thing so that banks can play with it too.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00105-00072040-00072770 Embrace, extend, adopt, and extinguish  before it [becomes] too powerful to stop.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00106-00072770-00073362 Blockchain isn't the technology behind Bitcoin. It is only one of the technologies.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00107-00073362-00074950 [The interesting part is how] the database, the ledger is produced in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies...
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00108-00074950-00075788 that use a similar recipe: a completely flat,  peer-to-peer, non hierarchical network...
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00109-00075788-00076310 where nobody knows anybody else, where nobody trusts anybody else.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00110-00076310-00077272 We are able to engineer the emergence of an artifact, a ledger, that records transactions everyone can [verify].
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00111-00077272-00077808 No one has the power to change them after the fact.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00112-00077808-00078632 It removes [the requirement] for trust in a person, to a neutral construct [regulated by] mathematics.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00113-00078632-00079210 That process is called consensus. [Decentralized consensus] is the fundamental behind Bitcoin,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00114-00079210-00079842 and all the other cryptocurrencies, as a way to achieve trust at massive scale.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00115-00079842-00081090 A flat network that allows us to conduct  transactions worth billions of dollars,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00116-00081090-00081486 [maybe] without even knowing who the other party is.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00117-00081486-00082630 [It is based on the] idea that we can do something unique: use networks for governance that scales...
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00118-00082630-00083014 for our new exponential innovation world.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00119-00083014-00083872 Here is the problem with networks. We can scale information and communication, but until 2009,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00120-00083872-00084374 we had no idea how to scale trust and decision-making.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00121-00084374-00085212 The [important] invention Bitcoin [brought]  to the table, is a way to scale trust globally...
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00122-00085212-00085526 just like you scale information [on the internet].
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00123-00085526-00086174 Once you crack that, you suddenly notice that currency is the obvious application, right?
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00124-00086174-00087318 Payments is the obvious app because, if you can engineer, scale, and trust [a mathematical construct]...
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00125-00087318-00087844 as a currency and payment system, you now have something that has never existed before.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00126-00087844-00088610 A network where people can transact value across the world, that is open to anyone for participation,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00127-00088610-00089266 which cannot be stopped, censored, or  controlled by any one [group or individual].
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00128-00089266-00090006 That model is radically different than what we have had until now. What else can we do with it?
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00129-00090008-00090946 Suddenly, all of the ideas start bursting out.  You have a structure that allows you to scale trust.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00130-00090946-00091932 Can you use it for voting? To build decentralized corporations with tens of thousands of directors...
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00131-00091932-00092244 participating in decision-making?
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00132-00092244-00093468 Can you have a company with a billion shareholders  or directors, none of whom are named or known?
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00133-00093468-00094272 You could have governance of fundamental [aspects] of the internet, without [needing] to trust anyone,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00134-00094272-00094888 because you have a structure that is neutral, mathematical, that you can trust instead.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00135-00094888-00095594 What is really exciting and interesting  about this new technology, is not that...
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00136-00095594-00096356 someone can use it to buy drugs, or make banking more efficient.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00137-00096356-00097356 It gives us, for the very first time, just when we need it the most, [the tools] to create global governance,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00138-00097356-00097730 global decision-making networks.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00139-00097730-00098982 [How will] it do that? The consensus algorithm in Bitcoin is a market-based, game theoretical competition.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00140-00098982-00100286 Anybody can participate, but they [must] commit energy as a guarantee that they [will] play fair, by the rules.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00141-00100286-00101374 If they do play by the rules, they are rewarded, which is why the asset part is important.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00142-00101374-00102062 If they don't play by the rules, everyone who is on the network checking [transactions to follow] the rules...
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00143-00102062-00103033 [would] reject their contribution and all of the energy they staked is lost.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00144-00103033-00103638 So it is a game in which you [must] put  money where your mouth is to participate.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00145-00103638-00104283 [You choose which rule set to follow, but] rules are set by the entire network, and you [must] follow all the rules.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00146-00104283-00104888 Think of it as a mathematical Constitution.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00147-00104888-00105198 How do you change [the rules]? Through overwhelming consensus.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00148-00105198-00105788 If you want to change the rules in one of these networks, you [usually] need [about] 95% percent agreement.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00149-00105788-00106592 That is very hard to reach, which means it is very hard to take over the network.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00150-00106592-00107804 [Bitcoin] took two of the 20th century's most incredible systems of governance -- networks and market forces --
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00151-00107804-00108016 and [brought] them together.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00152-00108016-00108435 [Bitcoin created] a network that is flat, global, and open.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00153-00108435-00109500 You don't [need] to trust participants a priori to give them access; you trust the network will keep them in check.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00154-00109500-00110540 This gives us a glimpse of what we could do in the future. Governance has changed dramatically now.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00155-00110540-00111050 [When someone] comes along and suggests, "Let's implement a new form of governance."
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00156-00111050-00111872 "It will obsolete all existing forms of governments, corporations, and social institutions."
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00157-00111872-00112440 "By the way, it is not subject to any one jurisdiction. [It is regulated by] the laws of mathematics."
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00158-00112440-00112844 [They will be perceived as a kook] and in for a tough reception. [Laughter]
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00159-00112844-00113880 When I have these conversations with regulators, they think I am challenging or questioning their authority...
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00160-00113880-00114146 to regulate these systems.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00161-00114146-00115106 [But it doesn't matter if] I acknowledge and accept their full authority; I question their ability [to regulate].
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00162-00115106-00115733 [I question] their means, their levers, to affect change in these systems.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00163-00115733-00116724 All the authority in the world, but none of the influence or the power; no levers to pull, nothing to shut down.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00164-00116724-00117296 What do you ban? Prime numbers? That has been tried before.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00165-00117296-00117880 There is a specific prime number that you cannot possess in the United States,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00166-00117880-00118408 I think also in Canada, because that number unlocks DVDs.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00167-00118408-00119230 They managed to ban a number. Good luck with that.  From a regulatory perspective, that is a dead end.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00168-00119230-00120344 Now we will have a very tough conversation. It requires people to become accustomed to facing reality.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00169-00120344-00121009 "We should not have a system that allows  criminals to pay anyone they want!"
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00170-00121009-00121480 Well, we now have a system that [may]  allow criminals to pay anyone they want,
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00171-00121480-00122008 [because] all of us, all of them, and  everyone to pay anyone they want.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00172-00122008-00122924 "We should not have a system that can transfer value or record information that no one can alter!"
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00173-00122924-00123728 Well, we now have such a system. Whether we should, [we can]; whether we must not, we [will].
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00174-00123728-00124406 None of that matters. Now, it is. Let's talk about what will we do about that.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00175-00124406-00125190 Let's talk about how we will adapt to a society that has the means to create these global structures.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00176-00125190-00125876 Let's talk about how to deal with the repercussions of creating these global structures of trust.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00177-00125876-00126524 I leave you with a final thought, which will throw another big wrench into that.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00178-00126524-00127394 Money has three fundamental uses: store of value, medium of exchange, and unit of account.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00179-00127394-00128109 In the last 50 years, [most] governments in the world have added a fourth use, which is system of control.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00180-00128109-00128768 [They] use money and the banking system  as a fully deputized arm of law enforcement...
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00181-00128768-00129450 and surveillance, in order to monitor and  control money as it flows around the world.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00182-00129450-00130196 This [nightmare] was started by Richard Nixon in the '70s. It has reached its apotheosis.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00183-00130198-00131236 Countries are doing the unthinkable, like banning cash overnight, as if that stops corruption and black money.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00184-00131236-00131922 That dream [of theirs], [that nightmare of ours], is over. That dream ended on January 3rd, 2009.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00185-00131922-00132526 [It ended] with the genesis block of Bitcoin,  which contained a message within it.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00186-00132526-00133176 From 'The Times of London,' Chancellor of the Exchequer on the brink of second bailout for banks.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00187-00133176-00133892 That message, which told us why this was created, resonates with a whole lot of people nowadays.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00188-00133892-00134412 But we don't yet know what impact it will have. I think [the impact] will be big.
UGwp8ZMjDB0-00189-00134412-00134960 Thank you very much! [Applause]
UI7llMwKpmo-00000-00000168-00000792 So we have to remember something about our Nodes. Remember the Nodes are not objects in space,
UI7llMwKpmo-00001-00000792-00001506 they are positional calculations of a portal, they're a portal through which the stellar
UI7llMwKpmo-00002-00001506-00002496 background field surrounds us and comes through into us, the programming they are pure filtering
UI7llMwKpmo-00003-00002496-00003390 agents of that neutrino ocean. So because they are not objects they are simply pure filtering
UI7llMwKpmo-00004-00003390-00003996 agents of the neutrino ocean, unless there happens to be a planet in conjunction with those Nodes
UI7llMwKpmo-00005-00004068-00004992 there is no God, I've been calling the planets Gods within us like Jupiter being Zeus and
UI7llMwKpmo-00006-00004992-00005622 Mars being Aries and Venus Aphrodite that kind of getting the flavor or feeling the energy of these
UI7llMwKpmo-00007-00005622-00006324 planets. Neutrino when they go through the Nodes they're pure, they're clean, there's no influence,
UI7llMwKpmo-00008-00006324-00007020 there's no filtering through a planet, unless you happen to have in your specific design a planet
UI7llMwKpmo-00009-00007020-00007944 in conjunction there with that nodal imprint. So the Nodes when we isolate them they represent an
UI7llMwKpmo-00010-00007944-00008676 imprint that is in this sense Universal. So your nodal imprint is not some planetary archetypal
UI7llMwKpmo-00011-00008676-00009540 God which is a flavor in you, the nodes are trans-solar system calculations. The unconscious
UI7llMwKpmo-00012-00009540-00010176 nodal frame shows us your path you are walking in this life and what the characters are going
UI7llMwKpmo-00013-00010176-00011094 through on that journey that you are resonating to being around. It shows the quality of the
UI7llMwKpmo-00014-00011094-00012048 environment it shows you where you fulfill your life's purpose, your life's work. And Nodes are
UI7llMwKpmo-00015-00012048-00012762 an alignment to information in the neutrino ocean which originates in a whole different frame if
UI7llMwKpmo-00016-00012762-00013536 you will the positional calculation of the Nodes shows us what our connectivity is to everything,
UI7llMwKpmo-00017-00013619-00014291 to all that is. And the conscious Nodal frame shows us your perspective along the journey of
UI7llMwKpmo-00018-00014291-00015174 where you be. So here is how you see and what you resonate to seeing in the characters you
UI7llMwKpmo-00019-00015174-00016019 are watching on life's journey. In other words our conscious Nodes show the quality of your potential
UI7llMwKpmo-00020-00016019-00016980 clarity of awareness. It shows us who you resonate to to fulfill your life's purpose with. And how
UI7llMwKpmo-00021-00016980-00017610 you're designed to see along that path and your trajectory of this movement in space,
UI7llMwKpmo-00022-00017676-00018384 objects hurtling in space all of us flying through space. Who's with us? How do we see what we're
UI7llMwKpmo-00023-00018384-00019254 seeing? How do we describe or interpret what we're seeing? How do we explain our perspective
UI7llMwKpmo-00024-00019254-00019896 our unique differentiated perspective? It has to do with these link Nodes operating in alignment
UI7llMwKpmo-00025-00019896-00020736 otherwise we just get babble, not something unique and different. We get homogenization
UI7llMwKpmo-00026-00020802-00021306 if you are not operating in alignment, if you're not making decisions that are correct for you,
UI7llMwKpmo-00027-00021384-00022020 everything's skewed. Because remember the conscious personality nodes are how we are
UI7llMwKpmo-00028-00022020-00022926 designed to see that feeds our motivational awareness. It frames how we are going to
UI7llMwKpmo-00029-00022926-00023652 conceptualize about life. When we get to our conscious personality motivational awareness this
UI7llMwKpmo-00030-00023652-00024474 is where the transformation number three happens is the way that you see things radically changes,
UI7llMwKpmo-00031-00024474-00025194 instead of being distracted now you're seeing in alignment which changes everything not just
UI7llMwKpmo-00032-00025194-00025727 your perspective but also how your mind is interpreting life thinking about life.
UI7llMwKpmo-00033-00025872-00026502 So in essence this is the way we begin to approach comprehending Nodes because they
UI7llMwKpmo-00034-00026502-00027156 are the ones that do the work of the magnetic monopole. It's in these Nodes which hold us
UI7llMwKpmo-00035-00027156-00027960 together in the illusion of what it is to be us that we can find our link of body and mind.
UI7llMwKpmo-00036-00028139-00028692 So it's phenomenal, it's phenomenal and really something to comprehend that the design link
UI7llMwKpmo-00037-00028692-00029526 Node gives you a key to your life in so many ways. As you know I'm an IHDS certified Rave Cosmology
UI7llMwKpmo-00038-00029526-00030426 teacher and in Human Design we teach that the design link Node your unconscious North Node shows
UI7llMwKpmo-00039-00030426-00031236 the point of your fixed star. So Ra teaches us that there are no rules quote "there are no rules
UI7llMwKpmo-00040-00031236-00031872 about what the limitation is to be a nine-centered being, there is no such thing, there isn't,
UI7llMwKpmo-00041-00031872-00032489 it's a mutation." When we think about the program one of the dilemmas of dealing with the program
UI7llMwKpmo-00042-00032489-00033306 all the time because we are in it and of it is that we begin to give it qualities that in essence
UI7llMwKpmo-00043-00033306-00034206 it does not deserve. It's a perfect mutation you have the birth of a star and its system that has
UI7llMwKpmo-00044-00034206-00034944 a deep connectivity to other stars, that has the perfect positioning in terms of frequency,
UI7llMwKpmo-00045-00034944-00035784 its satellites, that because of its relationship to these other stars there is a streaming of
UI7llMwKpmo-00046-00035784-00036480 neutrino information that is perfectly diversified by the construct of the solar system itself.
UI7llMwKpmo-00047-00036612-00037344 And it's not because it was planned it's not because anything at any level could ever have
UI7llMwKpmo-00048-00037344-00038106 expected it. It's what makes it so special, it makes us so special we who are nothing
UI7llMwKpmo-00049-00038106-00039120 but stars because that is what we are, we are stars" unquote. And it is our design North Node
UI7llMwKpmo-00050-00039120-00039858 which shows us the imprint of the star that we came from this star that we are headed home to.
UI7llMwKpmo-00051-00039996-00040716 So besides showing us our fixed star position it is through this design link Node that your
UI7llMwKpmo-00052-00040716-00041442 body this vehicle presents itself as being available and useful to your passenger.
UI7llMwKpmo-00053-00041550-00042432 So the design link Node links you through the body being available
UI7llMwKpmo-00054-00042432-00043194 to your mind's witness consciousness, its perspective of being embodied in this form.
UI7llMwKpmo-00055-00043362-00044070 So Ro says quote "it is the link Node of the personality that opens up the potential in
UI7llMwKpmo-00056-00044070-00044808 that sense to be able to accept the demands of the form and the demands of the physical plane."
UIn_ifbS03A-00000-00000006-00001620 chapter 2 my body parts of our body our body has many parts each part of the body is important
UIn_ifbS03A-00001-00001698-00002286 it has slow their names touch your body parts as you read
UIn_ifbS03A-00002-00002400-00005064 body parts forehead head nose I ear mouth finger chest neck stomach arm hand knee leg foot toe
UIn_ifbS03A-00003-00005340-00006798 I have one mouth one nose and one tongue I have two eyes two ears two hands and two feet
UIn_ifbS03A-00004-00006918-00007530 I have ten fingers in my hands and ten twos On My Feet
UIn_ifbS03A-00005-00007686-00008730 uses of our body parts each body part has an important role to play let us know their uses
UIn_ifbS03A-00006-00008808-00009984 uses of hands clapping eating writing catching holding pushing
UIn_ifbS03A-00007-00010302-00011100 uses of legs running standing dancing walking
UIn_ifbS03A-00008-00011370-00011460 jumping
UIn_ifbS03A-00009-00011772-00013188 sometimes we use both our hands and legs skipping swimming crawling the special function of our body
UIn_ifbS03A-00010-00013188-00014219 parts make us different from other creatures on the Earth our appearance all offers have the
UIn_ifbS03A-00011-00014219-00015347 same body parts yet we look different because of different features such as weight height and color
UIn_ifbS03A-00012-00015347-00016260 of the eyes hair and skin this basic difference in our appearance is due to the gender difference
UIn_ifbS03A-00013-00016368-00017652 there are two genders male and female being a boy or a man female being a girl or a woman
UIn_ifbS03A-00014-00017874-00018960 quick recall our body has many parts each part of our body has different names and functions
UIn_ifbS03A-00015-00019050-00020034 we use them to do different activities we all have the same body parts yet we look different
UIn_ifbS03A-00016-00020172-00020640 there are two genders male and female
UII4uLVv10y-00000-00000104-00000448 hello everyone my name is Bren Antrim and I'm one of the reference librarians
UII4uLVv10y-00001-00000448-00000808 here at Santa Monica College. Today we're going to be doing a workshop
UII4uLVv10y-00002-00000808-00001232 on literature research what is it, how do I get started, and
UII4uLVv10y-00003-00001232-00002310 we'll start off with a short video
UII4uLVv10y-00004-00002703-00003184 as soon as it loads, thank you
UII4uLVv10y-00005-00003896-00004255 we often hear that studying literature involves finding a deeper meaning to a
UII4uLVv10y-00006-00004255-00004512 text when writing about literary works we're
UII4uLVv10y-00007-00004512-00004848 expected to mentally dive below the surface in order to come back up with
UII4uLVv10y-00008-00004848-00005128 big ideas but you may find yourself looking at the
UII4uLVv10y-00009-00005128-00005439 flat page of a book wondering how deep it can really go
UII4uLVv10y-00010-00005439-00005839 how do we reach those ideas that turn into great essays well there are two
UII4uLVv10y-00011-00005839-00006119 crucial thinking steps that can lead us in the right direction
UII4uLVv10y-00012-00006119-00006447 practicing insight and acknowledging complexity
UII4uLVv10y-00013-00006447-00006879 insight is the ability to arrive at an intuitive understanding of a big idea
UII4uLVv10y-00014-00006879-00007247 using only small clues to get there if you're practicing inside
UII4uLVv10y-00015-00007247-00007575 you'll be able to use observations about character behavior
UII4uLVv10y-00016-00007575-00007975 to figure out their true emotions and motivations pay attention to little
UII4uLVv10y-00017-00007975-00008175 things because they add up to what is really
UII4uLVv10y-00018-00008175-00008624 meaningful for example if you consider a character like Mr Darcy from Pride and
UII4uLVv10y-00019-00008624-00008920 Prejudice who openly declares his dislike for miss
UII4uLVv10y-00020-00008920-00009192 Lizzie Bennett you might first assume he's just a mean
UII4uLVv10y-00021-00009192-00009688 guy but using your powers of insight you're noticing other smaller things how
UII4uLVv10y-00022-00009688-00010047 Darcy's eyes linger on Lizzie's face and how he seems all flustered when she's
UII4uLVv10y-00023-00010047-00010296 around Add to the mix the knowledge that Mr
UII4uLVv10y-00024-00010296-00010543 Darcy is in a much higher social class than Lizzie
UII4uLVv10y-00025-00010543-00010847 and your sense of insight should be telling you that there's something more
UII4uLVv10y-00026-00010847-00011079 here in this case it will tell you that
UII4uLVv10y-00027-00011079-00011488 Darcy's surface behavior is in conflict with his true beings of attraction
UII4uLVv10y-00028-00011488-00011832 because the difference in wealth between himself and Lizzie makes him feel that
UII4uLVv10y-00029-00011832-00012184 it will never work thinking about all those small clues
UII4uLVv10y-00030-00012184-00012592 gives us insight about some of the big abstract ideas within the novel that we
UII4uLVv10y-00031-00012592-00012959 can approach in an essay appearances versus reality
UII4uLVv10y-00032-00012959-00013312 the power of wealth and social stratification and the unpredictable
UII4uLVv10y-00033-00013312-00013759 nature of love and attraction look at that deeper meaning the second
UII4uLVv10y-00034-00013759-00014200 step to a sophisticated analysis is acknowledging complexity let's face
UII4uLVv10y-00035-00014200-00014576 it in both life and literature situations are complicated
UII4uLVv10y-00036-00014576-00014912 due to social forces like relationships moral codes
UII4uLVv10y-00037-00014912-00015272 personal desires and power structures this means that there
UII4uLVv10y-00038-00015272-00015663 are at any given time multiple factors that shape what is true
UII4uLVv10y-00039-00015663-00016031 in order to acknowledge complexity in your writing refrain from making broad
UII4uLVv10y-00040-00016031-00016400 generalizations about a text or establishing quick simple judgments
UII4uLVv10y-00041-00016400-00016720 about a character explore each facet of your subject
UII4uLVv10y-00042-00016720-00017168 carefully and make sure to consider multiple influences on events explain
UII4uLVv10y-00043-00017168-00017528 the tension of multiple forces that create the story
UII4uLVv10y-00044-00017528-00017976 for example a basic analysis of Toni Morrison's Beloved where the protagonist
UII4uLVv10y-00045-00017976-00018304 has killed her own child rather than allow her to grow up in slavery
UII4uLVv10y-00046-00018304-00018656 might sound like this Sethe murdered her own daughter
UII4uLVv10y-00047-00018656-00018992 this act was wrong and causes the ghost of the child to haunt her throughout the
UII4uLVv10y-00048-00018992-00019336 novel these observations are simplistic they
UII4uLVv10y-00049-00019336-00019592 don't acknowledge all the different forces that contribute
UII4uLVv10y-00050-00019592-00019992 to what the character has done try something like this instead a
UII4uLVv10y-00051-00019992-00020392 culture of slavery disturbs the ability to determine what is morally right
UII4uLVv10y-00052-00020392-00020744 seth's past experiences with violence reinforce the fear she has from her
UII4uLVv10y-00053-00020744-00020984 child's fate and transform the murder into a
UII4uLVv10y-00054-00020984-00021408 protective act as the novel progresses Sethe is haunted both by the angry
UII4uLVv10y-00055-00021408-00021623 spirit of her daughter and by the memories of
UII4uLVv10y-00056-00021623-00022056 everything else slavery took from her here we see those influential forces at
UII4uLVv10y-00057-00022056-00022279 work and we've shown off our ability to
UII4uLVv10y-00058-00022279-00022648 understand the complicated nature of the human experience which again
UII4uLVv10y-00059-00022648-00023120 allows us to access those big ideas that reveal the deeper meaning of a story
UII4uLVv10y-00060-00023120-00023472 ideas in this case like the parameters of maternal instinct
UII4uLVv10y-00061-00023472-00023872 the consequences of injustice and the question of whether or not ethics can
UII4uLVv10y-00062-00023872-00024320 even exist in a corrupted moral system it's impossible to sit down and write an
UII4uLVv10y-00063-00024320-00024648 amazing essay about literature without first thinking about it
UII4uLVv10y-00064-00024648-00025087 before you hit the keys go back to the text and fish out the small moments the
UII4uLVv10y-00065-00025087-00025431 complicated moments in the story line them up in your mind
UII4uLVv10y-00066-00025431-00025832 practice insight acknowledge complexity arrive at some big ideas
UII4uLVv10y-00067-00025832-00026983 before you know it the deeper meaning will be close at hand
UII4uLVv10y-00068-00027232-00027560 So that gives you a general idea of how to approach
UII4uLVv10y-00069-00027560-00028072 a piece of literature but you are not alone in this quest to find meaning.
UII4uLVv10y-00070-00028072-00028488 You might be asked to analyze fiction or non-fiction
UII4uLVv10y-00071-00028488-00029168 so fiction could take the form of a drama, a play which is stories in verse
UII4uLVv10y-00072-00029168-00029647 usually made for theater and the conflict and the emotion are
UII4uLVv10y-00073-00029647-00030063 expressed  on the page as it were through dialogue
UII4uLVv10y-00074-00030063-00030352 between the characters and action on the stage.
UII4uLVv10y-00075-00030352-00030712 It might be a fable, a fairy tale, or folklore -
UII4uLVv10y-00076-00030712-00031168 these are narrations that demonstrate truths
UII4uLVv10y-00077-00031168-00031512 sometimes using supernatural or magical characters, often
UII4uLVv10y-00078-00031512-00032088 passed down by word of mouth, and they have some sort of moral or meaning
UII4uLVv10y-00079-00032088-00032503 beneath them. It might be fantasy stories with other-
UII4uLVv10y-00080-00032503-00032816 worldly settings or characters that invite you
UII4uLVv10y-00081-00032816-00033119 to step away from reality for a moment and
UII4uLVv10y-00082-00033119-00033463 find meaning - sometimes mirrored to what is happening
UII4uLVv10y-00083-00033463-00033863 in the real world. It might be historical fiction
UII4uLVv10y-00084-00033863-00034288 a fictional story taking place in a historical setting -
UII4uLVv10y-00085-00034288-00034872 please be careful and don't confuse that with actual history,
UII4uLVv10y-00086-00034872-00035288 sometimes it's difficult to tell - it might be horror, in
UII4uLVv10y-00087-00035288-00035696 which case what's on the page makes you feel dread
UII4uLVv10y-00088-00035696-00035928 and also the same dread that the characters are
UII4uLVv10y-00089-00035928-00036319 feeling. Other types of fiction that you might be asked to analyze
UII4uLVv10y-00090-00036319-00036736 include humor which is meant to entertain, and humor is often woven
UII4uLVv10y-00091-00036736-00037144 through many other genres. It might be mystery where the story is
UII4uLVv10y-00092-00037144-00037760 dealing with some form of crime or hidden meaning. It might be mythology
UII4uLVv10y-00093-00037760-00038296 which is legend or traditional narrative - sometimes this can also include some
UII4uLVv10y-00094-00038296-00038672 historical context, characters or places, so again be aware
UII4uLVv10y-00095-00038672-00039263 of that - myth is not history - and it's intended to reveal a connection
UII4uLVv10y-00096-00039263-00039616 between human nature and the world around
UII4uLVv10y-00097-00039616-00040344 based on symbolism. It might be poetry - poetry is chock full of symbolism
UII4uLVv10y-00098-00040344-00040663 and intended to create emotional responses.
UII4uLVv10y-00099-00040663-00041056 It might be realistic fiction which is again a little difficult because
UII4uLVv10y-00100-00041056-00041328 sometimes it reads like a true story but it's
UII4uLVv10y-00101-00041328-00041719 actually not. It might be science fiction which is
UII4uLVv10y-00102-00041719-00042080 based on either science as it is now, as it might
UII4uLVv10y-00103-00042080-00042472 be, or as it could be, and it might be a short story which is
UII4uLVv10y-00104-00042472-00042912 sort of a snapshot of a story that doesn't really include
UII4uLVv10y-00105-00042912-00043463 any subplots, it just has the main story because it's short. You also might be
UII4uLVv10y-00106-00043463-00043808 asked to analyze non-fiction and non-fiction comes in a variety of
UII4uLVv10y-00107-00043808-00044152 formats but they tend to be broader - you might be
UII4uLVv10y-00108-00044152-00044608 looking at the story of a person's life, either one they tell themselves or one
UII4uLVv10y-00109-00044608-00044928 that people tell about them - autobiography is when they
UII4uLVv10y-00110-00044928-00045416 tell of their own story. It might be an essay - you should be very
UII4uLVv10y-00111-00045416-00045744 familiar with essays by this point and have written quite a few of them -
UII4uLVv10y-00112-00045744-00046103 but it's a short composition that reflects the author's outlook
UII4uLVv10y-00113-00046103-00046536 or some point that they're trying to make. It might be narrative nonfiction
UII4uLVv10y-00114-00046536-00046975 and this is where it gets a little
UII4uLVv10y-00115-00046984-00047408 cloudy between realistic fiction, historical fiction, and narrative
UII4uLVv10y-00116-00047408-00047856 non-fiction, because they all read like they're factual
UII4uLVv10y-00117-00047856-00048424 information but not all of them are. And then it could be a speech
UII4uLVv10y-00118-00048424-00049024 either to engage in debate or to present a perspective, to give
UII4uLVv10y-00119-00049024-00049519 information etc. If you have questions about what you're
UII4uLVv10y-00120-00049519-00049984 looking at when you try to figure this out talk to your instructor
UII4uLVv10y-00121-00049984-00050359 and also talk to the librarian if you need help finding criticism to help you
UII4uLVv10y-00122-00050359-00050752 support your thesis, because we have different types of
UII4uLVv10y-00123-00050752-00051040 databases for different kinds of literature,
UII4uLVv10y-00124-00051040-00051351 and you won't get everything in one database.
UII4uLVv10y-00125-00051351-00051864 So when you go to make these analyses where do you find the information?
UII4uLVv10y-00126-00051864-00052224 The video talked about finding information from the source text,
UII4uLVv10y-00127-00052224-00052688 actually looking at the text of the work, thinking of your own interpretations and
UII4uLVv10y-00128-00052688-00053120 experiences, your insight, your understanding of the complexities of the
UII4uLVv10y-00129-00053120-00053632 writing and the story being told, and then you support that by literary
UII4uLVv10y-00130-00053632-00053960 criticism, and this is criticism that's written by
UII4uLVv10y-00131-00053960-00054367 experts in literature, philosophy, sociology, and
UII4uLVv10y-00132-00054367-00054760 other fields that pertain to the content being critiqued.
UII4uLVv10y-00133-00054760-00055304 So for example if you're trying to do literary analysis of an autobiography of
UII4uLVv10y-00134-00055304-00055632 a politician you might also want to look at history
UII4uLVv10y-00135-00055632-00056200 and political science criticism to see how their story matches up with
UII4uLVv10y-00136-00056200-00056688 the story other people tell. Now literary criticism comes in a variety of
UII4uLVv10y-00137-00056688-00057151 different schools or types of criticism
UII4uLVv10y-00138-00057151-00057455 and I've listed these in date order from oldest
UII4uLVv10y-00139-00057455-00058120 to newest - the old ones are still really useful because
UII4uLVv10y-00140-00058120-00058495 development in these fields continue and in fact the more
UII4uLVv10y-00141-00058495-00058904 well-established fields have a very rich culture to draw on, so
UII4uLVv10y-00142-00058904-00059255 you will find more examples of those than you will the more
UII4uLVv10y-00143-00059255-00059576 current types. Moral criticism and dramatic
UII4uLVv10y-00144-00059576-00060112 construction comes to us from the Greeks, structuralism and semiotics or the
UII4uLVv10y-00145-00060112-00060567 meaning of things and meaning as created through structure
UII4uLVv10y-00146-00060567-00060951 comes from the 1920s and continues. Semiotics is
UII4uLVv10y-00147-00060951-00061351 huge in cultural theory and communication studies for example.
UII4uLVv10y-00148-00061351-00061727 Then we get into a variety of formalism, new criticism
UII4uLVv10y-00149-00061727-00062088 neo-Aristotelian criticism from the 1930s,
UII4uLVv10y-00150-00062088-00062591 and these were taking earlier ideas and restructuring them or finding new
UII4uLVv10y-00151-00062591-00062879 meaning or new ways to bring meaning to them.
UII4uLVv10y-00152-00062879-00063360 Psychoanalytic and Jungian criticism came in the 1930s with the development
UII4uLVv10y-00153-00063360-00063888 of psychoanalysis as a field. Marxist criticism came along
UII4uLVv10y-00154-00063888-00064607 in the same time from the 1930s on and came out of socioeconomic disruption
UII4uLVv10y-00155-00064607-00064967 and new ways of looking at power structures in the world.
UII4uLVv10y-00156-00064967-00065656 Feminist criticism started in the 1960s and attempts to look at - all of these try
UII4uLVv10y-00157-00065656-00065927 to look at the world through a specific lens - a
UII4uLVv10y-00158-00065927-00066344 feminist criticism was the first time looking at literature
UII4uLVv10y-00159-00066344-00066807 through a female perspective particularly examining power
UII4uLVv10y-00160-00066807-00067272 and who holds it. Reader response criticism came out about
UII4uLVv10y-00161-00067272-00067664 the same time and it for the first time was much more
UII4uLVv10y-00162-00067664-00067951 intuitive and this is where your analysis and
UII4uLVv10y-00163-00067951-00068583 interpretation sort of really drew from. Post-structuralism and deconstruction -
UII4uLVv10y-00164-00068583-00069056 sort of creating chaos from order as it were - started in the mid 60s.
UII4uLVv10y-00165-00069056-00069368 Critical race theory started in the 1970s
UII4uLVv10y-00166-00069368-00069912 and this tries to take a look at the entire culture
UII4uLVv10y-00167-00069927-00070239 looking at the pieces of our history that are
UII4uLVv10y-00168-00070239-00070712 not necessarily looked at and should be - the same goes with gender and queer
UII4uLVv10y-00169-00070712-00071151 studies in the 1970s. And then new historical or new
UII4uLVv10y-00170-00071151-00071656 historicism and cultural studies started in the 1980s and that had more
UII4uLVv10y-00171-00071656-00071976 to do with differences between cultures and meaning
UII4uLVv10y-00172-00071976-00072351 as created in culture and looking at history in a different
UII4uLVv10y-00173-00072351-00072727 way - again you'll notice many of these - critical race, queer
UII4uLVv10y-00174-00072727-00073288 and gender studies, feminist studies, cultural studies, new historicism are
UII4uLVv10y-00175-00073288-00073600 trying to take a look at the way we explain the world
UII4uLVv10y-00176-00073600-00074088 and find all of the meanings or different meanings
UII4uLVv10y-00177-00074088-00074832 than are regularly presented in a sort of hierarchical structural
UII4uLVv10y-00178-00074832-00075376 patriarchal white middle class or upper class sort of way
UII4uLVv10y-00179-00075376-00075776 so they're trying to take these sort of standard constructions
UII4uLVv10y-00180-00075776-00076095 and look at them differently, break them apart and look at them from different
UII4uLVv10y-00181-00076095-00076448 angles. This continues on in post-colonial
UII4uLVv10y-00182-00076448-00076800 criticism, taking a look at countries that had been
UII4uLVv10y-00183-00076800-00077088 colonized by various other powers in the world
UII4uLVv10y-00184-00077088-00077616 and how that affected cultures and particularly cultures from within
UII4uLVv10y-00185-00077616-00078007 that particular country that was colonialized
UII4uLVv10y-00186-00078007-00078616 and trying to take those parts out and see the truth
UII4uLVv10y-00187-00078616-00078976 of that culture. And critical disability studies
UII4uLVv10y-00188-00078976-00079392 again taking it from a different angle from a different perspective
UII4uLVv10y-00189-00079392-00079695 from a different population that had been silenced before.
UII4uLVv10y-00190-00079695-00080056 So you will learn a lot more about these different types of literary criticism in
UII4uLVv10y-00191-00080056-00080304 the various classes that you take that use them
UII4uLVv10y-00192-00080304-00080760 but the thing that you need to know about literary criticism is it is a tool.
UII4uLVv10y-00193-00080760-00081280 It is not the end product so sometimes your instructor might say
UII4uLVv10y-00194-00081280-00081951 I want you to take this assignment and find a piece of feminist
UII4uLVv10y-00195-00081951-00082392 criticism or critical race theory.
UII4uLVv10y-00196-00082448-00082912 Well you can't just go to the library and find - here's a piece of feminist
UII4uLVv10y-00197-00082912-00083263 criticism - because it is a tool that is applied to
UII4uLVv10y-00198-00083263-00083639 a text to find meaning, so what you'll need to do is
UII4uLVv10y-00199-00083639-00084000 you'll need to find a feminist interpretation or a critical
UII4uLVv10y-00200-00084000-00084439 race theory interpretation or a cultural studies interpretation
UII4uLVv10y-00201-00084439-00084792 of some piece of literature, some piece of writing.
UII4uLVv10y-00202-00084792-00085127 So if you have problems with that again talk to your instructor
UII4uLVv10y-00203-00085127-00085607 and talk to the librarian because sometimes this can be very confusing
UII4uLVv10y-00204-00085607-00085944 when you first start trying to look.
UII4uLVv10y-00205-00086024-00086480 So how do you find these supporting resources on the library homepage?
UII4uLVv10y-00206-00086480-00086863 and we will be posting this so you can access it later -
UII4uLVv10y-00207-00086863-00087263 you can go directly into Databases and once you're in the databases
UII4uLVv10y-00208-00087263-00087695 they're broken down by content and there is a content area specifically for
UII4uLVv10y-00209-00087695-00088039 Literature and in that area all of the databases
UII4uLVv10y-00210-00088039-00088439 that are specifically about literature will be listed at the top of the listing
UII4uLVv10y-00211-00088439-00088632 and then the bottom of the listing will be
UII4uLVv10y-00212-00088632-00089072 databases that have some content that could be useful
UII4uLVv10y-00213-00089072-00089439 but the database itself is not specifically about literature - and I'll
UII4uLVv10y-00214-00089439-00089695 show you this in a little bit - because we're going to do three
UII4uLVv10y-00215-00089695-00090032 different database searches today.
UII4uLVv10y-00216-00090144-00090560 Some of the databases that are specific to literature
UII4uLVv10y-00217-00090560-00090992 include Literary Sources
UII4uLVv10y-00218-00091032-00091583 this is relatively broad. Drama Online which is pretty specifically
UII4uLVv10y-00219-00091583-00092239 about plays including surveys and reference works on
UII4uLVv10y-00220-00092239-00092776 everything from authors to actors to periods and genres.
UII4uLVv10y-00221-00092776-00093144 Magill on Literature and Authors which is actually a relatively
UII4uLVv10y-00222-00093144-00093616 focused database. Literary Sources has about 130,000 or so
UII4uLVv10y-00223-00093616-00094112 entries - people - Magill only has 1500. These are the
UII4uLVv10y-00224-00094112-00094536 ones who are most studied and they cover several different genres -
UII4uLVv10y-00225-00094536-00094904 but again not all - they cover long and short fiction, poetry,
UII4uLVv10y-00226-00094904-00095319 dramatists and philosophers. Gleeditions
UII4uLVv10y-00227-00095319-00096080 is again a shorter but full edition of
UII4uLVv10y-00228-00096080-00096456 several different annotated pieces of literature
UII4uLVv10y-00229-00096456-00096895 so it'll have the text and it'll have notes on the text along with it,
UII4uLVv10y-00230-00096895-00097248 and the Cambridge Companion Online is a series of books from Cambridge
UII4uLVv10y-00231-00097248-00097632 University Press and these are electronic versions of
UII4uLVv10y-00232-00097632-00098224 those print volumes and they cover a wide wide variety of
UII4uLVv10y-00233-00098224-00098632 survey level or freshman and sophomore level
UII4uLVv10y-00234-00098632-00099272 college information, as you can see, on everything from art to music
UII4uLVv10y-00235-00099272-00099783 to poetry to philosophy to religion to history.
UII4uLVv10y-00236-00099904-00100239 And then we come to the general databases which are not specifically on
UII4uLVv10y-00237-00100239-00100551 literature but do include good information about
UII4uLVv10y-00238-00100551-00100895 literature and that includes Oxford Reference Online
UII4uLVv10y-00239-00100895-00101288 this is actually from the Oxford University publishers
UII4uLVv10y-00240-00101288-00101768 and they are also having electronic editions of their books
UII4uLVv10y-00241-00101768-00102160 and these are mainly things like dictionaries and encyclopedias
UII4uLVv10y-00242-00102160-00102703 so relatively short essays or entries they give you factual information,
UII4uLVv10y-00243-00102703-00103183 definitional information, biographical information.
UII4uLVv10y-00244-00103183-00103719 JSTOR is all scholarly journals and it covers a wide variety of
UII4uLVv10y-00245-00103719-00104216 topics including language and literature and you can find a lot of good stuff. You
UII4uLVv10y-00246-00104216-00104607 won't find the most current stuff because journal publishers, in order to
UII4uLVv10y-00247-00104607-00104888 make sure that people will actually pay for their journals,
UII4uLVv10y-00248-00104888-00105255 and in order to pay the writers who write their journal articles,
UII4uLVv10y-00249-00105255-00105632 they don't allow us to put their articles up right away - there's something
UII4uLVv10y-00250-00105632-00105976 called an embargo which means sometimes 12 months
UII4uLVv10y-00251-00105976-00106391 sometimes 18 months after the articles are originally
UII4uLVv10y-00252-00106391-00106767 published in print they are finally allowed to go into databases.
UII4uLVv10y-00253-00106767-00107159 That's why sometimes scholarly journal articles online will lag.
UII4uLVv10y-00254-00107159-00107616 Newspapers you get them today - scholarly journals it may be a year.
UII4uLVv10y-00255-00107616-00108032 And there's a reason for that - part of it goes into the difference in the types of
UII4uLVv10y-00256-00108032-00108479 information you find in a newspaper versus a journal and that
UII4uLVv10y-00257-00108479-00108920 information we cover much more in our general
UII4uLVv10y-00258-00108920-00109320 research workshop but just know here there is a difference between those two
UII4uLVv10y-00259-00109320-00109552 things and that allows the newspaper databases
UII4uLVv10y-00260-00109552-00109903 to update every day but there is a lag to get your journal
UII4uLVv10y-00261-00109903-00110303 articles. Current Biography is exactly what it
UII4uLVv10y-00262-00110303-00110800 says on the lid - it is all biographies including many
UII4uLVv10y-00263-00110800-00111159 from literary greats or people who have been written about.
UII4uLVv10y-00264-00111159-00111455 If you're doing those biographies or those autobiographies or those
UII4uLVv10y-00265-00111455-00111855 narratives. And Communication and Mass Media
UII4uLVv10y-00266-00111855-00112296 Complete is a good database to find anything that
UII4uLVv10y-00267-00112296-00112824 has to do with any sort of mass communication -
UII4uLVv10y-00268-00112824-00113224 so that often includes adaptations of literary works
UII4uLVv10y-00269-00113224-00113688 and sometimes even profiles of various authors
UII4uLVv10y-00270-00113688-00114144 and people of importance that you can find useful in your research.
UII4uLVv10y-00271-00114240-00114791 So I'm going to do three database search demonstrations -
UII4uLVv10y-00272-00114800-00115103 two of them are on databases that are specific to literature,
UII4uLVv10y-00273-00115103-00115448 Magill on Literature and Authors and Literary Sources,
UII4uLVv10y-00274-00115448-00115711 and the third which is the general database and I'm going to show you how
UII4uLVv10y-00275-00115711-00116144 to narrow it down to literature. The example that I'm going to use is
UII4uLVv10y-00276-00116144-00116408 Joy Harjo. She is the Poet Laureate of the United
UII4uLVv10y-00277-00116408-00116640 States and this is her second term, she was
UII4uLVv10y-00278-00116640-00117279 recently appointed for a second term. She is a member of the Mvskoke tribe
UII4uLVv10y-00279-00117279-00117824 and she was appointed in 2019 for the first time.
UII4uLVv10y-00280-00117824-00118152 It was the first time that a Native American was
UII4uLVv10y-00281-00118152-00118567 appointed to the post of Poet Laureate in the history of the position.
UII4uLVv10y-00282-00118567-00118959 She's pretty amazing. So here's how you do those
UII4uLVv10y-00283-00118959-00119428 particular searches: starting off in the library home or the school homepage
UII4uLVv10y-00284-00119428-00119800 smc.edu in order to get to the library you mouse
UII4uLVv10y-00285-00119800-00120200 over Student Support and click on Library between Counseling
UII4uLVv10y-00286-00120200-00120455 and Tutoring.
UII4uLVv10y-00287-00120479-00120967 Once you do that you have a variety of options and I'm going to
UII4uLVv10y-00288-00120967-00121264 point out a couple of them before we do the quick searches.
UII4uLVv10y-00289-00121264-00121696 The first one that I want to point out is Ask a Librarian - we have 24-7 research
UII4uLVv10y-00290-00121696-00122032 help for you. If it's a time that the library would
UII4uLVv10y-00291-00122032-00122520 normally be open SMC librarians are staffing this and we'll answer your
UII4uLVv10y-00292-00122520-00122767 questions. If it's at a time when we would normally
UII4uLVv10y-00293-00122767-00123232 be closed like oh 11 pm on a Monday or anytime on
UII4uLVv10y-00294-00123232-00123528 Sunday you will still contact the librarian -
UII4uLVv10y-00295-00123528-00123903 it'll just be a librarian who is from one of the other colleges or
UII4uLVv10y-00296-00123903-00124303 universities that is a member of the international consortium to which
UII4uLVv10y-00297-00124303-00124888 Santa Monica College belongs. So when you use Ask a Librarian you will
UII4uLVv10y-00298-00124888-00125320 always talk to a college or university librarian.
UII4uLVv10y-00299-00125320-00125767 So heading into the databases when you click on that
UII4uLVv10y-00300-00125824-00126144 it allows you to search either everything,
UII4uLVv10y-00301-00126144-00126520 databases that are primarily ebooks, or by topic,
UII4uLVv10y-00302-00126520-00126952 and that's where we're going today going into Literature.
UII4uLVv10y-00303-00126976-00127352 The first search that we're going to use is Literary Sources
UII4uLVv10y-00304-00127352-00127872 and if you have not logged on you have to log in because these
UII4uLVv10y-00305-00127872-00128200 resources are only for currently enrolled students or people
UII4uLVv10y-00306-00128200-00128624 who work at Santa Monica College. And when you log in there it will take
UII4uLVv10y-00307-00128624-00129183 you to the database
UII4uLVv10y-00308-00129432-00129783 and from there you have some options.
UII4uLVv10y-00309-00129791-00130191 You also have some things that you can just explore that are kind of fun
UII4uLVv10y-00310-00130191-00130672 but i'm going to start up here with Joy Harjo
UII4uLVv10y-00311-00130855-00131424 and when i do that search it gives me
UII4uLVv10y-00312-00131424-00132096 248 pieces of literature criticism and
UII4uLVv10y-00313-00132096-00132448 within that it gives me 72 biographies - either a
UII4uLVv10y-00314-00132448-00132815 biography of her or biographies of other authors that
UII4uLVv10y-00315-00132815-00133344 include her as some sort of an inspiration or a mentor - 8 topic
UII4uLVv10y-00316-00133344-00133879 or work overviews - 191 reviews of work
UII4uLVv10y-00317-00133879-00134479 or news articles about her - 68 primary sources and literary works which
UII4uLVv10y-00318-00134479-00135008 include the text of her work as well as often notes on it - and
UII4uLVv10y-00319-00135008-00135752 10 multimedia sources. For example, Ms Harjo does YouTube presentations - she
UII4uLVv10y-00320-00135752-00136096 is an entertainer and a presenter
UII4uLVv10y-00321-00136096-00136560 and she does poetry slams and she also does poetry and singing
UII4uLVv10y-00322-00136560-00137055 together, and so there may be interviews with her, they may be poetry readings
UII4uLVv10y-00323-00137055-00137288 that she did, there may be poetry slams she
UII4uLVv10y-00324-00137288-00137936 participated in etc. Now down here I could go to one of these
UII4uLVv10y-00325-00137936-00138224 things so for example if i need to know
UII4uLVv10y-00326-00138224-00138503 about her work, I could go directly to her topic or work
UII4uLVv10y-00327-00138503-00138840 overviews - I could also look
UII4uLVv10y-00328-00138840-00139496 I could filter this 248 by specific subjects, by things that are
UII4uLVv10y-00329-00139496-00140240 about her, by names of a specific work, by things that are by her, by the
UII4uLVv10y-00330-00140240-00140560 by the publication title of the
UII4uLVv10y-00331-00140560-00141152 journal that the work is in, by the type of document, and I can also
UII4uLVv10y-00332-00141152-00141567 search within these results. So if I were looking for the title of her
UII4uLVv10y-00333-00141567-00142127 autobiography Crazy Brave I could search within for Crazy Brave.
UII4uLVv10y-00334-00142127-00142584 I could look for items by her, I could look for the name of the work...
UII4uLVv10y-00335-00142584-00143000 so this database actually offers you a lot of different ways to go
UII4uLVv10y-00336-00143000-00143455 in there and as you sort through here you notice some are in English
UII4uLVv10y-00337-00143455-00144720 some are in Spanish and other languages and it will tell you here - just to take a
UII4uLVv10y-00338-00144720-00145055 look at some - it'll tell you the title of the work, who
UII4uLVv10y-00339-00145055-00145327 wrote it, the title of the journal it's in, and the
UII4uLVv10y-00340-00145327-00145720 volume and issue, when it was published, how long it is and
UII4uLVv10y-00341-00145720-00146176 what type of information it is. So I could find critical essays, I could
UII4uLVv10y-00342-00146176-00146736 find a biography etc. So if I click on this overview
UII4uLVv10y-00343-00146736-00147320 for this author, again it gives me all of the information that I need -
UII4uLVv10y-00344-00147320-00147655 it tells me about her
UII4uLVv10y-00345-00147679-00148079 she does many, many, many things and she has reached her wider audience
UII4uLVv10y-00346-00148079-00148440 and made the deepest impression beyond her immediate culture
UII4uLVv10y-00347-00148440-00148840 as a poet, and then it talks about her works,
UII4uLVv10y-00348-00148840-00149336 gives a little bit of history into it,
UII4uLVv10y-00349-00149391-00149720 it gives you examples of how to do source citations -
UII4uLVv10y-00350-00149720-00150064 please be aware when use citations created by a database that you may have
UII4uLVv10y-00351-00150064-00150255 to fix them after you copy and put them in your
UII4uLVv10y-00352-00150255-00150815 paper - so for example if I use the MLA 8th edition which it's currently showing
UII4uLVv10y-00353-00150815-00151224 this is the incorrect font size and format, it's not double spaced,
UII4uLVv10y-00354-00151224-00151784 so I will have to fix it when I put it in my Works Cited but I can do that.
UII4uLVv10y-00355-00151791-00152160 Up here at the top it will give me options:
UII4uLVv10y-00356-00152160-00152840 Citation, email it, download it, print it, so you have all of these
UII4uLVv10y-00357-00152840-00153136 options that you can do with it so if you want to
UII4uLVv10y-00358-00153136-00153560 you could send it to yourself, you could put it on your Google drive, you could
UII4uLVv10y-00359-00153560-00153815 add it to your Onedrive - so you could save it to the cloud.
UII4uLVv10y-00360-00153815-00154176 You can also email it to yourself - one caution -
UII4uLVv10y-00361-00154176-00154615 this email relies on the internal emailer on your device
UII4uLVv10y-00362-00154615-00155008 so if you are sharing a device with other people or if you are using somebody
UII4uLVv10y-00363-00155008-00155391 else's device it may bring up their email instead of
UII4uLVv10y-00364-00155391-00155664 yours so in that case you'll probably want to
UII4uLVv10y-00365-00155664-00156184 save it to your Google drive and this you have via Canvas so if
UII4uLVv10y-00366-00156184-00156527 you're an enrolled student you do have access to a Google
UII4uLVv10y-00367-00156527-00156872 drive on Canvas.
UII4uLVv10y-00368-00156903-00157303 So heading back to the library databases that's one of the two
UII4uLVv10y-00369-00157303-00157624 library literature databases.
UII4uLVv10y-00370-00157624-00158000 The other one that I want to take a look at
UII4uLVv10y-00371-00158055-00158584 is Magill on Literature and Authors.
UII4uLVv10y-00372-00158664-00159112 Now Magill is a much smaller database but it goes much more in depth on the
UII4uLVv10y-00373-00159112-00159496 people that it does cover. So you may or may not find your author
UII4uLVv10y-00374-00159496-00159824 in this database but if you do find them you're going to find a lot of
UII4uLVv10y-00375-00159824-00160376 information on them - so if I use Joy Harjo here -
UII4uLVv10y-00376-00160503-00160864 and you'll notice this interface may look like a lot of the other databases
UII4uLVv10y-00377-00160864-00161120 that you've used that's because they're published by
UII4uLVv10y-00378-00161120-00161576 Ebsco, so you can always tell which database it is you're actually searching
UII4uLVv10y-00379-00161576-00161896 by looking up right above the search field and it'll tell you which database
UII4uLVv10y-00380-00161896-00162232 you're in - before you search it you want to go down
UII4uLVv10y-00381-00162232-00162648 here and you want to give it a few limiters.
UII4uLVv10y-00382-00162648-00163096 So you might tell it I only want author biographies
UII4uLVv10y-00383-00163096-00163567 or I only want work analyses or I only want topical overviews.
UII4uLVv10y-00384-00163567-00164055 If you have a specific title you might give it the specific title of the work
UII4uLVv10y-00385-00164055-00164527 I'm not going to do that because I want to show a broad example
UII4uLVv10y-00386-00164527-00164944 of how you can narrow down your search after you get everything to just get the
UII4uLVv10y-00387-00164944-00165327 things you want. Now when I search Joy Harjo some things
UII4uLVv10y-00388-00165327-00165744 want to show you on this screen. Over here on the left it will allow you
UII4uLVv10y-00389-00165744-00166103 to apply limiters, over here on the right it allows you to
UII4uLVv10y-00390-00166103-00166455 chat with the librarian without leaving your search.
UII4uLVv10y-00391-00166455-00166784 Once you go into the middle you'll notice that some of these are author
UII4uLVv10y-00392-00166784-00167200 biographies - author biography - author biography -
UII4uLVv10y-00393-00167200-00167536 and then the further down you go work analysis -
UII4uLVv10y-00394-00167536-00168088 work analysis - work analysis. The author biographies are looking at
UII4uLVv10y-00395-00168088-00168520 the author through various lenses so this is Magill Survey of American
UII4uLVv10y-00396-00168520-00168991 Literature so it's looking at her as an American writer of note. This is
UII4uLVv10y-00397-00168991-00169344 the Critical Survey of Poetry so it's looking specifically at her
UII4uLVv10y-00398-00169344-00169960 as a poet. The Survey of Short Fiction etc. As you head down into the work
UII4uLVv10y-00399-00169960-00170376 analyses, the work analysis looks at specific
UII4uLVv10y-00400-00170376-00170760 works that she's done: Northern Lights, The Flood, How We Became
UII4uLVv10y-00401-00170760-00171239 Human, The Woman who Fell from the Sky, and it looks at these works - not the
UII4uLVv10y-00402-00171239-00171615 author but the work - through a specific lens. So this is
UII4uLVv10y-00403-00171615-00172055 looking specifically only at short stories.
