ujzIi-x5Bu4-00000-00001088-00001223 good afternoon
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00001-00001224-00001462 my name is rod page i'm the chair of the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00002-00001463-00001695 dubai science committee and i'm going to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00003-00001696-00001887 be cheering this this afternoon to two
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00004-00001888-00002134 sessions uh the first of which focuses
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00005-00002135-00002342 on uh dubai's role in promoting
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00006-00002343-00002615 excellence in biodiversity informatics
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00007-00002616-00002863 and the second session uh more or less
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00008-00002864-00003015 but not exactly corresponding to the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00009-00003016-00003134 coffee break
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00010-00003135-00003238 is going to be giving you some
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00011-00003239-00003479 demonstrations of the kind of fun
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00012-00003479-00003638 innovative and sometimes quite
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00013-00003639-00003886 surprising things which can be done with
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00014-00003887-00004095 gbif mediated data
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00015-00004096-00004215 so for the first session we're going to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00016-00004216-00004359 start off with
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00017-00004360-00004622 tony reese who most people have seen in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00018-00004623-00004743 action
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00019-00004744-00005038 last night receiving the eb nelson prize
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00020-00005039-00005222 where we single-handedly doubled the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00021-00005223-00005447 total number of prizes that tony has won
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00022-00005448-00005631 in his lifetime so we're very thrilled
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00023-00005632-00005934 to have done that tony won the award for
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00024-00005935-00006102 his contributions to biodos informatics
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00025-00006103-00006295 which are numerous and legion they
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00026-00006296-00006559 include heavy involvement in obis the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00027-00006559-00006710 c-squares
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00028-00006711-00006927 geographic indexing tool
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00029-00006928-00007127 fuzzy matching for the taxonomic names
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00030-00007128-00007327 which causes so much grief
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00031-00007328-00007527 and the database with the acronym i'm
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00032-00007528-00007703 still struggling to pronounce
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00033-00007704-00007863 ooming homing it's that it's really
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00034-00007864-00007998 simple really
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00035-00008000-00008199 so we're going to start with tony uh
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00036-00008200-00008399 reese's presentation and then we'll move
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00037-00008400-00009071 on from that tony the floor is yours
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00038-00009072-00009335 thank you very much and good afternoon
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00039-00009336-00009471 so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00040-00009472-00009687 assuming i can make this work
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00041-00009688-00009983 yes so today i've selected the four
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00042-00009984-00010151 items which i put in my submission for
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00043-00010152-00010255 the prize
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00044-00010256-00010503 which span a period going back about 12
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00045-00010504-00010678 years c-square's
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00046-00010679-00010927 the obis system which in many ways is a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00047-00010928-00011031 marine
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00048-00011032-00011335 equivalent to gbif a taxa match which is
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00049-00011336-00011527 for fuzzy matching for species names and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00050-00011528-00011895 genus names and erming the the acronym
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00051-00011896-00012103 which gives people so much trouble
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00052-00012104-00012359 just think of worming without a w and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00053-00012360-00012559 you can it has the advantage that you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00054-00012560-00012735 can google it and nobody else has ever
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00055-00012736-00012902 used it for anything else so that's a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00056-00012903-00013086 good thing
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00057-00013087-00013399 so for the first two items really are
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00058-00013400-00013775 looking back in time to 10 or 12 years
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00059-00013776-00013919 ago
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00060-00013919-00014191 so to some degree they're just legacy
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00061-00014191-00014399 interest so i would ask you to be kind
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00062-00014400-00014599 when you look at what they do compared
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00063-00014600-00014775 with what you can do today out of the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00064-00014776-00014999 box with wonderful portals wonderful web
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00065-00015000-00015271 gis systems amazing databases of which
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00066-00015272-00015463 we've seen examples this morning and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00067-00015463-00015838 we'll see more this afternoon
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00068-00015840-00016015 this is really going back
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00069-00016016-00016103 to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00070-00016104-00016399 well 2002 think of the internet it's
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00071-00016400-00016630 probably six years old there are no data
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00072-00016631-00016743 portals
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00073-00016744-00016847 this
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00074-00016848-00017094 your your web browser if you're me was
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00075-00017095-00017367 netscape version two i think there's no
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00076-00017368-00017463 google
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00077-00017464-00017703 it's like evolutionary time back in the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00078-00017704-00017879 jurassic world before the mammals have
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00079-00017880-00018119 evolved there's no flowering plants but
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00080-00018120-00018311 there's no dinosaurs either there's no
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00081-00018312-00018486 gymnosperms there's nothing really there
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00082-00018487-00018703 it's a blank canvas and so we're trying
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00083-00018704-00018958 to build some systems some tools to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00084-00018959-00019207 start to do this thing which doesn't yet
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00085-00019208-00019430 have a name probably called biodiversity
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00086-00019431-00019679 informatics i just called it um data
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00087-00019680-00020022 management for biology sounded all right
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00088-00020023-00020294 so geographic data are a bit different
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00089-00020295-00020486 to to manage than the other types of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00090-00020487-00020750 data which which are easy to index you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00091-00020751-00021022 can put them into excel spreadsheets and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00092-00021023-00021230 flat files and find what you want
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00093-00021231-00021383 geographic data
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00094-00021384-00021678 are two-dimensional so um lots of other
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00095-00021679-00021822 things are one-dimensional like people's
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00096-00021823-00022007 age people's date of birth people's
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00097-00022008-00022158 names etc
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00098-00022159-00022350 and indexing is a really useful thing to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00099-00022351-00022463 do
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00100-00022464-00022671 for example you have the index of a book
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00101-00022672-00022863 you have a reduced subset of all the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00102-00022864-00023047 terms in the book and the pages on which
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00103-00023048-00023239 they occur so really you could throw the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00104-00023240-00023486 book away you could say does this book
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00105-00023487-00023758 have any information about this term i'm
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00106-00023759-00024047 interested in yes no if if it says yes
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00107-00024048-00024222 you could say ah and it's on page three
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00108-00024223-00024471 four and five and then you could plug in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00109-00024472-00024614 you could turn the index around and say
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00110-00024615-00024767 show me what's on page three four and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00111-00024768-00024967 five and you get quite a good summary of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00112-00024968-00025191 the of the book in fact you could do
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00113-00025192-00025367 that with encyclopedia britannica which
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00114-00025368-00025678 has 26 volumes and then volume 27 is an
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00115-00025679-00025758 index
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00116-00025760-00025894 everything you want is probably in the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00117-00025895-00025990 index
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00118-00025991-00026102 so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00119-00026104-00026327 a book index is really useful it's data
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00120-00026327-00026543 reduction it's quick retrieval quick
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00121-00026544-00026735 search quickly tells you whether there's
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00122-00026736-00027014 data or terms or material of interest or
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00123-00027016-00027127 not
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00124-00027127-00027214 um
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00125-00027216-00027367 and one other thing with the book index
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00126-00027368-00027558 is it's really just a continuous stream
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00127-00027560-00027774 of words starting on page one and going
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00128-00027775-00028014 to page 300 and something so to be able
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00129-00028016-00028167 to address it you have to snip it up
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00130-00028168-00028383 into chunks and give each chunk a number
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00131-00028383-00028639 so in book it's a page for example
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00132-00028639-00028814 with geographic information we can't do
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00133-00028816-00029023 that so easily because we have latitude
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00134-00029024-00029214 first then we have longitude seconds so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00135-00029216-00029439 we actually got to query two indexes to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00136-00029439-00029735 find out our geographic information
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00137-00029736-00030039 and also there's no pre-set way to bin
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00138-00030039-00030295 to slice up latitude into little chunks
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00139-00030295-00030446 and longitude into other little chunks
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00140-00030447-00030646 which everybody uses
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00141-00030647-00030870 however
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00142-00030872-00031007 for a long time people have got over
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00143-00031008-00031239 this problem using grids so we've all
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00144-00031239-00031462 seen grids we've seen town plans street
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00145-00031463-00031870 maps etc this hotel is in square f5 or
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00146-00031872-00032207 square a1 so once we have a grid we've
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00147-00032208-00032358 done the binning of the latitude and the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00148-00032360-00032567 longitude we can give every every square
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00149-00032568-00032815 a unique identifier and then we can just
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00150-00032816-00032974 sort them in a linear sequence doesn't
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00151-00032975-00033271 really matter what it is from a1 to f5
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00152-00033272-00033495 and we can find our data and we can also
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00153-00033496-00033639 do the reverse
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00154-00033640-00033807 we can we can construct the index and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00155-00033808-00033974 turn it on its head and say show me all
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00156-00033975-00034199 the things which are in square f5 so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00157-00034200-00034367 this becomes a very good approach if we
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00158-00034368-00034615 want to manage spatial data of any type
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00159-00034616-00034983 biodiversity data in particular
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00160-00034984-00035199 um so i showed you an example of a local
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00161-00035200-00035287 map
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00162-00035288-00035455 there's lots of local maps they all use
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00163-00035456-00035687 their own numbering system data off the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00164-00035688-00035887 edge of the map can't be indexed so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00165-00035888-00036159 there are problems with small scale data
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00166-00036160-00036415 maps if you try to enlarge them to cover
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00167-00036416-00036551 the whole earth
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00168-00036552-00036687 on the other hand there are some people
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00169-00036688-00036879 who've got indexes for the whole earth
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00170-00036880-00037071 but they tend to have rather big squares
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00171-00037072-00037262 like 10 by 10
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00172-00037263-00037495 degrees which is a thousand kilometers
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00173-00037496-00037718 so people like the world meteorological
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00174-00037719-00037990 organization the wmo i've got grid
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00175-00037991-00038135 squares where they can they can group
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00176-00038136-00038335 all the observations
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00177-00038336-00038511 into a bin and put that in a file
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00178-00038512-00038655 somewhere say i want to find all the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00179-00038656-00038887 observations from square one zero zero
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00180-00038888-00039046 zero and i'm not interested in the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00181-00039047-00039207 others so it's a good search and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00182-00039208-00039439 retrieval system but it doesn't scale
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00183-00039440-00039671 down to the smaller scale that biology
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00184-00039672-00039967 and certain people may want
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00185-00039968-00040311 so what i did as i decided in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00186-00040312-00040551 when was it 2001 i would make i would
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00187-00040552-00040774 try to build something which would scale
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00188-00040775-00040967 so i started with the 10 by 10 degree
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00189-00040968-00041199 squares and built a hierarchical
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00190-00041200-00041351 subdivision of them
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00191-00041352-00041423 so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00192-00041424-00041630 this is some examples of 10 by 10 degree
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00193-00041631-00041862 squares across the usa i did this for a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00194-00041863-00042039 presentation in washington so of course
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00195-00042040-00042255 everything focused on washington
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00196-00042256-00042455 um so there's on the top there's some 10
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00197-00042456-00042687 by 10 squares and then on the bottom
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00198-00042688-00042830 image you can see how that goes down to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00199-00042831-00043055 a five by five square a one by one
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00200-00043056-00043239 square so that's about 100 kilometers
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00201-00043240-00043383 and you can just keep going as far as
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00202-00043384-00043758 you want with my c-squares notation
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00203-00043759-00044007 so the principle of c squares then is
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00204-00044008-00044255 that for any you can punch in a latitude
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00205-00044256-00044415 and longitude to a little converter and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00206-00044416-00044743 it'll convert it to a c-square's id
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00207-00044744-00044927 you just decide on what scale is
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00208-00044928-00045151 interesting to do this for you and the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00209-00045152-00045335 problem is if you if the scale is too
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00210-00045336-00045502 small you have to store lots and lots of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00211-00045503-00045615 squares
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00212-00045616-00045751 if it's too large you can't get the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00213-00045752-00045974 spatial resolution for your queries
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00214-00045975-00046143 it turns out the sweet spot for global
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00215-00046144-00046246 data
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00216-00046247-00046511 is often around half half a degree which
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00217-00046512-00046727 is 50 kilometers so that gives you quite
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00218-00046728-00046911 good resolution sort of wraps around
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00219-00046912-00047102 coastlines and things without having to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00220-00047103-00047327 store huge numbers of squares
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00221-00047328-00047551 and then you create an index of of those
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00222-00047552-00047839 squares and you can either have one
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00223-00047840-00047967 square for a point or you could have a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00224-00047968-00048158 whole set of points or a polygon which
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00225-00048159-00048327 is a set of squares
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00226-00048328-00048558 and this is what i call a data foot dash
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00227-00048559-00048855 set footprint or a c squares string so i
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00228-00048856-00049030 built systems at my own agency which
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00229-00049031-00049199 would store these c square strings for
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00230-00049200-00049495 any data set and also built a mapping
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00231-00049496-00049823 utility which you could send a string of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00232-00049824-00050071 squares across the web to my agency in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00233-00050072-00050327 hobart tasmania australia at the bottom
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00234-00050328-00050623 of the earth and in real time semi-real
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00235-00050624-00050774 time you'd get back a map in your web
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00236-00050775-00050935 browser
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00237-00050936-00051007 and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00238-00051008-00051214 in addition to the square ids you might
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00239-00051215-00051446 just want to store presence or absence
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00240-00051447-00051590 or you might want to store some numeric
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00241-00051591-00051814 values so there's 10 records or 100
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00242-00051815-00052014 records in this square or some
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00243-00052015-00052135 probability
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00244-00052136-00052335 so they don't just have to be
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00245-00052336-00052550 binary
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00246-00052551-00052766 so i built this mapper for my own agency
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00247-00052767-00052975 and we we send ships to sea and we're
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00248-00052976-00053142 interested in where's the ship been
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00249-00053144-00053319 where is it collected data so this is
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00250-00053320-00053519 the sort of system i was building in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00251-00053520-00053879 2002 for a voyage of a particular ship
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00252-00053879-00054087 it went out it collected underway data
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00253-00054088-00054215 which is physical and chemical
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00254-00054216-00054375 measurements
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00255-00054376-00054550 and these are the squares where the data
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00256-00054551-00054735 is from so you can use this as a spatial
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00257-00054736-00054966 search tool then
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00258-00054967-00055294 and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00259-00055295-00055503 for biodiversity you can do something
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00260-00055504-00055719 very similar with species point data and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00261-00055720-00055863 so this is a very
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00262-00055864-00056054 early map that we produced for obis we
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00263-00056055-00056271 had some data for a fish species the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00264-00056272-00056391 john dory
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00265-00056391-00056647 zeus faber and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00266-00056648-00056759 a lot of lats and longs in the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00267-00056760-00056903 spreadsheet basically and so for the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00268-00056904-00057150 first time it was easy to send this data
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00269-00057151-00057303 across the web to something which would
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00270-00057304-00057494 then generate a map for you you didn't
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00271-00057495-00057726 have to run any gis software you didn't
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00272-00057727-00057879 have to know anything about spatial data
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00273-00057879-00058087 really or you lead just needed a list of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00274-00058088-00058326 the squares
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00275-00058327-00058423 and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00276-00058424-00058735 i built this for obis and obis said well
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00277-00058736-00058871 this is all right for data except for
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00278-00058872-00059103 around the poles because the flat map
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00279-00059104-00059342 the square map stretches out antarctica
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00280-00059344-00059494 and the polar regions in very
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00281-00059495-00059671 unrealistic ways
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00282-00059672-00059830 can you build something which better
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00283-00059832-00060126 represents the polar regions so i set to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00284-00060127-00060382 work and i found a little utility some
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00285-00060383-00060607 freeware on the web which would draw
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00286-00060608-00060919 maps of planets and and render them
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00287-00060920-00061150 in what's called um a forgotten now
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00288-00061151-00061399 orthogonal perspective
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00289-00061400-00061519 something like this as if they were
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00290-00061520-00061766 viewed from space and i thought well
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00291-00061767-00061942 earth is a planet so we can just use
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00292-00061944-00062135 this software and instead of a map of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00293-00062136-00062326 mars or the moon we can put in a map of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00294-00062327-00062503 earth and it'll wrap it round a globe
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00295-00062504-00062687 for you and you can tilt it you can get
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00296-00062688-00062863 it back in the browser you can pan it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00297-00062864-00063103 zoom it so this is before google earth
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00298-00063104-00063366 and we built this in 2004
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00299-00063367-00063542 and i tried it yesterday and it's still
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00300-00063544-00063806 working so i'm quite impressed that
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00301-00063807-00063999 software you know if you if you get two
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00302-00064000-00064111 or three years out of a piece of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00303-00064112-00064271 software you're doing well so here we
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00304-00064272-00064406 are 10 years later you can still make
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00305-00064407-00064542 these maps
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00306-00064544-00064679 of course nobody uses it for that
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00307-00064679-00064991 anymore they just go to google earth
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00308-00064991-00065166 and this is what i was saying before you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00309-00065167-00065366 don't just have have to have dots on a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00310-00065367-00065591 map which are red dots you can color
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00311-00065592-00065782 them color the squares according to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00312-00065783-00065991 probabilities or something like that
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00313-00065992-00066150 this is a project that i work with in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00314-00066151-00066431 germany called aqua maps and their idea
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00315-00066432-00066599 is that they get all the point data out
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00316-00066600-00066847 of gbif for nobis and wherever they can
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00317-00066848-00067006 and then they look at the environmental
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00318-00067007-00067231 parameters associated with where those
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00319-00067232-00067479 points are so this is ecological niche
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00320-00067480-00067575 modeling
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00321-00067576-00067855 rather simplistic but it's basic but it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00322-00067856-00068103 works and they've done this for 17 000
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00323-00068104-00068326 marine species of which this is just one
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00324-00068327-00068535 they encode them up with probabilities
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00325-00068536-00068694 so you can see that the probability of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00326-00068695-00068903 this species occurring this the ocean
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00327-00068904-00069215 sunfish in india is quite low whereas in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00328-00069216-00069431 australia it's quite high and in fact
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00329-00069432-00069647 this is the largest um
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00330-00069648-00069903 bony fish in the world and people in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00331-00069904-00070094 ocean racing the yacht people if they
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00332-00070095-00070335 hit one of these the yacht sinks
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00333-00070336-00070511 so these are very large fish and it's
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00334-00070512-00070719 good to know where they might be
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00335-00070720-00070879 so what aqua maps has done is they've
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00336-00070880-00071159 made 17 000 of these maps they stack
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00337-00071160-00071391 them all up metaphorically speaking and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00338-00071392-00071575 put a pin through them so then you've
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00339-00071576-00071782 got a c-squares
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00340-00071783-00071926 map interface where you can click on a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00341-00071927-00072111 square and say show me all the species
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00342-00072112-00072326 where aquamaps predicts
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00343-00072327-00072519 these species will occur maybe with a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00344-00072520-00072750 probability of more than 50 or something
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00345-00072751-00072991 like that so aqua maps is still going
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00346-00072992-00073206 it's using c-squares most of the people
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00347-00073207-00073359 have used c-squares in the past have
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00348-00073360-00073503 moved on
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00349-00073504-00073694 because we have these wonderful systems
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00350-00073695-00073919 now which which are do do these things a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00351-00073920-00074126 lot better i'm just showing you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00352-00074127-00074359 how this stuff evolved and how you solve
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00353-00074360-00074471 a problem
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00354-00074472-00074687 basically with almost with with bits of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00355-00074688-00074815 string and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00356-00074816-00074975 and rubber bands when you have no tools
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00357-00074976-00075326 you have to build some tools
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00358-00075327-00075519 so there's a description of c squares
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00359-00075520-00075750 from 2003 where you can go if you really
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00360-00075751-00075919 really want to have a look and see how
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00361-00075920-00076175 it works
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00362-00076176-00076279 um
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00363-00076280-00076438 so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00364-00076439-00076671 having built a system or two
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00365-00076672-00076871 in my home agency
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00366-00076872-00077111 i realized i started to work with obis
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00367-00077112-00077406 and obis built a very primitive
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00368-00077407-00077591 data search system where they had no
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00369-00077592-00077782 central portal there was just a website
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00370-00077783-00077911 where you could enter a name and it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00371-00077912-00078143 would fire off a query against a lot of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00372-00078144-00078311 different remote data providers and wait
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00373-00078312-00078567 for something to come back
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00374-00078568-00078782 so i came up this with this idea that if
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00375-00078783-00078982 you built an index of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00376-00078983-00079159 all the data points
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00377-00079160-00079382 so you you knew what the names were and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00378-00079383-00079767 you knew where they were the square ids
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00379-00079768-00079926 you could then just query the index and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00380-00079927-00080135 you'd get much better performance
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00381-00080136-00080247 and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00382-00080248-00080367 this is the model
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00383-00080368-00080471 i showed
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00384-00080472-00080726 obis in 2003 and they said well this
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00385-00080727-00080879 looks really good can you build it for
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00386-00080880-00081191 us so i said probably so i built it for
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00387-00081192-00081406 obis they put it into their system in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00388-00081407-00081711 2004 and for the next six years this was
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00389-00081712-00081823 all the mapping and the spatial
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00390-00081824-00082015 searching in obis ran off this system
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00391-00082016-00082262 and so it's only it was only in 2010
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00392-00082263-00082406 when they had to produce a report for
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00393-00082407-00082575 the census of marine life and there was
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00394-00082576-00082871 a big well-funded uh launch of the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00395-00082872-00083023 census of marine life in london that
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00396-00083024-00083199 they actually decided they needed
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00397-00083200-00083543 something more sophisticated
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00398-00083544-00083775 so this is the basic concept so you move
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00399-00083776-00083967 from a system on the left where you're
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00400-00083968-00084135 just throwing a distributed query in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00401-00084136-00084326 real time at the remote providers to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00402-00084327-00084503 something where you've you've indexed
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00403-00084504-00084687 all all the data points you've you know
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00404-00084688-00084799 all the names you know all the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00405-00084800-00084991 distributions so you can do a lot of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00406-00084992-00085150 queries straight off the index and of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00407-00085151-00085343 course this is the way that gbif and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00408-00085344-00085591 obis and all these big data aggregators
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00409-00085592-00085806 work now because everybody realizes that
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00410-00085807-00085959 the old system was too slow and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00411-00085960-00086215 primitive but back then this this was a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00412-00086216-00086431 big innovation
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00413-00086432-00086687 so we were quite pleased in 2004 when we
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00414-00086688-00086879 produced the first obis portal which had
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00415-00086880-00087071 a clickable map to say show me what
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00416-00087072-00087294 lived here i don't i think i'm right in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00417-00087295-00087494 saying that gbif didn't have anything
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00418-00087495-00087599 like this
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00419-00087600-00087750 and i showed this at a conference in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00420-00087751-00087935 hamburg which was the first time i met
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00421-00087936-00088143 donald hoban and he took me on one side
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00422-00088144-00088279 and said oh i'm working for this project
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00423-00088280-00088423 called gbiff you know come and have a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00424-00088424-00088662 look we can plot a map of where humans
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00425-00088663-00088855 live and he showed me a map and it had
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00426-00088856-00089062 about 50 data points
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00427-00089063-00089238 so that was good this is my first
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00428-00089239-00089447 introduction to gbif i thought gbiff who
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00429-00089448-00089567 are they
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00430-00089568-00089943 this is some upstart competitor to obis
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00431-00089944-00090150 anyway since then i've been nicer nicer
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00432-00090151-00090359 to them
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00433-00090360-00090543 so again this is something which got
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00434-00090544-00090750 published there's a description you can
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00435-00090751-00090903 have a look if you really want but it's
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00436-00090904-00091215 mostly for legacy interest
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00437-00091216-00091343 so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00438-00091344-00091518 i have a little time so i'll spend a bit
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00439-00091519-00091687 more time talking about my my current
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00440-00091688-00091855 research interests
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00441-00091856-00092094 and as well as the spatial side of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00442-00092095-00092182 things
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00443-00092183-00092487 in australia i run a database of marine
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00444-00092488-00092743 species names and pictures and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00445-00092744-00092935 descriptions and that sort of thing
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00446-00092936-00093079 and one of the things
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00447-00093080-00093367 i put into the data model was to trap
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00448-00093368-00093518 all the queries that people type into
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00449-00093519-00093703 the system when they're looking for data
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00450-00093704-00093894 and whether they found anything
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00451-00093895-00094143 and i quickly discovered that probably
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00452-00094144-00094391 10 percent 15 percent of the species of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00453-00094392-00094567 of the queries
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00454-00094568-00094726 people were putting in a name and they
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00455-00094727-00094903 weren't finding anything weren't finding
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00456-00094904-00095006 anything
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00457-00095007-00095199 even though there was data there which
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00458-00095200-00095382 which matched their query and the reason
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00459-00095383-00095606 was they couldn't spell it exactly right
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00460-00095607-00095823 so one letter mismatch in the scientific
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00461-00095824-00095911 name
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00462-00095912-00096231 meant that no data was retrieved
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00463-00096232-00096326 so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00464-00096327-00096503 this is a little
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00465-00096504-00096638 summary of some of the types of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00466-00096639-00097015 mismatches so coelorincus is a genus of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00467-00097016-00097343 fishes and is it spelled with an c-o-e
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00468-00097344-00097487 c-a-e
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00469-00097488-00097950 is it r-i-n-r-h-i-n-r-h-y-n
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00470-00097951-00098287 is it is at the end us at the end
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00471-00098288-00098494 many many things are possible and only
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00472-00098495-00098671 one of them is right and unless you have
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00473-00098672-00098815 some sort of fuzzy matching all the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00474-00098816-00098911 others
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00475-00098912-00099103 are going to be disappointing when you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00476-00099104-00099350 when you search one of these systems
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00477-00099351-00099606 similarly here's a species names
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00478-00099607-00099806 examples which you could find in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00479-00099807-00100023 in the ubio species list and other
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00480-00100024-00100191 things there's
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00481-00100192-00100271 there
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00482-00100272-00100471 antarctica you know
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00483-00100472-00100647 you find someone's just dropped a letter
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00484-00100648-00100903 out flavio latte i mean someone's put an
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00485-00100904-00101143 extra letter in which wasn't there and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00486-00101144-00101447 this sort of thing happens quite a lot
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00487-00101448-00101550 so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00488-00101551-00101759 usually the problem is with
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00489-00101760-00101982 web users who can't spell
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00490-00101983-00102126 and the input name doesn't match the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00491-00102127-00102318 target name because
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00492-00102319-00102518 the target name is spelled correctly but
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00493-00102519-00102647 sometimes it's the other way around
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00494-00102648-00102830 sometimes the target name is misspelled
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00495-00102831-00102982 and the user is using the correct
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00496-00102983-00103118 spelling or sometimes they're both
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00497-00103119-00103271 misspelled which can be a good thing
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00498-00103272-00103551 because then you find what you want
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00499-00103552-00103878 and it's also a problem for operations
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00500-00103879-00104047 which do data aggregation and i'm
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00501-00104048-00104206 thinking of obis from my first
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00502-00104207-00104399 experiences but gbif is the same and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00503-00104400-00104558 many other groups
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00504-00104559-00104742 so they get data from many different
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00505-00104743-00104886 places and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00506-00104888-00105102 different organizations may be using
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00507-00105103-00105263 different spellings of the same name
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00508-00105264-00105454 they may think it's correct might be
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00509-00105455-00105583 legitimate there might be multiple
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00510-00105583-00105815 spellings or it might be mistakes and so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00511-00105816-00106007 you end up with long lists of things
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00512-00106008-00106095 which
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00513-00106096-00106247 notionally are all different but some of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00514-00106248-00106366 them are probably the same and there's
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00515-00106367-00106543 just a very small
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00516-00106544-00106654 discrepancy
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00517-00106655-00106831 in the species name
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00518-00106832-00107015 so it's good to have some tools to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00519-00107016-00107247 basically address this
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00520-00107248-00107415 and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00521-00107416-00107590 with these tools you have to look for
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00522-00107591-00107807 different types of errors so some of the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00523-00107808-00108039 errors are phonetic errors which means
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00524-00108040-00108263 like the seal a wrinkus example at the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00525-00108264-00108343 top
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00526-00108344-00108654 is it spelled oe is it spell ae it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00527-00108655-00108839 sounds pretty much the same so you can
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00528-00108840-00109134 model these variability variants and put
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00529-00109135-00109310 them into a little algorithm
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00530-00109311-00109527 and make a make an algorithm which looks
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00531-00109528-00109902 for phonetic errors
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00532-00109903-00110063 that's actually quite easy and it's been
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00533-00110064-00110295 done for almost 100 years
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00534-00110296-00110423 it's much harder to look for the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00535-00110424-00110607 non-phonetic errors where things don't
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00536-00110608-00110815 actually sound the same you can't model
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00537-00110816-00111047 that they're just accidental
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00538-00111048-00111239 extra letters letters are missed out
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00539-00111240-00111454 letters are switched
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00540-00111455-00111671 whole letters are transposed or whole
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00541-00111672-00111878 syllables are transposed
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00542-00111879-00112078 and one of the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00543-00112079-00112278 best approaches for that is an approach
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00544-00112279-00112463 called edit distance which measures the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00545-00112464-00112702 numbers of character differences between
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00546-00112703-00112871 two words
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00547-00112872-00113086 problem is edit distance is
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00548-00113088-00113286 quite slow compared with phonetic
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00549-00113288-00113454 matching
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00550-00113455-00113639 so there are some existing fuzzy match
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00551-00113640-00113886 tools um and the way we measure their
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00552-00113888-00114054 performance is of two things called
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00553-00114055-00114319 precision and recall
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00554-00114320-00114454 precision is
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00555-00114455-00114607 maybe you got what you want but you also
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00556-00114608-00114758 got lots of stuff that you didn't want
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00557-00114759-00114902 it's not very good at filtering out
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00558-00114903-00115190 false hits recall is when you don't get
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00559-00115191-00115319 what you want at all
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00560-00115320-00115534 so you can actually build an algorithm
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00561-00115535-00115678 which has
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00562-00115679-00115934 excellent recall but terrible precision
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00563-00115935-00116095 you could just return everything so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00564-00116096-00116271 you're going to get what you wanted but
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00565-00116272-00116471 it's totally swamped by things you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00566-00116472-00116751 didn't want or you you can build an
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00567-00116752-00116902 algorithm which returns nothing it'll
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00568-00116903-00117134 have wonderful precision no false hits
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00569-00117135-00117231 but it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00570-00117232-00117399 has terrible recall you didn't get
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00571-00117400-00117510 anything back
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00572-00117511-00117583 so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00573-00117583-00117854 trying to find the sweet spot of 100
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00574-00117855-00118039 precision you you get what you want
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00575-00118040-00118375 every time 100 recall
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00576-00118376-00118566 the other way around are you listening
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00577-00118567-00118839 100 recall you got what you wanted 100
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00578-00118840-00119102 precision you didn't get all the rubbish
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00579-00119103-00119351 so this this is this is the holy grail
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00580-00119352-00119431 and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00581-00119432-00119558 you're also trying to do this in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00582-00119559-00119751 reasonable time like how long do you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00583-00119752-00119839 want
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00584-00119840-00120031 if you put in a an input name and it's
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00585-00120032-00120247 going to look against two 2 million
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00586-00120248-00120471 targets you know and it takes half a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00587-00120472-00120727 millisecond or something to to do each
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00588-00120728-00120902 test that's going to take you 100
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00589-00120903-00121158 seconds nobody wants to wait 100 seconds
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00590-00121159-00121302 so you've got to find ways to make it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00591-00121303-00121623 quick
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00592-00121624-00122007 so in 2007 i started building algorithms
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00593-00122008-00122207 and testing them and tuning them which
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00594-00122208-00122375 would do some of these things
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00595-00122376-00122519 and i'm trying to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00596-00122520-00122758 optimize recall so i don't want to miss
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00597-00122759-00122943 true hits if they're there so i'm
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00598-00122944-00123102 looking for phonetic matches i'm looking
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00599-00123103-00123358 for non-magnetic matches i'm looking for
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00600-00123359-00123543 close hits i'm looking for distant hits
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00601-00123544-00123654 because some of the true hits are
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00602-00123655-00123823 distant
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00603-00123824-00123958 looking for different
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00604-00123959-00124119 types of characters which might be
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00605-00124120-00124439 dropped or inserted whatever species may
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00606-00124440-00124647 have the wrong gender so masculine
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00607-00124648-00124902 species in a feminine genus or you know
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00608-00124903-00125054 this is quite common
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00609-00125055-00125214 is it you know
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00610-00125215-00125495 uh rosa canaina or rosa canainum that
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00611-00125496-00125614 sort of thing
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00612-00125615-00125790 and the error might be in the genus
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00613-00125791-00126031 alone or it might be so the genus the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00614-00126032-00126190 species might be right but the genus is
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00615-00126191-00126271 wrong
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00616-00126272-00126407 might be the other way around or they
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00617-00126408-00126566 might be both wrong and you still want
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00618-00126567-00126958 to find what you're looking for
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00619-00126959-00127175 precision is it's another area where a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00620-00127176-00127319 lot of these
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00621-00127320-00127502 off-the-shelf algorithms fall down
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00622-00127503-00127590 because
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00623-00127591-00127783 they might have good recall they might
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00624-00127783-00127910 give you back what you want but they
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00625-00127911-00128143 give you a lot of rubbish as well so for
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00626-00128144-00128278 precision you're looking for different
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00627-00128279-00128423 ways to filter out the things which
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00628-00128424-00128631 probably are wrong even though they have
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00629-00128632-00128814 the same number of character errors as
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00630-00128815-00129127 the right one so basically for texa
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00631-00129128-00129334 match
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00632-00129335-00129607 i use what are called heuristic rules so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00633-00129608-00129775 you look at real data you look at the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00634-00129776-00129975 patterns of errors in real data and you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00635-00129976-00130102 just return
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00636-00130103-00130254 matches which follow those patterns and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00637-00130255-00130454 you throw everything else away
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00638-00130455-00130663 and then there's a number of different
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00639-00130664-00130934 optimizing tricks you can do so for
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00640-00130935-00131183 example i can allow three characters or
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00641-00131184-00131343 four characters to be wrong in a long
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00642-00131344-00131527 word but you don't want three characters
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00643-00131528-00131702 to be wrong in a really short word
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00644-00131703-00131902 that's only got three characters
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00645-00131903-00132135 otherwise all three character words
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00646-00132136-00132302 which he ever used will all match each
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00647-00132303-00132502 other
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00648-00132503-00132735 another thing that i do is
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00649-00132736-00132919 what i call result shaping it's a sort
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00650-00132920-00133143 of dynamic threshold and i looked at the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00651-00133144-00133375 way that people use existing
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00652-00133376-00133590 edit distance and what they normally do
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00653-00133591-00133807 is they look for for close matches they
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00654-00133808-00133975 set a threshold of say one character
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00655-00133976-00134190 difference or two and if it don't find
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00656-00134191-00134383 anything they they do the test again and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00657-00134384-00134559 look for three characters different and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00658-00134560-00134711 if they don't find anything then then
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00659-00134712-00134831 they might look for four characters
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00660-00134832-00135087 different so what i decided to do was
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00661-00135088-00135278 automate this so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00662-00135279-00135519 i do it i do a test i bring back
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00663-00135520-00135735 everything but i hide the distant ones
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00664-00135736-00135911 if there's a close one and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00665-00135912-00136078 so it's like a like a noise gate which
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00666-00136079-00136351 opens uh only when needed and the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00667-00136352-00136495 problem with a wide threshold is that
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00668-00136496-00136639 you get more rubbish so you want to try
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00669-00136640-00136902 and keep the threshold tight but then if
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00670-00136903-00137071 you don't find anything the algorithm
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00671-00137072-00137223 will automatically open the gate a bit
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00672-00137224-00137502 wider until it does find something
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00673-00137503-00137711 another optimization is
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00674-00137712-00137831 um
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00675-00137832-00138047 if you've got a genus name you only test
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00676-00138048-00138223 it against other genus names you don't
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00677-00138224-00138454 test it against higher taxa like orders
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00678-00138455-00138878 or families or or filer or classes and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00679-00138879-00139031 the last thing which it isn't really
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00680-00139032-00139199 part of text and match itself because
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00681-00139200-00139359 you could put it into any
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00682-00139360-00139583 search system but it's often helpful to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00683-00139584-00139678 say
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00684-00139679-00139871 i don't want to search the whole list i
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00685-00139872-00140071 know my my name is a mollusk i know it's
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00686-00140072-00140223 a higher plant so just show me the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00687-00140224-00140399 matches in higher plants and that's a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00688-00140400-00140887 really good way to get rid of false hits
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00689-00140888-00141039 the final thing is to make this thing
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00690-00141040-00141159 happen in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00691-00141160-00141454 real real time and what i mean is
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00692-00141455-00141583 someone types in the name and they want
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00693-00141584-00141727 a result within a second or two they
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00694-00141728-00142023 don't want to write 100 seconds or if
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00695-00142024-00142239 you want to do a big deduplication task
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00696-00142240-00142431 on 2 million names you've got to test
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00697-00142432-00142607 every name against every other name so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00698-00142608-00142863 there's 2 million tests that's a lot of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00699-00142864-00143078 tests and that might take three months
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00700-00143079-00143287 on a slow system so you want to make
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00701-00143288-00143502 this as fast as you can
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00702-00143503-00143766 so i've got some optimization here first
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00703-00143767-00143895 the first one is just to look at the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00704-00143896-00144102 genus first because there's a lot less
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00705-00144103-00144231 genera in the world than there are
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00706-00144232-00144463 species there's probably half a million
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00707-00144464-00144735 gene or a 5 million species so there's a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00708-00144736-00144959 factor of 10 difference so you can get a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00709-00144960-00145231 10 fold increase without
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00710-00145232-00145407 without really doing anything except
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00711-00145408-00145654 trim off the species and first look for
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00712-00145655-00145951 general that match and then you can use
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00713-00145952-00146223 the error pattern switch
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00714-00146224-00146575 which i talked about before to say well
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00715-00146576-00146799 you it's it's it's actually quite quick
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00716-00146800-00147023 to to do some matching looking for these
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00717-00147024-00147166 error patterns compared with doing that
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00718-00147167-00147366 the real grunt
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00719-00147367-00147671 edit distance tests so if you can say
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00720-00147672-00147807 just don't test all these names because
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00721-00147808-00147943 they don't look right anyway it's not
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00722-00147944-00148126 even worth testing them you can save a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00723-00148127-00148414 lot of time
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00724-00148415-00148790 so i can get a 99 fold improvement or
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00725-00148791-00149143 100 fold improvement in fact that's even
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00726-00149144-00149326 if i can test one name instead of 100
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00727-00149327-00149559 i'm doing well
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00728-00149560-00149854 uh there's a even one more optima
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00729-00149855-00150078 optimization that you can do and you can
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00730-00150079-00150414 say that i'll allow
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00731-00150415-00150607 any sort of error in the species but i
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00732-00150608-00150847 really want the genus to be almost right
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00733-00150848-00150990 or you can do it the other way around
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00734-00150991-00151231 and if you put that extra constraint in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00735-00151232-00151463 so the genus or the species has to be a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00736-00151464-00151678 phonetic match you can get another big
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00737-00151679-00151990 increase in speed
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00738-00151991-00152063 so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00739-00152064-00152247 it's a rather complicated workflow and i
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00740-00152248-00152414 don't really want to go into it in any
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00741-00152415-00152647 detail but at the top left we have the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00742-00152648-00152863 input name coming in at the top right we
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00743-00152864-00153054 have a bucket of target names which in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00744-00153055-00153351 my system is two million species or half
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00745-00153352-00153511 a million genera
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00746-00153512-00153735 and you peel off the genus portion and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00747-00153736-00153975 in the left hand blue box is the genus
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00748-00153976-00154271 testing then if there's a species uh you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00749-00154272-00154414 pass it to the right hand blue box and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00750-00154415-00154599 you test the species everything drops
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00751-00154600-00154790 out of the bottom it throws away what it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00752-00154791-00154999 thinks a false hits and gives you what
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00753-00155000-00155143 it thinks that
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00754-00155144-00155423 the true hits at the bottom right
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00755-00155424-00155623 so we can look at this in practice my
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00756-00155624-00155790 earning database which is what i'll talk
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00757-00155791-00155926 about in a moment
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00758-00155927-00156031 um
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00759-00156032-00156183 as i say it's got about two million
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00760-00156184-00156447 species names half half a million genus
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00761-00156448-00156535 names
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00762-00156536-00156743 so you can go to you can google irming
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00763-00156744-00156943 and say where is the data access page
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00764-00156944-00157214 for iming here it is you can
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00765-00157215-00157495 find a name somewhere and say i want to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00766-00157496-00157702 see is this name correctly spelled or
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00767-00157703-00157926 not and i've just made up
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00768-00157927-00158151 humbo sapien as a misspelling of homo
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00769-00158152-00158439 sapiens i put an error in the genus i
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00770-00158440-00158623 put an error in the species i want to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00771-00158624-00158799 see what happens
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00772-00158800-00158983 i press the button saying check species
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00773-00158984-00159159 names and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00774-00159160-00159407 within a second in this case
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00775-00159408-00159599 0.7 of a second it's done all the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00776-00159600-00159839 testing so first of all it looks at the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00777-00159840-00159959 genus
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00778-00159960-00160190 and there's an error in the genus
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00779-00160191-00160471 uh humbo it says the nearest i didn't
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00780-00160472-00160663 find an exact match for hombo the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00781-00160664-00160871 nearest i found was homo but i also
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00782-00160872-00161031 found these other things
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00783-00161032-00161247 maybe these are what you want as well
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00784-00161248-00161454 then it looks for and then it only looks
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00785-00161455-00161647 for species which nearly match those
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00786-00161648-00161766 genera
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00787-00161767-00161990 and that way it it says well the only
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00788-00161991-00162143 thing i can find that's at all like
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00789-00162144-00162366 sapient in any of those gene era like
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00790-00162367-00162614 humbo is homo sapiens there's nothing
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00791-00162615-00162839 else
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00792-00162840-00163119 and this is how it does it so quickly in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00793-00163120-00163295 point seven of a second
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00794-00163296-00163526 it's it's done all the pre-filtering so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00795-00163527-00163687 it doesn't have to test
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00796-00163688-00164054 very many names at all it only tests 548
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00797-00164055-00164231 names at genus level out of half a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00798-00164232-00164463 million and it only tests 50 species
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00799-00164464-00164790 epithets out of 2 million so that's
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00800-00164791-00164943 you can get some really good performance
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00801-00164944-00165159 out of this
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00802-00165160-00165311 so there isn't quite a published
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00803-00165312-00165502 description of texamatch yet there was a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00804-00165503-00165775 poster that i made back in 2009 for the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00805-00165776-00165951 ebio system
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00806-00165952-00166135 eat biosphere meeting i'm sorry in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00807-00166136-00166231 london
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00808-00166232-00166414 i've got a manuscript which has been
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00809-00166415-00166678 very slow in gestation and some people
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00810-00166679-00166887 in the room have reviewed it and said
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00811-00166888-00167078 it's terrible and this needs fixed thing
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00812-00167079-00167295 i'm not looking at rod page here
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00813-00167296-00167502 but it's finally been accepted for plus
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00814-00167503-00167663 one and it's coming out next week in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00815-00167664-00167759 fact
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00816-00167760-00167966 and there's a website at my agency where
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00817-00167967-00168151 you can find out more about how tech so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00818-00168152-00168463 match works if you really want to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00819-00168464-00168623 so the nice thing about taxamatch is
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00820-00168624-00168871 that i've been mulling over for seven
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00821-00168872-00169054 years how to make the algorithms work
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00822-00169055-00169247 how to tweak them and i've been giving
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00823-00169248-00169478 talks at small meetings like tadwig and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00824-00169479-00169711 ebiosphere and so on and i've met people
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00825-00169712-00169935 who say oh this looks like a tool that
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00826-00169936-00170087 would be really good to put into our
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00827-00170088-00170238 system so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00828-00170239-00170463 by the time i've got the manuscript out
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00829-00170464-00170638 there's about 30 systems around the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00830-00170639-00170854 world who are all using text match
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00831-00170855-00171102 one of them is the taxonomic name
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00832-00171103-00171407 resolution service the tnrs
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00833-00171408-00171702 in america for plants the iplant project
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00834-00171703-00171847 and i noticed there's a poster outside
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00835-00171848-00172031 the door saying we ran all our names
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00836-00172032-00172214 through the iplant tnrs to see if they
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00837-00172215-00172383 were correctly spelled well that's
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00838-00172384-00172575 texamatch
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00839-00172576-00172783 the work worms the world register of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00840-00172784-00172959 marine species there's a little button
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00841-00172960-00173126 to say do you want to return fuzzy
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00842-00173127-00173311 matches and and there's a little link
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00843-00173312-00173495 underneath saying about this and if you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00844-00173496-00173702 click the link it'll say this is an idea
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00845-00173703-00173902 that tony reese gave us but nobody ever
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00846-00173903-00174175 sees that
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00847-00174176-00174423 okay so that's that's a bit about fuzzy
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00848-00174424-00174695 matching and um gbf have actually
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00849-00174696-00174911 sponsored somebody to make a port of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00850-00174912-00175095 texas match into
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00851-00175096-00175263 um php
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00852-00175264-00175414 and the atlas of living australia
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00853-00175415-00175575 sponsored someone to make a port of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00854-00175576-00175766 texamatch into java which is what they
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00855-00175767-00175975 use i'm not really sure whether they're
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00856-00175976-00176183 used behind the scenes for data cleaning
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00857-00176184-00176390 or whether they're available on the user
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00858-00176391-00176631 interface so i probably need to bash
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00859-00176632-00176838 somebody's head and say are you using
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00860-00176839-00177207 tax imagine if not why not
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00861-00177208-00177375 okay the final thing i want to mention
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00862-00177376-00177623 is earning which is really what i spend
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00863-00177624-00177831 most of my time doing at the moment when
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00864-00177832-00178047 i'm not doing what my employer thinks
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00865-00178048-00178326 i'm doing
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00866-00178327-00178599 and if you cast your mind back a bit to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00867-00178600-00178735 when we were talking about building an
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00868-00178736-00178951 index for obis we want two different
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00869-00178952-00179278 things we want geographic identifiers so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00870-00179279-00179519 in at that time it was the c-square ids
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00871-00179520-00179702 and we want names which are our
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00872-00179703-00180078 taxonomic identifiers
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00873-00180079-00180190 so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00874-00180191-00180359 basically what this means is that any of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00875-00180360-00180566 these large data projects for
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00876-00180567-00180999 biodiversity needs a taxonomic backbone
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00877-00181000-00181095 we need
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00878-00181096-00181254 to know when something is a synonym of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00879-00181255-00181383 something else
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00880-00181384-00181535 if two things are variant spellings
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00881-00181536-00181751 which which one are we going to use
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00882-00181752-00181943 and obis wanted to know other things as
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00883-00181944-00182078 well they wanted to know is this a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00884-00182079-00182238 marine species because if it's not a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00885-00182239-00182502 marine species we won't display it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00886-00182503-00182719 is it is it an extant fish species
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00887-00182720-00182999 because they wanted to hide fossils
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00888-00183000-00183343 and ideally you want to build this
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00889-00183344-00183502 this reference
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00890-00183503-00183735 taxonomy independently of the data
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00891-00183736-00183926 that's coming in because that way you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00892-00183927-00184111 can show data gaps you can say we know
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00893-00184112-00184335 there are 10 species of whales but at
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00894-00184336-00184471 the moment there's two of them we don't
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00895-00184472-00184711 have any data on
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00896-00184712-00184926 it means when new data comes on online
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00897-00184927-00185111 you know where to put it and it also
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00898-00185112-00185366 gives you an independent list of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00899-00185367-00185551 verified spellings where you can run
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00900-00185552-00185743 fuzzy matching against because you know
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00901-00185744-00185911 or you hope you know that this is this
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00902-00185912-00186238 is correct
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00903-00186239-00186399 you could do this with all the species
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00904-00186400-00186638 but there's a lot of species names
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00905-00186639-00186966 there's something like 1.9 million valid
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00906-00186967-00187247 living species there's another 200 300
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00907-00187248-00187343 000
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00908-00187344-00187702 valid fossil species every species has
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00909-00187703-00187959 two three four five sometimes ten
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00910-00187960-00188263 synonyms so you've probably got a target
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00911-00188264-00188471 of five million species names if not
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00912-00188472-00188775 more maybe ten million nobody knows
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00913-00188776-00188990 so as i said before when i was talking
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00914-00188991-00189302 about taxa match um there's only sort of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00915-00189303-00189638 one tenth as many genera species so i
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00916-00189639-00189783 thought well catalog of life have been
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00917-00189784-00190038 trying to do this you know for 10 years
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00918-00190039-00190254 whatever they're still 70 of the way
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00919-00190255-00190447 there they're probably really 30 of the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00920-00190448-00190583 way there because they haven't counted
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00921-00190584-00190750 all the synonyms and they haven't got
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00922-00190751-00190926 any fossils in there
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00923-00190927-00191126 but there are already some lists of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00924-00191127-00191319 genera around people have done all the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00925-00191320-00191559 work but everything is not available in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00926-00191560-00191702 a single place
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00927-00191703-00191950 so in 2006 i
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00928-00191951-00192119 foolishly said to obis well i could
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00929-00192120-00192326 build you an index of gina and add all
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00930-00192327-00192495 the marine flags and all the extent
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00931-00192496-00192687 fossil flags and it'll take about three
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00932-00192688-00192799 months
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00933-00192800-00192902 so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00934-00192903-00193502 here we are in 2014 i'm still doing it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00935-00193503-00193583 so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00936-00193584-00193831 i called it irming the interim register
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00937-00193832-00194150 of marine and non-marine genera
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00938-00194151-00194343 there's some history to that term but
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00939-00194344-00194495 i'll tell you over a cup of coffee if
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00940-00194496-00194695 you want to know
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00941-00194696-00194871 so as well as the names i want more i
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00942-00194872-00195047 want the family allocations i want to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00943-00195048-00195199 know if they're synonyms i want to know
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00944-00195200-00195399 if they're marine or non-marine
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00945-00195400-00195599 and so there are lots of lists of names
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00946-00195600-00195775 but sometimes or many times they don't
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00947-00195776-00195975 have this information so having the name
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00948-00195976-00196119 is just the start
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00949-00196120-00196383 and marking it up improving the quality
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00950-00196384-00196614 of the content is is a large task and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00951-00196615-00196902 it's a task which is still going
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00952-00196903-00197126 um having the gina though you've done
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00953-00197127-00197278 all the hard work of classifying
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00954-00197279-00197478 everything and saying is this a marine
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00955-00197479-00197678 genus this is a non-marine genus so it's
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00956-00197679-00197807 actually very easy then if you've got
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00957-00197808-00198007 some species list to just hook them in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00958-00198008-00198223 there all the hard work is done so you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00959-00198224-00198390 can get species lists from catalog of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00960-00198391-00198799 life or museums or regional lists
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00961-00198800-00199007 and put them in it's not really been a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00962-00199008-00199295 high priority for me but um if they're
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00963-00199296-00199526 available i'll put them in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00964-00199527-00199750 so you could say well how many
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00965-00199751-00199919 how many names are we talking about at
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00966-00199920-00200135 the genus level again nobody knows
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00967-00200136-00200463 nobody's ever tabulated them my guess is
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00968-00200464-00200726 that there's about 500 000 half a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00969-00200727-00201002 million at the moment i've got nearly
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00970-00201003-00201311 470 000 so i've got over 90
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00971-00201312-00201495 of all the names which i think is quite
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00972-00201496-00201590 good
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00973-00201591-00201783 and i've got species names in there from
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00974-00201784-00201926 wherever i can get them
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00975-00201927-00202047 um
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00976-00202048-00202295 the entire database which lives on my
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00977-00202296-00202471 server in hobart but people can search
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00978-00202472-00202750 it via the web but i also give copies to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00979-00202751-00202959 power users so if
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00980-00202960-00203183 if an agency like atlas of living
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00981-00203184-00203407 australia or g before obis or some of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00982-00203408-00203550 the other these others want it i just
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00983-00203551-00203926 make a day to dump for them
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00984-00203927-00204102 at the moment it lives on my server in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00985-00204103-00204271 herbert but we're talking about moving
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00986-00204272-00204375 it to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00987-00204376-00204631 vliz in belgium later this year the main
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00988-00204632-00204790 reason for that is that i'm about to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00989-00204791-00205079 take early retirement from my agency and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00990-00205080-00205262 i'd like someone else to look after it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00991-00205263-00205446 so i can continue to edit it but i don't
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00992-00205448-00205671 have to worry about the i t side and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00993-00205671-00205942 also vliz in belgium all already run the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00994-00205944-00206158 servers where worms the world register
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00995-00206159-00206406 of marine species is 30 more taxonomic
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00996-00206407-00206575 databases and they also have all the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00997-00206576-00206798 obis data which urban has to talk to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00998-00206800-00206975 this system quite a lot so that seems to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-00999-00206976-00207062 be
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01000-00207063-00207310 a good solution
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01001-00207311-00207566 so we can throw things at
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01002-00207567-00207742 irming basically and get back
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01003-00207744-00207910 information about names are they
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01004-00207911-00208134 correctly spelled what family are they
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01005-00208135-00208375 in are their current name or a synonym
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01006-00208376-00208575 are they marine or non-marine many
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01007-00208576-00208903 things are they fossil objects um some
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01008-00208904-00209214 time ago 12 months ago two years ago rod
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01009-00209215-00209310 page
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01010-00209311-00209542 uh wrote a post to texacom saying this
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01011-00209544-00209703 is a really simple service this is what
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01012-00209704-00209958 biology needs and it doesn't exist
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01013-00209959-00210215 and this is my answer well it's sort of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01014-00210216-00210431 exists some of it exists i'm building it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01015-00210432-00210646 i'm on the case
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01016-00210648-00210806 so i
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01017-00210807-00210991 again i trap all the user queries to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01018-00210992-00211206 irbing like i do to my australian marine
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01019-00211207-00211358 species database and i was just having a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01020-00211359-00211534 look last week when i was preparing this
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01021-00211535-00211782 slide and i noticed someone had so you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01022-00211783-00211919 could put in one name you could put in a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01023-00211919-00212151 thousand names and just go
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01024-00212152-00212310 tell me what erming knows about these
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01025-00212311-00212519 names and this person had just put three
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01026-00212519-00212646 three names in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01027-00212648-00212815 um and i thought well
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01028-00212816-00212991 i'll repeat their query and see what
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01029-00212992-00213142 happens so here are the three names
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01030-00213144-00213287 arisa dia
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01031-00213288-00213551 in brackets mira catherine i i don't
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01032-00213552-00213767 know what it is that's obviously a genus
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01033-00213767-00213951 and a subgenus and a species name so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01034-00213952-00214119 that they they'd look for three species
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01035-00214119-00214319 names and so i thought well i'll just
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01036-00214319-00214494 repeat that query and see what erming
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01037-00214496-00214758 tells me so what it tells me
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01038-00214759-00214910 um
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01039-00214911-00215079 yep is that for two of the two of the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01040-00215080-00215310 names irming has an exact match uh
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01041-00215311-00215575 catherine and i and lopezai that they're
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01042-00215576-00215919 both polychates so if you know
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01043-00215919-00216134 poly heaters are sort of worm so very
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01044-00216135-00216271 appropriately they're they're in the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01045-00216271-00216463 worms database
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01046-00216464-00216663 that's a joke
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01047-00216664-00216855 they've got some flags
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01048-00216856-00217119 that an e means it's an extant species
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01049-00217119-00217319 it means it's a marine species and both
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01050-00217319-00217463 those names are actually synonyms
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01051-00217464-00217687 according to the catalogue of life of so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01052-00217688-00217839 they're old names which are not in use
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01053-00217840-00218039 anymore and irming will tell you what
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01054-00218040-00218223 the new name is on the right
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01055-00218223-00218482 and then for one name
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01056-00218483-00218646 here uh
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01057-00218648-00218975 there we are um it says it basically i
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01058-00218976-00219158 run texture match automatically because
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01059-00219159-00219334 it's a very small overhead when i'm
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01060-00219335-00219527 putting names in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01061-00219528-00219831 into the inquiry so for this one it says
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01062-00219832-00219958 there's no exact match but there is a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01063-00219959-00220319 near match arisa dia
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01064-00220319-00220551 hori koshai with one eye instead of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01065-00220552-00220806 horikoshai with two eyes so it's fairly
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01066-00220807-00220982 obvious that that is what was intended
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01067-00220983-00221158 and someone can click that link and go
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01068-00221159-00221375 and get information about that species
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01069-00221376-00221598 so that's an example of a species level
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01070-00221600-00221687 query
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01071-00221688-00221975 mainly erming is a most complete as a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01072-00221976-00222255 genus query so you can do similar
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01073-00222256-00222406 queries with genera or you can just say
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01074-00222407-00222542 show me everything that's in there
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01075-00222544-00222710 starting with m or something which is
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01076-00222711-00222903 what i did in this query
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01077-00222904-00223063 i won't go through in detail but you can
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01078-00223064-00223198 you can have a look on the web and you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01079-00223200-00223398 can think of use cases for for this sort
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01080-00223400-00223598 of thing if you're trying to name new
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01081-00223600-00223758 genera you can see whether this name has
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01082-00223759-00223998 been used before or you've got a whole
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01083-00224000-00224175 you you've got a database from somebody
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01084-00224176-00224303 you don't know what
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01085-00224304-00224446 you don't know what they are you know
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01086-00224448-00224615 this will at least tell you what the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01087-00224616-00224806 genus is even if irming doesn't have the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01088-00224807-00224951 species
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01089-00224952-00225119 and another type of query you can do is
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01090-00225119-00225319 you can query by author name so i
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01091-00225319-00225558 thought who's who's who's someone i can
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01092-00225559-00225879 put in the hot seat i thought rod page
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01093-00225880-00226071 i'm sure i could put page in and see if
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01094-00226071-00226255 there's any homonyms of page in my
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01095-00226256-00226446 database in the author
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01096-00226448-00226758 field and so this is what i did and i
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01097-00226759-00226942 found that there's somebody
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01098-00226944-00227191 some mr page in the 1850s who was
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01099-00227192-00227471 describing fossil myriad pods
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01100-00227471-00227639 there's a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01101-00227640-00227934 a page in the 1950s who was describing
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01102-00227935-00228110 some plants
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01103-00228111-00228303 there's a page in the 1960s who was
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01104-00228304-00228542 describing amoebas
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01105-00228544-00228782 and so on so you can do various queries
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01106-00228783-00228934 once you have the data and i made all
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01107-00228935-00229127 these queries available quite easily
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01108-00229128-00229327 from the erming home page
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01109-00229328-00229519 and then you can do other functions too
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01110-00229519-00229703 you can just say i want to see all the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01111-00229704-00229903 plants all the phylo of plants show me
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01112-00229904-00230198 all the you know kingdom phylum class
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01113-00230200-00230439 order family stuff the classic stuff you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01114-00230440-00230598 can just say i want just want to throw
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01115-00230600-00230846 my query at a certain group
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01116-00230848-00231039 you can just list out the homonyms
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01117-00231040-00231215 that's where the same name has been used
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01118-00231216-00231439 for different things at different times
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01119-00231440-00231631 uh we could say show me all the molluscs
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01120-00231632-00231839 published in 1856
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01121-00231840-00232015 and you know you can design your own
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01122-00232016-00232198 queries particularly if you have a local
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01123-00232200-00232342 dump of the data there's many things you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01124-00232344-00232482 can
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01125-00232483-00232782 do so of course that there's lots of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01126-00232783-00232927 things to do this is an open-ended
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01127-00232928-00233175 project it it wouldn't suffer if it had
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01128-00233176-00233334 10 people working on it full-time
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01129-00233335-00233503 instead of me doing
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01130-00233504-00233751 part-time so if i want to carry on for
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01131-00233752-00233991 100 years there's probably work to do
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01132-00233992-00234151 these are some of the things i want to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01133-00234152-00234431 do i won't go through them all except to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01134-00234432-00234646 mention that the fourth one down is
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01135-00234648-00234846 talking about literature because
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01136-00234848-00235015 rod page here is very interested in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01137-00235016-00235246 linking names to taxonomic literature
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01138-00235248-00235455 he's using ids which come from a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01139-00235456-00235663 database called ion and i've done
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01140-00235664-00235815 started to do some cross matching of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01141-00235816-00236039 erming ids to iron ids and then if we've
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01142-00236040-00236198 got two bases which are using two
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01143-00236200-00236431 databases using the same identifiers we
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01144-00236432-00236646 can make nice crosswalks and i can say
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01145-00236648-00236823 well i don't have details on the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01146-00236823-00237046 literature but rod page's database has
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01147-00237048-00237246 and here's the link
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01148-00237248-00237446 there's a lot of species come online
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01149-00237448-00237542 since
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01150-00237544-00237767 2006 when i started this like the plant
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01151-00237767-00237975 list has got a million plant names so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01152-00237976-00238103 some of this stuff will be really good
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01153-00238104-00238351 to get in and it's nice to receive this
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01154-00238352-00238551 award because it will give me some time
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01155-00238552-00238742 i can pay myself when i've retired from
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01156-00238744-00238942 my agency to do some of these things or
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01157-00238944-00239287 pay somebody else to help me
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01158-00239288-00239487 so erming doesn't have any published
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01159-00239488-00239806 descriptions in the classic form but
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01160-00239807-00240063 the descriptions online in the tadwig
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01161-00240064-00240319 database of information projects of of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01162-00240319-00240463 the world
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01163-00240464-00240655 there's the current location which you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01164-00240656-00240855 can find by googling and hopefully it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01165-00240856-00241023 will move to vliz and have a home page
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01166-00241023-00241223 there as well
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01167-00241223-00241351 so again
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01168-00241352-00241534 just like texas match
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01169-00241535-00241687 the measure of this stuff is not really
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01170-00241688-00241855 how clever it is or how clever i think
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01171-00241856-00242063 it is it's whether other people are
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01172-00242064-00242239 using it and it's nice to see that
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01173-00242240-00242391 irving is being used in a lot of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01174-00242392-00242534 different agencies and a lot of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01175-00242535-00242727 different systems because it's the first
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01176-00242728-00242982 time anyone's really tried to produce a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01177-00242983-00243119 comprehensive catalogue of all the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01178-00243119-00243431 genera in the world for plants animals
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01179-00243432-00243551 viruses
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01180-00243552-00243839 prokaryotes etc and make some effort to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01181-00243840-00244294 put them all into a standard hierarchy
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01182-00244296-00244623 so just in conclusion i just shown you a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01183-00244623-00244871 brief glimpse of some of the tools most
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01184-00244871-00245023 mostly they're developed independently
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01185-00245023-00245206 but there is some sort of there are some
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01186-00245207-00245375 common threads you know i started off
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01187-00245376-00245582 with the mapping stuff i applied that to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01188-00245583-00245775 obis and i discovered obese needed the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01189-00245776-00246006 taxonomic name stuff so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01190-00246007-00246175 you know some of this stuff hangs
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01191-00246176-00246358 together quite nicely
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01192-00246359-00246639 at the moment i'm supplying irming uh to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01193-00246640-00246734 to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01194-00246735-00246998 as a contribution to the gbif taxonomic
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01195-00247000-00247142 backbone
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01196-00247144-00247398 um i i thought that irming would be the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01197-00247400-00247582 taxonomic backbone for all life but
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01198-00247583-00247703 everybody else thinks that of their
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01199-00247704-00247879 systems as well so we probably have to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01200-00247880-00248055 discuss a bit more how these things play
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01201-00248056-00248263 nicely together
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01202-00248264-00248463 there is a project mostly in america
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01203-00248464-00248751 called global names which is trying to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01204-00248752-00248903 claims to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01205-00248904-00249094 try to be a clearinghouse for names just
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01206-00249096-00249303 like g buff is a clearinghouse for data
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01207-00249304-00249534 points and they should be able to set up
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01208-00249535-00249742 services so that a new name comes into
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01209-00249744-00249942 one part of the system and some other
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01210-00249944-00250127 part of the system can automatically be
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01211-00250128-00250406 alerted and everything happens by magic
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01212-00250407-00250623 but it doesn't really happen yet
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01213-00250623-00250863 and again just as i mentioned before
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01214-00250864-00250967 there are people working with the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01215-00250967-00251127 taxonomic literature which i don't
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01216-00251128-00251319 really cover very much but it would be
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01217-00251319-00251519 really nice to just expand my thinking
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01218-00251519-00251646 with irming and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01219-00251648-00251910 and and build these these hot links
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01220-00251911-00252063 straight from my system to some of these
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01221-00252064-00252246 other systems where people have have
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01222-00252248-00252519 these other interests
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01223-00252519-00252598 so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01224-00252600-00252782 when i was walking out of the door to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01225-00252783-00252910 prepare this talk i was leaving
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01226-00252911-00253087 australia my wife had a shopping bag and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01227-00253088-00253230 it had this on it i don't know what thin
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01228-00253231-00253375 line is
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01229-00253376-00253606 innovation is only useful if it benefits
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01230-00253607-00253839 someone so i like to think that it's not
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01231-00253840-00254063 just innovation it's it's the uptake
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01232-00254064-00254198 which is important that people are
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01233-00254200-00254527 actually deriving benefits from my tools
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01234-00254528-00254655 so i've got a long list of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01235-00254656-00254830 acknowledgements a couple of people are
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01236-00254831-00255023 possibly in the room david remson
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01237-00255023-00255142 somewhere
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01238-00255144-00255358 rod page somewhere
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01239-00255359-00255591 donald isn't mentioned by name but the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01240-00255592-00255823 ala is there because the ala funded some
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01241-00255823-00256023 of this work as well
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01242-00256023-00256198 and here are some links or you can just
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01243-00256200-00256430 google everything and find it on the web
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01244-00256431-00257463 thank you very much
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01245-00257464-00257646 thank you tony that was great fun we
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01246-00257648-00257767 have time for a couple of quick
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01247-00257767-00257942 questions if anybody would like to ask
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01248-00257944-00258310 tony
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01249-00258311-00258446 jorge
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01250-00258448-00258655 thank you tony it was very interesting
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01251-00258656-00258934 um if we provide the catalog
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01252-00258935-00259015 okay
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01253-00259016-00259327 the the the tax and match software will
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01254-00259328-00259582 work with our with a customer catalog
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01255-00259583-00259846 yes um the way that i've worked with
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01256-00259848-00260030 people in the past is that they i've
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01257-00260031-00260119 given
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01258-00260119-00260310 the source code to text match to them
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01259-00260311-00260479 and showed them how to deploy it over
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01260-00260480-00260751 their own catalogue and sometimes it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01261-00260752-00260846 it's
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01262-00260848-00261023 needed to be rewritten in a different
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01263-00261023-00261198 software language because i have it in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01264-00261200-00261406 an oracle software language but other
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01265-00261407-00261575 people have made ports so there's a port
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01266-00261576-00261982 in php i put in ruby a port in java
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01267-00261983-00262191 possibly something else so normally i
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01268-00262192-00262391 interact with the programmers
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01269-00262392-00262623 who look after the data there is another
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01270-00262624-00262839 model which
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01271-00262840-00263030 i plan to doing and also global names
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01272-00263031-00263255 are doing they have local copies of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01273-00263256-00263415 taxamatch which they can then point at
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01274-00263416-00263639 different databases so another way to do
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01275-00263640-00263782 it would be to say i want to give my
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01276-00263783-00263999 database to global names you already
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01277-00264000-00264182 have text and match which can point to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01278-00264183-00264295 different things
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01279-00264296-00264463 please add my data to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01280-00264464-00264647 to your system so there's two ways to do
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01281-00264648-00265351 it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01282-00265352-00265630 joanne sorry thanks johan daly csiro
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01283-00265631-00265823 tony i was really interested to see your
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01284-00265824-00266023 fuzzy matching and we heard this morning
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01285-00266024-00266319 from steve wilkinson in the uk that in
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01286-00266320-00266510 the overseas territories people were
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01287-00266511-00266639 downloading you know half a million
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01288-00266640-00266847 records but had to reject a lot of it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01289-00266848-00267063 because they couldn't identify the most
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01290-00267064-00267206 contemporary name
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01291-00267207-00267399 would would your software have solved
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01292-00267400-00267575 that problem is it a solution for the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01293-00267576-00267951 problem these people had
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01294-00267952-00268047 um
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01295-00268048-00268295 yes and no um if the problem is a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01296-00268296-00268455 spelling error then texture match will
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01297-00268456-00268655 help you if the problem is that it's an
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01298-00268656-00268839 out of date name then you need a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01299-00268840-00269119 database of synonyms and most of the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01300-00269120-00269263 synonyms i've got at the moment come
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01301-00269264-00269551 from catalog of life so if catalog of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01302-00269552-00269663 life has it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01303-00269664-00269887 marked as a synonym you'll find it if it
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01304-00269888-00270110 doesn't you won't and that's it's a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01305-00270111-00270279 separate type of problem and it needs
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01306-00270280-00270495 extra needs a different scale of effort
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01307-00270496-00270647 for someone to actually compile all the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01308-00270648-00270767 synonyms and then put them in the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01309-00270768-00271047 database and point taxamatch at them
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01310-00271048-00272358 so partly is the answer
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01311-00272359-00272591 hi i'm tanya abramson from south africa
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01312-00272592-00272799 from the biodiversity institute
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01313-00272800-00273206 and it's quite an amazing and thrilling
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01314-00273207-00273351 innovation
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01315-00273352-00273623 from essentially an individual and and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01316-00273624-00273823 and really want to congratulate you on
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01317-00273824-00273910 that
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01318-00273911-00274119 and but your your
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01319-00274120-00274391 retirement imminent
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01320-00274392-00274758 makes me want to ask the question about
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01321-00274759-00275006 succession planning about
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01322-00275007-00275327 transfer of skills and mentoring
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01323-00275328-00275558 etc etc and i wanted to just
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01324-00275559-00275767 find out from you whether
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01325-00275768-00275958 in in the last few years you have
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01326-00275959-00276167 transferred i don't think one can ever
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01327-00276168-00276399 transfer the kind of innovative brain
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01328-00276400-00276599 that you've got but transferred some of
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01329-00276600-00276839 the skills and understandings to at
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01330-00276840-00276967 least a cada
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01331-00276968-00277175 of younger people who will take up the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01332-00277176-00277495 kajal when you are retired thanks
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01333-00277496-00277791 okay well what i've tried to do is uh
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01334-00277792-00277951 interact quite
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01335-00277952-00278182 personally with key developers of other
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01336-00278183-00278375 systems who just i meet at meetings or
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01337-00278376-00278567 they email me and i help them on a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01338-00278568-00278727 one-to-one basis
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01339-00278728-00278855 another thing i've done is put quite a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01340-00278856-00279006 lot of documentation on the web
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01341-00279007-00279215 particularly for taxa match to say if
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01342-00279216-00279391 you want to deploy it these are all the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01343-00279392-00279510 things that you have to put in here's
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01344-00279511-00279719 some sample data if you have a problem
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01345-00279720-00279934 contact me
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01346-00279935-00280175 obis is really it has its own developer
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01347-00280176-00280406 team so it's it's grown up and left the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01348-00280407-00280503 house
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01349-00280504-00280679 i don't really have much to do with ovis
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01350-00280680-00280958 z squares is almost sort of legacy
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01351-00280959-00281110 we keep the c squared mapper going
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01352-00281111-00281279 because there are a few users but we
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01353-00281280-00281382 don't put
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01354-00281383-00281567 if i was building a system today i
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01355-00281568-00281799 wouldn't use cisco but it's there as a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01356-00281800-00281975 service
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01357-00281976-00282167 the biggest problem is really earning
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01358-00282168-00282382 because it's a big activity and i'm
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01359-00282383-00282519 probably the only person who really
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01360-00282520-00282751 understands the data structure and and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01361-00282752-00283047 its dependencies at the moment so i have
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01362-00283048-00283310 a succession plan which is to talk
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01363-00283311-00283487 and spend time with the developers at
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01364-00283488-00283679 blizz in belgium either by skype or
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01365-00283680-00283815 they're going to come to australia for a
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01366-00283816-00284063 few days or i will go there i talk to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01367-00284064-00284175 them anyway because they're looking
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01368-00284176-00284399 after worms and obis so
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01369-00284400-00284575 we have a good relationship
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01370-00284576-00284679 and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01371-00284680-00284815 and it also
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01372-00284816-00285023 it will evolve in in new directions
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01373-00285024-00285223 because they have their own i.t skills
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01374-00285224-00285391 they have their own you know i'm
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01375-00285392-00285703 providing a a large block of content
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01376-00285704-00285839 which they might want to take in new
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01377-00285840-00286006 directions they've got tools they've got
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01378-00286007-00286503 services which work over worms over
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01379-00286504-00286719 pesi and some of these other databases
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01380-00286720-00286919 it wouldn't be too hard for them to say
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01381-00286920-00287079 okay we've got the content we can just
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01382-00287080-00287319 plug it in and put all these services or
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01383-00287320-00287479 build new services if people want
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01384-00287480-00287751 services so i'm hoping that
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01385-00287752-00287863 you know just
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01386-00287864-00287982 by
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01387-00287983-00288215 making critical alliances and also by
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01388-00288216-00288375 putting stuff on the web and by
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01389-00288376-00288534 publishing you know some of the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01390-00288535-00288727 technical detail and papers that that i
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01391-00288728-00288903 am covering this stuff i'm conscious
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01392-00288904-00289055 that you know
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01393-00289056-00289191 there's a point where i want to walk
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01394-00289192-00289430 away and spend time on you know on the
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01395-00289431-00289647 farm with the horses and not worry about
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01396-00289648-00289855 whether this stuff will continue
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01397-00289856-00290223 exactly yes so so yes and
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01398-00290224-00290415 i was planning to retire next year but
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01399-00290416-00290519 i've brought that forward so i'm
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01400-00290520-00290703 actually retiring next month
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01401-00290704-00290871 but i'm going to carry on working from
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01402-00290872-00291063 home i'm going to use the gbif money to
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01403-00291064-00291287 set up a nice little home office replace
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01404-00291288-00291447 my work computer with something i have
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01405-00291448-00291687 to pay for and and just carry on doing
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01406-00291688-00291943 it as a as an interest activity
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01407-00291944-00292279 rather than something i'm paid to do
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01408-00292280-00292903 it's a good question though thank you
ujzIi-x5Bu4-01409-00292904-00293111 you
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00000-00000000-00000367 I guys just a quick update idea how to
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00001-00000368-00000802 see a simple bill to go I've added a few
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00002-00000803-00001228 things and one is the channel installer
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00003-00001229-00001460 so basically it's going to start that's
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00004-00001461-00001603 barely basic and stripped away
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00005-00001604-00002001 everything so we go to show channels
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00006-00002002-00002427 this is a PVR been working on slowly
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00007-00002428-00002841 we've also got this such TV shows so
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00008-00002842-00003193 what we're going to do a search we're
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00009-00003194-00003677 going to search the big tricks and we're
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00010-00003678-00004006 gonna bring up guys somebody thinks I
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00011-00004007-00004372 haven't finished completely but both
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00012-00004373-00004754 would do work and by the end but I
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00013-00004755-00005009 finished doing programming stuff they
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00014-00005010-00005591 will work also those TV shows say the
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00015-00005592-00007226 walking dead dad said see has his head
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00016-00007227-00008506 not all it'll work so busy if you wanna
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00017-00008507-00008785 because it's good i only have my own ad
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00018-00008786-00009191 on select what you do you go to across
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00019-00009192-00009710 the get bored click it's still more and
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00020-00009711-00010031 then you can just pick a channel for us
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00021-00010032-00010331 if you want to see babies you could get
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00022-00010332-00010666 do you risk to install shadow yes we do
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00023-00010667-00011063 download and it is complete your chances
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00024-00011064-00011764 do also the features is the TV guys I
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00025-00011765-00012028 have pretty much most of them x i'm
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00026-00012029-00012313 planning on getting them from here I'll
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00027-00012314-00012631 show you TV guides I should have all
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00028-00012632-00013075 these different languages as well
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00029-00013076-00013760 keep dubs they're all shadows say let's
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00030-00013761-00013963 go to TV Guide if you were to go to
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00031-00013965-00014702 India minding guide that has a fair fair
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00032-00014703-00015328 few channels and the UK guide so let's
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00033-00015329-00015944 get UK oversee and click this in your
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00034-00015944-00016427 Judea so see it was kind of next later
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00035-00016428-00017258 on other things with this is the obvious
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00036-00017259-00017422 you could get you fired you can clear
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00037-00017423-00017588 your cache so that here with spring
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00038-00017589-00017777 cleaning I could explain cleaning
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00039-00017778-00018071 because not i think know how much I'm
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00040-00018072-00018250 really going to go for simple a guy's
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00041-00018251-00018658 really good just purely simple it all
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00042-00018659-00019190 sounds and I'll see the low TV i have
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00043-00019191-00019514 been working on and nicer guide to it
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00044-00019515-00019721 and it is a stalker channels but let's
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00045-00019722-00020953 give you pics album all right so got
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00046-00020954-00021262 this suit that's fight and I said for
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00047-00021263-00022336 saris and TG dddddd let's get clarity
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00048-00022337-00022724 and odds because I've bear weight went
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00049-00022725-00023140 into the skin I will not need and really
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00050-00023141-00023428 any hours that one server so what this
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00051-00023429-00023768 concise taqueria saw that that and I
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00052-00023769-00024311 need that don't know though though
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00053-00024312-00024555 though
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00054-00024556-00024969 no but it's a challenge door we did they
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00055-00024970-00025545 be there don't need to step on the
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00056-00025546-00026022 Aspire so we go to build otherwise 33
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00057-00026023-00026449 megabytes and it's not really going to
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00058-00026450-00026787 change anything from that so it's going
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00059-00026788-00026943 to be small but click it it's still done
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00060-00026944-00027195 I on essentially a few more I can get
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00061-00027197-00028183 real okay 28 max because I won't need
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00062-00028183-00028381 any to use the data because if I've
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00063-00028382-00028707 literally done it all in the skin
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00064-00028708-00029196 English be dis is still back done that's
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00065-00029197-00029437 that simple build to vote in it can be
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00066-00029438-00029664 small updates on their computers and how
ukrRyTw_UUQ-00067-00029666-00029938 did you skin it and
ul98OMqGF9E-00000-00000331-00000486 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00001-00000487-00000682 hi boys and girls
ul98OMqGF9E-00002-00000683-00000986 wow it's 2019 did you have a good
ul98OMqGF9E-00003-00000986-00001289 holiday it sure is good to be back today
ul98OMqGF9E-00004-00001290-00001436 we're going to learn about daily
ul98OMqGF9E-00005-00001437-00001718 routines with my friend little apple are
ul98OMqGF9E-00006-00001719-00001772 you ready
ul98OMqGF9E-00007-00001773-00002099 well come on then let's go
ul98OMqGF9E-00009-00014173-00014600 if one uh the first episode for 2019 I
ul98OMqGF9E-00010-00014601-00014783 hope you enjoyed it hey don't forget to
ul98OMqGF9E-00011-00014784-00014908 subscribe so you don't miss the next
ul98OMqGF9E-00012-00014909-00015518 episode see you soon bye
ul98OMqGF9E-00013-00015519-00015683 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00014-00015684-00015981 hi boys and girls have you ever had a
ul98OMqGF9E-00015-00015982-00016157 dream where you're a different size
ul98OMqGF9E-00016-00016158-00016584 maybe you were worried burned or maybe
ul98OMqGF9E-00017-00016585-00016944 you were today we're going to learn
ul98OMqGF9E-00018-00016945-00017133 about sizes with my friend little
ul98OMqGF9E-00019-00017134-00017199 raspberry
ul98OMqGF9E-00020-00017200-00018114 are you ready well come on then let's go
ul98OMqGF9E-00021-00018115-00018385 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00022-00018386-00019087 raspberry what did you dream last night
ul98OMqGF9E-00023-00019088-00019652 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00024-00019653-00019730 about
ul98OMqGF9E-00025-00019731-00020080 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00026-00020081-00020383 at first I was
ul98OMqGF9E-00027-00020384-00020625 like a planet
ul98OMqGF9E-00028-00020626-00021099 then I was small
ul98OMqGF9E-00029-00021100-00021644 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00030-00021645-00021798 [Applause]
ul98OMqGF9E-00031-00021799-00022070 is time
ul98OMqGF9E-00032-00022071-00022435 we're all different size
ul98OMqGF9E-00033-00022436-00022467 [Applause]
ul98OMqGF9E-00034-00022468-00023267 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00035-00023268-00024113 what did you dream last night
ul98OMqGF9E-00036-00024114-00024212 enjoy
ul98OMqGF9E-00037-00024213-00024450 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00038-00024451-00024627 outside
ul98OMqGF9E-00039-00024628-00024877 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00040-00024878-00025517 at first I was Finn like a pin or a rain
ul98OMqGF9E-00041-00025518-00026142 then I was back like a hippo or away
ul98OMqGF9E-00042-00026143-00026444 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00043-00026445-00026858 [Applause]
ul98OMqGF9E-00044-00026860-00027369 we are
ul98OMqGF9E-00045-00027370-00028194 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00046-00028195-00028556 dream
ul98OMqGF9E-00047-00028557-00028851 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00048-00028852-00029097 good morning toy
ul98OMqGF9E-00049-00029098-00029808 the dream of
ul98OMqGF9E-00050-00029808-00030295 I was heavy like it down
ul98OMqGF9E-00051-00030295-00030689 I was light like a feather
ul98OMqGF9E-00052-00030689-00031351 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00053-00031352-00032150 Rhys Barry what did you dream last night
ul98OMqGF9E-00054-00032151-00032433 good morning Tony
ul98OMqGF9E-00055-00032433-00032955 I had another dream about
ul98OMqGF9E-00056-00032956-00033154 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00057-00033155-00033698 first I was taught play of basketball
ul98OMqGF9E-00058-00033699-00034416 I was short dr. Joffe honor
ul98OMqGF9E-00059-00034417-00034609 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00060-00034610-00034812 [Applause]
ul98OMqGF9E-00061-00034813-00035023 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00062-00035024-00035262 we are
ul98OMqGF9E-00063-00035263-00035986 inside
ul98OMqGF9E-00064-00035987-00036223 we
ul98OMqGF9E-00065-00036224-00036878 inside
ul98OMqGF9E-00066-00036879-00037124 that was fun hey thanks for watching and
ul98OMqGF9E-00067-00037125-00037256 don't forget to subscribe so you don't
ul98OMqGF9E-00068-00037257-00037912 miss the next episode see you soon bye
ul98OMqGF9E-00069-00037913-00038080 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00070-00038081-00038261 hi boys and girls
ul98OMqGF9E-00071-00038262-00038921 is it cold where you are now or is it
ul98OMqGF9E-00072-00038922-00039506 hot today we're going to learn about the
ul98OMqGF9E-00073-00039507-00039806 seasons with my friend little banana are
ul98OMqGF9E-00074-00039807-00039863 you ready
ul98OMqGF9E-00075-00039864-00041119 well come on then let's go once the
ul98OMqGF9E-00076-00041120-00041796 season once the season
ul98OMqGF9E-00077-00041797-00042036 time is passed
ul98OMqGF9E-00078-00042037-00042759 nature's changing
ul98OMqGF9E-00079-00042760-00043026 is he
ul98OMqGF9E-00080-00043027-00043454 and fresh and green
ul98OMqGF9E-00081-00043455-00043867 Oh
ul98OMqGF9E-00082-00043868-00044756 the seasons of the year
ul98OMqGF9E-00083-00044757-00045106 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00084-00045107-00045591 what's the season what's the season the
ul98OMqGF9E-00085-00045592-00045910 outside
ul98OMqGF9E-00086-00045911-00046156 time is blessed
ul98OMqGF9E-00087-00046157-00046789 they just changed
ul98OMqGF9E-00088-00046790-00047362 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00089-00047363-00047897 and our
ul98OMqGF9E-00090-00047898-00048347 the seasons
ul98OMqGF9E-00091-00048348-00048728 heeey
ul98OMqGF9E-00092-00048729-00049204 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00093-00049205-00049437 what's the C's
ul98OMqGF9E-00094-00049438-00050270 watch the seas
ul98OMqGF9E-00095-00050271-00050465 nature's change
ul98OMqGF9E-00096-00050466-00050557 look out
ul98OMqGF9E-00097-00050558-00051654 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00098-00051655-00051770 ah
ul98OMqGF9E-00099-00051771-00052168 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00100-00052169-00052814 seasons of the
ul98OMqGF9E-00101-00052815-00053327 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00102-00053328-00053765 what's the season wants the seed look
ul98OMqGF9E-00103-00053766-00054107 out
ul98OMqGF9E-00104-00054108-00054366 Chinese guys
ul98OMqGF9E-00105-00054367-00054695 nature's changes
ul98OMqGF9E-00106-00054696-00055107 [Applause]
ul98OMqGF9E-00107-00055108-00055307 Susy
ul98OMqGF9E-00108-00055308-00055675 Gold and why
ul98OMqGF9E-00109-00055676-00056315 Oh
ul98OMqGF9E-00110-00056316-00057368 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00111-00057369-00058324 the seasons
ul98OMqGF9E-00112-00058325-00058991 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00113-00058992-00059748 I like that song hey thanks very much
ul98OMqGF9E-00114-00059749-00059889 for watching don't forget to subscribe
ul98OMqGF9E-00115-00059890-00060060 so you don't miss the next episode and
ul98OMqGF9E-00116-00060061-00060195 you can leave me a comment if you want
ul98OMqGF9E-00117-00060196-00061101 to as well see you soon bye hi boys and
ul98OMqGF9E-00118-00061102-00061166 girls
ul98OMqGF9E-00119-00061167-00061580 remember this guy this little leak today
ul98OMqGF9E-00120-00061582-00061779 little leak and I are going to learn all
ul98OMqGF9E-00121-00061779-00062054 about the city are you ready
ul98OMqGF9E-00122-00062055-00062852 well come on then let's go whoa to leak
ul98OMqGF9E-00123-00062853-00063922 welcome to the city we shall we go to
ul98OMqGF9E-00124-00063923-00064660 let's take a taxi and go to the library
ul98OMqGF9E-00125-00064661-00065540 let's take a taxi and go to the library
ul98OMqGF9E-00126-00065541-00066157 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00127-00066158-00066684 welcome
ul98OMqGF9E-00128-00066685-00068030 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00129-00068031-00068344 take
ul98OMqGF9E-00130-00068345-00069674 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00131-00069675-00070033 Jiji
ul98OMqGF9E-00132-00070034-00070968 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00133-00070969-00071370 welcome to the city
ul98OMqGF9E-00134-00071371-00072046 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00135-00072047-00072884 let's take the bus and go downtown let's
ul98OMqGF9E-00136-00072885-00073151 take the bus
ul98OMqGF9E-00137-00073152-00074283 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00138-00074284-00075416 welcome to the city where shall we go
ul98OMqGF9E-00139-00075417-00075606 take
ul98OMqGF9E-00140-00075607-00076106 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00141-00076107-00076471 let's take go up
ul98OMqGF9E-00142-00076472-00076695 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00143-00076696-00076751 [Applause]
ul98OMqGF9E-00145-00080542-00080980 welcome to that Zen tea oh hi hey thanks
ul98OMqGF9E-00146-00080981-00081136 for watching don't forget to subscribe
ul98OMqGF9E-00147-00081137-00081328 so you don't miss the next episode see
ul98OMqGF9E-00148-00081329-00081928 you soon bye
ul98OMqGF9E-00149-00081929-00082229 hi boys and girls today we're going to
ul98OMqGF9E-00150-00082230-00082448 learn about school with my friend little
ul98OMqGF9E-00151-00082449-00082595 cherry are you ready
ul98OMqGF9E-00152-00082596-00084021 well come on then let's go
ul98OMqGF9E-00153-00084022-00084235 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00154-00084236-00084546 [Applause]
ul98OMqGF9E-00155-00084547-00085363 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00156-00085364-00086003 beautiful teacher teach
ul98OMqGF9E-00157-00086004-00087065 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00158-00087066-00087628 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00159-00087629-00087838 let's knock inside
ul98OMqGF9E-00160-00087839-00087849 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00161-00087850-00087958 [Applause]
ul98OMqGF9E-00162-00087959-00088589 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00163-00088590-00089058 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00164-00089059-00090048 [Applause]
ul98OMqGF9E-00165-00090049-00090417 let's go
ul98OMqGF9E-00166-00090418-00090585 let's go
ul98OMqGF9E-00167-00090586-00091274 this is my pencil case let's look inside
ul98OMqGF9E-00168-00091275-00092478 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00169-00092479-00092582 [Applause]
ul98OMqGF9E-00170-00092583-00093068 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00171-00093069-00093978 the son of James
ul98OMqGF9E-00172-00093979-00094578 let's go let's go let's go
ul98OMqGF9E-00173-00094579-00094950 let's go
ul98OMqGF9E-00174-00094951-00095669 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00175-00095670-00095784 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00176-00095785-00095974 that was pretty crazy
ul98OMqGF9E-00177-00095975-00096145 hey thanks for watching and don't forget
ul98OMqGF9E-00178-00096146-00096283 to subscribe so you don't miss the next
ul98OMqGF9E-00179-00096284-00096888 episode see you soon bye
ul98OMqGF9E-00180-00096889-00097065 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00181-00097066-00097403 hi boys and girls remember this guy
ul98OMqGF9E-00182-00097404-00097779 this little leak today little leak and I
ul98OMqGF9E-00183-00097780-00098001 are going to learn all about the city
ul98OMqGF9E-00184-00098002-00098313 are you ready well come on then
ul98OMqGF9E-00185-00098314-00099115 let's go whoa to leak welcome to the
ul98OMqGF9E-00186-00099116-00100012 city where shall we go
ul98OMqGF9E-00187-00100013-00100750 let's take a taxi and go to the library
ul98OMqGF9E-00188-00100751-00101630 let's take a taxi and go to the library
ul98OMqGF9E-00189-00101631-00102247 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00190-00102248-00102490 welcome
ul98OMqGF9E-00191-00102491-00103334 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00192-00103335-00104433 let's take let's take
ul98OMqGF9E-00193-00104434-00106896 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00194-00106897-00107058 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00195-00107058-00107459 welcome to the city
ul98OMqGF9E-00196-00107460-00108135 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00197-00108136-00108974 let's take the bus and go downtown let's
ul98OMqGF9E-00198-00108975-00109241 take the bus
ul98OMqGF9E-00199-00109242-00110374 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00200-00110375-00111503 welcome to the city where shall we go
ul98OMqGF9E-00201-00111504-00111696 take
ul98OMqGF9E-00202-00111697-00112236 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00203-00112238-00112427 let's take a walk
ul98OMqGF9E-00204-00112428-00112784 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00205-00112785-00112841 [Applause]
ul98OMqGF9E-00207-00116633-00116878 welcome to that Zen tea
ul98OMqGF9E-00208-00116879-00117146 oh hi hey thanks for watching don't
ul98OMqGF9E-00209-00117147-00117281 forget to subscribe so you don't miss
ul98OMqGF9E-00210-00117282-00117900 the next episode see you soon bye
ul98OMqGF9E-00211-00117901-00118079 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00212-00118080-00118371 hi boys and girls today we're going to
ul98OMqGF9E-00213-00118372-00118575 learn about families but not with the
ul98OMqGF9E-00214-00118576-00118811 five finger family song with my friend
ul98OMqGF9E-00215-00118813-00119013 little too macho are you ready
ul98OMqGF9E-00216-00119014-00121704 well come on then let's go this is my
ul98OMqGF9E-00217-00121705-00122198 sister since this is my grandmother
ul98OMqGF9E-00218-00122199-00122611 grandmother Nana this is my grandfather
ul98OMqGF9E-00219-00122613-00123176 grandpa
ul98OMqGF9E-00220-00123177-00123513 this is my family
ul98OMqGF9E-00221-00123514-00123729 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00222-00123730-00123886 please come
ul98OMqGF9E-00223-00123888-00124416 shapes and sizes clearing the ride
ul98OMqGF9E-00224-00124417-00124925 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00225-00124926-00125508 given your friends
ul98OMqGF9E-00226-00125509-00127010 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00227-00127011-00127594 where is my brother bro where is my
ul98OMqGF9E-00228-00127595-00128380 sister where is my grandmother where is
ul98OMqGF9E-00229-00128381-00129032 my grandfather
ul98OMqGF9E-00230-00129033-00129550 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00231-00129551-00129972 these come in all shapes inside
ul98OMqGF9E-00232-00129973-00130373 Clary No
ul98OMqGF9E-00233-00130374-00130613 Beverly is not
ul98OMqGF9E-00234-00130614-00130798 yeah
ul98OMqGF9E-00235-00130799-00131508 give in your friends
ul98OMqGF9E-00236-00131509-00132860 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00237-00132861-00132982 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00238-00132983-00133133 my brother
ul98OMqGF9E-00239-00133134-00134884 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00240-00134885-00135682 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00241-00135683-00136204 traits with side
ul98OMqGF9E-00242-00136205-00136715 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00243-00136716-00139495 [Music]
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ul98OMqGF9E-00249-00140713-00141004 hi boys and girls today we're going to
ul98OMqGF9E-00250-00141005-00141238 learn about skip counting with my friend
ul98OMqGF9E-00251-00141239-00141478 MC tone-deaf do you know what skip
ul98OMqGF9E-00252-00141479-00141787 counting is it's a technique to help you
ul98OMqGF9E-00253-00141788-00142009 learn your times tables are you ready
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ul98OMqGF9E-00259-00155783-00156394 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00260-00156395-00157393 [Music]
ul98OMqGF9E-00261-00157394-00158791 [Music]
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ul98OMqGF9E-00263-00160694-00160946 hey thanks for watching now you've got a
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un5CYQnqM08-00000-00000312-00000551 live from toronto canada
un5CYQnqM08-00001-00000552-00000927 it's thecube covering global cloud
un5CYQnqM08-00002-00000927-00001247 and blockchain summit 2018
un5CYQnqM08-00003-00001248-00001663 brought to you by thecube
un5CYQnqM08-00004-00001664-00001814 hello everyone welcome back to thecube's
un5CYQnqM08-00005-00001816-00001951 live coverage in toronto for the
un5CYQnqM08-00006-00001952-00002102 blockchain cloud
un5CYQnqM08-00007-00002103-00002350 summit part of the blockchain futurist
un5CYQnqM08-00008-00002351-00002591 event happening tomorrow and thursday
un5CYQnqM08-00009-00002592-00002702 here in toronto i'm john furrier with
un5CYQnqM08-00010-00002703-00002839 dave vellante we're here with gabrielle
un5CYQnqM08-00011-00002840-00003015 bed who's the founder of bit and also
un5CYQnqM08-00012-00003016-00003206 the digital asset fund
un5CYQnqM08-00013-00003207-00003343 great stories has been there from the
un5CYQnqM08-00014-00003344-00003527 beginning present at creation in the
un5CYQnqM08-00015-00003528-00003638 movement that's now
un5CYQnqM08-00016-00003639-00003822 changing the world blockchain and
un5CYQnqM08-00017-00003823-00003983 cryptocurrency certainly
un5CYQnqM08-00018-00003984-00004151 infrastructure and token economics
un5CYQnqM08-00019-00004152-00004311 changing how things are doing
un5CYQnqM08-00020-00004312-00004479 and rolling out reimagining everything
un5CYQnqM08-00021-00004480-00004631 from infrastructure to
un5CYQnqM08-00022-00004632-00004822 value exchanges gabriel welcome to
un5CYQnqM08-00023-00004823-00004999 thecube thank you it's great to be here
un5CYQnqM08-00024-00005000-00005151 so we were just talking on camera you
un5CYQnqM08-00025-00005152-00005327 like to go after the big changes you're
un5CYQnqM08-00026-00005328-00005495 an entrepreneur you have that fire in
un5CYQnqM08-00027-00005496-00005575 your belly
un5CYQnqM08-00028-00005576-00005934 you've been very successful where are we
un5CYQnqM08-00029-00005935-00006159 i mean you've been part of the movement
un5CYQnqM08-00030-00006160-00006334 we're now on the cusp of mainstream
un5CYQnqM08-00031-00006335-00006542 adoption there's still work to do
un5CYQnqM08-00032-00006543-00006719 oh plenty of work lots of infrastructure
un5CYQnqM08-00033-00006720-00006927 still to build many regulators and
un5CYQnqM08-00034-00006928-00007159 legislators still to educate
un5CYQnqM08-00035-00007159-00007334 lots of laws still to be amended and
un5CYQnqM08-00036-00007336-00007574 changed and at the end of the day
un5CYQnqM08-00037-00007575-00007703 it's happening and it's happening
un5CYQnqM08-00038-00007704-00007863 quickly and beautifully right now the
un5CYQnqM08-00039-00007864-00007998 entire industry is changing
un5CYQnqM08-00040-00008000-00008095 one of the things that you've done
un5CYQnqM08-00041-00008095-00008255 you've taken on some big projects and
un5CYQnqM08-00042-00008256-00008414 you've made change happen
un5CYQnqM08-00043-00008415-00008599 regulation is the hum of the hottest
un5CYQnqM08-00044-00008600-00008727 topics we're hearing
un5CYQnqM08-00045-00008728-00008887 certainly in the united states it
un5CYQnqM08-00046-00008888-00009063 affects innovation and there's so much
un5CYQnqM08-00047-00009064-00009214 entrepreneurial activity happening right
un5CYQnqM08-00048-00009215-00009271 now
un5CYQnqM08-00049-00009272-00009399 there's so many entrepreneurs alpha
un5CYQnqM08-00050-00009400-00009574 entrepreneurs really want to do great
un5CYQnqM08-00051-00009575-00009655 things
un5CYQnqM08-00052-00009656-00009871 and regulation is just a blocker it's an
un5CYQnqM08-00053-00009872-00010055 antibody for innovation
un5CYQnqM08-00054-00010056-00010238 and you've busted through that and it's
un5CYQnqM08-00055-00010239-00010495 probably going to continue the old guard
un5CYQnqM08-00056-00010496-00010719 is either going to be replaced or
un5CYQnqM08-00057-00010720-00010895 adapting to the technology
un5CYQnqM08-00058-00010896-00011014 you've done that and a lot of people
un5CYQnqM08-00059-00011015-00011246 want to do what you've done
un5CYQnqM08-00060-00011247-00011391 what's the secret what's the secret of
un5CYQnqM08-00061-00011392-00011623 your success how have you taken on
un5CYQnqM08-00062-00011624-00011846 you know these big incumbent positions
un5CYQnqM08-00063-00011847-00011991 and and taking them over
un5CYQnqM08-00064-00011992-00012287 you're not running from regulators no no
un5CYQnqM08-00065-00012288-00012463 i think i think regulators are important
un5CYQnqM08-00066-00012464-00012670 to a responsible and sophisticated
un5CYQnqM08-00067-00012671-00012742 market
un5CYQnqM08-00068-00012743-00012999 um when my partner and i started bit in
un5CYQnqM08-00069-00013000-00013086 2013
un5CYQnqM08-00070-00013087-00013407 2014 we immediately realized that if we
un5CYQnqM08-00071-00013408-00013543 wanted to build a product
un5CYQnqM08-00072-00013544-00013766 for the monetary authorities around the
un5CYQnqM08-00073-00013768-00013958 world we needed to have the buy-in from
un5CYQnqM08-00074-00013959-00014055 the regulators
un5CYQnqM08-00075-00014056-00014358 so from day one we were uh regulator
un5CYQnqM08-00076-00014359-00014422 friendly
un5CYQnqM08-00077-00014423-00014551 and it's not to say that we don't
un5CYQnqM08-00078-00014552-00014735 believe in a decentralized future
un5CYQnqM08-00079-00014736-00015035 i'm as big of a of an advocate for
un5CYQnqM08-00080-00015036-00015215 decentralization and the freedom of
un5CYQnqM08-00081-00015216-00015294 information
un5CYQnqM08-00082-00015295-00015494 as anyone else but i'm also a big
un5CYQnqM08-00083-00015495-00015599 believer in
un5CYQnqM08-00084-00015600-00015783 if you're building a product for a
un5CYQnqM08-00085-00015784-00015919 market um
un5CYQnqM08-00086-00015919-00016103 in the traditional world you have to
un5CYQnqM08-00087-00016104-00016255 involve the regulators
un5CYQnqM08-00088-00016256-00016447 in order to ensure that product does its
un5CYQnqM08-00089-00016448-00016567 job keeps the
un5CYQnqM08-00090-00016568-00016767 consumers safe and ensures that the
un5CYQnqM08-00091-00016768-00016943 economy around it doesn't collapse
un5CYQnqM08-00092-00016944-00017183 so regulators are critical in this field
un5CYQnqM08-00093-00017184-00017303 talk about what you guys have done take
un5CYQnqM08-00094-00017304-00017415 a minute to explain
un5CYQnqM08-00095-00017416-00017615 the project you did how it worked out
un5CYQnqM08-00096-00017616-00017758 the tenacity but also what was the
un5CYQnqM08-00097-00017759-00017935 outcome what were you trying to do
un5CYQnqM08-00098-00017936-00018111 in the project and where is it right now
un5CYQnqM08-00099-00018112-00018207 it depends on the project you're
un5CYQnqM08-00100-00018208-00018294 referring to
un5CYQnqM08-00101-00018295-00018447 start the caribbean let's start at the
un5CYQnqM08-00102-00018448-00018719 beginning yeah uh okay so
un5CYQnqM08-00103-00018720-00019063 uh gabriel abed born raised uh educated
un5CYQnqM08-00104-00019064-00019175 in barbados
un5CYQnqM08-00105-00019176-00019503 uh around the age of 19. um i decided i
un5CYQnqM08-00106-00019504-00019671 was going to take my computer science
un5CYQnqM08-00107-00019672-00019814 education a bit further
un5CYQnqM08-00108-00019815-00020079 i went to canada i did a bachelor of it
un5CYQnqM08-00109-00020080-00020319 where i majored in network security
un5CYQnqM08-00110-00020320-00020711 in ontario the university of ontario and
un5CYQnqM08-00111-00020712-00020943 unlike the rest of my peers who usually
un5CYQnqM08-00112-00020944-00021071 stay in canada
un5CYQnqM08-00113-00021072-00021311 i decided to go back to my little nation
un5CYQnqM08-00114-00021312-00021535 with the education that i just received
un5CYQnqM08-00115-00021536-00021735 and i took that education home and
un5CYQnqM08-00116-00021736-00021847 started one of the world's first
un5CYQnqM08-00117-00021848-00021991 blockchain companies
un5CYQnqM08-00118-00021992-00022183 but at the time i didn't understand
un5CYQnqM08-00119-00022184-00022303 blockchain per se
un5CYQnqM08-00120-00022304-00022483 i understood it as a commodity as a cool
un5CYQnqM08-00121-00022484-00022614 investment
un5CYQnqM08-00122-00022615-00022886 i didn't understand the true nature
un5CYQnqM08-00123-00022887-00023030 behind the protocol itself
un5CYQnqM08-00124-00023031-00023294 and it was only until 2013 that my
un5CYQnqM08-00125-00023295-00023447 partner and i ran one of the larger
un5CYQnqM08-00126-00023448-00023630 mining operations in the world
un5CYQnqM08-00127-00023631-00023911 that we realized the commodity was
un5CYQnqM08-00128-00023912-00024055 actually a protocol
un5CYQnqM08-00129-00024056-00024422 a network tool uh um a system that you
un5CYQnqM08-00130-00024423-00024558 could build on top of
un5CYQnqM08-00131-00024559-00024911 so in 2014 we actually created one of
un5CYQnqM08-00132-00024912-00025150 the world's first blockchain assets
un5CYQnqM08-00133-00025151-00025383 um on bitcoin's blockchain and that was
un5CYQnqM08-00134-00025384-00025583 a representation of a digital dollar
un5CYQnqM08-00135-00025584-00025870 for a central bank and the notion behind
un5CYQnqM08-00136-00025872-00026006 bit.com
un5CYQnqM08-00137-00026007-00026343 in 2014 was let's compete with cash
un5CYQnqM08-00138-00026344-00026567 because it's inefficient it's costly and
un5CYQnqM08-00139-00026568-00026814 it slows down the movement of society so
un5CYQnqM08-00140-00026816-00026974 what we wanted to do was create a
un5CYQnqM08-00141-00026975-00027174 digital version of that
un5CYQnqM08-00142-00027175-00027390 that would save economies millions
un5CYQnqM08-00143-00027391-00027543 hundreds of millions of dollars
un5CYQnqM08-00144-00027544-00027814 cash is expensive to create that linen
un5CYQnqM08-00145-00027816-00027999 plastic paper money
un5CYQnqM08-00146-00028000-00028231 it's easily forged um it can be
un5CYQnqM08-00147-00028232-00028327 counterfeited
un5CYQnqM08-00148-00028327-00028567 it's hard to transport it has an
un5CYQnqM08-00149-00028568-00028743 expensive transport it has an expense to
un5CYQnqM08-00150-00028744-00028823 cost
un5CYQnqM08-00151-00028824-00029135 to count it has an expense to secure
un5CYQnqM08-00152-00029136-00029311 and then it has overheads around the
un5CYQnqM08-00153-00029312-00029527 entire ecosystem of accountability
un5CYQnqM08-00154-00029527-00029735 whereas a blockchain based digital
un5CYQnqM08-00155-00029736-00029902 dollar eliminates all of those
un5CYQnqM08-00156-00029904-00030007 efficiencies
un5CYQnqM08-00157-00030008-00030302 and increases the ability for a monetary
un5CYQnqM08-00158-00030303-00030367 authority
un5CYQnqM08-00159-00030368-00030679 to trace track and have a better form
un5CYQnqM08-00160-00030680-00030790 of anti-money laundering
un5CYQnqM08-00161-00030791-00031007 counter-terrorism financing and a better
un5CYQnqM08-00162-00031008-00031190 overview of their entire society
un5CYQnqM08-00163-00031191-00031431 so with that all we took that notion
un5CYQnqM08-00164-00031432-00031695 went to the central bank of barbados
un5CYQnqM08-00165-00031695-00031895 who at the time was being led by dr
un5CYQnqM08-00166-00031895-00032031 dilau wuerl
un5CYQnqM08-00167-00032032-00032270 and our very first meeting he had asked
un5CYQnqM08-00168-00032272-00032455 me to excuse his office
un5CYQnqM08-00169-00032456-00032751 and 13 meetings later and a whole two
un5CYQnqM08-00170-00032752-00032815 years
un5CYQnqM08-00171-00032816-00032951 loss of development building out
un5CYQnqM08-00172-00032952-00033143 infrastructure around compliance
un5CYQnqM08-00173-00033144-00033446 around finance around security um and
un5CYQnqM08-00174-00033447-00033574 around regulation
un5CYQnqM08-00175-00033575-00033751 we finally got the knot of approval from
un5CYQnqM08-00176-00033752-00033895 dr dilau wuerl
un5CYQnqM08-00177-00033896-00034246 to operate a fiat example of a digital
un5CYQnqM08-00178-00034247-00034423 dollar in barbados
un5CYQnqM08-00179-00034424-00034718 and since then we have been working with
un5CYQnqM08-00180-00034719-00034918 several central banks around the world
un5CYQnqM08-00181-00034919-00035167 bit.com today is the leading central
un5CYQnqM08-00182-00035168-00035255 bank
un5CYQnqM08-00183-00035256-00035639 provider for digital dollars
un5CYQnqM08-00184-00035640-00035807 a lot has changed i've developed other
un5CYQnqM08-00185-00035808-00036007 tools since in other businesses
un5CYQnqM08-00186-00036008-00036311 but bit.com continues to be the
un5CYQnqM08-00187-00036312-00036511 best friend for central banks looking to
un5CYQnqM08-00188-00036512-00036655 move and transition
un5CYQnqM08-00189-00036656-00036959 into the digital arena why i mean other
un5CYQnqM08-00190-00036960-00037143 than a closed mindset why wouldn't
un5CYQnqM08-00191-00037144-00037415 every government around the world want
un5CYQnqM08-00192-00037416-00037518 to
un5CYQnqM08-00193-00037519-00037687 move in this direction initiate some
un5CYQnqM08-00194-00037688-00037879 kind of fed coin education
un5CYQnqM08-00195-00037880-00038159 education it's the fair that the system
un5CYQnqM08-00196-00038160-00038318 may not be scalable
un5CYQnqM08-00197-00038319-00038471 it's a fair that the system could be
un5CYQnqM08-00198-00038472-00038671 hacked it's the fair that they could be
un5CYQnqM08-00199-00038672-00038751 cut out
un5CYQnqM08-00200-00038752-00038927 their control after at the end of the
un5CYQnqM08-00201-00038928-00039135 day monetary authorities
un5CYQnqM08-00202-00039136-00039335 like the federal reserve they have a
un5CYQnqM08-00203-00039336-00039551 control on the money supply
un5CYQnqM08-00204-00039552-00039727 whereas something like decentralized
un5CYQnqM08-00205-00039728-00039887 cryptographic currencies
un5CYQnqM08-00206-00039888-00040095 there is nobody in control of the money
un5CYQnqM08-00207-00040096-00040230 supply
un5CYQnqM08-00208-00040231-00040455 it's it hence inflation versus deflation
un5CYQnqM08-00209-00040456-00040599 systems
un5CYQnqM08-00210-00040600-00040862 then there's the issue of hacking and
un5CYQnqM08-00211-00040863-00040974 and the threat
un5CYQnqM08-00212-00040975-00041271 of digital and cyber security uh
un5CYQnqM08-00213-00041272-00041374 typically
un5CYQnqM08-00214-00041375-00041630 um the head of these monetary
un5CYQnqM08-00215-00041631-00041727 authorities
un5CYQnqM08-00216-00041728-00041879 are older gentlemen who are
un5CYQnqM08-00217-00041880-00042062 traditionally conservative and who are
un5CYQnqM08-00218-00042063-00042262 not okay with cyber security
un5CYQnqM08-00219-00042263-00042495 so the fear of hacking is very real for
un5CYQnqM08-00220-00042496-00042639 someone like them whereas someone like
un5CYQnqM08-00221-00042640-00042687 me
un5CYQnqM08-00222-00042688-00042862 who is trained as a network security
un5CYQnqM08-00223-00042863-00043118 expert uh those fares can be mitigated
un5CYQnqM08-00224-00043119-00043199 with good
un5CYQnqM08-00225-00043200-00043430 policy and procedure cold wallets and
un5CYQnqM08-00226-00043431-00043551 the right process
un5CYQnqM08-00227-00043552-00043702 to ensuring that your environment can
un5CYQnqM08-00228-00043703-00043935 run without the risk or the fair
un5CYQnqM08-00229-00043936-00044246 of malicious attacks um
un5CYQnqM08-00230-00044247-00044558 so it really boils down to education the
un5CYQnqM08-00231-00044559-00044871 educated governors of central banks like
un5CYQnqM08-00232-00044872-00045174 there's one for example timothy antoine
un5CYQnqM08-00233-00045175-00045495 um timothy is uh dr antoine is the
un5CYQnqM08-00234-00045496-00045718 uh governor of the eastern caribbean
un5CYQnqM08-00235-00045719-00045839 central bank and they
un5CYQnqM08-00236-00045840-00046071 govern and mandate the currency union of
un5CYQnqM08-00237-00046072-00046215 eight islands below them st
un5CYQnqM08-00238-00046216-00046535 lucia grenada antigua etc now
un5CYQnqM08-00239-00046536-00046799 he's a governor that gets this and has
un5CYQnqM08-00240-00046800-00046935 wrapped his head around it
un5CYQnqM08-00241-00046936-00047151 and understands that this is the future
un5CYQnqM08-00242-00047152-00047383 he gets it so much that he signed
un5CYQnqM08-00243-00047384-00047615 an agreement with bit.com to begin
un5CYQnqM08-00244-00047616-00047751 exploring a pilot
un5CYQnqM08-00245-00047752-00047974 for his currency union to have a digital
un5CYQnqM08-00246-00047975-00048118 dollar implemented in it
un5CYQnqM08-00247-00048119-00048286 you also have governors uh and
un5CYQnqM08-00248-00048287-00048455 presidents like that of curacao
un5CYQnqM08-00249-00048456-00048671 at the central bank of curacao where
un5CYQnqM08-00250-00048672-00048839 we've just signed an agreement to move
un5CYQnqM08-00251-00048840-00048895 forward
un5CYQnqM08-00252-00048896-00049246 with a phase of looking at um
un5CYQnqM08-00253-00049247-00049455 the implications of rolling out a
un5CYQnqM08-00254-00049456-00049679 digital dollar in a society like curacao
un5CYQnqM08-00255-00049680-00049871 and say martin what is the ramifications
un5CYQnqM08-00256-00049872-00050023 what is the feasibility study behind
un5CYQnqM08-00257-00050024-00050095 that
un5CYQnqM08-00258-00050096-00050390 so to answer your question it's not
un5CYQnqM08-00259-00050391-00050567 every single
un5CYQnqM08-00260-00050568-00050767 regulator governor and central bank
un5CYQnqM08-00261-00050768-00050951 manager is going to head towards this
un5CYQnqM08-00262-00050952-00051167 technology tomorrow
un5CYQnqM08-00263-00051168-00051375 but with more education and more
un5CYQnqM08-00264-00051376-00051566 lobbying you will see
un5CYQnqM08-00265-00051567-00051702 more and more central bank governors
un5CYQnqM08-00266-00051703-00051838 moving in this direction because it's
un5CYQnqM08-00267-00051839-00051975 better cheaper faster
un5CYQnqM08-00268-00051976-00052214 makes their job easier gives them more
un5CYQnqM08-00269-00052215-00052294 control
un5CYQnqM08-00270-00052295-00052503 gives them more oversight and provides
un5CYQnqM08-00271-00052504-00052630 all the things that they would want as a
un5CYQnqM08-00272-00052632-00052791 central bank to continue to do their job
un5CYQnqM08-00273-00052791-00052959 for their society which is to protect
un5CYQnqM08-00274-00052960-00053038 their dollar
un5CYQnqM08-00275-00053039-00053359 from alien uh from alien threats and to
un5CYQnqM08-00276-00053360-00053407 ensure
un5CYQnqM08-00277-00053408-00053735 that the dollar remains stable and to um
un5CYQnqM08-00278-00053736-00053935 just generally ensure that the society
un5CYQnqM08-00279-00053936-00054119 is is functioning the way it should
un5CYQnqM08-00280-00054120-00054238 gabriel how do you and what's your
un5CYQnqM08-00281-00054239-00054407 vision on what this will enable for the
un5CYQnqM08-00282-00054408-00054487 citizens
un5CYQnqM08-00283-00054488-00054679 what's the impact do you see happening
un5CYQnqM08-00284-00054679-00054807 if this continues
un5CYQnqM08-00285-00054808-00054966 down the trajectory what does the
un5CYQnqM08-00286-00054967-00055111 adoption
un5CYQnqM08-00287-00055112-00055342 look like impact to people's lives on an
un5CYQnqM08-00288-00055344-00055430 everyday basis
un5CYQnqM08-00289-00055432-00055647 well for a very starting uh very
un5CYQnqM08-00290-00055648-00055823 starting point is you democratize
un5CYQnqM08-00291-00055824-00055894 payment
un5CYQnqM08-00292-00055895-00056111 right now if i want to make a payment i
un5CYQnqM08-00293-00056112-00056254 have to go through a utility company
un5CYQnqM08-00294-00056255-00056366 called a bank
un5CYQnqM08-00295-00056367-00056559 and this bank typically has frictional
un5CYQnqM08-00296-00056560-00056799 costs and frictional overheads in time
un5CYQnqM08-00297-00056800-00057015 and that one that's one of the biggest
un5CYQnqM08-00298-00057016-00057135 problems is that
un5CYQnqM08-00299-00057136-00057415 these monopolistic infrastructures
un5CYQnqM08-00300-00057416-00057599 hinder the ability for the average
un5CYQnqM08-00301-00057600-00057799 participation of a free flowing payment
un5CYQnqM08-00302-00057800-00057991 system so what you end up having is
un5CYQnqM08-00303-00057991-00058119 rather than me being able to make a
un5CYQnqM08-00304-00058120-00058287 digital payment in seconds
un5CYQnqM08-00305-00058288-00058566 with no cost i have to wait days i have
un5CYQnqM08-00306-00058567-00058623 to use
un5CYQnqM08-00307-00058624-00058799 manual based systems whether it's check
un5CYQnqM08-00308-00058800-00059047 cash or the banks visa mastercard system
un5CYQnqM08-00309-00059048-00059287 and then it has frictional costs so
un5CYQnqM08-00310-00059288-00059447 right off the bat you democratize
un5CYQnqM08-00311-00059448-00059607 payment what does that do for a society
un5CYQnqM08-00312-00059608-00059726 in a developing nation
un5CYQnqM08-00313-00059727-00059950 it empowers people and you're empowered
un5CYQnqM08-00314-00059951-00060094 because now as a developer
un5CYQnqM08-00315-00060095-00060406 i can build on this payment system as an
un5CYQnqM08-00316-00060407-00060487 entrepreneur
un5CYQnqM08-00317-00060488-00060719 i can tap into this payment system as a
un5CYQnqM08-00318-00060720-00060950 merchant i can utilize this low-cost
un5CYQnqM08-00319-00060951-00061119 payment system
un5CYQnqM08-00320-00061120-00061375 as a society i now have gdp growth
un5CYQnqM08-00321-00061376-00061526 because of financial inclusion
un5CYQnqM08-00322-00061527-00061759 the underbanked who do not have access
un5CYQnqM08-00323-00061760-00061959 to banking facilities for one reason or
un5CYQnqM08-00324-00061960-00062126 another maybe they don't like the bank
un5CYQnqM08-00325-00062127-00062319 maybe the banks don't like them maybe
un5CYQnqM08-00326-00062320-00062479 they don't have two proofs of id
un5CYQnqM08-00327-00062479-00062647 maybe they don't have a fixed place of
un5CYQnqM08-00328-00062648-00062879 abode maybe they don't have the minimum
un5CYQnqM08-00329-00062879-00063126 deposit amount all of these features
un5CYQnqM08-00330-00063127-00063215 keep
un5CYQnqM08-00331-00063216-00063415 keep the poor and the underback out of
un5CYQnqM08-00332-00063416-00063638 the system whereas in developed nations
un5CYQnqM08-00333-00063639-00063838 we have mobile penetration rates
un5CYQnqM08-00334-00063839-00063999 that are through the roof in some cases
un5CYQnqM08-00335-00064000-00064215 like barbados over a hundred percent
un5CYQnqM08-00336-00064216-00064391 so if you have 100 penetration rate of
un5CYQnqM08-00337-00064391-00064519 this mobile platform
un5CYQnqM08-00338-00064520-00064735 this this thing in my pocket but i
un5CYQnqM08-00339-00064736-00064966 cannot access the banking system
un5CYQnqM08-00340-00064967-00065182 well flip that around democratize the
un5CYQnqM08-00341-00065183-00065279 payment system
un5CYQnqM08-00342-00065279-00065454 allow payments to exist on this mobile
un5CYQnqM08-00343-00065455-00065638 phone and watch how quickly
un5CYQnqM08-00344-00065639-00065863 society becomes banked so what you end
un5CYQnqM08-00345-00065864-00066015 up having is full adoption
un5CYQnqM08-00346-00066016-00066175 why would we not have full adoption when
un5CYQnqM08-00347-00066176-00066350 it's cheaper it's faster
un5CYQnqM08-00348-00066351-00066638 it's more inclusive and the data from
un5CYQnqM08-00349-00066639-00066806 that collective intelligence
un5CYQnqM08-00350-00066807-00067143 only creates a more of a digital nation
un5CYQnqM08-00351-00067144-00067326 uh wealth creation environment it
un5CYQnqM08-00352-00067327-00067463 creates a more
un5CYQnqM08-00353-00067464-00067775 traced tract and accountable society so
un5CYQnqM08-00354-00067776-00067926 that the monetary authorities and the
un5CYQnqM08-00355-00067927-00067999 government
un5CYQnqM08-00356-00068000-00068279 can now start making educated decisions
un5CYQnqM08-00357-00068280-00068391 on data
un5CYQnqM08-00358-00068392-00068606 they now know who's buying milk who's
un5CYQnqM08-00359-00068607-00068791 gambling who's paying their taxes and
un5CYQnqM08-00360-00068792-00068847 who's not
un5CYQnqM08-00361-00068848-00069055 the downstream benefits of this are the
un5CYQnqM08-00362-00069056-00069279 downstream benefits are massive enormous
un5CYQnqM08-00363-00069280-00069415 they're disruptive
un5CYQnqM08-00364-00069416-00069735 this is a brand new fiscal tool a
un5CYQnqM08-00365-00069736-00069911 monetary tool being given to central
un5CYQnqM08-00366-00069912-00069982 banks
un5CYQnqM08-00367-00069983-00070199 to start eroding the field of private
un5CYQnqM08-00368-00070200-00070319 e-money systems
un5CYQnqM08-00369-00070320-00070519 and to start bringing about a uniform
un5CYQnqM08-00370-00070520-00070719 standard towards payments
un5CYQnqM08-00371-00070720-00070911 plain and simple we're going to the
un5CYQnqM08-00372-00070912-00071103 central banks and introducing a new
un5CYQnqM08-00373-00071104-00071175 monetary
un5CYQnqM08-00374-00071176-00071406 instrument that they're in control of
un5CYQnqM08-00375-00071407-00071567 that now the commercial banks the
un5CYQnqM08-00376-00071568-00071687 financial institutions the
un5CYQnqM08-00377-00071688-00071855 corporatocracy the citizens and the
un5CYQnqM08-00378-00071856-00071919 merchants
un5CYQnqM08-00379-00071920-00072150 can all follow under one roof issued by
un5CYQnqM08-00380-00072151-00072287 their monetary authority
un5CYQnqM08-00381-00072288-00072559 it is not a cell phone company or a bank
un5CYQnqM08-00382-00072560-00072735 building their own private system that
un5CYQnqM08-00383-00072736-00072911 i have to jump through some hoops and
un5CYQnqM08-00384-00072912-00073071 some red tape and sign away my first
un5CYQnqM08-00385-00073072-00073223 born and give away my left arm
un5CYQnqM08-00386-00073224-00073575 to enter this is a free and open source
un5CYQnqM08-00387-00073576-00073831 standard and it's networked as you said
un5CYQnqM08-00388-00073832-00074031 penetration is 100 on mobile or roughly
un5CYQnqM08-00389-00074032-00074087 that
un5CYQnqM08-00390-00074088-00074311 it's a network society that now has
un5CYQnqM08-00391-00074312-00074399 digital fabric
un5CYQnqM08-00392-00074400-00074567 built into it this is the this is the
un5CYQnqM08-00393-00074568-00074767 future well i played this out in terms
un5CYQnqM08-00394-00074768-00074894 of when you talked about this in your
un5CYQnqM08-00395-00074895-00074950 panel
un5CYQnqM08-00396-00074951-00075279 now every device everything every
un5CYQnqM08-00397-00075280-00075382 physical asset
un5CYQnqM08-00398-00075383-00075679 will be instrumented yes and as a result
un5CYQnqM08-00399-00075680-00075799 well gary can be token
un5CYQnqM08-00400-00075800-00075967 you're building the deep infrastructure
un5CYQnqM08-00401-00075968-00076143 i remember we met with world bank back
un5CYQnqM08-00402-00076144-00076294 in 2014 and they gave me
un5CYQnqM08-00403-00076295-00076582 they coined this term for me um because
un5CYQnqM08-00404-00076583-00076687 they were saying we want to help
un5CYQnqM08-00405-00076688-00076871 entrepreneurs and it's important to help
un5CYQnqM08-00406-00076872-00077031 entrepreneurs and developing nations
un5CYQnqM08-00407-00077032-00077231 because they're the lifeblood of it
un5CYQnqM08-00408-00077232-00077406 but what we are building is the deep
un5CYQnqM08-00409-00077407-00077591 infrastructure and that's
un5CYQnqM08-00410-00077592-00077726 exactly what it is it's the
un5CYQnqM08-00411-00077727-00077903 infrastructure that would allow the
un5CYQnqM08-00412-00077904-00077982 entrepreneur
un5CYQnqM08-00413-00077983-00078159 and the developer to now have a
un5CYQnqM08-00414-00078160-00078335 framework that they can build against
un5CYQnqM08-00415-00078336-00078615 to provide more uplift so in essence
un5CYQnqM08-00416-00078616-00078655 it's
un5CYQnqM08-00417-00078656-00078823 it's really going to be exponential
un5CYQnqM08-00418-00078824-00078991 growth once systems like this are
un5CYQnqM08-00419-00078992-00079062 implemented
un5CYQnqM08-00420-00079063-00079279 the stock market can move digital and
un5CYQnqM08-00421-00079280-00079447 people can buy stocks using digital
un5CYQnqM08-00422-00079448-00079511 dollars
un5CYQnqM08-00423-00079512-00079743 e-commerce can occur because i can now
un5CYQnqM08-00424-00079744-00079950 buy things online or sell things online
un5CYQnqM08-00425-00079951-00080175 with digital dollars i can now be part
un5CYQnqM08-00426-00080176-00080415 of a global financial ecosystem
un5CYQnqM08-00427-00080416-00080711 with my smartphone and my wallet this
un5CYQnqM08-00428-00080712-00080791 great use case
un5CYQnqM08-00429-00080792-00080999 congratulations on an amazing success
un5CYQnqM08-00430-00081000-00081135 you so much is on your plate you've had
un5CYQnqM08-00431-00081136-00081319 great success in this new era
un5CYQnqM08-00432-00081320-00081438 what's on your plate now what are you
un5CYQnqM08-00433-00081439-00081623 working on what's happening in your
un5CYQnqM08-00434-00081624-00081726 world now
un5CYQnqM08-00435-00081727-00082143 so in 2017 um
un5CYQnqM08-00436-00082144-00082399 we realized bit was entering a new
un5CYQnqM08-00437-00082400-00082447 growth
un5CYQnqM08-00438-00082448-00082735 phase it was no longer it was no longer
un5CYQnqM08-00439-00082736-00082815 a battle
un5CYQnqM08-00440-00082816-00083038 of trying to convince regulators and
un5CYQnqM08-00441-00083039-00083143 central banks
un5CYQnqM08-00442-00083144-00083399 our product had been proven our
un5CYQnqM08-00443-00083400-00083550 reputation had been proven
un5CYQnqM08-00444-00083551-00083726 it was time now to scale the company
un5CYQnqM08-00445-00083727-00083894 into a professional level of dealing
un5CYQnqM08-00446-00083895-00084006 with these regular
un5CYQnqM08-00447-00084007-00084199 regulators around the world at the end
un5CYQnqM08-00448-00084200-00084471 of the day we would like to digitize
un5CYQnqM08-00449-00084472-00084767 cash wherever cash exists and to provide
un5CYQnqM08-00450-00084768-00084943 those tools for central banks around the
un5CYQnqM08-00451-00084944-00085031 world
un5CYQnqM08-00452-00085032-00085199 that required professional management
un5CYQnqM08-00453-00085200-00085382 and that is not i
un5CYQnqM08-00454-00085383-00085647 so our investors and shareholders were
un5CYQnqM08-00455-00085648-00085806 quite comfortable with a proposal of
un5CYQnqM08-00456-00085807-00085991 bringing on that professional management
un5CYQnqM08-00457-00085992-00086311 so in 2017 i resigned as ceo
un5CYQnqM08-00458-00086312-00086582 retained a board position and still
un5CYQnqM08-00459-00086583-00086759 single largest shareholder but
un5CYQnqM08-00460-00086760-00087006 with the idea of what other types of
un5CYQnqM08-00461-00087007-00087159 infrastructure can i build now that a
un5CYQnqM08-00462-00087160-00087294 deep infrastructure have been put in
un5CYQnqM08-00463-00087295-00087399 place
un5CYQnqM08-00464-00087400-00087575 so i've been attacking three major
un5CYQnqM08-00465-00087576-00087847 markets the banking sector
un5CYQnqM08-00466-00087848-00088087 an actual commercial banking enterprise
un5CYQnqM08-00467-00088088-00088215 working with a group
un5CYQnqM08-00468-00088216-00088382 from the united states towards looking
un5CYQnqM08-00469-00088383-00088535 at deploying the future of where we
un5CYQnqM08-00470-00088536-00088767 think commercial banking is going
un5CYQnqM08-00471-00088768-00089150 um i think that the community
un5CYQnqM08-00472-00089151-00089343 the crypto community in general there's
un5CYQnqM08-00473-00089344-00089487 a lot of noise happening
un5CYQnqM08-00474-00089488-00089671 in the chats and therefore we've built a
un5CYQnqM08-00475-00089672-00089823 machine learning chat bot
un5CYQnqM08-00476-00089824-00090006 to start looking at market sentiments
un5CYQnqM08-00477-00090007-00090223 and aggregating market information and
un5CYQnqM08-00478-00090224-00090375 of course building common tools for
un5CYQnqM08-00479-00090376-00090526 community members
un5CYQnqM08-00480-00090527-00090862 so we've launched an agent called gabby
un5CYQnqM08-00481-00090863-00091111 the forum to gab my name is gabriel and
un5CYQnqM08-00482-00091112-00091279 my mom calls me gabby so it works out
un5CYQnqM08-00483-00091280-00091399 quite well
un5CYQnqM08-00484-00091400-00091638 gift of gab that's for sure and then um
un5CYQnqM08-00485-00091639-00091815 i launched a mutual fund
un5CYQnqM08-00486-00091816-00092143 with a very sophisticated former
un5CYQnqM08-00487-00092144-00092447 uh managing director of jpmorgan a guy
un5CYQnqM08-00488-00092448-00092550 named richard galvin
un5CYQnqM08-00489-00092551-00092687 and we launched the world's first
un5CYQnqM08-00490-00092688-00092903 protocol only fund we focus
un5CYQnqM08-00491-00092904-00093143 only on protocols and that's called
un5CYQnqM08-00492-00093144-00093311 digital asset fund
un5CYQnqM08-00493-00093312-00093591 and we launched that in late 2017 and
un5CYQnqM08-00494-00093592-00093782 got full regulatory approval to become a
un5CYQnqM08-00495-00093783-00093887 professional fund
un5CYQnqM08-00496-00093888-00094223 that handles 100 solely crypto
un5CYQnqM08-00497-00094224-00094535 um and and that's basically been my
un5CYQnqM08-00498-00094536-00094703 right and then outside of that just your
un5CYQnqM08-00499-00094704-00094926 standard consulting because everybody
un5CYQnqM08-00500-00094927-00095126 from world bank to iadb
un5CYQnqM08-00501-00095127-00095406 to some government agency to some
un5CYQnqM08-00502-00095407-00095462 private
un5CYQnqM08-00503-00095463-00095647 organization wants to know about
un5CYQnqM08-00504-00095648-00095823 blockchain they want advice and they
un5CYQnqM08-00505-00095824-00095974 need a team of people to give them that
un5CYQnqM08-00506-00095975-00096071 advice
un5CYQnqM08-00507-00096072-00096279 so it's just been all around looking at
un5CYQnqM08-00508-00096280-00096431 how i can be an entrepreneur in this
un5CYQnqM08-00509-00096432-00096494 space
un5CYQnqM08-00510-00096495-00096679 while finding great leaders and
un5CYQnqM08-00511-00096680-00096815 partnering with those leaders to build
un5CYQnqM08-00512-00096816-00096926 out great companies
un5CYQnqM08-00513-00096927-00097279 while still focusing on ensuring bit.com
un5CYQnqM08-00514-00097280-00097550 becomes the solution for dollars digital
un5CYQnqM08-00515-00097551-00097599 dollars
un5CYQnqM08-00516-00097600-00097782 worldwide got a great mission
un5CYQnqM08-00517-00097783-00097911 entrepreneur builder
un5CYQnqM08-00518-00097912-00098087 congratulations thank you industry's
un5CYQnqM08-00519-00098088-00098279 lucky to have you congratulations
un5CYQnqM08-00520-00098280-00098415 thanks for coming on thecube guys cube
un5CYQnqM08-00521-00098416-00098623 coverage here live in toronto for
un5CYQnqM08-00522-00098624-00098894 the first global cloud and blockchain
un5CYQnqM08-00523-00098895-00098967 summit
un5CYQnqM08-00524-00098968-00099167 in concert with the blockchain futurist
un5CYQnqM08-00525-00099168-00099335 conference happening the next two days
un5CYQnqM08-00526-00099336-00099415 after today
un5CYQnqM08-00527-00099416-00099574 more coverage from thecube we're live
un5CYQnqM08-00528-00099575-00099759 here stay with us for more great
un5CYQnqM08-00529-00099760-00100968 coverage after this short break
v0zOP5qHIKo-00000-00000096-00000295 hey because now we're live that's right
v0zOP5qHIKo-00001-00000296-00000423 hi folks
v0zOP5qHIKo-00002-00000424-00000734 bill fairman jonathan davis once again
v0zOP5qHIKo-00003-00000735-00001015 wendy is should be
v0zOP5qHIKo-00004-00001016-00001311 in flight or maybe taxiing or maybe
v0zOP5qHIKo-00005-00001312-00001478 delayed we don't know she's in a metal
v0zOP5qHIKo-00006-00001479-00001663 tube somewhere
v0zOP5qHIKo-00007-00001664-00001887 wendy is on her way back from a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00008-00001888-00002079 mastermind that was out in salt lake
v0zOP5qHIKo-00009-00002080-00002167 city
v0zOP5qHIKo-00010-00002168-00002359 she was sending me photos and saying
v0zOP5qHIKo-00011-00002360-00002558 it's sleeting here there's
v0zOP5qHIKo-00012-00002559-00002695 there's snow in
v0zOP5qHIKo-00013-00002696-00002871 them there hills and then their hills
v0zOP5qHIKo-00014-00002872-00003031 that's right yeah but you know what i
v0zOP5qHIKo-00015-00003032-00003383 was in salt lake city in uh mid-june
v0zOP5qHIKo-00016-00003384-00003622 and there was snow on the mountains
v0zOP5qHIKo-00017-00003623-00003695 so
v0zOP5qHIKo-00018-00003696-00003879 i think it just stays there
v0zOP5qHIKo-00019-00003879-00004006 most of the time this is the water
v0zOP5qHIKo-00020-00004007-00004159 central i think yeah by the way this is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00021-00004160-00004447 supposed to be a teaser and getting into
v0zOP5qHIKo-00022-00004448-00004654 a commentary so
v0zOP5qHIKo-00023-00004655-00004879 thanks for joining us we have again
v0zOP5qHIKo-00024-00004880-00005063 we're talking about the numbers this
v0zOP5qHIKo-00025-00005064-00005143 month
v0zOP5qHIKo-00026-00005144-00005359 and we are going to talk self storage
v0zOP5qHIKo-00027-00005360-00005683 with our favorite self storage guy
v0zOP5qHIKo-00028-00005684-00006054 fernando and angelucci
v0zOP5qHIKo-00029-00006055-00006191 angelucci
v0zOP5qHIKo-00030-00006192-00006375 go ahead fernando i've known you for how
v0zOP5qHIKo-00031-00006376-00006510 long now
v0zOP5qHIKo-00032-00006511-00006791 thank you and i always screw your last
v0zOP5qHIKo-00033-00006792-00007083 name up and i know it anyway
v0zOP5qHIKo-00034-00007084-00007351 so uh we're going to have more from the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00035-00007352-00007646 unknown fernando angeluji in just a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00036-00007647-00007873 moment right after this
v0zOP5qHIKo-00037-00007873-00009463 [Music]
v0zOP5qHIKo-00038-00009464-00009687 you know every time i have fernando on
v0zOP5qHIKo-00039-00009688-00009863 before he gets on there i'm practicing
v0zOP5qHIKo-00040-00009864-00010151 his last name anjalucci angelouji
v0zOP5qHIKo-00041-00010152-00010351 and this is the result yeah and that's
v0zOP5qHIKo-00042-00010352-00010527 man practice does not make perfect
v0zOP5qHIKo-00043-00010528-00010710 that's what happens when you're
v0zOP5qHIKo-00044-00010711-00011031 old
v0zOP5qHIKo-00045-00011032-00011135 um
v0zOP5qHIKo-00046-00011136-00011359 thanks folks for joining us on the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00047-00011360-00011599 passive accredited investor show we are
v0zOP5qHIKo-00048-00011600-00011823 carolina capital management we are
v0zOP5qHIKo-00049-00011824-00012023 lenders in the southeast for real estate
v0zOP5qHIKo-00050-00012024-00012167 investors
v0zOP5qHIKo-00051-00012168-00012374 if you are interested in borrowing money
v0zOP5qHIKo-00052-00012375-00012678 please go to carolinahardmoney.com
v0zOP5qHIKo-00053-00012679-00012902 and click on the apply now tab if you're
v0zOP5qHIKo-00054-00012903-00013119 a passive investor looking for passive
v0zOP5qHIKo-00055-00013119-00013391 returns click on the accredited investor
v0zOP5qHIKo-00056-00013391-00013783 tab don't forget to like share subscribe
v0zOP5qHIKo-00057-00013784-00013903 hit the bell
v0zOP5qHIKo-00058-00013904-00014263 and sign up please with wednesdays
v0zOP5qHIKo-00059-00014263-00014902 with wendy
v0zOP5qHIKo-00060-00014903-00015399 [Music]
v0zOP5qHIKo-00061-00015400-00015694 so wendy donates 30 minutes of her time
v0zOP5qHIKo-00062-00015695-00015991 per person on wednesday afternoons talk
v0zOP5qHIKo-00063-00015991-00016230 about anything real estate
v0zOP5qHIKo-00064-00016231-00016463 right of your screen or the bottom of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00065-00016464-00016686 your screen depending on the platform
v0zOP5qHIKo-00066-00016687-00016911 that you're viewing us from
v0zOP5qHIKo-00067-00016912-00017135 so let's bring on fernando so i don't
v0zOP5qHIKo-00068-00017136-00017350 butcher his name anymore what's his last
v0zOP5qHIKo-00069-00017351-00017527 name angelucci
v0zOP5qHIKo-00070-00017528-00017679 okay
v0zOP5qHIKo-00071-00017680-00017967 thanks for joining us fernando
v0zOP5qHIKo-00072-00017968-00018279 anything we can do to make you smile
v0zOP5qHIKo-00073-00018280-00018463 and i'm smiling every time i come on so
v0zOP5qHIKo-00074-00018464-00018663 here's a little pneumonic remembering
v0zOP5qHIKo-00075-00018664-00018894 device here so angelucci in italian
v0zOP5qHIKo-00076-00018895-00019311 means angel of light so angel lucci
v0zOP5qHIKo-00077-00019312-00019599 nice makes it easier i'll still screw it
v0zOP5qHIKo-00078-00019600-00020086 up but thank you thanks for sharing
v0zOP5qHIKo-00079-00020087-00020263 so our theme
v0zOP5qHIKo-00080-00020264-00020463 uh and again thank you for coming on
v0zOP5qHIKo-00081-00020464-00020678 you're always a great great guest we get
v0zOP5qHIKo-00082-00020679-00020919 wonderful feedback every time you're on
v0zOP5qHIKo-00083-00020920-00021294 we appreciate you coming up
v0zOP5qHIKo-00084-00021295-00021519 our theme this month is all about the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00085-00021520-00021703 numbers and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00086-00021704-00021855 i
v0zOP5qHIKo-00087-00021856-00022199 you do such a great job of breaking down
v0zOP5qHIKo-00088-00022200-00022367 what you're looking for
v0zOP5qHIKo-00089-00022368-00022543 when you're looking at self storage
v0zOP5qHIKo-00090-00022544-00022694 value ad
v0zOP5qHIKo-00091-00022695-00022830 i know you
v0zOP5qHIKo-00092-00022831-00022983 wholesale a lot of these properties
v0zOP5qHIKo-00093-00022984-00023247 because you're
v0zOP5qHIKo-00094-00023248-00023455 you want properties that fit into your
v0zOP5qHIKo-00095-00023456-00023735 particular box
v0zOP5qHIKo-00096-00023736-00023814 so
v0zOP5qHIKo-00097-00023815-00023999 kind of give us an idea what you're
v0zOP5qHIKo-00098-00024000-00024255 looking for in that box and how you go
v0zOP5qHIKo-00099-00024256-00024335 about
v0zOP5qHIKo-00100-00024336-00024486 determining those numbers if you don't
v0zOP5qHIKo-00101-00024487-00024591 match
v0zOP5qHIKo-00102-00024592-00024799 yeah absolutely so we have three main
v0zOP5qHIKo-00103-00024800-00025047 verticals that we utilize to make money
v0zOP5qHIKo-00104-00025048-00025335 so the very first is the value add
v0zOP5qHIKo-00105-00025336-00025527 transactions buying mom and pop
v0zOP5qHIKo-00106-00025528-00025727 facilities typically in secondary and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00107-00025727-00025902 tertiary markets
v0zOP5qHIKo-00108-00025904-00026255 what we look for in that vertical is 30
v0zOP5qHIKo-00109-00026256-00026446 000 plus in that rentable square feet
v0zOP5qHIKo-00110-00026447-00026631 with the ability to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00111-00026632-00026999 expand up to 60 to 65 000 square feet if
v0zOP5qHIKo-00112-00027000-00027295 it's below that or if it's above that
v0zOP5qHIKo-00113-00027295-00027535 then it's something for our wholesale
v0zOP5qHIKo-00114-00027536-00027679 list so we'll send it out to our
v0zOP5qHIKo-00115-00027680-00027887 investors and that works out really well
v0zOP5qHIKo-00116-00027888-00028151 because the primary uh investors on our
v0zOP5qHIKo-00117-00028152-00028367 list that receive deals from us are
v0zOP5qHIKo-00118-00028368-00028511 either just getting started in self
v0zOP5qHIKo-00119-00028512-00028662 storage or
v0zOP5qHIKo-00120-00028663-00028895 on the completely opposite side and they
v0zOP5qHIKo-00121-00028895-00029135 have you know a couple million square
v0zOP5qHIKo-00122-00029136-00029327 feet and they're really looking for
v0zOP5qHIKo-00123-00029327-00029558 large acquisitions at that point
v0zOP5qHIKo-00124-00029560-00029735 so that's the main vertical
v0zOP5qHIKo-00125-00029736-00029862 all the way on the other side of the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00126-00029863-00030023 spectrum we have our ground-up
v0zOP5qHIKo-00127-00030024-00030255 developments so the problem with trying
v0zOP5qHIKo-00128-00030256-00030511 to purchase facilities that are existing
v0zOP5qHIKo-00129-00030512-00030783 that are over 65 000 square feet
v0zOP5qHIKo-00130-00030783-00030927 is that you start competing with the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00131-00030927-00031127 reits and the hedge funds and the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00132-00031127-00031287 private equity funds
v0zOP5qHIKo-00133-00031288-00031558 and they have much lower cost of capital
v0zOP5qHIKo-00134-00031560-00031807 than we do so they can typically drive
v0zOP5qHIKo-00135-00031808-00032046 the cap rate down compress the cap rate
v0zOP5qHIKo-00136-00032047-00032239 down into the four four and a half or
v0zOP5qHIKo-00137-00032239-00032390 five percent range and i'm just not
v0zOP5qHIKo-00138-00032391-00032558 willing to buy properties at that type
v0zOP5qHIKo-00139-00032560-00032751 of unlevered return
v0zOP5qHIKo-00140-00032752-00032911 for that type of return i'd rather just
v0zOP5qHIKo-00141-00032912-00033055 put my money in the stock market not
v0zOP5qHIKo-00142-00033056-00033287 have to do any work so on the ground up
v0zOP5qHIKo-00143-00033288-00033527 side what we're typically looking for is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00144-00033528-00033718 if we're going vertical
v0zOP5qHIKo-00145-00033719-00033815 you know we're always going to be
v0zOP5qHIKo-00146-00033816-00033983 building class a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00147-00033984-00034174 regrade facilities so if we're going
v0zOP5qHIKo-00148-00034175-00034367 vertical i'm going to need at least four
v0zOP5qHIKo-00149-00034368-00034535 to five acres
v0zOP5qHIKo-00150-00034536-00034735 i'm typically going to be buying that
v0zOP5qHIKo-00151-00034736-00035199 acreage anywhere between 50 to 250 000
v0zOP5qHIKo-00152-00035200-00035311 an acre
v0zOP5qHIKo-00153-00035312-00035551 and that spread depends on how much work
v0zOP5qHIKo-00154-00035552-00035799 i have to do the land if the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00155-00035800-00035974 utilities are already there and it's
v0zOP5qHIKo-00156-00035975-00036118 flat and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00157-00036119-00036295 uh there's already a retention pond in
v0zOP5qHIKo-00158-00036296-00036495 place i may be paying you know closer to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00159-00036496-00036807 that 250 or even 300 000
v0zOP5qHIKo-00160-00036808-00037111 an acre range but if it's heavily wooded
v0zOP5qHIKo-00161-00037112-00037327 and i have to bring utilities from you
v0zOP5qHIKo-00162-00037328-00037583 know all the way down by the public road
v0zOP5qHIKo-00163-00037584-00037735 uh and it's not flat i'm gonna have to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00164-00037736-00037855 bring dirt in or i'm gonna have to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00165-00037856-00038111 shovel dirt out uh then you start
v0zOP5qHIKo-00166-00038112-00038311 creeping down closer to that fifty
v0zOP5qHIKo-00167-00038312-00038551 dollars or fifty thousand dollars an
v0zOP5qHIKo-00168-00038552-00038783 acre and it roughly translate to to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00169-00038784-00039071 about one to five dollars a foot if
v0zOP5qHIKo-00170-00039072-00039351 you're more used to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00171-00039352-00039535 buying in the per square foot range as
v0zOP5qHIKo-00172-00039536-00039702 opposed to per acre
v0zOP5qHIKo-00173-00039703-00039999 now with the pandemic that
v0zOP5qHIKo-00174-00040000-00040215 has hit the country recently
v0zOP5qHIKo-00175-00040216-00040423 a lot of the supplies that we use and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00176-00040424-00040599 the materials that we use were affected
v0zOP5qHIKo-00177-00040600-00040759 pretty negatively and that includes
v0zOP5qHIKo-00178-00040760-00040927 steel prices
v0zOP5qHIKo-00179-00040928-00041190 uh so with steel we've seen a three four
v0zOP5qHIKo-00180-00041191-00041367 five hundred percent increase in price
v0zOP5qHIKo-00181-00041368-00041495 depending on what type of steel we're
v0zOP5qHIKo-00182-00041496-00041583 buying
v0zOP5qHIKo-00183-00041584-00041727 and because of that we had to get
v0zOP5qHIKo-00184-00041728-00041911 creative and start pivoting our strategy
v0zOP5qHIKo-00185-00041912-00042095 to build these class a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00186-00042096-00042262 regrade development so what we started
v0zOP5qHIKo-00187-00042263-00042511 doing was going after the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00188-00042512-00042774 uh big box retail space which has been
v0zOP5qHIKo-00189-00042775-00043023 slowly dying for the last 20 years but
v0zOP5qHIKo-00190-00043024-00043246 covet really put kind of the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00191-00043247-00043462 the nail and the cough in there
v0zOP5qHIKo-00192-00043463-00043751 so we were able to start finding
v0zOP5qHIKo-00193-00043752-00043951 these big box retail stores and by big
v0zOP5qHIKo-00194-00043952-00044174 box retail what i typically mean is like
v0zOP5qHIKo-00195-00044175-00044430 sears buildings circuit cities kmarts
v0zOP5qHIKo-00196-00044431-00044679 walmarts maybe some grocery stores
v0zOP5qHIKo-00197-00044680-00044846 they're typically on maine and maine
v0zOP5qHIKo-00198-00044847-00045087 they're surrounded by dense residential
v0zOP5qHIKo-00199-00045088-00045255 uh everyone has
v0zOP5qHIKo-00200-00045256-00045543 some some good disposable income to be
v0zOP5qHIKo-00201-00045544-00045639 to be
v0zOP5qHIKo-00202-00045640-00045790 utilizing
v0zOP5qHIKo-00203-00045791-00045958 and what i look for in those types of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00204-00045959-00046118 properties is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00205-00046119-00046527 anywhere between 50 to 150 000 square
v0zOP5qHIKo-00206-00046528-00046702 feet and the reason why i have that
v0zOP5qHIKo-00207-00046703-00046951 large range is on
v0zOP5qHIKo-00208-00046952-00047230 the regrade side our buyers are these
v0zOP5qHIKo-00209-00047231-00047351 large
v0zOP5qHIKo-00210-00047352-00047599 you know large publicly traded companies
v0zOP5qHIKo-00211-00047600-00047807 and they really only want to transact on
v0zOP5qHIKo-00212-00047808-00048030 facilities that are you know 80 plus
v0zOP5qHIKo-00213-00048031-00048279 thousand square feet
v0zOP5qHIKo-00214-00048280-00048446 with that being said
v0zOP5qHIKo-00215-00048447-00048639 self storage has an efficiency rate of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00216-00048640-00048943 anywhere between 75 to 85 so what i mean
v0zOP5qHIKo-00217-00048944-00049111 by that is if i have a hundred thousand
v0zOP5qHIKo-00218-00049112-00049271 square foot box
v0zOP5qHIKo-00219-00049272-00049407 i'm gonna lose
v0zOP5qHIKo-00220-00049408-00049695 about 20 to 25 percent of that square
v0zOP5qHIKo-00221-00049696-00049951 footage to hallways mechanical closets
v0zOP5qHIKo-00222-00049952-00050207 offices bathrooms things like that sure
v0zOP5qHIKo-00223-00050208-00050358 so that's why we're looking for
v0zOP5qHIKo-00224-00050359-00050502 something that's around the hundred
v0zOP5qHIKo-00225-00050503-00050671 thousand hundred fifty thousand square
v0zOP5qHIKo-00226-00050672-00050783 foot range
v0zOP5qHIKo-00227-00050784-00050902 however
v0zOP5qHIKo-00228-00050903-00051294 if that big box has a clear height or a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00229-00051295-00051487 a roof height that is high enough and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00230-00051488-00051702 what clear height means is measured to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00231-00051703-00051911 the bottom of the rafter so you're
v0zOP5qHIKo-00232-00051912-00052111 literally clear there's nothing impeding
v0zOP5qHIKo-00233-00052112-00052270 you're
v0zOP5qHIKo-00234-00052271-00052479 impeding your ability to go up if it has
v0zOP5qHIKo-00235-00052479-00052766 a clear height of 22 feet or better i
v0zOP5qHIKo-00236-00052767-00052966 can typically mezzanine a level in there
v0zOP5qHIKo-00237-00052967-00053159 so i can actually put two
v0zOP5qHIKo-00238-00053160-00053350 two levels of storage inside of one
v0zOP5qHIKo-00239-00053351-00053542 building and that allows me to start
v0zOP5qHIKo-00240-00053544-00053735 going after big box stores that are in
v0zOP5qHIKo-00241-00053736-00054038 the 40 50 60 000 square foot range as
v0zOP5qHIKo-00242-00054039-00054230 opposed to reaching for those large
v0zOP5qHIKo-00243-00054232-00054366 facilities
v0zOP5qHIKo-00244-00054367-00054575 so with that being said what we've found
v0zOP5qHIKo-00245-00054576-00054863 is after the pandemic we were able to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00246-00054864-00055030 start picking up these big box stores
v0zOP5qHIKo-00247-00055032-00055215 for pretty cheap
v0zOP5qHIKo-00248-00055216-00055542 anywhere between 10 to 20 a foot
v0zOP5qHIKo-00249-00055544-00055782 and that allows us to do two things the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00250-00055783-00055926 first is it allows us to cut our
v0zOP5qHIKo-00251-00055927-00056159 construction time in half so as opposed
v0zOP5qHIKo-00252-00056160-00056271 to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00253-00056272-00056479 spending 12 months to build a ground up
v0zOP5qHIKo-00254-00056479-00056623 development
v0zOP5qHIKo-00255-00056624-00056830 we're allowed to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00256-00056832-00056991 compress that down to about six months
v0zOP5qHIKo-00257-00056991-00057166 because we already have the envelope in
v0zOP5qHIKo-00258-00057167-00057335 place the second piece of that
v0zOP5qHIKo-00259-00057336-00057454 construction
v0zOP5qHIKo-00260-00057455-00057638 timeline is the fact that in some
v0zOP5qHIKo-00261-00057639-00057823 climates we can't pour concrete because
v0zOP5qHIKo-00262-00057824-00058015 it's too cold like in the midwest or in
v0zOP5qHIKo-00263-00058016-00058126 the north
v0zOP5qHIKo-00264-00058127-00058319 and sometimes we can't pour because it's
v0zOP5qHIKo-00265-00058320-00058623 too hot like in the south in in texas or
v0zOP5qHIKo-00266-00058624-00058735 florida
v0zOP5qHIKo-00267-00058736-00059023 so that also insulates us or weathers us
v0zOP5qHIKo-00268-00059024-00059311 in from the environment the second piece
v0zOP5qHIKo-00269-00059312-00059647 is it also drops our total cost
v0zOP5qHIKo-00270-00059648-00059887 of construction or total project cost by
v0zOP5qHIKo-00271-00059888-00060135 anywhere between a third to a half
v0zOP5qHIKo-00272-00060136-00060399 so typically i can build a ground up
v0zOP5qHIKo-00273-00060400-00060591 construction for a hundred a hundred and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00274-00060591-00060782 ten thou a hundred and ten dollars a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00275-00060783-00060950 square foot
v0zOP5qHIKo-00276-00060951-00061119 when i go to the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00277-00061120-00061303 adaptive reuse or these conversion
v0zOP5qHIKo-00278-00061304-00061519 projects my total project cost is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00279-00061520-00061726 typically in the sixty to seventy
v0zOP5qHIKo-00280-00061727-00061894 dollars a square foot range but i can
v0zOP5qHIKo-00281-00061895-00062119 still sell those at the same cap rates
v0zOP5qHIKo-00282-00062120-00062311 that i would those ground up
v0zOP5qHIKo-00283-00062312-00062519 developments
v0zOP5qHIKo-00284-00062520-00062799 nice so pretty solid because there's
v0zOP5qHIKo-00285-00062800-00063047 already a retail
v0zOP5qHIKo-00286-00063048-00063382 facility there and now it's empty i'm
v0zOP5qHIKo-00287-00063383-00063519 assuming you're not getting a lot of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00288-00063520-00063838 pushback from the municipalities um
v0zOP5qHIKo-00289-00063839-00064087 putting cell storage in place
v0zOP5qHIKo-00290-00064088-00064263 that's that's correct so typically what
v0zOP5qHIKo-00291-00064264-00064599 we'll see is the owners of these retail
v0zOP5qHIKo-00292-00064600-00064871 you know big box retail stores first
v0zOP5qHIKo-00293-00064872-00065071 they try as hard as they can to continue
v0zOP5qHIKo-00294-00065072-00065230 to lease it they don't even want to sell
v0zOP5qHIKo-00295-00065232-00065399 the asset because they they're
v0zOP5qHIKo-00296-00065400-00065631 delusional i think another large big box
v0zOP5qHIKo-00297-00065632-00065767 is going to come in at least for 20
v0zOP5qHIKo-00298-00065768-00065975 years it's just not going to happen then
v0zOP5qHIKo-00299-00065976-00066182 once they realize that's not the case
v0zOP5qHIKo-00300-00066183-00066279 and the properties that have been
v0zOP5qHIKo-00301-00066280-00066455 sitting vacant for a few years then they
v0zOP5qHIKo-00302-00066456-00066638 try to sell to another
v0zOP5qHIKo-00303-00066639-00066863 uh owner that would use the same
v0zOP5qHIKo-00304-00066864-00067087 strategy of trying to get a retail
v0zOP5qHIKo-00305-00067088-00067231 client in there and then that doesn't
v0zOP5qHIKo-00306-00067232-00067399 work for you know two to three years so
v0zOP5qHIKo-00307-00067400-00067623 by this time the property's already been
v0zOP5qHIKo-00308-00067624-00067950 vacant for five six years and when it's
v0zOP5qHIKo-00309-00067951-00068159 not producing cash flow the owners
v0zOP5qHIKo-00310-00068160-00068255 aren't
v0zOP5qHIKo-00311-00068256-00068447 keeping up with the facade keeping up
v0zOP5qHIKo-00312-00068448-00068711 with the you know the pavement repairs
v0zOP5qHIKo-00313-00068712-00068894 on the outside especially the midwest
v0zOP5qHIKo-00314-00068895-00069071 you know the the frost
v0zOP5qHIKo-00315-00069072-00069238 uh the frost heating that happens can
v0zOP5qHIKo-00316-00069239-00069423 really destroy that and then it starts
v0zOP5qHIKo-00317-00069424-00069623 to look really blighted
v0zOP5qHIKo-00318-00069624-00069847 uh on the community and because it's on
v0zOP5qHIKo-00319-00069848-00070015 a main thoroughfare you know you're
v0zOP5qHIKo-00320-00070016-00070119 having
v0zOP5qHIKo-00321-00070120-00070375 tens of thousands of cars past that
v0zOP5qHIKo-00322-00070376-00070559 facility every day and it's looking
v0zOP5qHIKo-00323-00070560-00070767 worse and worse every year so by the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00324-00070768-00070935 time they're willing to sell not only to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00325-00070936-00071094 us but willing to sell to us at the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00326-00071095-00071367 price that we're able to buy at
v0zOP5qHIKo-00327-00071368-00071623 the municipality is welcoming welcoming
v0zOP5qHIKo-00328-00071624-00071815 us with open arms saying please do
v0zOP5qHIKo-00329-00071816-00071982 something about this it looks so
v0zOP5qHIKo-00330-00071983-00072087 terrible
v0zOP5qHIKo-00331-00072088-00072199 you know
v0zOP5qHIKo-00332-00072200-00072375 there's typically issues of people
v0zOP5qHIKo-00333-00072376-00072694 breaking in causing issues on the inside
v0zOP5qHIKo-00334-00072695-00072903 so yeah we we typically get greeted with
v0zOP5qHIKo-00335-00072904-00073143 open arms the last one that we that we
v0zOP5qHIKo-00336-00073144-00073367 purchased was in ohio
v0zOP5qHIKo-00337-00073368-00073567 i actually sent the package to jonathan
v0zOP5qHIKo-00338-00073568-00073711 so if you had a chance to look at it let
v0zOP5qHIKo-00339-00073712-00073919 me know i did yeah
v0zOP5qHIKo-00340-00073920-00074103 yeah so on that
v0zOP5qHIKo-00341-00074104-00074343 on that property
v0zOP5qHIKo-00342-00074344-00074647 the zoning the rezoning to self storage
v0zOP5qHIKo-00343-00074648-00074879 was probably the the fastest i've ever
v0zOP5qHIKo-00344-00074880-00075150 done i submitted my business plan
v0zOP5qHIKo-00345-00075151-00075335 uh within a week they asked me to jump
v0zOP5qHIKo-00346-00075336-00075535 on a zoom call i went i was on the zoom
v0zOP5qHIKo-00347-00075536-00075694 call for 15 minutes they asked me three
v0zOP5qHIKo-00348-00075695-00075815 questions and then they approved my
v0zOP5qHIKo-00349-00075816-00075967 zoning change
v0zOP5qHIKo-00350-00075968-00076094 that's pretty easy
v0zOP5qHIKo-00351-00076095-00076238 yeah
v0zOP5qHIKo-00352-00076239-00076438 because i know this is easier
v0zOP5qHIKo-00353-00076439-00076726 i noticed a lot of uh ground up they're
v0zOP5qHIKo-00354-00076727-00076926 trying to make it look more like
v0zOP5qHIKo-00355-00076927-00077150 uh retail on the outside you know
v0zOP5qHIKo-00356-00077151-00077391 putting in the fake windows and stuff
v0zOP5qHIKo-00357-00077392-00077575 and i know
v0zOP5qHIKo-00358-00077576-00077815 i know operators are doing that because
v0zOP5qHIKo-00359-00077816-00077959 the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00360-00077960-00078343 demographics of the users are typically
v0zOP5qHIKo-00361-00078344-00078526 a higher percentage of women and they
v0zOP5qHIKo-00362-00078527-00078799 like the nicer looking facilities but at
v0zOP5qHIKo-00363-00078800-00078991 the same time they're trying to keep the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00364-00078992-00079159 municipalities
v0zOP5qHIKo-00365-00079160-00079262 uh
v0zOP5qHIKo-00366-00079263-00079575 happy because the you know the older
v0zOP5qHIKo-00367-00079576-00079759 self storage kind of looking stuff with
v0zOP5qHIKo-00368-00079760-00079967 the big fence around it and the single
v0zOP5qHIKo-00369-00079968-00080206 garages uh you know
v0zOP5qHIKo-00370-00080207-00080335 i don't want to say they're an eyesore
v0zOP5qHIKo-00371-00080336-00080503 but they're not as beautiful as you
v0zOP5qHIKo-00372-00080504-00080775 can't be you can't build a you know a 50
v0zOP5qHIKo-00373-00080776-00080943 000 square foot brick building and put
v0zOP5qHIKo-00374-00080944-00081126 no windows on or even fake ones everyone
v0zOP5qHIKo-00375-00081127-00081743 will think of the strip club
v0zOP5qHIKo-00376-00081744-00081903 and you touched on a pretty important
v0zOP5qHIKo-00377-00081904-00082143 part on you know both sides of the table
v0zOP5qHIKo-00378-00082144-00082335 so the first side is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00379-00082336-00082631 kind of this nimby movement or the not
v0zOP5qHIKo-00380-00082632-00082926 my backyard movement so people don't
v0zOP5qHIKo-00381-00082927-00083143 want to see these eyesores these old
v0zOP5qHIKo-00382-00083144-00083359 school first generation facilities you
v0zOP5qHIKo-00383-00083360-00083638 know classy or class d facilities
v0zOP5qHIKo-00384-00083639-00083847 the second piece is typically the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00385-00083848-00084055 municipalities will have some type of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00386-00084056-00084231 aesthetic guidelines that they would
v0zOP5qHIKo-00387-00084232-00084438 like you to follow to kind of match how
v0zOP5qHIKo-00388-00084439-00084775 the other buildings look in the area
v0zOP5qHIKo-00389-00084776-00085038 so what we do it is exactly what you
v0zOP5qHIKo-00390-00085039-00085255 described on these ground up builds we
v0zOP5qHIKo-00391-00085256-00085471 typically make them look like class a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00392-00085472-00085631 office building so you wouldn't really
v0zOP5qHIKo-00393-00085632-00085815 know their storage unless you obviously
v0zOP5qHIKo-00394-00085816-00085959 looked at the windows and see all those
v0zOP5qHIKo-00395-00085960-00086215 fake rolling doors you know
v0zOP5qHIKo-00396-00086216-00086655 news flash those aren't real units
v0zOP5qHIKo-00397-00086656-00086855 and that helps that helps quite a bit so
v0zOP5qHIKo-00398-00086856-00087087 not only get it past kind of the initial
v0zOP5qHIKo-00399-00087088-00087231 zoning and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00400-00087232-00087335 uh
v0zOP5qHIKo-00401-00087336-00087431 you know
v0zOP5qHIKo-00402-00087432-00087575 planning committee
v0zOP5qHIKo-00403-00087576-00087815 but also once you get to the point where
v0zOP5qHIKo-00404-00087816-00088087 you have you know open public hearings
v0zOP5qHIKo-00405-00088088-00088238 and the public is allowed to come and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00406-00088239-00088406 voice their concerns if you show up with
v0zOP5qHIKo-00407-00088407-00088591 these beautiful you know what we usually
v0zOP5qHIKo-00408-00088592-00088782 do is come up with these giant three or
v0zOP5qHIKo-00409-00088783-00088918 four foot
v0zOP5qHIKo-00410-00088919-00089006 you know
v0zOP5qHIKo-00411-00089007-00089150 printed
v0zOP5qHIKo-00412-00089151-00089350 cardboard
v0zOP5qHIKo-00413-00089351-00089518 displays that show what it would look
v0zOP5qHIKo-00414-00089519-00089662 like you know all the beautiful
v0zOP5qHIKo-00415-00089663-00089887 landscaping and sometimes they put like
v0zOP5qHIKo-00416-00089888-00090071 a little public area for people to walk
v0zOP5qHIKo-00417-00090072-00090318 around or sit in then they start to kind
v0zOP5qHIKo-00418-00090319-00090447 of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00419-00090448-00090687 come more over to our side and realize
v0zOP5qHIKo-00420-00090688-00090887 that it's not going to be some gravel
v0zOP5qHIKo-00421-00090888-00091082 facility with you
v0zOP5qHIKo-00422-00091083-00091447 know concrete block walls and barbed
v0zOP5qHIKo-00423-00091448-00091711 wire fencing that's not what we put up
v0zOP5qHIKo-00424-00091712-00091799 mm-hmm
v0zOP5qHIKo-00425-00091800-00092015 one of the one of the interesting things
v0zOP5qHIKo-00426-00092016-00092118 that i
v0zOP5qHIKo-00427-00092119-00092294 love about storage
v0zOP5qHIKo-00428-00092295-00092518 like when you take multi-family
v0zOP5qHIKo-00429-00092519-00092687 you're when you're trying to identify an
v0zOP5qHIKo-00430-00092688-00092982 area where to lend you're looking at msa
v0zOP5qHIKo-00431-00092983-00093182 data you're looking at you know zip code
v0zOP5qHIKo-00432-00093183-00093343 data all that stuff
v0zOP5qHIKo-00433-00093344-00093591 which is you know fairly broad reaching
v0zOP5qHIKo-00434-00093592-00093918 um when you're looking at storage like
v0zOP5qHIKo-00435-00093919-00094094 you're not looking that doesn't mean
v0zOP5qHIKo-00436-00094095-00094303 anything to you right you're you're more
v0zOP5qHIKo-00437-00094304-00094526 granular so can you can you kind of talk
v0zOP5qHIKo-00438-00094527-00094694 to people about about what you're
v0zOP5qHIKo-00439-00094695-00095038 looking at how you identify uh
v0zOP5qHIKo-00440-00095039-00095215 an area that you would want to either
v0zOP5qHIKo-00441-00095216-00095487 build or take a development or not
v0zOP5qHIKo-00442-00095488-00095774 development but a a rehab on
v0zOP5qHIKo-00443-00095775-00095935 yeah absolutely and you you hit the nail
v0zOP5qHIKo-00444-00095936-00096135 on the head there jonathan so self
v0zOP5qHIKo-00445-00096136-00096415 storage is a hyper localized business
v0zOP5qHIKo-00446-00096416-00096623 and so what i mean by that is the trade
v0zOP5qHIKo-00447-00096624-00096831 areas or the areas that the majority of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00448-00096832-00096991 our customers come from are actually
v0zOP5qHIKo-00449-00096992-00097231 very narrow and it typically depends on
v0zOP5qHIKo-00450-00097232-00097431 how dense the area is as far as
v0zOP5qHIKo-00451-00097432-00097694 population so the type the type of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00452-00097695-00097991 adaptive reuse or the type of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00453-00097992-00098174 value-add deals that we like to buy are
v0zOP5qHIKo-00454-00098175-00098343 typically in secondary and tertiary
v0zOP5qHIKo-00455-00098344-00098582 markets which means that the trade area
v0zOP5qHIKo-00456-00098583-00098823 is anywhere between three to a five mile
v0zOP5qHIKo-00457-00098824-00099006 radius around the facility and what we
v0zOP5qHIKo-00458-00099007-00099287 found is that sixty to ninety percent
v0zOP5qHIKo-00459-00099288-00099543 of our customers will come from inside
v0zOP5qHIKo-00460-00099544-00099823 that trade area and you say okay why why
v0zOP5qHIKo-00461-00099824-00099959 is that just kind of think of it
v0zOP5qHIKo-00462-00099960-00100126 logically
v0zOP5qHIKo-00463-00100127-00100438 i i'm a mother i have two kids i gotta
v0zOP5qHIKo-00464-00100439-00100774 drop off at school gotta go to work
v0zOP5qHIKo-00465-00100775-00100991 i see at the same facility on my drive
v0zOP5qHIKo-00466-00100992-00101167 between work at home every day until
v0zOP5qHIKo-00467-00101168-00101350 finally i realize i need storage for
v0zOP5qHIKo-00468-00101351-00101494 some reason
v0zOP5qHIKo-00469-00101495-00101638 i'm not gonna
v0zOP5qHIKo-00470-00101639-00101950 drive 20 30 minutes in the opposite
v0zOP5qHIKo-00471-00101951-00102223 direction just to go save five dollars a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00472-00102224-00102439 month it's just not worth my time
v0zOP5qHIKo-00473-00102440-00102575 so what i'm gonna do is i'm typically
v0zOP5qHIKo-00474-00102576-00102734 gonna go to the facility that i see on
v0zOP5qHIKo-00475-00102735-00102975 my daily commute or one that is within
v0zOP5qHIKo-00476-00102976-00103158 five to ten minutes drive time of either
v0zOP5qHIKo-00477-00103159-00103382 my home or my work
v0zOP5qHIKo-00478-00103383-00103663 uh so when you realize that then all you
v0zOP5qHIKo-00479-00103664-00103878 really have to focus in on is that that
v0zOP5qHIKo-00480-00103879-00104071 hyper localized market so you can't say
v0zOP5qHIKo-00481-00104072-00104286 things like self storage is saturated in
v0zOP5qHIKo-00482-00104288-00104439 the united states or soft storage is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00483-00104440-00104630 saturated in chicago
v0zOP5qHIKo-00484-00104631-00104790 all you can say is well this three to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00485-00104791-00104999 five mile pocket may be saturated let's
v0zOP5qHIKo-00486-00105000-00105215 look five miles away and see if that
v0zOP5qHIKo-00487-00105216-00105478 pocket has a need for storage or is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00488-00105479-00105663 under supplied
v0zOP5qHIKo-00489-00105664-00105790 yeah i think that's you know one of the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00490-00105791-00105886 things that a lot of people don't
v0zOP5qHIKo-00491-00105888-00106054 understand because i hear that all the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00492-00106055-00106310 time all storage units you know storage
v0zOP5qHIKo-00493-00106311-00106495 facilities are saturated it's like
v0zOP5qHIKo-00494-00106496-00106710 everyone's doing it it's like
v0zOP5qHIKo-00495-00106711-00106831 yeah
v0zOP5qHIKo-00496-00106832-00107031 that a lot of people are doing it but
v0zOP5qHIKo-00497-00107032-00107254 just for the point that you made it's
v0zOP5qHIKo-00498-00107255-00107447 you you can't say oh charlotte has too
v0zOP5qHIKo-00499-00107448-00107599 many storage units
v0zOP5qHIKo-00500-00107600-00107727 that that's a useless piece of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00501-00107728-00107895 information what's you know what's
v0zOP5qHIKo-00502-00107896-00108166 useful is well what pockets are
v0zOP5qHIKo-00503-00108167-00108334 oversaturated then which ones aren't
v0zOP5qHIKo-00504-00108335-00108551 like you just described so that's yeah
v0zOP5qHIKo-00505-00108552-00108743 that's a great great point for people
v0zOP5qHIKo-00506-00108744-00108934 looking for storage units
v0zOP5qHIKo-00507-00108935-00109054 yeah and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00508-00109055-00109263 to get granular i know this is this
v0zOP5qHIKo-00509-00109264-00109486 shows all about the numbers what we'll
v0zOP5qHIKo-00510-00109488-00109695 measure inside of that
v0zOP5qHIKo-00511-00109696-00109886 trade area are two things and we'll
v0zOP5qHIKo-00512-00109888-00110054 weight them differently so the first is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00513-00110055-00110286 called the supply index number
v0zOP5qHIKo-00514-00110288-00110543 that is the total amount of net rentable
v0zOP5qHIKo-00515-00110544-00110847 square footage offered in that trade
v0zOP5qHIKo-00516-00110848-00111119 area divided by the per capita or the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00517-00111120-00111383 number of people in that trade area so
v0zOP5qHIKo-00518-00111383-00111615 typically we want to see somewhere below
v0zOP5qHIKo-00519-00111616-00111878 seven square feet per person in that
v0zOP5qHIKo-00520-00111879-00112086 area around seven is where we start to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00521-00112088-00112223 see that the market is somewhat
v0zOP5qHIKo-00522-00112224-00112366 stabilized
v0zOP5qHIKo-00523-00112367-00112447 but
v0zOP5qHIKo-00524-00112448-00112766 there is a caveat to that
v0zOP5qHIKo-00525-00112767-00112934 the second part of this equation is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00526-00112935-00113143 looking at the competitors
v0zOP5qHIKo-00527-00113144-00113351 if all the competitors at 90 plus
v0zOP5qHIKo-00528-00113352-00113583 percent occupied that means that there
v0zOP5qHIKo-00529-00113583-00113766 is a good chance that that market is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00530-00113767-00113919 under supplied
v0zOP5qHIKo-00531-00113920-00114327 so you can go into a market that is say
v0zOP5qHIKo-00532-00114328-00114599 growing extremely fast in fine supply
v0zOP5qHIKo-00533-00114600-00114839 index numbers that are in the 10 or 11
v0zOP5qHIKo-00534-00114840-00115047 or 12 like you see in florida i've been
v0zOP5qHIKo-00535-00115048-00115199 looking at deals down in florida where
v0zOP5qHIKo-00536-00115200-00115510 the supply index is 18 19 20 square feet
v0zOP5qHIKo-00537-00115511-00115623 per person
v0zOP5qHIKo-00538-00115624-00115783 but that's because the markets are
v0zOP5qHIKo-00539-00115783-00116086 growing so fast that they can't even
v0zOP5qHIKo-00540-00116088-00116278 keep up with the amount of population
v0zOP5qHIKo-00541-00116279-00116439 moving into that market so what we
v0zOP5qHIKo-00542-00116440-00116671 typically do is we'll give a 30 to 40
v0zOP5qHIKo-00543-00116672-00116951 waiting on the supply index number
v0zOP5qHIKo-00544-00116952-00117327 and then we'll give a 60 to 70 rating on
v0zOP5qHIKo-00545-00117328-00117399 the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00546-00117400-00117527 competitor
v0zOP5qHIKo-00547-00117528-00117702 what rates the competitor are charging
v0zOP5qHIKo-00548-00117703-00117934 and then what their occupancy is and if
v0zOP5qHIKo-00549-00117935-00118134 we can come into that market
v0zOP5qHIKo-00550-00118135-00118423 fill that whole charge at competitor
v0zOP5qHIKo-00551-00118424-00118654 pricing or just below then that's going
v0zOP5qHIKo-00552-00118655-00118871 to be a good deal for us
v0zOP5qHIKo-00553-00118872-00119015 yeah it's funny you mentioned that and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00554-00119016-00119319 this is antidotal only um
v0zOP5qHIKo-00555-00119320-00119527 in englewood florida
v0zOP5qHIKo-00556-00119528-00119727 there are
v0zOP5qHIKo-00557-00119728-00119983 three storage facilities within a two
v0zOP5qHIKo-00558-00119983-00120134 mile radius
v0zOP5qHIKo-00559-00120135-00120454 of where our place is and i called one
v0zOP5qHIKo-00560-00120455-00120751 that had been open for just a year
v0zOP5qHIKo-00561-00120752-00121023 and they had a waiting list just to get
v0zOP5qHIKo-00562-00121024-00121254 a unit there and like i said there's
v0zOP5qHIKo-00563-00121255-00121527 three within
v0zOP5qHIKo-00564-00121528-00121823 really bicycle distance
v0zOP5qHIKo-00565-00121824-00122078 and they're already full and that's a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00566-00122079-00122327 that's a really good sign so when we
v0zOP5qHIKo-00567-00122328-00122623 project our lease up metrics
v0zOP5qHIKo-00568-00122624-00122831 we're typically looking at about a two
v0zOP5qHIKo-00569-00122832-00123102 and a half to a three and a half percent
v0zOP5qHIKo-00570-00123103-00123310 absorption per month
v0zOP5qHIKo-00571-00123311-00123590 so if i have a thousand unit facility
v0zOP5qHIKo-00572-00123591-00123823 every month i'm assuming that two and a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00573-00123824-00123999 half to three three and a half percent
v0zOP5qHIKo-00574-00124000-00124254 of those units will be leased up which
v0zOP5qHIKo-00575-00124255-00124375 typically
v0zOP5qHIKo-00576-00124376-00124702 means that for me to get go from zero to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00577-00124703-00125014 90 occupied it's going to take me 24 to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00578-00125015-00125286 36 months so if you go into markets
v0zOP5qHIKo-00579-00125288-00125454 where guys are having weightless that
v0zOP5qHIKo-00580-00125455-00125695 are completely full within one year
v0zOP5qHIKo-00581-00125696-00125878 that's a sign to say hey i need to go
v0zOP5qHIKo-00582-00125879-00126071 build in this market because there is so
v0zOP5qHIKo-00583-00126072-00126319 much pets of demand
v0zOP5qHIKo-00584-00126320-00126527 yeah you know part of the problem with
v0zOP5qHIKo-00585-00126528-00126743 lots of areas of florida particularly
v0zOP5qHIKo-00586-00126744-00126983 along the coast is that there is not as
v0zOP5qHIKo-00587-00126983-00127183 much buildable land
v0zOP5qHIKo-00588-00127183-00127483 available where the people are
v0zOP5qHIKo-00589-00127483-00127886 and so that becomes a struggle uh being
v0zOP5qHIKo-00590-00127888-00128102 able to find the land at the right price
v0zOP5qHIKo-00591-00128103-00128319 well if you find it i bet i bet fernando
v0zOP5qHIKo-00592-00128320-00128566 would come and build it
v0zOP5qHIKo-00593-00128567-00128743 do you uh
v0zOP5qHIKo-00594-00128744-00128990 do you utilize the walmart effect at all
v0zOP5qHIKo-00595-00128991-00129095 and when you're
v0zOP5qHIKo-00596-00129096-00129302 looking for development
v0zOP5qHIKo-00597-00129303-00129558 we do we're actually buying a walmart
v0zOP5qHIKo-00598-00129559-00129871 right now in texas right by south padre
v0zOP5qHIKo-00599-00129872-00129966 island
v0zOP5qHIKo-00600-00129967-00130207 uh so if if i think i know what you're
v0zOP5qHIKo-00601-00130208-00130431 alluding to what walmart likes to do is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00602-00130432-00130671 they will set up a walmart on
v0zOP5qHIKo-00603-00130672-00130919 in one uh town and then they'll set up a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00604-00130920-00131223 second walmart maybe a couple towns over
v0zOP5qHIKo-00605-00131224-00131383 and then what they'll do if they see
v0zOP5qHIKo-00606-00131384-00131487 they have enough demand from both
v0zOP5qHIKo-00607-00131488-00131639 walmarts is they'll shut both of those
v0zOP5qHIKo-00608-00131640-00131814 down and they'll build a super walmart
v0zOP5qHIKo-00609-00131815-00131951 in the middle so what we do is we'll
v0zOP5qHIKo-00610-00131952-00132135 come in and we'll buy those auxiliary
v0zOP5qHIKo-00611-00132136-00132343 walmart stores and then convert them
v0zOP5qHIKo-00612-00132344-00132527 into self storage and the reason we like
v0zOP5qHIKo-00613-00132528-00132695 walmart's is that they
v0zOP5qHIKo-00614-00132696-00132943 they actually
v0zOP5qHIKo-00615-00132944-00133175 they keep their properties pretty nice
v0zOP5qHIKo-00616-00133176-00133399 they do a lot of the maintenance as it
v0zOP5qHIKo-00617-00133400-00133566 comes available
v0zOP5qHIKo-00618-00133567-00133751 same thing with sears buildings we found
v0zOP5qHIKo-00619-00133752-00133935 that a lot of the sears stores when they
v0zOP5qHIKo-00620-00133936-00134183 were wound down before the company
v0zOP5qHIKo-00621-00134184-00134343 shuttered that portion of its
v0zOP5qHIKo-00622-00134344-00134511 corporation that they did a lot of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00623-00134512-00134663 preventative maintenance so that they
v0zOP5qHIKo-00624-00134664-00134887 can sell those properties for top dollar
v0zOP5qHIKo-00625-00134888-00135054 so the roofs are in pretty good
v0zOP5qHIKo-00626-00135055-00135214 condition the facades are in pretty good
v0zOP5qHIKo-00627-00135215-00135399 condition the mechanicals electrical and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00628-00135400-00135695 plumbing are pretty good conditions
v0zOP5qHIKo-00629-00135696-00135935 one of the stores that we try to avoid
v0zOP5qHIKo-00630-00135936-00136199 at all costs are kmarts
v0zOP5qHIKo-00631-00136200-00136375 what we found is that the kmarts are
v0zOP5qHIKo-00632-00136376-00136614 typically run to the ground they don't
v0zOP5qHIKo-00633-00136615-00136751 do a lot of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00634-00136752-00136943 maintenance on those properties while
v0zOP5qHIKo-00635-00136944-00137111 they own them and then you know let
v0zOP5qHIKo-00636-00137112-00137278 alone when they're shutting them down
v0zOP5qHIKo-00637-00137279-00137431 they don't do any maintenance and i
v0zOP5qHIKo-00638-00137432-00137566 think that's just a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00639-00137567-00137799 a factor of the kind of the financials
v0zOP5qHIKo-00640-00137800-00138143 of that company uh but yeah we we love
v0zOP5qHIKo-00641-00138144-00138375 that walmart effect i mean that's
v0zOP5qHIKo-00642-00138376-00138614 if if if the location's good enough for
v0zOP5qHIKo-00643-00138615-00138799 a walmart it's good enough for us yeah
v0zOP5qHIKo-00644-00138800-00139039 because they they do serious
v0zOP5qHIKo-00645-00139040-00139271 uh study uh when they're deciding
v0zOP5qHIKo-00646-00139272-00139399 whether they're gonna put a facility
v0zOP5qHIKo-00647-00139400-00139599 anywhere and they own the property
v0zOP5qHIKo-00648-00139600-00139695 they're not
v0zOP5qHIKo-00649-00139696-00139919 um just leasing them up they they own
v0zOP5qHIKo-00650-00139920-00140095 the stuff so they
v0zOP5qHIKo-00651-00140096-00140302 they are wanting their investment
v0zOP5qHIKo-00652-00140303-00140414 uh
v0zOP5qHIKo-00653-00140415-00140631 to be a good investment over the long
v0zOP5qHIKo-00654-00140632-00140807 period and you'll see
v0zOP5qHIKo-00655-00140808-00141007 all kinds of other businesses will pop
v0zOP5qHIKo-00656-00141008-00141223 up around a walmart because they've done
v0zOP5qHIKo-00657-00141224-00141454 all the demographic work for you
v0zOP5qHIKo-00658-00141455-00141695 you just locate near them i i go up and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00659-00141696-00141935 sell boiled peanuts by the local walmart
v0zOP5qHIKo-00660-00141936-00142151 yes
v0zOP5qHIKo-00661-00142152-00142383 so it's it's funny we have a little kind
v0zOP5qHIKo-00662-00142384-00142590 of joke of a saying but it's it's really
v0zOP5qHIKo-00663-00142591-00142790 not a joke because we use it to fast
v0zOP5qHIKo-00664-00142791-00143023 track some of our deals if i go to a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00665-00143024-00143326 site visit and i can see a walmart and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00666-00143327-00143519 smell a mcdonald's it gets jumped to the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00667-00143520-00143751 top of our queue in our underwriting
v0zOP5qHIKo-00668-00143752-00143902 and it sounds like a joke but think
v0zOP5qHIKo-00669-00143903-00144071 about it i mean walmart and mcdonald's
v0zOP5qHIKo-00670-00144072-00144263 are two of the best companies when it
v0zOP5qHIKo-00671-00144264-00144495 comes to location location location
v0zOP5qHIKo-00672-00144496-00144702 right both of those companies are not
v0zOP5qHIKo-00673-00144703-00144911 services businesses or fast food
v0zOP5qHIKo-00674-00144912-00145135 companies what they really are are real
v0zOP5qHIKo-00675-00145136-00145399 estate companies and they have tons of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00676-00145400-00145599 money to do all the demographic studies
v0zOP5qHIKo-00677-00145600-00145711 and find
v0zOP5qHIKo-00678-00145712-00145990 where they want to place their sites
v0zOP5qHIKo-00679-00145991-00146135 and they're going to put it in a place
v0zOP5qHIKo-00680-00146136-00146278 that gets a lot of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00681-00146279-00146526 traffic because that's the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00682-00146527-00146702 the biggest well number one the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00683-00146703-00146823 mcdonald's you're going to go through
v0zOP5qHIKo-00684-00146824-00146983 the drive through
v0zOP5qHIKo-00685-00146984-00147119 and then
v0zOP5qHIKo-00686-00147120-00147366 the people see the walmarts all the time
v0zOP5qHIKo-00687-00147367-00147543 say oh i got to pick up such and such
v0zOP5qHIKo-00688-00147544-00147735 and and pop in so they're going to have
v0zOP5qHIKo-00689-00147736-00147887 they're going to be located on streets
v0zOP5qHIKo-00690-00147888-00148063 that have a lot of traffic and that's
v0zOP5qHIKo-00691-00148064-00148263 what you want in self storage as well
v0zOP5qHIKo-00692-00148264-00148454 because self storage is not something
v0zOP5qHIKo-00693-00148455-00148775 that is on somebody's typical mind it's
v0zOP5qHIKo-00694-00148776-00148990 that branding thing really it's just
v0zOP5qHIKo-00695-00148991-00149207 like fernando said yeah earlier you
v0zOP5qHIKo-00696-00149208-00149383 drive by it until you need it and you're
v0zOP5qHIKo-00697-00149384-00149711 like oh yeah that place
v0zOP5qHIKo-00698-00149712-00149854 yeah that's right we're always looking
v0zOP5qHIKo-00699-00149855-00150102 for high traffic counts
v0zOP5qHIKo-00700-00150103-00150271 one of the things that is important
v0zOP5qHIKo-00701-00150272-00150495 though is i don't want people out there
v0zOP5qHIKo-00702-00150496-00150631 to think that just because you have a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00703-00150632-00150766 good site that you can neglect
v0zOP5qHIKo-00704-00150767-00150919 everything else
v0zOP5qHIKo-00705-00150920-00151151 the fact that you have
v0zOP5qHIKo-00706-00151152-00151407 the brand presence because it's being
v0zOP5qHIKo-00707-00151408-00151623 seen on your daily commute every day is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00708-00151624-00151823 just one part of the equation
v0zOP5qHIKo-00709-00151824-00152031 after doing a study of our our 17
v0zOP5qHIKo-00710-00152032-00152183 facilities over the past three years
v0zOP5qHIKo-00711-00152184-00152478 what we found is that 60 to 67 percent
v0zOP5qHIKo-00712-00152479-00152743 of our customers first
v0zOP5qHIKo-00713-00152744-00153047 contacted us by not walking into the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00714-00153048-00153311 store but seeing our facility and then
v0zOP5qHIKo-00715-00153312-00153423 googling
v0zOP5qHIKo-00716-00153424-00153607 our facility on
v0zOP5qHIKo-00717-00153608-00153847 a smartphone so not only do you need a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00718-00153848-00154047 website but you need a website that is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00719-00154048-00154359 mobile optimized and that google's
v0zOP5qHIKo-00720-00154360-00154639 suite of companies recognizes as being a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00721-00154640-00154902 trusted website so we usually like to do
v0zOP5qHIKo-00722-00154903-00155063 the kind of the triumvirate which is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00723-00155064-00155207 we'll have a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00724-00155208-00155390 we'll claim the google my business which
v0zOP5qHIKo-00725-00155391-00155551 allows us to not only show up on the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00726-00155552-00155951 google search but also show up on the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00727-00155952-00156254 the google maps locations we'll also
v0zOP5qHIKo-00728-00156255-00156511 create a facebook account for that
v0zOP5qHIKo-00729-00156512-00156671 business and then we'll create a yelp
v0zOP5qHIKo-00730-00156672-00156823 account and with those three they kind
v0zOP5qHIKo-00731-00156824-00157071 of create credibility amongst themselves
v0zOP5qHIKo-00732-00157072-00157239 and it pushes our ranking all the way to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00733-00157240-00157335 the top
v0zOP5qHIKo-00734-00157336-00157447 nice
v0zOP5qHIKo-00735-00157448-00157823 um and uh you also put in automation
v0zOP5qHIKo-00736-00157824-00158054 where you can actually rent the units
v0zOP5qHIKo-00737-00158055-00158239 and do everything else on the website
v0zOP5qHIKo-00738-00158240-00158335 right
v0zOP5qHIKo-00739-00158336-00158543 correct yeah most of our facilities are
v0zOP5qHIKo-00740-00158544-00158751 automated facilities or they have just
v0zOP5qHIKo-00741-00158752-00158831 uh
v0zOP5qHIKo-00742-00158832-00159151 very minimal physical presence typically
v0zOP5qHIKo-00743-00159152-00159454 uh we call them cpos uh chief pretty
v0zOP5qHIKo-00744-00159455-00159671 officers their job is to go and make
v0zOP5qHIKo-00745-00159672-00159951 sure our our facilities look pretty
v0zOP5qHIKo-00746-00159952-00160183 um so they they're typically a a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00747-00160184-00160431 maintenance or janitorial style uh
v0zOP5qHIKo-00748-00160432-00160775 contractor that we give a base amount to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00749-00160776-00160966 just go check on our facilities one or
v0zOP5qHIKo-00750-00160967-00161199 two hours a week
v0zOP5qHIKo-00751-00161200-00161407 and that keeps our costs pretty low it
v0zOP5qHIKo-00752-00161408-00161639 also allows us to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00753-00161640-00161799 make sure we have eyes on the facility
v0zOP5qHIKo-00754-00161800-00161975 because most of the facilities i have
v0zOP5qHIKo-00755-00161976-00162254 purchased are nowhere near me right i
v0zOP5qHIKo-00756-00162255-00162463 live in chicago illinois but i have
v0zOP5qHIKo-00757-00162464-00162759 facilities in nine different states um
v0zOP5qHIKo-00758-00162760-00162895 and it just doesn't make sense it
v0zOP5qHIKo-00759-00162896-00163031 wouldn't be a business that i'd want to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00760-00163032-00163199 be a part of if i had to go visit those
v0zOP5qHIKo-00761-00163200-00163478 facilities on a weekly or monthly basis
v0zOP5qHIKo-00762-00163479-00163766 so yeah that that's super important
v0zOP5qHIKo-00763-00163767-00163883 excellent
v0zOP5qHIKo-00764-00163884-00164166 um cherub would you do me a favor and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00765-00164167-00164454 pull up fernando's uh website there
v0zOP5qHIKo-00766-00164455-00164559 uh
v0zOP5qHIKo-00767-00164560-00164854 you have funds that uh you raise money
v0zOP5qHIKo-00768-00164855-00165031 for i'm assuming
v0zOP5qHIKo-00769-00165032-00165287 that's right yeah and if people want to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00770-00165288-00165447 find out more about
v0zOP5qHIKo-00771-00165448-00165647 passive returns through
v0zOP5qHIKo-00772-00165648-00165847 self storage and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00773-00165848-00166014 as you know we're big fans of self
v0zOP5qHIKo-00774-00166015-00166166 storage ourselves i mean that's why we
v0zOP5qHIKo-00775-00166167-00166326 make loans on them we believe in them
v0zOP5qHIKo-00776-00166327-00166638 they're great business models
v0zOP5qHIKo-00777-00166639-00166759 and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00778-00166760-00166951 you you guys uh
v0zOP5qHIKo-00779-00166952-00167311 uh contact fernando through this site um
v0zOP5qHIKo-00780-00167312-00167551 they they do great business uh i know
v0zOP5qHIKo-00781-00167552-00167790 most of the folks he works with they're
v0zOP5qHIKo-00782-00167791-00168047 uh awesome operators and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00783-00168048-00168287 we we we believe in so much when we do
v0zOP5qHIKo-00784-00168288-00168607 business with fernando ourselves so
v0zOP5qHIKo-00785-00168608-00168814 yeah we've already uh closed two deals
v0zOP5qHIKo-00786-00168815-00169014 with uh jonathan bill and wendy we got
v0zOP5qHIKo-00787-00169015-00169183 another two in the pipeline and then
v0zOP5qHIKo-00788-00169184-00169383 potentially a fifth one coming up here
v0zOP5qHIKo-00789-00169384-00169559 pretty soon so they've been fantastic to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00790-00169560-00169743 work with they usually close in
v0zOP5qHIKo-00791-00169744-00169990 less than 21 days it's been fantastic
v0zOP5qHIKo-00792-00169991-00170126 especially when
v0zOP5qHIKo-00793-00170127-00170319 we're trying to get deals at
v0zOP5qHIKo-00794-00170320-00170599 significantly discounted prices
v0zOP5qHIKo-00795-00170600-00170807 across our entire portfolio we have an
v0zOP5qHIKo-00796-00170808-00171087 average discount to market of about 28
v0zOP5qHIKo-00797-00171088-00171214 and the only way that we're able to do
v0zOP5qHIKo-00798-00171215-00171463 that is by offering quick close
v0zOP5qHIKo-00799-00171464-00171719 with a minimal dock
v0zOP5qHIKo-00800-00171720-00171895 typically when you go to try to get a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00801-00171896-00172063 traditional loan on a self storage
v0zOP5qHIKo-00802-00172064-00172175 facility
v0zOP5qHIKo-00803-00172176-00172326 the bank that you're working with is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00804-00172327-00172487 going to require the seller to put up
v0zOP5qHIKo-00805-00172488-00172711 three years of their of their tax
v0zOP5qHIKo-00806-00172712-00172814 returns
v0zOP5qHIKo-00807-00172815-00173078 and what i found is that a lot of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00808-00173079-00173295 sellers uh cook their books a little bit
v0zOP5qHIKo-00809-00173296-00173566 so they they pocket a lot of cash and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00810-00173567-00173775 then they report maybe a third to half
v0zOP5qHIKo-00811-00173776-00173919 of what they're actually bringing in on
v0zOP5qHIKo-00812-00173920-00174078 their tax returns so they don't like to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00813-00174079-00174366 do that yeah that puts us at a at a an
v0zOP5qHIKo-00814-00174367-00174487 advantage
v0zOP5qHIKo-00815-00174488-00174647 of all the competitors when we come in
v0zOP5qHIKo-00816-00174648-00174847 and we make offers even if those offers
v0zOP5qHIKo-00817-00174848-00175023 i can't tell you how many times we've
v0zOP5qHIKo-00818-00175024-00175231 had our offer accepted at a lower price
v0zOP5qHIKo-00819-00175232-00175383 than a competitor just because we were
v0zOP5qHIKo-00820-00175384-00175566 able to close fast and it wasn't a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00821-00175567-00175759 hassle to close with us
v0zOP5qHIKo-00822-00175760-00175902 so
v0zOP5qHIKo-00823-00175903-00176063 i was just going to say the advantage of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00824-00176064-00176319 this self-storage business itself is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00825-00176320-00176478 that it is a business
v0zOP5qHIKo-00826-00176479-00176702 before it's real estate we all do it
v0zOP5qHIKo-00827-00176703-00176943 because it's real estate but uh
v0zOP5qHIKo-00828-00176944-00177207 sba financing at very high loan to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00829-00177208-00177390 values is available
v0zOP5qHIKo-00830-00177391-00177471 and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00831-00177472-00177614 they can easily once they get them
v0zOP5qHIKo-00832-00177615-00177807 stabilized they can get them refinanced
v0zOP5qHIKo-00833-00177808-00178078 fairly quickly with uh
v0zOP5qHIKo-00834-00178079-00178326 pretty high loan to values even uh
v0zOP5qHIKo-00835-00178327-00178543 they go like for operating they go up to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00836-00178544-00178799 90 right where do they go up to is it 90
v0zOP5qHIKo-00837-00178800-00179111 yeah so they'll go up to 90 loan to cost
v0zOP5qHIKo-00838-00179112-00179247 and then they'll
v0zOP5qHIKo-00839-00179248-00179463 also include working capital
v0zOP5qHIKo-00840-00179464-00179631 in addition to that to the loan amount
v0zOP5qHIKo-00841-00179632-00179814 so they'll give you some cash to operate
v0zOP5qHIKo-00842-00179815-00179990 right out of the gate so yeah spa is a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00843-00179991-00180183 good option if you have time and you
v0zOP5qHIKo-00844-00180184-00180359 have sellers that have
v0zOP5qHIKo-00845-00180360-00180702 that you have uh have been forthright on
v0zOP5qHIKo-00846-00180703-00180926 their tax returns if you don't have time
v0zOP5qHIKo-00847-00180927-00181199 or you don't have sellers that have uh
v0zOP5qHIKo-00848-00181200-00181414 factual books sba is going to be a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00849-00181415-00181647 nightmare and it's not going to work out
v0zOP5qHIKo-00850-00181648-00181854 well i was going to say you you get the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00851-00181855-00182095 short-term acquisition loan you get it
v0zOP5qHIKo-00852-00182096-00182343 stabilized and then you go to sba
v0zOP5qHIKo-00853-00182344-00182502 because you're going to have they're not
v0zOP5qHIKo-00854-00182503-00182638 going to ask for the seller's tax
v0zOP5qHIKo-00855-00182639-00182854 returns because you're not selling it
v0zOP5qHIKo-00856-00182855-00182999 you already own it you're just trying to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00857-00183000-00183135 refinance it
v0zOP5qHIKo-00858-00183136-00183383 and that's it they'll take your books
v0zOP5qHIKo-00859-00183384-00183559 and even if it takes you
v0zOP5qHIKo-00860-00183560-00183647 a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00861-00183648-00184071 a full tax return season to get it
v0zOP5qHIKo-00862-00184072-00184351 you you get great financing refinance
v0zOP5qHIKo-00863-00184352-00184463 cash out
v0zOP5qHIKo-00864-00184464-00184695 operating expenses like you said
v0zOP5qHIKo-00865-00184696-00184887 um and
v0zOP5qHIKo-00866-00184888-00185135 it's just a great great model and the
v0zOP5qHIKo-00867-00185136-00185351 interesting part about
v0zOP5qHIKo-00868-00185352-00185647 sba financing is that they have fully
v0zOP5qHIKo-00869-00185648-00185975 amortized loans so you can get a 25-year
v0zOP5qHIKo-00870-00185976-00186159 fully amortized loan through the sba
v0zOP5qHIKo-00871-00186160-00186350 which is almost unheard of for
v0zOP5qHIKo-00872-00186351-00186599 commercial investment property right
v0zOP5qHIKo-00873-00186600-00186814 yeah yeah absolutely because you know
v0zOP5qHIKo-00874-00186815-00186975 what's going to happen if there's a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00875-00186976-00187159 balloon which there always is on a
v0zOP5qHIKo-00876-00187160-00187311 commercial loan
v0zOP5qHIKo-00877-00187312-00187511 is that the year you have to refinance
v0zOP5qHIKo-00878-00187512-00187671 is when the economy is going to be down
v0zOP5qHIKo-00879-00187672-00187847 and that's right
v0zOP5qHIKo-00880-00187848-00188111 for as much money as you need
v0zOP5qHIKo-00881-00188112-00188383 it's just murphy's law
v0zOP5qHIKo-00882-00188384-00188607 um fernando thank you so much for uh
v0zOP5qHIKo-00883-00188608-00188719 joining us
v0zOP5qHIKo-00884-00188720-00188911 like i said we always get great feedback
v0zOP5qHIKo-00885-00188912-00189071 when you're on
v0zOP5qHIKo-00886-00189072-00189319 you give people some really good content
v0zOP5qHIKo-00887-00189320-00189590 and people get excited about uh self
v0zOP5qHIKo-00888-00189591-00189807 storage when when you're on so
v0zOP5qHIKo-00889-00189808-00189935 thank you for
v0zOP5qHIKo-00890-00189936-00190175 uh being on the show
v0zOP5qHIKo-00891-00190176-00190383 thanks guys and if you wouldn't mind so
v0zOP5qHIKo-00892-00190384-00190543 what i've been finding out recently i've
v0zOP5qHIKo-00893-00190544-00190743 been doing a little testing a little
v0zOP5qHIKo-00894-00190744-00190975 little test pilot here i find that
v0zOP5qHIKo-00895-00190976-00191166 somebody going to a website then
v0zOP5qHIKo-00896-00191167-00191447 clicking a link to schedule and then
v0zOP5qHIKo-00897-00191448-00191631 eventually actually talking to me is is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00898-00191632-00191775 seems to be a lot of work for a lot of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00899-00191776-00191926 people so what i'll do is i'll give you
v0zOP5qHIKo-00900-00191927-00192111 guys my cell phone number and hopefully
v0zOP5qHIKo-00901-00192112-00192350 that will spur people into action to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00902-00192351-00192550 reach out and actually you know try to
v0zOP5qHIKo-00903-00192551-00192702 do some deals or learn about storage so
v0zOP5qHIKo-00904-00192703-00192943 my cell phone number is
v0zOP5qHIKo-00905-00192944-00193383 go ahead area area code 630
v0zOP5qHIKo-00906-00193384-00193566 zero eight
v0zOP5qHIKo-00907-00193567-00193831 eight zero nine zero that's six three
v0zOP5qHIKo-00908-00193832-00194087 zero four that's the real one
v0zOP5qHIKo-00909-00194088-00194295 that's the real one that's my real cell
v0zOP5qHIKo-00910-00194296-00194438 phone number you can call or text me
v0zOP5qHIKo-00911-00194439-00194614 i'll answer it i promise and it's funny
v0zOP5qHIKo-00912-00194615-00194887 i i put this out there on you know your
v0zOP5qHIKo-00913-00194888-00195054 guys's show and other shows that i've
v0zOP5qHIKo-00914-00195055-00195231 been on where you know they have a ton
v0zOP5qHIKo-00915-00195232-00195383 of listeners thousands and thousands of
v0zOP5qHIKo-00916-00195384-00195575 listeners and still i'd say less than
v0zOP5qHIKo-00917-00195576-00195726 one percent of the people actually take
v0zOP5qHIKo-00918-00195727-00195975 me up on it
v0zOP5qHIKo-00919-00195976-00196175 there's the number on the screen and uh
v0zOP5qHIKo-00920-00196176-00196359 true is probably going to stick it in
v0zOP5qHIKo-00921-00196360-00196599 the comment section as well so it'll be
v0zOP5qHIKo-00922-00196600-00196831 there permanently forever
v0zOP5qHIKo-00923-00196832-00197007 on the youtube channel
v0zOP5qHIKo-00924-00197008-00197207 let's do it
v0zOP5qHIKo-00925-00197208-00197478 all right thanks again fernando uh have
v0zOP5qHIKo-00926-00197479-00197759 a wonderful day uh probably see you in
v0zOP5qHIKo-00927-00197760-00198038 uh december if we don't uh talk before
v0zOP5qHIKo-00928-00198039-00198247 then yes sir i'll see you there
v0zOP5qHIKo-00929-00198248-00198471 all right uh folks thank you once again
v0zOP5qHIKo-00930-00198472-00198766 for joining us on the passive accredited
v0zOP5qHIKo-00931-00198767-00199023 investor show we are carolina capital
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v0zOP5qHIKo-00941-00200976-00201271 like share subscribe hit the bell sign
v0zOP5qHIKo-00942-00201272-00201550 up for wednesday with wendy