UII4uLVv10y-00404-00172055-00172464 This is looking at any works that came out in that year
UII4uLVv10y-00405-00172464-00173079 that were considered of great note and when you click on one of these it
UII4uLVv10y-00406-00173079-00173648 brings up that work. It tells you the title of the
UII4uLVv10y-00407-00173648-00174048 the essay, where the essay came from and who wrote it,
UII4uLVv10y-00408-00174048-00174608 it gives you a little bit of information about the specific author it's covering,
UII4uLVv10y-00409-00174608-00174936 it tells you what is covered in this essay -
UII4uLVv10y-00410-00174936-00175488 in this particular essay it's talking about the theme of metamorphosis -
UII4uLVv10y-00411-00175488-00176024 and then it tells you some subject terms. These are standardized terms that are
UII4uLVv10y-00412-00176024-00176400 given to these articles or essays by librarians who say this is
UII4uLVv10y-00413-00176400-00176855 specifically about these topics, and if you click on one of these it will
UII4uLVv10y-00414-00176855-00177127 give you other articles in the database that are also
UII4uLVv10y-00415-00177127-00177608 on these topics. Then as you go down a little further
UII4uLVv10y-00416-00177608-00178176 it tells you about the work - there's Ms Harjo -
UII4uLVv10y-00417-00178215-00178648 this is particularly interesting for me because looking at her work as a poet
UII4uLVv10y-00418-00178648-00178991 they extract pieces of her work and then they
UII4uLVv10y-00419-00178991-00179312 examine it closely
UII4uLVv10y-00420-00179320-00179760 bit at a time - so if your author is in this database you can get some very
UII4uLVv10y-00421-00179760-00180136 close reading and some very substantive information
UII4uLVv10y-00422-00180136-00180512 from this database. And at the end it gives you other places
UII4uLVv10y-00423-00180512-00181008 you can look to find information on her. As we head back up to the top it gives
UII4uLVv10y-00424-00181008-00181288 you some options.
UII4uLVv10y-00425-00181344-00181679 You can save it to your Google drive, I don't recommend adding it to a
UII4uLVv10y-00426-00181679-00182048 folder - things fall out, you can print it, email it, save it, cite
UII4uLVv10y-00427-00182048-00182455 it.  If you're going to cite it
UII4uLVv10y-00428-00182472-00182879 it in alphabetical order by format so you want
UII4uLVv10y-00429-00182879-00183215 to scroll down to MLA and again fix it before you stick it in
UII4uLVv10y-00430-00183215-00183552 your paper. If you want to email it to yourself this
UII4uLVv10y-00431-00183552-00183967 one actually relies on an emailer within the database so it doesn't matter
UII4uLVv10y-00432-00183967-00184352 whose device you're using or if you're sharing a device it will send
UII4uLVv10y-00433-00184352-00184920 it wherever you tell it to send it. I'm going to give it some sort of a
UII4uLVv10y-00434-00184920-00185479 topic just so I know what this is. I'm going to ask it to send me a robot's
UII4uLVv10y-00435-00185479-00185872 attempt at a citation - please put this in your works cited and
UII4uLVv10y-00436-00185872-00186279 fix it before you turn it in - don't send it in plain text format, it
UII4uLVv10y-00437-00186279-00186808 will strip out all of the formatting and leave you a load of junk, and send that
UII4uLVv10y-00438-00186808-00187144 off, and when you get it or at least when the
UII4uLVv10y-00439-00187144-00187544 database has sent it, it will tell you so. At that point
UII4uLVv10y-00440-00187544-00187879 you have a couple of options - you can go back to your result list and
UII4uLVv10y-00441-00187879-00188351 find other information or you can refine your search and add
UII4uLVv10y-00442-00188351-00188648 new terms to it.
UII4uLVv10y-00443-00188736-00189200 Now the third database that I'm going to show you is JSTOR.
UII4uLVv10y-00444-00189200-00189648 JSTOR is not a database that's specifically about literature
UII4uLVv10y-00445-00189648-00190032 but it's a database that includes a lot of really good stuff on literature.
UII4uLVv10y-00446-00190032-00190464 So I scroll down to the general databases in this topic listing.
UII4uLVv10y-00447-00190464-00190951 I click on JSTOR - now I've already logged into the databases so I do not have to
UII4uLVv10y-00448-00190951-00191424 log in again - so if you see something that says login
UII4uLVv10y-00449-00191424-00191767 don't do it, you're already logged in. If you weren't
UII4uLVv10y-00450-00191767-00192320 logged in it would not load the database and you would not see the search field.
UII4uLVv10y-00451-00192351-00192888 So I am going to look for Joy Harjo here
UII4uLVv10y-00452-00193088-00193376 and spell it right
UII4uLVv10y-00453-00193391-00193736 and then I'm going to tell the database what to look
UII4uLVv10y-00454-00193736-00194208 for before I tell it to go look. I am looking for articles,
UII4uLVv10y-00455-00194208-00194544 I am not necessarily looking for book reviews or
UII4uLVv10y-00456-00194544-00194927 essays out of books although I might be, not looking for research reports - they
UII4uLVv10y-00457-00194927-00195288 don't really do that on literature - and I never want miscellaneous because
UII4uLVv10y-00458-00195288-00195632 it's things like back matter in journals and books.
UII4uLVv10y-00459-00195632-00196072 I wanted to be in English because I need something I can read and so can my
UII4uLVv10y-00460-00196072-00196327 teacher - I'm going to leave the publication date
UII4uLVv10y-00461-00196327-00196832 wide open because I don't know how far back
UII4uLVv10y-00462-00196832-00197296 her literary criticism may go and that's enough.
UII4uLVv10y-00463-00197296-00197727 So at that point I can search - I've told the database
UII4uLVv10y-00464-00197727-00198184 who I wanted to search for and I've given it some limits - and I get 158
UII4uLVv10y-00465-00198184-00199112 articles. Now when I take a look at this
UII4uLVv10y-00466-00199112-00199415 there may just be like, oh my gosh this is so much!
UII4uLVv10y-00467-00199415-00199767 I want to look for something that has to do
UII4uLVv10y-00468-00199767-00200439 specifically about her poetry, so I can search within the results just for
UII4uLVv10y-00469-00200439-00200696 poetry
UII4uLVv10y-00470-00200751-00201160 and they all say she's a poet it's all going to be poetry so I might add to
UII4uLVv10y-00471-00201160-00201984 that if it's going to let me
UII4uLVv10y-00472-00202336-00202664 Woman who Fell from the Sky...
UII4uLVv10y-00473-00202703-00203055 okay, this looks to me like this is not working...
UII4uLVv10y-00474-00203055-00203439 so if your Search Within Results is not working you can go up to your
UII4uLVv10y-00475-00203439-00203791 original search and follow the format it gives you -
UII4uLVv10y-00476-00203791-00204167 So I'm going to say AND - it doesn't have to be in capitals but
UII4uLVv10y-00477-00204167-00204832 this allows me to see it better - parentheses poetry
UII4uLVv10y-00478-00204832-00205304 end parentheses, and I search it again.
UII4uLVv10y-00479-00205391-00206071 Wow, it really opened that up a lot because now it's giving me book chapters
UII4uLVv10y-00480-00206071-00206567 as well as journals and it's giving me information on all of these topics
UII4uLVv10y-00481-00206567-00207032 and I want to show you these for just a second because I want to Show More -
UII4uLVv10y-00482-00207032-00207359 notice that it's giving things like anthropology and
UII4uLVv10y-00483-00207359-00207944 cultural studies and economics. I want language and literature but more
UII4uLVv10y-00484-00207944-00208671 specifically I want information on Native Americans.
UII4uLVv10y-00485-00208752-00209183 So that cuts it down it leaves it so that it's about Joy Harjo.
UII4uLVv10y-00486-00209183-00209591 It's English, it's about poetry, but it's specifically
UII4uLVv10y-00487-00209591-00210383 about her cultural heritage. Now when I find one that I like -
UII4uLVv10y-00488-00210456-00210880 this one looks kind of interesting - I have some options.
UII4uLVv10y-00489-00210880-00211248 I can download it and read it later. I can save it
UII4uLVv10y-00490-00211248-00211759 to the cloud. I can cite it - again, fix it before you put it in your paper -
UII4uLVv10y-00491-00211759-00212144 if I click on the title, unlike every other database,
UII4uLVv10y-00492-00212144-00212823 JSTOR gives you your article page at a time
UII4uLVv10y-00493-00212823-00213144 so you have to arrow through
UII4uLVv10y-00494-00213144-00213616 every individual page. So at that point if I read through it and I decide, oh
UII4uLVv10y-00495-00213616-00213959 this looks really kind of interesting, I want to read more of it,
UII4uLVv10y-00496-00213959-00214607 I can download it from here, save it or share it.
UII4uLVv10y-00497-00214607-00214967 If I decide that I want to share it I can email it -
UII4uLVv10y-00498-00214967-00215416 again this relies on the internal emailer of the device you're using
UII4uLVv10y-00499-00215416-00215871 so if you're sharing or using someone else's device this may not be your email.
UII4uLVv10y-00500-00215871-00216344 What I would recommend is downloading it if you can.
UII4uLVv10y-00501-00216544-00217359 And then if you want to cite it, over here on the left hand side
UII4uLVv10y-00502-00217359-00217752 copy paste fix.
UII4uLVv10y-00503-00217783-00218311 When you're done with this particular article you can go back to your results
UII4uLVv10y-00504-00218407-00218840 and you can narrow it down, you can apply different subjects,
UII4uLVv10y-00505-00218840-00219440 you can look on specific date ranges - maybe I only want from 1995 to 2005
UII4uLVv10y-00506-00219440-00220023 or I want from 2010 to 2020. And if you want to search within the
UII4uLVv10y-00507-00220023-00220407 results - if this does not work you can add it up here and
UII4uLVv10y-00508-00220407-00220632 see what you get.
UII4uLVv10y-00509-00220759-00221128 So those are the three different database searches that we're going to
UII4uLVv10y-00510-00221128-00221623 take a look at today. Some of the things that I would like you
UII4uLVv10y-00511-00221623-00222135 to keep in mind - Ask a Librarian if you need help
UII4uLVv10y-00512-00222135-00222607 while you are searching - we are open 24-7 in our reference chat.
UII4uLVv10y-00513-00222607-00223152 I recommend you use chat over email because it can take us a while to get to
UII4uLVv10y-00514-00223152-00223488 email - if you send us email on a Saturday evening we won't
UII4uLVv10y-00515-00223488-00223928 even see it until Monday morning - but if you use the chat you'll get help
UII4uLVv10y-00516-00223928-00224240 right there in the database without having to leave
UII4uLVv10y-00517-00224240-00224656 it. Another thing is many of your teachers may give you extra credit
UII4uLVv10y-00518-00224656-00225200 for having watched this workshop. We can't of course give signatures right
UII4uLVv10y-00519-00225200-00225640 now because we're here and you're there, so we have a code word instead, and the
UII4uLVv10y-00520-00225640-00226040 code word for this workshop is SUNRISE. If you tell your teacher the
UII4uLVv10y-00521-00226040-00226559 name of this workshop,  my name which is Bren Antrim, and Sunrise
UII4uLVv10y-00522-00226559-00226928 then you'll get credit for this - get some extra credit.
UII4uLVv10y-00523-00226928-00227304 Keep in mind you are watching this from an archived video so you can't, of
UII4uLVv10y-00524-00227304-00227735 course, ask questions live but if you are going through it
UII4uLVv10y-00525-00227735-00228128 you can also ask questions via chat - Ask a Librarian
UII4uLVv10y-00526-00228128-00228583 in the chat about this presentation,
UII4uLVv10y-00527-00228632-00228952 And the last thing that I'm going to show you before I
UII4uLVv10y-00528-00228952-00229696 finish up is, we have guides to help you with this, we have
UII4uLVv10y-00529-00229696-00230032 videos that I've created on the Literary Sources database -
UII4uLVv10y-00530-00230032-00230688 this is from before the website redesign but the search itself remains useful -
UII4uLVv10y-00531-00230688-00231288 Magill on Literature and JSTOR. We also have a library guide and this library
UII4uLVv10y-00532-00231288-00231623 guide is useful
UII4uLVv10y-00533-00231807-00232144 in any English class or Literature class that you're taking.
UII4uLVv10y-00534-00232144-00232535 It talks a little bit about how to avoid plagiarism, how to choose a topic, how to
UII4uLVv10y-00535-00232535-00232952 write a research paper - it talks more specifically on
UII4uLVv10y-00536-00232952-00233496 finding and using articles and books and literature - it talks about the MLA
UII4uLVv10y-00537-00233496-00233776 style - how to create a hanging indent and
UII4uLVv10y-00538-00233776-00234128 giving sample citations - and then it has other resources for you
UII4uLVv10y-00539-00234128-00234528 to what to use as well. These links are the same as over
UII4uLVv10y-00540-00234528-00234967 here, just giving you another option in case one of these links breaks, and
UII4uLVv10y-00541-00234967-00235335 then down below once again we have Ask a Librarian chat.
UII4uLVv10y-00542-00235335-00235640 We have the search that you can search the entire database
UII4uLVv10y-00543-00235640-00235959 of the library for which includes all of our ebooks,
UII4uLVv10y-00544-00235959-00236271 and then you have a link to Opposing Viewpoints in Context,
UII4uLVv10y-00545-00236271-00236752 which if you're in a Social Science or an English 1 class and you have to do
UII4uLVv10y-00546-00236752-00237207 a topic that is on a social issue, is a good place to begin.
UII4uLVv10y-00547-00237207-00237688 So thank you for joining me for this particular presentation.
UII4uLVv10y-00548-00237688-00238056 I hope that it was useful for you and that you find it of use as you go
UII4uLVv10y-00549-00238056-00238440 forward in your research. My name is Bren Antrim, this is the
UII4uLVv10y-00550-00238440-00238959 Literature Research Workshop and the code word is Sunrise. Good luck
UII4uLVv10y-00551-00238959-00239583 on your research and be well!
UIY5lqsH_bc-00000-00000088-00000736 now look. these are the faces that are going to appear in this event, as you can see here.
UIY5lqsH_bc-00001-00000952-00001639 actually i don't want to ruin it for you guys, so this is the logo. i've made a video
UIY5lqsH_bc-00002-00001712-00002488 before that event started, which was just starting, and you remember, this is the apple
UIY5lqsH_bc-00003-00002488-00003360 ring, a building that's around the apple park in california, and actually this is filmed
UIY5lqsH_bc-00004-00003360-00004000 during night time, before it was during the morning, and i don't know why it was like this.
UIY5lqsH_bc-00005-00004000-00004384 now it's being filmed during the morning. i think it was just a time lapse, and now they're zooming
UIY5lqsH_bc-00006-00004384-00005784 in on it, and i also i'm really hyped at this point. oh my gosh. oh my gosh. this is so exciting.
UIY5lqsH_bc-00007-00005984-00006559 oh my gosh, those platforms and the products they drive. however, it's amazing experiences for our
UIY5lqsH_bc-00008-00006559-00007176 users, and provide developers with incredible opportunities so that they can use their
UIY5lqsH_bc-00009-00007176-00007728 superpowers to innovate create and collaborate making apps that continue to change the world.
UIY5lqsH_bc-00010-00007864-00008168 and wwdc is designed to give this community.
UIY5lqsH_bc-00011-00008280-00008896 what they need to do their very best to work. we would love to support our developers beyond wwbc
UIY5lqsH_bc-00012-00008952-00009400 as comprehensive world-class support and other important initiatives.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00000-00000106-00000423 (singing: To destroy  the works of the evil one
UKZK0OjGS4U-00001-00000430-00000834 and the kingdom  of darkness with light
UKZK0OjGS4U-00002-00000844-00001284 and to rescue men  from the law of sin,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00003-00001294-00001664 this is The Gospel of Christ.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00004-00001674-00002035 To proclaim the  news unto the poor)
UKZK0OjGS4U-00005-00002045-00002332 Narrator: The Gospel of Christ
UKZK0OjGS4U-00006-00002342-00002642 spreading the soul-saving message of Jesus.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00007-00002649-00002846 And now: Ben Bailey.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00008-00002852-00003169 (singing) This is  The Gospel of Christ.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00009-00003216-00003356 What does the Bible say
UKZK0OjGS4U-00010-00003366-00003643 that a person has to do to become a Christian?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00011-00003653-00003987 There could be no greater question all the world
UKZK0OjGS4U-00012-00003997-00004400 than the question found in Acts 16:30-31,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00013-00004411-00004811 'What must I do to be saved?"
UKZK0OjGS4U-00014-00004821-00005061 We hope that you'll get your Bible and stay tuned
UKZK0OjGS4U-00015-00005071-00005388 as we're going to think about what the word of God says
UKZK0OjGS4U-00016-00005398-00005635 concerning the matter of salvation.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00017-00005715-00005922 As we think about the great question,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00018-00005932-00006079 'What must I do to be saved?'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00019-00006089-00006272 how does one become a Christian?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00020-00006286-00006740 Friend, understand well there are a lot of man's opinions
UKZK0OjGS4U-00021-00006750-00007030 that are given about this. Some people say
UKZK0OjGS4U-00022-00007040-00007193 all you got a do is believe.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00023-00007203-00007487 Others say you got to follow our tradition,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00024-00007497-00007857 and then some will say you know just say the sinner's prayer.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00025-00007867-00008128 All we're worried about today is-
UKZK0OjGS4U-00026-00008138-00008294 what does the Bible say?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00027-00008304-00008802 What does God say from His word and backed up by Scripture
UKZK0OjGS4U-00028-00008812-00009179 that a person must do to be saved?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00029-00009189-00009339 And so, we're going to talk about God's
UKZK0OjGS4U-00030-00009349-00009676 very simple and plain plan of salvation,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00031-00009686-00010020 and let the Bible be the answer to that.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00032-00010030-00010310 Friend, as we do that, please realize,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00033-00010320-00010523 we want you to know up front
UKZK0OjGS4U-00034-00010533-00010797 that the reason this lesson is being presented
UKZK0OjGS4U-00035-00010807-00011107 is because we want people to go to heaven.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00036-00011117-00011491 And more than anything, we want you to know that God loves you
UKZK0OjGS4U-00037-00011501-00011805 and God wants all men to be saved
UKZK0OjGS4U-00038-00011811-00012268 and to come a knowledge of the truth, 1 Timothy 2:4
UKZK0OjGS4U-00039-00012278-00012485 and 2 Peter 3:9.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00040-00012495-00012809 And as we think about this lesson on salvation,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00041-00012819-00012952 just think about in your own mind.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00042-00012962-00013219 Maybe right now you say, 'well I am saved.'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00043-00013229-00013476 Here's what we would challenge you to do today,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00044-00013486-00013797 just think about your own salvation experience.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00045-00013807-00014020 Think about when you obeyed the gospel.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00046-00014030-00014294 Think about how old you were and where you were at
UKZK0OjGS4U-00047-00014304-00014531 and the things you did. And just for now
UKZK0OjGS4U-00048-00014541-00014891 make it clear in your mind this is what I did,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00049-00014901-00015115 by which I know I can be saved.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00050-00015125-00015301 Maybe somebody told you to pray this prayer,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00051-00015311-00015492 maybe you went down front to an altar
UKZK0OjGS4U-00052-00015502-00015662 and somebody told you were saved, or
UKZK0OjGS4U-00053-00015672-00015819 or maybe something different.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00054-00015829-00015995 Just make it clear in your mind right now,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00055-00016005-00016266 and then, we just ask each of us
UKZK0OjGS4U-00056-00016276-00016806 to examine our own experience and see if that lines up
UKZK0OjGS4U-00057-00016816-00017033 with the word and the will of God.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00058-00017043-00017270 And so, what does the Bible teach
UKZK0OjGS4U-00059-00017280-00017467 a person must do to be saved?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00060-00017477-00017877 First, one has to be willing to listen to
UKZK0OjGS4U-00061-00017887-00018338 or hear God's voice on salvation.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00062-00018348-00018948 In Romans 10:17, the Bible says this,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00063-00018958-00019489 "Faith comes by hearing and hearing by the word of God."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00064-00019496-00019662 If faith comes by hearing
UKZK0OjGS4U-00065-00019669-00019849 and hearing is done by the word of God,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00066-00019853-00020063 then that passage clearly teaches
UKZK0OjGS4U-00067-00020069-00020397 we get faith by hearing, listening to,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00068-00020403-00020597 the word of God. Now, you may ask yourself,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00069-00020603-00020840 well, that's all good and well but 'how does that apply
UKZK0OjGS4U-00070-00020850-00021024 to salvation?'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00071-00021034-00021341 Friend, without faith it's impossible to please God.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00072-00021347-00021488 Hebrews 11:6 says,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00073-00021498-00021781 'without faith it is impossible to please God.' And so,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00074-00021785-00022045 if I can't please God without faith,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00075-00022051-00022338 then faith is essential to salvation. Right?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00076-00022345-00022492 How do I get faith?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00077-00022502-00022886 Whatever way by which I get faith is also
UKZK0OjGS4U-00078-00022896-00023086 essential to salvation.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00079-00023089-00023560 Listen again the Romans 10:17: "Faith comes by hearing
UKZK0OjGS4U-00080-00023563-00023730 and hearing by the word of God."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00081-00023736-00023967 If faith is essential to salvation
UKZK0OjGS4U-00082-00023970-00024284 and I can't get faith without hearing the word of God,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00083-00024294-00024604 then friend, hearing the word of God is also
UKZK0OjGS4U-00084-00024611-00024801 essential to salvation.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00085-00024804-00025135 In the long-ago, David said in Psalm 95:7
UKZK0OjGS4U-00086-00025138-00025405 "Today, if you will hear His voice,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00087-00025412-00025668 do not harden your hearts." And so, yes, a person
UKZK0OjGS4U-00088-00025678-00025912 must be willing to hear the word of God. But,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00089-00025919-00026052 what does it really mean
UKZK0OjGS4U-00090-00026056-00026206 when we say, 'hear the word of God'?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00091-00026212-00026346 What does that mean? Does that mean just
UKZK0OjGS4U-00092-00026349-00026603 somebody who stands up and says 'I've got a message from God'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00093-00026609-00026796 you just take it and do whatever they say?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00094-00026803-00027147 How do you hear the word of God correctly?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00095-00027150-00027570 Well, the Bible defines what true hearing is for us.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00096-00027577-00027777 For example:
UKZK0OjGS4U-00097-00027781-00028014 hearing the word of God first of all means
UKZK0OjGS4U-00098-00028017-00028711 that I recognize the authority of only God's word.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00099-00028715-00028912 I want you to think about an example with me
UKZK0OjGS4U-00100-00028918-00029062 from the life of Jesus.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00101-00029069-00029442 Mark chapter 9 Jesus takes Peter, James, and John
UKZK0OjGS4U-00102-00029452-00029599 up on that high mountain.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00103-00029606-00029813 There He was transfigured before them.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00104-00029819-00030026 An amazing event occurs, and Peter,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00105-00030029-00030260 because it's so amazing, he says 'Lord,'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00106-00030266-00030437 he's afraid and doesn't know what else to say
UKZK0OjGS4U-00107-00030440-00030667 so he says 'Lord, it's good for us to be here.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00108-00030673-00030970 Let's make three tabernacles one for you, one for Moses,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00109-00030977-00031127 and one for Elijah.'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00110-00031131-00031351 How did God feel about that?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00111-00031354-00031674 God's voice boomed down from heaven saying "This
UKZK0OjGS4U-00112-00031681-00032165 is my beloved Son," listen now "in whom I'm well pleased.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00113-00032172-00032292 Hear Him."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00114-00032295-00032592 Jesus, if I'm going to hear the word of God correctly,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00115-00032599-00032979 I've got to realize that Jesus, the New Testament,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00116-00032982-00033343 is God's pattern for man to follow today.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00117-00033346-00033580 Matthew 28:18 Jesus said,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00118-00033583-00033823 "All authority has been given to me
UKZK0OjGS4U-00119-00033827-00034160 in heaven and on earth." He has the final authority.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00120-00034184-00034411 I've got to do whatever I do in word or deed
UKZK0OjGS4U-00121-00034437-00035011 by the authority or in the name of Jesus, Colossians 3:17.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00122-00035021-00035288 And friend, let's realize this
UKZK0OjGS4U-00123-00035321-00035575 as we think about hearing the word of God correctly,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00124-00035575-00035889 there is the seriousness involved in that
UKZK0OjGS4U-00125-00035895-00036376 for on the day of judgment it's going to be the words of Jesus
UKZK0OjGS4U-00126-00036389-00036549 that I am judged by.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00127-00036566-00036890 Jesus said, "He who rejects Me,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00128-00036893-00037250 does not receive My words, has that which judges him.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00129-00037260-00037731 The word that I've spoken will judge him in the last day."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00130-00037751-00037954 And so, for practical application
UKZK0OjGS4U-00131-00037964-00038178 as we think about the plan of salvation,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00132-00038191-00038435 let's realize it's not man's opinions.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00133-00038445-00038611 It's not man's traditions.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00134-00038628-00038825 It's not what somebody somewhere makes up
UKZK0OjGS4U-00135-00038838-00039025 and says you've got to do that matters.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00136-00039032-00039255 If we're going to hear the word of God correctly,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00137-00039255-00039452 I've got to realize this book
UKZK0OjGS4U-00138-00039462-00039773 is God's final authority on salvation
UKZK0OjGS4U-00139-00039783-00040076 and what it says and only what it says
UKZK0OjGS4U-00140-00040090-00040540 is what I must give my attention to in listening to God.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00141-00040553-00040800 Secondly, as we think about
UKZK0OjGS4U-00142-00040807-00041074 hearing the word of God and the importance of that
UKZK0OjGS4U-00143-00041074-00041404 hearing also means that I'm willing to, I'm willing to test,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00144-00041411-00041758 that I'm willing to search and to seek it out and see
UKZK0OjGS4U-00145-00041761-00041945 if what I hear is true. Now friend,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00146-00041951-00042225 this is one of the major problems that often occurs
UKZK0OjGS4U-00147-00042232-00042439 in religion today. Somebody
UKZK0OjGS4U-00148-00042449-00042675 may be dressed nicely and somebody that
UKZK0OjGS4U-00149-00042682-00042959 people look up to with the religious stature
UKZK0OjGS4U-00150-00042966-00043229 says something and people just rubberstamp it
UKZK0OjGS4U-00151-00043239-00043630 and take it to the bank and feel like that's a message from God
UKZK0OjGS4U-00152-00043646-00043917 without first checking it in the Bible.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00153-00043933-00044180 That's not how hearing is defined in the Bible.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00154-00044194-00044571 In the Scripture, correctly hearing means
UKZK0OjGS4U-00155-00044584-00044914 that I go to the word of God to determine
UKZK0OjGS4U-00156-00044931-00045388 if what I'm being told is true to the book and the gospel
UKZK0OjGS4U-00157-00045405-00045545 or if it's a lie.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00158-00045555-00045965 I want you to think about Acts 17:11. Paul comes to the region
UKZK0OjGS4U-00159-00045972-00046089 of Berea.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00160-00046099-00046413 He knocks on the door, says he's got a message from God.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00161-00046423-00046673 And Acts 17:11 says "These were more fair-minded
UKZK0OjGS4U-00162-00046683-00046823 than those in Thessalonica
UKZK0OjGS4U-00163-00046830-00047090 in that they received the word with all readiness
UKZK0OjGS4U-00164-00047097-00047380 and searched the Scriptures daily
UKZK0OjGS4U-00165-00047393-00047567 to find out if these things were so."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00166-00047584-00047881 Did those people just up and take Paul right at his message?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00167-00047894-00048114 Paul came in and taught them the gospel.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00168-00048121-00048331 Did they say 'Yeah that's that's got to be right.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00169-00048331-00048561 We believe it right here, right now'? They said, 'No,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00170-00048568-00048701 we're going to search Scripture.'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00171-00048705-00048898 They searched the Scriptures daily
UKZK0OjGS4U-00172-00048905-00049305 to see if what Paul was telling them was true to the gospel.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00173-00049309-00049572 And friend, that's the idea when you hear something,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00174-00049576-00049816 today's lesson, when you hear that when you hear a lesson
UKZK0OjGS4U-00175-00049829-00050016 get out your Bible and check
UKZK0OjGS4U-00176-00050023-00050316 and see if those things are true- that's correctly hearing
UKZK0OjGS4U-00177-00050326-00050593 the word of God. And friend, God wants you to prove it.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00178-00050603-00050954 1 Thessalonians 5:21 commands that,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00179-00050964-00051417 'Prove all things. Hold fast to that which is good.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00180-00051427-00051798 Test the spirits to see whether they are of God.' Why?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00181-00051818-00052122 'For many false prophets have gone out into the world.'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00182-00052145-00052569 don't just buy into everything you hear hook, line and sinker-
UKZK0OjGS4U-00183-00052592-00052822 check it from the Bible and see if it's true.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00184-00052832-00053163 Then, as we think about hearing the word of God,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00185-00053173-00053510 we need to realize that God places a high importance
UKZK0OjGS4U-00186-00053520-00053813 on carefully listening to His message.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00187-00053823-00054120 Luke 8:18  "take heed how you hear."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00188-00054144-00054487 Mark 4:24, "take heed what you hear."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00189-00054497-00054841 Mark 9:7 "take heed who you hear."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00190-00054851-00055118 And then, do you remember that refrain that occurs
UKZK0OjGS4U-00191-00055128-00055435 in every one of the seven letters to the churches in Asia?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00192-00055445-00055792 "To him that has ears to hear, let him hear."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00193-00055812-00056012 God wants man, when God speaks
UKZK0OjGS4U-00194-00056022-00056222 and the Bible is His spoken word,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00195-00056232-00056596 God wants man to listen up, to pay attention,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00196-00056606-00056980 and to be ready to obey His voice. And so, first,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00197-00056990-00057207 when we think about God's plan of salvation,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00198-00057216-00057410 I've got to hear God's word-
UKZK0OjGS4U-00199-00057420-00057774 which leads right into the next step: to have faith
UKZK0OjGS4U-00200-00057784-00058037 or believe in Christ.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00201-00058047-00058401 Friend, understand well the Bible clearly teaches
UKZK0OjGS4U-00202-00058411-00058661 that if a person is not willing
UKZK0OjGS4U-00203-00058671-00058791 to obey,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00204-00058802-00059139 to believe in Jesus, and submit to Him as Lord and Christ,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00205-00059149-00059289 he cannot be saved.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00206-00059299-00059699 The Bible clearly says that. John 8:24, Jesus said,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00207-00059719-00059963 'Unless you believe that I'm He,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00208-00059986-00060193 you'll surely die in your sins.'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00209-00060206-00060677 If we don't recognize Jesus as Messiah, as the Christ,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00210-00060700-00061181 as Immanuel, God with us- friend, we cannot be saved.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00211-00061191-00061511 In Acts chapter 8, Philip is teaching the Ethiopian eunuch
UKZK0OjGS4U-00212-00061521-00061648 and they're traveling down the road.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00213-00061658-00061851 And in the process of teaching him,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00214-00061861-00062125 he sees water and he says 'Here's water.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00215-00062135-00062418 What hinders me from being baptized?' Here's the condition,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00216-00062448-00062789 'If you believe with all your heart you may,' Acts 8
UKZK0OjGS4U-00217-00062799-00063052 verses 36-37. And so friend,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00218-00063062-00063253 listen carefully, there's no denying
UKZK0OjGS4U-00219-00063263-00063546 you've got to believe in Jesus.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00220-00063556-00063827 But just as well, I want you to hear this
UKZK0OjGS4U-00221-00063837-00064170 the Bible never teaches
UKZK0OjGS4U-00222-00064180-00064424 all I've got to do to be saved is believe.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00223-00064434-00064681 I know. I hear it a lot probably just like you.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00224-00064691-00065051 There are people who stand up and teach and proclaim
UKZK0OjGS4U-00225-00065061-00065432 that all you got a do to be saved is believe in Jesus.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00226-00065441-00065892 Friend, the Bible never says faith only will save. In fact,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00227-00065902-00066269 did you know the only time 'faith only' or 'belief alone'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00228-00066279-00066456 occurs in your Bible and mine,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00229-00066466-00066843 it says it won't save? That's right! The only time
UKZK0OjGS4U-00230-00066853-00067123 those two words are combined
UKZK0OjGS4U-00231-00067133-00067420 God said, the Holy Spirit says,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00232-00067430-00067584 'it will not save.' Now
UKZK0OjGS4U-00233-00067600-00067817 let me show you that from the Scripture. Notice your attention
UKZK0OjGS4U-00234-00067827-00068188 to James chapter 2.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00235-00068198-00068481 I want you to look at what the half-brother the Lord James says
UKZK0OjGS4U-00236-00068491-00068661 in James chapter 2.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00237-00068671-00068875 verse number 24
UKZK0OjGS4U-00238-00068888-00069339 James says, "You see then that a man is justified,"
UKZK0OjGS4U-00239-00069349-00069482 just as if I'd never sinned,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00240-00069492-00069763 "you see then that a man is justified by works,"
UKZK0OjGS4U-00241-00069773-00070323 watch it now, "and not by faith only."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00242-00070336-00070663 The only time 'faith only' occurs in the English Bible,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00243-00070673-00071204 and friend, God says you're not justified by 'faith only'.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00244-00071214-00071561 Friend, as we read our Bible, we recognize that to be true.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00245-00071571-00071828 Matthew 7:21 Jesus said,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00246-00071838-00072018 "It's not everybody that looks up into heaven
UKZK0OjGS4U-00247-00072028-00072238 and says 'Lord, Lord,' that's going there."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00248-00072248-00072375 People acknowledge Him as Lord.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00249-00072385-00072595 They believe in Him, but they're not going to heaven.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00250-00072605-00072805 Jesus said, "It's he who does
UKZK0OjGS4U-00251-00072815-00072939 the will of my Father in heaven."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00252-00072949-00073226 Jesus is the author of eternal salvation
UKZK0OjGS4U-00253-00073236-00073660 to all who obey Him, Hebrews 5:8-9.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00254-00073670-00073880 Friend, I remember the words of Jesus well
UKZK0OjGS4U-00255-00073890-00074247 when He spoke to the religious elite in Luke 6:46.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00256-00074257-00074531 He asked this striking question,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00257-00074541-00074838 "Why do you call me 'Lord, Lord'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00258-00074848-00075121 and do not do the things which I say?"
UKZK0OjGS4U-00259-00075131-00075368 Don't you remember the admonishment of Jesus?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00260-00075378-00075839 John 14:15 Jesus said, "If you love me,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00261-00075849-00076085 keep my commandments." And so, belief alone
UKZK0OjGS4U-00262-00076095-00076312 is not all it takes. Don't get me wrong, it's essential.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00263-00076322-00076509 The Bible clearly teaches that,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00264-00076519-00076726 but I've got to be willing to do more
UKZK0OjGS4U-00265-00076736-00077053 than just believe in Christ.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00266-00077063-00077367 And friend, along those same lines
UKZK0OjGS4U-00267-00077377-00077527 sometimes I hear people say, 'Well,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00268-00077537-00077714 to be saved here's what you need to do,'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00269-00077724-00077891 and they've got this little prayer ready.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00270-00077901-00078097 And they say you need to say the sinners' prayer.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00271-00078107-00078278 And it'll often go something like this:
UKZK0OjGS4U-00272-00078288-00078675 'Dear Lord, dear Jesus, I recognize you as Savior.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00273-00078685-00078808 I honor you as master.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00274-00078818-00078992 I ask you to come in my heart and life
UKZK0OjGS4U-00275-00079002-00079285 and save me. In Jesus' name, amen.'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00276-00079295-00079516 Friend, here's the question I ask-
UKZK0OjGS4U-00277-00079526-00079772 where is that found in the Bible?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00278-00079782-00079993 Where does the Bible say
UKZK0OjGS4U-00279-00080006-00080320 to be saved, you need to say the sinner's prayer?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00280-00080330-00080490 Friend, here's what's amazing-
UKZK0OjGS4U-00281-00080500-00080804 you can look from the very first verse Genesis 1:1
UKZK0OjGS4U-00282-00080814-00081131 to the very last verse, Revelation 22:21
UKZK0OjGS4U-00283-00081141-00081337 and not one time
UKZK0OjGS4U-00284-00081347-00081608 will you find that prayer mentioned in the Bible! What?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00285-00081618-00081918 I, we hear it like it occurs all the time,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00286-00081928-00082215 and it's not even in the Bible! That's right!
UKZK0OjGS4U-00287-00082225-00082345 Check your Bible and see!
UKZK0OjGS4U-00288-00082355-00082655 You can't even find that one time
UKZK0OjGS4U-00289-00082665-00082882 in the Scripture. It is a man-made prayer.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00290-00082892-00083199 It's man-made doctrine, and it is not found
UKZK0OjGS4U-00291-00083209-00083540 in the teaching of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Now,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00292-00083550-00083910 on to the third step, once I hear God's word,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00293-00083920-00084400 once I believe in Jesus, I then must be willing to repent
UKZK0OjGS4U-00294-00084410-00084607 of sin in my life. Repentance means to
UKZK0OjGS4U-00295-00084617-00084818 to change one's way of thinking
UKZK0OjGS4U-00296-00084828-00085061 that leads to a changed way of acting.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00297-00085071-00085365 I change the way I feel about my life.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00298-00085375-00085565 I don't do the old things I used to do,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00299-00085575-00085752 or make up my mind to try not to do those things,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00300-00085768-00085952 and now I'm ready to follow God.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00301-00085962-00086232 I know repentance is essential to salvation
UKZK0OjGS4U-00302-00086242-00086936 for Jesus said in Luke 13:3, "Unless you repent,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00303-00086946-00087130 you will all likewise perish."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00304-00087140-00087534 Must a man repent of sin to be saved?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00305-00087544-00087851 Jesus said 'If you don't repent, you will perish.'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00306-00087861-00088201 Acts 2:38, in the first gospel sermon,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00307-00088211-00088418 when he preached Jesus was the Christ,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00308-00088428-00088598 they're cut to the heart with sin.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00309-00088608-00088801 They cried out "Men and brethren what shall we do?"
UKZK0OjGS4U-00310-00088811-00089052 The answer is, "Repent
UKZK0OjGS4U-00311-00089062-00089365 and be baptized for the remission of your sins."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00312-00089375-00089596 Acts 3:19 Peter preached
UKZK0OjGS4U-00313-00089606-00089943 'Repent and be converted that your sins might be blotted out;
UKZK0OjGS4U-00314-00089953-00090146 that seasons of refreshing
UKZK0OjGS4U-00315-00090153-00090320 might come from the presence of the Lord.'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00316-00090330-00090553 Repent, be baptized for the forgiveness of sins.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00317-00090563-00090810 Repent that your sins may be blotted out.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00318-00090820-00091341 Repentance is no doubt connected in God's plan of salvation
UKZK0OjGS4U-00319-00091351-00091801 to forgive man of sin and to cleanse him of iniquity.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00320-00091811-00092175 But friend, when we talk about repentance, sometimes
UKZK0OjGS4U-00321-00092185-00092325 there's confusion
UKZK0OjGS4U-00322-00092335-00092585 along those lines. Sometimes people think that
UKZK0OjGS4U-00323-00092595-00092912 repentance is equated with tears and sorrow.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00324-00092922-00093032 And friend, don't get me wrong,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00325-00093042-00093353 repentance may have that as a part of it, but
UKZK0OjGS4U-00326-00093363-00093570 tears and sorrow alone is not real repentance.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00327-00093580-00093877 2 Corinthians 7:10, the Bible says,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00328-00093887-00094294 'Godly sorrow produces repentance,'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00329-00094304-00094504 not godly sorrow is repentance.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00330-00094514-00094978 Feeling sorrowful, even in a godly way about sin,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00331-00094988-00095365 may lead one to repentance that implies that sorrow alone
UKZK0OjGS4U-00332-00095375-00095572 is not repentance. Well, what is repentance?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00333-00095582-00095905 Luke 3:8
UKZK0OjGS4U-00334-00095915-00096226 we learn that repentance demands a changed life.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00335-00096236-00096536 Certain people came out to John to be baptized of him
UKZK0OjGS4U-00336-00096546-00096703 and these are the religious elite
UKZK0OjGS4U-00337-00096713-00096853 who want to do it looks like
UKZK0OjGS4U-00338-00096863-00097000 because everybody else is doing it.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00339-00097010-00097176 And John said, "You brood of vipers!
UKZK0OjGS4U-00340-00097187-00097440 Who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00341-00097450-00097704 Bring forth fruits
UKZK0OjGS4U-00342-00097714-00097931 worthy of repentance and do not say to yourself,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00343-00097944-00098124 'we've got Abraham as our father.'"
UKZK0OjGS4U-00344-00098137-00098601 John clearly taught them repentance has fruit.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00345-00098611-00098985 It has some kind of indicator in one's life
UKZK0OjGS4U-00346-00098995-00099118 that a person is trying to change.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00347-00099128-00099225 Does that mean we are going to be perfect?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00348-00099239-00099315 That's not what we're saying.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00349-00099349-00099556 Nobody is perfect, or we're not, from time to time
UKZK0OjGS4U-00350-00099559-00099796 we do make mistakes. We do mess up.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00351-00099803-00100099 Friend, we're trying we've turned from the old,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00352-00100109-00100276 and we turn to the new.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00353-00100290-00100593 And thus, we want to put on the new man and put off the old man
UKZK0OjGS4U-00354-00100603-00100770 as the Scripture teaches us
UKZK0OjGS4U-00355-00100780-00101084 throughout the books of Colossians and Romans.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00356-00101094-00101284 Now, let's move to that fourth step
UKZK0OjGS4U-00357-00101294-00101461 in God's plan of salvation.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00358-00101471-00101741 Once I have heard the word of God,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00359-00101751-00102101 I believe the evidence that Jesus is the Messiah,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00360-00102111-00102482 and I'm willing to change my life- the Bible also teaches
UKZK0OjGS4U-00361-00102492-00102882 I must confess, acknowledge with my mouth,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00362-00102892-00103213 that Jesus is the Christ the Son of God.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00363-00103223-00103570 In Romans 10:10, the Bible says it this way,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00364-00103580-00103763 'With the heart or with the mind,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00365-00103773-00104114 one believes unto righteousness and with the mouth
UKZK0OjGS4U-00366-00104124-00104487 confession is made unto salvation.'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00367-00104497-00104938 We see an example of that in Acts 8:36-38.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00368-00104948-00105088 Do you remember we mentioned earlier that
UKZK0OjGS4U-00369-00105098-00105358 Philip is traveling down the road with the Ethiopian eunuch?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00370-00105368-00105712 They come to a certain water. 'Here's water. What hinders me?'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00371-00105722-00105905 'If you believe with all your heart, you may.'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00372-00105915-00106062 Peter said these words,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00373-00106069-00106302 or the Ethiopian eunuch said these words,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00374-00106312-00106790 "I believe Jesus is the Christ, the Son of the living God,"
UKZK0OjGS4U-00375-00106800-00106890 and that's what we're talking about-
UKZK0OjGS4U-00376-00106900-00107143 making the good confession.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00377-00107153-00107283 And you can know
UKZK0OjGS4U-00378-00107293-00107610 that is an essential part of salvation.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00379-00107620-00107737 Here's why we know that.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00380-00107747-00108208 Jesus said in Matthew 10:32-33,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00381-00108221-00108448 'If you won't confess me before men,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00382-00108458-00108635 neither will I confess you before the Father
UKZK0OjGS4U-00383-00108645-00108731 who is in heaven.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00384-00108741-00108952 If you will confess me before men,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00385-00108962-00109185 I'll also confess you before my Father
UKZK0OjGS4U-00386-00109195-00109569 who is in heaven.' Is it necessary that I acknowledge
UKZK0OjGS4U-00387-00109579-00109903 Jesus as the Christ to be saved?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00388-00109913-00110166 Jesus indeed said that it was. Now,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00389-00110176-00110416 sometimes people want to stop short
UKZK0OjGS4U-00390-00110426-00110687 in what the Bible teaches about salvation,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00391-00110697-00110980 but friend, the Bible teaches there is a another
UKZK0OjGS4U-00392-00110990-00111458 essential element, command, that God wants man to do
UKZK0OjGS4U-00393-00111468-00111818 to be saved and that is: to be saved,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00394-00111828-00112158 the Bible teaches man must be baptized.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00395-00112168-00112348 Now listen carefully, I know
UKZK0OjGS4U-00396-00112358-00112715 a lot of people teach and a lot of people claim
UKZK0OjGS4U-00397-00112725-00112956 baptism's something good you ought to do.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00398-00112966-00113163 It's an outward sign of an inward grace,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00399-00113173-00113453 but it is not essential to salvation.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00400-00113463-00113650 Friend, you remember in the beginning of this lesson
UKZK0OjGS4U-00401-00113660-00113967 we encouraged each of us that what we hear
UKZK0OjGS4U-00402-00113977-00114214 we check it by the Bible to make sure that's true.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00403-00114224-00114390 That's all we're asking right now.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00404-00114400-00114984 The Bible teaches baptism is essential to be saved
UKZK0OjGS4U-00405-00114994-00115151 not something you do after you're saved.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00406-00115161-00115258 How we know that?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00407-00115268-00115622 Let's begin by thinking about what baptism is.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00408-00115632-00115929 Sometimes people talk about baptism, and they use a rather
UKZK0OjGS4U-00409-00115939-00116182 loose and un-biblical definition for that.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00410-00116192-00116346 They will say it may mean sprinkling.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00411-00116356-00116663 It may mean pouring, or it may mean immersion.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00412-00116673-00116873 Friend, if one's not immersed in water,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00413-00116890-00117183 he's not met the Bible requirement for baptism.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00414-00117193-00117313 Let me illustrate that.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00415-00117323-00117567 What is baptism according to the Scripture?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00416-00117577-00117844 In John 3:23, John was baptizing
UKZK0OjGS4U-00417-00117854-00118201 in the region of Aenon near Salim. Why?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00418-00118214-00118411 Because there was much water there.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00419-00118428-00118711 How much water does it take to sprinkle?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00420-00118718-00118801 Not much!
UKZK0OjGS4U-00421-00118815-00118952 What about to pour a little water? Not much!
UKZK0OjGS4U-00422-00118955-00119335 How much water does it take to immerse an adult?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00423-00119342-00119465 Much water!
UKZK0OjGS4U-00424-00119469-00119799 Listen to the other examples. Romans 6:1-4,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00425-00119809-00120109 Paul likened baptism unto a burial.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00426-00120119-00120436 Imagine last time you went to a burial, graveside funeral.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00427-00120443-00120553 What'd they do with the body?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00428-00120560-00120647 Did they lay it on the ground
UKZK0OjGS4U-00429-00120653-00120790 and sprinkle a little dirt on it?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00430-00120790-00120967 Did they pour a little dirt on it? No!
UKZK0OjGS4U-00431-00120977-00121130 They dug a hole in the ground.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00432-00121141-00121321 They placed that body all the way on the ground.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00433-00121331-00121588 It's covered on the bottom and covered on every side by dirt,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00434-00121598-00121855 and then they completely covered it.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00435-00121865-00122205 They engulfed it. They immersed it. They encased it
UKZK0OjGS4U-00436-00122215-00122318 in the ground.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00437-00122328-00122622 The Bible says baptism is a burial
UKZK0OjGS4U-00438-00122632-00122982 not a sprinkling or not a pouring. It's a burial.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00439-00122992-00123376 Now two other passages, Mark 1:9-11
UKZK0OjGS4U-00440-00123386-00123706 at the baptism of Jesus it says
UKZK0OjGS4U-00441-00123716-00123937 as He was coming up out of the water
UKZK0OjGS4U-00442-00123947-00124197 the spirit descended upon Him like a dove.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00443-00124207-00124507 To come up out of water, what must you first do?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00444-00124517-00124674 Well, you've got to go down into it.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00445-00124684-00125001 Jesus went down into the water to come up out of it, and thus
UKZK0OjGS4U-00446-00125011-00125298 for His mode of baptism, He was immersed.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00447-00125308-00125468 And the same thing with the Ethiopian eunuch.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00448-00125478-00125858 Acts 8:37-39 both Philip and the eunuch
UKZK0OjGS4U-00449-00125869-00126079 stopped the chariot. They got down out of it.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00450-00126089-00126256 They went into the water. He baptized him,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00451-00126266-00126432 and they came up out of the water-
UKZK0OjGS4U-00452-00126442-00126746 again a picture of immersion.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00453-00126756-00126960 You don't find sprinkling
UKZK0OjGS4U-00454-00126970-00127126 in the Bible. You don't find pouring.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00455-00127136-00127524 We find people being immersed for the forgiveness of sins.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00456-00127533-00127897 Now, what then does the Bible teach is the purpose
UKZK0OjGS4U-00457-00127907-00128027 of baptism?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00458-00128037-00128328 I want to direct your attention to these passages with us.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00459-00128338-00128902 The Bible teaches that baptism is essential to be saved.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00460-00128912-00129188 It is essential for salvation.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00461-00129199-00129532 Mark 16:16 Jesus said it this way,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00462-00129539-00130046 "He who believes and is baptized will be saved.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00463-00130056-00130356 He who does not believe will be condemned." Did Jesus say,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00464-00130363-00130633 you just answer the question for yourself from your own Bible-
UKZK0OjGS4U-00465-00130640-00131164 did Jesus say a person must believe and be baptized
UKZK0OjGS4U-00466-00131174-00131301 to be saved?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00467-00131311-00131514 Friend, if He said that, let's believe it.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00468-00131524-00131778 What about Acts 2:38?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00469-00131788-00132075 Peter stood up with the 11 proclaimed the gospel.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00470-00132085-00132318 When they wanted to know 'what must we do to be saved?'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00471-00132325-00132545 Peter said, "Repent and be baptized
UKZK0OjGS4U-00472-00132559-00132889 every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ (why?)
UKZK0OjGS4U-00473-00132896-00133183 for the remission of sins."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00474-00133193-00133476 Does the Bible say you've got to repent and be baptized
UKZK0OjGS4U-00475-00133486-00133730 to have your sins remitted?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00476-00133740-00133927 Can't be saved without your sins being forgiven.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00477-00133937-00134183 Does the Bible say you've got to repent and be baptized
UKZK0OjGS4U-00478-00134193-00134350 to be saved, to be forgiven?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00479-00134360-00134797 Acts 22:16 Saul is told "Arise and be baptized and
UKZK0OjGS4U-00480-00134807-00135191 wash away your sin calling on the name the Lord."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00481-00135201-00135548 At what point is man's sin washed away?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00482-00135558-00135678 It's at the point of baptism,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00483-00135688-00136099 and thus it is essential to salvation.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00484-00136109-00136312 Friend, let's also realize this,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00485-00136322-00136466 one of the things that the Scripture
UKZK0OjGS4U-00486-00136476-00136646 clearly teaches is that
UKZK0OjGS4U-00487-00136656-00136873 all spiritual blessings are found
UKZK0OjGS4U-00488-00136883-00137250 inside of Christ- Ephesians 1:3.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00489-00137257-00137564 2 Timothy 2:10 says that salvation
UKZK0OjGS4U-00490-00137574-00137704 is also in Christ. And so,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00491-00137714-00137967 if all spiritual blessings are in Christ
UKZK0OjGS4U-00492-00137977-00138321 and if salvation is also in Christ,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00493-00138331-00138701 then we've got to ask the question- how does the Bible say
UKZK0OjGS4U-00494-00138711-00138888 a person gets in Christ?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00495-00138898-00139095 And again it's at the point of baptism.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00496-00139105-00139422 Galatians 3:27 the Bible says,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00497-00139432-00139769 "As many of us as were baptized," listen,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00498-00139779-00140156 "into Christ have clothed ourselves with Christ."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00499-00140166-00140613 We're baptized into His death, Romans 6:3-4. And so,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00500-00140623-00140827 if I want to access all spiritual blessings,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00501-00140837-00141034 if I want to be in Christ,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00502-00141044-00141327 I've got to be baptized to get into Christ. Now,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00503-00141337-00141698 I know the objection. Sometimes people will
UKZK0OjGS4U-00504-00141708-00142028 often give objections as it relates to these things.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00505-00142038-00142362 Sometimes people say 'you know that's all good and well, but
UKZK0OjGS4U-00506-00142372-00142659 the Bible never says
UKZK0OjGS4U-00507-00142669-00143016 baptism saves or you have to be baptized to be saved.'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00508-00143026-00143156 Friend, it absolutely does!
UKZK0OjGS4U-00509-00143166-00143653 1 Peter 3:21 "Baptism does now also save us."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00510-00143663-00143940 That's the explicit language of the Bible. Listen to it again.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00511-00143950-00144577 "Baptism doth now also save us."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00512-00144587-00144884 If the Bible says baptism saves,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00513-00144894-00145064 why would we ever make up a doctrine
UKZK0OjGS4U-00514-00145074-00145258 or why would man ever make up a doctrine
UKZK0OjGS4U-00515-00145268-00145535 that says it's not essential? Somebody says 'Okay, okay, but
UKZK0OjGS4U-00516-00145545-00145792 the Bible never says you got to be baptized
UKZK0OjGS4U-00517-00145802-00146112 to get into God's kingdom and go to heaven.'
UKZK0OjGS4U-00518-00146122-00146286 It absolutely does!
UKZK0OjGS4U-00519-00146296-00146663 John 3:5 Jesus said, "Unless
UKZK0OjGS4U-00520-00146673-00147036 a man is born of water and the spirit
UKZK0OjGS4U-00521-00147046-00147196 he cannot enter the kingdom of God."