v0zOP5qHIKo-00943-00201551-00201766 and you guys have a great week we'll see
v0zOP5qHIKo-00944-00201767-00203687 you next time
v0zOP5qHIKo-00945-00203688-00203896 you
v38-m7_51xg-00000-00000099-00000245 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00001-00000246-00000336 foreign
v38-m7_51xg-00002-00000337-00002369 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00003-00002370-00002897 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00004-00002898-00003624 advocate in zalama questions
v38-m7_51xg-00005-00003625-00005273 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00006-00005274-00006154 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00007-00006155-00006217 thank you
v38-m7_51xg-00008-00006218-00006523 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00009-00006523-00007801 thank you so much
v38-m7_51xg-00010-00007802-00008159 thank you
v38-m7_51xg-00011-00008159-00008773 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00012-00008774-00009131 2016. this was a miss international Miss
v38-m7_51xg-00013-00009132-00009389 Universe Austria is only
v38-m7_51xg-00014-00009390-00009653 um it feels nice on the inside the
v38-m7_51xg-00015-00009654-00009949 beauty pageants
v38-m7_51xg-00016-00009950-00010244 yeah it's a it's a great opportunity
v38-m7_51xg-00017-00010245-00010410 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00018-00010411-00011646 when you trans women
v38-m7_51xg-00020-00014780-00015065 this is a perfect woman a kind of a
v38-m7_51xg-00021-00015066-00015335 perfect woman a beautiful woman who
v38-m7_51xg-00022-00015336-00015485 doesn't want to be called a beautiful
v38-m7_51xg-00023-00015486-00015630 and perfect
v38-m7_51xg-00024-00015631-00015893 me being a person with questioning my
v38-m7_51xg-00025-00015894-00016066 gender identity I was always listening I
v38-m7_51xg-00026-00016068-00016211 want to be that perfect woman one day
v38-m7_51xg-00027-00016212-00016415 and you identify it's a perfect woman
v38-m7_51xg-00028-00016416-00016685 these days I think for me I'm a perfect
v38-m7_51xg-00029-00016686-00017647 woman
v38-m7_51xg-00030-00017648-00018415 I know a kind of like
v38-m7_51xg-00031-00018416-00018817 like
v38-m7_51xg-00032-00018818-00020663 I used to think so
v38-m7_51xg-00033-00020664-00020855 different I would say
v38-m7_51xg-00034-00020856-00021041 obviously Miss pingrum is international
v38-m7_51xg-00035-00021042-00021469 Queen banana Community
v38-m7_51xg-00036-00021470-00021858 Miss Universe
v38-m7_51xg-00037-00021859-00022464 is
v38-m7_51xg-00038-00022465-00022836 a cisgender identified
v38-m7_51xg-00039-00022837-00023311 I think your trans
v38-m7_51xg-00040-00023312-00023650 it wasn't a competition just to like I
v38-m7_51xg-00041-00023651-00023789 didn't feel like it was a competition
v38-m7_51xg-00042-00023790-00024047 rather than the competition Man City the
v38-m7_51xg-00043-00024048-00024208 particular pageant man say it was more
v38-m7_51xg-00044-00024209-00024430 about what you are getting out and then
v38-m7_51xg-00045-00024431-00024647 what you're trying to do it was
v38-m7_51xg-00046-00024648-00025135 basically speech to voice your opinion
v38-m7_51xg-00047-00025136-00026034 I mean
v38-m7_51xg-00048-00026035-00026339 plus uh your Miss Universe I think it's
v38-m7_51xg-00049-00026339-00027331 a passion pageant difficulties
v38-m7_51xg-00050-00027332-00027574 because you have this all people who
v38-m7_51xg-00051-00027575-00027724 have gone through the same thing in life
v38-m7_51xg-00052-00027725-00027970 I know all trans people rather be it or
v38-m7_51xg-00053-00027972-00028264 by the community
v38-m7_51xg-00054-00028266-00029407 um
v38-m7_51xg-00055-00029408-00029662 different for me because like
v38-m7_51xg-00056-00029663-00030079 me being into work myself
v38-m7_51xg-00057-00030080-00030358 I might come as very intimidating while
v38-m7_51xg-00058-00030360-00030587 people first meet me and they would of
v38-m7_51xg-00059-00030588-00030743 course Tell Me Maybe I have attitude or
v38-m7_51xg-00060-00030744-00030946 something that is just I'm doing my face
v38-m7_51xg-00061-00030947-00031133 and I am like very into word yeah I
v38-m7_51xg-00062-00031133-00031301 can't talk with people so it was very
v38-m7_51xg-00063-00031302-00031468 hard for me to adjust and blend in the
v38-m7_51xg-00064-00031469-00031745 environment or later on the girls were
v38-m7_51xg-00065-00031745-00031943 very friendly but yeah I felt like
v38-m7_51xg-00066-00031944-00032123 family in there too okay
v38-m7_51xg-00067-00032124-00033907 foreign
v38-m7_51xg-00068-00033908-00034235 yeah sure I think uh they knew I was
v38-m7_51xg-00069-00034236-00034511 questioning myself like after I did Miss
v38-m7_51xg-00070-00034512-00034709 Universe I was more focused on like
v38-m7_51xg-00071-00034710-00034873 representing my community
v38-m7_51xg-00072-00034874-00035183 so if I ever did next passion I will
v38-m7_51xg-00073-00035184-00035351 represent myself first and then my
v38-m7_51xg-00074-00035352-00038083 community money says
v38-m7_51xg-00075-00038084-00038557 if you ask me personally you know I was
v38-m7_51xg-00076-00038558-00038923 like represented Community
v38-m7_51xg-00077-00038924-00039167 was someone who could belong from a
v38-m7_51xg-00078-00039168-00039395 trans Community only your stereotype
v38-m7_51xg-00079-00039396-00039593 when he's hockey a trans woman has very
v38-m7_51xg-00080-00039594-00039883 manly voices One Voice money right now
v38-m7_51xg-00081-00039884-00040333 it's like a comments to your type honey
v38-m7_51xg-00082-00040334-00040673 I wanted to represent a large mass of
v38-m7_51xg-00083-00040674-00040967 trans women only this kind of deity it
v38-m7_51xg-00084-00040968-00041177 was not my decision to like once we put
v38-m7_51xg-00085-00041178-00041374 other people on The Voice Over may your
v38-m7_51xg-00086-00041375-00041718 soul decisions
v38-m7_51xg-00087-00041719-00042030 can you talk more early masculine
v38-m7_51xg-00088-00042031-00042199 because
v38-m7_51xg-00089-00042200-00042437 it has been like this but they wanted
v38-m7_51xg-00090-00042438-00042683 more masculine so okay and in a way I
v38-m7_51xg-00091-00042684-00043893 thought I'm in a middle of this uh
v38-m7_51xg-00093-00048458-00051181 I couldn't fathom that fact because
v38-m7_51xg-00094-00051182-00051454 we have grown up in this kind of society
v38-m7_51xg-00095-00051455-00051580 where this kind of things
v38-m7_51xg-00096-00051582-00051808 hypersexualization of queer people and
v38-m7_51xg-00097-00051809-00052013 it was a missed uh information of queer
v38-m7_51xg-00098-00052014-00052264 people is very normalized okay so this
v38-m7_51xg-00099-00052265-00052451 kind of letting Wireless like this is
v38-m7_51xg-00100-00052452-00052675 normal I think we can do that also
v38-m7_51xg-00101-00052676-00052973 in a kind of a it's a commercial movie
v38-m7_51xg-00102-00052974-00053176 at the end of the day they want is um
v38-m7_51xg-00103-00053177-00053375 bank money in their bank right so this
v38-m7_51xg-00104-00053376-00053779 currency commercials
v38-m7_51xg-00105-00053779-00054637 it's a very sensitive topics
v38-m7_51xg-00106-00054638-00054875 with the bless of God and everything we
v38-m7_51xg-00107-00054876-00055200 have social media
v38-m7_51xg-00108-00055201-00055482 young people we had this joint voice
v38-m7_51xg-00109-00055483-00055715 against this kind of your particular
v38-m7_51xg-00110-00055716-00055985 character said I kind of quite far big
v38-m7_51xg-00111-00055986-00056111 you shouldn't do that right now they
v38-m7_51xg-00112-00056112-00056315 have no opinion and this was it I think
v38-m7_51xg-00113-00056316-00056537 it was a good thing that suana
v38-m7_51xg-00114-00056538-00056759 Anthony later on when he addressed this
v38-m7_51xg-00115-00056760-00056926 fact key okay so this this is what we
v38-m7_51xg-00116-00056927-00057161 have done is very bad and we apologize
v38-m7_51xg-00117-00057162-00057487 for that thing because uh
v38-m7_51xg-00118-00057488-00058242 I have seen some of my friends
v38-m7_51xg-00119-00058244-00058444 they try to be very aggressive
v38-m7_51xg-00120-00058445-00058715 aggressive activism to attack that
v38-m7_51xg-00121-00058716-00058900 people and I think it's not a solution
v38-m7_51xg-00122-00058901-00059754 of that problem okay um
v38-m7_51xg-00123-00059755-00060071 of course next movie fancy hopefully Ram
v38-m7_51xg-00124-00060072-00060979 required characters
v38-m7_51xg-00125-00060979-00061265 yeah anywhere anywhere and we are always
v38-m7_51xg-00126-00061266-00062537 open for suggestions so
v38-m7_51xg-00127-00062538-00063053 Marcus
v38-m7_51xg-00128-00063054-00063197 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00129-00063198-00063522 is
v38-m7_51xg-00130-00063523-00063665 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00131-00063666-00063911 beautiful Square Community called
v38-m7_51xg-00132-00063912-00065119 activist supplemented individual choice
v38-m7_51xg-00133-00065120-00065380 so yeah I think it's very sad the fact
v38-m7_51xg-00134-00065382-00065773 that I mean women to intersections
v38-m7_51xg-00135-00065774-00066047 not let alone not being a silencing like
v38-m7_51xg-00136-00066048-00066376 I'm Desi women want to identified mainly
v38-m7_51xg-00137-00066377-00066715 of a women in diversity diversity
v38-m7_51xg-00138-00066716-00066985 religion or something
v38-m7_51xg-00139-00066986-00067297 diversity my trans women or women
v38-m7_51xg-00140-00067298-00067529 higher class lower class people living
v38-m7_51xg-00141-00067530-00067697 in City area people living in remote
v38-m7_51xg-00142-00067698-00068215 areas
v38-m7_51xg-00143-00068216-00068605 for example Kathmandu City
v38-m7_51xg-00144-00068606-00069659 for Education activism because
v38-m7_51xg-00146-00077870-00078112 approached me I was very open to this
v38-m7_51xg-00147-00078113-00078244 idea
v38-m7_51xg-00148-00078245-00078467 and this was the dream of 50 50 seconds
v38-m7_51xg-00149-00078468-00078899 you see the 50 150 being uh solar panel
v38-m7_51xg-00150-00078900-00079271 and he won 50 being both as well
v38-m7_51xg-00152-00082286-00082576 unfortunately do not be right here right
v38-m7_51xg-00153-00082577-00082741 now fees
v38-m7_51xg-00155-00088277-00089855 different
v38-m7_51xg-00159-00109766-00110128 speak publicly because it here that I
v38-m7_51xg-00160-00110129-00110254 was confused about my gender identity
v38-m7_51xg-00161-00110255-00110471 and I was presenting myself as a meal so
v38-m7_51xg-00162-00110472-00110821 this car and lazy I was very demoted
v38-m7_51xg-00163-00110822-00111083 I told you let's say I met so many
v38-m7_51xg-00164-00111083-00111334 Beautiful People such as you Peter right
v38-m7_51xg-00166-00115010-00117166 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00167-00117167-00117757 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00168-00117758-00117973 I
v38-m7_51xg-00170-00121591-00123702 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00171-00123703-00123977 it was very positive environment I would
v38-m7_51xg-00172-00123978-00124066 say
v38-m7_51xg-00173-00124067-00124325 so it is very positive outlooks highly
v38-m7_51xg-00174-00124326-00124525 there are still there is lot of
v38-m7_51xg-00175-00124526-00126208 Works to do because
v38-m7_51xg-00176-00126209-00126389 and you wanted my trans masculine
v38-m7_51xg-00177-00126390-00126586 presenting person okay one's on me that
v38-m7_51xg-00178-00126588-00126760 one lesbian as a woman CIS Woman by
v38-m7_51xg-00179-00126761-00126971 Penny trans masculinity my life like
v38-m7_51xg-00180-00126972-00129119 prison government so this is
v38-m7_51xg-00181-00129120-00130836 um
v38-m7_51xg-00182-00130838-00131164 so uh me being a trans woman myself and
v38-m7_51xg-00183-00131165-00133290 yeah
v38-m7_51xg-00184-00133291-00133654 foreign so personally Zia I have always
v38-m7_51xg-00185-00133655-00133883 been active since the day first that I
v38-m7_51xg-00186-00133884-00134033 knew getting I was a trans woman you
v38-m7_51xg-00187-00134034-00135547 know my activism
v38-m7_51xg-00188-00135548-00135814 there's no way out for a quiet person as
v38-m7_51xg-00189-00135815-00136625 an individual like me because
v38-m7_51xg-00190-00136626-00137021 um
v38-m7_51xg-00191-00137022-00137735 but I think uh activism
v38-m7_51xg-00192-00137736-00139186 um
v38-m7_51xg-00193-00139187-00141015 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00194-00141016-00142578 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00195-00142579-00143875 if you want to change start from you yes
v38-m7_51xg-00196-00143876-00144185 thank you thank you
v38-m7_51xg-00197-00144186-00144583 sure
v38-m7_51xg-00198-00144584-00144887 so it's a lovely gift yeah comprehensive
v38-m7_51xg-00199-00144888-00145133 sexuality education for all Vanessa my
v38-m7_51xg-00200-00145134-00145325 body my choice which is very important
v38-m7_51xg-00201-00145326-00145589 any plus ensure sexual and reproductive
v38-m7_51xg-00202-00145590-00145871 health and rights these are all really
v38-m7_51xg-00203-00145872-00146039 important thing and abortion is a Health
v38-m7_51xg-00204-00146040-00146245 Care thank you
v38-m7_51xg-00205-00146246-00146590 thank you so much for uh matka Central
v38-m7_51xg-00206-00146591-00146897 uh and I hope you see success in life
v38-m7_51xg-00207-00146898-00147059 more thank you if you're on TV thank you
v38-m7_51xg-00209-00150522-00151511 foreign
v38-m7_51xg-00210-00151512-00152022 foreign
v38-m7_51xg-00211-00152023-00152585 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00212-00152586-00152957 presentation
v38-m7_51xg-00213-00152958-00153530 [Music]
v38-m7_51xg-00214-00153531-00153991 [Music]
v5SlD6mLqo4-00000-00000045-00001291 [Music]
v5SlD6mLqo4-00001-00001292-00001535 this episode of epicenter is brought to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00002-00001536-00001721 you by Jax Jax is the user-friendly
v5SlD6mLqo4-00003-00001722-00001889 wallet that works across all your
v5SlD6mLqo4-00004-00001889-00002090 devices and handles both Bitcoin and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00005-00002091-00002429 ether go to J a double X Co and embrace
v5SlD6mLqo4-00006-00002430-00002694 the future of cryptocurrencies wallets
v5SlD6mLqo4-00007-00002695-00002848 [Music]
v5SlD6mLqo4-00008-00002849-00003074 hi welcome to a percent o2 show which
v5SlD6mLqo4-00009-00003075-00003242 talks about the technologies projects
v5SlD6mLqo4-00010-00003243-00003383 and startups driving decentralization
v5SlD6mLqo4-00011-00003384-00003608 and the global blockchain revolution my
v5SlD6mLqo4-00012-00003609-00003881 name is Celeste Cuchillo and my name is
v5SlD6mLqo4-00013-00003882-00004031 Brian Fabien clain we're here today with
v5SlD6mLqo4-00014-00004032-00004472 Ari jewels he is a professor in at the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00015-00004473-00004661 jacobs Institute at Cornell Tech and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00016-00004662-00004870 before he became an academic he was also
v5SlD6mLqo4-00017-00004871-00005252 a longtime researcher at our say the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00018-00005253-00005510 famous cryptography company and then of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00019-00005511-00005726 course Cornell we've had on a bunch of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00020-00005727-00006050 times people from Cornell because they
v5SlD6mLqo4-00021-00006051-00006266 have some very interesting activities
v5SlD6mLqo4-00022-00006267-00006397 there around blocked and run
v5SlD6mLqo4-00023-00006398-00006620 cryptocurrencies so we're gonna speak a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00024-00006620-00006803 little bit about that as well and we're
v5SlD6mLqo4-00025-00006804-00007042 gonna speak especially about two papers
v5SlD6mLqo4-00026-00007043-00007433 that Ari has published with his team one
v5SlD6mLqo4-00027-00007434-00007642 of them about authenticated data feeds
v5SlD6mLqo4-00028-00007643-00007991 which is may sound bland at first was
v5SlD6mLqo4-00029-00007992-00008203 actually a very very crucial topic and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00030-00008204-00008474 the other topic of course sounds about
v5SlD6mLqo4-00031-00008475-00008903 as alluring and exciting as any any
v5SlD6mLqo4-00032-00008904-00009260 paper probably I ever published in the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00033-00009261-00009467 blockchain cryptocurrencies pacers about
v5SlD6mLqo4-00034-00009468-00009773 a criminal smart contracts so I thanks
v5SlD6mLqo4-00035-00009774-00009903 so much for coming on Ari
v5SlD6mLqo4-00036-00009904-00010520 my pleasure I remember when we talked
v5SlD6mLqo4-00037-00010521-00010799 before you mentioned that so you you had
v5SlD6mLqo4-00038-00010800-00011102 RSA which is sort of one of the key
v5SlD6mLqo4-00039-00011103-00011270 companies right around the public key
v5SlD6mLqo4-00040-00011271-00011624 cryptography and and you mentioned that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00041-00011625-00011821 when you joined them which i think was
v5SlD6mLqo4-00042-00011822-00012005 in the 90s of him remember correctly
v5SlD6mLqo4-00043-00012006-00012203 that you were even involved in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00044-00012204-00012473 cryptocurrency related projects back
v5SlD6mLqo4-00045-00012474-00012724 then can you share a little bit about
v5SlD6mLqo4-00046-00012725-00013088 what you were doing then yeah well it
v5SlD6mLqo4-00047-00013088-00013261 was actually cryptocurrency it first
v5SlD6mLqo4-00048-00013262-00013418 turned me on to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00049-00013419-00013841 cryptography I read a paper in 93 I
v5SlD6mLqo4-00050-00013841-00014263 think by Stefan brands on anonymous
v5SlD6mLqo4-00051-00014265-00014575 digital currency so that was my
v5SlD6mLqo4-00052-00014576-00014794 introduction to cryptography and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00053-00014796-00015203 computer-security the first projects I
v5SlD6mLqo4-00054-00015204-00015472 worked on at RSA where cryptocurrency
v5SlD6mLqo4-00055-00015472-00015806 related in fact and the first crypto
v5SlD6mLqo4-00056-00015807-00015983 conference I attended was financial
v5SlD6mLqo4-00057-00015984-00016424 cryptography in 1997 I believe it was
v5SlD6mLqo4-00058-00016425-00016871 took place in Anguilla so why was there
v5SlD6mLqo4-00059-00016872-00017174 an interest back then on the side of the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00060-00017175-00017471 RSA in this topic well people often
v5SlD6mLqo4-00061-00017472-00018263 forget that before the year 1 AD after
v5SlD6mLqo4-00062-00018264-00018568 Bitcoin there was a lot of interest in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00063-00018569-00018989 cryptocurrency but centralized forms of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00064-00018990-00019274 crypto currency in which privacy was
v5SlD6mLqo4-00065-00019275-00019520 provided through various cryptographic
v5SlD6mLqo4-00066-00019521-00019838 techniques such as blind signatures and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00067-00019839-00020036 so the idea in general was that a bank a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00068-00020037-00020194 central authority would issue currency
v5SlD6mLqo4-00069-00020195-00020372 but wouldn't know to whom it had issued
v5SlD6mLqo4-00070-00020373-00020753 it this form of cryptocurrency if I can
v5SlD6mLqo4-00071-00020754-00021083 call it that or a digital currency arose
v5SlD6mLqo4-00072-00021084-00021389 as a result of a paper published in the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00073-00021390-00021854 very early 80s by David Schon so this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00074-00021855-00022088 was already a an active area of research
v5SlD6mLqo4-00075-00022089-00022460 and it was natural for RSA which of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00076-00022461-00022769 course was a cryptography focused
v5SlD6mLqo4-00077-00022770-00023036 company at that time to take an interest
v5SlD6mLqo4-00078-00023037-00023243 in this as a potential application of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00079-00023244-00023564 cryptography yeah I mean we just
v5SlD6mLqo4-00080-00023565-00023780 recently did an episode with Ian great
v5SlD6mLqo4-00081-00023781-00023942 where we talked quite a lot about this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00082-00023943-00024260 early history and some of the projects
v5SlD6mLqo4-00083-00024261-00024431 that were going on back then and I think
v5SlD6mLqo4-00084-00024432-00024647 this is topic at least I would be very
v5SlD6mLqo4-00085-00024648-00024863 interested in revisiting a few times and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00086-00024864-00025109 doing like historical episodes right
v5SlD6mLqo4-00087-00025110-00025385 when one talks about some of these some
v5SlD6mLqo4-00088-00025386-00025639 of these projects maybe Ian talked about
v5SlD6mLqo4-00089-00025641-00025900 there being a whole community of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00090-00025901-00026099 companies around primarily around T G
v5SlD6mLqo4-00091-00026100-00026357 cache in Amsterdam in the 90s were all
v5SlD6mLqo4-00092-00026358-00026518 working on this right
v5SlD6mLqo4-00093-00026519-00026729 I'm curious worried
v5SlD6mLqo4-00094-00026730-00026971 her thoughts on why those early
v5SlD6mLqo4-00095-00026972-00027196 cryptocurrency projects never took off
v5SlD6mLqo4-00096-00027197-00027524 in the way that Bitcoin has right well
v5SlD6mLqo4-00097-00027525-00027907 it's rather hard to say I'm there the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00098-00027908-00028235 there were a number of companies focused
v5SlD6mLqo4-00099-00028236-00028436 on various approaches to digitizing
v5SlD6mLqo4-00100-00028437-00028702 currency mondex was one of them a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00101-00028703-00028910 company that relied on tamper resistant
v5SlD6mLqo4-00102-00028911-00029287 hardware smart cards to store money it
v5SlD6mLqo4-00103-00029288-00029573 was a fairly alluring scheme actually so
v5SlD6mLqo4-00104-00029574-00029798 I don't know why it failed did your cash
v5SlD6mLqo4-00105-00029799-00030035 of course is the most notable success
v5SlD6mLqo4-00106-00030036-00030326 and then failure in this realm and it's
v5SlD6mLqo4-00107-00030327-00030629 not clear that its failure was due to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00108-00030630-00030889 technical problems so much as it was due
v5SlD6mLqo4-00109-00030890-00031339 to business problems and managerial
v5SlD6mLqo4-00110-00031340-00031708 problems so one can easily imagine an
v5SlD6mLqo4-00111-00031709-00031996 alternate universe in which digit cash
v5SlD6mLqo4-00112-00031997-00032273 flourished and it's possible that in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00113-00032274-00032620 such a universe we would today be using
v5SlD6mLqo4-00114-00032621-00032876 digital currency on a regular basis but
v5SlD6mLqo4-00115-00032877-00032968 it would look very different from
v5SlD6mLqo4-00116-00032969-00033293 Bitcoin that's fascinating because I
v5SlD6mLqo4-00117-00033294-00033629 think one of the one of the most
v5SlD6mLqo4-00118-00033630-00033862 interesting segments of that in grading
v5SlD6mLqo4-00119-00033863-00034252 of you I thought was him making this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00120-00034253-00034483 very point that a lot of these
v5SlD6mLqo4-00121-00034484-00034676 technologies had very good engineers
v5SlD6mLqo4-00122-00034677-00035051 around it but and the technology was for
v5SlD6mLqo4-00123-00035052-00035312 the most part rock-solid but that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00124-00035313-00035524 business there was no business models or
v5SlD6mLqo4-00125-00035525-00035804 the business model wasn't sustainable or
v5SlD6mLqo4-00126-00035805-00036089 there were the managerial problems and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00127-00036090-00036421 and to hear you say that once again sort
v5SlD6mLqo4-00128-00036422-00036736 of reinforces this idea that in order to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00129-00036737-00036949 build something sustainable you need to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00130-00036950-00037201 have you know the the technology side
v5SlD6mLqo4-00131-00037202-00037361 but also the business side so we've come
v5SlD6mLqo4-00132-00037362-00037868 together and in a unique marriage yeah
v5SlD6mLqo4-00133-00037869-00038071 well cryptocurrency then in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00134-00038072-00038374 cryptocurrency now both attracts some
v5SlD6mLqo4-00135-00038375-00038636 really outstanding technical talent and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00136-00038637-00038924 David chom is known not just for
v5SlD6mLqo4-00137-00038925-00039136 developing blind digital signatures
v5SlD6mLqo4-00138-00039137-00039464 which were what essentially fueled the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00139-00039465-00039826 growth of pre Bitcoin cryptocurrency but
v5SlD6mLqo4-00140-00039827-00040087 also for devising what are called
v5SlD6mLqo4-00141-00040088-00040454 mix nets and those are essentially the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00142-00040455-00040661 basis for tour so he was one of the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00143-00040662-00040843 progenitors of tour as well as one of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00144-00040844-00041017 the progenitors and digital currency
v5SlD6mLqo4-00145-00041018-00041432 didja cash was a company he was involved
v5SlD6mLqo4-00146-00041433-00041593 in founding and I believe at some point
v5SlD6mLqo4-00147-00041594-00041780 he may even have served as a the CEO
v5SlD6mLqo4-00148-00041781-00042001 that's an example of the the type of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00149-00042002-00042448 excellence that has marked this area of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00150-00042449-00042805 inquiry for quite a long time now so you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00151-00042806-00042940 reason the left eye thing about two
v5SlD6mLqo4-00152-00042941-00043312 years ago you left RSA to join become an
v5SlD6mLqo4-00153-00043313-00043708 academic what made you leave and how did
v5SlD6mLqo4-00154-00043709-00043901 you end up focusing so much on
v5SlD6mLqo4-00155-00043902-00044261 cryptocurrency related topics well I was
v5SlD6mLqo4-00156-00044262-00044614 I guess paradoxically interested in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00157-00044615-00044824 academia because I felt there was more
v5SlD6mLqo4-00158-00044825-00045202 opportunity for influence and technology
v5SlD6mLqo4-00159-00045203-00045496 transfer than in an industry lab that's
v5SlD6mLqo4-00160-00045497-00045973 it may seem a curious claim but when
v5SlD6mLqo4-00161-00045974-00046235 you're working in industry lab I was
v5SlD6mLqo4-00162-00046236-00046570 running RSA labs my last years at RSA
v5SlD6mLqo4-00163-00046571-00046821 you have essentially only one customer
v5SlD6mLqo4-00164-00046822-00047089 namely the company in which the lab is
v5SlD6mLqo4-00165-00047090-00047440 is located as an academic you have as
v5SlD6mLqo4-00166-00047441-00047657 many customers as you as you like as it
v5SlD6mLqo4-00167-00047658-00047810 were when you developed a new technology
v5SlD6mLqo4-00168-00047811-00048130 and I have indeed found as an academic
v5SlD6mLqo4-00169-00048131-00048420 that it's been easier for me to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00170-00048421-00048790 influence new technologies than it was
v5SlD6mLqo4-00171-00048791-00049255 as chief scientist that at RSA so that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00172-00049256-00049376 was the reason for my leaving and it
v5SlD6mLqo4-00173-00049377-00049588 seems to have panned out in the way that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00174-00049589-00050002 I'd hoped and did you anticipate that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00175-00050003-00050293 you were going to spend some of you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00176-00050294-00050567 research interest around blockchain and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00177-00050568-00050807 cryptocurrency when you left or is that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00178-00050808-00050964 something that just sort of happened
v5SlD6mLqo4-00179-00050965-00051304 afterwards yeah you were you were asking
v5SlD6mLqo4-00180-00051305-00051713 how how I became involved that was due
v5SlD6mLqo4-00181-00051714-00052030 to my colleague Elaine she actually who
v5SlD6mLqo4-00182-00052032-00052267 turned me on to smart contracts I wasn't
v5SlD6mLqo4-00183-00052269-00052459 particularly interested in Bitcoin
v5SlD6mLqo4-00184-00052460-00052855 before I entered academia although I had
v5SlD6mLqo4-00185-00052857-00053147 done research on cryptocurrency in the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00186-00053148-00053461 past as I mentioned Elaine
v5SlD6mLqo4-00187-00053462-00053828 introduced me to smart contracts and in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00188-00053829-00054188 smart contracts I saw just a fascinating
v5SlD6mLqo4-00189-00054189-00054488 range of possibilities of course a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00190-00054489-00054902 cryptocurrency that supports smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-00191-00054903-00055199 contracts is a lot more flexible than a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00192-00055200-00055454 cryptocurrency without turing-complete
v5SlD6mLqo4-00193-00055454-00055765 if you allow me to use the time script
v5SlD6mLqo4-00194-00055766-00056282 and offers many more possibilities some
v5SlD6mLqo4-00195-00056283-00056513 of them good some of them as I guess
v5SlD6mLqo4-00196-00056514-00056786 we'll discuss later not so good but I
v5SlD6mLqo4-00197-00056787-00057055 saw here an a topic that was both
v5SlD6mLqo4-00198-00057057-00057200 interesting from a research perspective
v5SlD6mLqo4-00199-00057201-00057529 and potentially quite impactful
v5SlD6mLqo4-00200-00057529-00057797 commercially and in the community at
v5SlD6mLqo4-00201-00057798-00058151 large so speaking about your moving on
v5SlD6mLqo4-00202-00058152-00058394 to your first topic which is this paper
v5SlD6mLqo4-00203-00058395-00058688 called town career authenticated data
v5SlD6mLqo4-00204-00058689-00058997 feeds maybe first witness named town
v5SlD6mLqo4-00205-00058998-00059305 career come from well a town crier
v5SlD6mLqo4-00206-00059307-00059498 historically was somebody who went
v5SlD6mLqo4-00207-00059499-00059689 around with a bell ringing the bell
v5SlD6mLqo4-00208-00059690-00060011 announcing the news of the day and this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00209-00060012-00060255 was our goal in constructing what is
v5SlD6mLqo4-00210-00060257-00060488 often referred to as an oracle which we
v5SlD6mLqo4-00211-00060489-00060725 prefer to refer to as an authenticated
v5SlD6mLqo4-00212-00060726-00060998 data feed to serve as an authoritative
v5SlD6mLqo4-00213-00060999-00061516 source of news and facts state about the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00214-00061517-00061712 real world for smart contracts that's
v5SlD6mLqo4-00215-00061713-00062036 that's the motivation and why is this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00216-00062037-00062270 such a problem today for blockchain
v5SlD6mLqo4-00217-00062271-00062537 systems well I would almost say that it
v5SlD6mLqo4-00218-00062538-00063014 is one of the major impediments to smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-00219-00063015-00063292 contracts really achieving fruition as
v5SlD6mLqo4-00220-00063294-00063616 we were discussing earlier I would for
v5SlD6mLqo4-00221-00063617-00063785 instance suggest that the reason that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00222-00063786-00064124 the dau attracted something on the order
v5SlD6mLqo4-00223-00064125-00064322 of $200 million dollars worth of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00224-00064323-00064717 investment was because investors in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00225-00064719-00064940 aetherium had no place else to put their
v5SlD6mLqo4-00226-00064941-00065138 money and the reason for that is that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00227-00065139-00065317 it's very hard to write an interesting
v5SlD6mLqo4-00228-00065319-00065576 smart contract when you don't have
v5SlD6mLqo4-00229-00065577-00065801 access to reliable data that real-world
v5SlD6mLqo4-00230-00065802-00066029 state one of the very few things you can
v5SlD6mLqo4-00231-00066030-00066296 do as you were remarking is crowdfunding
v5SlD6mLqo4-00232-00066297-00066509 and that's essentially what what the Dow
v5SlD6mLqo4-00233-00066510-00066787 was doing so I think it was
v5SlD6mLqo4-00234-00066788-00067203 a lack of richness in the ecosystem that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00235-00067204-00067519 resulted in the Dow and I think that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00236-00067520-00067753 lack of richness stems fundamentally
v5SlD6mLqo4-00237-00067754-00067963 from the inability of smart contracts to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00238-00067964-00068473 source a wide array of trustworthy data
v5SlD6mLqo4-00239-00068474-00068679 feeds
v5SlD6mLqo4-00240-00068680-00068985 I tend to think this is a really
v5SlD6mLqo4-00241-00068986-00069357 fascinating new area of exploration with
v5SlD6mLqo4-00242-00069358-00069605 regards to blockchain technologies
v5SlD6mLqo4-00243-00069606-00069950 having access to trusted sources of data
v5SlD6mLqo4-00244-00069951-00070281 it seems like there are this is not the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00245-00070282-00070581 first of its kind of Microsoft's is also
v5SlD6mLqo4-00246-00070582-00070803 doing something similar with with its
v5SlD6mLqo4-00247-00070804-00071019 Bletchley architecture and and the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00248-00071020-00071225 crippled it system where essentially a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00249-00071226-00071487 blockchain architecture a decentralized
v5SlD6mLqo4-00250-00071488-00071774 blockchain architecture can rely on
v5SlD6mLqo4-00251-00071775-00072015 trusted sources of data that themselves
v5SlD6mLqo4-00252-00072016-00072273 are not centralized but that inhibit the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00253-00072274-00072594 sort of same type of properties as a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00254-00072595-00073013 blockchain were whereas the the the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00255-00073014-00073275 source of the data itself can be trusted
v5SlD6mLqo4-00256-00073276-00073565 and you you put trust in this case in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00257-00073566-00073872 some hardware so could you explain
v5SlD6mLqo4-00258-00073873-00074037 perhaps elaborate on some of the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00259-00074038-00074471 technical architectural properties of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00260-00074472-00074742 this Town Crier model on the hardware
v5SlD6mLqo4-00261-00074743-00075081 and the software side right so Town
v5SlD6mLqo4-00262-00075082-00075486 Criers main objective is to serve as a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00263-00075487-00075900 bridge between existing trust at sources
v5SlD6mLqo4-00264-00075901-00076218 of data in particular websites and for
v5SlD6mLqo4-00265-00076219-00076404 technical reasons they have to be HTTPS
v5SlD6mLqo4-00266-00076405-00076593 enabled but serve as a bridge between
v5SlD6mLqo4-00267-00076594-00076905 web sites and smart contracts so it's
v5SlD6mLqo4-00268-00076906-00077112 meant to be essentially a trustworthy
v5SlD6mLqo4-00269-00077113-00077517 pipe now there are already pipes in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00270-00077518-00077790 existence that provide essentially the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00271-00077791-00078042 same functionality as town-crier oracle
v5SlD6mLqo4-00272-00078043-00078330 eyes it would be an example but the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00273-00078331-00078581 problem with these systems is that they
v5SlD6mLqo4-00274-00078582-00078894 require that you trust the system
v5SlD6mLqo4-00275-00078895-00079197 operator or you require you trust a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00276-00079198-00079500 couple of entities TLS notary and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00277-00079501-00079757 additions in the case of or closet and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00278-00079758-00080001 typically these are small operations
v5SlD6mLqo4-00279-00080002-00080196 there's no particular reason to believe
v5SlD6mLqo4-00280-00080197-00080571 that they have implemented their systems
v5SlD6mLqo4-00281-00080572-00080792 correctly or that they themselves are
v5SlD6mLqo4-00282-00080793-00081050 trustworthy people although I'm sure
v5SlD6mLqo4-00283-00081051-00081593 they are now of course one can sure can
v5SlD6mLqo4-00284-00081594-00081729 and should have the same concerns about
v5SlD6mLqo4-00285-00081730-00081957 Town Crier I why should some academic
v5SlD6mLqo4-00286-00081958-00082191 and their students stand up a service
v5SlD6mLqo4-00287-00082192-00082599 any more reliable than any other the key
v5SlD6mLqo4-00288-00082600-00082793 technology behind Town Crier is
v5SlD6mLqo4-00289-00082794-00083004 something known as software guard
v5SlD6mLqo4-00290-00083005-00083217 extensions this is a new instruction set
v5SlD6mLqo4-00291-00083218-00083427 architecture extension introduced by
v5SlD6mLqo4-00292-00083428-00083939 Intel it's into its recent model CPUs
v5SlD6mLqo4-00293-00083940-00084456 SGX is an extremely powerful security
v5SlD6mLqo4-00294-00084457-00084768 technology what enables you to do is run
v5SlD6mLqo4-00295-00084769-00085008 an application in a protected and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00296-00085009-00085182 isolated environment known as in hunk
v5SlD6mLqo4-00297-00085183-00085554 lays in such a way that even the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00298-00085555-00085785 operating system can't interfere with
v5SlD6mLqo4-00299-00085786-00085953 the control flow of the application and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00300-00085954-00086129 can't see the state of the application
v5SlD6mLqo4-00301-00086130-00086610 so this and the Enclave is as far as the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00302-00086611-00086742 operating system is concerned
v5SlD6mLqo4-00303-00086743-00086966 essentially a black box
v5SlD6mLqo4-00304-00086967-00087393 another thing that SGX enables is the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00305-00087394-00087501 production of what's called an
v5SlD6mLqo4-00306-00087502-00087852 attestation by the hardware to the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00307-00087853-00088086 software the application running in an
v5SlD6mLqo4-00308-00088087-00088251 enclave as it's possible for the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00309-00088252-00088464 hardware to generate a proof that a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00310-00088465-00088611 particular program is running in the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00311-00088612-00089019 Enclave when you combine all of this in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00312-00089020-00089238 an Oracle like town crier
v5SlD6mLqo4-00313-00089239-00089526 you get the ability to prove to people
v5SlD6mLqo4-00314-00089527-00089886 that data is being authentically scraped
v5SlD6mLqo4-00315-00089887-00090195 from a target website by a program
v5SlD6mLqo4-00316-00090196-00090423 running in an enclave that everyone can
v5SlD6mLqo4-00317-00090424-00090645 trust this program can be published
v5SlD6mLqo4-00318-00090646-00090819 scrutinized by the community and so on
v5SlD6mLqo4-00319-00090820-00091110 and so forth so in principle you only
v5SlD6mLqo4-00320-00091111-00091575 need to trust the hardware and Intel of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00321-00091576-00091911 course whom we all whether or not we
v5SlD6mLqo4-00322-00091912-00092064 like it need to need to trust for the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00323-00092065-00092313 most part anyway in order to have the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00324-00092314-00092559 assurance that Town Crier is delivering
v5SlD6mLqo4-00325-00092560-00092763 data faithfully from a source to a small
v5SlD6mLqo4-00326-00092764-00093165 contract okay so if I can just rephrase
v5SlD6mLqo4-00327-00093166-00093335 that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00328-00093336-00093948 so the town crier is essentially a set
v5SlD6mLqo4-00329-00093949-00094211 of instructions running on secured
v5SlD6mLqo4-00330-00094212-00094491 Hardware and by secured Hardware we're
v5SlD6mLqo4-00331-00094492-00094674 talking about an enclave that exists
v5SlD6mLqo4-00332-00094675-00095045 within a computer system that will run
v5SlD6mLqo4-00333-00095046-00095228 instructions
v5SlD6mLqo4-00334-00095229-00095479 at the service of the operating system
v5SlD6mLqo4-00335-00095480-00095751 and the instructions that it's running
v5SlD6mLqo4-00336-00095752-00096019 have been I presume that the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00337-00096020-00096232 provisioning has been signed and also
v5SlD6mLqo4-00338-00096233-00096424 the instructions themselves and the the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00339-00096425-00096710 results have been signed by the Enclave
v5SlD6mLqo4-00340-00096711-00097000 now it's getting data the instructions
v5SlD6mLqo4-00341-00097001-00097478 are calling external websites are
v5SlD6mLqo4-00342-00097479-00097837 calling api's to receive data so for
v5SlD6mLqo4-00343-00097838-00098128 instance the Enclave could call so the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00344-00098129-00098488 Bloomberg API and get market data and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00345-00098489-00098830 then providing that data through the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00346-00098831-00099091 town crier to a smart contract and so
v5SlD6mLqo4-00347-00099092-00099365 what you have is you have a system where
v5SlD6mLqo4-00348-00099366-00099592 you have multiple routes of trust you're
v5SlD6mLqo4-00349-00099593-00099913 trusting Intel and you're trusting their
v5SlD6mLqo4-00350-00099914-00100346 root key to to properly that while they
v5SlD6mLqo4-00351-00100347-00100540 test essentially that you provision this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00352-00100541-00100822 this this Enclave with a set of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00353-00100823-00100978 instructions and it's also signing the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00354-00100979-00101386 results and you're trusting Bloomberg's
v5SlD6mLqo4-00355-00101387-00101725 key because they have a certificate and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00356-00101726-00102023 you know one could argue on the validity
v5SlD6mLqo4-00357-00102024-00102193 of the certificate model but you know
v5SlD6mLqo4-00358-00102194-00102415 let's assume that we trust Blum Bert's
v5SlD6mLqo4-00359-00102416-00102739 key and then that information is then
v5SlD6mLqo4-00360-00102740-00102967 delivered to us from our contract and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00361-00102968-00103258 those keys and signed the Trent would
v5SlD6mLqo4-00362-00103259-00103601 presumably sign a transaction on the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00363-00103602-00103901 smart contract executing some action on
v5SlD6mLqo4-00364-00103902-00104107 a decentralized network is that an
v5SlD6mLqo4-00365-00104108-00104217 accurate
v5SlD6mLqo4-00366-00104218-00104518 that's essentially right so there is as
v5SlD6mLqo4-00367-00104519-00104675 you say a program running in the Enclave
v5SlD6mLqo4-00368-00104676-00105275 a fingerprint of which is included in an
v5SlD6mLqo4-00369-00105276-00105526 attestation digitally signed by the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00370-00105527-00105787 platform and so a measurement is taken
v5SlD6mLqo4-00371-00105788-00105937 if the program and its memory at the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00372-00105938-00106333 time that it's stood up and this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00373-00106334-00106579 measurement there's fingerprints a hash
v5SlD6mLqo4-00374-00106580-00106840 is embedded in an attestation signed by
v5SlD6mLqo4-00375-00106841-00106990 the platform so anyone who gets this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00376-00106991-00107287 attestation knows that it came from a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00377-00107288-00107476 platform that is running
v5SlD6mLqo4-00378-00107477-00107740 Town Crier code in an enclave assuming
v5SlD6mLqo4-00379-00107741-00108061 that the fingerprint included in the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00380-00108063-00108347 attestation matches one published for
v5SlD6mLqo4-00381-00108348-00108546 the Town Car
v5SlD6mLqo4-00382-00108547-00108852 you can additionally bind to a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00383-00108853-00109026 particular instance of the Town Crier
v5SlD6mLqo4-00384-00109027-00109321 code public key whose private key is
v5SlD6mLqo4-00385-00109322-00109677 held by the application itself once
v5SlD6mLqo4-00386-00109678-00109971 you've consumed the attestation then and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00387-00109972-00110202 determined that a legitimate piece of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00388-00110203-00110388 Town Crier code is running you know that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00389-00110389-00110769 anything signed with the private key
v5SlD6mLqo4-00390-00110770-00110971 corresponding to the public key and the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00391-00110972-00111186 attestation anything appropriately
v5SlD6mLqo4-00392-00111188-00111523 signed was signed by the application so
v5SlD6mLqo4-00393-00111524-00111651 you have the assurance that anything
v5SlD6mLqo4-00394-00111652-00111913 signed in this way was produced by a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00395-00111914-00112101 trustworthy piece of code what does this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00396-00112102-00112375 piece of code do it goes out and scrapes
v5SlD6mLqo4-00397-00112376-00112669 data from target websites the way that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00398-00112670-00112873 ensures that it's connecting to a valid
v5SlD6mLqo4-00399-00112874-00113079 website is exactly as you suggested by
v5SlD6mLqo4-00400-00113080-00113385 checking its certificate but implicitly
v5SlD6mLqo4-00401-00113386-00113668 by doing in by establishing the HTTPS
v5SlD6mLqo4-00402-00113669-00114036 connection all this is a little more
v5SlD6mLqo4-00403-00114038-00114216 involved in the description I'm giving
v5SlD6mLqo4-00404-00114217-00114651 because of problems like the lack of a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00405-00114652-00114879 network stack in the Enclave the Enclave
v5SlD6mLqo4-00406-00114880-00115033 has to use the operating system to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00407-00115033-00115276 communicate with the network but in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00408-00115277-00115584 essence that that's the way it works
v5SlD6mLqo4-00409-00115585-00115918 so in in in this in this or stack of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00410-00115919-00116200 technologies that we've described do you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00411-00116201-00116397 have to trust the operator of the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00412-00116398-00116613 Enclave what's the level of trust you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00413-00116614-00116964 have to have in the operator as long as
v5SlD6mLqo4-00414-00116965-00117196 you believe that the hardware can't be
v5SlD6mLqo4-00415-00117197-00117408 successfully tampered with and there are
v5SlD6mLqo4-00416-00117409-00117622 some concerns about the security best
v5SlD6mLqo4-00417-00117623-00117895 reacts and it's known to have side
v5SlD6mLqo4-00418-00117896-00118140 channels for instance but assuming that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00419-00118141-00118464 you embrace the abstraction that Intel
v5SlD6mLqo4-00420-00118465-00118728 has put forward this black box model you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00421-00118729-00119172 don't need to trust the operator at all
v5SlD6mLqo4-00422-00119173-00119449 you as you suggested you do need to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00423-00119450-00119703 trust the website from which the data is
v5SlD6mLqo4-00424-00119704-00119859 being sourced but you need to do that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00425-00119860-00120027 anyway if you're getting data from a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00426-00120028-00120358 website but the operator you don't need
v5SlD6mLqo4-00427-00120358-00120666 to dress well are there any failsafe
v5SlD6mLqo4-00428-00120667-00120962 that you can that one can imagine where
v5SlD6mLqo4-00429-00120963-00121290 perhaps the Enclave would be retrieving
v5SlD6mLqo4-00430-00121291-00121629 data from multiple sources and making
v5SlD6mLqo4-00431-00121630-00121819 some sort of an average to figure out
v5SlD6mLqo4-00432-00121820-00122151 what you know an accurate value should
v5SlD6mLqo4-00433-00122152-00122473 be or let's say one of the websites is
v5SlD6mLqo4-00434-00122474-00122661 hacked or attacked or even just simply
v5SlD6mLqo4-00435-00122663-00123002 is down making sure that that Enclave
v5SlD6mLqo4-00436-00123003-00123397 can that software can can get the data
v5SlD6mLqo4-00437-00123398-00123568 from another sources is that something
v5SlD6mLqo4-00438-00123569-00123850 that can be yeah program within the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00439-00123851-00124075 Enclave yeah absolutely so there are a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00440-00124076-00124263 few forms of replication that can be
v5SlD6mLqo4-00441-00124264-00124464 helpful in creating greater
v5SlD6mLqo4-00442-00124465-00124812 trustworthiness one is replication of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00443-00124813-00125264 the Oracle or the town-crier code itself
v5SlD6mLqo4-00444-00125265-00125562 partly for reliability but also in case
v5SlD6mLqo4-00445-00125563-00125910 an SGX host actually does get
v5SlD6mLqo4-00446-00125911-00126070 compromised and somebody who's willing
v5SlD6mLqo4-00447-00126071-00126462 to invest enough money in breaking a CPU
v5SlD6mLqo4-00448-00126463-00126666 is almost certainly going to be able to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00449-00126667-00126908 do so and so that's one form of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00450-00126909-00127203 replication that can be valuable another
v5SlD6mLqo4-00451-00127204-00127428 as you suggest is replication across
v5SlD6mLqo4-00452-00127429-00127657 data sources and there are a number of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00453-00127658-00127887 ways to achieve such replication you can
v5SlD6mLqo4-00454-00127888-00128098 forward data from multiple sources to a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00455-00128099-00128356 smart contract and let it sort out how
v5SlD6mLqo4-00456-00128357-00128751 it wants to handle replicated data
v5SlD6mLqo4-00457-00128752-00128920 whether for instance wants to take
v5SlD6mLqo4-00458-00128921-00129175 a majority vote over sources or an
v5SlD6mLqo4-00459-00129176-00129354 average and the case of say a stock
v5SlD6mLqo4-00460-00129355-00129613 cloud or something else or you can do
v5SlD6mLqo4-00461-00129614-00129847 this within Town Crier which has the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00462-00129848-00130522 benefit of less data being sent to smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-00463-00130523-00131034 contract and therefore lower cost in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00464-00131035-00131194 aetherium for instance if we're
v5SlD6mLqo4-00465-00131195-00131388 deploying this in aetherium where the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00466-00131389-00131806 amount of data transmitted determines
v5SlD6mLqo4-00467-00131807-00132268 the the cost of a message so there are
v5SlD6mLqo4-00468-00132269-00132503 these two forms of replication possible
v5SlD6mLqo4-00469-00132504-00132856 additionally a very important feature of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00470-00132857-00133120 Town Crier something that it can achieve
v5SlD6mLqo4-00471-00133121-00133282 thanks to SGX
v5SlD6mLqo4-00472-00133283-00133609 that traditional Oracle's can't is its
v5SlD6mLqo4-00473-00133610-00133951 ability to handle confidential data and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00474-00133952-00134050 like I can give you a couple of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00475-00134051-00134425 applications in which you can see the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00476-00134426-00134765 value of confidential data and why
v5SlD6mLqo4-00477-00134766-00134995 confidentiality of the type that Town
v5SlD6mLqo4-00478-00134996-00135196 Crier provides or that going to be
v5SlD6mLqo4-00479-00135197-00135378 accomplished by some other media means
v5SlD6mLqo4-00480-00135379-00135673 is so important for smart contracts in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00481-00135674-00136096 general sure perhaps can you give us one
v5SlD6mLqo4-00482-00136097-00136300 example of an application that would
v5SlD6mLqo4-00483-00136301-00136614 require confidentiality yeah so let me
v5SlD6mLqo4-00484-00136615-00136849 give you an example or our students for
v5SlD6mLqo4-00485-00136850-00136989 instance have put together a very nice
v5SlD6mLqo4-00486-00136990-00137287 little application which enables a smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-00487-00137288-00137640 contract to sell flight insurance the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00488-00137641-00137851 idea is very simple you're about to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00489-00137852-00138184 embark on a flight you request a policy
v5SlD6mLqo4-00490-00138185-00138601 from the smart contract and you can
v5SlD6mLqo4-00491-00138602-00138852 request in the application as we've
v5SlD6mLqo4-00492-00138853-00139002 designed it although you may want to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00493-00139003-00139183 change as a practice you can request a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00494-00139184-00139362 policy of whatever amount you want
v5SlD6mLqo4-00495-00139363-00139585 there's some associate premium that you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00496-00139586-00139764 need to send to the smart contract and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00497-00139765-00139984 then if your flight is cancelled or
v5SlD6mLqo4-00498-00139985-00140189 delayed the smart contract will
v5SlD6mLqo4-00499-00140190-00140518 automatically compensate you right it
v5SlD6mLqo4-00500-00140519-00140719 will pay the amount specified in the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00501-00140720-00140879 policy
v5SlD6mLqo4-00502-00140880-00140990 how does it determine whether your
v5SlD6mLqo4-00503-00140991-00141143 flights being the later cancelled it
v5SlD6mLqo4-00504-00141144-00141335 uses Town Crier for this purpose right
v5SlD6mLqo4-00505-00141336-00141778 so it's a very simple application and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00506-00141779-00142037 one in which you can see why it's so
v5SlD6mLqo4-00507-00142038-00142205 important for smart contracts to have
v5SlD6mLqo4-00508-00142206-00142475 access to external sources of data state
v5SlD6mLqo4-00509-00142476-00142742 about the real world it also illustrates
v5SlD6mLqo4-00510-00142743-00143117 why confidentiality is so important you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00511-00143118-00143471 need to specify of course in your policy
v5SlD6mLqo4-00512-00143472-00143698 what flight it is you want to ensure and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00513-00143699-00144017 if the flight you're insuring is as
v5SlD6mLqo4-00514-00144018-00144167 would typically be the case the flight
v5SlD6mLqo4-00515-00144168-00144356 you're actually on you're broadcasting
v5SlD6mLqo4-00516-00144357-00144593 to the world because this thing's on the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00517-00144594-00144719 blockchain you're broadcasting in the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00518-00144720-00144977 world your flight itinerary and this is
v5SlD6mLqo4-00519-00144978-00145322 obviously undesirable what you can do
v5SlD6mLqo4-00520-00145323-00145838 with Town Crier is send the specifics of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00521-00145839-00146276 your flight flight number day and so on
v5SlD6mLqo4-00522-00146277-00146546 and so forth directly into the Enclave
v5SlD6mLqo4-00523-00146547-00147004 through an encrypted channel so that the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00524-00147005-00147218 code in the Enclave can determine
v5SlD6mLqo4-00525-00147219-00147320 whether your flight was delayed or
v5SlD6mLqo4-00526-00147321-00147545 canceled let the smart contract know
v5SlD6mLqo4-00527-00147546-00147833 whether a cancellation has taken place
v5SlD6mLqo4-00528-00147834-00148169 in therefore the policy should be
v5SlD6mLqo4-00529-00148170-00148490 activated without the smart contract
v5SlD6mLqo4-00530-00148491-00148769 without the blockchain seeing flight
v5SlD6mLqo4-00531-00148770-00149195 details exposed in the clear now this as
v5SlD6mLqo4-00532-00149196-00149315 I said of something you can't do with a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00533-00149316-00149564 traditional Oracle thanks to SGX which
v5SlD6mLqo4-00534-00149565-00149776 provides this type of confidentiality
v5SlD6mLqo4-00535-00149777-00149999 isolation of the program and it's state
v5SlD6mLqo4-00536-00150000-00150152 with respect to the operating system
v5SlD6mLqo4-00537-00150153-00150362 this is something you can do yeah that's
v5SlD6mLqo4-00538-00150363-00150611 a fantastic example and also just to run
v5SlD6mLqo4-00539-00150612-00150926 through a few other examples here then
v5SlD6mLqo4-00540-00150927-00151136 in India theorem by paper right one of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00541-00151137-00151316 the things to talk about is this idea of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00542-00151317-00151472 financial derivatives now a financial
v5SlD6mLqo4-00543-00151473-00151607 derivatives at the moment any theorem
v5SlD6mLqo4-00544-00151608-00151784 you can't really do right but if you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00545-00151785-00151990 have you know currency data feeds or
v5SlD6mLqo4-00546-00151991-00152366 let's say also stock prices you know you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00547-00152367-00152678 could create synthetic versions of Apple
v5SlD6mLqo4-00548-00152679-00153005 saw Google sock and you know put options
v5SlD6mLqo4-00549-00153006-00153266 call ups into all kinds of stuff quite
v5SlD6mLqo4-00550-00153267-00153515 easily and then you know again if you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00551-00153516-00153731 think of one of the potentially exciting
v5SlD6mLqo4-00552-00153732-00153899 applications for a theorem could be that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00553-00153900-00154121 in a country like China where they don't
v5SlD6mLqo4-00554-00154122-00154210 have
v5SlD6mLqo4-00555-00154211-00154543 to stock market or you know they don't
v5SlD6mLqo4-00556-00154544-00154720 really have a tool to invest and let's
v5SlD6mLqo4-00557-00154721-00154921 say something like Apple then they could
v5SlD6mLqo4-00558-00154922-00155245 potentially do that if you have those
v5SlD6mLqo4-00559-00155246-00155509 data feeds in in something like
v5SlD6mLqo4-00560-00155510-00155821 aetherium and and another example that's
v5SlD6mLqo4-00561-00155822-00156046 also mentioning my purpose they said of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00562-00156047-00156370 crop insurance again you know how do you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00563-00156371-00156544 do that if you don't get data in but if
v5SlD6mLqo4-00564-00156545-00156847 you have of course water you know you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00565-00156848-00157213 know four levels and and and those kind
v5SlD6mLqo4-00566-00157214-00157351 of things all of a sudden becomes
v5SlD6mLqo4-00567-00157352-00157648 actually very trivial or maybe to give
v5SlD6mLqo4-00568-00157649-00157984 one last example we've often done
v5SlD6mLqo4-00569-00157985-00158224 episodes on prediction markets and if
v5SlD6mLqo4-00570-00158225-00158415 you look at one of the most prominent
v5SlD6mLqo4-00571-00158416-00158758 projects in the space is auger and they
v5SlD6mLqo4-00572-00158759-00159007 have developed this in my view
v5SlD6mLqo4-00573-00159008-00159259 convoluted system to try to essentially
v5SlD6mLqo4-00574-00159260-00159460 create a data feed right where they have
v5SlD6mLqo4-00575-00159461-00159804 all these people with reputation they're
v5SlD6mLqo4-00576-00159805-00160051 supposed to like look up these events
v5SlD6mLqo4-00577-00160052-00160258 and then lock them and then somehow this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00578-00160259-00160471 gets averaged you know weighted by how
v5SlD6mLqo4-00579-00160472-00160726 much reputation they have and then the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00580-00160727-00160965 idea is discus accurate outside
v5SlD6mLqo4-00581-00160966-00161197 information into the block chamber of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00582-00161198-00161473 course is very expensive and and may be
v5SlD6mLqo4-00583-00161474-00161754 so prone to some attacks and then with
v5SlD6mLqo4-00584-00161755-00161983 something like SGX and those things it
v5SlD6mLqo4-00585-00161984-00162289 just becomes totally trivial so I think
v5SlD6mLqo4-00586-00162290-00162628 this is yeah it's super exciting you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00587-00162629-00162850 guys working on yeah so some of that I
v5SlD6mLqo4-00588-00162851-00163099 mean all yours in the prediction markets
v5SlD6mLqo4-00589-00163100-00163257 in general or an interesting way to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00590-00163258-00163519 deliver trustworthy data they are as you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00591-00163520-00163754 suggested prone to manipulation
v5SlD6mLqo4-00592-00163755-00163984 particularly if somebody has a financial
v5SlD6mLqo4-00593-00163985-00164253 stake in manipulating the outcome of the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00594-00164254-00164584 market an additional problem they have
v5SlD6mLqo4-00595-00164585-00164683 of course is that they can't provide
v5SlD6mLqo4-00596-00164684-00164908 confidentiality and then of course they
v5SlD6mLqo4-00597-00164909-00165076 don't scale precisely because they're so
v5SlD6mLqo4-00598-00165077-00165421 expensive as you as you said and they
v5SlD6mLqo4-00599-00165422-00165631 have to resolve the events and yen right
v5SlD6mLqo4-00600-00165632-00166072 so somehow how do they resolve the event
v5SlD6mLqo4-00601-00166073-00166243 right either they have to rely on some
v5SlD6mLqo4-00602-00166244-00166600 sort of Oracle to which in the example
v5SlD6mLqo4-00603-00166601-00166866 of gnosis right one would rely on the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00604-00166867-00167083 gnosis company I'm sure they also will
v5SlD6mLqo4-00605-00167084-00167287 try to decentralize this in some ways
v5SlD6mLqo4-00606-00167288-00167470 but an awkward they try to fully
v5SlD6mLqo4-00607-00167471-00167599 decentralize that but then
v5SlD6mLqo4-00608-00167600-00167833 has a lot of other downsides and I think
v5SlD6mLqo4-00609-00167834-00168034 with with this approach you really just
v5SlD6mLqo4-00610-00168035-00168268 get rid of all of those problems that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00611-00168269-00168475 that's certainly the hope now one of the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00612-00168476-00169030 things that all gear does that a very
v5SlD6mLqo4-00613-00169031-00169276 basic Oracle one that really just acts
v5SlD6mLqo4-00614-00169277-00169501 as a kind of raw pipeline doesn't do is
v5SlD6mLqo4-00615-00169502-00169774 process data but there's no reason that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00616-00169775-00170101 you can't run natural language
v5SlD6mLqo4-00617-00170102-00170364 processing algorithm in an enclave and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00618-00170365-00170700 as long as people trust that the NLP
v5SlD6mLqo4-00619-00170701-00171214 algorithm is accurate they can rely on
v5SlD6mLqo4-00620-00171215-00171817 an LP instead of human beings to process
v5SlD6mLqo4-00621-00171818-00172083 data in a marketplace with all of the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00622-00172084-00172282 complexities surrounding something like
v5SlD6mLqo4-00623-00172283-00172852 old gnosis so our when can we expect to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00624-00172853-00173110 see those data feeds on if your menaces
v5SlD6mLqo4-00625-00173111-00173425 you know how far is this technology when
v5SlD6mLqo4-00626-00173426-00173671 will companies maybe prediction markets
v5SlD6mLqo4-00627-00173672-00173967 and and others incorporate some of these
v5SlD6mLqo4-00628-00173968-00174331 tools well we're hoping to stand up an
v5SlD6mLqo4-00629-00174332-00174517 alpha version of town-crier
v5SlD6mLqo4-00630-00174518-00174853 quite soon probably in the next month
v5SlD6mLqo4-00631-00174854-00175228 that version will not be a production
v5SlD6mLqo4-00632-00175229-00175582 version and that it doesn't make it
v5SlD6mLqo4-00633-00175583-00175867 doesn't make full use of SGX quite yet
v5SlD6mLqo4-00634-00175868-00176296 intel requires that users of sgx be
v5SlD6mLqo4-00635-00176297-00176668 appropriately licensed and a critical
v5SlD6mLqo4-00636-00176669-00177142 service for the use of SGX is not yet
v5SlD6mLqo4-00637-00177143-00177433 live in production form there's a test
v5SlD6mLqo4-00638-00177434-00177877 version currently available but sjx
v5SlD6mLqo4-00639-00177878-00178339 isn't as far as I know available in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00640-00178340-00178687 production incomplete form yet but I
v5SlD6mLqo4-00641-00178688-00178870 expect that will happen soon and our
v5SlD6mLqo4-00642-00178871-00179140 hope is that the town crier alpha will
v5SlD6mLqo4-00643-00179141-00179482 very quickly evolve into the beta and I
v5SlD6mLqo4-00644-00179483-00179629 would hope sometime this year that we'll
v5SlD6mLqo4-00645-00179630-00179929 have a robust Town Crier service
v5SlD6mLqo4-00646-00179930-00180256 available in the theory on serving many
v5SlD6mLqo4-00647-00180257-00180558 different forms of data and providing
v5SlD6mLqo4-00648-00180559-00180837 different varieties of confidentiality
v5SlD6mLqo4-00649-00180838-00181341 for its users let's take a short break
v5SlD6mLqo4-00650-00181342-00181620 to talk about Jax Jax is a multi coin
v5SlD6mLqo4-00651-00181621-00181818 wallet created by the people at the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00652-00181819-00182019 central now in the past if he had a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00653-00182020-00182193 whole bunch of cryptocurrencies
v5SlD6mLqo4-00654-00182194-00182412 it was a pain to handle them you either
v5SlD6mLqo4-00655-00182413-00182640 had to leave them on an exchange which
v5SlD6mLqo4-00656-00182641-00182916 was insecure or you had to have have all
v5SlD6mLqo4-00657-00182917-00183057 these different wallets which was a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00658-00183058-00183354 hassle fortunately now with Jax knows
v5SlD6mLqo4-00659-00183355-00183606 medieval days of Darkness misery and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00660-00183607-00183888 suffering are over Jack supports
v5SlD6mLqo4-00661-00183889-00184125 multiple cryptocurrencies and new ones
v5SlD6mLqo4-00662-00184126-00184365 are being added but it's not just
v5SlD6mLqo4-00663-00184366-00184530 storing cryptocurrency so you can do
v5SlD6mLqo4-00664-00184531-00184773 with Jax but you can also exchange them
v5SlD6mLqo4-00665-00184774-00185019 directly from whip inside the wallet
v5SlD6mLqo4-00666-00185020-00185232 thanks to their shape shift integration
v5SlD6mLqo4-00667-00185233-00185541 and since there's only one seed Jax
v5SlD6mLqo4-00668-00185542-00185787 makes it super easy to backup and sync
v5SlD6mLqo4-00669-00185788-00186009 to your other devices Jax works with
v5SlD6mLqo4-00670-00186010-00186426 Windows Mac OS Linux Android iOS and has
v5SlD6mLqo4-00671-00186427-00186585 browser extensions for Firefox and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00672-00186586-00186846 Chrome so go to Jack's I oh that's J a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00673-00186847-00187101 double X CEO to download the wallet and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00674-00187102-00187308 get started today we'd like to thank Jax
v5SlD6mLqo4-00675-00187309-00187689 for the support of epicenter so at this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00676-00187690-00188037 point these these Enclave technologies I
v5SlD6mLqo4-00677-00188038-00188196 believe are still sort of in their
v5SlD6mLqo4-00678-00188197-00188406 infancy we have yet to see like them be
v5SlD6mLqo4-00679-00188407-00188844 mass-produced and massively available it
v5SlD6mLqo4-00680-00188845-00189027 will be interesting to see what happens
v5SlD6mLqo4-00681-00189028-00189600 then when you can just like initiate an
v5SlD6mLqo4-00682-00189601-00190176 Amazon sort of an enclave device on an
v5SlD6mLqo4-00683-00190177-00190503 Amazon instance or you know any type of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00684-00190504-00190764 cloud service and at these things become
v5SlD6mLqo4-00685-00190765-00191106 readily available what one could imagine
v5SlD6mLqo4-00686-00191107-00191322 at that point that we have so this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00687-00191323-00191784 commoditization of data feeds where data
v5SlD6mLqo4-00688-00191785-00191958 feeds become you know these commodities
v5SlD6mLqo4-00689-00191959-00192171 that you can just plug into and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00690-00192172-00192440 and tie into any type of smart contract
v5SlD6mLqo4-00691-00192441-00192882 another thing that also is I think
v5SlD6mLqo4-00692-00192883-00193100 interesting to consider is this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00693-00193101-00193374 commoditization of functions so on one
v5SlD6mLqo4-00694-00193375-00193565 hand we can have data feeds that are
v5SlD6mLqo4-00695-00193566-00193719 just pulling you know pushing data to a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00696-00193720-00193908 contract but on the other hand we can
v5SlD6mLqo4-00697-00193909-00194199 also have smart contracts that go up
v5SlD6mLqo4-00698-00194200-00194499 call out this this Enclave to execute a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00699-00194500-00194670 specific sort of Industry specific
v5SlD6mLqo4-00700-00194671-00194871 function or something that perhaps is
v5SlD6mLqo4-00701-00194872-00195038 computationally very complex that you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00702-00195039-00195345 want to outsource to another to another
v5SlD6mLqo4-00703-00195346-00195582 system could you perhaps give us your
v5SlD6mLqo4-00704-00195583-00195827 thoughts on where this is going in the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00705-00195828-00196079 next you know 10 15 years once these
v5SlD6mLqo4-00706-00196080-00196312 things have become readily available
v5SlD6mLqo4-00707-00196313-00196818 yeah so the larger vision as to how SGX
v5SlD6mLqo4-00708-00196819-00197099 might be used for blockchains is much
v5SlD6mLqo4-00709-00197100-00197249 broader than the one I've described for
v5SlD6mLqo4-00710-00197250-00197525 Town Car one can imagine executing smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-00711-00197526-00197954 contracts off chaining in entirely in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00712-00197955-00198258 enclaves and having enclaves attest to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00713-00198259-00198500 their correct execution this would have
v5SlD6mLqo4-00714-00198501-00198818 a number of benefits including
v5SlD6mLqo4-00715-00198819-00199052 efficiency ability to achieve much
v5SlD6mLqo4-00716-00199053-00199224 stronger confidentiality and so on and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00717-00199225-00199374 so forth all right so one can certainly
v5SlD6mLqo4-00718-00199375-00199608 imagine such a world and given the way
v5SlD6mLqo4-00719-00199609-00200058 that the industry and certainly the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00720-00200059-00200249 financial industry is already watering
v5SlD6mLqo4-00721-00200250-00200433 down blockchain technologies and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00722-00200434-00200636 planning to execute smart contracts off
v5SlD6mLqo4-00723-00200637-00200970 chain sjx seems like an essential
v5SlD6mLqo4-00724-00200971-00201324 ingredient do you see then these
v5SlD6mLqo4-00725-00201325-00201500 technologies if they've become I mean
v5SlD6mLqo4-00726-00201501-00201648 this is a reason to think that they
v5SlD6mLqo4-00727-00201649-00201933 won't if they become massively available
v5SlD6mLqo4-00728-00201934-00202190 and robust you know scalable and you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00729-00202191-00202454 know we have industry support do you see
v5SlD6mLqo4-00730-00202455-00202661 these as competitors to smart contracts
v5SlD6mLqo4-00731-00202662-00202802 well you know decentralized aetherium
v5SlD6mLqo4-00732-00202803-00203126 style smart contracts I thought sure I
v5SlD6mLqo4-00733-00203127-00203385 would view them as competitors because I
v5SlD6mLqo4-00734-00203386-00203520 think they're achieving essentially the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00735-00203521-00203690 same functionality as smart contracts
v5SlD6mLqo4-00736-00203691-00203931 executing on a blockchain there are many
v5SlD6mLqo4-00737-00203932-00204086 different blockchain models of course
v5SlD6mLqo4-00738-00204087-00204254 permission permission lists and so on
v5SlD6mLqo4-00739-00204255-00204474 and so forth I think one can mix and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00740-00204475-00204716 match on chain execution with off chain
v5SlD6mLqo4-00741-00204717-00204869 executions and different blockchain
v5SlD6mLqo4-00742-00204871-00205200 models so I don't see it as a competing
v5SlD6mLqo4-00743-00205201-00205548 so much as a complementary technology
v5SlD6mLqo4-00744-00205550-00205831 well let's move on to our next topic and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00745-00205832-00206037 and actually it's gonna be related a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00746-00206038-00206182 little bit as well I think it's all
v5SlD6mLqo4-00747-00206183-00206532 matches to the authenticated data feed
v5SlD6mLqo4-00748-00206533-00206889 model which is the topic of criminal
v5SlD6mLqo4-00749-00206890-00207114 smart contracts now of course Bitcoin
v5SlD6mLqo4-00750-00207115-00207423 has had a reputation for quite a long
v5SlD6mLqo4-00751-00207425-00207837 time and in you know enabling illicit
v5SlD6mLqo4-00752-00207838-00208110 trade and Silk Road of course is one of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00753-00208111-00208530 the best-known Bitcoin projects was and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00754-00208531-00208839 and so you see him also you have now
v5SlD6mLqo4-00755-00208840-00209067 done research on what are some of the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00756-00209069-00209214 additional problems with different
v5SlD6mLqo4-00757-00209215-00209358 problems that come up when smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-00758-00209359-00209503 contracts are possible but supposed to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00759-00209504-00209764 just you know cryptocurrency so can you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00760-00209765-00210028 run us through is this a you know this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00761-00210029-00210198 is a real threat how big of a threat it
v5SlD6mLqo4-00762-00210200-00210496 is and what are some of the scenarios
v5SlD6mLqo4-00763-00210496-00210814 that you could see happening here in the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00764-00210815-00211039 short term I don't see it as a real
v5SlD6mLqo4-00765-00211040-00211258 threat and sort of her reason for that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00766-00211259-00211480 actually is the lack of good Oracle's at
v5SlD6mLqo4-00767-00211481-00211765 the moment it's hard to construct a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00768-00211766-00212082 criminal smart contract without not
v5SlD6mLqo4-00769-00212083-00212377 access to real-world State so in some
v5SlD6mLqo4-00770-00212378-00212721 sense Pryor is going to be an enabler of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00771-00212723-00212982 the bad things achievable with smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-00772-00212983-00213304 contracts as much as it is of the good
v5SlD6mLqo4-00773-00213305-00213567 things in the medium to long term I
v5SlD6mLqo4-00774-00213569-00213727 definitely think it's a concern we've
v5SlD6mLqo4-00775-00213728-00213932 already seen all kinds of mischief
v5SlD6mLqo4-00776-00213933-00214134 perpetrated as a result of the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00777-00214135-00214371 introduction of Bitcoin Bitcoin has been
v5SlD6mLqo4-00778-00214371-00214804 very beneficial in many ways but one
v5SlD6mLqo4-00779-00214805-00215269 can't deny it's having fueled the rise
v5SlD6mLqo4-00780-00215269-00215527 of ransomware for instance right which
v5SlD6mLqo4-00781-00215528-00215752 has become a real scourge and leading to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00782-00215753-00216232 things like the Silk Road so I think
v5SlD6mLqo4-00783-00216233-00216394 it's a real concern smart contracts
v5SlD6mLqo4-00784-00216394-00216810 create or provide much more flexibility
v5SlD6mLqo4-00785-00216811-00217323 than Bitcoin per se and that flexibility
v5SlD6mLqo4-00786-00217325-00217564 will be used for good things and bad it
v5SlD6mLqo4-00787-00217565-00217750 will almost certainly be abused and it
v5SlD6mLqo4-00788-00217751-00217990 can be abused in some somewhat scary
v5SlD6mLqo4-00789-00217991-00218230 ways one of the things you're talking
v5SlD6mLqo4-00790-00218231-00218583 about there and I think the key concept
v5SlD6mLqo4-00791-00218584-00218800 in your paper is a society of commission
v5SlD6mLqo4-00792-00218801-00218882 fairness
v5SlD6mLqo4-00793-00218883-00219266 can you talk about what that is yeah so
v5SlD6mLqo4-00794-00219267-00219566 Commission fairness is essentially an
v5SlD6mLqo4-00795-00219567-00219731 embellished form of what's called fair
v5SlD6mLqo4-00796-00219732-00220348 exchange if the fair exchange is the is
v5SlD6mLqo4-00797-00220350-00220594 a problem that smart contracts solved
v5SlD6mLqo4-00798-00220596-00220754 very nicely this is the problem of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00799-00220755-00221021 ensuring that when two parties transact
v5SlD6mLqo4-00800-00221021-00221344 with one another that each gets what she
v5SlD6mLqo4-00801-00221346-00221741 is entitled to one so if Alice has
v5SlD6mLqo4-00802-00221742-00222080 agreed to sell 10 shares of a stock to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00803-00222081-00222271 Bob and Bob has agreed to pay a thousand
v5SlD6mLqo4-00804-00222273-00222479 dollars then Alice should get the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00805-00222480-00222629 thousand dollars and Bob should get the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00806-00222630-00222919 ten shares so ideally we would like this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00807-00222921-00223169 transaction to be an atomic operation if
v5SlD6mLqo4-00808-00223169-00223429 you use a smart contract it it can be
v5SlD6mLqo4-00809-00223430-00223792 fair exchange is important in commerce
v5SlD6mLqo4-00810-00223794-00224021 of any type and crime of course is just
v5SlD6mLqo4-00811-00224021-00224207 a form of commerce that's it's a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00812-00224208-00224477 business so it's important to criminals
v5SlD6mLqo4-00813-00224478-00224917 just as it is for real honest players in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00814-00224919-00225369 a cryptocurrency but Commission fairness
v5SlD6mLqo4-00815-00225371-00225608 acknowledges that fair exchange is
v5SlD6mLqo4-00816-00225609-00225907 actually not quite enough in a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00817-00225908-00226192 transaction a legitimate commercial
v5SlD6mLqo4-00818-00226194-00226486 transaction or a criminal transaction
v5SlD6mLqo4-00819-00226487-00226723 and I'll give you an example all right
v5SlD6mLqo4-00820-00226725-00226952 so one of the criminal smart contracts
v5SlD6mLqo4-00821-00226953-00227315 that we explore in our paper is one that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00822-00227316-00227642 solicits the theft of a private key like
v5SlD6mLqo4-00823-00227642-00227867 the signing key for a certificate
v5SlD6mLqo4-00824-00227867-00228269 authority so say Alice creates the smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-00825-00228269-00228431 contract she offers ten thousand dollars
v5SlD6mLqo4-00826-00228432-00228621 for anyone who can deliver the key and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00827-00228623-00228884 Bob steals the key and delivers it to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00828-00228885-00229202 Alice well fair exchange would mean that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00829-00229203-00229403 Alice gets the key and Bob gets the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00830-00229404-00229684 money all seems good but suppose that as
v5SlD6mLqo4-00831-00229685-00229948 soon as Bob steals the key he reports
v5SlD6mLqo4-00832-00229950-00230105 the certificate authority that he stolen
v5SlD6mLqo4-00833-00230106-00230312 it and then the certificate authority
v5SlD6mLqo4-00834-00230313-00230603 immediately revokes it well Alice has
v5SlD6mLqo4-00835-00230604-00230854 gotten the key then but it's worthless
v5SlD6mLqo4-00836-00230855-00231271 so fair exchange hasn't guaranteed the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00837-00231273-00231539 implicit contract that Alice and Bob
v5SlD6mLqo4-00838-00231540-00231773 engaged it even if it fulfilled the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00839-00231773-00232084 literal contract commission fairness
v5SlD6mLqo4-00840-00232085-00232215 means
v5SlD6mLqo4-00841-00232216-00232638 that both parties get the value that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00842-00232639-00232769 they intended to get out of a contract
v5SlD6mLqo4-00843-00232771-00233019 it's a broader notion in fair exchange I
v5SlD6mLqo4-00844-00233019-00233229 mean we formalize it in our paper for a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00845-00233230-00233484 few different smart contracts
v5SlD6mLqo4-00846-00233485-00233742 so this example with the theft of a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00847-00233742-00234044 private key can you explain how is it
v5SlD6mLqo4-00848-00234046-00234288 possible that you know if a family thief
v5SlD6mLqo4-00849-00234289-00234483 I'm stealing this private key how could
v5SlD6mLqo4-00850-00234484-00234750 I you know prove that I had this key to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00851-00234751-00235113 Alice to collect my payment without
v5SlD6mLqo4-00852-00235114-00235335 having to you know for example post that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00853-00235336-00235650 key you know in clear-text in initiating
v5SlD6mLqo4-00854-00235651-00235809 contact because presumably I don't want
v5SlD6mLqo4-00855-00235810-00235953 to give it to everybody I just want to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00856-00235954-00236169 give it to Alice right so here we can
v5SlD6mLqo4-00857-00236169-00236415 appeal to the magic of cryptography if
v5SlD6mLqo4-00858-00236416-00236640 Alice embeds the public key of the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00859-00236641-00236798 certificate authority in her smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-00860-00236800-00237098 contact Bob can provide her with the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00861-00237100-00237446 private key encrypted under Alice's
v5SlD6mLqo4-00862-00237448-00237830 public key and also provide a proof that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00863-00237831-00238257 the cipher text here actually contains
v5SlD6mLqo4-00864-00238258-00238419 legitimate private key and this proof
v5SlD6mLqo4-00865-00238419-00238602 references the certificate authorities
v5SlD6mLqo4-00866-00238603-00238842 public key as represented in the smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-00867-00238842-00239112 contract as I said using the magic of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00868-00239113-00239267 crypto one can construct such person we
v5SlD6mLqo4-00869-00239269-00239511 can do it using ZK Snorks for instance
v5SlD6mLqo4-00870-00239512-00239736 but there are actually less costly
v5SlD6mLqo4-00871-00239737-00239862 techniques for this particular
v5SlD6mLqo4-00872-00239863-00240303 application today's magic where it is
v5SlD6mLqo4-00873-00240304-00240692 prime c RI m head over the let's stock
v5SlD6mLqo4-00874-00240694-00240896 Bitcoin comm to sign in and for the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00875-00240898-00241067 magic word and claim you're part of the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00876-00241069-00242046 listener award so you mention CK snarks
v5SlD6mLqo4-00877-00242046-00242439 here I mean right now Hyrum doesn't
v5SlD6mLqo4-00878-00242440-00242640 support those right so is does that mean
v5SlD6mLqo4-00879-00242641-00242850 this a smart contract wouldn't be
v5SlD6mLqo4-00880-00242851-00243066 possible at the moment on a theorem but
v5SlD6mLqo4-00881-00243067-00243219 they would have to be support for CK
v5SlD6mLqo4-00882-00243219-00243471 snarks first or or is there way that one
v5SlD6mLqo4-00883-00243471-00243756 could do it today well as I said one can
v5SlD6mLqo4-00884-00243757-00244080 do without ZK Snorks if they're in still
v5SlD6mLqo4-00885-00244081-00244284 doesn't quite have the crypto support
v5SlD6mLqo4-00886-00244285-00244464 you would need to construct your
v5SlD6mLqo4-00887-00244465-00244704 knowledge proofs of the type needed here
v5SlD6mLqo4-00888-00244705-00245082 so some embellishment of the crypto
v5SlD6mLqo4-00889-00245083-00245241 capabilities in the theorem would be
v5SlD6mLqo4-00890-00245242-00245436 required but not a lot actually
v5SlD6mLqo4-00891-00245437-00245900 and I think there are many good uses for
v5SlD6mLqo4-00892-00245901-00246204 ZK Snorks and other forms of crypto such
v5SlD6mLqo4-00893-00246205-00246351 that a theorem will almost certainly
v5SlD6mLqo4-00894-00246352-00246578 want to support them in the near future
v5SlD6mLqo4-00895-00246579-00246864 and presumably also you could have
v5SlD6mLqo4-00896-00246865-00247373 Syke stocks run on an SGX and then half
v5SlD6mLqo4-00897-00247375-00247764 that evaluated in there potentially so
v5SlD6mLqo4-00898-00247765-00247965 that they kind of a test that okay this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00899-00247966-00248251 is the right key you this is the right
v5SlD6mLqo4-00900-00248252-00248594 proof yeah that gets a little trickier
v5SlD6mLqo4-00901-00248596-00248846 intel uses a group signature scheme
v5SlD6mLqo4-00902-00248848-00249075 called EP ID which is also not supported
v5SlD6mLqo4-00903-00249076-00249419 in the theorem at the moment so the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00904-00249419-00249591 validation would have to happen off
v5SlD6mLqo4-00905-00249592-00249792 chain it is possible just makes things a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00906-00249792-00250127 little more complicated but yeah so so
v5SlD6mLqo4-00907-00250128-00250283 if you just look at the kind of larger
v5SlD6mLqo4-00908-00250284-00250427 implication right this is a pretty a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00909-00250428-00250617 pretty revolutionary idea right so
v5SlD6mLqo4-00910-00250617-00250856 because i as a as a thief i could say or
v5SlD6mLqo4-00911-00250857-00251135 as a attacker or government or somebody
v5SlD6mLqo4-00912-00251136-00251325 I could say okay I'm gonna I'm gonna put
v5SlD6mLqo4-00913-00251326-00251691 out a bounty for ya let's say a private
v5SlD6mLqo4-00914-00251692-00251903 key of a certificate of authority so
v5SlD6mLqo4-00915-00251904-00252162 that I can afterwards
v5SlD6mLqo4-00916-00252163-00252707 fake HTTPS certificates and you know put
v5SlD6mLqo4-00917-00252708-00252983 out fifty thousand dollars or some
v5SlD6mLqo4-00918-00252984-00253317 amount on any human smart contracts and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00919-00253317-00253502 then anybody at that company could steal
v5SlD6mLqo4-00920-00253503-00253926 that key delivered to me collect the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00921-00253927-00254169 money and and I don't even have to know
v5SlD6mLqo4-00922-00254169-00254523 who is that person they don't have to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00923-00254523-00254775 reveal their identity so that's a that's
v5SlD6mLqo4-00924-00254776-00255090 a pretty pretty powerful thing and a
v5SlD6mLqo4-00925-00255091-00255281 pretty threatening thing as well and I
v5SlD6mLqo4-00926-00255282-00255471 think given the state of luke if you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00927-00255471-00255658 look at the current political landscape
v5SlD6mLqo4-00928-00255659-00255840 geopolitical landscape and everything
v5SlD6mLqo4-00929-00255841-00256031 that we've been seeing with you know
v5SlD6mLqo4-00930-00256032-00256451 these these alleged tax of US political
v5SlD6mLqo4-00931-00256452-00256781 parties by Russia with Anonymous and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00932-00256782-00257105 WikiLeaks and all this kind of thing you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00933-00257106-00257444 know this could be a very very powerful
v5SlD6mLqo4-00934-00257446-00257909 tool to the arsenal of any one of the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00935-00257910-00258273 players within this geopolitical this
v5SlD6mLqo4-00936-00258273-00258485 new cyber geopolitical war where
v5SlD6mLqo4-00937-00258486-00258741 basically anybody can issue a bounty say
v5SlD6mLqo4-00938-00258742-00258953 you know I want a group I want to get
v5SlD6mLqo4-00939-00258954-00259184 the key for you know this particular
v5SlD6mLqo4-00940-00259185-00259592 server in and the Russian intelligence
v5SlD6mLqo4-00941-00259594-00259755 service
v5SlD6mLqo4-00942-00259756-00260069 and once it's been once that smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-00943-00260071-00260205 contracts been deployed there's no
v5SlD6mLqo4-00944-00260206-00260490 stopping it and essentially it's up to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00945-00260491-00260841 you know who has the technical or or
v5SlD6mLqo4-00946-00260842-00261092 even knowledge you know it could be an
v5SlD6mLqo4-00947-00261094-00261432 internal knowledge to to release those
v5SlD6mLqo4-00948-00261433-00261681 keys yeah and this is this is one of the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00949-00261682-00261840 frightening things about criminal smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-00950-00261841-00262032 contracts a criminal can create a smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-00951-00262033-00262206 contract and essentially just walk away
v5SlD6mLqo4-00952-00262207-00262569 the contract will execute autonomously
v5SlD6mLqo4-00953-00262570-00262980 and no further interaction is required
v5SlD6mLqo4-00954-00262981-00263286 by the solicits soliciting criminal who
v5SlD6mLqo4-00955-00263287-00263409 created this market and there's an
v5SlD6mLqo4-00956-00263410-00263598 interesting question there is the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00957-00263599-00263850 criminal the one the one who you
v5SlD6mLqo4-00958-00263851-00263985 deployed the smart contractor is the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00959-00263986-00264105 criminal the one who actually did
v5SlD6mLqo4-00960-00264106-00264587 livered the key and I think I think
v5SlD6mLqo4-00961-00264588-00265065 right and you know additionally to our
v5SlD6mLqo4-00962-00265066-00265358 our come back here to our discussion of
v5SlD6mLqo4-00963-00265359-00265644 Oracle's the combination of criminal
v5SlD6mLqo4-00964-00265645-00265848 smart contracts and Oracle's is an
v5SlD6mLqo4-00965-00265849-00266142 especially potent one because it enables
v5SlD6mLqo4-00966-00266143-00266448 criminal criminals to solicit crimes in
v5SlD6mLqo4-00967-00266449-00266685 the real world not just in the digital
v5SlD6mLqo4-00968-00266686-00266943 world you know far-fetched example we
v5SlD6mLqo4-00969-00266944-00267132 give in the paper is an assassination
v5SlD6mLqo4-00970-00267133-00267363 smart contract there are lots of others
v5SlD6mLqo4-00971-00267364-00267708 that are a little less far-fetched and I
v5SlD6mLqo4-00972-00267709-00267939 think will be quite realistic so these
v5SlD6mLqo4-00973-00267940-00268128 are the reason for our publishing the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00974-00268129-00268302 papers that we regard these as real
v5SlD6mLqo4-00975-00268303-00268545 threats and we think the community has
v5SlD6mLqo4-00976-00268546-00268907 to reflect seriously on how to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00977-00268908-00269151 counteract them what mitigation should
v5SlD6mLqo4-00978-00269152-00269388 be built into blockchains before they do
v5SlD6mLqo4-00979-00269389-00269748 become a serious problem so yeah is it
v5SlD6mLqo4-00980-00269749-00269976 now that we at this lura topic let's
v5SlD6mLqo4-00981-00269977-00270147 let's spend a little bit of time on that
v5SlD6mLqo4-00982-00270148-00270330 so with this work in a similar way I
v5SlD6mLqo4-00983-00270331-00270495 would say let's say I want to ask
v5SlD6mLqo4-00984-00270496-00270732 somebody assassinated I'm putting out
v5SlD6mLqo4-00985-00270733-00270981 the bounty on aetherium then how would
v5SlD6mLqo4-00986-00270982-00271256 they you know how would they collect
v5SlD6mLqo4-00987-00271257-00271560 that that money you know if they really
v5SlD6mLqo4-00988-00271561-00271908 end up killing that person right so the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00989-00271909-00272151 the general idea here is that you know
v5SlD6mLqo4-00990-00272152-00272364 somebody stands up a smart contract and
v5SlD6mLqo4-00991-00272365-00272697 requests that the CEO of companies X be
v5SlD6mLqo4-00992-00272698-00273051 assassinated and offers about
v5SlD6mLqo4-00993-00273052-00273481 then the smart contract can ingest an
v5SlD6mLqo4-00994-00273482-00273730 appropriately processed news feed to
v5SlD6mLqo4-00995-00273731-00273832 determine whether or not the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00996-00273833-00274060 assassination has taken place and pay
v5SlD6mLqo4-00997-00274061-00274240 off the bounty now of course the
v5SlD6mLqo4-00998-00274241-00274438 challenge here is how do you know even
v5SlD6mLqo4-00999-00274439-00274627 if you know that the assassination took
v5SlD6mLqo4-01000-00274628-00274747 place how do you know who is responsible
v5SlD6mLqo4-01001-00274748-00275125 for it and for this purpose it's
v5SlD6mLqo4-01002-00275126-00275296 necessary to use something we refer to
v5SlD6mLqo4-01003-00275297-00275662 in the paper as a calling card this is a
v5SlD6mLqo4-01004-00275663-00276043 so in the real world a calling card is
v5SlD6mLqo4-01005-00276044-00276403 an object traditionally left by criminal
v5SlD6mLqo4-01006-00276404-00276760 at the scene of a crime as a kind of act
v5SlD6mLqo4-01007-00276761-00276961 of bravado I have to call attention to
v5SlD6mLqo4-01008-00276962-00277258 himself or herself like the Beltway
v5SlD6mLqo4-01009-00277259-00277681 sniper in DC some years ago used to
v5SlD6mLqo4-01010-00277682-00277945 leave a death tarot-card near the bodies
v5SlD6mLqo4-01011-00277946-00278209 of his victims that's an example of a
v5SlD6mLqo4-01012-00278210-00278428 calling card in this context a calling
v5SlD6mLqo4-01013-00278429-00278746 card is a piece of information about the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01014-00278747-00279031 crime that can only be known in advance
v5SlD6mLqo4-01015-00279032-00279405 by the criminals who perpetrates it so
v5SlD6mLqo4-01016-00279406-00279763 an example would be the daytime in place
v5SlD6mLqo4-01017-00279764-00280053 at which the assassination takes place
v5SlD6mLqo4-01018-00280054-00280279 the way the contract would work is that
v5SlD6mLqo4-01019-00280280-00280738 the would-be assassin commits to a smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-01020-00280739-00280975 contract puts a cryptographic commitment
v5SlD6mLqo4-01021-00280976-00281215 on the blockchain sends it to the smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-01022-00281216-00281392 contract before the crime is perpetrated
v5SlD6mLqo4-01023-00281393-00281614 and then after the crime occurs can open
v5SlD6mLqo4-01024-00281615-00281829 this commitment to prove knowledge of
v5SlD6mLqo4-01025-00281830-00282061 details relating to the crime that
v5SlD6mLqo4-01026-00282062-00282331 demonstrate that he or she was actually
v5SlD6mLqo4-01027-00282332-00282547 responsible for it and you can also
v5SlD6mLqo4-01028-00282548-00282826 require that the criminal leave a
v5SlD6mLqo4-01029-00282827-00283102 deposit so that you don't get no
v5SlD6mLqo4-01030-00283103-00283315 frivolous commitments or attempts to
v5SlD6mLqo4-01031-00283316-00283570 guess details about a crime that's
v5SlD6mLqo4-01032-00283571-00283807 that's perpetrated you know thankfully
v5SlD6mLqo4-01033-00283808-00284182 these activities are visible on the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01034-00284183-00284685 blockchain so there's some hope of
v5SlD6mLqo4-01035-00284686-00284934 [Music]
v5SlD6mLqo4-01036-00284935-00285442 addressing them before they truly become
v5SlD6mLqo4-01037-00285443-00285646 problematic if somebody actually does
v5SlD6mLqo4-01038-00285647-00285937 stand up an assassination contract one
v5SlD6mLqo4-01039-00285938-00286123 would hope that the community would act
v5SlD6mLqo4-01040-00286124-00286316 to neutralize it in some way
v5SlD6mLqo4-01041-00286317-00286613 and of course it would certainly also be
v5SlD6mLqo4-01042-00286614-00286913 a you know warning sign to the person
v5SlD6mLqo4-01043-00286914-00287051 potentially right there says like hey
v5SlD6mLqo4-01044-00287052-00287390 listen there is a bounty out on you on
v5SlD6mLqo4-01045-00287391-00287678 this you know all on here I'm uh some
v5SlD6mLqo4-01046-00287679-00287870 some other system you know you better
v5SlD6mLqo4-01047-00287871-00288104 get some bodyguards you better get right
v5SlD6mLqo4-01048-00288105-00288230 well thankfully as I said the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01049-00288231-00288448 assassination is a little far-fetched
v5SlD6mLqo4-01050-00288449-00288851 but in the case of some crimes and key
v5SlD6mLqo4-01051-00288852-00289079 theft is a good example you don't
v5SlD6mLqo4-01052-00289080-00289376 actually have to specify a single target
v5SlD6mLqo4-01053-00289377-00289682 to get benefit from the contract for
v5SlD6mLqo4-01054-00289683-00289829 example if you're interested in forging
v5SlD6mLqo4-01055-00289830-00290149 a certificate you would be happy with
v5SlD6mLqo4-01056-00290150-00290534 the root key for any any appropriate CA
v5SlD6mLqo4-01057-00290535-00291152 and there are hundreds of root CA is
v5SlD6mLqo4-01058-00291153-00291458 associated with a typical browser so the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01059-00291459-00291737 private key of any of those CAS would be
v5SlD6mLqo4-01060-00291738-00291866 sufficient for you to forge a
v5SlD6mLqo4-01061-00291867-00292136 certificate you could therefore specify
v5SlD6mLqo4-01062-00292137-00292619 a bounty on any one of the in Internet
v5SlD6mLqo4-01063-00292620-00293075 Explorer I believe over 750 ca'se any
v5SlD6mLqo4-01064-00293076-00293618 one of those 750 CAS and that would be
v5SlD6mLqo4-01065-00293619-00293795 sufficient as I said the fortress
v5SlD6mLqo4-01066-00293796-00293939 certificate so you would not actually be
v5SlD6mLqo4-01067-00293940-00294419 warning a single potential victim that a
v5SlD6mLqo4-01068-00294420-00294677 crime is about to occur right warning a
v5SlD6mLqo4-01069-00294678-00294815 group of hundreds of potential victims
v5SlD6mLqo4-01070-00294816-00295040 and this that if then becomes more
v5SlD6mLqo4-01071-00295041-00295213 difficult to defend against the attack
v5SlD6mLqo4-01072-00295214-00295589 and in in this case would it also not be
v5SlD6mLqo4-01073-00295590-00295790 obvious well you know one would see
v5SlD6mLqo4-01074-00295791-00296060 somebody collected that bounty but it
v5SlD6mLqo4-01075-00296061-00296237 wouldn't be possible to see which one of
v5SlD6mLqo4-01076-00296238-00296513 those keys was compromised yes it's also
v5SlD6mLqo4-01077-00296514-00296864 possible to provide a zero knowledge
v5SlD6mLqo4-01078-00296865-00297044 proof of the correctness of a private
v5SlD6mLqo4-01079-00297045-00297365 key that doesn't specify which private
v5SlD6mLqo4-01080-00297366-00297533 key it is just specifies that the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01081-00297534-00297872 private key corresponds to the public
v5SlD6mLqo4-01082-00297873-00298064 key of some legitimate certificate
v5SlD6mLqo4-01083-00298065-00298394 authority it yeah it's fascinating if
v5SlD6mLqo4-01084-00298395-00298568 you know we can think of this weird
v5SlD6mLqo4-01085-00298569-00298874 dystopian type movie scenario where you
v5SlD6mLqo4-01086-00298875-00299051 have you know these decentralized
v5SlD6mLqo4-01087-00299052-00299393 autonomous assassination markets where
v5SlD6mLqo4-01088-00299394-00299525 anybody can
v5SlD6mLqo4-01089-00299526-00299654 anybody with the right amount of money
v5SlD6mLqo4-01090-00299655-00300131 can plan or put out a bounty for an
v5SlD6mLqo4-01091-00300132-00300401 assassination and it'll be interesting
v5SlD6mLqo4-01092-00300402-00300524 to see how that would play out you know
v5SlD6mLqo4-01093-00300525-00300671 would that be sort of a leveling of
v5SlD6mLqo4-01094-00300672-00300839 powers or would there be some sort of
v5SlD6mLqo4-01095-00300840-00301175 mutually assured destruction thing
v5SlD6mLqo4-01096-00301176-00301373 happening where you know nobody uses it
v5SlD6mLqo4-01097-00301374-00301646 because they could potentially be you
v5SlD6mLqo4-01098-00301647-00301877 know cause catastrophic for everyone
v5SlD6mLqo4-01099-00301878-00302093 right yeah you know I think I think the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01100-00302094-00302390 greater risk is that people experiment
v5SlD6mLqo4-01101-00302391-00302747 with criminal smart contracts in a way
v5SlD6mLqo4-01102-00302748-00303080 such that the reputation of a
v5SlD6mLqo4-01103-00303081-00303335 cryptocurrency like aetherium is sullied
v5SlD6mLqo4-01104-00303336-00303698 and criminal smart contracts then would
v5SlD6mLqo4-01105-00303699-00303943 really be to the to the detriment of
v5SlD6mLqo4-01106-00303944-00304202 legitimate users of a system of that
v5SlD6mLqo4-01107-00304203-00304559 kind or these criminal smart contracts
v5SlD6mLqo4-01108-00304560-00304850 are not so nefarious they're not
v5SlD6mLqo4-01109-00304851-00305216 assassination contracts that the system
v5SlD6mLqo4-01110-00305217-00305435 in which they're being used is likely to
v5SlD6mLqo4-01111-00305436-00305723 be shut down but they are bad enough so
v5SlD6mLqo4-01112-00305724-00306020 that they pollute the water right that
v5SlD6mLqo4-01113-00306021-00306347 they drive away potential legitimate
v5SlD6mLqo4-01114-00306348-00306563 users of the system because the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01115-00306564-00306755 reputation of the system is so badly
v5SlD6mLqo4-01116-00306756-00307137 damaged yeah and I think that's a very
v5SlD6mLqo4-01117-00307138-00307337 very scary scenario especially if you
v5SlD6mLqo4-01118-00307338-00307589 see in Bitcoin right so what was it used
v5SlD6mLqo4-01119-00307590-00307784 for okay so some people bought some
v5SlD6mLqo4-01120-00307785-00307962 drugs online right and pay for it with
v5SlD6mLqo4-01121-00307963-00308113 Bitcoin right that's that's basically
v5SlD6mLqo4-01122-00308114-00308414 that anti ransomware ones are sort of to
v5SlD6mLqo4-01123-00308415-00308780 to to to criminal use cases I think in
v5SlD6mLqo4-01124-00308781-00308951 Bitcoin that have really gotten some
v5SlD6mLqo4-01125-00308952-00309458 traction and and and you know if one
v5SlD6mLqo4-01126-00309459-00309746 looks at some data analysis that has
v5SlD6mLqo4-01127-00309747-00309857 been done in Bitcoin
v5SlD6mLqo4-01128-00309858-00310049 I think estimates are still that this is
v5SlD6mLqo4-01129-00310050-00310265 a very small percentage of big con
v5SlD6mLqo4-01130-00310266-00310496 transactions you know maybe two three
v5SlD6mLqo4-01131-00310497-00310720 percent or something like that that
v5SlD6mLqo4-01132-00310721-00311014 concerns such illicit activities and
v5SlD6mLqo4-01133-00311015-00311330 even then it has gotten it has really
v5SlD6mLqo4-01134-00311331-00311510 tainted their arbitration of Bitcoin
v5SlD6mLqo4-01135-00311511-00311774 very strongly but I think if you look at
v5SlD6mLqo4-01136-00311775-00311879 these criminal smart contracts
v5SlD6mLqo4-01137-00311880-00312023 especially like something like NASA
v5SlD6mLqo4-01138-00312024-00312237 nation contract and things like that it
v5SlD6mLqo4-01139-00312238-00312485 will make for an incredible news story
v5SlD6mLqo4-01140-00312486-00312785 right it will make it and and so it
v5SlD6mLqo4-01141-00312786-00312892 doesn't it just takes
v5SlD6mLqo4-01142-00312893-00313402 one to completely dominate the image of
v5SlD6mLqo4-01143-00313403-00313693 such a system right that's absolutely
v5SlD6mLqo4-01144-00313694-00313975 right and that as I said is a real risk
v5SlD6mLqo4-01145-00313976-00314140 you know whether or not a an
v5SlD6mLqo4-01146-00314141-00314344 assassination contract actually leads to
v5SlD6mLqo4-01147-00314345-00314674 an assassination it's questionable but
v5SlD6mLqo4-01148-00314675-00314920 whether an assassination contract might
v5SlD6mLqo4-01149-00314921-00315174 lead to some lurid news story that
v5SlD6mLqo4-01150-00315175-00315356 causes people to turn away from
v5SlD6mLqo4-01151-00315357-00315870 aetherium is quite possible
v5SlD6mLqo4-01152-00315871-00316068 well let's let's do one last question on
v5SlD6mLqo4-01153-00316069-00316283 this one what are some of the measures
v5SlD6mLqo4-01154-00316284-00316557 that exists to protect from criminal
v5SlD6mLqo4-01155-00316558-00316824 smart contracts it's a really
v5SlD6mLqo4-01156-00316825-00316998 challenging problem and it's not clear
v5SlD6mLqo4-01157-00316999-00317481 what the remedies are one can delegate
v5SlD6mLqo4-01158-00317482-00317699 to some Authority the ability to
v5SlD6mLqo4-01159-00317700-00317949 preemptively neutralize smart contracts
v5SlD6mLqo4-01160-00317950-00318213 but that's challenging and who's the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01161-00318214-00318432 authority we're talking about
v5SlD6mLqo4-01162-00318433-00318627 decentralized cryptocurrency x' here so
v5SlD6mLqo4-01163-00318628-00318813 suddenly you're creating centralization
v5SlD6mLqo4-01164-00318814-00318930 who's the authority how does the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01165-00318931-00319062 authority determine whether or not a
v5SlD6mLqo4-01166-00319063-00319323 smart contract is actually criminal
v5SlD6mLqo4-01167-00319324-00319617 that's a difficult question the same
v5SlD6mLqo4-01168-00319618-00319917 format of smart contract I described but
v5SlD6mLqo4-01169-00319918-00320052 the calling card can actually be used
v5SlD6mLqo4-01170-00320053-00320439 for somewhat legitimate purposes as as
v5SlD6mLqo4-01171-00320440-00320748 well as truly criminal ones for example
v5SlD6mLqo4-01172-00320749-00320928 you could use such a smart contract to
v5SlD6mLqo4-01173-00320929-00321144 solicit the return of a stolen piece of
v5SlD6mLqo4-01174-00321145-00321387 artwork then you're engaging with
v5SlD6mLqo4-01175-00321388-00321669 criminals there's a risk of moral hazard
v5SlD6mLqo4-01176-00321670-00321825 that you're actually causing people to
v5SlD6mLqo4-01177-00321826-00322089 steal artworks but the intention is good
v5SlD6mLqo4-01178-00322090-00322275 should such smart contracts be
v5SlD6mLqo4-01179-00322276-00322440 neutralized or not is really not clear
v5SlD6mLqo4-01180-00322441-00322803 so this is the these the problems that
v5SlD6mLqo4-01181-00322804-00322995 the devil any solution we've been able
v5SlD6mLqo4-01182-00322996-00323280 to come up with but I think almost
v5SlD6mLqo4-01183-00323281-00323451 certainly there will have to be some
v5SlD6mLqo4-01184-00323452-00323885 mechanism in place if we're to see very
v5SlD6mLqo4-01185-00323886-00324129 nice systems like aetherium thrive in
v5SlD6mLqo4-01186-00324130-00324434 the long run so in closing here just
v5SlD6mLqo4-01187-00324435-00324710 before we wrap up I'd like to talk about
v5SlD6mLqo4-01188-00324711-00324954 isee-3 so you're part of ie three which
v5SlD6mLqo4-01189-00324955-00325116 is the initiative for cryptocurrencies
v5SlD6mLqo4-01190-00325117-00325371 and contracts can you tell us a bit
v5SlD6mLqo4-01191-00325372-00325614 about what what is the IC three and what
v5SlD6mLqo4-01192-00325615-00325929 the objectives are yeah happy to IC
v5SlD6mLqo4-01193-00325930-00326241 three is a research initiative spanning
v5SlD6mLqo4-01194-00326242-00326568 at this point five universities mainly
v5SlD6mLqo4-01195-00326569-00326879 Cornell and Cornell Tech but also UIUC
v5SlD6mLqo4-01196-00326880-00327302 University of Illinois urbana-champaign
v5SlD6mLqo4-01197-00327303-00327741 UC Berkeley and Technion it includes a
v5SlD6mLqo4-01198-00327742-00328133 dozen faculty most of them in technical
v5SlD6mLqo4-01199-00328134-00328520 areas mainly computer science but also
v5SlD6mLqo4-01200-00328521-00328779 including a faculty member at the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01201-00328780-00328947 business school at Cornell and one at
v5SlD6mLqo4-01202-00328948-00329119 the law school the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01203-00329120-00329317 of course the study of cryptocurrency
v5SlD6mLqo4-01204-00329318-00329553 isn't a purely technical one there are
v5SlD6mLqo4-01205-00329554-00329754 very interesting financial legal
v5SlD6mLqo4-01206-00329755-00330013 questions that form part of the research
v5SlD6mLqo4-01207-00330014-00330708 agenda I see three we have about well we
v5SlD6mLqo4-01208-00330709-00330882 have several dozen students at this
v5SlD6mLqo4-01209-00330883-00331168 point exploring a whole range of topics
v5SlD6mLqo4-01210-00331169-00331741 I see three was created to fill what we
v5SlD6mLqo4-01211-00331742-00332062 see as a really problematic gap between
v5SlD6mLqo4-01212-00332063-00332256 the research is going on in academia and
v5SlD6mLqo4-01213-00332257-00332508 the needs of Industry in the community
v5SlD6mLqo4-01214-00332509-00332575 at large
v5SlD6mLqo4-01215-00332576-00332856 so I see three is trying to do research
v5SlD6mLqo4-01216-00332857-00333255 that is relevant to the problems
v5SlD6mLqo4-01217-00333256-00333553 confronted by users today we have a few
v5SlD6mLqo4-01218-00333554-00333792 industry partners Intel is one of them
v5SlD6mLqo4-01219-00333793-00334128 incidentally speaking of SGX with whom
v5SlD6mLqo4-01220-00334129-00334329 we work closely to distill out research
v5SlD6mLqo4-01221-00334330-00334474 problems that we believe are of
v5SlD6mLqo4-01222-00334475-00334632 significance and we work with others in
v5SlD6mLqo4-01223-00334633-00334846 the community we have close connection
v5SlD6mLqo4-01224-00334847-00335152 with the etherion foundation as well so
v5SlD6mLqo4-01225-00335153-00335446 as I said ic3 was created to bridge the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01226-00335447-00335713 gap between theory or academic research
v5SlD6mLqo4-01227-00335714-00336060 and practice and that's what all of the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01228-00336061-00336328 dozen faculty members and many students
v5SlD6mLqo4-01229-00336329-00336534 are committed to
v5SlD6mLqo4-01230-00336535-00336790 yeah and of course we've had we have had
v5SlD6mLqo4-01231-00336791-00337146 em in greens here and et al on several
v5SlD6mLqo4-01232-00337147-00337308 times I mean consider several times
v5SlD6mLqo4-01233-00337309-00337671 who's also at IC 3 so what are the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01234-00337672-00338097 research questions that are driving your
v5SlD6mLqo4-01235-00338098-00338484 agenda and IC threes agenda well we
v5SlD6mLqo4-01236-00338485-00338713 conceptualize our research agenda in
v5SlD6mLqo4-01237-00338714-00339016 terms of five big problems that we refer
v5SlD6mLqo4-01238-00339017-00339388 to as Grand Challenges one of those is
v5SlD6mLqo4-01239-00339389-00339729 the problem of scaling blockchains
v5SlD6mLqo4-01240-00339730-00339940 this is a problem in any type of block
v5SlD6mLqo4-01241-00339941-00340107 chain permission permission list with
v5SlD6mLqo4-01242-00340108-00340492 smart contracts without we're looking to
v5SlD6mLqo4-01243-00340493-00340998 develop new techniques that allow crypto
v5SlD6mLqo4-01244-00340999-00341212 currencies to scale up to throughputs of
v5SlD6mLqo4-01245-00341213-00341338 potentially hundreds of thousands of
v5SlD6mLqo4-01246-00341339-00341569 transactions a second that's that that's
v5SlD6mLqo4-01247-00341570-00341927 one of these Grand Challenges another is
v5SlD6mLqo4-01248-00341928-00342174 insuring the correctness of smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-01249-00342175-00342528 contracts the Dow amply illustrates the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01250-00342529-00342753 pitfalls of smart contract programming
v5SlD6mLqo4-01251-00342754-00342972 these are pitfalls that we're trying to
v5SlD6mLqo4-01252-00342973-00343366 address in our research another is the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01253-00343367-00343575 problem of confidentiality or to be more
v5SlD6mLqo4-01254-00343576-00343915 precise the tension between utility and
v5SlD6mLqo4-01255-00343916-00344208 confidentiality and block chains block
v5SlD6mLqo4-01256-00344209-00344457 chains are marvelous things and that
v5SlD6mLqo4-01257-00344458-00344679 they provide perfect transparency
v5SlD6mLqo4-01258-00344680-00344764 everything that happens on the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01259-00344765-00344909 blockchain is visible to the whole world
v5SlD6mLqo4-01260-00344910-00345171 this is great for accountability but
v5SlD6mLqo4-01261-00345172-00345522 it's disastrous for confidentiality we
v5SlD6mLqo4-01262-00345523-00345810 believe that using techniques from
v5SlD6mLqo4-01263-00345811-00345948 cryptography and using things like
v5SlD6mLqo4-01264-00345949-00346107 trusted Hardware that's possible to eat
v5SlD6mLqo4-01265-00346108-00346339 your cake and have it to to run smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-01266-00346340-00346482 contracts that provide accountability
v5SlD6mLqo4-01267-00346483-00346915 but also provide strong privacy the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01268-00346916-00347242 fourth grand challenge is the delivery
v5SlD6mLqo4-01269-00347243-00347460 of strongly authenticated data smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-01270-00347461-00347607 contracts one of the problems we talked
v5SlD6mLqo4-01271-00347608-00348194 about today and the fifth is writ large
v5SlD6mLqo4-01272-00348195-00348483 dealing with the unknown when smart
v5SlD6mLqo4-01273-00348484-00348678 contracts in particular executed this is
v5SlD6mLqo4-01274-00348679-00348817 true more generally a block chains
v5SlD6mLqo4-01275-00348818-00349002 there's always the possibility that
v5SlD6mLqo4-01276-00349003-00349267 something unexpected will happen again
v5SlD6mLqo4-01277-00349268-00349548 the DAO illustrates this this problem
v5SlD6mLqo4-01278-00349549-00349720 quite nicely
v5SlD6mLqo4-01279-00349721-00349894 so we believe that smart contracts
v5SlD6mLqo4-01280-00349895-00350179 should be designed in ways that are
v5SlD6mLqo4-01281-00350180-00350473 robust to error and unforeseen
v5SlD6mLqo4-01282-00350474-00350710 circumstances that they should contain
v5SlD6mLqo4-01283-00350711-00350986 for instance what we refer to as escape
v5SlD6mLqo4-01284-00350987-00351307 hatches ways of modifying the terms of
v5SlD6mLqo4-01285-00351308-00351454 the smart contract modifying the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01286-00351455-00351682 execution of the smart contract the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01287-00351683-00352114 these five grand challenges are a broad
v5SlD6mLqo4-01288-00352115-00352297 umbrella in which the vast majority of
v5SlD6mLqo4-01289-00352298-00352639 our research is conducted and we believe
v5SlD6mLqo4-01290-00352640-00352807 that these are the most important
v5SlD6mLqo4-01291-00352808-00353154 challenges facing blockchain users today
v5SlD6mLqo4-01292-00353155-00353374 well alright and thanks so much for
v5SlD6mLqo4-01293-00353375-00353536 coming on today and and thanks so much
v5SlD6mLqo4-01294-00353537-00353665 for the work you're doing nothing is
v5SlD6mLqo4-01295-00353666-00353947 super interesting and and I think you
v5SlD6mLqo4-01296-00353948-00354094 you're absolutely right that these are
v5SlD6mLqo4-01297-00354095-00354520 such critical issues for this industry
v5SlD6mLqo4-01298-00354521-00354748 to resolve and once they are resolved it
v5SlD6mLqo4-01299-00354749-00354946 would be extremely interesting the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01300-00354947-00355144 innovations those will unleash both on
v5SlD6mLqo4-01301-00355145-00355363 the good side and on the bad side and
v5SlD6mLqo4-01302-00355364-00355507 we'll certainly be watching very
v5SlD6mLqo4-01303-00355508-00355828 attentively also when this town crier is
v5SlD6mLqo4-01304-00355829-00356008 gonna launch and you know when we can
v5SlD6mLqo4-01305-00356009-00356173 see some people doing the first
v5SlD6mLqo4-01306-00356174-00356458 experiments with that so thanks so much
v5SlD6mLqo4-01307-00356459-00356650 for taking the time well thank you it
v5SlD6mLqo4-01308-00356651-00357058 was a real pleasure and of course we'll
v5SlD6mLqo4-01309-00357059-00357301 be linking as well to our website and
v5SlD6mLqo4-01310-00357302-00357505 the papers we discussed the day as well
v5SlD6mLqo4-01311-00357506-00357694 as the IC threes website and and other
v5SlD6mLqo4-01312-00357695-00357853 resources if people want to go a little
v5SlD6mLqo4-01313-00357854-00358090 bit more deeply into this topics that
v5SlD6mLqo4-01314-00358091-00358369 they'll know where to go so yeah thanks
v5SlD6mLqo4-01315-00358370-00358579 so much for joining us and as part of
v5SlD6mLqo4-01316-00358580-00358744 the less operational Network you can
v5SlD6mLqo4-01317-00358745-00358900 find the show and other shows online so
v5SlD6mLqo4-01318-00358901-00359206 click on calm and and of course you can
v5SlD6mLqo4-01319-00359207-00359395 subscribe to the show and I knew of the
v5SlD6mLqo4-01320-00359396-00359710 podcast applications and if you like to
v5SlD6mLqo4-01321-00359711-00359869 show you and support us then please
v5SlD6mLqo4-01322-00359870-00360133 leave us in itunes view it helps people
v5SlD6mLqo4-01323-00360134-00360394 and find the show thanks so much and we
v5SlD6mLqo4-01324-00360395-00360786 look forward to being back next week
v5SlD6mLqo4-01325-00360787-00361340 [Music]
v66J5_7ZkAu-00000-00000183-00000734 [Applause]
v66J5_7ZkAu-00001-00000735-00001655 [__] you
v66J5_7ZkAu-00002-00001655-00003670 [__]
v66J5_7ZkAu-00003-00003671-00003879 never mind camping it's what happens
v66J5_7ZkAu-00004-00003879-00004263 when you guys come to my station
v66J5_7ZkAu-00005-00004264-00004502 [__] your mother
v66J5_7ZkAu-00006-00004503-00005702 [Music]
v66J5_7ZkAu-00007-00005703-00006003 hmm
v8JEfXSAink-00000-00000249-00001944 [Music]
v8JEfXSAink-00001-00001945-00002332 [Music]
v8JEfXSAink-00002-00002333-00002608 all right I look at hers and look at
v8JEfXSAink-00003-00002609-00003593 mine all right one more excuse me we're
v8JEfXSAink-00004-00003594-00003829 gonna be making gingerbread houses why
v8JEfXSAink-00005-00003830-00004376 do you get the pink one we're gonna be
v8JEfXSAink-00006-00004377-00004676 making gingerbread houses anyways so we
v8JEfXSAink-00007-00004677-00004844 gotta get ready we gotta make this quick
v8JEfXSAink-00008-00004845-00005006 at me because little one's gonna wake up
v8JEfXSAink-00009-00005007-00005360 and basically she's gonna be judging who
v8JEfXSAink-00010-00005361-00005893 is going to win how that is not cool
v8JEfXSAink-00011-00005894-00006167 though I just have just jelly beans you
v8JEfXSAink-00012-00006168-00006692 have right say no more
v8JEfXSAink-00013-00006693-00007630 say no more that's against the rules
v8JEfXSAink-00014-00007631-00008048 yeah a deep does this make sense to you
v8JEfXSAink-00015-00008048-00008366 what like where's the bottom disc what
v8JEfXSAink-00016-00008367-00008483 the bottom is and then when I supposed
v8JEfXSAink-00017-00008484-00008612 to crack this am I gonna crack something
v8JEfXSAink-00018-00008613-00008780 wrong do I have to pull this out like I
v8JEfXSAink-00019-00008781-00008864 have so many questions
v8JEfXSAink-00020-00008865-00009548 ah let me use some reason oh you still
v8JEfXSAink-00021-00009549-00009677 building and I'm already like on
v8JEfXSAink-00022-00009678-00009953 decorating you put the dissing Fiat out
v8JEfXSAink-00023-00009954-00011602 inside
v8JEfXSAink-00024-00011603-00011848 ooh guess who got a text message ping oh
v8JEfXSAink-00025-00011849-00012388 it's a snappy quick shout-out to the
v8JEfXSAink-00026-00012389-00012670 audio lover we're gonna put his YouTube
v8JEfXSAink-00027-00012671-00012963 channel right here he's a good buddy of
v8JEfXSAink-00028-00012964-00013210 mine please go check him out he's cool
v8JEfXSAink-00029-00013211-00013657 easy bill yeah right cuz easy boom I see
v8JEfXSAink-00030-00013658-00014443 my god I'm trying to do I want to do I
v8JEfXSAink-00031-00014444-00014701 want to put my oh my you know most
v8JEfXSAink-00032-00014702-00014941 important women in my life their
v8JEfXSAink-00033-00014941-00015172 initials on here so I got em for Ella J
v8JEfXSAink-00034-00015172-00015394 for Jessica I need tea from somebody
v8JEfXSAink-00035-00015394-00015586 Amy's Terry and I need to pee
v8JEfXSAink-00036-00015587-00015763 for my grandma Peggy right here Oh
v8JEfXSAink-00037-00015763-00016377 [Music]
v8JEfXSAink-00038-00016378-00016903 trying to listen to it looks like a
v8JEfXSAink-00039-00016904-00017107 beetle fall doesn't it
v8JEfXSAink-00040-00017108-00017299 what
v8JEfXSAink-00041-00017300-00017722 Cheers hmm okay don't take mine that's
v8JEfXSAink-00042-00017723-00017977 mine you can't take those we don't let
v8JEfXSAink-00043-00017978-00018178 me any use any of your object you
v8JEfXSAink-00044-00018179-00018451 literate a Knopf he's no stop I'm taking
v8JEfXSAink-00045-00018452-00018838 I see I'm I took these - I don't care
v8JEfXSAink-00046-00018839-00019263 those are mine I need them I need it
v8JEfXSAink-00047-00019264-00019582 rush me like 50 minutes under the last
v8JEfXSAink-00048-00019583-00022096 50 minutes that's three of them we're
v8JEfXSAink-00049-00022097-00022312 gonna let you guys vote no I want to see
v8JEfXSAink-00050-00022313-00022429 what y'all gotta say you see she don't
v8JEfXSAink-00051-00022430-00022615 want to hear that she don't she she's
v8JEfXSAink-00052-00022616-00022801 always winning these things painting and
v8JEfXSAink-00053-00022802-00022957 all that I like a dummy but this time I
v8JEfXSAink-00054-00022958-00023050 like a king
v8JEfXSAink-00055-00023051-00023308 I like a king see that as my queen in
v8JEfXSAink-00056-00023309-00023479 the back and she's lookin like a queen
v8JEfXSAink-00057-00023480-00023740 today but me I'm lookin like a king no
v8JEfXSAink-00058-00023741-00024275 I'm sayin hashtag gingerbread challenge
v8JEfXSAink-00059-00024276-00024535 2019 I'm gonna have to have a sit-down
v8JEfXSAink-00060-00024536-00024727 sock what hello come here come come see
v8JEfXSAink-00061-00024728-00025297 here where because listen other listen
v8JEfXSAink-00062-00025298-00025516 we're gonna have you judge something
v8JEfXSAink-00063-00025517-00025630 don't mind her hair she just woke up
v8JEfXSAink-00064-00025631-00025830 we're gonna have you judge something
v8JEfXSAink-00065-00025831-00026070 which gingerbread house do you think is
v8JEfXSAink-00066-00026072-00026392 the best but you have to taking in
v8JEfXSAink-00067-00026393-00026479 consideration
v8JEfXSAink-00068-00026480-00026767 you know daddy chose the better box mine
v8JEfXSAink-00069-00026768-00027138 fell apart about like two times you know
v8JEfXSAink-00070-00027139-00027544 what else it's just he had more more
v8JEfXSAink-00071-00027545-00027720 opportunities because he's more colorful
v8JEfXSAink-00072-00027722-00027945 things you know and then his power his
v8JEfXSAink-00073-00027947-00028152 icing pouch was warmer than mine I
v8JEfXSAink-00074-00028154-00028333 didn't even know I had to wore mine up
v8JEfXSAink-00075-00028333-00028521 I didn't even wore my icing patch up our
v8JEfXSAink-00076-00028522-00028702 icing pouch was literally the same
v8JEfXSAink-00077-00028702-00028756 temperature
v8JEfXSAink-00078-00028757-00028989 there's just Ella there's just all right
v8JEfXSAink-00079-00028991-00029107 what she don't wanna hear no Marcus your
v8JEfXSAink-00080-00029108-00029269 you knows what's going on hello
v8JEfXSAink-00081-00029270-00029689 look at me okay we're gonna give her a
v8JEfXSAink-00082-00029689-00029836 couple of minutes to wake up guys
v8JEfXSAink-00083-00029837-00030090 Ella's back up look these are the rules
v8JEfXSAink-00084-00030091-00030336 you point to the one you think in
v8JEfXSAink-00085-00030337-00030717 made with the most love but the one you
v8JEfXSAink-00086-00030718-00030901 think is the prettiest the one that
v8JEfXSAink-00087-00030902-00031101 wasn't the most rushed the one that
v8JEfXSAink-00088-00031102-00031455 wasn't made in five minutes which one do
v8JEfXSAink-00089-00031456-00032473 you think is better I'll do it again
v8JEfXSAink-00090-00032474-00032748 which one do you think is better which
v8JEfXSAink-00091-00032749-00032838 one do you want
v8JEfXSAink-00092-00032839-00033402 I think she already chose it's woman I
v8JEfXSAink-00093-00033403-00033564 think I think she I think she picked
v8JEfXSAink-00094-00033565-00033762 like immediately which one do you think
v8JEfXSAink-00095-00033763-00034126 is better it's one more time for us
v8JEfXSAink-00096-00034127-00034521 which one do you think is better no that
v8JEfXSAink-00097-00034522-00035004 was mine fellas this one or this one
v8JEfXSAink-00098-00035005-00035235 which one this one
v8JEfXSAink-00099-00035236-00035589 she picked mine two times I don't look
v8JEfXSAink-00100-00035590-00035837 you're over here which one which one
v8JEfXSAink-00101-00035838-00036108 point to it brother I'm holding a
v8JEfXSAink-00102-00036109-00036267 millennium which one this one or this
v8JEfXSAink-00103-00036268-00036563 one
v8JEfXSAink-00104-00036564-00037036 maybe you're you're trying too hard no
v8JEfXSAink-00105-00037037-00037239 no she pointed at mine two times this
v8JEfXSAink-00106-00037240-00037814 one we need to turn him around right -
v8JEfXSAink-00107-00037815-00038094 all right I'll look at hers and look at
v8JEfXSAink-00108-00038095-00038313 mine all right one more time I know I
v8JEfXSAink-00109-00038314-00038517 get a big butt one more time one more
v8JEfXSAink-00110-00038518-00038848 time I look this one or this one I need
v8JEfXSAink-00111-00038849-00039254 you to point wait she's already pointed
v8JEfXSAink-00112-00039255-00039471 look she's looking at the one she wants
v8JEfXSAink-00113-00039472-00039696 yep there it is which one it's like
v8JEfXSAink-00114-00039697-00039851 better that one or that one
v8JEfXSAink-00115-00039852-00040227 hello hello which one which one do you
v8JEfXSAink-00116-00040228-00040620 like this one
v8JEfXSAink-00117-00040621-00040917 chardee pick baby we got it out of here
v8JEfXSAink-00118-00040918-00041408 your boy won let's get up yeah
v8JEfXSAink-00119-00041409-00041618 Jessica was talking that smack at the
v8JEfXSAink-00120-00041619-00041835 beginning then I got the W now I'm
v8JEfXSAink-00121-00041836-00042293 winning
v8JEfXSAink-00122-00042294-00042708 daddy daddy daddy won then so on one of
v8JEfXSAink-00123-00042709-00043080 these vlogmas days I wanted these next
v8JEfXSAink-00124-00043081-00043335 vlogmas days it's gonna may be me versus
v8JEfXSAink-00125-00043336-00043539 odds will bring that to you soon
v8JEfXSAink-00126-00043540-00043707 you know what I'm sayin man I just
v8JEfXSAink-00127-00043708-00043854 stepped on a plug you know that hurts
v8JEfXSAink-00128-00043855-00044099 but guys please make sure to LIKE
v8JEfXSAink-00129-00044100-00044457 comment in and we will be back tomorrow
v8JEfXSAink-00130-00044458-00045518 with some more content by from team ooh
v8JEfXSAink-00131-00045519-00045846 hey whoa whoa whoa whoa whoa you could
v8JEfXSAink-00132-00045847-00046017 be a you could like that one oh my god
v8JEfXSAink-00133-00046018-00046308 oh she wants the camera she wants a
v8JEfXSAink-00134-00046309-00046461 camera shot and up with the light camera
v8JEfXSAink-00135-00046462-00046890 shot ooh come on oh there it is luscious
v8JEfXSAink-00136-00046891-00047152 t moon
v8JEfXSAink-00137-00047153-00049251 [Music]
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00000-00000048-00000371 welcome Virgo this is Renee and welcome
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00001-00000372-00000628 to my channel if you knew
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00002-00000629-00000923 if you're returning me you thank you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00003-00000924-00001265 thank you for all of your likes and
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00004-00001266-00001378 comments
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00005-00001379-00001895 and uh subscribing I appreciate it so
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00006-00001896-00002273 very much keep liking my videos
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00007-00002274-00002489 subscribing
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00008-00002490-00002771 um share my videos of course if they
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00009-00002772-00003103 resonate with you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00010-00003104-00003535 and have a wonderful wonderful New Year
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00011-00003536-00004025 okay what's coming in for Virgo Virgo we
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00012-00004026-00004253 are going to take a look at
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00013-00004254-00004919 what your current energy is towards love
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00014-00004920-00005417 of course what's coming in for you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00015-00005418-00005693 we're also going to take a look at your
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00016-00005694-00005849 openness
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00017-00005850-00006304 to receiving the love that's coming in
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00018-00006305-00006556 and we're going to take a look at any
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00019-00006558-00006833 challenges you will face
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00020-00006834-00007259 and then we're going to take some advice
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00021-00007259-00007564 so let's get into this
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00022-00007565-00008117 okay what do we have for Virgo
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00023-00008118-00008345 January 1st
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00024-00008346-00008591 through the 15th
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00025-00008592-00009023 what do we have for Virgo and love
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00026-00009024-00009851 what is Virgo's current energy
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00027-00009852-00010601 okay we have friendship and Union
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00028-00010602-00010763 foreign
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00029-00010764-00011309 bravery
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00030-00011310-00011614 at the bottom we have romance and
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00031-00011615-00011956 connection okay Virgo so yeah you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00032-00011957-00012191 definitely have love coming in I feel
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00033-00012192-00012473 like right now though I feel like you're
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00034-00012474-00012719 really focused on
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00035-00012720-00013037 um just being with friends just hanging
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00036-00013038-00013361 out just you know doing you at the
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00037-00013362-00013703 moment Virgo I feel like you're having a
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00038-00013704-00013972 good time
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00039-00013973-00014369 um but I do feel like
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00040-00014369-00014669 you have to have courage and you have to
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00041-00014669-00014861 put on a brave face
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00042-00014862-00015065 for maybe the things that you're going
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00043-00015066-00015221 through
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00044-00015222-00015353 um
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00045-00015354-00015599 I'm really feeling like
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00046-00015600-00016180 there is someone who's coming
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00047-00016181-00016427 kind of at you at the moment
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00048-00016428-00016655 and it may be a family member
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00049-00016656-00016985 it may be a friend but I'm I'm really
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00050-00016986-00017158 feeling like it's a family member a
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00051-00017159-00017399 family member is kind of coming for the
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00052-00017400-00017675 throat right now and I feel like that's
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00053-00017676-00018239 kind of putting you in a certain mood
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00054-00018240-00018467 but I feel like you know what Virgo this
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00055-00018468-00018772 is just
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00056-00018773-00019007 I feel like it's not surprising to you I
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00057-00019008-00019193 feel like you've kind of been through
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00058-00019194-00019493 this path before so you're like yeah it
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00059-00019494-00019727 is what it is you know
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00060-00019728-00020122 this person is either jealous of you or
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00061-00020123-00020525 really envious of your lifestyle
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00062-00020526-00020741 so they're coming at you for a certain
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00063-00020742-00021371 reason so don't get down on it Virgo
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00064-00021372-00021700 be your vivacious self
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00065-00021701-00022378 always
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00066-00022379-00022649 hey Virgo we have
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00067-00022650-00023147 the eight of Wands
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00068-00023148-00023375 what other energies do we have what's
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00069-00023376-00023621 coming forward for Virgo
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00070-00023622-00023993 and love for January
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00071-00023994-00024353 2023.
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00072-00024354-00024880 okay we have the King of Swords
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00073-00024881-00025349 we have the full oh wow
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00074-00025350-00025733 new exploration New Journey New
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00075-00025733-00026452 Beginnings we have the nine of Pentacles
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00076-00026454-00026879 and we have the Six of Pentacles
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00077-00026880-00027167 those do we have for Virgo
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00078-00027168-00027395 I see a lot of communication coming in
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00079-00027395-00027599 for you Virgo
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00080-00027600-00027808 um
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00081-00027810-00028049 with this King of Swords energy and the
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00082-00028050-00028307 ace of cups okay yeah with this King of
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00083-00028308-00028505 Swords energy I feel like someone's
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00084-00028506-00028799 definitely coming in to kind of get your
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00085-00028800-00029357 attention they want to turn your head
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00086-00029358-00029602 and they want you to see them to notice
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00087-00029604-00029723 them
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00088-00029724-00030107 I have the three of swords
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00089-00030108-00030268 yeah you definitely probably went
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00090-00030269-00030461 through some heartbreak and the Ten of
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00091-00030462-00030761 Swords so definitely definitely you went
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00092-00030762-00031007 through some heartbreak
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00093-00031008-00031127 um Virgo
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00094-00031127-00031529 but I feel like with the with the page
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00095-00031530-00031817 of Wands with your current energy you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00096-00031818-00032027 know I feel like with the page of of
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00097-00032027-00032218 Swords I mean
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00098-00032219-00032423 I feel like you're very curious what's
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00099-00032424-00032524 out there
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00100-00032525-00032752 I feel like you're very curious to
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00101-00032753-00033035 explore your very
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00102-00033036-00033287 ambitious
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00103-00033288-00033562 especially when it comes to love
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00104-00033563-00033833 um I feel like you're you know Virgos
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00105-00033834-00034043 are very social people so I feel like
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00106-00034044-00034235 you really put yourself out there you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00107-00034236-00034379 really
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00108-00034380-00034715 um
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00109-00034716-00035015 have a lot of interaction with people
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00110-00035016-00035231 people and I'm really feeling like why
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00111-00035232-00035771 you're doing that I feel like you are
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00112-00035772-00036059 Turning Heads
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00113-00036060-00036281 people are noticing news they're
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00114-00036282-00036659 noticing you for your your free spirits
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00115-00036660-00037079 and for your you know your vivacious
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00116-00037080-00038051 attitude towards life
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00117-00038052-00038290 but I really feel like
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00118-00038291-00038485 um
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00119-00038486-00038902 with this Ada wands energy and this King
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00120-00038903-00039149 of Swords I really feel like this is
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00121-00039150-00039365 someone who is going to move forward on
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00122-00039366-00039574 you or this is someone that you're going
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00123-00039575-00039701 to move forward
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00124-00039702-00040055 to get to know with this King of Swords
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00125-00040056-00040223 energy this may be someone that you've
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00126-00040224-00040421 already met but
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00127-00040422-00040607 um I'm really feeling like this is a new
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00128-00040608-00040877 person uh with the King of Swords energy
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00129-00040878-00041117 I feel like you're you're making your
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00130-00041118-00041357 moves Virgo or they're making their
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00131-00041358-00041555 moves on you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00132-00041556-00041789 they want to know the secrets and the
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00133-00041790-00042149 desires of Virgo
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00134-00042150-00042815 they want to know what makes Virgo tick
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00135-00042816-00043073 and I feel like this is something
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00136-00043074-00043301 definitely brand new for you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00137-00043302-00043505 Virgo because you're you're used to
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00138-00043506-00043709 focusing on yourself you're used to
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00139-00043710-00044057 putting yourself your needs
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00140-00044058-00044146 um
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00141-00044147-00044380 first and I feel like that's something
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00142-00044381-00044621 brand new for you because I feel like
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00143-00044622-00044812 you know in the past I feel like you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00144-00044813-00045061 have put other people before yourself
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00145-00045062-00045527 some so much that you had forgotten how
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00146-00045528-00045821 to put yourself first but I feel like
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00147-00045822-00046018 you're doing that I feel like you're
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00148-00046019-00046390 you're you know taking that leap to
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00149-00046391-00046661 really take care of Virgo really not
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00150-00046662-00046871 worry about what anybody else thinks
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00151-00046872-00047146 what anybody else has to say about your
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00152-00047147-00047339 lifestyle about how you carry yourself
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00153-00047340-00047687 or you know you socialize too much you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00154-00047688-00047908 know I feel like you're like
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00155-00047909-00048130 and yeah it is what it is but you know
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00156-00048131-00048557 this is this is me accept me or don't
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00157-00048558-00048851 I feel like you you're coming off with a
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00158-00048852-00048952 very
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00159-00048953-00049324 free spirit and mindset to where you're
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00160-00049325-00049649 not gonna accept
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00161-00049650-00049817 anything
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00162-00049818-00049990 that
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00163-00049991-00050201 someone wants to say that's negative
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00164-00050202-00050452 you're not gonna accept it you're just
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00165-00050453-00050639 gonna disregard it you're not gonna
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00166-00050640-00050927 accept it within yourself
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00167-00050928-00051346 um I feel like you're only giving
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00168-00051347-00051676 to people who are giving you the same
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00169-00051677-00051904 respect
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00170-00051905-00052120 if that makes sense
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00171-00052121-00052385 I feel like you're you're in this mood
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00172-00052386-00052697 to where
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00173-00052698-00052997 if you don't like me oh well you know I
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00174-00052998-00053123 don't care
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00175-00053124-00053404 I don't care if you don't like me I
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00176-00053405-00053530 don't care if you don't want to be
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00177-00053532-00053866 around me I'm only given to people who
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00178-00053867-00053992 give back
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00179-00053994-00054161 to me
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00180-00054162-00054419 the same way I give
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00181-00054420-00054665 and that's kind of the the feeling that
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00182-00054666-00054875 I'm getting from you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00183-00054876-00055121 Virgo
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00184-00055122-00055487 but I I believe it's paying off because
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00185-00055488-00055763 with you putting yourself first you're
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00186-00055764-00056165 open yourself up to New Opportunities
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00187-00056166-00056650 new you know Beginnings in love and I I
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00188-00056651-00056825 feel it's
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00189-00056826-00057097 it's been a long time coming
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00190-00057098-00057479 but I feel like you're if you're open to
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00191-00057479-00057563 love
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00192-00057564-00057844 I feel like you want to move at your own
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00193-00057845-00058235 pace you want to take your time you want
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00194-00058236-00058487 to you know
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00195-00058488-00058738 just kind of dwell in that feeling for a
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00196-00058739-00059159 while before you move forward
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00197-00059160-00059587 I really feel like you are
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00198-00059588-00059915 concentrating on
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00199-00059916-00060149 whatever makes yourself happy and that's
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00200-00060150-00060299 a good thing
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00201-00060300-00060557 that's a good thing Virgo because I mean
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00202-00060558-00060869 it's paying off
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00203-00060870-00061169 you have new love coming in if you're
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00204-00061170-00061625 single you're gonna have an abundance of
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00205-00061626-00061913 love that's coming in from this person
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00206-00061914-00062171 this person sees you as someone who's
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00207-00062172-00062387 very special
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00208-00062388-00062711 very free-spirited
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00209-00062712-00063023 you kind of go with the flow but you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00210-00063024-00063437 have good priorities Virgo you have a
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00211-00063438-00063557 good heart
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00212-00063558-00063971 and this person sees everything in you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00213-00063972-00064187 and I feel like they're kind of
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00214-00064188-00064438 mirroring that
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00215-00064439-00064576 um reflection
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00216-00064577-00064865 I feel like this person that is coming
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00217-00064866-00065032 into your life this person has a good
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00218-00065033-00065326 heart too this person is also very loyal
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00219-00065327-00065669 is also very uh relying
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00220-00065670-00065981 on
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00221-00065982-00066269 I believe that other people rely on this
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00222-00066270-00066544 person
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00223-00066545-00066767 now I'm not saying that as a third party
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00224-00066768-00066982 situation or anything like that but I
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00225-00066983-00067132 feel like
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00226-00067133-00067426 this person that's coming into your life
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00227-00067427-00067656 I feel like this person has priorities
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00228-00067657-00067937 that other people are dependent upon
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00229-00067938-00068200 them they may have children
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00230-00068201-00068267 um
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00231-00068268-00068681 so this may be a situation to where
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00232-00068682-00068926 um if you decide to get together it's
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00233-00068927-00069256 going to be a blended family or you're
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00234-00069257-00069485 going to be a step parent to children
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00235-00069486-00069775 because I feel like
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00236-00069776-00070144 this person that's coming in there
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00237-00070145-00070450 they're taking care of someone very
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00238-00070451-00070594 special
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00239-00070595-00070817 and I believe it's children
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00240-00070818-00071326 and now I believe that okay Virgo
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00241-00071327-00071519 this could be you or this could be this
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00242-00071520-00071723 other person but
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00243-00071724-00071861 I feel like there's a lot of
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00244-00071862-00072047 heartbreaking in the past
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00245-00072048-00072329 and this person is looking for things to
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00246-00072330-00072599 end
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00247-00072600-00072971 things to come to closure
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00248-00072972-00073241 so that they can start all over they're
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00249-00073242-00073421 looking for a new beginning or you're
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00250-00073422-00073661 looking for a new beginning
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00251-00073662-00073979 but they're they're ready to walk away
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00252-00073980-00074381 from this situation and just put it to
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00253-00074382-00074669 an end and start over
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00254-00074670-00074963 have a new beginning go on a New Journey
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00255-00074964-00075169 you know
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00256-00075170-00075737 Spirit what is this ten of Swords 10
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00257-00075738-00076055 Three of Swords what is this ten of
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00258-00076056-00076300 swords made of swords
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00259-00076301-00076582 what is this
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00260-00076583-00076876 yeah someone who's looking for a
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00261-00076877-00077285 long-term relationship just
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00262-00077286-00077609 the stability just wasn't there it just
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00263-00077610-00077981 wasn't stable enough to
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00264-00077982-00078250 to hold on and
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00265-00078251-00078467 I feel like
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00266-00078468-00078887 whatever this was if this was you Virgo
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00267-00078888-00079169 I feel like this person this this person
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00268-00079170-00079373 wasn't stable they were too focused on
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00269-00079374-00079535 themselves
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00270-00079536-00080011 they were very egotistical
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00271-00080012-00080326 narcissistic you know they were worrying
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00272-00080327-00080819 about their own needs
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00273-00080820-00081287 but I feel like they Charmed you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00274-00081288-00081515 they were very Charming
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00275-00081516-00081809 but and
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00276-00081810-00082162 I feel like they
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00277-00082163-00082391 just didn't want any long-term stability
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00278-00082392-00082691 they were just looking to
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00279-00082692-00082823 have fun
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00280-00082824-00083153 they were looking to
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00281-00083154-00084976 be with you for that moment
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00282-00084977-00085273 foreign
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00283-00085274-00085829 what is this ace of cups two of Cups
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00284-00085830-00086153 situation is this gonna be any different
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00285-00086154-00086441 than the three of swords
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00286-00086442-00086567 yes
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00287-00086568-00087082 yes it's going to be different
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00288-00087083-00087305 this person is going to be more trusting
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00289-00087306-00087497 you're going to be able to trust this
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00290-00087498-00087755 person and follow your heart in the
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00291-00087756-00087869 situation
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00292-00087870-00088367 definitely okay so yeah
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00293-00088368-00088594 Virgo this person
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00294-00088595-00088811 this person is looking for healing
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00295-00088812-00089068 they're looking for they're looking for
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00296-00089069-00089267 love they're looking for you know
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00297-00089268-00089531 someone to
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00298-00089532-00089747 spend their time with it's going to
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00299-00089748-00089932 balance them it's going to bring them a
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00300-00089933-00090197 lot of Hope and renewal so this person
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00301-00090198-00090388 is definitely different from the person
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00302-00090389-00090700 that was left behind
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00303-00090701-00091018 this person is
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00304-00091019-00091367 someone who's reliable
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00305-00091368-00091571 definitely someone who can take control
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00306-00091572-00091811 of the situation someone who wants to
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00307-00091812-00092237 plan for the future
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00308-00092238-00092867 and maybe an Aries may also be a Pisces
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00309-00092868-00093575 Scorpio
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00310-00093576-00093881 but I feel like this person is coming
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00311-00093882-00094253 into your life is definitely a
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00312-00094254-00094493 total opposite of the person that you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00313-00094494-00094625 left behind
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00314-00094626-00095021 the person that you left behind was just
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00315-00095022-00095321 not wanting
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00316-00095322-00095573 the same things that you wanted
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00317-00095574-00095759 this person wants to look towards the
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00318-00095760-00096071 future they want to see things grow and
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00319-00096072-00096299 expand
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00320-00096300-00096461 they want to take control of the
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00321-00096462-00096712 situation and they're also a good
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00322-00096713-00096994 provider they're also someone who you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00323-00096995-00097211 can totally rely on someone who's going
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00324-00097212-00097450 to have the answers for you when you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00325-00097451-00097691 need them someone who's going to be
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00326-00097692-00098111 there and be your rock
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00327-00098112-00098500 when you need someone in your corner
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00328-00098501-00098693 definitely a new beginning here
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00329-00098694-00099473 beautiful energy
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00330-00099474-00099665 okay
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00331-00099666-00099959 see
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00332-00099960-00100247 your challenge Virgo is getting passes
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00333-00100248-00100438 heard
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00334-00100439-00100661 your challenge is getting past is hurt
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00335-00100662-00100894 so that you can open yourself up for
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00336-00100895-00101159 this new uh relationship that's coming
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00337-00101160-00101326 through
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00338-00101327-00101543 um getting out of those feelings of
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00339-00101544-00101782 being stuck
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00340-00101783-00102094 that's your challenge
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00341-00102095-00102268 how can Virgo get through their
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00342-00102269-00102449 challenge how can they get through their
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00343-00102450-00102821 challenge of being stuck getting over
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00344-00102822-00102971 the past
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00345-00102972-00103253 yeah definitely
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00346-00103254-00103582 the the Five of Cups by releasing that
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00347-00103583-00103732 energy I'm gonna put that over here
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00348-00103733-00104075 because I don't want that over there
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00349-00104076-00104266 yeah you want to release that energy
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00350-00104267-00104639 release the past Virgo so that you can
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00351-00104640-00105065 move freely towards the future and you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00352-00105066-00105310 know be open to the situation that's
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00353-00105311-00105551 coming through what other advice do we
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00354-00105552-00105695 have
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00355-00105696-00106228 the Ten of Wands
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00356-00106229-00106540 yeah not carrying any baggage into the
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00357-00106541-00106739 new relationship kind of releasing your
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00358-00106740-00106883 burdens
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00359-00106883-00107081 Virgo
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00360-00107082-00107554 letting things go
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00361-00107555-00107795 I understand you have priorities and you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00362-00107796-00107993 have things that you know need to be
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00363-00107994-00108340 have of but as far as Love Goes Virgo I
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00364-00108341-00108647 feel that
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00365-00108648-00108958 releasing that that energy that stuck
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00366-00108959-00109186 energy is going to be very helpful for
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00367-00109188-00109427 you and what's going to help
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00368-00109428-00109601 Virgo
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00369-00109602-00109973 get into this new situation when is this
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00370-00109974-00110399 new situation gonna arrive
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00371-00110400-00110675 four of cups
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00372-00110676-00111454 okay it's gonna come by surprise
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00373-00111455-00111634 it's gonna come when you least expect it
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00374-00111635-00111947 yes the the Knight of Swords it's gonna
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00375-00111948-00112121 come when you least expect it you're
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00376-00112122-00112378 you're not seeing this coming this is
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00377-00112379-00112727 coming right at the nick of time
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00378-00112728-00113075 um but I feel like
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00379-00113076-00113339 when it does come Virgo it's going to be
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00380-00113340-00113675 very unexpected it's it's not something
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00381-00113676-00113863 that you've
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00382-00113864-00114154 seen coming in
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00383-00114155-00114502 the king of Cups so yeah this person is
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00384-00114503-00114760 going to be very caring very wise it may
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00385-00114761-00115133 be an older person as well they may be a
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00386-00115133-00115397 year or two older than you but I feel
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00387-00115398-00115739 like they're wise
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00388-00115740-00116033 they're wise for the age maybe they act
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00389-00116033-00116375 older than what they really are but I
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00390-00116376-00116549 feel like this person has been through
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00391-00116550-00116843 some things to where they have knowledge
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00392-00116844-00117190 they have empathy they can kind of feel
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00393-00117191-00117839 what you've been through
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00394-00117840-00118181 the Knight of Cups okay this person is
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00395-00118182-00118343 going to take you by surprise and
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00396-00118344-00118552 they're gonna sweep you off of yours off
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00397-00118553-00118810 of your feet
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00398-00118811-00119051 definitely the the way they care
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00399-00119052-00119284 themselves the way that they take care
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00400-00119285-00119554 of themselves their attractiveness their
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00401-00119555-00119866 charm they're going to sweep you off of
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00402-00119867-00120034 your feet
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00403-00120035-00120202 um
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00404-00120203-00120502 and like I said they made me they may
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00405-00120503-00120778 make a move on you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00406-00120779-00121066 Virgo they may be
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00407-00121067-00121277 they may have kind of seen you in
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00408-00121278-00121589 passing and like yeah I want to get to
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00409-00121590-00121931 know Virgo Virgo is the kind of person I
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00410-00121932-00122093 want in my life
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00411-00122094-00122536 you know
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00412-00122538-00122849 what advice do we have for Virgo
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00413-00122850-00123101 what advice do we have for Virgo and
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00414-00123102-00123347 love January 1st
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00415-00123348-00123623 through the 15th
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00416-00123624-00123965 listen to your intuition
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00417-00123966-00124127 yes
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00418-00124128-00124523 the uh High Priestess energy listen to
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00419-00124524-00124865 your intuition Virgo listen to what your
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00420-00124866-00125095 inner soul is telling you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00421-00125096-00125357 your your angels want to provide you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00422-00125358-00125686 with answers listen to your angels
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00423-00125688-00126023 and be assertive take action that's what
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00424-00126024-00126316 this eight of Wands here I feel like
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00425-00126317-00126628 taking action on the situation is gonna
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00426-00126629-00126863 you know pull you into the right
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00427-00126864-00127265 direction this love interest with you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00428-00127266-00127486 know this Emperor and this king of Cups
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00429-00127488-00127883 this person is someone you do not want
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00430-00127883-00128015 to pass by
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00431-00128016-00128351 and we have peaceful resolution so yeah
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00432-00128352-00128578 I feel like
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00433-00128579-00128831 Virgo this person from the past
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00434-00128832-00129034 you're going to forgive them and they
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00435-00129035-00129251 may even try to come back in but I feel
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00436-00129252-00129436 like you're going to forgive them and
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00437-00129438-00129647 let them go
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00438-00129648-00129899 you're just gonna send them on their way
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00439-00129900-00130169 you know like you know I'm not gonna
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00440-00130170-00130486 hold a grudge I'm not gonna you know
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00441-00130488-00130727 feel anything bad towards you but you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00442-00130728-00130966 can be on your way I'm done
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00443-00130967-00131381 I feel like you you are totally setting
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00444-00131382-00131533 yourself free
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00445-00131534-00131987 from this situation
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00446-00131988-00132383 okay and a year from now so yeah I feel
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00447-00132384-00132593 like a year from now you're gonna be
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00448-00132594-00132778 very happy you're going to be in a
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00449-00132779-00133169 better place you are going to be in a
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00450-00133170-00133495 place where
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00451-00133496-00133654 you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00452-00133655-00133978 are more happy more abundant more caring
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00453-00133979-00134363 I feel like this situation in from a
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00454-00134364-00134711 year from now it may flourish and we
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00455-00134712-00135011 have let go so yeah think about what you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00456-00135012-00135347 need to let go of Virgo what is it that
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00457-00135348-00135551 you need to let go of is it just this
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00458-00135552-00135773 person or is there other things in your
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00459-00135774-00136073 life that you need to let go of
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00460-00136074-00136366 um but let go of that energy to free
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00461-00136367-00136583 yourself up from the good things that
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00462-00136584-00136807 are coming
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00463-00136808-00137104 because good things are coming Virgo I
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00464-00137105-00137261 feel like this year is going to be your
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00465-00137262-00137701 year let go of people and things that
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00466-00137702-00138154 you know just you totally outgroom
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00467-00138155-00138413 and look for the helpful people in your
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00468-00138414-00138497 life
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00469-00138498-00138785 we all have them you know there's always
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00470-00138786-00139049 people in our life to where you know we
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00471-00139050-00139252 have a shoulder to lean on
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00472-00139253-00139577 and I feel like
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00473-00139578-00139937 whatever situation that you're in your
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00474-00139938-00140339 friends sometimes your family but I feel
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00475-00140340-00140554 like there's someone that you can talk
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00476-00140555-00140933 to about your situation and someone
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00477-00140934-00141185 who's willing to listen
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00478-00141186-00141395 this person is coming through them may
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00479-00141396-00141773 be your helpful person you know
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00480-00141774-00142013 let's get some Angel guidance
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00481-00142014-00142307 for Virgo what Angel Guidance Do you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00482-00142308-00142487 have
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00483-00142488-00142733 what Angel Guidance Do we have for Virgo
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00484-00142734-00143116 in love
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00485-00143117-00143428 okay we have Mystique keep charging
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00486-00143429-00143659 ahead and don't take no for an answer
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00487-00143660-00144166 expect miraculous solutions to appear so
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00488-00144167-00144581 yeah this is eight of Wands energy Virgo
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00489-00144582-00144904 keep charging ahead be assertive
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00490-00144905-00145145 we have assertive right here be
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00491-00145146-00145469 assertive keep going ahead don't move
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00492-00145470-00145877 back don't go back to the past Virgo the
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00493-00145878-00146152 past is dead and gone it's done
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00494-00146153-00146489 it's over with you're on a New Journey
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00495-00146490-00146837 of Discovery with the full card here and
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00496-00146838-00147239 you're you're taking new risks you're
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00497-00147240-00147569 um taking a New Journey exploring new
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00498-00147570-00147947 options and I feel like it's paying off
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00499-00147948-00148193 definitely paying off
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00500-00148194-00148439 and what else do we have for Virgo we
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00501-00148440-00148607 have azure
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00502-00148608-00148961 your desired outcome will occur in the
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00503-00148962-00149245 very near future have patience and faith
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00504-00149246-00149627 and don't try to force it to happen yet
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00505-00149628-00149795 everything's going to come in Divine
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00506-00149796-00150113 timing Virgo we don't want to force
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00507-00150114-00150299 things to happen because you know
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00508-00150300-00150611 forcing things to fit into your life
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00509-00150612-00150869 when they're not intended to fit you'll
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00510-00150870-00151145 just have to end up letting it go so
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00511-00151146-00151331 yeah
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00512-00151332-00151714 that is very good advice
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00513-00151715-00152027 and we have Seraphina and just like I
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00514-00152028-00152183 said I feel like this person that you're
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00515-00152184-00152351 meeting I feel like this person has
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00516-00152352-00152651 children this person is a single parent
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00517-00152652-00153089 and I Seraphina I am the angel of
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00518-00153090-00153316 families a happy change or addition is
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00519-00153317-00153593 coming to your family so yeah like I
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00520-00153594-00153899 said I feel like you are
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00521-00153900-00154204 starting a brand new Journey
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00522-00154205-00154475 Virgo this year is going to come with a
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00523-00154476-00154661 lot of new discoveries a lot of new
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00524-00154662-00154901 exploration
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00525-00154902-00155309 um and a lot of new love I feel like you
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00526-00155310-00155497 are
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00527-00155498-00155783 growing you're expanding you're making
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00528-00155784-00156011 your plans Virgo and it's really
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00529-00156012-00156376 exciting to see it's really
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00530-00156377-00156623 a blessing
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00531-00156624-00157111 to see that Virgo is
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00532-00157112-00157547 spiritually aware of
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00533-00157548-00157889 what's going on
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00534-00157890-00158171 this is your reading Virgo if this
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00535-00158172-00158339 reading resonates please like And
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00536-00158340-00158537 subscribe hit that Bell so you don't
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00537-00158538-00158878 miss any uploads and if it resonates
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00538-00158879-00159340 please share share share
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00539-00159341-00159713 and have a Happy New Year Virgo many
v9i3Or_Mr8k-00540-00159714-00160136 blessings to you love and light
v9TSR8lMnAc-00000-00000006-00000155 what's going on guys it's Omni arkin
v9TSR8lMnAc-00001-00000156-00000313 today I'm bringing you a brand new video
v9TSR8lMnAc-00002-00000314-00000457 where we're gonna be talking about the
v9TSR8lMnAc-00003-00000458-00000824 player who lost $200,000 playing a
v9TSR8lMnAc-00004-00000825-00001768 mobile game now I already know what
v9TSR8lMnAc-00005-00001769-00002021 you're thinking and listen I wish that
v9TSR8lMnAc-00006-00002022-00002267 this was clickbait I really do but this
v9TSR8lMnAc-00007-00002268-00002564 is a hundred percent legit this happened
v9TSR8lMnAc-00008-00002565-00002800 in a game that I play regularly and the
v9TSR8lMnAc-00009-00002801-00002930 footage that you're watching right now
v9TSR8lMnAc-00010-00002931-00003229 is of a player in a game called rise of
v9TSR8lMnAc-00011-00003230-00003434 kingdoms if you saw my last video you're
v9TSR8lMnAc-00012-00003435-00003656 familiar with it his name is so Lamarr
v9TSR8lMnAc-00013-00003657-00003895 in the game and essentially it's just
v9TSR8lMnAc-00014-00003896-00004100 like any other mobile game where you can
v9TSR8lMnAc-00015-00004101-00004322 build up your your your kingdom you
v9TSR8lMnAc-00016-00004323-00004447 train your troops you go to war with
v9TSR8lMnAc-00017-00004448-00004892 other players and you're watching you're
v9TSR8lMnAc-00018-00004893-00005297 watching sollima lose to approximately
v9TSR8lMnAc-00019-00005298-00005615 two hundred thousand dollars and when I
v9TSR8lMnAc-00020-00005616-00005822 say that he lost two hundred thousand
v9TSR8lMnAc-00021-00005823-00006158 dollars I don't mean he spent that much
v9TSR8lMnAc-00022-00006159-00006506 money on this game no what I mean is he
v9TSR8lMnAc-00023-00006506-00006739 spent that much money on this game and
v9TSR8lMnAc-00024-00006740-00007184 you're watching it get deleted what your
v9TSR8lMnAc-00025-00007184-00007423 what what you're watching is all of his
v9TSR8lMnAc-00026-00007425-00007742 progress in training his troops go to
v9TSR8lMnAc-00027-00007743-00007991 zero so what does this mean this means
v9TSR8lMnAc-00028-00007992-00008471 that he spent real money two hundred
v9TSR8lMnAc-00029-00008472-00008813 thousand dollars to build up this army
v9TSR8lMnAc-00030-00008814-00009196 and this army is getting killed and is
v9TSR8lMnAc-00031-00009197-00009512 literally being deleted meaning what he
v9TSR8lMnAc-00032-00009513-00009812 spent his money on is gone he can't get
v9TSR8lMnAc-00033-00009813-00010001 it back the only way he can get it back
v9TSR8lMnAc-00034-00010002-00010378 is by waiting a year's worth of time or
v9TSR8lMnAc-00035-00010379-00010771 by you guessed it spending more money so
v9TSR8lMnAc-00036-00010772-00010937 how does this even happen how does a
v9TSR8lMnAc-00037-00010938-00011142 player how does a human being loose
v9TSR8lMnAc-00038-00011143-00011596 $200,000 in in real money on a digital
v9TSR8lMnAc-00039-00011597-00011798 game so in this game rise of kingdoms
v9TSR8lMnAc-00040-00011799-00011992 there was a two month long event called
v9TSR8lMnAc-00041-00011993-00012160 Kingdom versus Kingdom where your
v9TSR8lMnAc-00042-00012161-00012392 kingdom versus off against a bunch of
v9TSR8lMnAc-00043-00012393-00012688 others and near the end of this event
v9TSR8lMnAc-00044-00012689-00013055 one of the passes that keeps you safe
v9TSR8lMnAc-00045-00013056-00013313 one of these gates that keeps your city
v9TSR8lMnAc-00046-00013313-00013385 safe
v9TSR8lMnAc-00047-00013386-00013811 ends up going away and the other enemy
v9TSR8lMnAc-00048-00013812-00014030 kingdoms can then come in and attack
v9TSR8lMnAc-00049-00014031-00014252 your city now there's plenty of ways
v9TSR8lMnAc-00050-00014253-00014453 that you can defend yourself against
v9TSR8lMnAc-00051-00014454-00014696 this the primary way is by actually
v9TSR8lMnAc-00052-00014697-00014906 leaving the event right at the end of
v9TSR8lMnAc-00053-00014907-00015050 this event if it's clear you're not
v9TSR8lMnAc-00054-00015051-00015230 gonna win you can simply leave and you
v9TSR8lMnAc-00055-00015231-00015371 can remove your account from the event
v9TSR8lMnAc-00056-00015372-00015578 and you can't be affected by the players
v9TSR8lMnAc-00057-00015579-00015932 that are there however so Lamar didn't
v9TSR8lMnAc-00058-00015933-00016283 he didn't log in and his team had left
v9TSR8lMnAc-00059-00016284-00016508 days ago it had been days where he had
v9TSR8lMnAc-00060-00016509-00016751 been there just alone he must not have
v9TSR8lMnAc-00061-00016752-00017123 logged in and the enemy teams the enemy
v9TSR8lMnAc-00062-00017124-00017450 kingdoms realized this and they ended up
v9TSR8lMnAc-00063-00017451-00017647 plotting a I think it was like eight
v9TSR8lMnAc-00064-00017648-00017944 alliances or ten alliances so basically
v9TSR8lMnAc-00065-00017945-00018190 eight or ten teams of players
v9TSR8lMnAc-00066-00018191-00018521 coordinating attack after attack on his
v9TSR8lMnAc-00067-00018522-00018869 city and since he was offline there was
v9TSR8lMnAc-00068-00018870-00019100 nothing that he could do about it
v9TSR8lMnAc-00069-00019101-00019391 he was his city was you know I get Otto
v9TSR8lMnAc-00070-00019392-00019700 battling back but when you have that
v9TSR8lMnAc-00071-00019701-00019871 many players attacking you at one time
v9TSR8lMnAc-00072-00019872-00020168 without any assistance there's really
v9TSR8lMnAc-00073-00020169-00020419 not much that that can happen unless you
v9TSR8lMnAc-00074-00020420-00020725 log in and actually you know remove your
v9TSR8lMnAc-00075-00020726-00020984 account from the Lost Kingdom the event
v9TSR8lMnAc-00076-00020985-00021299 or by using an item like a peace shield
v9TSR8lMnAc-00077-00021300-00021619 or something like that but so Lamar was
v9TSR8lMnAc-00078-00021620-00021925 busy he wasn't around he wasn't online
v9TSR8lMnAc-00079-00021926-00022118 and he hadn't been for a couple of days
v9TSR8lMnAc-00080-00022119-00022502 and his city got attacked by dozens of
v9TSR8lMnAc-00081-00022503-00022865 players simultaneously it was obviously
v9TSR8lMnAc-00082-00022866-00023363 a a heroic event you know the amount of
v9TSR8lMnAc-00083-00023364-00023582 coordination it requires to do something
v9TSR8lMnAc-00084-00023583-00023756 this is is truly astounding and it's
v9TSR8lMnAc-00085-00023757-00024247 really not that easy to pull off but it
v9TSR8lMnAc-00086-00024248-00024500 happened this happened I believe this
v9TSR8lMnAc-00087-00024501-00024737 was back in September of 2018 or 2019
v9TSR8lMnAc-00088-00024738-00025219 I'm sorry and what you're seeing is is
v9TSR8lMnAc-00089-00025220-00025571 so Lamar losing all of his troops now if
v9TSR8lMnAc-00090-00025572-00025733 you've played any of these games this
v9TSR8lMnAc-00091-00025733-00025961 probably isn't that shocking to you I
v9TSR8lMnAc-00092-00025962-00026225 mean I'm sure it's like it's insane but
v9TSR8lMnAc-00093-00026226-00026458 I'm sure you can understand how
v9TSR8lMnAc-00094-00026459-00026665 something like this can happen but for
v9TSR8lMnAc-00095-00026666-00026687 mo
v9TSR8lMnAc-00096-00026688-00026902 the world if we if we take a step back
v9TSR8lMnAc-00097-00026904-00027398 right for most people this is insanity
v9TSR8lMnAc-00098-00027399-00027626 like this this people probably don't
v9TSR8lMnAc-00099-00027627-00027814 even realize that this is even remotely
v9TSR8lMnAc-00100-00027816-00028033 possible right that you could literally
v9TSR8lMnAc-00101-00028035-00028339 invest money into a game and the digital
v9TSR8lMnAc-00102-00028341-00028475 resource that you're investing your
v9TSR8lMnAc-00103-00028476-00028679 money into can then be taken away by
v9TSR8lMnAc-00104-00028680-00028856 other players while you're not even
v9TSR8lMnAc-00105-00028857-00029072 playing right well you're not even
v9TSR8lMnAc-00106-00029073-00029330 online it's not like Call of Duty where
v9TSR8lMnAc-00107-00029331-00029594 you can play and you die because you're
v9TSR8lMnAc-00108-00029595-00029855 worse than the enemy player right this
v9TSR8lMnAc-00109-00029856-00030122 is just you're off your phone you're
v9TSR8lMnAc-00110-00030123-00030427 offline and other players can come in
v9TSR8lMnAc-00111-00030429-00030695 and destroy what you've spent your money
v9TSR8lMnAc-00112-00030695-00031094 on right absolutely insanity and the
v9TSR8lMnAc-00113-00031095-00031444 fact that it was to the degree of
v9TSR8lMnAc-00114-00031445-00031841 $200,000 and and again guys I'm sure I'm
v9TSR8lMnAc-00115-00031842-00032036 sure if you've never heard of this game
v9TSR8lMnAc-00116-00032037-00032245 and you've never heard of this this
v9TSR8lMnAc-00117-00032247-00032462 genre of mobile gaming I'm sure you
v9TSR8lMnAc-00118-00032463-00032612 probably don't believe me and you
v9TSR8lMnAc-00119-00032613-00032873 probably think that I'm exaggerating for
v9TSR8lMnAc-00120-00032874-00033133 clickbait or whatever the case is but
v9TSR8lMnAc-00121-00033134-00033401 the game tracks your purchases right and
v9TSR8lMnAc-00122-00033402-00033632 your entire Alliance can see how much
v9TSR8lMnAc-00123-00033633-00033725 money you're spending
v9TSR8lMnAc-00124-00033726-00034127 and there were everyone in solo Mars
v9TSR8lMnAc-00125-00034128-00034301 Alliance knows how much money he was
v9TSR8lMnAc-00126-00034302-00034397 spending on the game because it
v9TSR8lMnAc-00127-00034398-00034559 literally tells your Alliance when
v9TSR8lMnAc-00128-00034560-00034697 you're spending money on certain packs
v9TSR8lMnAc-00129-00034698-00034877 and everyone knows how much the packs
v9TSR8lMnAc-00130-00034878-00035224 cost so he was spending like $800 a day
v9TSR8lMnAc-00131-00035225-00035585 for a ridiculous amount of time to build
v9TSR8lMnAc-00132-00035586-00035900 up this army right so the the number is
v9TSR8lMnAc-00133-00035901-00036254 real and it's it's scary how how it's
v9TSR8lMnAc-00134-00036255-00036464 actually real like that's a real number
v9TSR8lMnAc-00135-00036465-00036962 and it really raises the question should
v9TSR8lMnAc-00136-00036963-00037313 this be possible right and like that
v9TSR8lMnAc-00137-00037314-00037511 sounds weird to say because I live in
v9TSR8lMnAc-00138-00037512-00037733 America and we're all about freedom and
v9TSR8lMnAc-00139-00037734-00037829 you should be able to do whatever you
v9TSR8lMnAc-00140-00037830-00038033 want with your money right and I get
v9TSR8lMnAc-00141-00038034-00038225 that and I appreciate that right and
v9TSR8lMnAc-00142-00038226-00038426 there's value in that in that in having
v9TSR8lMnAc-00143-00038427-00038810 that as a core principle but I just you
v9TSR8lMnAc-00144-00038811-00038999 think you sit back right and you think
v9TSR8lMnAc-00145-00039000-00039332 you know $200,000 is a life-changing
v9TSR8lMnAc-00146-00039333-00039536 amount of money right for most people
v9TSR8lMnAc-00147-00039537-00039721 all right if you get to it 2,000 dollars
v9TSR8lMnAc-00148-00039722-00039950 you can buy a house right it might not
v9TSR8lMnAc-00149-00039951-00040064 be the best house in the
v9TSR8lMnAc-00150-00040065-00040262 but it could be a good house especially
v9TSR8lMnAc-00151-00040263-00040496 depending on where you buy it um that's
v9TSR8lMnAc-00152-00040497-00040779 enough money to invest in in in your
v9TSR8lMnAc-00153-00040780-00041070 future you can invest in like a 401k or
v9TSR8lMnAc-00154-00041071-00041271 stocks or whatever and actually have a
v9TSR8lMnAc-00155-00041272-00041462 retirement fund or put that towards a
v9TSR8lMnAc-00156-00041463-00041699 retirement fund should I say right it's
v9TSR8lMnAc-00157-00041700-00041904 an insane amount of money it's an it
v9TSR8lMnAc-00158-00041905-00042099 like some people have to work like eight
v9TSR8lMnAc-00159-00042100-00042432 years to to have that much income not
v9TSR8lMnAc-00160-00042433-00042896 even like profit just income so to think
v9TSR8lMnAc-00161-00042897-00043058 that you can lose the end and it was
v9TSR8lMnAc-00162-00043059-00043332 over the course of like I don't know two
v9TSR8lMnAc-00163-00043333-00043571 hours maybe maybe less and of course
v9TSR8lMnAc-00164-00043572-00043698 there was coordination that happened
v9TSR8lMnAc-00165-00043699-00043880 before that but the actual event of him
v9TSR8lMnAc-00166-00043881-00044214 losing all his troops was was relatively
v9TSR8lMnAc-00167-00044215-00044445 short I mean this the amount of money in
v9TSR8lMnAc-00168-00044446-00044645 progress that that took it took months
v9TSR8lMnAc-00169-00044646-00044846 of time to get to that point and it was
v9TSR8lMnAc-00170-00044847-00045024 taken away in like an hour or two it
v9TSR8lMnAc-00171-00045025-00045189 wasn't like this thing where he was
v9TSR8lMnAc-00172-00045190-00045405 offline for a week and like what no this
v9TSR8lMnAc-00173-00045406-00045618 happened in like a very short amount of
v9TSR8lMnAc-00174-00045619-00046235 time so it raises the question like
v9TSR8lMnAc-00175-00046236-00046518 there's so much going on in the world
v9TSR8lMnAc-00176-00046519-00046854 right there's wildfires there's natural
v9TSR8lMnAc-00177-00046855-00047077 disasters there's poverty homelessness
v9TSR8lMnAc-00178-00047078-00047535 hunger disease you know debt crises
v9TSR8lMnAc-00179-00047536-00047904 everywhere and you know here we have
v9TSR8lMnAc-00180-00047905-00048186 people and this again this is not I'm
v9TSR8lMnAc-00181-00048187-00048308 not like it's not like I'm attacking
v9TSR8lMnAc-00182-00048309-00048561 this one player right he can do whatever
v9TSR8lMnAc-00183-00048562-00048815 he wants with his money but there's an
v9TSR8lMnAc-00184-00048816-00049115 entire community of people that play
v9TSR8lMnAc-00185-00049116-00049533 these games and you know this this story
v9TSR8lMnAc-00186-00049534-00049824 isn't probably not that uncommon right
v9TSR8lMnAc-00187-00049825-00049976 I'm sure this happens in other games
v9TSR8lMnAc-00188-00049977-00050171 rise of kingdoms is not the only game
v9TSR8lMnAc-00189-00050172-00050343 where this is the case where this could
v9TSR8lMnAc-00190-00050344-00050612 happen right in some form or another so
v9TSR8lMnAc-00191-00050613-00051040 it really makes you wonder like
v9TSR8lMnAc-00192-00051041-00051399 shouldn't shouldn't there be a cap that
v9TSR8lMnAc-00193-00051400-00051600 right like should there be like a
v9TSR8lMnAc-00194-00051601-00051837 ceiling as to how much money you can
v9TSR8lMnAc-00195-00051838-00052125 spend on one game right and then after
v9TSR8lMnAc-00196-00052126-00052250 that there should be some sort of
v9TSR8lMnAc-00197-00052251-00052688 message or pop-up that's like hey take
v9TSR8lMnAc-00198-00052689-00052890 this hundred thousand two hundred
v9TSR8lMnAc-00199-00052891-00053199 thousand dollars and please use it on
v9TSR8lMnAc-00200-00053200-00053453 something else like anything
v9TSR8lMnAc-00201-00053454-00053738 like like put it towards a charity or
v9TSR8lMnAc-00202-00053739-00054002 put it towards building a homeless that
v9TSR8lMnAc-00203-00054003-00054383 much money is insanity to be invested
v9TSR8lMnAc-00204-00054384-00054584 into a digital sense that is then taken
v9TSR8lMnAc-00205-00054585-00054869 awake so quickly it blows my mind like
v9TSR8lMnAc-00206-00054870-00055082 it's complete it's it's shocking it's
v9TSR8lMnAc-00207-00055083-00055451 really shocking I it's so weird that
v9TSR8lMnAc-00208-00055452-00055699 this is what gaming is these days like
v9TSR8lMnAc-00209-00055700-00055991 these pay to win games it's so crazy
v9TSR8lMnAc-00210-00055991-00056240 right it's just absolutely nuts if you
v9TSR8lMnAc-00211-00056241-00056495 were to ask somebody 20 years ago what
v9TSR8lMnAc-00212-00056496-00056692 do you think game is gonna be like in 20
v9TSR8lMnAc-00213-00056694-00057023 years I don't think many people could
v9TSR8lMnAc-00214-00057024-00057119 have predicted this
v9TSR8lMnAc-00215-00057120-00057554 I'd really don't and man it's just it
v9TSR8lMnAc-00216-00057554-00057730 really it actually hurts like I almost
v9TSR8lMnAc-00217-00057732-00057878 take it personally because it's like
v9TSR8lMnAc-00218-00057879-00058214 that much money can make a difference
v9TSR8lMnAc-00219-00058215-00058508 and and and what since it's crazy is
v9TSR8lMnAc-00220-00058509-00058703 that when Solimar logged back in after
v9TSR8lMnAc-00221-00058704-00058850 this happened and he realized what had
v9TSR8lMnAc-00222-00058851-00059242 happened he wasn't that fazed he it
v9TSR8lMnAc-00223-00059244-00059396 wasn't that big of a deal to him he was
v9TSR8lMnAc-00224-00059397-00059537 just like oh wow like that kind of sucks
v9TSR8lMnAc-00225-00059538-00059774 but you know I'm sure it was really epic
v9TSR8lMnAc-00226-00059775-00059963 to see that happen and so it wasn't that
v9TSR8lMnAc-00227-00059964-00060221 you know didn't really matter and he
v9TSR8lMnAc-00228-00060222-00060419 didn't quit the game like he's I'm
v9TSR8lMnAc-00229-00060420-00060551 pretty sure he still plays like he's
v9TSR8lMnAc-00230-00060552-00060691 probably still spends money on this game
v9TSR8lMnAc-00231-00060692-00061133 so you know obviously to him this wasn't
v9TSR8lMnAc-00232-00061134-00061478 a big deal you know to him he must be a
v9TSR8lMnAc-00233-00061479-00061757 millionaire or billionaire right he must
v9TSR8lMnAc-00234-00061758-00061999 have insane amounts of money to where
v9TSR8lMnAc-00235-00062000-00062357 $200,000 not only isn't unreasonable to
v9TSR8lMnAc-00236-00062358-00062579 spend on a mobile game but also isn't
v9TSR8lMnAc-00237-00062579-00062777 unreasonable to just lose with a snap of
v9TSR8lMnAc-00238-00062778-00063032 finger life like he must have a private
v9TSR8lMnAc-00239-00063033-00063328 jet he must be some sort of like
v9TSR8lMnAc-00240-00063329-00063701 absolute millionaire billionaire right
v9TSR8lMnAc-00241-00063702-00064148 it has to be so it begs the question
v9TSR8lMnAc-00242-00064149-00064514 like people are really allowed to do
v9TSR8lMnAc-00243-00064515-00064712 this like people are really allowed to
v9TSR8lMnAc-00244-00064713-00064841 spend that much money on a mobile game
v9TSR8lMnAc-00245-00064841-00065111 and then have it taken away right and
v9TSR8lMnAc-00246-00065112-00065252 that's another thing like if he spent
v9TSR8lMnAc-00247-00065253-00065513 that much money and it was like for
v9TSR8lMnAc-00248-00065514-00065795 cosmetics that you just kept then it's
v9TSR8lMnAc-00249-00065796-00066017 like yeah it's a waste of money
v9TSR8lMnAc-00250-00066018-00066266 for most people right but at least you
v9TSR8lMnAc-00251-00066267-00066533 get to keep it but but in this instance
v9TSR8lMnAc-00252-00066534-00066791 it's gone the money he spent is gone he
v9TSR8lMnAc-00253-00066792-00066937 we get to use what he spent it on it's
v9TSR8lMnAc-00254-00066938-00067256 over completely a mind-blowing I need to
v9TSR8lMnAc-00255-00067257-00067424 know your comments I need to hear your
v9TSR8lMnAc-00256-00067425-00067616 opinions in the comment section below if
v9TSR8lMnAc-00257-00067617-00067880 you enjoyed this video drop a thumbs up
v9TSR8lMnAc-00258-00067881-00068171 on it subscribe to my channel and turn
v9TSR8lMnAc-00259-00068172-00068342 on the notifications for for any new
v9TSR8lMnAc-00260-00068343-00068644 uploads but yeah guys I really
v9TSR8lMnAc-00261-00068645-00068834 appreciate you guys watching and I just
v9TSR8lMnAc-00262-00068835-00068962 need to know what do you think about
v9TSR8lMnAc-00263-00068963-00068999 this
v9TSR8lMnAc-00264-00069000-00069110 have you heard did you hear about this
v9TSR8lMnAc-00265-00069111-00069293 have you heard of similar stories I need
v9TSR8lMnAc-00266-00069294-00069437 to know let me know in the comments
v9TSR8lMnAc-00267-00069438-00069566 section below guys thank you so much for
v9TSR8lMnAc-00268-00069567-00069716 watching this has been Omni arc I will
v9TSR8lMnAc-00269-00069717-00070067 talk to you guys again soon peace
vqSmOJTRR-0-00000-00000050-00000274 induction ISM as the scientific
vqSmOJTRR-0-00001-00000275-00000592 philosophy where laws are induced from
vqSmOJTRR-0-00002-00000593-00000828 sets of data as an example one might
vqSmOJTRR-0-00003-00000829-00000978 measure the strength of electrical
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vqSmOJTRR-0-00005-00001211-00001377 and induce the inverse square law of
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vqSmOJTRR-0-00008-00002376-00002693 inductive reasoning
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vrI1r0A-eOM-00006-00001379-00001528 descriptions for YouTube
vrI1r0A-eOM-00007-00001529-00001814 I was sungeum talk knock knockin on
vrI1r0A-eOM-00008-00001814-00002201 co-angler jung-yoon cha the conga Doug
vrI1r0A-eOM-00009-00002202-00002558 Teague ambient a nickel unicron screen
vrI1r0A-eOM-00010-00002559-00002701 come tell you how you know what
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vrI1r0A-eOM-00012-00002926-00003315 classic young for mumbles I say Chinese
vrI1r0A-eOM-00013-00003317-00003659 Chung contagion birthday and if we just
vrI1r0A-eOM-00014-00003660-00003845 all your men scream immunity how you
vrI1r0A-eOM-00015-00003846-00004178 know canonical seen my mini camera I
vrI1r0A-eOM-00016-00004179-00004328 don't follow
vrI1r0A-eOM-00017-00004329-00004811 hi Anika not now Jung Jung a problem
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vrI1r0A-eOM-00019-00005396-00005825 reset Ram
vrI1r0A-eOM-00020-00005826-00007234 oh hi so much square we said moving
vrI1r0A-eOM-00022-00011179-00013463 [Music]
vrI1r0A-eOM-00023-00013465-00014799 the lick showed me a script
vrI1r0A-eOM-00024-00014800-00015037 talking to Serbian government in the
vrI1r0A-eOM-00025-00015038-00015328 savage and Luger a good background
vrI1r0A-eOM-00026-00015329-00015934 I know there's a record on belly
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vrI1r0A-eOM-00032-00021390-00022141 [Music]
vrI1r0A-eOM-00033-00022142-00024376 [Music]
vrI1r0A-eOM-00034-00024377-00024925 [Music]
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vrI1r0A-eOM-00037-00027932-00028595 time to move
vrI1r0A-eOM-00038-00028597-00029119 [Music]
vrI1r0A-eOM-00039-00029120-00030725 boy X income range
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vrI1r0A-eOM-00044-00041354-00042085 nature not love same signature cocktail
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vrI1r0A-eOM-00049-00045166-00045848 ah - another little change my practice
vrI1r0A-eOM-00050-00045849-00046155 dictatorial dynamo a car agreement
vrI1r0A-eOM-00051-00046156-00046748 Locklear mcloon I usually in quarter
vrI1r0A-eOM-00052-00046749-00049181 submit Caldecott me the MONUC like okay
vrI1r0A-eOM-00053-00049182-00049707 Anna Klein screen do Melanie Klein ad
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vrI1r0A-eOM-00055-00050440-00051105 oh boy y'all click on done
vrI1r0A-eOM-00056-00051106-00053276 I might go to stone okay good oof I like
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vrI1r0A-eOM-00059-00057690-00058011 I'm antenna you know somebody teaching
vrI1r0A-eOM-00060-00058012-00058362 theater nights right follow me I am calm
vrI1r0A-eOM-00061-00058363-00059324 because you didn't come to play
vrI1r0A-eOM-00062-00059325-00059659 the affiliation done by my colleague to
vrI1r0A-eOM-00063-00059660-00060507 the axe come out with it okay good I
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vrI1r0A-eOM-00071-00066603-00067282 well
vrI1r0A-eOM-00072-00067283-00069427 a challenging completed row like man
vrI1r0A-eOM-00073-00069428-00069685 beautiful hike from the Aventine Jung
vrI1r0A-eOM-00074-00069686-00069919 you know mean challenge I doubt it
vrI1r0A-eOM-00075-00069920-00070132 you know win without sighs I didn't Jung
vrI1r0A-eOM-00076-00070133-00070306 has Nia active part around YouTube
vrI1r0A-eOM-00077-00070307-00070543 channel to subscribe that could be done
vrI1r0A-eOM-00078-00070544-00070864 Merliah bye bye
vvWtn12SS74-00000-00000068-00000416 Dominika dom IH neikei island carob
vvWtn12SS74-00001-00000417-00000626 waifu kabul ii officially the
vvWtn12SS74-00002-00000627-00000850 commonwealth of dominica is an island
vvWtn12SS74-00003-00000851-00001193 country in the west indies their capital
vvWtn12SS74-00004-00001194-00001469 Roseau is located on the western side of
vvWtn12SS74-00005-00001470-00001798 the island it is part of the windward
vvWtn12SS74-00006-00001800-00001963 islands in the lesser antilles
vvWtn12SS74-00007-00001964-00002306 archipelago in the caribbean sea the
vvWtn12SS74-00008-00002307-00002570 island is located near guadalupe to the
vvWtn12SS74-00009-00002571-00002780 northwest and Martinique to the south
vvWtn12SS74-00010-00002781-00003208 southeast its area is 750 square
vvWtn12SS74-00011-00003209-00003586 kilometres 290 square miles and the
vvWtn12SS74-00012-00003588-00003963 highest point is mon diablo turns at
vvWtn12SS74-00013-00003964-00004643 1447 metres 4747 feet in elevation the
vvWtn12SS74-00014-00004644-00005126 population was 70 1293 at the 2011
vvWtn12SS74-00015-00005127-00005522 census the commonwealth of dominica is
vvWtn12SS74-00016-00005523-00005854 one of the Caribbeans few republics the
vvWtn12SS74-00017-00005855-00006125 island was originally inhabited by the
vvWtn12SS74-00018-00006126-00006352 Kalin ago and later colonized by
vvWtn12SS74-00019-00006353-00006617 Europeans predominantly by the French
vvWtn12SS74-00020-00006618-00007148 from the 1690s to 1763 Columbus is said
vvWtn12SS74-00021-00007148-00007367 to have passed the island on Sunday the
vvWtn12SS74-00022-00007368-00007691 3rd of November 1493 and the island's
vvWtn12SS74-00023-00007692-00007914 name is derived from the Latin for
vvWtn12SS74-00024-00007915-00008039 Sunday
vvWtn12SS74-00025-00008040-00008402 Great Britain took possession in 1763
vvWtn12SS74-00026-00008403-00008635 after the Seven Years War and it
vvWtn12SS74-00027-00008636-00008849 gradually established English as its
vvWtn12SS74-00028-00008850-00009139 official language the island Republic
vvWtn12SS74-00029-00009140-00009683 gained independence in 1978 its name is
vvWtn12SS74-00030-00009684-00009887 pronounced with emphasis on the third
vvWtn12SS74-00031-00009888-00010135 syllable related to its French name of
vvWtn12SS74-00032-00010136-00010456 Dominique Dominica has been nicknamed
vvWtn12SS74-00033-00010457-00010849 the nature Isle of the Caribbean for its
vvWtn12SS74-00034-00010850-00011126 natural environment it is the youngest
vvWtn12SS74-00035-00011127-00011353 island in the Lesser Antilles and in
vvWtn12SS74-00036-00011354-00011549 fact it is still being formed by
vvWtn12SS74-00037-00011550-00011774 geothermal volcanic activity as
vvWtn12SS74-00038-00011775-00011987 evidenced by the world's second largest
vvWtn12SS74-00039-00011988-00012338 hot spring called boiling Lake the
vvWtn12SS74-00040-00012339-00012599 island has lush mountainous rainforests
vvWtn12SS74-00041-00012600-00012835 and it is the home of many rare plants
vvWtn12SS74-00042-00012836-00013232 animals and bird species there are xeric
vvWtn12SS74-00043-00013233-00013350 areas in some of
vvWtn12SS74-00044-00013351-00013569 Western coastal regions but heavy
vvWtn12SS74-00045-00013569-00013944 rainfall occurs inland the Sisera parrot
vvWtn12SS74-00046-00013944-00014196 also known as the Imperial Amazon and
vvWtn12SS74-00047-00014197-00014441 found only on Dominica is the island's
vvWtn12SS74-00048-00014443-00014625 national bird and featured on the
vvWtn12SS74-00049-00014626-00014871 national flag which is the only national
vvWtn12SS74-00050-00014872-00015072 flag in the world containing the color
vvWtn12SS74-00051-00015072-00015663 purple
vvWtn12SS74-00052-00015663-00016209 topic history
vvWtn12SS74-00053-00016210-00016571 you
vvWtn12SS74-00054-00016572-00017241 topic early European contact
vvWtn12SS74-00055-00017242-00017491 Dominica's pre-colonial indigenous
vvWtn12SS74-00056-00017492-00017746 inhabitants were the island carob people
vvWtn12SS74-00057-00017747-00018037 they had named it waifu kabul ii which
vvWtn12SS74-00058-00018038-00018415 means tall is her body Christopher
vvWtn12SS74-00059-00018416-00018673 Columbus sailing for Spain named the
vvWtn12SS74-00060-00018674-00018916 island as Dominica after the Latin term
vvWtn12SS74-00061-00018917-00019165 dies Dominica for Sunday the day on
vvWtn12SS74-00062-00019166-00019360 which the Spanish first saw it in
vvWtn12SS74-00063-00019361-00019789 November 1493 some Spanish colonizers
vvWtn12SS74-00064-00019790-00020137 settled here but as European explorers
vvWtn12SS74-00065-00020138-00020284 and settlers entered the region
vvWtn12SS74-00066-00020285-00020527 indigenous refugees from surrounding
vvWtn12SS74-00067-00020528-00020785 Islands settled Dominica and pushed out
vvWtn12SS74-00068-00020786-00021106 the Spanish settlers they went to other
vvWtn12SS74-00069-00021107-00021343 areas that were easier to control and
vvWtn12SS74-00070-00021344-00022038 had more natural resources
vvWtn12SS74-00071-00022039-00022605 topic French colony
vvWtn12SS74-00072-00022606-00022933 Spain had little success in colonizing
vvWtn12SS74-00073-00022934-00023380 Dominica in 1632 the French company des
vvWtn12SS74-00074-00023381-00023594 îles de la Marie claimed it another
vvWtn12SS74-00075-00023595-00024000 petite Antilles for France but no
vvWtn12SS74-00076-00024001-00024353 physical occupation took place between
vvWtn12SS74-00077-00024354-00024753 1642 and 1650 French missionary raymond
vvWtn12SS74-00078-00024754-00025020 breton became the first regular european
vvWtn12SS74-00079-00025021-00025500 visitor to the island in 1660 the French
vvWtn12SS74-00080-00025501-00025737 and English agreed that Dominica and st.
vvWtn12SS74-00081-00025738-00025956 Vincent should not be settled but left
vvWtn12SS74-00082-00025957-00026174 to the Carabas neutral territory
vvWtn12SS74-00083-00026175-00026479 but its natural resources attracted
vvWtn12SS74-00084-00026480-00026677 expeditions of English and French
vvWtn12SS74-00085-00026677-00027077 foresters who began harvesting timber in
vvWtn12SS74-00086-00027078-00027373 1690 the French established their first
vvWtn12SS74-00087-00027374-00027687 permanent settlements French woodcutters
vvWtn12SS74-00088-00027688-00027927 from Martinique and Guadeloupe began to
vvWtn12SS74-00089-00027928-00028162 set up timber camps to supply the French
vvWtn12SS74-00090-00028163-00028339 islands with wood and they gradually
vvWtn12SS74-00091-00028339-00028699 became permanent settlers they brought
vvWtn12SS74-00092-00028700-00028933 the first enslaved Africans from West
vvWtn12SS74-00093-00028933-00029187 Africa to Dominique as they called it in
vvWtn12SS74-00094-00029188-00029820 French in 1715 a revolt of poor white
vvWtn12SS74-00095-00029820-00030061 smallholders in the north of Martinique
vvWtn12SS74-00096-00030062-00030337 known as legião la caused settlers to
vvWtn12SS74-00097-00030338-00030552 migrate to southern Dominique where they
vvWtn12SS74-00098-00030553-00030915 set up small holdings meanwhile French
vvWtn12SS74-00099-00030916-00031129 families and others from Guadeloupe
vvWtn12SS74-00100-00031130-00031585 settled in the north in 1727 the first
vvWtn12SS74-00101-00031586-00031876 French commander M Lebrun took charge of
vvWtn12SS74-00102-00031877-00032043 the island with a basic French
vvWtn12SS74-00103-00032044-00032160 government
vvWtn12SS74-00104-00032161-00032427 Dominique formally became a colony of
vvWtn12SS74-00105-00032428-00032677 France and the island was divided into
vvWtn12SS74-00106-00032677-00033067 districts or quarters the French had
vvWtn12SS74-00107-00033068-00033301 already developed plantation agriculture
vvWtn12SS74-00108-00033302-00033549 on Martinique and Guadeloupe where they
vvWtn12SS74-00109-00033550-00033768 cultivated sugar cane with enslaved
vvWtn12SS74-00110-00033769-00034095 African workers in Dominique they
vvWtn12SS74-00111-00034096-00034345 gradually developed coffee plantations
vvWtn12SS74-00112-00034346-00034695 they imported so many African slaves to
vvWtn12SS74-00113-00034696-00034867 fill the labor demands that the
vvWtn12SS74-00114-00034868-00035133 population became predominantly African
vvWtn12SS74-00115-00035134-00035635 in ethnicity in 1761 during the Seven
vvWtn12SS74-00116-00035636-00035905 Years War in Europe a British expedition
vvWtn12SS74-00117-00035906-00035995 against Domini
vvWtn12SS74-00118-00035996-00036217 led by Andrew Rollo conquered the island
vvWtn12SS74-00119-00036218-00036421 along with several other Caribbean
vvWtn12SS74-00120-00036422-00036933 islands in 1763 France had lost the war
vvWtn12SS74-00121-00036934-00037105 in ceded the island to Great Britain
vvWtn12SS74-00122-00037106-00037489 under the Treaty of Paris the same year
vvWtn12SS74-00123-00037490-00037714 the British established a Legislative
vvWtn12SS74-00124-00037715-00037974 Assembly with only European colonists
vvWtn12SS74-00125-00037975-00038265 represented French remained the official
vvWtn12SS74-00126-00038266-00038565 language but Antillean Creole which had
vvWtn12SS74-00127-00038566-00038805 developed from it was spoken by most of
vvWtn12SS74-00128-00038806-00039298 the population in 1778 the French with
vvWtn12SS74-00129-00039299-00039549 the active cooperation of the population
vvWtn12SS74-00130-00039550-00039898 began the invasion of Dominica this was
vvWtn12SS74-00131-00039899-00040273 ended by the Treaty of Paris 1783 which
vvWtn12SS74-00132-00040274-00040521 returned the island to British control
vvWtn12SS74-00133-00040522-00040864 but the island population especially the
vvWtn12SS74-00134-00040865-00041112 class of free people of color resisted
vvWtn12SS74-00135-00041113-00041410 British restrictions the British
vvWtn12SS74-00136-00041411-00041589 retained control through French
vvWtn12SS74-00137-00041590-00042001 invasions in 1795 and 1805 the first
vvWtn12SS74-00138-00042002-00042217 taking place during the period of the
vvWtn12SS74-00139-00042218-00042427 Haitian Revolution which gained the
vvWtn12SS74-00140-00042428-00042627 independence of Haiti formally
vvWtn12SS74-00141-00042628-00043452 saint-domingue Abhiyan colony
vvWtn12SS74-00142-00043453-00044026 topic British colony
vvWtn12SS74-00143-00044027-00044311 Great Britain established a small colony
vvWtn12SS74-00144-00044312-00044707 in 1805 it used Dominica as part of the
vvWtn12SS74-00145-00044708-00044949 triangular trade by which slaves were
vvWtn12SS74-00146-00044950-00045162 imported and sold as labour in the
vvWtn12SS74-00147-00045163-00045405 islands as part of a trade that included
vvWtn12SS74-00148-00045406-00045615 producing and shipping sugar and coffee
vvWtn12SS74-00149-00045616-00045930 as commodity crops to Europe the
vvWtn12SS74-00150-00045931-00046192 best-documented slave plantation on the
vvWtn12SS74-00151-00046193-00046501 island is Hillsboro estate which had 71
vvWtn12SS74-00152-00046502-00046887 male and sixty-eight female slaves the
vvWtn12SS74-00153-00046888-00047167 Gregg family were notable Thomas Hodgson
vvWtn12SS74-00154-00047168-00047415 a brother-in-law owned a slave ship and
vvWtn12SS74-00155-00047416-00047674 Thomas Gregg and his son John Gregg were
vvWtn12SS74-00156-00047675-00047911 part owners of sugar plantations on
vvWtn12SS74-00157-00047912-00048595 Dominica in January 18 14 24 they were
vvWtn12SS74-00158-00048596-00048855 recorded as recaptured and punished with
vvWtn12SS74-00159-00048856-00049158 100 lashes applied to the males and 50
vvWtn12SS74-00160-00049159-00049492 for the females the slaves reportedly
vvWtn12SS74-00161-00049493-00049699 said that one of their people had died
vvWtn12SS74-00162-00049700-00049908 in the plantation hospital and they
vvWtn12SS74-00163-00049909-00050190 believed he had been poisoned in 1831
vvWtn12SS74-00164-00050191-00050470 reflecting a liberalisation of official
vvWtn12SS74-00165-00050471-00050689 British racial attitudes the brown
vvWtn12SS74-00166-00050690-00050926 privilege bill conferred political and
vvWtn12SS74-00167-00050927-00051195 social rights on free blacks mostly free
vvWtn12SS74-00168-00051196-00051400 people of color who generally were of
vvWtn12SS74-00169-00051401-00051602 mixed race with African and European
vvWtn12SS74-00170-00051603-00051969 ancestry with the slavery abolition Act
vvWtn12SS74-00171-00051970-00052314 of 1833 Britain ended the institution of
vvWtn12SS74-00172-00052315-00052566 slavery throughout its empire except in
vvWtn12SS74-00173-00052567-00052782 India where it was considered part of
vvWtn12SS74-00174-00052783-00053088 the culture with freedom came
vvWtn12SS74-00175-00053089-00053497 enfranchisement in 1835 the first three
vvWtn12SS74-00176-00053498-00053737 men of African descent were elected to
vvWtn12SS74-00177-00053738-00053973 the Legislative Assembly of Dominica
vvWtn12SS74-00178-00053974-00054262 many slaves from the neighboring French
vvWtn12SS74-00179-00054263-00054472 colonial islands of Guadeloupe and
vvWtn12SS74-00180-00054473-00054873 Martinique fled to Dominica in 1838
vvWtn12SS74-00181-00054874-00055153 Dominica became the first colony of the
vvWtn12SS74-00182-00055154-00055375 British West Indies to have an elected
vvWtn12SS74-00183-00055376-00055600 legislature controlled by an ethnic
vvWtn12SS74-00184-00055601-00055894 african majority most of these
vvWtn12SS74-00185-00055895-00056134 legislators had been free people of
vvWtn12SS74-00186-00056135-00056362 color and smallholders or merchants
vvWtn12SS74-00187-00056363-00056676 before the abolition of slavery their
vvWtn12SS74-00188-00056677-00056923 economic and social views were different
vvWtn12SS74-00189-00056924-00057117 from the interests of the small wealthy
vvWtn12SS74-00190-00057119-00057424 English planter class three
vvWtn12SS74-00191-00057425-00057604 acting to a perceived threat to their
vvWtn12SS74-00192-00057604-00057814 power the planters lobbied for more
vvWtn12SS74-00193-00057815-00058167 direct British rule in 1865 after much
vvWtn12SS74-00194-00058169-00058416 agitation and tension the colonial
vvWtn12SS74-00195-00058417-00058633 office replaced the elective assembly
vvWtn12SS74-00196-00058634-00058870 with one made up of one-half members who
vvWtn12SS74-00197-00058871-00059062 were elected and one half who were
vvWtn12SS74-00198-00059063-00059386 appointed planters who were allied with
vvWtn12SS74-00199-00059387-00059655 colonial administrators outmaneuvered
vvWtn12SS74-00200-00059657-00059854 the elected legislators on many
vvWtn12SS74-00201-00059854-00060342 occasions in 1871 Dominica became part
vvWtn12SS74-00202-00060344-00060640 of the British Leeward Islands the
vvWtn12SS74-00203-00060641-00060883 political power of the ethnic african
vvWtn12SS74-00204-00060884-00061198 population progressively eroded crown
vvWtn12SS74-00205-00061199-00061466 colony government was reestablished in
vvWtn12SS74-00206-00061467-00061842 1896 all political rights were curtailed
vvWtn12SS74-00207-00061844-00062086 for people of color and blacks who were
vvWtn12SS74-00208-00062087-00062266 the overwhelming majority of the
vvWtn12SS74-00209-00062266-00062611 population development aid offered as
vvWtn12SS74-00210-00062612-00062811 compensation for disfranchisement
vvWtn12SS74-00211-00062812-00063085 resulted in negligible improvements in
vvWtn12SS74-00212-00063086-00063845 conditions for most ethnic Africans
vvWtn12SS74-00213-00063846-00064552 topic history post one 900
vvWtn12SS74-00214-00064553-00064903 in World War one many dominicos mainly
vvWtn12SS74-00215-00064904-00065166 the sons of small farmers volunteered to
vvWtn12SS74-00216-00065167-00065377 fight in Europe for the British Empire
vvWtn12SS74-00217-00065378-00065728 after the war an upsurge of political
vvWtn12SS74-00218-00065729-00065926 consciousness throughout the Caribbean
vvWtn12SS74-00219-00065927-00066079 led to the formation of the
vvWtn12SS74-00220-00066080-00066387 representative government association
vvWtn12SS74-00221-00066388-00066640 marshaling public frustration with the
vvWtn12SS74-00222-00066641-00066859 lack of a voice in governing Dominica
vvWtn12SS74-00223-00066860-00067051 this group won one-third of the
vvWtn12SS74-00224-00067052-00067228 popularly elected seats of the
vvWtn12SS74-00225-00067229-00067635 Legislative Assembly in 1924 and 1/2 in
vvWtn12SS74-00226-00067636-00068077 1936 shortly thereafter Dominica was
vvWtn12SS74-00227-00068078-00068274 transferred from the leeward island
vvWtn12SS74-00228-00068275-00068617 administration during World War two some
vvWtn12SS74-00229-00068618-00068839 Dominique wise volunteered in British
vvWtn12SS74-00230-00068840-00069193 and Caribbean forces thousands of free
vvWtn12SS74-00231-00069194-00069421 French refugees from Martinique and
vvWtn12SS74-00232-00069422-00069667 Guadeloupe escaped to Dominica from the
vvWtn12SS74-00233-00069668-00070000 Vichy controlled French islands they
vvWtn12SS74-00234-00070001-00070308 stayed in Roseau and other villages
vvWtn12SS74-00235-00070309-00070720 until 1958 Dominica was governed as part
vvWtn12SS74-00236-00070721-00070971 of the British windward islands
vvWtn12SS74-00237-00070972-00071236 Caribbean islands sought independence
vvWtn12SS74-00238-00071237-00071662 from 1958 to 1962 and Dominica became a
vvWtn12SS74-00239-00071663-00071890 province of the short-lived West Indies
vvWtn12SS74-00240-00071891-00072202 Federation after the Federation
vvWtn12SS74-00241-00072203-00072556 dissolved in 1967 Dominica became an
vvWtn12SS74-00242-00072557-00072817 Associated state of the United Kingdom
vvWtn12SS74-00243-00072818-00073072 and formally took responsibility for its
vvWtn12SS74-00244-00073073-00073434 internal affairs on the 3rd of November
vvWtn12SS74-00245-00073435-00073747 1978 the Commonwealth of Dominica was
vvWtn12SS74-00246-00073748-00074002 granted independence as a republic led
vvWtn12SS74-00247-00074003-00074256 by Prime Minister Patrick John in
vvWtn12SS74-00248-00074257-00074596 mid-1979 political discontent led to the
vvWtn12SS74-00249-00074597-00074932 formation of an interim government after
vvWtn12SS74-00250-00074933-00075226 the 1980 elections it was replaced by a
vvWtn12SS74-00251-00075227-00075454 government led by the Dominica Freedom
vvWtn12SS74-00252-00075455-00075685 Party under Prime Minister Eugenia
vvWtn12SS74-00253-00075686-00076021 Charles she was the Caribbeans first
vvWtn12SS74-00254-00076022-00076348 female prime minister chronic economic
vvWtn12SS74-00255-00076349-00076570 problems were compounded by the severe
vvWtn12SS74-00256-00076571-00076921 damages of hurricanes in 1979 and in
vvWtn12SS74-00257-00076922-00077431 1980 in 1981 Dominica was threatened
vvWtn12SS74-00258-00077432-00077638 with a takeover by mercenaries of
vvWtn12SS74-00259-00077639-00077935 operation Red Dog led by Mike Perdue and
vvWtn12SS74-00260-00077936-00078250 Wolfgang Draghi they tried to overthrow
vvWtn12SS74-00261-00078251-00078519 Charles's Prime Minister and reinstall
vvWtn12SS74-00262-00078520-00078760 ex Prime Minister John in exchange for
vvWtn12SS74-00263-00078761-00079029 control over the country's development
vvWtn12SS74-00264-00079030-00079360 the FBI was tipped off and the ship
vvWtn12SS74-00265-00079361-00079603 hired to transport the mercenaries never
vvWtn12SS74-00266-00079604-00079942 left dock the mercenaries lacked formal
vvWtn12SS74-00267-00079943-00080206 military experience or training and most
vvWtn12SS74-00268-00080207-00080443 of the crew had been misled into joining
vvWtn12SS74-00269-00080444-00080743 by the ringleader Mike Purdue white
vvWtn12SS74-00270-00080744-00080992 supremacist Don black was also jailed
vvWtn12SS74-00271-00080993-00081193 for his part in the attempt which
vvWtn12SS74-00272-00081194-00081496 violated US neutrality laws by the end
vvWtn12SS74-00273-00081497-00081876 of the 1980s the economy recovered it
vvWtn12SS74-00274-00081877-00082156 weakened again in the 1990s due to a
vvWtn12SS74-00275-00082157-00082444 decrease in banana prices in the January
vvWtn12SS74-00276-00082445-00082780 2000 elections the Edison James United
vvWtn12SS74-00277-00082781-00083106 Workers Party uwp was defeated by the
vvWtn12SS74-00278-00083107-00083278 Dominican Labor Party
vvWtn12SS74-00279-00083279-00083743 DLP led by Roosevelt P Rosie Douglas
vvWtn12SS74-00280-00083744-00084061 Douglas died after only a few months in
vvWtn12SS74-00281-00084062-00084369 office he was replaced by Pierre Charles
vvWtn12SS74-00282-00084370-00084800 who died in office in January 2004
vvWtn12SS74-00283-00084801-00085072 Roosevelt's Garrett also of the DLP
vvWtn12SS74-00284-00085073-00085462 replaced Charles as prime minister under
vvWtn12SS74-00285-00085463-00085701 prime minister scare its leadership the
vvWtn12SS74-00286-00085702-00086076 DLP won elections in May 2005 that gave
vvWtn12SS74-00287-00086077-00086356 the party 12 seats in the 21 member
vvWtn12SS74-00288-00086357-00086730 Parliament to the UW Peas eight seats an
vvWtn12SS74-00289-00086731-00086986 independent candidate affiliated with
vvWtn12SS74-00290-00086987-00087375 the DLP won a seat as well later the
vvWtn12SS74-00291-00087376-00087565 independent candidate joined the
vvWtn12SS74-00292-00087566-00087835 government and won uwp member crossed
vvWtn12SS74-00293-00087836-00088113 the aisle making the total 14 seats for
vvWtn12SS74-00294-00088114-00088425 the DLP and 7 for the UW P in the
vvWtn12SS74-00295-00088426-00088888 December 2009 elections DLP won 18 of 21
vvWtn12SS74-00296-00088889-00089299 seats uwp claimed campaign improprieties
vvWtn12SS74-00297-00089300-00089599 and boycotted Parliament by-elections
vvWtn12SS74-00298-00089600-00089815 were conducted for two of its seats in
vvWtn12SS74-00299-00089816-00090144 July 2010 and the UW P again won the
vvWtn12SS74-00300-00090145-00090535 seats on the 17th of September 2012
vvWtn12SS74-00301-00090536-00090787 Eliot Thaddeus Williams was sworn in as
vvWtn12SS74-00302-00090788-00091026 president replacing dr. Nicholas
vvWtn12SS74-00303-00091027-00091251 Liverpool who was reportedly removed
vvWtn12SS74-00304-00091252-00091291 from
vvWtn12SS74-00305-00091292-00091666 due to ill health on the 30th of
vvWtn12SS74-00306-00091667-00092001 September 2013 former trade union leader
vvWtn12SS74-00307-00092002-00092269 and agitator Charles Savarin was elected
vvWtn12SS74-00308-00092270-00092434 president having only days before
vvWtn12SS74-00309-00092435-00092823 resigned as a minister of government on
vvWtn12SS74-00310-00092824-00093250 the 18th of September 2017 Dominica
vvWtn12SS74-00311-00093251-00093484 suffered a direct landfall from category
vvWtn12SS74-00312-00093485-00093862 5 hurricane Maria early estimates of
vvWtn12SS74-00313-00093863-00094171 damage suggested 90% of the buildings on
vvWtn12SS74-00314-00094172-00094356 the island had been destroyed with
vvWtn12SS74-00315-00094357-00094723 infrastructure left in ruins the UK
vvWtn12SS74-00316-00094724-00094932 France and the Netherlands set up
vvWtn12SS74-00317-00094933-00095146 shipping and air lifts to take aid to
vvWtn12SS74-00318-00095147-00095298 the island the scale of destruction
vvWtn12SS74-00319-00095299-00095572 having left most people homeless and
vvWtn12SS74-00320-00095573-00096176 desperate
vvWtn12SS74-00321-00096177-00096836 topic geography and climate
vvWtn12SS74-00322-00096837-00097095 Dominika is an island nation in the
vvWtn12SS74-00323-00097096-00097329 Caribbean Sea the northernmost of the
vvWtn12SS74-00324-00097330-00097548 windward islands though it is sometimes
vvWtn12SS74-00325-00097549-00097731 considered the southernmost of the
vvWtn12SS74-00326-00097732-00098067 leeward islands the size of the country
vvWtn12SS74-00327-00098068-00098259 is about two hundred and eighty nine
vvWtn12SS74-00328-00098260-00098586 point five square miles 750 square
vvWtn12SS74-00329-00098587-00099015 kilometres Dominica is largely covered
vvWtn12SS74-00330-00099016-00099219 by rainforests and is home to the
vvWtn12SS74-00331-00099220-00099398 world's second largest hot spring
vvWtn12SS74-00332-00099399-00099759 boiling Lake Dominica has many
vvWtn12SS74-00333-00099760-00100086 waterfalls Springs and rivers the
vvWtn12SS74-00334-00100087-00100287 calibishie area in the country's
vvWtn12SS74-00335-00100288-00100638 northeast has sandy beaches some plants
vvWtn12SS74-00336-00100639-00100842 and animals thought to be extinct on
vvWtn12SS74-00337-00100843-00101061 surrounding islands can still be found
vvWtn12SS74-00338-00101062-00101421 in Dominica's forests the island has
vvWtn12SS74-00339-00101422-00101706 several protected areas including Capri
vvWtn12SS74-00340-00101707-00102146 National Park as well as 365 Rivers
vvWtn12SS74-00341-00102147-00102465 vaunt Wahpeton National Park is a
vvWtn12SS74-00342-00102466-00102696 tropical forest blended with volcanic
vvWtn12SS74-00343-00102697-00103031 features it was recognized as a world
vvWtn12SS74-00344-00103032-00103416 heritage site on the 4th of April 1995 a
vvWtn12SS74-00345-00103417-00103623 distinction it shares with four other
vvWtn12SS74-00346-00103624-00103851 Caribbean islands the Commonwealth of
vvWtn12SS74-00347-00103852-00104064 Dominica is engaged in a long-running
vvWtn12SS74-00348-00104065-00104331 dispute with Venezuela over Venezuela's
vvWtn12SS74-00349-00104332-00104514 territorial claims to the sea
vvWtn12SS74-00350-00104515-00104756 surrounding Easler a v's literally Bird
vvWtn12SS74-00351-00104757-00105018 Island but in fact called Bird Rock by
vvWtn12SS74-00352-00105019-00105267 Dominica authorities a tiny islet
vvWtn12SS74-00353-00105268-00105798 located 140 miles 225 kilometres west of
vvWtn12SS74-00354-00105799-00106125 the island of Dominica there are two
vvWtn12SS74-00355-00106126-00106433 primary population centres Roseau with
vvWtn12SS74-00356-00106433-00106893 14,000 725 inhabitants in 2011 and
vvWtn12SS74-00357-00106894-00107331 Portsmouth with 4,000 167 inhabitants in
vvWtn12SS74-00358-00107332-00107865 2011 Dominica known as the nature Island
vvWtn12SS74-00359-00107866-00108209 of the Caribbean due to its spectacular
vvWtn12SS74-00360-00108210-00108480 lush and varied flora and fauna which
vvWtn12SS74-00361-00108481-00108708 are protected by an extensive natural
vvWtn12SS74-00362-00108708-00108948 park system the most mountainous of the
vvWtn12SS74-00363-00108949-00109203 Lesser Antilles it's volcanic Peaks are
vvWtn12SS74-00364-00109204-00109404 cones of lava craters and include
vvWtn12SS74-00365-00109405-00109599 boiling Lake the second largest
vvWtn12SS74-00366-00109600-00109818 thermally active lake in the world
vvWtn12SS74-00367-00109819-00110019 possesses the most pristine wilderness
vvWtn12SS74-00368-00110020-00110213 in the Caribbean
vvWtn12SS74-00369-00110214-00110490 originally it was protected by sheer
vvWtn12SS74-00370-00110491-00110708 mountains which led the European powers
vvWtn12SS74-00371-00110709-00110928 to build ports and agricultural
vvWtn12SS74-00372-00110929-00111133 settlements on other islands
vvWtn12SS74-00373-00111134-00111432 more recently the citizens of this
vvWtn12SS74-00374-00111433-00111621 island have sought to preserve the
vvWtn12SS74-00375-00111622-00111846 natural environment by discouraging the
vvWtn12SS74-00376-00111847-00112068 type of high impact tourism which has
vvWtn12SS74-00377-00112069-00112269 damaged nature in other parts of the
vvWtn12SS74-00378-00112270-00112491 Caribbean visitors can find large
vvWtn12SS74-00379-00112492-00112746 tropical forests including one which is
vvWtn12SS74-00380-00112747-00112923 on the UNESCO list of world heritage
vvWtn12SS74-00381-00112924-00113268 sites hundreds of streams coastlines and
vvWtn12SS74-00382-00113269-00113652 coral reefs Dominica is home to local
vvWtn12SS74-00383-00113653-00113916 artisans and traditional craftsmen who
vvWtn12SS74-00384-00113917-00114114 cater to tourists although not a
vvWtn12SS74-00385-00114115-00114378 thriving high-end art scene the Sisera
vvWtn12SS74-00386-00114379-00114615 parrot amazona imperialists is
vvWtn12SS74-00387-00114616-00114852 Dominica's national bird and is endemic
vvWtn12SS74-00388-00114853-00115194 to its mountain forests a related
vvWtn12SS74-00389-00115195-00115491 species the Jaco or red-necked parrot a
vvWtn12SS74-00390-00115492-00115832 arouser akka is also a dominican endemic
vvWtn12SS74-00391-00115833-00116157 both birds are rare and protected though
vvWtn12SS74-00392-00116158-00116355 some forest is still threatened by
vvWtn12SS74-00393-00116356-00116544 logging in addition to the long-standing
vvWtn12SS74-00394-00116545-00116940 threat of hurricanes the Caribbean Sea
vvWtn12SS74-00395-00116941-00117168 offshore of the island of Dominica is
vvWtn12SS74-00396-00117169-00117540 home to many cetaceans most notably a
vvWtn12SS74-00397-00117541-00117783 group of sperm whales live in this area
vvWtn12SS74-00398-00117783-00118167 year-round other cetaceans commonly seen
vvWtn12SS74-00399-00118168-00118446 in the area include spinner dolphins pan
vvWtn12SS74-00400-00118447-00118689 tropical spotted dolphins and bottlenose
vvWtn12SS74-00401-00118690-00119036 dolphins less commonly seen animals
vvWtn12SS74-00402-00119038-00119253 include killer whales false killer
vvWtn12SS74-00403-00119254-00119538 whales pygmy sperm whales dwarf sperm
vvWtn12SS74-00404-00119539-00119809 whales reso's dolphins common dolphins
vvWtn12SS74-00405-00119810-00120083 Atlantic spotted dolphins humpback
vvWtn12SS74-00406-00120084-00120259 whales and Bryde's whales
vvWtn12SS74-00407-00120260-00120597 this makes Dominica a destination for
vvWtn12SS74-00408-00120598-00120917 tourists interested in whale watching
vvWtn12SS74-00409-00120918-00121182 Dominica is especially vulnerable to
vvWtn12SS74-00410-00121183-00121452 hurricanes as the island is located in
vvWtn12SS74-00411-00121453-00121610 what is referred to as the hurricane
vvWtn12SS74-00412-00121611-00122115 region in 1979 hurricane David struck
vvWtn12SS74-00413-00122116-00122311 the island as a category 4 hurricane
vvWtn12SS74-00414-00122313-00122682 causing widespread and extreme damage on
vvWtn12SS74-00415-00122683-00123123 the 17th of August 2007 hurricane Dean a
vvWtn12SS74-00416-00123124-00123402 category 1 hurricane at the time hit the
vvWtn12SS74-00417-00123403-00123476 island
vvWtn12SS74-00418-00123477-00123584 amah
vvWtn12SS74-00419-00123585-00123785 they're in her seven-year-old son died
vvWtn12SS74-00420-00123786-00123996 when a landslide caused by the heavy
vvWtn12SS74-00421-00123997-00124308 rains crushed their house in another
vvWtn12SS74-00422-00124308-00124539 incident two people were injured when a
vvWtn12SS74-00423-00124540-00124861 tree fell on their house Prime Minister
vvWtn12SS74-00424-00124863-00125203 Roosevelt's Gerrit estimated that 100 to
vvWtn12SS74-00425-00125204-00125496 125 homes were damaged and that the
vvWtn12SS74-00426-00125497-00125718 agricultural sector was extensively
vvWtn12SS74-00427-00125719-00126075 damaged in particular the banana crop in
vvWtn12SS74-00428-00126076-00126249 August 2015
vvWtn12SS74-00429-00126250-00126483 tropical storm Erika caused extensive
vvWtn12SS74-00430-00126483-00126704 flooding and landslides across the
vvWtn12SS74-00431-00126705-00127014 island multiple communities were
vvWtn12SS74-00432-00127015-00127293 evacuated and upwards of 30 people were
vvWtn12SS74-00433-00127294-00127583 killed according to a rapid damage and
vvWtn12SS74-00434-00127584-00127824 impact assessment prepared for Dominica
vvWtn12SS74-00435-00127825-00128076 by the World Bank the total damage and
vvWtn12SS74-00436-00128077-00128435 losses from the storm were us 484 point
vvWtn12SS74-00437-00128436-00128703 eight two million dollars or 90% of
vvWtn12SS74-00438-00128704-00129081 Dominica's yearly GDP category 5
vvWtn12SS74-00439-00129082-00129328 hurricane maria struck the island in
vvWtn12SS74-00440-00129329-00129641 2017 and caused losses of approximately
vvWtn12SS74-00441-00129642-00129870 nine hundred and thirty million United
vvWtn12SS74-00442-00129871-00130109 States dollars or two hundred and twenty
vvWtn12SS74-00443-00130110-00130833 six percent of GDP
vvWtn12SS74-00444-00130833-00131396 topic government
vvWtn12SS74-00445-00131397-00131697 Dominika is a parliamentary democracy
vvWtn12SS74-00446-00131698-00131976 within the Commonwealth of Nations the
vvWtn12SS74-00447-00131977-00132252 capital is Roseau the commonwealth of
vvWtn12SS74-00448-00132253-00132495 dominica is one of the Caribbeans few
vvWtn12SS74-00449-00132496-00132780 republics the president is the head of
vvWtn12SS74-00450-00132781-00133032 state while executive power rests with
vvWtn12SS74-00451-00133033-00133280 the cabinet headed by the Prime Minister
vvWtn12SS74-00452-00133281-00133605 the unicameral parliament consists of
vvWtn12SS74-00453-00133606-00133842 the 30 member House of Assembly which
vvWtn12SS74-00454-00133843-00134148 consists of 21 directly elected members
vvWtn12SS74-00455-00134149-00134373 and 9 senators who may either be
vvWtn12SS74-00456-00134374-00134616 appointed by the President or elected by
vvWtn12SS74-00457-00134617-00134769 the other members of the House of
vvWtn12SS74-00458-00134770-00134832 Assembly
vvWtn12SS74-00459-00134833-00135054 unlike other former British colonies in
vvWtn12SS74-00460-00135055-00135267 the region Dominica was never a
vvWtn12SS74-00461-00135268-00135498 Commonwealth realm instead becoming a
vvWtn12SS74-00462-00135499-00135861 republic on independence Dominica is a
vvWtn12SS74-00463-00135862-00136071 full and participating member of the
vvWtn12SS74-00464-00136072-00136425 Caribbean community CA Ric om and the
vvWtn12SS74-00465-00136426-00136665 organisation of Eastern Caribbean states
vvWtn12SS74-00466-00136666-00137130 Oh II see s Dominica is also a member of
vvWtn12SS74-00467-00137131-00137340 the International Criminal Court with a
vvWtn12SS74-00468-00137341-00137544 bilateral immunity agreement of
vvWtn12SS74-00469-00137545-00137763 protection for the US military as
vvWtn12SS74-00470-00137764-00138267 covered under Article 98 in January 2008
vvWtn12SS74-00471-00138268-00138483 Dominica joined the Bolivarian
vvWtn12SS74-00472-00138484-00139220 alternative for the Americas
vvWtn12SS74-00473-00139221-00139905 topic administrative divisions
vvWtn12SS74-00474-00139906-00140206 Dominica is divided into ten parishes
vvWtn12SS74-00475-00140207-00140467 given below with their 2011 census
vvWtn12SS74-00476-00140468-00141144 populations st. Andrew parish 9470 one
vvWtn12SS74-00477-00141145-00141369 st. David perished
vvWtn12SS74-00478-00141370-00141832 6040 three st. George perished twenty
vvWtn12SS74-00479-00141833-00142122 one thousand two hundred and forty-one
vvWtn12SS74-00480-00142123-00142432 st. John parish six thousand five
vvWtn12SS74-00481-00142433-00142786 hundred and sixty one st. Joseph
vvWtn12SS74-00482-00142787-00143014 perished five thousand six hundred and
vvWtn12SS74-00483-00143015-00143752 thirty seven st. Luke parish 1668 Saint
vvWtn12SS74-00484-00143753-00144328 Mark parish 1834 st. Patrick Parish
vvWtn12SS74-00485-00144329-00144523 seven thousand six hundred and
vvWtn12SS74-00486-00144524-00144937 twenty-two st. Paul parish nine thousand
vvWtn12SS74-00487-00144938-00145297 seven hundred and eighty six st. Peter
vvWtn12SS74-00488-00145298-00146025 parish 1430
vvWtn12SS74-00489-00146026-00146590 topic economy
vvWtn12SS74-00490-00146591-00146820 Dominica's currency is the East
vvWtn12SS74-00491-00146821-00147215 Caribbean dollar in 2008 Dominica had
vvWtn12SS74-00492-00147216-00147404 one of the lowest per capita gross
vvWtn12SS74-00493-00147405-00147716 domestic product GDP rates of Eastern
vvWtn12SS74-00494-00147717-00148064 Caribbean states the country nearly had
vvWtn12SS74-00495-00148065-00148520 a financial crisis in 2003 and 2004 but
vvWtn12SS74-00496-00148521-00148847 Dominica's economy grew by 3.5 percent
vvWtn12SS74-00497-00148848-00149288 in 2005 and 4.0 percent in 2006
vvWtn12SS74-00498-00149289-00149578 following a decade of poor performance
vvWtn12SS74-00499-00149579-00149972 growth in 2006 was attributed to gains
vvWtn12SS74-00500-00149973-00150248 in tourism construction offshore and
vvWtn12SS74-00501-00150249-00150509 other services and some sub sectors of
vvWtn12SS74-00502-00150510-00150836 the banana industry the International
vvWtn12SS74-00503-00150837-00151133 Monetary Fund IMF recently praised the
vvWtn12SS74-00504-00151134-00151301 government of Dominica for its
vvWtn12SS74-00505-00151302-00151719 successful macroeconomic reforms the IMF
vvWtn12SS74-00506-00151720-00151961 also pointed out remaining challenges
vvWtn12SS74-00507-00151962-00152126 including the need for further
vvWtn12SS74-00508-00152127-00152372 reductions in public debt increased
vvWtn12SS74-00509-00152373-00152659 financial sector regulation and market
vvWtn12SS74-00510-00152660-00152868 diversification bananas and other
vvWtn12SS74-00511-00152869-00153128 agriculture dominate Dominica's economy
vvWtn12SS74-00512-00153129-00153326 and nearly one third of the labor force
vvWtn12SS74-00513-00153327-00153707 works in agriculture this sector however
vvWtn12SS74-00514-00153708-00153923 is highly vulnerable to weather
vvWtn12SS74-00515-00153924-00154151 conditions and to external events
vvWtn12SS74-00516-00154152-00154586 affecting commodity prices in 2007
vvWtn12SS74-00517-00154587-00154853 Hurricane Dean caused significant damage
vvWtn12SS74-00518-00154854-00155070 to the agricultural sector as well as
vvWtn12SS74-00519-00155071-00155268 the country's infrastructure especially
vvWtn12SS74-00520-00155269-00155690 roads in response to reduced European
vvWtn12SS74-00521-00155691-00155999 Union EU banana trade preferences the
vvWtn12SS74-00522-00156000-00156191 government has diversified the
vvWtn12SS74-00523-00156192-00156413 agricultural sector by promoting the
vvWtn12SS74-00524-00156414-00156677 production of coffee patchouli aloe vera
vvWtn12SS74-00525-00156678-00156945 cut flowers and exotic fruits such as
vvWtn12SS74-00526-00156946-00157379 mango guava and papaya the expected
vvWtn12SS74-00527-00157380-00157607 increase of Dominica's citizenship by
vvWtn12SS74-00528-00157608-00157757 investment CBI
vvWtn12SS74-00529-00157758-00157970 fees has been suspended with no
vvWtn12SS74-00530-00157971-00158171 implementation date in sight as
vvWtn12SS74-00531-00158172-00158420 announced by Prime Minister Roosevelt's
vvWtn12SS74-00532-00158421-00159218 carrot in the 2016 budget speech
vvWtn12SS74-00533-00159219-00159840 topic international trade
vvWtn12SS74-00534-00159841-00160078 Dominika is a beneficiary of the
vvWtn12SS74-00535-00160079-00160354 Caribbean Basin initiative CBI
vvWtn12SS74-00536-00160355-00160576 that grants duty-free entry into the
vvWtn12SS74-00537-00160577-00160936 United States for many goods Dominica
vvWtn12SS74-00538-00160937-00161132 also belongs to the predominantly
vvWtn12SS74-00539-00161133-00161413 english-speaking Caribbean community CA
vvWtn12SS74-00540-00161414-00161845 Ric om the CA Ric om single market and
vvWtn12SS74-00541-00161846-00162148 economy C SME and the organization of
vvWtn12SS74-00542-00162149-00162942 Eastern Caribbean states Oh II CS
vvWtn12SS74-00543-00162943-00163643 topic financial services industry
vvWtn12SS74-00544-00163644-00163931 the commonwealth of dominica is becoming
vvWtn12SS74-00545-00163932-00164174 in recent years a major international
vvWtn12SS74-00546-00164175-00164546 financial center the largest sectors are
vvWtn12SS74-00547-00164547-00164864 offshore banking payment processing
vvWtn12SS74-00548-00164865-00165080 companies and general corporate
vvWtn12SS74-00549-00165081-00165479 activities regulation and supervision of
vvWtn12SS74-00550-00165480-00165725 the financial services industry is the
vvWtn12SS74-00551-00165726-00165974 responsibility of the financial service
vvWtn12SS74-00552-00165975-00166265 unit of the commonwealth of dominica FSU
vvWtn12SS74-00553-00166266-00166478 under the supervision of the Ministry of
vvWtn12SS74-00554-00166479-00166820 Finance there are a number of service
vvWtn12SS74-00555-00166821-00167135 providers these include global financial
vvWtn12SS74-00556-00167136-00167441 institutions including Scotia Bank Royal
vvWtn12SS74-00557-00167442-00167711 Bank of Canada Cathedral investment bank
vvWtn12SS74-00558-00167712-00167966 first Caribbean International Bank and
vvWtn12SS74-00559-00167967-00168298 the intro Shi anak Bank of the Caribbean
vvWtn12SS74-00560-00168299-00168593 starting in the mid late 1990s
vvWtn12SS74-00561-00168594-00168860 offshore financial centres such as the
vvWtn12SS74-00562-00168861-00169073 commonwealth of dominica came under
vvWtn12SS74-00563-00169074-00169337 increasing pressure from the OECD for
vvWtn12SS74-00564-00169338-00169550 their allegedly harmful tax regimes
vvWtn12SS74-00565-00169551-00169850 where the OECD wished to prevent low tax
vvWtn12SS74-00566-00169851-00170090 regimes from having an advantage in the
vvWtn12SS74-00567-00170091-00170492 global marketplace the OECD threatened
vvWtn12SS74-00568-00170493-00170654 to place the Commonwealth of Dominica
vvWtn12SS74-00569-00170655-00170912 and other financial centres on the
vvWtn12SS74-00570-00170913-00171293 blacklist and impose sanctions against
vvWtn12SS74-00571-00171294-00171554 them however the commonwealth of
vvWtn12SS74-00572-00171555-00171773 dominica successfully avoided being
vvWtn12SS74-00573-00171774-00172022 placed on the oecd blacklist by
vvWtn12SS74-00574-00172023-00172235 committing to regulatory reform to
vvWtn12SS74-00575-00172236-00172442 improve transparency and begin
vvWtn12SS74-00576-00172443-00172727 information exchange with OECD member
vvWtn12SS74-00577-00172728-00172976 countries about the citizens Dominica
vvWtn12SS74-00578-00172977-00173237 supposedly offers tax-free status to
vvWtn12SS74-00579-00173238-00173585 companies locating from abroad it is not
vvWtn12SS74-00580-00173586-00173810 known how many companies benefit from
vvWtn12SS74-00581-00173811-00174020 the tax-free status because of the
vvWtn12SS74-00582-00174021-00174254 strict confidentiality the government
vvWtn12SS74-00583-00174255-00174473 enforces although it is known many
vvWtn12SS74-00584-00174474-00174683 internet businesses and hedge funds
vvWtn12SS74-00585-00174684-00175031 utilize Dominica for this reason however
vvWtn12SS74-00586-00175032-00175394 on the 12th of July 2012 Dominica signed
vvWtn12SS74-00587-00175395-00175655 an agreement with Poland to exchange tax
vvWtn12SS74-00588-00175656-00176250 information
vvWtn12SS74-00589-00176251-00176990 topic citizenship by investment program
vvWtn12SS74-00590-00176991-00177254 the commonwealth of dominica offers an
vvWtn12SS74-00591-00177255-00177506 official and legally mandated economic
vvWtn12SS74-00592-00177507-00177740 citizenship to those seeking a valid
vvWtn12SS74-00593-00177741-00178076 second citizenship the nationality law
vvWtn12SS74-00594-00178077-00178352 of Dominica authorizes the government to
vvWtn12SS74-00595-00178353-00178565 waive the normal requirement of seven
vvWtn12SS74-00596-00178566-00178778 years of legal residents to acquire
vvWtn12SS74-00597-00178779-00178991 citizenship in exchange for an
vvWtn12SS74-00598-00178992-00179233 investment into the country's economy
vvWtn12SS74-00599-00179234-00179540 the required contribution for a Maine
vvWtn12SS74-00600-00179541-00179882 applicant starts at $100,000 through the
vvWtn12SS74-00601-00179883-00180199 economic diversification fund
vvWtn12SS74-00602-00180200-00180572 alternatively since 2014 applicants can
vvWtn12SS74-00603-00180573-00180899 make a $200,000 minimum investment in
vvWtn12SS74-00604-00180900-00181121 pre-approved real estate from Island
vvWtn12SS74-00605-00181122-00181379 exclusive resorts or global brands like
vvWtn12SS74-00606-00181380-00181751 Marriott Kempinski or Hilton according
vvWtn12SS74-00607-00181752-00181967 to officials the citizenship by
vvWtn12SS74-00608-00181968-00182291 investment cbi program was an economic
vvWtn12SS74-00609-00182292-00182684 and fiscal lifeline in the aftermath of
vvWtn12SS74-00610-00182685-00182966 Tropical Storm Erika in 2015 and
vvWtn12SS74-00611-00182967-00183284 hurricane Maria in 2017 and it's new
vvWtn12SS74-00612-00183285-00183491 investment option had become the main
vvWtn12SS74-00613-00183492-00183740 source of foreign direct investment into
vvWtn12SS74-00614-00183741-00184045 Dominica by early 2016
vvWtn12SS74-00615-00184046-00184316 Dominican citizens can travel without a
vvWtn12SS74-00616-00184317-00184613 visa or obtain a visa upon entry to
vvWtn12SS74-00617-00184614-00184871 nearly 140 countries and territories
vvWtn12SS74-00618-00184872-00185132 including the United Kingdom and the
vvWtn12SS74-00619-00185133-00185459 Schengen zone applying for Dominica
vvWtn12SS74-00620-00185460-00185702 citizenship requires interacting with
vvWtn12SS74-00621-00185703-00185927 official government approved economic
vvWtn12SS74-00622-00185928-00186191 citizenship agents is the first step in
vvWtn12SS74-00623-00186192-00186560 the application process this program is
vvWtn12SS74-00624-00186561-00186821 currently valued at 16 percent of the
vvWtn12SS74-00625-00186822-00187001 government's total revenue the
vvWtn12SS74-00626-00187002-00187229 government's management of the economic
vvWtn12SS74-00627-00187230-00187427 citizenship program and an initial
vvWtn12SS74-00628-00187428-00187664 perceived lack of transparency in the
vvWtn12SS74-00629-00187665-00187871 use of the revenues generated are a
vvWtn12SS74-00630-00187872-00188090 frequent topic of heated domestic
vvWtn12SS74-00631-00188091-00188426 political controversy referring to the
vvWtn12SS74-00632-00188427-00188663 opposition prime minister Skerritt in
vvWtn12SS74-00633-00188664-00188999 2016 stated that if they can discredit
vvWtn12SS74-00634-00189000-00189290 the citizenship by investment program
vvWtn12SS74-00635-00189291-00189536 and make Dominica an unattractive place
vvWtn12SS74-00636-00189537-00189830 to obtain citizenship then revenues
vvWtn12SS74-00637-00189831-00190022 would fall and the government would not
vvWtn12SS74-00638-00190023-00190381 be able to rebuild the country
vvWtn12SS74-00639-00190382-00190536 the government would then have to
vvWtn12SS74-00640-00190537-00190797 increase taxes on the people making
vvWtn12SS74-00641-00190798-00191247 itself unpopular in the site since then
vvWtn12SS74-00642-00191248-00191490 the government of Dominica has improved
vvWtn12SS74-00643-00191491-00191904 transparency of CBI funds according to
vvWtn12SS74-00644-00191905-00192264 Prime Minister Skerritt 2018-2019 budget
vvWtn12SS74-00645-00192265-00192552 address the islands CBI program has
vvWtn12SS74-00646-00192553-00192729 helped develop a national health
vvWtn12SS74-00647-00192730-00192982 insurance pilot that provides Dominican
vvWtn12SS74-00648-00192983-00193219 children in critical medical conditions
vvWtn12SS74-00649-00193220-00193539 with overseas treatment because many
vvWtn12SS74-00650-00193540-00193708 residents were displaced by Hurricane
vvWtn12SS74-00651-00193709-00193981 Maria's impact on the small Caribbean
vvWtn12SS74-00652-00193982-00194198 island the government pledged to build
vvWtn12SS74-00653-00194199-00194508 5,000 hurricane proof homes of which the
vvWtn12SS74-00654-00194509-00194847 first batch of 125 houses are scheduled
vvWtn12SS74-00655-00194848-00195300 for occupancy in February 2019 the CBI
vvWtn12SS74-00656-00195301-00195607 program also helps develop significantly
vvWtn12SS74-00657-00195608-00195849 the islands ecotourism sector in
vvWtn12SS74-00658-00195850-00196183 creating jobs along the way furthermore
vvWtn12SS74-00659-00196184-00196464 the scarit administration sets aside
vvWtn12SS74-00660-00196465-00196689 five million dollars every month for the
vvWtn12SS74-00661-00196690-00197028 construction of a new airport the
vvWtn12SS74-00662-00197029-00197247 Financial Times professional Wealth
vvWtn12SS74-00663-00197248-00197508 Management publication ranked Dominica
vvWtn12SS74-00664-00197509-00197724 is the world's best citizenship by
vvWtn12SS74-00665-00197725-00197988 investment program in its annual CPI
vvWtn12SS74-00666-00197989-00198366 index according to the FT specialists
vvWtn12SS74-00667-00198367-00198597 report investors choose Dominica
vvWtn12SS74-00668-00198598-00198777 citizenship because it has the most
vvWtn12SS74-00669-00198778-00199021 affordable investment threshold the
vvWtn12SS74-00670-00199022-00199209 application process is straightforward
vvWtn12SS74-00671-00199210-00199449 and streamlined while the due diligence
vvWtn12SS74-00672-00199450-00199788 ie the security checks each applicant is
vvWtn12SS74-00673-00199789-00200552 subjected to remains very strict
vvWtn12SS74-00674-00200553-00201096 topic tourism
vvWtn12SS74-00675-00201097-00201421 Dominika is mostly volcanic and has few
vvWtn12SS74-00676-00201422-00201475 beaches
vvWtn12SS74-00677-00201476-00201718 therefore tourism has developed more
vvWtn12SS74-00678-00201719-00201960 slowly than on neighboring islands
vvWtn12SS74-00679-00201961-00202253 nevertheless Dominica's mountains
vvWtn12SS74-00680-00202254-00202570 rainforests freshwater lakes hot springs
vvWtn12SS74-00681-00202571-00202866 waterfalls and diving spots make it an
vvWtn12SS74-00682-00202867-00203238 attractive ecotourism destination cruise
vvWtn12SS74-00683-00203239-00203478 ship stopovers have increased following
vvWtn12SS74-00684-00203479-00203686 the development of modern docking and
vvWtn12SS74-00685-00203687-00203932 waterfront facilities in Roseau the
vvWtn12SS74-00686-00203933-00204319 capital out of 22 Caribbean islands
vvWtn12SS74-00687-00204320-00204574 tract Dominica had the fewest visitors
vvWtn12SS74-00688-00204575-00204864 in 2008 fifty-five thousand eight
vvWtn12SS74-00689-00204865-00205282 hundred or 0.3 percent of the total this
vvWtn12SS74-00690-00205283-00205539 was about half as many as visited Haiti
vvWtn12SS74-00691-00205540-00205848 the volcanic nature of the island has
vvWtn12SS74-00692-00205850-00206527 attracted scuba divers
vvWtn12SS74-00693-00206528-00207146 topic infrastructure
vvWtn12SS74-00694-00207148-00207391 topic ere there are two regional
vvWtn12SS74-00695-00207392-00207583 airports on the island but no
vvWtn12SS74-00696-00207584-00207801 international airports
vvWtn12SS74-00697-00207802-00208087 therefore flying to Dominica requires
vvWtn12SS74-00698-00208088-00208366 travelling through San Juan Puerto Rico
vvWtn12SS74-00699-00208367-00208609 or other nearby islands in the Caribbean
vvWtn12SS74-00700-00208610-00208828 such as Martinique Guadeloupe or
vvWtn12SS74-00701-00208829-00209212 Barbados the primary airport Douglas
vvWtn12SS74-00702-00209213-00209461 Charles Airport Dom is on the northeast
vvWtn12SS74-00703-00209462-00209704 coast and is about a forty-five minute
vvWtn12SS74-00704-00209705-00209917 drive from Portsmouth one hour from
vvWtn12SS74-00705-00209917-00210271 Roseau the second is cane field Airport
vvWtn12SS74-00706-00210271-00210616 DCF about 15 minutes from Roseau on the
vvWtn12SS74-00707-00210617-00210777 southwest coast
vvWtn12SS74-00708-00210778-00211090 Douglas Charles Airport is suitable for
vvWtn12SS74-00709-00211091-00211327 limited use of commercial jets because
vvWtn12SS74-00710-00211328-00211627 of runway length Douglas Charles
vvWtn12SS74-00711-00211628-00211855 currently has regular service by air
vvWtn12SS74-00712-00211856-00211981 sunshine winner
vvWtn12SS74-00713-00211982-00212251 Seabourn Airlines and Lee art using twin
vvWtn12SS74-00714-00212252-00212539 turboprop aircraft like the ATR and Saab
vvWtn12SS74-00715-00212540-00212887 340 as well as convey a sir in the Mara
vvWtn12SS74-00716-00212888-00213232 jet which using Boeing 727 freighters is
vvWtn12SS74-00717-00213233-00213481 the only airline with jet service to the
vvWtn12SS74-00718-00213482-00213835 Republic a runway extension and service
vvWtn12SS74-00719-00213836-00214098 upgrade project began at Douglas Charles
vvWtn12SS74-00720-00214100-00214423 Airport around 2006 and was finished in
vvWtn12SS74-00721-00214423-00214891 2010 in March 2013 airline American
vvWtn12SS74-00722-00214892-00215104 Eagle halted flights to the islands
vvWtn12SS74-00723-00215105-00215794 citing high labor costs
vvWtn12SS74-00724-00215796-00216338 topic roads
vvWtn12SS74-00725-00216339-00216594 Dominica's road network runs primarily
vvWtn12SS74-00726-00216594-00216831 along the coastline and along river
vvWtn12SS74-00727-00216832-00217146 valleys major roads are two-lane
vvWtn12SS74-00728-00217146-00217350 highways which connect the capital
vvWtn12SS74-00729-00217351-00217602 Roseau with portsmouth edward oliver
vvWtn12SS74-00730-00217603-00217833 leblanc highway and the Douglas Charles
vvWtn12SS74-00731-00217834-00218187 Airport dr. Nicholas Liverpool Highway
vvWtn12SS74-00732-00218188-00218498 it takes about 45 minutes to drive from
vvWtn12SS74-00733-00218500-00218880 Portsmouth to Roseau private mini buses
vvWtn12SS74-00734-00218881-00219165 form the major public transport system
vvWtn12SS74-00735-00219166-00219408 these major roads were recently
vvWtn12SS74-00736-00219409-00219630 reconstructed with assistance from the
vvWtn12SS74-00737-00219631-00219825 People's Republic of China in the
vvWtn12SS74-00738-00219826-00220080 European Union due to tropical storm
vvWtn12SS74-00739-00220081-00220359 Erika several road surfaces and bridges
vvWtn12SS74-00740-00220360-00220569 were damaged by flooding and landslides
vvWtn12SS74-00741-00220569-00220871 including on the newly completed EO
vvWtn12SS74-00742-00220871-00221202 leblanc Roseau to Portsmouth and dr.