UKZK0OjGS4U-00522-00147207-00147453 And so, friend, we ask you today
UKZK0OjGS4U-00523-00147463-00147897 to think about-remember when, in the initial part of this lesson,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00524-00147907-00148054 we encouraged each one of us
UKZK0OjGS4U-00525-00148064-00148371 to think about our own salvation experience.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00526-00148381-00148621 You were asked to think about where you were,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00527-00148631-00148801 have maybe how old you were
UKZK0OjGS4U-00528-00148811-00149245 and then to make clear in your mind exactly what steps
UKZK0OjGS4U-00529-00149255-00149572 you took by which you knew you were saved.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00530-00149582-00149792 Friend, here's all we ask you to do now:
UKZK0OjGS4U-00531-00149802-00150346 hold that up look at it in view of what we've studied today.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00532-00150356-00150507 Do the two merge?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00533-00150517-00150700 If they don't match up,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00534-00150710-00150910 then friend, we're encouraging you today-
UKZK0OjGS4U-00535-00150920-00151254 won't you obey the gospel? Won't you become a Christian?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00536-00151264-00151564 Have you heard the message about Christ?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00537-00151574-00151804 Do you believe He's the Savior of the world?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00538-00151814-00152108 Are you willing to repent of sin that's in your life
UKZK0OjGS4U-00539-00152118-00152355 and turn from it and turn to God?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00540-00152365-00152589 Would you acknowledge Jesus is the Christ,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00541-00152599-00152802 the Son of the living God with your mouth?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00542-00152812-00153092 Would you be baptized for the remission of your sins?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00543-00153102-00153333 If you haven't done that, you'd like to study more,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00544-00153343-00153580 or if we can help you in any way- please contact us
UKZK0OjGS4U-00545-00153590-00153716 and may God help each of us
UKZK0OjGS4U-00546-00153726-00154097 to every day obey the gospel of Christ.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00547-00154153-00154400 You may have just joined our program and are wondering
UKZK0OjGS4U-00548-00154410-00154594 what is The Gospel of Christ?
UKZK0OjGS4U-00549-00154604-00154874 The Gospel of Christ is an evangelistic work
UKZK0OjGS4U-00550-00154884-00155031 of the churches of Christ
UKZK0OjGS4U-00551-00155041-00155315 that reaches the whole world with the gospel
UKZK0OjGS4U-00552-00155325-00155592 through TV, radio, and Internet.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00553-00155602-00155919 Our motto is to take the whole gospel
UKZK0OjGS4U-00554-00155929-00156039 to the whole world.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00555-00156049-00156306 We believe in having a book, chapter, and verse,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00556-00156316-00156516 for everything we say and do.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00557-00156526-00156769 And unlike many religious groups today,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00558-00156779-00157130 we're concerned about lost souls, not your wallet.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00559-00157130-00157427 ♪ singing ♪
UKZK0OjGS4U-00560-00157433-00157694 We encourage you to visit thegospelofChrist.com
UKZK0OjGS4U-00561-00157704-00157924 for a host of Bible study materials as well as
UKZK0OjGS4U-00562-00157934-00158194 audio and video copies of our lessons.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00563-00158204-00158381 If you would like to have a copy of today's lesson,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00564-00158391-00158518 please visit our website
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UKZK0OjGS4U-00566-00158738-00158835 or you can email us at:
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UKZK0OjGS4U-00568-00159168-00159792 call us toll-free at 1-855-458-3905,
UKZK0OjGS4U-00569-00159802-00160513 or write to us at PO Box 788 McMinnville, TN 37111.
UKZK0OjGS4U-00570-00160513-00160803 ♪ singing ♪
ULjXP_XHb8c-00000-00000450-00000500 hello guys today i will teach you how to make aloo samosa and how to fold samosa with samosa folding technique
ULjXP_XHb8c-00001-00000500-00000614 of ready made samosa patti
ULjXP_XHb8c-00002-00001056-00001252 ingredients:
ULjXP_XHb8c-00003-00001320-00001617 3 to 5 potatoes boiled and mashed
ULjXP_XHb8c-00004-00001617-00001903 samosa patti
ULjXP_XHb8c-00005-00003034-00003354 1/2 teas spoon red chili flacks and salt to taste
ULjXP_XHb8c-00006-00003670-00003974 1 medium size onion chopped
ULjXP_XHb8c-00007-00003974-00004307 2 Tbs plain flour paste mixed in water
ULjXP_XHb8c-00008-00004619-00004773 green coriander leaves
ULjXP_XHb8c-00009-00004805-00004928 dray coriander seeds 1/2 Tsp
ULjXP_XHb8c-00010-00005506-00005776 1/2 tsp cumin seeds
UpWFzN7jciY-00000-00000108-00000594 foreign
UpWFzN7jciY-00001-00000714-00001938 gather round welcome to the freak Show the best in town what the hell's wrong with me
UpWFzN7jciY-00002-00001938-00002394 I don't get along with anybody honestly I've been living in my own head constantly thoughts jumbled
UpWFzN7jciY-00003-00002394-00002868 around think I need a new lobotomy wait all these thoughts are too negative I don't want to get lost
UpWFzN7jciY-00004-00002868-00003300 in the sedative gotta show them what I got I'm competitive you know I'm about to go walk I won't
UpWFzN7jciY-00005-00003300-00003708 let him win I'll take a stab I wanna chase a bag I wanna wait I could change all the things I lack
UpWFzN7jciY-00006-00003708-00004122 I gotta face the facts I gotta taste in that got me obsessed with the rest I got Niche to scratch
UpWFzN7jciY-00007-00004356-00004962 my dreams
UpWFzN7jciY-00009-00011064-00011370 if I can see my dreams
UpWFzN7jciY-00010-00014772-00014897 don't do anything
UP3cgoMUDx8-00000-00000213-00000352 48.
UP3cgoMUDx8-00001-00000352-00001044 How to Learn a Language.
UP3cgoMUDx8-00002-00001044-00001579 Focus On Input First As a language learner, you want to learn to
UP3cgoMUDx8-00003-00001579-00001894 express yourself comfortably in a new language.
UP3cgoMUDx8-00004-00001894-00002119 This is certainly achievable.
UP3cgoMUDx8-00005-00002119-00002550 Before you can express yourself, however, you need to absorb a great deal of your new
UP3cgoMUDx8-00006-00002550-00003158 language through listening, reading, and learning words and phrases in a systematic way.
UP3cgoMUDx8-00007-00003158-00003723 Therefore, you should focus first on gaining the right language input.
UP3cgoMUDx8-00008-00003723-00004296 Except for a small amount of beginner material, all the content on The Linguist is real language
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UP6514TU7m8-00000-00000000-00001335 Intro
UP6514TU7m8-00001-00001335-00001774 Oh Tar Jalay Bese Thaka Dai.
UP6514TU7m8-00002-00001774-00002063 Oh Jar Deka Pow Dai.
UP6514TU7m8-00003-00002063-00002414 Oh Re! Piriti Bisher Kata Bidhlo Amer Pay.
UP6514TU7m8-00004-00002414-00002753 Biser Jala Vora Agun Amar Sara Gay.
UP6514TU7m8-00005-00002753-00003066 Buk Cire Kaka Kore Pronta Buji Jai.
UP6514TU7m8-00006-00003066-00003443 Oh Tar Jalay Bese Thaka Dai.
UP6514TU7m8-00007-00003443-00003719 Oh Jar Deka Pow Dai.
UP6514TU7m8-00008-00003719-00003969 Oh Tar Jalay Bese Thaka Dai.
UP6514TU7m8-00009-00003969-00004371 Oh Jar Deka Pow Dai.
UP6514TU7m8-00011-00007598-00007949 Bhalobasar Khota Aji Bolte Pari Na.
UP6514TU7m8-00012-00007949-00008578 Moner Khotay Ajo Ami Cholte Pari Na.
UP6514TU7m8-00013-00008578-00008892 Oh! Bhalobasar Khota Aji Bolte Pari Na.
UP6514TU7m8-00014-00008892-00009230 Moner Khotay Ajo Ami Cholte Pari Na.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00000-00000312-00000412 Rosamond Rhodes: Thank you, Jean [spelled phonetically], for
UP8eA0ItPv0-00001-00000412-00001074 inviting me, and thank you to the NIH for giving a philosopher an opportunity to deal
UP8eA0ItPv0-00002-00001074-00001228 with these issues.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00003-00001228-00001905 So I'm going to be presenting work that came out of an NIH-sponsored working group that
UP8eA0ItPv0-00004-00001905-00002327 produced the volume that Gene mentioned.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00005-00002327-00002618 Which is the forward?
UP8eA0ItPv0-00006-00002618-00002957 Which is the button?
UP8eA0ItPv0-00007-00002957-00003063 Oh, this.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00008-00003063-00003835 Okay, so I very much like this quote from Professor Lee Kump that describes, "microorganisms
UP8eA0ItPv0-00009-00003835-00004523 impact just about everything, animals and plants are merely along for the ride."
UP8eA0ItPv0-00010-00004523-00005214 And what this says to me is your study of the human microbiome and the microbiome in
UP8eA0ItPv0-00011-00005214-00005919 the world has really changed our view from the human being the center of our focus to,
UP8eA0ItPv0-00012-00005919-00006640 actually, we're kind of insignificant compared to the microbiota around us.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00013-00006640-00007276 So going on to ELSI issues, you all know about the scientific background and goal of the
UP8eA0ItPv0-00014-00007276-00007545 HMP.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00015-00007545-00008294 So getting to the ELSI issues, an important issue is identity.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00016-00008294-00008763 So finding out that there are all these critters living on you and in you, people can find
UP8eA0ItPv0-00017-00008763-00009385 that kind of yucky, disturbing, and that could change how we think of ourselves, at least
UP8eA0ItPv0-00018-00009385-00009874 for a few minutes when you first hear about it.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00019-00009874-00010715 So the idea of self-identity may change because all these critters that live in us and on
UP8eA0ItPv0-00020-00010715-00010983 us are changing very quickly.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00021-00010983-00011589 They transform themselves, they have a very short lifecycle, so what will that do to our
UP8eA0ItPv0-00022-00011589-00011903 concept of ourselves?
UP8eA0ItPv0-00023-00011903-00012246 Well, probably not very much.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00024-00012246-00012717 In the previous slide you saw these photos -- let's go back there for a moment -- these
UP8eA0ItPv0-00025-00012717-00013381 are photos of grandmother of a colleague of mine, and you can see the philosophic issue
UP8eA0ItPv0-00026-00013381-00013868 of, how can you remain the same person as you change over time?
UP8eA0ItPv0-00027-00013868-00014479 And we get used to the idea that we change over time, and the idea of the microbiome
UP8eA0ItPv0-00028-00014479-00015260 in us changing as we age probably will not be that transformative to us altogether.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00029-00015260-00015960 The bigger issue is going to be thinking of ourselves as much more a part of the environment,
UP8eA0ItPv0-00030-00015960-00016584 and not so distinct and separate from it.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00031-00016584-00017147 So it will require us to pay a lot more attention to our environment.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00032-00017147-00017929 As is already mentioned, we've been very good at wanting to kill off the microbes, and focusing
UP8eA0ItPv0-00033-00017929-00018529 on we've got to get rid of them, we've got to stay clean and eliminate them, and now
UP8eA0ItPv0-00034-00018529-00019109 we've gotten this new positive view of the microbes, they're our friends, they're what
UP8eA0ItPv0-00035-00019109-00019709 makes us healthy, and probably both views are somewhat of distortions, and this very
UP8eA0ItPv0-00036-00019709-00020379 positive view will maybe lead people to buy a lot of probiotics, and maybe teach mothers
UP8eA0ItPv0-00037-00020379-00020629 to have their children eat dirt.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00038-00020629-00021224 Both of them probably a little bit off the deep end.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00039-00021224-00021924 Another important ELSI issue is the issue of privacy or confidentiality, and I've tried
UP8eA0ItPv0-00040-00021924-00022043 to distinguish them.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00041-00022043-00022430 So privacy is a concept from common morality.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00042-00022430-00023056 It typically defines what's in our thoughts, what's in our bodies, what's in our bedroom
UP8eA0ItPv0-00043-00023056-00023765 behind the closed door, behind the locked door of our house, and that's a private domain.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00044-00023765-00024341 In medicine we talk about a slightly different concept called confidentiality, and in the
UP8eA0ItPv0-00045-00024341-00024865 literature, these two concepts get blurred and confused, and I think it would be very
UP8eA0ItPv0-00046-00024865-00025401 useful, particularly for science, to keep these ideas separate.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00047-00025401-00026243 So confidentiality in medicine defines an artificial space that we create for doctor-patient
UP8eA0ItPv0-00048-00026243-00026377 communication.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00049-00026377-00026939 But when the doctor shares the information from the patient with the doctors who are
UP8eA0ItPv0-00050-00026939-00027683 taking over the 24/7 care of the patient, or when the doctor shares that information
UP8eA0ItPv0-00051-00027683-00028619 with a colleague who's more expert in inflammatory bowel disease, we don't think of it as a violation
UP8eA0ItPv0-00052-00028619-00028837 of confidentiality.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00053-00028837-00029638 The clear space is defined by a need to know, not by a particular individual speaking to
UP8eA0ItPv0-00054-00029638-00029738 another.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00055-00029738-00030487 And we're very good at protecting that confidential space in medicine based on need to know.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00056-00030487-00031112 And the question I want to raise here as an ELSI issue is whether this concept of privacy
UP8eA0ItPv0-00057-00031112-00031743 from common morality is more appropriate to thinking about biomedical research, or the
UP8eA0ItPv0-00058-00031743-00032443 concept of confidentiality, the biomedical concept of professionalism.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00059-00032443-00032972 And you notice we have this idea of confidentiality in other professions, certainly the priesthood,
UP8eA0ItPv0-00060-00032972-00033077 but also in law.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00061-00033077-00033891 So when the lawyer hands off the papers to his assistant or his secretary, there is no
UP8eA0ItPv0-00062-00033891-00034681 violation of confidentiality because all of the people involved accept that the information
UP8eA0ItPv0-00063-00034681-00034833 will be shared.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00064-00034833-00035499 So I'm pointing out here that this distinction between privacy and confidentiality is probably
UP8eA0ItPv0-00065-00035499-00036422 important to keep in mind, and probably, in science, we want to uphold the idea of confidentiality
UP8eA0ItPv0-00066-00036422-00036798 from medicine rather than privacy.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00067-00036798-00038000 Now, this comes up a lot in sharing samples for studies of the human microbiome.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00068-00038000-00038816 So certainly we know now that individuals might have unique metagenomic genotypes, and
UP8eA0ItPv0-00069-00038816-00039549 that makes the human microbiome very attractive to Homeland Security and to the FBI that could
UP8eA0ItPv0-00070-00039549-00040347 use it just like fingerprints, and we've already seen some of this appear in TV crime dramas
UP8eA0ItPv0-00071-00040347-00040911 where they've used the microbiome to track down the criminal, or the poop on a ship I
UP8eA0ItPv0-00072-00040911-00041584 saw was used to disprove some theory of who committed a crime.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00073-00041584-00042111 So it's already in the media, and it will be coming soon to Homeland Security and the
UP8eA0ItPv0-00074-00042111-00042221 FBI.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00075-00042221-00043387 So, certainly, we want some kind of protection for science that deals with human microbiome.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00076-00043387-00043962 We want some kind of protection similar to GINA, but not exactly because there are problems
UP8eA0ItPv0-00077-00043962-00044140 with GINA.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00078-00044140-00044937 And probably we want the samples that we collect for human subject research to be subpoena
UP8eA0ItPv0-00079-00044937-00045444 proof, so that they couldn't be used in criminal investigations, and they couldn't be used
UP8eA0ItPv0-00080-00045444-00046209 in immigration investigations, and people will feel safe in donating their samples and
UP8eA0ItPv0-00081-00046209-00046675 contribute to the research.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00082-00046675-00047708 Another important -- did this go -- another important issue related to ELSI is property,
UP8eA0ItPv0-00083-00047708-00048471 and the concept of property is a socially-constructed concept, and some features of the microbiome
UP8eA0ItPv0-00084-00048471-00048880 make us think of it as property.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00085-00048880-00049590 So it looks like a treasure; it comes from us, it's in us and on us, and you generally
UP8eA0ItPv0-00086-00049590-00049878 need permission to take people's samples.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00087-00049878-00050677 Other features of the microbiome tend to make us think of it not like property, like discarded
UP8eA0ItPv0-00088-00050677-00051103 items, the things we throw in the garbage or flush down the toilet.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00089-00051103-00051587 So what is human microbiome property law?
UP8eA0ItPv0-00090-00051587-00052272 So, if we think about property law, we have our understanding of property law come from
UP8eA0ItPv0-00091-00052272-00052583 three different philosophic directions.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00092-00052583-00053263 So, most popular in the United States with the libertarians is the Lockean view that
UP8eA0ItPv0-00093-00053263-00053638 if it's in your body or on your body, it's yours.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00094-00053638-00054117 If it comes -- if you've mixed your labor with it, I don't know, by digesting the food,
UP8eA0ItPv0-00095-00054117-00054522 then it's yours, and nobody should muck with your property.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00096-00054522-00055377 Another view we get from Rousseau is that whatever is here is the bounty of the world,
UP8eA0ItPv0-00097-00055377-00056004 and it should be shared for all of us for the common good, the way we put up all of
UP8eA0ItPv0-00098-00056004-00056432 your findings on a commonly-shared website.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00099-00056432-00057167 And a third view of property, not very much discussed or as popular, is actually much
UP8eA0ItPv0-00100-00057167-00057766 closer to what we use, and it's the idea of property that we inherit from Thomas Hobbes,
UP8eA0ItPv0-00101-00057766-00058608 and this idea is out there, the state of nature, the Garden of Eden, nobody owned anything.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00102-00058608-00059302 We make up the rules, and we make up the rules of ownership to be governed by what's useful
UP8eA0ItPv0-00103-00059302-00059935 for us, and those rules can change based on what we find to be useful.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00104-00059935-00060579 So property law's a dynamic patchwork, and laws and policies related to the microbiome
UP8eA0ItPv0-00105-00060579-00061349 should be designed to avoid harm to individuals, promote the social good, and avoid undermining
UP8eA0ItPv0-00106-00061349-00061737 important social projects.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00107-00061737-00062479 And there have already been numerous cases related to property that have come up with
UP8eA0ItPv0-00108-00062479-00062680 the human genome.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00109-00062680-00063511 We've seen some of these -- I don't know how to say it -- Chakrabarty; certainly Myriad
UP8eA0ItPv0-00110-00063511-00063912 Genetics, which just settled but it's been around for a while.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00111-00063912-00064734 The story of Henrietta Lacks was very popular about a year ago, and John Moore's spleen
UP8eA0ItPv0-00112-00064734-00065141 samples for leukaemia treatment.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00113-00065141-00065812 All of these have been controversial cases related to property rights in the human genome,
UP8eA0ItPv0-00114-00065812-00066599 and I know of no such cases related to the human microbiome, but they're sure to come.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00115-00066599-00067160 So thinking about ELSI, another important issue is, of course, human subject research.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00116-00067160-00067651 And if we think about human subject research related to the human microbiome, there are
UP8eA0ItPv0-00117-00067651-00067905 at least three kinds of research.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00118-00067905-00068669 So there's the focus of the HMP, which is the collection of samples from a broad spectrum
UP8eA0ItPv0-00119-00068669-00069395 of subjects to answer very general questions about what is the human microbiome.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00120-00069395-00070031 Then there is the examinations of individuals to understand the role of microbiota and the
UP8eA0ItPv0-00121-00070031-00070219 development of specific diseases.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00122-00070219-00070863 So you're looking at healthy and -- healthy normals and diseased people, and try to see
UP8eA0ItPv0-00123-00070863-00071141 how their microbiomes differ.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00124-00071141-00071760 And then there are going to be, and there are already some, interventions using probiotics
UP8eA0ItPv0-00125-00071760-00072482 and bacteriophages to try to cure diseases, or at least ameliorate symptoms.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00126-00072482-00073188 So I think these are very different kinds of research, and they raise different kinds
UP8eA0ItPv0-00127-00073188-00073367 of issues.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00128-00073367-00073976 So the first kind, the general observational studies, focuses on these general kinds of
UP8eA0ItPv0-00129-00073976-00074958 issues, and they are done largely using biobanks, and you're going to advance knowledge gain
UP8eA0ItPv0-00130-00074958-00075705 from microbiome studies for broad application.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00131-00075705-00076325 The most critical feature of these studies is that once the samples are collected, biobank
UP8eA0ItPv0-00132-00076325-00076890 research will pose only negligible, physical risks.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00133-00076890-00077516 So once they have your saliva sample, or your blood sample, or your stool sample, there
UP8eA0ItPv0-00134-00077516-00077807 is no harm involved.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00135-00077807-00078243 And two important points follow from this.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00136-00078243-00078984 So, first, the samples come from multiple sites on a very large number of individuals,
UP8eA0ItPv0-00137-00078984-00079501 often; the studies are very time-consuming and costly.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00138-00079501-00080193 And then for them to have a significant research payoff, samples and data have to be widely
UP8eA0ItPv0-00139-00080193-00080607 available to researchers for use in many studies.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00140-00080607-00081208 So the American people are investing hugely in these projects, we want to get -- we, the
UP8eA0ItPv0-00141-00081208-00081738 American people, should want to get good bang for our buck, so we want this material to
UP8eA0ItPv0-00142-00081738-00082139 be used.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00143-00082139-00082792 The second kind of research that compares the healthy normals and the diseased people
UP8eA0ItPv0-00144-00082792-00083488 is, again, largely observational, and it involves comparisons.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00145-00083488-00083926 So, again, very little harm is involved.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00146-00083926-00084895 The third kind of research, which could be like infectious disease research or drug development
UP8eA0ItPv0-00147-00084895-00085623 research, certainly could involve risks; even though people want to describe probiotics
UP8eA0ItPv0-00148-00085623-00086544 as being safe, there could be risks, and we don't know what will happen.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00149-00086544-00087151 So I think there are important ELSI lessons to learn from this analysis is that not all
UP8eA0ItPv0-00150-00087151-00087681 studies require the same level of oversight, and different rules may be appropriate for
UP8eA0ItPv0-00151-00087681-00087898 different kinds of research.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00152-00087898-00088460 Right now we have one set of rules that apply to all of it.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00153-00088460-00089230 So, biobank studies and informed consent, and this is a very hot issue and being discussed
UP8eA0ItPv0-00154-00089230-00090089 all around the bioethics/research ethics world about whether informed consent should be required
UP8eA0ItPv0-00155-00090089-00090791 for each re-use of a sample that's in some sort of biobank.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00156-00090791-00091588 And what our working group concluded was that informed consent is not always ethically necessary
UP8eA0ItPv0-00157-00091588-00092306 because the research using previously-collected microbiome samples involves only hard-to-imagine
UP8eA0ItPv0-00158-00092306-00092688 de minimis risks of harms.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00159-00092688-00093557 So this is a radical departure from standard regulations of research ethics that says -- that
UP8eA0ItPv0-00160-00093557-00094288 say informed consent is absolutely essential, and what we think is maybe not.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00161-00094288-00094787 Maybe -- certainly, it's essential when you're doing something that's high risk and poses
UP8eA0ItPv0-00162-00094787-00095475 people to some kind of dangers, but when there's no danger, vanishingly small amount of danger,
UP8eA0ItPv0-00163-00095475-00095769 we don't think there's a need.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00164-00095769-00096368 The benefits of findings to future patients could be significant, and then once you've
UP8eA0ItPv0-00165-00096368-00097100 stored something in a biobank, it's difficult, time-consuming, and often impossible to re-contact
UP8eA0ItPv0-00166-00097100-00097635 the sample donors and get their consent.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00167-00097635-00098151 And if you think about informed consent and all the requirements to get genuine and informed
UP8eA0ItPv0-00168-00098151-00099083 consent, people have to consent to the specific uses of their sample, and it's just not reasonable.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00169-00099083-00099835 So we published this in an article in American Journal of Bioethics, the most read bioethics
UP8eA0ItPv0-00170-00099835-00099974 journal.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00171-00099974-00100114 Okay.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00172-00100114-00101113 Now, related to this issue of informed consent is public health and privacy protections.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00173-00101113-00101737 So we already have surveillance in public health, and surveillance is a very important
UP8eA0ItPv0-00174-00101737-00101939 tool in public health.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00175-00101939-00102542 And then we have public health measures, and quality assurance, and quality improvement
UP8eA0ItPv0-00176-00102542-00102655 activities.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00177-00102655-00103360 All of these involve collecting data, and they all provide a social good that could
UP8eA0ItPv0-00178-00103360-00104326 be very significant, and the risks to humans involved in these studies is just not there
UP8eA0ItPv0-00179-00104326-00105098 or de minimis, and there are a very small risks to infringements on privacy.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00180-00105098-00106286 Now, we currently have regulations that distinguish public health surveillance, quality assurance,
UP8eA0ItPv0-00181-00106286-00106708 and quality improvement from research.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00182-00106708-00107405 And public health surveillance, quality improvement, and quality assurance are listed as exempt
UP8eA0ItPv0-00183-00107405-00108144 categories, so according to current regulations, you do not need informed consent to be able
UP8eA0ItPv0-00184-00108144-00108383 to undertake these activities.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00185-00108383-00108949 But if you look at these from the philosophical point of view, they're all scientific activities,
UP8eA0ItPv0-00186-00108949-00109528 they all employ data collection and analysis and draw conclusions on that data, and they're
UP8eA0ItPv0-00187-00109528-00109985 all designed to produce, quote, "generalizable knowledge."
UP8eA0ItPv0-00188-00109985-00110615 So the regulations distinguish generalizable knowledge from other knowledge; I think all
UP8eA0ItPv0-00189-00110615-00111001 knowledge is generalizable.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00190-00111001-00111577 In the medical literature, the medical literature is full of case reports on single cases.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00191-00111577-00111934 and they're published because other people can use them.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00192-00111934-00112072 and learn from them.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00193-00112072-00112172 and apply them.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00194-00112172-00112473 So all knowledge is generalizable.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00195-00112473-00113020 so these distinctions actually make no philosophic sense.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00196-00113020-00114040 Now, biobank studies -- oh wait, we did this.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00197-00114040-00114706 So biobank studies, public health, quality assurance, and quality improvement already
UP8eA0ItPv0-00198-00114706-00115210 employ very significant confidentiality protections.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00199-00115210-00115878 The NIH does offer things -- certificates of confidentiality, but they have no legal
UP8eA0ItPv0-00200-00115878-00116027 bide to them.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00201-00116027-00116774 So we do need some legally-sanctioned mechanism to protect the confidentiality of study samples
UP8eA0ItPv0-00202-00116774-00116908 and studies.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00203-00116908-00117590 But if that were fixed, then I don't think we have a need for informed consent when there's
UP8eA0ItPv0-00204-00117590-00117882 no real risk to humans.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00205-00117882-00118428 And when the -- obtaining it would be difficult.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00206-00118428-00119201 Another ELSI issue has to do with harms, and one problem is this use of antibiotics.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00207-00119201-00119723 And antibiotics are terrific when they kill bad bacteria but they may not be so terrific
UP8eA0ItPv0-00208-00119723-00119921 if they kill good bacteria.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00209-00119921-00120915 And we just saw we may not be completely resilient after the use of multiple doses of antibiotics.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00210-00120915-00121740 So antibiotic use has already been linked to the development of some diseases and some
UP8eA0ItPv0-00211-00121740-00122323 conditions recently that have not been as prevalent before, like obesity, inflammatory
UP8eA0ItPv0-00212-00122323-00122920 bowel disease, allergies, and asthma, so people have thought that there's some association
UP8eA0ItPv0-00213-00122920-00123152 between these things.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00214-00123152-00124134 Now, one last issue I want to talk about for a minute is probiotics and the human microbiome.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00215-00124134-00124899 So probiotics are defined as live bacteria that are said to be safe and a health benefit.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00216-00124899-00125602 That's according to the World Health Organization definition of probiotics.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00217-00125602-00126413 However, they're not evaluated by the FDA for their safety or efficacy because they're
UP8eA0ItPv0-00218-00126413-00126741 categorized as a dietary supplement.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00219-00126741-00127267 So the only way you can get into trouble is if it turns out that what you put on the label,
UP8eA0ItPv0-00220-00127267-00127735 somebody complains about, and it's found to be false.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00221-00127735-00128520 But manufacturers are not required to provide any information about the products' ingredients,
UP8eA0ItPv0-00222-00128520-00129015 they don't have to list the strains, and you all know that strains of bacteria could be
UP8eA0ItPv0-00223-00129015-00129709 particularly important; they're not even required to say whether they're alive or how much is
UP8eA0ItPv0-00224-00129709-00130034 in a pill.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00225-00130034-00130665 So we don't know very much about the products being sold as probiotics or prebiotics, we
UP8eA0ItPv0-00226-00130665-00131264 don't know what they do, we don't know whether or not they survive to get to the gut, we
UP8eA0ItPv0-00227-00131264-00131723 don't know how long they survive, what effects they have on patients or what effects they
UP8eA0ItPv0-00228-00131723-00131823 have on others.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00229-00131823-00132446 Now, if you were the manufacturer of a product, one of these probiotics, and you could sell
UP8eA0ItPv0-00230-00132446-00133202 it and people wanted to buy it because of all the hype of the microbiome, and you could
UP8eA0ItPv0-00231-00133202-00133636 sell it without proving that it does anything at all, that would be terrific.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00232-00133636-00134123 If you've tried to prove that it's effective, it might not be.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00233-00134123-00134633 And it costs a lot of money to go through the tests, so the manufacturers are very happy
UP8eA0ItPv0-00234-00134633-00135267 with the status quo, but is the status quo good for society?
UP8eA0ItPv0-00235-00135267-00135613 So there's this other new kind of therapy.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00236-00135613-00136367 I understand that people in Yonkers are working on developing it, but there is a place in
UP8eA0ItPv0-00237-00136367-00136844 Georgia -- Georgia, not the state in the United States, but Georgia up by Russia -- where
UP8eA0ItPv0-00238-00136844-00137680 they're actually providing phage therapy; so these are viruses that can disintegrate
UP8eA0ItPv0-00239-00137680-00138344 cells, and people think that this could be an answer to problems of using antibiotics.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00240-00138344-00139191 You can just put some phages on a surgical site and that will destroy the bacteria, or
UP8eA0ItPv0-00241-00139191-00139952 people with bad infectious diseases can get their diseases cured by introducing the right
UP8eA0ItPv0-00242-00139952-00140782 phage that will destroy the bacteria that's causing their illness.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00243-00140782-00141477 Now, synthetic biology could be used in the future to improve the effectiveness of phages
UP8eA0ItPv0-00244-00141477-00142165 and probiotics, and they could expand the life span of bacterium viruses; they could
UP8eA0ItPv0-00245-00142165-00142652 make probiotics and viruses more resistant to mutation.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00246-00142652-00143212 So one problem with phage therapy is we've got the phage that works, that kills the bacteria
UP8eA0ItPv0-00247-00143212-00144098 we don't want, but by tomorrow, it may have morphed into something that no longer works.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00248-00144098-00145090 Synthetic biology could also help make probiotics in phages that can survive to transport.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00249-00145090-00145652 So it could be very useful, but all of these things could be also dangerous.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00250-00145652-00146287 So, in conclusion, scientists are just beginning to understand the human microbiome, a great
UP8eA0ItPv0-00251-00146287-00146977 deal will have to be learned before the microbiome interventions become feasible, and bacteria
UP8eA0ItPv0-00252-00146977-00147274 have already altered the planet.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00253-00147274-00147770 They've created our environment for us, and they can alter the planet in the future, so
UP8eA0ItPv0-00254-00147770-00148104 caution and foresight is in order.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00255-00148104-00148288 That's it.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00256-00148288-00148472 Thank you.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00257-00148472-00148840 Female Speaker: Thank you.
UP8eA0ItPv0-00258-00148840-00148940 [applause]
UP8eA0ItPv0-00259-00148940-00149408 And I think, again, just because we're running a little behind on time, if anyone does have
UP8eA0ItPv0-00260-00149408-00149755 questions for Dr. Rose, she'll be available during the break and will be happy to take
UP8eA0ItPv0-00261-00149755-00149803 them then.
UP9uK76X35A-00000-00000026-00000171 - What up, minions?
UP9uK76X35A-00001-00000171-00000389 Today we're talking about your website.
UP9uK76X35A-00002-00000389-00000629 I want to be clear, so that we're on the same page.
UP9uK76X35A-00003-00000629-00001007 What exactly is your website and what is it for?
UP9uK76X35A-00004-00001007-00001134 What's the purpose?
UP9uK76X35A-00005-00001134-00001387 It's not just an informational brochure,
UP9uK76X35A-00006-00001387-00001652 quote/unquote hangin' your shingle out there,
UP9uK76X35A-00007-00001652-00001865 'cause if you build it, it won't come.
UP9uK76X35A-00008-00001865-00002119 It's not Field of Dreams that we're talkin' about.
UP9uK76X35A-00009-00002119-00002279 It's your business, right?
UP9uK76X35A-00010-00002279-00002481 So what exactly is a website?
UP9uK76X35A-00011-00002481-00002850 It is the hub of your business online.
UP9uK76X35A-00012-00002850-00003117 It is land that you own.
UP9uK76X35A-00013-00003117-00003446 You bought the domain name, and you attached it
UP9uK76X35A-00014-00003446-00003782 to some software in order to build your website.
UP9uK76X35A-00015-00003782-00004091 So like with me, I use Rainmaker Platform.
UP9uK76X35A-00016-00004091-00004347 And yes, it has a learning management system
UP9uK76X35A-00017-00004347-00004623 and landing page builder, and a marketing automation,
UP9uK76X35A-00018-00004623-00004880 and email, and all of that, but
UP9uK76X35A-00019-00004880-00005347 those are all tools that I use to build an experience
UP9uK76X35A-00020-00005347-00005538 with my audience.
UP9uK76X35A-00021-00005538-00005955 I build my audience with the content that I create
UP9uK76X35A-00022-00005955-00006120 on a day-to-day basis.
UP9uK76X35A-00023-00006120-00006335 So you're watching this blog,
UP9uK76X35A-00024-00006335-00006724 I am auditioning to get you to join my audience
UP9uK76X35A-00025-00006724-00006946 and watch the next video,
UP9uK76X35A-00026-00006946-00007220 or watch other pertinent videos that you find
UP9uK76X35A-00027-00007220-00007618 back at my website at jasonhobbsllc.com.
UP9uK76X35A-00028-00007618-00007876 Now you'll notice when you get there,
UP9uK76X35A-00029-00007876-00008185 go on Rainmaker Platform, but that's the hub.
UP9uK76X35A-00030-00008185-00008420 I put this video on YouTube.
UP9uK76X35A-00031-00008420-00008564 You'll find it on Facebook.
UP9uK76X35A-00032-00008564-00008714 You'll find it on LinkedIn.
UP9uK76X35A-00033-00008714-00008889 You'll find it on Twitter.
UP9uK76X35A-00034-00008889-00009247 However, you will understand the only point
UP9uK76X35A-00035-00009435-00009867 behind them are, number one, to educate and entertain you,
UP9uK76X35A-00036-00009867-00010223 and number two, to break the ice enough with you
UP9uK76X35A-00037-00010223-00010503 to where you want to come back and learn more about me,
UP9uK76X35A-00038-00010503-00010705 and that's back at my website,
UP9uK76X35A-00039-00010705-00010962 which is built on Rainmaker Platform.
UP9uK76X35A-00040-00010962-00011248 That is the point of Rainmaker Platform.
UP9uK76X35A-00041-00011248-00011665 It makes it a whole lot easier to put that website together.
US4iBgnT6IA-00000-00000504-00000656 Dude there's too many spiders in here
US4iBgnT6IA-00001-00001152-00001218 What's over?
US4iBgnT6IA-00002-00001346-00001415 *scream*
US4iBgnT6IA-00003-00001554-00001945 Oh my god *laughter*
USEoONew-Mu-00000-00000153-00000673 In this tutorial, you will learn how to register your Dal Card with the Dalhousie libraries, 
USEoONew-Mu-00001-00000673-00001129 making your Dal Card also become your library card.
USEoONew-Mu-00002-00001130-00001683 By completing this registration, you will be able to check out books, make document delivery requests,
USEoONew-Mu-00003-00001683-00002299 keep track of the material that you sign out at Dal libraries, as well as renew your books online and in-person.
USEoONew-Mu-00004-00002300-00002776 You can register your Dal card as your library card in two different ways:
USEoONew-Mu-00005-00002776-00003249 you can go to the service point at any campus library, or you can fill out a form online.
USEoONew-Mu-00006-00003250-00003726 If you complete a form in-person, you'll be able to use the card right away.
USEoONew-Mu-00007-00003726-00003969 If you would like to register online,
USEoONew-Mu-00008-00003970-00004583 just start at the Dalhousie libraries home page: libraries.dal.ca.
USEoONew-Mu-00009-00004583-00004789 Click on "Borrow".
USEoONew-Mu-00010-00004790-00005193 Then, click on "Library cards".
USEoONew-Mu-00011-00005193-00005659 Finally, click on "Complete an online registration form".
USEoONew-Mu-00012-00005660-00006210 If you're a distance student, choose the Dalhousie Distance services registration form.
USEoONew-Mu-00013-00006210-00006759 Make sure that you use this form if you're a distance student as it does require some additional information.
USEoONew-Mu-00014-00006759-00007550 Enter in your Banner number, which you can find on your Dal Card listed right under your name. It starts with "B00".
USEoONew-Mu-00015-00007550-00008103 Then, enter your 14 digit barcode which is located at the bottom of your Dal Card.
USEoONew-Mu-00016-00008103-00008583 This 14 digit barcode will also become your login when you want to renew books,
USEoONew-Mu-00017-00008583-00008983 check your library account, or submit a document delivery request.
USEoONew-Mu-00018-00008983-00009689 The box directly below this one asks for your barcode verification, or the last 4 digits of your phone number.
USEoONew-Mu-00019-00009690-00009973 These 4 digits will become your password.
USEoONew-Mu-00020-00009973-00010363 Enter in the rest of the information as requested,
USEoONew-Mu-00021-00010363-00010856 and make sure to check the boxes indicating that you will comply with the library's regulation
USEoONew-Mu-00022-00010856-00011569 on lost and damaged materials, and that you will notify us of any phone or address changes or if you lose your Dal Card.
USEoONew-Mu-00023-00011570-00012003 Check off which library you will be using most often.
USEoONew-Mu-00024-00012003-00012446 When and if you make future document delivery requests from other libraries,
USEoONew-Mu-00025-00012446-00012953 books will be shipped to the home library you have selected here. When you're done, click "Submit".
USEoONew-Mu-00026-00012953-00013486 Your Dal Card will be registered as your library card within 24 hours of your online 
USEoONew-Mu-00027-00013486-00013946 form submission, or 48 hours if you submit your request on the weekend.
USEoONew-Mu-00028-00013946-00014309 Again, if you register your card in-person, you can use it right away.
USEoONew-Mu-00029-00014310-00014869 Thanks for watching! For subject guides, live help, other online tutorials, and
USEoONew-Mu-00030-00014869-00015386 contact information for the five Dalhousie libraries, check out the links in the description below.
UUvYkX1cmvo-00000-00000029-00000543 Our next element is Book Browsing and Choice. You want to make sure to create
UUvYkX1cmvo-00001-00000543-00001117 time for book browsing and choice with adult support. Access, choice, and time
UUvYkX1cmvo-00002-00001117-00001701 engaging with text supports success in school. The library and the
UUvYkX1cmvo-00003-00001701-00002088 after-school program might be some of the only places that a kid could feel
UUvYkX1cmvo-00004-00002088-00002501 like they're "allowed" to read a book that is outside their "reading level" or in a
UUvYkX1cmvo-00005-00002501-00002931 non-traditional format like a graphic novel. So giving them permission and time
UUvYkX1cmvo-00006-00002931-00003221 is powerful.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00000-00000005-00000810 >> We will have this recording available as well but we are glad
UVRAFi1ohKy-00001-00000810-00001157 that you are here live and in the real.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00002-00001283-00001537 So you do have the chat.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00003-00001537-00002070 I see some of you have already introduced yourselves.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00004-00002091-00002463 Feel free to continue with that.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00005-00002472-00003086 We also have the Q and A. And what we'll be doing here is Jonathan will go
UVRAFi1ohKy-00006-00003086-00003765 through his presentation and I'll do my best to moderate the Q and A.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00007-00003765-00004125 And then the last 20 or so minutes, see how it goes.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00008-00004153-00004990 We'll open that up for Q and A. And it's a great place to in the Q
UVRAFi1ohKy-00009-00004996-00005403 and A to keep track of your questions.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00010-00005414-00005665 So we'll go ahead and get started.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00011-00005665-00006235 Let me say officially Jonathan Luque is co-chair
UVRAFi1ohKy-00012-00006255-00006769 of the Mathematics Department at Saddleback College.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00013-00006769-00007272 Jonathan's main interest is in designing authentic
UVRAFi1ohKy-00014-00007272-00007682 and contextualized assessments for math curriculum.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00015-00007747-00008152 So I'm sure many of you are excited about what he will be sharing on this.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00016-00008152-00009242 He primarily teaches asynchronous online courses and statistics in business calculus.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00017-00009242-00009622 And I did forget that I wanted to, before bringing him on,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00018-00009626-00010838 tell you also that we have the next two sessions coming up on Friday, October 15 with Fred Feldon
UVRAFi1ohKy-00019-00010838-00011568 and he will talk about engagement online and Kyle Castro
UVRAFi1ohKy-00020-00011568-00012003 on November 12th talking about OER and ZTC.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00021-00012003-00012711 So I will drop links in the chat for you to be able to register for those as well.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00022-00012754-00013115 So now, let me come back to today's star of the show.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00023-00013156-00013463 Everyone please welcome Jonathan.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00024-00013617-00013798 >> Hi everyone.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00025-00013798-00013887 Really glad to be here.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00026-00013887-00014396 I'm going to go ahead and share my screen right now for my presentation.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00027-00014449-00014880 And we're here today to talk about encouraging academic honesty
UVRAFi1ohKy-00028-00014880-00015189 in STEM through authentic assessment.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00029-00015189-00015369 So as Sean [assumed spelling] mentioned, I'm Jonathan Luque.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00030-00015369-00015705 I'm math faculty and math department co-chair at Saddleback College.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00031-00015727-00016053 I've been teaching online since just before the start
UVRAFi1ohKy-00032-00016053-00016421 of the pandemic, a year, year and a half before.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00033-00016421-00016975 And I really fell in love with the idea of trying to create online courses that were going
UVRAFi1ohKy-00034-00016975-00017448 to engage students in a way that really would prepare them not only
UVRAFi1ohKy-00035-00017448-00017853 for future coursework, but also for life after school.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00036-00017896-00018280 And so I really found this to be a passion project of mine and I'm really happy to be here.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00037-00018280-00018531 But let me go ahead and start with the presentation.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00038-00018559-00018975 Before I say anything else, it's really important for us to establish a few assumptions
UVRAFi1ohKy-00039-00018975-00019297 for this presentation so that we're all coming from the same place
UVRAFi1ohKy-00040-00019297-00019537 or at least thinking about things in the same way.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00041-00019560-00019991 So the assumptions here, number one, first and foremost,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00042-00019999-00020302 I like to be an optimist when it comes to my students.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00043-00020302-00020959 I'd like to believe that I have control over how much I can get a large group of my students
UVRAFi1ohKy-00044-00020959-00021344 to engage and engage in the way that I would hope for them to engage.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00045-00021344-00021682 And so I'd like to believe that most students will choose to be honest
UVRAFi1ohKy-00046-00021682-00022082 if they don't feel desperate to pass a course or to earn a particular grade.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00047-00022082-00022482 We know that there's a lot of pressure on students from family, from society,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00048-00022499-00022944 from themselves, their peer groups in order to achieve certain grades in a certain amount
UVRAFi1ohKy-00049-00022944-00023329 of time and get to a certain school with a certain GPA.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00050-00023329-00023638 But really, I feel like that's often one
UVRAFi1ohKy-00051-00023638-00024077 of the biggest driving factors behind students engaging in academic dishonesty.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00052-00024136-00024445 Another assumption I'm going to make here is whether it's online or in person,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00053-00024450-00024972 students who want to cheat, the students who, you know, it just doesn't matter what you say
UVRAFi1ohKy-00054-00024972-00025356 or do as an instructor, they're going to cheat no matter what.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00055-00025374-00025616 They're going to find a creative way to do it.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00056-00025633-00025844 And there's very little that we can do.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00057-00025844-00026199 You can add layers and layers and layers of policing and there's going
UVRAFi1ohKy-00058-00026199-00026364 to be some students who are going to try anyway.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00059-00026422-00026797 And so, we just need to be aware that there are going to be situations
UVRAFi1ohKy-00060-00026797-00027383 that we cannot prepare for, we can't account for ahead of time.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00061-00027400-00027714 We just have to acknowledge that there may be certain situations
UVRAFi1ohKy-00062-00027714-00028012 that we'll want to be on the lookout for.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00063-00028052-00028621 Third, we want to assume that some students don't realize that their conduct is dishonest
UVRAFi1ohKy-00064-00028621-00029171 without you and the instructor providing clear guidelines that explains this is something
UVRAFi1ohKy-00065-00029171-00029481 that you are allowed to do and this is something that you're not allowed to do.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00066-00029481-00029753 And that's especially true for asynchronous online courses
UVRAFi1ohKy-00067-00029753-00030114 because oftentimes students will have a little bit more flexibility
UVRAFi1ohKy-00068-00030114-00030545 with when they can complete assignments and that flexibility also may indicate
UVRAFi1ohKy-00069-00030545-00030857 that they have flexibility with what sorts of resources or methods
UVRAFi1ohKy-00070-00030857-00030982 that they can use to complete assignments.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00071-00031012-00031262 And so it's really important to establish expectations.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00072-00031414-00031796 Another assumption, it is better to prevent academic dishonesty than to catch it.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00073-00031796-00032103 I did not get into this job to be a policeman.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00074-00032103-00032728 I did not get into this job to be proctoring exams with the kind of scrutiny
UVRAFi1ohKy-00075-00032728-00033189 that you would have for some sort of major licensing exam.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00076-00033189-00033816 I really think it's important to ensure that students are being honest and engaging
UVRAFi1ohKy-00077-00033816-00034151 in proper integrity when it comes to exams and assignments.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00078-00034151-00034755 But at the same time, I would be much happier if I could avoid it altogether and prevent it ahead
UVRAFi1ohKy-00079-00034755-00035273 of time than having to have that kind of level of scrutiny throughout each of my assessments.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00080-00035341-00035671 Number five, course instructors are discipline experts.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00081-00035671-00035977 And this is something that we often have to remind ourselves.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00082-00036041-00036581 You as an instructor should feel empowered to grade some assignments subjectively.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00083-00036581-00036899 I know that in STEM a lot of times people make this argument
UVRAFi1ohKy-00084-00036899-00037172 that STEM is 100% completely objective.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00085-00037172-00037245 There's a right answer.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00086-00037245-00037328 There's a wrong answer.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00087-00037328-00037621 And oftentimes that sort of argument is used
UVRAFi1ohKy-00088-00037621-00038063 against instructors taking a little bit more liberty to look
UVRAFi1ohKy-00089-00038074-00038474 at an assignment that's a little bit more open-ended and assign grades based
UVRAFi1ohKy-00090-00038474-00038660 on their subject matter authority.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00091-00038660-00038950 And it's important to remind yourself that you have that authority.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00092-00038950-00039229 You've gone through the education in order to get to the point where you are
UVRAFi1ohKy-00093-00039229-00039408 to teach these courses that you teach.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00094-00039421-00039903 And finally, the last assumption, few students complete a course flawlessly.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00095-00039912-00040272 And even our best students may forget some parts of what they learned in our class.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00096-00040272-00040867 This is also very important because it's a concept that often prevents some instructors
UVRAFi1ohKy-00097-00040867-00041337 from feeling like they want to change the way that they structure their courses.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00098-00041350-00041748 There's this belief that unless I can test every single concept and make sure
UVRAFi1ohKy-00099-00041748-00042056 that students have mastered every single concept, I'm somehow failing
UVRAFi1ohKy-00100-00042056-00042362 at my responsibility as an instructor to prepare them for the future.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00101-00042368-00042764 When the reality is you could put one of every single type of question on an exam
UVRAFi1ohKy-00102-00042764-00043003 and even your best student may make a mistake.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00103-00043003-00043357 And that may not necessarily be an indication that they're not prepared for the future
UVRAFi1ohKy-00104-00043395-00043845 but it's just an indication of a particular area that they need to improve their understanding.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00105-00043861-00044235 So these assumptions are going to sort of be the foundation
UVRAFi1ohKy-00106-00044235-00044408 for what I'm going to talk about today.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00107-00044408-00044939 From these assumptions, we need to move on to now talking about the problem at hand.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00108-00044939-00045391 And so just getting a sense -- If you've taught online,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00109-00045391-00045559 you may have run into some of these before.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00110-00045582-00046045 But just to kind of remind those of you who maybe haven't seen some of these.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00111-00046058-00046541 There are a few common methods of academic dishonesty particularly in STEM.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00112-00046541-00047113 Ghost students are one of the hardest to detect and one of the most challenging
UVRAFi1ohKy-00113-00047113-00047458 to try to prepare or plan against.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00114-00047458-00047568 These are students for hire.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00115-00047573-00047948 These are students who pretend to be someone, whether it's to just
UVRAFi1ohKy-00116-00047948-00048285 to complete a single assignment or to complete an entire course.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00117-00048299-00048780 This is something that can be very difficult to detect, even with proctoring software,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00118-00048780-00049393 even with in-person exams, falsified IDs and just the level
UVRAFi1ohKy-00119-00049442-00049934 of intricacy behind ghost students can be really staggering at times.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00120-00049934-00050135 And it goes along with my assumption number two.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00121-00050135-00050499 There are going to be some students who whether it's in person or online are going to try
UVRAFi1ohKy-00122-00050499-00050966 to find a way, a creative way in order to have someone else do the work for them.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00123-00050966-00051185 And so, it's just something to be aware of.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00124-00051215-00051908 Homework help websites are also fairly common ways that students cheat on exams or engage
UVRAFi1ohKy-00125-00051908-00052137 in dishonest behavior on exams and assignments.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00126-00052137-00052591 I hesitate to say "cheat" here sometimes because this goes along
UVRAFi1ohKy-00127-00052591-00052712 with one of my other assumptions.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00128-00052712-00053178 Sometimes students don't realize that they're being dishonest by representing part
UVRAFi1ohKy-00129-00053178-00053539 of a Chegg solution or part of a Course Hero solution as their own.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00130-00053547-00053779 They don't realize that it's not allowed.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00131-00053779-00054208 And so making sure that you call this out early on and explain to students, hey,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00132-00054208-00054467 here are some resources that I'm well aware of as an instructor.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00133-00054482-00054656 I know that some students go to these.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00134-00054656-00054777 But you need to be careful with them
UVRAFi1ohKy-00135-00054777-00055198 because you're not necessarily giving me your understanding.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00136-00055198-00055473 And it's dishonest to represent someone else's ideas as your own.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00137-00055473-00055785 Online study groups are very common.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00138-00055791-00056158 Some students will create shared Google drives with past exams
UVRAFi1ohKy-00139-00056158-00056491 or homework assignment solutions.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00140-00056491-00056717 Same thing for discord groups.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00141-00056717-00057194 All sort of social media platforms have been leveraged for students to be able
UVRAFi1ohKy-00142-00057194-00057605 to share ideas, solutions, exams, et cetera.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00143-00057605-00057854 And of course, online proctoring tools are not perfect.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00144-00057854-00058320 There are blind spots that be exploited to access resources during exams even
UVRAFi1ohKy-00145-00058320-00058572 if you're using proctoring software.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00146-00058600-00059177 So all of these things create a big challenge for an instructor, whether it's in STEM or not,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00147-00059197-00059538 to making sure that students are engaging in proper behavior
UVRAFi1ohKy-00148-00059538-00059797 and really demonstrating what they're learning in the course.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00149-00059805-00060257 And so really the focus here is to not necessarily figure out individual ways
UVRAFi1ohKy-00150-00060257-00060677 to tackle each and every one of these methods but rather to try to come up with a way
UVRAFi1ohKy-00151-00060677-00061421 to design the courses in order to steer students away from these sorts of opportunities to sort
UVRAFi1ohKy-00152-00061421-00061946 of cheat themselves out of learning the material and demonstrating their understanding.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00153-00062131-00062661 So I see three major ways to encourage academic integrity.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00154-00062661-00062876 First is to humanize your course.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00155-00062876-00063099 And I could speak a lot about this.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00156-00063099-00063321 But to be honest, there's a lot of resources that already exist
UVRAFi1ohKy-00157-00063321-00063868 out there regarding humanizing courses, online courses, but especially STEM courses.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00158-00063868-00064426 In fact, here, this link takes us to something that is actually brought to us by [inaudible].