vvWtn12SS74-00743-00221203-00221463 Nicholas Liverpool highways panca say -
vvWtn12SS74-00744-00221464-00222137 Douglas Charles Airport
vvWtn12SS74-00745-00222138-00222714 topic green energy
vvWtn12SS74-00746-00222715-00222991 Dominica's electricity sector includes
vvWtn12SS74-00747-00222992-00223309 power from hydroelectricity solar energy
vvWtn12SS74-00748-00223310-00224007 and geothermal energy
vvWtn12SS74-00749-00224008-00224613 topic demographics
vvWtn12SS74-00750-00224614-00224903 the vast majority of Dominicans are of
vvWtn12SS74-00751-00224904-00225192 African descent there is a growing mixed
vvWtn12SS74-00752-00225192-00225396 population along with a small European
vvWtn12SS74-00753-00225396-00225683 origin minority descendants of French
vvWtn12SS74-00754-00225684-00225896 and British colonists along with some
vvWtn12SS74-00755-00225898-00226103 people of Irish descent and there are
vvWtn12SS74-00756-00226104-00226358 small numbers of Lebanese Syrians and
vvWtn12SS74-00757-00226359-00226751 Asians Dominica is also the only Eastern
vvWtn12SS74-00758-00226752-00226931 Caribbean island that still has a
vvWtn12SS74-00759-00226932-00227214 population of pre-columbian native Kalin
vvWtn12SS74-00760-00227215-00227485 agro previously called Caribes who were
vvWtn12SS74-00761-00227486-00227723 exterminated or driven from neighboring
vvWtn12SS74-00762-00227724-00228117 islands as of 2014 there are more than
vvWtn12SS74-00763-00228117-00228513 3000 kalanoro remaining they live in
vvWtn12SS74-00764-00228514-00228714 eight villages on the east coast of
vvWtn12SS74-00765-00228715-00229014 Dominica this special carob territory
vvWtn12SS74-00766-00229015-00229307 now Kallen Argo territory was granted by
vvWtn12SS74-00767-00229308-00229682 the British crown in 1903 there are also
vvWtn12SS74-00768-00229683-00229979 about 1000 medical students from the
vvWtn12SS74-00769-00229980-00230238 United States and Canada who study at
vvWtn12SS74-00770-00230239-00230421 the Ross University School of Medicine
vvWtn12SS74-00771-00230421-00230846 in Portsmouth the population growth rate
vvWtn12SS74-00772-00230848-00231146 of Dominica is very low due primarily to
vvWtn12SS74-00773-00231148-00231489 emigration to other countries in the
vvWtn12SS74-00774-00231490-00231803 early 21st century emigrant numbers for
vvWtn12SS74-00775-00231804-00231977 the most popular countries are as
vvWtn12SS74-00776-00231978-00232437 follows the United States 8560 the
vvWtn12SS74-00777-00232438-00233037 United Kingdom 6739 Canada 605 and
vvWtn12SS74-00778-00233038-00233567 France 394 Dominica has a relatively
vvWtn12SS74-00779-00233569-00233932 large number of centenarians as of March
vvWtn12SS74-00780-00233933-00234312 2007 there are 22 centenarians out of
vvWtn12SS74-00781-00234313-00234647 the island's 70,000 inhabitants three
vvWtn12SS74-00782-00234648-00234827 times the average incidence of
vvWtn12SS74-00783-00234828-00235105 centenarian ism in developed countries
vvWtn12SS74-00784-00235106-00235400 the reasons for this are the subject of
vvWtn12SS74-00785-00235401-00235631 current research being undertaken at
vvWtn12SS74-00786-00235632-00235964 Ross University School of Medicine
vvWtn12SS74-00787-00235965-00236255 Dominica was partially integrated into
vvWtn12SS74-00788-00236256-00236405 the federal colony of the Leeward
vvWtn12SS74-00789-00236406-00236988 Islands in 1832 later in 1871 it became
vvWtn12SS74-00790-00236989-00237200 a full part of the Federation of the
vvWtn12SS74-00791-00237201-00237524 leeward islands from the start it was a
vvWtn12SS74-00792-00237525-00237762 peculiar relationship for previously
vvWtn12SS74-00793-00237763-00237990 Dominica had played no part in the
vvWtn12SS74-00794-00237991-00238223 political or cultural traditions of the
vvWtn12SS74-00795-00238225-00238409 other more Anglophone islands of the
vvWtn12SS74-00796-00238410-00238796 Federation now as a leeward island this
vvWtn12SS74-00797-00238798-00239057 much larger territory with thousands of
vvWtn12SS74-00798-00239058-00239294 acres of forested unclaimed land was
vvWtn12SS74-00799-00239296-00239502 open to the people of Montserrat in
vvWtn12SS74-00800-00239503-00239819 Antigua at the beginning of the 20th
vvWtn12SS74-00801-00239821-00240080 century the Roses company which produced
vvWtn12SS74-00802-00240081-00240332 Rose's lime juice saw demand for its
vvWtn12SS74-00803-00240333-00240560 product outgrow its ability to supply
vvWtn12SS74-00804-00240561-00240840 the product from Montserrat their
vvWtn12SS74-00805-00240841-00241089 response to the situation was to buy
vvWtn12SS74-00806-00241090-00241287 land on Dominica and encourage
vvWtn12SS74-00807-00241288-00241577 Montserrat farm labourers to relocate as
vvWtn12SS74-00808-00241578-00241931 a result there came to be two linguistic
vvWtn12SS74-00809-00241932-00242190 communities in Dominica Wesley and Mary
vvWtn12SS74-00810-00242191-00242490 go in 1902
vvWtn12SS74-00811-00242491-00242796 on the 8th of May the Mount Pelion on
vvWtn12SS74-00812-00242796-00243023 Martinique erupted destroying the city
vvWtn12SS74-00813-00243025-00243377 of San Pierre refugees from Martinique
vvWtn12SS74-00814-00243378-00243573 arrived in boats to the southern
vvWtn12SS74-00815-00243573-00243785 villages of Dominica and some remain
vvWtn12SS74-00816-00243786-00244471 permanently on the island
vvWtn12SS74-00817-00244471-00245026 topic languages
vvWtn12SS74-00818-00245027-00245278 English is the official language of
vvWtn12SS74-00819-00245279-00245535 Dominica and is universally spoken and
vvWtn12SS74-00820-00245536-00245629 understood
vvWtn12SS74-00821-00245630-00245923 in addition Dominican Creole an
vvWtn12SS74-00822-00245923-00246166 Antillean Creole based on French is
vvWtn12SS74-00823-00246167-00246498 widely spoken this is due to French
vvWtn12SS74-00824-00246500-00246835 migration to the island starting in 1690
vvWtn12SS74-00825-00246836-00247081 a majority french creole speaking
vvWtn12SS74-00826-00247082-00247309 population that resided on the island
vvWtn12SS74-00827-00247310-00247510 and its location between the two
vvWtn12SS74-00828-00247511-00247687 french-speaking departments of
vvWtn12SS74-00829-00247688-00248096 Martinique and Guadeloupe since 1979
vvWtn12SS74-00830-00248098-00248332 Dominica has been a member of La
vvWtn12SS74-00831-00248333-00248653 Francophonie Dominican Creole is
vvWtn12SS74-00832-00248654-00248857 particularly used among the older
vvWtn12SS74-00833-00248858-00249115 generation which also speaks a patois
vvWtn12SS74-00834-00249116-00249460 language because of a decline in the use
vvWtn12SS74-00835-00249461-00249654 of Creole by the younger generation
vvWtn12SS74-00836-00249655-00249889 initiatives have been set up in an
vvWtn12SS74-00837-00249890-00250108 effort to increase usage and promote
vvWtn12SS74-00838-00250109-00250339 this unique part of the nation's history
vvWtn12SS74-00839-00250340-00250735 and culture along with Creole a dialect
vvWtn12SS74-00840-00250736-00251140 known as Coco or cocoa is spoken it is a
vvWtn12SS74-00841-00251141-00251383 type of pidgin English which is a mix of
vvWtn12SS74-00842-00251384-00251571 leeward island English Creole in
vvWtn12SS74-00843-00251573-00251830 Dominican Creole and is mainly spoken in
vvWtn12SS74-00844-00251831-00252060 the northeastern villages of marigo and
vvWtn12SS74-00845-00252061-00252289 Wesley by the descendants of immigrants
vvWtn12SS74-00846-00252290-00252621 from Montserrat in Antigua over time
vvWtn12SS74-00847-00252623-00252841 there has been much into marrying but
vvWtn12SS74-00848-00252842-00253054 there are still traces of difference in
vvWtn12SS74-00849-00253055-00253390 origin as a result of this mixture of
vvWtn12SS74-00850-00253391-00253633 languages and heritage Dominica is a
vvWtn12SS74-00851-00253634-00253809 member of both the french-speaking
vvWtn12SS74-00852-00253810-00254008 Francophonie in the english-speaking
vvWtn12SS74-00853-00254009-00254428 Commonwealth of Nations Island Carib
vvWtn12SS74-00854-00254429-00254590 also known as egg nari
vvWtn12SS74-00855-00254591-00254871 in Airy egg nari in yeri was a narrow
vvWtn12SS74-00856-00254873-00255121 akan language historically spoken by the
vvWtn12SS74-00857-00255121-00255348 island carobs of the Lesser Antilles in
vvWtn12SS74-00858-00255350-00255679 the Caribbean the island carobs lived
vvWtn12SS74-00859-00255680-00255823 throughout the southern Lesser Antilles
vvWtn12SS74-00860-00255823-00256114 such as Dominica Saint Vincent and
vvWtn12SS74-00861-00256115-00256330 Trinidad supposedly having conquered
vvWtn12SS74-00862-00256331-00256569 them from their previous inhabitants the
vvWtn12SS74-00863-00256571-00256946 ignore Island carob became extinct about
vvWtn12SS74-00864-00256948-00257221 1920 but an offshoot survives as
vvWtn12SS74-00865-00257221-00257658 Garifuna primarily in Central America
vvWtn12SS74-00866-00257659-00257823 top acrylic
vvWtn12SS74-00867-00257823-00258057 sixty-one point four percent of the
vvWtn12SS74-00868-00258058-00258315 population is Roman Catholic though in
vvWtn12SS74-00869-00258316-00258534 recent years a number of Protestant
vvWtn12SS74-00870-00258535-00258873 churches have been established about 10
vvWtn12SS74-00871-00258873-00259137 to 12 percent of the population belongs
vvWtn12SS74-00872-00259138-00259367 to one of the seventh-day Saturday
vvWtn12SS74-00873-00259367-00259610 denominations which includes Yahweh
vvWtn12SS74-00874-00259611-00259881 Congregation Church of God seventh day
vvWtn12SS74-00875-00259882-00260081 and the seventh-day Adventist Church
vvWtn12SS74-00876-00260082-00260331 according to the association of religion
vvWtn12SS74-00877-00260332-00260628 data archives in 2010 the world
vvWtn12SS74-00878-00260629-00260846 Christian database reported that the
vvWtn12SS74-00879-00260848-00261063 largest non-christian religious groups
vvWtn12SS74-00880-00261064-00261390 included spiritualism followed by 2.6
vvWtn12SS74-00881-00261391-00261600 percent of the population Baha'i
vvWtn12SS74-00882-00261601-00261834 followed by 1.7 percent
vvWtn12SS74-00883-00261835-00262164 agnosticism followed by 0.5 percent
vvWtn12SS74-00884-00262165-00262478 Buddhism Hinduism and Islam followed by
vvWtn12SS74-00885-00262479-00262782 0.1 percent each and Chinese folk
vvWtn12SS74-00886-00262783-00263055 religion neo religions and atheism each
vvWtn12SS74-00887-00263056-00263769 followed by non-negligible ie
vvWtn12SS74-00888-00263770-00264324 topic education
vvWtn12SS74-00889-00264325-00264635 school in Dominica is mandatory up to
vvWtn12SS74-00890-00264636-00264981 secondary school after preschool pupils
vvWtn12SS74-00891-00264982-00265203 attend primary school for six or seven
vvWtn12SS74-00892-00265204-00265455 years and are admitted into secondary
vvWtn12SS74-00893-00265456-00265680 school on the basis of a common entrance
vvWtn12SS74-00894-00265681-00266055 exam after five years the students take
vvWtn12SS74-00895-00266056-00266352 the General Certificate of Education GCE
vvWtn12SS74-00896-00266353-00266625 widely replaced by the current Caribbean
vvWtn12SS74-00897-00266626-00266976 secondary education certificate CSEC or
vvWtn12SS74-00898-00266977-00267237 CXC administered by the caribbean
vvWtn12SS74-00899-00267238-00267491 examination council a 15 member
vvWtn12SS74-00900-00267492-00267693 Confederation of the Caribbean community
vvWtn12SS74-00901-00267694-00268176 CA Ric om the more advanced version of
vvWtn12SS74-00902-00268177-00268458 this examination Cape can be taken upon
vvWtn12SS74-00903-00268459-00268685 completion of two years of Community
vvWtn12SS74-00904-00268686-00269004 College the island has its own State
vvWtn12SS74-00905-00269005-00269274 College formerly named Clifton do peeny
vvWtn12SS74-00906-00269275-00269640 Community College some Dominicans attend
vvWtn12SS74-00907-00269641-00269892 universities in Cuba on scholarships
vvWtn12SS74-00908-00269893-00270207 offered by its government others go to
vvWtn12SS74-00909-00270208-00270471 the University of the West Indies or to
vvWtn12SS74-00910-00270472-00270738 universities in the United Kingdom the
vvWtn12SS74-00911-00270739-00271001 United States or other countries
vvWtn12SS74-00912-00271002-00271353 Ross University a medical school is
vvWtn12SS74-00913-00271354-00271638 located at Portsmouth Ross has been
vvWtn12SS74-00914-00271639-00271979 operating in Dominica since the 1980s
vvWtn12SS74-00915-00271980-00272292 Archbold tropical research and education
vvWtn12SS74-00916-00272293-00272633 center a TREC a biological field station
vvWtn12SS74-00917-00272634-00272928 owned by Clemson University is located
vvWtn12SS74-00918-00272929-00273213 at Springfield estate between cane field
vvWtn12SS74-00919-00273214-00273669 and Ponca se in 2006 All Saints
vvWtn12SS74-00920-00273670-00273918 University School of Medicine opened in
vvWtn12SS74-00921-00273919-00274157 temporary facilities in lieu beer with a
vvWtn12SS74-00922-00274158-00274404 permanent campus being constructed in
vvWtn12SS74-00923-00274405-00274719 Grand Bay currently All Saints is
vvWtn12SS74-00924-00274720-00275040 located in roseau dominica a marine
vvWtn12SS74-00925-00275041-00275331 biology Institute in Mau ITM II
vvWtn12SS74-00926-00275332-00275598 Institute for tropical marine ecology
vvWtn12SS74-00927-00275599-00276344 closed in 2009
vvWtn12SS74-00928-00276345-00276895 topic culture
vvWtn12SS74-00929-00276896-00277172 Dominika is home to a wide range of
vvWtn12SS74-00930-00277173-00277406 people although it was historically
vvWtn12SS74-00931-00277407-00277682 occupied by several native tribes the
vvWtn12SS74-00932-00277683-00277973 arrow ax thai nose and carob Kalin agro
vvWtn12SS74-00933-00277974-00278237 tribes occupied it at the time European
vvWtn12SS74-00934-00278238-00278579 settlers reached the island Massacre is
vvWtn12SS74-00935-00278580-00278810 a name of a river dedicated to the
vvWtn12SS74-00936-00278811-00279002 murders of the native villagers by
vvWtn12SS74-00937-00279003-00279326 English settlers both the French and
vvWtn12SS74-00938-00279327-00279536 British tried to claim the island and
vvWtn12SS74-00939-00279537-00279806 imported slaves from Africa for labour
vvWtn12SS74-00940-00279807-00280247 the remaining Caribes now live on a 3700
vvWtn12SS74-00941-00280248-00280547 acre 15 square kilometres territory on
vvWtn12SS74-00942-00280548-00280865 the east coast of the island they elect
vvWtn12SS74-00943-00280866-00281189 their own chief this mix of cultures has
vvWtn12SS74-00944-00281190-00281564 produced the current culture music and
vvWtn12SS74-00945-00281565-00281825 dance are important facets of Dominica's
vvWtn12SS74-00946-00281826-00282077 culture the annual independent
vvWtn12SS74-00947-00282078-00282314 celebrations display a variety of
vvWtn12SS74-00948-00282315-00282785 traditional song and dance since 1997
vvWtn12SS74-00949-00282786-00282992 there have also been weeks of creole
vvWtn12SS74-00950-00282993-00283352 festivals such as creole in the park and
vvWtn12SS74-00951-00283353-00283940 the world creole music festival Dominica
vvWtn12SS74-00952-00283941-00284147 gained prominence on the international
vvWtn12SS74-00953-00284148-00284474 music stage when in 1973 Gordon
vvWtn12SS74-00954-00284475-00284729 Henderson founded the group exile 1 and
vvWtn12SS74-00955-00284730-00284948 an original musical genre which he
vvWtn12SS74-00956-00284949-00285332 coined cadence slip so this paved the
vvWtn12SS74-00957-00285333-00285571 way for modern Creole music other
vvWtn12SS74-00958-00285572-00286015 musical genres include Jing ping and
vvWtn12SS74-00959-00286016-00286433 cadence Jing ping features the accordion
vvWtn12SS74-00960-00286434-00286724 and is native to the island Dominica's
vvWtn12SS74-00961-00286725-00286933 music is a may launch of Haitian
vvWtn12SS74-00962-00286934-00287149 afro-cuban African and European
vvWtn12SS74-00963-00287150-00287519 traditions popular artists over the
vvWtn12SS74-00964-00287520-00287717 years include chubbie in the Midnight
vvWtn12SS74-00965-00287718-00287786 grievers
vvWtn12SS74-00966-00287787-00288167 bells combo the Gaylords wck and triple
vvWtn12SS74-00967-00288168-00288575 K the 11th annual world Creole music
vvWtn12SS74-00968-00288576-00288917 festival was held in 2007 part of the
vvWtn12SS74-00969-00288918-00289160 islands celebration of independence from
vvWtn12SS74-00970-00289161-00289414 Great Britain on the 3rd of November a
vvWtn12SS74-00971-00289415-00289745 year-long reunion celebration began in
vvWtn12SS74-00972-00289746-00290087 January 2008 marking 30 years of
vvWtn12SS74-00973-00290088-00290288 Independence
vvWtn12SS74-00974-00290289-00290589 Dominika is often seen as a society that
vvWtn12SS74-00975-00290590-00290856 is migrating from collectivism to that
vvWtn12SS74-00976-00290857-00291177 of individualism the economy is a
vvWtn12SS74-00977-00291178-00291435 developing one that previously depended
vvWtn12SS74-00978-00291436-00291759 on agriculture signs of collectivism are
vvWtn12SS74-00979-00291760-00291960 evident in the small towns and villages
vvWtn12SS74-00980-00291961-00292332 which is spread across the island the
vvWtn12SS74-00981-00292333-00292590 famed novelist Jean Reese was born and
vvWtn12SS74-00982-00292591-00292737 raised in Dominica
vvWtn12SS74-00983-00292738-00292998 the island is obliquely depicted in her
vvWtn12SS74-00984-00292999-00293300 best-known book Wide Sargasso Sea
vvWtn12SS74-00985-00293301-00293595 Reese's friend the political activist
vvWtn12SS74-00986-00293596-00293841 and writer Phyllis SH and all free set
vvWtn12SS74-00987-00293842-00294252 her 1954 novel The Orchid house ISBN o
vvWtn12SS74-00988-00294253-00294504 eight one three five two three three two
vvWtn12SS74-00989-00294505-00294900 x in Dominica much of the Walt Disney
vvWtn12SS74-00990-00294901-00295188 film Pirates of the Caribbean Dead Man's
vvWtn12SS74-00991-00295189-00295443 Chest the second in the series released
vvWtn12SS74-00992-00295444-00295785 on the seventh of July 2006 was shot on
vvWtn12SS74-00993-00295786-00296034 location on Dominica though in the film
vvWtn12SS74-00994-00296035-00296312 it was known as Pelle Augusto a
vvWtn12SS74-00995-00296313-00296541 fictional Island along with some
vvWtn12SS74-00996-00296542-00296715 shooting for the third film in the
vvWtn12SS74-00997-00296716-00296973 series at World's End released on the
vvWtn12SS74-00998-00296974-00297703 second of May 2007
vvWtn12SS74-00999-00297704-00298242 topic cuisine
vvWtn12SS74-01000-00298243-00298510 Dominica's cuisine is similar to that of
vvWtn12SS74-01001-00298511-00298741 other Caribbean islands particularly
vvWtn12SS74-01002-00298742-00298996 Jamaica st. Lucia and Trinidad and
vvWtn12SS74-01003-00298997-00299341 Tobago like other Commonwealth Caribbean
vvWtn12SS74-01004-00299342-00299578 islands Dominicans have developed a
vvWtn12SS74-01005-00299579-00299811 distinct twist to their cuisine
vvWtn12SS74-01006-00299812-00300082 breakfast is an important daily meal
vvWtn12SS74-01007-00300083-00300358 typically including salt fish dried and
vvWtn12SS74-01008-00300359-00300763 salted cod fish and bakes fried dough
vvWtn12SS74-01009-00300764-00301030 salt fish and bakes are combined for a
vvWtn12SS74-01010-00301031-00301216 fast food snack that can be eaten
vvWtn12SS74-01011-00301217-00301465 throughout the day vendors on Dominica's
vvWtn12SS74-01012-00301466-00301708 Street sell these snacks to passes be
vvWtn12SS74-01013-00301709-00301927 together with fried chicken fish and
vvWtn12SS74-01014-00301928-00302284 fruit and yogurt smoothies other
vvWtn12SS74-01015-00302285-00302512 breakfast meals include cornmeal
vvWtn12SS74-01016-00302513-00302701 porridge which is made with fine
vvWtn12SS74-01017-00302702-00302974 cornmeal or polenta milk and condensed
vvWtn12SS74-01018-00302975-00303307 milk and sugar to sweeten traditional
vvWtn12SS74-01019-00303308-00303550 British influenced dishes such as eggs
vvWtn12SS74-01020-00303551-00303820 bacon and toast are also popular as a
vvWtn12SS74-01021-00303821-00304192 fried fish and plantains common
vvWtn12SS74-01022-00304193-00304471 vegetables include plantains Tanya's a
vvWtn12SS74-01023-00304472-00304810 root vegetable yams potatoes rice and
vvWtn12SS74-01024-00304811-00305140 peas meat and poultry typically eaten
vvWtn12SS74-01025-00305141-00305389 include chicken which is very popular
vvWtn12SS74-01026-00305390-00305743 beef and fish these are often prepared
vvWtn12SS74-01027-00305744-00305992 in stews with onions carrots garlic
vvWtn12SS74-01028-00305993-00306325 ginger and herbs like thyme the
vvWtn12SS74-01029-00306326-00306559 vegetables and meat are brown to create
vvWtn12SS74-01030-00306560-00306753 a rich dark sauce
vvWtn12SS74-01031-00306754-00307027 popular meals include rice and peas
vvWtn12SS74-01032-00307028-00307342 brown stewed chicken stew beef fried and
vvWtn12SS74-01033-00307343-00307585 stewed fish and many different types of
vvWtn12SS74-01034-00307586-00307927 hearty fish broths and soups these are
vvWtn12SS74-01035-00307928-00308161 filled with dumplings carrots and ground
vvWtn12SS74-01036-00308162-00308717 provisions
vvWtn12SS74-01037-00308718-00309284 topic sports
vvWtn12SS74-01038-00309285-00309572 cricket is a popular sport on the island
vvWtn12SS74-01039-00309573-00309837 and Dominica competes in Test cricket as
vvWtn12SS74-01040-00309838-00310102 part of the West Indies cricket team in
vvWtn12SS74-01041-00310103-00310419 West Indies domestic first class cricket
vvWtn12SS74-01042-00310420-00310685 Dominica participates as part of the
vvWtn12SS74-01043-00310686-00310904 Windward Islands cricket team although
vvWtn12SS74-01044-00310905-00311088 they are often considered a part of the
vvWtn12SS74-01045-00311089-00311421 leeward islands geographically this is
vvWtn12SS74-01046-00311422-00311595 due to being part of the British
vvWtn12SS74-01047-00311596-00311876 Windward Islands colony from 1940 until
vvWtn12SS74-01048-00311877-00312149 independence its Cricket Federation
vvWtn12SS74-01049-00312150-00312369 remains a part of the windward islands
vvWtn12SS74-01050-00312370-00312771 Cricket Board of Control on the 24th of
vvWtn12SS74-01051-00312772-00313148 October 2007 the 8,000 seat Windsor
vvWtn12SS74-01052-00313149-00313358 cricket stadium was completed with a
vvWtn12SS74-01053-00313359-00313671 donation of 33 million dollars seventeen
vvWtn12SS74-01054-00313672-00313925 million dollars 12 million euros from
vvWtn12SS74-01055-00313926-00314072 the government of the People's Republic
vvWtn12SS74-01056-00314073-00314585 of China netball basketball rugby tennis
vvWtn12SS74-01057-00314586-00314831 and association football a gaining
vvWtn12SS74-01058-00314832-00315243 popularity as well during the 2014
vvWtn12SS74-01059-00315244-00315516 Winter Olympics a husband-and-wife team
vvWtn12SS74-01060-00315517-00315765 of Gary die Silvestri and Angela Moore
vvWtn12SS74-01061-00315766-00316146 own die Silvestri spent 175 thousand
vvWtn12SS74-01062-00316147-00316341 dollars to register as Dominican
vvWtn12SS74-01063-00316342-00316598 citizens and enter the 15 kilometers
vvWtn12SS74-01064-00316599-00316797 men's and ten kilometres women's
vvWtn12SS74-01065-00316798-00317107 cross-country skiing events respectively
vvWtn12SS74-01066-00317108-00317418 Angela did not start her race and Gary
vvWtn12SS74-01067-00317419-00317640 pulled out several hundred meters into
vvWtn12SS74-01068-00317641-00317991 his race to date they are Dominica's
vvWtn12SS74-01069-00317992-00318698 only Winter Olympic athletes
vvWtn12SS74-01070-00318699-00319244 topic media
vvWtn12SS74-01071-00319245-00319563 Dominika has two major newspapers the
vvWtn12SS74-01072-00319564-00319797 sun and the chronicle there are two
vvWtn12SS74-01073-00319798-00320052 national television stations and a few
vvWtn12SS74-01074-00320053-00320304 radio stations including stations
vvWtn12SS74-01075-00320305-00320754 include zbc AM 590 the first private
vvWtn12SS74-01076-00320755-00321015 local radio station is called radio and
vvWtn12SS74-01077-00321016-00321528 Bar mango 93.5 96.9 FM in the village of
vvWtn12SS74-01078-00321529-00321774 Baracoa gran Bay in is owned by urban
vvWtn12SS74-01079-00321775-00322422 dangle Ben Z GBC AM 740 zg b c FM 90.7
vvWtn12SS74-01080-00322423-00322971 portsmouth zg b c FM 102.1 Roseau and z
vvWtn12SS74-01081-00322972-00323352 gb c FM 106 point 1 marigo
vvWtn12SS74-01082-00323353-00323691 q 95 FM the Dominica Broadcasting
vvWtn12SS74-01083-00323692-00324156 Corporation and care I FM before 2004
vvWtn12SS74-01084-00324157-00324363 there were two telecommunication
vvWtn12SS74-01085-00324364-00324651 companies Cable and Wireless and map NTV
vvWtn12SS74-01086-00324652-00324894 founded by Dominican Ronald Bernhard
vvWtn12SS74-01087-00324895-00325368 Maroney Abraham in 2005 digi sell in the
vvWtn12SS74-01088-00325369-00325623 UK based company orange started to offer
vvWtn12SS74-01089-00325624-00325947 service to the island there are a number
vvWtn12SS74-01090-00325948-00326193 of mobile networks operating on the
vvWtn12SS74-01091-00326194-00326463 island Lymon digi cell compete for most
vvWtn12SS74-01092-00326464-00326814 of Dominica's Wireless customers orange
vvWtn12SS74-01093-00326815-00327087 shut down in 2010 and is no longer
vvWtn12SS74-01094-00327088-00327844 operating on the island of Dominica
vvWtn12SS74-01095-00327845-00328416 topic C also
vvWtn12SS74-01096-00328417-00328863 index of dominica related articles list
vvWtn12SS74-01097-00328864-00329190 of people from Dominica outline of
vvWtn12SS74-01098-00329191-00329472 Dominica
vw3nMqkmpWk-00000-00000062-00000329 welcome to epicenter the show which
vw3nMqkmpWk-00001-00000330-00000509 talks about the Technologies projects
vw3nMqkmpWk-00002-00000509-00000719 and people driving decentralization and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00003-00000720-00000952 the blockchain revolution I'm Frederica
vw3nMqkmpWk-00004-00000953-00001193 Antz and I'm here with meher Roy and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00005-00001194-00001366 today we're again speaking with David
vw3nMqkmpWk-00006-00001367-00001726 Schwartz and Jody bylina of polygon for
vw3nMqkmpWk-00007-00001727-00002063 part two of our episode on the zkevm we
vw3nMqkmpWk-00008-00002064-00002429 did an intensely technical episode last
vw3nMqkmpWk-00009-00002430-00002741 week and today is more about the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00010-00002742-00003023 business and adoption side of polygon ZK
vw3nMqkmpWk-00011-00003024-00003149 VM
vw3nMqkmpWk-00012-00003150-00003443 so before we talk with David and Judy
vw3nMqkmpWk-00013-00003444-00003719 again let me tell you about our sponsor
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vw3nMqkmpWk-00036-00008640-00008896 at omnidot app and without further Ado
vw3nMqkmpWk-00037-00008897-00009239 let's go to the interview
vw3nMqkmpWk-00038-00009240-00009569 let's talk about the network itself so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00039-00009570-00009856 um there's already a test net life and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00040-00009857-00010031 the mainnet is going to launch next
vw3nMqkmpWk-00041-00010032-00010319 month that's in March
vw3nMqkmpWk-00042-00010320-00010696 um so first of all super easy question
vw3nMqkmpWk-00043-00010697-00010853 um what's actually the relationship
vw3nMqkmpWk-00044-00010854-00011146 between polygon zkevm and polygon
vw3nMqkmpWk-00045-00011147-00011356 because polygon is kind of is kind of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00046-00011357-00011609 this Standalone sidechain kind of thing
vw3nMqkmpWk-00047-00011610-00011981 and polygon DK evm is going to be like a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00048-00011982-00012263 proper layer to on top of ethereum right
vw3nMqkmpWk-00049-00012264-00012503 so what's kind of the What's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00050-00012504-00012767 um what's the relationship and what are
vw3nMqkmpWk-00051-00012768-00012994 the plans for kind of chain architecture
vw3nMqkmpWk-00052-00012995-00013253 and planning for the future
vw3nMqkmpWk-00053-00013254-00013613 well polygon POS is the the product
vw3nMqkmpWk-00054-00013613-00013907 polygon is uh you know running now this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00055-00013908-00014135 is the chain uh polygon is providing
vw3nMqkmpWk-00056-00014136-00014429 service today the the relationship is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00057-00014430-00014633 clear because we are shipping a new
vw3nMqkmpWk-00058-00014634-00014741 network
vw3nMqkmpWk-00059-00014741-00015016 um we have a building this CK roll up
vw3nMqkmpWk-00060-00015018-00015371 model which is a complete Layer Two
vw3nMqkmpWk-00061-00015372-00015653 and we are in the in the beta version in
vw3nMqkmpWk-00062-00015654-00015857 Mainland next month so it's the the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00063-00015858-00015971 first release
vw3nMqkmpWk-00064-00015972-00016372 and we have planned to just let this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00065-00016373-00016607 these networks you know
vw3nMqkmpWk-00066-00016608-00016907 um be be you know work together in in
vw3nMqkmpWk-00067-00016908-00017177 parallel because they are different uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00068-00017178-00017603 Services one is uh as I change with um
vw3nMqkmpWk-00069-00017604-00017963 cost model and the running service and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00070-00017964-00018179 we will have a different technology with
vw3nMqkmpWk-00071-00018180-00018391 a different cost model and a different
vw3nMqkmpWk-00072-00018392-00018736 characteristics So the plan today is to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00073-00018737-00019000 start this new network and we'll be
vw3nMqkmpWk-00074-00019001-00019222 providing let's say this whole Vision
vw3nMqkmpWk-00075-00019223-00019475 very soon uh from the from the polygon
vw3nMqkmpWk-00076-00019476-00019817 perspective how this connects together
vw3nMqkmpWk-00077-00019818-00020141 how the POS connects with the ckbm with
vw3nMqkmpWk-00078-00020142-00020483 the supernets with uh with Maiden with
vw3nMqkmpWk-00079-00020484-00020713 zero all these projects working together
vw3nMqkmpWk-00080-00020714-00021083 we have a strategy to to connect all of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00081-00021084-00021433 them and to provide let's say a good
vw3nMqkmpWk-00082-00021434-00021664 portfolio of solutions or options for
vw3nMqkmpWk-00083-00021665-00021911 users depending on the requirements of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00084-00021912-00022121 the application but at the same time
vw3nMqkmpWk-00085-00022122-00022391 being connected and being a let's say
vw3nMqkmpWk-00086-00022392-00022750 useful in terms of uh compostability and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00087-00022751-00022889 you know
vw3nMqkmpWk-00088-00022890-00023122 you know the deployment of apps that can
vw3nMqkmpWk-00089-00023123-00023375 be can work together in different
vw3nMqkmpWk-00090-00023376-00023572 Networks
vw3nMqkmpWk-00091-00023573-00023813 so when I go to the polygon website
vw3nMqkmpWk-00092-00023814-00024178 right the main polygon website and I go
vw3nMqkmpWk-00093-00024179-00024521 to Solutions there's three things listed
vw3nMqkmpWk-00094-00024522-00024821 under under you know like ZK one is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00095-00024822-00024977 polygon zero
vw3nMqkmpWk-00096-00024978-00025319 one is polygon maiden and the third is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00097-00025320-00025643 polygon CK evm which is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00098-00025644-00025925 which is your project the project we are
vw3nMqkmpWk-00099-00025926-00026128 interviewing right now what's the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00100-00026129-00026449 difference between
vw3nMqkmpWk-00101-00026450-00026951 evm and polygon 0.
vw3nMqkmpWk-00102-00026952-00027205 yes well we have a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00103-00027206-00027533 polygon was investing in CK teams in
vw3nMqkmpWk-00104-00027533-00027820 2021 and this was the announcement of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00105-00027822-00028057 the emergency
vw3nMqkmpWk-00106-00028058-00028349 Network which is our project there was
vw3nMqkmpWk-00107-00028350-00028679 also the acquisition of uh the Mir
vw3nMqkmpWk-00108-00028680-00028990 protocol which is polygon zero now and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00109-00028991-00029212 also the setup of the protocol sorry the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00110-00029213-00029549 project polygon Maiden The the approach
vw3nMqkmpWk-00111-00029550-00029699 was kind of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00112-00029700-00029896 a strategy of this diversification in
vw3nMqkmpWk-00113-00029897-00030046 different approaches because as we
vw3nMqkmpWk-00114-00030047-00030262 discussed before uh one year and a half
vw3nMqkmpWk-00115-00030263-00030508 ago two years ago it was not clear which
vw3nMqkmpWk-00116-00030510-00030767 was the good approach to follow and with
vw3nMqkmpWk-00117-00030768-00031018 this model polygon was basically hedging
vw3nMqkmpWk-00118-00031019-00031151 on the three approaches which we
vw3nMqkmpWk-00119-00031152-00031258 discussed today
vw3nMqkmpWk-00120-00031260-00031546 so it turns out that we were the first
vw3nMqkmpWk-00121-00031547-00031846 team to ship and the 10 the first team
vw3nMqkmpWk-00122-00031847-00032146 to to get to the position of shipping a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00123-00032147-00032362 minute which is amazing but the other
vw3nMqkmpWk-00124-00032363-00032590 teams are also working in parallel and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00125-00032591-00032867 we had during this time we had this uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00126-00032868-00033185 this contribution total contribution
vw3nMqkmpWk-00127-00033186-00033443 because Jersey explained before we were
vw3nMqkmpWk-00128-00033444-00033874 targeting uh big computation pools to to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00129-00033875-00034096 make this visible and in terms of course
vw3nMqkmpWk-00130-00034097-00034379 we had a lot of doubts but with this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00131-00034380-00034618 internal contribution especially polygon
vw3nMqkmpWk-00132-00034619-00034805 0 we were able to accelerate the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00133-00034806-00035087 blueprint like 40 times so we have today
vw3nMqkmpWk-00134-00035088-00035374 the the high performance and the low
vw3nMqkmpWk-00135-00035375-00035657 cost we have so we are in a combination
vw3nMqkmpWk-00136-00035658-00035861 of different approaches together with
vw3nMqkmpWk-00137-00035862-00036155 internal collaboration and we are
vw3nMqkmpWk-00138-00036156-00036412 getting to the point where we will you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00139-00036413-00036646 know defend defining well with what's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00140-00036647-00036949 the let's say role model the model for
vw3nMqkmpWk-00141-00036950-00037193 deployment Department of polygon
vw3nMqkmpWk-00142-00037194-00037577 networks and as I said we have uh this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00143-00037578-00037961 this type 2 ckvm solution which is hours
vw3nMqkmpWk-00144-00037962-00038302 we also will be targeting type 1 and we
vw3nMqkmpWk-00145-00038303-00038645 also have a new VM approach so all of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00146-00038646-00038824 these projects makes sense for for us
vw3nMqkmpWk-00147-00038825-00039161 and still as we discussed today we feel
vw3nMqkmpWk-00148-00039162-00039383 like no single solution will fit for
vw3nMqkmpWk-00149-00039384-00039485 everyone
vw3nMqkmpWk-00150-00039486-00039665 because there will be different needs
vw3nMqkmpWk-00151-00039666-00039887 from different applications uh Our
vw3nMqkmpWk-00152-00039888-00040121 intention is to connect all these
vw3nMqkmpWk-00153-00040122-00040385 Solutions as we are able to finish these
vw3nMqkmpWk-00154-00040386-00040715 projects and you know get this kind of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00155-00040716-00041045 internal collaboration and we are living
vw3nMqkmpWk-00156-00041046-00041255 a lot we are getting a lot of experience
vw3nMqkmpWk-00157-00041256-00041633 from this CK collab development and this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00158-00041634-00041855 is kind of uh you know the commitment of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00159-00041856-00042052 polygon is to scale ethereum to build
vw3nMqkmpWk-00160-00042053-00042365 the best solution uh for for you know
vw3nMqkmpWk-00161-00042366-00042659 the ethereum space and we are following
vw3nMqkmpWk-00162-00042660-00042923 this strategy that's a little bit you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00163-00042924-00043318 know the specification to to be you know
vw3nMqkmpWk-00164-00043319-00043768 leading this uh in many ways so but what
vw3nMqkmpWk-00165-00043769-00044008 I can say is that this strategy will be
vw3nMqkmpWk-00166-00044009-00044357 explained very soon and the the idea
vw3nMqkmpWk-00167-00044358-00044585 behind this is that we can provide
vw3nMqkmpWk-00168-00044586-00044915 connected ecosystem in polygon so we can
vw3nMqkmpWk-00169-00044916-00045161 have different types of service
vw3nMqkmpWk-00170-00045162-00045539 um for for any application but CK will
vw3nMqkmpWk-00171-00045540-00045737 be kind of the the basis for all this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00172-00045738-00045940 strategy this is we're getting a lot of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00173-00045941-00046217 experience and and let's say learnings
vw3nMqkmpWk-00174-00046218-00046451 and we have a very strong team on this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00175-00046452-00046739 aspect CK is going to be there
vw3nMqkmpWk-00176-00046740-00047152 the driver for this evolution of the the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00177-00047153-00047530 portfolio of solutions of polymer
vw3nMqkmpWk-00178-00047531-00047758 cool cool that's really interesting so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00179-00047759-00048005 there'll be like the polygon POS chain
vw3nMqkmpWk-00180-00048006-00048305 which is the currently operational chain
vw3nMqkmpWk-00181-00048306-00048605 and then there will be the Super Nets so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00182-00048606-00048779 there might be a lot of different super
vw3nMqkmpWk-00183-00048780-00049174 Nets then there will be a polygon CK evm
vw3nMqkmpWk-00184-00049175-00049396 Network which is the network you are
vw3nMqkmpWk-00185-00049397-00049612 launching specifically
vw3nMqkmpWk-00186-00049613-00049852 and then there might be other CK based
vw3nMqkmpWk-00187-00049853-00049979 Networks
vw3nMqkmpWk-00188-00049980-00050302 maybe these two of them
vw3nMqkmpWk-00189-00050303-00050483 um that might come into production later
vw3nMqkmpWk-00190-00050484-00050801 on and of course as in the future the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00191-00050802-00051029 polygon team may launch even other
vw3nMqkmpWk-00192-00051030-00051419 networks as well so yeah uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00193-00051420-00051635 it's a it's a it's a very large Vision
vw3nMqkmpWk-00194-00051636-00051852 right
vw3nMqkmpWk-00195-00051853-00052240 at the end is a scaling ethereum
vw3nMqkmpWk-00196-00052241-00052504 we provide very areas and more tradition
vw3nMqkmpWk-00197-00052505-00052699 in terms of how this connects together
vw3nMqkmpWk-00198-00052700-00052985 but as you see we have several
vw3nMqkmpWk-00199-00052986-00053350 initiatives that we want to just
vw3nMqkmpWk-00200-00053351-00053663 connect so so the polygon ecosystem
vw3nMqkmpWk-00201-00053664-00054053 becomes let's say simple and clear today
vw3nMqkmpWk-00202-00054054-00054394 with this new uh Network we are we are
vw3nMqkmpWk-00203-00054395-00054604 preparing for launch is clear that this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00204-00054605-00054899 question makes total sense but uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00205-00054900-00055126 medicine will be will be just explained
vw3nMqkmpWk-00206-00055127-00055330 and clear because today we are focusing
vw3nMqkmpWk-00207-00055332-00055571 basically on this achievement and we are
vw3nMqkmpWk-00208-00055572-00055835 just uh you know all the forces would
vw3nMqkmpWk-00209-00055836-00056116 test just together on this uh initiative
vw3nMqkmpWk-00210-00056117-00056387 to to be successful
vw3nMqkmpWk-00211-00056388-00056680 okay so let's let's then zoom into this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00212-00056682-00056992 this network that you'll be launching uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00213-00056994-00057215 what are kind of the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00214-00057216-00057442 different roles in the network like for
vw3nMqkmpWk-00215-00057444-00057641 example if I think of Bitcoin I imagine
vw3nMqkmpWk-00216-00057641-00057892 how the miner is a role mining pool is a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00217-00057894-00058300 role and node full node is the third row
vw3nMqkmpWk-00218-00058301-00058565 uh to understand your network what what
vw3nMqkmpWk-00219-00058566-00058750 are what are kind of like the important
vw3nMqkmpWk-00220-00058751-00058900 roles
vw3nMqkmpWk-00221-00058901-00059021 that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00222-00059022-00059441 that we that we need to grasp
vw3nMqkmpWk-00223-00059441-00059735 we have we have to yeah we have mainly
vw3nMqkmpWk-00224-00059736-00060047 two rules okay one is the the sequencer
vw3nMqkmpWk-00225-00060048-00060347 call it centralized sequencer but uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00226-00060348-00060580 just to just to be clear the network is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00227-00060582-00060821 going to be the centralized or with a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00228-00060822-00060994 lot so with a lot with a sort of the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00229-00060995-00061180 centralization sequencer the only thing
vw3nMqkmpWk-00230-00061182-00061499 that can do is just uh select which
vw3nMqkmpWk-00231-00061500-00061780 transactions uh are inserting in the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00232-00061782-00062111 network but uh for example the network
vw3nMqkmpWk-00233-00062112-00062332 is going to be censorship resistant that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00234-00062333-00062603 means that if a user wants to send a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00235-00062604-00062813 transaction on this uh centralized
vw3nMqkmpWk-00236-00062814-00062987 sequencer running don't wants to include
vw3nMqkmpWk-00237-00062988-00063359 this transaction the user can always do
vw3nMqkmpWk-00238-00063360-00063599 an L1 transaction including the cell two
vw3nMqkmpWk-00239-00063600-00063791 transactions and then the sequencer will
vw3nMqkmpWk-00240-00063791-00064042 be forced to include this transaction
vw3nMqkmpWk-00241-00064044-00064216 that's what the sequencer have two
vw3nMqkmpWk-00242-00064217-00064330 options either include these
vw3nMqkmpWk-00243-00064332-00064523 transactions or do nothing but if you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00244-00064524-00064685 don't do nothing then it is a time more
vw3nMqkmpWk-00245-00064686-00065056 than anybody can be a sequencer okay so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00246-00065057-00065356 uh this is not I mean if you are a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00247-00065357-00065513 little bit police this is not fully
vw3nMqkmpWk-00248-00065514-00065699 decentralization because the sequencer
vw3nMqkmpWk-00249-00065700-00065879 has the right to kick people out of the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00250-00065880-00066023 network you know it's like it's not a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00251-00066024-00066275 universal service okay but the sequencer
vw3nMqkmpWk-00252-00066276-00066509 cannot steal the phones or even lock the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00253-00066510-00066671 phones of a user
vw3nMqkmpWk-00254-00066672-00066953 okay so that's the the model that we
vw3nMqkmpWk-00255-00066954-00067373 have it's not perfect but like uh it's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00256-00067374-00067697 it's a long it's a long way to to so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00257-00067698-00067847 it's a lot of the properties of the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00258-00067848-00068032 centralization you you have it with this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00259-00068033-00068309 network okay and the only the other role
vw3nMqkmpWk-00260-00068310-00068494 is the approver or the Proverbs you know
vw3nMqkmpWk-00261-00068495-00068687 and here in the Proverbs the idea is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00262-00068688-00068885 what at the beginning uh we are going to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00263-00068886-00069065 be the main proverb but at some point
vw3nMqkmpWk-00264-00069066-00069197 it's going to be a kind of a market of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00265-00069198-00069394 the proverb but this proverb they cannot
vw3nMqkmpWk-00266-00069395-00069653 do much they are just uh taking a state
vw3nMqkmpWk-00267-00069654-00069832 that's already so the transactions are
vw3nMqkmpWk-00268-00069833-00070067 already on chain and what you are doing
vw3nMqkmpWk-00269-00070068-00070337 is just generating the proof what this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00270-00070338-00070631 is converting an implicit state to an
vw3nMqkmpWk-00271-00070632-00070865 explicit State and pushing that state on
vw3nMqkmpWk-00272-00070866-00071003 chain so that the people can Withrow
vw3nMqkmpWk-00273-00071004-00071249 okay it's like consolidating the state
vw3nMqkmpWk-00274-00071250-00071417 and change but you but the state is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00275-00071418-00071555 already defined the transactions are
vw3nMqkmpWk-00276-00071556-00071729 already there anybody can compute this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00277-00071730-00071944 state so it's it's a state it's a the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00278-00071945-00072088 state is already known so the plural
vw3nMqkmpWk-00279-00072089-00072269 cannot modify the state cannot change
vw3nMqkmpWk-00280-00072270-00072593 the the network they can uh you know
vw3nMqkmpWk-00281-00072594-00073063 they can uh delay you uh this uh this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00282-00073064-00073337 publication of the state but that's the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00283-00073338-00073697 maximum that that can do and I mean
vw3nMqkmpWk-00284-00073698-00074026 we're always going to run approver uh uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00285-00074027-00074285 even on just a Saba cup okay so that's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00286-00074286-00074453 the that's the thing and it's going to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00287-00074454-00074663 be here a market for that so it's going
vw3nMqkmpWk-00288-00074664-00074849 to be some money that's going to be in
vw3nMqkmpWk-00289-00074850-00075071 the network and uh first come first
vw3nMqkmpWk-00290-00075072-00075244 serve so if it's some money if you have
vw3nMqkmpWk-00291-00075245-00075413 approver you just made the proof and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00292-00075414-00075605 somebody will somebody will prove it
vw3nMqkmpWk-00293-00075606-00075755 there is a full mechanism you can maybe
vw3nMqkmpWk-00294-00075756-00076000 read more on that but it's uh it's going
vw3nMqkmpWk-00295-00076001-00076247 to be a market for the program in in the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00296-00076248-00076565 midterm at the beginning we we are we
vw3nMqkmpWk-00297-00076566-00076721 are going to be the ones that so like
vw3nMqkmpWk-00298-00076722-00076859 there is that in the beginning the smart
vw3nMqkmpWk-00299-00076860-00077038 contract we're going to be the only
vw3nMqkmpWk-00300-00077039-00077303 approver as far as we are following them
vw3nMqkmpWk-00301-00077304-00077500 as far as we are creating proofs if we
vw3nMqkmpWk-00302-00077501-00077687 stop creating proof then anybody will be
vw3nMqkmpWk-00303-00077688-00077981 able to to generate proofs
vw3nMqkmpWk-00304-00077982-00078238 this give us a lot of warranty for
vw3nMqkmpWk-00305-00078239-00078503 example this this approach allows us for
vw3nMqkmpWk-00306-00078504-00078743 example if there is uh an issue in the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00307-00078744-00079156 soundness of the of the proof uh I mean
vw3nMqkmpWk-00308-00079157-00079541 we are gonna so okay uh we could
vw3nMqkmpWk-00309-00079542-00079726 generate a malicious proof but we are
vw3nMqkmpWk-00310-00079727-00079876 going to generate the right proof so we
vw3nMqkmpWk-00311-00079877-00079985 are not going to prove something that's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00312-00079986-00080369 wrong okay so this give us uh so if the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00313-00080370-00080650 user trusts us so that means that even
vw3nMqkmpWk-00314-00080651-00080932 if the approver is bad is is if the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00315-00080933-00081106 system is bad we are not going to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00316-00081107-00081250 generate the proof that symbolic so this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00317-00081251-00081515 give us a some confident uh confidence
vw3nMqkmpWk-00318-00081516-00081725 so some some confidence if you have this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00319-00081726-00081856 trust you can get this confidence of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00320-00081857-00082156 using the on using the network it's not
vw3nMqkmpWk-00321-00082157-00082319 the final goal because the final goal is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00322-00082320-00082523 to be fully decent right so that you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00323-00082524-00082726 don't have to trust us that we are going
vw3nMqkmpWk-00324-00082727-00082865 to run the malicious proverb that's why
vw3nMqkmpWk-00325-00082866-00083015 it's important that the proverb is okay
vw3nMqkmpWk-00326-00083016-00083194 that's why it's important to audit the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00327-00083195-00083441 proof and that the prover is okay but uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00328-00083442-00083681 at least for the launch uh we have this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00329-00083682-00083873 warranty that the users that are going
vw3nMqkmpWk-00330-00083874-00084005 to use the launch if there is something
vw3nMqkmpWk-00331-00084006-00084281 wrong in the in the proof and we are not
vw3nMqkmpWk-00332-00084282-00084682 doing crazy things then uh the they will
vw3nMqkmpWk-00333-00084683-00084887 not lose the fonts
vw3nMqkmpWk-00334-00084888-00085193 so so if I imagine it like this so let's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00335-00085194-00085397 say you know like I'm a user on a mobile
vw3nMqkmpWk-00336-00085398-00085631 and I have some assets on on this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00337-00085632-00085781 network
vw3nMqkmpWk-00338-00085782-00086021 when I create a transaction
vw3nMqkmpWk-00339-00086022-00086267 um I can use whatever Mobile Wallet I am
vw3nMqkmpWk-00340-00086268-00086512 already used to for a Serial I send the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00341-00086513-00086644 transaction
vw3nMqkmpWk-00342-00086645-00086867 the difference to ethereum will be in in
vw3nMqkmpWk-00343-00086868-00087131 this case my transaction is going to go
vw3nMqkmpWk-00344-00087132-00087455 to a sequencer and there's only one
vw3nMqkmpWk-00345-00087456-00087797 at launch so it goes there that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00346-00087798-00088015 sequencer is kind of receiving
vw3nMqkmpWk-00347-00088016-00088235 transactions from users and it's like
vw3nMqkmpWk-00348-00088236-00088421 creating the blog it's batching them and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00349-00088422-00088559 creating the block at publishing hey
vw3nMqkmpWk-00350-00088560-00088876 here's the block then there is approver
vw3nMqkmpWk-00351-00088877-00089141 which there's only one at launch but in
vw3nMqkmpWk-00352-00089142-00089405 the in later there'll be many
vw3nMqkmpWk-00353-00089406-00089693 and these These provers are taking the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00354-00089694-00089776 block
vw3nMqkmpWk-00355-00089777-00090076 and they are then running the CK AV
vw3nMqkmpWk-00356-00090077-00090250 improver and then they're creating sort
vw3nMqkmpWk-00357-00090251-00090544 of a certificate saying hey this block
vw3nMqkmpWk-00358-00090545-00090947 uh these transactions are genuine and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00359-00090948-00091217 this block takes the state from s to S
vw3nMqkmpWk-00360-00091218-00091487 Prime and here's a certificate for uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00361-00091488-00091644 for that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00362-00091645-00091979 and then on the other side
vw3nMqkmpWk-00363-00091980-00092117 if
vw3nMqkmpWk-00364-00092118-00092473 when I'm on my mobile I can essentially
vw3nMqkmpWk-00365-00092474-00092818 ask the polygon Network hey tell me your
vw3nMqkmpWk-00366-00092819-00093029 state and give me a proof that that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00367-00093030-00093179 state is correct
vw3nMqkmpWk-00368-00093180-00093467 and the polygon Network and can do okay
vw3nMqkmpWk-00369-00093468-00093694 your network can do that on the other
vw3nMqkmpWk-00370-00093695-00093815 side
vw3nMqkmpWk-00371-00093816-00094037 there are three stage three stages you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00372-00094038-00094211 describe two but there actually is a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00373-00094212-00094462 three stages uh thing it's like if you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00374-00094463-00094594 are the user you create a transaction
vw3nMqkmpWk-00375-00094595-00094799 you send this transaction to the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00376-00094800-00094967 sequencer and the sequencer will create
vw3nMqkmpWk-00377-00094968-00095123 the block immediately so here you will
vw3nMqkmpWk-00378-00095124-00095329 have a finality maybe of one two seconds
vw3nMqkmpWk-00379-00095330-00095711 this is I mean this is as fast as far as
vw3nMqkmpWk-00380-00095712-00095926 you are trusting the sequencer this is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00381-00095927-00096076 going to be final you know this is going
vw3nMqkmpWk-00382-00096077-00096293 to be the so the sequencer is gonna it's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00383-00096294-00096509 promising you that's gonna publish that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00384-00096510-00096749 transaction of course it's a centralized
vw3nMqkmpWk-00385-00096750-00096953 model you need to trust a sequencer if
vw3nMqkmpWk-00386-00096954-00097144 you don't trust a sequencer you cannot
vw3nMqkmpWk-00387-00097145-00097300 do anything with that information but if
vw3nMqkmpWk-00388-00097301-00097426 you are trusting the sequencer at least
vw3nMqkmpWk-00389-00097427-00097679 you know that that that this is the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00390-00097680-00097925 first stage okay the second stage is the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00391-00097926-00098212 sequencer will put this transaction uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00392-00098213-00098447 on chain okay but we'll not generate the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00393-00098448-00098615 proof it will put this that availability
vw3nMqkmpWk-00394-00098616-00098897 at this point the transaction is is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00395-00098898-00099094 final you don't need to trust a question
vw3nMqkmpWk-00396-00099095-00099232 so you know that this transaction is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00397-00099233-00099455 going to be executed uh so actually
vw3nMqkmpWk-00398-00099456-00099629 because you know that that transaction
vw3nMqkmpWk-00399-00099630-00099773 has been executed you can compute the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00400-00099774-00099850 state
vw3nMqkmpWk-00401-00099851-00100061 okay you can actually you can manually
vw3nMqkmpWk-00402-00100062-00100288 and any user can check that the state is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00403-00100289-00100576 is is is is is is is the the current one
vw3nMqkmpWk-00404-00100577-00100781 the only thing is that the network the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00405-00100782-00100955 the chain don't know which is in the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00406-00100956-00101123 state so the only thing that you will in
vw3nMqkmpWk-00407-00101124-00101261 this stage the only thing that you will
vw3nMqkmpWk-00408-00101262-00101512 not be able to do is withdraw funds
vw3nMqkmpWk-00409-00101513-00101824 and is a third stage of maybe 170 half
vw3nMqkmpWk-00410-00101825-00102041 an hour or whenever okay it's going to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00411-00102042-00102191 be a proof that will prove all the all
vw3nMqkmpWk-00412-00102192-00102347 the blocks that are in the middle and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00413-00102348-00102508 we'll put this okay the current state at
vw3nMqkmpWk-00414-00102509-00102671 this point is this one
vw3nMqkmpWk-00415-00102672-00102863 okay this is the Consolidated state so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00416-00102864-00102982 the state is going to be that in the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00417-00102983-00103175 network and this is that point where you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00418-00103176-00103373 will be able to withdraw the to withdraw
vw3nMqkmpWk-00419-00103374-00103594 the funds okay but actually is this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00420-00103595-00103865 three three three three stages one is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00421-00103866-00104136 finality of one two seconds that's the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00422-00104138-00104440 sequencer you trust then another that's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00423-00104441-00104584 gonna be I don't know the numbers yet
vw3nMqkmpWk-00424-00104585-00104794 but it's going to be every few minutes I
vw3nMqkmpWk-00425-00104795-00104933 don't know maybe two three four minutes
vw3nMqkmpWk-00426-00104933-00105310 that's gonna be a a a a transaction with
vw3nMqkmpWk-00427-00105311-00105527 all the uh with that availability with
vw3nMqkmpWk-00428-00105528-00105778 all the transactions that uh will need
vw3nMqkmpWk-00429-00105779-00106121 to be sequenced and a third and a final
vw3nMqkmpWk-00430-00106122-00106343 that's really half an hour that it's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00431-00106344-00106558 like this Consolidated state that we
vw3nMqkmpWk-00432-00106559-00106727 will allow you to Withrow this is all
vw3nMqkmpWk-00433-00106728-00106949 the the three stages
vw3nMqkmpWk-00434-00106950-00107207 let me kind of dig in here a little bit
vw3nMqkmpWk-00435-00107208-00107434 so I'm not so worried about the proverb
vw3nMqkmpWk-00436-00107435-00107590 because in principle anyone can run
vw3nMqkmpWk-00437-00107591-00107765 approval right so basically even if
vw3nMqkmpWk-00438-00107766-00108065 there's only one at the network launch I
vw3nMqkmpWk-00439-00108066-00108221 could build approver and I would be
vw3nMqkmpWk-00440-00108222-00108527 economically incentivized to do so so it
vw3nMqkmpWk-00441-00108528-00108725 to me it's kind of akin to kind of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00442-00108726-00109043 having people who liquidate underwater
vw3nMqkmpWk-00443-00109044-00109204 loans on make or something right so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00444-00109205-00109415 basically this is kind of to me a very
vw3nMqkmpWk-00445-00109416-00109547 similar
vw3nMqkmpWk-00446-00109548-00109727 um proposition
vw3nMqkmpWk-00447-00109728-00109925 um I'm a little bit
vw3nMqkmpWk-00448-00109926-00110140 um more skeptical about the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00449-00110141-00110363 centralization of the sequencer because
vw3nMqkmpWk-00450-00110364-00110608 I mean you said that I can always kind
vw3nMqkmpWk-00451-00110609-00110993 of force being included by sending this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00452-00110994-00111101 to L1
vw3nMqkmpWk-00453-00111102-00111457 this is correct but in a way I'm still
vw3nMqkmpWk-00454-00111458-00111725 economically locked in if it's not
vw3nMqkmpWk-00455-00111726-00111958 economically viable to actually send
vw3nMqkmpWk-00456-00111959-00112090 this to everyone it's kind of like
vw3nMqkmpWk-00457-00112091-00112193 saying
vw3nMqkmpWk-00458-00112194-00112481 um okay you're on an island and there is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00459-00112482-00112625 one
vw3nMqkmpWk-00460-00112626-00112865 um there's one airline that actually
vw3nMqkmpWk-00461-00112866-00113165 Services the island say it's Lufthansa
vw3nMqkmpWk-00462-00113166-00113434 and Lufthansa kind of refuses to give me
vw3nMqkmpWk-00463-00113435-00113543 a ticket
vw3nMqkmpWk-00464-00113544-00113771 um right and Lufthansa says and I say
vw3nMqkmpWk-00465-00113772-00113957 well I'm stuck here now and Lufthansa
vw3nMqkmpWk-00466-00113958-00114131 will say well you could always rent a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00467-00114132-00114323 private jet and I mean obviously this is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00468-00114324-00114527 true I could I could chart a private jet
vw3nMqkmpWk-00469-00114528-00114743 but it would be very expensive much more
vw3nMqkmpWk-00470-00114744-00114928 expensive than just being included by
vw3nMqkmpWk-00471-00114929-00115199 Lufthansa and for many transactions it
vw3nMqkmpWk-00472-00115200-00115397 wouldn't actually be viable to kind of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00473-00115398-00115619 escalate to layer one so technically
vw3nMqkmpWk-00474-00115620-00115834 you're not locked in but economically
vw3nMqkmpWk-00475-00115835-00116008 you are right
vw3nMqkmpWk-00476-00116009-00116399 well I mean yeah but you know the the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00477-00116400-00116657 you will have to pay this this ticket
vw3nMqkmpWk-00478-00116658-00116836 but and you probably you are not gonna
vw3nMqkmpWk-00479-00116838-00117089 go to that Iceland anymore okay but at
vw3nMqkmpWk-00480-00117090-00117190 least you are not going to be stick
vw3nMqkmpWk-00481-00117191-00117377 there so it's like lufthans somewhere
vw3nMqkmpWk-00482-00117378-00117575 and tease you so it's like it's not like
vw3nMqkmpWk-00483-00117576-00117808 a private I would not say a private uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00484-00117809-00118025 jet is like a Lufthansa you have a way
vw3nMqkmpWk-00485-00118026-00118210 so you haven't this case is the layer
vw3nMqkmpWk-00486-00118211-00118463 one but you have a like a judge that can
vw3nMqkmpWk-00487-00118464-00118813 force Lufthansa to sell you a ticket for
vw3nMqkmpWk-00488-00118814-00119086 a limited price which is the layer one
vw3nMqkmpWk-00489-00119088-00119345 cost so I mean I need to pay the judge
vw3nMqkmpWk-00490-00119346-00119590 right you need to say yeah exactly yeah
vw3nMqkmpWk-00491-00119591-00119777 yeah it's gonna cost you but so this is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00492-00119778-00120047 so this is why it's not uh perfectly
vw3nMqkmpWk-00493-00120048-00120251 decentralized this is not the perfect
vw3nMqkmpWk-00494-00120252-00120478 but at least you will not get a stick in
vw3nMqkmpWk-00495-00120479-00120647 the island you will leave the island and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00496-00120648-00120828 your brother will not come back I agree
vw3nMqkmpWk-00497-00120829-00121151 oh definitely will not come back exactly
vw3nMqkmpWk-00498-00121152-00121397 no not a good Island experience but it's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00499-00121398-00121577 not but the important is that you are
vw3nMqkmpWk-00500-00121578-00121763 not gonna get a stock in the in the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00501-00121764-00121990 Iceland okay so that's the important
vw3nMqkmpWk-00502-00121991-00122207 part here so that's the yeah the the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00503-00122208-00122483 idea here is to to preserve the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00504-00122483-00122854 properties of uh sensory persistent uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00505-00122855-00123095 because we are launching this network
vw3nMqkmpWk-00506-00123096-00123334 um it was a testing sequencer it's a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00507-00123335-00123431 single one
vw3nMqkmpWk-00508-00123432-00123684 so what we want to provide is you know
vw3nMqkmpWk-00509-00123685-00123983 this this property so everyone is just
vw3nMqkmpWk-00510-00123983-00124216 uh you know relaxed about I have the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00511-00124217-00124384 option to do it of course the sequences
vw3nMqkmpWk-00512-00124385-00124619 will process of all transactions but at
vw3nMqkmpWk-00513-00124620-00124745 least we have provide this mechanism
vw3nMqkmpWk-00514-00124746-00125008 that you don't need to trust anyone here
vw3nMqkmpWk-00515-00125009-00125183 because you will be able to do it in
vw3nMqkmpWk-00516-00125183-00125386 some way but the next step will be to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00517-00125388-00125627 decentralize sequencing also
vw3nMqkmpWk-00518-00125628-00125902 so okay we have to kind of have a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00519-00125903-00126131 decentralized sequencer yes
vw3nMqkmpWk-00520-00126132-00126352 exactly
vw3nMqkmpWk-00521-00126353-00126599 so I assume Jody this is going to be
vw3nMqkmpWk-00522-00126600-00126857 your next job after uh all the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00523-00126858-00126983 optimization
vw3nMqkmpWk-00524-00126983-00127139 I don't know if it's going to be my job
vw3nMqkmpWk-00525-00127140-00127565 but for someone being polygon for sure
vw3nMqkmpWk-00526-00127566-00127834 yeah so yeah that's important yes it is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00527-00127835-00128021 an important piece here you can an
vw3nMqkmpWk-00528-00128022-00128458 interesting way to see a a sequencer is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00529-00128459-00128734 uh it's a consensus it's a consensus uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00530-00128735-00128914 it's a consensus system of course it's a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00531-00128915-00129113 centralized system is I would say it's a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00532-00129114-00129377 dictatorship uh consensus system so it's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00533-00129378-00129545 the the consensus is what the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00534-00129546-00129760 centralized it's a consensus okay I mean
vw3nMqkmpWk-00535-00129761-00130066 it's very trivial or consensus way but
vw3nMqkmpWk-00536-00130067-00130384 you can substitute the sequencer with
vw3nMqkmpWk-00537-00130385-00130643 any consensus mechanisms you want to put
vw3nMqkmpWk-00538-00130644-00130907 here okay so you can you can put a proof
vw3nMqkmpWk-00539-00130908-00131099 of authority you can do the proof stake
vw3nMqkmpWk-00540-00131100-00131321 even uh you know you can you can put
vw3nMqkmpWk-00541-00131322-00131657 whatever whatever consensus uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00542-00131658-00131969 mechanisms here and and it it's I mean
vw3nMqkmpWk-00543-00131970-00132131 then you have the limitations of the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00544-00132132-00132352 consensus okay maybe you will not have
vw3nMqkmpWk-00545-00132353-00132563 the same finality and so on and you will
vw3nMqkmpWk-00546-00132564-00132959 get in that dilemma uh uh in the Dilemma
vw3nMqkmpWk-00547-00132960-00133199 balance but it's perfectly doable on
vw3nMqkmpWk-00548-00133200-00133373 here in polygon we have a lot of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00549-00133374-00133654 experience in in consensus in creating
vw3nMqkmpWk-00550-00133655-00134135 consensus uh consensus Networks
vw3nMqkmpWk-00551-00134136-00134381 let's let's talk about the gas so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00552-00134382-00134561 obviously all of this is not for free so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00553-00134562-00134699 you need to pay the sequence of the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00554-00134700-00134957 prover and you also need to pay the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00555-00134958-00135119 layer one right because you have these
vw3nMqkmpWk-00556-00135120-00135352 periodic check-ins where obviously kind
vw3nMqkmpWk-00557-00135353-00135421 of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00558-00135422-00135754 data stored on L1
vw3nMqkmpWk-00559-00135755-00136127 um so how how does the gas model work on
vw3nMqkmpWk-00560-00136128-00136307 DK evm
vw3nMqkmpWk-00561-00136308-00136481 so from all right let's see we got two
vw3nMqkmpWk-00562-00136482-00136685 things so from the end user perspective
vw3nMqkmpWk-00563-00136686-00136990 the model is going to be exactly the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00564-00136991-00137278 same that uh the uh the layer one it's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00565-00137279-00137561 going to be gas and you pay for for we
vw3nMqkmpWk-00566-00137562-00137837 put a gas price and so it works exactly
vw3nMqkmpWk-00567-00137838-00138023 the same and we are using and the way
vw3nMqkmpWk-00568-00138024-00138293 that the smart contracts work it's very
vw3nMqkmpWk-00569-00138294-00138575 equivalent so it's like uh so although
vw3nMqkmpWk-00570-00138576-00138840 codes is going to cost you so the in in
vw3nMqkmpWk-00571-00138841-00139061 gas quantity is going to cost you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00572-00139062-00139363 exactly exactly exactly the same okay
vw3nMqkmpWk-00573-00139364-00139619 this is super interesting I would have I
vw3nMqkmpWk-00574-00139620-00139757 would have imagined that there are up
vw3nMqkmpWk-00575-00139758-00140093 codes that are more expensive on dkvm
vw3nMqkmpWk-00576-00140094-00140237 just because they're difficult to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00577-00140238-00140423 implement and I mean mispriced up codes
vw3nMqkmpWk-00578-00140424-00140704 is really it's a danger for them for the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00579-00140705-00140909 network right if you actually offer up
vw3nMqkmpWk-00580-00140910-00141137 codes that are more expensive for you to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00581-00141138-00141323 actually process then people are paying
vw3nMqkmpWk-00582-00141324-00141461 for them but we can't regulate that with
vw3nMqkmpWk-00583-00141462-00141707 the gas price so maybe the the idea is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00584-00141708-00141869 that depending on the transaction that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00585-00141870-00142001 you are doing so in general the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00586-00142002-00142169 transactions are gonna are gonna cause
vw3nMqkmpWk-00587-00142170-00142390 you the same because at the end is a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00588-00142391-00142583 kind of an average okay so the sequencer
vw3nMqkmpWk-00589-00142584-00142852 will work but if you are doing exchange
vw3nMqkmpWk-00590-00142853-00142973 transactions for example transaction
vw3nMqkmpWk-00591-00142974-00143152 that's doing a loop of catch X or a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00592-00143153-00143321 transaction that's putting a lot of data
vw3nMqkmpWk-00593-00143322-00143459 availability in there so if you are
vw3nMqkmpWk-00594-00143460-00143627 doing this kind of transactions what you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00595-00143628-00143789 can see is that the sequencer they may
vw3nMqkmpWk-00596-00143790-00144052 ask you for more uh for a bigger gas
vw3nMqkmpWk-00597-00144053-00144221 price
vw3nMqkmpWk-00598-00144222-00144425 okay so basically it's not it's not a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00599-00144426-00144587 fixed price so basically it's not a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00600-00144588-00144814 fixed price it's gonna be a fixed price
vw3nMqkmpWk-00601-00144815-00145019 for if you are doing crazy things if you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00602-00145020-00145151 are you know just doing normal
vw3nMqkmpWk-00603-00145152-00145451 transactions uh should be modernized the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00604-00145452-00145547 same
vw3nMqkmpWk-00605-00145548-00145837 and the sequencer decides what's crazy
vw3nMqkmpWk-00606-00145838-00146081 yeah well it's if it fits in the blocks
vw3nMqkmpWk-00607-00146082-00146254 or doesn't fits in the block on how it
vw3nMqkmpWk-00608-00146255-00146501 it occupates that yeah if you are look
vw3nMqkmpWk-00609-00146502-00146704 for example if that availability the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00610-00146705-00146849 cost of that availability is going to be
vw3nMqkmpWk-00611-00146850-00147137 the same so a call data uh it's the same
vw3nMqkmpWk-00612-00147138-00147311 if you want to put the data in the call
vw3nMqkmpWk-00613-00147312-00147454 data that means that the cost is going
vw3nMqkmpWk-00614-00147455-00147647 to be the same for L1 and L2 here you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00615-00147648-00147785 will not have savings
vw3nMqkmpWk-00616-00147786-00148097 okay so if you are putting transactions
vw3nMqkmpWk-00617-00148098-00148547 with a relatively normal uh uh call data
vw3nMqkmpWk-00618-00148548-00148714 okay
vw3nMqkmpWk-00619-00148715-00148907 um it's called Data in general is like
vw3nMqkmpWk-00620-00148908-00149189 uh less than one percent of the of the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00621-00149190-00149435 cost of the transaction so it's not
vw3nMqkmpWk-00622-00149436-00149609 going to be what the the cost would but
vw3nMqkmpWk-00623-00149610-00149735 if you are creating a specific
vw3nMqkmpWk-00624-00149736-00149952 transaction that puts
vw3nMqkmpWk-00625-00149953-00150263 a lot of data then maybe the the the the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00626-00150264-00150533 the the the sequencer has a right to not
vw3nMqkmpWk-00627-00150534-00150802 include the transaction or to charge you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00628-00150803-00151049 more but we are expecting that the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00629-00151050-00151240 normal users will not see any difference
vw3nMqkmpWk-00630-00151241-00151475 on that oh yeah absolutely I totally
vw3nMqkmpWk-00631-00151476-00151559 agree that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00632-00151560-00151745 agree that within normal use
vw3nMqkmpWk-00633-00151746-00152039 shoe at all it's just that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00634-00152040-00152339 if you have I mean so in many respects
vw3nMqkmpWk-00635-00152340-00152614 kind of governance minimization at these
vw3nMqkmpWk-00636-00152615-00152861 layers is kind of a great goal and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00637-00152862-00153059 basically saying well if anything's too
vw3nMqkmpWk-00638-00153060-00153364 crazy the the sequencer can can
vw3nMqkmpWk-00639-00153365-00153664 um uh can throw it out or not include it
vw3nMqkmpWk-00640-00153665-00153814 or charge more
vw3nMqkmpWk-00641-00153815-00154054 um it kind of it opens
vw3nMqkmpWk-00642-00154055-00154421 a Floodgate in a way so basically I I
vw3nMqkmpWk-00643-00154422-00154702 um yeah it's a centralized sequencer
vw3nMqkmpWk-00644-00154703-00154793 yeah
vw3nMqkmpWk-00645-00154794-00155021 yeah maybe it's not it's not that big a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00646-00155022-00155278 deal it's just uh yeah I mean if there's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00647-00155279-00155561 a clear if if there's a clear way of it
vw3nMqkmpWk-00648-00155562-00155802 attacking the network and it could only
vw3nMqkmpWk-00649-00155803-00156101 react via like some governance mechanism
vw3nMqkmpWk-00650-00156102-00156437 yeah but okay yeah I mean I I mean kind
vw3nMqkmpWk-00651-00156438-00156616 of sequence and decentralization so you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00652-00156617-00156766 don't have anyways
vw3nMqkmpWk-00653-00156767-00157013 there are some denial of service attacks
vw3nMqkmpWk-00654-00157014-00157264 there to the sequencer that's this is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00655-00157265-00157390 one of the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00656-00157391-00157739 important topics to deal so there so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00657-00157740-00157943 you're right here that the the you need
vw3nMqkmpWk-00658-00157944-00158225 to but you know I mean normal web page
vw3nMqkmpWk-00659-00158226-00158476 it's like like a normal like any other
vw3nMqkmpWk-00660-00158477-00158651 centralized service you know a normal
vw3nMqkmpWk-00661-00158652-00158933 web page is also exposed to the needle
vw3nMqkmpWk-00662-00158934-00159101 of service attacks okay and I mean
vw3nMqkmpWk-00663-00159102-00159347 absolutely so that's it's a centralized
vw3nMqkmpWk-00664-00159348-00159623 system and they will have protections
vw3nMqkmpWk-00665-00159624-00159797 like any other centralized system so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00666-00159798-00159923 it's a centralized sequencer this is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00667-00159924-00160078 what it is when we talk about the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00668-00160079-00160393 centralized sequencer then things just
vw3nMqkmpWk-00669-00160394-00160702 the rules change
vw3nMqkmpWk-00670-00160703-00160943 okay but sorry I I kind of interrupted
vw3nMqkmpWk-00671-00160944-00161176 your explanation about the gas in the so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00672-00161177-00161416 basically kind of you you kind of pay
vw3nMqkmpWk-00673-00161417-00161669 um a uh proportional amount of gas for
vw3nMqkmpWk-00674-00161670-00161902 each op code you use and that's kind of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00675-00161903-00162095 what the user sees but basically what
vw3nMqkmpWk-00676-00162096-00162323 the network does is kind of it has to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00677-00162324-00162533 pay like different actors so the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00678-00162534-00162826 sequencer the prover as well as the L1
vw3nMqkmpWk-00679-00162827-00163073 as a service provider and so how is that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00680-00163074-00163223 handled
vw3nMqkmpWk-00681-00163224-00163511 well the sequencer just did just well it
vw3nMqkmpWk-00682-00163512-00163745 has an economic economic engine somehow
vw3nMqkmpWk-00683-00163746-00164075 but the idea is uh uh how much I will
vw3nMqkmpWk-00684-00164076-00164237 get it's the same like a minor you know
vw3nMqkmpWk-00685-00164238-00164416 it's like how much I will get if I
vw3nMqkmpWk-00686-00164417-00164597 include this transaction and if it's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00687-00164598-00164776 profitable they will include it if and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00688-00164777-00164914 if not it will not include it and it
vw3nMqkmpWk-00689-00164915-00165061 will take just the most profitable
vw3nMqkmpWk-00690-00165062-00165335 transactions uh as much profitable
vw3nMqkmpWk-00691-00165336-00165539 transactions they can in the in the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00692-00165540-00165869 sequencer it's I mean at as easy as that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00693-00165870-00166031 and if you want as complex as that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00694-00166032-00166195 because you know
vw3nMqkmpWk-00695-00166196-00166439 how much profitable is transaction then
vw3nMqkmpWk-00696-00166440-00166625 you need to check the transaction and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00697-00166626-00166804 you need to you need to and this is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00698-00166805-00166961 where the all the complexity of the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00699-00166962-00167278 sequencer comes but it is very simple if
vw3nMqkmpWk-00700-00167279-00167483 you have a back pool of transactions you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00701-00167484-00167614 select the ones that are more profitable
vw3nMqkmpWk-00702-00167615-00167885 and you need you need to pay all the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00703-00167886-00168113 costs okay you need to pay the the gas
vw3nMqkmpWk-00704-00168114-00168364 the approver the that availability which
vw3nMqkmpWk-00705-00168365-00168514 you need to pay all the all the things
vw3nMqkmpWk-00706-00168515-00168623 in there you need to take that in
vw3nMqkmpWk-00707-00168624-00168821 account
vw3nMqkmpWk-00708-00168822-00168952 so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00709-00168953-00169337 um the gas cost for the user on polycon
vw3nMqkmpWk-00710-00169338-00169721 polygon zkevm they kind of they rise in
vw3nMqkmpWk-00711-00169722-00169985 lockstep with gas costs on L1 right
vw3nMqkmpWk-00712-00169986-00170225 because basically if committing these
vw3nMqkmpWk-00713-00170226-00170525 um things to everyone rises in price
vw3nMqkmpWk-00714-00170526-00170831 kind of there's no way for you to not
vw3nMqkmpWk-00715-00170832-00171173 pass this on to the user do you see that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00716-00171174-00171473 as a limiting factor
vw3nMqkmpWk-00717-00171474-00171701 well somehow it's it's going to be a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00718-00171702-00171935 direct correlation so it's going to be a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00719-00171936-00172090 direct correlation between the price of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00720-00172091-00172271 L2 in the Pro with the price of L1
vw3nMqkmpWk-00721-00172272-00172540 definitively is going to be there
vw3nMqkmpWk-00722-00172541-00172739 especially for this you know for that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00723-00172740-00172913 availability because so a lot of the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00724-00172914-00173189 costs uh most of the costs actually are
vw3nMqkmpWk-00725-00173190-00173452 are related to the layer one so yeah
vw3nMqkmpWk-00726-00173453-00173747 it's like uh yeah the cost of Transport
vw3nMqkmpWk-00727-00173748-00173951 depends on the cost of the oil well yeah
vw3nMqkmpWk-00728-00173952-00174173 transport you need you need soil so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00729-00174174-00174383 that's it's it's important no that's the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00730-00174384-00174652 the benefits the benefit of having data
vw3nMqkmpWk-00731-00174653-00174923 availability layer one is also yes for
vw3nMqkmpWk-00732-00174924-00175145 this problem because the the security of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00733-00175146-00175289 uh you know putting on this transaction
vw3nMqkmpWk-00734-00175290-00175528 to layer one is higher and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00735-00175529-00175840 you know the cost of Ledger one
vw3nMqkmpWk-00736-00175841-00175895 um
vw3nMqkmpWk-00737-00175896-00176213 needs to be you know included in the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00738-00176214-00176525 cost for the username Layer Two
vw3nMqkmpWk-00739-00176526-00176681 so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00740-00176682-00176878 um you talked about this network of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00741-00176879-00177064 different networks earlier
vw3nMqkmpWk-00742-00177065-00177340 um you know within the polygon family
vw3nMqkmpWk-00743-00177341-00177616 um will there be like a flowchart um on
vw3nMqkmpWk-00744-00177617-00177778 the polygon website where basically I
vw3nMqkmpWk-00745-00177779-00178019 say I want to deploy adapt that kind of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00746-00178020-00178211 has these and these requirements and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00747-00178212-00178390 this is kind of the security guarantees
vw3nMqkmpWk-00748-00178391-00178559 I I would like
vw3nMqkmpWk-00749-00178560-00178757 um and you guys will tell me okay then
vw3nMqkmpWk-00750-00178758-00179176 do not deploy to uh polygon dkvm deploy
vw3nMqkmpWk-00751-00179177-00179399 to I don't know uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00752-00179400-00179675 polygon POS
vw3nMqkmpWk-00753-00179676-00180011 yes exciting this data objective will
vw3nMqkmpWk-00754-00180012-00180328 will come for this year
vw3nMqkmpWk-00755-00180329-00180647 so what kind of applications do you see
vw3nMqkmpWk-00756-00180648-00180916 living on polygon zkevm in the in the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00757-00180917-00181151 mid to long run
vw3nMqkmpWk-00758-00181152-00181475 well uh we have this path of two two
vw3nMqkmpWk-00759-00181476-00181847 optimizations was saying we have a lot
vw3nMqkmpWk-00760-00181848-00182081 of in the backlog we will close in some
vw3nMqkmpWk-00761-00182082-00182351 way a release to to launch this first
vw3nMqkmpWk-00762-00182352-00182699 version but uh the 60 VM has the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00763-00182700-00182897 constraints of uh the proof in letter
vw3nMqkmpWk-00764-00182898-00183185 one which is the capital normal model
vw3nMqkmpWk-00765-00183186-00183419 and also we have them the constraint of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00766-00183420-00183659 data availability layer one uh for us
vw3nMqkmpWk-00767-00183660-00183916 the the proving cost is becoming a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00768-00183917-00184199 little part of the the course for users
vw3nMqkmpWk-00769-00184200-00184426 every time we optimize is slower and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00770-00184427-00184511 lower
vw3nMqkmpWk-00771-00184512-00184757 so basically it's data availability then
vw3nMqkmpWk-00772-00184758-00184997 most of the course will be that also
vw3nMqkmpWk-00773-00184998-00185152 there will be some fees for the approval
vw3nMqkmpWk-00774-00185153-00185476 you know this this normal things the the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00775-00185477-00185716 network needs to get some kind of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00776-00185717-00185914 benefit for for the participants in some
vw3nMqkmpWk-00777-00185915-00186275 way but at the same time uh we we have a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00778-00186276-00186454 plan also to optimize data availability
vw3nMqkmpWk-00779-00186455-00186551 cost
vw3nMqkmpWk-00780-00186552-00186988 and the idea here is to to just uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00781-00186989-00187187 specify which are the benefits in terms
vw3nMqkmpWk-00782-00187188-00187576 of finality throughput cost for users uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00783-00187577-00187793 we feel like the the applications that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00784-00187794-00188009 require better security in terms of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00785-00188010-00188237 datability like for example for example
vw3nMqkmpWk-00786-00188238-00188543 defy they are very very interested in
vw3nMqkmpWk-00787-00188544-00188861 ckvm because we are bringing this uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00788-00188862-00189113 higher level of security both in you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00789-00189114-00189281 know it's a layer two but do have so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00790-00189282-00189466 much smart contracts but you have data
vw3nMqkmpWk-00791-00189467-00189749 on chain and you have this uh proving
vw3nMqkmpWk-00792-00189750-00190013 that provides a super fast finality
vw3nMqkmpWk-00793-00190014-00190235 because we are talking about finality
vw3nMqkmpWk-00794-00190236-00190523 under one hour more or less so this for
vw3nMqkmpWk-00795-00190524-00190678 for this kind of applications is very
vw3nMqkmpWk-00796-00190679-00191002 important to have this uh you know fast
vw3nMqkmpWk-00797-00191003-00191257 movement liquidity
vw3nMqkmpWk-00798-00191258-00191488 applications with a lower values and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00799-00191489-00191747 sections like gaming I don't know this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00800-00191748-00191987 probably will be a better fit in the in
vw3nMqkmpWk-00801-00191988-00192226 the POS or other metaphors that have
vw3nMqkmpWk-00802-00192227-00192563 data of chain but we see that uh there's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00803-00192564-00192840 a big Market of on high value
vw3nMqkmpWk-00804-00192841-00193066 transactions that are very interested in
vw3nMqkmpWk-00805-00193067-00193333 the city
vw3nMqkmpWk-00806-00193334-00193654 nfts it's also they are having a lot of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00807-00193655-00193859 interest in in that you know for all
vw3nMqkmpWk-00808-00193860-00194111 these nfts markets and the movies that's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00809-00194112-00194314 real value you know it's an entity that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00810-00194315-00194488 has a specific some some value in there
vw3nMqkmpWk-00811-00194489-00194638 and you want to guarantee because you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00812-00194639-00194933 can have the nft in the later one so you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00813-00194934-00195137 don't require the breach and and and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00814-00195138-00195366 then you are uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00815-00195367-00195671 moving in and working it in Layer Two
vw3nMqkmpWk-00816-00195672-00195851 that's another important application
vw3nMqkmpWk-00817-00195852-00196049 that looks like it's coming but you know
vw3nMqkmpWk-00818-00196050-00196349 there are many and it's it's not it's a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00819-00196350-00196552 you know it's a chain that survival
vw3nMqkmpWk-00820-00196553-00196816 change I'm sure it's going to be a lot
vw3nMqkmpWk-00821-00196817-00197021 of applications that I don't even I'm
vw3nMqkmpWk-00822-00197022-00197297 aware of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00823-00197298-00197495 one of the interesting topics in the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00824-00197496-00197759 whole ZK space is the question of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00825-00197760-00197921 Licensing
vw3nMqkmpWk-00826-00197922-00198173 so the novel novel novel part of this of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00827-00198174-00198419 the system is uh the approval right like
vw3nMqkmpWk-00828-00198420-00198575 the thing that will
vw3nMqkmpWk-00829-00198576-00198790 that will essentially take the blocks
vw3nMqkmpWk-00830-00198791-00199157 and generate the the proofs uh for the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00831-00199158-00199426 correct State transition what is your
vw3nMqkmpWk-00832-00199427-00199738 licensing approach as polygon ZK EDM for
vw3nMqkmpWk-00833-00199739-00199913 your approver yes
vw3nMqkmpWk-00834-00199914-00200243 well they do something we are discussing
vw3nMqkmpWk-00835-00200244-00200543 uh but our approach in the long run is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00836-00200544-00200764 going to be open source for sure because
vw3nMqkmpWk-00837-00200765-00201071 uh everything we build is open source we
vw3nMqkmpWk-00838-00201072-00201287 are building with source code available
vw3nMqkmpWk-00839-00201288-00201545 since July last year as we said we are
vw3nMqkmpWk-00840-00201546-00201778 sharing a lot of ideas and and the the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00841-00201779-00201988 code with the with the whole community
vw3nMqkmpWk-00842-00201989-00202337 for us there's a path towards you know
vw3nMqkmpWk-00843-00202338-00202535 decentralization also that we want to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00844-00202536-00202673 accomplish now we are involved in the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00845-00202674-00203063 audits it's about security also but then
vw3nMqkmpWk-00846-00203064-00203309 we have a plan for backbounties we are
vw3nMqkmpWk-00847-00203310-00203566 launching this vitamin net we have a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00848-00203567-00203800 path of the centralization and we have
vw3nMqkmpWk-00849-00203801-00204107 also to include uh baliacular formatting
vw3nMqkmpWk-00850-00204108-00204407 token into this ckbm so that's a the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00851-00204408-00204611 project is not over in terms of the full
vw3nMqkmpWk-00852-00204612-00204994 Prelude and uh we are just uh you know
vw3nMqkmpWk-00853-00204996-00205205 thinking on on the license we want to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00854-00205206-00205486 put uh because we will put a license uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00855-00205487-00205846 that kind of uh specifies the the use
vw3nMqkmpWk-00856-00205848-00206021 you can do with this code before the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00857-00206021-00206236 minute so it's something we will do very
vw3nMqkmpWk-00858-00206237-00206327 soon
vw3nMqkmpWk-00859-00206328-00206632 but uh the spirit for us is that this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00860-00206633-00206879 becomes available eventually because we
vw3nMqkmpWk-00861-00206880-00207166 want uh to cover with our roadmap and we
vw3nMqkmpWk-00862-00207167-00207407 also want to make this a public
vw3nMqkmpWk-00863-00207408-00207725 available good as we are just using some
vw3nMqkmpWk-00864-00207726-00207916 other you know technology from other
vw3nMqkmpWk-00865-00207917-00208181 teams we are happy other teams can use
vw3nMqkmpWk-00866-00208182-00208558 our technology too in fact the only the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00867-00208559-00208732 only repository that doesn't have a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00868-00208733-00208936 permissive license is the approved for
vw3nMqkmpWk-00869-00208937-00209129 the rest as I said before the whole
vw3nMqkmpWk-00870-00209130-00209296 tooling the client all of this is open
vw3nMqkmpWk-00871-00209298-00209707 source and anyone can just use this code
vw3nMqkmpWk-00872-00209708-00209908 so this is not something that's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00873-00209909-00210292 important is because first so uh that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00874-00210294-00210437 the code is available is probably the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00875-00210438-00210587 most important thing because you know if
vw3nMqkmpWk-00876-00210588-00210713 you want to trust the system you need to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00877-00210714-00210917 at least understand what's what's going
vw3nMqkmpWk-00878-00210917-00211132 on and you need to see you know you need
vw3nMqkmpWk-00879-00211133-00211384 to you need to verify so anybody should
vw3nMqkmpWk-00880-00211385-00211541 be able to verify that what you're
vw3nMqkmpWk-00881-00211542-00211751 running is what it is so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00882-00211752-00211919 the first thing is that the code needs
vw3nMqkmpWk-00883-00211919-00212123 to be available we have in we open we
vw3nMqkmpWk-00884-00212123-00212392 open all the other reports in in July
vw3nMqkmpWk-00885-00212394-00212765 and this gives us a lot of uh uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00886-00212766-00212944 confidence you know during this uh six
vw3nMqkmpWk-00887-00212946-00213232 months or or eight month uh many
vw3nMqkmpWk-00888-00213233-00213479 developers have checked that and now
vw3nMqkmpWk-00889-00213480-00213779 have issues and for uh uh checking box
vw3nMqkmpWk-00890-00213780-00214025 or for even for doing proposal so this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00891-00214026-00214205 has been available from there and this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00892-00214206-00214301 is very important from the security
vw3nMqkmpWk-00893-00214302-00214541 perspective and this is a must you know
vw3nMqkmpWk-00894-00214542-00214889 the system must be open uh so you need
vw3nMqkmpWk-00895-00214890-00215081 to see what's what's moving and needs to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00896-00215082-00215219 be verifiable you need to check that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00897-00215219-00215417 what's in the network is actually what's
vw3nMqkmpWk-00898-00215417-00215560 what's in there so this is the first
vw3nMqkmpWk-00899-00215561-00215825 step and this is already there okay the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00900-00215826-00215981 the second thing is all about the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00901-00215982-00216160 knowledge you know all that you know all
vw3nMqkmpWk-00902-00216161-00216353 the so that we are showing all the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00903-00216354-00216496 knowledge and but not only that all the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00904-00216498-00216634 tooling you know right now all the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00905-00216635-00216808 languages to write that or the tooling
vw3nMqkmpWk-00906-00216809-00217042 that we use for write that all the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00907-00217044-00217253 um the verifier the pillow star the star
vw3nMqkmpWk-00908-00217254-00217469 generation so that's all the all the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00909-00217469-00217823 tooling that's usable by Third parties
vw3nMqkmpWk-00910-00217823-00218087 you know for for other projects this is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00911-00218088-00218537 already uh in MIT and Apache listens so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00912-00218538-00218771 anybody can use that okay so the only
vw3nMqkmpWk-00913-00218771-00219017 piece is that the proverb and what here
vw3nMqkmpWk-00914-00219017-00219191 what we're just trying trying to protect
vw3nMqkmpWk-00915-00219192-00219569 is just having some opportunistic uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-00916-00219569-00219742 person just creating their own token
vw3nMqkmpWk-00917-00219744-00220013 just couldn't pasting the the coupon
vw3nMqkmpWk-00918-00220014-00220163 pasting the same way that happens with
vw3nMqkmpWk-00919-00220164-00220396 uni swap or that happened with buba
vw3nMqkmpWk-00920-00220398-00220613 networks or happen in this space we
vw3nMqkmpWk-00921-00220614-00220739 don't want to we don't like this model
vw3nMqkmpWk-00922-00220740-00220913 we don't want this to happen and this is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00923-00220914-00221146 what we are trying to avoid besides that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00924-00221148-00221375 if you are doing a project that's a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00925-00221376-00221591 serious project you want to use that I
vw3nMqkmpWk-00926-00221592-00221746 mean this should be open and the spirit
vw3nMqkmpWk-00927-00221748-00222010 is that so we are against the just the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00928-00222011-00222167 opportunistic people that just taking
vw3nMqkmpWk-00929-00222167-00222563 profit of uh others uh things work uh by
vw3nMqkmpWk-00930-00222564-00222706 that that's what that's the only thing
vw3nMqkmpWk-00931-00222707-00222941 that we want to protect and but besides
vw3nMqkmpWk-00932-00222942-00223175 that everything should be open and and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00933-00223176-00223456 visible and usable and learning that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00934-00223457-00223805 this is the spirit that's behind the the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00935-00223806-00224027 the licensing that we are trying to to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00936-00224028-00224237 to to achieve but again we are deciding
vw3nMqkmpWk-00937-00224238-00224458 that and it's going to be available very
vw3nMqkmpWk-00938-00224459-00224639 soon
vw3nMqkmpWk-00939-00224640-00224921 yeah so from from my perspective yeah it
vw3nMqkmpWk-00940-00224921-00225155 makes sense that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00941-00225156-00225358 you're trying like
vw3nMqkmpWk-00942-00225359-00225625 one thing that you're trying to do is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00943-00225626-00225953 prevent somebody else from launching a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00944-00225954-00226217 roll up with your technology before you
vw3nMqkmpWk-00945-00226217-00226439 do and getting the Press attention and
vw3nMqkmpWk-00946-00226440-00226751 that makes complete sense right
vw3nMqkmpWk-00947-00226752-00226996 I would even go one step further
vw3nMqkmpWk-00948-00226998-00227134 I mean
vw3nMqkmpWk-00949-00227135-00227381 it
vw3nMqkmpWk-00950-00227382-00227542 need to say
vw3nMqkmpWk-00951-00227544-00227837 you know six months after for the first
vw3nMqkmpWk-00952-00227838-00228082 six months after your main net is live
vw3nMqkmpWk-00953-00228083-00228310 the prover is not open source you're
vw3nMqkmpWk-00954-00228311-00228503 trying to get some kind of competitive
vw3nMqkmpWk-00955-00228504-00228719 lead on the market before it becomes
vw3nMqkmpWk-00956-00228719-00228958 open source and other people can can use
vw3nMqkmpWk-00957-00228959-00229115 it that is also actually to me
vw3nMqkmpWk-00958-00229116-00229271 understandable you've put in a lot of
vw3nMqkmpWk-00959-00229271-00229534 effort you want a Competitive Edge right
vw3nMqkmpWk-00960-00229535-00229660 like
vw3nMqkmpWk-00961-00229661-00230063 the the question I
vw3nMqkmpWk-00962-00230064-00230308 I mean this the central element of my
vw3nMqkmpWk-00963-00230309-00230434 question is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00964-00230435-00230698 the time Horizon beyond the sixth month
vw3nMqkmpWk-00965-00230700-00230837 where
vw3nMqkmpWk-00966-00230838-00231119 I see projects in the ecosystem
vw3nMqkmpWk-00967-00231119-00231281 which are
vw3nMqkmpWk-00968-00231282-00231532 trying to say okay the approval is open
vw3nMqkmpWk-00969-00231533-00231875 source but the license is such that if
vw3nMqkmpWk-00970-00231876-00232294 it emits a proof it can only be verified
vw3nMqkmpWk-00971-00232296-00232787 by a white list of approved verifiers
vw3nMqkmpWk-00972-00232788-00233044 there are projects attempting a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00973-00233046-00233215 licensing strategy like that which is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00974-00233216-00233429 existing Beyond
vw3nMqkmpWk-00975-00233430-00233656 the six-month scale Beyond getting the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00976-00233657-00233867 early competitive Advantage do you have
vw3nMqkmpWk-00977-00233867-00234227 plans in that direction no no we will
vw3nMqkmpWk-00978-00234228-00234406 know that
vw3nMqkmpWk-00979-00234407-00234706 I mean once the licensing says applied
vw3nMqkmpWk-00980-00234707-00234946 it's going to be full of controls
vw3nMqkmpWk-00981-00234948-00235127 so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00982-00235128-00235421 no no plans for limiting you know this
vw3nMqkmpWk-00983-00235421-00235523 kind of things
vw3nMqkmpWk-00984-00235523-00235798 or model is not a license it's not a
vw3nMqkmpWk-00985-00235800-00235955 license based
vw3nMqkmpWk-00986-00235956-00236146 so or the business model of course is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00987-00236148-00236291 not a license plate so we are not
vw3nMqkmpWk-00988-00236292-00236651 selling licenses or uh I mean or or
vw3nMqkmpWk-00989-00236652-00236855 charging for royalties or things like
vw3nMqkmpWk-00990-00236856-00237041 that this is not or model and this is
vw3nMqkmpWk-00991-00237042-00237353 not what we want to do we are just so
vw3nMqkmpWk-00992-00237354-00237551 the thing is that so we we are based we
vw3nMqkmpWk-00993-00237552-00237706 want to open source we are want to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00994-00237707-00237839 contribute we want to contribute to the
vw3nMqkmpWk-00995-00237840-00237977 ethereum space we want to contribute to
vw3nMqkmpWk-00996-00237978-00238181 the blockchain space we want this to be
vw3nMqkmpWk-00997-00238182-00238367 opened it's already open you know all
vw3nMqkmpWk-00998-00238367-00238571 the tooling is already open and we are
vw3nMqkmpWk-00999-00238571-00238751 just trying to protect
vw3nMqkmpWk-01000-00238752-00238984 uh you know it has been a huge
vw3nMqkmpWk-01001-00238985-00239260 investment in resources and in money and
vw3nMqkmpWk-01002-00239261-00239477 effort and it's a lot of people that
vw3nMqkmpWk-01003-00239478-00239717 have trust in in polygon and they're
vw3nMqkmpWk-01004-00239717-00239873 just trying to protect this investment
vw3nMqkmpWk-01005-00239873-00240131 for a while so that nobody just take
vw3nMqkmpWk-01006-00240132-00240515 profit I would say uh unfair profit uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-01007-00240516-00240851 of that okay and you know uh if this
vw3nMqkmpWk-01008-00240852-00241042 never happened in the space I would
vw3nMqkmpWk-01009-00241044-00241217 argue that okay why are you doing that
vw3nMqkmpWk-01010-00241217-00241408 but the problem is that we have we have
vw3nMqkmpWk-01011-00241409-00241631 I mentioned some but there are a lot of
vw3nMqkmpWk-01012-00241632-00241882 examples uh in the space that this has
vw3nMqkmpWk-01013-00241883-00242032 happened and this is I think it's a bad
vw3nMqkmpWk-01014-00242033-00242308 practice it's something that uh we need
vw3nMqkmpWk-01015-00242309-00242560 to avoid and we need to have uh to
vw3nMqkmpWk-01016-00242561-00242855 respect that so that's this and this
vw3nMqkmpWk-01017-00242856-00243131 kind of Licensing I mean other projects
vw3nMqkmpWk-01018-00243132-00243413 has been forced to do that
vw3nMqkmpWk-01019-00243414-00243641 problem for me is it's hard because it
vw3nMqkmpWk-01020-00243642-00243910 goes even against my principles uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-01021-00243911-00244091 having this you know I would love to to
vw3nMqkmpWk-01022-00244092-00244229 do everything open source from the first
vw3nMqkmpWk-01023-00244230-00244498 day and also that but I understand that
vw3nMqkmpWk-01024-00244500-00244642 there is this these things and we need
vw3nMqkmpWk-01025-00244644-00244841 to protect against these things and and
vw3nMqkmpWk-01026-00244842-00245110 we need to have to do something okay and
vw3nMqkmpWk-01027-00245111-00245356 I think this is the less the the best
vw3nMqkmpWk-01028-00245357-00245525 thing that we can do for that okay
vw3nMqkmpWk-01029-00245526-00245819 that's just the that's just a decision
vw3nMqkmpWk-01030-00245819-00245944 and in the case is going to be a
vw3nMqkmpWk-01031-00245946-00246125 temporal thing so
vw3nMqkmpWk-01032-00246126-00246455 in the very beginning you guys told us
vw3nMqkmpWk-01033-00246456-00246755 that all of this kind of started as a
vw3nMqkmpWk-01034-00246756-00247129 side project while you were trying to to
vw3nMqkmpWk-01035-00247130-00247534 create a decentralized identity
vw3nMqkmpWk-01036-00247535-00247829 tell us about this did project and where
vw3nMqkmpWk-01037-00247830-00247991 is that right now because it never
vw3nMqkmpWk-01038-00247992-00248153 really stopped right I mean it's still
vw3nMqkmpWk-01039-00248154-00248387 going on
vw3nMqkmpWk-01040-00248388-00248525 yeah
vw3nMqkmpWk-01041-00248526-00248825 it never stopped and uh probably will
vw3nMqkmpWk-01042-00248826-00249167 never stop because it's uh something we
vw3nMqkmpWk-01043-00249167-00249384 wanted to do from the beginning
vw3nMqkmpWk-01044-00249385-00249779 can explain better I would say now is uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-01045-00249780-00250006 inside polygon also we have polygon ID
vw3nMqkmpWk-01046-00250007-00250301 as part of the portfolio we are
vw3nMqkmpWk-01047-00250302-00250656 developing we are creating this kind of
vw3nMqkmpWk-01048-00250657-00250967 infrastructure on identity it's also of
vw3nMqkmpWk-01049-00250967-00251206 an identity blockchain based uh we'll be
vw3nMqkmpWk-01050-00251207-00251405 focusing a lot on the web 3 space
vw3nMqkmpWk-01051-00251406-00251675 because every time we understand better
vw3nMqkmpWk-01052-00251676-00251987 that the apps need this identity Ledger
vw3nMqkmpWk-01053-00251988-00252329 and basically what we want to do in this
vw3nMqkmpWk-01054-00252330-00252581 project is polygon style provide a
vw3nMqkmpWk-01055-00252582-00252941 public infrastructure that can just
vw3nMqkmpWk-01056-00252942-00253181 uh enable the development of the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01057-00253182-00253434 ecosystem of participants on this
vw3nMqkmpWk-01058-00253435-00253727 identity infrastructure like issues of
vw3nMqkmpWk-01059-00253728-00253831 trust
vw3nMqkmpWk-01060-00253832-00254194 consumers of trust users the apps all of
vw3nMqkmpWk-01061-00254196-00254434 this around around polymer and probably
vw3nMqkmpWk-01062-00254435-00254584 around polygon and that would mean
vw3nMqkmpWk-01063-00254585-00254806 around ebm to be honest because it's
vw3nMqkmpWk-01064-00254807-00255071 beyond polygon we are in the in the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01065-00255071-00255334 ethereum space and this probably will
vw3nMqkmpWk-01066-00255335-00255563 will the the areas that it becomes a
vw3nMqkmpWk-01067-00255564-00255832 publicly good that every a project in
vw3nMqkmpWk-01068-00255833-00256063 the ABM space can reuse
vw3nMqkmpWk-01069-00256064-00256331 but yes this is how how it is today
vw3nMqkmpWk-01070-00256332-00256571 privileges we can explain better how
vw3nMqkmpWk-01071-00256571-00256775 this started or why it makes sense for
vw3nMqkmpWk-01072-00256776-00256937 us
vw3nMqkmpWk-01073-00256938-00257158 well self-solving identity is an
vw3nMqkmpWk-01074-00257159-00257489 important part of decentralization I
vw3nMqkmpWk-01075-00257490-00257758 mean is way to see it is like the login
vw3nMqkmpWk-01076-00257759-00257998 so any application needs a kind of login
vw3nMqkmpWk-01077-00258000-00258173 I would say most of applications needs
vw3nMqkmpWk-01078-00258173-00258329 login maybe a payment application don't
vw3nMqkmpWk-01079-00258330-00258508 need a login but that's probably the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01080-00258509-00258713 exceptions you know if you want to do
vw3nMqkmpWk-01081-00258714-00259006 any application you need some some sort
vw3nMqkmpWk-01082-00259007-00259289 of login reputation identity you need to
vw3nMqkmpWk-01083-00259290-00259523 prove something to do things uh to do
vw3nMqkmpWk-01084-00259523-00259732 things and this is what the identity
vw3nMqkmpWk-01085-00259733-00259955 project was about and and this is an
vw3nMqkmpWk-01086-00259956-00260141 important part it's an important layer
vw3nMqkmpWk-01087-00260142-00260506 that needs to be solved and in item
vw3nMqkmpWk-01088-00260507-00260723 three I mean we started that we realized
vw3nMqkmpWk-01089-00260723-00260903 that the privacy in this layer was very
vw3nMqkmpWk-01090-00260904-00261106 important and so we started with zero
vw3nMqkmpWk-01091-00261107-00261353 knowledge then we moved to relapse but
vw3nMqkmpWk-01092-00261354-00261629 the the the spirit of the identity has
vw3nMqkmpWk-01093-00261630-00261989 been always there and right now uh cell
vw3nMqkmpWk-01094-00261990-00262177 polygonry is an important team that's
vw3nMqkmpWk-01095-00262178-00262541 continuing and working in in in that in
vw3nMqkmpWk-01096-00262542-00262787 that direction right now yeah they're
vw3nMqkmpWk-01097-00262788-00263021 doing a lot of progress right now on
vw3nMqkmpWk-01098-00263022-00263243 that I'm a little bit the sight on that
vw3nMqkmpWk-01099-00263244-00263482 because I'm focusing there's a KVM but I
vw3nMqkmpWk-01100-00263483-00263897 know that there is uh very uh amazing
vw3nMqkmpWk-01101-00263898-00264197 team that that's that's pushing hard on
vw3nMqkmpWk-01102-00264198-00264545 that and having great ideas and and yeah
vw3nMqkmpWk-01103-00264546-00264917 following the this this project
vw3nMqkmpWk-01104-00264918-00265369 so obviously building a decentralized
vw3nMqkmpWk-01105-00265370-00265691 identity is super hard unless you want
vw3nMqkmpWk-01106-00265692-00265937 it to be completely public so I mean
vw3nMqkmpWk-01107-00265938-00266182 it's it's it's kind of it's also CK
vw3nMqkmpWk-01108-00266183-00266291 based
vw3nMqkmpWk-01109-00266292-00266506 um there's there's a lot of um questions
vw3nMqkmpWk-01110-00266507-00266771 as as to kind of
vw3nMqkmpWk-01111-00266772-00267101 how do you go about the Civil
vw3nMqkmpWk-01112-00267102-00267184 um
vw3nMqkmpWk-01113-00267185-00267317 problem
vw3nMqkmpWk-01114-00267318-00267569 um who kind of gets to attest what and
vw3nMqkmpWk-01115-00267570-00267767 so on how do you think about these
vw3nMqkmpWk-01116-00267768-00267989 questions because it's such it's such a
vw3nMqkmpWk-01117-00267990-00268234 large problem space that is difficult to
vw3nMqkmpWk-01118-00268235-00268501 even know where to start
vw3nMqkmpWk-01119-00268502-00268745 let me explain you how I see identity
vw3nMqkmpWk-01120-00268746-00268960 because we are talking about in uh at
vw3nMqkmpWk-01121-00268961-00269221 least oh I see identity is a very
vw3nMqkmpWk-01122-00269222-00269441 infrastructure like a very basic layer
vw3nMqkmpWk-01123-00269442-00269615 okay so you can understand the identity
vw3nMqkmpWk-01124-00269616-00269945 as as identities you know users if you
vw3nMqkmpWk-01125-00269946-00270119 want public private key if you want to
vw3nMqkmpWk-01126-00270120-00270353 do it super simple okay so you have your
vw3nMqkmpWk-01127-00270354-00270556 your identities represented by your
vw3nMqkmpWk-01128-00270557-00270791 private key and your Public public key
vw3nMqkmpWk-01129-00270792-00270958 that's the easiest way to see it okay
vw3nMqkmpWk-01130-00270959-00271445 then you have a a database of uh claims
vw3nMqkmpWk-01131-00271446-00271667 so a claim is or attestation is
vw3nMqkmpWk-01132-00271668-00271834 something that you say in general about
vw3nMqkmpWk-01133-00271835-00272021 some other identity but can be anything
vw3nMqkmpWk-01134-00272022-00272332 okay this database is a decentralized
vw3nMqkmpWk-01135-00272333-00272555 database you hold part of these database
vw3nMqkmpWk-01136-00272556-00272765 and and some of these are the part of
vw3nMqkmpWk-01137-00272766-00272969 the database maybe on chain but most of
vw3nMqkmpWk-01138-00272970-00273245 them should be off chain and it's going
vw3nMqkmpWk-01139-00273246-00273382 to be maybe if you are doing a clean
vw3nMqkmpWk-01140-00273383-00273551 over David you will hold part of this
vw3nMqkmpWk-01141-00273552-00273749 advice and it will hold this part of
vw3nMqkmpWk-01142-00273750-00273947 this this other database okay and it's
vw3nMqkmpWk-01143-00273948-00274156 uh so and then there is that each
vw3nMqkmpWk-01144-00274157-00274343 identity owns their own data their own
vw3nMqkmpWk-01145-00274344-00274517 their own information okay so that's the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01146-00274518-00274739 idea of us are somebody or here okay and
vw3nMqkmpWk-01147-00274740-00274895 with this database then data is
vw3nMqkmpWk-01148-00274896-00275045 approving system that's running on top
vw3nMqkmpWk-01149-00275046-00275213 of that and if you own is a query system
vw3nMqkmpWk-01150-00275214-00275471 like you can ask for a specific
vw3nMqkmpWk-01151-00275472-00275663 information and the other can prove that
vw3nMqkmpWk-01152-00275664-00275927 this specific information is is is valid
vw3nMqkmpWk-01153-00275928-00276137 so we have this proving system that's
vw3nMqkmpWk-01154-00276138-00276413 running on top of these otherwise this
vw3nMqkmpWk-01155-00276414-00276677 is what it is the basic the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01156-00276678-00276827 infrastructure and with this you can
vw3nMqkmpWk-01157-00276828-00276941 build anything you can build a
vw3nMqkmpWk-01158-00276942-00277210 reputation system I mean you can do a
vw3nMqkmpWk-01159-00277211-00277571 centralized login or you can build uh uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-01160-00277572-00277847 a proof of individual or you know maybe
vw3nMqkmpWk-01161-00277848-00278123 if you hold 10 people with reputation
vw3nMqkmpWk-01162-00278124-00278434 you can do every everything you want but
vw3nMqkmpWk-01163-00278435-00278758 of course building the specific uh uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-01164-00278759-00278939 reputation system or application system
vw3nMqkmpWk-01165-00278940-00279155 or how you are going to use this uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-01166-00279156-00279329 basic identity this is going to be
vw3nMqkmpWk-01167-00279330-00279460 depending so it's going to be a
vw3nMqkmpWk-01168-00279461-00279689 application specific or user specifics
vw3nMqkmpWk-01169-00279690-00279815 and
vw3nMqkmpWk-01170-00279816-00280139 some but the for me the basic layer that
vw3nMqkmpWk-01171-00280140-00280355 needs to be solved is this that uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-01172-00280356-00280619 Universal that anybody can create uh an
vw3nMqkmpWk-01173-00280620-00280793 identity or as many identities as they
vw3nMqkmpWk-01174-00280794-00281003 want an identity is nothing more that uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-01175-00281004-00281303 that like a public private key or it's a
vw3nMqkmpWk-01176-00281304-00281453 maybe a little bit more but that's
vw3nMqkmpWk-01177-00281454-00281734 that's the basic thing okay anybody can
vw3nMqkmpWk-01178-00281735-00282010 do claims on any other identities and
vw3nMqkmpWk-01179-00282011-00282256 this is the reason notary notarization
vw3nMqkmpWk-01180-00282257-00282484 system so this is database and correct
vw3nMqkmpWk-01181-00282485-00282695 in the blockchain so that when you are
vw3nMqkmpWk-01182-00282696-00282869 when you are doing a claim is you know
vw3nMqkmpWk-01183-00282870-00283055 that the disclaim at this time and you
vw3nMqkmpWk-01184-00283056-00283282 can always prove that okay and this is
vw3nMqkmpWk-01185-00283283-00283505 the you know this is the basic uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-01186-00283506-00283745 infrastructure the basic idea of either
vw3nMqkmpWk-01187-00283746-00284045 three and at the end the original item
vw3nMqkmpWk-01188-00284046-00284339 three project was to build uh this basic
vw3nMqkmpWk-01189-00284340-00284621 protocol and now we are uh leveraging so
vw3nMqkmpWk-01190-00284622-00284837 we're using this either three protocol
vw3nMqkmpWk-01191-00284838-00285082 just to to build polygon ID which is all
vw3nMqkmpWk-01192-00285083-00285341 these services and all these libraries
vw3nMqkmpWk-01193-00285342-00285599 and all these tooling to to to work with
vw3nMqkmpWk-01194-00285600-00285784 this protocol
vw3nMqkmpWk-01195-00285785-00286132 yeah our idea here is to to connect all
vw3nMqkmpWk-01196-00286133-00286408 these uh issues of trust there are many
vw3nMqkmpWk-01197-00286409-00286691 amazing projects working on solving the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01198-00286692-00286871 problem for example of civil resistance
vw3nMqkmpWk-01199-00286872-00287123 or proof of uniqueness this kind of uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-01200-00287124-00287321 utility that actually the applications
vw3nMqkmpWk-01201-00287322-00287560 need uh to operate especially in the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01202-00287561-00287867 blockchain space so or as Jenny was
vw3nMqkmpWk-01203-00287868-00288010 saying we were building this we're
vw3nMqkmpWk-01204-00288011-00288251 building this infrastructure layer but
vw3nMqkmpWk-01205-00288252-00288497 we have to to interesting properties to
vw3nMqkmpWk-01206-00288498-00288760 trying to attract all this ecosystem of
vw3nMqkmpWk-01207-00288761-00289079 uh development around identity which is
vw3nMqkmpWk-01208-00289080-00289421 a let's say connecting the the format of
vw3nMqkmpWk-01209-00289422-00289660 credential verifiable credential that's
vw3nMqkmpWk-01210-00289661-00289906 based on the standards we have a model
vw3nMqkmpWk-01211-00289907-00290075 of presentation of these credentials
vw3nMqkmpWk-01212-00290076-00290380 that serum friendly and this concept we
vw3nMqkmpWk-01213-00290381-00290753 are able to use CK to prove attributes
vw3nMqkmpWk-01214-00290754-00291130 about users in a private way and we we
vw3nMqkmpWk-01215-00291131-00291317 have it from the beginning we took this
vw3nMqkmpWk-01216-00291318-00291610 privacy as the main property of the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01217-00291611-00291875 protocol and this is the the origin of
vw3nMqkmpWk-01218-00291876-00292187 silicon on the CK was a journey started
vw3nMqkmpWk-01219-00292188-00292475 but we have this as a embedded property
vw3nMqkmpWk-01220-00292476-00292708 with a specific language to connect
vw3nMqkmpWk-01221-00292709-00292937 between issuers of trust users and
vw3nMqkmpWk-01222-00292938-00293063 applications
vw3nMqkmpWk-01223-00293064-00293321 and also the second properties that we
vw3nMqkmpWk-01224-00293322-00293525 are we have solved the on-chain
vw3nMqkmpWk-01225-00293526-00293830 interaction so the the identity
vw3nMqkmpWk-01226-00293831-00294077 protocols we have a lot even based on
vw3nMqkmpWk-01227-00294078-00294310 blockchain but basically the operator of
vw3nMqkmpWk-01228-00294311-00294484 chain because the the way the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01229-00294485-00294665 communication happens between users
vw3nMqkmpWk-01230-00294666-00295043 wallets and applications and issuers in
vw3nMqkmpWk-01231-00295044-00295199 the in the unchain interaction is
vw3nMqkmpWk-01232-00295200-00295463 complex so we have managed to connect
vw3nMqkmpWk-01233-00295464-00295751 this format of referral credentials with
vw3nMqkmpWk-01234-00295752-00295967 the launching interactions so here's
vw3nMqkmpWk-01235-00295968-00296177 what we expect that we can trigger a lot
vw3nMqkmpWk-01236-00296178-00296423 of impact in the ecosystem of Y3
vw3nMqkmpWk-01237-00296424-00296651 as polygon we have a lot of applications
vw3nMqkmpWk-01238-00296652-00296956 the apps are really using polygon
vw3nMqkmpWk-01239-00296957-00297197 Network and we expect that we can create
vw3nMqkmpWk-01240-00297198-00297479 some kind of reusable reputation built
vw3nMqkmpWk-01241-00297480-00297769 on top of these credentials so users can
vw3nMqkmpWk-01242-00297770-00298025 reuse this this reputation across many
vw3nMqkmpWk-01243-00298026-00298223 applications
vw3nMqkmpWk-01244-00298224-00298451 that makes it so much easier for the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01245-00298452-00298667 user but it's also a great value add for
vw3nMqkmpWk-01246-00298668-00298834 the network because it creates like the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01247-00298835-00299015 stickiness that otherwise you might not
vw3nMqkmpWk-01248-00299016-00299441 have so uh I think we probably doing an
vw3nMqkmpWk-01249-00299442-00299639 entire episode on a decentralized
vw3nMqkmpWk-01250-00299640-00299855 identity system this is probably what
vw3nMqkmpWk-01251-00299856-00300041 we'll have to do at some point
vw3nMqkmpWk-01252-00300042-00300275 um let's kind of stick with your
vw3nMqkmpWk-01253-00300276-00300430 predictions
vw3nMqkmpWk-01254-00300431-00300760 um for the ZK ecosystem for
vw3nMqkmpWk-01255-00300761-00301132 this year next year so what
vw3nMqkmpWk-01256-00301133-00301360 um what are your plans for the rest of
vw3nMqkmpWk-01257-00301361-00301655 this year after mainnet launch and how
vw3nMqkmpWk-01258-00301656-00301979 how do you see this space progressing or
vw3nMqkmpWk-01259-00301980-00302345 when they say the next two years or so
vw3nMqkmpWk-01260-00302346-00302603 we have a very clear plan actually I'm I
vw3nMqkmpWk-01261-00302604-00302891 know I'm I'm a little bit uh nervous
vw3nMqkmpWk-01262-00302892-00303023 even because you know right now I have
vw3nMqkmpWk-01263-00303024-00303275 like the team uh stop it's not that's a
vw3nMqkmpWk-01264-00303276-00303406 stop because we are preparing the launch
vw3nMqkmpWk-01265-00303407-00303551 and we have a lot of work in the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01266-00303552-00303773 audience on lunch but we have a lot of
vw3nMqkmpWk-01267-00303774-00304055 things to improvements to do and and we
vw3nMqkmpWk-01268-00304056-00304217 have a lot of things in the backlog that
vw3nMqkmpWk-01269-00304218-00304463 we want to improve we want to improve uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-01270-00304464-00304734 the costs we want to improve the the the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01271-00304735-00304925 compatibility you know we have to
vw3nMqkmpWk-01272-00304926-00305099 implement we go we are going to layer
vw3nMqkmpWk-01273-00305100-00305321 type one so we want to have a so we have
vw3nMqkmpWk-01274-00305322-00305471 some pre-compile smart contracts that we
vw3nMqkmpWk-01275-00305472-00305675 need to implement and we we need to do
vw3nMqkmpWk-01276-00305676-00305980 some uh uh to to grow in this
vw3nMqkmpWk-01277-00305981-00306217 compatibility there is also this
vw3nMqkmpWk-01278-00306218-00306449 undistralization and there is a moving
vw3nMqkmpWk-01279-00306450-00306569 to centralization the centralized
vw3nMqkmpWk-01280-00306570-00306821 sequencer and and so on so this is a
vw3nMqkmpWk-01281-00306822-00307241 clear roadmap for the for the end uh for
vw3nMqkmpWk-01282-00307242-00307547 the next year is very clear very
vw3nMqkmpWk-01283-00307548-00307937 specific I would say uh on that uh David
vw3nMqkmpWk-01284-00307938-00308110 maybe you want to complement the polygon
vw3nMqkmpWk-01285-00308111-00308345 side no no you say you're already sick
vw3nMqkmpWk-01286-00308346-00308573 we are we are closing a release because
vw3nMqkmpWk-01287-00308574-00308777 we're going to as early was saying
vw3nMqkmpWk-01288-00308778-00308932 before we have been auditing for three
vw3nMqkmpWk-01289-00308933-00309143 months already so this means that we
vw3nMqkmpWk-01290-00309144-00309384 froze the code a lot and we have many
vw3nMqkmpWk-01291-00309385-00309587 interesting things in the battle to
vw3nMqkmpWk-01292-00309588-00309784 implement uh because in the end this
vw3nMqkmpWk-01293-00309785-00309971 this project was about scaling ethereum
vw3nMqkmpWk-01294-00309972-00310163 so we need to follow this path of
vw3nMqkmpWk-01295-00310164-00310384 acceleration of you know providing more
vw3nMqkmpWk-01296-00310385-00310619 TPS providing big better cost and
vw3nMqkmpWk-01297-00310620-00311017 providing let's say more equivalents
vw3nMqkmpWk-01298-00311018-00311369 uh also other other objective is to to
vw3nMqkmpWk-01299-00311370-00311603 complete decentralization in a minimize
vw3nMqkmpWk-01300-00311604-00311908 and to provide value automatic token as
vw3nMqkmpWk-01301-00311909-00312154 I said before so for us this is the the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01302-00312155-00312389 whole year in the perspective we have
vw3nMqkmpWk-01303-00312390-00312551 today
vw3nMqkmpWk-01304-00312552-00312875 fantastic and where can people go to
vw3nMqkmpWk-01305-00312876-00313043 find out more about
vw3nMqkmpWk-01306-00313044-00313103 um
vw3nMqkmpWk-01307-00313104-00313445 polygon ZK evm so to to learn how to
vw3nMqkmpWk-01308-00313446-00313787 build on it uh to join the community uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-01309-00313788-00314069 to hear about updates where should they
vw3nMqkmpWk-01310-00314070-00314413 go
vw3nMqkmpWk-01311-00314414-00314747 and there's a polygon Wiki site with a
vw3nMqkmpWk-01312-00314748-00314975 documentation for all the polygon
vw3nMqkmpWk-01313-00314976-00315203 problems uh if you go to the suit page
vw3nMqkmpWk-01314-00315204-00315449 of polygons you will find also the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01315-00315450-00315623 information of the problem documentation
vw3nMqkmpWk-01316-00315624-00316060 and how to interact uh for us the team
vw3nMqkmpWk-01317-00316061-00316313 is excited about this launch and uh
vw3nMqkmpWk-01318-00316314-00316582 happy to to just answer questions for or
vw3nMqkmpWk-01319-00316583-00316871 respond to inquiries yeah there is also
vw3nMqkmpWk-01320-00316872-00317039 the repositories and all the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01321-00317040-00317254 repositories are public so checking
vw3nMqkmpWk-01322-00317255-00317410 especially if you're a developer you
vw3nMqkmpWk-01323-00317411-00317543 know just checking the code and the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01324-00317544-00317680 repositories is a lot of information
vw3nMqkmpWk-01325-00317681-00317963 there that you can check and there is
vw3nMqkmpWk-01326-00317964-00318239 also I you know if you check uh in
vw3nMqkmpWk-01327-00318240-00318460 general I used to give uh to give a
vw3nMqkmpWk-01328-00318461-00318695 conference or a talk or something like
vw3nMqkmpWk-01329-00318696-00318899 every month or something like that so
vw3nMqkmpWk-01330-00318900-00319193 there is a lot of uh conference that you
vw3nMqkmpWk-01331-00319194-00319554 can also check just just Google me and
vw3nMqkmpWk-01332-00319555-00319930 and it's a lot of information on there
vw3nMqkmpWk-01333-00319931-00320051 hmm
vw3nMqkmpWk-01334-00320052-00320380 I love this uh Davis David's take on how
vw3nMqkmpWk-01335-00320381-00320651 to get in get in touch with a website
vw3nMqkmpWk-01336-00320652-00320879 and you know go to the contact us at the
vw3nMqkmpWk-01337-00320880-00321113 section draw the oh good job put a
vw3nMqkmpWk-01338-00321114-00321510 requests
vw3nMqkmpWk-01339-00321511-00321960 that's the easiest way
vw3nMqkmpWk-01340-00321961-00322277 you had it here first thank you guys for
vw3nMqkmpWk-01341-00322278-00322391 coming on
vw3nMqkmpWk-01342-00322392-00322756 um it was a super fun very long episode
vw3nMqkmpWk-01343-00322757-00323021 um and I feel like I learned a lot about
vw3nMqkmpWk-01344-00323022-00323387 how the ZK ebm works and um how it's
vw3nMqkmpWk-01345-00323388-00323525 going to complement the ethereum
vw3nMqkmpWk-01346-00323526-00323687 ecosystem
vw3nMqkmpWk-01347-00323688-00323873 thank you very much
vw3nMqkmpWk-01348-00323874-00324164 thank you so much
vAWuwO1eqM4-00000-00000033-00001028 [Music]
vAWuwO1eqM4-00001-00001029-00001509 [Applause]
vAWuwO1eqM4-00002-00001510-00001817 welcome to lecture number 10 which is
vAWuwO1eqM4-00003-00001818-00002222 the second lecture of capsule number
vAWuwO1eqM4-00004-00002223-00002642 five today we are going to look at drag
vAWuwO1eqM4-00005-00002643-00003058 and what efforts are made to reduce drag
vAWuwO1eqM4-00006-00003059-00003493 in the last class we didn't look at
vAWuwO1eqM4-00007-00003494-00003851 methods to handle wave drag so our task
vAWuwO1eqM4-00008-00003852-00004019 today is to look at drag and its
vAWuwO1eqM4-00009-00004020-00004451 reduction when we talk about drag we
vAWuwO1eqM4-00010-00004452-00004720 first have to pay respect to Sir George
vAWuwO1eqM4-00011-00004721-00004994 Cayley who is widely considered to be
vAWuwO1eqM4-00012-00004995-00005281 the father of Aeronautics this is a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00013-00005282-00005627 portrait of Sir George Cayley and this
vAWuwO1eqM4-00014-00005628-00005951 is the only available photograph real
vAWuwO1eqM4-00015-00005952-00006350 photograph of self George Cayley taken
vAWuwO1eqM4-00016-00006351-00006606 when he was approximately 80 years old
vAWuwO1eqM4-00017-00006608-00006931 so drag basically is a force that
vAWuwO1eqM4-00018-00006933-00007270 opposes the motion of the aircraft and
vAWuwO1eqM4-00019-00007270-00007628 it acts only when there is some relative
vAWuwO1eqM4-00020-00007629-00007831 motion between the aircraft and the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00021-00007833-00008278 ambient air for Delta V the relative
vAWuwO1eqM4-00022-00008279-00008459 velocity between the object and the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00023-00008460-00008774 fluid that is needed to create drag
vAWuwO1eqM4-00024-00008775-00009059 and if there is no relative velocity or
vAWuwO1eqM4-00025-00009060-00009230 if there is no relative motion between
vAWuwO1eqM4-00026-00009231-00009485 the solid and the fluid then there will
vAWuwO1eqM4-00027-00009486-00009987 be no drag
vAWuwO1eqM4-00028-00009988-00010333 we are familiar that when you have
vAWuwO1eqM4-00029-00010334-00010825 airflow or relative velocity you get a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00030-00010826-00011191 force and the force is basically the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00031-00011192-00011488 reaction acting on the body a component
vAWuwO1eqM4-00032-00011489-00011674 of that which is parallel to the free
vAWuwO1eqM4-00033-00011675-00011845 stream direction is called as the drag
vAWuwO1eqM4-00034-00011846-00012166 and that is overcome in flight by
vAWuwO1eqM4-00035-00012167-00012616 providing the drost force so essentially
vAWuwO1eqM4-00036-00012617-00012822 we need to have thrust more doesn't drag
vAWuwO1eqM4-00037-00012824-00012999 if you would like to have forward flight
vAWuwO1eqM4-00038-00013000-00013315 and for that we will look at a special
vAWuwO1eqM4-00039-00013316-00013561 presentation on power plant or engines
vAWuwO1eqM4-00040-00013562-00014013 after the mid-semester so the question
vAWuwO1eqM4-00041-00014015-00014224 that many people want to know is who was
vAWuwO1eqM4-00042-00014225-00014391 the first person to actually talk about
vAWuwO1eqM4-00043-00014393-00014716 drag or observe drag and no none other
vAWuwO1eqM4-00044-00014716-00014854 than the father of aeronautics our
vAWuwO1eqM4-00045-00014855-00015058 George Cayley in fact not only dragged
vAWuwO1eqM4-00046-00015059-00015247 he was the first person to talk about
vAWuwO1eqM4-00047-00015247-00015640 the four forces and the proof of this is
vAWuwO1eqM4-00048-00015641-00016078 in a silver coin that was etched in 1799
vAWuwO1eqM4-00049-00016079-00016602 on one side of the coin was a sketch of
vAWuwO1eqM4-00050-00016603-00016942 Sir George Cayley glider concept on the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00051-00016943-00017209 backside was this nice diagram which
vAWuwO1eqM4-00052-00017210-00017475 shows the action of the forces on a flat
vAWuwO1eqM4-00053-00017476-00017833 plate so this is the first historical
vAWuwO1eqM4-00054-00017834-00018190 recorded sketch of the four forces
vAWuwO1eqM4-00055-00018191-00018772 acting on any flying body and he was a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00056-00018773-00018916 scientist who also did a lot of
vAWuwO1eqM4-00057-00018917-00019318 experiments so many years before Wright
vAWuwO1eqM4-00058-00019319-00019483 brothers actually Sir George Cayley
vAWuwO1eqM4-00059-00019484-00019735 designed and fabricated this whirling
vAWuwO1eqM4-00060-00019736-00020035 arm apparatus which was used to
vAWuwO1eqM4-00061-00020036-00020272 calculate or look at the forces acting
vAWuwO1eqM4-00062-00020273-00020669 on the body here is a small video clip
vAWuwO1eqM4-00063-00020670-00021256 of this happiness he's trying it this is
vAWuwO1eqM4-00064-00021257-00021525 all this is a movie not a scanner the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00065-00021526-00021790 benefit of that is you can see there the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00066-00021791-00021946 pressure there I would post playing
vAWuwO1eqM4-00067-00021947-00022220 upward
vAWuwO1eqM4-00068-00022221-00022455 [Music]
vAWuwO1eqM4-00069-00022456-00022720 so this is a precursor to the wind
vAWuwO1eqM4-00070-00022721-00023167 tunnels called as the rotary arm or
vAWuwO1eqM4-00071-00023168-00023410 welding arm apparatus such systems were
vAWuwO1eqM4-00072-00023411-00023689 used also to calculate the forces acting
vAWuwO1eqM4-00073-00023690-00024219 on airships and other bodies okay and
vAWuwO1eqM4-00074-00024220-00024517 many many years before Wright brothers
vAWuwO1eqM4-00075-00024518-00025308 actually Cayley was able to carry out a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00076-00025309-00025747 manned flight but for that he designed a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00077-00025748-00025970 special lecture called as a boy carrier
vAWuwO1eqM4-00078-00025972-00026311 because the first-ever pilot of a manned
vAWuwO1eqM4-00079-00026312-00026548 aircraft was actually a 10 year old boy
vAWuwO1eqM4-00080-00026549-00026887 and this glider was designed to just
vAWuwO1eqM4-00081-00026888-00027252 accommodate a ten-year-old person there
vAWuwO1eqM4-00082-00027254-00027495 is a very interesting 50 page document
vAWuwO1eqM4-00083-00027497-00027901 on history of invention of airplane and
vAWuwO1eqM4-00084-00027902-00028132 on Sir George Cayley I'm going to upload
vAWuwO1eqM4-00085-00028133-00028516 that on the Moodle for self learning
vAWuwO1eqM4-00086-00028517-00028842 that gives a detailed information about
vAWuwO1eqM4-00087-00028843-00029167 what all Sir George Cayley has done this
vAWuwO1eqM4-00088-00029168-00029326 picture has come from that particular
vAWuwO1eqM4-00089-00029327-00029932 document but he knew that if I attained
vAWuwO1eqM4-00090-00029933-00030199 flight using children or small boys
vAWuwO1eqM4-00091-00030200-00030583 people will not take it seriously so
vAWuwO1eqM4-00092-00030583-00030889 then he designed something called as a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00093-00030889-00031132 governor burrell parachute that's the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00094-00031133-00031450 name given by him so on your left you
vAWuwO1eqM4-00095-00031451-00031720 see a photograph of or the design or the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00096-00031720-00032041 drying of that on your left you see a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00097-00032042-00032562 drawing of that particular aircraft in
vAWuwO1eqM4-00098-00032563-00032896 Mechanics magazine and on the right we
vAWuwO1eqM4-00099-00032897-00033088 see a full-scale replica which was built
vAWuwO1eqM4-00100-00033089-00033379 in approximately 1972-74
vAWuwO1eqM4-00101-00033380-00033682 where the historical flight was in the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00102-00033683-00034189 re-enacted by a very brave pilot so
vAWuwO1eqM4-00103-00034190-00034530 there is a very interesting story about
vAWuwO1eqM4-00104-00034531-00035077 who was the first pilot to fly so Sir
vAWuwO1eqM4-00105-00035078-00035449 George Cayley was 79 years old when he
vAWuwO1eqM4-00106-00035450-00035596 designed this particular
vAWuwO1eqM4-00107-00035597-00036118 and he had recently hired a driver so he
vAWuwO1eqM4-00108-00036119-00036299 told his driver why don't you fly my
vAWuwO1eqM4-00109-00036300-00036718 glider so the driver had to obey his
vAWuwO1eqM4-00110-00036719-00037211 master but he was literally scared so
vAWuwO1eqM4-00111-00037212-00037343 there was a successful flight
vAWuwO1eqM4-00112-00037344-00037537 therefore the first person to fly on a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00113-00037538-00037829 manned aircraft unpowered but manned
vAWuwO1eqM4-00114-00037830-00038051 aircraft which is not a balloon on
vAWuwO1eqM4-00115-00038052-00038255 either than here was the coachman and
vAWuwO1eqM4-00116-00038256-00038573 just after the flight he resigned these
vAWuwO1eqM4-00117-00038574-00038792 are very classical words he says sir I
vAWuwO1eqM4-00118-00038793-00039143 was hired to drive not to fly ok so he
vAWuwO1eqM4-00119-00039144-00039395 resigned his name is John Appleby he was
vAWuwO1eqM4-00120-00039396-00039710 the coachman he was 21 years old when he
vAWuwO1eqM4-00121-00039711-00040205 did this particular experiment so in
vAWuwO1eqM4-00122-00040206-00040465 history if you want to record the first
vAWuwO1eqM4-00123-00040466-00040706 human being other than that 10 year old
vAWuwO1eqM4-00124-00040707-00041093 child who flew on a glider which was
vAWuwO1eqM4-00125-00041094-00041861 heavier than air but unpowered was John
vAWuwO1eqM4-00126-00041862-00042152 Appleby the first flight was about 153
vAWuwO1eqM4-00127-00042153-00042496 meters and this is the location where it
vAWuwO1eqM4-00128-00042497-00042643 took place
vAWuwO1eqM4-00129-00042644-00042985 so this flight was reenacted as I said
vAWuwO1eqM4-00130-00042986-00043343 in 1972 and in 1974 there was a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00131-00043344-00043679 television series which was shot in
vAWuwO1eqM4-00132-00043680-00043862 which this particular the seamstick
vAWuwO1eqM4-00133-00043863-00044187 taken from that particular video series
vAWuwO1eqM4-00134-00044188-00044462 so here is a picture of the full-scale
vAWuwO1eqM4-00135-00044463-00044693 replica of this aircraft it was flown by
vAWuwO1eqM4-00136-00044694-00044890 a direct ago in 1972
vAWuwO1eqM4-00137-00044891-00045265 notice that the rudder is hand operated
vAWuwO1eqM4-00138-00045266-00045562 nowadays rudder is foot operated but in
vAWuwO1eqM4-00139-00045563-00045740 this particular glider and there is a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00140-00045741-00045937 cable you can see which is attached
vAWuwO1eqM4-00141-00045938-00046154 because it's a glider
vAWuwO1eqM4-00142-00046155-00046333 there is no power plant so you launch it
vAWuwO1eqM4-00143-00046334-00046580 with the cable so it was a very
vAWuwO1eqM4-00144-00046581-00046739 successful flight of course they did a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00145-00046740-00047120 slight design changes and what changes
vAWuwO1eqM4-00146-00047121-00047252 they did and why they did it is an
vAWuwO1eqM4-00147-00047253-00047471 interesting observation which you should
vAWuwO1eqM4-00148-00047472-00047654 read that paper which I am going to
vAWuwO1eqM4-00149-00047655-00048062 upload all right so this is just a small
vAWuwO1eqM4-00150-00048063-00048329 video clip in jest ok don't take it
vAWuwO1eqM4-00151-00048330-00048593 seriously but I really liked it so this
vAWuwO1eqM4-00152-00048594-00049912 small video clip sums up the contribute
vAWuwO1eqM4-00153-00049913-00052337 [Music]
vAWuwO1eqM4-00154-00052338-00053049 okay just some fun okay let's look at
vAWuwO1eqM4-00155-00053050-00053388 components of Brad break it down into
vAWuwO1eqM4-00156-00053389-00053733 small components so this is a very
vAWuwO1eqM4-00157-00053734-00054072 interesting slide and a lot of time was
vAWuwO1eqM4-00158-00054073-00054228 spent in making this slide you will know
vAWuwO1eqM4-00159-00054229-00054366 why because you will see there are
vAWuwO1eqM4-00160-00054366-00054540 various components so let's first look
vAWuwO1eqM4-00161-00054541-00054903 at subsonic flow basically dry consists
vAWuwO1eqM4-00162-00054904-00055044 of many components the first component
vAWuwO1eqM4-00163-00055045-00055503 is profile drag this is pressure drag
vAWuwO1eqM4-00164-00055504-00055962 okay also called as form drag because it
vAWuwO1eqM4-00165-00055963-00056271 depends on or it is driven basically by
vAWuwO1eqM4-00166-00056272-00056673 the shape of the body mostly the frontal
vAWuwO1eqM4-00167-00056674-00057054 area and the pressure drag name comes
vAWuwO1eqM4-00168-00057054-00057348 because it is caused due to creation of
vAWuwO1eqM4-00169-00057349-00057504 pressure on the upper and lower surfaces
vAWuwO1eqM4-00170-00057504-00057951 because of the shape of the body now if
vAWuwO1eqM4-00171-00057952-00058149 you you have to add to that something
vAWuwO1eqM4-00172-00058150-00058332 called a skin friction drag which is
vAWuwO1eqM4-00173-00058333-00058691 because of the flow of air on the body
vAWuwO1eqM4-00174-00058691-00059001 so one is shaped the other is the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00175-00059002-00059255 surface area together they are called as
vAWuwO1eqM4-00176-00059257-00059595 profile drag so profile is pressure plus
vAWuwO1eqM4-00177-00059596-00059838 skin friction or form plus skin friction
vAWuwO1eqM4-00178-00059839-00060048 and skin friction as you know can be
vAWuwO1eqM4-00179-00060049-00060252 because of laminar because of turbulent
vAWuwO1eqM4-00180-00060253-00060500 or because of both laminar and turbulent
vAWuwO1eqM4-00181-00060501-00061013 so this particular part of drag acts
vAWuwO1eqM4-00182-00061014-00061299 even on bodies which are not generating
vAWuwO1eqM4-00183-00061300-00061649 any lift so you can call it as lift
vAWuwO1eqM4-00184-00061650-00061998 independent profile drag we also have
vAWuwO1eqM4-00185-00061999-00062192 some lift dependent profile drag which
vAWuwO1eqM4-00186-00062194-00062496 we will see later okay is it clear so
vAWuwO1eqM4-00187-00062497-00062774 something that does not depend upon lift
vAWuwO1eqM4-00188-00062775-00063141 it's a function of shape or form that's
vAWuwO1eqM4-00189-00063141-00063491 why it is form drag or pressure drag and
vAWuwO1eqM4-00190-00063491-00063872 it is also because of the skin friction
vAWuwO1eqM4-00191-00063873-00064248 so the profile drag which does not
vAWuwO1eqM4-00192-00064249-00064413 depend upon lift is also called as
vAWuwO1eqM4-00193-00064414-00064848 parasite drag then
vAWuwO1eqM4-00194-00064849-00065121 when you generate lift there will be an
vAWuwO1eqM4-00195-00065122-00065366 additional profile track because of lift
vAWuwO1eqM4-00196-00065366-00065739 okay and that component should be a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00197-00065740-00066384 small component at cruise so the induced
vAWuwO1eqM4-00198-00066385-00066762 drag is only lift dependent if there is
vAWuwO1eqM4-00199-00066763-00067191 no lift there is no induced right and it
vAWuwO1eqM4-00200-00067192-00067392 occurs because of the lift that is
vAWuwO1eqM4-00201-00067393-00067659 generated and the lift is generated
vAWuwO1eqM4-00202-00067660-00067854 because of the vorticity what is shed in
vAWuwO1eqM4-00203-00067855-00068205 the wake this is a story of subsonic
vAWuwO1eqM4-00204-00068206-00068586 drag in supersonic flow or in transonic
vAWuwO1eqM4-00205-00068587-00068754 flow actually you can also have wave
vAWuwO1eqM4-00206-00068755-00069258 drag because of the shock waves and here
vAWuwO1eqM4-00207-00069259-00069420 again there are components there is a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00208-00069421-00069690 wave drag due to lift and there is a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00209-00069691-00070125 wave drag due to volume so all these
vAWuwO1eqM4-00210-00070126-00070569 together you call these components as
vAWuwO1eqM4-00211-00070570-00071046 dragged you to lift and on the other
vAWuwO1eqM4-00212-00071047-00071487 hand you have zero lift read so this is
vAWuwO1eqM4-00213-00071488-00071769 the story of drag this is the breakdown
vAWuwO1eqM4-00214-00071770-00072243 of drag let's first attack induced drag
vAWuwO1eqM4-00215-00072244-00072528 which is created because of lift and the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00216-00072529-00072672 reason why we have induced drag is
vAWuwO1eqM4-00217-00072673-00072801 because of the creation of these
vAWuwO1eqM4-00218-00072802-00073047 vortices induced drag is caused by
vAWuwO1eqM4-00219-00073048-00073332 wingtip vortices these are caused by the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00220-00073333-00073512 difference in the air pressure below and
vAWuwO1eqM4-00221-00073513-00073704 above the wing as you will remember from
vAWuwO1eqM4-00222-00073705-00073998 the creation of lift video at the tips
vAWuwO1eqM4-00223-00073999-00074199 of the wing the higher pressured air
vAWuwO1eqM4-00224-00074200-00074412 below the wing can go along with it to
vAWuwO1eqM4-00225-00074413-00074670 satisfy XM satiable urge to get with a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00226-00074671-00074913 lower pressure air on top of it this
vAWuwO1eqM4-00227-00074914-00075117 creates a circular motion of air at the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00228-00075118-00075371 tips of the wings clockwise only left
vAWuwO1eqM4-00229-00075372-00075699 anti-clockwise on the right the virus is
vAWuwO1eqM4-00230-00075700-00075894 that this action accrues affects the air
vAWuwO1eqM4-00231-00075895-00076158 landed at the weight of the leg where
vAWuwO1eqM4-00232-00076159-00076398 vortex action is not felt too much air
vAWuwO1eqM4-00233-00076399-00076538 flow is like this
vAWuwO1eqM4-00234-00076539-00076866 however at the wing tips there's a line
vAWuwO1eqM4-00235-00076867-00077082 of the hair vortex action thing going on
vAWuwO1eqM4-00236-00077083-00077351 a flute is also to become like this as
vAWuwO1eqM4-00237-00077352-00077694 you can see the air is forced upwards in
vAWuwO1eqM4-00238-00077695-00077854 front of the wing and then for
vAWuwO1eqM4-00239-00077855-00078166 downwards behind it this alteration of
vAWuwO1eqM4-00240-00078167-00078363 the air-vent is that they look generated
vAWuwO1eqM4-00241-00078364-00078538 by the wing is slightly deflected
vAWuwO1eqM4-00242-00078539-00078799 backwards this left force going
vAWuwO1eqM4-00243-00078800-00079044 backwards now adds to the drag force and
vAWuwO1eqM4-00244-00079045-00079257 is the induced drag of the aircraft
vAWuwO1eqM4-00245-00079258-00079744 induced drag is caused by essentially
vAWuwO1eqM4-00246-00079745-00080071 induced drag there are many ways of
vAWuwO1eqM4-00247-00080072-00080248 explaining it one way of explaining it
vAWuwO1eqM4-00248-00080249-00080580 yes because of the presence of the tip
vAWuwO1eqM4-00249-00080581-00081016 or away from the root you are going to
vAWuwO1eqM4-00250-00081017-00081298 get some up wash before the aircraft and
vAWuwO1eqM4-00251-00081299-00081547 down wash behind the aircraft so in a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00252-00081548-00081796 way the air has been made to tilt so
vAWuwO1eqM4-00253-00081797-00082009 there will be a reaction so the lift
vAWuwO1eqM4-00254-00082010-00082348 vector will be canted backward so there
vAWuwO1eqM4-00255-00082349-00082621 is another explanation where the same
vAWuwO1eqM4-00256-00082622-00082788 thing is explained let's see how they
vAWuwO1eqM4-00257-00082789-00083607 explain it likes to swirl around in your
vAWuwO1eqM4-00258-00083608-00083905 about doing a twisting there takes a bit
vAWuwO1eqM4-00259-00083906-00084217 enforcement of the wing 248-a with your
vAWuwO1eqM4-00260-00084218-00084703 donuts and local area is created which
vAWuwO1eqM4-00261-00084704-00084925 is the average relative insulin and
vAWuwO1eqM4-00262-00084926-00085234 effectively resulting in an effective
vAWuwO1eqM4-00263-00085235-00085417 total backwards and contributing to
vAWuwO1eqM4-00264-00085418-00086149 total drag same thing just but tilting
vAWuwO1eqM4-00265-00086150-00086562 back now this tilting back is occurring
vAWuwO1eqM4-00266-00086563-00086917 because of the effect of the presence of
vAWuwO1eqM4-00267-00086918-00087238 the body locally this doesn't upper
vAWuwO1eqM4-00268-00087239-00087555 occur at the wing root where there is a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00269-00087556-00087919 junction this occurs only at the near or
vAWuwO1eqM4-00270-00087920-00088099 at the wingtips where there is no
vAWuwO1eqM4-00271-00088100-00088513 Junction so you have relative wind on an
vAWuwO1eqM4-00272-00088514-00088726 aircraft you have thrust there is a net
vAWuwO1eqM4-00273-00088727-00089176 reaction but then there is a backward
vAWuwO1eqM4-00274-00089177-00089416 component and that backward component is
vAWuwO1eqM4-00275-00089417-00089832 the induced drag so the reason why we
vAWuwO1eqM4-00276-00089833-00090000 have induced drag is because of the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00277-00090001-00090262 vortices at the wingtip now in this case
vAWuwO1eqM4-00278-00090263-00090638 the vertices are made visible but
vAWuwO1eqM4-00279-00090639-00090916 sometimes nature also tells us or shows
vAWuwO1eqM4-00280-00090917-00091182 us the vertices
vAWuwO1eqM4-00281-00091183-00091688 so gasoline in the winter
vAWuwO1eqM4-00282-00091689-00092231 that's the side you can see the cuddling
vAWuwO1eqM4-00283-00092232-00092480 up and inward turning of the word that I
vAWuwO1eqM4-00284-00092481-00093703 think is so just that's the side rock
vAWuwO1eqM4-00285-00093704-00094016 okay and if you want to have a visual
vAWuwO1eqM4-00286-00094017-00094253 information this is a very beautiful
vAWuwO1eqM4-00287-00094254-00094568 video which shows what happens we have
vAWuwO1eqM4-00288-00094569-00094760 already seen one such video here is
vAWuwO1eqM4-00289-00094761-00095249 another one this is natural flow
vAWuwO1eqM4-00290-00095250-00095564 visualization but my question to you
vAWuwO1eqM4-00291-00095565-00096086 will be widened aircraft not land it's
vAWuwO1eqM4-00292-00096087-00096452 coming into line and then it is
vAWuwO1eqM4-00293-00096453-00097079 rejecting the paper so what happened why
vAWuwO1eqM4-00294-00097080-00097904 is their craft not landing do you think
vAWuwO1eqM4-00295-00097905-00098054 the pilot brought the aircraft down just
vAWuwO1eqM4-00296-00098055-00098417 to show you the vertices no I think the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00297-00098418-00098702 pilot wanted to line that's what the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00298-00098703-00099215 flaps are down this is something I would
vAWuwO1eqM4-00299-00099216-00099437 like you to answer notice it's only on
vAWuwO1eqM4-00300-00099438-00099800 one wing you can visualize the vortex
vAWuwO1eqM4-00301-00099801-00100028 only on one end of the wing only on the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00302-00100029-00100229 port wing or the left wing as the pilot
vAWuwO1eqM4-00303-00100230-00100715 sees it so this is a question which
vAWuwO1eqM4-00304-00100716-00100895 remains unanswered in the class and
vAWuwO1eqM4-00305-00100896-00101254 therefore I expect the answer on Moodle
vAWuwO1eqM4-00306-00101255-00101465 somehow people have become little bit
vAWuwO1eqM4-00307-00101466-00101696 lazy on Moodle now I asked a question in
vAWuwO1eqM4-00308-00101697-00101891 the last class nobody has answered it I
vAWuwO1eqM4-00309-00101892-00102080 hope you will get the answer to this
vAWuwO1eqM4-00310-00102081-00102436 question all right so let's derive the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00311-00102438-00102733 expression for induced drag so induced
vAWuwO1eqM4-00312-00102734-00103028 drag is basically a function of the same
vAWuwO1eqM4-00313-00103029-00103433 forces or the same parameters but here I
vAWuwO1eqM4-00314-00103433-00103727 have used V equivalent and Rho 0 you
vAWuwO1eqM4-00315-00103728-00103984 know you can replace it with rowing Rho
vAWuwO1eqM4-00316-00103985-00104378 infinity and V 2 square also so the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00317-00104379-00104600 induced dekho efficient CDI is basically
vAWuwO1eqM4-00318-00104601-00104860 a function of square of the lift
vAWuwO1eqM4-00319-00104861-00105089 coefficient and the aspect ratio
vAWuwO1eqM4-00320-00105090-00105422 of the wing and for level flight or when
vAWuwO1eqM4-00321-00105423-00105629 you generate lift C L is equal to L upon
vAWuwO1eqM4-00322-00105630-00105902 half Rho v square s so therefore induced
vAWuwO1eqM4-00323-00105903-00106210 drag will be obtained as a function of L
vAWuwO1eqM4-00324-00106211-00106616 Square and K so what are the parameter
vAWuwO1eqM4-00325-00106617-00106952 that effect induced drag first is the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00326-00106953-00107509 lift so an aircraft like Airbus a380
vAWuwO1eqM4-00327-00107510-00107758 which will have more lift than a Cessna
vAWuwO1eqM4-00328-00107759-00108242 172 we'll have more induced drag at the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00329-00108243-00108551 same speed then we've got lift is far
vAWuwO1eqM4-00330-00108552-00108926 far more an aircraft which has got a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00331-00108927-00109202 very high aspect ratio will have a lower
vAWuwO1eqM4-00332-00109203-00109408 induced drag as compared to an aircraft
vAWuwO1eqM4-00333-00109409-00109703 with low aspect ratio in other words for
vAWuwO1eqM4-00334-00109704-00109913 the same aircraft if you change the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00335-00109914-00110114 aspect ratio if you increase the aspect
vAWuwO1eqM4-00336-00110115-00110300 ratio you will reduce the induced drag
vAWuwO1eqM4-00337-00110301-00110624 of the same aircraft so how do you do
vAWuwO1eqM4-00338-00110625-00110843 this how do you change the aspect ratio
vAWuwO1eqM4-00339-00110844-00111586 of the aircraft during flight what can
vAWuwO1eqM4-00340-00111588-00112158 be done for example any suggestions
vAWuwO1eqM4-00341-00112159-00112373 during flight I want to have a higher
vAWuwO1eqM4-00342-00112374-00113170 aspect ratio created what would you do
vAWuwO1eqM4-00343-00113171-00113540 no suggestions we have one suggestion
vAWuwO1eqM4-00344-00113541-00114271 take a mic please we have a mic here so
vAWuwO1eqM4-00345-00114272-00114491 mention your name there is a micro you
vAWuwO1eqM4-00346-00114492-00114668 mention your name and then give you a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00347-00114669-00114934 suggestion sir my name is Deepak
vAWuwO1eqM4-00348-00114935-00115274 yes Deepa sir can we use this swept-back
vAWuwO1eqM4-00349-00115275-00116005 wings to increase and this is one way
vAWuwO1eqM4-00350-00116006-00116303 one way of doing it is to sweep the wing
vAWuwO1eqM4-00351-00116304-00116666 to lower sweeps from higher speeds so if
vAWuwO1eqM4-00352-00116667-00116858 you are flying at a high speed back and
vAWuwO1eqM4-00353-00116858-00117101 if you want to reduce induced drag you V
vAWuwO1eqM4-00354-00117102-00117286 you can sweep the wing ahead that's okay
vAWuwO1eqM4-00355-00117288-00117449 that deeper you are right somewhere
vAWuwO1eqM4-00356-00117450-00117733 there there was a hand raised take a mic
vAWuwO1eqM4-00357-00117733-00118167 so my name is Amit is we can
vAWuwO1eqM4-00358-00118168-00118454 they plot the flaps so that the ad
vAWuwO1eqM4-00359-00118455-00118719 surface area will increase the aspect
vAWuwO1eqM4-00360-00118720-00119223 ratio will increase in the trees so if
vAWuwO1eqM4-00361-00119224-00119475 you increase surface area a short ratio
vAWuwO1eqM4-00362-00119476-00119708 is span square by area area increase me
vAWuwO1eqM4-00363-00119709-00120201 really reduce aspect ratio will come
vAWuwO1eqM4-00364-00120202-00120432 down so actually induce drag will
vAWuwO1eqM4-00365-00120433-00120714 increase increase it will not decrease
vAWuwO1eqM4-00366-00120715-00121491 anything else
vAWuwO1eqM4-00367-00121492-00122908 [Music]
vAWuwO1eqM4-00368-00122909-00123434 know if you increase the area of the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00369-00123435-00123645 wing by deflecting the flash I am
vAWuwO1eqM4-00370-00123646-00123822 assuming it is powder flaps so you are
vAWuwO1eqM4-00371-00123823-00124104 bringing it back assertive I will not
vAWuwO1eqM4-00372-00124105-00124235 will not increase it will decrease
vAWuwO1eqM4-00373-00124236-00124583 because it is in the denominator oh
vAWuwO1eqM4-00374-00124583-00124829 that's fine I understand what you are
vAWuwO1eqM4-00375-00124830-00124863 saying
vAWuwO1eqM4-00376-00124864-00125060 usually the definition of s is the wing
vAWuwO1eqM4-00377-00125061-00125274 reference area which may not include
vAWuwO1eqM4-00378-00125275-00125598 that but my question to you is what is
vAWuwO1eqM4-00379-00125599-00125808 your suggestion to increase aspect ratio
vAWuwO1eqM4-00380-00125808-00127143 during flight harmonica yes so once
vAWuwO1eqM4-00381-00127144-00127308 again we come back to his point of view
vAWuwO1eqM4-00382-00127308-00127440 there is something called as in
vAWuwO1eqM4-00383-00127441-00127623 reference area which will not change too
vAWuwO1eqM4-00384-00127624-00127875 much so just by increasing angle of
vAWuwO1eqM4-00385-00127876-00128009 attack you will not be able to change
vAWuwO1eqM4-00386-00128010-00128331 the aspect ratio so why are you looking
vAWuwO1eqM4-00387-00128332-00128633 only at s say how did how did Deepak
vAWuwO1eqM4-00388-00128634-00129033 sort the problem by increasing B can you
vAWuwO1eqM4-00389-00129033-00129674 do something else to increase the span
vAWuwO1eqM4-00390-00129675-00129948 so we are working on a project in which
vAWuwO1eqM4-00391-00129949-00130377 we are talking of span extension so you
vAWuwO1eqM4-00392-00130378-00130599 have a wing which has a wing and a small
vAWuwO1eqM4-00393-00130600-00130881 wing inside and when you want high
vAWuwO1eqM4-00394-00130882-00131247 aspect ratio you take out that wing so
vAWuwO1eqM4-00395-00131248-00131606 with that you get a larger wing span
vAWuwO1eqM4-00396-00131607-00131829 obviously it's not very straightforward
vAWuwO1eqM4-00397-00131830-00132051 but even when you take out the wing what
vAWuwO1eqM4-00398-00132052-00132267 are the problems one is you are eating
vAWuwO1eqM4-00399-00132268-00132453 away the volume available for the fuel
vAWuwO1eqM4-00400-00132454-00132702 in the wing secondly you have to put
vAWuwO1eqM4-00401-00132703-00133065 actuators to create so much load so
vAWuwO1eqM4-00402-00133066-00133413 there is a plus and a minus so we have a
vAWuwO1eqM4-00403-00133414-00133611 PhD student working on the pluses and
vAWuwO1eqM4-00404-00133612-00134283 the minuses and using detailed design
vAWuwO1eqM4-00405-00134284-00134433 calculations we are trying to figure out
vAWuwO1eqM4-00406-00134434-00134799 what is the limit to which increasing in
vAWuwO1eqM4-00407-00134800-00134991 span is beneficial compared to the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00408-00134992-00135348 drawbacks so it's possible to do it by
vAWuwO1eqM4-00409-00135349-00135612 using innovative techniques you can have
vAWuwO1eqM4-00410-00135613-00135912 a folded wing like this in flight and
vAWuwO1eqM4-00411-00135913-00136302 opens up like this so you can do things
vAWuwO1eqM4-00412-00136303-00136610 to increase the span okay but it's very
vAWuwO1eqM4-00413-00136611-00136788 it's not very easy
vAWuwO1eqM4-00414-00136789-00136968 there are many pluses and minuses the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00415-00136969-00137130 other point is living area and the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00416-00137131-00137397 equivalent airspeed and the air density
vAWuwO1eqM4-00417-00137398-00137487 okay
vAWuwO1eqM4-00418-00137488-00137673 so let's look at the factors which
vAWuwO1eqM4-00419-00137674-00137927 affect the induced right so let's see
vAWuwO1eqM4-00420-00137928-00138264 now this is not aspect ratio but induced
vAWuwO1eqM4-00421-00138265-00138519 drag induced drag is more than aspect
vAWuwO1eqM4-00422-00138520-00139062 ratio so if you change the angle of
vAWuwO1eqM4-00423-00139063-00139398 attack then the lift is going to
vAWuwO1eqM4-00424-00139399-00140031 increase correct so this is one way the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00425-00140032-00140196 angle of attack change is actually going
vAWuwO1eqM4-00426-00140197-00140571 to affect the induced drag the next
vAWuwO1eqM4-00427-00140572-00141333 parameter is airspeed so if you change
vAWuwO1eqM4-00428-00141334-00141735 the airspeed the CL will change because
vAWuwO1eqM4-00429-00141736-00141879 you need to maintain lift equal to
vAWuwO1eqM4-00430-00141880-00142263 weight still so as the airspeed
vAWuwO1eqM4-00431-00142264-00142830 increases the CL will reduce and if CL
vAWuwO1eqM4-00432-00142831-00143037 reduces CL squared by PI AE will come
vAWuwO1eqM4-00433-00143038-00143307 down so that is one way of reducing the
vAWuwO1eqM4-00434-00143308-00143604 induced drag fly faster okay that is one
vAWuwO1eqM4-00435-00143605-00143940 solution
vAWuwO1eqM4-00436-00143941-00145421 [Music]
vAWuwO1eqM4-00437-00145422-00145754 [Applause]
vAWuwO1eqM4-00438-00145755-00145908 [Music]
vAWuwO1eqM4-00439-00145909-00146866 [Applause]
vAWuwO1eqM4-00440-00146867-00147437 [Applause]
vAWuwO1eqM4-00441-00147438-00147898 [Music]
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00000-00000254-00000611 hey guys I'm lb and let's check out
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00001-00000612-00000923 edition by Ben 77 difficulty medium
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00002-00000924-00001062 let's get started
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00003-00001063-00001340 so welcome to aperture you're here
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00004-00001341-00001576 because we want the best and you're it
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00005-00001577-00001980 nope couldn't keep a straight face
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00006-00001982-00002195 interesting there's an area way out
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00007-00002196-00002675 there in the distance I guess we're
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00008-00002676-00002956 gonna be gay ending up there eventually
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00009-00002957-00003511 what the heck are these that's some very
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00010-00003513-00003745 interesting custom stairs you have there
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00011-00003746-00003797 sir
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00012-00003797-00004061 I have not seen custom stairs quite like
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00013-00004061-00004183 that before
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00014-00004184-00004865 strange well sit at the cube and put it
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00015-00004866-00005138 on the button for now that seems like
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00016-00005139-00005240 the reasonable thing to do
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00017-00005241-00005431 oh come on stay on the bike please thank
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00018-00005432-00005827 you can't really take the cube with us
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00019-00005828-00005975 in any capacity but I'm sure we'll be
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00020-00005976-00006218 coming back for it cuz I just have a
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00021-00006219-00006434 feeling that cube is not gonna stay
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00022-00006434-00006472 there
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00023-00006473-00007006 ha why is it like hidden away and in the
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00024-00007008-00007303 slow corner like this strange you
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00025-00007304-00007706 confuse me sometimes 1077 alright okay
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00026-00007706-00007939 cube
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00027-00007940-00008101 and I don't know what we're gonna do
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00028-00008102-00008530 with it but we've taken it now so over
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00029-00008531-00008830 there perhaps ha here's a place to put
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00030-00008831-00009914 the you interesting
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00031-00009915-00010113 there's a lot of different places we
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00032-00010114-00010578 could put the cube actually man there is
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00033-00010579-00010980 this is a wide-open area isn't it get up
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00034-00010981-00011178 there I guess you need conversion gel on
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00035-00011179-00011694 that or something there is a lot to this
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00036-00011695-00012879 place what is this do interesting we
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00037-00012880-00013002 have to pick you here if we want to use
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00038-00013003-00013593 the conversion gel gotcha well let's go
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00039-00013594-00014063 try it out
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00040-00014063-00014285 if that seems to work exactly like I
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00041-00014286-00014533 thought it would that's good to know
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00042-00014534-00014794 all right so then we should be able to
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00043-00014796-00015097 get up there press the button right
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00044-00015097-00015484 let's just get on up here - easy way and
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00045-00015485-00015850 fresh button
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00046-00015851-00016997 whoa okay sure know that so that I have
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00047-00016998-00017099 not seen before
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00048-00017100-00017864 interesting okay then I'm still
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00049-00017865-00018022 recovering for beeping I don't think I'm
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00050-00018023-00018313 fully sick anymore just covering it I
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00051-00018314-00018652 guess our goal is to get there right I
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00052-00018653-00019019 can't like well glad that with a deadly
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00053-00019020-00019157 but we can't like launch up the back
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00054-00019158-00019589 side of this right yeah not without some
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00055-00019590-00020291 intervention
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00056-00020292-00021119 we can certainly do this that was
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00057-00021120-00021955 entertaining kind of like this instead
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00058-00021956-00022580 there we go oh that didn't quite work
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00059-00022581-00022778 out the way I would put I would let's
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00060-00022779-00023078 try this slightly differently
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00061-00023079-00023541 we and that's it nothing to do that
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00062-00023542-00023834 right so instead we want to lower that
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00063-00023835-00024392 and then do some theme them not I guess
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00064-00024393-00024747 maybe that yeah sure let's get to keep
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00065-00024748-00025211 why not make you come back with me or
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00066-00025212-00026208 put you on this but instead and right I
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00067-00026208-00026345 forgot to put the port look there hey
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00068-00026347-00026443 okay
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00069-00026444-00027141 always better river that and
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00070-00027142-00027482 look at that worked out just perfectly
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00071-00027483-00027687 and I guess we're gonna continue without
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00072-00027688-00028137 the cube here it looks like we usually
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00073-00028138-00028902 get the cube back anyway hmm
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00074-00028904-00029080 actually this is a bit of a problem
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00075-00029081-00029404 isn't it we need to get conversion to
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00076-00029405-00029497 own that don't we
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00077-00029498-00030466 Oh Ben you sly fly forever what is the
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00078-00030467-00031162 best way to go about doing it
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00079-00031163-00032668 oh right yeah they get this over here
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00080-00032669-00033055 and then you can do it there we go
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00081-00033056-00033692 that's what we needed
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00082-00033693-00034218 right
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00083-00034219-00034674 and then best thing to do I guess would
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00084-00034675-00034971 be just redo everything then that case
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00085-00034972-00035236 yeah let the tree to everything there's
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00086-00035237-00035364 a few different ways to do it at this
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00087-00035365-00035485 point questions is another matter come
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00088-00035486-00035773 on stay on the but please I've got a
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00089-00035774-00035982 clear first
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00090-00035983-00036798 there we go and lucky
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00091-00036799-00037066 now that you seem like we slid up the
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00092-00037067-00037222 stairs I'm pretty sure you would break
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00093-00037223-00037408 every bone in your legs if you split up
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00094-00037409-00038522 the stairs like that and Geronimo
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00095-00038523-00039074 ouch slammed my head into the wall on to
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00096-00039075-00039736 the next area I suppose
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00097-00039737-00040127 science is enough why not why not why
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00098-00040128-00040334 some of our science dangerous
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00099-00040335-00040586 why not marry see the gloves on us in
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00100-00040587-00040868 fact why events special safety or that
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00101-00040869-00041024 will get you on the bottom of the way
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00102-00041025-00041279 out because you are fire is a subject
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00103-00041280-00042146 usually interesting
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00104-00042147-00042602 [Music]
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00105-00042603-00043561 although interesting
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00106-00043562-00043822 there's the exit suppose that's what
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00107-00043823-00044937 snow about right
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00108-00044938-00045209 right let's get some gel in various
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00109-00045210-00045335 places that sounds like a good idea
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00110-00045336-00046402 right gel there where else
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00111-00046403-00046597 [Music]
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00112-00046598-00047102 hmm I can give any up there right let's
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00113-00047103-00047326 see where this takes us for now
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00114-00047327-00047813 [Music]
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00115-00047814-00048365 well this is a place that we can be oh
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00116-00048366-00049161 that don't do that to me windows
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00117-00049162-00050278 where the heck is this where is this
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00118-00050279-00050895 [Music]
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00119-00050896-00051302 I'm what this is confusing I guess maybe
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00120-00051303-00051585 I should bring the cube with me how do I
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00121-00051586-00051873 get out of here though that's a bit of a
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00122-00051874-00052032 conundrum I guess let's go down there
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00123-00052033-00052245 yeah there we go and this time I shall
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00124-00052246-00052713 bring it on the cube with me you've
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00125-00052714-00053499 acquired game saved cube brought with go
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00126-00053500-00053687 figure out what this contraption
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00127-00053688-00054132 mechanism thing is making us use our
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00128-00054133-00054665 portals in order to get anything done
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00129-00054666-00054779 okay
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00130-00054780-00055870 that's down there apparently
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00131-00055871-00056119 can't have a portal on both sides at the
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00132-00056120-00056920 same time unfortunately all right
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00133-00056921-00058817 goodbye cube
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00134-00058818-00059281 we need the cube
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00135-00059282-00059540 I don't see a good way to Reese bonnet
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00136-00059541-00060141 birthday
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00137-00060142-00061326 that's not what I wanted
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00138-00061327-00061500 I don't see a way to get the cube right
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00139-00061501-00063319 now either
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00140-00063320-00063714 huh
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00141-00063715-00063876 yeah I'm not really seeing what to do
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00142-00063877-00064837 here those are in line go to
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00143-00064838-00065098 that is ler okay that's not what I
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00144-00065099-00065394 expected
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00145-00065395-00065722 we definitely gel on here that's pretty
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00146-00065723-00066052 clear and obvious I don't see a way to
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00147-00066053-00066863 get up there if we don't need to though
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00148-00066864-00067202 [Music]
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00149-00067203-00067563 so we can still see that at least it's a
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00150-00067564-00067682 good thing nope
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00151-00067683-00067997 not quite what I wanted to do let's try
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00152-00067998-00068194 that
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00153-00068195-00068773 [Music]
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00154-00068774-00070805 not particularly helpful honestly
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00155-00070806-00071166 hmm
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00156-00071167-00071530 [Music]
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00157-00071531-00071900 would he absolutely pointless but he'll
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00158-00071901-00072323 tons of fun
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00159-00072324-00073010 right well I am not clear on the concept
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00160-00073011-00073221 because I walk through this scissor I
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00161-00073222-00073368 pretty much lose all the progress I've
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00162-00073369-00074501 made right it's not much to be seen out
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00163-00074502-00074744 here other than the exit I mean I guess
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00164-00074745-00074874 we can see that but I don't only think
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00165-00074875-00075310 we need to see that for any reason
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00166-00075311-00075548 we'll try it but I don't think it's
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00167-00075549-00076751 helpful yep not looking particularly
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00168-00076752-00077906 helpful honestly
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00169-00077907-00078112 huh
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00170-00078113-00078343 I like it walk on that railing
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00171-00078344-00078848 everything
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00172-00078849-00080133 definitely want to put a keep here right
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00173-00080134-00081996 how do we get the cube back though
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00174-00081997-00082178 like the other alternatives that we
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00175-00082179-00082454 could put the cube on list and then we
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00176-00082455-00082577 stand on the button to drop it in here
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00177-00082578-00082796 but that's not very different from just
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00178-00082797-00083027 doing this and there's still not a way
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00179-00083028-00083249 for us to keep a portal in here and up
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00180-00083250-00085985 over where the button is I'm missing
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00181-00085986-00086307 missing that something not thinking of
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00182-00086308-00086478 something or not considering a
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00184-00090594-00091886 [Music]
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00185-00091887-00092201 like if I got speed Jill up here I don't
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00186-00092202-00092368 really think that would help either I
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00187-00092369-00092741 was like where would I want to run to to
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00188-00092742-00092867 make it useful
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00189-00092868-00094461 I don't think speed jails help for me
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00190-00094462-00095992 hmm
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00191-00095993-00097557 [Music]
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00192-00097558-00098015 I am very perplexed
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00193-00098016-00098216 [Applause]
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00194-00098217-00098535 all right so even though I'm absolutely
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00195-00098536-00098715 sure it's not gonna help at all
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00196-00098716-00099078 let's try the elder alternative first
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00197-00099079-00099240 let's say but then we'll try the elder
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00198-00099241-00099360 alternative I was talking about weird
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00199-00099361-00099810 question Cube on the on the drop door
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00200-00099811-00100013 here and then we stand on the button to
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00201-00100014-00100278 drop it in pretty sure it's absolutely
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00202-00100279-00100640 useless but I'll do it anyway just
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00203-00100641-00101040 because I can't think of anything else
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00204-00101041-00102176 to do honestly by cube
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00205-00102177-00102323 and how is that different from just
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00206-00102324-00103531 respawning it honestly
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00207-00103532-00105073 [Music]
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00208-00105074-00105846 can't jump over the railing at all here
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00209-00105847-00105999 and when that's open you can't see a
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00211-00109118-00110792 that's never going to roll it onto here
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00212-00110793-00111056 I think we're supposed to coat the cube
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00213-00111057-00111733 all right well it could keep Alice Earth
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00214-00111734-00112333 and encode at this time yeah if we coat
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00215-00112333-00112508 we don't thank you
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00216-00112508-00112667 I think it'd be yeah yeah we should be
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00217-00112668-00114586 able to I think well how would we
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00218-00114588-00114819 what are these mortal surfaces even here
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00219-00114820-00116020 for
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00220-00116021-00116199 the cube needs to be on that button so
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00221-00116200-00116511 that you can activate this you can't go
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00222-00116512-00116647 through this portal since we have to go
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00223-00116648-00117058 through here I guess we could put the
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00224-00117058-00117428 cube in and then we step on the button
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00225-00117429-00117729 sure let's go with that yeah that'll
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00226-00117730-00117769 work
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00227-00117770-00118606 okay that works there we go you just
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00228-00118607-00119249 coated now so
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00229-00119250-00119898 now that the cube is coated
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00230-00119899-00120216 now we can actually get it back in there
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00231-00120217-00120445 as if it had respond except it will be
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00232-00120446-00120751 coated in gel instead of not coated in
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00233-00120752-00121201 gel of course and then we should be able
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00234-00121202-00121339 to slide it on to the button that turns
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00235-00121340-00121606 off the Fiddler's at least that's the
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00236-00121607-00121801 entire reason that I thought I needed to
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00237-00121802-00121926 coat it because if that doesn't work
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00238-00121927-00122285 then I'm out of ideas
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00239-00122286-00123254 vacuum right back down we ahead and
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00240-00123255-00123772 speed gel we trust
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00241-00123773-00124408 and it worked
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00242-00124408-00124890 arrey that makes things make a lot more
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00243-00124891-00125646 sense now doesn't it
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00244-00125647-00125808 I'm already gonna add that to my
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00245-00125808-00125925 favorites I can't believe more people
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00246-00125926-00126126 haven't Oh more people have I didn't see
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00247-00126127-00126345 this down here before yeah for some
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00248-00126346-00126453 reason I thought they didn't have any
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00249-00126454-00126507 favorites
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00250-00126508-00127113 I just looked at it I guess right that
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00251-00127114-00127259 that means we're effectively done now
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00252-00127260-00127430 right
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00253-00127431-00127854 pretty sure I might even be able to take
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00254-00127855-00128482 the cube with us
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00255-00128483-00128866 we yeah we can aqui with us right well
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00256-00128867-00129064 guys as always thank you so much for
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00257-00129065-00129330 watching staggering your way through
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00258-00129331-00129561 shelters you've made some real courage
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00259-00129563-00129805 to Society for a change and for that
vB4Q_tsSFaM-00260-00129806-00130132 humanity is grateful
vDUp6cJMQRI-00000-00000069-00000362 pc+ was a computer magazine published
vDUp6cJMQRI-00001-00000363-00000663 monthly from 1986 until September 2012
vDUp6cJMQRI-00002-00000664-00001044 in the UK by future PLC the magazine was
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vDUp6cJMQRI-00035-00010490-00010768 in the wayback machine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00000-00000053-00000328 amino acids are organic compounds
vFSvrPP8D6U-00001-00000329-00000694 containing amine NH 2 and carboxyl COOH
vFSvrPP8D6U-00002-00000695-00000886 functional groups along with a side
vFSvrPP8D6U-00003-00000886-00001102 chain are group specific to each amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00004-00001103-00001374 acid the key elements of an amino acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00005-00001375-00001752 are carbon C hydrogen H oxygen oh and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00006-00001753-00001977 nitrogen n although other elements are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00007-00001978-00002134 found in the side chains of certain
vFSvrPP8D6U-00008-00002135-00002458 amino acids about 500 naturally
vFSvrPP8D6U-00009-00002459-00002656 occurring amino acids are known though
vFSvrPP8D6U-00010-00002657-00002866 only 20 appear in the genetic code and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00011-00002867-00003133 can be classified in many ways they can
vFSvrPP8D6U-00012-00003134-00003313 be classified according to the core
vFSvrPP8D6U-00013-00003314-00003520 structural functional groups locations
vFSvrPP8D6U-00014-00003521-00003817 as alpha alpha beta beta gamma gamma or
vFSvrPP8D6U-00015-00003818-00004113 Delta Delta amino acids other categories
vFSvrPP8D6U-00016-00004114-00004315 relate to polarity pH level and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00017-00004316-00004585 sidechain group type aliphatic acyclic
vFSvrPP8D6U-00018-00004586-00004840 aromatic containing hydroxyl or sulfur
vFSvrPP8D6U-00019-00004841-00005193 etc in the form of proteins amino acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00020-00005194-00005359 residues form the second largest
vFSvrPP8D6U-00021-00005360-00005599 component water is the largest of human
vFSvrPP8D6U-00022-00005600-00005851 muscles and other tissues beyond their
vFSvrPP8D6U-00023-00005852-00006118 role as residues in proteins amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00024-00006119-00006331 participate in a number of processes
vFSvrPP8D6U-00025-00006332-00006534 such as neurotransmitter transport and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00026-00006536-00006928 biosynthesis in biochemistry amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00027-00006929-00007134 having both the amine and the carboxylic
vFSvrPP8D6U-00028-00007136-00007353 acid groups attached to the first alpha
vFSvrPP8D6U-00029-00007354-00007555 carbon atom have particular importance
vFSvrPP8D6U-00030-00007556-00007884 they are known as 2 alpha or alpha amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00031-00007886-00008305 acids generic formula H 2 n CHR COOH in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00032-00008306-00008488 most cases where R as an organic
vFSvrPP8D6U-00033-00008489-00008817 substituent known as a sidechain often
vFSvrPP8D6U-00034-00008818-00009117 the term amino acid is used to refer
vFSvrPP8D6U-00035-00009118-00009364 specifically to these they include the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00036-00009365-00009628 22 protein O genic protein building
vFSvrPP8D6U-00037-00009629-00009913 amino acids which combined into peptide
vFSvrPP8D6U-00038-00009914-00010234 chains polypeptides to form the building
vFSvrPP8D6U-00039-00010235-00010498 blocks of a vast array of proteins these
vFSvrPP8D6U-00040-00010499-00010776 are all L stereo isomers left-handed
vFSvrPP8D6U-00041-00010777-00011070 isomers although a few D amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00042-00011071-00011331 right-handed occur in bacterial
vFSvrPP8D6U-00043-00011332-00011556 envelopes as a neuromodulator d-serine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00044-00011557-00011794 and in some antibiotics 20 of the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00045-00011795-00012019 protein o genic amino acids are encoded
vFSvrPP8D6U-00046-00012020-00012192 directly by triplet codons in the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00047-00012193-00012430 genetic code and are known as standard
vFSvrPP8D6U-00048-00012431-00012805 amino acids the other two non-standard
vFSvrPP8D6U-00049-00012806-00013177 or non canonical our Celina cysteine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00050-00013178-00013396 present in many prokaryotes as well as
vFSvrPP8D6U-00051-00013397-00013454 most you
vFSvrPP8D6U-00052-00013455-00013643 Marriott's but not coated directly by
vFSvrPP8D6U-00053-00013644-00013904 DNA and pure lysine found only in some
vFSvrPP8D6U-00054-00013905-00014210 archaea in one bacterium puro lysine in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00055-00014211-00014432 salina cysteine are encoded via variant
vFSvrPP8D6U-00056-00014433-00014663 codons for example Salina cysteine is
vFSvrPP8D6U-00057-00014663-00014969 encoded by stop codon and SEC is element
vFSvrPP8D6U-00058-00014969-00015251 n formyl methionine which is often the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00059-00015252-00015458 initial amino acid of proteins in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00060-00015459-00015728 bacteria mitochondria and chloroplasts
vFSvrPP8D6U-00061-00015729-00015913 is generally considered as a form of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00062-00015915-00016088 methionine rather than as a separate
vFSvrPP8D6U-00063-00016088-00016448 protein O genic amino acid codon trna
vFSvrPP8D6U-00064-00016449-00016640 combinations not found in nature can
vFSvrPP8D6U-00065-00016641-00017012 also be used to expand the genetic code
vFSvrPP8D6U-00066-00017013-00017213 and formed novel proteins known as allo
vFSvrPP8D6U-00067-00017214-00017426 proteins incorporating non protein Oh
vFSvrPP8D6U-00068-00017427-00017672 genic amino acids many important protein
vFSvrPP8D6U-00069-00017673-00017885 O genic and non protein O genic amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00070-00017886-00018176 acids have biological functions for
vFSvrPP8D6U-00071-00018177-00018347 example in the human brain
vFSvrPP8D6U-00072-00018348-00018575 glutamate standard glutamic acid and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00073-00018576-00018844 gamma amino butyric acid GABA
vFSvrPP8D6U-00074-00018845-00019076 non-standard gamma amino acid are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00075-00019077-00019292 respectively the main excitatory and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00076-00019293-00019507 inhibitory neurotransmitters
vFSvrPP8D6U-00077-00019508-00019784 hydroxyproline a major component of the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00078-00019785-00019931 connective tissue collagen is
vFSvrPP8D6U-00079-00019932-00020219 synthesized from prolene glycine is a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00080-00020220-00020438 biosynthetic precursor to porphyrins
vFSvrPP8D6U-00081-00020439-00020732 used in red blood cells carnitine is
vFSvrPP8D6U-00082-00020733-00021053 used in lipid transport 9 protein o
vFSvrPP8D6U-00083-00021054-00021239 genic amino acids are called
vFSvrPP8D6U-00084-00021240-00021521 essential for humans because they cannot
vFSvrPP8D6U-00085-00021522-00021707 be produced from other compounds by the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00086-00021708-00021919 human body and so must be taken in his
vFSvrPP8D6U-00087-00021920-00022166 food others may be conditionally
vFSvrPP8D6U-00088-00022167-00022367 essential for certain ages or medical
vFSvrPP8D6U-00089-00022368-00022631 conditions essential amino acids may
vFSvrPP8D6U-00090-00022632-00022838 also differ between species because of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00091-00022839-00023054 their biological significance amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00092-00023055-00023261 acids are important in nutrition and are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00093-00023262-00023474 commonly used in nutritional supplements
vFSvrPP8D6U-00094-00023475-00023740 fertilizers feed and food technology
vFSvrPP8D6U-00095-00023741-00024019 industrial uses include the production
vFSvrPP8D6U-00096-00024020-00024247 of drugs biodegradable plastics and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00097-00024248-00024869 chiral catalysts
vFSvrPP8D6U-00098-00024870-00025377 topic history
vFSvrPP8D6U-00099-00025378-00025587 the first few amino acids were
vFSvrPP8D6U-00100-00025588-00025874 discovered in the early 19th century in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00101-00025875-00026159 1806 French chemists luis nicolas
vFSvrPP8D6U-00102-00026160-00026361 vauquelin and pierre-jean robucket
vFSvrPP8D6U-00103-00026362-00026580 isolated a compound in asparagus that
vFSvrPP8D6U-00104-00026581-00026781 was subsequently named asparagine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00105-00026782-00027011 the first amino acid to be discovered
vFSvrPP8D6U-00106-00027012-00027314 cysteine was discovered in 1810 although
vFSvrPP8D6U-00107-00027316-00027483 its monomer cysteine remained
vFSvrPP8D6U-00108-00027483-00027816 undiscovered until 1884 glycine and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00109-00027817-00028107 leucine were discovered in 1820 the last
vFSvrPP8D6U-00110-00028108-00028326 of the 20 common amino acids to be
vFSvrPP8D6U-00111-00028327-00028599 discovered was threonine in 1935 by
vFSvrPP8D6U-00112-00028600-00028827 William Rose who also determined
vFSvrPP8D6U-00113-00028827-00028986 the essential amino acids and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00114-00028987-00029124 established the minimum daily
vFSvrPP8D6U-00115-00029125-00029337 requirements of all amino acids for
vFSvrPP8D6U-00116-00029338-00029556 optimal growth the unity of the chemical
vFSvrPP8D6U-00117-00029557-00029868 category was recognized by works in 1865
vFSvrPP8D6U-00118-00029869-00030080 but he gave no particular name to it
vFSvrPP8D6U-00119-00030081-00030432 usage of the term amino acid in the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00120-00030433-00030708 English language as from 1898 while the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00121-00030708-00030970 German term amino sore was used earlier
vFSvrPP8D6U-00122-00030972-00031236 proteins were found to yield amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00123-00031237-00031461 after enzymatic digestion or acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00124-00031462-00031836 hydrolysis in 1902 emil fischer and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00125-00031837-00032067 franz Hofmeister independently proposed
vFSvrPP8D6U-00126-00032068-00032264 that proteins are formed from many amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00127-00032266-00032457 acids whereby bonds are formed between
vFSvrPP8D6U-00128-00032458-00032694 the amino group of one amino acid with
vFSvrPP8D6U-00129-00032695-00032901 the carboxyl group of another resulting
vFSvrPP8D6U-00130-00032902-00033084 in a linear structure that Fischer term
vFSvrPP8D6U-00131-00033085-00033692 peptide
vFSvrPP8D6U-00132-00033693-00034250 topic general structure
vFSvrPP8D6U-00133-00034251-00034466 in the structure shown at the top of the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00134-00034467-00034721 page our represents a sidechain specific
vFSvrPP8D6U-00135-00034722-00035015 to each amino acid the carbon atom next
vFSvrPP8D6U-00136-00035016-00035189 to the carboxyl group which is therefore
vFSvrPP8D6U-00137-00035190-00035420 numbered 2 in the carbon chain starting
vFSvrPP8D6U-00138-00035421-00035594 from that functional group is called the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00139-00035595-00035680 alpha carbon
vFSvrPP8D6U-00140-00035681-00035933 amino acids containing an amino group
vFSvrPP8D6U-00141-00035934-00036164 bonded directly to the alpha carbon are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00142-00036165-00036362 referred to as alpha amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00143-00036363-00036605 these include amino acids such as
vFSvrPP8D6U-00144-00036606-00036839 prolene which contains secondary amines
vFSvrPP8D6U-00145-00036840-00037022 which used to be often referred to as
vFSvrPP8D6U-00146-00037023-00037656 amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00147-00037657-00038156 topic isomerism
vFSvrPP8D6U-00148-00038157-00038372 the Alpha amino acids are the most
vFSvrPP8D6U-00149-00038373-00038582 common form found in nature but only
vFSvrPP8D6U-00150-00038583-00038861 when occurring in the L isomer the alpha
vFSvrPP8D6U-00151-00038862-00039065 carbon as a chiral carbon atom with the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00152-00039066-00039257 exception of glycine which has two
vFSvrPP8D6U-00153-00039258-00039467 indistinguishable hydrogen atoms on the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00154-00039468-00039767 Alpha carbon therefore all alpha amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00155-00039768-00040001 acids but glycine can exist in either of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00156-00040002-00040214 two enantiomers called L or D amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00157-00040215-00040415 acids which are mirror images of each
vFSvrPP8D6U-00158-00040416-00040451 other
vFSvrPP8D6U-00159-00040452-00040784 see also chirality while L amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00160-00040785-00040988 represent all of the amino acids found
vFSvrPP8D6U-00161-00040989-00041201 in proteins during translation in the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00162-00041202-00041423 ribosome the amino acids are found in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00163-00041424-00041636 some proteins produced by enzyme post
vFSvrPP8D6U-00164-00041637-00041837 translational modifications after
vFSvrPP8D6U-00165-00041838-00042041 translation and translocation to the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00166-00042042-00042287 endoplasmic reticulum as an exotic sea
vFSvrPP8D6U-00167-00042288-00042490 dwelling organisms such as cone snails
vFSvrPP8D6U-00168-00042491-00042770 they are also abundant components of the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00169-00042771-00043013 peptidoglycan cell walls of bacteria and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00170-00043014-00043169 d serine may act as a neurotransmitter
vFSvrPP8D6U-00171-00043170-00043523 in the brain d amino acids are used in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00172-00043524-00043709 racemic crystallography to create
vFSvrPP8D6U-00173-00043710-00043934 centrosymmetric crystals which depending
vFSvrPP8D6U-00174-00043935-00044126 on the protein may allow for easier and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00175-00044127-00044282 more robust protein structure
vFSvrPP8D6U-00176-00044283-00044564 determination the L and D Convention for
vFSvrPP8D6U-00177-00044565-00044813 amino acid configuration refers not to
vFSvrPP8D6U-00178-00044814-00045053 the optical activity of the amino acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00179-00045054-00045236 itself but rather to the optical
vFSvrPP8D6U-00180-00045237-00045467 activity of the isomer of glyceraldehyde
vFSvrPP8D6U-00181-00045468-00045692 from which that amino acid can in theory
vFSvrPP8D6U-00182-00045693-00045926 be synthesized d-glyceraldehyde as
vFSvrPP8D6U-00183-00045927-00046181 dextrorotatory l glyceraldehyde as leave
vFSvrPP8D6U-00184-00046182-00046514 a rotatory in alternative fashion the s
vFSvrPP8D6U-00185-00046515-00046745 and r designators are used to indicate
vFSvrPP8D6U-00186-00046746-00047063 the absolute stereochemistry almost all
vFSvrPP8D6U-00187-00047064-00047309 of the amino acids in proteins are s at
vFSvrPP8D6U-00188-00047310-00047549 the alpha carbon with system being R and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00189-00047550-00047837 glycine non chiral cysteine has its
vFSvrPP8D6U-00190-00047838-00048062 sidechain in the same geometric position
vFSvrPP8D6U-00191-00048063-00048275 as the other amino acids but the RS
vFSvrPP8D6U-00192-00048276-00048467 terminology is reversed because of the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00193-00048468-00048689 higher atomic number of sulfur compared
vFSvrPP8D6U-00194-00048690-00048872 to the carboxyl oxygen gives the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00195-00048873-00049079 sidechain a higher priority whereas the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00196-00049080-00049274 atoms in most other side chains give
vFSvrPP8D6U-00197-00049275-00049856 them lower priority
vFSvrPP8D6U-00198-00049857-00050369 topic side-chains
vFSvrPP8D6U-00199-00050370-00050600 in amino acids that have a carbon chain
vFSvrPP8D6U-00200-00050601-00050828 attached to the alpha carbon such as
vFSvrPP8D6U-00201-00050829-00051023 lysine shown to the right the carbons
vFSvrPP8D6U-00202-00051024-00051239 are labeled in order as Alpha Beta Gamma
vFSvrPP8D6U-00203-00051240-00051592 Delta and so on in some amino acids the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00204-00051594-00051788 amine group is attached to the beta or
vFSvrPP8D6U-00205-00051789-00051955 gamma carbon and these are therefore
vFSvrPP8D6U-00206-00051957-00052249 referred to as beta or gamma amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00207-00052250-00052535 amino acids are usually classified by
vFSvrPP8D6U-00208-00052536-00052717 the properties of their sidechain into
vFSvrPP8D6U-00209-00052719-00052982 four groups the sidechain can make an
vFSvrPP8D6U-00210-00052983-00053207 amino acid a weak acid or a weak base
vFSvrPP8D6U-00211-00053208-00053432 and a Hydra file if the sidechain is
vFSvrPP8D6U-00212-00053433-00053659 polar or a hydrophobe if it is nonpolar
vFSvrPP8D6U-00213-00053660-00053936 the chemical structures of the 22
vFSvrPP8D6U-00214-00053937-00054146 standard amino acids along with their
vFSvrPP8D6U-00215-00054147-00054338 chemical properties are described more
vFSvrPP8D6U-00216-00054339-00054524 fully in the article on these protein
vFSvrPP8D6U-00217-00054525-00054896 agenda amino acids the phrase branched
vFSvrPP8D6U-00218-00054897-00055265 chain amino acids or BCA a refers to the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00219-00055266-00055511 amino acids having aliphatic side chains
vFSvrPP8D6U-00220-00055512-00055697 that are nonlinear these are leucine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00221-00055698-00056000 isoleucine and valine proline is the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00222-00056001-00056222 only protein O genic amino acid whose
vFSvrPP8D6U-00223-00056223-00056408 side group links to the Alpha amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00224-00056409-00056617 group and thus is also the only protein
vFSvrPP8D6U-00225-00056619-00056819 O genic amino acid containing a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00226-00056820-00057028 secondary amine at this position in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00227-00057029-00057304 chemical terms prolene is therefore an
vFSvrPP8D6U-00228-00057305-00057527 amino acid since it lacks a primary
vFSvrPP8D6U-00229-00057528-00057719 amino group although it is still classed
vFSvrPP8D6U-00230-00057720-00057880 as an amino acid in the current
vFSvrPP8D6U-00231-00057882-00058112 biochemical nomenclature and may also be
vFSvrPP8D6U-00232-00058113-00058907 called in an alkylated alpha amino acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00233-00058908-00059411 topic is what Aryans
vFSvrPP8D6U-00234-00059412-00059698 the Alpha carboxylic acid group of amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00235-00059699-00059921 acids as a weak acid meaning that it
vFSvrPP8D6U-00236-00059922-00060031 releases a hydron
vFSvrPP8D6U-00237-00060032-00060284 such as a proton at moderate pH values
vFSvrPP8D6U-00238-00060285-00060653 in other words carboxylic acid groups -
vFSvrPP8D6U-00239-00060654-00060896 CO 2 H can be deprotonated to become
vFSvrPP8D6U-00240-00060897-00061225 negative carboxylates - co2 - the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00241-00061226-00061436 negatively charged carboxylate ion
vFSvrPP8D6U-00242-00061437-00061691 predominates at pH values greater than
vFSvrPP8D6U-00243-00061691-00061942 the pKa of the carboxylic acid group
vFSvrPP8D6U-00244-00061943-00062176 mean for the 20 common amino acids as
vFSvrPP8D6U-00245-00062177-00062413 about to point to see the table of amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00246-00062414-00062648 acid structures above in a complementary
vFSvrPP8D6U-00247-00062649-00062881 fashion the Alpha amine of amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00248-00062882-00063082 as a weak base meaning that it accepts a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00249-00063083-00063391 proton at moderate pH values in other
vFSvrPP8D6U-00250-00063392-00063700 words alpha amino groups NH 2 minus can
vFSvrPP8D6U-00251-00063701-00063890 be protonated to become positive alpha
vFSvrPP8D6U-00252-00063891-00064216 ammonium groups plus NH 3 - the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00253-00064217-00064426 positively charged alpha ammonium group
vFSvrPP8D6U-00254-00064427-00064699 predominates at pH values less than the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00255-00064700-00064942 pKa of the Alpha ammonium group mean for
vFSvrPP8D6U-00256-00064943-00065155 the twenty common alpha amino acids as
vFSvrPP8D6U-00257-00065156-00065467 about nine point four because all amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00258-00065468-00065735 acids contain a mean and carboxylic acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00259-00065736-00065909 functional groups they share M for
vFSvrPP8D6U-00260-00065910-00066241 product properties below pH to point to
vFSvrPP8D6U-00261-00066242-00066448 the predominant form will have a neutral
vFSvrPP8D6U-00262-00066449-00066676 carboxylic acid group and a positive
vFSvrPP8D6U-00263-00066677-00066959 alpha ammonium ion net charge +1 and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00264-00066960-00067201 above pH nine point four a negative
vFSvrPP8D6U-00265-00067202-00067403 carboxylate and neutral alpha amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00266-00067404-00067744 group net charge - one but at pH between
vFSvrPP8D6U-00267-00067745-00067966 two point two and nine point four an
vFSvrPP8D6U-00268-00067967-00068188 amino acid usually contains both a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00269-00068189-00068392 negative carboxylate and a positive
vFSvrPP8D6U-00270-00068393-00068557 alpha ammonium group as shown in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00271-00068558-00068779 structure two on the right so has net
vFSvrPP8D6U-00272-00068780-00069061 zero charge this molecular state is
vFSvrPP8D6U-00273-00069062-00069254 known as as with terian from the germans
vFSvrPP8D6U-00274-00069255-00069451 whitter meaning hermaphrodite or hybrid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00275-00069452-00069754 the fully neutral form structure one on
vFSvrPP8D6U-00276-00069755-00069971 the left is a very minor species in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00277-00069972-00070144 aqueous solution throughout the pH range
vFSvrPP8D6U-00278-00070145-00070553 less than one part in 107 amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00279-00070554-00070786 exist as zwitterions also in the solid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00280-00070787-00070979 phase and crystallized with salt like
vFSvrPP8D6U-00281-00070980-00071216 properties unlike typical organic acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00282-00071217-00071767 or amines
vFSvrPP8D6U-00283-00071768-00072323 topic isoelectric point
vFSvrPP8D6U-00284-00072324-00072580 the variation in titration curves when
vFSvrPP8D6U-00285-00072581-00072746 the amino acids can be grouped by
vFSvrPP8D6U-00286-00072747-00073042 category with the exception of tyrosine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00287-00073043-00073235 using titration to distinguish among
vFSvrPP8D6U-00288-00073236-00073494 hydrophobic amino acids as problematic
vFSvrPP8D6U-00289-00073495-00073879 at pH values between the two PKA values
vFSvrPP8D6U-00290-00073880-00074050 thus what Terrien predominates
vFSvrPP8D6U-00291-00074051-00074212 but Co exists in dynamic equilibrium
vFSvrPP8D6U-00292-00074213-00074453 with small amounts of net negative and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00293-00074454-00074719 net positive ions at the exact midpoint
vFSvrPP8D6U-00294-00074720-00074984 between the two PKA values the trace
vFSvrPP8D6U-00295-00074985-00075191 amount of net negative and trace of net
vFSvrPP8D6U-00296-00075192-00075412 positive ions exactly balanced so that
vFSvrPP8D6U-00297-00075413-00075635 average net charge of all forms present
vFSvrPP8D6U-00298-00075636-00075913 is zero this pH is known as the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00299-00075914-00076523 isoelectric point pi so pi
vFSvrPP8D6U-00300-00076524-00077092 topic 1/2 PKA 1 plus PKA to the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00301-00077093-00077356 individual amino acids all have slightly
vFSvrPP8D6U-00302-00077357-00077656 different PKA values so have different
vFSvrPP8D6U-00303-00077657-00078010 isoelectric points for amino acids with
vFSvrPP8D6U-00304-00078011-00078290 charged side chains the pKa of the side
vFSvrPP8D6U-00305-00078291-00078679 chain is involved thus for ass Glu with
vFSvrPP8D6U-00306-00078680-00079073 negative side chains pi
vFSvrPP8D6U-00307-00079074-00079276 you
vFSvrPP8D6U-00308-00079277-00079750 1/2 PK a 1 plus P kar where P kar is the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00309-00079751-00080071 sidechain PK a cysteine also has
vFSvrPP8D6U-00310-00080072-00080287 potentially negative side chain with P
vFSvrPP8D6U-00311-00080288-00080764 kar
vFSvrPP8D6U-00312-00080765-00081157 topic 8.14 soap i should be calculated
vFSvrPP8D6U-00313-00081158-00081432 as for ASP and Glu even though the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00314-00081433-00081661 sidechain is not significantly charged
vFSvrPP8D6U-00315-00081662-00082009 at neutral pH for his lease and argh
vFSvrPP8D6U-00316-00082010-00082422 with positive side chains pi
vFSvrPP8D6U-00317-00082423-00082643 you
vFSvrPP8D6U-00318-00082644-00083149 one half PKA r+ PKA two amino acids have
vFSvrPP8D6U-00319-00083150-00083380 zero mobility in electrophoresis at
vFSvrPP8D6U-00320-00083381-00083557 their isoelectric point although this
vFSvrPP8D6U-00321-00083558-00083753 behavior is more usually exploited for
vFSvrPP8D6U-00322-00083754-00083978 peptides and proteins than single amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00323-00083979-00084248 acids as what Aryans have minimum
vFSvrPP8D6U-00324-00084249-00084463 solubility at their isoelectric point
vFSvrPP8D6U-00325-00084464-00084698 and some amino acids in particular with
vFSvrPP8D6U-00326-00084699-00084925 nonpolar side chains can be isolated by
vFSvrPP8D6U-00327-00084926-00085136 precipitation from water by adjusting
vFSvrPP8D6U-00328-00085137-00085883 the pH to the required isoelectric point
vFSvrPP8D6U-00329-00085884-00086149 topic occurrence and functions in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00330-00086150-00086583 biochemistry
vFSvrPP8D6U-00331-00086584-00086924 you
vFSvrPP8D6U-00332-00086925-00087555 topic protein Oh genic amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00333-00087556-00087800 amino acids are the structural units
vFSvrPP8D6U-00334-00087801-00088098 monomers that make up proteins they join
vFSvrPP8D6U-00335-00088099-00088292 together to form short polymer chains
vFSvrPP8D6U-00336-00088293-00088521 called peptides or longer chains called
vFSvrPP8D6U-00337-00088522-00088799 either polypeptides or proteins these
vFSvrPP8D6U-00338-00088800-00089028 polymers are linear and unbranched with
vFSvrPP8D6U-00339-00089029-00089186 each amino acid within the chain
vFSvrPP8D6U-00340-00089187-00089399 attached to two neighboring amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00341-00089400-00089687 the process of making proteins encoded
vFSvrPP8D6U-00342-00089688-00089993 by DNA RNA genetic material is called
vFSvrPP8D6U-00343-00089994-00090204 translation and involves the step by
vFSvrPP8D6U-00344-00090205-00090396 step addition of amino acids to a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00345-00090397-00090609 growing protein chain by a ribozyme that
vFSvrPP8D6U-00346-00090610-00090861 is called a ribosome the order in which
vFSvrPP8D6U-00347-00090862-00091043 the amino acids are added as read
vFSvrPP8D6U-00348-00091044-00091256 through the genetic code from an mrna
vFSvrPP8D6U-00349-00091257-00091487 template which is an RNA copy of one of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00350-00091488-00091878 the organism's genes 22 amino acids are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00351-00091879-00092115 naturally incorporated into polypeptides
vFSvrPP8D6U-00352-00092116-00092292 and are called protein agenda core
vFSvrPP8D6U-00353-00092293-00092606 natural amino acids of these 20 are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00354-00092607-00092807 encoded by the universal genetic code
vFSvrPP8D6U-00355-00092808-00093044 the remaining - Syleena cysteine and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00356-00093045-00093246 pura lysine are incorporated into
vFSvrPP8D6U-00357-00093247-00093503 proteins by unique synthetic mechanisms
vFSvrPP8D6U-00358-00093504-00093776 Celina cysteine is incorporated when the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00359-00093777-00094092 mRNA being translated includes a sec is
vFSvrPP8D6U-00360-00094093-00094361 element which causes the UGA codon to
vFSvrPP8D6U-00361-00094362-00094572 encode celina cysteine instead of a stop
vFSvrPP8D6U-00362-00094573-00094838 codon puro lysine is used by some
vFSvrPP8D6U-00363-00094839-00095073 methanogenic archaea in enzymes that
vFSvrPP8D6U-00364-00095074-00095322 they use to produce methane it is coded
vFSvrPP8D6U-00365-00095323-00095484 for with the codon UAG
vFSvrPP8D6U-00366-00095485-00095691 which is normally a stop codon in other
vFSvrPP8D6U-00367-00095692-00096044 organisms this UAG codon is followed by
vFSvrPP8D6U-00368-00096045-00096762 a py l is downstream sequence
vFSvrPP8D6U-00369-00096763-00097411 topic non-protein Oh genic amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00370-00097412-00097707 aside from the 22 protein Oh genic amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00371-00097708-00097954 acids many non protein Oh genic amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00372-00097955-00098185 acids are known those either are not
vFSvrPP8D6U-00373-00098186-00098424 found in proteins for example carnitine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00374-00098425-00098682 gaba levothyroxine or not produced
vFSvrPP8D6U-00375-00098683-00098901 directly and in isolation by standard
vFSvrPP8D6U-00376-00098902-00099085 cellular machinery for example
vFSvrPP8D6U-00377-00099086-00099426 hydroxyproline and selenomethionine non
vFSvrPP8D6U-00378-00099427-00099640 protein Oh genic amino acids that are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00379-00099641-00099829 found in proteins are formed by post
vFSvrPP8D6U-00380-00099830-00100023 translational modification which is
vFSvrPP8D6U-00381-00100024-00100234 modification after translation during
vFSvrPP8D6U-00382-00100235-00100494 protein synthesis these modifications
vFSvrPP8D6U-00383-00100495-00100719 are often essential for the function or
vFSvrPP8D6U-00384-00100720-00101013 regulation of a protein for example the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00385-00101014-00101238 carboxylation of glutamate allows for
vFSvrPP8D6U-00386-00101239-00101454 better binding of calcium cations and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00387-00101455-00101630 collagen contains hydroxyproline
vFSvrPP8D6U-00388-00101631-00101910 generated by hydroxylation of prolene
vFSvrPP8D6U-00389-00101911-00102201 another example is the formation of hypo
vFSvrPP8D6U-00390-00102202-00102346 seen in the translation initiation
vFSvrPP8D6U-00391-00102347-00102676 factory if5 a through modification of a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00392-00102677-00102981 lysine residue such modifications can
vFSvrPP8D6U-00393-00102982-00103174 also determine the localization of the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00394-00103175-00103386 protein eg the addition of long
vFSvrPP8D6U-00395-00103388-00103600 hydrophobic groups can cause a protein
vFSvrPP8D6U-00396-00103601-00103818 to bind to a phospholipid membrane some
vFSvrPP8D6U-00397-00103819-00104034 non protein o genic amino acids are not
vFSvrPP8D6U-00398-00104035-00104175 found in proteins
vFSvrPP8D6U-00399-00104176-00104449 examples include two amino acid uric
vFSvrPP8D6U-00400-00104450-00104676 acid in the neurotransmitter gamma amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00401-00104677-00104971 butyric acid non-protein o genic amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00402-00104972-00105177 acids often occur as intermediates in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00403-00105178-00105370 the metabolic pathways for standard
vFSvrPP8D6U-00404-00105371-00105613 amino acids for example ornithine and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00405-00105614-00105844 citrulline occur in the urea cycle part
vFSvrPP8D6U-00406-00105845-00106083 of amino acid catabolism see below a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00407-00106084-00106353 rare exception to the dominance of alpha
vFSvrPP8D6U-00408-00106354-00106624 amino acids in biology as the beta amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00409-00106625-00106858 acid beta alanine three amino propanoic
vFSvrPP8D6U-00410-00106858-00107047 acid which is used in plants and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00411-00107048-00107245 microorganisms in the synthesis of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00412-00107246-00107535 pantothenic acid vitamin b5 a component
vFSvrPP8D6U-00413-00107536-00108123 of coenzyme a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00414-00108124-00108791 topic D amino acid natural abundance
vFSvrPP8D6U-00415-00108792-00109088 d isomers are uncommon in live organisms
vFSvrPP8D6U-00416-00109089-00109295 for instance gramma cited as a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00417-00109296-00109520 polypeptide made up from mixture of D
vFSvrPP8D6U-00418-00109521-00109808 and L amino acids other compounds
vFSvrPP8D6U-00419-00109808-00110045 containing D amino acid are tyrocidine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00420-00110046-00110276 invalid no myosin these compounds
vFSvrPP8D6U-00421-00110277-00110441 disrupt bacterial cell walls
vFSvrPP8D6U-00422-00110442-00110674 particularly in gram positive bacteria
vFSvrPP8D6U-00423-00110675-00111092 only 837 D amino acids were found in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00424-00111093-00111404 swiss-prot database 187 million amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00425-00111405-00111997 acids analyzed
vFSvrPP8D6U-00426-00111998-00112601 topic non-standard amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00427-00112602-00112838 the 20 amino acids that are encoded
vFSvrPP8D6U-00428-00112839-00113057 directly by the codons of the universal
vFSvrPP8D6U-00429-00113058-00113243 genetic code are called standard or
vFSvrPP8D6U-00430-00113244-00113579 canonical amino acids a modified form of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00431-00113580-00113774 methionine and formyl methionine is
vFSvrPP8D6U-00432-00113775-00113951 often incorporated in place of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00433-00113952-00114164 methionine as the initial amino acid of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00434-00114165-00114407 proteins in bacteria mitochondria and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00435-00114408-00114701 chloroplasts other amino acids are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00436-00114702-00114866 called non-standard or non canonical
vFSvrPP8D6U-00437-00114867-00115159 most of the non-standard amino acids are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00438-00115160-00115397 also non protein O genic ie they cannot
vFSvrPP8D6U-00439-00115398-00115591 be incorporated into proteins during
vFSvrPP8D6U-00440-00115592-00115783 translation but two of them are protein
vFSvrPP8D6U-00441-00115784-00115951 o genic as they can be incorporated
vFSvrPP8D6U-00442-00115952-00116147 translationally into proteins by
vFSvrPP8D6U-00443-00116148-00116351 exploiting information not encoded in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00444-00116352-00116629 the universal genetic code the two
vFSvrPP8D6U-00445-00116630-00116882 non-standard protein o genic amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00446-00116883-00117089 are Salina cysteine present in many non
vFSvrPP8D6U-00447-00117090-00117296 eukaryotes as well as most eukaryotes
vFSvrPP8D6U-00448-00117297-00117575 but not coded directly by DNA and pure
vFSvrPP8D6U-00449-00117576-00117779 lysine found only in some archaea and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00450-00117780-00118058 one bacterium the incorporation of these
vFSvrPP8D6U-00451-00118058-00118283 non-standard amino acids is rare for
vFSvrPP8D6U-00452-00118283-00118616 example 25 human proteins include celina
vFSvrPP8D6U-00453-00118617-00118838 cysteine sec in their primary structure
vFSvrPP8D6U-00454-00118839-00119000 and the structurally characterized
vFSvrPP8D6U-00455-00119001-00119282 enzymes Celino enzymes employ sec is the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00456-00119283-00119495 catalytic moiety in their active sites
vFSvrPP8D6U-00457-00119496-00119753 puro lysine in salina cysteine are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00458-00119754-00120023 encoded via variant codons for example
vFSvrPP8D6U-00459-00120024-00120275 celina cysteine is encoded by stop codon
vFSvrPP8D6U-00460-00120276-00120919 and SEC is element
vFSvrPP8D6U-00461-00120920-00121458 topic in human nutrition
vFSvrPP8D6U-00462-00121458-00121691 when taken up into the human body from
vFSvrPP8D6U-00463-00121692-00121932 the diet the 20 standard amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00464-00121933-00122123 either are used to synthesize proteins
vFSvrPP8D6U-00465-00122124-00122348 and other biomolecules or are oxidized
vFSvrPP8D6U-00466-00122349-00122585 to urea and carbon dioxide as a source
vFSvrPP8D6U-00467-00122586-00122903 of energy the oxidation pathway starts
vFSvrPP8D6U-00468-00122904-00123089 with the removal of the amino group by a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00469-00123090-00123329 transaminase the amino group is then fed
vFSvrPP8D6U-00470-00123330-00123614 into the urea cycle the other product of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00471-00123615-00123831 transamination as a keto acid that
vFSvrPP8D6U-00472-00123832-00124146 enters the citric acid cycle gluco genic
vFSvrPP8D6U-00473-00124147-00124368 amino acids can also be converted into
vFSvrPP8D6U-00474-00124369-00124658 glucose through gluconeogenesis of the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00475-00124659-00125015 20 standard amino acids 9 is eel Lu Lise
vFSvrPP8D6U-00476-00125016-00125366 met fee thr TRP and Val are called
vFSvrPP8D6U-00477-00125367-00125585 essential amino acids because the human
vFSvrPP8D6U-00478-00125586-00125783 body cannot synthesize them from other
vFSvrPP8D6U-00479-00125784-00125984 compounds at the level needed for normal
vFSvrPP8D6U-00480-00125985-00126140 growth so they must be obtained from
vFSvrPP8D6U-00481-00126141-00126432 food in addition cysteine taurine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00482-00126433-00126650 tyrosine and arginine are considered
vFSvrPP8D6U-00483-00126651-00126884 semi essential amino acids in children
vFSvrPP8D6U-00484-00126885-00127052 though taurine is not technically an
vFSvrPP8D6U-00485-00127053-00127245 amino acid because the metabolic
vFSvrPP8D6U-00486-00127246-00127427 pathways that synthesize these amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00487-00127428-00127676 acids are not fully developed the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00488-00127677-00127893 amounts required also depend on the age
vFSvrPP8D6U-00489-00127894-00128075 and health of the individual so it is
vFSvrPP8D6U-00490-00128076-00128244 hard to make general statements about
vFSvrPP8D6U-00491-00128245-00128448 the dietary requirement for some amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00492-00128449-00128738 acids dietary exposure to the non
vFSvrPP8D6U-00493-00128739-00129038 standard amino acid BMAA has been linked
vFSvrPP8D6U-00494-00129039-00129212 to human neurodegenerative diseases
vFSvrPP8D6U-00495-00129213-00129843 including ALS
vFSvrPP8D6U-00496-00129844-00130406 topic non-protein functions
vFSvrPP8D6U-00497-00130407-00130699 in humans non protein amino acids also
vFSvrPP8D6U-00498-00130700-00130871 have important roles as metabolic
vFSvrPP8D6U-00499-00130872-00131065 intermediates such as in the bio
vFSvrPP8D6U-00500-00131066-00131272 synthesis of the neurotransmitter gamma
vFSvrPP8D6U-00501-00131273-00131647 amino butyric acid GABA many amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00502-00131648-00131843 are used to synthesize other molecules
vFSvrPP8D6U-00503-00131844-00132172 for example tryptophan as a precursor of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00504-00132173-00132496 the neurotransmitter serotonin tyrosine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00505-00132497-00132679 and it's precursor phenylalanine are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00506-00132680-00132850 precursors of the catecholamine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00507-00132851-00133000 neurotransmitters dopamine epinephrine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00508-00133001-00133232 and norepinephrine and various trace
vFSvrPP8D6U-00509-00133233-00133546 amines phenylalanine is a precursor of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00510-00133547-00133781 phenethylamine and tyrosine in humans in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00511-00133782-00134026 plants it is a precursor of various
vFSvrPP8D6U-00512-00134027-00134215 phenyl propane ODEs which are important
vFSvrPP8D6U-00513-00134216-00134503 in plant metabolism glycine is a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00514-00134504-00134754 precursor of porphyrins such as heme
vFSvrPP8D6U-00515-00134755-00135102 arginine is a precursor of nitric oxide
vFSvrPP8D6U-00516-00135103-00135371 ornithine and s-adenosylmethionine are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00517-00135372-00135691 precursors of poly amines aspartate
vFSvrPP8D6U-00518-00135692-00135925 glycine and glutamine are precursors of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00519-00135926-00136171 nucleotides however not all of the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00520-00136172-00136378 functions of other abundant non-standard
vFSvrPP8D6U-00521-00136379-00136591 amino acids are known some non-standard
vFSvrPP8D6U-00522-00136592-00136844 amino acids are used as defenses against
vFSvrPP8D6U-00523-00136845-00137164 herbivores in plants for example Canavan
vFSvrPP8D6U-00524-00137165-00137357 dined as an analogue of arginine that is
vFSvrPP8D6U-00525-00137358-00137507 found in many legumes and in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00526-00137508-00137716 particularly large amounts in Cannavale
vFSvrPP8D6U-00527-00137717-00137998 yoga soared beam this amino acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00528-00137999-00138199 protects the plants from predators such
vFSvrPP8D6U-00529-00138200-00138415 as insects and can cause illness in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00530-00138416-00138586 people if some types of legumes are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00531-00138587-00138859 eaten without processing the non protein
vFSvrPP8D6U-00532-00138860-00139078 amino acid memo sign is found in other
vFSvrPP8D6U-00533-00139079-00139315 species of legume in particular lukina
vFSvrPP8D6U-00534-00139316-00139568 leucocephala this compound is an
vFSvrPP8D6U-00535-00139569-00139750 analogue of tyrosine and can poison
vFSvrPP8D6U-00536-00139751-00140453 animals that graze on these plants
vFSvrPP8D6U-00537-00140454-00141036 topic uses in industry
vFSvrPP8D6U-00538-00141037-00141290 amino acids are used for a variety of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00539-00141291-00141507 applications in industry but their main
vFSvrPP8D6U-00540-00141508-00141815 uses as additives to animal feed this is
vFSvrPP8D6U-00541-00141816-00141993 necessary since many of the bulk
vFSvrPP8D6U-00542-00141994-00142176 components of these feeds such as
vFSvrPP8D6U-00543-00142177-00142386 soybeans either have low levels or lack
vFSvrPP8D6U-00544-00142387-00142593 some of the essential amino acids lysine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00545-00142594-00142845 methionine threonine and tryptophan are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00546-00142846-00143001 most important in the production of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00547-00143002-00143325 these feeds in this industry amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00548-00143326-00143550 are also used to chelate metal cations
vFSvrPP8D6U-00549-00143551-00143733 in order to improve the absorption of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00550-00143734-00143913 minerals from supplements which may be
vFSvrPP8D6U-00551-00143914-00144084 required to improve the health or
vFSvrPP8D6U-00552-00144085-00144261 production of these animals the food
vFSvrPP8D6U-00553-00144262-00144476 industry is also a major consumer of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00554-00144477-00144756 amino acids in particular glutamic acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00555-00144757-00144963 which is used as a flavor enhancer an
vFSvrPP8D6U-00556-00144964-00145287 aspartame aspartyl Phe and why la la and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00557-00145288-00145518 I and E one methyl ester as a low
vFSvrPP8D6U-00558-00145519-00145790 calorie artificial sweetener similar
vFSvrPP8D6U-00559-00145791-00145988 technology to that used for animal
vFSvrPP8D6U-00560-00145989-00146165 nutrition as employed in the human
vFSvrPP8D6U-00561-00146166-00146361 nutrition industry to alleviate symptoms
vFSvrPP8D6U-00562-00146362-00146595 of mineral deficiencies such as anemia
vFSvrPP8D6U-00563-00146596-00146813 by improving mineral absorption and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00564-00146814-00146994 reducing negative side effects from
vFSvrPP8D6U-00565-00146995-00147210 inorganic mineral supplementation the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00566-00147211-00147426 chelating ability of amino acids has
vFSvrPP8D6U-00567-00147427-00147648 been used in fertilizers for agriculture
vFSvrPP8D6U-00568-00147649-00147837 to facilitate the delivery of minerals
vFSvrPP8D6U-00569-00147838-00148026 to plants in order to correct mineral
vFSvrPP8D6U-00570-00148027-00148238 deficiencies such as iron chlorosis
vFSvrPP8D6U-00571-00148239-00148512 these fertilizers are also used to
vFSvrPP8D6U-00572-00148513-00148701 prevent deficiencies from occurring and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00573-00148702-00148865 improving the overall health of the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00574-00148866-00149145 plants the remaining production of amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00575-00149146-00149370 acids is used in the synthesis of Drugs
vFSvrPP8D6U-00576-00149371-00149649 and Cosmetics similarly some amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00577-00149650-00149804 derivatives are used in pharmaceutical
vFSvrPP8D6U-00578-00149805-00150190 industry they include 5-htp
vFSvrPP8D6U-00579-00150191-00150375 5-hydroxytryptophan used for
vFSvrPP8D6U-00580-00150376-00150563 experimental treatment of depression
vFSvrPP8D6U-00581-00150564-00150837 l-dopa LD hydroxy phenylalanine for
vFSvrPP8D6U-00582-00150838-00150989 Parkinson's treatment and eflornithine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00583-00150990-00151170 drug that inhibits ornithine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00584-00151171-00151364 decarboxylase and used in the treatment
vFSvrPP8D6U-00585-00151365-00151955 of sleeping sickness
vFSvrPP8D6U-00586-00151956-00152503 topic expanded genetic code
vFSvrPP8D6U-00587-00152504-00152898 since 2001 14 on natural amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00588-00152899-00153096 have been added into protein by creating
vFSvrPP8D6U-00589-00153097-00153287 a unique codon recoding and a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00590-00153288-00153482 corresponding transfer RNA
vFSvrPP8D6U-00591-00153483-00153810 aminoacyl-trna synthetase pair to encode
vFSvrPP8D6U-00592-00153811-00153998 it with diverse physicochemical and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00593-00153999-00154199 biological properties in order to be
vFSvrPP8D6U-00594-00154200-00154398 used as a tool to exploring protein
vFSvrPP8D6U-00595-00154399-00154557 structure and function or to create
vFSvrPP8D6U-00596-00154558-00155209 novel or enhanced proteins
vFSvrPP8D6U-00597-00155210-00155691 topic numbers
vFSvrPP8D6U-00598-00155692-00155949 numbers are codons that in theory code
vFSvrPP8D6U-00599-00155950-00156075 for an amino acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00600-00156076-00156252 however in nature there is a selective
vFSvrPP8D6U-00601-00156253-00156471 bias against using this codon in favor
vFSvrPP8D6U-00602-00156472-00156702 of another for example bacteria prefer
vFSvrPP8D6U-00603-00156703-00156948 to use CGA instead of auga to code for
vFSvrPP8D6U-00604-00156949-00157203 arginine this creates some sequences
vFSvrPP8D6U-00605-00157204-00157368 that do not appear in the genome
vFSvrPP8D6U-00606-00157369-00157563 this characteristic can be taken
vFSvrPP8D6U-00607-00157564-00157737 advantage of and used to create new
vFSvrPP8D6U-00608-00157738-00157944 selectively cancer-fighting drugs and to
vFSvrPP8D6U-00609-00157945-00158154 prevent cross-contamination of DNA
vFSvrPP8D6U-00610-00158155-00158858 samples from crime scene investigations
vFSvrPP8D6U-00611-00158859-00159436 topic chemical building blocks
vFSvrPP8D6U-00612-00159437-00159688 amino acids are important as low-cost
vFSvrPP8D6U-00613-00159689-00159954 feedstocks these compounds are used in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00614-00159955-00160198 chiral pool synthesis as enantiomeric li
vFSvrPP8D6U-00615-00160199-00160420 pure building blocks amino acids have
vFSvrPP8D6U-00616-00160421-00160633 been investigated as precursors chiral
vFSvrPP8D6U-00617-00160634-00160819 catalysts eg for asymmetric
vFSvrPP8D6U-00618-00160820-00161050 hydrogenation reactions although no
vFSvrPP8D6U-00619-00161051-00161701 commercial applications exist
vFSvrPP8D6U-00620-00161702-00162296 topic biodegradable plastics
vFSvrPP8D6U-00621-00162297-00162545 amino acids are under development as
vFSvrPP8D6U-00622-00162546-00162749 components of a range of biodegradable
vFSvrPP8D6U-00623-00162750-00162992 polymers these materials have
vFSvrPP8D6U-00624-00162993-00163169 applications as environmentally friendly
vFSvrPP8D6U-00625-00163170-00163379 packaging and in medicine in drug
vFSvrPP8D6U-00626-00163380-00163532 delivery and the construction of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00627-00163533-00163808 prosthetic implants these polymers
vFSvrPP8D6U-00628-00163809-00164024 include polypeptides polyamides
vFSvrPP8D6U-00629-00164025-00164210 polyesters polysulfide
vFSvrPP8D6U-00630-00164211-00164426 and poly urethanes with amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00631-00164427-00164600 either forming part of their main chains
vFSvrPP8D6U-00632-00164601-00164828 or bonded as side chains these
vFSvrPP8D6U-00633-00164829-00165020 modifications alter the physical
vFSvrPP8D6U-00634-00165021-00165197 properties and reactivities of the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00635-00165198-00165452 polymers an interesting example of such
vFSvrPP8D6U-00636-00165453-00165653 materials as poly aspartate a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00637-00165654-00165902 water-soluble biodegradable polymer that
vFSvrPP8D6U-00638-00165903-00166082 may have applications in disposable
vFSvrPP8D6U-00639-00166083-00166244 diapers in agriculture
vFSvrPP8D6U-00640-00166245-00166505 due to its solubility and ability to
vFSvrPP8D6U-00641-00166506-00166715 chelate metal ions poly aspartate is
vFSvrPP8D6U-00642-00166716-00166964 also being used as a biodegradable anti
vFSvrPP8D6U-00643-00166965-00167123 scaling agent and a corrosion inhibitor
vFSvrPP8D6U-00644-00167124-00167468 in addition the aromatic amino acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00645-00167469-00167630 tyrosine is being developed as a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00646-00167631-00167849 possible replacement for toxic phenols
vFSvrPP8D6U-00647-00167850-00168068 such as bisphenol A in the manufacture
vFSvrPP8D6U-00648-00168069-00168670 of polycarbonate
vFSvrPP8D6U-00649-00168671-00169191 topic reactions
vFSvrPP8D6U-00650-00169192-00169476 as amino acids have both a primary amine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00651-00169477-00169710 group in a primary carboxyl group these
vFSvrPP8D6U-00652-00169711-00169875 chemicals can undergo most of the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00653-00169876-00170034 reactions associated with these
vFSvrPP8D6U-00654-00170035-00170142 functional groups
vFSvrPP8D6U-00655-00170143-00170367 these include nucleophilic addition
vFSvrPP8D6U-00656-00170368-00170604 amide bond formation an imine formation
vFSvrPP8D6U-00657-00170605-00170808 for the amine group an esterification
vFSvrPP8D6U-00658-00170809-00171120 amide bond formation and decarboxylation
vFSvrPP8D6U-00659-00171121-00171384 for the carboxylic acid group the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00660-00171385-00171570 combination of these functional groups
vFSvrPP8D6U-00661-00171571-00171768 allow amino acids to be effective
vFSvrPP8D6U-00662-00171769-00172011 polydentate ligand for metal amino acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00663-00172012-00172305 chelate the multiple side chains of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00664-00172306-00172506 amino acids can also undergo chemical
vFSvrPP8D6U-00665-00172507-00172809 reactions the types of these reactions
vFSvrPP8D6U-00666-00172810-00172965 are determined by the groups on these
vFSvrPP8D6U-00667-00172966-00173160 side chains and are therefore different
vFSvrPP8D6U-00668-00173161-00173841 between the various types of amino acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00669-00173842-00174209 topic chemical synthesis
vFSvrPP8D6U-00670-00174210-00174383 you
vFSvrPP8D6U-00671-00174384-00174617 several methods exist to synthesize
vFSvrPP8D6U-00672-00174618-00174851 amino acids one of the oldest methods
vFSvrPP8D6U-00673-00174852-00175070 begins with the bromination at the alpha
vFSvrPP8D6U-00674-00175071-00175397 carbon of a carboxylic acid nucleophilic
vFSvrPP8D6U-00675-00175398-00175607 substitution with ammonia then converts
vFSvrPP8D6U-00676-00175608-00175864 the alkyl bromide to the amino acid in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00677-00175865-00176114 alternative fashion the Strecker amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00678-00176115-00176330 acid synthesis involves the treatment of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00679-00176331-00176552 an aldehyde with potassium cyanide and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00680-00176553-00176753 ammonia this produces an alpha amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00681-00176754-00177050 nitrile is an intermediate hydrolysis of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00682-00177051-00177257 the nitrile in acid then yields an alpha
vFSvrPP8D6U-00683-00177258-00177515 amino acid using ammonia or ammonium
vFSvrPP8D6U-00684-00177516-00177722 salts in this reaction gives
vFSvrPP8D6U-00685-00177723-00177938 unsubstituted amino acids whereas
vFSvrPP8D6U-00686-00177939-00178115 substituting primary and secondary
vFSvrPP8D6U-00687-00178116-00178337 amines will yield substituted amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00688-00178338-00178694 acids likewise using ketones instead of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00689-00178695-00178895 aldehydes gives alpha alpha dye
vFSvrPP8D6U-00690-00178896-00179210 substituted amino acids the classical
vFSvrPP8D6U-00691-00179211-00179414 synthesis gives racemic mixtures of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00692-00179415-00179624 alpha amino acids as products but
vFSvrPP8D6U-00693-00179625-00179828 several alternative procedures using
vFSvrPP8D6U-00694-00179829-00180053 asymmetric auxiliaries or asymmetric
vFSvrPP8D6U-00695-00180054-00180224 catalysts have been developed at the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00696-00180225-00180425 current time the most adopted method as
vFSvrPP8D6U-00697-00180426-00180602 an automated synthesis onto solid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00698-00180603-00180875 support eg polystyrene beads using
vFSvrPP8D6U-00699-00180876-00181142 protecting groups eg Fmoc
vFSvrPP8D6U-00700-00181143-00181520 and T BOC and activating groups eg DCC
vFSvrPP8D6U-00701-00181521-00182053 and DIC
vFSvrPP8D6U-00702-00182054-00182619 topic peptide bond formation
vFSvrPP8D6U-00703-00182620-00182895 as both the Amin and carboxylic acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00704-00182896-00183114 groups of amino acids can react to form
vFSvrPP8D6U-00705-00183115-00183387 amide bonds one amino acid molecule can
vFSvrPP8D6U-00706-00183388-00183558 react with another and become joined
vFSvrPP8D6U-00707-00183559-00183759 through an amide linkage this
vFSvrPP8D6U-00708-00183760-00183987 polymerization of amino acids as what
vFSvrPP8D6U-00709-00183988-00184191 creates proteins this condensation
vFSvrPP8D6U-00710-00184192-00184455 reaction yields the newly formed peptide
vFSvrPP8D6U-00711-00184456-00184746 bond and a molecule of water in cells
vFSvrPP8D6U-00712-00184747-00184965 this reaction does not occur directly
vFSvrPP8D6U-00713-00184966-00185166 instead the amino acid is first
vFSvrPP8D6U-00714-00185167-00185382 activated by attachment to a transfer
vFSvrPP8D6U-00715-00185383-00185679 RNA molecule through an ester bond this
vFSvrPP8D6U-00716-00185680-00185946 amino acyl tRNA is produced in an
vFSvrPP8D6U-00717-00185947-00186198 atp-dependent reaction carried out by an
vFSvrPP8D6U-00718-00186199-00186549 aminoacyl-trna synthetase this amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00719-00186550-00186807 acyl tRNA is then a substrate for the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00720-00186808-00187026 ribosome which catalyzes the attack of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00721-00187027-00187227 the amino group of the elongated protein
vFSvrPP8D6U-00722-00187228-00187503 chain on the ester bond as a result of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00723-00187504-00187695 this mechanism all proteins made by
vFSvrPP8D6U-00724-00187696-00187902 ribosomes are synthesized starting at
vFSvrPP8D6U-00725-00187903-00188058 their end terminus and moving toward
vFSvrPP8D6U-00726-00188059-00188403 their C terminus however not all peptide
vFSvrPP8D6U-00727-00188404-00188610 bonds are formed in this way in a few
vFSvrPP8D6U-00728-00188611-00188838 cases peptides are synthesized by
vFSvrPP8D6U-00729-00188839-00189090 specific enzymes for example the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00730-00189091-00189312 tripeptide glutathione as an essential
vFSvrPP8D6U-00731-00189313-00189492 part of the defences of cells against
vFSvrPP8D6U-00732-00189493-00189762 oxidative stress this peptide is
vFSvrPP8D6U-00733-00189763-00189984 synthesized in two steps from free amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00734-00189985-00190245 acids in the first step gamma glue to
vFSvrPP8D6U-00735-00190246-00190428 mill cysteine synthetase condenses
vFSvrPP8D6U-00736-00190429-00190629 cysteine and glutamic acid through a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00737-00190630-00190806 peptide bond formed between the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00738-00190807-00191025 sidechain carboxyl of the glutamate the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00739-00191026-00191217 gamma carbon of this sidechain and the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00740-00191218-00191460 amino group of the cysteine this die
vFSvrPP8D6U-00741-00191461-00191664 peptide is then condensed with glycine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00742-00191665-00191865 by glutathione synthetase to form
vFSvrPP8D6U-00743-00191866-00192099 glutathione in chemistry peptides are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00744-00192100-00192314 synthesized by a variety of reactions
vFSvrPP8D6U-00745-00192315-00192567 one of the most used in solid phase
vFSvrPP8D6U-00746-00192568-00192765 peptide synthesis uses the aromatic
vFSvrPP8D6U-00747-00192766-00193014 oxime derivatives of amino acids as
vFSvrPP8D6U-00748-00193015-00193269 activated units these are added in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00749-00193270-00193470 sequence onto the growing peptide chain
vFSvrPP8D6U-00750-00193471-00193659 which is attached to a solid resin
vFSvrPP8D6U-00751-00193660-00193950 support the ability to easily synthesize
vFSvrPP8D6U-00752-00193951-00194166 vast numbers of different peptides by
vFSvrPP8D6U-00753-00194167-00194340 varying the types and order of amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00754-00194341-00194604 acids using combinatorial chemistry has
vFSvrPP8D6U-00755-00194605-00194814 made peptide synthesis particularly
vFSvrPP8D6U-00756-00194815-00195006 important in creating libraries of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00757-00195007-00195168 peptides for use in drug discovery
vFSvrPP8D6U-00758-00195169-00195811 through high-throughput screening
vFSvrPP8D6U-00759-00195812-00196345 topic biosynthesis
vFSvrPP8D6U-00760-00196346-00196633 in plants nitrogen has first assimilated
vFSvrPP8D6U-00761-00196634-00196837 into organic compounds in the form of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00762-00196838-00196984 glutamate formed from alpha
vFSvrPP8D6U-00763-00196985-00197149 ketoglutarate and ammonia in the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00764-00197150-00197398 mitochondrion in order to form other
vFSvrPP8D6U-00765-00197399-00197653 amino acids the plant uses transaminases
vFSvrPP8D6U-00766-00197654-00197872 to move the amino group to another alpha
vFSvrPP8D6U-00767-00197873-00198132 keto carboxylic acid for example
vFSvrPP8D6U-00768-00198133-00198382 aspartate aminotransferase converts
vFSvrPP8D6U-00769-00198383-00198619 glutamate and oxaloacetate to alpha
vFSvrPP8D6U-00770-00198620-00198862 ketoglutarate and aspartate other
vFSvrPP8D6U-00771-00198863-00199117 organisms use transaminases for amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00772-00199118-00199450 acid synthesis two non-standard amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00773-00199451-00199636 acids are usually formed through
vFSvrPP8D6U-00774-00199637-00199867 modifications to standard amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00775-00199868-00200155 for example homocysteine is formed
vFSvrPP8D6U-00776-00200156-00200371 through the transformation pathway or by
vFSvrPP8D6U-00777-00200372-00200581 the demethylation of methionine via the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00778-00200582-00200788 intermediate metabolite s-adenosyl
vFSvrPP8D6U-00779-00200789-00201010 methionine while hydroxyproline is made
vFSvrPP8D6U-00780-00201011-00201238 by a post translational modification of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00781-00201239-00201475 prolene microorganisms and plants can
vFSvrPP8D6U-00782-00201476-00201793 synthesize many uncommon amino acids for
vFSvrPP8D6U-00783-00201794-00202009 example some microbes make two amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00784-00202010-00202264 acid Eirik acid and LAN thea 9 which is
vFSvrPP8D6U-00785-00202265-00202471 a sulfide bridge derivative of alanine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00786-00202472-00202741 both of these amino acids are found in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00787-00202742-00202945 peptide Atlanta biotics such as ala
vFSvrPP8D6U-00788-00202946-00203329 Matheson however in plant 1 am i and ocy
vFSvrPP8D6U-00789-00203330-00203719 CLO PR OPA anyone carboxylic acid as a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00790-00203720-00203986 small dye substituted cyclic amino acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00791-00203987-00204121 that is a key intermediate in the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00792-00204122-00204788 production of the plant hormone ethylene
vFSvrPP8D6U-00793-00204789-00205291 topic catabolism
vFSvrPP8D6U-00794-00205292-00205544 amino acids must first pass out of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00795-00205544-00205708 organelles and cells into blood
vFSvrPP8D6U-00796-00205709-00205963 circulation via amino acid transporters
vFSvrPP8D6U-00797-00205964-00206182 since the amine and carboxylic acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00798-00206183-00206446 groups are typically ionized degradation
vFSvrPP8D6U-00799-00206448-00206680 of an amino acid occurring in the liver
vFSvrPP8D6U-00800-00206681-00206902 and kidneys often involves deamination
vFSvrPP8D6U-00801-00206903-00207094 by moving its amino group to alpha
vFSvrPP8D6U-00802-00207096-00207355 ketoglutarate forming glutamate this
vFSvrPP8D6U-00803-00207356-00207628 process involves transaminases often the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00804-00207629-00207823 same as those used in amination during
vFSvrPP8D6U-00805-00207825-00208117 synthesis in many vertebrates the amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00806-00208119-00208294 group is then removed through the urea
vFSvrPP8D6U-00807-00208296-00208483 cycle and is excreted in the form of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00808-00208484-00208544 urea
vFSvrPP8D6U-00809-00208544-00208828 however amino acid degradation can
vFSvrPP8D6U-00810-00208829-00209140 produce uric acid or ammonia instead for
vFSvrPP8D6U-00811-00209141-00209365 example serine dehydratase converts
vFSvrPP8D6U-00812-00209366-00209614 serine to pyruvate and ammonia after
vFSvrPP8D6U-00813-00209615-00209846 removal of one or more amino groups the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00814-00209846-00210046 remainder of the molecule can sometimes
vFSvrPP8D6U-00815-00210048-00210290 be used to synthesize new amino acids or
vFSvrPP8D6U-00816-00210291-00210478 it can be used for energy by entering
vFSvrPP8D6U-00817-00210479-00210719 glycolysis or the citric acid cycle as
vFSvrPP8D6U-00818-00210719-00211363 detailed in image at right
vFSvrPP8D6U-00819-00211364-00211669 topic physicochemical properties of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00820-00211669-00212117 amino acids
vFSvrPP8D6U-00821-00212117-00212407 the 20 amino acids encoded directly by
vFSvrPP8D6U-00822-00212408-00212591 the genetic code can be divided into
vFSvrPP8D6U-00823-00212592-00212823 several groups based on their properties
vFSvrPP8D6U-00824-00212825-00213019 important factors are charged
vFSvrPP8D6U-00825-00213021-00213296 hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity size
vFSvrPP8D6U-00826-00213296-00213592 and functional groups these properties
vFSvrPP8D6U-00827-00213594-00213767 are important for protein structure and
vFSvrPP8D6U-00828-00213767-00213992 protein protein interactions the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00829-00213992-00214187 water-soluble proteins tend to have
vFSvrPP8D6U-00830-00214188-00214451 their hydrophobic residues loo Ile Val
vFSvrPP8D6U-00831-00214452-00214721 fee and TRP buried in the middle of the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00832-00214721-00214940 protein whereas hydrophilic side chains
vFSvrPP8D6U-00833-00214941-00215150 are exposed to the aqueous solvent note
vFSvrPP8D6U-00834-00215151-00215383 that in biochemistry a residue refers to
vFSvrPP8D6U-00835-00215384-00215600 a specific monomer within the polymeric
vFSvrPP8D6U-00836-00215601-00215825 chain of a polysaccharide protein or
vFSvrPP8D6U-00837-00215826-00216010 nucleic acid the integral membrane
vFSvrPP8D6U-00838-00216011-00216202 proteins tend to have outer rings of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00839-00216203-00216433 exposed hydrophobic amino acids that
vFSvrPP8D6U-00840-00216434-00216610 anchor them into the lipid bilayer in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00841-00216611-00216851 the case partway between these two
vFSvrPP8D6U-00842-00216852-00217016 extremes some peripheral membrane
vFSvrPP8D6U-00843-00217017-00217244 proteins have a patch of hydrophobic
vFSvrPP8D6U-00844-00217244-00217439 amino acids on their surface that locks
vFSvrPP8D6U-00845-00217440-00217702 onto the membrane in similar fashion
vFSvrPP8D6U-00846-00217703-00217906 proteins that have to bind to positively
vFSvrPP8D6U-00847-00217907-00218131 charged molecules have surfaces rich
vFSvrPP8D6U-00848-00218132-00218366 with negatively charged amino acids like
vFSvrPP8D6U-00849-00218367-00218576 glutamate and aspartate while proteins
vFSvrPP8D6U-00850-00218577-00218792 binding to negatively charged molecules
vFSvrPP8D6U-00851-00218792-00218983 have surfaces rich with positively
vFSvrPP8D6U-00852-00218984-00219183 charged chains like lysine and arginine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00853-00219184-00219406 there are different hydrophobicity
vFSvrPP8D6U-00854-00219407-00219698 scales of amino acid residues some amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00855-00219698-00219892 acids have special properties such as
vFSvrPP8D6U-00856-00219894-00220042 cysteine that can form covalent
vFSvrPP8D6U-00857-00220044-00220265 disulfide bonds to other cysteine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00858-00220266-00220487 residues prolene that forms a cycle to
vFSvrPP8D6U-00859-00220488-00220696 the polypeptide backbone and glycine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00860-00220698-00220876 that is more flexible than other amino
vFSvrPP8D6U-00861-00220877-00221225 acids many proteins undergo a range of
vFSvrPP8D6U-00862-00221226-00221446 post translational modifications when
vFSvrPP8D6U-00863-00221448-00221621 additional chemical groups are attached
vFSvrPP8D6U-00864-00221621-00221908 to the amino acids in proteins some
vFSvrPP8D6U-00865-00221909-00222130 modifications can produce hydrophobic
vFSvrPP8D6U-00866-00222131-00222298 lipoproteins or hydrophilic
vFSvrPP8D6U-00867-00222300-00222590 glycoproteins these type of modification
vFSvrPP8D6U-00868-00222591-00222764 allowed the reversible targeting of a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00869-00222765-00223046 protein to a membrane for example the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00870-00223046-00223252 addition and removal of the fatty acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00871-00223253-00223469 pal Medic acid to cysteine residues in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00872-00223469-00223664 some signaling proteins causes the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00873-00223665-00223844 proteins to attach and then detach from
vFSvrPP8D6U-00874-00223844-00224435 cell membranes
vFSvrPP8D6U-00875-00224436-00224759 topic table of standard amino acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00876-00224760-00225258 abbreviations and properties
vFSvrPP8D6U-00877-00225259-00225521 two additional amino acids are in some
vFSvrPP8D6U-00878-00225523-00225726 species coded for by codons that are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00879-00225727-00225983 usually interpreted as stop codons in
vFSvrPP8D6U-00880-00225984-00226239 addition to the specific amino acid
vFSvrPP8D6U-00881-00226240-00226455 codes placeholders are used in cases
vFSvrPP8D6U-00882-00226456-00226638 where chemical or crystallographic
vFSvrPP8D6U-00883-00226639-00226871 analysis of a peptide or protein cannot
vFSvrPP8D6U-00884-00226873-00227076 conclusively determine the identity of a
vFSvrPP8D6U-00885-00227077-00227337 residue they are also used to summarize
vFSvrPP8D6U-00886-00227338-00227613 conserved protein sequence motifs the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00887-00227614-00227819 use of single letters to indicate sets
vFSvrPP8D6U-00888-00227821-00228017 of similar residues is similar to the
vFSvrPP8D6U-00889-00228019-00228237 use of abbreviation codes for degenerate
vFSvrPP8D6U-00890-00228238-00228298 basis