UVRAFi1ohKy-00159-00064426-00064727 It's about humanizing online courses.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00160-00064727-00065158 And it really gives you some ideas about how you can go about humanizing the course,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00161-00065168-00065588 particularly in STEM, things like liquid syllabus, humanized homepage,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00162-00065602-00065965 getting to know you surveys, warm, wise feedback, so on and so forth.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00163-00066007-00066222 Like I said, I could go in to a lot of detail here,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00164-00066222-00066592 but suffice it to say the purpose behind humanizing your course is
UVRAFi1ohKy-00165-00066592-00066916 to really get your students to feel like you're there as an outline to them.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00166-00066916-00067074 You're trying to help them succeed.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00167-00067090-00067639 You are not just some faceless judge of their work and their understanding.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00168-00067653-00067920 You're there to provide content and expertise.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00169-00067920-00068295 You are trying to help them succeed in the way that you organize the course and the way
UVRAFi1ohKy-00170-00068295-00068609 that you organize the syllabus, the way you organize the assignments.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00171-00068609-00068955 And by doing this humanization process, sometimes you can get students
UVRAFi1ohKy-00172-00068955-00069356 to feel more comfortable and that will take care of assumption number one.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00173-00069393-00069679 They'll choose to be honest because they know that you have their back
UVRAFi1ohKy-00174-00069679-00069969 and that you're trying to help them succeed.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00175-00070057-00070617 Second of all, using a variety of different assignment styles is very important
UVRAFi1ohKy-00176-00070617-00070972 for creating expectations for your students.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00177-00070972-00071263 Humanizing your course establishes expectations early on.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00178-00071263-00071614 But using a variety of different assignment styles really gets you
UVRAFi1ohKy-00179-00071614-00072147 to have a better understanding of the overall body of knowledge of individual students.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00180-00072147-00072435 If every single assignment looks exactly like the previous one,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00181-00072456-00072887 you get to understand your students' habits around those particular styles of assignments.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00182-00072887-00073189 But the more ways that you can understand your students,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00183-00073189-00073566 the better of a perspective you'll have on their overall understanding of the course.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00184-00073566-00074062 And oftentimes with that assessment variety comes challenges for students
UVRAFi1ohKy-00185-00074062-00074398 to leverage these tools of academic dishonesty.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00186-00074404-00074951 If you're having students do projects one week or traditional assignments the next week,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00187-00074951-00075388 written assignments, having students do group work, discussion boards,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00188-00075388-00075746 having lots of different ways that you're assessing students makes it very difficult
UVRAFi1ohKy-00189-00075746-00076273 for a student to bring in someone else to do the work because the variety of different ways
UVRAFi1ohKy-00190-00076273-00076538 that you're assessing makes it really challenging to find someone
UVRAFi1ohKy-00191-00076538-00076847 who can address every single one of those assignment styles
UVRAFi1ohKy-00192-00076847-00077106 who hasn't already been sitting in the course and paying attention
UVRAFi1ohKy-00193-00077106-00077246 to the content you've been providing.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00194-00077264-00077741 And then finally, this is sort of one of the main focuses here.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00195-00077741-00078051 It's defining authentic assessment for yourself and trying
UVRAFi1ohKy-00196-00078051-00078219 to implement it throughout your course.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00197-00078275-00078870 Authentic assessment is a really important word when it comes to designing online.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00198-00078870-00079511 If you have participated in any sort of peer online course review or anything like that,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00199-00079511-00079631 you will have seen this word before.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00200-00079666-00080213 Authentic assessment needs to be defined for you as the instructor.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00201-00080213-00080626 There are definitions that exist out there but I think sometimes, especially in STEM,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00202-00080664-00081027 there is a level of defensiveness when we hear the words "authentic assessment."
UVRAFi1ohKy-00203-00081027-00081345 And so I want to address that on the next slide.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00204-00081345-00081680 So what is authentic assessment?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00205-00081680-00081999 Broadly speaking, authentic assessments are those
UVRAFi1ohKy-00206-00081999-00082271 that mimic how course content is used beyond the classroom.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00207-00082271-00082692 So the authenticity is about having students engage in way
UVRAFi1ohKy-00208-00082712-00083315 that they can then transfer outside of the classroom to either their future career
UVRAFi1ohKy-00209-00083315-00083705 or future activities that they're going to engage in.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00210-00083705-00084170 And I do want to dispel some of the concerns that some people have.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00211-00084170-00084603 In some disciplines, I think it's fair for us to say that yes, traditional homework
UVRAFi1ohKy-00212-00084603-00084957 and exams can be considered authentic because there are some disciplines
UVRAFi1ohKy-00213-00084957-00085547 where even beyond the classroom the student will have to engage in some form of examination,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00214-00085561-00086095 in some form of written work that's going to demonstrate a specific skill or understanding.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00215-00086095-00086708 So I think to make people feel like they're not allowed to give traditional homework
UVRAFi1ohKy-00216-00086708-00087074 or traditional exams is not where I am when it comes to this at all.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00217-00087099-00087318 I'm more about assessment variety.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00218-00087318-00087799 And traditional exams and homework can fit into that assessment variety.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00219-00087887-00088329 Really, what's important is that you are getting a good clear understanding
UVRAFi1ohKy-00220-00088329-00088518 of the students' mastery of the subjects.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00221-00088518-00088762 And we can't always do that when it comes to exams.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00222-00088762-00088947 Like I said, one of the assumptions here is
UVRAFi1ohKy-00223-00088947-00089237 that few students are going to complete a course flawlessly.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00224-00089237-00089707 And so if a student makes a mistake on a homework assignment or on an exam,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00225-00089707-00090130 what does that tell you about the student's overall understanding, their overall level
UVRAFi1ohKy-00226-00090130-00090605 of preparation for either the next course in a curriculum sequence or for the work
UVRAFi1ohKy-00227-00090605-00090697 that they're going to do outside of the classroom?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00228-00090711-00091196 It's really hard for us to judge just based on maybe a single exam question.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00229-00091196-00091443 So the more you can understand the students, the better.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00230-00091443-00092147 And authentic assessments really might include a whole bunch of different styles of assignments.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00231-00092147-00092520 Really, you want to see ways that you can get students to apply course concepts
UVRAFi1ohKy-00232-00092520-00093072 to novel situations, brand-new things that maybe haven't been discussed in your lecture videos
UVRAFi1ohKy-00233-00093072-00093672 or in the book or in the materials that you provided but that asks them to take that content
UVRAFi1ohKy-00234-00093672-00094092 and transfer it to a new situation, like they would see in the real world.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00235-00094092-00094428 You can't prepare students for everything that they're going to do beyond the classroom.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00236-00094428-00094887 And so why not give them a situation that's just like that in the classroom,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00237-00094887-00095289 where you have them encounter something that they've never seen before and really try to work
UVRAFi1ohKy-00238-00095289-00095877 through the critical thinking of applying the concepts to that situation.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00239-00095890-00096011 Evaluating work of others.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00240-00096011-00096380 Having students do peer-reviewed assignments or looking at the work
UVRAFi1ohKy-00241-00096380-00096874 that other students are doing and giving feedback, giving evaluation.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00242-00096874-00097152 That's a skill that takes place a lot in the real world as well.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00243-00097176-00097595 And it's authentic in that you're getting students to not only look at the material
UVRAFi1ohKy-00244-00097595-00097978 from their own perspective but try to see it from someone else's perspective and figure
UVRAFi1ohKy-00245-00097978-00098268 out the other ways that people communicate ideas.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00246-00098268-00098906 Small group work or teamwork to complete tasks is a great form of authentic assessment,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00247-00098906-00099332 which I also understand can be very difficult to implement, particularly in math classes
UVRAFi1ohKy-00248-00099332-00099522 but certainly in STEM courses in general.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00249-00099522-00099880 So this can be a challenge and I'll give an example of that a little bit later.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00250-00099880-00100195 Having students conduct their own research,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00251-00100201-00100488 again it can be very time consuming, can be challenging to grade.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00252-00100517-00101090 But ultimately it gives students an idea of how they might end up using the skills
UVRAFi1ohKy-00253-00101090-00101530 and the knowledge to further advance their understanding in the future
UVRAFi1ohKy-00254-00101562-00101874 by teaching them the skills of research.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00255-00101935-00102405 And finally, explaining the work using audio or video, their own work using audio
UVRAFi1ohKy-00256-00102405-00102839 or video presentations, having students not just turn in a written assignment
UVRAFi1ohKy-00257-00102839-00103263 but also having them in their own words, in their own voice even
UVRAFi1ohKy-00258-00103263-00103705 on camera explaining how they arrived at a certain solution
UVRAFi1ohKy-00259-00103705-00103973 or how they approached a certain challenge
UVRAFi1ohKy-00260-00103973-00104387 or how they would describe a certain concept related to your coursework.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00261-00104732-00105209 So I wanted to give some examples here just to kind of help along.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00262-00105209-00105845 Like I said, we're going to have some time at the end for a little bit of Q and A open forum.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00263-00105845-00106353 So, you know, we can go into more detail about some of these examples a little bit later.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00264-00106353-00106901 But really, the assessment variety that I include in my courses are things
UVRAFi1ohKy-00265-00106901-00107271 like certainly traditional online homework and traditional online exams
UVRAFi1ohKy-00266-00107277-00107836 because there's a certain level of skill that I want my students to have to be able
UVRAFi1ohKy-00267-00107836-00108369 to demonstrate that they're prepared for how those skills will be applied in future courses.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00268-00108369-00108733 So oftentimes my exams and my homework will be based
UVRAFi1ohKy-00269-00108733-00109296 around a particular mathematical mechanical skill, whether it's taking derivatives
UVRAFi1ohKy-00270-00109296-00109710 in a certain way, integrals in a certain, conducting certain hypothesis tests,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00271-00109710-00110185 it'll look very much like what a student would see in a traditional on-campus class.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00272-00110203-00110791 But I don't limit my assessments of student understanding to just those two methods.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00273-00110804-00111339 I also include some open note and untimed and unproctored, I call them assessments,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00274-00111339-00111585 but really just they're like take-home quizzes.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00275-00111585-00111975 And they include applied problems that require much deeper understanding to solve.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00276-00111984-00112446 The exam questions maybe look like what the students have worked with when it comes
UVRAFi1ohKy-00277-00112446-00113041 to the homework but these quizzes are really in-depth and really require a level
UVRAFi1ohKy-00278-00113041-00113630 of critical thinking beyond just the traditional memorization of an algorithm or memorization
UVRAFi1ohKy-00279-00113630-00113900 of a certain fact and then regurgitation of that fact.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00280-00113900-00114366 The quizzes really have student dig deeper into the concepts.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00281-00114366-00114937 I also include peer-reviewed assignments that's not too difficult to do through Canvas.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00282-00114965-00115411 There are small-group discussion boards that help improve accountability and make sure
UVRAFi1ohKy-00283-00115411-00115800 that students are engaging more than just with the assignments but with each other.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00284-00115800-00116355 And then of course I mentioned this before but a small group final project is a really good way
UVRAFi1ohKy-00285-00116370-00116859 to get an understanding of the students' total understanding of the course concepts.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00286-00116859-00117213 And by including group work, you're getting students to ensure
UVRAFi1ohKy-00287-00117213-00117536 that they have the ability to cooperate with others.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00288-00117536-00118454 So as far as traditional homework and exams, I think most of you have already seen what
UVRAFi1ohKy-00289-00118454-00118588 that might look like in an online course.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00290-00118588-00119119 So I really want to focus on these open-note quizzes, these peer-reviewed assignments,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00291-00119119-00119390 the small group discussion boards, and the small group final project.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00292-00119627-00119897 The peer reviewed assignments actually are those quizzes that I talk about.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00293-00119913-00120599 So I'll have the students complete the quiz, the assignment that really open ended, open note,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00294-00120599-00120795 critical thinking assignment on their own.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00295-00120805-00121216 And then after the submission deadline, that's when the peer reviews kick in.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00296-00121216-00121668 So the way that I approach this is number one, I write my own questions.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00297-00121668-00121765 I don't take them from a book.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00298-00121765-00122010 I don't take them from any sort of online source.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00299-00122010-00122565 It's time consuming to do this but it really makes it so that it's clear
UVRAFi1ohKy-00300-00122592-00122868 that these questions are coming from you as an instructor
UVRAFi1ohKy-00301-00122868-00123463 and it also makes it a little bit easier to find when you do inevitably have some students
UVRAFi1ohKy-00302-00123463-00123784 who try to, you know, engage in some sort of dishonest behavior.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00303-00123784-00124313 It's easy to find your own questions in this multitude of sources that exist out there
UVRAFi1ohKy-00304-00124313-00124471 that students might choose to use.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00305-00124480-00124690 So definitely write your own questions.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00306-00124690-00125367 And make sure that it's engaging students with the concepts but at a level deeper
UVRAFi1ohKy-00307-00125367-00125707 than just can you calculate this, can you solve that,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00308-00125707-00126148 can you balance this equation, whatever it might be.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00309-00126148-00126313 Really focus on that critical thinking.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00310-00126349-00126535 Treat them as summative assessments.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00311-00126535-00127037 So have them incorporate lots of different concepts to whatever extent you can do.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00312-00127141-00127493 Make sure that students have a good clear understanding of expectations.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00313-00127493-00127929 This can also help when it comes to the first assumption we made about students choosing
UVRAFi1ohKy-00314-00127929-00128159 to be honest if they don't feel desperate.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00315-00128159-00128436 If you can make it really clear these are the things that I'm looking for.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00316-00128469-00128882 When you answer this question, it's this many points for your explanation.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00317-00128882-00129049 It's this many points for the graph.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00318-00129049-00129416 It's this many points for the numerical final answer, whatever it might be.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00319-00129474-00129921 You're really making sure that students know what is expected.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00320-00129921-00130278 And it can kind of open up new conversations.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00321-00130278-00130613 If a student sees in the rubric that there's something expected, they might email you
UVRAFi1ohKy-00322-00130613-00130751 and say, "I didn't quite understand that."
UVRAFi1ohKy-00323-00130751-00131235 And that opens a line of communication for you to be able to help the student understand,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00324-00131258-00131809 you know, not only what you're expecting but also ways that they can go about filling
UVRAFi1ohKy-00325-00131819-00132293 in the knowledge gaps that they have in order to achieve that level of expectation.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00326-00132319-00132765 Don't provide the answers, however, until after the submission deadline, of course.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00327-00132884-00133212 Once students have submitted, then you give students may two or three days
UVRAFi1ohKy-00328-00133212-00133531 after the initial submission deadline to complete an honest peer review.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00329-00133531-00133664 So you can set them up in Canvas.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00330-00133664-00133807 It's usually pretty quick.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00331-00133807-00134280 You can have Canvas automatically assignment one or two or three or however many peer reviews.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00332-00134324-00134834 And at this point, you should have provided students with not only the criteria,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00333-00134834-00135453 the grading rubric, but also specifically to things that you are looking for as an instructor
UVRAFi1ohKy-00334-00135453-00135979 as far as whether it's a numerical final answer or a general explanation to a question.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00335-00135979-00136418 And what's really important about these peer reviews is that you emphasize the importance
UVRAFi1ohKy-00336-00136418-00136713 of these peer reviews to your students.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00337-00136713-00136974 I deduct half credit from a student's assignment
UVRAFi1ohKy-00338-00136974-00137291 if they don't complete their peer reviews thoughtfully and on time.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00339-00137310-00137846 So regardless of how an individual student performed on that take-home quiz,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00340-00137846-00138300 on that open-ended assessment, it's really important that students realize that the work
UVRAFi1ohKy-00341-00138300-00138738 that they do individually is only half of the work itself.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00342-00138738-00139213 If you don't also demonstrate that you can look at someone else's work
UVRAFi1ohKy-00343-00139213-00139701 and evaluate what's correct about it, what's incorrect about it and the fact
UVRAFi1ohKy-00344-00139701-00140175 that you couldn't necessarily read the rubric or put in the time or effort to do that,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00345-00140175-00140711 I want to make sure that student understand the importance of those skills and make sure
UVRAFi1ohKy-00346-00140711-00141156 that they know that they will be punished in terms of their grade if they don't engage in all
UVRAFi1ohKy-00347-00141156-00141291 of those ways that I'm looking for.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00348-00141317-00141598 So the peer reviews need to be thoughtful.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00349-00141598-00141784 They need to be done on time.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00350-00141784-00142091 And of course, you don't want to rely on the peer reviews for the student's final grade.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00351-00142091-00142291 You should always go and grade the assignments yourself.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00352-00142291-00142484 You are the discipline expert.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00353-00142484-00142882 You have the authority to judge what's correct and incorrect.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00354-00142894-00143412 You're testing your students' ability to look for those correct answers or to understand
UVRAFi1ohKy-00355-00143423-00144058 when two answers are equivalent or when one answer isn't quite at the level that's expected
UVRAFi1ohKy-00356-00144058-00144388 but ultimately, it's your duty to assign the final grade.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00357-00144456-00144997 And you can look for differences between your peer-review grading or your actual grade
UVRAFi1ohKy-00358-00144997-00145304 and the grades that the peers have given for that assignment.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00359-00145304-00145628 It gives you a good baseline to compare against.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00360-00145628-00145878 And I'll give an example of that in the next slide.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00361-00145878-00146253 But really making sure that you emphasize that peer reviews are part of the assignment and part
UVRAFi1ohKy-00362-00146253-00146919 of the learning process really is important early on so that you don't get students
UVRAFi1ohKy-00363-00146919-00147160 who think oh, it's just some extra thing I can just click
UVRAFi1ohKy-00364-00147160-00147342 through the rubric and be done with it.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00365-00147342-00148006 It's really valuable for a student to be able to identify correct and incorrect answers.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00366-00148006-00148416 And then not only know how to deduct credit for that but to be able to explain
UVRAFi1ohKy-00367-00148416-00148712 to their peer why their answer was incorrect.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00368-00148872-00149196 So let me go ahead and give you an example of what this might look like.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00369-00149196-00149605 So this was an example of how I graded a particular student's assignment
UVRAFi1ohKy-00370-00149605-00149794 in one of my statistics classes.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00371-00149840-00150316 My rubric had expectations for what gives full credit,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00372-00150316-00150497 what gives no credit, what gives partial credit.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00373-00150518-00150944 In the longer description, I mentioned specifically what I was looking for.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00374-00150994-00151461 And when I graded the student, they really struggled with this assignment.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00375-00151473-00152055 They were struggling with identifying the shape of a distribution, how to measure the average,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00376-00152055-00152254 the center, how to measure variability.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00377-00152287-00152844 And so I went through and this student earned only one point of credit from my grading.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00378-00153087-00153761 Student one gave a very similar score, not necessarily identical but a lot
UVRAFi1ohKy-00379-00153761-00154302 of times students maybe feel a little timid to take off quite as much credit because they feel
UVRAFi1ohKy-00380-00154302-00154497 like oh, I'm judging one of my peers.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00381-00154497-00154876 I would want my peer to be generous to me, so I want to be generous to my peer.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00382-00154892-00155133 And that understandable that some students would do that.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00383-00155133-00155770 But clearly, student number one had a similar idea that this student
UVRAFi1ohKy-00384-00155770-00156279 that we're both grading was not quite on the right track with a lot of these questions.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00385-00156279-00156625 Now this is not a perfect example of a peer review.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00386-00156625-00156951 And I emailed student one afterward and said, "Hey, I appreciate you went
UVRAFi1ohKy-00387-00156951-00157362 through the peer review but please make sure that if you're ever taking off credit
UVRAFi1ohKy-00388-00157389-00157673 that you explain why you're taking off credit.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00389-00157701-00157971 Why was question two, part A incorrect?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00390-00157971-00158199 Why was question two, part C incorrect?"
UVRAFi1ohKy-00391-00158219-00158573 That ability for student one to explain
UVRAFi1ohKy-00392-00158573-00159192 to the student why their answers were incorrect is a part of the assignment.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00393-00159192-00159479 So student one didn't get punished for this but I gave a little warning like, hey,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00394-00159479-00159805 in the future, make sure you're providing comment feedback as well.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00395-00159946-00160485 Student two, however, grading the exact same assignment gave full credit on all parts.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00396-00160542-00160923 So clearly, student one and I were both pretty much on the same page
UVRAFi1ohKy-00397-00160941-00161083 when it comes to this assignment.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00398-00161089-00161441 There are some significant mistakes that are taking place.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00399-00161473-00161695 I certainly graded a little bit more harshly.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00400-00161695-00161881 Student one was a little bit more generous.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00401-00161881-00162318 But student two clearly did not pay any attention to their peer review.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00402-00162349-00162811 They went through and just went through the motions, clicked through full credit everything.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00403-00162885-00163028 And this is a problem.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00404-00163028-00163492 Student two ended up losing half credit for their own assignment because they were missing
UVRAFi1ohKy-00405-00163502-00163924 that key component which is the ability to not only provide the right answers yourself
UVRAFi1ohKy-00406-00163924-00164151 but to be able to identify the correct answers,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00407-00164151-00164714 to be able to explain why a certain answer is correct or why a certain answer is incorrect.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00408-00164714-00165312 And because that was missing, student two ended up losing half credit for this assignment.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00409-00165312-00165842 And going forward, student two improved the way that they were engaging in these peer reviews
UVRAFi1ohKy-00410-00165842-00166093 and student two ended up doing just fine in the course.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00411-00166105-00166509 But this was a teachable moment for student two to realize that the peer reviews are something
UVRAFi1ohKy-00412-00166509-00166893 that I value, that it's important to their engagement in the course
UVRAFi1ohKy-00413-00166893-00167223 to complete these peer reviews thoughtfully and to make sure
UVRAFi1ohKy-00414-00167223-00167788 that they're giving appropriate credit and not just giving full credit for all parts.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00415-00167788-00168282 Another thing to keep in mind here and this is sort of a side note
UVRAFi1ohKy-00416-00168282-00168541 but again related to these open-ended assignments.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00417-00168541-00168829 A lot of times people will say, okay, I'm going to put in all this effort
UVRAFi1ohKy-00418-00168829-00169453 to create my own unique critical thinking take-home quiz,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00419-00169453-00169751 open-note sort of style assignment.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00420-00169751-00170160 And these assignments are just going to find their way onto Chegg or on to Course Hero
UVRAFi1ohKy-00421-00170160-00170366 or they're going to be done by a tutor.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00422-00170380-00170784 One thing that you will be surprised to find is that when you write your own assignments
UVRAFi1ohKy-00423-00170784-00171290 in this way and when they are so closely tied to the content of your course,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00424-00171290-00171839 most of the time the sources that students will try to use in order to get homework help
UVRAFi1ohKy-00425-00171839-00172320 or quiz help in this case will have some mistakes.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00426-00172320-00172741 And often it will be that they don't use the same notation that you use in your course
UVRAFi1ohKy-00427-00172753-00173235 or they used different terminology, they use different symbols, different notation even
UVRAFi1ohKy-00428-00173235-00173997 to some extent issues when it comes to typos that end up in the solution on Chegg
UVRAFi1ohKy-00429-00173997-00174333 or Course Hero and they get copied into students' work.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00430-00174333-00174467 So this is an example.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00431-00174497-00175019 These two students had the exact same very strange typos in their work.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00432-00175039-00175470 They both said nothing any assumptions which is really meaningless.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00433-00175470-00175829 It was supposed to be noting any assumptions and that was
UVRAFi1ohKy-00434-00175829-00176136 in the directions, not actually in the solution.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00435-00176157-00176437 And so these students clearly just copied off of the same source.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00436-00176437-00176629 It was Chegg as it turned out.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00437-00176648-00176856 And same thing when it comes to convenience evidence.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00438-00176856-00177039 It was supposed to be convincing evidence.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00439-00177109-00177448 But in this case, it was very easy to catch.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00440-00177448-00177604 And I don't want to catch this.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00441-00177604-00177778 Like I said in my assumptions, it's better
UVRAFi1ohKy-00442-00177778-00178051 to prevent the academic dishonesty than to catch it.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00443-00178051-00178566 So I always try to tell my students ahead of time, very early on as part of my introduction
UVRAFi1ohKy-00444-00178566-00178802 to the course, look, I know that Chegg exists.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00445-00178802-00178908 I know that Course Hero exists.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00446-00178908-00179073 I know all these sources.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00447-00179073-00179432 But please be aware that these sources are not perfect.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00448-00179432-00179736 And most of the time when you copy from these sources, you're going to end
UVRAFi1ohKy-00449-00179736-00180118 up with a not very good grade on these assignments because these students who
UVRAFi1ohKy-00450-00180118-00180397 or these tutors or these homework helpers are not in this class with us.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00451-00180404-00180782 They're not seeing the same material that you are.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00452-00180792-00181040 They're not using the same formulas, the same methods.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00453-00181040-00181501 And they're not hearing the explanations from my exam or my lecture videos.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00454-00181501-00181911 And so they're not going to respond to these questions in the way that I'm expecting them to.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00455-00181911-00182461 And oftentimes you will be caught simply because of these silly mistakes.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00456-00182461-00183063 And this has helped cut down on a fair bit of the academic dishonesty in my classes early on.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00457-00183095-00183311 I never made this warning to my students.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00458-00183326-00183825 I just thought, okay, I'm just going to see if I can find people who are copying Chegg.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00459-00183825-00184247 But when I realized that I would prefer to prevent the academic dishonesty
UVRAFi1ohKy-00460-00184247-00184723 and I started warning them about it ahead of time, it wasn't that I was somehow alerting them
UVRAFi1ohKy-00461-00184723-00184977 to a tool that they otherwise wouldn't have known about.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00462-00184988-00185299 Most students, like I said, if they want to cheat, if they want to engage
UVRAFi1ohKy-00463-00185299-00185498 in dishonest behavior, they're going to find the way.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00464-00185498-00185914 It's not that you telling them about Chegg is now somehow opening their eyes
UVRAFi1ohKy-00465-00185914-00186232 to a brand-new opportunity for them to be dishonest.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00466-00186232-00186693 It's really you showing that you value honesty in your course.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00467-00186693-00187035 You recognize the way that students will be dishonest and that you would rather help them
UVRAFi1ohKy-00468-00187035-00187262 with the assignment yourself than have them go to a source
UVRAFi1ohKy-00469-00187262-00187379 where they're not going to learn anything.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00470-00187713-00188234 Besides the quizzes that I have, something that I really try to do that I think is both good
UVRAFi1ohKy-00471-00188234-00188843 for my students' engagement in the course and my ability to understand where they're coming from
UVRAFi1ohKy-00472-00188843-00189408 and even to make sure that they're prepared for the assignments is small group accountability
UVRAFi1ohKy-00473-00189449-00189733 by using shared discussion boards.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00474-00189733-00190305 So particularly in asynchronous courses, I often have the due dates for my assignments be
UVRAFi1ohKy-00475-00190305-00190625 at the end of a week or even sometimes at the end of two weeks.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00476-00190625-00190982 I'll sometimes give two weeks' worth of material and then gives students the flexibility
UVRAFi1ohKy-00477-00190982-00191275 to complete that material within a two-week time period.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00478-00191325-00191636 For asynchronous courses, it's really important to make sure
UVRAFi1ohKy-00479-00191636-00191831 that students are staying organized.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00480-00191831-00192072 If they're working on assignments at the very last minute,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00481-00192080-00192234 that's where the desperation kicks in.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00482-00192234-00192602 That where they're more likely to end up doing something like going to Chegg,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00483-00192602-00192876 going to Course Hero or having somebody else help them with the assignment.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00484-00192876-00193443 So if you can really incentivize students to organize themselves in an asynchronous course,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00485-00193443-00193637 you can really preempt some of these issues.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00486-00193672-00194070 So what I do is I use small group discussion boards and have students plan out
UVRAFi1ohKy-00487-00194070-00194553 and post their milestone targets, as I call them, for completing module assessments.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00488-00194553-00195110 I remind them that after they're done with their time in school,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00489-00195114-00195674 when they go on to the workforce, they're often going to have open-ended projects or projects
UVRAFi1ohKy-00490-00195674-00196031 that have loose deadlines or even hard deadlines that are sometime in the future.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00491-00196031-00196416 And it's really important that they can anticipate those deadlines and spread
UVRAFi1ohKy-00492-00196416-00196627 out the work to get it done by those deadlines.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00493-00196674-00197036 And in order to improve the accountability, I make these small group discussion boards,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00494-00197036-00197238 so four to five students in each group.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00495-00197283-00197784 Each week, I'll assignment one student to be the project manager and that's the student
UVRAFi1ohKy-00496-00197784-00198181 who monitors to make sure that the rest of their groupmates are making a post
UVRAFi1ohKy-00497-00198181-00198460 about when they plan on doing the work.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00498-00198477-00198918 So each student makes an initial post that says, I plan on getting this assignment done
UVRAFi1ohKy-00499-00198918-00199309 on this day and I'm going to try to fit these two assignments on that day or I have work
UVRAFi1ohKy-00500-00199309-00199760 for this other class on this day, so I'm going to skip on Thursday but I'll work on Friday,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00501-00199760-00200098 really just brainstorming their week or two weeks ahead
UVRAFi1ohKy-00502-00200098-00200509 so that they are thinking intentionally about how does this coursework fit
UVRAFi1ohKy-00503-00200509-00200781 into the rest of their responsibilities.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00504-00200781-00201270 And that project manager is there to serve as a student figure of accountability.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00505-00201277-00201662 Instead of everyone thinking that I'm always looking down their shoulder,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00506-00201662-00202274 it's that they have another student who is in a similar situation to them
UVRAFi1ohKy-00507-00202274-00202659 who is encouraging them to post their targets,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00508-00202659-00202933 to update their targets and helping find connections.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00509-00202933-00203310 And saying, hey, I noticed that you and this other student were planning on working
UVRAFi1ohKy-00510-00203337-00203521 on these assignments on Wednesday night.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00511-00203521-00203806 Maybe the two of you could talk about the assignment together.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00512-00203806-00204137 I do encourage my students to work together but not to copy each other.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00513-00204137-00204372 And again, that's about establishing expectations
UVRAFi1ohKy-00514-00204372-00204838 about what's considered academic dishonesty and what is considered perfectly legitimate.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00515-00204838-00205430 I ensure that students update their targets halfway through the module and that they reflect
UVRAFi1ohKy-00516-00205430-00205774 on what they were able to accomplish and what they need to adjust.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00517-00205774-00206267 And this, I go at the end of each week, I review these targets.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00518-00206267-00206573 And I look to see which students are on track and which ones aren't.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00519-00206573-00207144 Sometimes if you wait until the assignments are due, you miss out on that opportunity
UVRAFi1ohKy-00520-00207144-00207404 to warn students that they're falling behind.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00521-00207404-00207927 And so here, if I see a student who's planned to finish three or four sections of homework,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00522-00207927-00208503 but they haven't started any of them, I can get that early intervention and I can prevent them
UVRAFi1ohKy-00523-00208511-00208817 from cramming at the very end of turning to sources
UVRAFi1ohKy-00524-00208817-00209000 of dishonesty in order to accomplish those.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00525-00209000-00209219 It discourages procrastination.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00526-00209219-00209315 It creates community.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00527-00209315-00209532 And it helps you get to know your students.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00528-00209532-00210104 The students who chronically choose not to make these posts, the students who chronically turn
UVRAFi1ohKy-00529-00210104-00210553 in homework late or not at all will often be the students that you need
UVRAFi1ohKy-00530-00210553-00211097 to be a little bit more careful with when it come to the exams and the projects.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00531-00211406-00211823 And speaking of projects, the last component here is a group final project presentation.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00532-00211823-00212042 This is something that I incorporate in my classes as well.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00533-00212042-00212644 For these group final project presentations, I really again try to establish expectations early
UVRAFi1ohKy-00534-00212644-00213085 and make sure students understand why I am asking them to engage in these projects.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00535-00213128-00213591 So first of all, I center these projects around the student learning outcomes.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00536-00213591-00214236 I know that final exams are often able to cover a wider variety of topics and a project is going
UVRAFi1ohKy-00537-00214236-00214522 to be more focused on some individualized topics.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00538-00214522-00214804 Again, this goes back to my sixth assumption,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00539-00214804-00215117 few students are going to complete a course flawlessly.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00540-00215117-00215383 And even the bests students may forget some parts of what they learned.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00541-00215383-00216048 So even with a comprehensive final exam, to have a group project to supplement that,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00542-00216048-00216555 the group final project to supplement the final exam gives you a more clear understanding
UVRAFi1ohKy-00543-00216555-00216782 of the depth of knowledge that students have.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00544-00216782-00217255 The final exam may be able to test a lot of different styles of questions
UVRAFi1ohKy-00545-00217255-00217676 but a project can really get you to understand where a student is at and what they may need
UVRAFi1ohKy-00546-00217676-00217838 to work on going forward in the future.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00547-00217838-00218193 And so what I do is I have each student select and present examples
UVRAFi1ohKy-00548-00218193-00218590 that demonstrate the main student learning outcomes in an applied context.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00549-00218609-00219054 So broadly speaking, the student learning outcomes for a math class, at least in the way
UVRAFi1ohKy-00550-00219054-00219468 that we've structured our curriculum, sort of fall into three categories.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00551-00219468-00219763 There are -- We want our students to be able to compute.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00552-00219785-00219960 We want our students to be able to critically think.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00553-00219960-00220217 And we want our students to be able to graph.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00554-00220217-00220798 And so I want students to come up with examples that tie those three learning outcomes together
UVRAFi1ohKy-00555-00220798-00221296 and demonstrate them in an applied context, not just here's some random polynomial,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00556-00221296-00221535 let me graph it and take the derivative.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00557-00221574-00222027 But here is a real-world example where differentiation is used.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00558-00222027-00222213 And here's what the graph represents.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00559-00222213-00222536 And I can explain it in my own words.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00560-00222536-00222848 No two students in a group should present the same type of application.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00561-00222848-00223260 So group members need to collaborate to determine individual contributions.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00562-00223273-00223615 I only grade each student on their individual component.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00563-00223615-00223997 And so the group aspect of this is just about making sure
UVRAFi1ohKy-00564-00223997-00224549 that students are keeping each other accountable and they're communicating about the types
UVRAFi1ohKy-00565-00224549-00224782 of examples that they are presenting.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00566-00224791-00225059 So that I don't want two different students giving an example
UVRAFi1ohKy-00567-00225059-00225454 of let's say a hypothesis test for two proportions.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00568-00225474-00225884 I'd like to see maybe one student do analysis of variance, an ANOVA problem,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00569-00225884-00226270 and another one do a test for two proportions, et cetera.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00570-00226282-00226671 I'm really looking for the students to collaborate in that way.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00571-00226671-00227167 So not so much on the content of each slide but on the overall content of the presentation.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00572-00227167-00227664 I have my students use PowerPoint, Google Slides or really any medium that allows
UVRAFi1ohKy-00573-00227664-00227904 for both audio and visual presentation.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00574-00227908-00228202 I don't expect my students to be on camera but I do want
UVRAFi1ohKy-00575-00228202-00228465 to hear them explaining it in their own words.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00576-00228465-00228786 And of course, if there's any accessibility concerns, these are situations
UVRAFi1ohKy-00577-00228786-00229360 where you may have to modify for certain students based on what they are or are not able
UVRAFi1ohKy-00578-00229360-00229578 to do based on physical limitations.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00579-00229595-00230034 But for the most part, if you establish these expectations early, you'll have plenty of time
UVRAFi1ohKy-00580-00230034-00230633 to modify this sort of assignment for individual students who maybe aren't able to speak.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00581-00230633-00231079 But you want that audio narration in any situation where it's possible
UVRAFi1ohKy-00582-00231079-00231449 because then it allows you to hear how the student's explaining
UVRAFi1ohKy-00583-00231449-00231967 and really get a clear understanding of their overall body of knowledge in the course.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00584-00231967-00232384 And I only grade students, like I said, on their individual contributions and their level
UVRAFi1ohKy-00585-00232384-00232595 of cooperation with their group members.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00586-00232595-00232939 I make sure that they complete a self-evaluation and a peer evaluation
UVRAFi1ohKy-00587-00232939-00233213 and then it really helps me understand what kind of effort
UVRAFi1ohKy-00588-00233213-00233501 that these students put in to this project.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00589-00233640-00233911 And so just as some really quick examples.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00590-00233911-00234410 I have an example of a not so good project and a slightly better project.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00591-00234419-00234881 This is one of the slides from a project in my business calculus class.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00592-00234913-00235232 The student wanted to do an applied example on maximizing profit.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00593-00235232-00235441 And is some serious concerns here.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00594-00235441-00236087 First and foremost, the derivative is incorrectly computed.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00595-00236087-00236657 There are issues with the algebra in solving for the maximum profit.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00596-00236657-00236799 This graph is not well labeled.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00597-00236799-00237317 So it's not really clear what this represents or in what way it's related to the application.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00598-00237345-00237525 There is an audio narration.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00599-00237557-00238156 And it's explained fairly well but the details that are provided in the slide show
UVRAFi1ohKy-00600-00238156-00238727 that the student didn't necessarily connect the concept
UVRAFi1ohKy-00601-00238727-00238956 with the way that the math relates to it.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00602-00238956-00239339 And so this was an example where the student didn't do so well on this project
UVRAFi1ohKy-00603-00239339-00239657 because they really couldn't demonstrate the key skills
UVRAFi1ohKy-00604-00239657-00239926 of computation, graphing and critical thinking.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00605-00239926-00240222 The critical thinking was there in that they could set up an applied problem
UVRAFi1ohKy-00606-00240222-00240497 but the computation had some serious errors.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00607-00240518-00240940 And the graph wasn't particularly well explained, even with the audio narration.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00608-00241158-00241636 On the other hand, there was a student that decided to do an applied example of integration
UVRAFi1ohKy-00609-00241636-00241982 and talking about area between two fences.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00610-00241982-00242400 And this student explained using their own written work.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00611-00242400-00242620 I've had students record videos and this happened
UVRAFi1ohKy-00612-00242620-00242775 to be a video that the student recorded.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00613-00242775-00242986 But there's no requirement of a video.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00614-00242986-00243658 It could just be a short audio narration that they can do on their phone or even just pictures
UVRAFi1ohKy-00615-00243658-00244044 of the work that's then narrated through built-in microphone
UVRAFi1ohKy-00616-00244044-00244353 for their speaker, for their web camera.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00617-00244382-00244853 But this was a much better example where the student explained in writing and talked
UVRAFi1ohKy-00618-00244853-00245268 about how the graph influences the setup of the integral
UVRAFi1ohKy-00619-00245286-00245606 and how that influences the overall computation.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00620-00245647-00246208 And so again, this is a final project that a supplement to a slightly more traditional exam
UVRAFi1ohKy-00621-00246208-00246680 where I'm seeing the student's ability to do more than just this particular style of integral
UVRAFi1ohKy-00622-00246705-00246968 or this particular style of derivative.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00623-00246968-00247520 I certainly want to be able to see the depth of their understanding but I also want to make sure
UVRAFi1ohKy-00624-00247520-00247891 that I'm testing them on all the key skills that they'll need for future coursework.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00625-00247896-00248157 And so this is kind of what I mean by assessment variety.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00626-00248317-00248643 Final thoughts before I open it up to questions.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00627-00248643-00249015 Courses that are set up in this way where you have a lot of different styles of assessments
UVRAFi1ohKy-00628-00249015-00249249 where you're getting students to engage in different ways,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00629-00249262-00249491 these have been more enjoyable for me to teach.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00630-00249491-00249798 It can be more work to set up these courses.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00631-00249798-00250191 And sometimes the grading can take a little bit longer because, like I said, sometimes you have
UVRAFi1ohKy-00632-00250191-00250604 to grade a little bit more subjectively, particularly when it comes to projects.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00633-00250624-00251164 But students also tend to be more engaged and have more interesting conversations with you.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00634-00251164-00251724 And to be honest, the students who just they're not ready to engage despite all
UVRAFi1ohKy-00635-00251724-00252154 of your efforts will typically look at the body of work and the variety of work that they need
UVRAFi1ohKy-00636-00252154-00252405 to engage in and they'll say, you know what, this class probably isn't for me.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00637-00252405-00252874 I'm going to look for that class where it's just homework and exams because that's much easier
UVRAFi1ohKy-00638-00252874-00253216 for me to get away with, you know, whatever it is that I'm planning on doing.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00639-00253216-00253899 And so oftentimes the students who you're going to have to constantly police won't be there
UVRAFi1ohKy-00640-00253899-00254048 for very long in these sorts of courses.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00641-00254048-00254389 And you'll be left with a really great core group of students who want to engage,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00642-00254389-00254847 who are interested in the material, and who are turning out really high-quality work.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00643-00254847-00255337 Also, forming a community of practice with other instructors to work
UVRAFi1ohKy-00644-00255337-00255794 through the challenges is really I think an important aspect of this.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00645-00255794-00255976 You can come up with your own ideas but ultimately,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00646-00255976-00256310 it's when you start bouncing ideas off of other instructors that you can start
UVRAFi1ohKy-00647-00256310-00256630 to understand what everybody's collective expectations are and you can start
UVRAFi1ohKy-00648-00256630-00257235 to mold the assessments and the variety of those assessments towards a collective understanding.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00649-00257235-00257791 And finally, being flexible is really key both for students and instructors.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00650-00257791-00258155 When you try to modify your course to incorporate more variety,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00651-00258155-00258369 not everything is going to go as well as you think.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00652-00258380-00258827 Sometimes you'll create a brand-new assignment and it's just maybe far too difficult
UVRAFi1ohKy-00653-00258827-00258998 for what your expectations should have been
UVRAFi1ohKy-00654-00259025-00259361 or you create an assignment that's weighted a little bit too heavily
UVRAFi1ohKy-00655-00259361-00259544 within your overall course grade.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00656-00259544-00259932 And so you just need to be willing to adjust your approach
UVRAFi1ohKy-00657-00259932-00260294 if some assignments aren't working the way you intended.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00658-00260294-00260663 So those are sort of the main ideas that I have.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00659-00260663-00261227 I can give additional details if you'd like but I'd really like to open for questions now
UVRAFi1ohKy-00660-00261227-00261778 because really a big part of this process, like I said, is about communicating ideas
UVRAFi1ohKy-00661-00261778-00262508 and sharing understanding and coming to a consensus with a community practice.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00662-00262508-00262565 >> Awesome.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00663-00262592-00262727 Thank you, Jonathan.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00664-00262727-00263540 So yes, we have a handful of questions here starting first one from Matthew Moore.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00665-00263577-00264023 Have you heard of Microsoft's Math Solver?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00666-00264027-00264261 It's a cool app but it can be used to cheat.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00667-00264261-00264711 How would you deal with this app on their phones?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00668-00264711-00265130 What ways would you implement the tool instead of trying to police it?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00669-00265146-00265288 Maybe you just answered this.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00670-00265288-00265461 So that's from Matthew.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00671-00265499-00265628 >> So that's a great question.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00672-00265648-00265885 There are a lot of math solver tools.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00673-00265885-00266096 There's like Photomath.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00674-00266096-00266596 I haven't seen Microsoft's Math Solver but that's why I
UVRAFi1ohKy-00675-00266596-00266776 like giving these sorts of presentations.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00676-00266776-00267212 I always find new things that other instructors have encountered.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00677-00267224-00267566 I think when you're trying to incorporate those sorts of things in your class,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00678-00267582-00268147 you could do creative things like having students solve it using let's say Math Solver
UVRAFi1ohKy-00679-00268147-00268519 and then solve it using a method of the book and compare the two solutions
UVRAFi1ohKy-00680-00268519-00269112 and explain why one method would be better than another or having students solve it in one way
UVRAFi1ohKy-00681-00269112-00269436 and then see if there's a different creative way to be able to solve that problem.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00682-00269436-00269717 You'd have to be intentional about the question that you're providing
UVRAFi1ohKy-00683-00269717-00269996 so that it does offer multiple methods of solution.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00684-00270005-00270377 But that could be one way to tackle that sort of situation.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00685-00270403-00271078 The other way is I often lean on explanation in my math classes and I think it works especially
UVRAFi1ohKy-00686-00271078-00271543 in STEM in general to not only be able to solve the problem and get the final answer
UVRAFi1ohKy-00687-00271543-00272018 and show your work, because I know that a lot of these tools will show the work for the students,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00688-00272018-00272215 but also to be able to explain key steps.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00689-00272215-00272668 So sometimes I'll throw in a question where I'm not asking the student to solve anything.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00690-00272704-00272813 I will solve a problem.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00691-00272813-00273269 And I'll put a mistake in the problem and I'll ask them, "Why is this wrong?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00692-00273269-00273395 How can you tell that it's wrong?"
UVRAFi1ohKy-00693-00273412-00273902 You know and oftentimes it'll be oh, the final answer was far too large or far too small
UVRAFi1ohKy-00694-00273902-00274420 or it was negative when we should've expected a positive and the mistake was made at this line
UVRAFi1ohKy-00695-00274435-00274758 or because they did this common mistake.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00696-00274758-00275363 They switched their limits of integration or they had the wrong slope
UVRAFi1ohKy-00697-00275363-00275775 because they switched the x's and y's, things like that.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00698-00275791-00276041 So any time you can get students to explain something,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00699-00276041-00276309 you can sort of circumvent some of these tools.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00700-00276309-00276693 And certainly, there will be some questions that you're going to give that are going
UVRAFi1ohKy-00701-00276693-00276911 to ask students to solve step by step.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00702-00276911-00277316 And it's really hard to avoid those sorts of tools being used.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00703-00277331-00277624 But oftentimes as you start to see more students using them,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00704-00277628-00278157 you'll start to notice maybe some little idiosyncrasies of those platforms
UVRAFi1ohKy-00705-00278157-00278762 and can sometimes write questions that will help you spot when those platforms are being used.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00706-00278762-00279194 I don't have any concrete examples off the top of my head but I know some
UVRAFi1ohKy-00707-00279194-00279550 of my colleagues here have seen students using Photomath and they're very good now at spotting
UVRAFi1ohKy-00708-00279561-00279851 which students use Photomath and which students don't.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00709-00279851-00280371 And so I would wonder if maybe this Microsoft tool might have similar idiosyncrasies.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00710-00280530-00280733 Thank you for the question.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00711-00280752-00281099 >> And at this point we have eight more open questions.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00712-00281099-00281389 I can go through each one or if you want to take a look and --
UVRAFi1ohKy-00713-00281389-00281427 >> Sure, yes.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00714-00281427-00281581 I can take a look at them.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00715-00281581-00282014 So Elizabeth asks about encouraging professors to connect with students
UVRAFi1ohKy-00716-00282014-00282210 if they suspect maybe cheating or plagiarizing.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00717-00282235-00282483 I think, yes, outreach is very important.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00718-00282483-00282948 I send direct messages to students but I also send messages overall.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00719-00282948-00283582 Anytime that I see an assignment where a lot of students are engaging in dishonest behavior,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00720-00283608-00283978 and when I say a lot, it's usually maybe three or four at this point.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00721-00283985-00284549 Before, it was a lot more but as I started to open up to my students and explain
UVRAFi1ohKy-00722-00284549-00284940 to them my values and the ways I was willing to support their success in the course,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00723-00284966-00285355 I found that fewer and fewer students were engaging in dishonest behavior.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00724-00285355-00285781 But when I do notice it, I will first post an announcement to the whole class
UVRAFi1ohKy-00725-00285781-00286144 and say that I noticed there were a few students who are using this particular source
UVRAFi1ohKy-00726-00286144-00286629 and this is why they ended up getting incorrect answers and why I was able to detect it.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00727-00286629-00287142 and just a reminder that while it's fine to share ideas with each other,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00728-00287153-00287700 it's important to represent only your own ideas and to show your own work.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00729-00287700-00288097 And if you're blindly copying, then you're not really demonstrating anything
UVRAFi1ohKy-00730-00288097-00288428 of your own mental and cognitive processes.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00731-00288428-00288828 Then I'll email the students directly and I'll say look, you know,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00732-00288828-00289045 I noticed that you used this source.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00733-00289045-00289405 I'm going to keep an eye on this in the future but just know
UVRAFi1ohKy-00734-00289405-00289561 that you don't need to use those sources.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00735-00289561-00289629 I'm here to help.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00736-00289662-00289776 You can reach out to me.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00737-00289776-00290006 If you don't know how to do a particular problem,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00738-00290021-00290480 let's make sure that you are organizing your time so that you can get
UVRAFi1ohKy-00739-00290480-00291011 to these open-ended quizzes ahead of time, earlier enough so that you can ask me questions
UVRAFi1ohKy-00740-00291011-00291357 about them instead of going to Chegg at the last minute.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00741-00291357-00291786 And when it comes to exams, those I'm a little bit more harsh on because it's sort
UVRAFi1ohKy-00742-00291801-00292249 of a this is the moment that you've been building up towards.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00743-00292249-00292443 You've had all these homework assignments.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00744-00292443-00292569 You've had these review assignments.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00745-00292569-00292684 You've had these open-ended quizzes.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00746-00292684-00293174 If you end up doing something dishonest on an exam, I'll email the students.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00747-00293174-00293250 I'll reach out to them.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00748-00293250-00293429 I'll explain why they're getting a zero on the exam.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00749-00293429-00293642 But those are situations that are a little bit harder
UVRAFi1ohKy-00750-00293642-00294052 to provide any sort of solution to in the future.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00751-00294070-00294696 Cynthia asks, what type of size of small groups?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00752-00294696-00294915 I do groups of size four to five.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00753-00294915-00295564 I try to keep them fairly limited in large part because the more students there are
UVRAFi1ohKy-00754-00295564-00295813 in the group, the easier it is for some students to kind of disappear.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00755-00295843-00296022 The smaller the group, the better they're going to get
UVRAFi1ohKy-00756-00296022-00296266 to know each other over the course of the semester.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00757-00296266-00296629 And the better you're going to be able to get to know that individual group.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00758-00296629-00297096 And oftentimes what I'll try to so is I'll establish the groups maybe after the first week
UVRAFi1ohKy-00759-00297096-00297534 or two so I can see which students are the really vocal and engaged students,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00760-00297534-00297774 which ones are completing their assignments early and on time,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00761-00297798-00298315 which ones are really detailed in their personal introductions during the first week.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00762-00298315-00298567 And those students, I'll scatter them throughout the different groups
UVRAFi1ohKy-00763-00298567-00299134 so that every group has a student who is sort of a model student and hopefully the rest
UVRAFi1ohKy-00764-00299134-00299686 of the students try to rise to the occasion to mimic that model of good behavior.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00765-00299851-00300200 Michelle asks, in the peer review analysis, are students grading a problem
UVRAFi1ohKy-00766-00300200-00300423 that they also completed or are the problems different?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00767-00300423-00300473 Great question.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00768-00300473-00300597 It's also a problem that they completed.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00769-00300604-00301262 So this is an opportunity for students to not only see the correct answer,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00770-00301262-00301799 so they might've had the wrong answer themselves by providing the grading rubric
UVRAFi1ohKy-00771-00301799-00302012 with the correct answers after the fact.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00772-00302012-00302444 Students will realize oh, I made the same mistake as this other student or oh,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00773-00302471-00302866 this student solved this problem in a different way and that's going
UVRAFi1ohKy-00774-00302866-00303223 to help inform how I might approach it next time.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00775-00303223-00303661 And so I prefer the students to be peer reviewing the same questions
UVRAFi1ohKy-00776-00303661-00304000 that they've already solved themselves now that they have the answers.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00777-00304000-00304447 And I think it also forces them to review because oftentimes when you grade an assignment,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00778-00304447-00304764 if a student doesn't do so well on the assignment,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00779-00304764-00305097 I just know it from students when I was teaching in person.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00780-00305097-00305424 I would hand back an exam where they didn't do so well and they just stuff it
UVRAFi1ohKy-00781-00305424-00305617 into their backpack and they would never look at it again.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00782-00305617-00305921 And I really want my students to recognize where their errors are
UVRAFi1ohKy-00783-00305921-00306100 so that they can learn from those errors.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00784-00306100-00306381 And I think that the peer review assignment by making it the same assignment
UVRAFi1ohKy-00785-00306381-00306924 for all students really helps you encourage students to learn from their mistakes.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00786-00306924-00307408 Lisa asks, do you use Gradescope to grade your students' work?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00787-00307408-00307705 I do not. I actually just use the speed grader in Canvas.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00788-00307705-00308005 I've never heard of Gradescope but I'd like to actually take a look into that.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00789-00308014-00308211 So I appreciate you mentioning that.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00790-00308256-00308577 I'm just going to keep going through these pretty quickly.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00791-00308577-00308983 Apologies if I don't give the kind of detail that you're looking for in your answer
UVRAFi1ohKy-00792-00308983-00309232 but you're more than welcome to email me after the fact.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00793-00309232-00309609 I can drop my email into the chat towards the end.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00794-00309638-00310100 But yes, if there're any questions that I can't answer, I'll be happy to answer via email.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00795-00310100-00310411 Sherrie [assumed spelling] asks, what additional activities do you include to help those
UVRAFi1ohKy-00796-00310411-00310738 who may be struggling or may not be participating?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00797-00310738-00311216 So I really try to structure the course to encourage that engagement early on.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00798-00311216-00311806 So like I said, the milestone targets are a way to ensure that students are being intentional
UVRAFi1ohKy-00799-00311806-00312447 about when they're completing their traditional homework, their take-home quizzes,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00800-00312447-00312623 their projects, things like that.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00801-00312623-00312829 If I'm finding that students aren't engaging,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00802-00312829-00313177 I'll usually use Saddleback's progress report system to kind
UVRAFi1ohKy-00803-00313191-00313426 of give them a little nudge and that also alerts counseling.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00804-00313426-00313863 Sometimes I'll refer them to tutoring or remind them about my office hours
UVRAFi1ohKy-00805-00313867-00314107 so that they try to engage in that way.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00806-00314186-00314790 Ideally, most students engage early on because of the way that I've set up the course.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00807-00314790-00315094 And I have to but I'm not a perfect instructor.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00808-00315094-00315571 There are oftentimes students will be in my class and I just can't find the right way
UVRAFi1ohKy-00809-00315571-00316100 to get them to engage, whether it's additional help with assignments, reaching out,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00810-00316100-00316418 maybe even supplementary assignments if they're struggling with certain assignments.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00811-00316418-00316728 It can be very difficult sometimes to close that gap.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00812-00316728-00316968 And that's something that I'm still trying to work on.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00813-00316968-00317421 But for the most part, I found that by setting expectations early on
UVRAFi1ohKy-00814-00317421-00317909 and then having students engaging within small groups, you can often get students
UVRAFi1ohKy-00815-00317909-00318395 to elevate their personal expectations for themselves when they compare
UVRAFi1ohKy-00816-00318395-00318817 to what other students are doing.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00817-00318853-00319307 Roy asks, could you describe the process of creating a project assignment as an instructor?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00818-00319307-00319504 How can we get started efficiently?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00819-00319504-00319754 That's a great idea, great question.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00820-00319754-00320402 So as far as projects go, the projects that I like to lean on are typically fairly open ended
UVRAFi1ohKy-00821-00320431-00320872 where it's the student choosing to present a particular example.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00822-00320872-00321426 I think that presentation in math and in STEM in general is really valuable
UVRAFi1ohKy-00823-00321452-00321882 because you're getting to see how a student explains it beyond just what they'd write
UVRAFi1ohKy-00824-00321882-00321934 on paper.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00825-00322002-00322492 But when it comes to other styles of assignments, maybe more in-depth projects,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00826-00322492-00323088 it could be a data collection assignment, whether it's in statistics or in the sciences.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00827-00323088-00323658 It could be a survey-based assessment or a project where students have
UVRAFi1ohKy-00828-00323658-00324230 to create a research question and that's more qualitative and conduct of survey of their own.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00829-00324230-00325070 When it comes to things like calculus and a lot of the STEM math, trigonometry, precalculus,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00830-00325070-00325757 those can be a little bit more challenging but often finding specific sections or parts
UVRAFi1ohKy-00831-00325757-00326133 of your coursework that are particularly applicable and then asking students
UVRAFi1ohKy-00832-00326133-00326584 to either find their own application and describe it and explain it
UVRAFi1ohKy-00833-00326584-00326974 or come up with their own application and describe and explain it.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00834-00326974-00327350 That's usually where I spend a lot of my project design.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00835-00327350-00327792 More of the time that I spend on the project is less about picking the topic
UVRAFi1ohKy-00836-00327792-00328189 because I usually let the students choose the topic but more about establishing the structure,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00837-00328189-00328358 like these are the things that I'm looking for.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00838-00328371-00328605 Your project needs to incorporate these aspects.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00839-00328605-00329073 And then also giving them demonstrations of how they can do that on PowerPoint,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00840-00329073-00329884 using their phone, using free video recording software, Screencast-O-Matic, things like that.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00841-00329884-00330314 I try to explain to students how to use those tools and then I leave the actual topic
UVRAFi1ohKy-00842-00330314-00330597 of the project to them within certain main criteria.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00843-00330615-00331207 And I try to always go back to the student learning outcomes as my guide.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00844-00331255-00331730 There's a question Professor [inaudible], these are all wonderful ways to engage students;
UVRAFi1ohKy-00845-00331730-00332133 however, what can be done when a student isn't performing well in any type of assessment form
UVRAFi1ohKy-00846-00332133-00332463 or completing ignoring all assignments but showing up for lectures only?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00847-00332463-00332644 That's a great question.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00848-00332644-00332957 So I typically teach asynchronously.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00849-00332957-00333338 So oftentimes because I don't give live lectures,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00850-00333338-00334072 a student who isn't engaging just is completely absent from the course, I'll go on to Canvas.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00851-00334072-00334270 I'll look at their interaction report.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00852-00334270-00334666 I'll see that they haven't opened certain assignments in over a week.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00853-00334666-00335229 I'll send them, you know, individualized emails reaching out, hey, is everything okay,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00854-00335229-00335355 is there anything I can help with.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00855-00335390-00335702 There are going to be some situations where it's really difficult
UVRAFi1ohKy-00856-00335711-00336190 to identify why a student is struggling, why a student is choosing to engage
UVRAFi1ohKy-00857-00336190-00336515 in dishonesty or why a student isn't engaging.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00858-00336515-00336894 And those are situations that I'm constantly trying to improve myself as an instructor
UVRAFi1ohKy-00859-00336894-00337270 to find new ways to engage students or to reach out to students.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00860-00337270-00337667 Like I said, humanizing can help because if students believe that you're there to help them,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00861-00337667-00337898 they'll often when they get email will say, wow, thank you.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00862-00337898-00338053 I really appreciate this.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00863-00338057-00338200 You know, I'm going through some things at home.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00864-00338236-00338598 And, you know, I'll say, well, you know, we've got great counselors at Saddleback.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00865-00338598-00338740 You know, we've got great resources.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00866-00338740-00338850 I really encourage you to reach out.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00867-00338850-00339165 And if you need help getting in contact with them, I can help with that.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00868-00339180-00339490 But you're right, there are going to be some situations where no matter what you do,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00869-00339490-00339669 there are going to be some students who don't engage.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00870-00339669-00340152 And that's really unfortunate but it's something that I'm still working on myself.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00871-00340221-00340607 Michele says, the peer review assignments seem very valuable for students
UVRAFi1ohKy-00872-00340607-00340991 who need extra support and/or as an authentic assessment, I struggle, though,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00873-00340991-00341234 with the feeling that it's extra work for my higher performing students
UVRAFi1ohKy-00874-00341234-00341363 who are organized and want autonomy.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00875-00341363-00341713 Do you have some advice to make the authentic assessments valuable for those students
UVRAFi1ohKy-00876-00341713-00342110 who would do well with any assignment or modality of instruction?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00877-00342127-00342348 That's a really good question.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00878-00342348-00343028 So I think if the assignment itself, if the peer-reviewed assignment is grounded
UVRAFi1ohKy-00879-00343028-00343532 in some sort of application, then oftentimes your higher performing students will find it
UVRAFi1ohKy-00880-00343532-00344101 more interesting than let's say the traditional homework or the traditional exams.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00881-00344119-00344428 And you're right, they're probably going to do well no matter what sorts
UVRAFi1ohKy-00882-00344428-00344638 of assessments that you put in front of them.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00883-00344667-00345124 But oftentimes I'll have students coming back to me, both high performing and students
UVRAFi1ohKy-00884-00345124-00345779 who struggle early on, and they'll mention that the peer-reviewed assignments were the ones
UVRAFi1ohKy-00885-00345779-00346170 that they actually appreciated the most in the class because they were the ones
UVRAFi1ohKy-00886-00346170-00346348 that they felt were the most relevant.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00887-00346348-00346659 And oftentimes the traditional homework they felt was just busy work for them.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00888-00346659-00347031 And actually, the peer-reviewed assignments are often they found the students prefer.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00889-00347044-00347445 But again, it depends on your audience of students
UVRAFi1ohKy-00890-00347445-00347680 and the variability from semester to semester.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00891-00347680-00347832 Sometimes you'll have a lot of students who love them.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00892-00347832-00348196 Sometimes you'll have students who aren't that keen on them.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00893-00348196-00348498 Shamal [assumed spelling] asks, I have a student with learning disabilities
UVRAFi1ohKy-00894-00348498-00348672 who is allowed to use more time for her tests.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00895-00348672-00348859 The student is topping my class.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00896-00348859-00348895 I suspect [inaudible].
UVRAFi1ohKy-00897-00348895-00349079 Is there a proper way to address this?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00898-00349079-00349178 That's a tough question.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00899-00349178-00349529 I would definitely recommend you reach out to your disability service office.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00900-00349551-00350044 You speak with them because sometimes they'll have some insight into a student's situation.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00901-00350073-00350360 Like I said, it can be tough sometimes to catch.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00902-00350360-00350663 Sometimes there're students if they want to engage in dishonesty,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00903-00350663-00350802 they will find a creative way to do it.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00904-00350802-00351319 So apologies that I don't really have specific advice in that situation but definitely reaching
UVRAFi1ohKy-00905-00351319-00351815 out to your disabled students office at school can be a good first step.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00906-00351815-00352015 They may not be able to share everything with you about the student
UVRAFi1ohKy-00907-00352015-00352237 but it could potentially open a dialogue.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00908-00352258-00352528 Then Elizabeth says, thank you.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00909-00352528-00353082 Are there any other important tips you recommend for students to achieve academic honesty?
UVRAFi1ohKy-00910-00353082-00353629 Really, just my closing comments here are the more you can you can humanize the course,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00911-00353629-00353900 the more you can make students feel like you're there to support them,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00912-00353919-00354740 the more that you can emphasize eventual learning and mastery of topics over the emphasis
UVRAFi1ohKy-00913-00354740-00355244 of being a perfect exam performer, the more students feel comfortable.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00914-00355244-00355826 I still give traditional exams but I make sure that students know what to expect for the exams
UVRAFi1ohKy-00915-00355826-00356070 and they're still timed and I still make sure
UVRAFi1ohKy-00916-00356070-00356234 that students are being monitored for those exams.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00917-00356234-00356689 But my students, I've never had a complaint about monitoring students during the exams
UVRAFi1ohKy-00918-00356689-00357196 because most students really feel like I'm not going to get in trouble for looking
UVRAFi1ohKy-00919-00357196-00357632 down because I'm taking notes or I'm solving a problem by hand.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00920-00357632-00358127 My students know that what I'm looking for is blatant and what I'm looking for are students
UVRAFi1ohKy-00921-00358127-00358357 who are engaging in appropriate ways.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00922-00358357-00358607 And oftentimes by having a variety of assessments,
UVRAFi1ohKy-00923-00358607-00358926 the exams themselves are not the determining factor
UVRAFi1ohKy-00924-00358926-00359162 of whether a student is being dishonest or not.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00925-00359162-00359463 It's all of those other ways that I'm getting to know my students.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00926-00359463-00359881 And by and large, a lot of the dishonesty has disappeared from many of my classes
UVRAFi1ohKy-00927-00359881-00360197 because students are engaging early on and are trusting that I'm there to support them.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00928-00360205-00360686 Alright, I think that's our time.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00929-00360720-00360897 I really appreciate all the questions.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00930-00360897-00361040 Like I said, I'll be happy to answer more.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00931-00361040-00361402 I'll drop my email into the chat really quickly.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00932-00361402-00361752 >> And while you're doing that, I'll just let everyone know I dropped
UVRAFi1ohKy-00933-00361752-00362337 in the link to our CVC events calendar.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00934-00362342-00363245 So you can go in and go back to this event and there will be a link to our YouTube channel.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00935-00363245-00363786 And when this recording is ready, it will be there for you to access.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00936-00363786-00364719 And then you can also see our next two upcoming math events as part of this series on October 15
UVRAFi1ohKy-00937-00364719-00365095 with Fred Feldon and November 12th with Kyle Castro.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00938-00365095-00365422 So again, thank you, Jonathan.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00939-00365435-00365753 I saw a lot of engagement in this.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00940-00365753-00365874 It was great.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00941-00365874-00366401 So just a couple of our teammates here as well that really got a lot out of this.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00942-00366401-00366509 So thank you again.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00943-00366509-00367324 Thank you all for joining us and have an awesome rest of the week and into the weekend.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00944-00367324-00367585 Alright, thanks again Jonathan.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00945-00367585-00367629 >> You're welcome.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00946-00367629-00367700 Thank you all.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00947-00370350-00370477 >> Alright, I think we're good.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00948-00370477-00370724 Thanks again Jonathan.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00949-00370724-00370850 Talk to you soon.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00950-00370875-00370897 >> Alright.
UVRAFi1ohKy-00951-00370976-00371015 Bye-bye.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00000-00000067-00000256 So I want to talk more about
UW4gOjg4TdA-00001-00000256-00000396 what makes the kernel special
UW4gOjg4TdA-00002-00000443-00000723 and how that's important for making processes.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00003-00000723-00001001 Someone asked at the end or after last class
UW4gOjg4TdA-00004-00001045-00001218 about how VirtualBox is working
UW4gOjg4TdA-00005-00001218-00001478 'cause they made the observation
UW4gOjg4TdA-00006-00001478-00001607 which was quite clever
UW4gOjg4TdA-00007-00001607-00001995 that you can actually run a VirtualBox inside VirtualBox
UW4gOjg4TdA-00008-00001995-00002266 or run, inside your host OS
UW4gOjg4TdA-00009-00002266-00002389 a guest OS in VirtualBox
UW4gOjg4TdA-00010-00002389-00002562 and another guest OS inside that
UW4gOjg4TdA-00011-00002571-00002910 which suggested that what I told you at the end of last class
UW4gOjg4TdA-00012-00002910-00003078 about how it worked was not quite correct.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00013-00003078-00003315 So I'm gonna talk a bit more about that
UW4gOjg4TdA-00014-00003320-00003788 and then we'll look at how processes work in web browsers
UW4gOjg4TdA-00015-00003792-00004107 and look at what you're gonna do for problem set two
UW4gOjg4TdA-00016-00004107-00004326 and I'll show you what problem set two
UW4gOjg4TdA-00017-00004326-00004514 should look like when you finish it.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00018-00004515-00004661 What is so special about the kernel?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00019-00004661-00004963 So what are the things that the kernel should be able to do
UW4gOjg4TdA-00020-00004963-00005271 that no other program should be able to do?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00021-00005318-00005621 You have at least one answer to this from last class
UW4gOjg4TdA-00022-00005714-00005795 Yes.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00023-00006067-00006372 The kernel is able to see the kernel interrupt,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00024-00006408-00006709 it's able to run even if other programs are running
UW4gOjg4TdA-00025-00006712-00006984 So we've got one major resource to share
UW4gOjg4TdA-00026-00006984-00007148 we're trying to share the CPU
UW4gOjg4TdA-00027-00007148-00007432 and the kernel has special access to the CPU.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00028-00007432-00007623 It can handle kernel timer interrupts.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00029-00007690-00007906 If a regular program was able to
UW4gOjg4TdA-00030-00007906-00008186 handle the kernel timer interrupt instead of the kernel,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00031-00008277-00008521 then that regular program could decide to
UW4gOjg4TdA-00032-00008521-00008702 keep running and the kernel would never get a chance.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00033-00008702-00008945 Certainly, only the kernel should be able to do that.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00034-00009027-00009152 Is there anything else that
UW4gOjg4TdA-00035-00009152-00009294 the kernel should be able to do that
UW4gOjg4TdA-00036-00009294-00009465 no other program should be able to do?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00037-00009617-00009781 And this gets at our...
UW4gOjg4TdA-00038-00009781-00010110 So what are the two main things the process abstraction provides?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00039-00010154-00010253 We've talked about one.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00040-00010253-00010518 It allows you to share time on the CPU,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00041-00010518-00010889 and so you've got many programs sharing one processor
UW4gOjg4TdA-00042-00010937-00011192 each getting some use of that CPU
UW4gOjg4TdA-00043-00011192-00011362 and feeling like they own it.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00044-00011448-00011726 What is the other main thing a process provides?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00045-00011797-00011958 Allows you to share?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00046-00012009-00012163 Yes! Memory, right?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00047-00012189-00012436 The other thing a process allows you to do,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00048-00012459-00012734 each program runs, it thinks it has its own memory
UW4gOjg4TdA-00049-00012734-00013065 and it doesn't interfere with memory of other programs
UW4gOjg4TdA-00050-00013084-00013318 So if we're gonna enable memory sharing,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00051-00013318-00013597 what does that mean about what the kernel can do
UW4gOjg4TdA-00052-00013597-00013853 that regular programs can't do?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00053-00013894-00013987 Allocate memory.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00054-00014148-00014301 Sort of on the right track.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00055-00014322-00014625 You can write user level programs that allocate memory, right?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00056-00014625-00014908 You've all probably done that if you've used C and done malloc()
UW4gOjg4TdA-00057-00014908-00015172 or you've written Java programs that create objects.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00058-00015258-00015401 So they're allocating memory.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00059-00015401-00015739 What's different about how regular programs allocate memory
UW4gOjg4TdA-00060-00015738-00015968 from how the kernel allocates memory?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00061-00015968-00016026 Yeah.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00062-00016138-00016340 OK, so what does it mean to say that
UW4gOjg4TdA-00063-00016340-00016714 a user level program can only do things in its memory space
UW4gOjg4TdA-00064-00016714-00016859 but a kernel can do everything?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00065-00016974-00017230 Who decides what the user level program's memory space is?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00066-00017230-00017276 Yeah.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00067-00017276-00017467 So the kernel decides
UW4gOjg4TdA-00068-00017467-00017704 what the user level program's memory space is.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00069-00017814-00018061 So what special power does the kernel need to have
UW4gOjg4TdA-00070-00018061-00018353 to decide what the user level program's memory space is?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00071-00018463-00018808 So this is something we're not gonna get into a lot of detail today
UW4gOjg4TdA-00072-00018808-00019154 but at a high level it needs to be able to see all the memory
UW4gOjg4TdA-00073-00019154-00019433 and it needs to be able to setup things
UW4gOjg4TdA-00074-00019433-00019777 in the processor that limit the memory that the user program can see.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00075-00019916-00020130 So that's the big thing that the kernel has,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00076-00020130-00020488 is it has access to control over memory
UW4gOjg4TdA-00077-00020488-00020742 in ways that regular programs do not.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00078-00020814-00021020 How does the hardware provide these things?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00079-00021069-00021302 All this is just running on some bit of silicon.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00080-00021442-00021694 So, what does the hardware do to make
UW4gOjg4TdA-00081-00021694-00021984 the kernel have these special powers where
UW4gOjg4TdA-00082-00022015-00022184 a user level program doesn't?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00083-00022325-00022774 Good. So that's getting at the abstraction we want to provide.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00084-00022774-00022986 We're still sort of talking about high level, right?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00085-00022986-00023164 We're saying, what the hardware does is
UW4gOjg4TdA-00086-00023164-00023300 to let the kernel do somethings that
UW4gOjg4TdA-00087-00023300-00023472 user level programs can't do,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00088-00023501-00023643 and that's indeed what it does.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00089-00023686-00024140 At the simplest but most concrete level what does that mean?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00090-00024182-00024354 We've got this bit of silicon
UW4gOjg4TdA-00091-00024354-00024601 that's our hardware and some program's running
UW4gOjg4TdA-00092-00024640-00024915 What's different if it's the kernel that's running
UW4gOjg4TdA-00093-00024915-00025105 or a user level program?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00094-00025236-00025420 Think about how our program runs.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00095-00025420-00025562 All that's going on in the processor
UW4gOjg4TdA-00096-00025562-00025777 our program is just some instructions,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00097-00025777-00025925 they're instructions in memory.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00098-00025932-00026050 Here's our processor.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00099-00026064-00026273 Those instructions are going into the processor,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00100-00026273-00026488 it's doing some stuff to run them
UW4gOjg4TdA-00101-00026492-00026691 and then it's going back and fetching the next instruction.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00102-00026691-00026892 That's going in the processor doing some stuff
UW4gOjg4TdA-00103-00026892-00027146 and maybe it's sending messages out to memory and doing other things.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00104-00027146-00027393 That's a very high level view of how the program is running.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00105-00027481-00027712 So if we want the kernel to have privileges that
UW4gOjg4TdA-00106-00027712-00027918 a regular program doesn't have,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00107-00027918-00028097 what do we need to do in that processor?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00108-00028157-00028372 So what happens when a user level program
UW4gOjg4TdA-00109-00028372-00028570 tries to do something that it shouldn't do?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00110-00028674-00028857 OK. So we saw one example last class.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00111-00028902-00029152 We saw when a user level program tries to
UW4gOjg4TdA-00112-00029152-00029346 read some part of memory that it's not allowed to,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00113-00029456-00029618 the processor will not allow that,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00114-00029618-00029868 it will give a SEGFAULT instead
UW4gOjg4TdA-00115-00029922-00030006 and that's
UW4gOjg4TdA-00116-00030099-00030402 jumping into the kernel for some time to handle that,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00117-00030402-00030530 but eventually we're just seeing
UW4gOjg4TdA-00118-00030530-00030718 the user program crash as a result.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00119-00030950-00031081 In general what's happening
UW4gOjg4TdA-00120-00031081-00031358 if there's an instruction that's special
UW4gOjg4TdA-00121-00031381-00031600 there are some instructions that any program can execute,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00122-00031664-00031876 there are some instructions that you have to be special to execute
UW4gOjg4TdA-00123-00031876-00032028 these are the privilege instructions
UW4gOjg4TdA-00124-00032027-00032144 that only the kernel can execute.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00125-00032144-00032292 So what the processor is doing,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00126-00032292-00032483 it's looking at the instruction,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00127-00032510-00032772 if it sees that it's a privileged instruction
UW4gOjg4TdA-00128-00032772-00032949 it's not going to allow it to execute
UW4gOjg4TdA-00129-00032949-00033122 unless you're running as the kernel.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00130-00033149-00033436 What this means is that some instructions are privileged
UW4gOjg4TdA-00131-00033489-00033720 Which instructions are privileged?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00132-00033781-00033949 An instruction is privileged
UW4gOjg4TdA-00133-00033955-00034105 if only the kernel can execute it.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00134-00034115-00034308 And we've seen sort of an example with
UW4gOjg4TdA-00135-00034308-00034459 the segmentation fault last class.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00136-00034461-00034714 It's a memory instruction that is ...
UW4gOjg4TdA-00137-00034714-00035121 the same instruction might be allowed and it might not.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00138-00035121-00035371 It's not the case necessarily that
UW4gOjg4TdA-00139-00035375-00035708 all the privileged instructions are always privileged.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00140-00035732-00035917 But there are some that are always privileged,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00141-00035950-00036082 and then there are others that if you
UW4gOjg4TdA-00142-00036082-00036288 execute them with the wrong parameters,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00143-00036288-00036489 then it's going to lead to some
UW4gOjg4TdA-00144-00036489-00036637 failure if you're not privileged.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00145-00036637-00036782 How would you figure out what instructions
UW4gOjg4TdA-00146-00036782-00036938 are privileged on your processor?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00147-00037035-00037361 If you wanted to test your processor
UW4gOjg4TdA-00148-00037370-00037640 to figure out what instructions are privileged,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00149-00037640-00037939 could you write a user level program to do that?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00150-00038033-00038204 So you could write a program
UW4gOjg4TdA-00151-00038258-00038486 you're not going to be able to write it in a high level language
UW4gOjg4TdA-00152-00038486-00038748 but you could certainly write a binary that
UW4gOjg4TdA-00153-00038748-00038888 goes through all the instructions
UW4gOjg4TdA-00154-00038888-00039022 at least goes through all the opcodes
UW4gOjg4TdA-00155-00039100-00039250 and sees if you can run them or not.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00156-00039294-00039529 And if you're a user level program
UW4gOjg4TdA-00157-00039567-00039763 if it's a privileged instruction you won't be allowed to.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00158-00039810-00040010 The easy way to figure this out is to look
UW4gOjg4TdA-00159-00040017-00040123 in the reference manuals
UW4gOjg4TdA-00160-00040139-00040456 or to look on Wikipedia or some more condensed place
UW4gOjg4TdA-00161-00040482-00040692 than the Intel reference manuals.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00162-00040692-00040916 But the Intel manuals are actually fairly readable
UW4gOjg4TdA-00163-00040916-00041128 and they're free available online.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00164-00041128-00041574 It's a huge PDF file that has seven volumes, all in one.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00165-00041574-00042033 But you'll find a section there if you read it up to page 2025,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00166-00042085-00042329 that tells you what all the privileged instructions are.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00167-00042329-00042439 So here's the list.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00168-00042439-00042528 There's not that many.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00169-00042531-00042717 There's 16 of them I think.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00170-00042717-00043000 And these are instructions that only the supervisor can do.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00171-00043048-00043282 If the user level program attempts to do these
UW4gOjg4TdA-00172-00043307-00043459 the processor will not allow it
UW4gOjg4TdA-00173-00043459-00043677 So what kinds of things do we expect
UW4gOjg4TdA-00174-00043725-00043891 those instructions to do?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00175-00043918-00044220 You may not be able to tell from the way they're described
UW4gOjg4TdA-00176-00044243-00044659 what does load the GDT and load the LDT register mean.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00177-00044689-00045006 What would you expect these privileged instructions to be doing?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00178-00045028-00045319 Remember the two things we said we needed to share:
UW4gOjg4TdA-00179-00045319-00045659 we wanted to share the CPU time and we need to share memory.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00180-00045685-00046063 So the instructions that need to be privileged
UW4gOjg4TdA-00181-00046099-00046385 are going to be the instructions that control those things.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00182-00046396-00046586 So what these instructions are doing
UW4gOjg4TdA-00183-00046613-00047113 all these instructions with the Global Descriptor Table is the GDT
UW4gOjg4TdA-00184-00047113-00047241 and the Local Descriptor Table.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00185-00047290-00047498 So these are things for settings up memory spaces.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00186-00047524-00047858 Later in this semester we'll get into the details of how that works
UW4gOjg4TdA-00187-00047876-00048012 but what's important now is to say
UW4gOjg4TdA-00188-00048012-00048198 these are things that you need to do
UW4gOjg4TdA-00189-00048198-00048409 in order to setup a memory space you need to
UW4gOjg4TdA-00190-00048409-00048648 be able to write into those registers
UW4gOjg4TdA-00191-00048664-00048894 because those instructions are privileged,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00192-00048904-00049066 only the kernel can do it.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00193-00049078-00049306 If these instructions weren't privileged
UW4gOjg4TdA-00194-00049329-00049660 the user level program could setup its own memory space
UW4gOjg4TdA-00195-00049686-00050048 and start reading arbitrary locations in memory.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00196-00050124-00050333 What about these other ones?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00197-00050497-00050764 There's some about control registers,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00198-00050851-00051115 so these are not about setting up memory spaces.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00199-00051155-00051517 What's the other really privileged thing that
UW4gOjg4TdA-00200-00051517-00051773 we should make sure only the kernel code can do?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00201-00051869-00052136 OK, good. This is certainly part of it, right.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00202-00052136-00052550 We said in order to share time,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00203-00052660-00052966 we need to know that only the kernel can get these interrupts.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00204-00052995-00053125 What about ...
UW4gOjg4TdA-00205-00053125-00053554 So what's going on with the control registers is not actually that ...
UW4gOjg4TdA-00206-00053554-00053764 The important thing to point out
UW4gOjg4TdA-00207-00053784-00053969 that part of what we're assuming is that
UW4gOjg4TdA-00208-00053969-00054176 only the kernel can handle these interrupts
UW4gOjg4TdA-00209-00054226-00054482 and there must be somewhere stored in memory a table of
UW4gOjg4TdA-00210-00054482-00054634 where to go when there's an interrupt
UW4gOjg4TdA-00211-00054657-00054795 that only the kernel can write to.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00212-00054806-00055057 But what's the other really important thing?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00213-00055057-00055238 Actually, let me go back to my picture.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00214-00055279-00055528 Not a very good picture of the processor.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00215-00055561-00055712 How does the processor decide
UW4gOjg4TdA-00216-00055712-00056001 whether or not to a privileged instruction can execute?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00217-00056152-00056537 So at some point, you've got a privileged instruction,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00218-00056562-00057074 it's something, let's say it's that load global descriptor table function
UW4gOjg4TdA-00219-00057074-00057258 that only the kernel should be able to do,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00220-00057291-00057710 and your program that's running tries to run that instruction
UW4gOjg4TdA-00221-00057852-00058132 and the processor has to decide whether or not to allow it to run.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00222-00058191-00058384 So what should the processor do?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00223-00058459-00058801 It's definitely got to know whether an instruction is privileged or not,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00224-00058820-00059088 and it also needs to know how to execute instructions.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00225-00059088-00059421 So it doesn't have a high level memory table to look in.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00226-00059421-00059874 This is sort of built into all the billions of transistors on the chip
UW4gOjg4TdA-00227-00059874-00060037 how to execute its instructions
UW4gOjg4TdA-00228-00060037-00060412 and so part of that would also potentially have
UW4gOjg4TdA-00229-00060512-00060625 know that it's privileged.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00230-00060625-00060855 But it's actually gonna be even before that
UW4gOjg4TdA-00231-00060855-00061017 but it certainly does need to know
UW4gOjg4TdA-00232-00061209-00061358 it needs to know whether it's privileged or not.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00233-00061366-00061522 What's the other thing it needs to know?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00234-00061580-00061635 Yeah.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00235-00061708-00062042 Getting at the question of how does it know whether you can execute it?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00236-00062117-00062390 So there's the instruction.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00237-00062421-00062578 Let's say we've got a privileged instruction now
UW4gOjg4TdA-00238-00062578-00062788 we've got to decide whether we're allowed to run it.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00239-00062836-00063076 And the processor needs some way
UW4gOjg4TdA-00240-00063107-00063357 you were talking about it could be running in a different mode.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00241-00063357-00063747 It could be running in kernel mode or in user mode.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00242-00063747-00063899 How does it know which mode you're running in?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00243-00063899-00064198 Is there some like switch you flip on your machine
UW4gOjg4TdA-00244-00064198-00064362 that says we're running in kernel mode?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00245-00064395-00064488 Process number?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00246-00064488-00064682 Um... no.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00247-00064682-00064858 Something simpler than that. Yeah.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00248-00064946-00065278 Yeah. It's got some bits stored in a register
UW4gOjg4TdA-00249-00065297-00065527 that tells you what level you're at.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00250-00065572-00065949 And if a user level program could change those bits,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00251-00066109-00066232 that would be really bad
UW4gOjg4TdA-00252-00066252-00066442 So there are bits stored in registers and that's what
UW4gOjg4TdA-00253-00066442-00066609 the control registers are about.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00254-00066609-00066810 There are bits in those control registers
UW4gOjg4TdA-00255-00066814-00066965 and CR0 is (...)
UW4gOjg4TdA-00256-00066971-00067085 There are four control registers
UW4gOjg4TdA-00257-00067085-00067284 that CR0 is the one that has bits in it
UW4gOjg4TdA-00258-00067284-00067472 that say are you running in protected mode.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00259-00067537-00067851 If the user level program could turn that bit to zero
UW4gOjg4TdA-00260-00067876-00068112 it can access all of memory and do everything it wants.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00261-00068149-00068428 The x86 is designed to be able to emulate
UW4gOjg4TdA-00262-00068457-00068798 Pentium and higher chips
UW4gOjg4TdA-00263-00068798-00069150 all the x86 family chips are designed to
UW4gOjg4TdA-00264-00069150-00069480 emulate the original 8086 chips.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00265-00069480-00069627 I think even before that
UW4gOjg4TdA-00266-00069627-00069881 didn't have any of these notions of protecting memory.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00267-00069881-00070067 There's one bit in that control register
UW4gOjg4TdA-00268-00070067-00070365 that says are you implementing any memory protection at all.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00269-00070421-00070672 So, if a user level program could change that bit
UW4gOjg4TdA-00270-00070699-00070938 they could access all of the memory of all machine
UW4gOjg4TdA-00271-00071002-00071403 and then there's also bits that control that effect ...
UW4gOjg4TdA-00272-00071403-00071555 given you're in protected mode
UW4gOjg4TdA-00273-00071555-00071680 are you running as the kernel
UW4gOjg4TdA-00274-00071680-00071861 or are you running as a user level program.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00275-00071917-00072336 So changing those values better be a privilege instruction;
UW4gOjg4TdA-00276-00072336-00072497 otherwise there's no point in having them.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00277-00072514-00072700 So those are the big things
UW4gOjg4TdA-00278-00072700-00072785 and there are some other things
UW4gOjg4TdA-00279-00072785-00073004 that reading these performance counters seems
UW4gOjg4TdA-00280-00073009-00073521 like that probably doesn't need to be privileged at the same level,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00281-00073551-00073798 but it can leak a lot of information to other processes.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00282-00073798-00074080 So, that's probably the reason why those things are privileged as well
UW4gOjg4TdA-00283-00074102-00074459 Here's a picture of the state of the machine
UW4gOjg4TdA-00284-00074466-00074936 and probably what you did mostly in 2150
UW4gOjg4TdA-00285-00074936-00075157 was all about these general purpose registers.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00286-00075157-00075565 You're writing code that put values in registers,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00287-00075565-00075748 manipulated it, did loads and stores,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00288-00075774-00076134 went to memory, use these parts of the processor,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00289-00076147-00076572 The things that we're gonna be really interested in this class
UW4gOjg4TdA-00290-00076572-00076880 are the things that you can't do in user level programs.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00291-00076880-00077113 Those are all just parts of the processor,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00292-00077113-00077202 there's nothing magic.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00293-00077234-00077585 It's just a processor designed to only allow instructions
UW4gOjg4TdA-00294-00077585-00077882 that manipulate those things if you're running privileged code
UW4gOjg4TdA-00295-00077882-00078196 and one of those is, this two bits here
UW4gOjg4TdA-00296-00078196-00078375 that tells you about the privilege level.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00297-00078375-00078651 People will talk about having rings.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00298-00078694-00078987 You'll see diagrams like this of the protection rings.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00299-00079026-00079373 That's really just the value of those two bits in memory.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00300-00079482-00079907 Those two bits are zero, you're in ring zero
UW4gOjg4TdA-00301-00079955-00080193 and you can do things that only the kernel can do.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00302-00080272-00080449 So there's nothing magic going on here.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00303-00080496-00080660 There's just a couple bits in memory
UW4gOjg4TdA-00304-00080660-00081011 that the only one who can set those bits is kernel level code
UW4gOjg4TdA-00305-00081011-00081219 and there's actually a little more than just the two bits
UW4gOjg4TdA-00306-00081219-00081324 in the register I showed you.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00307-00081370-00081675 But places that determine what ring the code is running in
UW4gOjg4TdA-00308-00081709-00082011 and then depending on whether you have privilege or not,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00309-00082036-00082289 some instructions are allowed to execute
UW4gOjg4TdA-00310-00082289-00082589 and if you don't have enough privilege they might not
UW4gOjg4TdA-00311-00082593-00082722 and almost everything ...
UW4gOjg4TdA-00312-00082722-00082875 This is for the x86,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00313-00082882-00083107 applications are all running in ring 3
UW4gOjg4TdA-00314-00083163-00083589 So if you're running you're favorite web server, any browser,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00315-00083600-00083978 all these things are all running as user level programs in ring 3.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00316-00084024-00084253 Rings 0 is the kernel.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00317-00084253-00084613 The rings between those are mostly unprivileged
UW4gOjg4TdA-00318-00084613-00084889 but can do a few things that user-level programs can't do.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00319-00084893-00085213 So things like device drivers and some operating system services
UW4gOjg4TdA-00320-00085213-00085378 might use ring one and two.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00321-00085424-00085738 What happens if a user level program
UW4gOjg4TdA-00322-00085738-00086062 tries to execute a privileged instruction
UW4gOjg4TdA-00323-00086062-00086321 but it's a user level program so it shouldn't be able to?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00324-00086384-00086507 So what happens?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00325-00086572-00086787 Yeah. OK. Good. Yeah.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00326-00086787-00086928 So the processor's doing something.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00327-00086928-00087189 So it's checking whether the program
UW4gOjg4TdA-00328-00087189-00087445 that tried to execute that instruction is privileged,
UW4gOjg4TdA-00329-00087544-00087712 now it's failing that check.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00330-00087720-00087928 So happens after it fails that check?
UW4gOjg4TdA-00331-00087944-00088189 So what's gonna happen is that it's going to jump into the kernel.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00332-00088266-00088573 So, we're not gonna necessarily kill the user program
UW4gOjg4TdA-00333-00088573-00088784 or blow up the machine or do anything like that.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00334-00088784-00089061 We're not gonna allow that privileged instruction to execute
UW4gOjg4TdA-00335-00089102-00089514 but what the processor is gonna do is call into the kernel.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00336-00089555-00089769 Now, the kernel is going to be running in kernel space
UW4gOjg4TdA-00337-00089833-00090100 and it has to decide what to do with that user level program
UW4gOjg4TdA-00338-00090108-00090317 that tried to do something with a privileged instruction.
UW4gOjg4TdA-00339-00090317-00090500 Subtitles by the Amara.org community
UWgAkfonKEU-00000-00000000-00000258 (gentle music)
UWgAkfonKEU-00001-00000409-00000641 - [Bryan] My name is Bryan Wesley Williams,
UWgAkfonKEU-00002-00000641-00000950 I am a professional track and field sprinter,
UWgAkfonKEU-00003-00000950-00001199 I am also a fitness enthusiast,
UWgAkfonKEU-00004-00001199-00001496 I do group training, one-on-ones, personal training,
UWgAkfonKEU-00005-00001496-00001898 and I'm also a fitness model here in Los Angeles.
UWgAkfonKEU-00006-00001898-00002061 So when I was in middle school,
UWgAkfonKEU-00007-00002061-00002223 I was always the fastest kid,
UWgAkfonKEU-00008-00002223-00002446 I was always claiming to be the fastest kid in class,
UWgAkfonKEU-00009-00002446-00002694 and I took a lot of pride to that,
UWgAkfonKEU-00010-00002694-00002821 (mumbles) that was pretty much the only thing
UWgAkfonKEU-00011-00002821-00002982 I was really good at, at the time
UWgAkfonKEU-00012-00002982-00003181 as far as being a group go.
UWgAkfonKEU-00013-00003181-00003599 But I got to high school, I got to football,
UWgAkfonKEU-00014-00003599-00003910 football season ended, so I needed to stay in shape
UWgAkfonKEU-00015-00003910-00004199 and sure enough I joined a track team
UWgAkfonKEU-00016-00004199-00004373 and I got in a track team
UWgAkfonKEU-00017-00004373-00004719 and I started beating all the fast kids in the team,
UWgAkfonKEU-00018-00004719-00005000 and started going to track meet, start winning races,
UWgAkfonKEU-00019-00005000-00005253 start being very good at it,
UWgAkfonKEU-00020-00005253-00005499 and I kinda like made a commitment towards it
UWgAkfonKEU-00021-00005499-00005827 so football or not, so the following season,
UWgAkfonKEU-00022-00005827-00006081 football season came, I was the
UWgAkfonKEU-00023-00006081-00006281 fastest kid in the team,
UWgAkfonKEU-00024-00006281-00006609 I was put as tailback corner wide receiver.
UWgAkfonKEU-00025-00006609-00006916 I was always the fastest guy on the field and
UWgAkfonKEU-00026-00006916-00007405 what not and very (mumbles) like (mumbles) and what not,
UWgAkfonKEU-00027-00007405-00007577 my fastest time became a 10:58,
UWgAkfonKEU-00028-00007577-00007893 I was tenth in the state two years in a row,
UWgAkfonKEU-00029-00007893-00008051 and I got recruited to play football and
UWgAkfonKEU-00030-00008051-00008198 run track at Arizona State.
UWgAkfonKEU-00031-00008198-00008549 So I got to Arizona State, coach got fired,
UWgAkfonKEU-00032-00008549-00008743 got a new spring coach that got to the programme,
UWgAkfonKEU-00033-00008743-00009082 they didn't know each other, they didn't know me.
UWgAkfonKEU-00034-00009082-00009375 So I came in there with a partial track scholarship
UWgAkfonKEU-00035-00009375-00009550 and when I got there,
UWgAkfonKEU-00036-00009693-00009960 I was (mumbles) I was going to play football there,
UWgAkfonKEU-00037-00009960-00010158 but they where like, no you're not.
UWgAkfonKEU-00038-00010158-00010370 So I ended up sticking with track at that time,
UWgAkfonKEU-00039-00010370-00010570 and I'm kinda glad that it turned out that way because
UWgAkfonKEU-00040-00010570-00010898 I haven't really experienced concussions,
UWgAkfonKEU-00041-00010898-00011136 shoulder problems, knee problems,
UWgAkfonKEU-00042-00011136-00011399 common football injuries and what not,
UWgAkfonKEU-00043-00011399-00011709 and I do know that guys who are my age,
UWgAkfonKEU-00044-00011709-00012085 from 28 right now, guys who are still into football and
UWgAkfonKEU-00045-00012085-00012360 NFL or some other type of league,
UWgAkfonKEU-00046-00012465-00012799 they started football at a younger age and (mumbles).
UWgAkfonKEU-00047-00012799-00012930 To this day they're dealing with a lot of
UWgAkfonKEU-00048-00012930-00013229 issues as far as injuries go.
UWgAkfonKEU-00049-00013229-00013461 So when I go to track the smell that,
UWgAkfonKEU-00050-00013461-00013600 when the sun hits the track,
UWgAkfonKEU-00051-00013600-00013936 and the smell of that rubber, that turns me on.
UWgAkfonKEU-00052-00013936-00014171 I love the smell of it, I love that it makes
UWgAkfonKEU-00053-00014171-00014383 me want to go workout more and what not.
UWgAkfonKEU-00054-00014383-00014604 When I go to environments like Arizona State track,
UWgAkfonKEU-00055-00014604-00014892 UCLA, (mumbles) track, (mumbles).
UWgAkfonKEU-00056-00014892-00015138 That motivates me, in order for me to go out there
UWgAkfonKEU-00057-00015138-00015325 and do my thing.
UWgAkfonKEU-00058-00015325-00015584 (upbeat music)
UWgAkfonKEU-00059-00017084-00017277 And I love being around people who are faster than me
UWgAkfonKEU-00060-00017277-00017482 or better at me in some aspects of sprinting,
UWgAkfonKEU-00061-00017482-00017722 'cause that makes me want to adapt,
UWgAkfonKEU-00062-00017722-00017983 be more resilient and produce myself
UWgAkfonKEU-00063-00017983-00018257 in order for me to be better than them and what not.
UWgAkfonKEU-00064-00018257-00018366 And as far as the gym go,
UWgAkfonKEU-00065-00018366-00018575 I mean I just love the sound of weights
UWgAkfonKEU-00066-00018575-00018953 clamping, grunting, weights falling down,
UWgAkfonKEU-00067-00018953-00019240 I love training at a gym with no air conditioner
UWgAkfonKEU-00068-00019240-00019453 'cause I love to sweat and what not.
UWgAkfonKEU-00069-00019453-00019715 I just love the environment.
UWgAkfonKEU-00070-00019715-00019908 And it was something that I crave,
UWgAkfonKEU-00071-00019908-00020222 when I was working for that aerospace company,
UWgAkfonKEU-00072-00020222-00020305 I'll be sitting in my office
UWgAkfonKEU-00073-00020305-00020423 just banging my head on the wall,
UWgAkfonKEU-00074-00020423-00020615 'cause I just can't wait to be there
UWgAkfonKEU-00075-00020615-00020811 'cause I just crave it and what not.
UWgAkfonKEU-00076-00020811-00021109 So that's what I love about those facilities.
UWgAkfonKEU-00077-00021109-00021269 So it's all about, as an athlete you got
UWgAkfonKEU-00078-00021269-00021417 to have your priorities in order.
UWgAkfonKEU-00079-00021417-00021616 When you go into a training facility,
UWgAkfonKEU-00080-00021616-00021833 you're going there for a purpose
UWgAkfonKEU-00081-00021833-00022045 and my purpose is to run fast.
UWgAkfonKEU-00082-00022045-00022196 so I need to do the necessary things
UWgAkfonKEU-00083-00022196-00022368 I need to do in order for me to run fast.
UWgAkfonKEU-00084-00022368-00022613 So when I go in a training facility,
UWgAkfonKEU-00085-00022613-00023078 I go in there to make sure that I have the proper exercises
UWgAkfonKEU-00086-00023078-00023192 to maximise the function,
UWgAkfonKEU-00087-00023192-00023469 I need more for me to go and do my sprints.
UWgAkfonKEU-00088-00023469-00023865 So that being said, sprinting is a anaerobic movement,
UWgAkfonKEU-00089-00023865-00024113 it's a very dynamic connected tissue movement.
UWgAkfonKEU-00090-00024113-00024345 So using every single muscle fibre in your body,
UWgAkfonKEU-00091-00024345-00024586 every single ounce of energy in your body,
UWgAkfonKEU-00092-00024586-00024786 in order for you to run fast.
UWgAkfonKEU-00093-00024786-00024953 And what that's going to do is,
UWgAkfonKEU-00094-00024953-00025178 it's going to burn a lot of fat
UWgAkfonKEU-00095-00025178-00025424 and you gotta have a lot of power,
UWgAkfonKEU-00096-00025424-00025555 so you gotta do some heavy lifting
UWgAkfonKEU-00097-00025555-00025723 in order for you to build more mass
UWgAkfonKEU-00098-00025723-00025922 and that creates aesthetics.
UWgAkfonKEU-00099-00025922-00026260 So that being said, aesthetic just came along,
UWgAkfonKEU-00100-00026260-00026406 it's something I don't focus on,
UWgAkfonKEU-00101-00026406-00026649 it's just something that just happened and just be there.
UWgAkfonKEU-00102-00026649-00026932 So in order for you to run faster,
UWgAkfonKEU-00103-00027020-00027347 you gotta understand how the body moves.
UWgAkfonKEU-00104-00027347-00027502 You gotta understand posture,
UWgAkfonKEU-00105-00027502-00027767 You gotta understand how your legs moves,
UWgAkfonKEU-00106-00027767-00028170 how your arm swings and that being said and what not,
UWgAkfonKEU-00107-00028170-00028449 you gotta be able to apply a lot of power
UWgAkfonKEU-00108-00028449-00028699 into your sprinting because sprinting
UWgAkfonKEU-00109-00028699-00028968 is a connected tissue movement.
UWgAkfonKEU-00110-00028968-00029058 And when you're using every single
UWgAkfonKEU-00111-00029058-00029178 muscle fibre in your body,
UWgAkfonKEU-00112-00029178-00029432 in order for you to do a specific movement.
UWgAkfonKEU-00113-00029432-00029664 So that being said, if you understand power,
UWgAkfonKEU-00114-00029664-00029851 you're able to go to gym, do your deadlifts,
UWgAkfonKEU-00115-00029851-00030117 do your squats, your power cleans, hand cleans,
UWgAkfonKEU-00116-00030117-00030455 You gotta have strength in order to apply a power,
UWgAkfonKEU-00117-00030455-00030671 so that means that you gotta do a lot of strength exercises
UWgAkfonKEU-00118-00030671-00030930 to make your core strong and what not,
UWgAkfonKEU-00119-00030930-00031094 in order for you to do this movement.
UWgAkfonKEU-00120-00031094-00031446 And if you're able to exceed in those two emphasis,
UWgAkfonKEU-00121-00031446-00031658 you're able to (mumbles) or run faster.
UWgAkfonKEU-00122-00031658-00031989 And on top of the power and strength movements,
UWgAkfonKEU-00123-00031989-00032304 you got to maintain mobility and integerity.
UWgAkfonKEU-00124-00032304-00032588 You gotta have their proper range in motion,
UWgAkfonKEU-00125-00032588-00032736 you gotta stretch, you gotta foam roll,
UWgAkfonKEU-00126-00032736-00032985 you gotta the correct body posture
UWgAkfonKEU-00127-00032985-00033218 in order for you to maximise your sprint
UWgAkfonKEU-00128-00033218-00033349 so you don't hit plateaus.
UWgAkfonKEU-00129-00033349-00033715 So again you're going to hit plateaus as an athlete.
UWgAkfonKEU-00130-00033715-00033859 In order for you to break those plateaus,
UWgAkfonKEU-00131-00033859-00034071 you gotta train smart, in order for you to train smart,
UWgAkfonKEU-00132-00034071-00034214 you gotta look at your weaknesses,
UWgAkfonKEU-00133-00034214-00034377 and by looking at your weaknesses,
UWgAkfonKEU-00134-00034377-00034690 you gotta identify what you suck at.
UWgAkfonKEU-00135-00034690-00035048 So I'm born skinny guy, I got small joints,
UWgAkfonKEU-00136-00035153-00035394 I'm not naturally big at all or anything like that,
UWgAkfonKEU-00137-00035394-00035750 so that being said, I don't produce power
UWgAkfonKEU-00138-00035750-00036044 and strength naturally. I gotta really work for it.
UWgAkfonKEU-00139-00036044-00036234 I gotta like eat a lot of food,
UWgAkfonKEU-00140-00036234-00036447 drink a lot of protein, eat a lot of protein,
UWgAkfonKEU-00141-00036447-00036667 get some carbs in me and what not,
UWgAkfonKEU-00142-00036667-00036908 and at the same time I gotta go to the gym,
UWgAkfonKEU-00143-00036908-00037083 and actually push some heavy weight
UWgAkfonKEU-00144-00037083-00037418 in order for me to produce more mass in my body.
UWgAkfonKEU-00145-00037418-00037867 The first focus in the gym, obviously get on a bike,
UWgAkfonKEU-00146-00037867-00038129 reactivate the muscles, reactivate the core,
UWgAkfonKEU-00147-00038129-00038271 get the body sweating again,
UWgAkfonKEU-00148-00038271-00038411 in order for you to do your workout,
UWgAkfonKEU-00149-00038411-00038667 and then foam roll, and the first movement,
UWgAkfonKEU-00150-00038667-00038879 the first type of exercise that I focused on
UWgAkfonKEU-00151-00038879-00039075 in a gym is power moves.
UWgAkfonKEU-00152-00039075-00039271 Connected tissue work and what not.
UWgAkfonKEU-00153-00039271-00039640 Which today was (mumbles), (mumbles) is a good exercise
UWgAkfonKEU-00154-00039640-00039849 in order for you to teach your body how to be fast,
UWgAkfonKEU-00155-00039849-00040128 'cause you getting a big heavy weight,
UWgAkfonKEU-00156-00040128-00040303 and you gotta use your speed,
UWgAkfonKEU-00157-00040303-00040430 and you gotta use technique
UWgAkfonKEU-00158-00040430-00040711 and form in order for you to get underneath it and what not.
UWgAkfonKEU-00159-00040711-00040918 Second to that will be strength training,
UWgAkfonKEU-00160-00040918-00041334 so I'm a big advocate to a five on five reps and set ratio,
UWgAkfonKEU-00161-00041451-00041661 so you can focus on strength
UWgAkfonKEU-00162-00041661-00042090 in order for you to work on every single muscle fibre,
UWgAkfonKEU-00163-00042090-00042396 and whatever body part that you're working on.
UWgAkfonKEU-00164-00042396-00042555 The reason why I train chest,
UWgAkfonKEU-00165-00042555-00042757 is because chest is one of the
UWgAkfonKEU-00166-00042757-00043100 largest muscles in your upper body along with the lax,
UWgAkfonKEU-00167-00043100-00043377 you can use your chest and swing your arms,
UWgAkfonKEU-00168-00043377-00043605 and swing it up, the faster you move your arms,
UWgAkfonKEU-00169-00043605-00043781 the faster your legs will react to it.
UWgAkfonKEU-00170-00043781-00043984 And then afterwards I train endurance,
UWgAkfonKEU-00171-00043984-00044094 high reps, lotta sets, ratios,
UWgAkfonKEU-00172-00044094-00044502 (mumbles) to recruit more fibres as a finishing touch.
UWgAkfonKEU-00173-00044502-00044768 So supplements is a asset to nutrition.
UWgAkfonKEU-00174-00044768-00045097 You eat the right foods, (mumbles) to get what you need,
UWgAkfonKEU-00175-00045097-00045363 supplements take you to a higher level,
UWgAkfonKEU-00176-00045363-00045628 as far as like the things that you need go.
UWgAkfonKEU-00177-00045628-00045762 So the first type of supplements
UWgAkfonKEU-00178-00045762-00046113 that I make a focus on, is vitamins,
UWgAkfonKEU-00179-00046113-00046433 so I need fish oil vitamins for vitality,
UWgAkfonKEU-00180-00046433-00046678 and make sure I get the proper body function,
UWgAkfonKEU-00181-00046678-00046825 in order for me to let my body
UWgAkfonKEU-00182-00046825-00047078 do what it needs to do in order for it to stay healthy.
UWgAkfonKEU-00183-00047078-00047495 The second focus I attack as far as supplements go,
UWgAkfonKEU-00184-00047624-00048036 is protein, I need a certain amount of protein a day
UWgAkfonKEU-00185-00048036-00048323 in order for me to recover, in order for me to go back
UWgAkfonKEU-00186-00048323-00048543 the next day, put my body to build,
UWgAkfonKEU-00187-00048543-00048798 and for me to keep on doing the things I need to do,
UWgAkfonKEU-00188-00048798-00048958 in order for me to keep growing.
UWgAkfonKEU-00189-00048958-00049284 So the third will be BCAAs amino acids,
UWgAkfonKEU-00190-00049284-00049551 which is asset to the protein or
UWgAkfonKEU-00191-00049677-00049893 for the process inside your body.
UWgAkfonKEU-00192-00049893-00050229 Fourth is pretty much glutamine,
UWgAkfonKEU-00193-00050229-00050562 and five is pretty much whatever vitamin
UWgAkfonKEU-00194-00050787-00050971 or (mumbles) I lack inside my body
UWgAkfonKEU-00195-00050971-00051145 that I don't produce enough.
UWgAkfonKEU-00196-00051145-00051562 What's very important is you fulfil yourself from within.
UWgAkfonKEU-00197-00051744-00051912 Kinda like what Arnold Schwarzenegger said,
UWgAkfonKEU-00198-00051912-00052039 like when you wake up in the morning,
UWgAkfonKEU-00199-00052039-00052165 what's the first thing you think about,
UWgAkfonKEU-00200-00052165-00052407 what's the first thing that you crave to do
UWgAkfonKEU-00201-00052407-00052598 when your out of bed and what not.
UWgAkfonKEU-00202-00052598-00052736 And whatever it is, it can be the
UWgAkfonKEU-00203-00052736-00052830 craziest thing in the world.
UWgAkfonKEU-00204-00052830-00052981 It can be being president of the United States,
UWgAkfonKEU-00205-00052981-00053346 being a NASCAR driver, it can be parachute diver,
UWgAkfonKEU-00206-00053346-00053439 or whatever, it could be a
UWgAkfonKEU-00207-00053439-00053655 scuba diver for all I care or what not.
UWgAkfonKEU-00208-00053655-00053872 If its something that you crave to do and you're very
UWgAkfonKEU-00209-00053872-00054126 passionate about it, make a life out of that
UWgAkfonKEU-00210-00054126-00054334 as opposed to what society should tell you
UWgAkfonKEU-00211-00054334-00054452 what to make your life out of.
UWgAkfonKEU-00212-00054452-00054744 (futuristic sound)
UYusQqWAFPg-00000-00000000-00000200 នាទីសសល្បៈនិងវប្បធម៌ខ្មែរ
UYIA4Tkq4Ko-00000-00000399-00000687 Hot BollyWood Sisters in Bikini || Neha Sharma and Aisha Sharma
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UaLYoBEQy5Q-00000-00002102-00002397 My name is Diana, I'm 20 years old
UaLYoBEQy5Q-00001-00002504-00002713 I am studying in Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)
UaLYoBEQy5Q-00002-00002744-00003043 Besides studying, I'm also active in organization
UaLYoBEQy5Q-00003-00003047-00003615 With all of that, of course there are lots of thing that I do
UaLYoBEQy5Q-00004-00003615-00003880 From doing task, organization things, and of course still a lot of that
UaLYoBEQy5Q-00005-00004013-00004307 Busy schedule does not become an obstacle in my daily life
UaLYoBEQy5Q-00006-00004400-00004628 That is the challange for me
UaLYoBEQy5Q-00007-00004720-00005090 In other ways, as a milestone for me
UaLYoBEQy5Q-00008-00005090-00005412 With all of that, I can train myself to face the hectic of Industry world later
UaLYoBEQy5Q-00009-00005472-00005890 Because of compact schedule, I'm often to come back late
UaLYoBEQy5Q-00010-00005890-00006370 If there is no technology, Maybe I can't handle it
UaLYoBEQy5Q-00014-00008153-00008840 Because of technological advances, we should be careful in using this technology, we can use technology for good, as well as bad
UaLYoBEQy5Q-00015-00010200-00010590 As a woman, I am really gratefull in the advance of science
UaLYoBEQy5Q-00016-00010600-00010960 So, there are lots of things that help me as a women
UcIY_PpcSYy-00000-00000000-00000200 I have to move one of those channels again. I am not kidding, as the channel "Top Real Team" had to be moved.