vFSvrPP8D6U-00891-00228300-00228600 hunc is sometimes used instead of xaa
vFSvrPP8D6U-00892-00228601-00228921 but is less standard in addition many
vFSvrPP8D6U-00893-00228921-00229173 non-standard amino acids have a specific
vFSvrPP8D6U-00894-00229173-00229452 code for example several peptide drugs
vFSvrPP8D6U-00895-00229453-00229817 such as bortezomib and mg 132 are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00896-00229819-00230025 artificially synthesized and retained
vFSvrPP8D6U-00897-00230026-00230178 their protecting groups which have
vFSvrPP8D6U-00898-00230179-00230550 specific codes bortezomib is P Y Z fee
vFSvrPP8D6U-00899-00230551-00231048 Borrelia and mg 132 as z lu lulu L to
vFSvrPP8D6U-00900-00231048-00231261 aid in the analysis of protein structure
vFSvrPP8D6U-00901-00231262-00231510 photoreactive amino acid analogs are
vFSvrPP8D6U-00902-00231511-00231780 available these include photo leucine
vFSvrPP8D6U-00903-00231781-00232548 blue and photo methionine pm/et
vFSvrPP8D6U-00904-00232550-00233069 topic see also
vFSvrPP8D6U-00905-00233069-00233432 you
vFSvrPP8D6U-00906-00233433-00234010 topic references and notes
vFSvrPP8D6U-00907-00234011-00234379 you
vFSvrPP8D6U-00908-00234380-00234906 topic further reading
vFSvrPP8D6U-00909-00234907-00235067 you
vFSvrPP8D6U-00910-00235069-00235284 you
vFSvrPP8D6U-00911-00235285-00235825 topic external links
vFSvrPP8D6U-00912-00235826-00236121 media related to amino acid at wikimedia
vFSvrPP8D6U-00913-00236123-00236329 commons
vG4gUByrLAA-00000-00000040-00000831 [Music]
vG4gUByrLAA-00001-00000832-00001054 thank you for clicking on my video
vG4gUByrLAA-00002-00001055-00001311 uh i am sprightly i beat the nigerian
vG4gUByrLAA-00003-00001312-00001374 gamer
vG4gUByrLAA-00004-00001375-00001623 if you are new i do make tips and tricks
vG4gUByrLAA-00005-00001623-00001775 comedy skits
vG4gUByrLAA-00006-00001776-00002207 and gameplay challenges and of course
vG4gUByrLAA-00007-00002208-00002558 leaks for four guys ultimate knockout
vG4gUByrLAA-00008-00002559-00002663 system two
vG4gUByrLAA-00009-00002664-00002855 uh there's a lot to talk about in this
vG4gUByrLAA-00010-00002856-00003158 video so uh before we get started
vG4gUByrLAA-00011-00003159-00003399 do subscribe and leave a like on this
vG4gUByrLAA-00012-00003400-00003511 video as well all right
vG4gUByrLAA-00013-00003511-00003711 uh it's gonna help the youtube by doing
vG4gUByrLAA-00014-00003711-00003847 all of that it's gonna help the youtube
vG4gUByrLAA-00015-00003847-00003943 algorithm
vG4gUByrLAA-00016-00003944-00004175 uh promote my video to more potential
vG4gUByrLAA-00017-00004176-00004335 subscribers like yourself
vG4gUByrLAA-00018-00004336-00004543 okay do come on post notifications
vG4gUByrLAA-00019-00004544-00004711 because quite quite frankly you don't
vG4gUByrLAA-00020-00004712-00004919 want to miss out on videos
vG4gUByrLAA-00021-00004920-00005254 as interesting as this one all right uh
vG4gUByrLAA-00022-00005255-00005486 so as i said uh there's a lot to talk
vG4gUByrLAA-00023-00005487-00005615 about in this video
vG4gUByrLAA-00024-00005616-00005759 uh first and foremost i'm just gonna
vG4gUByrLAA-00025-00005760-00006031 focus on uh one thing at a time
vG4gUByrLAA-00026-00006032-00006367 which is uh the skins in this particular
vG4gUByrLAA-00027-00006368-00006510 clip playing right now
vG4gUByrLAA-00028-00006511-00006759 uh as you can see from the clip uh we've
vG4gUByrLAA-00029-00006759-00006942 got uh dragon skins
vG4gUByrLAA-00030-00006943-00007295 uh wizard skins viking skins
vG4gUByrLAA-00031-00007295-00007478 uh but something they actually we
vG4gUByrLAA-00032-00007479-00007606 haven't actually seen
vG4gUByrLAA-00033-00007608-00007806 them show us is the witch skin there's a
vG4gUByrLAA-00034-00007808-00008014 witch skin right here so you know it's
vG4gUByrLAA-00035-00008015-00008046 it's
vG4gUByrLAA-00036-00008047-00008271 it's just in all in theme with the
vG4gUByrLAA-00037-00008272-00008374 halloween
vG4gUByrLAA-00038-00008375-00008663 halloween season coming up um the
vG4gUByrLAA-00039-00008664-00008863 release date for season two
vG4gUByrLAA-00040-00008864-00009142 is most likely going to be october 7th
vG4gUByrLAA-00041-00009143-00009263 since uh season one
vG4gUByrLAA-00042-00009264-00009606 and october 6. um so around maybe
vG4gUByrLAA-00043-00009607-00009687 october 7th
vG4gUByrLAA-00044-00009688-00009903 october 8th uh we should you know see
vG4gUByrLAA-00045-00009904-00009999 the release
vG4gUByrLAA-00046-00010000-00010335 of a season two four guy season two um
vG4gUByrLAA-00047-00010336-00010599 so you know keep your ears uh keep or
vG4gUByrLAA-00048-00010600-00010751 keep keep your eyes open
vG4gUByrLAA-00049-00010752-00011103 uh around october second october third
vG4gUByrLAA-00050-00011104-00011351 we should start uh you know hearing some
vG4gUByrLAA-00051-00011352-00011495 some things from uh
vG4gUByrLAA-00052-00011496-00011799 mediatonic about you know what's what
vG4gUByrLAA-00053-00011800-00012006 when when we should be expecting four
vG4gUByrLAA-00054-00012007-00012110 guys season two
vG4gUByrLAA-00055-00012111-00012406 so the the wit scan is as i said is
vG4gUByrLAA-00056-00012407-00012655 something that uh we have yet to um
vG4gUByrLAA-00057-00012656-00012830 really really see uh
vG4gUByrLAA-00058-00012831-00013007 so skins out of the way now we're gonna
vG4gUByrLAA-00059-00013008-00013230 talk about uh some gameplay features
vG4gUByrLAA-00060-00013231-00013519 uh coming to season two as you can see
vG4gUByrLAA-00061-00013519-00013566 uh
vG4gUByrLAA-00062-00013568-00013766 this in this particular clip the it's a
vG4gUByrLAA-00063-00013768-00013886 brand new game mode
vG4gUByrLAA-00064-00013887-00014094 it's a very very brand new gear mode uh
vG4gUByrLAA-00065-00014095-00014238 where you basically
vG4gUByrLAA-00066-00014240-00014471 have to move across platforms in order
vG4gUByrLAA-00067-00014472-00014543 to get to
vG4gUByrLAA-00068-00014544-00014775 higher elevations uh it's going to be
vG4gUByrLAA-00069-00014776-00014927 like a race to the finish
vG4gUByrLAA-00070-00014928-00015119 i believe i think this entire this
vG4gUByrLAA-00071-00015119-00015294 entire game mode is most likely going to
vG4gUByrLAA-00072-00015295-00015415 be a
vG4gUByrLAA-00073-00015416-00015591 elevated platform meaning you're gonna
vG4gUByrLAA-00074-00015591-00015807 have to keep on climbing climbing
vG4gUByrLAA-00075-00015808-00016079 platforms until you get to uh the finish
vG4gUByrLAA-00076-00016080-00016127 line
vG4gUByrLAA-00077-00016128-00016327 uh it kind of seems like it's gonna be a
vG4gUByrLAA-00078-00016328-00016599 lot of fun and uh quite frankly i am
vG4gUByrLAA-00079-00016600-00016871 looking forward to playing it all right
vG4gUByrLAA-00080-00016872-00017030 another game mode uh
vG4gUByrLAA-00081-00017031-00017279 that has been confirmed for four guys
vG4gUByrLAA-00082-00017280-00017391 season two
vG4gUByrLAA-00083-00017392-00017919 is uh a new variation of uh oopsy daisy
vG4gUByrLAA-00084-00017920-00018271 uh as shown in this image right here um
vG4gUByrLAA-00085-00018272-00018479 it's it's most likely it's all about
vG4gUByrLAA-00086-00018480-00018671 platforms it's more it's it's it's
vG4gUByrLAA-00087-00018672-00018775 becoming more of a
vG4gUByrLAA-00088-00018776-00019094 a really big platformer um
vG4gUByrLAA-00089-00019095-00019263 you know how do they have a they have
vG4gUByrLAA-00090-00019264-00019519 the conveyor belts in uh
vG4gUByrLAA-00091-00019520-00019814 in season one so most likely that's what
vG4gUByrLAA-00092-00019815-00019911 we're going to be seeing
vG4gUByrLAA-00093-00019912-00020127 in uh the new version of oopsy daisy as
vG4gUByrLAA-00094-00020128-00020214 well
vG4gUByrLAA-00095-00020215-00020591 uh so there's that and uh also something
vG4gUByrLAA-00096-00020592-00020719 actually very interesting
vG4gUByrLAA-00097-00020720-00021086 that i i noticed um this seems to be
vG4gUByrLAA-00098-00021087-00021358 a new variation or at least like a
vG4gUByrLAA-00099-00021359-00021447 weather change
vG4gUByrLAA-00100-00021448-00021758 to uh hit parade hit parade is now going
vG4gUByrLAA-00101-00021759-00021935 to have in my time mode i'm not
vG4gUByrLAA-00102-00021936-00022183 i'm not quite sure alright so take this
vG4gUByrLAA-00103-00022184-00022286 particular
vG4gUByrLAA-00104-00022287-00022447 piece of information with a grain of
vG4gUByrLAA-00105-00022448-00022678 salt all right hit parade is going to
vG4gUByrLAA-00106-00022679-00022839 have a nighttime moderation in this
vG4gUByrLAA-00107-00022840-00023039 image it might just be fun hard
vG4gUByrLAA-00108-00023040-00023367 or you know as i said it's it just looks
vG4gUByrLAA-00109-00023368-00023519 too interesting to to
vG4gUByrLAA-00110-00023520-00023767 to not talk about all right again before
vG4gUByrLAA-00111-00023768-00023975 we continue or before i continue to move
vG4gUByrLAA-00112-00023976-00024022 on
vG4gUByrLAA-00113-00024023-00024214 do subscribe to the channel please
vG4gUByrLAA-00114-00024215-00024407 because it does help me a lot
vG4gUByrLAA-00115-00024408-00024630 all right uh leave a like on the video
vG4gUByrLAA-00116-00024631-00024719 as i said
vG4gUByrLAA-00117-00024720-00024935 it helps the youtube algorithm promote
vG4gUByrLAA-00118-00024936-00025030 my videos to
vG4gUByrLAA-00119-00025031-00025278 more potential subscribers like yourself
vG4gUByrLAA-00120-00025279-00025455 okay turn on post notifications
vG4gUByrLAA-00121-00025456-00025655 again so you do not miss out on
vG4gUByrLAA-00122-00025656-00025783 important
vG4gUByrLAA-00123-00025783-00026087 videos like this okay and uh
vG4gUByrLAA-00124-00026088-00026407 also gameplay gameplay-wise there is
vG4gUByrLAA-00125-00026408-00026479 this
vG4gUByrLAA-00126-00026480-00026807 map that uh most likely many of us have
vG4gUByrLAA-00127-00026808-00026846 seen
vG4gUByrLAA-00128-00026847-00027070 already uh it kind of like you know
vG4gUByrLAA-00129-00027072-00027343 shows us like uh what the course
vG4gUByrLAA-00130-00027344-00027479 what it costs for your particular game
vG4gUByrLAA-00131-00027480-00027711 mode is gonna look like um
vG4gUByrLAA-00132-00027712-00027902 again like you know speech season two
vG4gUByrLAA-00133-00027904-00028023 less than a month away
vG4gUByrLAA-00134-00028024-00028311 i am super super excited super super
vG4gUByrLAA-00135-00028312-00028446 excited because four guys
vG4gUByrLAA-00136-00028447-00028790 it's such a fun fun amazing game
vG4gUByrLAA-00137-00028791-00028999 all right all right so now that we've
vG4gUByrLAA-00138-00029000-00029158 gotten uh the gameplay
vG4gUByrLAA-00139-00029160-00029455 uh features or like new gameplay uh
vG4gUByrLAA-00140-00029456-00029646 leaks out of the way uh let's
vG4gUByrLAA-00141-00029647-00029831 go back to the skins all right so we've
vG4gUByrLAA-00142-00029832-00030055 got the wizard skin we've got the viking
vG4gUByrLAA-00143-00030056-00030231 skin we've got the night skin we've got
vG4gUByrLAA-00144-00030232-00030367 the dragon skin
vG4gUByrLAA-00145-00030368-00030551 and of course as well as the witch all
vG4gUByrLAA-00146-00030552-00030758 right uh my personal favorite is the
vG4gUByrLAA-00147-00030760-00030846 dragon skin i
vG4gUByrLAA-00148-00030847-00031183 i i just like how it looks alright uh
vG4gUByrLAA-00149-00031183-00031407 so you know let me know let me know down
vG4gUByrLAA-00150-00031408-00031558 in the comment section below
vG4gUByrLAA-00151-00031560-00031862 uh what is your favorite skin uh that
vG4gUByrLAA-00152-00031863-00032023 has been revealed so far for
vG4gUByrLAA-00153-00032024-00032199 season two that you're looking forward
vG4gUByrLAA-00154-00032200-00032351 you know to snagging for yourself
vG4gUByrLAA-00155-00032352-00032495 obviously i'm gonna try and snag as many
vG4gUByrLAA-00156-00032495-00032702 skins as i possibly can just like
vG4gUByrLAA-00157-00032703-00033031 i did in season one uh so
vG4gUByrLAA-00158-00033032-00033190 if you're not you know if you're not
vG4gUByrLAA-00159-00033191-00033415 particularly good at the game
vG4gUByrLAA-00160-00033416-00033639 i would suggest to start saving up your
vG4gUByrLAA-00161-00033640-00033735 crowns
vG4gUByrLAA-00162-00033736-00033959 for season two so at least once in two
vG4gUByrLAA-00163-00033960-00034039 rows in
vG4gUByrLAA-00164-00034040-00034215 you're gonna have enough crowns to buy
vG4gUByrLAA-00165-00034216-00034415 yourself you know as many skins as you
vG4gUByrLAA-00166-00034416-00034479 want
vG4gUByrLAA-00167-00034480-00034679 all right uh it's possible you know most
vG4gUByrLAA-00168-00034680-00034823 of the skins are gonna go
vG4gUByrLAA-00169-00034824-00034990 not all these things are gonna go for 10
vG4gUByrLAA-00170-00034991-00035151 crowns uh but
vG4gUByrLAA-00171-00035152-00035423 um but maybe two crowns three crowns and
vG4gUByrLAA-00172-00035424-00035551 so on and so forth
vG4gUByrLAA-00173-00035552-00035823 all right uh also another interesting
vG4gUByrLAA-00174-00035824-00036015 thing is that like uh
vG4gUByrLAA-00175-00036016-00036223 uh for season two i think they're gonna
vG4gUByrLAA-00176-00036224-00036318 be replacing
vG4gUByrLAA-00177-00036319-00036630 uh crowns with uh gold coins
vG4gUByrLAA-00178-00036631-00036895 uh just to basically fit uh fit the
vG4gUByrLAA-00179-00036896-00037159 theme of uh you know the medieval theme
vG4gUByrLAA-00180-00037160-00037462 for four guy season two um
vG4gUByrLAA-00181-00037463-00037687 again that's one in particular in
vG4gUByrLAA-00182-00037688-00037846 particular is is almost like
vG4gUByrLAA-00183-00037847-00038167 it's almost like a yeah it's it's just a
vG4gUByrLAA-00184-00038168-00038327 speculation at this point in time it's
vG4gUByrLAA-00185-00038328-00038479 not it's nothing solid it's nothing
vG4gUByrLAA-00186-00038480-00038623 candid all right uh
vG4gUByrLAA-00187-00038624-00038846 gold coins replacing crowns i mean crown
vG4gUByrLAA-00188-00038847-00039046 still kind of makes sense if you ask me
vG4gUByrLAA-00189-00039047-00039359 for a medieval uh theme uh but
vG4gUByrLAA-00190-00039360-00039559 yeah that's that's really about all of
vG4gUByrLAA-00191-00039560-00039687 the information i have
vG4gUByrLAA-00192-00039688-00039990 for all of you guys you know tuning into
vG4gUByrLAA-00193-00039991-00040095 the video
vG4gUByrLAA-00194-00040096-00040351 uh again as i said earlier do subscribe
vG4gUByrLAA-00195-00040352-00040527 to the video so you become part of the
vG4gUByrLAA-00196-00040528-00040646 sprightly team
vG4gUByrLAA-00197-00040647-00040790 i said surprise with the video subscribe
vG4gUByrLAA-00198-00040791-00040911 to the channel so you become part of
vG4gUByrLAA-00199-00040912-00041023 this party team
vG4gUByrLAA-00200-00041024-00041183 i'll leave a like on the video if you
vG4gUByrLAA-00201-00041184-00041367 did enjoy it leave a dislike if you
vG4gUByrLAA-00202-00041368-00041518 didn't and let me know why down in the
vG4gUByrLAA-00203-00041519-00041662 comment section below
vG4gUByrLAA-00204-00041663-00041935 uh yeah it's on upper certification so
vG4gUByrLAA-00205-00041936-00042079 you don't miss out the new video such
vG4gUByrLAA-00206-00042080-00042111 like
vG4gUByrLAA-00207-00042112-00042383 such as this one and until next time
vG4gUByrLAA-00208-00042384-00042671 people i will catch you
vG4gUByrLAA-00209-00042672-00043646 in my next video alright peace
vG4gUByrLAA-00210-00043647-00044974 [Music]
vG4gUByrLAA-00211-00044975-00045184 foreign
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00000-00000057-00000344 Greenwood is a city in Jackson and Cass
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00001-00000345-00000703 counties in the US state of Missouri the
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00002-00000704-00001454 population was 5221 at the 2010 census
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00003-00001455-00001819 you
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00004-00001820-00002349 topic history
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00005-00002350-00002783 Greenwood was laid out in 1867 a post
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00006-00002784-00003002 office called Greenwood has been in
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00007-00003003-00003450 operation since 1866 the city was
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00008-00003451-00004209 incorporated in 1963
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00009-00004210-00004769 topic geography
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00010-00004770-00005150 Greenwood is located at 38 degrees 51
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00011-00005151-00005429 minutes three seconds north 94 degrees
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00012-00005430-00005806 20 minutes 47 seconds west thirty-eight
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00013-00005807-00006083 point eight five oh eight oh eight -
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00014-00006084-00006335 ninety four point three four six two
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00015-00006336-00006698 five six according to the United States
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00016-00006698-00007021 Census Bureau the city has a total area
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00017-00007022-00007292 of three point nine seven square miles
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00018-00007293-00007570 ten point two eight square kilometers
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00019-00007572-00007943 all land the town has a small creek
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00020-00007944-00008276 running through it in the southwest the
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00021-00008277-00008510 area that constitutes Greenwood is
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00022-00008511-00008726 mainly lightly wooded and open fields
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00023-00008727-00008993 northeast of its rail line along with
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00024-00008994-00009385 several small ponds the area southwest
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00025-00009386-00009644 of the rail line is mostly suburban
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00026-00009645-00009874 featuring housing along with a small
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00027-00009875-00010539 downtown area
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00028-00010540-00011141 topic demographics
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00029-00011142-00011477 you
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00030-00011478-00012099 topic 2010 census
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00031-00012100-00012636 as of the census of 2010 there were 5221
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00032-00012637-00013407 people 1769 households and 1412 families
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00033-00013408-00013749 residing in the city the population
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00034-00013750-00014232 density was 1315 pointone inhabitants
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00035-00014233-00014384 per square mile
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00036-00014385-00014729 507 point 8 per square kilometres
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00037-00014730-00015219 there were 1838 housing units at an
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00038-00015219-00015624 average density of 463 point o per
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00039-00015625-00015872 square miles one hundred and seventy
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00040-00015873-00016053 eight point eight per square kilometres
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00041-00016054-00016485 the racial makeup of the city was ninety
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00042-00016486-00016772 one point seven percent white five point
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00043-00016773-00017194 one percent African American 0.3% Native
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00044-00017195-00017766 American 0.5% Asian 0.7% from other
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00045-00017767-00018044 races and one point seven percent from
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00046-00018045-00018269 two or more races
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00047-00018270-00018537 Hispanic or Latino of any race were
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00048-00018538-00018762 three point four percent of the
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00049-00018763-00018960 population
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00050-00018961-00019473 there were 1769 households of which 50
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00051-00019474-00019836 1.0% had children under the age of 18
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00052-00019837-00020205 living with him 66.2% were married
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00053-00020206-00020541 couples living together 8.9% had a
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00054-00020542-00020781 female householder with no husband
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00055-00020782-00021180 present 4.7% had a male householder with
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00056-00021181-00021528 no wife present and 20.2% were
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00057-00021529-00021764 non-families
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00058-00021765-00022119 15.1% of all households were made up of
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00059-00022120-00022482 individuals and 2.6% had someone living
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00060-00022483-00022835 alone who was 65 years of age or older
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00061-00022836-00023310 the average household size was 2.95 and
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00062-00023311-00023781 the average family size was 3.30 the
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00063-00023782-00024030 median age in the city was thirty two
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00064-00024031-00024573 point two years 32.6% of residents were
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00065-00024574-00024944 under the age of 18 6.7% were between
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00066-00024945-00025413 the ages of 18 and 24 34% were from 25
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00067-00025414-00026027 to 44 20 point 6% were from 45 to 64 and
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00068-00026027-00026540 6.2% were 65 years of age or older the
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00069-00026541-00026967 gender makeup of the city was 49.9% male
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00070-00026968-00027737 and 50.1% female
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00071-00027738-00028362 topic 2000 census
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00072-00028363-00028662 as of the census of 2000 there were
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00073-00028663-00028908 three thousand nine hundred and fifty
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00074-00028909-00029124 two people one thousand three hundred
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00075-00029125-00029404 and fifty two households and one
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00076-00029405-00029605 thousand one hundred and twenty two
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00077-00029606-00029949 families residing in the city the
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00078-00029950-00030235 population density was nine hundred and
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00079-00030236-00030445 seventy eight point three people per
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00080-00030445-00030708 square mile three hundred and seventy
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00081-00030709-00030998 seven point seven per square kilometers
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00082-00030999-00031293 there were one thousand four hundred and
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00083-00031294-00031492 seven housing units at an average
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00084-00031493-00031749 density of three hundred and forty eight
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00085-00031750-00032046 point three per square miles one hundred
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00086-00032047-00032280 and thirty four point five per square
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00087-00032281-00032649 kilometres the racial makeup of the city
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00088-00032650-00032929 was ninety five point oh seven percent
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00089-00032930-00033246 white two point two five percent African
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00090-00033247-00033811 American 0.3% Native American 0.46%
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00091-00033812-00034501 asian 0.05% pacific islander 0.56% from
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00092-00034502-00034746 other races and one point three two
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00093-00034747-00035049 percent from two or more races
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00094-00035050-00035442 Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.10
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00095-00035443-00035842 percent of the population there were one
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00096-00035843-00036076 thousand three hundred and fifty-two
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00097-00036077-00036342 households out of which forty nine point
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00098-00036343-00036558 eight percent had children under the age
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00099-00036559-00036730 of 18 living with him
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00100-00036731-00036967 seventy one point six percent were
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00101-00036968-00037212 married couples living together seven
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00102-00037213-00037417 point eight percent had a female
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00103-00037418-00037671 householder with no husband present and
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00104-00037672-00037893 seventeen point O percent were
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00105-00037894-00038136 non-families
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00106-00038137-00038490 13.2% of all households were made up of
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00107-00038491-00038715 individuals and two point one percent
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00108-00038716-00038955 had someone living alone who was 65
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00109-00038956-00039345 years of age or older the average
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00110-00039346-00039633 household size was two point nine two
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00111-00039634-00039874 and the average family size was three
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00112-00039875-00040090 point two one
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00113-00040091-00040315 in the city the population was spread
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00114-00040316-00040858 out with 32.6% under the age of 18 6.0%
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00115-00040859-00041650 from 18 to 24 43.5% from 25 to 44 12.9%
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00116-00041651-00042253 from 45 to 64 and 4.9% who was 65 years
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00117-00042254-00042661 of age or older the median age was 30
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00118-00042662-00043036 years for every 100 females there were
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00119-00043037-00043534 100 and 1.0 males for every 100 females
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00120-00043535-00043840 age 18 and over there were ninety eight
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00121-00043841-00044236 point eight males the median income for
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00122-00044237-00044515 a household in the city was sixty-two
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00123-00044516-00044758 thousand five hundred and seventy four
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00124-00044759-00044980 dollars and the median income for a
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00125-00044981-00045241 family was sixty-five thousand three
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00126-00045242-00045595 hundred and thirteen dollars males had a
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00127-00045596-00045877 median income of forty-two thousand one
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00128-00045878-00046135 hundred and seventy three dollars versus
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00129-00046136-00046360 twenty eight thousand seven hundred and
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00130-00046361-00046750 fifty dollars for females the per capita
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00131-00046751-00046969 income for the city was twenty one
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00132-00046970-00047197 thousand five hundred and eighty six
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00133-00047198-00047587 dollars about two point nine percent of
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00134-00047588-00047842 families in three point nine percent of
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00135-00047843-00048058 the population were below the poverty
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00136-00048059-00048358 line including five point seven percent
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00137-00048359-00048610 of those under age 18 and nine point
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00138-00048611-00049107 four percent of those aged 65 or over
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00139-00049108-00049469 you
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00140-00049470-00050032 topic education
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00141-00050033-00050257 Greenwood is served by the Lees Summit
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00142-00050258-00050620 our seven school district this includes
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00143-00050621-00050874 Greenwood elementary school located
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00144-00050875-00051102 inside Greenwood and both Summit Lakes
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00145-00051103-00051349 middle school and Lee's Summit West High
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00146-00051350-00052154 School located in southern Lee's Summit
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00147-00052154-00052766 topic transportation
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00148-00052767-00053116 you
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00149-00053116-00053685 topic made your robes
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00150-00053686-00054092 route 150 a highway linking Greenwood to
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00151-00054094-00054348 southern Lee's Summit Grandview and to
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00152-00054349-00055119 Overland Park at State Line Road
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00153-00055120-00055692 topic wildlife
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00154-00055694-00056041 you
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00155-00056042-00056544 topic fauna
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00156-00056545-00056852 Greenwood has a very typical amount of
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00157-00056853-00057116 biodiversity for the region it is in
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00158-00057116-00057420 there are three species of snake that
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00159-00057421-00057633 can be found in Greenwood they are the
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00160-00057634-00057903 garter snake plain bellied water snake
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00161-00057904-00058215 and the ring necked snake in the creek
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00162-00058216-00058446 you can also find the common snapping
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00163-00058447-00058821 turtle the creek also contains many toad
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00164-00058822-00059116 and frog species including the bullfrog
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00165-00059117-00059448 some whitetail deer find portions of
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00166-00059449-00059675 their range running through Greenwood
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00167-00059676-00059997 many of Missouri's common spider species
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00168-00059998-00060254 can be found in green woods such as the
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00169-00060255-00060528 wolf spider seller spider and brown
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00170-00060529-00060888 recluse Greenwood also contains a
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00171-00060889-00061239 healthy opossum population small mammals
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00172-00061240-00061494 such as the eastern cottontail raccoon
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00173-00061495-00061779 and some mice species can be found be in
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00174-00061779-00062157 small numbers Green Woods Creek contains
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00175-00062158-00062421 several species of fish including blue
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00176-00062422-00062727 gills many species of birds such as the
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00177-00062728-00062970 Canada Goose and Cardinal live in or
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00178-00062971-00063230 migrate through Greenwood on a season to
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00179-00063232-00063558 season basis many of green woods
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00180-00063559-00063810 households are home to domestic animals
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00181-00063811-00064065 such as dogs and cats which are a common
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00182-00064066-00064435 sight in the yards of Greenwood
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00183-00064436-00064798 you
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00184-00064799-00065366 topic see also
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00185-00065367-00065732 Kansas City universities list of Kansas
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00186-00065733-00066055 City area colleges and universities
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00187-00066056-00066372 Lee's Summit schools list of closed
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00188-00066373-00066735 private schools and colleges Lee's
vLoWfaZ2fxU-00189-00066736-00067236 Summit roads list of close major roads
vL_QEGgCoCy-00000-00000022-00000407 [Music]
vL_QEGgCoCy-00001-00000408-00000647 in newport we have the baby seal with a
vL_QEGgCoCy-00002-00000648-00000902 plastic ring around his neck
vL_QEGgCoCy-00003-00000903-00001119 when there's a ring of plastic around
vL_QEGgCoCy-00004-00001120-00001447 the neck of the seal he can suffocate
vL_QEGgCoCy-00005-00001448-00002292 and even can be decapitated by the rings
vL_QEGgCoCy-00006-00002293-00003719 [Music]
vL_QEGgCoCy-00007-00003720-00004047 he was very triangled up with the
vL_QEGgCoCy-00008-00004047-00004206 with the plastic ring
vL_QEGgCoCy-00009-00004207-00004535 and the people from the fire brigade
vL_QEGgCoCy-00010-00004536-00005728 took him to sea life
vL_QEGgCoCy-00011-00005729-00006327 [Music]
vL_QEGgCoCy-00012-00006328-00006495 it's kind of hard to see an animal in
vL_QEGgCoCy-00013-00006495-00006623 such a shape
vL_QEGgCoCy-00014-00006623-00006846 where it's fairly
vL_QEGgCoCy-00015-00006847-00007239 badly injured because of the pollution
vL_QEGgCoCy-00016-00007240-00007655 in the sea
vL_QEGgCoCy-00017-00007656-00007878 the impact of the plastic on the seals
vL_QEGgCoCy-00018-00007879-00008142 is very severe so what mostly happens is
vL_QEGgCoCy-00019-00008143-00008335 that they get stuck with their head or
vL_QEGgCoCy-00020-00008336-00008542 with one of their other limbs
vL_QEGgCoCy-00021-00008543-00008751 in things so it will be stuck around
vL_QEGgCoCy-00022-00008752-00008974 their neck for example face masks the
vL_QEGgCoCy-00023-00008975-00009095 elastic
vL_QEGgCoCy-00024-00009096-00009319 they're very curious animals as well
vL_QEGgCoCy-00025-00009320-00009519 they don't know that it's dangerous for
vL_QEGgCoCy-00026-00009520-00009751 them and it's up to us
vL_QEGgCoCy-00027-00009752-00009903 to make sure that the oceans and the
vL_QEGgCoCy-00028-00009904-00010107 seas and the beaches stay clean
vL_QEGgCoCy-00029-00010108-00011463 [Music]
vL_QEGgCoCy-00030-00011464-00011703 when i see a seal that is injured by
vL_QEGgCoCy-00031-00011704-00011999 plastic it really breaks my heart how we
vL_QEGgCoCy-00032-00012000-00012191 treat our planet
vL_QEGgCoCy-00033-00012192-00012455 i hope the little seal with the plastic
vL_QEGgCoCy-00034-00012456-00012719 ring on his neck gets better and goes
vL_QEGgCoCy-00035-00012720-00012919 back to sea and that he never meet
vL_QEGgCoCy-00036-00012919-00013230 plastic again it's so important to put
vL_QEGgCoCy-00037-00013231-00013399 your garbage in places where it should
vL_QEGgCoCy-00038-00013400-00013612 be and that's not in nature
vL_QEGgCoCy-00039-00013613-00014383 [Music]
vL_QEGgCoCy-00040-00014384-00014591 you
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00000-00000053-00000388 hello I'm Carlos Salgado today we'll be
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00001-00000389-00000605 talking about pastry dogs
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00002-00000606-00000916 a good pie sweet or savory is always
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00003-00000917-00001223 well received today we'll see the three
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00004-00001224-00001469 basic types of face reader and another
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00005-00001470-00001817 one that I especially like a lot
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00006-00001818-00002063 when we talk about pastry though there
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00007-00002064-00002321 is a fundamental rule quick and cool
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00008-00002322-00002609 this means working quickly and
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00009-00002610-00002897 efficiently never will work the Dome
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00010-00002898-00003226 because impedes the gluten strands the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00011-00003227-00003545 less you need the crisper it gets and
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00012-00003546-00003809 keeping the dough cold makes easier to
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00013-00003810-00004111 lay the dough in the tired pans or rings
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00014-00004112-00004486 I always prefer tart rings
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00015-00004487-00004799 they have smooth sides so the dough
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00016-00004800-00005033 tends to remain without cracks
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00017-00005034-00005302 but if you prefer the classic turn Rings
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00018-00005303-00005627 be sure to lay the dough very well
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00019-00005628-00005788 I'll show you
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00020-00005789-00006125 for a case these are the ideal charge
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00021-00006126-00006263 rings
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00022-00006264-00006550 the quiche is better when eating after
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00023-00006551-00006701 just being made
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00024-00006702-00006970 using the ring is better when you have
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00025-00006972-00007259 to serve it shortly after being removed
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00026-00007259-00007375 from the oven
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00027-00007376-00007709 at the end of this tutorial I'll show
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00028-00007709-00007960 you a very easy recipe for a good and
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00029-00007961-00008291 delicious Quiche Lorraine and if you
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00030-00008292-00008495 stick around until the last second
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00031-00008496-00008801 you'll have access to an additional
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00032-00008802-00009053 recipe that completes the creams
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00033-00009054-00009191 tutorial
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00034-00009192-00009521 so let's start our tour of the types of
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00035-00009522-00009945 pastry dough foreign
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00036-00009946-00010691 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00037-00010692-00010973 is the pastry dough by excellence
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00038-00010974-00011195 is the easiest to make and is quite
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00039-00011196-00011351 brittle
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00040-00011352-00011633 it doesn't need to be blank baked
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00041-00011634-00011969 hot liquid fillings perfectly
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00042-00011970-00012191 and it's ideal for quiches or French
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00043-00012192-00012496 flags at the end of this video I'll be
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00044-00012497-00012724 showing a various recipe for the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00045-00012725-00013024 delicious Quiche Lorraine
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00046-00013025-00013301 to prepare the short cross pastry or put
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00047-00013302-00013758 everything we have 250 grams of flour
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00048-00013759-00014177 125 grams of cold water in cubes 1 egg
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00049-00014178-00014515 yolk 3 tablespoons of very cold water
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00050-00014516-00014861 and a pinch of salt to make this pastry
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00051-00014862-00015172 we use the technique sablash which means
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00052-00015173-00015449 make sand the dry ingredients must be
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00053-00015450-00015755 mixed with the water until obtaining a
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00054-00015756-00016072 sand or in French Subway this can be
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00055-00016073-00016397 made in three ways
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00056-00016398-00016900 the first one is using a doll blender
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00057-00016901-00017080 we mix all the ingredients without
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00058-00017081-00017344 making any contact with the hands only
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00059-00017345-00017494 with the mixer
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00060-00017495-00017608 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00061-00017609-00018443 we obtained the Sandy consistency
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00062-00018444-00018755 then we add the egg yolk and the cold
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00063-00018756-00019180 water
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00064-00019181-00019655 we don't have to need much
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00065-00019656-00020283 foreign
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00066-00020284-00020753 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00067-00020754-00021058 pastry
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00068-00021059-00021286 we wrap it in plastic and refrigerate
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00069-00021287-00021605 between 30 minutes and 1 hour
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00070-00021606-00021827 the second way to make sure cross pastry
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00071-00021828-00022186 is using the food processor
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00072-00022187-00022505 add all the dry ingredients on the water
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00073-00022506-00022763 activate the processor little by little
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00074-00022764-00023794 until obtaining a zombie consistency
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00075-00023795-00024119 then other liquids
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00076-00024120-00024322 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00077-00024323-00025421 mix just a little
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00078-00025422-00025672 and here we have the short course pastry
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00079-00025673-00025918 refrigerate
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00080-00025919-00026194 the third and last way is using a mixer
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00081-00026195-00026477 with a flood meter attachment
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00082-00026477-00027535 other dry ingredients on the bottom
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00083-00027536-00028226 mix slowly until obtaining a sand
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00084-00028227-00028517 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00085-00028518-00029549 and now are the liquid ingredients
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00086-00029550-00030268 foreign
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00087-00030269-00030520 this pastry is usually very easy to roll
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00088-00030522-00030617 out
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00089-00030618-00031211 it doesn't need to be blunt baked
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00090-00031212-00031462 when you roll out this door you can use
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00091-00031463-00031733 flour at first and then decrease the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00092-00031733-00032496 amounts
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00093-00032497-00032789 turn the door after each extension with
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00094-00032790-00033029 the rolling pin this way it won't stick
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00095-00033030-00033215 to the surface and will keep a better
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00096-00033216-00034696 shape
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00097-00034697-00034924 once you have rolled out the dough to a
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00098-00034925-00035218 thickness of a tenth of an inch proceed
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00099-00035219-00035459 to lay it in the ring part
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00100-00035460-00035657 you can lay the door in the following
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00101-00035658-00035951 ways
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00102-00035952-00036209 folding a circle of dough in two and
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00103-00036210-00036770 placing it on one side of the Ring tart
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00104-00036771-00037567 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00105-00037568-00037931 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00106-00037932-00038195 rolling out on the ring tart with the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00107-00038196-00038683 help of the rolling pin
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00108-00038684-00039173 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00109-00039174-00039418 laying the dough with the help of a
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00110-00039419-00040449 sheet of wax and paper or a silicone mat
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00111-00040450-00040757 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00112-00040758-00041062 first lay in the sides of the ring chart
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00113-00041063-00042762 and then cutting the base
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00114-00042763-00043085 or cutting the base first and then
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00115-00043086-00043878 laying the sides of the Ring tart
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00116-00043879-00044561 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00117-00044562-00044789 when you have the ring cover with short
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00118-00044790-00045058 cross pastry it's convenient to freeze
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00119-00045059-00045287 it for one hour before adding the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00120-00045288-00045383 filling
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00121-00045384-00045658 this will maintain the shape and will
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00122-00045659-00045958 help to get crisper texture due to the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00123-00045959-00046174 thermal shock
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00124-00046175-00046405 other filling and place it in the oven
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00125-00046406-00046918 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00126-00046919-00047717 foreign
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00127-00047718-00047951 in general this dough can be used for
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00128-00047952-00048143 sweet versions as well
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00129-00048144-00048335 with liquids fill in such a French
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00130-00048336-00048443 coaster
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00131-00048444-00048773 in this case we could add 50 grams of
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00132-00048774-00049273 powdered sugar
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00133-00049274-00049529 if you want to make a pie with some
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00134-00049530-00049817 pastry cream and fruits we have a better
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00135-00049818-00050130 option
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00136-00050131-00050333 past pastry
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00137-00050334-00050651 Subway means sand in French
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00138-00050652-00050902 for this dough we use the same technique
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00139-00050903-00051196 of the savlash that we use for the short
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00140-00051197-00051376 curl spacelift
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00141-00051377-00051646 why if they both use the same technique
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00142-00051647-00051976 is this pastry that gets the name of
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00143-00051977-00052073 subway
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00144-00052074-00052337 many people think it's because it's
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00145-00052338-00052841 original from the French city
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00146-00052841-00053176 this door is very delicate and can be a
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00147-00053177-00053500 scented with almonds lemon orange or
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00148-00053501-00053938 vanilla my favorite recipe has almonds
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00149-00053939-00054353 so we have 250 grams of flour
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00150-00054354-00054665 100 grams of powdered sugar
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00151-00054666-00054916 two pinches of salt
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00152-00054917-00055188 50 grams of almond powder
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00153-00055189-00055582 130 grams of cold water in cubes and one
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00154-00055583-00055750 egg
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00155-00055751-00056009 we use the same method we use for the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00156-00056010-00056200 short crust pastry
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00157-00056201-00056735 dry ingredients with cold water
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00158-00056736-00056929 then the liquid
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00159-00056930-00057185 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00160-00057186-00057353 thank you
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00161-00057354-00057988 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00162-00057989-00058491 I'm ready to refrigerate about 2 hours
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00163-00058491-00058771 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00164-00058772-00059057 when rolling out this dough you can use
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00165-00059058-00059344 two sheets of wax paper or two silicone
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00166-00059345-00059465 mats
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00167-00059466-00059676 if the dough gets a little soft
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00169-00062886-00064637 foreign
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00170-00064638-00064966 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00171-00064967-00065082 foreign
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00172-00065083-00066132 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00173-00066133-00066388 it doesn't need to be baked with wings
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00174-00066389-00066676 or rice to prevent bubbling
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00175-00066677-00066947 but if you want to remember to remove
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00176-00066948-00067265 the grains after 10-15 minutes and
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00177-00067266-00068543 return the shell to the oven
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00178-00068544-00068867 this dough has to be blind baked
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00179-00068868-00069197 it can also be partially blunt baked and
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00180-00069198-00069467 then baked again with some filling like
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00181-00069468-00069821 a classic French apple pie
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00182-00069822-00070282 bake at 340 degrees for about 20-25
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00183-00070283-00070594 minutes or until it gets a light golden
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00184-00070595-00071091 color
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00185-00071092-00071494 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00186-00071495-00071735 this pastry is perfect for creams with
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00187-00071736-00071843 fruits
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00188-00071844-00072185 just look at the possibilities
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00189-00072186-00072419 for a good cursor or Diplomat cream
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00190-00072420-00072647 please check out the first tutorial of
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00191-00072648-00072988 creams the link is up here or you could
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00192-00072989-00073198 see it in the description of this video
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00193-00073199-00074347 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00194-00074348-00074615 remember that at the end of this video
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00195-00074616-00074867 I'll show you a recipe that completes
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00196-00074868-00075244 the tutorials about creams
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00197-00075245-00075538 and now we have the French sweet pastry
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00198-00075539-00075725 crust or sucre
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00199-00075726-00075959 this pastry has a higher concentration
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00200-00075960-00076061 of sugar
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00201-00076062-00076319 it stays crispy longer and is perfect
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00202-00076320-00076594 for liquid fillings such as ganache
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00203-00076595-00077081 mousse creams or jams
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00204-00077082-00077309 in particular I don't find this though
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00205-00077310-00077567 as delicious as the subway but it's more
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00206-00077568-00077776 Compact and holds much better in
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00207-00077777-00077982 humidity
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00208-00077983-00078400 granulated sugar is usually used but to
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00209-00078401-00078629 give a more delicate texture we use
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00210-00078630-00078856 powdered sugar
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00211-00078857-00078947 okay
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00212-00078948-00079211 the way to do it is with the cremash
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00213-00079212-00079444 technique
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00214-00079445-00079585 we have
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00215-00079586-00079956 125 grams of soft butter
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00216-00079957-00080279 125 grams of powdered sugar
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00217-00080280-00080567 30 grams of almond powder
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00218-00080568-00081041 1 egg 1 pinch of salt and 250 grams of
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00219-00081042-00081197 flour
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00220-00081198-00081569 it can be done in two ways
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00221-00081570-00081767 first manually
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00222-00081768-00082031 we beat the water with the sugar in a
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00223-00082032-00082553 bowl until it's very creamy
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00225-00085848-00086147 and then the almond flower and a pinch
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00226-00086148-00088099 of salt we mix very well
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00227-00088100-00088391 now we add the flour without needing
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00228-00088392-00088918 much
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00230-00092136-00092368 and here we have a dough ready to be
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00231-00092369-00093017 refrigerated for about three hours
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00232-00093018-00093353 the other way is with a mixer
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00233-00093354-00093611 we use the wire mixer to beat the butter
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00234-00093612-00093767 with the sugar
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00235-00093768-00094031 and then we follow the same steps done
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00236-00094032-00095694 we did before
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00237-00095695-00096035 once we get a creamy consistency we
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00238-00096036-00096305 change the wire mixer for the flat
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00239-00096306-00098350 beater and then we add the flour
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00240-00098351-00098638 and here we have a French sweet pastry
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00241-00098639-00098926 cross ready to be refrigerated and used
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00242-00098927-00099143 in three hours
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00243-00099144-00099437 as with a sweet short cross pastry we
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00244-00099438-00099623 can roll it out between two sheets of
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00245-00099624-00101647 wax paper or two silicone mats
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00246-00101648-00101999 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00247-00102000-00103597 foreign
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00248-00103598-00104053 tart and bake for about 20-25 minutes at
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00249-00104054-00104242 340 degrees
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00250-00104243-00104947 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00251-00104948-00105286 once it's baked we brush it with beaten
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00252-00105288-00105731 egg to make it more humidity resistant
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00253-00105732-00106031 bake it for about 5 minutes or until it
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00254-00106032-00106301 gets a dark golden color
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00255-00106302-00106608 and here we see possible combinations
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00256-00106609-00107893 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00257-00107894-00108125 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00258-00108126-00108431 for this chocolate creme recipe please
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00259-00108432-00108634 check out the second tutorial about
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00260-00108635-00108899 creams you can find the link at the top
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00261-00108900-00109327 and in the description of this video
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00262-00109328-00109697 we have seen the three basic types of
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00263-00109698-00110015 face string shortcrust pastry or put
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00264-00110016-00110101 everything
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00265-00110102-00110471 the rich Circle spray string or partes
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00266-00110472-00110747 of Lane on the French sweet pastry crust
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00267-00110748-00110933 or pate sucre
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00268-00110933-00111184 and now we are going to have a fourth
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00269-00111185-00111460 option that is very easy to make and
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00270-00111461-00111610 very delicious
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00271-00111611-00111827 the South Liberty tongue
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00272-00111828-00112139 it's very delicious because of the high
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00273-00112140-00112469 fat content originally from the area of
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00274-00112470-00112728 Brittany and Normandy is called Subway
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00275-00112729-00113002 for its Sandy texture
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00276-00113003-00113231 even when it's made with the cremash
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00277-00113232-00113339 technique
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00278-00113340-00113581 to make this pastry we use
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00279-00113582-00113875 125 grams of soft water
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00280-00113876-00114197 125 grams of powdered sugar
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00281-00114198-00114443 60 grams of jokes
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00282-00114444-00114684 2 pinches of salt
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00283-00114685-00115090 170 grams of flour and 8 grams of baking
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00284-00115091-00115240 powder
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00285-00115241-00115547 like the French sweet pastry crust we
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00286-00115548-00115781 clean the butter with sugar
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00287-00115782-00116008 then we are the jokes
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00288-00116009-00116315 and finally we add the salt the flour
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00289-00116316-00116513 and the baking powder
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00290-00116514-00116752 and now we refrigerate this pastry for
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00291-00116753-00117083 about three and four hours
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00292-00117083-00117508 roll out this pastry and cut a base
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00293-00117509-00117797 it tends to rise and is not good for
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00294-00117798-00118133 laying the size of a ring tart so we
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00295-00118133-00118331 just cut a big cookie
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00296-00118332-00118763 bake it at 340 degrees for about 25-30
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00297-00118764-00119033 minutes or until get a golden brown
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00298-00119033-00119147 color
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00299-00119148-00119452 the smell is amazing and the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00300-00119453-00119710 possibilities are exactly the same as
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00301-00119711-00120004 with a potassium length
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00302-00120005-00120328 simple and perfect for very colorful and
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00303-00120329-00120666 delicious combinations
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00304-00120667-00120965 and here we are we are getting to the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00305-00120966-00121319 end of this tutorial let's recap the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00306-00121320-00121589 short cross pastry or patebre SE is the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00307-00121590-00121913 basic one to make it we use the sublush
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00308-00121914-00122207 technique that means making Sun
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00309-00122208-00122543 is perfect to be baked with liquids it's
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00310-00122544-00122710 very brittle
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00311-00122711-00123004 the rich or spray string or possessively
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00312-00123005-00123281 is made with the serverless technique
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00313-00123282-00123533 it has to be blunt baked
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00314-00123533-00123760 perfect for fillings with creams and
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00315-00123761-00123928 fruits
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00316-00123929-00124271 the fresh sweet crust pastry or potato
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00317-00124272-00124504 is made with a crema's technique
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00318-00124505-00124757 it's much more Compact and resists the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00319-00124758-00125051 humidity better it's very good for tarts
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00320-00125052-00125363 with more liquid content such as ganache
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00321-00125364-00125639 mousse or fruit compounds
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00322-00125640-00125939 and finally the subway returns very
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00323-00125940-00126197 delicious and crispy is prepared with
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00324-00126198-00126358 the crema's technique
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00325-00126359-00126616 can be used with creams and fruits like
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00326-00126617-00127639 the red Sugar's pastry
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00327-00127640-00127984 and now I'll show you a very easy recipe
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00328-00127985-00128236 for a perfect kiss Lorraine and after
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00329-00128238-00128452 that you will see how to make a
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00330-00128453-00128693 wonderful lemon pie in three different
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00331-00128694-00128904 ways
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00332-00128905-00129114 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00333-00129115-00129460 for a super easy casual rain we need
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00334-00129461-00129808 a case ring tart about nine by one and a
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00335-00129809-00130097 half inches laid with shortcrust pastry
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00336-00130098-00130578 and Frozen
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00337-00130579-00130834 2 eggs
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00338-00130835-00131051 two jokes
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00339-00131052-00131471 250 grams of milk 250 grams of heavy
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00340-00131472-00131549 cream
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00341-00131550-00131887 nutmeg a pinch of salt
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00342-00131888-00132143 150 grams of bacon
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00343-00132144-00132502 a chopped onion and 100 grams of great
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00344-00132503-00132899 cheese of your choice I use pecorino
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00345-00132900-00133427 saute the bacon then add the onion
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00346-00133428-00133757 cook until the onion crystallize
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00347-00133758-00134021 The Strain and Reserve
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00348-00134022-00134309 mix all the remaining ingredients with a
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00349-00134310-00134604 manual mixer except the cheese
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00350-00134605-00134902 incorporate everything very well
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00351-00134903-00135166 are the vacant to the mixer and the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00352-00135167-00135323 cheese
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00353-00135324-00135599 pour into the Frozen ring laid with
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00354-00135600-00135797 shortcrust pastry
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00355-00135798-00136247 bake for about 40 and 45 minutes at 340
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00356-00136248-00136547 degrees or until it's golden brown
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00357-00136548-00136811 let it chill at least 30 minutes before
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00358-00136812-00136872 serving
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00359-00136873-00138257 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00360-00138258-00138362 foreign
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00361-00138363-00138583 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00362-00138584-00138923 versions of lemon pie we'll use the same
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00363-00138924-00139223 lemon curd but we'll use three different
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00364-00139224-00139499 types of pastry shells and three types
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00365-00139500-00139757 of meringue to make the merings with the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00366-00139758-00139990 right procedures please check out the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00367-00139991-00140290 meringue tutorial the link is up here or
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00368-00140291-00140573 in the description of this video
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00369-00140574-00140789 for the lemon coil we start hydrating
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00370-00140790-00141190 two sheets of gelatin of 2 grams each
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00371-00141191-00141593 then we have 100 grams of lemon juice
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00372-00141594-00141814 100 grams of sugar
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00373-00141815-00142273 2 eggs 6 yolks and 200 grams of water
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00374-00142274-00142637 preferably at room temperature
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00375-00142638-00142871 bring the lemon juice eggs and sugar to
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00376-00142872-00143147 a boil after boiling for about 15
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00377-00143148-00143886 seconds add the gelatin and the water
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00378-00143887-00144766 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00379-00144767-00145053 and multiply very well
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00380-00145054-00145613 [Applause]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00381-00145614-00145907 for the first combination we'll use a
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00382-00145908-00146261 partial blunt break Rich shortcut pastry
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00383-00146262-00146351 shell
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00384-00146352-00146651 we pour the lemon curd just made and
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00385-00146652-00146902 then we let it shield for an hour
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00386-00146903-00147202 meanwhile we prepare a French Meringue
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00387-00147203-00147431 we pipe it on the top the way we like
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00388-00147432-00147527 the most
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00389-00147528-00147851 then we wake it for about 30 to 45
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00390-00147852-00148271 minutes at 170 degrees
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00391-00148272-00148583 for the next two versions We refrigerate
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00392-00148584-00148966 the lemon core preferably overnight
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00393-00148967-00149243 the next day with the help of the flat
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00394-00149244-00149531 beater we beat the core until getting a
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00395-00149532-00149885 very creamy consistency
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00396-00149886-00150185 for the second combination we'll use a
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00397-00150186-00150461 sub-level tone and some Swiss meringue
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00398-00150462-00150754 pieces baked the night before
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00399-00150755-00151007 we pipe and decorate the way we prefer
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00400-00151008-00151247 just be creative
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00401-00151248-00151559 finally we'll use a French sweet cross
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00402-00151560-00151907 pastry shelf and on the top we'll pipe
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00403-00151908-00152195 some torch Italian ring
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00404-00152196-00152728 foreign
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00405-00152729-00152832 pie
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00406-00152833-00155561 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00407-00155562-00155804 foreign
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00408-00155805-00156289 [Music]
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00409-00156290-00156557 thank you very much for joining me until
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00410-00156558-00156857 here I hope you really enjoy and is
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00411-00156858-00157114 going to be very useful for all of you
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00412-00157115-00157402 now we have the meringue tutorial the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00413-00157403-00157631 creams tutorial and this one about
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00414-00157632-00157943 pastries remember to subscribe if you
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00415-00157944-00158201 like my content thanks for all the
vLTxWn5Lmb8-00416-00158202-00158546 support and see you soon
vpKTm7YtoWU-00000-00000086-00000949 [Music]
vpKTm7YtoWU-00001-00000950-00001277 you know all my life I've been out here
vpKTm7YtoWU-00002-00001278-00001544 selling drugs in these streets
vpKTm7YtoWU-00003-00001545-00001810 [Music]
vpKTm7YtoWU-00004-00001811-00002067 without them in my life
vpKTm7YtoWU-00005-00002068-00003527 [Music]
vpKTm7YtoWU-00006-00003528-00003725 you only just couldn't live a day in the
vpKTm7YtoWU-00007-00003726-00003911 life where in order to move forward and
vpKTm7YtoWU-00008-00003911-00004067 escape from where we were staying and
vpKTm7YtoWU-00009-00004068-00004259 make a better life we had to boil water
vpKTm7YtoWU-00010-00004260-00004522 cook cocaine and try to turn every 28 to
vpKTm7YtoWU-00011-00004523-00004793 35 then weigh it out some days was slow
vpKTm7YtoWU-00012-00004794-00004979 but most of the time the fiend would buy
vpKTm7YtoWU-00013-00004980-00005213 me out but I would always put back a
vpKTm7YtoWU-00014-00005214-00005386 half an ounce just the case of drought
vpKTm7YtoWU-00015-00005387-00005579 that way I can fluctuate my prices
vpKTm7YtoWU-00016-00005580-00005806 however high and not one time they're
vpKTm7YtoWU-00017-00005807-00005999 going to jail ever crossed my mind my
vpKTm7YtoWU-00018-00006000-00006191 love for the streets was why I was
vpKTm7YtoWU-00019-00006192-00006425 constantly outside not even knowing at
vpKTm7YtoWU-00020-00006426-00006575 the time that one day I would grow old
vpKTm7YtoWU-00021-00006576-00006796 and get up over 35 if I would have known
vpKTm7YtoWU-00022-00006797-00006977 I'd have got off that road I was on and
vpKTm7YtoWU-00023-00006978-00007228 turn around but don't regret anything I
vpKTm7YtoWU-00024-00007229-00007409 seen or went through on that road I come
vpKTm7YtoWU-00025-00007409-00007619 down I guess my life was how I was
vpKTm7YtoWU-00026-00007620-00007792 because that's how God had it wrote down
vpKTm7YtoWU-00027-00007793-00008027 or the devil had a hold on me for a long
vpKTm7YtoWU-00028-00008028-00008273 time and I know the flow cold and blow
vpKTm7YtoWU-00029-00008274-00008453 your mind but I had to work hard and put
vpKTm7YtoWU-00030-00008454-00008692 in overtime plus I'm back in love with
vpKTm7YtoWU-00031-00008693-00008885 laying vocals down I even posted over
vpKTm7YtoWU-00032-00008886-00009101 800 or so on Instagram to the point I
vpKTm7YtoWU-00033-00009102-00009346 become socialized off dead alone I
vpKTm7YtoWU-00034-00009347-00009527 should be notarized Just Close Your Eyes
vpKTm7YtoWU-00035-00009528-00009737 think hard and when the last time you
vpKTm7YtoWU-00036-00009738-00009923 heard a flow like mine a long damn time
vpKTm7YtoWU-00037-00009924-00010151 especially one that make you go oh my
vpKTm7YtoWU-00038-00010152-00010421 God and hold rewind I don't know why but
vpKTm7YtoWU-00039-00010422-00010589 I think I want to sign and just be an
vpKTm7YtoWU-00040-00010590-00010828 artist do shows and write Rhymes I can
vpKTm7YtoWU-00041-00010829-00011027 become a CEO with time and I feel like
vpKTm7YtoWU-00042-00011028-00011249 I'm close they don't crack the dough so
vpKTm7YtoWU-00043-00011250-00011428 I'ma just work even harder now until I
vpKTm7YtoWU-00044-00011429-00011542 get inside
vpKTm7YtoWU-00045-00011543-00012186 themselves
vpKTm7YtoWU-00046-00012187-00014221 [Music]
vpKTm7YtoWU-00047-00014222-00014561 who don't know that they can make a
vpKTm7YtoWU-00048-00014562-00014758 great contribution a great and Timeless
vpKTm7YtoWU-00049-00014759-00014933 contribution
vpKTm7YtoWU-00050-00014934-00015233 um to something you know as as
vpKTm7YtoWU-00051-00015234-00015508 widespread as this culture is because
vpKTm7YtoWU-00052-00015509-00015743 they figure well I'm just some poor kid
vpKTm7YtoWU-00053-00015744-00016133 from nowhere on the projects so you know
vpKTm7YtoWU-00054-00016134-00016336 I can't do anything significant until I
vpKTm7YtoWU-00055-00016337-00016517 become significant but what they need to
vpKTm7YtoWU-00056-00016518-00016793 know in your story is a example of it
vpKTm7YtoWU-00057-00016794-00017141 you do what you do and those things you
vpKTm7YtoWU-00058-00017142-00017386 do they contribute to what becomes your
vpKTm7YtoWU-00059-00017387-00017507 significance
vpKTm7YtoWU-00060-00017508-00017711 yeah
vpKTm7YtoWU-00061-00017712-00017889 foreign
vpKTm7YtoWU-00062-00017890-00018199 [Music]
vQnUsXYmIac-00000-00000643-00001289 [Music]
vQnUsXYmIac-00001-00001290-00001985 [Music]
vQnUsXYmIac-00002-00001986-00002389 [Music]
vQnUsXYmIac-00003-00002390-00002645 Algonquin Boulevard your shot at me and
vQnUsXYmIac-00004-00002646-00002986 somebody else
vQnUsXYmIac-00005-00002987-00003456 [Music]
vQnUsXYmIac-00006-00003457-00003706 I'm not tripping man
vQnUsXYmIac-00007-00003707-00003911 is that did he hitch on your front or
vQnUsXYmIac-00008-00003911-00004199 back back radar I saw them heading on to
vQnUsXYmIac-00009-00004200-00004391 Marina do you see what kind of vehicle
vQnUsXYmIac-00010-00004392-00004475 it was
vQnUsXYmIac-00011-00004476-00004709 I couldn't see it everyone too fast I
vQnUsXYmIac-00012-00004710-00004961 just saw the high speed vehicle back up
vQnUsXYmIac-00013-00004962-00005431 um
vQnUsXYmIac-00014-00005432-00005735 yeah it was black where'd you go oh my
vQnUsXYmIac-00015-00005736-00006367 God
vQnUsXYmIac-00016-00006368-00006677 another one
vQnUsXYmIac-00017-00006678-00007273 you already pulled over there
vQnUsXYmIac-00018-00007273-00007920 damage uh we're at 297.
vQnUsXYmIac-00019-00007922-00008207 yeah his plate matches his plate that's
vQnUsXYmIac-00020-00008208-00008374 him his plate matches the one that
vQnUsXYmIac-00021-00008375-00008910 passed me in the rear I locked it
vQnUsXYmIac-00022-00008911-00009271 I'll give you 21.
vQnUsXYmIac-00023-00009272-00009613 297 southbound Marina Drive
vQnUsXYmIac-00024-00009614-00010321 [Music]
vQnUsXYmIac-00025-00010322-00010637 I'll have one Adam one with me caught
vQnUsXYmIac-00026-00010638-00011135 that boy 90.
vQnUsXYmIac-00027-00011136-00011777 uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00028-00011778-00011914 no sir can you guys roll your window
vQnUsXYmIac-00029-00011915-00012623 down for me please
vQnUsXYmIac-00030-00012624-00012833 all right how you doing today my name is
vQnUsXYmIac-00031-00012834-00012994 Sergeant Daryl with the Sandy Shores
vQnUsXYmIac-00032-00012995-00013271 Police Department uh to your right there
vQnUsXYmIac-00033-00013272-00013469 is going to be uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00034-00013469-00013638 the commissioner
vQnUsXYmIac-00035-00013640-00013949 police department and I have my partner
vQnUsXYmIac-00036-00013950-00014099 back there the reason we're stopping you
vQnUsXYmIac-00037-00014100-00014369 today sir clocks you going I had a high
vQnUsXYmIac-00038-00014369-00014629 rate of speed through the city here
vQnUsXYmIac-00039-00014630-00014849 my bad I was just trying to feel for
vQnUsXYmIac-00040-00014850-00015035 some gas
vQnUsXYmIac-00041-00015036-00015280 he was just trying to feel for some gas
vQnUsXYmIac-00042-00015281-00015479 fuel up like get to the gas station fuel
vQnUsXYmIac-00043-00015480-00015616 up
vQnUsXYmIac-00044-00015618-00016230 okay medications
vQnUsXYmIac-00045-00016231-00016475 I was trying to meet my friends and then
vQnUsXYmIac-00046-00016476-00016600 I was trying to get to the gas station
vQnUsXYmIac-00047-00016601-00016961 closer to them they're near uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00048-00016962-00017105 uh Yellow Jack
vQnUsXYmIac-00049-00017106-00017350 but like I I thought it'd be closer to
vQnUsXYmIac-00050-00017351-00017500 go to the one near the Airfield but I
vQnUsXYmIac-00051-00017501-00017963 realized I was running out of gas so
vQnUsXYmIac-00052-00017964-00018208 okay and can you explain the heavy
vQnUsXYmIac-00053-00018209-00018485 Frontline damage to your vehicle uh yeah
vQnUsXYmIac-00054-00018486-00018797 I um I was like looking down and I ran
vQnUsXYmIac-00055-00018798-00019205 into the uh a light post so it didn't
vQnUsXYmIac-00056-00019206-00019372 fall down there there wasn't any
vQnUsXYmIac-00057-00019373-00019553 scratches on it though
vQnUsXYmIac-00058-00019554-00019763 okay you got your uh driver's license
vQnUsXYmIac-00059-00019764-00020086 for future for me sir yeah I got you
vQnUsXYmIac-00060-00020087-00020357 that's 100 control I kind of rolled over
vQnUsXYmIac-00061-00020358-00020627 can we help you it's gonna be you just
vQnUsXYmIac-00062-00020628-00020872 before can we help you three two three
vQnUsXYmIac-00063-00020873-00021055 on the freeway
vQnUsXYmIac-00064-00021056-00021394 oh shoot I got that guy
vQnUsXYmIac-00065-00021395-00021619 all right
vQnUsXYmIac-00066-00021620-00022285 all right Maximus uh sit tight buddy up
vQnUsXYmIac-00067-00022286-00022794 do we have any uh tow services available
vQnUsXYmIac-00068-00022795-00023269 I can't activate his style
vQnUsXYmIac-00069-00023270-00023572 probably you'd like to come out here uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00070-00023573-00023833 just past social 314
vQnUsXYmIac-00071-00023834-00024047 uh next to the train tracks I got a
vQnUsXYmIac-00072-00024048-00024311 rolled over white uh looking good Toyota
vQnUsXYmIac-00073-00024312-00024971 Avalon
vQnUsXYmIac-00074-00024972-00025205 Camry all right
vQnUsXYmIac-00075-00025206-00026461 yeah
vQnUsXYmIac-00076-00026462-00026818 oh boy I just saw him like ghosts I
vQnUsXYmIac-00077-00026819-00026939 don't know if it was a red light or
vQnUsXYmIac-00078-00026939-00027155 something but I I know he was flying on
vQnUsXYmIac-00079-00027156-00027335 Joshua Road when I was on that traffic
vQnUsXYmIac-00080-00027336-00027551 stop back there clocked immedi when he
vQnUsXYmIac-00081-00027552-00027670 was going definitely way more than that
vQnUsXYmIac-00082-00027672-00027946 okay all right you get to go there I
vQnUsXYmIac-00083-00027947-00028120 didn't clock him so I was trying to
vQnUsXYmIac-00084-00028122-00028312 catch up
vQnUsXYmIac-00085-00028313-00029285 pending
vQnUsXYmIac-00086-00029286-00029501 we got one out of one you can show me uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00087-00029502-00030214 heading back tonight
vQnUsXYmIac-00088-00030216-00030527 okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00089-00030527-00030677 yeah can I get you back on the shark
vQnUsXYmIac-00090-00030677-00030773 stop
vQnUsXYmIac-00091-00030774-00031864 four
vQnUsXYmIac-00092-00031866-00033527 foreign
vQnUsXYmIac-00093-00033528-00034218 [Music]
vQnUsXYmIac-00094-00034219-00034487 back on the traffic stop 279 Prime
vQnUsXYmIac-00095-00034488-00034931 Harbor
vQnUsXYmIac-00096-00034932-00035273 give me a second
vQnUsXYmIac-00097-00035274-00035593 can you run this thing bro
vQnUsXYmIac-00098-00035594-00035807 it's uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00099-00035808-00035981 Duke
vQnUsXYmIac-00100-00035982-00036112 I want to make sure I'm seeing the same
vQnUsXYmIac-00101-00036113-00036574 thing as you are
vQnUsXYmIac-00102-00036575-00036911 warning armed violent trying to fight
vQnUsXYmIac-00103-00036912-00037121 back tonight
vQnUsXYmIac-00104-00037122-00037661 he's the one right
vQnUsXYmIac-00105-00037662-00037990 uh uh it's coming up flag is wanted but
vQnUsXYmIac-00106-00037991-00038207 I don't see why
vQnUsXYmIac-00107-00038208-00038393 yeah nor do us that's what I was
vQnUsXYmIac-00108-00038394-00040049 wondering
vQnUsXYmIac-00109-00040050-00040565 I see why
vQnUsXYmIac-00110-00040566-00040768 so every one of his Vehicles is coming
vQnUsXYmIac-00111-00040769-00041074 back as wanted
vQnUsXYmIac-00112-00041075-00041255 so if you look at the vehicles itself
vQnUsXYmIac-00113-00041256-00041615 you see that it says wanted next to them
vQnUsXYmIac-00114-00041616-00042065 yes you know
vQnUsXYmIac-00115-00042066-00042185 I don't really think there's anything
vQnUsXYmIac-00116-00042186-00042365 too serious let's check the dates and
vQnUsXYmIac-00117-00042366-00042871 see if they're closed off on or not
vQnUsXYmIac-00118-00042872-00043168 inside we have 130 yields that's not far
vQnUsXYmIac-00119-00043169-00043643 away 55 just hit my vehicle
vQnUsXYmIac-00120-00043644-00043846 all right he's stopped up here stop on
vQnUsXYmIac-00121-00043847-00043985 snore55
vQnUsXYmIac-00122-00043986-00044273 I think it's only traffic occupy times
vQnUsXYmIac-00123-00044274-00044573 one pink two four wheeled scooter on my
vQnUsXYmIac-00124-00044574-00044765 table not just 32 needed I got two one
vQnUsXYmIac-00125-00044766-00045102 team with me
vQnUsXYmIac-00126-00045103-00045658 [Music]
vQnUsXYmIac-00127-00045659-00046121 warning armed violent wanted
vQnUsXYmIac-00128-00046122-00046685 warning armed violent wanted
vQnUsXYmIac-00129-00046686-00046895 warning right I'm just moving them I
vQnUsXYmIac-00130-00046896-00047171 just removed them so you get to go from
vQnUsXYmIac-00131-00047172-00047423 there
vQnUsXYmIac-00133-00053010-00053230 all right good day sir
vQnUsXYmIac-00134-00053232-00053969 can you rolling it down for me
vQnUsXYmIac-00135-00053970-00054179 what my windows are already
vQnUsXYmIac-00136-00054179-00054430 at least some of my glasses the windows
vQnUsXYmIac-00137-00054432-00054599 seem to be down for my glasses but that
vQnUsXYmIac-00138-00054600-00054887 may be different for your glasses okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00139-00054888-00055000 um
vQnUsXYmIac-00140-00055001-00055211 get this term commissioner of the sunny
vQnUsXYmIac-00141-00055212-00055349 Sheriff's Police Department reason for
vQnUsXYmIac-00142-00055350-00055450 this
vQnUsXYmIac-00143-00055451-00055679 um uh I have a question for you do you
vQnUsXYmIac-00144-00055679-00055942 have your firearm on you
vQnUsXYmIac-00145-00055944-00056261 no okay I don't got no guns
vQnUsXYmIac-00146-00056262-00056429 what were you asking me
vQnUsXYmIac-00147-00056429-00056741 I got like a wrench but I I used to fix
vQnUsXYmIac-00148-00056741-00056903 my truck
vQnUsXYmIac-00149-00056904-00057166 but that's in the trunk all right Mr
vQnUsXYmIac-00150-00057167-00057425 Duke you staying out of trouble
vQnUsXYmIac-00151-00057426-00057653 yeah I was just saying out of trouble
vQnUsXYmIac-00152-00057654-00057935 but that guy in the bike behind me yeah
vQnUsXYmIac-00153-00057936-00058037 I can tell
vQnUsXYmIac-00154-00058038-00058282 no play on it either
vQnUsXYmIac-00155-00058283-00058679 you go after him
vQnUsXYmIac-00156-00058679-00058894 heard that guy who has been killing folk
vQnUsXYmIac-00157-00058895-00059147 okay interesting
vQnUsXYmIac-00158-00059148-00059435 Chicago one next time
vQnUsXYmIac-00159-00059436-00059729 all right
vQnUsXYmIac-00160-00059729-00059950 all right sir we're receiving citation
vQnUsXYmIac-00161-00059951-00060629 today right really in 81 and a 45
vQnUsXYmIac-00162-00060629-00060821 just getting the citation there that guy
vQnUsXYmIac-00163-00060822-00061066 had a lot of arrests
vQnUsXYmIac-00164-00061067-00061273 jeez
vQnUsXYmIac-00165-00061274-00061799 13 arrests Jesus
vQnUsXYmIac-00166-00061800-00061979 yeah
vQnUsXYmIac-00167-00061979-00062357 oh we got a fire
vQnUsXYmIac-00168-00062358-00062659 you need 21 be advised we have a fire at
vQnUsXYmIac-00169-00062660-00063071 297 a lumber drive at the 24 7. we need
vQnUsXYmIac-00170-00063072-00063347 fire
vQnUsXYmIac-00171-00063348-00063503 hoof
vQnUsXYmIac-00172-00063504-00063754 well I got I got a suspect so I can't
vQnUsXYmIac-00173-00063755-00063947 really stay on this one
vQnUsXYmIac-00174-00063948-00064132 I got a Suspect with me I'll take him to
vQnUsXYmIac-00175-00064133-00064307 the station can we get some units and we
vQnUsXYmIac-00176-00064308-00064547 got shots fired in the area
vQnUsXYmIac-00177-00064548-00065166 God damn
vQnUsXYmIac-00178-00065167-00065650 21 shots
vQnUsXYmIac-00179-00065651-00065944 time for I can't respond at the time I'm
vQnUsXYmIac-00180-00065945-00066503 1065 I'm just calling out for you guys
vQnUsXYmIac-00181-00066504-00067475 fired
vQnUsXYmIac-00182-00067476-00068344 up
vQnUsXYmIac-00183-00068345-00068543 we don't have an exact post of it but we
vQnUsXYmIac-00184-00068544-00068759 believe it was 296-292 in that little
vQnUsXYmIac-00185-00068760-00070181 area
vQnUsXYmIac-00186-00070182-00070519 a little sauce
vQnUsXYmIac-00187-00070520-00070691 100
vQnUsXYmIac-00188-00070692-00070871 let's downgrade to code two once we get
vQnUsXYmIac-00189-00070872-00071188 into Sandy
vQnUsXYmIac-00190-00071189-00071543 um I talked to a local security I talked
vQnUsXYmIac-00191-00071544-00071711 about security officer he said he heard
vQnUsXYmIac-00192-00071712-00072911 the shots tonight
vQnUsXYmIac-00193-00072912-00073421 dang it dang it man how did he
vQnUsXYmIac-00194-00073422-00073925 get it sir
vQnUsXYmIac-00195-00073926-00074243 hello hey what's up officer I'm
vQnUsXYmIac-00196-00074244-00074743 commissioner for the uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00197-00074744-00075059 shots fired bright and colored um Camaro
vQnUsXYmIac-00198-00075060-00075449 uh but you're gonna put your gun up
vQnUsXYmIac-00199-00075450-00075700 I got a red muscle car heading westbound
vQnUsXYmIac-00200-00075701-00075899 Algonquin Boulevard he just shot at me
vQnUsXYmIac-00201-00075900-00076156 and somebody else get behind cover get
vQnUsXYmIac-00202-00076157-00076373 me uncovered now we're going to be
vQnUsXYmIac-00203-00076374-00076499 making a right-hand toward Marina
vQnUsXYmIac-00204-00076500-00076649 firearm away
vQnUsXYmIac-00205-00076650-00076888 the Ops is going to be in a red Dodge
vQnUsXYmIac-00206-00076889-00077053 Charger
vQnUsXYmIac-00207-00077054-00077815 looking for the marina parking lot now
vQnUsXYmIac-00208-00077816-00078106 all right just just chill just don't
vQnUsXYmIac-00209-00078107-00078347 don't draw your weapon again because you
vQnUsXYmIac-00210-00078348-00078611 know I'm here
vQnUsXYmIac-00211-00078612-00078797 oh shoot I didn't know this was an
vQnUsXYmIac-00212-00078798-00078917 interior
vQnUsXYmIac-00213-00078918-00079649 interesting
vQnUsXYmIac-00214-00079650-00079906 one another one you said he's in did he
vQnUsXYmIac-00215-00079907-00080255 barricade himself
vQnUsXYmIac-00216-00080256-00080482 I think I won a gunpoint right now two
vQnUsXYmIac-00217-00080483-00080837 seven zero
vQnUsXYmIac-00218-00080838-00081029 disconnected from your Channel
vQnUsXYmIac-00219-00081030-00081262 so for arrest that guy I'm gonna take a
vQnUsXYmIac-00220-00081263-00081503 statement from my subject who's who shot
vQnUsXYmIac-00221-00081504-00081917 at him after he shot at us
vQnUsXYmIac-00222-00081918-00082271 all right what's your name
vQnUsXYmIac-00223-00082272-00082600 my name is Mike Mike Kenny all right is
vQnUsXYmIac-00224-00082601-00082738 that is that
vQnUsXYmIac-00225-00082739-00082973 um weapon registered to you
vQnUsXYmIac-00226-00082974-00083141 yes recently there's been a little
vQnUsXYmIac-00227-00083142-00083279 incident he's been out looking for me
vQnUsXYmIac-00228-00083280-00083476 and I guess he caught me at the rate at
vQnUsXYmIac-00229-00083477-00083687 the wrong time
vQnUsXYmIac-00230-00083688-00083909 what's the what's the reason
vQnUsXYmIac-00231-00083910-00084125 um was the incident that caused all of
vQnUsXYmIac-00232-00084126-00084287 this
vQnUsXYmIac-00233-00084288-00084803 I don't want to talk about it anymore
vQnUsXYmIac-00234-00084804-00084971 I'm sorry I'm sorry I pulled my gun but
vQnUsXYmIac-00235-00084972-00085103 I had to defend myself I don't want to
vQnUsXYmIac-00236-00085104-00085450 die I understand that but um you do know
vQnUsXYmIac-00237-00085451-00085709 I'm gonna have to take you in right
vQnUsXYmIac-00238-00085710-00085949 did I take my Gunner like I'm gonna have
vQnUsXYmIac-00239-00085950-00086093 to take you to the station because we
vQnUsXYmIac-00240-00086094-00086291 gotta figure out all of this uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00241-00086292-00086494 information
vQnUsXYmIac-00242-00086495-00086644 we gotta figure out what's going on
vQnUsXYmIac-00243-00086645-00086849 between you two why you have to use your
vQnUsXYmIac-00244-00086850-00087106 firearm Etc
vQnUsXYmIac-00245-00087107-00087412 all right so you can go ahead and hand
vQnUsXYmIac-00246-00087413-00087635 that firearm over
vQnUsXYmIac-00247-00087636-00087809 hand it over yeah you said it's
vQnUsXYmIac-00248-00087810-00088156 registered to you correct all right
vQnUsXYmIac-00249-00088157-00088343 and the original reason why I was
vQnUsXYmIac-00250-00088344-00088493 pulling yours because you don't have an
vQnUsXYmIac-00251-00088494-00088721 attire on one of your tires he shot my
vQnUsXYmIac-00252-00088722-00088955 wheels out okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00253-00088956-00089188 the rubber is off so why you didn't why
vQnUsXYmIac-00254-00089189-00089411 you didn't come to any cops then
vQnUsXYmIac-00255-00089412-00090253 because I wanted to handle it myself
vQnUsXYmIac-00256-00090254-00090503 danger but I just can't remember okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00257-00090504-00090682 let's go down here that's that's why you
vQnUsXYmIac-00258-00090683-00090971 that's why you got cops bro
vQnUsXYmIac-00259-00090972-00091181 I'm sorry I bought the gun for a reason
vQnUsXYmIac-00260-00091182-00091331 all right and it was like a freak it was
vQnUsXYmIac-00261-00091332-00091444 like it's just like it's like a panic
vQnUsXYmIac-00262-00091445-00091820 type thing okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00263-00091821-00091961 [Music]
vQnUsXYmIac-00264-00091962-00092332 um at this time I am gonna detain you
vQnUsXYmIac-00265-00092333-00092518 um so we can fully investigate this
vQnUsXYmIac-00266-00092519-00092675 whole situation so go ahead and put your
vQnUsXYmIac-00267-00092676-00092875 hands behind your back
vQnUsXYmIac-00268-00092876-00093244 and unload it
vQnUsXYmIac-00269-00093245-00093923 all right
vQnUsXYmIac-00270-00093924-00094175 one out of one I got one 10 15 and this
vQnUsXYmIac-00271-00094176-00094462 time uh 296 can I have a CIB unit down
vQnUsXYmIac-00272-00094463-00094643 here
vQnUsXYmIac-00273-00094644-00094973 okay Charlie 131 I can activate you got
vQnUsXYmIac-00274-00094974-00095062 anything else on the appointment
vQnUsXYmIac-00275-00095063-00095771 statement hurt me
vQnUsXYmIac-00276-00095772-00095968 all right at this time since I am gonna
vQnUsXYmIac-00277-00095969-00096125 be asking you any questions you have to
vQnUsXYmIac-00278-00096126-00096305 write to him inside and anything you say
vQnUsXYmIac-00279-00096306-00096425 and do can be used against you in court
vQnUsXYmIac-00280-00096426-00096556 of law you have the right to have an
vQnUsXYmIac-00281-00096557-00096688 attorney president during questioning if
vQnUsXYmIac-00282-00096689-00096868 you can't afford one we'll be 0.2 but
vQnUsXYmIac-00283-00096869-00096994 stay inside and trades your sign is
vQnUsXYmIac-00284-00096995-00097162 right so I'll write you today
vQnUsXYmIac-00285-00097163-00097468 yes you said you had an ID
vQnUsXYmIac-00286-00097469-00098435 yeah okay where's that ID at
vQnUsXYmIac-00287-00098436-00098615 I'm gonna just sit you in here for now
vQnUsXYmIac-00288-00098616-00099094 uh watch your back watch your head sorry
vQnUsXYmIac-00289-00099095-00099400 one-on-one can I have it 10 51 over at
vQnUsXYmIac-00290-00099401-00099635 296 Algonquin Boulevard for green
vQnUsXYmIac-00291-00099636-00099953 colored Dodge Viper
vQnUsXYmIac-00292-00099954-00100181 one on one to the units who uh do you
vQnUsXYmIac-00293-00100182-00100349 have that other guy arrested
vQnUsXYmIac-00294-00100350-00100655 copy we got him
vQnUsXYmIac-00295-00100656-00100787 time before
vQnUsXYmIac-00296-00100788-00101081 um we're gonna I have the victim or the
vQnUsXYmIac-00297-00101082-00101261 person he was shooting at over here at
vQnUsXYmIac-00298-00101262-00101687 296 uh I'll come uh meet me up at the
vQnUsXYmIac-00299-00101688-00101855 station we're gonna do an investigation
vQnUsXYmIac-00300-00101856-00102144 on what's going on here
vQnUsXYmIac-00301-00102145-00102449 you knew 51 going back tonight from uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00302-00102450-00102901 two zero two seven zero
vQnUsXYmIac-00303-00102902-00103349 uh searches
vQnUsXYmIac-00304-00103350-00103534 Eco for CID
vQnUsXYmIac-00305-00103535-00103865 yeah so these two guys the guy that
vQnUsXYmIac-00306-00103866-00104128 y'all Chase and then this guy
vQnUsXYmIac-00307-00104129-00104392 um he's telling me that they had a prior
vQnUsXYmIac-00308-00104393-00104656 um in altercation in which he bought the
vQnUsXYmIac-00309-00104657-00104939 gun to be able to protect himself but he
vQnUsXYmIac-00310-00104940-00105131 didn't want to call the cause because
vQnUsXYmIac-00311-00105132-00105310 um he wanted it he wanted to handle it
vQnUsXYmIac-00312-00105311-00105539 himself the reason I pulled him over is
vQnUsXYmIac-00313-00105540-00105731 because he didn't have any tires on his
vQnUsXYmIac-00314-00105732-00105965 car so I was gonna pull him over but
vQnUsXYmIac-00315-00105966-00106271 then the guy came around in a red in our
vQnUsXYmIac-00316-00106272-00106660 red car and shot at both of us and uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00317-00106661-00106931 that's when I called it out over RTO and
vQnUsXYmIac-00318-00106932-00107195 he this guy shot back at him which is
vQnUsXYmIac-00319-00107196-00107471 which is grown for self-defense but I
vQnUsXYmIac-00320-00107472-00107723 detained him because of the prior um
vQnUsXYmIac-00321-00107724-00107951 stuff that he told me about before so
vQnUsXYmIac-00322-00107952-00108101 he's not under arrest but I'm I'm
vQnUsXYmIac-00323-00108102-00108395 detailing him at this time
vQnUsXYmIac-00324-00108396-00108610 all right so I need to figure out from
vQnUsXYmIac-00325-00108611-00108766 the other units what's going on here
vQnUsXYmIac-00326-00108767-00108904 that's why I'm taking him down to the
vQnUsXYmIac-00327-00108905-00109031 station because we need to fully
vQnUsXYmIac-00328-00109032-00109240 investigate this part
vQnUsXYmIac-00329-00109241-00109516 all right Jeremy grab a tow truck and I
vQnUsXYmIac-00330-00109517-00109690 can take this down to the station for
vQnUsXYmIac-00331-00109691-00109954 the investigation yeah and let's pull
vQnUsXYmIac-00332-00109955-00110201 the bullets and everything out of it
vQnUsXYmIac-00333-00110202-00110519 um I'm searching the car we just found
vQnUsXYmIac-00334-00110520-00110716 bullet shell casings nine millimeter
vQnUsXYmIac-00335-00110717-00111125 rounds so this is this is with his this
vQnUsXYmIac-00336-00111126-00111347 is consistent with his vehicle arbif is
vQnUsXYmIac-00337-00111348-00111660 the weapon I took from him
vQnUsXYmIac-00338-00111661-00111834 all right
vQnUsXYmIac-00339-00111835-00112073 one out of one did you already Jill that
vQnUsXYmIac-00340-00112074-00113057 suspect
vQnUsXYmIac-00341-00113058-00113243 don't go under control you can show me
vQnUsXYmIac-00342-00113244-00113665 1065 with one bag to the station
vQnUsXYmIac-00343-00113666-00113873 three five two nine seven is gonna be
vQnUsXYmIac-00344-00113874-00114047 three we should show us back I'm gonna
vQnUsXYmIac-00345-00114048-00114190 run back to the station and grab a tow
vQnUsXYmIac-00346-00114191-00114451 truck okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00347-00114452-00114754 bring it down to the station bring that
vQnUsXYmIac-00348-00114755-00114925 card
vQnUsXYmIac-00349-00114926-00116836 one out of one told me 1065 one suspect
vQnUsXYmIac-00350-00116838-00117077 all right
vQnUsXYmIac-00351-00117078-00117607 just watch your head please
vQnUsXYmIac-00352-00117608-00117833 are you gonna walk in your own from here
vQnUsXYmIac-00353-00117833-00118043 on up so try five central 40 direct
vQnUsXYmIac-00354-00118044-00118578 let's go let's go travel 40.
vQnUsXYmIac-00355-00118579-00118816 your Channel
vQnUsXYmIac-00356-00118817-00118984 your left your Channel all right you go
vQnUsXYmIac-00357-00118985-00119158 in this Direction user left your channel
vQnUsXYmIac-00358-00119159-00119416 user left your Channel
vQnUsXYmIac-00359-00119417-00119597 user left your Channel all right make a
vQnUsXYmIac-00360-00119598-00119771 left here
vQnUsXYmIac-00361-00119772-00120131 hello
vQnUsXYmIac-00362-00120132-00120401 hey is your refrigerator running user
vQnUsXYmIac-00363-00120402-00120583 left your Channel
vQnUsXYmIac-00364-00120583-00120875 now just stop here I'm gonna take the
vQnUsXYmIac-00365-00120876-00121175 Cuffs off if you need to stand on the uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00366-00121176-00121619 the square pad right here
vQnUsXYmIac-00367-00121620-00121858 since this is technically at official
vQnUsXYmIac-00368-00121859-00122086 arrest we're gonna be I'm gonna just do
vQnUsXYmIac-00369-00122088-00122165 a
vQnUsXYmIac-00370-00122166-00122315 a full
vQnUsXYmIac-00371-00122316-00123028 um booking process okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00372-00123029-00123389 uh where do I go
vQnUsXYmIac-00373-00123390-00123599 let's figure it out
vQnUsXYmIac-00374-00123600-00124199 all right turn to your right
vQnUsXYmIac-00375-00124200-00124649 all right turn the other direction
vQnUsXYmIac-00376-00124650-00124847 all right I'm gonna
vQnUsXYmIac-00377-00124848-00125119 you're gonna walk over this direction
vQnUsXYmIac-00378-00125120-00125345 do not cause any issues for the other
vQnUsXYmIac-00379-00125346-00125489 guy
vQnUsXYmIac-00380-00125490-00125740 uh ASU are you taking him in the
vQnUsXYmIac-00381-00125741-00125945 interrogation room he's almost killed me
vQnUsXYmIac-00382-00125946-00126101 yeah next time I see you your ass is
vQnUsXYmIac-00383-00126102-00126263 grass that's on site next time I'll take
vQnUsXYmIac-00384-00126264-00126665 a picture you stand back stand back oh
vQnUsXYmIac-00385-00126666-00126821 my God I might have to restart my PC
vQnUsXYmIac-00386-00126822-00126952 wrong with you and I'm killing you all
vQnUsXYmIac-00387-00126953-00127151 right come on in here
vQnUsXYmIac-00388-00127152-00127307 all right let's go you're going into
vQnUsXYmIac-00389-00127308-00127451 this song we're gonna just hold you here
vQnUsXYmIac-00390-00127452-00127781 for now okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00391-00127782-00127895 sir
vQnUsXYmIac-00392-00127896-00128158 yes you're going into this though you're
vQnUsXYmIac-00393-00128159-00128386 just gonna hold you here for now
vQnUsXYmIac-00394-00128388-00128728 until we can fully investigate this okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00395-00128729-00128951 so I wanted something to catch up to a
vQnUsXYmIac-00396-00128952-00129136 red dirt bike going eastbound East
vQnUsXYmIac-00397-00129138-00129389 Joshua Road 282 come up towards the
vQnUsXYmIac-00398-00129390-00129593 North Freeway
vQnUsXYmIac-00399-00129594-00130516 all right going way over 110.
vQnUsXYmIac-00400-00130517-00130690 do I need to get uh anything else in
vQnUsXYmIac-00401-00130691-00130804 here Ross
vQnUsXYmIac-00402-00130805-00131081 uh just his fingerprints
vQnUsXYmIac-00403-00131082-00131333 okay because this guy definitely is
vQnUsXYmIac-00404-00131334-00131537 getting arrested mine isn't those cops
vQnUsXYmIac-00405-00131538-00132181 take those uh gloves off you real quick
vQnUsXYmIac-00406-00132182-00132364 lost eyes
vQnUsXYmIac-00407-00132365-00132563 and uh let me get you to come over here
vQnUsXYmIac-00408-00132564-00132814 real quick
vQnUsXYmIac-00409-00132815-00133204 I'm gonna get your fingerprint done
vQnUsXYmIac-00410-00133205-00133361 all right come over here we'll be
vQnUsXYmIac-00411-00133362-00133816 waiting on them
vQnUsXYmIac-00412-00133817-00134207 all right let's go sir
vQnUsXYmIac-00413-00134208-00134464 Charlie 40 where'd you go all right in
vQnUsXYmIac-00414-00134465-00135040 here
vQnUsXYmIac-00415-00135041-00135449 all right just have a seat
vQnUsXYmIac-00416-00135450-00135689 all right as I mentioned before it um
vQnUsXYmIac-00417-00135690-00135857 I'm commissioner Dev I'm going to just
vQnUsXYmIac-00418-00135858-00136054 be talking to you here today
vQnUsXYmIac-00419-00136055-00136385 um I already read you your rights so
vQnUsXYmIac-00420-00136386-00136577 um I need to know exactly from the
vQnUsXYmIac-00421-00136578-00136709 beginning what happened what was your
vQnUsXYmIac-00422-00136710-00136978 thought process Etc regarding the
vQnUsXYmIac-00423-00136979-00137225 shooting earlier
vQnUsXYmIac-00424-00137226-00137381 all right
vQnUsXYmIac-00425-00137382-00137525 basically
vQnUsXYmIac-00426-00137526-00137723 let's just cleaning my Viper my Dodge
vQnUsXYmIac-00427-00137724-00137957 Factory so I got a pretty nice one
vQnUsXYmIac-00428-00137958-00138028 um
vQnUsXYmIac-00429-00138029-00138143 yeah
vQnUsXYmIac-00430-00138144-00138443 I was cleaning it you know that is there
vQnUsXYmIac-00431-00138444-00138569 has been on my mind ever since it
vQnUsXYmIac-00432-00138570-00138640 happened
vQnUsXYmIac-00433-00138641-00138845 uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00434-00138846-00139090 and I have to stay aware I know exactly
vQnUsXYmIac-00435-00139091-00139277 who he is I got pretty bad history with
vQnUsXYmIac-00436-00139278-00139409 him
vQnUsXYmIac-00437-00139410-00139523 um
vQnUsXYmIac-00438-00139524-00139840 and when I was Perry came past started
vQnUsXYmIac-00439-00139841-00140033 shooting at me he missed all shots tried
vQnUsXYmIac-00440-00140034-00140266 reaching my car I got my gun I started
vQnUsXYmIac-00441-00140267-00140501 shooting back I drove away and that's
vQnUsXYmIac-00442-00140502-00140657 when you pulled me over and he came back
vQnUsXYmIac-00443-00140658-00140819 for a second try
vQnUsXYmIac-00444-00140820-00141040 luckily nobody was hurt we both missed
vQnUsXYmIac-00445-00141041-00141299 all of our shots but
vQnUsXYmIac-00446-00141300-00141581 steel it was still not a good experience
vQnUsXYmIac-00447-00141582-00141695 it's traumatized and I wish you would
vQnUsXYmIac-00448-00141696-00141928 just forget about all of this okay and
vQnUsXYmIac-00449-00141929-00142066 what started it would be a killing
vQnUsXYmIac-00450-00142067-00142595 battle and what started all of this
vQnUsXYmIac-00451-00142596-00142889 okay so basically they are in
vQnUsXYmIac-00452-00142890-00143123 a mob or Mafia I don't know I don't know
vQnUsXYmIac-00453-00143124-00143327 what's called let's just say I used to
vQnUsXYmIac-00454-00143328-00143543 be in there there was a boss who paid
vQnUsXYmIac-00455-00143544-00143861 everyone uh large amounts of money for
vQnUsXYmIac-00456-00143862-00144059 things like drug dealing and stuff like
vQnUsXYmIac-00457-00144060-00144389 that okay um and you were part of this
vQnUsXYmIac-00458-00144390-00144827 yes okay but I stopped a long time ago
vQnUsXYmIac-00459-00144828-00144935 and
vQnUsXYmIac-00460-00144936-00145247 what happened was the reason I stopped
vQnUsXYmIac-00461-00145248-00145571 was because I was removed for taking
vQnUsXYmIac-00462-00145572-00145864 a life of one of the people that were in
vQnUsXYmIac-00463-00145865-00146002 this gang
vQnUsXYmIac-00464-00146003-00146119 what happens
vQnUsXYmIac-00465-00146120-00146447 said something about a relative of mine
vQnUsXYmIac-00466-00146448-00146740 uh and I saw that if anybody said
vQnUsXYmIac-00467-00146741-00146878 anything about them I would end their
vQnUsXYmIac-00468-00146879-00147101 life and I wouldn't I wouldn't let that
vQnUsXYmIac-00469-00147102-00147293 go so I did
vQnUsXYmIac-00470-00147294-00147604 okay and ever since then I'm kicked out
vQnUsXYmIac-00471-00147605-00147923 and I went off the grid and they've been
vQnUsXYmIac-00472-00147924-00148102 looking for me
vQnUsXYmIac-00473-00148103-00148373 I've been trying disguises but somehow
vQnUsXYmIac-00474-00148374-00148637 they always end up finding me
vQnUsXYmIac-00475-00148638-00148954 and I don't know how they do it
vQnUsXYmIac-00476-00148955-00149231 but they just always do it and
vQnUsXYmIac-00477-00149232-00149561 I've survived every encounter
vQnUsXYmIac-00478-00149562-00149759 but it's just not good when you're being
vQnUsXYmIac-00479-00149760-00149969 hunted by someone
vQnUsXYmIac-00480-00149970-00150311 okay so you're basically admitting that
vQnUsXYmIac-00481-00150312-00150616 you murdered somebody here right
vQnUsXYmIac-00482-00150617-00151037 yes okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00483-00151038-00151228 all right and this person was this
vQnUsXYmIac-00484-00151229-00151511 person found by police
vQnUsXYmIac-00485-00151512-00151721 this person a police officer no was were
vQnUsXYmIac-00486-00151722-00151877 they were they found
vQnUsXYmIac-00487-00151878-00152164 that was an investigationist dude
vQnUsXYmIac-00488-00152165-00152351 all right this is this is something that
vQnUsXYmIac-00489-00152352-00152639 hasn't been investigated or found or
vQnUsXYmIac-00490-00152640-00152771 anything like that yet
vQnUsXYmIac-00491-00152772-00153028 nobody knew about this they said they
vQnUsXYmIac-00492-00153029-00153461 they said I would be let off freely
vQnUsXYmIac-00493-00153462-00153647 but
vQnUsXYmIac-00494-00153648-00153959 I guess they lied
vQnUsXYmIac-00495-00153960-00154157 okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00496-00154158-00154313 all the people in the mob knew about
vQnUsXYmIac-00497-00154314-00154547 this and they hate cops so you guys
vQnUsXYmIac-00498-00154548-00154666 aren't going to find out anything that
vQnUsXYmIac-00499-00154667-00155039 happens within this large crew
vQnUsXYmIac-00500-00155040-00155290 okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00501-00155291-00155866 all right sit tight for me
vQnUsXYmIac-00502-00155867-00156376 all right
vQnUsXYmIac-00503-00156377-00156551 all right sir here while they're out
vQnUsXYmIac-00504-00156552-00156851 here or are you good yeah just just to
vQnUsXYmIac-00505-00156852-00156983 watch them
vQnUsXYmIac-00506-00156984-00157259 okay hey Chad vehicles in the garage all
vQnUsXYmIac-00507-00157260-00157397 right thank you all right can you just
vQnUsXYmIac-00508-00157398-00157745 stand up
vQnUsXYmIac-00509-00157746-00158435 all right just turn around
vQnUsXYmIac-00510-00158436-00159101 all right let's go through the door
vQnUsXYmIac-00511-00159102-00159389 come on over here going into the next
vQnUsXYmIac-00512-00159390-00159893 cell
vQnUsXYmIac-00513-00159894-00160097 right here
vQnUsXYmIac-00514-00160098-00160451 all right back against the the railing
vQnUsXYmIac-00515-00160452-00160709 user joined your channel user joined
vQnUsXYmIac-00516-00160710-00161075 your Channel
vQnUsXYmIac-00517-00161076-00161621 user joined your Channel
vQnUsXYmIac-00518-00161622-00161981 what all right sir come on let's go
vQnUsXYmIac-00519-00161982-00162431 you just got wet John
vQnUsXYmIac-00520-00162432-00162719 all right through this door here
vQnUsXYmIac-00521-00162720-00162940 I can't really hear you John what did
vQnUsXYmIac-00522-00162941-00163037 you say
vQnUsXYmIac-00523-00163038-00163337 all right Elena tell me exactly what
vQnUsXYmIac-00524-00163338-00163528 happened from beginning to end
vQnUsXYmIac-00525-00163529-00163745 uh you've been read your rice but I'll
vQnUsXYmIac-00526-00163746-00163895 read it again you have the right two
vQnUsXYmIac-00527-00163896-00164069 main silent anything you see and do
vQnUsXYmIac-00528-00164070-00164339 campus against unicorn Vlog you have the
vQnUsXYmIac-00529-00164340-00164471 right to have an attorney present during
vQnUsXYmIac-00530-00164472-00164645 questioning if you cannot afford one
vQnUsXYmIac-00531-00164646-00165016 would be 22 minutes
vQnUsXYmIac-00532-00165017-00165352 yep okay if those
vQnUsXYmIac-00533-00165353-00165526 um if those rights in mind do you still
vQnUsXYmIac-00534-00165527-00165676 want to continue to talk to me in other
vQnUsXYmIac-00535-00165677-00165887 offices
vQnUsXYmIac-00536-00165888-00166102 I'll tell you my side of the story okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00537-00166103-00166319 go ahead because I'm pretty sure y'all
vQnUsXYmIac-00538-00166320-00166493 see what happens
vQnUsXYmIac-00539-00166494-00166716 well me and that guy
vQnUsXYmIac-00540-00166717-00167014 uh equate the history
vQnUsXYmIac-00541-00167015-00167326 and I mean y'all saw it I'm not even
vQnUsXYmIac-00542-00167327-00167519 gonna try to say I didn't I shot at him
vQnUsXYmIac-00543-00167520-00167747 he shot at me user disconnected from
vQnUsXYmIac-00544-00167748-00167951 your account as far as I know I didn't
vQnUsXYmIac-00545-00167952-00168119 hit him I don't think I hit anybody he
vQnUsXYmIac-00546-00168120-00168457 didn't hit me
vQnUsXYmIac-00547-00168458-00168725 and yeah we have had a pretty long
vQnUsXYmIac-00548-00168726-00168940 history though
vQnUsXYmIac-00549-00168941-00169145 okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00550-00169146-00169451 and where did this start
vQnUsXYmIac-00551-00169452-00169789 well a long time ago
vQnUsXYmIac-00552-00169790-00170002 20 years
vQnUsXYmIac-00553-00170003-00170495 that guy he killed one of them
vQnUsXYmIac-00554-00170496-00170833 okay do you guys have proof of this
vQnUsXYmIac-00555-00170834-00171781 I don't think so much
vQnUsXYmIac-00556-00171782-00172013 he's been wearing different I mean
vQnUsXYmIac-00557-00172014-00172228 everything about him has changed but we
vQnUsXYmIac-00558-00172229-00172426 all still know who he is
vQnUsXYmIac-00559-00172427-00172589 today and
vQnUsXYmIac-00560-00172590-00172769 I mean
vQnUsXYmIac-00561-00172770-00173135 this is one of many attempts
vQnUsXYmIac-00562-00173136-00173297 okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00563-00173298-00173489 all right so you are over at this time
vQnUsXYmIac-00564-00173490-00173657 you are going to be going into jail for
vQnUsXYmIac-00565-00173658-00173963 attempt to murder one and two the second
vQnUsXYmIac-00566-00173964-00174101 one is going to be for felony being
vQnUsXYmIac-00567-00174102-00174226 arrest
vQnUsXYmIac-00568-00174227-00174281 um
vQnUsXYmIac-00569-00174282-00174431 and
vQnUsXYmIac-00570-00174432-00174581 um you're lucky you didn't you didn't
vQnUsXYmIac-00571-00174582-00174737 hit me at all because you'd be getting
vQnUsXYmIac-00572-00174738-00174971 another charge you understand that
vQnUsXYmIac-00573-00174972-00175152 Charlie 180 .
vQnUsXYmIac-00574-00175153-00175619 have you stand up turn around
vQnUsXYmIac-00575-00175620-00175799 so we're not when those calls arrested
vQnUsXYmIac-00576-00175800-00176021 me they ran me over
vQnUsXYmIac-00577-00176022-00176249 you said they ran you over they ran they
vQnUsXYmIac-00578-00176250-00176387 hit me with their car they broke my arm
vQnUsXYmIac-00579-00176388-00176614 do you know who did it
vQnUsXYmIac-00580-00176615-00176878 no but I mean
vQnUsXYmIac-00581-00176879-00177113 multiple it was multiple cops there they
vQnUsXYmIac-00582-00177114-00177287 all saw it even the guy who brought me
vQnUsXYmIac-00583-00177288-00177538 here okay he knows he's seen it all
vQnUsXYmIac-00584-00177539-00177845 right for me
vQnUsXYmIac-00585-00177846-00178216 one out of one seven sorry five
vQnUsXYmIac-00586-00178217-00178397 can I have you down to the Sandy station
vQnUsXYmIac-00587-00178398-00178763 please
vQnUsXYmIac-00588-00178764-00178925 did you see
vQnUsXYmIac-00589-00178926-00179140 that guy got run over
vQnUsXYmIac-00590-00179141-00179369 yeah I know the unit that did it who did
vQnUsXYmIac-00591-00179370-00179447 it
vQnUsXYmIac-00592-00179448-00180143 was a seven Charlie 180 okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00593-00180144-00180431 is uh one-on-one back here yeah oh there
vQnUsXYmIac-00594-00180432-00180611 it is right here all right so the
vQnUsXYmIac-00595-00180612-00180857 suspect just made it known to me that he
vQnUsXYmIac-00596-00180858-00181078 uh he got hit with a car police car or
vQnUsXYmIac-00597-00181079-00181349 got ran over did you already investigate
vQnUsXYmIac-00598-00181350-00181576 and find out who did it
vQnUsXYmIac-00599-00181577-00181807 so you got hit with a car yeah
vQnUsXYmIac-00600-00181808-00182237 I actually told another uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00601-00182238-00182404 so but he's
vQnUsXYmIac-00602-00182405-00182621 was this uh was this just now with that
vQnUsXYmIac-00603-00182622-00182933 Pursuit yeah at the 270 at the marina
vQnUsXYmIac-00604-00182934-00183197 that's why that's how uh we got him uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00605-00183198-00183364 at gunpoint
vQnUsXYmIac-00606-00183365-00183587 okay uh no Chad I haven't handled that I
vQnUsXYmIac-00607-00183588-00183809 didn't know about it um I can I'll see
vQnUsXYmIac-00608-00183810-00183928 what I can do I'll try to get every unit
vQnUsXYmIac-00609-00183929-00184073 from the scene down here and we can talk
vQnUsXYmIac-00610-00184074-00184409 it out Kevin just told me who it is so
vQnUsXYmIac-00611-00184410-00184702 oh oh we do okay yeah do you know who is
vQnUsXYmIac-00612-00184703-00185140 it yeah uh seven Charlie 180. 180 okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00613-00185141-00185207 um
vQnUsXYmIac-00614-00185208-00185416 okay cool uh we already have to talk to
vQnUsXYmIac-00615-00185417-00185549 him about something else um so we'll
vQnUsXYmIac-00616-00185550-00185831 we'll get that handled okay all right uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00617-00185832-00186016 did you guys do medical treatment on
vQnUsXYmIac-00618-00186017-00186413 this guy when once he was on scene
vQnUsXYmIac-00619-00186414-00186707 no we had no idea that he was hit okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00620-00186708-00186923 cool well one out of one can I get
vQnUsXYmIac-00621-00186924-00187319 medical down to 294 Sandy Station
vQnUsXYmIac-00622-00187320-00187571 s look just like you uh I just told them
vQnUsXYmIac-00623-00187572-00187799 multiple times
vQnUsXYmIac-00624-00187800-00188231 no
vQnUsXYmIac-00625-00188232-00188533 no no
vQnUsXYmIac-00626-00188534-00188921 that wasn't John
vQnUsXYmIac-00627-00188922-00189064 no
vQnUsXYmIac-00628-00189065-00189257 who else would be wearing what we were
vQnUsXYmIac-00629-00189258-00189466 wearing yeah I'm confused was there only
vQnUsXYmIac-00630-00189467-00189664 three of you there there yeah it was me
vQnUsXYmIac-00631-00189665-00189857 Damien and then it was John one another
vQnUsXYmIac-00632-00189858-00190037 one can I have all the units that was on
vQnUsXYmIac-00633-00190038-00190223 that previous Pursuit down to Sani
vQnUsXYmIac-00634-00190224-00190402 station in the salesperson was that that
vQnUsXYmIac-00635-00190403-00190654 actually searched him and put him in my
vQnUsXYmIac-00636-00190655-00190840 vehicle so who put him in my vehicle I
vQnUsXYmIac-00637-00190841-00191107 did not searching
vQnUsXYmIac-00638-00191108-00191345 him in my vehicle before he was the one
vQnUsXYmIac-00639-00191346-00191663 who I told oh try to fight for more
vQnUsXYmIac-00640-00191664-00191831 clarification it was the 80 that ended
vQnUsXYmIac-00641-00191832-00192076 by The Boathouse
vQnUsXYmIac-00642-00192077-00192263 in the red 69 Charger we just need all
vQnUsXYmIac-00643-00192264-00192425 the units down SSP so we can prepare our
vQnUsXYmIac-00644-00192426-00192652 situation thank you yeah uh it was only
vQnUsXYmIac-00645-00192653-00192857 me Damien and John that were in the same
vQnUsXYmIac-00646-00192858-00193140 type of uniform
vQnUsXYmIac-00647-00193141-00193540 that was a PD or HP guy right Kevin do
vQnUsXYmIac-00648-00193541-00194135 you do you have this guy's name
vQnUsXYmIac-00649-00194136-00194285 a black charger but he didn't have he
vQnUsXYmIac-00650-00194286-00194423 didn't have a cage so he put him in mine
vQnUsXYmIac-00651-00194424-00194740 okay all right medical uh this guy um
vQnUsXYmIac-00652-00194741-00194921 we're now found another this guy got hit
vQnUsXYmIac-00653-00194922-00195064 with the police cars so can you go
vQnUsXYmIac-00654-00195065-00195343 inside and just make sure he's good
vQnUsXYmIac-00655-00195344-00195635 all right so this this guy's gonna just
vQnUsXYmIac-00656-00195636-00195773 look at your injuries make sure you're
vQnUsXYmIac-00657-00195774-00196204 okay okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00658-00196205-00196511 yeah brought a bag in there
vQnUsXYmIac-00659-00196512-00196961 okay are you sure it was nowhere man
vQnUsXYmIac-00660-00196962-00197176 the exact same officer that put him in
vQnUsXYmIac-00661-00197177-00197459 my vehicle and he was driving a
vQnUsXYmIac-00662-00197460-00197609 all right sir
vQnUsXYmIac-00663-00197610-00197826 um
vQnUsXYmIac-00664-00197827-00198190 come on I'm gonna unlock this all right
vQnUsXYmIac-00665-00198191-00198352 you are going to be free to run this
vQnUsXYmIac-00666-00198353-00198490 time but you will have a court summon
vQnUsXYmIac-00667-00198491-00199037 you understand that
vQnUsXYmIac-00668-00199038-00199181 um also you won't be able to get back
vQnUsXYmIac-00669-00199182-00199361 your firearm as I said it's gonna be a
vQnUsXYmIac-00670-00199362-00199475 course summon so you're gonna have to
vQnUsXYmIac-00671-00199476-00199690 testify this get against this guy one
vQnUsXYmIac-00672-00199691-00199907 two we are gonna we are probably gonna
vQnUsXYmIac-00673-00199908-00200087 come looking for you after because you
vQnUsXYmIac-00674-00200088-00200357 did admit to you know a murder or
vQnUsXYmIac-00675-00200358-00200549 whatever but we have no proof at this
vQnUsXYmIac-00676-00200550-00200825 time so therefore we have to let you go
vQnUsXYmIac-00677-00200826-00201035 do you understand that
vQnUsXYmIac-00678-00201036-00201400 you're not to leave town you're not too
vQnUsXYmIac-00679-00201401-00201647 um purchase any Firearms you're not
vQnUsXYmIac-00680-00201648-00201881 allowed to do any of that do we are we
vQnUsXYmIac-00681-00201882-00201995 clear on that
vQnUsXYmIac-00682-00201996-00202228 yeah we're just uh your viper you can
vQnUsXYmIac-00683-00202229-00202433 get your viper back but anything else
vQnUsXYmIac-00684-00202434-00202787 you won't be able to get back
vQnUsXYmIac-00685-00202788-00202919 okay make sure you guys are out
vQnUsXYmIac-00686-00202920-00203038 whispering
vQnUsXYmIac-00687-00203039-00203287 I have everything extracted
vQnUsXYmIac-00688-00203288-00203597 oh I'm sorry I'm sorry I'm so sorry
vQnUsXYmIac-00689-00203598-00203831 let's go we're going to the store
vQnUsXYmIac-00690-00203832-00204076 user joined your channel I have to
vQnUsXYmIac-00691-00204077-00204538 process you up not you
vQnUsXYmIac-00692-00204539-00204725 okay this is turning into a whole
vQnUsXYmIac-00693-00204726-00205103 situation
vQnUsXYmIac-00694-00205104-00205373 what is that
vQnUsXYmIac-00695-00205373-00206338 oh
vQnUsXYmIac-00696-00206339-00206705 it says eight nine apprehension it does
vQnUsXYmIac-00697-00206706-00206957 yeah all right the sign down here
vQnUsXYmIac-00698-00206958-00207058 without let me make sure you read
vQnUsXYmIac-00699-00207059-00207221 through the entire form
vQnUsXYmIac-00700-00207221-00207377 um this is stating that you are not
vQnUsXYmIac-00701-00207378-00207532 allowed to leave town you're not allowed
vQnUsXYmIac-00702-00207533-00207798 to to um
vQnUsXYmIac-00703-00207800-00208114 get another firearms and you are to a
vQnUsXYmIac-00704-00208115-00208282 poorer in court
vQnUsXYmIac-00705-00208283-00208714 when contacted
vQnUsXYmIac-00706-00208715-00209046 you hear me
vQnUsXYmIac-00707-00209048-00209260 yours is your ID back and other
vQnUsXYmIac-00708-00209261-00209584 personalities
vQnUsXYmIac-00709-00209585-00210031 can you hear me can you hear me
vQnUsXYmIac-00710-00210032-00210298 can you all can y'all everybody in the
vQnUsXYmIac-00711-00210300-00210479 station can y'all switch to Whispering
vQnUsXYmIac-00712-00210480-00210563 please
vQnUsXYmIac-00713-00210564-00210803 thank you
vQnUsXYmIac-00714-00210804-00211081 all right say that again
vQnUsXYmIac-00715-00211082-00211367 they just want you upstairs your viper
vQnUsXYmIac-00716-00211367-00211571 is in police lock up so just go down the
vQnUsXYmIac-00717-00211571-00211744 police lock and forget that taken care
vQnUsXYmIac-00718-00211746-00211871 of
vQnUsXYmIac-00719-00211871-00212110 you put it in the put it in the garage
vQnUsXYmIac-00720-00212111-00212201 right
vQnUsXYmIac-00721-00212202-00212429 yeah it's in there all the bullets have
vQnUsXYmIac-00722-00212430-00212596 been extracted from it it's good to go
vQnUsXYmIac-00723-00212598-00213017 all right go with him and uh let him get
vQnUsXYmIac-00724-00213017-00213310 the release forms for the vehicle and he
vQnUsXYmIac-00725-00213311-00213989 can take it out of here
vQnUsXYmIac-00726-00213990-00214210 definitely that's what it's
vQnUsXYmIac-00727-00214211-00214342 are they upstairs
vQnUsXYmIac-00728-00214344-00215063 yeah they're upstairs
vQnUsXYmIac-00729-00215064-00215989 23.