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UiwlVHefJKc-00000-00000000-00002316 ◊BPM: 148 ◊Key: Cmin
UjB9JDG3l_o-00000-00009760-00009984 uh
UjB9JDG3l_o-00001-00014063-00014184 foreign
UjB9JDG3l_o-00002-00017336-00017440 foreign
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00000-00000569-00000985 Many people enjoy listening to the early morning melodies of songbirds.
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00001-00000985-00001412 Have you ever been dazzled watching bats in the evening sky as they search for food?
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00002-00001412-00001688 Wildlife endlessly amaze people.
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00003-00001688-00002287 However, our winged friends and other wildlife species can be vulnerable to human activities
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00004-00002287-00002722 such as the installation of water developments.
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00005-00002722-00003025 Wildlife will drink or bathe in water developments.
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00006-00003025-00003589 Their safety can be jeopardized when there is no method to escape or the water is low.
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00007-00003589-00004079 Land managers have recognized the need to install reliable wildlife escape ramps.
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00008-00004079-00004766 A few considerations for building and installing inexpensive escape ramps include:
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00009-00004766-00005239 - Extending ramps to the wall of the trough to enable animals swimming around to find
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00010-00005239-00005644 the ramp - extend ramps to the floor to allow animals
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00011-00005644-00006199 access to the ramp when water levels are low - secure ramps to the rim of the trough
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00012-00006199-00006854 - ramps should have a slope no greater than 45 degrees to allow animals to climb out with
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00013-00006854-00007331 relative ease - and, install a ramp every 20 linear feet
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00014-00007331-00007522 along the perimeter
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00015-00007522-00007979 To learn more about wildlife escape ramps and considerations when building and installing
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00016-00007979-00008231 them contact your local extension office.
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00017-00008231-00008669 From the University of Wyoming Extension, I’m Windy Kelley, Exploring the Nature of
UlwOaTQ2pwA-00018-00008669-00008703 Wyoming.
UmybJnfTuqc-00000-00000193-00000616 Introduction to Universal Design for Learning and Accessibility.
UmybJnfTuqc-00001-00000616-00001109 In this presentation you will learn about Universal Design for Learning or UDL and why
UmybJnfTuqc-00002-00001109-00001636 it is important to design learning for all students so that we are minimizing barriers
UmybJnfTuqc-00003-00001636-00001854 and maximizing learning.
UmybJnfTuqc-00004-00001854-00002444 Using the UDL framework we will explore one aspect of UDL focusing on accessibility of
UmybJnfTuqc-00005-00002444-00002666 online materials.
UmybJnfTuqc-00006-00002666-00002864 My name is Leanne Riseley.
UmybJnfTuqc-00007-00002864-00003311 I am the Educational Media Center Coordinator at Leeward Community College.
UmybJnfTuqc-00008-00003311-00003768 My background is in Educational Technology and Instructional Design.
UmybJnfTuqc-00009-00003768-00004223 Therefore of my approach has been to encourage instructors to change the design of their
UmybJnfTuqc-00010-00004223-00004873 learning to be more inclusive in the design stage rather than making materials accessible
UmybJnfTuqc-00011-00004873-00005088 because it is required by law.
UmybJnfTuqc-00012-00005286-00005921 Session Objectives - In this session, you will describe Universal Design for Learning
UmybJnfTuqc-00013-00005921-00006157 or UDL framework.
UmybJnfTuqc-00014-00006157-00006565 Apply web accessibility text and images to your document.
UmybJnfTuqc-00015-00006565-00007089 Identify free web accessibility checkers to check your content.
UmybJnfTuqc-00016-00007089-00007423 And finally find closed-captioned YouTube videos.
UmybJnfTuqc-00017-00007547-00008075 In the physical world, universal design is an architectural term to design environments
UmybJnfTuqc-00018-00008075-00008546 to be accessible by all people regardless of age or disability.
UmybJnfTuqc-00019-00008546-00009085 This photo is an example of a universally designed stairway or ramp.
UmybJnfTuqc-00020-00009085-00009652 One of the most common universally designed examples that we see daily is the curb cut.
UmybJnfTuqc-00021-00009652-00010247 Curb cuts were originally designed for those in wheelchairs to be able to get onto the
UmybJnfTuqc-00022-00010247-00010347 sidewalk.
UmybJnfTuqc-00023-00010347-00010725 This is a great example of unintended consequences.
UmybJnfTuqc-00024-00010725-00011315 While curb cuts were created for those with physical disabilities, it is also beneficial
UmybJnfTuqc-00025-00011315-00011981 for others such as the elderly, children, those pushing strollers and carts or pulling
UmybJnfTuqc-00026-00011981-00012122 wheeled luggage, and even bicycles.
UmybJnfTuqc-00027-00012222-00012777 Universal Design for Learning parallels Universal Design but in the learning environment.
UmybJnfTuqc-00028-00012777-00013029 Take for example, closed captioning.
UmybJnfTuqc-00029-00013029-00013509 It was created for those who are deaf so they could access auditory information.
UmybJnfTuqc-00030-00013509-00014191 However, the unintended consequences is that it also benefits others such as the elderly
UmybJnfTuqc-00031-00014191-00014719 who may have hearing loss or others who are hard of hearing impaired, non-native English
UmybJnfTuqc-00032-00014719-00015359 speakers who benefit from reading captions in addition to the auditory information and
UmybJnfTuqc-00033-00015359-00015959 for environments such as a doctors office or gym where sound is not appropriate.
UmybJnfTuqc-00034-00015959-00016529 In the following video it even mentions couples who have different bedtimes and use captions
UmybJnfTuqc-00035-00016529-00016804 so as not to disturb their partner.
UmybJnfTuqc-00036-00017153-00017659 The key from the video was that we are trying to minimize barriers and maximize learning
UmybJnfTuqc-00037-00017659-00017820 for all students.
UmybJnfTuqc-00038-00018059-00018637 Universal Design for Learning is a proactive design approach to ensure the learning environment
UmybJnfTuqc-00039-00018637-00019263 is usable by all people to the greatest extent possible without the need for adaptation.
UmybJnfTuqc-00040-00019431-00019723 UDL is based on brain research.
UmybJnfTuqc-00041-00019723-00020282 We are using that framework in which one of the networks the what of learning the presentation
UmybJnfTuqc-00042-00020282-00020760 of content is where accessibility of online materials falls.
UmybJnfTuqc-00043-00020760-00021279 Remember, we are designing flexible learning that goes beyond just access.
UmybJnfTuqc-00044-00021279-00021798 While we don't have time in this presentation to go into the strategic or affective networks
UmybJnfTuqc-00045-00021798-00022359 is important to be aware that accessibility of online materials is just a small part of
UmybJnfTuqc-00046-00022359-00022459 UDL.
UmybJnfTuqc-00047-00022593-00023202 Since text is the way most of us provide the majority of our online content, we're going
UmybJnfTuqc-00048-00023202-00023560 to start with text web accessibility.
UmybJnfTuqc-00049-00023560-00024052 This is an overview of the top six things that will make your text more accessible.
UmybJnfTuqc-00050-00024052-00024543 We will go through each of these in more detail in the following slides.
UmybJnfTuqc-00051-00024543-00024846 Let's start at the top with headings.
UmybJnfTuqc-00052-00024846-00025130 Number one, use headings.
UmybJnfTuqc-00053-00025130-00025720 It is important to use properly formatted headings in your online documents for structure.
UmybJnfTuqc-00054-00025720-00026362 Number two, use lists such as bullets and numbers to structure your list.
UmybJnfTuqc-00055-00026362-00026783 Number three, use meaningful links.
UmybJnfTuqc-00056-00026783-00027256 Number four, use easy to read fonts.
UmybJnfTuqc-00057-00027256-00027766 Number five, create tables with a header row and column.
UmybJnfTuqc-00058-00027766-00028305 Number six, use color contrast between the text and background.
UmybJnfTuqc-00059-00028305-00028620 Let's explore these six guidelines in more detail.
UmybJnfTuqc-00060-00028773-00029320 Number 1, Use headings to structure content on a page.
UmybJnfTuqc-00061-00029320-00029847 Headings are built into all word processors, website, and blog creation tools.
UmybJnfTuqc-00062-00029847-00030158 The screenshot on the right should look familiar.
UmybJnfTuqc-00063-00030158-00030795 We should use the built-in heading to organize our content in our document or webpage.
UmybJnfTuqc-00064-00030795-00031075 First it makes it easier for everyone to read.
UmybJnfTuqc-00065-00031075-00031600 Second if your student is blind and is using a screen reader, headings are very helpful
UmybJnfTuqc-00066-00031600-00031769 in navigation.
UmybJnfTuqc-00067-00031769-00032215 Just as a sighted student uses headings to scan the page and jump to the section that
UmybJnfTuqc-00068-00032215-00032718 interests him or her, a blind student can use the screen reader to jump around in the
UmybJnfTuqc-00069-00032718-00032840 document.
UmybJnfTuqc-00070-00032840-00033337 However that student can only do that if you use headings on your page.
UmybJnfTuqc-00071-00033337-00033994 It is recommended to organize content in a hierarchical structure, not simply for appearance.
UmybJnfTuqc-00072-00033994-00034712 One of the most common errors is to change the format of the text to make it look like
UmybJnfTuqc-00073-00034712-00035268 a heading, but not actually use the built-in heading functions in the program.
UmybJnfTuqc-00074-00035268-00035787 For example, highlighting the text and then making it larger and bold instead of using
UmybJnfTuqc-00075-00035787-00036036 headings.
UmybJnfTuqc-00076-00036036-00036445 So for headings, Heading 1 is usually the page title.
UmybJnfTuqc-00077-00036445-00037103 It is the most important heading and there is generally only one on a document.
UmybJnfTuqc-00078-00037103-00037721 Heading 2 is a major section heading, followed by Heading 3 which is a subsection of Heading
UmybJnfTuqc-00079-00037721-00037981 2 and so on.
UmybJnfTuqc-00080-00037981-00038253 You never skip heading levels.
UmybJnfTuqc-00081-00038253-00038716 So for example you would never go Heading 2 and jump to Heading 4.
UmybJnfTuqc-00082-00038859-00039287 So on the screen you see a template of the syllabus.
UmybJnfTuqc-00083-00039287-00039903 In this example, the course number and title would be Heading 1 followed by Heading 2 for
UmybJnfTuqc-00084-00039903-00040115 all the major section headings.
UmybJnfTuqc-00085-00040115-00040778 Regular text would follow and you can see here that we don't skip heading levels and
UmybJnfTuqc-00086-00040778-00041102 that headings are used consistently throughout the document.
UmybJnfTuqc-00087-00041262-00041362 2.
UmybJnfTuqc-00088-00041362-00041586 Lists - format lists as proper lists.
UmybJnfTuqc-00089-00041586-00042097 Just like headings, these are built into the word processor or website editor.
UmybJnfTuqc-00090-00042097-00042621 The built-in lists helps to organize content and make it easier for everyone to read.
UmybJnfTuqc-00091-00042621-00043213 For students that are using screen readers, the technology will inform them it is a list.
UmybJnfTuqc-00092-00043213-00043583 Bullets are used for lists in which the order does not matter.
UmybJnfTuqc-00093-00043583-00043861 Numbers are used for lists in the sequence.
UmybJnfTuqc-00094-00043861-00044503 Often times, the bullets and number icons are in the menu or ribbon bar of the editor.
UmybJnfTuqc-00095-00044503-00045193 One of the most common errors is that a user will use the � (dash) instead of of a bullet
UmybJnfTuqc-00096-00045193-00045793 or number and this is problematic for a screen reader in that it reads it as a dask so if
UmybJnfTuqc-00097-00045793-00046378 there are two dashes it'll read as dash dash and that makes no sense for a blind student.
UmybJnfTuqc-00098-00046528-00046628 3.
UmybJnfTuqc-00099-00046628-00046771 Use meaningful links.
UmybJnfTuqc-00100-00046771-00047362 This is one of the most important tips and one that I have had to apply on my own webpages.
UmybJnfTuqc-00101-00047362-00047750 When creating a hyperlink make sure that the text of the link meaningful.
UmybJnfTuqc-00102-00047750-00047961 What does that mean?
UmybJnfTuqc-00103-00047961-00048411 You may have seen hyperlinks that say click here or here.
UmybJnfTuqc-00104-00048411-00048915 You may have seen the entire URL of the website as a hyperlink.
UmybJnfTuqc-00105-00048915-00049116 This was quite common years ago.
UmybJnfTuqc-00106-00049116-00049794 However it is much better to create your hyperlink to be the destination of what you are linking
UmybJnfTuqc-00107-00049794-00049896 to.
UmybJnfTuqc-00108-00049896-00050288 Also as much as possible, keep the link text concise.
UmybJnfTuqc-00109-00050288-00050871 In this example in the screen, you can see that the screen on the left which shows click
UmybJnfTuqc-00110-00050871-00051486 here for the transcript of the lesson is not as good as the one that right where it has
UmybJnfTuqc-00111-00051486-00051820 the hyperlink that says Lesson One Transcript.
UmybJnfTuqc-00112-00051820-00052498 Do you see how the hyperlink links to the destination and so the user knows exactly
UmybJnfTuqc-00113-00052498-00052823 where it's going to go to.
UmybJnfTuqc-00114-00052823-00053117 Making meaningful text for links helps all students.
UmybJnfTuqc-00115-00053117-00053551 For students using a screen reader the screen reader would indicate it is a link and what
UmybJnfTuqc-00116-00053551-00053945 the text it so that the destination is known.
UmybJnfTuqc-00117-00054087-00054398 In general, links should open in the same window.
UmybJnfTuqc-00118-00054398-00054773 This is an important tip and one that is often overlooked.
UmybJnfTuqc-00119-00054773-00055479 For people using screen readers, it is very disorienting for the screen to open in a new
UmybJnfTuqc-00120-00055479-00055579 window.
UmybJnfTuqc-00121-00055579-00056133 Therefore, if a link must open and the new window, is the best practice to include a
UmybJnfTuqc-00122-00056133-00056629 textual reference as shown in this example.
UmybJnfTuqc-00123-00056629-00057324 So if you look at the bottom of the screen you have it example of the text link and next
UmybJnfTuqc-00124-00057324-00057662 to it in brackets it has new window.
UmybJnfTuqc-00125-00057662-00058216 You can also use the icon with alt-text which we will cover later to indicate that the link
UmybJnfTuqc-00126-00058216-00058371 opens in a new window.
UmybJnfTuqc-00127-00058371-00059011 I must admit that this is one of the ones that I overlooked and I recently learned about
UmybJnfTuqc-00128-00059011-00059561 it so I've been going back through all my webpages to fix all my material.
UmybJnfTuqc-00129-00059755-00059855 4.
UmybJnfTuqc-00130-00059855-00059955 Fonts.
UmybJnfTuqc-00131-00059955-00060516 These tips are pretty much common sense, but they are important nonetheless.
UmybJnfTuqc-00132-00060516-00060922 Font size - make sure users can read your text.
UmybJnfTuqc-00133-00060922-00061623 In general, for documents and webpages, you can use 12 or 14 point font.
UmybJnfTuqc-00134-00061623-00062216 You can use 9 point font for footnotes or endnotes.
UmybJnfTuqc-00135-00062216-00062642 Color alone should not be used to emphasize important information.
UmybJnfTuqc-00136-00062642-00063011 Did you know that about 8% of men are colorblind?
UmybJnfTuqc-00137-00063011-00063460 So if you are using color, just don't use it alone.
UmybJnfTuqc-00138-00063460-00063829 Use bold or italics to emphasize text.
UmybJnfTuqc-00139-00063829-00064467 You could use an icon like a push pin to make sure students take note of something important.
UmybJnfTuqc-00140-00064467-00065063 And finally, avoid using underlining especially paired with blue font because it is reserved
UmybJnfTuqc-00141-00065063-00065214 for hyperlinks.
UmybJnfTuqc-00142-00065400-00065500 5.
UmybJnfTuqc-00143-00065500-00065600 Tables.
UmybJnfTuqc-00144-00065600-00066076 When using tables it is important to make the tables simple and clear.
UmybJnfTuqc-00145-00066076-00066391 First, avoid inserting images into your table.
UmybJnfTuqc-00146-00066391-00066677 This was another thing I had to unlearn.
UmybJnfTuqc-00147-00066677-00067313 For those of you who started creating webpages awhile ago, we often used tables to layout
UmybJnfTuqc-00148-00067313-00067994 our page, inserting images into an "invisible" table that was used so the images would line
UmybJnfTuqc-00149-00067994-00068251 up nicely on a page.
UmybJnfTuqc-00150-00068251-00068580 We were doing this purely for aesthetic purposes.
UmybJnfTuqc-00151-00068580-00069283 Therefore, avoid using tables just for visual appeal.
UmybJnfTuqc-00152-00069283-00069682 Each table should have at a minimum a column header.
UmybJnfTuqc-00153-00069682-00070038 It makes it easier for everyone to read if your table has headers.
UmybJnfTuqc-00154-00070038-00070645 For those using screen readers it helps to orient them to the information on the table.
UmybJnfTuqc-00155-00070645-00071191 And finally, do not leave cells blank or merge cells.
UmybJnfTuqc-00156-00071191-00071808 Tables should be used for organizing data, keeping the tables as simple as possible,
UmybJnfTuqc-00157-00071808-00072226 and avoid nesting tables, so tables within tables.
UmybJnfTuqc-00158-00072398-00072713 Let's look at this example which is a poor example.
UmybJnfTuqc-00159-00072713-00073156 First, you'll notice that the title is part of the table and it has been merged across
UmybJnfTuqc-00160-00073156-00073350 multiple cells.
UmybJnfTuqc-00161-00073350-00073749 Secondly there are also merged cells in the table.
UmybJnfTuqc-00162-00073894-00074244 This is a better example of the same information.
UmybJnfTuqc-00163-00074244-00074563 Notice that the title has been taken out of the table.
UmybJnfTuqc-00164-00074563-00075055 Also the rows have a header and there is no merged cells in the table.
UmybJnfTuqc-00165-00075213-00075313 6.
UmybJnfTuqc-00166-00075313-00075413 Color.
UmybJnfTuqc-00167-00075413-00075882 Use efficient color contrast between the text and the background.
UmybJnfTuqc-00168-00075882-00076369 It came up earlier, but it is worth mentioning again, that we should not use color alone
UmybJnfTuqc-00169-00076369-00076522 to convey meaning.
UmybJnfTuqc-00170-00076522-00077036 If you would like to use color to call attention to something, by all means use color.
UmybJnfTuqc-00171-00077036-00077762 But also consider using bold and italics or an icon to emphasize important information.
UmybJnfTuqc-00172-00077762-00078433 Also, avoid instructions such as click on the orange button.
UmybJnfTuqc-00173-00078433-00079032 Web accessibility guidelines require a contrast ratio of at least 7:1.
UmybJnfTuqc-00174-00079032-00079475 As we look at these images on the screen, which show a variety of different color and
UmybJnfTuqc-00175-00079475-00079992 text on different backgrounds, we can see that the only one that meets the color contrast
UmybJnfTuqc-00176-00079992-00080360 ratio is the one on the far right.
UmybJnfTuqc-00177-00080360-00080650 All of the others are too low of a contrast.
UmybJnfTuqc-00178-00080810-00081472 There are free tools like this web aim color contrast checker that will help you to determine
UmybJnfTuqc-00179-00081472-00081848 if your contrast is at an appropriate level.
UmybJnfTuqc-00180-00081848-00082244 I encourage you to look at this resource and play around with it
UmybJnfTuqc-00181-00082387-00082930 Let's review the six tips that we just went over to make your text more accessible.
UmybJnfTuqc-00182-00082930-00083110 Number one, use headings.
UmybJnfTuqc-00183-00083110-00083683 Is important to use properly formatted headings in your documents for structure.
UmybJnfTuqc-00184-00083683-00083844 Number two, lists.
UmybJnfTuqc-00185-00083844-00084472 Use the lists that are built into your word processor or web editor.
UmybJnfTuqc-00186-00084472-00084638 Number three, links.
UmybJnfTuqc-00187-00084638-00085268 Make sure that your links are meaningful and it is better to open in the same window rather
UmybJnfTuqc-00188-00085268-00085461 than a new window.
UmybJnfTuqc-00189-00085461-00085693 Number four, fonts.
UmybJnfTuqc-00190-00085693-00086037 Use easy to read fonts.
UmybJnfTuqc-00191-00086037-00086236 Number five, tables.
UmybJnfTuqc-00192-00086236-00086744 Create simple and clear tables with column and row headings.
UmybJnfTuqc-00193-00086744-00087008 Number six, color.
UmybJnfTuqc-00194-00087008-00087500 Make sure there is an appropriate color contrast between the text and the background.
UmybJnfTuqc-00195-00087500-00087787 Also, don't use color alone.
UmybJnfTuqc-00196-00087787-00088207 Next, we will transition to images.
UmybJnfTuqc-00197-00088520-00088737 Let's look at this example.
UmybJnfTuqc-00198-00088737-00089188 The example of the images on the left of the screen is what a sighted person would see
UmybJnfTuqc-00199-00089188-00089369 on a webpage.
UmybJnfTuqc-00200-00089369-00089982 If you do not provide alt text for an image, this is what non-sighted person will hear
UmybJnfTuqc-00201-00089982-00090276 from her screenwriter as shown on the right.
UmybJnfTuqc-00202-00090276-00090695 Do you see how it makes absolutely no sense?
UmybJnfTuqc-00203-00090695-00091368 If you do not put alt text for an image, it usually takes the name of the picture file.
UmybJnfTuqc-00204-00091368-00091975 Therefore, you should create alt text that would be comparable to the information a sighted
UmybJnfTuqc-00205-00091975-00092167 person gets from the image.
UmybJnfTuqc-00206-00092329-00092656 Images are a great way to visually enhance content.
UmybJnfTuqc-00207-00092656-00093333 For those who cannot see the screen, we should use descriptive alternative text or alt text
UmybJnfTuqc-00208-00093333-00093458 for images.
UmybJnfTuqc-00209-00093458-00093989 It is a meaningful description of the image for those unable to see them.
UmybJnfTuqc-00210-00093989-00094570 One tip is: Imagine that you are talking to your student on the phone, describe what the
UmybJnfTuqc-00211-00094570-00094829 image looks like on the screen.
UmybJnfTuqc-00212-00094829-00095097 That is what you put into the alt text.
UmybJnfTuqc-00213-00095214-00095801 Just as we had earlier for text, we will be looking at web accessibility images.
UmybJnfTuqc-00214-00095801-00096112 And we have six guidelines.
UmybJnfTuqc-00215-00096112-00096593 First, describe the content and function of the image.
UmybJnfTuqc-00216-00096593-00096914 Second, context matters.
UmybJnfTuqc-00217-00096914-00097333 Third, keep it concise and avoid certain words.
UmybJnfTuqc-00218-00097333-00097579 Fourth, end with a period.
UmybJnfTuqc-00219-00097579-00097881 Fifth, skip the title text.
UmybJnfTuqc-00220-00097881-00098350 And finally, use null for decorative images.
UmybJnfTuqc-00221-00098350-00098622 Let's go into each of these tips in more detail.
UmybJnfTuqc-00222-00098785-00098885 1.
UmybJnfTuqc-00223-00098885-00099143 Describe the content and function of the image.
UmybJnfTuqc-00224-00099143-00099391 On this screen, we have two examples.
UmybJnfTuqc-00225-00099391-00099979 The example on the left has content and on the right it's function.
UmybJnfTuqc-00226-00099979-00100163 Let's look at this.
UmybJnfTuqc-00227-00100163-00100595 On the left, we have a picture of people at a train station.
UmybJnfTuqc-00228-00100595-00101289 So a comparable alternative text for content would be crowd of people at a train station
UmybJnfTuqc-00229-00101289-00101601 waiting to catch a train.
UmybJnfTuqc-00230-00101601-00102124 On the right, the image is a magnifying glass and it serves a function.
UmybJnfTuqc-00231-00102124-00102606 So an appropriate alt text for that icon would be search.
UmybJnfTuqc-00232-00102796-00102896 2.
UmybJnfTuqc-00233-00102896-00102996 Context Matters.
UmybJnfTuqc-00234-00102996-00103342 The description of the image depends on its context.
UmybJnfTuqc-00235-00103342-00104116 For example, in this photograph you can see that depending on the class the alt text will
UmybJnfTuqc-00236-00104116-00104233 be different.
UmybJnfTuqc-00237-00104233-00104871 For example, in a photography class, the alt text maybe something along the lines of close
UmybJnfTuqc-00238-00104871-00105424 up, greyscale photograph of man outside, face in focus, unfocused bacground.
UmybJnfTuqc-00239-00105424-00106108 Versus, in a theater class, the alt text may be more along the lines of star Adam Lee,
UmybJnfTuqc-00240-00106108-00106406 looking strained outside in the rain.
UmybJnfTuqc-00241-00106525-00106625 3.
UmybJnfTuqc-00242-00106625-00106725 Keep it concise.
UmybJnfTuqc-00243-00106725-00106983 Be as succinct as possible.
UmybJnfTuqc-00244-00106983-00107254 Typically no more than a few words are necessary.
UmybJnfTuqc-00245-00107254-00107575 A good guideline is 125 characters.
UmybJnfTuqc-00246-00107575-00108276 So, in this example, where we have a stack of pancakes, the recommended alt text would
UmybJnfTuqc-00247-00108276-00108654 be: stack of pancakes with powdered sugar.
UmybJnfTuqc-00248-00108654-00109318 What is not recommended is something superlong like: 11 pancakes on a plate with powdered
UmybJnfTuqc-00249-00109318-00109466 sugar on the top pancake.
UmybJnfTuqc-00250-00109466-00110095 This is also called hotcakes, which is usually eaten for breakfast in the morning.
UmybJnfTuqc-00251-00110256-00110356 3.
UmybJnfTuqc-00252-00110356-00110943 Avoid words such as image of, photos of, this links to.
UmybJnfTuqc-00253-00110943-00111043 Why?
UmybJnfTuqc-00254-00111043-00111351 Because the screen reader will already read it as an image.
UmybJnfTuqc-00255-00111351-00111786 If you put image in front of the description of your image the screen reader will read
UmybJnfTuqc-00256-00111786-00112008 it as: image, image of.
UmybJnfTuqc-00257-00112008-00112353 This is redundant and annoying if you are using a screen reader.
UmybJnfTuqc-00258-00112353-00112714 Therefore, simply describe the image.
UmybJnfTuqc-00259-00112714-00113265 The only exception to this is the fact that if it is important for the reader to know
UmybJnfTuqc-00260-00113265-00113493 what type of image it is.
UmybJnfTuqc-00261-00113493-00114096 For example, in this case, we have a tetrapod walking and it's an animation.
UmybJnfTuqc-00262-00114096-00114679 So, if it is important to the viewer to know that it's an animation then you can put it
UmybJnfTuqc-00263-00114679-00114916 at the end of the alt text.
UmybJnfTuqc-00264-00115057-00115157 4.
UmybJnfTuqc-00265-00115157-00115289 End with a period.
UmybJnfTuqc-00266-00115289-00115647 Each alt text should end with a period.
UmybJnfTuqc-00267-00115647-00116154 This will make the screen reader pause a bit after the last word in alt text, which creates
UmybJnfTuqc-00268-00116154-00116392 a more pleasing reading experience.
UmybJnfTuqc-00269-00116392-00116791 This is a tip that I found surprising and one that I often forget to do.
UmybJnfTuqc-00270-00116791-00116990 But, it makes so much sense!
UmybJnfTuqc-00271-00116990-00117604 By adding a period at the end of an alt text, it will pause, and it'll just make it a better
UmybJnfTuqc-00272-00117604-00117704 experience.
UmybJnfTuqc-00273-00117892-00117992 5.
UmybJnfTuqc-00274-00117992-00118158 Skip the title text.
UmybJnfTuqc-00275-00118158-00118481 If your editor has a title field, leave it blank.
UmybJnfTuqc-00276-00118481-00119119 The title text does not work on touch screens and it only works on desktops when you hover
UmybJnfTuqc-00277-00119119-00119292 over the image.
UmybJnfTuqc-00278-00119292-00119894 Therefore if your editor has both a title and description box just use the description
UmybJnfTuqc-00279-00119894-00120003 box.
UmybJnfTuqc-00280-00120003-00120219 31 19:58
UmybJnfTuqc-00281-00120219-00120328 6.
UmybJnfTuqc-00282-00120328-00120570 Use null for decorative images.
UmybJnfTuqc-00283-00120570-00121147 Type double quotation marks or null in the alt text fields for decorative images or images
UmybJnfTuqc-00284-00121147-00121315 that do not convey meaning.
UmybJnfTuqc-00285-00121315-00121743 These are two examples of decorative images.
UmybJnfTuqc-00286-00121743-00122400 One in which the images are used as a background and another one where it's used for a divider
UmybJnfTuqc-00287-00122400-00122590 on the webpage.
UmybJnfTuqc-00288-00122590-00123125 In some editors such as Laulima, it doesn't take the double quotation marks.
UmybJnfTuqc-00289-00123125-00123368 Therefore, just leave it blank.
UmybJnfTuqc-00290-00123481-00123958 As we are creating online materials, probably the most common tools that you can use are
UmybJnfTuqc-00291-00123958-00124374 Laulima and maybe a web editor such as Google sites.
UmybJnfTuqc-00292-00124374-00125042 Here is the screen shot of both of those editors where you insert an image.
UmybJnfTuqc-00293-00125042-00125621 Notice that it is common to have alternative text or alt text box when you insert your
UmybJnfTuqc-00294-00125621-00125721 image.
UmybJnfTuqc-00295-00125827-00126526 Finally, I wanted to say a few words about complex images.
UmybJnfTuqc-00296-00126526-00127059 Complex images may be difficult to describe in a few short words.
UmybJnfTuqc-00297-00127059-00127766 Therefore, if you do have a complex image you could add a link to an image description
UmybJnfTuqc-00298-00127766-00128199 which has a more detailed description of the complex image.
UmybJnfTuqc-00299-00128375-00128966 If after all that, you don't know when to use alt text, here is a resource that will
UmybJnfTuqc-00300-00128966-00129595 walk you through a decisions tree that will help you to determine when to add alt text.
UmybJnfTuqc-00301-00129595-00129709 35 21:33
UmybJnfTuqc-00302-00129709-00130200 In summary, we have six tips for making images accessible.
UmybJnfTuqc-00303-00130200-00130671 The first is, describe the content and function of the image.
UmybJnfTuqc-00304-00130671-00130952 Second, context matters.
UmybJnfTuqc-00305-00130952-00131311 The alt text may be different for different subjects.
UmybJnfTuqc-00306-00131311-00131696 Three, keep it concise and avoid certain words.
UmybJnfTuqc-00307-00131696-00131924 Four, end with a period.
UmybJnfTuqc-00308-00131924-00132497 Five, skip the Title textbox if you have both a Title and Description field.
UmybJnfTuqc-00309-00132497-00132758 Six, use null for decorative images.
UmybJnfTuqc-00310-00132864-00133305 Here are a few of the web accessibility checkers.
UmybJnfTuqc-00311-00133305-00133943 You can use Wave or Site Improve, which is a chrome extension, to check websites.
UmybJnfTuqc-00312-00133943-00134478 You can use Microsoft Word's built-in accessibility checker to check your Word documents.
UmybJnfTuqc-00313-00134478-00135333 Or you can use Adobe Pro DC checker which is with Adobe Pro and for University of Hawai'i
UmybJnfTuqc-00314-00135333-00135957 faculty and staff you can get free from the University of Hawaii ITS site.
UmybJnfTuqc-00315-00135957-00136611 To check your color contrast, you can use tools such as WebAim, ACART, or the Color
UmybJnfTuqc-00316-00136611-00136832 Contrast Analyzer chrome extension.
UmybJnfTuqc-00317-00136958-00137393 Here's an example of web accessibility checker.
UmybJnfTuqc-00318-00137393-00137762 The Wave accessibility checker is very simple.
UmybJnfTuqc-00319-00137762-00138104 You get the webpage of the page that would like to check.
UmybJnfTuqc-00320-00138104-00138498 Copy it and paste the URL into the text box.
UmybJnfTuqc-00321-00138498-00138639 Click enter.
UmybJnfTuqc-00322-00138780-00139247 It then produces a web accessibility checker report.
UmybJnfTuqc-00323-00139247-00139735 You'll notice there are errors in red and some warnings in yellow.
UmybJnfTuqc-00324-00139885-00140304 Finally, find captioned videos to use in your class.
UmybJnfTuqc-00325-00140304-00140963 These sites: Khan Academy, Ted Talks, YouTube and vimeo are all good sites for educational
UmybJnfTuqc-00326-00140963-00141080 videos.
UmybJnfTuqc-00327-00141080-00141315 Use the filter to look for captioned videos.
UmybJnfTuqc-00328-00141315-00141893 It is much easier to find videos that have already been done and captioned for you rather
UmybJnfTuqc-00329-00141893-00142135 than creating your own.
UmybJnfTuqc-00330-00142135-00142727 However, if you can not find an appropriate video, then you may need to create the video
UmybJnfTuqc-00331-00142727-00142930 and caption it yourself.
UmybJnfTuqc-00332-00142930-00143443 This goes beyond this presentation, but I encourage you to seek resources on your campus
UmybJnfTuqc-00333-00143443-00143578 to help you do so.
UmybJnfTuqc-00334-00143678-00144133 To wrap up our presentation here are a few takeaways.
UmybJnfTuqc-00335-00144133-00144770 First inclusive design benefits all students, not just those with disabilities.
UmybJnfTuqc-00336-00144770-00145048 Second don't try to do your entire course.
UmybJnfTuqc-00337-00145048-00145539 It is overwhelming if you look at your whole course and try to make it accessible.
UmybJnfTuqc-00338-00145539-00145919 Therefore, start in small pieces.
UmybJnfTuqc-00339-00145919-00146591 If I was to pick the three top accessibility tasks to start on, I would start with alt
UmybJnfTuqc-00340-00146591-00147413 text for all images, headings for all of your pages, and then turning hyperlinks into meaningful
UmybJnfTuqc-00341-00147413-00147557 links.
UmybJnfTuqc-00342-00147557-00147947 And finally you are not in this alone.
UmybJnfTuqc-00343-00147947-00148587 Please consider investigating the services that your campus disability office has.
UmybJnfTuqc-00344-00148587-00149273 And finally, to put this in context I love this quote when a flower doesn't bloom fix
UmybJnfTuqc-00345-00149273-00149649 the environment in which it grows, not the flower.
UmybJnfTuqc-00346-00149649-00149802 I wish you luck.
UmybJnfTuqc-00347-00149802-00149901 Thank you for listening
V1TQtNQEJty-00000-00001038-00001546 When I started working on the farm you did what grandad did, that’s no longer good
V1TQtNQEJty-00001-00001546-00002057 enough—the researchers actually put the science into it, it really helps the farmer
V1TQtNQEJty-00002-00002057-00002440 because it’s science telling the farmers what to do.
V1TQtNQEJty-00003-00002440-00002903 Without that funding we’d be still in the dark ages.
V1TQtNQEJty-00004-00002903-00003494 Across Australia the Rural Research and Development for Profit program funds collaborative projects
V1TQtNQEJty-00005-00003494-00004079 that use cutting edge technology and strategic research to increase productivity at the farm
V1TQtNQEJty-00006-00004079-00004191 gate.
V1TQtNQEJty-00007-00004191-00004653 It invests in areas of agriculture that are of critical importance to Australia and its
V1TQtNQEJty-00008-00004653-00004860 place in the world.
V1TQtNQEJty-00009-00004860-00005632 Rural R&D for profit is incredibly important because it provides the ground roots science
V1TQtNQEJty-00010-00005632-00006257 that is absolutely transformational in terms of farmer productivity and profitability.
V1TQtNQEJty-00011-00006257-00006769 Innovative R&D projects are giving our farmers access to the latest research, technology
V1TQtNQEJty-00012-00006769-00006869 and knowledge management.
V1TQtNQEJty-00013-00006869-00007409 They are making data more accessible to farmers and giving them tools to help make smarter
V1TQtNQEJty-00014-00007409-00007673 decisions on farm.
V1TQtNQEJty-00015-00007673-00008264 From paddock to plate data is being collected and used in a way that will benefit ultimately
V1TQtNQEJty-00016-00008264-00008832 the consumer, the farmer, the wholesaler, the retailer, and everyone along that value
V1TQtNQEJty-00017-00008832-00009077 chain.
V1TQtNQEJty-00018-00009077-00009522 Funded by the Australian Government and led by Australia’s 15 rural research and development
V1TQtNQEJty-00019-00009522-00010146 corporations, the projects foster collaboration between farmers, scientists, researchers,
V1TQtNQEJty-00020-00010146-00010318 and industry partners.
V1TQtNQEJty-00021-00010318-00010889 It brings together some of Australia’s greatest minds and most progressive producers to take
V1TQtNQEJty-00022-00010889-00011532 research and innovation out of the lab and onto the farm, delivering tangible outcomes
V1TQtNQEJty-00023-00011532-00011767 for Australia’s farmers.
V1TQtNQEJty-00024-00011767-00012292 It’s not just researchers doing their own little bit of stuff, it’s not me doing something
V1TQtNQEJty-00025-00012292-00012829 separate on farm, it’s putting it all together and all together in a way that focuses on
V1TQtNQEJty-00026-00012829-00013063 what creates value.
V1TQtNQEJty-00027-00013063-00013585 The R&D projects promote and accelerate the use of technology in agriculture right across
V1TQtNQEJty-00028-00013585-00014106 the food and fibre supply chain.
V1TQtNQEJty-00029-00014106-00015341 The projects enhance our natural resources by improving soil health, fertiliser and water
V1TQtNQEJty-00030-00015341-00015797 use efficiency and resilience to climate events.
V1TQtNQEJty-00031-00015797-00016269 And they help us to understand and manage pest and disease pathways which will minimise
V1TQtNQEJty-00032-00016269-00016894 biosecurity threats and improve market access for primary producers.
V1TQtNQEJty-00033-00016894-00017567 But what unites all Rural R&D for Profit projects is the focus on making innovation both practical
V1TQtNQEJty-00034-00017567-00018340 and accessible, maximising potential to improve the way we do things on farm and right across
V1TQtNQEJty-00035-00018340-00018865 the supply chain.
V1TQtNQEJty-00036-00018865-00020334 Rural R&D for Profit has really lit a fire under collaboration across the sectors, and
V1TQtNQEJty-00037-00020334-00020861 producers are really loving it and are finding that diversity of thinking really stimulating
V1TQtNQEJty-00038-00020861-00021406 Rural R&D for Profit program has allowed all the industries to come together under one
V1TQtNQEJty-00039-00021406-00021506 project umbrella.
V1TQtNQEJty-00040-00021506-00021872 We can work together and we can share science, we can share diagnostics and we can share
V1TQtNQEJty-00041-00021872-00022050 data and data outcomes.
V1TQtNQEJty-00042-00022050-00022449 Farmers are getting smarter and Smarter with the tools they are using and this is where
V1TQtNQEJty-00043-00022449-00022661 this research really comes into that.
V1TQtNQEJty-00044-00022661-00023073 It’s a great program which allows us to bring these new technologies in, these new
V1TQtNQEJty-00045-00023073-00023669 methodologies into a farmer-friendly project.
V48ipC90-sI-00000-00000008-00000568 The second thing you want to do, is to understand that in most cases the investor is not choosing to
V48ipC90-sI-00001-00000568-00001248 invest this on their own. He or she will listen to you and then typically they'll get up and go
V48ipC90-sI-00002-00001248-00001912 to one of their colleagues, to their partners, and say "I'm really excited about this." The colleague
V48ipC90-sI-00003-00001912-00002472 is going to say "what is this company?" And they will have to repeat it. And so you need these two
V48ipC90-sI-00004-00002472-00003000 components. One is you need to get them excited about the proposition. And two you need to frame
V48ipC90-sI-00005-00003000-00003552 it in a way that they can repeat that process or that statement in a way that their colleagues
V48ipC90-sI-00006-00003552-00004152 will also get excited. So one thing I've learned from trying to do pitches in this way,
V48ipC90-sI-00007-00004224-00004896 is that this is something that you cannot work through intellectually. This is something that you
V48ipC90-sI-00008-00004896-00005456 have to keep trying because it's a combination of who you are and the way you feel and the message.
V4aGvJeKruA-00000-00000064-00000618 She is pregnant we're pregnant not just me. Hey guys, so it's finally
V4aGvJeKruA-00001-00000682-00001398 2019 and we're gonna be back to making videos because I have a lot of time I finished school and I graduate in one week
V4aGvJeKruA-00002-00001500-00001673 Officially..8 days
V4aGvJeKruA-00003-00001734-00001934 So for today's video we want to
V4aGvJeKruA-00004-00001934-00002512 Talk about like what are our expectations
V4aGvJeKruA-00005-00002552-00002730 Sure
V4aGvJeKruA-00006-00002752-00003066 Our news and our expectations about 2019
V4aGvJeKruA-00007-00003160-00003320 And yeah pretty much it
V4aGvJeKruA-00008-00003348-00003538 Okay, so we have
V4aGvJeKruA-00009-00003538-00003884 Two big news. So the biggest news is that we got married
V4aGvJeKruA-00010-00003967-00004302 Officially it took us like three or four months
V4aGvJeKruA-00011-00004507-00005175 To complete all of our paper work. To translate the papers and send the papers for Brazil and going to the
V4aGvJeKruA-00012-00005257-00005643 court to the Immigration Services to fix the
V4aGvJeKruA-00013-00005728-00006212 Documents and everything. So in three more months, I will get my Brazilian card
V4aGvJeKruA-00014-00006212-00006830 But as of now, I can legally be living in Brazil without being a tourist. So that's awesome
V4aGvJeKruA-00015-00006883-00007109 the second thing is
V4aGvJeKruA-00016-00007300-00007826 Say it she's she is pregnant. We're pregnant not just me
V4aGvJeKruA-00017-00007852-00008106 So we're actually expecting a baby
V4aGvJeKruA-00018-00008245-00008861 My stomach is getting bigger what the change is 13 weeks, uh-huh. Pretty much thirteen weeks
V4aGvJeKruA-00019-00008861-00009054 So like three months about three months
V4aGvJeKruA-00020-00009054-00009335 Yeah, they went to the doctor and like the doctor said oh
V4aGvJeKruA-00021-00009336-00009986 It's it's not like sure whether you have like seventy percent of chance to have a girl
V4aGvJeKruA-00022-00010038-00010212 Yeah, so yeah
V4aGvJeKruA-00023-00010264-00010914 I need to learn about like women to learn how to play with Barbies instead of video games and Shopkins
V4aGvJeKruA-00024-00010938-00010988 Shopkins....
V4aGvJeKruA-00025-00011034-00011254 I should have brought my little shopkins, too
V4aGvJeKruA-00026-00011274-00011360 So yeah
V4aGvJeKruA-00027-00011361-00011894 We ended up getting an ultrasound and the ultrasound woman was like more than likely it's gonna be a girl
V4aGvJeKruA-00028-00011917-00012639 But we will officially know in three weeks. But since we got pregnant so close to when we got married
V4aGvJeKruA-00029-00012714-00012844 people thought we
V4aGvJeKruA-00030-00012894-00013406 We got married because she was pregnant. Yeah, so we had like our a small..
V4aGvJeKruA-00031-00013406-00013456 It's not related
V4aGvJeKruA-00032-00013456-00014208 Yeah this was not planned to happen so close together. So we had our wedding party and his grandpa was like your
V4aGvJeKruA-00033-00014306-00014728 What your grandpa said you guys are pregnant, right? That's why you're getting married
V4aGvJeKruA-00034-00014854-00015291 We were like, yeah, we're pregnant but that's not why.
V4aGvJeKruA-00035-00015291-00015496 Oh next week we are going to travel to Foz Do Iguacu, again
V4aGvJeKruA-00036-00015550-00016190 so I'm gonna buy like something things there me some we hope we can buy like I really want a toaster!
V4aGvJeKruA-00037-00016254-00016460 she wants to buy a toaster because
V4aGvJeKruA-00038-00016522-00016866 I really want a toaster! It's too expensive to buy it here
V4aGvJeKruA-00039-00016894-00017094 No. Well then why haven't you bought it for me then??
V4aGvJeKruA-00040-00017164-00017246 Because there it is cheaper
V4aGvJeKruA-00041-00017246-00017646 You told you it was expensive so I haven't had a toaster in eight months
V4aGvJeKruA-00042-00017647-00018003 So I have to toast it like back in the day, but like it's not as good
V4aGvJeKruA-00043-00018010-00018513 So we're gonna go to Paraguay to buy some stuff hopefully in a couple days three days
V4aGvJeKruA-00044-00018607-00018849 Hopefully I'm gonna I can buy like some pregnancy
V4aGvJeKruA-00045-00018904-00019434 Maternity clothing. I don't think so because we're not sure about this like the gender of the
V4aGvJeKruA-00046-00019480-00019680 For myself. Maternity clothing...
V4aGvJeKruA-00047-00019868-00020409 I thought about the kid. No, so yeah, probably some pants because I was wearing shorts and because was like
V4aGvJeKruA-00048-00020409-00020609 Why are you wearing those shorts again?
V4aGvJeKruA-00049-00020659-00021273 Yeah, she doesn't have clothes anymore because they're the shorts that fit me. So yeah, we're probably gonna buy some stuff
V4aGvJeKruA-00050-00021616-00022272 But in a different video that I will probably make separate because Lucas doesn't like talking about stuff like this
V4aGvJeKruA-00051-00022273-00022551 I will talk a little bit about pregnancy. Oh, yeah
V4aGvJeKruA-00052-00022619-00022872 how it affected my body and
V4aGvJeKruA-00053-00022951-00023361 yeah you need to, there are a lot of effects and hormones and
V4aGvJeKruA-00054-00023429-00023704 So we hope this is a good enough update
V4aGvJeKruA-00055-00023707-00024294 hopefully we're gonna be posting videos a lot more frequently now, so since we haven't posted a lot of videos our
V4aGvJeKruA-00056-00024368-00024850 Videos aren't popping up to like be seen so we're gonna try to be a little bit more consistent
V4aGvJeKruA-00057-00024875-00025092 so you guys can be updated and
V4aGvJeKruA-00058-00025147-00025356 Now Denice is free
V4aGvJeKruA-00059-00025356-00025473 I'm very free
V4aGvJeKruA-00060-00025551-00025937 So she we will have a lot of time to edit
V4aGvJeKruA-00061-00025989-00026124 Record and edit the videos.
V4aGvJeKruA-00062-00026124-00026244 I hope you guys like our
V4aGvJeKruA-00063-00026280-00026454 update and
V4aGvJeKruA-00064-00026473-00026606 Pretty much it.
V4aGvJeKruA-00065-00026606-00026993 And we also took a long time to give an update because we didn't want to say anything about our pregnancy
V4aGvJeKruA-00066-00027058-00027605 so soon since not a lot of people knew and also we were scared that there is gonna be some complications but
V4aGvJeKruA-00067-00027706-00027995 That's something that I will mention in a different video. So
V4aGvJeKruA-00068-00028057-00028527 That's pretty much it for this video guys. I said video like 20 times, okay
V4aGvJeKruA-00069-00028527-00029090 So hope you guys enjoyed and we will see you next time. Don't forget to give this video
V4aGvJeKruA-00070-00029170-00029398 You always put thumbs down.
V4aGvJeKruA-00071-00029398-00029558 A thumb up and subscribe!
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00000-00000008-00000173 [Music] PCC Online Presents
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00001-00000173-00000649 Tech Tip Tuesdays CUSTOMIZING YOUR CANVAS COURSE CARDS
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00002-00000649-00001125 With the newer Canvas interface, your Canvas dashboard now has Course Cards.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00003-00001125-00001601 These give you an easy way to access specific content in each course such as your course
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00004-00001601-00001982 Announcements, Discussions, Files or Assignments.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00005-00001982-00002243 Did you also know that you can customize your course cards?
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00006-00002243-00002791 If you are using Canvas for multiple courses with similar CRNs, you can give the course
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00007-00002791-00003221 on your dashboard a unique name and change the look of the card to find it more easily.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00008-00003221-00003596 Here are a few ways you can customize your current course cards:
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00009-00003596-00003696 Add a Nickname.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00010-00003696-00004126 If you click on the editing icon in the upper right hand corner of a course card, you will
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00011-00004126-00004395 get a pop up that allows you to add a nickname.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00012-00004395-00004705 You can add an easily identifiable nickname to your course.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00013-00004705-00004979 Let’s call this Math 101: Monday PM.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00014-00004979-00005226 Click the blue Apply button to save.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00015-00005226-00005611 This will not change the official name of your course, simply how you view the course
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00016-00005611-00005773 on your dashboard.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00017-00005773-00005967 Change the color of your course card.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00018-00005967-00006380 If you click on the editing icon in the upper right hand corner of a course card,
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00019-00006380-00006767 you will get a pop up that allows you to change the color card of your course.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00020-00006767-00007238 Simply click on the color you want and then click the blue Apply button to save.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00021-00007238-00007400 Add an image to your course card.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00022-00007400-00007804 Inside your course, click on Settings in the left hand navigation menu.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00023-00007804-00008427 Go to the Feature Options tab and click on the Enable Dashboard Images for Courses button.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00024-00008427-00009002 Go to the Course Details tab, refresh your browser.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00025-00009002-00009364 You will see a box with a gray CHOOSE IMAGE button.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00026-00009364-00009809 Click on this to either upload or choose an image from Flickr Creative Commons to add
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00027-00009809-00010009 a course image to your card.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00028-00010009-00010541 Note: Unlike nicknames, this image will show up in the course card for your students, so
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00029-00010541-00010909 please remember to choose an appropriate image for your course.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00030-00010909-00011139 Click Update Course Details.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00031-00011139-00011495 You can go back to your dashboard to see the changes you have made to your course card.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00032-00011495-00011650 And that’s it.
Vr6Vk7Tl-8y-00033-00011650-00011743 Customizing your Course Cards in Canvas.
VtiDBA_c078-00000-00000000-00000324 My name is Paul Andrea marthinus, you can find me on
VtiDBA_c078-00001-00000324-00001023 Twitter via my handle or kids 00. This presentation is open to
VtiDBA_c078-00002-00001023-00001494 you by a creative commons CC by four International. And I've
VtiDBA_c078-00003-00001494-00001818 uploaded to fit chat. So I think I tick all the boxes that Alex
VtiDBA_c078-00004-00001818-00002310 just mentioned. Great. So from the western, you just added on
VtiDBA_c078-00005-00002310-00002688 to the MB hack. I hope some of these are reproducing this
VtiDBA_c078-00006-00002688-00003111 slide. It comes from the World Bank, it was an analysis they
VtiDBA_c078-00007-00003111-00003759 did with the Open Data handbook and the World Bank survey. And
VtiDBA_c078-00008-00003759-00004008 they mentioned that open data as many things for different
VtiDBA_c078-00009-00004011-00004461 people. So it's an opportunity to share digital resources, make
VtiDBA_c078-00010-00004461-00004794 the community participate and empower them by giving them
VtiDBA_c078-00011-00004797-00005292 access, giving them transparency on how the data was collected,
VtiDBA_c078-00012-00005292-00005832 and then share with with everyone by having no
VtiDBA_c078-00013-00005832-00006324 restrictions and making it available. So just to expand on
VtiDBA_c078-00014-00006324-00006756 that. I like to give you the definition of what open data
VtiDBA_c078-00015-00006756-00007311 means by the Open Data handbook.org. They say that open
VtiDBA_c078-00016-00007311-00007806 data is data that can be freely used, reuse, and redistributed
VtiDBA_c078-00017-00007806-00008427 by anyone. And on this little cartoon on the right side, it
VtiDBA_c078-00018-00008427-00008976 says it's an unusually mutation for you for anyone to use,
VtiDBA_c078-00019-00008976-00009450 modify and enhance your work. That's the way that we can build
VtiDBA_c078-00020-00009453-00010146 on top of other people's work and keep improving them. The
VtiDBA_c078-00021-00010146-00010656 concept of open data is actually nothing new. It comes from the
VtiDBA_c078-00022-00010752-00011280 since internet started this some guidelines that people should be
VtiDBA_c078-00023-00011280-00011748 following that Tim berners Lee put together trying to make it a
VtiDBA_c078-00024-00011748-00012435 very simple step by step process to make your data open as much
VtiDBA_c078-00025-00012435-00012750 as possible. So the first thing is whatever you want to share,
VtiDBA_c078-00026-00012750-00013172 you can put it online, in would have four months you have, but
VtiDBA_c078-00027-00013176-00013578 under an open license. So we Alex just mentioned, there's
VtiDBA_c078-00028-00013578-00013908 different kinds of licenses, depending if you have code or if
VtiDBA_c078-00029-00013908-00014244 you have text, like in this case, I'm using Creative Commons
VtiDBA_c078-00030-00014244-00014622 for the license. Then if you want to go a step farther you go
VtiDBA_c078-00031-00014622-00015060 and make that data available in a structured way. So for
VtiDBA_c078-00032-00015060-00015465 example, you can put together all your data collected in a way
VtiDBA_c078-00033-00015465-00015861 that nobody can understand them. Or you can categorize your data
VtiDBA_c078-00034-00015866-00016233 and put it into different sections. How is your process
VtiDBA_c078-00035-00016233-00016644 collected? How do you clean your data and how it's what's the
VtiDBA_c078-00036-00016647-00017220 output of that data. The third way is making this data once
VtiDBA_c078-00037-00017220-00017478 it's out there, it's on the internet, you have put it
VtiDBA_c078-00038-00017478-00017781 together kind of in a spreadsheet, for example, you
VtiDBA_c078-00039-00017781-00018363 can opt to have a nonprofit, or open format. For example,
VtiDBA_c078-00040-00018363-00018804 instead of having Excel that not everyone can open, you can have
VtiDBA_c078-00041-00018804-00019053 that as a text file or a comma separated
VtiDBA_c078-00042-00019236-00019290 file.
VtiDBA_c078-00043-00019428-00019770 So that other people who don't have access to an Excel
VtiDBA_c078-00044-00019794-00020190 spreadsheet software program, they can open it with an open
VtiDBA_c078-00045-00020190-00020556 source software program that exists for other operating
VtiDBA_c078-00046-00020556-00021189 systems. The fourth step is that you who add a link or URL to the
VtiDBA_c078-00047-00021189-00021633 node, what you're sharing, and that is the URL. And we would
VtiDBA_c078-00048-00021633-00022014 like to have this euro as a permanent resource. So something
VtiDBA_c078-00049-00022014-00022338 then it's not going to change over time. And it's always going
VtiDBA_c078-00050-00022338-00022848 to point to the original data that you're sharing. Once you
VtiDBA_c078-00051-00022848-00023292 have that you make very good progress. And the last step that
VtiDBA_c078-00052-00023292-00023688 you can make to contribute to open data is to link your data.
VtiDBA_c078-00053-00023688-00024273 So it's very unusual that you have a data that comes by itself
VtiDBA_c078-00054-00024273-00024744 stands alone and links to nothing. So you have to try to
VtiDBA_c078-00055-00024744-00025197 put some extra information about how this data links to other
VtiDBA_c078-00056-00025197-00025578 data. If you've collected from other sources, if you've clean
VtiDBA_c078-00057-00025578-00025941 it from other sources, if you contributed with other people,
VtiDBA_c078-00058-00025944-00026274 all those things are things that you can link to your data and
VtiDBA_c078-00059-00026274-00026712 you provide context of what the result is. So with these steps,
VtiDBA_c078-00060-00026718-00027219 you are helping everyone and making it possible for others to
VtiDBA_c078-00061-00027219-00027756 reuse your data in a much more meaningful way. To continue with
VtiDBA_c078-00062-00027756-00028095 this presentation, I'll touch on this three points. The thing I'm
VtiDBA_c078-00063-00028098-00028530 very important when you share your data first is ethics. The
VtiDBA_c078-00064-00028530-00028830 second one is how you link your data a little bit more in
VtiDBA_c078-00065-00028830-00029373 details, and then the fair data principles. So first, for
VtiDBA_c078-00066-00029373-00029799 ethics. A lot of people think that the ethics code just at the
VtiDBA_c078-00067-00029799-00030054 end so when you try to communicate and do distributed
VtiDBA_c078-00068-00030054-00030348 your data, you should be ethical in what you're sharing. But
VtiDBA_c078-00069-00030348-00030900 instead, I want you to remind yourself that ethics comes from
VtiDBA_c078-00070-00030900-00031236 the moment that you apply for funding. Someone is paying for
VtiDBA_c078-00071-00031236-00031686 this research, and they want this research to be public or
VtiDBA_c078-00072-00031686-00031998 know, what's the motivation for that? How are you designing your
VtiDBA_c078-00073-00031998-00032427 project? Are you being biased? Or about your data collection?
VtiDBA_c078-00074-00032550-00032934 How are you resourcing your data? How is your analysis being
VtiDBA_c078-00075-00032934-00033513 done? Are you influencing the results of your analysis by any
VtiDBA_c078-00076-00033513-00033813 process that you're taking? How you interpreting the data? Are
VtiDBA_c078-00077-00033813-00034335 you skipping some steps? Are you trying to collect what goes in
VtiDBA_c078-00078-00034335-00034788 for a better p value on your results, all of that it's part
VtiDBA_c078-00079-00034788-00035196 of the data ethics. So remember that and think that ethics is
VtiDBA_c078-00080-00035199-00035736 all the way in your data product lifecycle. The other important
VtiDBA_c078-00081-00035736-00036216 thing that I think why the open data exists, it's to create
VtiDBA_c078-00082-00036216-00036582 knowledge. And to create knowledge, we have to understand
VtiDBA_c078-00083-00036582-00036978 each other. So for that we use standards. Also, we use the
VtiDBA_c078-00084-00036978-00037482 syntax. So for example, I've heard in a presentation about
VtiDBA_c078-00085-00037497-00037884 the human genome where people were uploading a lot of human
VtiDBA_c078-00086-00037884-00038199 genomes that are not ECG, correct, but they will some
VtiDBA_c078-00087-00038199-00038514 people will name in hormone, other people will mimic human,
VtiDBA_c078-00088-00038517-00038859 other people will name a man, there's so many words that
VtiDBA_c078-00089-00038859-00039360 relate to the same thing. But a machine will not know this, if
VtiDBA_c078-00090-00039360-00039753 they're not part of vocabulary or ontology. And to see the
VtiDBA_c078-00091-00039753-00040137 difference, I would recommend you to go into w three.org. To
VtiDBA_c078-00092-00040137-00040470 see how you can build an ontology where you can find
VtiDBA_c078-00093-00040470-00040899 ontologies are already existent, and how you can contribute to
VtiDBA_c078-00094-00040899-00041346 those and name your data in a reasonable way that has a
VtiDBA_c078-00095-00041346-00041676 relationship that has context and you provide the connection
VtiDBA_c078-00096-00041676-00041778 to what you're sharing.
VtiDBA_c078-00097-00042036-00042669 Last, but not least, the fair guiding data principles. This is
VtiDBA_c078-00098-00042669-00043005 also not a new concept. But there was a published paper in
VtiDBA_c078-00099-00043005-00043713 2016, about thinking all the things you do as a researcher,
VtiDBA_c078-00100-00043713-00044097 we usually have this little nice picture of our paper that is two
VtiDBA_c078-00101-00044097-00044502 or three pages long, that we spend two or three years
VtiDBA_c078-00102-00044505-00044838 collecting and cleaning and putting together, right. So
VtiDBA_c078-00103-00044838-00045210 there's a lot of work performed, that it's not visible to the
VtiDBA_c078-00104-00045210-00045654 public. And we want to emphasize all of that we want to leverage
VtiDBA_c078-00105-00045654-00046080 the work that you're doing, we want you to have credit for the
VtiDBA_c078-00106-00046080-00046491 work that you're doing. So that's why the principles were
VtiDBA_c078-00107-00046491-00047061 put together as a guideline. And it has some steps and
VtiDBA_c078-00108-00047061-00047409 recommendations that I've mentioned before. And on this
VtiDBA_c078-00109-00047409-00047706 presentation, you have some links that I recommend you to
VtiDBA_c078-00110-00047706-00048204 follow. So they go further or explain them in Simple English
VtiDBA_c078-00111-00048204-00048585 terms about what they are. Then there's the fourth 11, fair data
VtiDBA_c078-00112-00048585-00048900 principles group. If you want to contribute, you can go there
VtiDBA_c078-00113-00048900-00049347 and, and help. And a new initiative that I'm also part of
VtiDBA_c078-00114-00049347-00049917 the chain committee is fair for research software. So initially,
VtiDBA_c078-00115-00049917-00050349 the guiding principles were only for data. And now we want to
VtiDBA_c078-00116-00050349-00050763 have software for surface citizen having the same
VtiDBA_c078-00117-00050763-00051150 principles applied to software. They relate a lot to the data
VtiDBA_c078-00118-00051153-00051435 principles, but there's some modifications that we need to
VtiDBA_c078-00119-00051435-00051915 do. And you can also read that paper towards first principles
VtiDBA_c078-00120-00051915-00052482 for research software that was published last year. Some
VtiDBA_c078-00121-00052482-00052971 communities that are being part of that I'm still part of that
VtiDBA_c078-00122-00052979-00053504 you can go and look up for more information on the Open Data
VtiDBA_c078-00123-00053504-00053970 handled by the Open Knowledge Foundation, the last OSL had a
VtiDBA_c078-00124-00053970-00054300 presentation by one of the members. There's a lot of
VtiDBA_c078-00125-00054300-00054654 information in the digital curation center, not only about
VtiDBA_c078-00126-00054654-00055130 open data, but also licensing, and many other topics. You will
VtiDBA_c078-00127-00055130-00055659 come to have look this the Forster open science that has a
VtiDBA_c078-00128-00055659-00055962 lot of open materials that you can reuse. It also has
VtiDBA_c078-00129-00055962-00056520 tutorials, you can share them, they're all attribution base.
VtiDBA_c078-00130-00056547-00056930 They're open, as before the Turing way that you might have
VtiDBA_c078-00131-00056930-00057242 heard many times already. Then there's also the open
VtiDBA_c078-00132-00057242-00057636 conquerable conference that has set later conferences around the
VtiDBA_c078-00133-00057636-00058062 world. Now everything is online. So you can also start one of
VtiDBA_c078-00134-00058062-00058620 those in your locality. And for the TOEFL, the topic of open
VtiDBA_c078-00135-00058620-00058880 data. The research data Alliance, I think is a very
VtiDBA_c078-00136-00058880-00059226 valuable resource. It's a group of volunteers around the globe,
VtiDBA_c078-00137-00059262-00059891 that labels the open sharing and reuse of data. There's so many
VtiDBA_c078-00138-00059891-00060423 different topics out Welcome you to be part of them. And as Alex
VtiDBA_c078-00139-00060423-00060927 mentioned, if you want to start using open data, what best to
VtiDBA_c078-00140-00060927-00061290 put hands on into hackathon for example, there's a lot of
VtiDBA_c078-00141-00061290-00061575 challenges that you can be solving social, economic, and
VtiDBA_c078-00142-00061575-00062211 environmental, where Open Data can help. With that, I'd like to
VtiDBA_c078-00143-00062211-00062901 thank you for your attention. This is also an open image by
VtiDBA_c078-00144-00062901-00063576 patri. HostIn back. And the the open data is just part of the
VtiDBA_c078-00145-00063576-00064026 road to open science I think all of you are following in. If you
VtiDBA_c078-00146-00064026-00064329 have questions, you can contact me by by Twitter.
VtGlff5PblM-00000-00002165-00002857 It's just absolutely amazing to think that out of all that stream of thoughts that in no instant
VtGlff5PblM-00001-00002857-00003066 are you ever any of those thoughts.
VtGlff5PblM-00002-00003104-00003678 You know it's just an assumption that I am a thinker of thoughts to say I have a thought of pain
VtGlff5PblM-00003-00003678-00004372 Or I have a sexual thought, or this or that. the "I" is identified with it. Like I have thoughts and it's really
VtGlff5PblM-00004-00004438-00004842 We could say in our state of pure presence is so still that
VtGlff5PblM-00005-00004907-00005015 that
VtGlff5PblM-00006-00005015-00005682 Those kind of stream of thoughts that we're talking about, you know, doesn't have anything to do with the identity.
VtGlff5PblM-00007-00005754-00006592 So, the Course will say it takes two to believe in sickness, for example, if you have a mind that knows the
VtGlff5PblM-00008-00006604-00007244 impossibility of sickness then sickness becomes impossible. Because it would take some kind of an agreement
VtGlff5PblM-00009-00007312-00007845 in the illusion to give the illusion a reality, not real,
VtGlff5PblM-00010-00007856-00008554 not REAL reality, but just in awareness of reality, and I was on a conference call with Spain this morning and
VtGlff5PblM-00011-00008642-00009160 our friend Frances was talking and she was describing a point where she was in California
VtGlff5PblM-00012-00009160-00009572 And she was just in a place of, place of utter devastation.
VtGlff5PblM-00013-00009614-00010218 Just reeling. She was sitting by a lake she said, utter devastation, that she just cried out for help and she said
VtGlff5PblM-00014-00010307-00010502 Jason showed up
VtGlff5PblM-00015-00010502-00010765 And she started to just talk about how
VtGlff5PblM-00016-00010835-00011433 Devastating she was feeling and Jason just kind of smiled and looked her right in the eye and said, "There's never been a time
VtGlff5PblM-00017-00011515-00011715 when you were not happy."
VtGlff5PblM-00018-00011861-00012286 And he had glow on his face. She said and he, she just was like
VtGlff5PblM-00019-00012371-00012621 And she said I just snapped out of it
VtGlff5PblM-00020-00012674-00013308 instantaneous and another time I remember with you was I was sitting meditating in the hot tub in our
VtGlff5PblM-00021-00013346-00013572 monastery. We have a monastery with a hot tub It's kind of cool
VtGlff5PblM-00022-00013572-00014342 I was sitting there and just meditating in the hot tub, and then I saw Jason come out from this cabin
VtGlff5PblM-00023-00014343-00014526 And it was early morning hours
VtGlff5PblM-00024-00014526-00015213 He's whistling he's happy he goes over into this other place, and he, I guess I heard the story he went up to see Suzanne
VtGlff5PblM-00025-00015288-00016055 Suzanne had just been awakened with this nightmare of really vicious, vicious nightmare and
VtGlff5PblM-00026-00016138-00016329 When he came in she said, "Oh
VtGlff5PblM-00027-00016329-00016995 I'm so glad that you're here. I needed to talk to somebody, I have to tell you this nightmare." He said, "No!"
VtGlff5PblM-00028-00017314-00017708 He said, "I'm in a miracle right now, join me."
VtGlff5PblM-00029-00018048-00018248 And she did. Actually
VtGlff5PblM-00030-00018270-00018581 she popped right into the miracle. She was so much
VtGlff5PblM-00031-00018598-00019206 so glad he had showed up to tell her nightmare, and he wasn't the least bit interested
VtGlff5PblM-00032-00019206-00019533 And it just shows it only takes an instant of joining
VtGlff5PblM-00033-00019591-00020060 And how powerful that is to pop right back into the divine
VtGlff5PblM-00034-00020151-00020495 And it doesn't have to be like this long drawn-out process
VtGlff5PblM-00035-00020554-00021191 You know it's really encouraging when you hear those stories because it just shows you how powerful it is
VtGlff5PblM-00036-00021244-00021654 And if you stay in true empathy is to stay what's real and true
VtGlff5PblM-00037-00021667-00022350 you just simply radiate that and extend that to everyone and everything. And then they reflect it back to you and
VtGlff5PblM-00038-00022390-00022595 It's amazing the power of our mind.
VuPUmQS5oU0-00000-00000032-00000616 you may have also noticed that for the last few months, my videos have been mostly the same.
VuPUmQS5oU0-00001-00000752-00001184 there's actually a fewer number of uploads than what we've made before.
VuPUmQS5oU0-00002-00001240-00001848 we used to make 15 views, no videos per day, now, it's like 10 or so,
VuPUmQS5oU0-00003-00001920-00002720 like it was around the beginning, until the end of december last year. this happens because we're
VuPUmQS5oU0-00004-00002720-00003192 having less things to talk about. except our channel is doing a lot better this time.
Vwu_97HI14Y-00000-00000038-00000372 okay this is the last video for chapter one
Vwu_97HI14Y-00001-00000372-00000798 this is some material about object oriented programming that is not in the book
Vwu_97HI14Y-00002-00000798-00001286 but it is always usually covered for a a good introduction
Vwu_97HI14Y-00003-00001286-00001635 object or programming and so we have two main topics
Vwu_97HI14Y-00004-00001635-00002211 are the one is are we're gonna call composition purses inheritance
Vwu_97HI14Y-00005-00002211-00002651 soldier shown you inheritance and I have inheritance here
Vwu_97HI14Y-00006-00002651-00002984 as an example so suppose we have a date time
Vwu_97HI14Y-00007-00002984-00003328 class that can create objects that represent a date and a time
Vwu_97HI14Y-00008-00003328-00003759 so internally the store though year month day hour minute and second
Vwu_97HI14Y-00009-00003759-00004096 and if we want to save my calendar with you
Vwu_97HI14Y-00010-00004096-00004511 represented vents on the calendar we might have a name for the event that we
Vwu_97HI14Y-00011-00004511-00004576 add
Vwu_97HI14Y-00012-00004576-00005039 and but we can just arrived from date times in a tent is just a specific date
Vwu_97HI14Y-00013-00005039-00005223 time with a name associated with it
Vwu_97HI14Y-00014-00005223-00005709 which would be the name the about are so that's inheritance
Vwu_97HI14Y-00015-00005709-00006027 but whenever you do inheritance you should also think about
Vwu_97HI14Y-00016-00006027-00006398 another choice which is called top position and
Vwu_97HI14Y-00017-00006398-00006784 example on the left his compositions so we still start outdate time
Vwu_97HI14Y-00018-00006784-00007176 but we make a new class we decide not to inherit from DateTime
Vwu_97HI14Y-00019-00007176-00007625 but just include are when the date is
Vwu_97HI14Y-00020-00007625-00008078 as a member an instance variable as part of the event so here
Vwu_97HI14Y-00021-00008078-00008399 odd the event object has a
Vwu_97HI14Y-00022-00008399-00008754 daytime is an instance variable and this
Vwu_97HI14Y-00023-00008754-00009143 case over here is dat is a daytime
Vwu_97HI14Y-00024-00009143-00009461 type so it just extended as a
Vwu_97HI14Y-00025-00009461-00009788 subclass so this is always a choice when you
Vwu_97HI14Y-00026-00009788-00010090 you can always do are just
Vwu_97HI14Y-00027-00010090-00010443 the object as a member of the New are
Vwu_97HI14Y-00028-00010443-00010761 type thing you're creating or you can it here thing
Vwu_97HI14Y-00029-00010761-00011214 now when would you use each sold for small this is called a has a
Vwu_97HI14Y-00030-00011214-00011306 relationship
Vwu_97HI14Y-00031-00011306-00011717 this is called it is a relationship are so the related
Vwu_97HI14Y-00032-00011717-00012035 are but in different ways so
Vwu_97HI14Y-00033-00012035-00012404 the question is if you do event to calendar
Vwu_97HI14Y-00034-00012404-00012736 is that really considered a daytime
Vwu_97HI14Y-00035-00012736-00012822 and
Vwu_97HI14Y-00036-00012822-00013169 you could argue that maybe it is and maybe it isn't so
Vwu_97HI14Y-00037-00013169-00013478 how closely the statement that this
Vwu_97HI14Y-00038-00013478-00013885 is a date/time is whether you should do inheritance or not
Vwu_97HI14Y-00039-00013885-00014369 I'll for composition they don't have to be closely related it just has to be
Vwu_97HI14Y-00040-00014369-00014502 useful that event
Vwu_97HI14Y-00041-00014502-00014957 has a date/time as part of its data inside the object and then
Vwu_97HI14Y-00042-00014957-00015556 that when you do that has a relationship when you're actually designing RGR
Vwu_97HI14Y-00043-00015556-00015643 programming
Vwu_97HI14Y-00044-00015643-00016016 I you if you have a lot of different objects and they all have a common
Vwu_97HI14Y-00045-00016016-00016138 property
Vwu_97HI14Y-00046-00016138-00016444 that something you might consider as
Vwu_97HI14Y-00047-00016444-00016748 making got a superclass have several
Vwu_97HI14Y-00048-00016748-00017073 objects were about to look at something like that I'll
Vwu_97HI14Y-00049-00017073-00017489 which is a very strong relationship so is a
Vwu_97HI14Y-00050-00017489-00017804 is an actually stronger relationship are then has a
Vwu_97HI14Y-00051-00017804-00018257 it's a little less strong and terms over a connection between
Vwu_97HI14Y-00052-00018257-00018957 two different objects so now the last example to talk about the concept of
Vwu_97HI14Y-00053-00019022-00019140 polymorphism
Vwu_97HI14Y-00054-00019140-00019545 so polymorphism relates to
Vwu_97HI14Y-00055-00019545-00019962 are you tell a bunch of chicks to do the same thing even though they're
Vwu_97HI14Y-00056-00019962-00020443 apparently different types of things a good example this is in the
Vwu_97HI14Y-00057-00020443-00020841 whenever you do inheritance are from the object class
Vwu_97HI14Y-00058-00020841-00021223 you inherit this so string our method
Vwu_97HI14Y-00059-00021223-00021553 so the string method is inherited from
Vwu_97HI14Y-00060-00021553-00022028 the object class automatically so you can create any number of objects
Vwu_97HI14Y-00061-00022028-00022385 and you can you can can be guaranteed you can call string on them cuz are
Vwu_97HI14Y-00062-00022385-00022697 already defined in the object class who want to be in error and say
Vwu_97HI14Y-00063-00022697-00023129 string is not defined so that means that any object you have you can
Vwu_97HI14Y-00064-00023129-00023517 tele2 convert itself to a string are using the
Vwu_97HI14Y-00065-00023517-00024008 STR and prints easy but the object an internal converter software string in
Vwu_97HI14Y-00066-00024008-00024101 return something
Vwu_97HI14Y-00067-00024101-00024426 are so that's an example love
Vwu_97HI14Y-00068-00024426-00024876 polymorphism are we're gonna look at our I've made up for example called the
Vwu_97HI14Y-00069-00024876-00024995 barnyard example
Vwu_97HI14Y-00070-00024995-00025390 and what we have here is we have a super class which is called animal
Vwu_97HI14Y-00071-00025390-00025495 an
Vwu_97HI14Y-00072-00025495-00025860 remembrance super class is always more abstract in the subclasses
Vwu_97HI14Y-00073-00025860-00026273 and some cases it's so abstract it's not useful by itself and will show you what
Vwu_97HI14Y-00074-00026273-00026355 we mean here
Vwu_97HI14Y-00075-00026355-00026760 so we have I animals the superclass night indented
Vwu_97HI14Y-00076-00026760-00027183 a bunch of subclasses that are all gone group be derived from animal
Vwu_97HI14Y-00077-00027183-00027500 to animal will have a name as a
Vwu_97HI14Y-00078-00027500-00027882 are as a instance variable and it will have a
Vwu_97HI14Y-00079-00027882-00028377 method you can call called speak and then CALPIRG in Cal also have
Vwu_97HI14Y-00080-00028377-00028781 speak secrecy that speakers comment everything and this will have to do a
Vwu_97HI14Y-00081-00028781-00028888 polymorphism
Vwu_97HI14Y-00082-00028888-00029220 but Cal has some special methods it has Chu
Vwu_97HI14Y-00083-00029220-00029582 and casper which the pic doesn't have
Vwu_97HI14Y-00084-00029582-00029963 and a cap doesn't chew in the Cal doesn't per
Vwu_97HI14Y-00085-00029963-00030372 so when we look to here's the definition animal
Vwu_97HI14Y-00086-00030372-00030844 so it it has an obtuse shows your shortwave doing it whenever you do a
Vwu_97HI14Y-00087-00030844-00031313 one statement for a body if something are you can put on the same line like
Vwu_97HI14Y-00088-00031313-00031369 this
Vwu_97HI14Y-00089-00031369-00031761 so the net mattered well offset the name
Vwu_97HI14Y-00090-00031761-00032082 the end I'll the are yes that's horrible for animal
Vwu_97HI14Y-00091-00032082-00032444 and when you call speak he returns
Vwu_97HI14Y-00092-00032444-00032825 a period cuz it million animals too abstract to have a sound
Vwu_97HI14Y-00093-00032825-00033129 such as put period being it doesn't know what it's saying
Vwu_97HI14Y-00094-00033129-00033458 and we'll show you the the code I wrote later I even
Vwu_97HI14Y-00095-00033458-00034021 abstract the name are and then we have string which returns the name
Vwu_97HI14Y-00096-00034021-00034345 and what it says and then we have
Vwu_97HI14Y-00097-00034345-00034776 get name which just returns the name so these are some common thing so because
Vwu_97HI14Y-00098-00034776-00035038 all these other methods are derived from animal
Vwu_97HI14Y-00099-00035038-00035422 they will have R speaks training and getting a more common to them
Vwu_97HI14Y-00100-00035422-00035913 okay now cowards is implemented from animal
Vwu_97HI14Y-00101-00035913-00036333 so it's a it's a subclass Amanda Moore so on actually gets the speak
Vwu_97HI14Y-00102-00036333-00036811 and the straying into get name are so the internet for Cal
Vwu_97HI14Y-00103-00036811-00037207 are there is nothing new for it to do but it does have to call the super
Vwu_97HI14Y-00104-00037207-00037582 annette surpasses the name to the Super initialization
Vwu_97HI14Y-00105-00037582-00038016 nothin and then it defines this unique changes for callous that
Vwu_97HI14Y-00106-00038016-00038385 are virtue sources munch munch
Vwu_97HI14Y-00107-00038385-00038984 arm and it has Dindin are redefined speak so there's a unique speak for
Vwu_97HI14Y-00108-00038984-00039078 calluses
Vwu_97HI14Y-00109-00039078-00039412 returns mu so you'll see in pink
Vwu_97HI14Y-00110-00039412-00039866 it we also define speaking it returns on Co Inc and for cat
Vwu_97HI14Y-00111-00039866-00040243 when we call it the speakers says meow okay
Vwu_97HI14Y-00112-00040243-00040604 so but you also notice for cat we have another method called
Vwu_97HI14Y-00113-00040604-00040936 her which none of the other object types have
Vwu_97HI14Y-00114-00040936-00041322 are which prints per and so there we go
Vwu_97HI14Y-00115-00041322-00041765 we have a barnyard we have some methods that are unique to the animal
Vwu_97HI14Y-00116-00041765-00042102 and we have the speak method which everyone house
Vwu_97HI14Y-00117-00042102-00042436 so this is useful because you can make an array
Vwu_97HI14Y-00118-00042436-00042793 are in eitan terms a list
Vwu_97HI14Y-00119-00042793-00043098 and we can create all these objects at different types
Vwu_97HI14Y-00120-00043098-00043431 and mix them all together so I have 1 cat named course
Vwu_97HI14Y-00121-00043431-00043819 an animal name slaw a cat name spot
Vwu_97HI14Y-00122-00043819-00044138 a pig named babe and a Cal
Vwu_97HI14Y-00123-00044138-00044661 to callz patsy in Jackson and so you can write a loop to loop through this list
Vwu_97HI14Y-00124-00044661-00044956 and passed them all to convert themselves to a string and print
Vwu_97HI14Y-00125-00044956-00045037 themselves
Vwu_97HI14Y-00126-00045037-00045514 so it print this out so you can see that speak works perfectly its
Vwu_97HI14Y-00127-00045514-00046011 you're calling the same mattered across supposedly a bunch a different types of
Vwu_97HI14Y-00128-00046011-00046215 objects and that's the whole idea
Vwu_97HI14Y-00129-00046215-00046635 polymorphism and we do this because they have a common ancestor
Vwu_97HI14Y-00130-00046635-00046969 in this case were animal are
Vwu_97HI14Y-00131-00046969-00047295 to find speaks only think right from animal automatically have
Vwu_97HI14Y-00132-00047295-00047630 be guaranteed out speak are
Vwu_97HI14Y-00133-00047630-00047972 so let me go to my example 10 ish lose one more idea
Vwu_97HI14Y-00134-00047972-00048456 so I have the same thing here I just we find a little bit
Vwu_97HI14Y-00135-00048456-00048856 sent a total ass master to superior to put a question mark for
Vwu_97HI14Y-00136-00048856-00049203 for one a animal speaks cuz it doesn't know how to speak
Vwu_97HI14Y-00137-00049203-00049515 and now for
Vwu_97HI14Y-00138-00049515-00049831 and then Cal takin
Vwu_97HI14Y-00139-00049831-00050233 cat are the same as the example and my raise a little different types
Vwu_97HI14Y-00140-00050233-00050570 for animal I don't give a name I just put in a bunch dashes
Vwu_97HI14Y-00141-00050570-00050680 and
Vwu_97HI14Y-00142-00050680-00051109 the I rename this cal both so we have a couch or Betsy and Bo
Vwu_97HI14Y-00143-00051109-00051422 and the pic is paid and a cat spot
Vwu_97HI14Y-00144-00051422-00051927 and the other cats purse and so we look to the animals will see
Vwu_97HI14Y-00145-00051927-00052282 does the same thing is similar to what the example
Vwu_97HI14Y-00146-00052282-00052879 my other one is and the only difference is the animal now obviously doesn't know
Vwu_97HI14Y-00147-00052879-00053195 doesn't have a name in it does not speak but does
Vwu_97HI14Y-00148-00053195-00053569 to the method speaking it up it's that that information
Vwu_97HI14Y-00149-00053569-00054091 so let's look at something else a spotless pose we ask all the animals
Vwu_97HI14Y-00150-00054091-00054432 2 per what will happen song in a modified
Vwu_97HI14Y-00151-00054432-00054769 us and i'm going to ask
Vwu_97HI14Y-00152-00054769-00055139 each animal gonna say a print a
Vwu_97HI14Y-00153-00055139-00055501 I'll see her
Vwu_97HI14Y-00154-00055501-00055919 whisper per does a Pratt so we don't need to go print
Vwu_97HI14Y-00155-00055919-00056273 we're just gonna for every a an animal a doctor
Vwu_97HI14Y-00156-00056273-00056645 and what do you think's gonna happen
Vwu_97HI14Y-00157-00056645-00057026 think about that for a minute
Vwu_97HI14Y-00158-00057026-00057726 so let's go ahead and run it partially what happens
Vwu_97HI14Y-00159-00057807-00058099 so in an error this is Ashley air
Vwu_97HI14Y-00160-00058099-00058529 animal object has no attribute per so it prints the cap
Vwu_97HI14Y-00161-00058529-00058877 so that purrs and your sis as per year
Vwu_97HI14Y-00162-00058877-00059272 and then that calls animal object to tell a two per
Vwu_97HI14Y-00163-00059272-00059707 he gets this error I soul this is an example
Vwu_97HI14Y-00164-00059707-00060133 not having polymorphism we have a bunch of dicks and you're calling a method on
Vwu_97HI14Y-00165-00060133-00060397 all the objects and some the objects don't have that mattered
Vwu_97HI14Y-00166-00060397-00060840 are soul is our way we can make at least make this to work
Vwu_97HI14Y-00167-00060840-00061167 so what we gonna do was as we loop through
Vwu_97HI14Y-00168-00061167-00061559 we only wanna ask animal stupor if they can do that
Vwu_97HI14Y-00169-00061559-00061891 if they can't do that may we ask them to speak or something else
Vwu_97HI14Y-00170-00061891-00062233 us when we go back to on
Vwu_97HI14Y-00171-00062233-00062551 the I typed on thing we have
Vwu_97HI14Y-00172-00062551-00062896 so did the same example here for
Vwu_97HI14Y-00173-00062896-00063324 and you'll see a kitty that air mayor and I pythons little
Vwu_97HI14Y-00174-00063324-00063747 are there it is animal object has no attribute pursuits a mare
Vwu_97HI14Y-00175-00063747-00064049 so what you could do is use a special
Vwu_97HI14Y-00176-00064049-00064613 built-in method in part on called is is instance this ask
Vwu_97HI14Y-00177-00064613-00065049 is a an instance of the class cat
Vwu_97HI14Y-00178-00065049-00065434 and if it is that you know I can per so
Vwu_97HI14Y-00179-00065434-00065840 a is an instance ugh class cat it prints the name
Vwu_97HI14Y-00180-00065840-00066340 followed by have talked also two per if it's not too does the else
Vwu_97HI14Y-00181-00066340-00066804 at princeton name and it says it can't per source copy this code
Vwu_97HI14Y-00182-00066804-00067246 so you can see that you can use in
Vwu_97HI14Y-00183-00067246-00067695 his instance the check if something is an instance before your honor
Vwu_97HI14Y-00184-00067695-00068227 so put out an hour and we'll see you will run it
Vwu_97HI14Y-00185-00068227-00068573 forgets the name a birdie one says
Vwu_97HI14Y-00186-00068573-00068932 are purse per are an animal
Vwu_97HI14Y-00187-00068932-00069289 which is no name camper spot hers
Vwu_97HI14Y-00188-00069289-00069663 spot to Katniss case are babe camper
Vwu_97HI14Y-00189-00069663-00069995 has a tipping and that's in count bow camper
Vwu_97HI14Y-00190-00069995-00070369 so is instance can check
Vwu_97HI14Y-00191-00070369-00070708 a favorable your past 10 are
Vwu_97HI14Y-00192-00070708-00071070 is actual instanceof something you're expecting
Vwu_97HI14Y-00193-00071070-00071469 now when you do the fraction class it's optional but you can
Vwu_97HI14Y-00194-00071469-00071807 chakkar when you're adding two factions together
Vwu_97HI14Y-00195-00071807-00072258 that the other faction your past is an instance have a fraction
Vwu_97HI14Y-00196-00072258-00072558 cuz you may not even want to try adding them together if it's
Vwu_97HI14Y-00197-00072558-00073001 saying in the future or a string so what you do is you check if
Vwu_97HI14Y-00198-00073001-00073448 is instance are number your past and the other
Vwu_97HI14Y-00199-00073448-00073792 of traction and if it's not you
Vwu_97HI14Y-00200-00073792-00074184 which basically it was test it's not are you would raise an error
Vwu_97HI14Y-00201-00074184-00074492 are so there's an example back
Vwu_97HI14Y-00202-00074492-00074924 are so this is it this concludes the videos for chapter
Vwu_97HI14Y-00203-00074924-00075375 are one and will me working on the videos for Chapter two
VANZcRK4dEo-00000-00000486-00000968 The knowledge and experience of a  teacher is incredibly valuable.
VANZcRK4dEo-00001-00000968-00001700 By creating a simple video, that knowledge can go on to inspire new teachers now and into the future.
VANZcRK4dEo-00002-00001700-00002070 There are three keys to making a powerful video:
VANZcRK4dEo-00003-00002070-00002216 1. Capture interest
VANZcRK4dEo-00004-00002218-00002458 2. Make it memorable, and
VANZcRK4dEo-00005-00002458-00002726 3. Have a clear message.
VANZcRK4dEo-00006-00002730-00003182 First, capture the interest of the viewers  and keep it until the end.
VANZcRK4dEo-00007-00003182-00003572 This is accomplished by being clear  about the purpose of the lesson.
VANZcRK4dEo-00008-00003572-00004096 Begin by stating what you will  share in a clear, direct manner:
VANZcRK4dEo-00009-00004118-00004866 "In this activity, we're going to play a body part rhyming game using silly words and/or nonsense words."
VANZcRK4dEo-00010-00004878-00005300 "I'm going to talk about how I teach  young children how to look at art."
VANZcRK4dEo-00011-00005300-00005708 "I'm going to teach you how to build a  terrarium for your classroom today."
VANZcRK4dEo-00012-00005746-00006312 Present any materials you will use.  If someone may have trouble finding similar materials,
VANZcRK4dEo-00013-00006312-00006940 suggest some common substitutes, such as using beans to teach math instead of plastic counters:
VANZcRK4dEo-00014-00006940-00007416 "Then I have the children count with  me as we put beans into the cups."
VANZcRK4dEo-00015-00007444-00007684 Use simple language.
VANZcRK4dEo-00016-00007684-00008044 Use basic common terms to explain your lesson.
VANZcRK4dEo-00017-00008048-00008604 Consider the audience may not have a formal background or training in education.
VANZcRK4dEo-00018-00008630-00008914 Check background noise.
VANZcRK4dEo-00019-00008922-00009268 Pay attention to any background noise where you are recording.
VANZcRK4dEo-00020-00009282-00009832 If you cannot control the background noise,  consider a different location.
VANZcRK4dEo-00021-00009876-00010122 Control sound quality.
VANZcRK4dEo-00022-00010138-00010474 Recording in a small room can help reduce echo.
VANZcRK4dEo-00023-00010474-00010842 Using an external mic can also improve sound quality,
VANZcRK4dEo-00024-00010842-00011322 but it's not necessary so long as the audio  is clear and easy to understand:
VANZcRK4dEo-00025-00011324-00011608 "The five senses are: Taste,
VANZcRK4dEo-00026-00011608-00011724 See,
VANZcRK4dEo-00027-00011724-00011844 Hear,
VANZcRK4dEo-00028-00011844-00011930 Smell,
VANZcRK4dEo-00029-00011930-00012114 and Touch."
VANZcRK4dEo-00030-00012136-00012574 Second, make it memorable. Have no more than three points.
VANZcRK4dEo-00031-00012574-00013080 For maximum comprehension, keep the focus on one main point if possible,
VANZcRK4dEo-00032-00013084-00013390 and no more than three points to remember:
VANZcRK4dEo-00033-00013397-00013760 "One classroom management tool I  use is one called "Hands Up."
VANZcRK4dEo-00034-00013776-00014238 If I need the students' attention, I'll say, "Hands up!" and they all put their hands up.
VANZcRK4dEo-00035-00014238-00014563 And a good way to help them kind of  relax is hands up, take a deep breath,
VANZcRK4dEo-00036-00014563-00014682 (breathes in)
VANZcRK4dEo-00037-00014694-00014897 Let it out.  (exhales)
VANZcRK4dEo-00038-00014902-00015410 Hands down. Then they're ready to listen to the important things that I have to say."
VANZcRK4dEo-00039-00015410-00015719 Repeat your key points often.
VANZcRK4dEo-00040-00015726-00016163 Repetition is an effective way to help with memory.
VANZcRK4dEo-00041-00016169-00016684 Consider showing a few examples  of your activity rather than just one.
VANZcRK4dEo-00042-00016684-00017194 Keep the video short. People are short  on time and low on attention span,
VANZcRK4dEo-00043-00017194-00017710 so try to keep the video length between one and three minutes.
VANZcRK4dEo-00044-00017716-00017944 Finally, have a clear message.
VANZcRK4dEo-00045-00017944-00018496 The viewer should know right away what the lesson is about and how it will help their students.
VANZcRK4dEo-00046-00018496-00018926 They should also feel that they could try it out right away.
VANZcRK4dEo-00047-00018926-00019160 Remember, just be yourself.
VANZcRK4dEo-00048-00019166-00019798 If you present your teaching ideas with clarity and sincerity, others will be inspired to use it too!
VANZcRK4dEo-00049-00019798-00020252 Follow these tips, and you'll create a  captivating, memorable,
VANZcRK4dEo-00050-00020252-00020644 and clear video to share with teachers around the world.
VANZcRK4dEo-00051-00020656-00021088 Remember, the three keys to making a powerful video are:
VANZcRK4dEo-00052-00021088-00021262 To capture interest,
VANZcRK4dEo-00053-00021262-00021450 make it memorable,
VANZcRK4dEo-00054-00021458-00021756 and have a clear message.
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00000-00000368-00000840 the poet billy collins wrote these words called on turning 10.
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00001-00000992-00001440 the whole idea of it makes me feel like i'm coming down with something
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00002-00001440-00002016 something worse than any stomach ache or the headaches i get from reading in bad light
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00003-00002016-00002720 a kind of measles of the spirit a mumps of the psyche a disfiguring chickenpox of the soul
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00004-00002856-00003511 you tell me it is too early to be looking back but that is because you have forgotten the perfect
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00005-00003511-00004328 simplicity of being one and the beautiful complexity introduced by two but i can lie
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00006-00004328-00005112 on my bed and remember every digit at four i was an arabian wizard i could make myself
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00007-00005112-00005896 invisible by drinking a glass of milk a certain way at seven i was a soldier at nine a prince
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00008-00006048-00006472 but now i am mostly at the window watching the late afternoon light
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00009-00006568-00007231 back then it never fell so solemnly against the side of my tree house and my bicycle never
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00010-00007231-00007856 leaned against the garage as it does today all the dark blue speed drained out of it
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00011-00008023-00008720 this is the beginning of sadness i say to myself as i walk through the universe in my sneakers
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00012-00008800-00009584 it is time to say goodbye to my imaginary friends time to turn the first big number
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00013-00009720-00010360 it seems only yesterday i used to believe there was nothing under my skin but light
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00014-00010480-00011576 if you cut me i could shine but now when i fall upon the sidewalks of life i skin my knees i bleed
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00015-00011792-00012360 as we move into a month of examining how we become a people of imagination
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00016-00012360-00013104 this image of it seems only yesterday i used to believe there was nothing under my skin but light
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00017-00013232-00014008 is one that deeply resonates billy collins poem talks about losing our imagination at the age of
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00018-00014008-00014696 10 when we turn that first big number and that this is the beginning of sadness
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00019-00014888-00015776 i don't know if we begin to lose it at 10 or 20 or 50 but somewhere along the way it does feel as if
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00020-00015776-00016752 the ability to imagine drains from us somehow and we lose a great deal when it is gone our
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00021-00016752-00017688 imaginations form our lives our symbols the way we structure and organize our world it is absolutely
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00022-00017688-00018680 critical to the quality of our lives think about how it feels when you imagine something new some
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00023-00018680-00019392 new dreaming that allows you to leave the routine everyday existence by fantasizing about things
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00024-00019392-00020336 that make life interesting travel theater libraries time with friends time in nature
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00025-00020496-00021296 imagination gives us the chance to step outside of ourselves and all of our believed limitations
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00026-00021384-00021968 to dream to create something new to believe something is possible
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00027-00022056-00022688 it can be seen as the birthplace of our hopes the thing that fires our creativity relieves our
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00028-00022688-00023560 boredom alleviates pain enriches our relationships those with others and with our very own selves
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00029-00023744-00024448 i know that since march i have been doing a lot of imagining creating in my mind a different
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00030-00024448-00024952 life than the one we are living now and i know i am not alone in this
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00031-00025112-00025440 this past summer the psychologist kathy melchiote wrote
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00032-00025520-00026464 i just got a boarding pass to go on a mission to mars i am not kidding you too can get one
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00033-00026464-00027280 by visiting the nasa website and submitting a request the flight is scheduled to leave in 2026
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00034-00027336-00027952 and because of my age and the fact that i am not the equivalent of astronaut john glenn
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00035-00028072-00028783 only my boarding pass will be on the flight but after months of being grounded from travel
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00036-00028783-00029648 and flying due to the pandemic i desperately need an adventure even if only one in my mind
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00037-00029912-00030736 imagining what the future will bring post-pandemic is daunting for most of us our brains are wired to
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00038-00030736-00031527 choose negative scenarios over positive ones malkioti shared i know that my worst days so
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00039-00031527-00032352 far have been those on which i cannot visualize anything other than my current narrative unending
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00040-00032352-00033008 physical distancing donning a mask to go pick up groceries staring at the computer screen for yet
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00041-00033008-00033784 another meeting but in order to get through this marathon we now must begin to see beyond it
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00042-00033888-00034728 remembering what it was like to pretend when we were children calling deeply on the power of our
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00043-00034728-00035592 imagination at four i was an arabian wizard i could make myself invisible by drinking a glass
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00044-00035592-00036584 of milk a certain way at seven i was a soldier at nine a prince can you remember who you believed
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00045-00036584-00037472 yourself to be at those early ages i know at some point i was an archaeologist and another
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00046-00037472-00038088 an astronaut and at some point i was an ambassador at the united nations
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00047-00038248-00038744 who were you when you could pretend that anything was possible
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00048-00039032-00039480 if there ever was a time when we could use the power of imagination it's now
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00049-00039600-00040320 arundhati roy wrote an article entitled the pandemic is a portal and in it he said
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00050-00040416-00041104 whatever it is this virus has made the mighty kneel and brought the world to a halt
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00051-00041104-00041936 like nothing else could our minds are still racing back and forth longing for a return to normality
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00052-00041936-00042592 trying to stitch our future to our past and refusing to acknowledge the rupture
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00053-00042696-00043528 but the rupture exists and in the midst of this terrible despair it offers us a chance to re-think
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00054-00043528-00044312 this world we have built for ourselves nothing could be worse he says than a return to normality
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00055-00044376-00044936 historically pandemics have forced humans to break with the past and imagine their world anew
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00056-00044936-00045544 and this one is no different it is a portal a gateway between one world and the next
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00057-00045688-00046296 we can choose to walk through it dragging the carcasses of our prejudice and hatred our avarice
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00058-00046296-00047080 our poisoned rivers and our smoky skies behind us or we can walk through lightly with little luggage
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00059-00047080-00048184 ready to imagine another world and ready to fight for it here we are at the beginning of a new year
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00060-00048304-00049040 having made it through a year that brought so much into clearer focus both hatred and brutality and
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00061-00049040-00050024 also moments of great love and connection what is it that we can imagine for this year to come
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00062-00050168-00050840 who do we want to be what do we want our families our communities our world to look
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00063-00050840-00051616 like when we are on the other side of this can we break with the past and imagine our world anew
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00064-00051896-00052232 there was a recent interview with the author jason reynolds
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00065-00052304-00053200 and he talked about the use of imagination in his work he said i think that my role will always be
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00066-00053200-00053767 to figure out how to create fortitude in the minds and the bodies and the spirits of young people
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00067-00053888-00054504 i'm trying to fortify them it's the reason why i do so much around imagination because at the end
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00068-00054504-00055272 of the day ultimately we need young people to be able to activate their imaginations if they
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00069-00055272-00056096 cannot we are in trouble big time but how does one keep an imagination fresh in a world that works
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00070-00056096-00056760 double time to suck it away how does one keep an imagination firing off when we live in a nation
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00071-00056760-00057584 that is constantly vacuuming it from us he says i think the answer is one must live a curious life
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00072-00057664-00058279 one must have stacks and stacks and stacks of books on the inside of their bodies
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00073-00058391-00058991 and those books don't have to be the things you've read that's good too but those books could be the
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00074-00058991-00059655 conversations you've had with your friends that are unlike the conversations you were having
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00075-00059655-00060336 last week it could be about this time taking the long way home and seeing what's around you that
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00076-00060336-00061072 you've never seen because most of us stay in our little quadrants we stay in a five block radius
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00077-00061160-00061720 but what if you were to walk the other way what if you were to explore the places around you what
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00078-00061720-00062279 if you were to speak to your neighbor and figure out how to strike up a conversation with a person
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00079-00062279-00063184 you've never met what if you were to walk into a situation free of preconceived notion just once
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00080-00063288-00063624 once a day walk in and say i don't know what's going to happen
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00081-00063679-00064272 let's see i'm going to give that person the benefit of the doubt to be a human
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00082-00064504-00065160 reynolds tells us step out of your neighborhood talk to somebody different because we
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00083-00065160-00065752 underestimate what this does for the mind we underestimate what it does for the imagination
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00084-00065832-00066640 and as long as these imaginations are firing off as new stories are being written as new dreams are
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00085-00066640-00067696 being shared then we have hope for a different and better future and here's the critical piece
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00086-00067696-00068352 of this for me and it comes back to our story of henri matisse and the iridescence of birds
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00087-00068480-00069336 the artists the poets this is what they do they ask us to wake up to listen to our dreams
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00088-00069392-00070416 to imagine to pay attention to consider and to think if we are going to be brave enough to step
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00089-00070416-00071192 into our imaginations to think about building a new world together to create stacks of books
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00090-00071192-00071800 inside ourselves built on conversations with those we know and those we don't
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00091-00072000-00072632 i believe we need to begin to see one another with an artist's vision
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00092-00072752-00073552 with new eyes with a way of seeing that when we look at one another we see iridescence
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00093-00073640-00074680 we see beauty we see a story waiting to unfold in front of us we see brilliance we see possibility
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00094-00074864-00075984 what if we saw ourselves in this way and what would it be like if we believed everyone we met
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00095-00076104-00077168 had nothing under their skin but light and the greatest world we could imagine was actually
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00096-00077168-00077632 possible if we could all help one another shine
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00097-00077952-00078256 as we do this work together there are pitfalls
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00098-00078376-00078984 it is easy for us to get caught in the dominant cultural influences that tell us that our issue
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00099-00079048-00079832 our dream our vision is the correct one the most important one the one that all should heed and
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00100-00079832-00080720 follow we cling to what we know as right and good and we stop seeing one another as beings of light
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00101-00080816-00081384 and we begin to see one another as competitors for scarce resources
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00102-00081560-00082768 this serves no one's well-being if we are going to live into our dreams we need all of us we need
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00103-00082768-00083784 the visions the hope the dreams the tears the frustration the passion of every single one of us
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00104-00084040-00084344 in a time of deep division in our world
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00105-00084480-00085584 our imaginations must be grounded in a clearer vision an artist's vision that can see iridescence
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00106-00085736-00086448 and grounded in a deep compassion an active compassion that is seen as an intentional daily
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00107-00086448-00087576 practice cultivated courageously patiently deeply with one another this can be the life we share
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00108-00087760-00088496 allowing us to risk seeing ourselves and one another with that artist's vision
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00109-00088608-00089312 to be curious to fire our imaginations to share our dreams to bravely write new
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00110-00089312-00089824 stories of possibility and hope to give one another the benefit of the doubt
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00111-00089952-00091216 to believe in one another to believe in ourselves to be humans to be humans made of light together
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00112-00091552-00092024 so i'll leave you this morning in the beginning of this long awaited new year
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00113-00092112-00092896 with these words from the reverend teresa soto the world makes many demands on your time
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00114-00092992-00093744 your skin your heart until you are left gasping and wondering if you will
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00115-00093744-00094664 ever do enough have enough be enough stop your counting measuring and checking
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00116-00094864-00096216 you are enough so much more than enough made from fragments of the galaxy you do measure up
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00117-00096360-00096912 and to recover from the doubt pressed upon you the antidote for doubt
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00118-00096912-00097720 is dreaming all the dreams that call to you lime green and frosting pink dreams
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00119-00097720-00098576 the other soft and tender dreams that run blue to gray sky indistinguishable from lulling sea
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00120-00098776-00099520 the dreams that seem impossible listen that's their nature if they had already happened then
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00121-00099520-00100432 they would be reality solid and smooth like the round bone home of an unbroken egg be brave enough
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00122-00100432-00101416 to name your dream nurture it and allow the rhythm of your breath and the power of your imagination
VAV7hpVEKcQ-00123-00101504-00102384 to bring your dreams to life may we be brave enough to make it so
VBC-x3MjP48-00000-00000000-00000650 Hello, and welcome to this video for Physics 131 on the normal force. The goal
VBC-x3MjP48-00001-00000650-00001005 of this video is to introduce you to some of the basic properties of the
VBC-x3MjP48-00002-00001005-00001419 normal force above and beyond those that were discussed in the "Overview of Forces"
VBC-x3MjP48-00003-00001419-00002153 and "Categorization of Forces" videos. So, what is the normal force? The normal
VBC-x3MjP48-00004-00002153-00002543 force is the force that keeps objects from passing through each other. The
VBC-x3MjP48-00005-00002543-00002988 canonical example introduced in the "Overview of Forces" video is that of a
VBC-x3MjP48-00006-00002988-00003422 book sitting on a table. The force of gravity tries to pull the book down
VBC-x3MjP48-00007-00003422-00003918 through the table; clearly, the book does not go through the table, and so we are
VBC-x3MjP48-00008-00003918-00004332 forced to conclude that there must be some type of force from the table on the
VBC-x3MjP48-00009-00004332-00005225 book pushing upwards to balance this. We call this the normal force. In general a
VBC-x3MjP48-00010-00005225-00005814 normal force can be thought of as any time one object pushes on another. In the
VBC-x3MjP48-00011-00005814-00006228 example of the book on the table, the table is pushing on the book upward,
VBC-x3MjP48-00012-00006228-00006867 keeping it from falling through. Another example with an active agent is a person
VBC-x3MjP48-00013-00006867-00007413 pushing on a box. What actually is the force on the box? It's a normal force
VBC-x3MjP48-00014-00007413-00008052 from the hand on the box at the molecular level. The normal force arises
VBC-x3MjP48-00015-00008052-00008450 from the electrons in one surface repelling the electrons in the other
VBC-x3MjP48-00016-00008450-00008915 surface, but we overlook this microscopic level detail and just call the net
VBC-x3MjP48-00017-00008915-00009497 effect the normal force. It's worth taking a few minutes to talk about the
VBC-x3MjP48-00018-00009497-00010038 connections between the normal force and a scale. The question essentially is, what
VBC-x3MjP48-00019-00010038-00010575 do scales actually read? Well, you might think that the scale just reads the
VBC-x3MjP48-00020-00010575-00011093 amount of weight put on it. Here, I have a hundred gram mass, and when I put it on
VBC-x3MjP48-00021-00011093-00011778 the scale, this scale reads 100.1 grams/ However that's not all scales can
VBC-x3MjP48-00022-00011778-00012363 measure, because if I take my finger and press on the scale, we see that I can get
VBC-x3MjP48-00023-00012363-00013008 the number to go up. So, what does this scale actually measure? It measures the
VBC-x3MjP48-00024-00013008-00013358 amount of force being applied to the scale.
VBC-x3MjP48-00025-00013358-00013858 In essence, this scale reads the normal force.
VBC-x3MjP48-00026-00013887-00014590 in summary, scales measure the force with which you press on them. They measure the
VBC-x3MjP48-00027-00014590-00015181 force with which one object, my finger and this weight, push on another the platform
VBC-x3MjP48-00028-00015181-00015645 of the scale. Scales measure the normal force. This is an important fact to
VBC-x3MjP48-00029-00015645-00016012 remember as we will be using a variant of a scale known as a force plate in
VBC-x3MjP48-00030-00016012-00016662 class. So, let's summarize the characteristics of the normal force. The
VBC-x3MjP48-00031-00016662-00017085 normal force is a contact force. The two objects must be in contact for the
VBC-x3MjP48-00032-00017085-00017543 normal force to be present, as discussed in your "Categorization of Forces" video.
VBC-x3MjP48-00033-00017543-00018073 The normal force is also a constraint force. This is also discussed in your
VBC-x3MjP48-00034-00018073-00018510 "Categorization of Forces" video. This means that there's no formula for the
VBC-x3MjP48-00035-00018510-00018945 magnitude of the normal force. It takes on whatever value is needed to keep
VBC-x3MjP48-00036-00018945-00019372 Newton's second law true. It's also important to remember that the normal
VBC-x3MjP48-00037-00019372-00020026 force is always, well, normal\means perpendicular in mathematicese, and the
VBC-x3MjP48-00038-00020026-00020472 normal force is always perpendicular to the surface, as indicated by the right
VBC-x3MjP48-00039-00020472-00020916 angles in these pictures. Finally, it's important to remember that scales
VBC-x3MjP48-00040-00020916-00021453 measure the normal force. This concludes this video
VDbP9g66teA-00000-00000000-00000380 Hi, I'm Ashley. This is Lori, and we're doing another pie in the face video for the Wounded Warrior Project.
VDbP9g66teA-00001-00000383-00000893 Lori has a donation goal of...           $100. If you would like to see Lori get pied too, donate on that link below.
VDbP9g66teA-00002-00000893-00001293 And Lori really doesn't want to be pied, so you should totally donate on that link below.
VDbP9g66teA-00003-00001293-00001493 Lori: *Laughs*  Nooo.