vQnUsXYmIac-00730-00215990-00216239 can you I didn't uh in the farm when
vQnUsXYmIac-00731-00216240-00216358 you're finished with the suspect
vQnUsXYmIac-00732-00216359-00217903 downstairs
vQnUsXYmIac-00733-00217904-00218201 but I'm gonna talk to him seeing if it
vQnUsXYmIac-00734-00218202-00218369 could be like anyone thank you all right
vQnUsXYmIac-00735-00218369-00218551 what's up
vQnUsXYmIac-00736-00218552-00218765 I'm uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00737-00218766-00219046 sorry for the Tyler with the uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00738-00219048-00219310 Senators for rescue medical so uh what's
vQnUsXYmIac-00739-00219311-00219617 her in your arms yeah he wrapped it up
vQnUsXYmIac-00740-00219617-00220217 and gave me some morphine yeah
vQnUsXYmIac-00741-00220217-00220469 okay are you able to bend that left arm
vQnUsXYmIac-00742-00220469-00220619 for me or is it the one cuffed to the
vQnUsXYmIac-00743-00220619-00220931 table all right uh no it's my right arm
vQnUsXYmIac-00744-00220932-00221051 cuff to the table
vQnUsXYmIac-00745-00221052-00221231 okay what I'm gonna do is I'm just gonna
vQnUsXYmIac-00746-00221232-00221465 grab a uh in my ambulance there's a
vQnUsXYmIac-00747-00221466-00221698 handcuff key can you go grab it John can
vQnUsXYmIac-00748-00221700-00221794 you hear me
vQnUsXYmIac-00749-00221796-00222323 tonight
vQnUsXYmIac-00750-00222323-00222556 all right the units who are who were on
vQnUsXYmIac-00751-00222557-00222953 that 1080 where are you guys at
vQnUsXYmIac-00752-00222954-00223181 user left your Channel
vQnUsXYmIac-00753-00223182-00223771 I need you guys to meet me
vQnUsXYmIac-00754-00223771-00224081 user was moved out of your Channel
vQnUsXYmIac-00755-00224082-00224279 excuse me I only see one person though
vQnUsXYmIac-00756-00224280-00224531 okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00757-00224532-00224782 all right who was the person who put
vQnUsXYmIac-00758-00224783-00225017 that guy in cups the guy in the The
vQnUsXYmIac-00759-00225017-00225305 Challenge our charger
vQnUsXYmIac-00760-00225306-00225508 um but me okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00761-00225509-00225808 I went in for the arrest yes okay and
vQnUsXYmIac-00762-00225809-00226081 nobody did a rest report
vQnUsXYmIac-00763-00226082-00226505 uh I had Kevin transport him down to I
vQnUsXYmIac-00764-00226506-00226655 had to go in my head so I haven't gotten
vQnUsXYmIac-00765-00226656-00226829 a chance to do it yet okay did you get
vQnUsXYmIac-00766-00226830-00227105 an idea off of him I no I I honestly
vQnUsXYmIac-00767-00227106-00227267 don't even know what I'm booking him for
vQnUsXYmIac-00768-00227267-00227446 I was just the
vQnUsXYmIac-00769-00227448-00227669 person who went up for cops I wasn't
vQnUsXYmIac-00770-00227669-00227896 even on the actual 1080 I was just
vQnUsXYmIac-00771-00227898-00228041 therefore they take down
vQnUsXYmIac-00772-00228042-00228196 okay same
vQnUsXYmIac-00773-00228198-00228496 users always moved to your channel so in
vQnUsXYmIac-00774-00228498-00228623 the cases like this you need to make
vQnUsXYmIac-00775-00228623-00228815 sure that other units know what's going
vQnUsXYmIac-00776-00228816-00228946 on because
vQnUsXYmIac-00777-00228948-00229019 um
vQnUsXYmIac-00778-00229019-00229367 I this is a whole situation now and
vQnUsXYmIac-00779-00229367-00229679 nobody checked to see if he was okay
vQnUsXYmIac-00780-00229680-00229960 um nobody checked to see if he was hurt
vQnUsXYmIac-00781-00229961-00230189 he actually got ran over by a lot of
vQnUsXYmIac-00782-00230190-00230398 first my officer nobody got a medical
vQnUsXYmIac-00783-00230400-00230584 and this is how you guys are gonna get
vQnUsXYmIac-00784-00230585-00230794 sued you get what I'm saying
vQnUsXYmIac-00785-00230796-00230998 so you have to be on top of these kinds
vQnUsXYmIac-00786-00231000-00231251 of things he had a bro he has a broken
vQnUsXYmIac-00787-00231252-00231460 arm from an officer hitting him through
vQnUsXYmIac-00788-00231461-00231623 the car he's gonna have to go to the
vQnUsXYmIac-00789-00231623-00231773 hospital and we still don't even know
vQnUsXYmIac-00790-00231773-00232132 where the guy's name is that's a problem
vQnUsXYmIac-00791-00232133-00232342 so I need you guys
vQnUsXYmIac-00792-00232344-00232498 um I need you to find out what's his
vQnUsXYmIac-00793-00232500-00232571 name
vQnUsXYmIac-00794-00232571-00232734 fingerprinting
vQnUsXYmIac-00795-00232735-00233008 fingerprint him get him his name and
vQnUsXYmIac-00796-00233009-00233141 then you can give me the name I'll write
vQnUsXYmIac-00797-00233142-00233308 the arrest report but we need to get
vQnUsXYmIac-00798-00233309-00233489 better guys because we can't allow this
vQnUsXYmIac-00799-00233490-00233621 kind of things to happen excuse me guys
vQnUsXYmIac-00800-00233621-00233837 please put him on a Leo hold when you
vQnUsXYmIac-00801-00233838-00234132 take him to the hospital
vQnUsXYmIac-00802-00234133-00234334 I'll get you his name because I need to
vQnUsXYmIac-00803-00234335-00234515 fill out a whoever's handcuffs they're
vQnUsXYmIac-00804-00234516-00234877 right there okay hey Sam can you uh
vQnUsXYmIac-00805-00234878-00235542 sure user was moved to your Channel
vQnUsXYmIac-00806-00235544-00236027 so you guys are good to go
vQnUsXYmIac-00807-00236028-00236219 thank you so you is there anything else
vQnUsXYmIac-00808-00236219-00236446 you want to mention to me Saturday Chad
vQnUsXYmIac-00809-00236448-00236791 Garrett and them
vQnUsXYmIac-00810-00236792-00237053 okay uh yeah I figure out what was going
vQnUsXYmIac-00811-00237054-00237334 on babe but oh man I talked to the units
vQnUsXYmIac-00812-00237335-00237605 I'm just looking to get a name now
vQnUsXYmIac-00813-00237606-00237827 [__] okay do you want me to process
vQnUsXYmIac-00814-00237828-00238132 having Charlie 80's video call
vQnUsXYmIac-00815-00238133-00238644 um
vQnUsXYmIac-00816-00238646-00238913 oh yeah yeah do that
vQnUsXYmIac-00817-00238914-00239153 all right I'll go process that is there
vQnUsXYmIac-00818-00239154-00239284 anything else you need me to investigate
vQnUsXYmIac-00819-00239285-00239608 regarding this case uh not really right
vQnUsXYmIac-00820-00239609-00239801 now we don't really have much to go on
vQnUsXYmIac-00821-00239802-00239956 from because that guy confessed the
vQnUsXYmIac-00822-00239957-00240148 murder to me but we don't really have
vQnUsXYmIac-00823-00240150-00240991 much to go on outside of that so users
vQnUsXYmIac-00824-00240992-00241301 in the ambulance it just left oh gotcha
vQnUsXYmIac-00825-00241302-00241487 gotcha okay I made him down there all
vQnUsXYmIac-00826-00241488-00242341 right
vQnUsXYmIac-00827-00242342-00242627 with him
vQnUsXYmIac-00828-00242628-00243029 I'm sorry I said it again Polito
vQnUsXYmIac-00829-00243030-00243389 Gabby I'll meet you down there
vQnUsXYmIac-00830-00243390-00243617 one out of one to seven Charlie one six
vQnUsXYmIac-00831-00243617-00243725 one direct
vQnUsXYmIac-00832-00243726-00243881 good
vQnUsXYmIac-00833-00243882-00244091 are you the one that originally arrested
vQnUsXYmIac-00834-00244092-00244979 that guy
vQnUsXYmIac-00835-00244980-00245141 10-4 since you already had a note to
vQnUsXYmIac-00836-00245142-00245291 Polito please write their arrest report
vQnUsXYmIac-00837-00245292-00245482 it's gonna be funny being arrest
vQnUsXYmIac-00838-00245483-00245729 attempted murder and firing a firearm
vQnUsXYmIac-00839-00245730-00245921 within uh city limits
vQnUsXYmIac-00840-00245921-00246179 okay I was already going to but I'll get
vQnUsXYmIac-00841-00246180-00246275 that done
vQnUsXYmIac-00842-00246276-00246821 for it thank you
vQnUsXYmIac-00843-00246821-00246994 hey Nick do you know the suspect's name
vQnUsXYmIac-00844-00246996-00247241 it's not Nick but Nick will know oh he's
vQnUsXYmIac-00845-00247242-00247537 going up there to identify the guy now
vQnUsXYmIac-00846-00247538-00247925 so when he's done he should let you know
vQnUsXYmIac-00847-00247926-00248153 one out of one to seven Charlie one six
vQnUsXYmIac-00848-00248154-00248392 one direct yeah
vQnUsXYmIac-00849-00248394-00248603 once you get that suspect's name please
vQnUsXYmIac-00850-00248604-00248919 pass that over to seven Charlie 180.
vQnUsXYmIac-00851-00248921-00250134 [Music]
vQnUsXYmIac-00852-00250135-00250925 oh hello hello can this local get them
vQnUsXYmIac-00853-00250926-00251271 foreign
vQnUsXYmIac-00854-00251271-00251577 [Music]
vRJGJtT0cX0-00000-00000019-00000313 war crimes perpetrated by the Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00001-00000314-00000584 Union and its Armed Forces from 1919 to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00002-00000585-00000862 1991 include acts committed by the Red
vRJGJtT0cX0-00003-00000863-00001073 Army later called the Soviet Army as
vRJGJtT0cX0-00004-00001074-00001364 well as the NKVD including the NKVD
vRJGJtT0cX0-00005-00001365-00001682 internal troops in some cases these acts
vRJGJtT0cX0-00006-00001682-00001843 were committed upon the orders of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00007-00001844-00002081 Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in pursuance
vRJGJtT0cX0-00008-00002082-00002297 of the early Soviet government's policy
vRJGJtT0cX0-00009-00002298-00002498 of Red Terror in other instances they
vRJGJtT0cX0-00010-00002499-00002683 were committed without orders by Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00011-00002684-00002870 troops against prisoners of war or
vRJGJtT0cX0-00012-00002871-00003056 civilians of countries that had been in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00013-00003057-00003278 armed conflict with the USSR or they
vRJGJtT0cX0-00014-00003279-00003476 were committed during partisan warfare a
vRJGJtT0cX0-00015-00003477-00003656 significant number of these incidents
vRJGJtT0cX0-00016-00003657-00003872 occurred in northern central in Eastern
vRJGJtT0cX0-00017-00003872-00004070 Europe before during an in the aftermath
vRJGJtT0cX0-00018-00004071-00004292 of world war ii involving summary
vRJGJtT0cX0-00019-00004293-00004481 executions and the mass murder of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00020-00004482-00004667 prisoners of war such as in the Katyn
vRJGJtT0cX0-00021-00004668-00004868 massacre and mass rape by troops of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00022-00004869-00005110 Red Army and territories they occupied
vRJGJtT0cX0-00023-00005111-00005399 when the Allied powers of world war ii
vRJGJtT0cX0-00024-00005400-00005534 founded the post-war international
vRJGJtT0cX0-00025-00005535-00005831 military tribunal to examine war crimes
vRJGJtT0cX0-00026-00005832-00006022 committed during the conflict by Nazi
vRJGJtT0cX0-00027-00006023-00006218 Germany with officials from the Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00028-00006219-00006392 Union taking an active part in the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00029-00006393-00006575 judicial processes there was no
vRJGJtT0cX0-00030-00006576-00006830 examination of Soviet fauces actions and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00031-00006831-00007013 no charges were ever brought against its
vRJGJtT0cX0-00032-00007014-00007171 troops because they were also an
vRJGJtT0cX0-00033-00007172-00007381 undefeated power which then held Eastern
vRJGJtT0cX0-00034-00007383-00007613 Europe under military occupation marring
vRJGJtT0cX0-00035-00007614-00007759 the historical authority of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00036-00007761-00007981 tribunals activity as being in part
vRJGJtT0cX0-00037-00007983-00008183 Victor's justice today the Russian
vRJGJtT0cX0-00038-00008184-00008366 government regularly dismisses the war
vRJGJtT0cX0-00039-00008367-00008674 crimes as Western myth in Russian
vRJGJtT0cX0-00040-00008675-00008885 history textbooks the atrocities are
vRJGJtT0cX0-00041-00008886-00009059 either altered to portray the Soviets
vRJGJtT0cX0-00042-00009060-00009371 positively or omitted entirely in a June
vRJGJtT0cX0-00043-00009372-00009614 2017 interview Russian President
vRJGJtT0cX0-00044-00009615-00009851 Vladimir Putin acknowledged the horrors
vRJGJtT0cX0-00045-00009852-00010128 of Stalinism but he also criticized the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00046-00010129-00010451 excessive demonization of Stalin by
vRJGJtT0cX0-00047-00010452-00010941 Russia's enemies
vRJGJtT0cX0-00048-00010942-00011453 topic background
vRJGJtT0cX0-00049-00011454-00011681 the Soviet Union did not recognize
vRJGJtT0cX0-00050-00011682-00011864 Imperial Russia's signing of the Hague
vRJGJtT0cX0-00051-00011865-00012201 conventions of 1899 and 1907 as binding
vRJGJtT0cX0-00052-00012202-00012410 and it refused to recognize them until
vRJGJtT0cX0-00053-00012411-00012762 1955 this created a situation in which
vRJGJtT0cX0-00054-00012763-00013008 war crimes by the Soviet armed forces
vRJGJtT0cX0-00055-00013009-00013263 could eventually be rationalized the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00056-00013263-00013461 Soviet refusal to recognize the Hague
vRJGJtT0cX0-00057-00013462-00013677 conventions also gave Nazi Germany the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00058-00013678-00013880 rationale for its inhuman treatment of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00059-00013881-00014455 captured Soviet military personnel
vRJGJtT0cX0-00060-00014456-00014977 topic before World War two
vRJGJtT0cX0-00061-00014978-00015561 topic victims within the Soviet Union
vRJGJtT0cX0-00062-00015562-00015790 several scholars put the number of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00063-00015791-00015991 executions during the Red Terror by the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00064-00015991-00016252 Cheka the predecessor of the NKVD at
vRJGJtT0cX0-00065-00016253-00016579 about 250,000 some believe it is
vRJGJtT0cX0-00066-00016580-00016771 possible that more people were murdered
vRJGJtT0cX0-00067-00016772-00016927 by the Cheka than the number of people
vRJGJtT0cX0-00068-00016928-00017284 who died in battle between 1921 and 1922
vRJGJtT0cX0-00069-00017285-00017560 Mikhail Tukhachevsky a military leader
vRJGJtT0cX0-00070-00017561-00017776 and a future victim of Joseph Stalin's
vRJGJtT0cX0-00071-00017777-00017965 Great Purge commanded the Red Army's
vRJGJtT0cX0-00072-00017966-00018172 campaign against a peasant uprising in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00073-00018173-00018388 the Tomba province Tukhachevsky
vRJGJtT0cX0-00074-00018389-00018625 routinely executed hostages without
vRJGJtT0cX0-00075-00018626-00018847 trial and he also used poison gas
vRJGJtT0cX0-00076-00018848-00019099 against civilian targets for these
vRJGJtT0cX0-00077-00019100-00019333 reasons Simon's a bag Montefiore has
vRJGJtT0cX0-00078-00019334-00019513 accused Tukhachevsky of being as
vRJGJtT0cX0-00079-00019514-00020030 ruthless as any Bolshevik
vRJGJtT0cX0-00080-00020031-00020587 topic Red Army and pogroms
vRJGJtT0cX0-00081-00020588-00020824 the early Soviet leaders publicly
vRJGJtT0cX0-00082-00020825-00021031 denounced anti-semitism William Corey
vRJGJtT0cX0-00083-00021032-00021301 wrote anti-jewish discrimination had
vRJGJtT0cX0-00084-00021302-00021523 become an integral part of Soviet state
vRJGJtT0cX0-00085-00021524-00021886 policy ever since the late 30s efforts
vRJGJtT0cX0-00086-00021887-00022072 were made by Soviet authorities to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00087-00022073-00022273 contain anti-jewish bigotry notably
vRJGJtT0cX0-00088-00022274-00022465 during the Russian Civil War whenever
vRJGJtT0cX0-00089-00022466-00022678 the Red Army units perpetrated pogroms
vRJGJtT0cX0-00090-00022679-00022903 as well as during the Soviet polish war
vRJGJtT0cX0-00091-00022904-00023290 of 1919 1920 at barinova chi only a
vRJGJtT0cX0-00092-00023291-00023515 small number of pogroms were attributed
vRJGJtT0cX0-00093-00023516-00023677 to the Red Army with the vast majority
vRJGJtT0cX0-00094-00023678-00023905 of the collectively violent acts in the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00095-00023906-00024082 period having been committed by anti
vRJGJtT0cX0-00096-00024083-00024355 communist and nationalist forces the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00097-00024356-00024523 pogroms were condemned by the red army
vRJGJtT0cX0-00098-00024524-00024727 High Command and guilty units were
vRJGJtT0cX0-00099-00024728-00024934 disarmed while individual pogrom ist's
vRJGJtT0cX0-00100-00024935-00025159 were court-martialed those found guilty
vRJGJtT0cX0-00101-00025160-00025420 were executed although pogroms by
vRJGJtT0cX0-00102-00025421-00025630 Ukrainian units of the Red Army still
vRJGJtT0cX0-00103-00025631-00025819 occurred after this the Jews regarded
vRJGJtT0cX0-00104-00025820-00026011 the Red Army is the only force willing
vRJGJtT0cX0-00105-00026012-00026269 to protect them it is estimated that
vRJGJtT0cX0-00106-00026270-00026485 three thousand four hundred fifty Jews
vRJGJtT0cX0-00107-00026486-00026716 are 2.3 percent of the Jewish victims
vRJGJtT0cX0-00108-00026717-00026923 killed during the Russian Civil War were
vRJGJtT0cX0-00109-00026924-00027147 murdered by the Bolshevik armies in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00110-00027148-00027358 comparison according to the morgenthau
vRJGJtT0cX0-00111-00027358-00027558 report a total of about three hundred
vRJGJtT0cX0-00112-00027560-00027783 Jews lost their lives in all incidents
vRJGJtT0cX0-00113-00027785-00028048 involving Polish responsibility the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00114-00028049-00028237 commission also found that the Polish
vRJGJtT0cX0-00115-00028238-00028447 military and civil authorities did their
vRJGJtT0cX0-00116-00028448-00028633 best to prevent such incidents and their
vRJGJtT0cX0-00117-00028633-00028873 recurrence in the future the morgenthau
vRJGJtT0cX0-00118-00028874-00029068 report stated that some forms of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00119-00029069-00029260 discrimination against Jews were of a
vRJGJtT0cX0-00120-00029261-00029427 political rather than an anti-semitic
vRJGJtT0cX0-00121-00029429-00029662 nature and it specifically avoided using
vRJGJtT0cX0-00122-00029663-00029932 the term pogrom noting that the terms
vRJGJtT0cX0-00123-00029933-00030118 use was applied to a wide range of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00124-00030119-00030310 excesses and it also had no specific
vRJGJtT0cX0-00125-00030311-00030698 definition
vRJGJtT0cX0-00126-00030699-00031352 topic the Red Army and the NKVD
vRJGJtT0cX0-00127-00031354-00031689 on the 6th of February 1922 the Cheka
vRJGJtT0cX0-00128-00031689-00031877 was replaced by the state political
vRJGJtT0cX0-00129-00031879-00032181 administration or Oh GPU a section of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00130-00032182-00032483 the NKVD the declared function of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00131-00032485-00032751 NKVD was to protect the state security
vRJGJtT0cX0-00132-00032752-00032895 of the Soviet Union which was
vRJGJtT0cX0-00133-00032896-00033030 accomplished by the large-scale
vRJGJtT0cX0-00134-00033031-00033297 political persecution of class enemies
vRJGJtT0cX0-00135-00033298-00033585 the Red Army often gave support to the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00136-00033586-00033840 NKVD in the implementation of political
vRJGJtT0cX0-00137-00033841-00034077 repressions as an internal security
vRJGJtT0cX0-00138-00034078-00034317 force and a prison guard contingent of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00139-00034318-00034524 the gulag the internal troops repressed
vRJGJtT0cX0-00140-00034525-00034728 political dissidents and engaged in war
vRJGJtT0cX0-00141-00034729-00034923 crimes during periods of military
vRJGJtT0cX0-00142-00034924-00035115 hostilities throughout Soviet history
vRJGJtT0cX0-00143-00035116-00035403 they were specifically responsible for
vRJGJtT0cX0-00144-00035404-00035577 maintaining the political regime in the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00145-00035578-00035802 gulag and conducting mass deportations
vRJGJtT0cX0-00146-00035803-00036018 and forced resettlement the latter
vRJGJtT0cX0-00147-00036019-00036219 targeted a number of ethnic groups that
vRJGJtT0cX0-00148-00036220-00036417 the Soviet authorities presumed to be
vRJGJtT0cX0-00149-00036418-00036621 hostile to its policies and likely to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00150-00036622-00036795 collaborate with the enemy including
vRJGJtT0cX0-00151-00036796-00037336 Chechens Crimean Tatars and Koreans
vRJGJtT0cX0-00152-00037337-00037852 Topic World War two
vRJGJtT0cX0-00153-00037853-00038154 war crimes by Soviet armed forces
vRJGJtT0cX0-00154-00038155-00038367 against civilians and prisoners of war
vRJGJtT0cX0-00155-00038368-00038627 in the territories occupied by the USSR
vRJGJtT0cX0-00156-00038628-00038967 between 1939 and 1941 in regions
vRJGJtT0cX0-00157-00038968-00039177 including the Western Ukraine the Baltic
vRJGJtT0cX0-00158-00039178-00039408 States and Bessarabia in Romania along
vRJGJtT0cX0-00159-00039409-00039783 with war crimes in 1944 1945 had been
vRJGJtT0cX0-00160-00039784-00039968 ongoing issues within these countries
vRJGJtT0cX0-00161-00039969-00040218 since the dissolution of the Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00162-00040219-00040265 Union
vRJGJtT0cX0-00163-00040266-00040443 a more systematic locally controlled
vRJGJtT0cX0-00164-00040444-00040652 discussion of these events has taken
vRJGJtT0cX0-00165-00040653-00040874 place as the Red Army withdrew after the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00166-00040875-00041157 German attack of 1941 which is known as
vRJGJtT0cX0-00167-00041158-00041399 Operation Barbarossa numerous reports of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00168-00041400-00041595 war crimes committed by Soviet armed
vRJGJtT0cX0-00169-00041596-00041814 forces against captured German Vermont
vRJGJtT0cX0-00170-00041815-00041993 and Luftwaffe soldiers from the very
vRJGJtT0cX0-00171-00041994-00042186 beginning of hostilities were documented
vRJGJtT0cX0-00172-00042187-00042402 in thousands of files of the Vermont war
vRJGJtT0cX0-00173-00042403-00042608 crimes Bureau which was established by
vRJGJtT0cX0-00174-00042609-00042887 Nazi Germany in September 1939 to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00175-00042888-00043083 investigate violations of The Hague and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00176-00043084-00043295 Geneva Conventions by Germany's enemies
vRJGJtT0cX0-00177-00043296-00043562 among the better documented Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00178-00043563-00043758 massacres are those at brawny key June
vRJGJtT0cX0-00179-00043759-00044183 1941 feodosia December 1941 and Grecian
vRJGJtT0cX0-00180-00044184-00044595 o 1943 in the occupied territories the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00181-00044596-00044820 NKVD carried out mass arrests
vRJGJtT0cX0-00182-00044821-00045143 deportations and executions the targets
vRJGJtT0cX0-00183-00045144-00045365 included both collaborators with Germany
vRJGJtT0cX0-00184-00045366-00045527 and the members of anti-communist
vRJGJtT0cX0-00185-00045528-00045683 resistance movements such as the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00186-00045684-00045827 Ukrainian insurgent army
vRJGJtT0cX0-00187-00045828-00046064 oopah in Ukraine the forest brothers in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00188-00046065-00046305 Estonia Latvia and Lithuania and the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00189-00046306-00046649 Polish army acrux Jawa the NKVD also
vRJGJtT0cX0-00190-00046650-00046860 conducted the Katyn massacre summarily
vRJGJtT0cX0-00191-00046861-00047151 executing over 20,000 Polish military
vRJGJtT0cX0-00192-00047152-00047435 officer prisoners in April in May 1940
vRJGJtT0cX0-00193-00047436-00047742 the Soviets deployed mustard gas bombs
vRJGJtT0cX0-00194-00047743-00047960 during the Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
vRJGJtT0cX0-00195-00047961-00048186 some civilians were killed by
vRJGJtT0cX0-00196-00048187-00048704 conventional bombs during the invasion
vRJGJtT0cX0-00197-00048705-00049181 topic Estonia
vRJGJtT0cX0-00198-00049182-00049322 in accordance with the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00199-00049323-00049541 molotov-ribbentrop pact Estonia was
vRJGJtT0cX0-00200-00049542-00049757 illegally annexed by the Soviet Union on
vRJGJtT0cX0-00201-00049758-00050009 the 6th of August 1940 and renamed the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00202-00050010-00050302 Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00203-00050303-00050690 1941 some 34,000 Estonians were drafted
vRJGJtT0cX0-00204-00050691-00050906 into the Red Army of whom less than 30%
vRJGJtT0cX0-00205-00050907-00051203 survived the war no more than half of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00206-00051204-00051405 those men were used for military service
vRJGJtT0cX0-00207-00051407-00051725 the rest perished in gulag concentration
vRJGJtT0cX0-00208-00051726-00051946 camps and labor battalions mainly in the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00209-00051947-00052208 early months of the war after it became
vRJGJtT0cX0-00210-00052209-00052379 clear that the German invasion of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00211-00052379-00052604 Estonia would be successful political
vRJGJtT0cX0-00212-00052604-00052792 prisoners who could not be evacuated
vRJGJtT0cX0-00213-00052794-00052982 were executed by the NKVD
vRJGJtT0cX0-00214-00052983-00053141 so that they would not be able to make
vRJGJtT0cX0-00215-00053141-00053392 contact with the Nazi government more
vRJGJtT0cX0-00216-00053394-00053692 than 300,000 citizens of Estonia almost
vRJGJtT0cX0-00217-00053694-00053849 a third of the population at the time
vRJGJtT0cX0-00218-00053850-00054119 were affected by deportations arrests
vRJGJtT0cX0-00219-00054120-00054314 execution and other acts of repression
vRJGJtT0cX0-00220-00054315-00054560 as a result of the Soviet takeover
vRJGJtT0cX0-00221-00054561-00054799 Estonia permanently lost at least
vRJGJtT0cX0-00222-00054800-00055109 200,000 people are 20% of its population
vRJGJtT0cX0-00223-00055110-00055373 to repression Exodus and war Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00224-00055374-00055579 political repressions in Estonia were
vRJGJtT0cX0-00225-00055580-00055787 met by an armed resistance by the forest
vRJGJtT0cX0-00226-00055788-00055994 brothers composed of former can script
vRJGJtT0cX0-00227-00055995-00056210 sin to the German military ohmic as a
vRJGJtT0cX0-00228-00056211-00056414 militia and volunteers in the Finnish
vRJGJtT0cX0-00229-00056415-00056609 Infantry Regiment 200 who fought a
vRJGJtT0cX0-00230-00056610-00056801 guerrilla war which was not completely
vRJGJtT0cX0-00231-00056802-00057058 suppressed until the late 1950s in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00232-00057059-00057292 addition to the expected human and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00233-00057294-00057476 material losses suffered due to the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00234-00057477-00057683 fighting until its end this conflict led
vRJGJtT0cX0-00235-00057684-00057884 to the deportation of tens of thousands
vRJGJtT0cX0-00236-00057885-00058034 of people along with hundreds of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00237-00058035-00058211 political prisoners and thousands of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00238-00058212-00058661 civilians lost their lives
vRJGJtT0cX0-00239-00058662-00059135 topic mass deportations
vRJGJtT0cX0-00240-00059136-00059438 on the 14th of June 1941 and the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00241-00059439-00059788 following two days 9250 four to ten
vRJGJtT0cX0-00242-00059789-00060065 thousand 861 people mostly urban
vRJGJtT0cX0-00243-00060066-00060287 residents of them over five thousand
vRJGJtT0cX0-00244-00060288-00060475 women and over two thousand five hundred
vRJGJtT0cX0-00245-00060476-00060901 children under 16 439 Jews more than 10%
vRJGJtT0cX0-00246-00060902-00061105 of the Estonian Jewish population were
vRJGJtT0cX0-00247-00061107-00061298 deported mostly to cure of Oblast
vRJGJtT0cX0-00248-00061299-00061569 Novosibirsk Oblast or prisons
vRJGJtT0cX0-00249-00061570-00061784 deportations were predominantly to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00250-00061785-00061994 Siberia and Kazakhstan by means of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00251-00061995-00062182 railroad cattle cars without prior
vRJGJtT0cX0-00252-00062183-00062363 announcement while deported were given
vRJGJtT0cX0-00253-00062364-00062540 few night hours at best to pack their
vRJGJtT0cX0-00254-00062541-00062701 belongings and separated from their
vRJGJtT0cX0-00255-00062702-00062924 families usually also sent to the east
vRJGJtT0cX0-00256-00062925-00063181 the procedure was established by the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00257-00063182-00063306 Cerro of instructions
vRJGJtT0cX0-00258-00063307-00063529 Estonians residing in Leningrad Oblast
vRJGJtT0cX0-00259-00063530-00063728 had already been subjected to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00260-00063729-00064202 deportation since 1935
vRJGJtT0cX0-00261-00064203-00064735 topic destruction battalions
vRJGJtT0cX0-00262-00064736-00065071 in 1941 to implement Stalin's scorched
vRJGJtT0cX0-00263-00065072-00065304 earth policy destruction battalions were
vRJGJtT0cX0-00264-00065305-00065472 formed in the western regions of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00265-00065473-00065742 Soviet Union in Estonia they killed
vRJGJtT0cX0-00266-00065743-00065928 thousands of people including a large
vRJGJtT0cX0-00267-00065929-00066123 proportion of women and children while
vRJGJtT0cX0-00268-00066124-00066334 burning down dozens of villages schools
vRJGJtT0cX0-00269-00066335-00066622 and public buildings a school boy named
vRJGJtT0cX0-00270-00066623-00066853 Tulio Lynn Saar had all of the bones in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00271-00066854-00067053 his hands broken then was banded for
vRJGJtT0cX0-00272-00067054-00067303 hoisting the flag of Estonia more
vRJGJtT0cX0-00273-00067304-00067540 easiest parts son of the Estonian War of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00274-00067541-00067743 Independence veteran Carl parts was
vRJGJtT0cX0-00275-00067744-00068079 doused in acid in August 1941 all
vRJGJtT0cX0-00276-00068080-00068286 residents of the village of Viru Cabala
vRJGJtT0cX0-00277-00068287-00068454 were killed including a two-year-old
vRJGJtT0cX0-00278-00068455-00068654 child and a six day old infant a
vRJGJtT0cX0-00279-00068655-00068928 partisan war broke out in response to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00280-00068929-00069078 the atrocities of the destruction
vRJGJtT0cX0-00281-00069079-00069297 battalions with tens of thousands of men
vRJGJtT0cX0-00282-00069298-00069486 forming the forest brothers to protect
vRJGJtT0cX0-00283-00069487-00069636 the local population from these
vRJGJtT0cX0-00284-00069637-00069930 battalions occasionally the battalions
vRJGJtT0cX0-00285-00069931-00070155 burned people alive the destruction
vRJGJtT0cX0-00286-00070156-00070479 battalions murdered 1,850 people in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00287-00070480-00070716 Estonia almost all of them were
vRJGJtT0cX0-00288-00070717-00070956 partisans or unarmed civilians another
vRJGJtT0cX0-00289-00070957-00071151 example of the destruction battalions
vRJGJtT0cX0-00290-00071152-00071355 actions as the countless massacre where
vRJGJtT0cX0-00291-00071356-00071574 20 civilians were murdered and tens of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00292-00071575-00071841 farms destroyed many of the people were
vRJGJtT0cX0-00293-00071842-00072072 killed after torture the low toll of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00294-00072073-00072253 human deaths in comparison with the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00295-00072254-00072432 number of burned farms as due to the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00296-00072433-00072618 urna long-range reconnaissance group
vRJGJtT0cX0-00297-00072619-00072790 breaking the Red Army blockade on the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00298-00072791-00073389 area allowing many civilians to escape
vRJGJtT0cX0-00299-00073390-00073863 topic Latvia
vRJGJtT0cX0-00300-00073864-00074187 on the 23rd of August 1939 the Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00301-00074188-00074418 Union and Germany signed the Molotov
vRJGJtT0cX0-00302-00074419-00074618 Ribbentrop non-aggression agreement
vRJGJtT0cX0-00303-00074619-00074888 Latvia was included in the Soviet sphere
vRJGJtT0cX0-00304-00074889-00075204 of interest on the 17th of June 1940
vRJGJtT0cX0-00305-00075205-00075546 Latvia was occupied by Soviet forces the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00306-00075547-00075768 Carla sominus government was removed and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00307-00075769-00075960 new illegitimate elections were held on
vRJGJtT0cX0-00308-00075961-00076226 the 21st of June 1940 with only one
vRJGJtT0cX0-00309-00076227-00076538 party listed electing a fake parliament
vRJGJtT0cX0-00310-00076539-00076749 which made resolution to join the Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00311-00076750-00076953 Union with the resolution having already
vRJGJtT0cX0-00312-00076954-00077124 been drawn up in Moscow prior to the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00313-00077125-00077379 election Latvia became part of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00314-00077380-00077600 Soviet Union on the 5th of August and on
vRJGJtT0cX0-00315-00077601-00077838 the 25th of August all people in Latvia
vRJGJtT0cX0-00316-00077839-00078125 became citizens of the Soviet Union the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00317-00078126-00078326 Ministry of Foreign Affairs was closed
vRJGJtT0cX0-00318-00078327-00078525 isolating Latvia from the rest of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00319-00078526-00078660 world in accordance with the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00320-00078661-00078888 molotov-ribbentrop pact Soviet troops
vRJGJtT0cX0-00321-00078889-00079203 invaded Latvia on the 17th of June 1940
vRJGJtT0cX0-00322-00079204-00079344 and it was subsequently incorporated
vRJGJtT0cX0-00323-00079345-00079569 into the Soviet Union as the Latvian
vRJGJtT0cX0-00324-00079570-00079913 Soviet Socialist Republic on the 14th of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00325-00079914-00080217 June 1941 thousands of people were taken
vRJGJtT0cX0-00326-00080218-00080379 from their homes loaded onto freight
vRJGJtT0cX0-00327-00080380-00080634 trains and taken to Siberia whole
vRJGJtT0cX0-00328-00080635-00080841 families women children and old people
vRJGJtT0cX0-00329-00080842-00081147 were sent to death camps in Siberia the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00330-00081148-00081342 crime was perpetrated by the Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00331-00081343-00081543 occupation regime on the orders of high
vRJGJtT0cX0-00332-00081544-00081798 authorities in Moscow prior the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00333-00081799-00081987 deportation the people's commissariat
vRJGJtT0cX0-00334-00081988-00082197 established operational groups who
vRJGJtT0cX0-00335-00082198-00082406 performed arrests search and seizure of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00336-00082407-00082686 the property arrests took place in all
vRJGJtT0cX0-00337-00082687-00083309 parts in Latvia including rural areas
vRJGJtT0cX0-00338-00083310-00083706 Lithuania
vRJGJtT0cX0-00339-00083707-00083935 Lithuania and the other Baltic states
vRJGJtT0cX0-00340-00083936-00084072 fell victim to the molotov-ribbentrop
vRJGJtT0cX0-00341-00084073-00084375 pact this agreement was signed between
vRJGJtT0cX0-00342-00084376-00084666 the USSR and Germany in August 1939
vRJGJtT0cX0-00343-00084667-00084937 leading first to Lithuania being invaded
vRJGJtT0cX0-00344-00084938-00085234 by the Red Army on the 15th of June 1940
vRJGJtT0cX0-00345-00085235-00085393 and then to its annexation and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00346-00085394-00085599 incorporation into the Soviet Union on
vRJGJtT0cX0-00347-00085600-00085909 the 3rd of August 1940 the Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00348-00085910-00086140 annexation resulted in mass terror the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00349-00086141-00086301 denial of civil liberties the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00350-00086302-00086451 destruction of the country's economic
vRJGJtT0cX0-00351-00086452-00086682 system and the suppression of Lithuanian
vRJGJtT0cX0-00352-00086683-00087115 culture between 1940 1941 thousands of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00353-00087116-00087274 Lithuanian --zz were arrested and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00354-00087275-00087442 hundreds of political prisoners were
vRJGJtT0cX0-00355-00087443-00087787 arbitrarily executed more than 17,000
vRJGJtT0cX0-00356-00087788-00087999 people were deported to Siberia in June
vRJGJtT0cX0-00357-00088000-00088336 1941 after the German attack on the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00358-00088337-00088546 Soviet Union the incipient Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00359-00088547-00088749 political apparatus was either destroyed
vRJGJtT0cX0-00360-00088750-00089047 or retreated eastward Lithuania was then
vRJGJtT0cX0-00361-00089048-00089262 occupied by Nazi Germany for a little
vRJGJtT0cX0-00362-00089263-00089629 over three years in 1944 the Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00363-00089630-00089884 Union reoccupied Lithuania following
vRJGJtT0cX0-00364-00089885-00090069 World War two and the subsequent
vRJGJtT0cX0-00365-00090070-00090253 suppression of the Lithuanian forests
vRJGJtT0cX0-00366-00090254-00090490 brothers the Soviet authorities executed
vRJGJtT0cX0-00367-00090491-00090663 thousands of resistance fighters and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00368-00090664-00090823 civilians whom they accused of aiding
vRJGJtT0cX0-00369-00090824-00091150 them some 300,000 Lithuanian --hz were
vRJGJtT0cX0-00370-00091151-00091348 deported or sentenced to terms in prison
vRJGJtT0cX0-00371-00091349-00091626 camps on political grounds it is
vRJGJtT0cX0-00372-00091627-00091942 estimated that Lithuania lost almost 780
vRJGJtT0cX0-00373-00091943-00092137 thousand citizens as a result of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00374-00092138-00092410 Soviet occupation of these around 440
vRJGJtT0cX0-00375-00092411-00092659 thousand were war refugees the estimated
vRJGJtT0cX0-00376-00092660-00092866 death toll in Soviet prisons and camps
vRJGJtT0cX0-00377-00092867-00093219 between 1944 and 1953 was at least
vRJGJtT0cX0-00378-00093220-00093484 fourteen thousand the estimated death
vRJGJtT0cX0-00379-00093485-00093771 toll among deportees between 1945 and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00380-00093772-00094176 1958 was 20,000 including 5,000 children
vRJGJtT0cX0-00381-00094177-00094360 during the restoration of Lithuanian
vRJGJtT0cX0-00382-00094361-00094705 independence in 1990 and 1991 the soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00383-00094706-00094950 army killed 13 people in vilnius during
vRJGJtT0cX0-00384-00094951-00095383 the january events
vRJGJtT0cX0-00385-00095384-00095797 topic Poland
vRJGJtT0cX0-00386-00095798-00096448 topic 1939 to 1941
vRJGJtT0cX0-00387-00096449-00096796 in September 1939 the Red Army invaded
vRJGJtT0cX0-00388-00096797-00096976 eastern Poland and occupied it in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00389-00096977-00097174 accordance with the secret protocols of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00390-00097175-00097468 the Molotov Ribbentrop pact the soviets
vRJGJtT0cX0-00391-00097469-00097651 later forcefully occupied the Baltic
vRJGJtT0cX0-00392-00097652-00097882 States and parts of Romania including
vRJGJtT0cX0-00393-00097883-00098221 Bessarabia and northern bukovina German
vRJGJtT0cX0-00394-00098222-00098428 historian Thomas Urban writes that the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00395-00098429-00098626 Soviet policy towards the people who
vRJGJtT0cX0-00396-00098627-00098800 fell under their control in occupied
vRJGJtT0cX0-00397-00098801-00099031 areas was harsh showing strong elements
vRJGJtT0cX0-00398-00099032-00099394 of ethnic cleansing the NKVD task forces
vRJGJtT0cX0-00399-00099395-00099595 followed the Red Army to remove hostile
vRJGJtT0cX0-00400-00099596-00099784 elements from the conquered territories
vRJGJtT0cX0-00401-00099785-00099961 in what was known as the revolution by
vRJGJtT0cX0-00402-00099962-00100312 hanging Polish historian professor Tomas
vRJGJtT0cX0-00403-00100313-00100510 Stremme OSH has noted parallels between
vRJGJtT0cX0-00404-00100511-00100750 the Nazi Einsatzgruppen and these Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00405-00100751-00101029 units many civilians tried to escape
vRJGJtT0cX0-00406-00101030-00101314 from the Soviet NKVD roundups those who
vRJGJtT0cX0-00407-00101315-00101497 failed were taken into custody and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00408-00101498-00101653 afterwards they were deported to Siberia
vRJGJtT0cX0-00409-00101654-00101914 and vanished in the gulags torture was
vRJGJtT0cX0-00410-00101915-00102115 used on a wide scale in various prisons
vRJGJtT0cX0-00411-00102116-00102316 especially in those prisons that were
vRJGJtT0cX0-00412-00102317-00102607 located in small towns prisoners were
vRJGJtT0cX0-00413-00102608-00102826 scalded with boiling water in Bob burka
vRJGJtT0cX0-00414-00102827-00103072 in sham is Lani people's noses ears and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00415-00103073-00103257 fingers were cut off and their eyes were
vRJGJtT0cX0-00416-00103258-00103492 also put out in Zork ow the breasts of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00417-00103493-00103672 female inmates were cut off and in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00418-00103673-00103732 drohobych
vRJGJtT0cX0-00419-00103733-00103906 victims were bound together with barbed
vRJGJtT0cX0-00420-00103907-00104194 wire similar atrocities occurred in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00421-00104195-00104544 Sambor stanislav off str YJ and Zola's
vRJGJtT0cX0-00422-00104545-00104914 ow according to historian professor Jan
vRJGJtT0cX0-00423-00104915-00105204 T gross we cannot escape the conclusion
vRJGJtT0cX0-00424-00105205-00105481 Soviet state security organs tortured
vRJGJtT0cX0-00425-00105482-00105658 their prisoners not only to extract
vRJGJtT0cX0-00426-00105658-00105847 confessions but also to put them to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00427-00105848-00106171 death not that the NKVD had sadists in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00428-00106172-00106363 its ranks who had run amuck rather this
vRJGJtT0cX0-00429-00106364-00106614 was a wide and systematic procedure
vRJGJtT0cX0-00430-00106615-00106948 according to sociologist professor Teddy
vRJGJtT0cX0-00431-00106949-00107140 used piotrovsky during the years from
vRJGJtT0cX0-00432-00107141-00107566 1939 to 41 nearly 1.5 million persons
vRJGJtT0cX0-00433-00107567-00107776 including both local inhabitants and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00434-00107777-00108001 refugees from German occupied Poland
vRJGJtT0cX0-00435-00108002-00108183 were deported from the Soviet controlled
vRJGJtT0cX0-00436-00108184-00108424 areas of former eastern Poland deep into
vRJGJtT0cX0-00437-00108425-00108700 the Soviet Union of whom 50 8.0 percent
vRJGJtT0cX0-00438-00108701-00109015 were poles 19.4% jews and the remainder
vRJGJtT0cX0-00439-00109016-00109321 other ethnic nationalities only a small
vRJGJtT0cX0-00440-00109322-00109509 number of these deportees returned to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00441-00109510-00109669 their homes after the war when their
vRJGJtT0cX0-00442-00109670-00109789 homelands were annexed
vRJGJtT0cX0-00443-00109790-00110068 the Soviet Union according to american
vRJGJtT0cX0-00444-00110069-00110251 professor carroll quigley at least
vRJGJtT0cX0-00445-00110252-00110511 one-third of the 320,000 polish
vRJGJtT0cX0-00446-00110513-00110704 prisoners of war captured by the Red
vRJGJtT0cX0-00447-00110705-00110941 Army in 1939 were murdered it's
vRJGJtT0cX0-00448-00110942-00111145 estimated that between ten and thirty
vRJGJtT0cX0-00449-00111146-00111313 five thousand prisoners were killed
vRJGJtT0cX0-00450-00111314-00111544 either in prisons or unprinted the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00451-00111545-00111751 Soviet Union in the few days after the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00452-00111752-00112090 22nd of June 1941 German attack on the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00453-00112091-00112315 Soviets prisons Brigit key zolochiv
vRJGJtT0cX0-00454-00112316-00112792 Dubno drohobych and so on
vRJGJtT0cX0-00455-00112793-00113431 topic 1944-1945
vRJGJtT0cX0-00456-00113432-00113725 in Poland German Nazi atrocities ended
vRJGJtT0cX0-00457-00113726-00113983 by late 1944 but they were replaced by
vRJGJtT0cX0-00458-00113983-00114169 Soviet oppression with the advance of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00459-00114170-00114490 Red Army forces Soviet soldiers often
vRJGJtT0cX0-00460-00114491-00114718 engaged in plunder rape and other crimes
vRJGJtT0cX0-00461-00114719-00114943 against the poles causing the population
vRJGJtT0cX0-00462-00114944-00115150 to fear and hate the regime soldiers of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00463-00115151-00115383 the Polish Home Army Armia krajowa were
vRJGJtT0cX0-00464-00115384-00115576 persecuted and imprisoned by Russian
vRJGJtT0cX0-00465-00115577-00115825 forces as a matter of course most
vRJGJtT0cX0-00466-00115826-00116034 victims were deported to the gulags in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00467-00116035-00116350 the Donetsk region in 1945 alone the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00468-00116351-00116488 number of members of the Polish
vRJGJtT0cX0-00469-00116489-00116656 underground state who were deported to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00470-00116657-00116881 Siberia and various labor camps in the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00471-00116882-00117220 Soviet Union reached 50,000 units of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00472-00117221-00117427 Red Army carried out campaigns against
vRJGJtT0cX0-00473-00117428-00117706 Polish partisans and civilians during
vRJGJtT0cX0-00474-00117707-00117982 the augusto chase in 1945 more than
vRJGJtT0cX0-00475-00117983-00118260 2,000 poles were captured and about 600
vRJGJtT0cX0-00476-00118261-00118408 of them are presumed to have died in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00477-00118408-00118681 Soviet custody for more information
vRJGJtT0cX0-00478-00118682-00118906 about post-war resistance in Poland see
vRJGJtT0cX0-00479-00118907-00119200 the cursed soldiers it was a common
vRJGJtT0cX0-00480-00119201-00119401 Soviet practice to accuse their victims
vRJGJtT0cX0-00481-00119402-00119614 of being fascists in order to justify
vRJGJtT0cX0-00482-00119615-00119881 their death sentences all the perversion
vRJGJtT0cX0-00483-00119882-00120043 of this Soviet tactic lay in the fact
vRJGJtT0cX0-00484-00120044-00120256 that practically all of the accused had
vRJGJtT0cX0-00485-00120257-00120427 in reality been fighting against the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00486-00120428-00120649 forces of Nazi Germany since September
vRJGJtT0cX0-00487-00120650-00120997 1939 at that time the Soviets were still
vRJGJtT0cX0-00488-00120998-00121204 collaborating with Nazi Germany for more
vRJGJtT0cX0-00489-00121205-00121390 than 20 months before Operation
vRJGJtT0cX0-00490-00121391-00121681 Barbarossa started precisely therefore
vRJGJtT0cX0-00491-00121682-00121897 these kinds of poles were judged capable
vRJGJtT0cX0-00492-00121898-00122098 of resisting the Soviets in the same way
vRJGJtT0cX0-00493-00122099-00122371 that they had resisted the Nazis after
vRJGJtT0cX0-00494-00122372-00122566 the war a more elaborate appearance of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00495-00122567-00122725 justice was given under the jurisdiction
vRJGJtT0cX0-00496-00122726-00122892 of the Polish People's Republic
vRJGJtT0cX0-00497-00122893-00123118 orchestrated by the Soviets in the form
vRJGJtT0cX0-00498-00123119-00123367 of mock trials these were organized
vRJGJtT0cX0-00499-00123368-00123556 after victims had been arrested under
vRJGJtT0cX0-00500-00123557-00123796 false charges by the NKVD or other
vRJGJtT0cX0-00501-00123797-00124042 Soviet controlled security organizations
vRJGJtT0cX0-00502-00124043-00124245 such as the Ministry of Public Security
vRJGJtT0cX0-00503-00124246-00124606 at least 6,000 political death sentences
vRJGJtT0cX0-00504-00124607-00124777 were issued and the majority of them
vRJGJtT0cX0-00505-00124778-00125010 were carried out it is estimated that
vRJGJtT0cX0-00506-00125011-00125266 over 20,000 people died in communist
vRJGJtT0cX0-00507-00125267-00125578 prisons famous examples include witold
vRJGJtT0cX0-00508-00125579-00125638 pilecki
vRJGJtT0cX0-00509-00125639-00125854 or Emil August Field Orff the attitude
vRJGJtT0cX0-00510-00125855-00126043 of Soviet servicemen towards ethnic
vRJGJtT0cX0-00511-00126044-00126208 poles was better than their attitude
vRJGJtT0cX0-00512-00126208-00126370 towards the Germans but it was not
vRJGJtT0cX0-00513-00126371-00126640 entirely better the scale of rape of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00514-00126641-00126825 Polish women in 1941
vRJGJtT0cX0-00515-00126826-00127023 I've led to a pandemic of sexually
vRJGJtT0cX0-00516-00127024-00127282 transmitted diseases although the total
vRJGJtT0cX0-00517-00127283-00127468 number of victims remains a matter of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00518-00127469-00127689 guessing the Polish state archives and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00519-00127690-00127848 statistics of the Ministry of Health
vRJGJtT0cX0-00520-00127849-00128025 indicate that it might have exceeded
vRJGJtT0cX0-00521-00128026-00128400 100,000 in Krakow the Soviet entry into
vRJGJtT0cX0-00522-00128401-00128595 the city was accompanied by mass rapes
vRJGJtT0cX0-00523-00128596-00128820 of Polish women and girls as well as the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00524-00128821-00129033 plunder of private property by Red Army
vRJGJtT0cX0-00525-00129034-00129300 soldiers this behavior reached such a
vRJGJtT0cX0-00526-00129301-00129501 scale that even Polish communists
vRJGJtT0cX0-00527-00129502-00129714 installed by the soviet union composed a
vRJGJtT0cX0-00528-00129715-00129897 letter of protest to Joseph Stalin
vRJGJtT0cX0-00529-00129898-00130122 himself while church masses were held in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00530-00130123-00130350 expectation of a Soviet withdrawal Red
vRJGJtT0cX0-00531-00130351-00130554 Army was also involved in mass scale
vRJGJtT0cX0-00532-00130555-00131013 looting at liberated territories
vRJGJtT0cX0-00533-00131014-00131474 topic Finland
vRJGJtT0cX0-00534-00131475-00131909 between 1941 to 1944 Soviet partisan
vRJGJtT0cX0-00535-00131910-00132101 units conducted raids deep inside
vRJGJtT0cX0-00536-00132102-00132335 Finnish territory attacking villages and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00537-00132336-00132689 other civilian targets in November 2006
vRJGJtT0cX0-00538-00132690-00132884 photographs showing Soviet atrocities
vRJGJtT0cX0-00539-00132885-00133082 were Declassified by the Finnish
vRJGJtT0cX0-00540-00133083-00133346 authorities these include images of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00541-00133347-00133579 slain women and children the partisans
vRJGJtT0cX0-00542-00133580-00133787 usually executed their military and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00543-00133788-00133958 civilian prisoners after a minor
vRJGJtT0cX0-00544-00133959-00134270 interrogation around 3,500 finished
vRJGJtT0cX0-00545-00134271-00134489 prisoners of war of whom five were women
vRJGJtT0cX0-00546-00134490-00134726 were captured by the Red Army their
vRJGJtT0cX0-00547-00134727-00134927 mortality rate is estimated to have been
vRJGJtT0cX0-00548-00134928-00135197 about 40 percent the most common causes
vRJGJtT0cX0-00549-00135198-00135415 of death were hunger cold an oppressive
vRJGJtT0cX0-00550-00135416-00135779 transportation
vRJGJtT0cX0-00551-00135780-00136284 topic Soviet Union
vRJGJtT0cX0-00552-00136285-00137002 topic retrieved by Soviet forces in 1941
vRJGJtT0cX0-00553-00137003-00137254 deportations summary executions of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00554-00137255-00137429 political prisoners in the burning of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00555-00137430-00137645 food stocks and villages took place when
vRJGJtT0cX0-00556-00137646-00137804 the Red Army retreated before the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00557-00137805-00138173 advancing Axis forces in 1941 in the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00558-00138174-00138401 Baltic States Belarus Ukraine and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00559-00138402-00138701 Bessarabia the NKVD and attached units
vRJGJtT0cX0-00560-00138702-00138908 of the Red Army massacred prisoners and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00561-00138909-00139085 political opponents before fleeing from
vRJGJtT0cX0-00562-00139086-00139544 the advancing Axis forces
vRJGJtT0cX0-00563-00139545-00139957 topic comitia
vRJGJtT0cX0-00564-00139958-00140238 during the kalmyk deportations of 1943
vRJGJtT0cX0-00565-00140239-00140487 codenamed Operation illusi average
vRJGJtT0cX0-00566-00140488-00140772 illuzzi the deportation of most people
vRJGJtT0cX0-00567-00140773-00140979 of the kalmyk nationality in the soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00568-00140980-00141249 union USSR and russian women married to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00569-00141250-00141486 comics but excluding komak women married
vRJGJtT0cX0-00570-00141487-00141678 to men of other nationalities around
vRJGJtT0cX0-00571-00141679-00142035 half of all 97-98 thousand komak people
vRJGJtT0cX0-00572-00142036-00142246 deported to Siberia died before being
vRJGJtT0cX0-00573-00142247-00142735 allowed to return home in 1957
vRJGJtT0cX0-00574-00142736-00143214 topic Crimea
vRJGJtT0cX0-00575-00143215-00143681 topic Germany
vRJGJtT0cX0-00576-00143682-00143924 according to historian Norman Naimark
vRJGJtT0cX0-00577-00143925-00144178 statements in Soviet military newspapers
vRJGJtT0cX0-00578-00144179-00144323 and the orders of the Soviet High
vRJGJtT0cX0-00579-00144324-00144529 Command were jointly responsible for the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00580-00144530-00144814 excesses of the Red Army propaganda
vRJGJtT0cX0-00581-00144815-00145003 proclaimed that the Red Army had entered
vRJGJtT0cX0-00582-00145004-00145193 Germany as an Avenger to punish all
vRJGJtT0cX0-00583-00145194-00145414 Germans some historians dispute this
vRJGJtT0cX0-00584-00145415-00145646 referring to an order issued on the 19th
vRJGJtT0cX0-00585-00145647-00145924 of January 1945 which required the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00586-00145925-00146108 prevention of mistreatment of civilians
vRJGJtT0cX0-00587-00146109-00146381 an order of the military council of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00588-00146382-00146618 1st Belarusian front signed by marshal
vRJGJtT0cX0-00589-00146619-00146807 Rokossovsky ordered the shooting of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00590-00146808-00146993 looters and rapists at the scene of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00591-00146994-00147281 crime an order issued by staff caon the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00592-00147282-00147569 20th of April 1945 said that there was a
vRJGJtT0cX0-00593-00147570-00147746 need to maintain good relations with
vRJGJtT0cX0-00594-00147747-00147947 German civilians in order to decrease
vRJGJtT0cX0-00595-00147948-00148136 resistance and bring a quicker end to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00596-00148137-00148458 hostilities
vRJGJtT0cX0-00597-00148459-00148970 topic murders of civilians
vRJGJtT0cX0-00598-00148971-00149201 on several occasions during World War
vRJGJtT0cX0-00599-00149202-00149423 two Soviet soldiers set fire to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00600-00149424-00149665 buildings villages or parts of cities
vRJGJtT0cX0-00601-00149666-00149843 and they used deadly force against
vRJGJtT0cX0-00602-00149844-00149996 locals who attempted to put out the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00603-00149997-00150326 fires most Red Army atrocities only took
vRJGJtT0cX0-00604-00150327-00150518 place in what was regarded as hostile
vRJGJtT0cX0-00605-00150519-00150765 territory tsipras is oeis Massacre
vRJGJtT0cX0-00606-00150766-00151015 soldiers of the Red Army together with
vRJGJtT0cX0-00607-00151016-00151274 members of the NKVD frequently looted
vRJGJtT0cX0-00608-00151275-00151498 German transport trains in Poland in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00609-00151499-00151826 1944 and 1945 for the Germans
vRJGJtT0cX0-00610-00151827-00152018 the organized evacuation of civilians
vRJGJtT0cX0-00611-00152019-00152222 before the advancing Red Army was
vRJGJtT0cX0-00612-00152223-00152423 delayed by the Nazi government so as not
vRJGJtT0cX0-00613-00152424-00152621 to demoralize the troops who were by now
vRJGJtT0cX0-00614-00152622-00152870 fighting in their own country Nazi
vRJGJtT0cX0-00615-00152871-00153113 propaganda originally meant to stiffen
vRJGJtT0cX0-00616-00153114-00153338 civil resistance by describing in gory
vRJGJtT0cX0-00617-00153339-00153524 and embellished detail Red Army
vRJGJtT0cX0-00618-00153525-00153683 atrocities such as the nemmersdorf
vRJGJtT0cX0-00619-00153684-00153971 massacre often backfired and created
vRJGJtT0cX0-00620-00153972-00154259 panic whenever possible as soon as the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00621-00154260-00154496 Vermont retreated local civilians began
vRJGJtT0cX0-00622-00154497-00154646 to flee westward on their own initiative
vRJGJtT0cX0-00623-00154647-00154876 fleeing before the advancing Red Army
vRJGJtT0cX0-00624-00154877-00155072 large numbers of the inhabitants of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00625-00155073-00155309 German provinces of East Prussia so Lisa
vRJGJtT0cX0-00626-00155310-00155483 and Pomerania died during the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00627-00155484-00155665 evacuations some from cold and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00628-00155666-00155861 starvation some during combat operations
vRJGJtT0cX0-00629-00155862-00156182 a significant percentage of this death
vRJGJtT0cX0-00630-00156183-00156413 toll however occurred when evacuation
vRJGJtT0cX0-00631-00156414-00156584 columns encountered units of the Red
vRJGJtT0cX0-00632-00156585-00156889 Army civilians were run over by tanks
vRJGJtT0cX0-00633-00156890-00157172 shot or otherwise murdered women and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00634-00157173-00157373 young girls were raped and left to die
vRJGJtT0cX0-00635-00157374-00157564 in addition fighter bombers of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00636-00157565-00157751 soviet air force flew bombing and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00637-00157752-00157946 strafing missions that targeted columns
vRJGJtT0cX0-00638-00157947-00158278 of refugees although mass executions of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00639-00158279-00158471 civilians by the Red Army were seldom
vRJGJtT0cX0-00640-00158472-00158653 publicly reported there is a known
vRJGJtT0cX0-00641-00158654-00158831 incident in true in Britain where at
vRJGJtT0cX0-00642-00158832-00159056 least 88 male inhabitants were rounded
vRJGJtT0cX0-00643-00159057-00159391 up and shot on the 1st of May 1945 the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00644-00159392-00159557 incident took place after a victory
vRJGJtT0cX0-00645-00159558-00159790 celebration in which numerous girls from
vRJGJtT0cX0-00646-00159791-00159956 true in Britain were raped and a Red
vRJGJtT0cX0-00647-00159957-00160148 Army lieutenant colonel was shot by an
vRJGJtT0cX0-00648-00160149-00160402 unknown assailant some sources claim
vRJGJtT0cX0-00649-00160403-00160661 that as many as 1,000 civilians may have
vRJGJtT0cX0-00650-00160662-00160844 been executed during the incident the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00651-00160845-00161000 first mayor of the Charlottenburg
vRJGJtT0cX0-00652-00161001-00161198 district of Berlin Walter Killian
vRJGJtT0cX0-00653-00161199-00161396 appointed by the Soviets after the war
vRJGJtT0cX0-00654-00161397-00161626 ended reported extensively tting by Red
vRJGJtT0cX0-00655-00161627-00161882 Army soldiers in the area individuals
vRJGJtT0cX0-00656-00161883-00162292 department stores shops apartment
vRJGJtT0cX0-00657-00162293-00162652 all were robbed blind in the Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00658-00162653-00162859 occupation zone members of the sed
vRJGJtT0cX0-00659-00162860-00163087 reported to Stalin that looting and rape
vRJGJtT0cX0-00660-00163088-00163285 by Soviet soldiers could result in a
vRJGJtT0cX0-00661-00163286-00163447 negative reaction by the German
vRJGJtT0cX0-00662-00163448-00163669 population towards the Soviet Union and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00663-00163670-00163908 the future of socialism in East Germany
vRJGJtT0cX0-00664-00163909-00164182 Stalin is said to have angrily reacted I
vRJGJtT0cX0-00665-00164183-00164437 shall not tolerate anybody dragging the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00666-00164438-00164688 honor of the Red Army through the mud
vRJGJtT0cX0-00667-00164689-00165022 accordingly all evidence such as reports
vRJGJtT0cX0-00668-00165023-00165235 photos and other documents of looting
vRJGJtT0cX0-00669-00165236-00165424 rape the burning down of farms and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00670-00165425-00165673 villages by the Red Army was deleted
vRJGJtT0cX0-00671-00165674-00165922 from all archives in the future gdr a
vRJGJtT0cX0-00672-00165923-00166078 study published by the german government
vRJGJtT0cX0-00673-00166079-00166402 in 1989 estimated the death toll among
vRJGJtT0cX0-00674-00166403-00166609 German civilians in Eastern Europe to be
vRJGJtT0cX0-00675-00166610-00166914 six hundred thirty five thousand with
vRJGJtT0cX0-00676-00166915-00167173 270,000 dying as the result of Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00677-00167174-00167458 war crimes 160 thousand deaths occurring
vRJGJtT0cX0-00678-00167459-00167614 at the hands of various nationalities
vRJGJtT0cX0-00679-00167615-00167833 during the expulsion of Germans after
vRJGJtT0cX0-00680-00167834-00168016 World War two and two hundred five
vRJGJtT0cX0-00681-00168017-00168202 thousand deaths in the forced labor of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00682-00168203-00168439 Germans in the Soviet Union these
vRJGJtT0cX0-00683-00168440-00168784 figures do not include at least 125,000
vRJGJtT0cX0-00684-00168785-00169270 civilian deaths in the Battle of Berlin
vRJGJtT0cX0-00685-00169271-00169700 topic mass rapes
vRJGJtT0cX0-00686-00169701-00169915 Western estimates of the traceable
vRJGJtT0cX0-00687-00169916-00170086 number of rape victims range from
vRJGJtT0cX0-00688-00170087-00170393 200,000 to 2 million following the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00689-00170394-00170690 winter offensive of 1945 mass rape by
vRJGJtT0cX0-00690-00170691-00170866 Soviet males occurred in all major
vRJGJtT0cX0-00691-00170867-00171046 cities taken by the Red Army
vRJGJtT0cX0-00692-00171047-00171296 women were gang-raped by as many as
vRJGJtT0cX0-00693-00171297-00171473 several dozen soldiers during the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00694-00171474-00171725 liberation of Poland in some cases
vRJGJtT0cX0-00695-00171726-00171878 victims who did not hide in the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00696-00171879-00172085 basements all day were raped up to 15
vRJGJtT0cX0-00697-00172086-00172364 times according to historian Antony
vRJGJtT0cX0-00698-00172365-00172574 Beevor following the Red Army's capture
vRJGJtT0cX0-00699-00172575-00172877 of Berlin in 1945 Soviet troops raped
vRJGJtT0cX0-00700-00172878-00173081 German women and girls as young as eight
vRJGJtT0cX0-00701-00173082-00173365 years old the explanation of revenge is
vRJGJtT0cX0-00702-00173366-00173639 disputed by Beevor at least with regard
vRJGJtT0cX0-00703-00173640-00173900 to the mass rapes Beevor has written
vRJGJtT0cX0-00704-00173901-00174154 that Red Army soldiers also raped Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00705-00174155-00174320 and polish women liberated from
vRJGJtT0cX0-00706-00174321-00174539 concentration camps and he contends that
vRJGJtT0cX0-00707-00174540-00174743 this undermines the revenge explanation
vRJGJtT0cX0-00708-00174744-00174940 according to Norman Naimark after the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00709-00174941-00175223 summer of 1945 Soviet soldiers caught
vRJGJtT0cX0-00710-00175224-00175406 raping civilians usually received
vRJGJtT0cX0-00711-00175407-00175583 punishments ranging from arrest to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00712-00175584-00175883 execution however Naimark contends that
vRJGJtT0cX0-00713-00175884-00176068 the rapes continued until the winter of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00714-00176069-00176365 1947 48 when Soviet occupation
vRJGJtT0cX0-00715-00176366-00176594 authorities finally confined troops to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00716-00176595-00176894 strictly guarded posts and camps Naimark
vRJGJtT0cX0-00717-00176895-00177164 concluded that the social psychology of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00718-00177165-00177379 women and men in the soviet zone of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00719-00177380-00177599 occupation was marked by the crime of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00720-00177600-00177829 rape from the first days of occupation
vRJGJtT0cX0-00721-00177830-00178052 through the founding of the GDR in the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00722-00178053-00178378 fall of 1949 until one could argue the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00723-00178379-00178685 present according to Richard ovary the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00724-00178686-00178879 Russians refused to acknowledge Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00725-00178880-00179128 war crimes partly because they felt that
vRJGJtT0cX0-00726-00179129-00179341 much of it was justified vengeance
vRJGJtT0cX0-00727-00179342-00179525 against an enemy who committed much
vRJGJtT0cX0-00728-00179526-00179732 worse and partly it was because they
vRJGJtT0cX0-00729-00179733-00180246 were writing the victors history
vRJGJtT0cX0-00730-00180247-00180715 topic Hungary
vRJGJtT0cX0-00731-00180716-00180904 according to researcher and author
vRJGJtT0cX0-00732-00180905-00181207 Christian and vari some 38,000 civilians
vRJGJtT0cX0-00733-00181208-00181354 were killed during the siege of Budapest
vRJGJtT0cX0-00734-00181355-00181671 about 13,000 from military action and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00735-00181672-00181942 25,000 from starvation disease and other
vRJGJtT0cX0-00736-00181943-00182236 causes included in the latter figure are
vRJGJtT0cX0-00737-00182237-00182515 about 15,000 Jews largely victims of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00738-00182516-00182773 executions by Nazi SS and arrow cross
vRJGJtT0cX0-00739-00182774-00183076 party death squads are very rights that
vRJGJtT0cX0-00740-00183077-00183271 when the Soviets finally claimed victory
vRJGJtT0cX0-00741-00183272-00183451 they initiated an orgy of violence
vRJGJtT0cX0-00742-00183452-00183640 including the wholesale theft of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00743-00183641-00183781 anything they could lay their hands on
vRJGJtT0cX0-00744-00183782-00184008 random executions and mass rape
vRJGJtT0cX0-00745-00184009-00184195 estimates of the number of rape victims
vRJGJtT0cX0-00746-00184196-00184615 vary from 5,000 to 200,000 according to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00747-00184616-00184816 Norman Naimark Hungarian girls were
vRJGJtT0cX0-00748-00184817-00185035 kidnapped and taken to Red Army quarters
vRJGJtT0cX0-00749-00185036-00185209 where they were imprisoned repeatedly
vRJGJtT0cX0-00750-00185210-00185377 raped and sometimes murdered even
vRJGJtT0cX0-00751-00185378-00185587 embassy staff from neutral countries
vRJGJtT0cX0-00752-00185588-00185746 were captured and raped as was
vRJGJtT0cX0-00753-00185747-00185968 documented when Soviet soldiers attacked
vRJGJtT0cX0-00754-00185969-00186196 the Swedish Legation in Germany a report
vRJGJtT0cX0-00755-00186197-00186379 by the Swiss Legation in Budapest
vRJGJtT0cX0-00756-00186380-00186598 describes the Red Army's entry into the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00757-00186599-00186895 city during the siege of Budapest and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00758-00186896-00187099 also during the following weeks Russian
vRJGJtT0cX0-00759-00187100-00187339 troops looted the city freely they
vRJGJtT0cX0-00760-00187340-00187561 entered practically every habitation the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00761-00187562-00187834 very poorest as well as the richest they
vRJGJtT0cX0-00762-00187835-00187984 took away everything they wanted
vRJGJtT0cX0-00763-00187985-00188345 especially food clothing and valuables
vRJGJtT0cX0-00764-00188346-00188677 every apartment shop Bank etc was looted
vRJGJtT0cX0-00765-00188678-00188941 several times furniture and larger
vRJGJtT0cX0-00766-00188942-00189151 objects of art etc that could not be
vRJGJtT0cX0-00767-00189152-00189350 taken away were frequently simply
vRJGJtT0cX0-00768-00189351-00189644 destroyed in many cases after looting
vRJGJtT0cX0-00769-00189645-00189872 the homes were also put on fire causing
vRJGJtT0cX0-00770-00189873-00190077 a vast total loss
vRJGJtT0cX0-00771-00190078-00190272 bank safes were emptied without
vRJGJtT0cX0-00772-00190273-00190524 exception even the British and American
vRJGJtT0cX0-00773-00190525-00190814 safes and whatever was found was taken
vRJGJtT0cX0-00774-00190815-00191049 according to historian James mark
vRJGJtT0cX0-00775-00191050-00191265 memories and opinions of the Red Army in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00776-00191266-00191517 Hungary are mixed nationalists
vRJGJtT0cX0-00777-00191518-00191745 conservatives and anti-communists tend
vRJGJtT0cX0-00778-00191746-00191925 to demonize the Soviets because of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00779-00191926-00192090 atrocities that they committed during
vRJGJtT0cX0-00780-00192091-00192321 World War two while Jews left wingers
vRJGJtT0cX0-00781-00192322-00192525 and liberals generally downplay stories
vRJGJtT0cX0-00782-00192526-00192914 of Soviet crimes
vRJGJtT0cX0-00783-00192915-00193431 topic Yugoslavia
vRJGJtT0cX0-00784-00193432-00193743 according to Yugoslavian mill evangelist
vRJGJtT0cX0-00785-00193744-00194024 at least 121 cases of rape were
vRJGJtT0cX0-00786-00194025-00194310 documented 111 of which also involved
vRJGJtT0cX0-00787-00194311-00194745 murder a total of 1204 cases of looting
vRJGJtT0cX0-00788-00194746-00195026 with assault were also documented jail
vRJGJtT0cX0-00789-00195027-00195222 is described these figures as hardly
vRJGJtT0cX0-00790-00195223-00195387 insignificant if it is borne in mind
vRJGJtT0cX0-00791-00195388-00195575 that the Red Army crossed only the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00792-00195576-00195849 northeastern corner of Yugoslavia this
vRJGJtT0cX0-00793-00195850-00196079 caused concern to the Yugoslav communist
vRJGJtT0cX0-00794-00196080-00196265 partisans who feared that stories of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00795-00196266-00196427 crimes committed by their Soviet allies
vRJGJtT0cX0-00796-00196428-00196596 would weaken their standing among the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00797-00196597-00196881 population Geel is writes that in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00798-00196882-00197153 response Yugoslavia zijn leader Joseph
vRJGJtT0cX0-00799-00197154-00197336 Broz Tito summoned the chief of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00800-00197337-00197579 Soviet military mission general korneyev
vRJGJtT0cX0-00801-00197580-00197847 and formally protested despite having
vRJGJtT0cX0-00802-00197848-00198144 been invited as a comrade korneyev
vRJGJtT0cX0-00803-00198145-00198359 exploded at them for offering such
vRJGJtT0cX0-00804-00198360-00198711 insinuations against the Red Army G Liz
vRJGJtT0cX0-00805-00198712-00198911 who was present at the meeting spoke up
vRJGJtT0cX0-00806-00198912-00199100 and explained the British Army had never
vRJGJtT0cX0-00807-00199101-00199383 engaged in such excesses while
vRJGJtT0cX0-00808-00199384-00199536 liberating the other regions of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00809-00199537-00199829 Yugoslavia general korneyev responded by
vRJGJtT0cX0-00810-00199830-00200094 screaming I protest most sharply at this
vRJGJtT0cX0-00811-00200095-00200291 insult given to the Red Army by
vRJGJtT0cX0-00812-00200292-00200436 comparing it with the armies of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00813-00200437-00200757 capitalist countries the meeting with
vRJGJtT0cX0-00814-00200758-00201036 korneyev not only ended without results
vRJGJtT0cX0-00815-00201037-00201297 it also caused Stalin to personally
vRJGJtT0cX0-00816-00201298-00201498 attack Jia's during his next visit to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00817-00201499-00201788 the Kremlin in tears stalin denounced
vRJGJtT0cX0-00818-00201789-00202028 the yugoslav army and how it was
vRJGJtT0cX0-00819-00202029-00202361 administered he then spoke agitatedly
vRJGJtT0cX0-00820-00202362-00202586 about the sufferings of the Red Army and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00821-00202587-00202758 the horrors that it was forced to endure
vRJGJtT0cX0-00822-00202759-00202947 while it was fighting through thousands
vRJGJtT0cX0-00823-00202948-00203236 of kilometers of devastated country
vRJGJtT0cX0-00824-00203237-00203544 stalin climaxed with the words and such
vRJGJtT0cX0-00825-00203545-00203789 an army was insulted by no one else but
vRJGJtT0cX0-00826-00203790-00204123 jealous Jia's of whom i could least have
vRJGJtT0cX0-00827-00204124-00204338 expected such a thing a man whom I
vRJGJtT0cX0-00828-00204339-00204662 received so well and an army which did
vRJGJtT0cX0-00829-00204663-00204935 not spare its blood for you does G Liz
vRJGJtT0cX0-00830-00204936-00205157 who is himself a writer not know what
vRJGJtT0cX0-00831-00205158-00205363 humans suffering in the human heart are
vRJGJtT0cX0-00832-00205364-00205646 can't he understand it if a soldier who
vRJGJtT0cX0-00833-00205648-00205830 has crossed thousands of kilometers
vRJGJtT0cX0-00834-00205831-00206052 through blood and fire and death has fun
vRJGJtT0cX0-00835-00206053-00206284 with a woman or take some trifle
vRJGJtT0cX0-00836-00206285-00206561 according to jealous the Soviet refusal
vRJGJtT0cX0-00837-00206562-00206823 to address protests against red army war
vRJGJtT0cX0-00838-00206823-00207075 in Yugoslavia enraged Tito's government
vRJGJtT0cX0-00839-00207076-00207248 and it was a contributing factor in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00840-00207250-00207450 Yugoslavia subsequent exit from the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00841-00207451-00207865 Soviet bloc
vRJGJtT0cX0-00842-00207866-00208467 topic Czechoslovakia 1945
vRJGJtT0cX0-00843-00208469-00208750 Slovak communist leader Vlado Clementis
vRJGJtT0cX0-00844-00208751-00208953 complained to marshal ivan konev about
vRJGJtT0cX0-00845-00208954-00209115 the behavior of Soviet troops in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00846-00209116-00209415 Czechoslovakia knez response was to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00847-00209416-00209602 claim it was done mainly by red army
vRJGJtT0cX0-00848-00209603-00209998 deserters
vRJGJtT0cX0-00849-00209998-00210398 topic China
vRJGJtT0cX0-00850-00210400-00210729 on the 9th of August 1945 the Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00851-00210730-00210930 Union declared a war on Japan and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00852-00210931-00211071 launched an invasion of the Japanese
vRJGJtT0cX0-00853-00211071-00211425 puppet state of Manchukuo Manchuria upon
vRJGJtT0cX0-00854-00211426-00211665 occupation of this territory the Soviets
vRJGJtT0cX0-00855-00211666-00211854 laid claim to valuable Japanese
vRJGJtT0cX0-00856-00211855-00212069 materials and industrial equipment in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00857-00212071-00212331 the region a foreigner witnessed Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-00858-00212332-00212553 troops formerly stationed in Berlin who
vRJGJtT0cX0-00859-00212554-00212742 were allowed by the Soviet military to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00860-00212742-00212967 go at the city for three days of rape
vRJGJtT0cX0-00861-00212967-00213242 and pillage most of Mukden was gone
vRJGJtT0cX0-00862-00213244-00213453 convict soldiers were then used to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00863-00213454-00213534 replace them
vRJGJtT0cX0-00864-00213535-00213717 it was testified that they stole
vRJGJtT0cX0-00865-00213717-00213960 everything in sight broke up bathtubs
vRJGJtT0cX0-00866-00213961-00214200 and toilets with hammers pulled electric
vRJGJtT0cX0-00867-00214201-00214410 light wiring out of the plaster built
vRJGJtT0cX0-00868-00214411-00214598 fires on the floor and either burned
vRJGJtT0cX0-00869-00214600-00214817 down the house or at least a big hole in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00870-00214819-00215016 the floor and in general behaved
vRJGJtT0cX0-00871-00215017-00215346 completely like savages according to
vRJGJtT0cX0-00872-00215346-00215571 some Western sources the Soviets made it
vRJGJtT0cX0-00873-00215571-00215778 a policy to loot and rape civilians in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00874-00215779-00216051 Manchuria the same Soviet troops from
vRJGJtT0cX0-00875-00216052-00216242 Germany had been sent to Manchuria and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00876-00216244-00216561 looted killed and raped in Harbin the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00877-00216562-00216842 Chinese posted slogans such as down with
vRJGJtT0cX0-00878-00216844-00217146 red imperialism Soviet forces ignored
vRJGJtT0cX0-00879-00217146-00217373 protests by Chinese Communist Party
vRJGJtT0cX0-00880-00217375-00217560 leaders against their mass rape and Luke
vRJGJtT0cX0-00881-00217561-00217905 policy Russian historian Konstantin Asma
vRJGJtT0cX0-00882-00217906-00218115 love argues that such Western accounts
vRJGJtT0cX0-00883-00218116-00218328 of Soviet violence against civilians in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00884-00218329-00218508 the Far East are exaggerations of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00885-00218509-00218721 isolated incidents and the documents of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00886-00218721-00218883 the time don't support the claims of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00887-00218884-00219189 mass crimes asthma love also claims that
vRJGJtT0cX0-00888-00219190-00219384 the Soviets unlike the Germans and the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00889-00219385-00219609 Japanese prosecuted their soldiers and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00890-00219610-00219816 officers for such acts crimes against
vRJGJtT0cX0-00891-00219817-00220005 humanity were also committed against
vRJGJtT0cX0-00892-00220006-00220121 Japanese civilians
vRJGJtT0cX0-00893-00220123-00220401 for instance the Gagan Miao massacre was
vRJGJtT0cX0-00894-00220402-00220608 conducted by the Soviet Army against a
vRJGJtT0cX0-00895-00220609-00220908 group of some 1,800 Japanese women and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00896-00220909-00221100 children who had taken refuge in the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00897-00221101-00221307 lamasery gegen Meowth kokin Miao
vRJGJtT0cX0-00898-00221308-00221664 j-jane Miao on August 14th 1945 during
vRJGJtT0cX0-00899-00221665-00222188 the Soviet invasion of Manchuria
vRJGJtT0cX0-00900-00222189-00222598 topic Japan
vRJGJtT0cX0-00901-00222600-00222866 the Soviet army committed crimes against
vRJGJtT0cX0-00902-00222867-00223082 the Japanese civilian populations and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00903-00223083-00223273 surrendered military personnel in the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00904-00223275-00223502 closing stages of World War two during
vRJGJtT0cX0-00905-00223503-00223669 the assaults on Sakhalin and Kuril
vRJGJtT0cX0-00906-00223671-00223916 Islands sea evacuation of Kara futo and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00907-00223917-00224240 curls
vRJGJtT0cX0-00908-00224241-00224823 topic treatment of prisoners of war
vRJGJtT0cX0-00909-00224825-00225028 although the Soviet Union had not
vRJGJtT0cX0-00910-00225029-00225223 formally signed the Hague Convention it
vRJGJtT0cX0-00911-00225223-00225376 considered itself bound by the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00912-00225377-00225556 conventions provisions throughout the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00913-00225557-00225778 Second World War the Vermont war crimes
vRJGJtT0cX0-00914-00225779-00225973 Bureau collected and investigated
vRJGJtT0cX0-00915-00225973-00226156 reports of crimes against the Axis
vRJGJtT0cX0-00916-00226157-00226426 powers according to Cuban American
vRJGJtT0cX0-00917-00226427-00226663 writer Alfred de Zayas for the entire
vRJGJtT0cX0-00918-00226664-00226917 duration of the Russian campaign reports
vRJGJtT0cX0-00919-00226919-00227094 of torture and murder of German
vRJGJtT0cX0-00920-00227096-00227416 prisoners did not cease the war crimes
vRJGJtT0cX0-00921-00227417-00227646 Bureau had five major sources of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00922-00227648-00227926 information one captured enemy papers
vRJGJtT0cX0-00923-00227927-00228217 especially orders reports of operations
vRJGJtT0cX0-00924-00228217-00228517 and propaganda leaflets two intercepted
vRJGJtT0cX0-00925-00228517-00228748 radio and wireless messages three
vRJGJtT0cX0-00926-00228748-00228991 testimony of Soviet prisoners of war
vRJGJtT0cX0-00927-00228992-00229255 four testimony of captured Germans who
vRJGJtT0cX0-00928-00229256-00229483 had escaped and five testimony of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00929-00229484-00229726 Germans who saw the corpses or mutilated
vRJGJtT0cX0-00930-00229727-00230094 bodies of executed prisoners of war from
vRJGJtT0cX0-00931-00230094-00230503 1941 to 1945 the bureau compiled several
vRJGJtT0cX0-00932-00230504-00230746 thousand depositions reports and
vRJGJtT0cX0-00933-00230746-00230977 captured papers which if nothing else
vRJGJtT0cX0-00934-00230978-00231187 indicate that the killing of German
vRJGJtT0cX0-00935-00231188-00231439 prisoners of war upon capture or shortly
vRJGJtT0cX0-00936-00231440-00231640 after their interrogation was not an
vRJGJtT0cX0-00937-00231641-00231973 isolated occurrence documents relating
vRJGJtT0cX0-00938-00231973-00232216 to the war in France Italy and North
vRJGJtT0cX0-00939-00232217-00232435 Africa contained some reports on the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00940-00232436-00232606 deliberate killing of German prisoners
vRJGJtT0cX0-00941-00232607-00232858 of war but there can be no comparison
vRJGJtT0cX0-00942-00232859-00233098 with the events on the Eastern Front in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00943-00233098-00233452 a November 1941 report the Vermont war
vRJGJtT0cX0-00944-00233453-00233665 crimes Bureau accused the Red Army of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00945-00233666-00234004 employing a terror policy
vRJGJtT0cX0-00946-00234005-00234280 against defenseless German soldiers that
vRJGJtT0cX0-00947-00234281-00234481 have fallen into its hands and against
vRJGJtT0cX0-00948-00234482-00234696 members of the German Medical Corps at
vRJGJtT0cX0-00949-00234697-00235000 the same time
vRJGJtT0cX0-00950-00235001-00235242 it has made use of the following means
vRJGJtT0cX0-00951-00235244-00235507 of camouflage in a Red Army order that
vRJGJtT0cX0-00952-00235508-00235696 bears the approval of the Council of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00953-00235696-00235939 people's commissars dated the 1st of
vRJGJtT0cX0-00954-00235940-00236292 july 1941 the norms of international law
vRJGJtT0cX0-00955-00236294-00236521 are made public which the Red Army in
vRJGJtT0cX0-00956-00236521-00236725 the spirit of The Hague regulations on
vRJGJtT0cX0-00957-00236726-00237069 land warfare are supposed to follow
vRJGJtT0cX0-00958-00237069-00237294 this
vRJGJtT0cX0-00959-00237296-00237567 rushon order probably had very little
vRJGJtT0cX0-00960-00237569-00237807 distribution and surely it has not been
vRJGJtT0cX0-00961-00237808-00238063 followed at all otherwise the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00962-00238064-00238248 unspeakable crimes would not have
vRJGJtT0cX0-00963-00238250-00238501 occurred according to the depositions
vRJGJtT0cX0-00964-00238502-00238726 Soviet massacres of German Italian
vRJGJtT0cX0-00965-00238727-00238983 Spanish and other Axis powers were often
vRJGJtT0cX0-00966-00238984-00239155 incited by unit commissar x'
vRJGJtT0cX0-00967-00239156-00239317 who claimed to be acting under orders
vRJGJtT0cX0-00968-00239317-00239571 from Stalin in the Politburo other
vRJGJtT0cX0-00969-00239573-00239748 evidence cemented the war crimes
vRJGJtT0cX0-00970-00239750-00239958 bureau's belief that Stalin had given
vRJGJtT0cX0-00971-00239959-00240169 secret orders about the massacre of past
vRJGJtT0cX0-00972-00240169-00240502 during the winter of 1941 42 the Red
vRJGJtT0cX0-00973-00240503-00240735 Army captured approximately 10,000
vRJGJtT0cX0-00974-00240736-00240937 German soldiers each month but the death
vRJGJtT0cX0-00975-00240938-00241134 rate became so high that the absolute
vRJGJtT0cX0-00976-00241135-00241330 number of prisoners decreased or was
vRJGJtT0cX0-00977-00241331-00241560 bureaucratically reduced Soviet sources
vRJGJtT0cX0-00978-00241561-00241726 list the deaths of four hundred seventy
vRJGJtT0cX0-00979-00241727-00241951 four thousand nine hundred sixty-seven
vRJGJtT0cX0-00980-00241952-00242179 of the two million six hundred fifty two
vRJGJtT0cX0-00981-00242180-00242398 thousand six hundred seventy two German
vRJGJtT0cX0-00982-00242398-00242631 armed forces taken prisoner in the war
vRJGJtT0cX0-00983-00242632-00242950 dr. rüdiger over man's believes that it
vRJGJtT0cX0-00984-00242951-00243135 seems entirely plausible while not
vRJGJtT0cX0-00985-00243136-00243319 provable that an additional German
vRJGJtT0cX0-00986-00243319-00243502 military personnel listed as missing
vRJGJtT0cX0-00987-00243503-00243739 actually died in Soviet custody espouse
vRJGJtT0cX0-00988-00243740-00243919 putting the estimates of the actual
vRJGJtT0cX0-00989-00243919-00244173 death toll of German POW in the USSR at
vRJGJtT0cX0-00990-00244175-00244562 about 1.0 million
vRJGJtT0cX0-00991-00244563-00245098 Topic massacre of feodosia
vRJGJtT0cX0-00992-00245098-00245358 Soviet soldiers rarely bothered to treat
vRJGJtT0cX0-00993-00245359-00245592 wounded German pals a particularly
vRJGJtT0cX0-00994-00245594-00245812 infamous example took place after the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00995-00245813-00246037 Crimean city of feodosia was briefly
vRJGJtT0cX0-00996-00246038-00246277 recaptured by Soviet forces on December
vRJGJtT0cX0-00997-00246278-00246769 29 1942 160 wounded soldiers had been
vRJGJtT0cX0-00998-00246769-00246952 left in military hospitals by the
vRJGJtT0cX0-00999-00246953-00247069 retreating Vermont
vRJGJtT0cX0-01000-00247069-00247375 after the Germans retook feodosia it was
vRJGJtT0cX0-01001-00247376-00247552 learned that every wounded soldier had
vRJGJtT0cX0-01002-00247553-00247855 been massacred by Red Army Navy and NKVD
vRJGJtT0cX0-01003-00247856-00248104 personnel some had been shot in their
vRJGJtT0cX0-01004-00248105-00248296 hospital beds others repeatedly
vRJGJtT0cX0-01005-00248296-00248464 bludgeoned to death still others were
vRJGJtT0cX0-01006-00248465-00248632 found to have been thrown from hospital
vRJGJtT0cX0-01007-00248633-00248839 windows before being repeatedly drenched
vRJGJtT0cX0-01008-00248840-00248994 with freezing water until they died of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01009-00248996-00249323 hypothermia
vRJGJtT0cX0-01010-00249325-00249860 topic massacre of Gris Gino
vRJGJtT0cX0-01011-00249861-00250100 the massacre of Gratiano was committed
vRJGJtT0cX0-01012-00250101-00250286 by an Armored Division of the Red Army
vRJGJtT0cX0-01013-00250287-00250544 in February 1943 in the Eastern
vRJGJtT0cX0-01014-00250544-00250787 Ukrainian towns of krasnoarmeysk oy post
vRJGJtT0cX0-01015-00250788-00251051 I shave Oh angry Shino the ver mocked
vRJGJtT0cX0-01016-00251052-00251323 untersuchungen own as voiced ver mocked
vRJGJtT0cX0-01017-00251325-00251507 criminal investigating authority
vRJGJtT0cX0-01018-00251508-00251671 announced that among the victims were
vRJGJtT0cX0-01019-00251673-00251996 406 soldiers of the Vermont 58 members
vRJGJtT0cX0-01020-00251996-00252203 of the organisation Todt including two
vRJGJtT0cX0-01021-00252204-00252506 Danish nationals 89 Italian soldiers 9
vRJGJtT0cX0-01022-00252507-00252742 Romanian soldiers 4 Hungarian soldiers
vRJGJtT0cX0-01023-00252744-00253055 15 German civil officials 7 German
vRJGJtT0cX0-01024-00253056-00253241 civilian workers and 8 Ukrainian
vRJGJtT0cX0-01025-00253242-00253546 volunteers the places were overrun by
vRJGJtT0cX0-01026-00253548-00253778 the soviet 4th guards tank corps on the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01027-00253779-00254104 night of 10 in the 11th of february 1943
vRJGJtT0cX0-01028-00254105-00254375 after the reconquest by the fifth SS
vRJGJtT0cX0-01029-00254376-00254573 Panzer Division waiking with the support
vRJGJtT0cX0-01030-00254573-00254864 of 333 Infantry Division and the 7th
vRJGJtT0cX0-01031-00254865-00255086 Panzer Division on the 18th of february
vRJGJtT0cX0-01032-00255087-00255362 1943 the Vermont soldiers discovered
vRJGJtT0cX0-01033-00255363-00255646 numerous deaths many of the bodies were
vRJGJtT0cX0-01034-00255648-00255875 horribly mutilated ears and noses cut
vRJGJtT0cX0-01035-00255876-00256091 off and genital organs amputated and
vRJGJtT0cX0-01036-00256092-00256334 stuffed into their mouths breasts of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01037-00256335-00256487 some of the nurses were cut off the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01038-00256488-00256748 women being brutally raped a German
vRJGJtT0cX0-01039-00256748-00256919 military judge who was at the scene
vRJGJtT0cX0-01040-00256919-00257183 stated in an interview during the 1970s
vRJGJtT0cX0-01041-00257184-00257375 that he saw a female body with her legs
vRJGJtT0cX0-01042-00257376-00257552 spread eagled and a broomstick rammed
vRJGJtT0cX0-01043-00257553-00257801 into her genitals in the cellar of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01044-00257802-00258077 main train station around 120 Germans
vRJGJtT0cX0-01045-00258078-00258260 were herded into a large storage room
vRJGJtT0cX0-01046-00258261-00258741 and then mowed down with machineguns
vRJGJtT0cX0-01047-00258742-00259121 topic post war
vRJGJtT0cX0-01048-00259123-00259405 some German prisoners were released soon
vRJGJtT0cX0-01049-00259406-00259603 after the war many others however
vRJGJtT0cX0-01050-00259604-00259809 remained in the gulag long after the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01051-00259810-00260080 surrender of Nazi Germany among the most
vRJGJtT0cX0-01052-00260081-00260292 famous German War veterans to die in
vRJGJtT0cX0-01053-00260294-00260542 Soviet captivity was captain Wilm hosen
vRJGJtT0cX0-01054-00260542-00260734 Feld who died of injuries sustained
vRJGJtT0cX0-01055-00260735-00260902 possibly under torture in a
vRJGJtT0cX0-01056-00260903-00261112 concentration camp near Stalingrad in
vRJGJtT0cX0-01057-00261113-00261421 1952 in 2009
vRJGJtT0cX0-01058-00261421-00261592 captain hosen Feld was posthumously
vRJGJtT0cX0-01059-00261592-00261802 honored by the State of Israel for his
vRJGJtT0cX0-01060-00261803-00261994 role in saving Jewish lives during the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01061-00261994-00262300 Holocaust similar stories of Swedish
vRJGJtT0cX0-01062-00262301-00262699 Raoul Wallenberg
vRJGJtT0cX0-01063-00262700-00263300 topic after World War two
vRJGJtT0cX0-01064-00263301-00264012 topic Hungarian Revolution 1956
vRJGJtT0cX0-01065-00264013-00264246 according to the United Nations report
vRJGJtT0cX0-01066-00264247-00264420 of the Special Committee on the problem
vRJGJtT0cX0-01067-00264421-00264744 of Hungary 1957 Soviet tanks fired
vRJGJtT0cX0-01068-00264745-00264969 indiscriminately at every building from
vRJGJtT0cX0-01069-00264970-00265128 which they believed themselves to be
vRJGJtT0cX0-01070-00265129-00265461 under fire the UN Commission received
vRJGJtT0cX0-01071-00265462-00265665 numerous reports of Soviet mortar and
vRJGJtT0cX0-01072-00265666-00265893 artillery fire in two inhabited quarters
vRJGJtT0cX0-01073-00265894-00266088 in the Buda section of the city despite
vRJGJtT0cX0-01074-00266089-00266253 no return fire enough
vRJGJtT0cX0-01075-00266254-00266457 haphazard shooting at defenseless
vRJGJtT0cX0-01076-00266458-00266864 passers-by
vRJGJtT0cX0-01077-00266865-00267517 topic Czechoslovakia 1968
vRJGJtT0cX0-01078-00267518-00267742 during the Warsaw Pact invasion of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01079-00267743-00267988 Czechoslovakia 72 Czechs and Slovaks
vRJGJtT0cX0-01080-00267989-00268383 were killed 19 of those in Slovakia 266
vRJGJtT0cX0-01081-00268384-00268648 severely wounded and another 436
vRJGJtT0cX0-01082-00268649-00269010 slightly injured
vRJGJtT0cX0-01083-00269011-00269773 topic Afghanistan 1979 to 1989
vRJGJtT0cX0-01084-00269774-00270116 scholars Muhammad Cocker W Michael
vRJGJtT0cX0-01085-00270117-00270302 Reisman and Charles nor key believed
vRJGJtT0cX0-01086-00270303-00270467 that the Soviet Union was guilty of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01087-00270468-00270752 committing a genocide in Afghanistan the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01088-00270753-00270953 army of the Soviet Union killed large
vRJGJtT0cX0-01089-00270954-00271145 numbers of Afghans to suppress their
vRJGJtT0cX0-01090-00271146-00271421 resistance up to two million Afghans
vRJGJtT0cX0-01091-00271422-00271595 were killed by the Soviet forces in
vRJGJtT0cX0-01092-00271596-00271885 their proxies in one notable incident
vRJGJtT0cX0-01093-00271886-00272087 the Soviet Army committed mass killing
vRJGJtT0cX0-01094-00272088-00272331 of civilians in the summer of 1980 in
vRJGJtT0cX0-01095-00272332-00272600 order to separate the Mujahideen from
vRJGJtT0cX0-01096-00272601-00272795 the local populations and eliminate
vRJGJtT0cX0-01097-00272796-00273007 their support the soviet army killed and
vRJGJtT0cX0-01098-00273008-00273203 drove off civilians and used scorched
vRJGJtT0cX0-01099-00273204-00273377 earth tactics to prevent their return
vRJGJtT0cX0-01100-00273378-00273713 they used booby traps mines and chemical
vRJGJtT0cX0-01101-00273714-00273950 substances throughout the country the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01102-00273951-00274145 Soviet Army indiscriminately killed
vRJGJtT0cX0-01103-00274146-00274346 combatants and non-combatants to ensure
vRJGJtT0cX0-01104-00274347-00274628 submission by the local populations the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01105-00274629-00274933 provinces of Nangarhar Ghazni lagom Kuna
vRJGJtT0cX0-01106-00274934-00275267 Zabul Kandahar Badakhshan Logar Paktia
vRJGJtT0cX0-01107-00275268-00275441 and Paktika witnessed extensive
vRJGJtT0cX0-01108-00275442-00275651 depopulation programs by the Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-01109-00275652-00275972 forces the Soviet forces abducted Afghan
vRJGJtT0cX0-01110-00275973-00276179 women in helicopters while flying in the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01111-00276180-00276381 country in search of Mujahideen in
vRJGJtT0cX0-01112-00276382-00276677 November 1980 a number of such incidents
vRJGJtT0cX0-01113-00276678-00276896 had taken place in various parts of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01114-00276897-00277129 country including Laghman and kama
vRJGJtT0cX0-01115-00277130-00277408 Soviet soldiers as well as CAD agents
vRJGJtT0cX0-01116-00277409-00277592 kidnapped young women from the city of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01117-00277593-00277823 Kabul in the areas of DA rule Amman and
vRJGJtT0cX0-01118-00277824-00278048 Kerr kana near the Soviet Garrison's to
vRJGJtT0cX0-01119-00278049-00278300 rape them women who were taken and raped
vRJGJtT0cX0-01120-00278301-00278489 by Russian soldiers were considered
vRJGJtT0cX0-01121-00278490-00278651 dishonored by their families if they
vRJGJtT0cX0-01122-00278652-00278930 returned home deserters from the Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-01123-00278931-00279181 Army in 1984 also confirmed the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01124-00279182-00279380 atrocities by the Soviet troops on
vRJGJtT0cX0-01125-00279381-00279587 Afghan women and children stating that
vRJGJtT0cX0-01126-00279588-00279854 Afghan women were being raped the rape
vRJGJtT0cX0-01127-00279855-00280070 of Afghan women by Soviet troops was
vRJGJtT0cX0-01128-00280071-00280349 common in 11.8 percent of the soviet war
vRJGJtT0cX0-01129-00280350-00280555 criminals in afghanistan were convicted
vRJGJtT0cX0-01130-00280556-00280790 for the offence of rape there was an
vRJGJtT0cX0-01131-00280791-00280981 outcry against the press in the Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-01132-00280982-00281182 Union for depicting the Russian war
vRJGJtT0cX0-01133-00281183-00281753 heroes as murderers aggressors rapists
vRJGJtT0cX0-01134-00281754-00282260 and junkies
vRJGJtT0cX0-01135-00282261-00282638 topic pressure in Azerbaijan 1988 to
vRJGJtT0cX0-01136-00282639-00282841 1991
vRJGJtT0cX0-01137-00282842-00283046 you
vRJGJtT0cX0-01138-00283047-00283370 Black January Azerbaijan e Cara yen var
vRJGJtT0cX0-01139-00283371-00283589 also known as Black Saturday or the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01140-00283590-00283823 January Massacre was a violent crackdown
vRJGJtT0cX0-01141-00283824-00284150 in Baku on 19 to 20 January 1990
vRJGJtT0cX0-01142-00284151-00284363 pursuant to a state of emergency during
vRJGJtT0cX0-01143-00284364-00284656 the dissolution of the Soviet Union in a
vRJGJtT0cX0-01144-00284657-00284975 resolution of the 22nd of January 1990
vRJGJtT0cX0-01145-00284976-00285220 the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan SSR
vRJGJtT0cX0-01146-00285221-00285413 declared that the decree of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01147-00285414-00285605 Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01148-00285606-00285883 USSR of the 19th of January used to
vRJGJtT0cX0-01149-00285884-00286105 impose emergency rule in Baku and
vRJGJtT0cX0-01150-00286106-00286325 military deployment constituted an act
vRJGJtT0cX0-01151-00286326-00286568 of aggression Black January is
vRJGJtT0cX0-01152-00286569-00286730 associated with the rebirth of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01153-00286731-00286973 Azerbaijan Republic it was one of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01154-00286974-00287150 occasions during the glasnost and
vRJGJtT0cX0-01155-00287151-00287414 perestroika era in which the USSR used
vRJGJtT0cX0-01156-00287415-00287894 force against dissidents
vRJGJtT0cX0-01157-00287895-00288415 topic in popular culture
vRJGJtT0cX0-01158-00288416-00288863 topic film
vRJGJtT0cX0-01159-00288864-00289193 a woman in Berlin 2008 depicts the mass
vRJGJtT0cX0-01160-00289194-00289397 sexual assaults committed by Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-01161-00289398-00289606 soldiers in the Soviet zone of occupied
vRJGJtT0cX0-01162-00289607-00289858 Germany it is based on the diary of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01163-00289859-00290273 Marta Hiller's Admiral 2008 a film said
vRJGJtT0cX0-01164-00290274-00290482 during the Russian Civil War depicts red
vRJGJtT0cX0-01165-00290483-00290659 soldiers and sailors committing numerous
vRJGJtT0cX0-01166-00290660-00290854 massacres of former members of the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01167-00290855-00291058 Imperial Russian Navy's officer corps
vRJGJtT0cX0-01168-00291059-00291427 the Beast 1988 a film set during the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01169-00291428-00291674 soviet-afghan war depicts Red Army war
vRJGJtT0cX0-01170-00291675-00291839 crimes against civilian non-combatants
vRJGJtT0cX0-01171-00291840-00292131 and a Pashtun clans quest for revenge
vRJGJtT0cX0-01172-00292132-00292472 Charlie Wilson's War 2007 said during
vRJGJtT0cX0-01173-00292473-00292718 the soviet-afghan war accuses the Soviet
vRJGJtT0cX0-01174-00292719-00292922 state of systematic genocide against
vRJGJtT0cX0-01175-00292923-00293176 Afghan civilians it has mentioned that
vRJGJtT0cX0-01176-00293177-00293393 Soviet forces are leaving no one alive
vRJGJtT0cX0-01177-00293394-00293575 and are even slaughtering livestock in
vRJGJtT0cX0-01178-00293576-00293765 order to starve the Afghan people into
vRJGJtT0cX0-01179-00293766-00294160 submission Katyn 2007 depicts the Katyn
vRJGJtT0cX0-01180-00294161-00294338 massacre through the eyes of its victims
vRJGJtT0cX0-01181-00294339-00294508 in the decades-long battle by their
vRJGJtT0cX0-01182-00294509-00294907 families to learn the truth
vRJGJtT0cX0-01183-00294908-00295390 topic literature
vRJGJtT0cX0-01184-00295391-00295738 pression nights 1974 a war poem by
vRJGJtT0cX0-01185-00295739-00296029 Alexander Solzhenitsyn the narrator a
vRJGJtT0cX0-01186-00296030-00296251 Red Army officer approves of the troops
vRJGJtT0cX0-01187-00296252-00296488 crimes as revenge for Nazi atrocities in
vRJGJtT0cX0-01188-00296489-00296659 Russia and hopes to take part in the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01189-00296660-00296926 plundering himself the poem describes
vRJGJtT0cX0-01190-00296927-00297130 the gang rape of a Polish woman whom the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01191-00297131-00297325 Red Army soldiers had mistaken for a
vRJGJtT0cX0-01192-00297326-00297586 German according to a review for the New
vRJGJtT0cX0-01193-00297587-00297811 York Times Solzhenitsyn wrote the poem
vRJGJtT0cX0-01194-00297812-00298072 in trochaic tetrameter in imitation of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01195-00298073-00298309 an argument with the most famous Russian
vRJGJtT0cX0-01196-00298310-00298618 war poem Aleksandr tavar - skis Vasily
vRJGJtT0cX0-01197-00298619-00298824 Yorkin
vRJGJtT0cX0-01198-00298825-00299139 apricot jam and other stories 2010 by
vRJGJtT0cX0-01199-00299140-00299436 Alexander Solzhenitsyn in a short story
vRJGJtT0cX0-01200-00299437-00299664 about Marshall Dior give Zhukov's futile
vRJGJtT0cX0-01201-00299665-00299853 attempts at writing his memoirs the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01202-00299854-00300027 retired Marshall reminisce is about
vRJGJtT0cX0-01203-00300028-00300222 serving against the peasant uprising in
vRJGJtT0cX0-01204-00300223-00300489 Tomba province he recalls Mikhail
vRJGJtT0cX0-01205-00300490-00300705 Tukhachevsky arrival to take command of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01206-00300706-00300888 the campaign and his first address to
vRJGJtT0cX0-01207-00300889-00301170 his men he announced that total war and
vRJGJtT0cX0-01208-00301171-00301344 scorched earth tactics are to be used
vRJGJtT0cX0-01209-00301345-00301548 against civilians who assist or even
vRJGJtT0cX0-01210-00301549-00301742 sympathize with the peasant rebels
vRJGJtT0cX0-01211-00301743-00302019 Zhukov proudly recalls how to catch EV
vRJGJtT0cX0-01212-00302020-00302238 skis tactics were adopted and succeeded
vRJGJtT0cX0-01213-00302239-00302508 in breaking the uprising in the process
vRJGJtT0cX0-01214-00302509-00302733 however they virtually depopulated the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01215-00302734-00303018 surrounding countryside a man without
vRJGJtT0cX0-01216-00303019-00303411 breath 2013 by Philip Kerr a 1993 Bernie
vRJGJtT0cX0-01217-00303412-00303582 Gunther thriller which delves into the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01218-00303583-00303747 Vermont war crimes bureau's
vRJGJtT0cX0-01219-00303748-00304071 investigations of Soviet war crimes Kerr
vRJGJtT0cX0-01220-00304072-00304248 noted in his afterward that the Vermont
vRJGJtT0cX0-01221-00304249-00304464 war crimes Bureau continued to exist
vRJGJtT0cX0-01222-00304465-00304827 until 1945 it has been written about in
vRJGJtT0cX0-01223-00304828-00305034 the book of the same name by Alfred M de
vRJGJtT0cX0-01224-00305035-00305226 Zayas published by the University of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01225-00305227-00305760 Nebraska Press in 1989 ISBN 978 oh three
vRJGJtT0cX0-01226-00305761-00306321 nine nine one six zero seven nine Oh
vRJGJtT0cX0-01227-00306322-00306774 topic art
vRJGJtT0cX0-01228-00306775-00307116 on the 12th of October 2013 of then 26
vRJGJtT0cX0-01229-00307117-00307329 year old Polish art student Jersey
vRJGJtT0cX0-01230-00307330-00307521 Bowden chump chick erected a moveable
vRJGJtT0cX0-01231-00307522-00307749 statue next to the Soviet World War Two
vRJGJtT0cX0-01232-00307750-00307958 memorial in the Polish city of Gdansk
vRJGJtT0cX0-01233-00307959-00308235 the statue depicted a Soviet soldier
vRJGJtT0cX0-01234-00308236-00308418 attempting to rape a pregnant woman
vRJGJtT0cX0-01235-00308419-00308589 pulling her hair with one hand whilst
vRJGJtT0cX0-01236-00308590-00308777 pushing a pistol into her mouth
vRJGJtT0cX0-01237-00308778-00309018 authorities removed the artwork because
vRJGJtT0cX0-01238-00309019-00309174 it had been erected without an official
vRJGJtT0cX0-01239-00309175-00309375 permit but there was widespread interest
vRJGJtT0cX0-01240-00309376-00309657 in many online publications the Act
vRJGJtT0cX0-01241-00309658-00309849 promoted an angry reaction from the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01242-00309850-00310369 Russian ambassador in Poland
vRJGJtT0cX0-01243-00310370-00310825 pick see also
vRJGJtT0cX0-01244-00310826-00311317 topic notes
vRJGJtT0cX0-01245-00311318-00311841 topic references
vRJGJtT0cX0-01246-00311842-00312348 topic sources
vRJGJtT0cX0-01247-00312349-00312639 Marta Hiller's a woman in Berlin six
vRJGJtT0cX0-01248-00312640-00312852 weeks in the conquered city translated
vRJGJtT0cX0-01249-00312853-00313388 by empties bail is BN o 8o v o7 5 402
vRJGJtT0cX0-01250-00313389-00313770 Antony Beevor Berlin the downfall 1945
vRJGJtT0cX0-01251-00313771-00314175 Penguin Books 2002 ISBN oh six seven oh
vRJGJtT0cX0-01252-00314176-00314568 eight eight six nine five five Bergstrom
vRJGJtT0cX0-01253-00314569-00314922 Krister 2007 Barbarossa the air battle
vRJGJtT0cX0-01254-00314923-00315381 July to December 1941 London Chevron Ian
vRJGJtT0cX0-01255-00315382-00315675 Allen ISBN nine seven eight one eight
vRJGJtT0cX0-01256-00315676-00315816 five seven eight oh
vRJGJtT0cX0-01257-00315817-00316182 - 702 Bergstrom does make a point of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01258-00316183-00316374 noting that crimes against pouce and
vRJGJtT0cX0-01259-00316375-00316584 specifically against captured aircrew
vRJGJtT0cX0-01260-00316585-00316859 were pretty universal in World War two
vRJGJtT0cX0-01261-00316860-00317421 Pauline Quinlan 2000 kg 55 red kite is B
vRJGJtT0cX0-01262-00317422-00317975 and O 9 5 3 806 103 Max Hastings
vRJGJtT0cX0-01263-00317976-00318312 Armageddon the battle for Germany 1944
vRJGJtT0cX0-01264-00318313-00318639 1945 chapter 10 blood and ice East
vRJGJtT0cX0-01265-00318640-00318939 Prussia is B and O three seven five four
vRJGJtT0cX0-01266-00318940-00319338 one four three three nine fish Bernhard
vRJGJtT0cX0-01267-00319339-00319770 nemmersdorf October 1944 was in Austin
vRJGJtT0cX0-01268-00319771-00320268 Texas Acacia Berlin 1997 ISBN three nine
vRJGJtT0cX0-01269-00320269-00320523 three two one eight oh two six seven
vRJGJtT0cX0-01270-00320524-00320748 about most of the nemmersdorf atrocity
vRJGJtT0cX0-01271-00320749-00321027 having been set up by Goebbels John
vRJGJtT0cX0-01272-00321028-00321345 Tolan the last 100 days chapter two five
vRJGJtT0cX0-01273-00321346-00321606 minutes before midnight ISBN oh eight
vRJGJtT0cX0-01274-00321607-00321932 one two nine six two eight five nine x
vRJGJtT0cX0-01275-00321933-00322221 Norman M Naimark the Russians in Germany
vRJGJtT0cX0-01276-00322222-00322398 a history of the Soviet zone of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01277-00322399-00322818 occupation 1945 to 1949 Harvard
vRJGJtT0cX0-01278-00322819-00323271 University Press 1995 ISBN oh six seven
vRJGJtT0cX0-01279-00323272-00323558 four seven eight four oh five seven
vRJGJtT0cX0-01280-00323559-00323841 Katherine Mary Dale Ivan's war the Red
vRJGJtT0cX0-01281-00323842-00324263 Army 1939 to 1945 London Faber and Faber
vRJGJtT0cX0-01282-00324264-00324660 2005 ISBN oh five seven one two one
vRJGJtT0cX0-01283-00324661-00324948 eight zero eight three Alfred Morris
vRJGJtT0cX0-01284-00324949-00325244 desires the Vermont war crimes Bureau
vRJGJtT0cX0-01285-00325245-00325689 1939 to 1945 in Wikipedia prefaced by
vRJGJtT0cX0-01286-00325690-00325749 professor
vRJGJtT0cX0-01287-00325750-00326013 Howard levy Lincoln University of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01288-00326014-00326532 Nebraska Press 1989 ISBN Oh 803 to nine
vRJGJtT0cX0-01289-00326533-00326853 nine oh eight seven new revised edition
vRJGJtT0cX0-01290-00326854-00327063 with picton press Rockland Maine
vRJGJtT0cX0-01291-00327064-00327423 ISBN oh eight nine seven two five four -
vRJGJtT0cX0-01292-00327424-00327834 1x Alfred Maurice de Zayas a terrible
vRJGJtT0cX0-01293-00327835-00328074 revenge the ethnic cleansing of the East
vRJGJtT0cX0-01294-00328075-00328461 European Germans 1944 to 1950 st.
vRJGJtT0cX0-01295-00328462-00328839 Martin's Press New York 1994 is B and O
vRJGJtT0cX0-01296-00328840-00329085 three one two one two one five nine
vRJGJtT0cX0-01297-00329086-00329213 eight
vRJGJtT0cX0-01298-00329214-00329463 Elizabeth B Walter barefoot in the
vRJGJtT0cX0-01299-00329464-00329847 rubble 1997 is B and O nine six five
vRJGJtT0cX0-01300-00329848-00330446 seven seven nine 300
vRJGJtT0cX0-01301-00330447-00330990 topic external links
vRJGJtT0cX0-01302-00330991-00331248 The Forgotten victims of world war ii
vRJGJtT0cX0-01303-00331249-00331535 masculinities and rape in Berlin 1945
vRJGJtT0cX0-01304-00331536-00331839 James W Messerschmitt University of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01305-00331840-00332148 Southern Maine book review a woman in
vRJGJtT0cX0-01306-00332149-00332403 Berlin 8 weeks in the conquered city is
vRJGJtT0cX0-01307-00332404-00332991 B and O 805 o7 5 402 laws of war laws
vRJGJtT0cX0-01308-00332992-00333168 and customs of war on land
vRJGJtT0cX0-01309-00333169-00333645 Haggai V October 18 1907 Swiss Legation
vRJGJtT0cX0-01310-00333646-00333804 report of the Russian invasion of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01311-00333805-00334173 Hungary in the spring of 1945 German
vRJGJtT0cX0-01312-00334174-00334404 rape victims find a voice at last Cate
vRJGJtT0cX0-01313-00334405-00334742 Connelly The Observer June 23rd 2002
vRJGJtT0cX0-01314-00334743-00335061 they raped every German female from 8 to
vRJGJtT0cX0-01315-00335062-00335343 80 Antony Beevor The Guardian
vRJGJtT0cX0-01316-00335344-00335730 the first of May 2002 excerpt chapter 1
vRJGJtT0cX0-01317-00335731-00335925 the struggle for Europe the turbulent
vRJGJtT0cX0-01318-00335926-00336231 history of a divided continent 1945 to
vRJGJtT0cX0-01319-00336232-00336561 2002 William the first Hitchcock 2003
vRJGJtT0cX0-01320-00336562-00336876 ISBN oh three eight five four nine seven
vRJGJtT0cX0-01321-00336877-00337092 nine eight nine the occupation of East
vRJGJtT0cX0-01322-00337093-00337395 Prussia description of the atrocities of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01323-00337396-00337629 the Red Army in East Prussia quotations
vRJGJtT0cX0-01324-00337630-00337794 from Ilya Ehrenberg poems by
vRJGJtT0cX0-01325-00337795-00338016 anti-cruelty Red Army officers and
vRJGJtT0cX0-01326-00338017-00338208 details of suicides and rapings of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01327-00338209-00338367 German women and children in East
vRJGJtT0cX0-01328-00338368-00338661 Prussia book review the siege of
vRJGJtT0cX0-01329-00338662-00339069 Budapest 100 days in world war 2 net
vRJGJtT0cX0-01330-00339070-00339249 review of the russians in germany a
vRJGJtT0cX0-01331-00339250-00339482 history of the soviet zone of occupation
vRJGJtT0cX0-01332-00339483-00339846 1945 to 1949
vRJGJtT0cX0-01333-00339847-00340125 mark Ely as World War two entered its
vRJGJtT0cX0-01334-00340126-00340281 final stages the belligerent powers
vRJGJtT0cX0-01335-00340282-00340508 committed one heinous act after another
vRJGJtT0cX0-01336-00340509-00340731 history News Network focus on the Asian
vRJGJtT0cX0-01337-00340732-00341163 front the 27th of January 2002 online
vRJGJtT0cX0-01338-00341164-00341376 article regarding author Anthony beavers
vRJGJtT0cX0-01339-00341377-00341639 references to Soviet rapes in Germany
vRJGJtT0cX0-01340-00341640-00341868 report of an eyewitness Erika
vRJGJtT0cX0-01341-00341869-00342177 Morgenstern who survived konigsberg 1945
vRJGJtT0cX0-01342-00342178-00342432 as a child in German part 1 on YouTube
vRJGJtT0cX0-01343-00342433-00342873 part 2 on YouTube part 3 on YouTube