VDbP9g66teA-00004-00001493-00001736 Ashley: Alright, I'll take that, you take this. And don't break my nose.
VDbP9g66teA-00005-00002036-00002336 *Laughs*
VDbP9g66teA-00006-00002336-00002702 Oh No, my board!
VDbP9g66teA-00007-00002702-00002769 You know what, it's fine. *Laughs*
VDbP9g66teA-00008-00002772-00003102 Remember to hit that link down below to get Lori pied too.
VQCiDhghDV0-00000-00000474-00001019 Hello, my name is Ms. Shaina and I’m a librarian here at the Long Beach Public Library.
VQCiDhghDV0-00001-00001019-00001458 Today I’m going to be reading you stories about dinosaurs.
VQCiDhghDV0-00002-00001458-00002259 And if you haven’t signed up for Summer Reading yet, make sure you go to longbeach.beanstack.org,
VQCiDhghDV0-00003-00002259-00002693 to sign up and start earning prizes for some of the reading that you’re already doing
VQCiDhghDV0-00004-00002693-00002793 this summer.
VQCiDhghDV0-00005-00002793-00003204 And if you’ve already signed up, don’t forget to get credit for joining us today
VQCiDhghDV0-00006-00003204-00003928 by entering the code “dinosaur” into your activities tab on your Beanstack account.
VQCiDhghDV0-00007-00003928-00004471 Today’s story is called, Saturday Night at the Dinosaur Stomp.
VQCiDhghDV0-00008-00004471-00005082 It’s written by Carol Diggory Shields, illustrated by Scott Nash, and I’m reading this to you
VQCiDhghDV0-00009-00005082-00005498 today with permission from Candlewick Press.
VQCiDhghDV0-00010-00005498-00005918 Thanks, guys.
VQCiDhghDV0-00011-00005918-00006171 Word went out ‘cross the prehistoric slime.
VQCiDhghDV0-00012-00006171-00006536 “Hey, dinosaurs, it’s rock ‘n’ roll time!
VQCiDhghDV0-00013-00006536-00007563 Slick back your scales and get ready to romp on Saturday night at the Dinosaur Stomp!
VQCiDhghDV0-00014-00007563-00008308 By the lava beds and the tar pit shore, on the mountaintop and the rain forest floor,
VQCiDhghDV0-00015-00008308-00008539 dinosaurs scrubbed their necks and nails.
VQCiDhghDV0-00016-00008539-00008977 They brushed their teeth and curled their tails.
VQCiDhghDV0-00017-00008977-00009190 Can you show me your dinosaur claws?
VQCiDhghDV0-00018-00009190-00009292 Rawr!
VQCiDhghDV0-00019-00009292-00009592 Those are some big teeth to clean.
VQCiDhghDV0-00020-00009592-00010017 I wonder how long it takes him?
VQCiDhghDV0-00021-00010017-00010310 Then – ready, set, go – they trampled and tromped.
VQCiDhghDV0-00022-00010310-00010659 Making dinosaur tracks for the Dinosaur Stomp.
VQCiDhghDV0-00023-00010659-00011135 Will you stomp with me?
VQCiDhghDV0-00024-00011135-00011499 Stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp.
VQCiDhghDV0-00025-00011499-00011824 Plesiosaurus paddled up with a splash.
VQCiDhghDV0-00026-00011824-00012065 A pterodactyl family flew in for the bash.
VQCiDhghDV0-00027-00012065-00012547 Can you fly like a pterodactyl?
VQCiDhghDV0-00028-00012547-00012881 Protoceratops brought along her eggs.
VQCiDhghDV0-00029-00012881-00013428 Diplodocus plodded on big fat legs.
VQCiDhghDV0-00030-00013428-00013836 A batch of bouncing babies followed Mama Maiasaur.
VQCiDhghDV0-00031-00013836-00014158 The last time she counted, she had twenty-four.
VQCiDhghDV0-00032-00014158-00014766 That’s a lot of dinosaurs to look after, huh?
VQCiDhghDV0-00033-00014766-00015094 The old ones gathered in a gossiping bunch.
VQCiDhghDV0-00034-00015094-00015599 Sitting and sipping their sweet Swampwater Punch.
VQCiDhghDV0-00035-00015599-00016141 Dinosaurs giggled and shuffled and stared, ready to party, but a little bit scared.
VQCiDhghDV0-00036-00016141-00016761 Have you ever felt a little bit scared or nervous about going to new place, or to a
VQCiDhghDV0-00037-00016761-00017070 party with a lot of people?
VQCiDhghDV0-00038-00017070-00017764 Turns out dinosaurs feel kind of nervous and scared too before big parties.
VQCiDhghDV0-00039-00017764-00018143 Then Iguanadon shouted, “One, two, three!”
VQCiDhghDV0-00040-00018143-00018461 Started up the band by waving a tree.
VQCiDhghDV0-00041-00018461-00019201 Brachio-, Super-, and Ultrasaurus Sang, “Doo-bop-a-loo-bop,” in a chorus.
VQCiDhghDV0-00042-00019201-00019624 Ankylosaurus drummed on his hard shelled back, Boomalacka boomalacka!
VQCiDhghDV0-00043-00019624-00019724 Whack!
VQCiDhghDV0-00044-00019724-00019824 Whack!
VQCiDhghDV0-00045-00019824-00019924 Whack!
VQCiDhghDV0-00046-00019924-00020024 Boomalacka boomalacka!
VQCiDhghDV0-00047-00020024-00020124 Whack!
VQCiDhghDV0-00048-00020124-00020224 Whack!
VQCiDhghDV0-00049-00020224-00020324 Whack!
VQCiDhghDV0-00050-00020324-00020772 Pentaceratops stood up to perform and blasted a tune on his favorite horn.
VQCiDhghDV0-00051-00020772-00021637 They played in rhythm, they sang in rhyme, dinosaur music in dinosaur time!
VQCiDhghDV0-00052-00021637-00022283 Duckbill thought he’d take a chance: Asked Allosaurus if she’d like to dance.
VQCiDhghDV0-00053-00022283-00022537 Tarchia winked at a stegasaur she liked.
VQCiDhghDV0-00054-00022537-00023101 They danced together, spike to spike.
VQCiDhghDV0-00055-00023101-00024145 The Triassic Twist and the Brontosaurus Bump, the Raptor Rap and the Jurassic Jump.
VQCiDhghDV0-00056-00024145-00024338 Can you jump?
VQCiDhghDV0-00057-00024338-00024891 Tyrannosaurus Rex led a conga line.
VQCiDhghDV0-00058-00024891-00025095 Carnosaurs capered close behind.
VQCiDhghDV0-00059-00025095-00025535 They rocked and rolled, they twirled and tromped.
VQCiDhghDV0-00060-00025535-00025966 There never was a party like the Dinosaur Stomp.
VQCiDhghDV0-00061-00025966-00026620 Let’s stomp again, stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp!
VQCiDhghDV0-00062-00026620-00026962 The nighttime sky began to glow.
VQCiDhghDV0-00063-00026962-00027270 Volcanoes put on a fireworks show.
VQCiDhghDV0-00064-00027270-00027808 The ground was rocking – do you feel that?
VQCiDhghDV0-00065-00027808-00028070 It started to shake.
VQCiDhghDV0-00066-00028070-00028645 Those dinosaurs danced up the first earthquake!
VQCiDhghDV0-00067-00028645-00029130 The party went on - it was so outrageous.
VQCiDhghDV0-00068-00029130-00029536 They stayed up well past the late Cretaceous.
VQCiDhghDV0-00069-00029536-00029924 Have you ever stayed up late at night one time?
VQCiDhghDV0-00070-00029924-00030294 Did you feel really tired?
VQCiDhghDV0-00071-00030294-00030627 When I’m at a party I usually don’t get very tired.
VQCiDhghDV0-00072-00030627-00031064 When the Cenozoic dawned they were tired and beat.
VQCiDhghDV0-00073-00031064-00031936 They yawned big yawns and put up their feet.
VQCiDhghDV0-00074-00031936-00032970 And they‘re still asleep, snoring deep in the swamp, but they’ll be back...next Dinosaur
VQCiDhghDV0-00075-00032970-00033083 Stomp!
VQCiDhghDV0-00076-00033083-00033311 The end.
VQCiDhghDV0-00077-00033311-00033688 Today we’re going to be doing a rhyme called, “Five Enormous Dinosaurs,” which you can
VQCiDhghDV0-00078-00033688-00033994 do along at home with me if you have dinosaur toys.
VQCiDhghDV0-00079-00033994-00034225 You can pick out your five favorite ones.
VQCiDhghDV0-00080-00034225-00034702 I picked out a – forgive me if I mispronounce this one – Parasaurolophus.
VQCiDhghDV0-00081-00034702-00035403 I’ve got a Tyrannosaurus Rex, my favorite.
VQCiDhghDV0-00082-00035403-00035687 A Brachiosaurus.
VQCiDhghDV0-00083-00035687-00035809 Which one’s this called?
VQCiDhghDV0-00084-00035809-00036276 You know this one...Stegosaurus.
VQCiDhghDV0-00085-00036276-00036424 And Triceratops.
VQCiDhghDV0-00086-00036424-00037023 Alright, if you don’t have five dinosaur toys at home, you can count with me using
VQCiDhghDV0-00087-00037023-00037281 just your hand.
VQCiDhghDV0-00088-00037281-00037947 Five enormous dinosaurs letting out a roar...ROAR!
VQCiDhghDV0-00089-00037947-00038566 One stomped away and then there were four.
VQCiDhghDV0-00090-00038566-00038709 Stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp.
VQCiDhghDV0-00091-00038709-00038969 ROAR!
VQCiDhghDV0-00092-00038969-00039468 Now we have one, two, three, four dinosaurs.
VQCiDhghDV0-00093-00039468-00040175 Four enormous dinosaurs knocking down a tree...CLUNK!
VQCiDhghDV0-00094-00040175-00040612 One stomped away and then there were three.
VQCiDhghDV0-00095-00040612-00040759 Stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp.
VQCiDhghDV0-00096-00040759-00040906 ROAR!
VQCiDhghDV0-00097-00040906-00041518 One, two, three dinosaurs, here we go.
VQCiDhghDV0-00098-00041518-00042211 Three enormous dinosaurs eating tiger stew...EWWW!!
VQCiDhghDV0-00099-00042211-00042753 One stomped away and then there were two.
VQCiDhghDV0-00100-00042753-00043077 Stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp.
VQCiDhghDV0-00101-00043077-00043402 ROAR!
VQCiDhghDV0-00102-00043402-00043697 Now we just have one, two.
VQCiDhghDV0-00103-00043697-00044218 Two enormous dinosaurs sitting in the sun.
VQCiDhghDV0-00104-00044218-00044922 One stomped away and then there was one!
VQCiDhghDV0-00105-00044922-00045119 Stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp.
VQCiDhghDV0-00106-00045119-00045399 ROAR!
VQCiDhghDV0-00107-00045399-00046156 One enormous dinosaur, left all alone.
VQCiDhghDV0-00108-00046156-00046608 She stomped away and then there were none.
VQCiDhghDV0-00109-00046608-00046722 Stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp-stomp.
VQCiDhghDV0-00110-00046722-00046822 ROAR!
VQCiDhghDV0-00111-00046822-00047453 This is an action song called, “Five Dinosaurs Riding in Cars.”
VQCiDhghDV0-00112-00047453-00047971 So let’s go ahead and get in our cars, close the door...CHOONK.
VQCiDhghDV0-00113-00047971-00048296 Put on our seat belt...SWISH-SWISH-SWISH-CLICK.
VQCiDhghDV0-00114-00048296-00048406 Check our mirrors...REE-EEE-REE-EEE.
VQCiDhghDV0-00115-00048406-00048997 Key in the ignition...CH-CH-CH-VROOOM!
VQCiDhghDV0-00116-00048997-00049503 And we’re ready to go.
VQCiDhghDV0-00117-00049503-00050024 There were five dinosaurs riding in cars, having a “wheely” good time.
VQCiDhghDV0-00118-00050024-00050418 They said, “Step on the gas and we’ll go really fast.”
VQCiDhghDV0-00119-00050418-00050872 And they did until one got a flat tire.
VQCiDhghDV0-00120-00050872-00051399 KUH-CHUNK- KUH -CHUNK- KUH -CHUNK- KUH -CHUNK.
VQCiDhghDV0-00121-00051399-00051903 PFSSSSSSSSSS that’s the tire deflating.
VQCiDhghDV0-00122-00051903-00052613 And he said, “Go on without me!”
VQCiDhghDV0-00123-00052613-00053155 So there were four dinosaurs riding in cars, having a “wheely” good time.
VQCiDhghDV0-00124-00053155-00053544 They said, “Step on the gas and we’ll go really fast.”
VQCiDhghDV0-00125-00053544-00053912 And they did until one got a flat tire.
VQCiDhghDV0-00126-00053912-00054379 KUH-CHUNK- KUH -CHUNK- KUH -CHUNK- KUH -CHUNK.
VQCiDhghDV0-00127-00054379-00055537 PFSSSSSSSSSS . And she said, “Go on without me!”
VQCiDhghDV0-00128-00055537-00056144 So there were three dinosaurs riding in cars, having a “wheely” good time.
VQCiDhghDV0-00129-00056144-00056500 They said, “Step on the gas and we’ll go really fast.”
VQCiDhghDV0-00130-00056500-00056882 And they did until one got a flat tire.
VQCiDhghDV0-00131-00056882-00057339 KUH-CHUNK- KUH -CHUNK- KUH -CHUNK- KUH -CHUNK.
VQCiDhghDV0-00132-00057339-00057485 PFSSSSSSSSSS.
VQCiDhghDV0-00133-00057485-00058510 And they said, “Go on without me!”
VQCiDhghDV0-00134-00058510-00059082 So there were two dinosaurs riding in cars, having a “wheely” good time.
VQCiDhghDV0-00135-00059082-00059519 They said, “Step on the gas and we’ll go really fast.”
VQCiDhghDV0-00136-00059519-00059963 And they did until one got a flat tire.
VQCiDhghDV0-00137-00059963-00060429 KUH-CHUNK- KUH -CHUNK- KUH -CHUNK- KUH -CHUNK.
VQCiDhghDV0-00138-00060429-00060594 PFSSSSSSSSSS.
VQCiDhghDV0-00139-00060594-00061539 And she said, “Go on without me!”
VQCiDhghDV0-00140-00061539-00062201 So there was one dinosaur riding in a car, having a “wheely” good time.
VQCiDhghDV0-00141-00062201-00062519 He said, “Step on the gas and we’ll go really fast.”
VQCiDhghDV0-00142-00062519-00062933 And he did until one got a flat tire.
VQCiDhghDV0-00143-00062933-00063804 KUH-CHUNK- KUH -CHUNK- KUH -CHUNK- KUH -CHUNK.
VQCiDhghDV0-00144-00063804-00064104 PPSSSSSSSSSS.
VQCiDhghDV0-00145-00064104-00064975 Then he said, “I know what I’ll do, I’ll change the tire!”
VQCiDhghDV0-00146-00064975-00065288 So, he jacked up the tire.
VQCiDhghDV0-00147-00065288-00065630 TSS TSSS TSSS.
VQCiDhghDV0-00148-00065630-00066525 And he took off the flat, HUH-UGH, and he put it down, OOF.
VQCiDhghDV0-00149-00066525-00066660 And he picked up the spare, WHOAH that’s a heavy tire.
VQCiDhghDV0-00150-00066660-00067123 And he put it on CHOONK and he tightened it up.
VQCiDhghDV0-00151-00067123-00067223 REE-REE-REE-REE.
VQCiDhghDV0-00152-00067223-00067730 And he was ready to go and he said, “I’ll pick up my friends!”
VQCiDhghDV0-00153-00067730-00067876 And then there were...
VQCiDhghDV0-00154-00067876-00068427 Five dinosaurs riding in cars, having a “wheely” good time.
VQCiDhghDV0-00155-00068427-00068745 They said, “Step on the gas and we’ll go really fast.”
VQCiDhghDV0-00156-00068745-00069288 And they did and down the road they went flyin’!
VQCiDhghDV0-00157-00069288-00069635 The end.
VQCiDhghDV0-00158-00069635-00069986 That concludes our storytime for today.
VQCiDhghDV0-00159-00069986-00070126 Thank you for joining us.
VQCiDhghDV0-00160-00070126-00070664 Don’t forget to sign up for summer reading at longbeach.beanstack.org.
VQCiDhghDV0-00161-00070664-00071072 And don’t forget to earn credit for watching today by entering dinosaur into your activities
VQCiDhghDV0-00162-00071072-00071172 tab.
VQCiDhghDV0-00163-00071172-00071274 Thanks, bye!
VQbinmi9cjY-00000-00000003-00001607 simple step-by-step clickbank success manual in this video I'm going to tell
VQbinmi9cjY-00001-00001607-00002102 you all about Clickbank the largest affiliate marketplace in the world I've
VQbinmi9cjY-00002-00002102-00002409 been selling on there for years I've sold my own products I've sold other
VQbinmi9cjY-00003-00002409-00002909 people's products it's awesome in this video I'm going to show you how to make
VQbinmi9cjY-00004-00002909-00003461 money on Clickbank with zero investment you're gonna love this I'm also going to
VQbinmi9cjY-00005-00003461-00003954 show you the top three ways that you can promote an offer or on Clickbank without
VQbinmi9cjY-00006-00003954-00004377 spending any money on ads hey I'm J.R. Fisher I've been selling online since
VQbinmi9cjY-00007-00004377-00004907 2009 I've sold millions of dollars of both physical and digital products and
VQbinmi9cjY-00008-00004907-00005312 I've been selling on Clickbank for years as a matter of fact I'm a Clickbank
VQbinmi9cjY-00009-00005312-00005925 Platinum Member now on my channel I'll show you how to start run and grow your
VQbinmi9cjY-00010-00005925-00006404 online business now don't forget to Like and subscribe to my channel right now
VQbinmi9cjY-00011-00006404-00006843 before you forget at the end of this video I'm even going to give you a free
VQbinmi9cjY-00012-00006843-00007140 e-commerce course just for sticking to the end
VQbinmi9cjY-00013-00007140-00007611 have you tried affiliate market and we're successful or worse yet you failed
VQbinmi9cjY-00014-00007611-00008106 put your comments below let me know what your experience has been I'd love to see
VQbinmi9cjY-00015-00008106-00008597 them so in this video I'm going to show you how to use the number one affiliate
VQbinmi9cjY-00016-00008597-00009021 market place in the world and more importantly be successful at it don't
VQbinmi9cjY-00017-00009021-00009425 forget at the very end I'm gonna give you free access to my e-commerce course
VQbinmi9cjY-00018-00009425-00009890 which teaches you the things we do to earn millions of dollars a year online
VQbinmi9cjY-00019-00009890-00010397 now let's jump right to it and let's get into Clickbank okay so here we are at
VQbinmi9cjY-00020-00010397-00010832 Clickbank and I want to show you around a little bit first but the very first
VQbinmi9cjY-00021-00010832-00011297 thing you want to do is go up here to where it says create account and click
VQbinmi9cjY-00022-00011297-00011631 on that button and you're gonna want to fill this form out here it only takes
VQbinmi9cjY-00023-00011631-00011975 you a minute or two you're gonna put your personal information in here and
VQbinmi9cjY-00024-00011975-00012422 then you're gonna put your banking obviously Clickbank is gonna pay you so
VQbinmi9cjY-00025-00012422-00012671 you have to have a bank in there so they know where to pay you
VQbinmi9cjY-00026-00012671-00012968 okay and then you're gonna have your account information in here as soon as
VQbinmi9cjY-00027-00012968-00013385 you do that I mean instantly you can just go out and promote it now there's a
VQbinmi9cjY-00028-00013385-00013718 couple countries that are blocked I know Nigeria and I think one or two
VQbinmi9cjY-00029-00013718-00014093 other countries but unless you're in one of those countries you'd know it so it's
VQbinmi9cjY-00030-00014093-00014399 not a big deal once you do that you want to come back to the main screen you want
VQbinmi9cjY-00031-00014399-00014681 to go ahead and login once you logged in you want to go to the marketplace which
VQbinmi9cjY-00032-00014681-00015140 is right up here you'll also see the marketplace on the home page and this is
VQbinmi9cjY-00033-00015140-00015605 gonna look a little bit confusing to you in the beginning but stick with me okay
VQbinmi9cjY-00034-00015605-00016063 because it's really simple and once you get working through this you're gonna
VQbinmi9cjY-00035-00016063-00016366 love it and it's gonna make you a lot of money so you want to make sure you do
VQbinmi9cjY-00036-00016366-00016720 that now here's the cool thing this process that I'm going to show you right
VQbinmi9cjY-00037-00016720-00017225 now there is no investment okay it doesn't cost you anything to get started
VQbinmi9cjY-00038-00017225-00017645 and all the ways we're gonna go out and promote also don't cost us any money so
VQbinmi9cjY-00039-00017645-00018170 that's super cool now if you notice off to the left here you have all these
VQbinmi9cjY-00040-00018170-00018770 different categories arts and entertainment as seen on TV the ones I
VQbinmi9cjY-00041-00018770-00019298 like are business and investing okay and the ones particularly a lot I like in
VQbinmi9cjY-00042-00019298-00019817 here are small business entrepreneurship that's a really good one there general
VQbinmi9cjY-00043-00019817-00020285 cannot be bad too but you know those are good categories so then what we're gonna
VQbinmi9cjY-00044-00020285-00020666 do let's go ahead and pick one of these categories first off we'll go with this
VQbinmi9cjY-00045-00020666-00021110 one right here and I'm just gonna kind of show you how to work your way around
VQbinmi9cjY-00046-00021110-00021554 in here alright so let's check this out first
VQbinmi9cjY-00047-00021554-00021917 off okay they've got all these different courses what course do you promote I
VQbinmi9cjY-00048-00021917-00022270 mean what do you do I mean you know there's so much in here it's kind of
VQbinmi9cjY-00049-00022270-00022604 difficult to really figure out what's going on but I'm gonna explain it all to
VQbinmi9cjY-00050-00022604-00022985 you and you're gonna understand this it's not gonna be a problem now you have
VQbinmi9cjY-00051-00022985-00023345 a couple choices up here on how you're gonna sort popularity average sale
VQbinmi9cjY-00052-00023345-00023828 initial sale average percentage total rebuild and when it says rebuild what
VQbinmi9cjY-00053-00023828-00024191 that means is somebody's gonna pay a fee to one of these companies and then
VQbinmi9cjY-00054-00024191-00024561 they're gonna build them again and again every month and which is good for
VQbinmi9cjY-00055-00024561-00024858 you because every time they bill them as long as they have it set up that way
VQbinmi9cjY-00056-00024858-00025203 you're gonna get a percentage of what these people are paying which is cool as
VQbinmi9cjY-00057-00025203-00025764 act now it you would think you know popularity would be the best but that's
VQbinmi9cjY-00058-00025764-00026252 not necessarily the case what we want is something with a high gravity what
VQbinmi9cjY-00059-00026252-00026789 gravity is is the total number of affiliates that sell that product per
VQbinmi9cjY-00060-00026789-00027282 month okay so let's take a look at one of them here this has a gravity of 30
VQbinmi9cjY-00061-00027282-00027798 point 4 so that means 30 affiliates a month are selling this product now that
VQbinmi9cjY-00062-00027798-00028338 doesn't mean there's 30 product sold so one affiliate could be responsible for a
VQbinmi9cjY-00063-00028338-00028766 hundred or five hundred or thousand sales so the higher this gravity number
VQbinmi9cjY-00064-00028766-00029154 the better off you are so that being said let's go up here and we will sort
VQbinmi9cjY-00065-00029154-00029616 it by gravity which I don't know why they have there's a last choice on there
VQbinmi9cjY-00066-00029616-00030120 it should be the first choice so this one here let's look at this one gravity
VQbinmi9cjY-00067-00030120-00030614 that happens to be popularity to it gravity's 30.7 force that's pretty good
VQbinmi9cjY-00068-00030614-00031058 life coach here gravity is 11 and you can just go through all these and look
VQbinmi9cjY-00069-00031058-00031479 at them and we can pick you know different things on the side here to do
VQbinmi9cjY-00070-00031479-00031727 sorting and get real picky about it I'm not going to worry about any of that
VQbinmi9cjY-00071-00031727-00032222 right now but let's this look through here you know some of the best things to
VQbinmi9cjY-00072-00032222-00032702 offer are always going to be financial stuff those are always always always
VQbinmi9cjY-00073-00032702-00033243 good and down here computers and internet this has become a really good
VQbinmi9cjY-00074-00033243-00033941 area now to networking operating system software's another really good areas
VQbinmi9cjY-00075-00033941-00034466 ebusiness and emarketing okay so this is a really cool area to be in here social
VQbinmi9cjY-00076-00034466-00035016 media marketing SEM and SEO there's just a lot of really cool stuff in here so
VQbinmi9cjY-00077-00035016-00035535 let's just pick one of these I'm gonna go with SEM and SEO SEM is search engine
VQbinmi9cjY-00078-00035535-00036053 marketing and search engine optimization now if you look at some of these I mean
VQbinmi9cjY-00079-00036053-00036726 look at this one here at average sales 947 dollars which is crazy right now
VQbinmi9cjY-00080-00036726-00037172 they'll give you 25% of that sales so if you get a few of those sales you're too
VQbinmi9cjY-00081-00037172-00037643 good now if you don't want to pick a category here's kind of a cool trick
VQbinmi9cjY-00082-00037643-00038291 that you can do you can go up here to find products and you can type in one of
VQbinmi9cjY-00083-00038291-00038730 these things or you can just put in nothing and if you put it nothing and
VQbinmi9cjY-00084-00038730-00039062 hit enter these are the ones with the highest gravity so if you look at this
VQbinmi9cjY-00085-00039062-00039908 one here the Cinderella solution look at this gravity's 426 that means there's
VQbinmi9cjY-00086-00039908-00040463 426 affiliates every single month that is selling this that is insane because
VQbinmi9cjY-00087-00040463-00040911 each one can be selling a hundred or a thousand or ten thousand of these and we
VQbinmi9cjY-00088-00040911-00041402 look down here now your first I guess inclination is gonna be to say well I
VQbinmi9cjY-00089-00041402-00041699 want to get the ones that has the highest gravity and the highest amount
VQbinmi9cjY-00090-00041699-00042050 of money and all that the problem is everybody goes after that so you may
VQbinmi9cjY-00091-00042050-00042327 want to drop down a little bit I know the people that run this numerologist
VQbinmi9cjY-00092-00042327-00042705 the one it's been around for years I'm thinking like 20 years it still has a
VQbinmi9cjY-00093-00042705-00043241 gravity of 223 so that's pretty cool keto resources he does a big thing
VQbinmi9cjY-00094-00043241-00043677 nowadays so once you've found one that you think is gonna be good you want to
VQbinmi9cjY-00095-00043677-00044216 kind of check into it and see what they have available to you so what we do here
VQbinmi9cjY-00096-00044216-00044684 is you you have the actual sales page so let's look at that real quick this is
VQbinmi9cjY-00097-00044684-00044952 the sales page for keto resource what's the difference between success and
VQbinmi9cjY-00098-00044952-00045399 failure or the keto diet this looks very scientific this the second woman was
VQbinmi9cjY-00099-00045399-00045768 also strict at first so what makes a difference and this is kind of their
VQbinmi9cjY-00100-00045768-00046109 sales page right here and then they go through all the different things they
VQbinmi9cjY-00101-00046109-00046469 have available so this is actually the page that you would be sending somebody
VQbinmi9cjY-00102-00046469-00046919 to if they bought it and you can see here it's it's on sale for thirty seven
VQbinmi9cjY-00103-00046919-00047270 dollars it's discounted price which will be helpful to you later on when you're
VQbinmi9cjY-00104-00047270-00047618 marketing this because you can say hey I can give you a discounted price now if
VQbinmi9cjY-00105-00047618-00048180 we go back to it right here they're most any good offering on Clickbank is gonna
VQbinmi9cjY-00106-00048180-00048593 have what they call an affiliate page so these are your resources for selling
VQbinmi9cjY-00107-00048593-00049068 this so we can click right here and it tells you right here that you get
VQbinmi9cjY-00108-00049068-00049530 seventy five percent commissions which is pretty darn good okay and then if we
VQbinmi9cjY-00109-00049530-00049853 scroll through here it's got all your terms and conditions and facts and all
VQbinmi9cjY-00110-00049853-00050352 that new VSL let's take look at that one and see what that is a
VQbinmi9cjY-00111-00050352-00050883 vesl is a video sales letter so when it says VSL what they're basically saying
VQbinmi9cjY-00112-00050883-00051153 is when the people land on this page there's going to be a video that will
VQbinmi9cjY-00113-00051153-00051987 sell it to them and we can click on it and play it is raising the minimum wage
VQbinmi9cjY-00114-00051987-00052635 it's $15 an hour so they've taken a little news clip and put it in here and
VQbinmi9cjY-00115-00052635-00053238 then I'm sure they're gonna get into the program changing five years of what so
VQbinmi9cjY-00116-00053238-00053577 yeah that's what they've got they've got this little video sales letter now what
VQbinmi9cjY-00117-00053577-00053994 they also are gonna have is gonna have this affiliate page right here so let's
VQbinmi9cjY-00118-00053994-00054435 check that out and on the affiliate page that even have a vesl for you but here's
VQbinmi9cjY-00119-00054435-00054917 the cool thing I want to show you they have YouTube video ads they have free
VQbinmi9cjY-00120-00054917-00055389 lead magnets they have keywords and banners JV email swipes so you don't
VQbinmi9cjY-00121-00055389-00055749 have to come up with all of this that's the cool thing about it you don't have
VQbinmi9cjY-00122-00055749-00056073 to do that they're also telling you you can earn up to a hundred ninety seven
VQbinmi9cjY-00123-00056073-00056490 dollars per sale and they go through all their facts and you get your email
VQbinmi9cjY-00124-00056490-00056958 swipes and all this good stuff here so to participate in one of these things
VQbinmi9cjY-00125-00056958-00057525 all you got to do is generate your affiliate link and then what happens
VQbinmi9cjY-00126-00057525-00058116 when you when you actually generate an affiliate link what happens is that you
VQbinmi9cjY-00127-00058116-00058529 actually have a link that looks something like this here alright and
VQbinmi9cjY-00128-00058529-00058979 this link here will give you credit every time you put that link somewhere
VQbinmi9cjY-00129-00058979-00059421 and somebody clicks on it and buys it's gonna give you credit so that's pretty
VQbinmi9cjY-00130-00059421-00059883 cool so that's this is the email swipes right here is the the banners it's
VQbinmi9cjY-00131-00059883-00060270 showing you where the banners are right there they also tell you the keywords if
VQbinmi9cjY-00132-00060270-00060635 you're trying to put keywords in for anything you're doing they give you that
VQbinmi9cjY-00133-00060635-00061154 so you could use one of these video ads right here and you could make money off
VQbinmi9cjY-00134-00061154-00061557 that so they've got this all set up for you so it's really super cool how you
VQbinmi9cjY-00135-00061557-00062013 could do this now the top areas that you want to stick around I would say our
VQbinmi9cjY-00136-00062013-00062654 business health and fitness are very very good crypto and stock trading is
VQbinmi9cjY-00137-00062654-00062985 good software like maybe you were in affiliate for clickfunnels that's not on
VQbinmi9cjY-00138-00062985-00063474 here but there's so many things you can do out there
VQbinmi9cjY-00139-00063474-00063839 and market these things and make money and that's what we want to do we've gone
VQbinmi9cjY-00140-00063839-00064308 through what Clickbank is and I've explained these affiliate links to you
VQbinmi9cjY-00141-00064308-00064704 and the next thing I want to talk about is traffic okay
VQbinmi9cjY-00142-00064704-00065298 because yeah it's good to have a product and it is good to be able to market the
VQbinmi9cjY-00143-00065298-00065627 product but where are you gonna get customers from okay that's that's the
VQbinmi9cjY-00144-00065627-00065979 tough thing we already get your customers from so what we're going to do
VQbinmi9cjY-00145-00065979-00066225 is I'm gonna look at a few things here the first thing I'm gonna do is I'm
VQbinmi9cjY-00146-00066225-00067107 gonna look at Pinterest okay okay so I'm now at Pinterest and if I were to pick
VQbinmi9cjY-00147-00067107-00067725 you know if I were to search let's say here weight loss that's a huge area it
VQbinmi9cjY-00148-00067725-00068027 always will be okay and I look at this you're gonna
VQbinmi9cjY-00149-00068027-00068576 find that people are posting a lot of stuff in here that are affiliate links
VQbinmi9cjY-00150-00068576-00069311 so let's just pick one of these lose 50 pounds quickly so when you click on that
VQbinmi9cjY-00151-00069311-00069714 you see the picture of this woman here and there's a link right here now you
VQbinmi9cjY-00152-00069714-00070311 can do the same thing by using an affiliate link from Clickbank and you're
VQbinmi9cjY-00153-00070311-00070722 about to find out how to lose 50 pounds and if you go through here it's gonna
VQbinmi9cjY-00154-00070722-00071349 give you a bunch of information like my own flat belly plan now I bet you if I
VQbinmi9cjY-00155-00071349-00071802 click on this this is gonna go to some type of offer it certainly does and I
VQbinmi9cjY-00156-00071802-00072089 would be interested to know if this is a Clickbank offer all you gonna do is
VQbinmi9cjY-00157-00072089-00072341 scroll to the bottom
VQbinmi9cjY-00158-00072396-00072752 it's owned by this one person here but that's okay
VQbinmi9cjY-00159-00072752-00073062 doesn't matter you can do your affiliate offer and this is exactly what this is
VQbinmi9cjY-00160-00073062-00073422 this is exactly what they're doing so you can go to Pinterest and you can put
VQbinmi9cjY-00161-00073422-00073827 these same links in yourself right let's go back and look at some of the other
VQbinmi9cjY-00162-00073827-00074282 weight-loss ones that are in here boy there's a bunch of them isn't there oh
VQbinmi9cjY-00163-00074282-00075008 my goodness let's look at this one here this is foodie whale they call it and if
VQbinmi9cjY-00164-00075008-00075573 you want to go here and check it out this is what they got and what they've
VQbinmi9cjY-00165-00075573-00075951 done here is kind of it looks like a blog type thing ten reasons why you're
VQbinmi9cjY-00166-00075951-00076367 not losing weight and if you scroll through here they wrote this big long
VQbinmi9cjY-00167-00076367-00076986 blog which you can write a blog on your site right easy to do and as you scroll
VQbinmi9cjY-00168-00076986-00077477 through here it gives you all these helpful things and I would bet at the
VQbinmi9cjY-00169-00077477-00078380 end somewhere there's gonna be a link let's just check this out okay
VQbinmi9cjY-00170-00078383-00079087 and they've got they've got a lot of different posters and banners in here
VQbinmi9cjY-00171-00080149-00080652 so at the end they offer this free guide and what was put in any email out of
VQbinmi9cjY-00172-00080652-00080886 here
VQbinmi9cjY-00173-00082102-00082612 so I've just gotten on their list and what's happened now is they sent me to
VQbinmi9cjY-00174-00082612-00083269 an offer to lose weight what do you know and if you scroll through here I can buy
VQbinmi9cjY-00175-00083269-00083595 this for forty seven dollars so this is exactly what I'm talking about
VQbinmi9cjY-00176-00083595-00083952 what they've done is they put something on Pinterest when you go to it they've
VQbinmi9cjY-00177-00083952-00084325 got a little article which you know you can put a cut article on your website or
VQbinmi9cjY-00178-00084325-00084700 you can you know just make a website real quick through WordPress comm and
VQbinmi9cjY-00179-00084700-00085180 then wordpress.com is free wordpress.org you're gonna have to get hosting and all
VQbinmi9cjY-00180-00085180-00085602 that if you don't really own anything on the WordPress com but you can do that so
VQbinmi9cjY-00181-00085602-00086143 it's you get all these different things here for 47 bucks and I'm curious this
VQbinmi9cjY-00182-00086143-00086524 is click on one of these buttons here then we click here yes I want this and
VQbinmi9cjY-00183-00086524-00086902 there's your check out right there so all of this will be built in Clickbank
VQbinmi9cjY-00184-00086902-00087514 all you have to do is make an affiliate link post it on Pinterest and then send
VQbinmi9cjY-00185-00087514-00087870 them to a page with a little article so they can click and get more information
VQbinmi9cjY-00186-00087870-00088152 and then they're gonna end up going to a sales page which is really your
VQbinmi9cjY-00187-00088152-00088377 affiliate link so you don't have to worry about build a sales page or
VQbinmi9cjY-00188-00088377-00088870 anything like that another great site to go to is quorum now what is for Quora is
VQbinmi9cjY-00189-00088870-00089473 a question kind of like blog thing but it's on everything you can imagine so if
VQbinmi9cjY-00190-00089473-00089899 I were to go to the top here and type in weight loss it's gonna pull up all kinds
VQbinmi9cjY-00191-00089899-00090244 of questions about weight loss now look at this one here it's got seven hundred
VQbinmi9cjY-00192-00090244-00090807 and fifty five people on this one right here and what's the best weight loss
VQbinmi9cjY-00193-00090807-00091504 diet okay so if I click in here what you do is you can go in here and answer some
VQbinmi9cjY-00194-00091504-00091900 of these people's questions you can say hey you know hey I had trouble losing
VQbinmi9cjY-00195-00091900-00092242 weight and I wanted to lose some weight and I never really could do it until I
VQbinmi9cjY-00196-00092242-00092508 found this one thing and it really helped me out log you may want to check
VQbinmi9cjY-00197-00092508-00093241 it out and then you put your affiliate link and if you look through here you're
VQbinmi9cjY-00198-00093241-00093616 gonna see a lot of it he's like this guy here's got a picture of himself sure
VQbinmi9cjY-00199-00093616-00094057 enough here it is he's saying that this is the place to do it now what he's done
VQbinmi9cjY-00200-00094057-00094543 is he's put an Amazon link in here okay so he talked all about how healthy he
VQbinmi9cjY-00201-00094543-00095041 got and he put it so this guy here is talking about how he
VQbinmi9cjY-00202-00095041-00095614 teaches people to lose weight and you know he's given these recipes and all
VQbinmi9cjY-00203-00095614-00095881 this which I'm obviously he's copied and pasted those he's not writing this every
VQbinmi9cjY-00204-00095881-00096217 time but he does have a link here so let's check out the link and here he is
VQbinmi9cjY-00205-00096217-00096541 he's got his page but he's selling all kinds of stuff okay so there's a little
VQbinmi9cjY-00206-00096541-00097155 bit confusing but the bottom line is you can use any one of these links for a
VQbinmi9cjY-00207-00097155-00097693 affiliate product on Clickbank and just post on Pinterest simple and easy now
VQbinmi9cjY-00208-00097693-00098281 let's go to another place let's go to YouTube which would be your third place
VQbinmi9cjY-00209-00098281-00098722 we've talked about blogs and articles we've talked about Pinterest and we've
VQbinmi9cjY-00210-00098722-00099370 talked about Cora let's go to YouTube now until we got there so YouTube
VQbinmi9cjY-00211-00099370-00099952 there's an interesting one here 264 thousand views and what I'm gonna do is
VQbinmi9cjY-00212-00099952-00100561 I'm gonna go down in here and if you notice he talks about losing all this
VQbinmi9cjY-00213-00100561-00100837 weight or she talks about losing all this weight and then she's got a link
VQbinmi9cjY-00214-00100837-00101155 right here so let's click this link and this is where you would put your
VQbinmi9cjY-00215-00101155-00101494 Clickbank link so you would do a little video right here or whatever you want to
VQbinmi9cjY-00216-00101494-00101977 talk about weight loss if that's your thing and this link here let's see if
VQbinmi9cjY-00217-00101977-00102466 they're trying to sell anything they sure are he's trying to sell home
VQbinmi9cjY-00218-00102466-00102970 chef so you can also use YouTube so it gives you Pinterest it gives you core it
VQbinmi9cjY-00219-00102970-00103335 gives you YouTube you can also put these in vlogs you can also put these in
VQbinmi9cjY-00220-00103335-00103768 articles and you don't want to spam you know that's one thing that a lot of
VQbinmi9cjY-00221-00103768-00104257 people get into when they first start doing affiliate marketing is they tend
VQbinmi9cjY-00222-00104257-00104554 to spam you know they want to just post the link everywhere and say go buy my
VQbinmi9cjY-00223-00104554-00105025 stuff and it doesn't work so don't do it it doesn't work okay so I found this one
VQbinmi9cjY-00224-00105025-00105547 blog right here and it's about a salad let's go down to the bottom and check it
VQbinmi9cjY-00225-00105547-00105926 out see what we got going on Super's in comics yes there's 12 comics
VQbinmi9cjY-00226-00105926-00106403 now this is brand-new so since this is brand new you know there's not gonna be
VQbinmi9cjY-00227-00106403-00106628 that many comments yet and that's when you want to get in there that's why you
VQbinmi9cjY-00228-00106628-00106940 want to sort it at Google maybe in the past set of days and as you can see
VQbinmi9cjY-00229-00106940-00107423 there's already some comments in here and if you notice it looks like some
VQbinmi9cjY-00230-00107423-00107693 other people are doing the same thing great recipe I never managed to lose
VQbinmi9cjY-00231-00107693-00108136 weight easily until I found this plan now I promise you this person has put a
VQbinmi9cjY-00232-00108136-00108422 link for some affiliate product let's check it out
VQbinmi9cjY-00233-00108422-00108944 there it is so what they've done is they put a link to a product and it's a vesl
VQbinmi9cjY-00234-00108944-00109619 and let's see here eat sleep burn okay so let's just get out of this for a
VQbinmi9cjY-00235-00109619-00109970 second let's see who else is doing this now this tells you it works right here
VQbinmi9cjY-00236-00109970-00110258 but they wouldn't beat winging it this sound is amazing thank you for
VQbinmi9cjY-00237-00110258-00110672 sharing this article so when you write this you cannot write it in a spammy way
VQbinmi9cjY-00238-00110672-00111085 like check out this diet it works you have to actually write something in here
VQbinmi9cjY-00239-00111085-00111476 that makes sense um it takes five minutes okay but I mean you're gonna
VQbinmi9cjY-00240-00111476-00111866 spend hours putting spammy stuff and getting zero results so spend five
VQbinmi9cjY-00241-00111866-00112442 minutes and write something decent there's also there's also I want to
VQbinmi9cjY-00242-00112442-00112751 share our faces it's not it's not written correctly how I lose weight
VQbinmi9cjY-00243-00112751-00113195 effectively I hope it helps others to stroke to struggle to lose weight I
VQbinmi9cjY-00244-00113195-00113542 think they mean who struggles to lose weight this is written very poorly
VQbinmi9cjY-00245-00113542-00114014 melissa's click on the link and see what they're doing what do you know it's a
VQbinmi9cjY-00246-00114014-00114482 vesl and they're selling something else and by the way I just noticed at the
VQbinmi9cjY-00247-00114482-00114947 bottom of this this is a Clickbank one right here so other people are doing
VQbinmi9cjY-00248-00114947-00115433 this this works okay so you can go to cord you can go to Pinterest you can go
VQbinmi9cjY-00249-00115433-00115877 to youtube you can do these blogs there's a lot of different ways where
VQbinmi9cjY-00250-00115877-00116276 you can actually post these links and make money so it's not that hard to do
VQbinmi9cjY-00251-00116276-00116696 cost you zero to do it just gonna take you some time take away two TV shows
VQbinmi9cjY-00252-00116696-00117053 right take away two hours of your evening and do this every night and I
VQbinmi9cjY-00253-00117053-00117413 think you're gonna be pretty happy with the results so there you have it you've
VQbinmi9cjY-00254-00117413-00117833 got a guide now to where you can make money online with clickbank without
VQbinmi9cjY-00255-00117833-00118234 investing any of your money now don't forget to Like and subscribe to my
VQbinmi9cjY-00256-00118234-00118616 channel so important click that little bell there if you click the Bell
VQbinmi9cjY-00257-00118616-00119144 you'll actually get notifications each and every time I do a new video like I
VQbinmi9cjY-00258-00119144-00119618 promised you in the description right below there there's a link to my free
VQbinmi9cjY-00259-00119618-00120077 eCourse course you can grab that course and get started today thanks for
VQbinmi9cjY-00260-00120077-00120292 watching the video and I'll talk to you soon
VQbinmi9cjY-00261-00120292-00120811 hey thanks for watching my video don't forget to subscribe to my channel and
VQbinmi9cjY-00262-00120811-00121274 click that little bell right there so you can be notified every time I do a
VQbinmi9cjY-00263-00121274-00121939 new video also click on one of those videos there keep watching on my channel
VRnTNJeFRok-00000-00000211-00000484 39.
VRnTNJeFRok-00001-00000484-00001007 The Attitude of a Linguist.
VRnTNJeFRok-00002-00001007-00001504 Communicate at Your Level How do you communicate when you are learning
VRnTNJeFRok-00003-00001504-00001689 a new language?
VRnTNJeFRok-00004-00001689-00002178 Speaking and writing, as well as listening and reading, are all forms of communication
VRnTNJeFRok-00005-00002178-00002357 in the new language.
VRnTNJeFRok-00006-00002357-00002841 The key is to communicate in a way that suits your interests and skill level.
VRnTNJeFRok-00007-00002841-00003042 When speaking, stay within your limits.
VRnTNJeFRok-00008-00003042-00003447 Do not use slang, idioms or complicated words.
VRnTNJeFRok-00009-00003447-00003796 Try to limit the conversation to subjects you can handle.
VRnTNJeFRok-00010-00003796-00004282 Every time you communicate in a new language, even a little, pat yourself on the back and
VRnTNJeFRok-00011-00004282-00004404 enjoy it.
VRnTNJeFRok-00012-00004404-00004657 This will build up your confidence.
VRnTNJeFRok-00013-00004657-00005253 Even at the earliest stages of learning a language your objective has to be to communicate,
VRnTNJeFRok-00014-00005253-00005592 not to learn the language as an academic subject.
VRnTNJeFRok-00015-00005592-00006034 It does not matter how much you struggle nor how many mistakes you make, you will progress
VRnTNJeFRok-00016-00006034-00006464 faster by communicating than trying to master theory.
VRnTNJeFRok-00017-00006464-00006797 My wife Carmen is a good example of this principle.
VRnTNJeFRok-00018-00006797-00007297 When we lived in Tokyo she had little time to study Japanese but she communicated very
VRnTNJeFRok-00019-00007297-00007734 comfortably with all the shopkeepers in our neighbourhood by learning the names of the
VRnTNJeFRok-00020-00007734-00008128 vegetables and fish that she wanted to buy.
VRnTNJeFRok-00021-00008128-00008542 Years later, we entertained our friends and customers from France, the Guillemettes, by
VRnTNJeFRok-00022-00008542-00008835 spending a week driving them around British Columbia.
VRnTNJeFRok-00023-00008835-00009493 Bernard Guillemette and I sat in the front and Carmen and Bernard's wife, Monique who
VRnTNJeFRok-00024-00009493-00009807 spoke only French, sat in the back.
VRnTNJeFRok-00025-00009807-00010325 Carmen's grammar was atrocious but for one week she and Monique had a lively and enjoyable
VRnTNJeFRok-00026-00010325-00010596 conversation in French in the back seat.
VRnTNJeFRok-00027-00010596-00011140 I am sure that Carmen would be put in a beginner's class for grammar but she communicates better
VRnTNJeFRok-00028-00011140-00011709 in French than most English-Canadians who have studied French at school for years.
VRnTNJeFRok-00029-00011709-00012142 If she needs to improve her grammar she can do so, but at least she now has a sense for
VRnTNJeFRok-00030-00012142-00012673 the language and some degree of confidence in communicating.
VRnTNJeFRok-00031-00012673-00013166 Carmen does not need to achieve fluency in French since she has only the occasional need
VRnTNJeFRok-00032-00013166-00013331 to speak it.
VRnTNJeFRok-00033-00013331-00014016 To use a language effectively in working situations requires real fluency, but for social purposes
VRnTNJeFRok-00034-00014016-00014341 the ability to communicate is sufficient.
VRnTNJeFRok-00035-00014341-00014831 Carmen has enough experience and confidence in casual communication that she could certainly
VRnTNJeFRok-00036-00014831-00015415 achieve greater accuracy if she chose to pursue that as a goal.
VRnTNJeFRok-00037-00015415-00015880 It is the same when you listen and read: focus on subjects that are of interest or relevant
VRnTNJeFRok-00038-00015880-00015993 to you.
VRnTNJeFRok-00039-00015993-00016470 Your studies will be much more enjoyable and effective if you read or listen to aspects
VRnTNJeFRok-00040-00016470-00017041 of the new culture that attract you or subjects that you need to learn about.
VRnTNJeFRok-00041-00017041-00017509 Seeking out meaningful content is your first step to becoming a linguist.
VRnTNJeFRok-00042-00017509-00018134 This can be on daily life, business, an academic subject that you know already, a hobby or
VRnTNJeFRok-00043-00018134-00018627 common interest with a new friend, food, music, or whatever.
VRnTNJeFRok-00044-00018627-00018974 You must articulate your reason for communicating.
VRnTNJeFRok-00045-00018974-00019466 If you are only motivated by a sense of obligation to learn the language, you will just see a
VRnTNJeFRok-00046-00019466-00019980 bunch of rules and words and language learning will be a difficult struggle.
VRnTNJeFRok-00047-00019980-00020383 The term "meaningful content" appears often in this book.
VRnTNJeFRok-00048-00020383-00020948 It refers to real language situations, such as a conversation for a genuine purpose, rather
VRnTNJeFRok-00049-00020948-00021395 than a dialogue in class or a drill or test question.
VRnTNJeFRok-00050-00021395-00021974 It refers to reading and listening to content that is of interest and comprehensible to
VRnTNJeFRok-00051-00021974-00022074 you.
VRnTNJeFRok-00052-00022074-00022544 The more the context of your learning is realistic, the better you will learn.
VRnTNJeFRok-00053-00022544-00023054 You will get beyond the details of the language you are learning and absorb the language naturally,
VRnTNJeFRok-00054-00023054-00023269 because you are interested in the content.
VRnTNJeFRok-00055-00023269-00023547 That is real communication.
VRnTNJeFRok-00056-00023547-00023937 You will find what you are learning to be useful and therefore it will be easier to
VRnTNJeFRok-00057-00023937-00024214 remember and retain.
VRnTNJeFRok-00058-00024214-00024454 The classroom is not real life.
VRnTNJeFRok-00059-00024454-00024920 To learn, you must expose yourself to situations where you need the language, because you want
VRnTNJeFRok-00060-00024920-00025404 to communicate or learn something other than the language itself.
VRnTNJeFRok-00061-00025404-00025943 I attended the 2001 Christmas Party of the Tsinghua University Alumnus Association of
VRnTNJeFRok-00062-00025943-00026043 Vancouver.
VRnTNJeFRok-00063-00026043-00026749 Tsinghua is the MIT of China, a world-class institute of engineering and technology.
VRnTNJeFRok-00064-00026749-00027228 Graduates of Tsinghua who have immigrated to Canada have had varying degrees of success
VRnTNJeFRok-00065-00027228-00027508 integrating into Canadian society.
VRnTNJeFRok-00066-00027508-00027924 Often, graduates have difficulty finding work when they first arrive.
VRnTNJeFRok-00067-00027924-00028508 Two of the alumni I met at the party who were the most fluent in English had taken unusual
VRnTNJeFRok-00068-00028508-00028955 approaches to plunging into Canadian society.
VRnTNJeFRok-00069-00028955-00029545 One spent the first four months selling door to door in Surrey and Delta, communities where
VRnTNJeFRok-00070-00029545-00029775 there are very few Chinese people.
VRnTNJeFRok-00071-00029775-00030308 He had since moved on to a better job- but his English, after only four years in Canada,
VRnTNJeFRok-00072-00030308-00030565 was outstanding!
VRnTNJeFRok-00073-00030565-00031080 Another alumnus had only been in Canada one year but had opened a winemaking shop, which
VRnTNJeFRok-00074-00031080-00031397 brought him into contact with the neighborhood.
VRnTNJeFRok-00075-00031397-00031946 Rather than worry about their limited English or their status as highly educated professionals,
VRnTNJeFRok-00076-00031946-00032445 these two people just plunged into a real context and as a result learned the language
VRnTNJeFRok-00077-00032445-00032606 quickly.
VRnTNJeFRok-00078-00032606-00033043 Learning a new language can be intimidating, especially for the first foreign language.
VRnTNJeFRok-00079-00033043-00033596 However, by proceeding gradually and gaining small victories, your confidence will grow.
VRnTNJeFRok-00080-00033596-00034009 It is important to remember that in learning a language you are not learning knowledge
VRnTNJeFRok-00081-00034009-00034416 so much as acquiring a skill that takes time to develop.
VRnTNJeFRok-00082-00034416-00034577 You have to get used to it.
VRnTNJeFRok-00083-00034577-00034978 You are learning by becoming, not from theory.
VRnTNJeFRok-00084-00034978-00035243 You will not always perform equally well.
VRnTNJeFRok-00085-00035243-00035761 When you play sports you are better on some occasions than on others, regardless of how
VRnTNJeFRok-00086-00035761-00035983 much you practice.
VRnTNJeFRok-00087-00035983-00036203 Language learning is the same way.
VRnTNJeFRok-00088-00036203-00036638 Enjoy the moments when you are doing well and learn to forget the occasions when it
VRnTNJeFRok-00089-00036638-00036924 seems that you are losing ground.
VRnTNJeFRok-00090-00036924-00037281 Once you have learned a second language, you will have the confidence to learn another
VRnTNJeFRok-00091-00037281-00037381 one.
VRnTNJeFRok-00092-00037381-00037737 In fact, the more languages you know the better you will speak them all.
VRnTNJeFRok-00093-00037737-00038211 You will even speak your native language better, because your ability to speak and to understand
VRnTNJeFRok-00094-00038211-00038624 the nuances of meaning is enhanced when you learn new languages.
VRnTNJeFRok-00095-00038624-00039657 You will be on your way to becoming a linguist.